aouniy ‘asnayy ‘auSmuoy ‘Rusjoua) uvsudwy suuo8sy-asnayy

aouvay “WA ‘uvuSinSoiq ‘Lowayy puv huajauay unoiuamy auoyy

26

27


Crusade in Europe — South Facade of Memorial

Visitor parking is available just
before and beyond the elliptical
drive. A stone pathway leads
northward from the Visitors’
Building across the drive to the
Court of Honor. In the center of the
court under a single roof are the
museum and chapel. Enclosing the
court are low walls engraved with
the names of the Missing in Action
in the region. The Court of Honor
sits at the south end of a wide
grassy mall which is flanked by
trees and separates the graves area
into two plots. A 75-foot flagpole
stands at the opposite (north) end
of the grassy mall. Located in the
northeast and northwest portions of
the graves area are small circular
cul-de-sacs with benches and foun-
tains. Like the Court of Honor, the
graves area is enclosed by a stone
wall.

COURT OF HONOR

The Court of Honor is rectangular
in shape. It is enclosed by low walls
of Rocheret, a hard limestone from
the Jura Mountains of eastern
France. On these walls are engraved
the names of 424 service members
who are Missing in Action in the
region:

United States Army and

Army Air Forces! . 419

United States Navy ....... 5
These Missing lost their lives in the
service of their country, but their
remains were not recovered, or if re-
covered, not identified. They repre-
sent every State of the Union tandt the
District of Columbia) except Alaska,

“It will be recalled that during World War II
the Air Force still formed part of the United
States Army.

Resurrection — South Facade of Memorial

Delaware, Hawaii, Nevada, North
Dakota, Rhode Island, Vermont and
Wyoming. The following inscrip-
tions appear in English and French
on the walls above their names:

HERE ARE RECORDED THE NAMES OF
AMERICANS WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN.
THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY AND
WHO SLEEP IN UNKNOWN GRAVES.

IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF
THOSE WHO DIED IN WORLD WAR Il 3x
1941-1945.

THIS IS THEIR MEMORIAL — THE
WHOLE EARTH THEIR SEPULCHRE.

Without confirmed information to
the contrary, a War Department
Administrative Review Board estab-
lished the official date of death of
those commemorated on the Tablets
of the Missing as one year and a da
from the date on which the individ-
ual was placed in Missing in Action
status.

MEMORIAL STRUCTURE

A rectangular memorial, consisting
of a chapel on the east end and a
museum room on the west end sep-
arated by an open but covered por-
tico, stands in the center of the
court. The overall structure is 81
feet long, 35 feet wide and 36 feet
high. The walls of the structure like
those enclosing the court are of
Rocheret limestone. The floor of the
portico is patterned with Rocheret
and Roc Argenté another French
limestone from the Jura region.

EXTERIOR

The south face of the memorial con-
tains two large bas-relief carvings
designed and sculpted by Malvina
Hot of New York. The carving
on the western end of the south face
depicts the Crusade in Europe. It is


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cemetery memorials at these burial
sites; controlling as to design and
materials, providing regulations for
and supervising erection of all mon-
uments, memorials, buildings and
other structures in permanent
United States cemetery memorials
on foreign soil; and controlling the
design of U.S. private monuments

18

wiLeS
910 20 30 40 $0 0 70 80 90 100
RILOMETERS

and cooperating with American citi-
zens, states, municipalities, or asso-
ciations desiring to erect war memo-
tials outside the continental limits of
the United States. It is not responsi-
ble for construction, maintenance or
operation of cemeteries in the con-
tinental United States or its terri-
tories and possessions.

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After World War I, the American
Battle Monuments Commission
erected a memorial chapel in each of
the eight military cemeteries over-
seas already established by the War
Department, as well as twelve
monuments and two bronze tablets
on the battlefields and elsewhere, to
record the achievements of our

seasons

Armed Forces. In 1934, the World
War I overseas cemeteries were
transferred to the Commission by Ex-
ecutive Order.

The names and locations of these
World War I cemetery memorials,
the number of burials and the
number of missing recorded at their
memorials are:

19


‘Museum Wall Map (center section)

of the U.S. Army flag of 1775, the
US. flag and the U.S. Marine Corps
flag. The group on the right consists
of the U.S. Navy flag, the U.S. flag
and the U.S. Air Force flag. A teak-
wood pew rests against the south
wall of the chapel to the right of the
entrance door. Carved in the front of
the pew, from St. John X:28, is: GIVE
THEM ETERNAL LIFE AND THEY SHALL
NEVER PERISH. Inscribed in the wall
above the pew is: TAKE UNTO
THYSELF O LORD THE SOULS OF THE
VALOROUS THAT THEY MAY DWELL IN
GLORY. Two roundels flank this
inscription. The one on the left or to
the east is of a Latin Cross; the one
on the right is of the Tablets of
Moses surmounted by a Star of
David. The walls of the chapel are of
Savonniere French limestone and
the floor of Comblanchien, another
durable French limestone from the
Jura region. The ceiling is of teak-
wood. Suspended from the ceiling is
a large hexagonal lamp of antique
design with frosted glass panels.

INTERIOR — MUSEUM

The primary feature of the museum
room in the western portion of the

12

memorial is the large colored glass
mosaic map depicting American
and Allied military operations from
the landings in southern France on
15 August 1944 to the junction with
Allied Forces advancing from
Normandy on 11 September at
Sombernon, near Dijon; and their
subsequent advances after turnin;
eastward, crossing the Rhine and
sweeping across Germany to meet
with the spearhead of the U.S. Fifth
Army south of the Brenner Pass.
The mosaic, 54 feet long and 14 feet
high, was designed and fabricated
by Eugene Savage of Branford,
Connecticut, utilizing data provid-
ed by the American Battle Monu-
ments Commission. The map is
laid out in perspective as seen from
the south; consequently, the lines of
the longitude and latitude are tilted
to accommodate the map to the pro-
portions of the room. Thus, north is
toward the upper right instead of
vertically upward. Symbolically,
the figures on the semi-circular wi
depict the Spirit of Columbia lead-
ing the Army, Navy, and Air Forces
to the landings on the south coast of
France. The final victory is symbol-

ized by the Angel of Victory with
laurel branch above the central
altar; a group composed of trum-
pets; the American and French flags
emerging from the clouds of war
and the outstretched hands of
women who offer flowers as tribute
to the victors.

In the border of the map are the
insignia of the following military
units of division size or larger that
participated in ground operations
in the region: 6th Army Group and
12th Army Group; Third Army and
Seventh Army; VI Corps, XV Corps,
and XXI Corps; 3d, 4th, 28th, 35th,
36th, 42d, 44th, 45th, 63d, 65th, 70th,
71st, 75th, 79th, 80th, 86th, 87th,
90th, 94th, 99th, 100th and 103d
Infantry Divisions; 6th, 10th, 11th,
12th, 13th, 14th and 20th Armored
Divisions; and the 101st Airborne
Division.

The principal Allied ground, naval

and air forces that were engaged in
these operations are listed in panels
at the ends of the mosaic. On the
straight wall adjacent to the south
end of the map is a description in
English, beneath the torch of Liberty,
of these operations:
ON 15 AUGUST 1944 THE ALLIED FORCES
LAUNCHED THEIR CAMPAIGN TO
ASSIST THE NORMANDY OPERATION
AND TO LIBERATE SOUTHERN FRANCE.
AN OVERWHELMING AIR EFFORT
FORMED THE PRELUDE. PRECEDED BY
ALLIED ASSAULT GROUPS AND AIR-
BORNE TROOPS, THE VI CORPS OF THE
U.S, SEVENTH ARMY STORMED ASHORE
UNDER COVER OF INTENSE BOMBARD-
MENT BY THE WESTERN NAVAL TASK
FORCE. THE USS. 3D, 36TH, AND 45TH IN-
FANTRY DIVISIONS PROMPTLY BROKE
THROUGH THE STEEL AND CONCRETE
BEACH FORTIFICATIONS, SUBDUED THE
DEFENDERS, AND SURGED INLAND.

SWIFTLY PURSUING THE DISINTE-
GRATING ENEMY UNITS UP THE RHONE
VALLEY THE U.S. SEVENTH ARMY
FREED LYON WHILE THE FRENCH FIRST
ARMY REOCCUPIED MARSEILLE AND

TOULON. IN LESS THAN ONE MONTH
THE ALLIES PUSHED 400 MILES TO JOIN:
HANDS AF SOMBERNON WITH THE
FORCES ADVANCING FROM NOR-
MANDY. BY 21 SEPTEMBER, NEAR
EPINAL, THE TROOPS FROM THE
MEDITERRANEAN, NOW ORGANIZED
AS THE 6TH ARMY GROUP, HAD
FORGED WITH THE U.S. THIRD ARMY OF
THE 12TH ARMY GROUP A SOLID FRONT
WHICH ISOLATED ALL GERMAN UNITS
REMAINING IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE.

DURING OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER
THE ADVANCE CONTINUED AGAINST
PERSISTENT AND DESPERATE OPPOSI-
TION REACHING THE RHINE AT STRAS-
BOURG AND MULHOUSE; BETWEEN
THESE CITIES THE ENEMY CLUNG TO:
AN AREA ABOUT COLMAR. ON 16
DECEMBER, IN THE ARDENNES, FAR-
THER TO THE NORTH, THE ENEMY
LOOSED HIS LAST GREAT COUNTEROF-
FENSIVE OF THE WAR. THE U.S. THIRD
ARMY MOVED INSTANTLY TO MEET
THE THREAT, LEAVING THE 6TH ARMY
GROUP TO DEFEND THE ENTIRE FRONT
FROM SAARBRUCKEN SOUTHWARD.
ON NEW YEAR'S EVE THE GERMANS
ATTACKED FROM BITCHE TOWARD
SAVERNE, THEN FOLLOWED WITH ONE
THRUST ACROSS THE RHINE NORTH OF
STRASBOURG AND ANOTHER FROM
THE COLMAR POCKET. AFTER A FURI-
OUS STRUGGLE IN BITTERLY COLD
WEATHER THE ATTACKERS WERE
REPULSED. RESUMING ITS INITIATIVE
THE 6TH ARMY GROUP OVERRAN THE
COLMAR POCKET EARLY IN FEBRUARY
AFTER THREE WEEKS OF SUSTAINED
COMBAT IN WHICH THE GERMAN
NINETEENTH ARMY WAS ANNIHILAT-
ED AS A FIGHTING FORCE.

U.S. NAVAL FORCES TOGETHER WITH
THE ALLIED NAVIES IN THE MEDITER-
RANEAN PLAYED A VITAL ROLE BY
SAFEGUARDING A CONTINUOUS FLOW
OF TROOPS AND SUPPLIES AGAINST
PERSISTENT SUBMARINE AND AIR
ATTACKS, ALLIED AIR FORCES GAVE
THE GROUND ARMIES INDISPENSABLE
ASSISTANCE PRIOR TO AND THROUGH-
OUT THE OPERATIONS. THE U.S. FIRST
TACTICAL AIR FORCE PERFORMED
MAGNIFICENTLY DURING CONSIS-
TENTLY BAD WINTER WEATHER. WHEN

13


Teakwood Pew — South End of Chapel

a composition of United States mili-
tary forces advancing on the enem
and consists of infantry, tanks, artil-
lery, anti-aircraft guns, paratroopers,
de throwers, signalmen and
search lights with a large eagle over-
head to symbolize U.S. Army Air
Forces. The carving on the eastern
end of the south face depicts Survival
of the Spirit. In the center of the carv-
ing, a kneeling figure of a sorrowing
woman — humanity — comforts a
dying soldier, while the souls of two
brave young men who have pre-
ceded him in death are raised up-
ward on rays of light by an angel, as
their earthly bodies remain behind
under a Latin Cross or Star of David
headstone. In the upper left portion
of the carving, an angel precedes
them with a torch to light their way
and in the upper right portion, two
angels with trumpets herald their
approach. Carved on the attic above
e south face of the memorial are an
eagle, also the work of Miss Hoff-
man, and the following inscription

10

from Exodus XIX:4: 1 BARE YOU ON
EAGLE WINGS AND BROUGHT YOU
UNTO MYSELF.

The frieze of the memorial bears
the following inscriptions: (south
face) CITIZENS OF EVERY CALLING
BRED IN THE PRINCIPLES OF THE AMER-
ICAN DEMOCRACY 3x % (east face)
DEFENDERS OF THE CHALLENGED
FREEDOMS 3x xx (north face) FROM
NORMANDY AND PROVENCE — TO
ARDENNES LORRAINE AND ALSACE —
BEYOND THE RHINE x xx and (west
face) CHAMPIONS OF THE RIGHTS OF
MAN.

On the north face of the memori-
al appears the following dedicatory
inscription in English and French:

1941-1945 x yx IN PROUD REMEM-
BRANCE OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF
HER SONS AND IN HUMBLE TRIBUTE TO
THEIR SACRIFICES THIS MEMORIAL
HAS BEEN ERECTED BY THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA.

The eagle by Miss Hoffman that
appears on the exterior attic wall

Museum Wall Map (left section)

above the south face also appears on
the exterior attic wall above the north
face, but without the inscription
from Exodus.

INTERIOR

Within the portico and over the en-
trance to the chapel in the eastern

ortion of the memorial is a roundel
in the center of which is the Lamb of
God encircled by a Latin Cross,
Tablets of Moses and a Star of David.
Opposite it over the entrance to the
museum to the west is a roundel on
which appears the Great Seal of the
United Bites. Both roundels were
designed by Miss Hoffman. All carv-
ings on the exterior and interior of
the memorial were executed by Jean
Juge of Paris.

INTERIOR — CHAPEL

The chapel at the east end of the
memorial is entered from the portico

through oakwood doors inset with
rectangular panes of glass. Directly
in front of the entrance doors against
the east wall of the chapel is a long
teakwood planter. Above the planter
are three tall narrow windows. The
altar, flanked by circular teakwood
planters, is an apse in the north wall
of the chapel to the left of the entrance
door. The altar and the two plinths on
which it rests are Rouge Antique mar-
ble from southern France. On the wall
above the altar is a large sculpture of
the Angel of Peace designed oy Miss
Hoffman. Inscribed on the wall to the
left of the Angel of Peace is: GIVE
LIGHT TO THEM THAT SIT IN DARKNESS;
inscribed on the wall to the right of
the Angel of Peace is: AND GUIDE OUR
FEET INTO THE WAY OF PEACE. These
inscriptions are from St. Luke I:79.
Flanking the apse are two groups
of flags. The group on the left consists

11


16

Visitors’ Room

Visitors’ Building

St. Mihiel American Cemetery, Thiaucourt, France

AMERICAN MEMORIALS
and
OVERSEAS MILITARY
CEMETERIES

The American BatTtLE MONUMENTS
Commission was created by act of
Congress in March 1923 to erect and
maintain memorials in the United
States and foreign countries where
the United States Armed Forces have
served since 6 April 1917, and to con-
trol as to design and provide regula-
tions for the erection of monuments,

markers and memorials in foreign
countries by other United States citi-
zens and organizations, public or
heMars It was later given responsi-

ility for establishing or taking over
from the Armed Forces permanent
burial grounds in foreign countries
and designing, constructing, operat-
ing and maintaining permanent

17


Cpinal American Cemetery
and’ Memorial

The American Battle Monuments Commission


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Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial, Cambridge, England

unfortunately had all too often been
found to be poorly designed, poorly
constructed and lacking provision
for maintenance) was expressly for-
bidden by the military services. The
Permanent graphic record takes the
‘orm of military maps, usually large
murals, amplified by descriptive
texts in English as well as in the lan-
guage of the country in which the
cemetery is located. The historical
data for these maps were prepared
by the American Battle Monuments
Commission. The maps themselves
were rendered by experienced art-
ists in tasteful presentation using
various media: layered marbles,
fresco, bronze relief, mosaic con-
crete or ceramics. Another feature of
interest at each memorial is the two
sets of “key-maps”: “The War
Against Germany” and “The War
Against Japan.” Each set consists of
three maps, each covering about
one-third of the period of our par-
ticipation in the war. By these key-

22

maps any major battle may be re-
lated to the others in time and space.

With each architect, an American
landscape architect, an American
sculptor and an American muralist
or painter usually collaborated.
Their combined talents produced
the beauty and dignity of the memo-
tials, all of which are dedicated to
the memory of the achievements of
those who ‘served and of the sacri-
fices of those who died. The con-
struction of the cemeteries and me-
morials and the execution of most of
the works of art, were performed by
local contractors and artists under the
supervision of the Commission.

At each cemetery there is a visitors’
building or room, with comfortable
furnishings, Here visitors may learn
the grave locations (or inscriptions of
the Missing) at any of the overseas
cemeteries.

Each grave in the overseas ceme-
teries is marked by a headstone of
white marble — a Star of David for

Brittany American Cemetery, St. James, Manche, France

those of Jewish faith, a Latin cross
for others. Each headstone bears the
deceased’s name, rank, service, or-
ganization, date of death and state
or territory from which he entered
the military service.

In the World War I cemeteries,
headstones of the Unknowns, ie.,
those remains which could not be
identified, bear the inscription:

HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN
ERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO

In the World War II cemeteries, the
inscription reads:
HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY A COM-
RADE IN ARMS KNOWN BUT TO GOD.
Tablets of the Missing (which also
include the names of those whose
remains could not be identified and
those lost or buried at sea) give name,
rank, organization and state; the cir-
cumstances under which death
occurred often precluded the possibil-
ity of determining the exact date.

These cemeteries are open every
day of the year. Photography is
permitted without special authori-
zation, except when it is to be used
for commercial purposes — in such
cases, permission must be obtained
from the Commission.

Unlike National cemeteries under
jurisdiction of the Department of Vet-
erans’ Affairs, there can be no fur-
ther burials in the American military
cemeteries overseas except of those
remains which may, in the future, be
found on the battlefields. Essentially,
these graves with their memorials
constitute inviolable shrines.

In addition to the eight World War I
cemeteries, the fourteen World War II
cemeteries, eleven World War I
monuments and two tablets, and
the two World War II markers (Casa-
blanca, Morocco and Papua, New
Guinea), the American Battle Monu-
ments Commission’s program of
commemoration includes the follow-
ing:

23


World War I

Aisne-Marne, Belleau, France .
Brookwood, England 2.2.2.0...
Flanders Field, Waregem, Belgium

Meuse-Argonne, Romagne, France

Oise-Aisne, Fere-en-Tardenois, France
St. Mihiel, Thiaucourt, France .
Somme, Bony, Frarice ...........
Suresnes (See WW Il also), France . .

Totals

World War I monuments erected
by the Commission are located at or
near: Audenarde and Kemmel,
Belgium; Bellicourt, Brest, Cantigny,
Chateau-Thierry, Montfaucon,
Montsec, Sommepy, and Tours,
France; Gibraltar and Washington,
DC. World War I tablets are at
Chaumont and Souilly, France.

By the end of World War IL, several
hundred temiparaty cemeteries had
been established by the American
Graves Registration Service of the
United States Army. During the
years 1947 to 1954 that Service, com-
plying with the expressed wishes of
the next of kin, and by authority of
law, repatriated the remains of some
172,000 recovered bodies. The re-
mainder were given final interment
in the permanent military cemeteries
on foreign soil, in private cemeteries
overseas and in the national cemeter-
ies in Honolulu, Sitka, Alaska and

Burials Missing
Known Unknown — Commemorated

2,039 250 1,060
427 41 563
347 21 43

13,760 486 954

515 597 241

4,036 7 284

1,706 138. 333

1,535 6 974

29,265 1,656 4,452

Puerto Rico (which are now admin-
istered by the National Cemetery
Administration, Department of
Veterans’ Affairs). As was the case
after World War I, some remains
were left in isolated graves outside
of the cemeteries by request of the
families who then became responsi-
ble for their maintenance.

Fourteen sites in foreign countries
were selected as permanent ceme-
teries in 1947 by the Secretary of the
Army and the American Battle
Monuments Commission in con-
cert. Their locations reflect the prog-
ress of the military operations and
were selected with consideration of
their accessibility, aspect, prospect,
drainage and other practical factors.
The World War II cemeteries with
number of burials, including Un-
knowns, and the numbers of Miss-
ing recorded at their memorials and
at three separate memorials on
United States soil are:

Burials Missing

World War IT Known Unknown — Commemorated
Ardennes, Neupre (Neuville-en-Condroz), Belgium... 4,536 792 462
Brittany, St. James, France . ~ 4313 97 498
Cambridge, England 3,788 24 5,126
Epinal, France 5,186 69 424
Florence, Italy . 4,189 213, 1,409
Henri-Chapelle, Belgium 7,895 94 450
Lorraine, St. Avold, France . 10,338 151 444
Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg 4,975 101 371
Manila, Republic of the Philippines .. ,. . 13,462 3,744 36,282
Netherlands, Margraten, Holland . . 8,195 106 1723
Normandy, St. Laurent-sur-Mer, France . 9,080 307 1,557
North Africa, Carthage, Tunisia. 2,601 240 3,724
Rhone, Draguignan, France . 799 62 294
Sicily-Rome, Nettuno, Italy .. 7371 490 3,095
<a ev li

Suresnes (See WW Lalso), France

20

East Coast Memorial, New York City, New York — 4,609
Honolulu Memorial, Honolulu, Hawaii ... = — 18,096
West Coast Memorial, San Francisco, California... — = 412
TBtaa «aes To jeek dBW 83 Panes sane dane 36728 6,514 78,976
World War Il cemeteries maintained by the National Cemetery Administration,
Department of Veterans’ Affairs
National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific . (See
Honolulu, Hawaii 11,597 2,079 Honolultt
Memorial)
Puerto Rico . 69 = =
Sitka, Alaska 67 5 =
Other Missing in Action Commemorated by ABMC
Korean War, Honolulu Memorial,
Honolulu, Hawaii... 00... ccc ec cc eee e ee = = 8,200
Vietnam War, Honolulu Memorial,
Honolulu, Hawaii ............. se piee meg = = 2,504

Use of the permanent cemetery
sites on foreign soil was granted in
perpetuity by the host government
to the United States free of cost, rent
and taxation. The temporary ceme-
tery sites not selected as permanent
cemeteries reverted to the land-
owners,

In 1947, an outstanding American
architect was selected to design each
of the World War II cemeteries, con-
ceiving its grave plots, a chapel and
a museum as complementary ele-
ments of an integral memorial to the
services and sacrifices of the Ameri-
can Armed Services who fought in
the particular region. Upon ap-
proval of their general schemes by
the Commission and by agreement
with the Secretary of the Army, the
architects’ plans of the grave plots
were followed by the American
Graves Registration Service in mak-
ing the permanent burials of those
remains which by decision of the
next of kin were to be interred over-
seas. The timely cooperation be-
tween these two agencies contrib-
uted appreciably to the coherence of
the development of the cemetery
designs.

Beginning in the latter half of 1949,
the permanent interments having
been virtually completed, the World
War II overseas cemeteries were pro-
gressively transferred for con-
struction and maintenance to the
American Battle Monuments Com-
mission by Presidential Executive

Order. Thereupon, the remaining
portions of the architects’ designs
were carried out, step by step —
grading; installation of a system of
reinforced concrete beams on piles to
maintain the levels and alignments
of the headstones; fabrication and
installation of the headstones; con-
struction of water supply and distri-
bution systems, utilities buildings,
roads and paths; plantings; and erec-
tion of the memorials, visitors’ build-
ings and flagpoles.

For design of the various memo-
rials, no specific limitations were
imposed upon the architects other
than budgeted cost and a require-
ment that each was to embody these
features:

A small devotional chapel;
inscription of the names and
particulars of the Missing in the
region;
a graphic record, in permanent
form, of the services of our troops
Tl only; however, Oise-Aisne,

Meuse-Argonne and St. Mihiel

WWI American Cemeteries also

have battle maps).

These requirements have been in-
terpreted in a wide and interesting
variety of forms.

An important motive for the con-
struction of the memorials is the im-
plied undertaking by our Govern-
ment to record by monuments the
achievements of our Armed Ser-
vices, since the erection of memo-
rials by the troops (which in the past

21


Plot A of Graves Area

THE ALLIED ARMIES LAUNCHED THEIR
FINAL ATTACK THE EFFECT OF THE
STRATEGIC AIR BOMBARDMENT OF
GERMANY WAS TO BE REFLECTED IN
THE RAPID DESTRUCTION OF HER
FIGHTING FORCES.

THE FINAL OFFENSIVE BEGAN IN
MARCH. PACED BY THE U.S. NINTH AIR
FORCE AND THE FIRST TACTICAL AIR
FORCE, WHOSE ATTACKS DISRUPTED
COMMUNICATIONS AND DESTROYED
GERMAN TROOPS AND SUPPLIES, THE
U.S. THIRD AND SEVENTH ARMIES
CROSSED THE RHINE AND SWEPT
ACROSS GERMANY. WHILE THE
FRENCH FIRST ARMY CUT OFF THE
ENEMY’S AVENUES OF ESCAPE INTO
SWITZERLAND, THE U.S. SEVENTH
ARMY CAPTURED NURNBERG, SWUNG
SOUTHWARD TO MUNICH AND SEIZED
THE BRENNER PASS. ITS JUNCTION ON 4
MAY WITH THE U.S. FIFTH ARMY AT VIP-
ITENO IN ITALY MARKED THE COM-
PLETE DEFEAT OF THE NAZI FORCES IN
THIS MOUNTAIN REGION.

THE UNITY OF PURPOSE WHICH
INSPIRED ALL WHO SHARED IN THESE
CAMPAIGNS WAS A DECISIVE FACTOR
IN THEIR SUCCESS. THEIR COURAGE

14

AND THEIR DEVOTION TO DUTY WERE
UNSURPASSABLE.

At the opposite end of the room
is the French version of this inscrip-
tion. Beneath these inscriptions are
two sets of key maps: “The War
Against Germany” and “The War
Against Japan.”

The plinth below the map is of
Verte des Alpes and Italian green
veined marble. The floor is paved
with Comblanchien limestone.

GRAVES AREA

Interred in the cemetery are 5,255
American milit Dead of World
War II. Their 5,252 graves are set in
two fanshaped plots separated by a
wide north/south mail lined with
sycamore (Platenus orientalis) trees.

‘lot A lies west of the mall, plot B to
the east. The War Dead interred here
died in the service of their Country.
They came from every State of the
Union, the District of Columbia and
the then U.S. territories of Alaska
and Hawaii. One Dead buried here
came from Canada and another
from the British West Indies. One
grave holds the remains of three

its ed

ne
ety
agit tta'

North Side Section of Court of Honor and Tablets of the Missing

identified Dead that could not be
separately identified. In 14 instances,
two brothers lie side by side. Sixty-
nine graves hold the remains of
American Dead that could not be
identified (Unknowns). One of these
graves contains the remains of two
comrades in arms.

Each grave is marked by a white
marble headstone, a Star of David
for those of the Jewish faith, a Latin
Cross for all others. The lines of
white headstones against the back-

und of green ‘ass harmonize
well with the memorial and the
Court of Honor at the south end of
the mall. A 75-foot flagpole over-
looks the graves area from the north
end of the mall. Its circular bronze
base sits on a pedestal of Rocheret
limestone which in turn rests on two
circular plinths of Ampilly lime-
stone from the Cote d’Or region.
The base plinth contains a thirteen-

joint star of Noir d’Izeste from the

yrenees. Two small cul-de-sacs
with fountains are located in the
graves area, one in the northeast
corner and one in the northwest cor-
ner. The graves area itself is
enclosed by a wall of granite from
the local region with a coping of
Euville limestone from the Verdun
region.

PLANTINGS

The paths near the perimeter wall of
the graves area afford magnificent
view of the Moselle Valley and its
wooded slopes. Immediately to the
south of the cemetery, on the hill-
side, is a beautiful natural woodland
of oak, spruce and beech. Within the
cemetery itself are several groups of
English beech (Fagus sylvatica);
sycamores (planetrees — Platenus
orientalis) line the paths of the ceme-
tery. Oriental cherry (Cerasus serula-
ta), red bud (Cercis canadensia) and
English hawthorne (Crataegus oxy-
cantha) were planted in the edges of
the woods adjacent to the flagpole to
add color and density. Flanking the
Memorial on the north side are two
Cedars of Lebanon as well as a large
massif of shrubbery. In the entrance
court of the cemetery are holly
hedges (Ilex aquifolium) and in the
Court of Honor are box hedges
(Buxus sempervirens) and Polyantha
and Red Glove roses. Informal mas-
sifs of other plantings in the vicini-
ty of the Court of Honor contain
barberry (Berberis thunbergii), flow-
ering quince (Cydonis japonica),
thododendrons, azaleas, forsythias,
scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius),
cotoneaster and dwarf yew.

15


South Facade of Memorial

captured Stuttgart and cut off
escape into Switzerland, the U.S.
Seventh Army fought through
Nurnberg, took Munich, then drove
through the Brenner Pass for its his-
toric meeting with U.S, Fifth Army
on 4 May 1945 at Vipiteno, Italy.

SITE

The Epinal American Cemetery and
Memorial, 48 acres in extent, is situ-
ated on a plateau in the foothills of
the Vosges Mountains, 100 feet
above and overlooking the Moselle
River. It is one of fourteen perma-
nent World War II American mili-
tary cemeteries erected on foreign
soil by the American Battle Monu-
ments Commission. The site was
liberated on 21 September 1944 by
the U.S. 45th Infantry Division and
a temporary military burial ground
was established there fifteen days
later. Subsequently, the burial ground
was selected to be a permanent
cemetery site. After the war, when
the temporary burial grounds were
being disestablished by the Ameri-
can Graves Registration Service

(AGRS), the remains of American
military Dead whose next of kin
directed permanent interment on
foreign soil were moved by the
AGRS to a permanent site, usually
the one closest to the temporary
burial location. They were then
interred by the AGRS in the distinc-
tive grave patterns proposed by the
cemetery’s architect and approved
by the Commission. Free use of the
Epinal site as a permanent Ameri-
can military cemetery was granted
by the French government in perpe-
tuity without charge or taxation.
Included in the site is a right of way
approximately 500 meters in len;
leading from Highway D-157 to the
main gate of the cemetery. The 5,255
American military Dead buried in
the Epinal American Cemetery lost
their lives in the fighting across cen-
tral France, the Rhone Valley, the
Vosges Mountains, the Rhine Valley
and Germany; they represent 42%
of the original burials in the region.
Design and construction of all
facilities at the permanent Ameri-
can miltiary: cemeteries on forei;
soil were the responsibility of the

American Battle Monuments Com-
mission, i.e., the memorial, the
chapel, the visitors’ building, super-
intendent’s quarters, paths, roads,
walls and service facilities. It was
also responsible for the sculpture,
landscaping and other improve-
ments on the site. Construction of
the permanent cemetery at Epinal
was completed in the spring of 1956
and the cemetery and its memorial
were dedicated on 23 July 1956.

On the moming of 12 May 1958,
13 caskets draped with American
flags were placed side by side
under a canopy at the north end of
the memorial in the cemetery. Each
casket contained the remains of one
Unknown serviceman from each of
the thirteen permanent American
mili cemeteries established in
the Atlantic Theatres of World War
II. As soon as the caskets were in
place, an honor guard took a posi-
tion at attention about the canopy.
When the invited dignitaries had
arrived, General Edward J. O'Neill,
Commanding General of the United
States Army Communications Zone,
Europe, walked slowly past the
thicteen, caskets, returned to the
front of the canopy, picked up a
wreath and roceeded. to the Rech
casket from the east and placed the
wreath upon it. He then drew him-
self to attention and saluted as taps
were played. The simple ceremony
of selection terminated with the
band playing “Miserere”, as the pall
bearers carried the Unknown select-
ed by General O'Neill behind an
honor guard to a waiting hearse.
The hearse, under escort, proceeded
to Toul-Rosiers Air Base in France
where the Unknown was flown to
Naples, Italy and loaded aboard the
destroyer USS Blandy. As soon as
loading was completed, the USS
Blandy departed Naples to ren-
dezvous in the Atlantic with a U.S.
Naval Task Force carrying two

other Unknowns, one from the
Pacific Theatre of World War II and
one from the Korean War. A similar
ceremony to the one held at the
Epinal American Cemetery was
conducted by the Commander of
the Naval Task Force to determine
which of World War II Unknowns
would represent both the Atlantic
and Pacific Theatres of that war.
After the selection was made, the
Task Force proceeded to Washing-
ton, D.C. where, on Memorial Day
1958, the World War II and the
Korean War Unknowns joined the
Unknown soldier of World War Tat
the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
in Arlington National Cemetery.

ARCHITECTS
Architects for the cemetery memor-
ial were Delano and Aldrich of New
York City, New York. The landscape
architect was Homer L. Fry of
Austin, Texas.

GENERAL LAYOUT

Six kilometers southeast of Epinal, a
winding road, 0.5 kilometers in
length, leads from the south side of
Highway D-157 to the main gate of
the cemetery. Marking entry to the
road on the right is a rectangular
stone on which is carved the U.S.
Great Seal above the words “Epinal
American Cemetery and Memorial.”
Marking entry to the road on the
left is a low curved wall on which
the name of the cemetery also is
carved.

About 90 meters inside the main
gate, a crossing road leads north
(left) to the superintendent's quar-
ters and south (right) to the assis-
tant superintendent's quarters and
the service are. The Visitors’
Building is about 300 meters inside
the main gate on the south (right)
side of the entry road where the
road forms an elliptical drive.


TUNISIA

Beach, overlooking the English
Channel honoring the elements of
the 2nd Ranger attalion under the
command of LTC James Rudder who
scaled the cliff, seized the position,
and defended it against German
counterattacks at a high cost of lives.
The monument consists of a simple
pylon on top of a concrete bunker at

¢ edge of the cliff and appropriate
inscriptions at its base in French and
English. It was officially turned over
to the American government for

28

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operation and maintenance in per-
petuity on 11 January 1979.

UTAH BEACH MONUMENT

The Utah Beach Monument is located
at the termination of Highway
N-13D, approximately 3 kilometers
northeast of Sainte-Marie-du-Mont
(Manche), France. This monument
commemorates the achivements of
the American Forces of the VII Corps
who fought in the liberation of the

Cotentin Peninsula from 6 June to 1
July 1944. It consists of a red granite
obelisk surrounded by a small, de-
veloped park overlooking the historic
sand dunes of Utah Beach, one of the
two American landing beaches during
the Normandy Invasion of 6 June 1944.

MEXICO CITY
NATIONAL CEMETERY

The Mexico City National Cemetery is
at 31 Virginia Fabregas, Colonia San
Rafael, about 2 miles west of the
Metropolitan Cathedral and about one
mile north of the U.S. Embassy. This
cemetery was established in 1851 and
contains a small monument over the
grave of 750 of our unidentified Dead
of the War of 1847. In this one acre area
there are 813 remains of Americans
and others in wall crypts. Care of the
cemetery was transferred from the
Department of the Army to this
Commission on 16 July 1947. This
cemetery was closed to burials in 1923.

COROZAL AMERICAN
CEMETERY, COROZAL,
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA

The Corozal American Cemetery is
located approximately three miles
north of Panama City, Republic of
Panama, just off Avenue Omar
Torrijos Herrera between the Panama
Canal Railway Company Train
Station and the Cuidad Del Saber
(former Fort Clayton). To reach the
cemetery, turn right on Calle Rufina
Alfaro at the Crossroads Bible Church
and proceed about one-half mile to
the cemetery. Taxi and bus service to
the cemetery are available from
Panama City. There are 5,189 identi-
fied “Known” Dead interred here. In
agreement with the Republic of
Panama, care and maintenance of the
cemetery in perpetuity was assumed.
by the Commission on 1 October 1979.

KOREAN WAR
VETERANS MEMORIAL
The Korean War Veterans Memorial,

located on the National Mall in
Washington, DC, was dedicated on
27 July 1995. The Memorial com-
memorates the sacrifices of the 5.8
million Americans who served dur-
ing the three-year period of the
Korean War. The war was one of the
most hard fought in our history.
During its relatively short duration,
25 June 1950-27 July 1953, 33,686
Americans were battle dead; 8,200 of
those killed in action were classified
as missing in action (and presumed
dead), or lost or buried at sea. An
additional 92,134 Americans were
wounded during the conflict. An in-
tegral part of the Memorial is the
Korean War Honor Roll, an interac-
tive automated database, containing
the names of those U.S. military per-
sonnel who died world-wide during
the war.

SERVICES TO THE PUBLIC

Upon request, and without cost, the
following information and services
are provided to family members
and friends of those interred or com-
memorated at ABMC’s cemeteries
and memorials:

* name, location and general infor-
mation about the cemetery, monu-
ment or memorial;

¢ plot, row and grave number and, if
applicable, memorialization site;

authorization for issuance of fee-
free passports for members of the
immediate family traveling over-
seas specifically to visit an ABMC
grave or memorialization site;

¢ best route and modes of travel in-
country to cemetery or memorial
site;

general information about accom-
modations in the vicinity of the
cemetery or memorial;

* arrangement for floral decoration
of a grave or memorialization
site. (Weather permitting, a color
polaroid Photograph of the floral
decoration in place is provided to
the donor).

29


Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial, Seine, France


Aerial View of Cemetery

When the cemetery is open to the
public, a staff member is on duty in
the Visitors’ Building to answer
questions and to escort relatives to
grave and memorialization sites.

HISTORY

On 15 August 1944, just a little over
two months after the landings in
Normandy, Allied Forces launched
an amphibious assault to free south-
em France. Air bombardment in
preparation for the landings began in
July and grew steadily in intensity.
Preceded by Allied assault groups
and U.S. airborne and glider troops,
under cover of heavy naval and aer-
ial bombardment, the 3d, 36th and
45th Divisions of the U.S. VI Corps
landed on the beaches in southern
France from Cape Cavalaire to Agay
and thrust rapidly inland. As
advancing VI Corps troops of the
U.S. Seventh Army pursued the

enemy, French units landed and
moved westward toward Toulon
and Marseilles. Within two weeks
both ports had been liberated and
US. forces had advanced northward
up the Rhone Valley to seize
Montelimar, cutting off large num-
bers of the retreating enemy.

In less than one month, U.S.
troops from southern France had
advanced 400 miles and made con-
tact with those from Normandy on
11 September 1944 at Sombernon,
west of Dijon. Ten days later, when
these forces had joined in strength
near Epinal, a solid line was estab-
lished extending to the Swiss fron-
tier. Progress in the next three
months was slow and fighting bit-
ter, as opposition stiffened. Never-
theless, Allied Forces continued
their advance to the Siegfried Line
and westward to the Rhine River
where our troops held the west
bank except for an area between

rosa stanon

EPINAL AMERICAN CEMETERY

Location of Cemetery Features

Strasbourg and Mulhouse known
as the “Colmar Pocket.”

The enemy launched his final
major counteroffensive of the war on
16 December 1944. Officially desig-
nated the Ardennes-Alsace Cam-
paign, it was popularly known as
the “Battle of the Bulge.” The U.S.
Third Army to the north moved
quickly to counter the threat. This
required the 6th Army aed in the
south, consisting of the U.S.
Seventh and the French First
Armies, to extend its lines north-
ward to cover a much longer front.
Against this line, the enemy
launched the second half of his

lanned counteroffensive on New

ear's eve by driving for the
Saverne Gap in the Vosges Moun-
tains and following with an attack
across the Rhine and an offensive
from the Colmar Pocket toward
Strasbourg. After furious struggles
in bitterly cold weather, all of these

attacks were halted. Quickly, the
American and French troops joined
forces to eliminate the enemy army
in the Colmar Pocket; their mission
was successfully completed by 9
February 1945. The U.S. Seventh
Army thereupon undertook a pro-

essive assault against the Sieg-

ied Line to the north, while the
U.S. Third Army continued to
assault the Line and the enemy’s
flanks and rear. Soon, the Siegfried
Line was broken and the remaining
enemy units cleared from the west
bank of the Rhine.

The final offensive of the U.S.
Seventh Army began in late March
when it crossed the Rhine near
Worms and seized Mannheim.
Promptly, the French First Army
crossed behind it and took Karls-
tuhe. Preceded by aircraft that con-
stantly harassed and demoralized
the enemy, Allied Forces swept
throughout Germany. As the French


Interior of Chapel — East End of the Memorial

Kpinal
American

Cemetery
and
Memorial

LOCATION

The Epinal American Cemetery and.
Memorial is situated 4 miles/6.5
kilometers southeast of Epinal,
Vosges, France, on Road D-157, in
the village of Dinoze-Quequement.
It can be reached by automobile
from Paris (231 miles/372 kms.) in
about five hours via toll autoroute
A-4, eastward to the Nancy exit, then
onto Highway N-57. Approaching
Epinal, from Nancy, avoid the city
of Epinal by staying on N-57
toward Remiremont-Mulhouse,
exiting at Arches-Dinoze.

Rail service is available from
Gare de l'Est station in Paris via
Nancy, where it may be necessary
to change trains. The journey by
train also requires about 5 hours.

Air travel service is available
from Paris to the Epinal-Mirecourt
Airport. The journey takes about 45
minutes. Adequate hotel accommo-
dations and taxi service can be
found in Epinal and vicinity.

HOURS

The cemetery is open daily to the
public between the hours of 9:00 a.m.
and 5:00 p.m. (The cemetery is closed
on January 1 and December 25.
It is open on all other U.S. and host
country holidays.)

Entry Road to Cemetery


SURESNES

At the Suresnes Cemetery Memorial,
senior representatives of the French
and United States governments pay
homage to our military Dead on
ceremonial occasions. Accordingly, 24
Unknown Dead of World War oc
buried in this World War I cemetery,
and two lopgias were added to its
chapel by the Commission, thereby
converting it into a shrine commemo-
rating our Dead of both wars.

EAST COAST MEMORIAL

To commemorate those 4,609 Ameri-
can servicemen, 6,185 seamen of the
United States Merchant Marines and
the 529 seamen of the U.S. Army
Transport Service who, in or above
the waters off the coast of North and
South America, but outside the terri-
torial limits of the United States, gave
their lives in the service of their coun-
try, the Commission erected a memo-
rial in Battery: Park, New York City,
upon which their names and particu-
lars are inscribed.

WEST COAST MEMORIAL

Similarly, the names and particulars
of those 412 Americans who gave
their lives in the service of their coun-
try off the west coast of the Americas
but outside the territorial limits of
the United States, are recorded at the
memorial erected by the Commis-
sion at the Presidio of San Francisco.

HONOLULU MEMORIAL

Although the National Memorial
Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu
is administered by the Department
of Veterans’ Affairs, the American
Battle Monuments Commission con-
structed a memorial therein, incor-
porating the features of the memo-
rials in its overseas cemeteries. The
names of 18,096 Missing of World
War II who gave their lives in the
Pacific areas (except the Southwest
and the Palua Islands which are
commemorated at the Manila Ceme-

24

tery Memorial) are recorded here as
well as 8,200 Missing of the Korean
War and 2,504 Missing from the
Vietnam War.

The AMERICAN EXPEDITION-
ARY FORCES MEMORIAL, lo-
cated on Penn. Ave. between 14th
and 15th Streets, NW in Wash. DC,
commemorates the two million
American military personnel and
their CinC, Gen. J. Pershing,
who made up the AEF of WWI.

It consists of a stone plaza 52 ft. by
75 ft., an 8 ft. statue of Gen, Pershin;
on a stone pedestal, a stone ben
facing the statue and two 10 ft. high
walls, one along the south side of the
memorial area and one along the
east. The south wall contains two
battle maps with appropriate inscrip-
tions. Inscribed upon the reverse face
of the east wall is Gen. Pershing’s
tribute to the officers and men of the
AEF: “IN THEIR DEVOTION, THEIR
VALOR, AND IN THE LOYAL FULFILL-
MENT OF THEIR OBLIGATIONS, THE
OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE AMERICAN
EXPEDITIONARY FORCES HAVE LEFT A
HERITAGE OF WHICH THOSE WHO FOL-
LOW MAY EVER BE PROUD.”

SAIPAN MONUMENT is situated
near the beach overlooking Tanapag,
Harbor on the Island of Saipan,
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands. It is part of an
American memorial park commem-
orating the American and Marianas
Dead in the Marianas Campaign of
World War II. The monument honors
specifically the 24,000 American
marines and soldiers who died re-
capturing the volcanic islands of Sai-
pan, Tinian and Guam during the
eriod of 15 June 1944-11 August
944.

It is a twelve-foot rectangular obe-
lisk of rose granite in a landscaped
area of local flora, Inscribed upon the
monument are these words: “THIS
MEMORIAL HAS BEEN ERECTED BY THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN HUMBLE
TRIBUTE TO THE SONS WHO PAID THE

Honolulu Memorial (WW Il, Korea and Vietnam), National Memorial Cemetary of the Pacific,
Honolulu, Hawaii

ULTIMATE SACRIFICE FOR LIBERATION
OF THE MARIANAS 1941-1945.”

The GUADALCANAL AMERI-
CAN MEMORIAL is located on
Skyline Drive overlooking the town
of Honiara, Guadalcanal, Solomon
Islands. It honors those American
and Allied servicemen who lost their
lives during the Guadalcanal Cam-

aign of World War II (7 August
942-9 February 1943). The Memo-
rial consists of a suitably inscribed
central pylon four feet square rising
24 feet above its base. Four radiating
directional walls point toward major
battle sites. Descriptions of the battles
are inscribed on the walls. Both the
walls and the pylon are constructed
of Red Calca granite.

CABANATUAN MEMORIAL is lo-
cated 85 miles north of Manila, approxi-
mately 5 miles south of the city of
Cabanatuan, Luzon, Republic of the
Philippines. It marks the site of the
Japanese Cabanatuan Prisoner of War
Camp where approximately 20,000
American servicemen and civilians
were held captive from 1942 to 1945,
after the fall of the Philippine Islands

during World War II. The Memorial
also honors the heroic sacrifices made
by Filipino servicemen and civilians
in a mutual quest for honor, freedom
and peace.

The memorial consists of a 90-foot
concrete base in the center of which
rests a marble altar. It is surrounded
on three sides by a fence of steel rods
and on the fourth by a Wall of Honor
upon which are inscribed the names
of the approximately 3,000 Ameri-
cans who lost their lives while being
held captive.

Co-located on the site are the West
Point Monument, which pays hom-
age to the 170 American and 6 Fili-
pino graduates of the U.S. Military
Academy who lost their lives during
the defense of the Philippines or
while prisoner of war at Cabanatuan
and the Defenders of Bataan and Cor-
regidor (a Filipino veterans organiza-
tion) memorial which salutes their
American fallen comrades.

POINTE DU HOC MONUMENT

Following World War II, the French
erected a monument at Pointe du
Hoc on the right flank of Omaha

25


30

HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY

A COMRADE IN ARMS
KNOWN BUT TO GOD

Decorated Gravesite of a World War II “Unknown”

THE AMERICAN
BATTLE MONUMENTS
COMMISSION

ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS MARCH 1923

UNITED STATES OFFICE

American Battle Monuments Commission
Court House Plaza II

Suite 500

2300 Clarendon Boulevard

Arlington, VA 22201

Telephone: (703) 696-6897

(703) 696-6896

FAX: (703) 696-6666

EUROPEAN OFFICE

Street Address:

68, rue du 19 Janvier

92380 - Garches, France

Mailing Address:

American Battle Monuments Commission
American Embassy - Paris

PSC 116

APO AE 09777

Telephone: (011-33) 1-4701-1976 (from U.S.)
33-0-1-4701-1976 (within France)

(00-33) 1-4701-1976 (from other

European Countries)

MEDITERRANEAN OFFICE

Street Address:

Via Cavour, 275

00184 Rome, Italy

Mailing Address:

American Battle Monuments Commission

American Embassy

PSC 59, Box 11

APO AE 09624

Telephone: (011-39) 06-4824-157
06-4890-3685 (from U.S.)
06-4824-157 (within Italy)

FAX: (011-39) 6-487-1624

PHILIPPINE OFFICE

Street Address:

Manila American Cemetery

and Memorial

Fort Bonifacio, McKinley Road

Makati City, The Philippines

Mailing Address:

Manila American Cemetery

PSC 513, Box 5

FPO AP 96515-1800

Telephone: (011-632) 844-0212 (from U.S.)
844-0212 (from Metro-Manila)

FAX: (011-632) 812-4717

31