Bulletin No. 279 <Wim / A' Economic Geology, 67 

. &enes \ B, Descriptive Geology, 83

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIHECTOK

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

OF THE

KlTTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES,

PENNSYLYANIA

BY

CHARLES BUTi;S

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRIN TING OFFIC E

1906
r>

^

(P

o
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction............................................................... 9

Topography................................................................ 9

Location.............................................................. 9

Triangulation stations.......'....................................... 10

Spirit levels....................................................... 14

Drainage.............................................................. .16

Relief................................................................. 17

Geology..................................................................... 17

Structure.............................................................. 17

General statement................................................... 17

Method of representing structure..................................... 17

Former views of structure.......................................:.... 18

Northwest corner of the Kittanning quadrangle........................ 18

Millerstown anticline............................................... 19

Bradys Bend syncline..........................:.................... 19

Kellersburg anticline..................../........................... 20

Boggsville syncline................................................. 21

McHaddon anticline................................................ 22

Faifmount syncline.................................................. 22

Greendale anticline................................................. 22

Brookville "anticline................................................. 23

Apollo syncline..................................................... 23

Roaring Run anticline............................................... 23

Southeast corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle....................... 24

Dip of the rocks................................................... 24

Pitching axes...................................................... 24

Course of structure lines............................................ 24

Stratigraphy........................................................... 24

Rocks not exposed....... '. .......... ^_............................. ' 24

Sources of knowledge....................................... 24

Thickness................................................. 25

General character.......................................... 25

Gray shale and sandstone....................................... 25

Burgoon (" Mountain ") sandstone............................ 25

Patton shale................................................ 25.

Lower sands (gas sands).................................... 25

Red beds....................................................... 26

Oil sands.................................................. 26

Dark shales and thin sandstones................................. 26

Speechley and Tiona sands.................................. 26

General correlation............................................. 26

\ £0
4 CONTENTS.

Geology Continued. . Page 

Stratigraphy Continued.

Exposed rocks...................................................... 26

Carboniferous system........................................... 26

General statement....................................... 26

Pocono formation.......................................... 27

General discussion...................................... 27

Character and distribution.............................. 28

Mauch Chunk formation.................................... 29

Unconformity at base of Pottsville....................... 29

Pottsville formation........................................ 30

General description..................................... 30

Connoquenessing sandstone.............................. 30

Mercer shale........................................... 30

Homewood sandstone................................... 31

Distribution of Pottsville. ................................ 31

Allegheny formation........................................ 32

General description..................................... 32

Distribution........................................... 32

Brookyille coal......................................... 32

Craigsville coal......................................... 32

Clarion sandstone...................................... 33

Clarion clay..........'................................. 34

Clarion coal........................................... 34

Vanport (Ferriferous) limestone.......................... 34

Kittanning sandstone................................... 34

Kittanhing fire clay.................................... 35

Lower Kittanning coal.................................. 35

Middle Kittanning coal................................. 35

Upper Kittanning coal.......'............................ 35

Freeport sandstone..................................... 35

Lower Freeport limestone............................... 36

 Lower Freeport iron ore. ................................ 36

Lower Freeport coal.................................... 36

Butler sandstone. ....................................... 36

Upper Freeport fire clay................................ 37

Upper Freeport iron ore................................. 37

Upper Freeport limestone............................... ( 37

Upper Freeport coal.................................... '38

Gallitzin coal.......................................... 38

Conemaugh formation....................................... 38

General character and distribution....................... 38

Mahoning sandstone..................................... 39

Mahoning coal (^...................................... 40

Brush Creek coal....................................... 40

Cambridge limestone (?) ................................ 41

Bakerstown coal....................................... 41

Saltsburg sandstone.................................... 41

Red shale...............:............:................ 42

Ames limestone........................................ 42

Higher sandstones..................................... 42

Quaternary deposits............................................ 42

Carmichaels formation...................................... 42

Character and distribution............................ 1.. 42
CONTENTS. 5

Geology Continued. Page. 

Stratigraphy Continued. ., ' . . Exposed rocks Continued. .

Quarternary deposits Continued.

Gravel and silt of Glacial derivation.......................... 43

Earlier deposits character and distribution ............... 43

Origin of deposits...................................... 43

Age of deposits........................................ .43

Gravel of Wisconsin age................................. 43

Alluvium.................................................. 44

Mineral resources........................................................... 44

Coal................................................................... 44

General discussion.................................................. 44

Coals in Buffalo Creek basin......................................... 45

Brookville coal................................................. 45

Craigsville coal. ................................................* 46

Clarion coal...;.........-.........-....-.-.---.--.-...-------- 46

Lower Kittanning coal.......................................... 47

Middle Kittanning coal......................................... 48

Upper Kittanning coal.......................................... .49

Lower Freeport coal............................................ 50

Upper Freeport coal ............................................. 51

Brush Creek coal............................................... 54

Coals in Glade Run basin........................................... 54

Lower Kittanning 'coal................. v........................ 54

Middle Kittanning coal..'....................................... 55

Upper Kittanning coal. .......................................... 55

Lower Freeport coal............................................ 56

Upper Freeport coal............................................ 56

Brush Creek coal................................................ 59

Coals in Allegheny basin west of the river............................. 59

Mercer coal............................2....................... 59

Brookville coal................................................. 59

Clarion coal..................................'................. 59

Lower Kittanning coal. .......................................... 59

Middle Kittanning coal......................................... 61

Upper Kittanning coal.......................................... 62

Lower Freeport coal............................................ ,63

Upper Freeport coal............................................. 64

Brush Creek coal............................................... 66

Coals in Allegheny basin east of the river............................. 66

Pocono coals........... 1....................................... 66

Mercer coals................................................... 66

Brookville coal................................................. t 66

Clarion coal................................................... 66

Lower Kittanning coal.......................................... 66

Middle Kittanning coal......................................... 68

Upper Kittanning coal.......................................... 68

Lower Freeport coal............................................ 68

Upper Freeport coal............................................ 69

Brush Creek coal............................................... 71

Coals in the Cowanshannock basin.................................... 72

Brookville coal................................................. 72

Clarion coal................................................... 72
6 .CONTENTS.

Mineral resources Continued. Page. 

Coal Continued. - 

Coals in the Cowaiishannock basin Continued.

Lower Kittanniug coal. ...__:..._ _........._._......_..'.......... 72

Middle Kittanning coal.................... 1'.................... 73

Upper Kittanning coal.. ............................... ^t....... 73

Lower Freeport coal. ..............:............i............... 73

Upper Freeport coal............................................. 75

Brush Creek coal. .............................................. 79

Coals in Pine Creek basin....'..........................'.............. 79

Brookville coal. ................................................. 79

Clarion coal. ................................................... 79

Lower Kittanning coal.......................................... 80

Middle Kittanning coal................................:......... 80

Upper Kittanning coal.......................................... 81

Lower Freeport coal............................................ 82

Upper Freeport coal. ........................................... 83

Brush Creek coal............................................... 85

 Coals in the Mahoning basin......................................... 85

Brookville coal................................................. 85

Clarion coal................................................... 86 _

Lower Kittanning coal........................................... 86

Middle Kittanning coal...................;..................... 88

Upper Kittanning coal.................................:........ . 88

Lower Freeport coal. ...................^..:.................... 90

Upper Freeport coal............................................ 90

Coals in the Redbank basin. .._........................ ............-.- 92

Pocono coal.................................................... 92

Mercer coal.................................................... 92

Brookville coal. ................................................. 93

Clarion coal.................................................... 93

Lower Kittanning ^coal.......................................... 93

Middle Kittanning coal......................................... 93

Upper Kittanning coal.......................................... 94

Lower Freeport coal. ............................................ 95

Upper Freeport coal..... ........................................ 96

Analyses of coals................................................... 100

Acreage and amount of Upper Freeport and Lower Kittanning seams.... 100

Development....................................................... 101

Conditions of mining. .............................................. 101

Disposition and use of coal..................:.......:...:........... 101

Petroleum and natural gas.............................................. 102

Historical statement................................................ 102

Development of the petroleum industry-. ........................... 102

Development of the natural-gas industry.......................... 103

Geologic occurrence of oil and gas.................................... 104

Descriptions of oil- and gas-bearing rocks .............................. 104

Murrysville gas sand............................................. 104

Depth below.Vanport limestone............................... .104

Thickness. ..... .^.........................1 ..^........... 105

Extent......................--.--.....-......-..------.-.-. 105

Variations...........................:..................... 105
CONTENTS. 7

Mineral resources Continued. Page. 

Petroleum and natural gas Continued.

Descriptions of oil- and gas-bearing rocks Continued.

Venango oil sands............................................... 105

Thickness and depth below Vanport limestone.................. 105

Second or Hundred-foot sand......j......................... 106

Blue Monday and Boulder sands............................. 106

Stray, Third, and Fourth sands.............x........ : ....... 106

Variations.................................................. 106

Fifth sand................................x..................... 106

Speechley sand................................................ 107

Tiona sands................................................... . 107

No gas below the Tiona sands............................:...... 107

Stratigraphic relations of oil and gas sands........................ 107

Area! distribution of oil and gas......:.................'.......... 107

Oil pools.................................................. . 107

Gas fields. ................................................ 108

Possible, extension of gas fields. ................................ 109

Partial records.of oil and gas wells................................ 109

Clay and shale. ........................................................... 162

Mercer fire clay.......................................:............ 162

Clarion fire clay.................................................... 163

Kittanning fire clay....................................'............ 166

Freeport fire clay.................................................. 167

Shale.....................................:......-......-..-...... 169

Exploitation of clays and shales...........;.......:.................. ]70

Iron ore.....................................:................-........ 171

General statement..................... 1.....:.....-.................. 171

Buhrstone ore..................................................... 171

Lower Freeport ore......./......................................... 173

Upper Freeport ore..........,........,..............-.........-:... 173

Comparison with ores from other regions.............................. 174

Limestone............................................................. 174

Vanport limestone................................................... 174

As a flux ..................................................... 175

For cement.................................................... 175

Development.. ..........;..................................... 175

Freeportlimestone................................................. 176

Ganister. .............................*........................,........ 177

Building stone......................................................... 177

Sand. ..............................,;................................ 177

Index..................................................................... 179
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page 

PLATE I, II. Deep-well sections in Kittanning quadrangle and vicinity........... 24

III, IV. Deep-well sections in Rural Valley quadrangle..................... 24

V. Generalized columnar section for Kittanning quadrangle............ 26

VI. Coal sections (Brookville, Craigsville, Clarion, Lower Kittanning)... 44

VII. Coal sections (Middle Kittanning, Upper Kittanning, Lower Freeport). 48

VIII. Coal sections (Lower Freeport, Upper Freeport) .................. 52

I.. Coal sections (Upper Freeport).................................. 76

X. A, View of Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company's works at 

Kittanning; B, View of Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company's 

quarry at Kittanning ......................................... 162

XI. Map showing structure and economic geology of Kittanning and Rural

Valley quadrangles....................................... In pocket.

FIG. 1. Key map showing location of the quadrangles.......................... 9

2. Sketch map showing location of triangulation stations on which the survey of the quadrangles is based. .............\....... .............. 10

3. Section at Riverview mine, 2 miles below Redbank Junction.............. 27

4. Section at old mill on Cowanshannock Creek......-.........'..-........ 33

5. Section of Upper Freeport coal and associated clay and iron at Bradys

Bend........................................................... 37

6. Map showing extent of the northern part of the Appalachian coal field.... 44

7. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show thinning

and disappearance of coal. ............................^........... 96

8. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show variations of

coal and its relations to clay and shale.........--..--...-..----.---. 96

9. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show thinning

and absence of clay............................................... 97

10. Section across main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show rapid thinning. ........................................................... 97

11. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show abrupt ending of coal.......... . ....................... -. .................... 97

12. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show interfmgering of coal and clay and relations of coal, clay, and shale.............. 97

13. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show interfingering of coal and shale ............................................. 97

14. Map of the oil- and gas-bearing regions of the northern Appalachians..... 102
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE KITTANNING AND RURAL 

VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PENNSYLVANIA.

By CHARLES BUTTS.

INTRODUCTION.

The field work upon which this bulletin is based was done in the autumn of 1901 and 

the summer and autumn of 1902 under the general supervision of Marius R. Campbell. 

The work in the Kittanning quadrangle was mainly done by Lester H. Woolsey and the 

writer in 1901, and that in the Rural Valley quadrangle almost wholly by the writer in 

1902.

In addition to the data collected in the field much has been derived from published 

reports of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, particularly the reports of W. G. 

Platt on Armstrong County, I. C. White and H. M. Chance on Butler County, and John F. 

Carll on the oil regions. Many valuable well records have been furnished by the oil and 

gas companies operating in the region and by well contractors, and information pertaining to their properties has been given by the coal-mining companies, quarry men, and those 

connected with the clay industries of the area. For all such material, which adds greatly 

to the value of this report, the author acknowledges his obligations.

TOPOGRAPHY. 

LOCATION.

As will be seen on the key map (fig. 1), these quadrangles lie in central-western Pennsylvania lend extend from latitude 41° on the north to 40° 45' on the south, and from longitude

Y O R K

" "A --

MERCER VENAN<30

WESIMOBELAND - N

/ SOMERSET i BEDFORD/ 

/ /

.FiG. 1. Key map showing location of the quadrangles.
10 KlTTANNlNGf AND RUKAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

79° 15' on the east to 79° 45' on the west. Each quadrangle includes one-sixteenth of 

a square degree,.and their combined area is about 460 square miles. They lie almost 

wholly in Armstrong County, but the Kittanning quadrangle includes a narrow strip of 

Butler County and that portion of both quadrangles north of Redbank Creek lies in Clarion 

County. The quadrangles are named from the principal towns within their boundaries.

The latitude and longitude of the quadrangle boundaries have been determined from 

stations located on some of the prominent hilltops of the region. .These stations have 

been connected by triangulation with astronomical stations at Washington, Cumberland, 

Grafton, and Pittsburg, and the accuracy of the work has been checked by a carefully 

measured base line on the Pennsylvania Railroad north of Latrobe.

TRIANGULATION STATIONS.

All surveys for the maps of this bulletin are based on six triangulation stations located 

within the quadrangjes and six other stations in close proximity thereto. The locations of 

the stations within the quadrangles are shown o'n die topographic maps by small triangles, 

but the following sketch (fig'. 2) shows the relative position of all these points. The stations are marked by stone posts 8 by 8 inches in cross section. In the center of the top of ft

Myers 

 McCall ~ "

Reynolds

Rowland

1 Broadview

FIG. 2. Sketch map showing location of triangulation stations on which the survey of the quadrangles is based.

each post is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania." 

For the convenience of engineers who may wish to secure accurate control over their surface surveys, the following list of station's, with full details regarding the angles by which 

their positions have been determined, is given. a There is also given a list of permanent 

and temporary bench marks, with.their elevations, which were established in the course of 

the spirit leveling by which control over the surface relief of the quadrangle was secured.

s

STATIONS WITHI'N THE QUADRANGLES.

CLEVER, ARMSTRONG COUNTY.

On a high cultivated ridge, with scattering dead-trees, in Wayne Township, about 1 mile west of 

Belknap and 1 mile east of Snydersville (Muff post-office), on land belonging to G..IE: Clever, of Belknap.

Station mark:. A sandstone post 39 by 8 by 8 inches, set 27 inches in the ground, in center of top of 

which is cemented a bronze tablet marked " U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

Reference marks: Live-chestnut tree, magnetic bearing S. 84° E., 45£ feet distant. Dead chestnut 

tree, N. 4°.E., 121 feet distant. Fence on line between properties of G. H. Clever and Jeremiah Bowser 

bears due south, 3 feet distant.

a The list has be5n compiled from Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 181.
TEIANGULATION STATIONS. 11

[Latitude 40° 53' 35.63". Longitude 79° 19 '25.41".]

To station 

Mccaii .........:.....'..........:'..........................

Azimuth.

29 20 30.0

65 59 54.4

93 16 57. 6

120 59- 58.2

130 01 44.6

147 47 30.2

297 00 56.5

353 06 02.8

Back azimuth.

117 12 06.0

209 22 57.3

245 48 30. 3

273 06 31.1

300 50 42.0

309 51 31.4

327 41 28.0

173 07 19.6

Log. distance.

Meters. 

4. 0951985

4. 1909592

4.4288814

4.3508735

4. 3643865

4. 4550873

4.3829142

4.3608128

GRAHAM, ARMSTRONG COUNTY.

About 1 mile east of Blanket Hill post-oflice, on a bare ridge of cultivated land owned by the Graham 

heirs and rented by W. A. Blosc.

Station mark: A sandstone post 36 by 8 by 8 inches, set 32 inches in the ground, in the center of top 

of'which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

Reference marks: Chestnut tree 24 inches in diameter, magnetic bearing S. 23° W., distant 415 feet. 

Dead chestnut tree 18 inches in diameter, S. 86° W., distant 257 feet.

[Latitude, 40° 46' 17.28". Longitude, 79° 24' 50.74".]

To station 

Miller. ....................................................

Azimuth.

O t It

73 49 24.6

98 40 50.3

120 00 41.6

135 00 42.7

154 18 20.5

209 22 57.3

247 12 03. .4

291 35 03. 6

' 311 ' '40 54. 2

Back azimuth.

253 39 11.0

278 33 05.5

299 55 18.5

314 53 49.7.

334 12 37.9.

29 20 30.0

67 20 45.1

111 43 17.4

131 45 43.1

Log. distance.

Meters. 

4. 3613318

4. 2328320

4. 1203094

.4. 3203059

4. 4504542

. 4. 1909592

4. 3072070

4. 2810749

4. 1430489

'LEISTER, ARMSTRONG COUNTY.

Six miles southwest of Kittanning, in North Buffalo Township, on a round knob, cleared on southeast side and timbered on northwest side. The land belongs to Sarah Jane Gray, of McHaddon.

Station mark: A sandstone post 40 by 8 by 8 inches, set 35 inches in the ground, in the center of top 

of which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U.-S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

Reference mark: Oak tree 18 inches in diameter, magnetic bearing N. 30° W., 77J feet distant.

S

[Latitude; 40° 47' 40.31". Longitude, 79° 36' 51.50".]

To station 

Miller. .....................................................

Clever. ....................................................

Azimuth.

0 1 II

29 48 10.1

189 42 25.0

232 08 42.0

245 48 30.3

278 33 05.5

Back azimuth.

209 45 40.8

9 43 23.3

52 11 10.0

65 59 54.4

98 40 56.3

Log. distance.

Meters. 

' 4.0155564

4. 0930300

3. 8272558

4. 4288814

4. 2328320
r

12 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

MILLER, ARMSTRONG COUNTY.

In East Franklin Township, about 2 miles northwest of Kittanning, on a flat, cultivated hill owned 

by James Miller. It is 100 yards west of his brick house.

Station mark: A stone post 36 by 8 by 8 inches, set 34 inches in the ground, in the center of top of 

which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

[Latitude, 40° 49' 53.90". Longitude, 79° 33' 05.12".]

To station 

Graham ...................... .... ......................

Azimuth.

52 11 10.0

158 21 39.5

299 55 18.5

Back azimuth.

232 08 42.0

338 20 09.8

120 00 41.6

Log. distance.

Meters. 

3. 8272558

3. 9397410

4. 1263694

TEMPLETON, ARMSTRONG COUNTY.

About 1J miles north of Middlesex (Cowansville post-office), in Sugar Creek Township, on a bare 

ridge with timber on the northwest side. The land is owned by Widow Templeton.

Station mark: A sandstone post 42 by 8 by 8 inches, set 30 inches in the ground, in the center of the 

top of which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

Reference mark: A wild cherry tree, 7 inches in diameter, magnetic bearing N. 8° W., 164 feet distant.

[Latitude, 40° 54' 16.17". Longitude, 79° 35' 22.26".]

To station 

Leister. ...................................................

Clever. ....................................................

Miller. ....................................................

Azimuth.

9 43 23.3

18 52 03.4

193 21 32.2

273 06 31.1

314 53 49.7

338 20 09.8

Back azimuth.

189 42 25.0

198 48 43.8

13 22 43.0

93 16' 57.6

135 00 42.7

158 21 39. 5

Log. distance.

Mettrs. 

4. 0930300

4. 3503890

4.0389218

4. 3508735

4. 3203059

3. 9397410

STATIONS WITHOUT THE QUADRANGLE. 

BROADVIEW, INDIANA COUNTY.

About 2J miles north of Shelocta and three-tenths mile east of Armstrong-Indiana County line, on 

a high, bare hill, with some timber on the southwest slope. The land is owned by John Russell.

Station mark: A stone post 42 by 8 by 8 inches, set 38 inches in the ground, in the center of top of 

which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

[Latitude, 40° 41' 16.95". Longitude, 79° 17' 28.00".]

To station 

Clever. ................. ..................................

Azimuth.

131 45 43.1

173 07 19.6

253 14 15. 6

Back azimuth.

311 40 54.2

353 06 02.8

73 17 40.3

Log. distance.

Meters. 

4. 1436489

4.3608128

3.8862700

KUNKLE, INDIANA COUNTY.

On land owned by Philip Kunkle, about 2 miles north of Creekside post-office, near western end of a 

high ridge having scattering trees on the eastern end.

Station mark: A stone post 42 by 6 by 6 inches, set 36 inches in the ground on solid rock, in the center 

of top of which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."
TBIANGULATION STATIONS.

[Latitude, 40° 42' 28.78". Longitude, 79° 12' 14.09".]

13

To station- Azimuth.

0 / //

73 17 40.3

111 43 17.4

183 45 23.0

Back azimuth.

253 14 15.6

3 45 50.3

Log. distance.

; 

Meters. 

3.8862700

4.2810749

4. 1737351

MYERS, CLARION COUNTY.

About 3 miles southeast of Sligo, in Toby Township, near the main road between Clarion and East 

Brady, and about halfway between the two places, on a bare knob of cultivated land belonging to 

V. R. Myers, of Sligo.

Station mark: A sandstone post 36 by 8 by 8 inches, set 30 inches in the ground, in the center of top 

of which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

Reference marks: Chestnut tree, magnetic bearing S. 65° E., 303 feet distant. Chestnut tree S. 55° 

W., 115 feet distant. Chestnut tree N. 84° W., 203 feet distant.

[Latitude, 41° 04' 37.67". Longitude. 79° 28' 36.80".]

To station 

McCall. . ..................................................

Azimuth.

39 10 40.8

76 45 26.6

327 41 28. 6

Back azimuth.

219 "07 25.6

256 41 14.5

147 47 30.2

Log. distance.

Meters. 

4. 0414047

3. 9639954

4. 3829142

M'CALL, CLARION COUNTY.

On a bare flat knob about 1J miles north of Bela post-office, 8 feet north of an east and west fence on 

land belonging to William T. McCall.

Station mark: A sandstone post 36 by 8 by 8 inches, set 32 inches in the ground, in the center of top 

of which is cemented a bronze tablet marked " U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

Reference marks: Chestnut tree 18 inches in diameter, magnetic bearing N. 85° W., 185 feet distant. 

Chestnut tree 18 inches in diameter, S. 81° E. * ' 

[Latitude, 41° 03' 29.14". Longitude, 79° 35' 00.49".]

To station Azimuth.

 309 51 31.4

342 32 21.0

Back azimuth.

76 45 26.6

130 01 44.6

362 33 17.7

Log. distance.

Meters. 

3. 9639954

4. 4550873

3.8277738

. REYNOLDS, CLARION COUNTY.

On a round bare knob about 4* miles northeast of East Brady on road to Rimcrsburg. The land 

belongs to the heirs of Alex. Reynolds, of Kittanning, and is occupied by George Leonard.

Station mark: A sandstone post 36 by 10 by 10 inches, set 33 inches in the ground, in the center of top 

of which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

Reference marks: Chestnut tree with broken top, magnetic bearing S. 58° W., 98 feet distant. Wild 

cherry tree, 4 inches in diameter, N. 73° W., 51 feet distant.

[Latitude, 42° 00' 01.14". Longitude, 79° 33' 34.13."]

To station 

McCall. . ...................................................

Myers .....................................................

Azimuth.

13 22 43.0

162 33 17.7

219 07 25.6

334 12 37.9

Back azimuth.-

0 1 II

193 21 32.2

342 32 21.0

39 10 40. 8

154 18 20.5

Log. distance.

Meters. 

4. 0389218

3. 8277738

4.0414047 

4. 3643865
14 KITTAHNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADBANGLES, PA.

ROWLAND, INDIANA COUNTY.

On a high hill about 4 miles north of Plumville, in North Mahoning Township, and near the line 

between North and South Mahoning townships. On land owned by W. S. Rowland.

Station mark: A stone post 40 by 6 by 6 inches, set 36 inches in the ground, in the center of top of 

which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

[Latitude, 30° 50'31.39". Longitude, 79° 11'32.36".] '

To station- Azimuth.

0 / // 

34C CA Q

67 20 45. 1

117 12 06.0

Back azimuth.

183 45 23.0

247 12 03. 4

297 06 56.5

 Log. distance.

Meters. 

4. 1737351

4. 3072670

4. 0951985

SHRADER,ARMSTRONG COUNTY.

(Not occupied.).

On a bare ridge in South Buffalo Township, 3 miles northeast of Freeport, on land owned by A. C. 

Shrader, of Freeport.

Station mark: A sandstone post, 40 by 8 by 8 inches, set 36 inches in the ground, in the center of top 

of which is cemented a bronze tablet marked "U. S. Geological Survey Pennsylvania."

[Latitude, 40° 42'48.68". Longitude, 79° 40'30.96".]

To station Azimuth.

0 / //.

198 48 43.8

209 45 46.8

253 39 11.0

Back azimuth.

18 52 03.4

29 48 10. 1

73 49 24.6

Log. distance:

Meters. 

4,3503890

4. 0155564

4. 3613318

SPIRIT LEVELS.

All bench marks set in the course of this work were stamped with the word " PITTSBURG" and the date " 1899," in addition to the figure of elevation, thus referring" them 

to the central datum tablet for this group of levels, which is set in the foundation of the 

Seventh Avenue Hotel in Pittsburg, the adjusted elevation of which is accepted as being 

738.527 o. feet above mean sea level at Sandy Hook. This elevation comes through five 

lines of precise levels, namely, through United States Coast and Geodetic Survey levels 

from Sandy Hook and from Old Point Comfort to Hagerstown and Grafton; through United 

States Coast and Geodetic Survey and United States Army Engineers levels from Dobbs 

Ferry to Albany, and from Albany via Oswego and the lakes to Erie; through United 

States Geological Survey levels from Albany to Dunkirk; and through Pennsylvania Railroad precise levels from Sandy Hook via Harrisburg to Pittsburgh

Determined points in the Kittanning quadrangle.

. . Feet. 

East Brady; bronze tablet set in east abutment wing wall of steel.highway bridge, marked

'' PITTSBURG 852,1899" ............................................................. 852. 645

Phillipston; top of stone milepost front of station,.marked ''P. 66, O. C. 66-tV'- -------.--- 853.5

Phillipston, 2 miles soutrrof; top of stone milepost, marked "P. 64, 0. C. 68-TV'............ 849.2

Redbank; top of west rail front of station................................................... 846.3

Redbank; bronze tablet set in north abutment of Allegheny Valley Railway bridge, GOO feet

south of station, west side of abutment; marked "PITTSBURG 844,1899"............. 844.746

Redbank, 13 miles south of; top of stone milepost, marked ".P. 62, O. C. 707IS5 "............. 843.4

Riverview; top of rail, front of station....................................................... 835. 5

Rimer; top of west rail, front of station......;.............................. .......... ....... 832.3

Rimer, 0.5 mile south of; top of stone milepost, marked "P. 59 and O. C. 73-TV" - -........... 831.7

"Readjusted elevation is 738.383.

b Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1,1900, p. 420.
.'I SPIRIT LEVELS. 15

Feet. 

Rimer, 2 miles southeast of; bronze tablet set in north abutment west side of iron bridge,

marked ''PITTSBURG 820,1899"a...................................................... 820.810

Rimer, 3.5 miles south of; top of stone milepost, marked '' P. 50 and 0. C. 70-/;;"........... 824.0

Rimer, 3.8 miles south of; top east rail at railroad crossing................................... 821.0

Mahoning; top of east rail front of station................................................... 818.9

Templeton; top of west rail front of station.................................................. 819.2

Templeton, O.C mile south of; top of west rail at railroad crossing........ .................... 818? 4

Templeton, 1.9 miles south of; top of west rail at railroad crossing.......................... 813.8

Templeton, 1.6 miles south of; top of west rail at railroad crossing.. 1....................... 814.8

Templeton, 2.4 miles south of; top of west rail at railroad crossing.......................... 814.0

Templeton, 2.7 miles south of; top of stone milepost, marked "P. 51 and 0. C. 81.5"........ 815.5

Mosgrove; bronze tablet set in north abutment east end of railroad bridge, 900 feet north of

station,marked ''PITTSBURG 800,1899".... 1.......................................... 807.227

Mosgrove, 0.0 mile south of; top of stone milepost, marked '' P. 49, O. C. 83-TV............. 807.9

Cowanshannock; top of east rail front of station............................................. 805.5

Cowanshannock, 1.5 miles south of; top of stone milepost, marked '' P. 40, 0. C. 8G-TV'..... 807.0

Neal; top of west rail on last crossing south of station....................................... 805.4

Wick City; top of west rail at crossing at pottery works..................................... 8.05.4

Kittanning; top of east rail front of station.................................................. 800.5

Kittanuing; bronze tablet set on front face northwest corner of public school on corner of

McKain and Vine streets, marked ''PITTSBURG 803,1899".............................. 803.500

Garrett Run; top of west rail front of station..:.............................'................. 796.2

Manorville; top of east rail front of station.................................................. 790.1

Gran"; top of west rail front of station....................................................... 790.5

Ford City; top of east rail front of station................................................... 784.9

Ford City, 0.5 mile south of; top of stone milepost, marked '' P. 40, 0. C.".................. 784.7

Rosston; top of west rail front of station..................................................... 780.7

Rosston, 0.2 mile south of; bronze tablet set in east abutment of bridge over river, marked

'' PITTSBURG 786,1899"................................................................. 780. 940

Kittanning along highway west to West Winfield, thence north to Chicora and east to East

Brady.b Feet.' 

Wcskit; in hay-scales platform, nail...............:.-.......................................... 1,037.2

McHaddon; in front of post-omce, ground.......................... ^..,....................: 1,335.0

West Winfield; 100 feet west of railroad tracks, in foundation of trestle, aluminum tablet

marked "950 PGH 1900".................................................................. 949.940

Fenelton; 375 feet west of station, in foundation of water tank, aluminum tablet marked

'' 1068 PGH 1900" ......................................................................... 1,008.572

Chicora; corner of Main street and Central avenue, directly opposite Union Hall, in sandstone

post, aluminum tablet marked "1,240 PGH 1900"........................................ 1,245.543

Chicora, 0.5miles northeast of; at intersection of Somerville road, old stone house, on window

sill, chisel-mark projection................................................................ 985.73

Rocketts Bridge; bridge floor.................................................................. 972.0

Bradys Bend; bridge below bend, floor....................................................... 925.0

Determined points in the Rural Valley quadrangle.

Feet. 

Kittanning, 1 mile east of; north side of road, nail in stump........... v .................... 999.42

Kittanning, 2 miles east of; south side of road, rock, chiseled mark.......................... 1,145.55

Kittanning, 3 miles east of; south side of road, rock, chiseled mark.......................... 959.07

Kittanning, 3.33 miles cast of; south side of road, pipe line, marked......................... 988.00

Kittanning, 3.75 miles east of; at road south; rock, chiseled mark........................... 985.05

Kittanning, 4.5 miles east of; 50 feet east of road northeast, north side of road, rock, chiseled

. mark "1020".............................................................................. 1,020.19

Stone House Hotel, 0.75 mile west of; east side of road, rock, chiseled mark................. 1,049.50

Kittanning, 0 miles cast of; Stone House Hotel, in southeast corner stone, aluminum tablet,

marked '' 1011 PITTSBURG "...............'............................................. 1,010.491

Stone House Hotel, 1 mile east of; bridge, south side of road by rock, chiseled mark........ 1,022.74

-Stone House Hotel, 1.5miles east of; at road, chiseled mark "1110"......................... 1,115.41

Stone House Hotel, 2 miles east of; south side of road by small wooden bridge, rock, chiseled

mark...................................................................................... 1,009.97

Yatesboro; railroad at west end of, top of rail................................................ 1,120.7

Yatesboro; railroad crossing in; top of rail.................................................. 1,129.3

a This is bench mark 821 of Rural Valley sheet.

b Unpublished data; the error distributed in this line is excessive.
16 KITTAISTNITSTG AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

Feet. 

Yatesboro, 0.5 mile east of; south side of road, chiseled mark................................ 1,123.94

Rural Valley; bridge in, southeast wing wall of, in coping stone, copper tablet, marked '' 1112

PITTSBURG "........................................................................... 1, 111. 610

Rural Valley, 3 miles north of; 600 feet south of schoolhouse, rock, chiseled mark........... 1,185.25

Dayton, 2.75 miles southwest of; west side of road, rock, chiseled mark...................... 1,399.03

Rural Valley, 8 miles north of; at road to west, nail in root of oak tree...................... 1,275.52

Dayton, 1.5 miles west of; Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad overhead bridge, on

southeast, top of coping stone, chiseled mark............................................ 1,275.47

Dayton, 0.5 mile west of; road crossing, top of north rail at................................. 1,322.5

Dayton, 0.25 mile west of; road crossing, top of south rail at................................ 1,327.9

Dayton; 900 feet west of station, Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad bridge over

small stream, northwest wing wall of, on second coping stone, aluminum tablet,

marked '' 1326 PITTSBURG " ........................................................... 1,326.118

Eddyville, 2.5miles south of; at crossroad, rock,chiseled mark.............................. 1,256.90

Eddyville, 2 miles south of; iron bridge over Mahoning Creek, on southeast abutment,

chiseled mark '' 1019"..................................................................... 1,018.69

Eddyville, 1.5 miles south of; east side of road, rock, chiseled mark.......................... 1,200.53

Eddyville; iron bridge over Big Mahoning, on bridge seat, southeast wing wall, aluminum

tablet, marked "992 PITTSBURG"..................................................... 992.284

Eddyville, 0.25 mile northeast of; iron bridge over Pine Run, floor of........................ 999

Putneyville, 1 mile east of; bridge over Sugar Camp Run, floor of........................... 954

Putneyville; iron bridge over Mahoning Creek, northwest wing wall, coping stone, chiseled

mark...................................................................................... 940.42

Putneyville, 1.5 miles west of; north side of road, under oak tree, rock, chiseled mark.......... 908.01

Putneyville, 3 (2J) miles west of; at cross rails, summit, rock, chiseled mark................ 1,027.82

Macks Bridge (over Mahoning Creek, 6 miles east of Mahoning), 0.5 mile east of; south side

of road, rock, chiseled mark (1001 on map)............................................... 942.55

Mahoning, 6 miles east of; iron bridge over Mahoning Creek known as Macks Bridge; on

southeast bridge seat, chiseled mark..................................................... 863.50

Mahoning, 4 miles east of; opposite mill by road north, nail in root of tree.................. 841.61

Mahoning, 2 niiles east of; iron bridge, southwest wing wall, coping stone, chiseled mark ... 833.17 

Mahoning; Allegheny Valley Railroad, opposite station, top of rail.......................... 818.7

Rimer 2 miles southeast of; railroad bridge, northwest abutment, bronze tablet, marked

"PITTSBURG 820,1899"................................................................ 820.810

DRAINAGE.

The streams that drain a region exercise an important influence upon its economic development. Their valleys afford sites for the location of towns and open a^way to communication with the surrounding country, either by water or rail. Along the valleys the strata 

are exposed and the beds containing valuable minerals are made accessible. The area 

discussed in this report has been particularly well favored in these respects. Allegheny 

River has cut a deep valley from north to south through the middle of the region, and this 

facilitates the exportation of its various mineral and manufactured products. East of the 

river and along the northern side of the quadrangles the valley of Redbank Creek affords 

passage to a railroad and exposes valuable beds of coal, clay, and limestone. Farther south 

Mahoning Creek, with its tributaries, Scrubgrass, Little Mudlick, and Pine creeks, likewise 

makes accessible the mineral deposits of a wide strip of territory extending to the eastern 

limit of the Rural Valley quadrangle. Still farther south the edges of the coal and limestone 

beds are exposed by both forks of Pine Creek, along the south fork of which runs the Buffalo, 

Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad, another important artery of communication with the 

outside world. Cowanshannock Creek and Garrett Run make accessible the coals of a large 

tract of country. North Branch of Plum Creek opens a way into the southeastern corner 

of the region. West of the river Buffalo Creek and Glade Run are the most important 

streams. The former is followed along the upper part of its course by the Buffalo, Rochester 

and Pittsburg Railroad and along the lower part by the Winfield Railroad, which reaches 

the quarries and brick works at West Winfield. All the important coal beds of the region 

are exposed along the valley of Glade Run from the Lower Kittanning, which outcrops at 

its mouth, to the Upper'Freeport, which outcrops on the hillsides from its mouth to its 

source. Huling Run, Sugar Creek with its tributaries, and Little Beaver Run make accessible a considerable territory in the northern part of the Kittanning quadrangle.
METHOD OF REPRESENTING STRUCTURE. 17 

RELIEF.

The surface of the region is hilly, but the upland slopes are generally moderate and easily 

cultivated. The valleys are narrow and the streams have developed very scanty flood 

plains. Occasionally farming land occurs in these valleys, but frequently the bluffs reach 

the water's edge and there is no level land. The walls of the larger valleys are almost 

invariably steep and in places precipitous; in others they are strewn with large bowlders, 

and, being thus ill suited to cultivation, they are generally forested. The upper courses of 

the minor streams are not so deeply trenched, and they are often bordered by rather gently 

sloping and arable land. Farming is necessarily confined almost exclusively to the uplands, 

and the stranger traveling along the valleys would little suspect the presence- of wellcultivated fields just over the brows of the bluffs that restrict the range of his vision.

GEOLOGY. 

STRUCTURE.

GENERAL STATEMENT.

The rocks of these quadrangles were originally deposited as sedimentsjn an approximately 

horizontal position at the bottom of the sea or other bodies of water. Subsequently the 

rocks were elevated to their present position, and the strata were thrown into low folds 

forming anticlines and synclines.

METHOD OF REPRESENTING STRTTCTTTRE.

The geologic structure of this region is represented on the map by means of contours. 

These are lines imagined to be drawn at regular vertical intervals upon the top of the Vanport ("Ferriferous") limestone as a reference surface through points having the same 

elevation above sea level. Many such points are determined, and lines arc drawn connecting 

them. The contour interval is 50 feet; that is to say, for-example, a line is drawn connecting all points of the reference surface 1,000 feet above the sea, and the adjacent lines are 

drawn through points at 950 and 1,050 feet above the sea, and so on.

In many cases the altitude of the points on the limestone is determined by direct observation on the outcrop; in others it is determined by borings that penetrate the limestone; 

in still others the elevation of some other stratum is observed, and the elevation of the 

limestdne is calculated from the known interval'between the two strata.

These contours are greatly generalized and only approximate. There are several sources 

of error affecting their determination. All observations are based upon the topographic 

map, and while there are many bench marks determined by lines of precise leveling by 

which observations may be checked, observations at other points may be based upon a 

local datum that is possibly out by several feet. Again, nearly all elevations, as1 those of 

outcrops or of,well mouths, are determined by aneroid barometer, and such determinations 

are always liable to errors of greater or less extent. The probable failure in many cases 

to measure accurately the depth of the limestone in deep wells is another source of error. 

Still another is the variation in the thickness of the intervening rocks in those cases where 

the elevation of the limestone is calculated from observations on other strata. In so far 

as the actual interval between the observed stratum and the limestone differs from that at 

the nearest point of measurement, which interval is assumed at the point of observation, 

the determination of the altitude of the limestone at that point will be erroneous.

Notwithstanding these sources of error, it is believed that the actual altitude of the 

limestone will not differ more than a contour interval from that shown by the' contours at 

any point, and that the structure as represented on the map closely approximates the truth. 

This method of representing structure has the advantage that it is possible by it to show 

the lay of the rocks over all parts of the area contoured. The position, form, and extent 

of the anticlines and synclines, the dip of the rocks, and the absolute altitude of the reference 

surface are readily delineated. ... 

Bull. 279 06 2
18 KITTANNING'AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

The great advantage of having the structure so completely shown is that it becomes possible to determine the approximate depth of any stratum, such as a coal seam, provided that 

the interval between the limestone and the given stratum is known at any point. This 

can be done as follows: Determine by the surface contours the elevation of the given point 

and by the structure contours the elevation of the Vanport limestone at that point; the 

difference between the two elevations will be the depth of the limestone below the surface, 

or, in case the limestone has been eroded, the elevation of its horizon. To the number thus 

obtained add the interval if the given stratum is below the limestone, or from that number 

subtract the interval if the given stratum is above the limestone. If the depth to a stratum 

is required at a point where the limestone has been eroded, subtract from the given interval 

the difference in elevation between the surface and the horizon of the limestone at the 

point. The determination of such facts should be of great benefit to prospectors in sinking 

diamond-drill holes and to mining companies in enabling them to determine the most 

advantageous locations of shafts and openings and to estimate the probable cost of drilling 

or of sinking shafts. It should also be of value to drillers for gas and oil who wish to locate 

their wells with regard to the structure, since it seems probable that the greater accumulations of these substances occur on and adjacent to the anticlines. From the intervals 

given in the discussion of the oil and gas sands, it will be possible to determine by the method 

already described the approximate depth to any gas or oil sand at any point in the quadrangles. 

FORMER VIEWS OF STRUCTURE.

It seems well to preface the detailed description of the structure by an outline of the same 

as made out by previous .surveys, and particularly by the Second Geological Survey of 

Pennsylvania. Platt «- described in this territory a number,of anticlines and synclines 

lying in regular order from northwest to southeast, as follows:

The Millerstown anticline, near the northwest corner; the Bradys Bend syncline, passing 

through Bradys Bend; the Bradys Bend anticline, passing near the mouth of Redbank 

Creek; the Lawsonham syncline, passing through Lawsonham; the Kellersburg anticline, 

passing through Kellersburg; the Stewartson Furnace anticline, a short axis in the vicinity 

of Dee; the Centerville syncline; the Anthonys Bend anticline, passing through Anthonys 

Bend, Redbank Creek; the Fairmount syncline, passing through Fairmount on Redbank 

Creek north of the quadrangles; the Greendale anticline, passing through Greendale; the 

Brookville anticline, at the head of Little Mudlick Creek; the Leechburg syncline; the 

Glade Run anticline, following Glade Run south of Mahoning Creek; the Apollo syncline, 

passing near Rural Valley; and the Port Barnet anticline, .in the vicinity of Smeltzer. 

The axes of the anticlines and synclines are described and mapped as following straight 

courses about N. 30° E. Chance b differs from Platt in his description of (.he structure in the 

northwest cotner of the Kittanning quadrangle. He describes the Millerstown as a short 

anticline lying southeast of Chicora, but not extending to the northeast beyond Donegal 

Township. Apparently what Platt describes as the Millerstown anticline, lying a little 

beyond the northwest corner of the quadrangles, is the same as Chance's Martinsburg 

anticline.

The results of the present survey, as far as regards structure, differ materially from those 

outlined above. The structure of the region will be described in detail, proceeding in 

regular order from northwest to southeast.

NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE KITTANNING QUADRANGLE.

The structure here is not pronounced, and its determination is based almost wholly 

upon the position of the Vanport ("Ferriferous") limestone as given in many well records. 

A low syncline apparently passes through Chicora to Karns and connects by a broad, 

shallow depression around the northeast end .of the Millerstown anticline with the Bradys

o Platt, W. G., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, pp. xxxviii-xlvi, and maps, p. xxvu 

6 Chance, H. M., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Eept. V, p. 10.
BRADYS BEND SYNCLINE. 19

Bend syncline in the northwest corner of Sugar 'Creek Township. From the. syncline 

through Chicora and Kams the strata rise gently northwestward to the Martinsburg anticline. The point of an anticline enters the northern part of Bradys Bend Township and 

extends southwestward into the southeast corner of Fairview Township. No name- has 

been applied to either syncline or anticline, since little is known of them outside of the 

quadrangle. 

< MILLERSTOWN ANTICLINE.

The determination of the position and extent of this anticline by the present survey 

agrees fully with the description given by Chance.a Its axis crosses Buffalo Run about*2 

miles southeast of Chicora and run's about N. 40° W. As shown in a number of wells, 

the elevation of the limestone on the axis is about 1,050 feet near the margin of the quadrangle. That the rocks dip slightly from this locality toward Chicora is proved by the 

facts that the Upper Freeport coal at. that place is 1,260 feet above sea and that in 

the northwest corner of the Kittanning quadrangle the limestone is about 260 feet below 

 the coal, which makes the elevation of the limestone at Chicora 1,000 feet. The regular 

dip of the rocks to the northeast and southeast toward the Bradys Bend syncline is 

shown by the' position of the Vanport limestone in many wells along the axis of -the 

syncline. The Millerstown anticline is separated from the point of the anticline to the 

north in Bradys Bend Township by the shallow depression connecting the Bradys Bend 

syncline and the shallow syncline at Chicora, as shown in many wells by elevations on the 

limestone of 1,000 feet or a little less.

BKADYS BEND SYNCLINE.

Platt described the axis of this syncline as crossing the boundary between Butler and 

Armstrong counties on Buffalo Creek and extending in a straight line northeast through 

Bradys Bend, but evidence now in hand shows that this axis lies- west of the position 

thus assigned to it. Many oil wells on the Riley and Hickey farms northwest of Fenelton 

show the limestone to be about 900 feet above the sea. From these localities the limestone rises regularly northwestward, as shown by many wells, to the axis of the Millerstown anticline. In the southeast corner of Donegal Township, on the Goldlinger and 

Maley farms, about 1$ miles east of the Hickey wells, three wells give the elevation of 

the limestone at 1,050 feet. The axis of the syncline, then, lies west of the latter locality, 

probably in the vicinity of the Hickey farm. Another line of evidence also leads to the 

conclusion that the axis lies considerably west of Plait's location. The Upper Freeport 

coal is near water level on the western margin of the quadrangle. It can be traced down 

Little Buffalo Run, rising constantly southeastward;, half a 'mile west of Fenelton it is 

more than 100 feet above the stream. About a mile southeast of Fenelton the Lower 

Kittanning coal lies 40 to 50 feet above the creek, and at Nichola the Vanport limestone 

is about 50 feet above the creek. These facts show conclusively that the rocks are rising 

eastward along Buffalo Creek.from the western margin of the quadrangle, and that the 

axis of the Bradys Bend syncline enters the quadrangle from the southwest about 1 mile 

southwest of Fenelton, passing thence, as shown by numerous well records, in a nearly 

straight line one-half mile west of Rattigan and entering Armstrong County in the northwest corner of Sugar Creek Township, in the neighborhood of the Pontius and Reep farms, 

where the elevation of the limestone is 1,000 feet above sea. In the vicinity of Adams 

well records show the elevation of the limestone to be about 1,100 feet and the stratigraphic evidence points to a regular rise of the rocks toward that place from the northwest corner of Sugar Creek Township. From Adams the axis bends sharply eastward 

and passes through East Brady, as is shown by the fact that the limestone .at a number of 

points near the mouths of Holder and Snyders runs has an altitude of from 1,020 to 1,030 

feet. From this locality it rises on the north to 1,060 feet at the mouth of Pine Run, 

1,110 feet one-half mile up Pine Run, and 1,100 feet one-half mile north of the village

a Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Eept. V, p. 10
20 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

of Bradys Bend, just off the quadrangle; on the south it rises to 1,065 feet in the apex of 

the river bend 1 mile below East Brady. Farther down the river, one-half mile west of 

Phillipston, two points on the limestone were noted at 1,025 and 1,020 feet. This indicates a transverse wrinkle in the syncline running from East Brady toward Phillipston, 

which may have influenced Platt in locating the axis at the latter point. From this 

locality southeastward numerous observations on the limestone and other beds show a 

constant rise toward the Kellersburg anticline. About one-half mile noftheast of Phillipston the elevation of the limestone was determined, from an observation on the Lower 

Kittanning coal, to be 1,075 feet. Almost due north of this point on the bluff of the 

Allegheny the altitude of the limestone is 1,055 feet. Still west and north nearly onehalf mile the limestone lies at 1,075 feet. On the north side of the river, north of East 

Brady and just off the quadrangle, the elevation is 1,095 feet, and in the bluff on the 

east side of the river just south of the margin of the quadrangle the limestone is at 1,100 

feet above sea. These observations locate the axis definitely along the neck between the 

bends of the river east of Bradys Bend. From this point eastward the position of the axis , 

is more obscure. Near the head of a ravine entering Redbank Creek about a mile above 

its mouth old ore pits and presumably the limestone occur at *an elevation of 1,100 feet. 

This point is about a mile north of the mouth of the creek. North of this the limestone 

was not seen, but the Lower Kittanning coal could be traced for some distance, rising 

perceptibly. Southward the strata also rise and the limestone was observed north of the 

mouth of Redbank Creek at 1,160 feet, while 1 mile up the creek it has an elevation of 

1,200 feet. Still farther east the limestone was observed at 1,150 feet three-fourths mile 

southwest of Lawsonham, just east of the boundary between the quadrangles. From this 

point the strata rise southeastward, but the exact position of the axis is unknown, as the 

county to the north has not been surveyed. It seems probable, however, that it passes 

a short distance north of Lawsonham: .

KELLERSBURG ANTICLINE.

This is the principal structural feature of the quadrangles. It corresponds in part with 

Platt's Bradys Bend anticline and in part with his Kellersburg anticline. Its axis very 

nearly coincides with that of the Bradys Bend anticline, as mapped by Platt, from the 

southwest corner of the Kittanning quadrangle to the southeastern part of Sugar Creek 

Township, but from this locality onward the location of the anticline by the present survey differs greatly from that given by Platt. It is desirable, therefore, to present the 

evidence upon which the determination here made is based.

The limestone on the axis of the Kellersburg anticline rises very regularly from an elevation of 950 feet in the southwestern part of the Kittanning quadrangle to a point about 

1 mile southeast of Fosters Mills, where two wells reveal it at altitudes of 1,310 and 1,330 

feet. Midway on the road between Cowansville and Browns Crossroads the Freeport sandstone lies at 1,500 feet above sea, and, since this stratum is about 200 feet above the 

limestone, the latter lies at 1,300 feet. From this place the strata dip to the north, west, 

and south, as shown by observations on the limestone and coal beds. One-half mile 

southeast of Browns Crossroads the altitude of the limestone is 1,240 feet, as shown in a 

well; at Shcrrett its altitude is 1,244, and abundant observations show a constant dip from 

this point to Phillipston, and a dip of nearly 100 feet to the mouth of Redbank Creek. 

From the southeast part of Sugar Creek Township to a point about midway between 

Rimer and Morrows Corner, however, the limestone dips very gradually eastward to below 

1,250 feet. This determination is based mainly on the evidence of coal beds. The Upper 

Freeport coal, whose horizon on the axis of the anticline in Sugar Creek Township must 

be at least 1,550 feet above the sea, since it is at least 50 feet above the Freeport sandstone, just catches the knobs at 1,500 feet in the vicinity of Peach Hill, thus showing a 

descent of 50 feet. Allowing an interval of 250 feet between this coal and the limestone, 

the latter would have an altitude of 1,250 feet near Peach Hill. North of this locality, 

at a point about 1 mile north of Rimer, the Lower Kittanning coal was struck in a test
BOGGSVILLE SYNCLINE. 21

well at an elevation of 1,230 feet, showing that the elevation of the limestone at that point 

is about' 1,200 feet. Numerous observations on coal beds and on the limestone direct 

show that the elevation of the limestone in the northern parts of Washington and Madison 

townships is 1,200 feet or less. Southward in the vicinity of Morrows Corner the Lower 

Kittanning coal lies at about 1,170. feet above sea level; and the limestone is at about 

1,050 feet one-half mile north of Adrian. The evidence presented above clearl/y shows 

that the rocks dip both north and south from a line passing nearly east and west through 

the above-mentioned point between Rimer and Morrows Corner, and that that line is 

therefore to be taken as the anticlinal axis which thus connects the Bradys Bend and 

Kellcrsburg anticlines.

From the point on the anticline between Rimer and Morrows Corner the axis can be 

traced without difficulty by means of abundant exposures of the limestone and openings on 

the Lower Kittanning coal, through Kellersburg, across Redbank Creek between Climax 

and St. Charles and off the quadrangles northeast of Climax, where the limestone was 

observed at about 1,360 feet. Numerous observations on the limestone west of Climax, 

where revealed by old ore strippings and in natural exposures show that it dips regularly 

from this axis to the southeast until it disappears in the bluff at the southern point of 

Anthonys Bend, at an altitude of 1,130 feet.

At a point about 2 miles a little north of east of Climax the limestone is quarried at 

1,360 feet elevation. Just southeast of New Bethlehem an old ore pit shows its altitude 

to be 1,110 feet. Between the two points observations indicate regular dip of the limestone. These observations show conclusively that there is neither anticline nor syncline 

in this region, as mapped by Platt and named the Anthonys Bend anticline and Centerville 

syncline. The northern extension of the Kellersburg anticline beyond the quadrangles 

is unknown, but it is a fair presumption that it is continuous with the Anthonys Bend 

anticline in Clarion County. It is clear, then, that instead of three anticlines with 

straight axes there, is in reality but one anticline with a strongly curving axis, which is 

very appropriately named the Kellersburg anticline.

BOGGSVILLE SYNCLINE.

Platt mapped the Lawsonham syncline as extending from the head of Cornplanter Run, 

in a straight line, through Worthington and Cowansville to Lawsonham. Evidence presented in describing the Kellersburg anticline shows that while there is a sag in the anticline 

north of Morrows Corner the anticlinal structure so predominates in the region that a syncline. could not properly be regarded as crossing there. To the northeast there is, however, 

a transverse buckle in the rocks, which passes in the direction of Lawsonham, and to the 

southwest there is a distinct syncline, which dies out on the southeastern limb of the KelJersburg anticline near Limestone Run, south of Adrian. This syncline occupies in a general way the position of the south end of the Lawsonham syncline, but Platt located its 

axis farther west. The Vanport limestone crops out at West Winfield at an altitude of 

1,000 feet; near Boggsville it was noted in two wells at altitudes of 680 and 733 feet, showing a dip of 300 feet between the two places. This dip is confirmed by the records of many 

other wells in this vicinity and also by the fact that the Upper Freeport coal, which has 

an altitude of 1,240 feet at West Winfield, dips southeastward to an altitude of 920 feet 

near Boggsville. The strata probably begin to rise southeastward from Boggsville, for 

wells just off the margin of the quadrangle south of Slate Lick show the limestone at 750 

feet above the sea. These facts locate the axis of this syncline pretty definitely near Boggsville, and it is therefore named the Boggsville syncline. This syncline in the southern part 

of the quadrangle is broad and flat-bottomed, and the position 6f its axis is rather indefinite. 

Its location as mapped is based upon an occasional well record and upon careful and thorough stratigraphic tracing in the region. Near Walkchalk the syncline narrows suddenly, 

and its axis is well determined by the opposing dips of the rocks. Its course north of Walkchalk was determined by observations on the Upper and Lower Freeport coals and by well 

records and observations on outcrops of the limestone along Limestone Run.
22 KITTANNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

McHADDON ANTICLINE. .

This low anticline, whose axis enters the Kittanning quadrangle 2 miles southwest of 

North Buffalo village, runs in general nearly parallel to the axis of the Boggsville syncline 

and dies out near the mouth of Limestone Run. Here it merges with the Kellersburg 

anticline and ceases to be a separate feature. The name is applied because the axis runs 

near McHaddon.

FAIRMOUNT SYNCLINE.

As mapped by Platt the axis of this syncline follows the river from the southern margin 

of the Kittanning quadrangle to the mouth of Garrett Run and continues thence in nearly 

straight line to Redbank Creek near Fairmount. In a general way this location agrees 

with that of the present survey, but the details differ to some extent. The axis is not 

straight. From the mouth of Garrett Run it trends about N. 30° E. to Scrubgrass Creek, 

then swings gradually eastward to a course about N. 60° E.; which it follows to about 1 

mile east of Mahoning Furnace, where it curves northward and leaves the Rural Valley 

quadrangle in a nearly north 'course. The position of this axis is well determined by the 

opposing dips of traceable coal beds, and at the point where it crosses Scrubgrass Creek it 

is fixed within narrow limits by the opposite dips of the rocks in the bed of the creek and 

on the valley walls. From this point to the northern margin of the quadrangle the bottom 

of the syncline appears to flatten out and the position of the axis is not so well established. 

Observations on the limestone along Mahoning Creek, and-on Redbank Creek, where it is 

' exposed between Fairmount and Oak Ridge, and also on the Upper Frceport coal in a 

a number of banks and in the Fairmount Company's mines, all serve to indicate that the 

axis can not be far from the position shown on the map.

A peculiarity of this, syncline is the oval depression on the axis on Pine Creek at the 

mouth of Bullock Run. This is formed by a low cross anticline which crosses the syncline 

south of Hays Run. The existence of this anticline is proven by stratigraphic tracing, 

as well as by the fact that two wells on the Starr farm just south of Rayburn Run found 

the limestone at 870 feet, while along the synclinal axis north of Pine Creek the elevation 

decreases to 800 feet, and southward it constantly decreases to below 700 feet on the southern margin of the quadrangle.

GREENDALE ANTICLINE.

' Southeastward from the axis of the Fairmount syncline the rocks rise to the crest of 

the Greendale anticline as far north as Mahoning Creek and to the crest of the Brookville 

anticline north of that creek. The axis of the Greendale anticline enters the Rural Valley 

quadrangle from the south about li miles southwest of Blanket Hill and follows in general 

the northeastward course mapped by Platt through Greendale to a point about 1^ miles 

southwest of Muff. From this point Platt continued it in a straight line to the head of 

Scrubgrass Creek, where he represented it as dying out. Numerous observations in the 

Upper Freeport coal, however, show a regular dip both northwestward and southeastward 

from a line passing from this point through Muff toward Belknap. Along the road from 

one-half mile southwest of Muff to the high knob at the locality known as Concord Church, 

the records of nearly a dozen wells show the elevation of the limestone to be nearly 1,400 

feet; northwest toward Goheenville wells show a regular dip of the limestone to the altitude 

of 1,050 feet, and southeast toward Echo a similar dip to 1,000 feet. Following the line 

indicated above northeastward .to Belknap, the Lower Kittanning coal occurs at an elevation of about 1,420 feet, and still northeastward along the same line the coal has been opened 

near the road intersection at the H. S. Pontius farm and at an intermediate point, at both 

of which its altitude is 1,420 feet. Still farther northeastward on the road following the 

top of the bluff of Mahoning Creek, at a point nearly south of the mouth of Glade Run, 

the limestone has been quarried at an altitude of 1,440 feet. From the line thus traced 

out the strata dip in both directions, as proved by abundant observations on the outcrop
BROOKVILLE, APOLLO, AND ROARING RUN FLEXURES. 23

of the .limestone and the Lower Kittanning and Upper Freeport coals, as well as by the 

elevations of the limestone shown in a number of wells on both sides of the anticline. Platt 

described the Glade Run anticline as beginning in the vicinity of Echo and running northeastward through Wayne Township to the vicinity of the mouth of Glade Run. No trace 

of such an anticline was detected near Echo during the present survey, and it is well established by the facts cited above that there is but one anticline in the region-which curves 

in harmony with the Kellersburg anticline; it is appropriately named the Greendale 

anticline. . . . .

BROOKVILLE ANTICLINE.

In the northeas^ corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle lies the southwest point of the 

Brookville anticline, in substantially the position mapped by Platt. This anticline plunges 

rapidly southwestward and disappears as a distinguishable feature near the mouth of Little 

Mudlick Creek.

The Brookville anticline is separated from the Greendale anticline by a narrow depression running eastward from the Fairmount syncline in the vicinity of Putneyville and 

passing off the quadrangle at McWilliams. The existence of this depression' is well established by observations on the limestone and the Lower Kittanning coal.

APOLLO SYNCLINE.

Platt described the Leechburg syncline as lying next east of the Greendale anticline, 

extending northeastward and separating it from the Glade Run anticline,, and then leaving 

Armstrong County east of the Brookville anticline. In the 'survey of the Elders Ridge 

quadrangle no trace of this syncline could be detected, and it certainly does not extend 

into .the Rural Valley quadrangle. (See Elders Ridge folio.) The Apollo syncline, however, described and mapped by Platt as lying west of the Leechburg syncline and separated 

therefrom by the Apollo anticline in southern Armstrong County, has been traced into the 

southern part of the Rural Valley quadrangle.^ The axis of this syncline enters the quad; 

ranglc about. 1 mile east of the western boundary of Plum Creek Township and extends 

northeastward, passing about one-half mile southeast of Blanco and becoming indistinct in 

the flat-lying strata in the vicinity of Rural Valley. There appears to be a very shallow 

synclinal depression between Smeltzer and Bryan that is in line with the direction of this 

.syncline and may be regarded as an extension of it.

ROARING RUN ANTICLINE. , '

Platt mapped this anticline as ending on the north at a point south of the Rural Valley 

quadrangle and a short distance north of Crooked Creek. It is shown in the Elders Ridge 

folio, however, that this is a strongly marked and easily traceable feature in the Elders Ridge 

quadrangle to the south and its continuation as far north as Blanco, in the Rural Valley 

quadrangle, can be made out from well records. The-axis of the anticline enters the quadrangle about 1£ miles-west of the axis of the Apollo syncline. The position of the limestone 

in the Espey well on the axis of the Apollo syncline one-half mile southeast of Blanco is 

about 860 feet above the sea, and a little more than a mile to the southeast it occurs in the 

Bell and Wagoner wells at about 1,000 feet above the sea, showing a sharp rise of 150 feet. 

The rise of the strata, however, can not continue much if any beyond this point, for if it 

did the Upper Freeport coal would crop out on the hillside to the southeast; it doesnot,.and 

there is evidence that it lies at considerable depth west of Green Oak, showing that the rocks 

dip rapidly southeastward from the Roaring Run axis. On evidence furnished by the wells 

this anticline is believed to curve sharply westward near its point and, like the Apollo syncline, to become lost about 1 mile northeast of Blanco in the nearly horizontal strata along 

the valley of upper Cowanshannock Creek.

a Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. V, p. 10. ' 
24 KITTANNING AND KUEAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA. 

SOUTHEAST CORNER OF'THE RURAL VALLEY aUADRANGLE.

As intimated above, the rocks of the southeast corner of the quadrangle lie nearly flat, 

and owing to the scarcity .of well records and to the absence of traceable beds .the structural 

details can not be made out with as much certainty as could be wished. This applies to the 

region roughly bounded by the 850-foot structure contour along the bases, of the Roaring 

Run and Greendale anticlines." It is believed that the rocks south of Cowanshannock Creek 

dip regularly toward a depression which extends from Green Oak to the vicinity of Gastown, 

in the Elders Ridge quadrangle. A number of wells.in the vicinity of Atwood show a slight 

anticlinal structure in that vicinity which may be more pronounced in the territory to the 

east. The Moore well (485) at Smeltzer, several diamond-drill holes, and the Brush Creek 

coal bed show a similar anticlinal structure along the North Branch of Cowanshannock 

Creek. This is possibly the vanishing southwest end of the Port Barriet anticline mapped 

by.Platt. Both of these anticlines are very low and of little importance within this quadrangle.

DIP OF THE ROCKS.

The dips throughout these quadrangles are generally low. The highest are found on the 

southeast flank of the Kellersburg anticline and probably do not exceed 3° to 4°.

PITCHING AXES.

A notable feature of the anticlines and synclines of the region is the general southwestward 

pitch of the axes. Within the limits of the quadrangles the axis of the Bradys Bend syncline 

on the Vanport limestone pitches from 1,150 to 900 feet above sea level, that of the Kellersburg anticline from 1,400 to 950 feet, that of the Fairmount syncline from 1,070 to 650 feet, 

and that of the Greendale anticline from 1,440 to 1,000 feet. The pitch, however, is not 

always uniform. The crests of the anticlines in some places run nearly level for long distances, as that of the Greendale anticline in the vicinity of Belknap and Muff, and that of 

the Kellersburg northeast of Kellersburg and near Craigsville and West Winfield. In 

other cases they exhibit elevations like the Kellersburg anticline east of Fosters Mills and the 

Greendale anticline south of Pine.Creek. The regular southwestward pitch of the Fairmount axis is interrupted by the cross anticline south of Hays Run already described.

COURSE OF STRUCTURE LINES.

Another notable feature of the structure of the quadrangles is the deviation of the anticlinal and synclinal axes from straight lines. In general each axis is composed of reversed 

curves. The failure to recognize these facts and the assumption that the folds follow 

straight northeast-southwest courses led to serious errors in previous attempts to determine

and map the structure and to no little confusion to those engaged in drilling for gas and oil.

o

STRATIGRAPHY.

The rocks of which we have knowledge in these quadrangles are treated under two heads, 

viz, rocks not exposed at the surface and those that outcrop. The former are revealed in 

deep wells sunk for gas or oil; the latter can be studied directly.

ROCKS NOT EXPOSED, a

Sources of knowledge. Our knowledge of these rocks is derived entirely from the records 

of deep wells bored for gas or oil and is more or less imperfect. In many cases records have 

been carelessly kept: strata important from a geologic standpoint, such as bands of red rock 

or a bed of limestone, have been overlooked or not recorded; and frequently only the oil or 

gas sands have been noted, thus leaving great blanks in the logs. The methods of measurement introduce some errors. While measurements to the oil and gas sands are mostly made 

by steel line and are accurate, the depth and thickness of other beds are generally estimated 

by counting the turns of the cable on the bull-wheel shaft, and errors in computing the length 

of rope by this method easily occur. In very deep wells the stretching of the cable might

a See Pis. I-IV.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 279 PL. I

Nb.l«2<» 

Ha2C2wvodNo.Zt

No.242 

McCroyNb.S

No.93 No.63 

Robert Morrow Chaa.RUeyNo.7

No.56 

McShaneifo.4

No.45 

WinA.MJigee'No.l

No. 9 

Robert Smith

Nol74 

tewis Baher

-No.182 No.191 

Royburn'NoJ Samuel Gray No!

TSVI MATI

m&

S5B

_ _ PATTON

(MOUNTAIN OR

HUNOfTtO 

SANDS

BIG INJUN)

(£CR 2IFEROUS1

DIAGRAM SHOWING LOCATION Or DEEP WELLS 

IN THE KITTANNING QUADRANGLE AND VICINITY.

POTT3VILL£

DEEP-WELL SECTIONS IN KITTANNING QUADRANGLE AND VICINITY.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN NO. 279 PL. II

NO.Z47 a _ No.E40 NaZ45 

Bradys Bend tract Mary and G.WKeppleNb.1 .AmosSteele

'

NOZ36 NO. 290 

John Adams Nol TempletonNb.l N0.287 NO.Z62 No.355 No.ZSl JTo.298 

Chrisman /iUegbetryFurnaceNo.3 EOlermeyer No.l ThomasHayaNo.Z MonlgomfiryNo.3

I

(MOUNTAIN OR BIG INJUN)

"TOP OF" "

SANDS

HUNDRED 

FORMATION

OAS

"SAND"

SAND

OIAOKAM SHOWING LOCATfON OF OECP WtULO 

IN THE KITTANNINO OUADRANOLC AND V1CINITT.

'

DEEP-WELL SECTIONS IN KITTANNING QUADRANGLE AND VICINITY.
o»

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U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 279 PL. IV

No.545 No.543

Anna. Doverapike, John ColwelL

MalKoning ' Mehomng

Na396

J.Miralderman., 

Boggs

Na530

H.S.FontiusNo.1, 

"Wkyne

No.527

J.Clever No.l, 

Wajyne

No.383

WiUieunMartirtNo.2, 

Bogga

Na498

AtecBriceWol, 

Wayn&

No.48r

PeartNp.4, 

Wayne

Robert Lynes, 

Cowunshfliuiock

OATS KILL. 

FORMATION

^g VAN PORT

BURSOON

VENANOO

(MOUNTAIN OR

SANDS

BIG INJUN)

TIONA SAND_ i__________ -------- '

(FERRIFEROUS)

SANDSTONE AND

GAS SAND 

5 AND

POTTSVILLE

DIAGRAM SHOWING LOCATION

OF DEEP WELLS IN-THE 

RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLE ,

No.485

S amuel Mbore , 

Gowanahonnoci;

FORMATION

SPEECHLEY SAND

DEEP-WELL SECTIONS IN RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLE.
BOCKS NOT EXPOSED. 25

lead to errors of considerable magnitude. The difficulty of identifying the character of rocks 

by the relative ease with which the drill penetrates them or by the drillings brought up in the 

sand pump is also probably a fruitful source of error, especially with observers having no 

scientific training. To this fact may be and probably often are due in part the lithologic 

variations recorded for wells in contiguous territory. It may thus happen that important 

beds that are not recorded are not really absent from the section, but have been overlooked, 

and this may account for the absence of red beds or beds of limestone from the logs of some 

wells and their presence in those of others nearby. Again,a heavy sandstone in one well 

might change to a highly arenaceous shale or shaly sandstone in an adjacent well and thus be 

recorded as slate or shale. At best, observations on rocks in deep-well sections must be 

confined almost wholly to their lithologic character; only in very rare instances can anything be learned of their fossil contents, a knowledge of which is almost indispensable to the 

correct determination of the age and stratigraphic position of the rocks.

Thickness. The greatest depth to which the drill has penetrated below the lowest horizon 

of exposed rocks in the quadrangles is about 3,100 feet. The deepest wells in this region 

of which we possess records are the Eobert Smith well (No. 9, PL I) and a well which was 

drilled by Mr. Joseph Simpson just off the northern margin of the Kittanning quadrangle, 

north of Bradys Bend village. The Simpson well (PI. II), which is over 3,500 feet deep, 

starts just above the Vanport limestone and, as the lowest horizon of exposed rocks is about 

400 feet below the limestone, the well penetrates about 3,100 feet below any rocks exposed 

in the region. The Smith well is also over 3,500 feet deep but starts at a higher horizon and 

hence does not reach so low a horizon as the Simpson well. The Kepple well (No. 246, 

PL II) penetrates 2,800 feet below the Vanport limestone and 2,400 feet below the lowest 

exposed rocks. The t!olwell well (No. 543, PL IV) at .Mahoning Furnace is over 2,700 feet 

deep and penetrates over 2,800 feet below the Vanport limestone. There are a number of 

other wells in the quadrangles that penetrate to about the same horizon. 

.' General character. These imexposed rocks fall naturally into three well-differentiated 

groups. In general there are, from the top downward, first, 700 to 800 feet of gray shale 

and sandstone; second, 300 to 700 feet of strata characterized by the presence of varying 

amounts of red rocks, presumably red shale, and third, prevailingly dark shale with thin 

sandstone layers, and occasional thicker beds of sandstone to the bottom of the deepest 

wells. The fact's stated above are well illustrated in Pis. I-IV, which show typical well 

sections of the region.

GBAY SHALE AND SANDSTONE.

This group contains several members of sufficient importance to warrant separate description. With the exception of these members the group is composed mainly of gray sandy 

shale.

Buryoon ("Mountain") sandstone. At the top of this group lie about 100 to 175 feet of 

heavy sandstone, which form the lower part of the "Mountain" or "Big Injun" sand of 

the driller, the upper 225 feet of which are exposed in the Allegheny Valley on the arch of the 

Kellersburg anticline. It is proposed to use the geographic name Burgoon sandstone for 

this stratum, on account of its exposure along Burgoon Creek in the region of the Allegheny 

Front west of Altoona."

Patton slidle. In many wells a thin band of red shale occurs just below the base of the 

Burgoon sandstone. This is a widely distributed stratum, and merits attention on account 

of its importance as a horizon marker. This bed 'was first described by Richardson 

(Indiana folio), and named by him the Patton shale on the assumption that it is the same 

as the red shale^that outcrops at Fattens Station on Redbank Creek, in Jefferson County.

Lower sands (gas sands). In some of the well sections shown on Pis. I to IV a sandstone 

noted about 150 feet below the Burgoon sandstone is called the "First" sand, but it is by 

no means certain that the first sand of one well is the same as the first sand of another. - 

This sandstone is sometimes regarded as the equivalent of the Pithole grit of Venango

« See Ebensburg folio: Geologic Atlas U. S., folio 133, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1900.
26 K1TTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

County and the Berea grit of Ohio, but there is no conclusive evidence that that horizon 

is represented in this region. The bottom of this group of gray shales and sandstones is 

prevailingly sandy and several beds are distinguished. These are the Murrysvillc gas 

sand, about 300 feet below the Burgoon sand; the "Second" or Hundred-foot sand, about 

450 feet below the Burgoon sand; and the Thirty-foot sand, just below the Hundred-foot 

sand. The Hundred-foot and Thirty-foot sands occur at the top of the Venango oil sands 

of the oil regions.

RED BEDS.

Below the gray rocks occur several hundred feet of strata characterized by greater or less 

amounts of what the drillers call red rocks, presumably red shale. The proportion of red 

rocks and the extent of the interval.in which they occur vary much in different well records, 

as can be seen on the well sections. In some records no red rocks are noted; in most, the 

part of the section through which they are recorded is from about 200 to.350 feet in thickness. 

In the Kepple well (No. 246) they are noted at intervals through an exceptional distance of 

700 feet. These red beds also vary greatly in total thickness and distribution. In some 

wells they occur as scattered beds of greater or less thickness, separated by beds of dark 

shale and sandstone; in others they occur as an unbroken mass 300 feet thick; in still 

others no red beds are noted! It seems hardly credible that they are absent in such wells. 

It is far more probable that they occur as thin beds which were either not observed or not 

recorded.

Oil sands.- Associated with the red beds in this region lie the coarse oil-bearing sandstones, 

known as the Stray, Third, and Fourth oil sands, and the overlying thin sandstones, known 

as the Blue Monday and Bowlder sands.

DARK. SHALES AND THIN SANDSTONES.

The remaining 1,500 to 2,000 feet .of strata, making up the third group and extendii.i, 

to the bottom of the deepest well, are mainly composed of gray shales interbedded with thin 

sandstone layers, to which the drillers apply the name "slate and shells," the sandstone 

layers being the shells. Occasionally throughout this group thicker strata of sandstone 

occur, but these are rarely noted as reaching 50 feet in thickness.

Speechley and Tiona sands. In the midst of the third group and from 500 to 700 feet 

below its top occurs a group of these sands, the upper members of which are known as the 

Speechley and the lower as the Tiona sands.

GENERAL CORRELATION.

The correlation of the rocks not exposed has been fully discussed in the Kittanning folio, 

and the discussion need not be repeated here. It will suffioe to state that the rocks of group 

1 are regarded'as Pocono, those of group 2 as Catskill, and those of group 3 as Chemung. 

This grouping, however, can be regarded as only approximate and tentative.

EXPOSED ROCKS. 

CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.

General statement. Most of the rocks described in this region belong to the Carboniferous 

system. There are, however, certain old gravels of possible Tertiary age and certain 

deposits belonging to the Quaternary. The Carboniferous rocks are divided into two series, 

the Mississippian series below and the Pennsylvanian series above. The former series is 

best developed in the Mississippi Valley. As a general rule it is not coal bearing, but in 

certain parts of the Appalachian region it includes workable coal beds of limited extent. 

The Pennsylvania!! series includes the coal-bearing rocks or Coal Measures of the Appalachian coal fields, and is typically developed-in Pennsylvania. Both series are made up 

of a number of separate formations, which in turn are composed of various members of local 

importance. In this area the Mississippian series is represented by the Pocono formation, 

and the Pennsylvanian by the Pottsville, Allegheny, and Conemaugh formations. A generalized section of these rocks as they occur in the region is shown in PI. V.
U. S. GEOUDQ1CAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 279 PL. V

System. Series. Formation. Symbol. Section. .Thickness Names of members. Character and distribution of members. General character of formation.

Conemaugh.

Allegheny.

Feel.

Ames (-'Crinoidal")limestone......

Red shale ........................ ....

450+

Saltsburg sandstone .

Bakerstown coal.....

Limestone.

Red shale.

Coal.

Black shale. 

Coal. 

Limestone.

Mahoning sandstone. 

perFw

Brush Creek poals.

Grayish green, fossiliferous; 2 feet thick. Hills north of Slate Lick. 

Hills northeast of Slate Lick.

Coarse, evenly thick bedded; excellent quarry rock. Hills In southwest corner of Klttanning quadrangle. 

Thin, worthless. Southwest corner of quadrangle.

Thin, generally worthless. Underlying limestone rare. Southern half of quadrangles.

Prevailingly shale of clayey or sandy 

composition. Thick, coarse sandstone 

on the hills in southwestern part of area. 

Mahoning sandstone at the bottom. 

Thin coal seams and limestone.

Upper Freep<

Fire clay.

Upper Freeport limestone....

Butler sandstone..............

Lower Freeport coal..........

Lower Freeport limestone ... 

Freeport sandstone ...........

Upper Kittanning coal.......

Up to 50 feet thick; in many places coarse, thick bedded, or massive; locally a thin bed of fine-grained flags; generally present in some form.

d poor.

Middle Kittanningcoal.

340-360

Lower Kittanning coal. 

Fireclay.................

Kittanning sandstone .. 

Vanport limestone......

Clarion coal.............

Fireclay.................

Clarion sandstone-......

Craigsville (?) coal......

Brookvillecoal..........

Brookville fire clay.

Generally present and of minable thickness; locally thin t

Usually plastic; rarely flint; probably everywhere present under coal.

Hard, blue; up to 20 feet thick.

Coarse, heavy; rarely present.

Generally thin; valuable seam along Glade Run and over large areas in the Rural Valley quadrangle.

Thin and rarely present.

30 to 50 feet thick; generally flaggy, but locally coarse and heavy.

Generally thin and worthless; locally thick and valuable.

Up to 5 feet thick; generally not of minable thickness.

3 to 4 feet thick; present throughout most of the quadrangles.

Thick and valuable.

Up to 40 feet thick; coarse, heavy.

Up to 20 feet thick; gray, fossiliferous: thin seam of iron ore at top; in many places cut out by Kittanning sandstone.

Generally thin; of valuable thickness only in southwestern part of area.

Valuable.

Coarse, massive; rarely present.

Locally developed, 3 feet thick or less; identity uncertain.

Generally thin, worthless. Valuable in vicinity of Putneyville.

Shaly, with heavy beds of sandstone and 

beds of limestone with associated iron 

ores. Several valuable coal seams and 

beds of fire clay. Source of all the valuable mineral products of the quadrangle, except oil and gas.

Pottsville. Cpv 120-140

Homewood sandstone .......

Mercer coals and fire clay ...

Connoquenessing sandstone

Variable; in many places partly replaced by shale; rarely coarse and massive. 

Coals thin, worthless; fire clay valuable in vicinits' of Climax.

Coarse, heavy, with beds of shale; hardly separable from underlying sandstone. Exposed along Allegheny River and in vicinity of Craigsville.

Generally heavy sandstone. In many 

places shaly at top and at horizons of 

Mercer coal.

- Unconformity- -UnconformityPocono. Cpo 225+ Burgoon sandstone Heavy bedded, gray. Found along the gorge of Allegheny River and along Redbank Creek.

Mostly a heavy sandstone to depth exposed in quadrangle, with small coals 

accompanied by shale near top. Runs 

into an unknown thickness of shale 

below.

GENERALIZED SECTION FOR KITTANNING QUADRANGLE. 

Scale : i inch = 200 feet.
EXPOSED BOOKS. 27

HOCONQ FORMATION.

General discussion. Considerable difference of opinion has been expressed regarding the 

existence of Pocono rocks at the surface along the Allegheny Valley south of Clarion River. 

In the final report of the First Survey of the State the lowest rocks exposed in the valley 

were classed by Rogers a as belonging to the Pottsville (Serai formation), but in the Second 

Geological Survey W. G. Platt b recognized not only the Pocono sandstone, but also the 

Mauch Chunk shale as being exposed beneath the Pottsville. This determination was based 

largely upon the occurrence at McCrea Furnace, on Mahoning Creek, of a bed of siliceous 

limestone, which Mr. Platt correlated with the well-known bed of a similar character marking the top of the Pocono formation in the Chestnut Ridge region. Lesley, however, in a 

preface to the same volume, states that it is much "more probable that this limestone occurs 

at the Mercer horizon than at that of the "Siliceous limestone," and that consequently all 

of the rocks below this horizon exposed along the Allegheny River are parts of the Pottsville

II

n°E

4' JjOwer Kittanning coal. 

29' 

3' Vanport limestone.

20'

5" flue dark shale. 

10' sandy shale.

31'

5' flue dark shale. 

21' dark sandy shale. 

10' Homewood sandstone, thin bedded. 

ISIS' fine dark shale, coal near top. 

0' sandy shale.

22' irregularly bedded sandstone. 

16' probably sandstone.

11' coarse sandstone.

20' ligbt-grecn sandy shale.

10' coarse sandstone.

22' (conglomerate, 4 feet, near middle).

7' sandstone with coal stain.

8 dark shale. 

18' greenish sandy shale. 

10' dark shale, coal at top.

5' brownish sandstone and sandy fire clay. 

40' shale, somewhat greenish.

15' coarse sandstone. 

Total, 400'. . 

FIG. 3. Section at Riverview mine, 2 niiles below Redbank.

formation, which, he says, consists of three sandy members separated by two shale intervals, 

as it does in Beaver Valley, the type locality. The accompanying section (fig. 3) shows the 

character of the rocks under consideration as they are exposed at the Riyerview mine, £ 

miles south of Redbank. v On purely lithologic grounds it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to subdivide 

these rocks into formations and correlate them with divisions recognized in other parts 

of the field; and the different interpretations that have been put upon them doubtless 

must be attributed to the absence of well-marked beds.

Rogers, H. D., Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, p. 585. 6 Rept. 115.
28 KITTANNING ATST.D RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

The section shown in fig. 3 is fairly representative of the rocks of this debatable interval 

and may be considered as typical of this region, except that the Pocono part shows more 

shale than occurs in some other sections.

The section includes the Lower Kittanning coal and the Vanport. limestone, two of the 

best horizon markers in the region. The top of the Pottsville formation is cleariy marked 

at a distance of 94 feet below the top of the limestone by the Homewood sandstone, which 

generally is massive in this region, but in this particular section is thin bedded and inconspicuous. This bed is underlain by about 65 feet of shale, which contains several small 

coal seams and carries a good Mercer flora. The strata underlying the Mercer beds are 

more difficult to classify, but the first sandstone (Nos. 15, 16, and 17), about 49 feet thick, 

carries impressions of Pennsylvanian plant stems which show that it belongs to the Pottsville formation, while its position indicates that it is doubtless equivalent to a part or the 

whole of the Connoquenessing sandstone. . . ,...j.j,,

Below the bed just described fossils are few and generally poorly preserved; so far asN 

observed, there are no indications of Pottsville plants below the Connoquenessing sandstone. Good Pocono plants were found from railroad grade up for a distance of 80 feet, 

but between this horizon and the base of the Connoquenessing sandstone no fossils have 

been found and it is impossible to say with certainty to which series these rocks belong. 

The rocks, however, in this intermediate zone resemble the underlying Pocono sandstone 

more closely than they do the Pottsville, and therefore the base of the 'Connoquenessing 

sandstone will be regarded provisionally as the base of the Pottsville formation.

In the eastern part of Pennsylvania, where sedimentation apparently was ..uninterrupted 

from Devonian to late Carboniferous time, the Pocono formation consists of a sandy series 

more than 1,000 feet thick. It is overlain by a great thickness of Mauch Chunk red shale, 

and this .in turn is overlain by the heavy conglomerates of the Pottsville formation. In 

the Allegheny Valley the Pocono becomes somewhat thinner, the Mauch Chunk is probably 

absent, and from evidence presented in the discussion of the Pottsville formation it is 

shown that the interval occupied by the Mauch Chunk in the east is, in this region, represented by an unconformity, and that the general absence of the Mauch Chunk formation, 

and probably of the upper part of the Pocono also, is due to a period of erosion before the 

deposition of the Pottsville rocks of the Allegheny Valley.

Character and distribution. Since the Connoquenessing sandstone rests unconformably 

upon the Pocono formation, it follows that the beds in actual contact are different in different sections. The unconformity is so slight, the exposures in general so poor, and the 

beds in contact so often sandstones of nearly identical character that it is impossible to 

trace the contact between the two formations. As assumed in the section, fig. 3 (p. 27), 

the plane of division lies about 230 feet below the Vanport limestone. It will be assumed 

that it holds approximately this position throughout the quadrangles, and the Pocono 

formation has been mapped and will be described on that basis. The top of the Pocono 

at the point where Allegheny River crosses the axis 6f-..the Kellersburg anticline would 

accordingly lie at an elevation of about 1,060 feet, making "a maximum thickness of 260 

feet of Pocono rocks exposed in the quadrangles.

So far as exposed the Pocono formation is composed mainly of a heavy gray to greenish 

sandstone, the "Mountain" or "Big Injun" sand of the driller, here called the Burgoon 

sandstone. While the sandstone is prevailingly a heavy and nearly continuous mass, in 

places it is broken by beds of shale of varying extent and thickness. The section shown 

in fig. 3 (p. 27) presents the latter phase of the formation, while the section at the mouth 

of Redbank Creek, where it consists of about 150 feet of coarse, thick-bedded to massive 

sandstone, passing without a break into the Connoquenessing sandstone above, presents 

the former and probably more common phase. On the bluff of the Allegheny above 

Mahoning two or three thin coal seams occur.

The exposures of the Pocono are confined to Allegheny Valley and to the valleys of Redbank and Mahoning creeks. The top of the formation, rising toward the axis of the Kellersburg anticline, emerges from below water between Templeton and Mahoning, reaches
EXPOSED EOCKS. 29

an elevation of 260 feet above the river on the arch of the anticline, and then descends 

gradually almost to water level near Phillipston, whence it continues, probably just above 

the river, to the northern margin of the Kittanning quadrangle. The Pocono is above 

water along almost the whole length of Redbank Creek within the quadrangles. The top 

of the formation is about 150 feet above water at the mouth of the creek; it descends 

nearly to water level at Lawsonham; thence it rises to a height of about 100 feet in the 

vicinity of Leatherwood and to 200 feet on the arch of the Kellersburg anticline between 

St. Charles and Climax, from which point it descends rapidly and goes under water near 

the south point of Anthonys Bend. It reappears on the east side of the bend near tjie tunnel and continues a few feet above the creek to the northern margin of the Rural-Valley 

quadrangle. It is finely displayed at the east end of the tunnel between Lawsonham and 

Leatherwood, ui the bluff south of the latter place, and above the railroad at the east end 

of the Climax tunnel. On Mahoning Creek it is exposed for a short distance above its 

mouth and also along the upper part of the creek within the quadrangle from McCrea Furnace, 1 mile south of Eddyville, to the eastern margin. It is brought up here by the Greendale anticline, and its top reaches an elevation of about 160 feet above the creek.

MAUCH CHUNK FORMATION.

In Report H5 of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Platt refers certain dark 

shales exposed in the midst of heavy sandstone in the bluff above Templeton to the Mauch 

Chunk formation. These shales, however, present no resemblances to the Mauch Chunk 

shales elsewhere and to all appearances they are lenticular beds of merely local extent, 

included in the Burgoon sandstone. The only rock in the quadrangles, so far as known, 

whose character indicates that it belongs to this formation, is a thin bed'of red sandstone 

occurring in the Peter Heilman well No. 2 (313), near the southern margin of the Rural 

Valley quadrangle. By examining the section of this well shown in PI. Ill it will be seen 

that this bed occurs at the horizon of the Mauch Chunk, and this fact, together with its 

coloi, affords grounds for referring it doubtfully to that formation.

Unconformity at lase of Pottsville. As previously noted, the Mauch Chunk formation, 

which separates the Pocono and Pottsville formations in other parts of the State, is absent 

from the Allegheny Valley. In southern Indiana and northern Westmoreland counties the 

Mauch Chunk shows in many well sections, ranging in thickness from a few to more than 

a hundred feet. It has a thickness of 150 feet in Packsaddle Gap, near Bolivar; of 250 

feet in northern and eastern Fayette County, where it includes the Greenbrier limestone; 

of 180 feet along the Allegheny Front; of 1,100 feet at Broad Top; and of over 2,000 feet at 

Mauch Chunk. It appears, therefore, that at the close of the Mauch Qhunk period an 

uplift occurred involving western Pennsylvania and extensive areas farther west, which 

continued until all of the Mauch Chunk had been eroded from northern Armstrong County 

and surrounding regions. Not only is the Mauch Chunk absent in this section, but the 

absence of the Loyalhanna ("Siliceous") limestone shows that some of the upper part of 

the Pocono is also lacking. According to Platt« a fragment of this limestone is preserved 

at McCrea Furnace, on Mahoning Creek above Eddyville, in the eastern part of Armstrong 

County. Platt's determination was strongly opposed, however, by Lesley, & who regarded 

the limestone in question as more probably representing the Mercer limestone. The writer 

also has reached the conclusion that the limestone is Mercer, both on stratigraphic grounds 

and on the evidence of fossil plants collected from the sandstone closely underlying the 

limestone and determined by David White to be of Pottsville age. Neither is the Loyalhanna limestone known west of the river, though two or three doubtful references to a 

limestone of similar character occur in some drill records of Butler County.

These facts show that there is an unconformity between the Pocono and Pottsville 

formations in this region, and this conclusion is further strengthened by the fact that tho 

Pottsville is here but a comparatively thin bed about 140 feet thick, while, like the Mauch

o Platt, W. G , Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 144. 6 Op. cit.
30 KITTANNING AND EUEAL VALLEY QUADEANGLES, PA.

Chunk, it thickens to the east, reaching 1,200 feet in the southern anthracite basins of 

eastern Pennsylvania. It was formerly believed that the thin bed of Pottsville in the 

 western part of the State represented the whole thickness of the formation in the anthracite regions, the difference being' due to the difference in the rate of sedimentation; but 

it is now known to represent only the upper part of the great Pottsville formation of the 

anthracite regions.' There was no uplift and dry-land period in eastern Pennsylvania, but 

deposition was uninterrupted at the close of Mauch Chunk time and continued until 

many hundred feet of sediments had accumulated. Toward the close of Pottsville time 

the eroded -surface of the western part of the State became again submerged and was covered by sediments laid down during the latter part of .that period. The submergence of 

the extreme western and northwestern parts of the State must have preceded by a considerable time that of the area under consideration, for in those regions the lowest members of the Pottsville formation' are the Sharon coal and its underlying conglomerate, 

which have no representative in the Allegheny Valley.

A summary of the events outlined above would be as follows: (1) A long period of sedimentation, allowing the accumulation of over 2,000 feet of .Mauch Chunk in the eastern 

part of the State and an unknown, but possibly great thickness in the western part; 

(2) the elevation and erosion of the areas above described in the western part of the State, 

and the contemporaneous accumulation of several hundred feet of Pottsville sediments 

in the anthracite region; (3) the submergence of a portion of the land surface to the west 

and northwest and the accumulation of the Sharon coal and its underlying conglomerate; 

(4) the submergence of the remaining dry land and the resumption of sedimentation 

throughout, toward, but some time before, the end of Pottsville time. It was during this 

latter period that such Pottsville rocks as occur in the Kittanning quadrangle were 

deposited. ' > ' ;

POTTSVILLE FORMATION.

General description. The Pottsville formation overlies the Pocono formation unconformably. In the section already given (fig. 3, p. 27) its top lies about 100 feet and its 

bottom about 220 feet below the Vanport limestone, making the thickness 120 feet, and 

it has been mapped as having a thickness of from 120 to 140 feet. It is composed in general of three members the Connoquenessing and Homewood sandstones, separated in the 

middle of the formation by a stratum of shale 20 feet or more thick, which usually b^ars 

one or more thin seams of coal, the Mercer coal and shale.. This general character is subject to many variations, however, as will appear in the description of the different members.

Connoguenessing sandstone. This is the lowest member" of the formation. It appears 

in every section immediately overlying the Pocono, and is a widespread stratum in western 

Pennsylvania. It is generally a coarse, gray or white, often highly siliceous, thick-bedded 

sandstone. In some places it is massive and conglomeratic, in others it is shaly or flaggy. 

It averages about 40 feet in thickness and generally fills most of the interval between the 

Pocono and the lowest of the Mercer coals.

Mercer shale. This is a composite member, probably varying from 20 to 40 feet in 

thickness. It consists mostly of dark shale, which usually carries one or more thin coal 

seams. In Mercer County a workable seam occurs, and from that region the name was 

derived. The character.of this member as it occurs in these quadrangles is well represented in the section below, which was measured at the Climax clay pits, near the south 

point of Anthonys Bend:

Section of Mercer shale, etc., at Anthonys Bend.

Feet.

Sandstone XHomewood........................................................... 15

Sandy shale*

Coal, thin.

Sandy shale..'.......................................................-..........-...- 28

Coal........-.............-.--....-...................-..--..--..-....-.--..---..-.-. 1J

Fire clay (Mercer or Mount Savage) ................................................. 10

Connoquenessing sandstone.
EXPOSED BOOKS. 31

The fire clay rests upon the Connoquenessing sandstone. It is composed of. both flint 

and plastic clay, and is correlated with the Mount Savage clay of Maryland. In the 

- vicinity of McCrea Furnace a bed of sandy limestone occurs about 140 feet below the Vanport limestone and probably represents the Mercer limestone (see p. 27).

Homewood. sandstone. This is generally a heavy gray sandstone, though in places it 

changes to one of laminated or even shaly character. Its top lies about 100 feet below 

the Vanport limestone and its usual thickness is about 40 feet.

Distribution of Pottsville. The top of the Pottsville, rising toward the Mclladdon anticline, appears above river level opposite Wiokboro, above Kittanning, reaches a height of 

about 100 feet above the water three-fourths mile below -the mouth of Cowaiishannock 

Creek, and then, dipping northeastward, descends below water.near the boundary botweenthe quadrangles. The upper layers of the Homewood sandstone, have a laminated character where they rise above the river and in the bed of Cowanshannock Creek a short distance from its mouth. At the mouth of Limestone Creuk the sandstone is thick and well 

exposed. The formation rises above the river again below Templeton and continues 

above to the northern margin of the quadrangles. At Templeton the Homewood is coarse 

and heavy and' yields the blocks at the mouth of the ravine to the east. Along the road 

between Templeton and Mahoning the Mercer shale and the overlying heavy sandstone, 

with pockets of coal and stems of Lepidodendra at the base, are well exposed. Beyond 

this point'the Pottsville sandstones form conspicuous ledges at various points along the 

river blufl'. Thts Connoquenessing sandstone, coarse and heavy and overlying the equally 

coarse and heavy Pocono, is seen in the road leading up the bluff to the flat point between 

Redbank Creek and the river, and above it the Mercer shale is well exposed in the road. 

At the mouth of Sugar Creek, opposite East Brady, the Homewood sandstone has changed 

to shale, below which is the Mercer shale with two thin coal seams, and still lower the coarse 

and heavy Connoquenessing sandstone^ extending down to the creek. A section made in a 

ravine still farther up the river shows the formation in the same character. In the vicinity 

of Craigsville the three members of the formation are exposed. The Homewood sandstone, rather flaggy, occurs in a ledge by the creek back of the Buffalo, Rochester and 

Pittsburg Railroad station; the Connoquenessing sandstone shows at Craigsville and in a 

railroad cut just above, near creek level, where it is white and thick bedded; the Mercer 

shale and the blossom of the Mercer coal show between the two sandstones in the road 

west of Craigsville. The same beds are exhibited on the road from Craigsville to Fosters 

Mills on both sides of Patterson Creek, but the Homewood sandstone seems to have passed 

into shale at that locality. On Redbank Creek the Pottsville is above water level from the 

mouth to New Bethlehem. The heavy white siliceous sandstone at the top of the railroad 

cut at the west end of the Climax tunnel is Connoquenessing. The Mercer and Homewood members are exposed in the bluff at the south end of Anthonys Bend, where the 

section given on page 30 was obtained. The heavy sandstone along Itie railroad track at 

New Bethlehem, just off the quadrangle, is probably Homewood. At the mouth of 

Mahoning Creek the bottom of the Pottsville is from 50 to 60 feet above the railroad track. 

The heavy sandstone ledge along the road up the creek, a short distance above the station, 

is probably Connoquenessing. ' The Homewood, rather heavy, shows near water level on 

Mahoning Creek for one-half mile below the mouth of Scrubgrass Creek. This sandstone 

is also exposed in the road near the head of the stream east of Kellersburg. The south 

end of the bridge at Mahoning Furnace rests upon a shaly to laminated sandstone which 

is probably Homewood. In the lower part of the bluff in the big bend of the Mahoning 

below Putneyville is a heavy white siliceous sandstone, the top of which is about 110 feet 

below the Vanport limestone and immediately above which is a coal bed that appears to 

be the Brookville coal; on these grounds the sandstone is regarded as Homewood. This 

sandstone shows on the north bluff of the Mahoning just below the intersection of the 

road from Eddyville with the road along the top of the bluff. The sandstone here is 

coarse and massive and about 15 feet are exposed. The Connoquenessing shows along 

the lower part of this road down to the level of Pine Creek. It is also exposed up Pine
32 KITTANNTNG AND RURAL YALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

Creek for some distance. In the road cut in the bluff east of the Mahoning at Eddyville, 

the Connoquenessing is well shown as a coarse, gray, heavy-bedded sandstone; at its top 

is a bed of shale several feet thick, containing a layer of black shale that probably represents one of the Mercer coals. The various members of the Pottsville are fairly well 

exhibited in the bluffs of Mahoning Creek and ^along the roads in the vicinity of McCrea 

Furnace, 1 mile above Eddyville. The ^sandstones are also well displayed in the gorge 

of Glade Run farther east.

ALLEGHENY FORMATION.

General description. This is composed mainly of a succession of shales and sandstones 

about 350 feet thick and extending from the Pottsville formation below to the top of the 

Upper Fre'eport coal above. The workable coal seams from which it derived its former 

name, the Lower Productive Coal Measures, form its distinguishing feature. Besides coal 

it contains valuable beds of limestone and fire clay. A general outline of its various 

members will be given here, leaving to a subsequent chapter the more detailed description 

of those of economic importance. Several sandstone members are described below, which 

are locally developed as lenses of greater or less extent along the same horizon between 

the various coal seams. In addition to the sandstones noted, others of small extent may 

occur in any position. Where the intervals between the coals are not more or less completely occupied by these sandstones, they are filled with shale.

Distribution. The Allegheny formation is exposed along nearly every valley in the 

quadrangles, and makes the surface over large areas along the Kellersburg anticline from 

Winfield to the northern margin of the region and along the Greendale and Brpokville 

anticlines from Pine Creek to the northeast corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle. In 

the northwest corner of the Kittanning quadrangle the Allegheny formation is mostly concealed by the overlying Conemaugh rocks. It is also rather deeply buried throughout the 

Boggsville syncline, in the southeast corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle, in Plum Creek 

and Cowanshannock townships, and in the southeast corner of Wayne Township. Large 

tracts are well under the cover of the overlying rock in the interstream areas of the Fairmount syncline.

Brookville coal. This is a generally worthless coal lying from 10 to 20 feet above the 

top of the Pottsville and separated therefrom by shale and fire clay. Its blossom shows 

at many points throughout the quadrangles, but it is thin except along the upper part 

of Mahoning Creek, within the Rural Valley quadrangle, where it reaches at points a 

thickness of 4 feet.

Craigsville coal. On Buffalo Creek, 2 miles northwest of Craigsville, a coal 3 feet thick, 

50 feet below the Vanport limestone, and 15 feet.below the Clarion coal, which is also 

exposed, has recently been opened and worked. What appears to be the same coal has 

been opened on the hill one-half mile north by west of Craigsville, and is reported 3£ feet 

thick. The blossom* of a coal 50 feet'below the limestone shows about 1 mile north of 

Craigsville, along the road to Fosters Mills, and in the same locality the Brookville coal 

has been opened about 50 feet lower. At West Winfield s'treaks and pockets of coal occur 

in a heavy sandstone 40 feet below the limestone and 25 feet below the Clarion coal, and 

this probably lies at the same horizon as the coal in the vicinity of Craigsville. A small 

coal was observed in this position in the bluff of the Allegheny just above Templeton. 

It seems quite certain, therefore, that there is a coal at these places between the Brookville 

and Clarion coals. So far as the writer is aware, the three coals in this relation have not 

been observed elsewhere in these quadrangles. It does not seem possible to identify 

this .with any previously described coal, so the name Craigsville is here used for it, on account 

of its good development at that place.
EXPOSED BOOKS. 33

Clarion sandstone. At the old mill on Cowanshannock Creek, 1 mile above its mouth, 

the following section (fig. 4) is exposed:

L ^HHi 2'G" Lower Kittanning coal. 

8' shale.

45' heavy-bedded, coarse sandstone.

!>' shale.

20' sandstone.

8' shale with traco of coal.

20 db concealed.

20' =fccoarse, massive sandstone.

Total, 123'6".

FIG. 4. Section at old mill on Cowanshannock Creek, a mile above its mouth.

In this section the thickness of the concealed interval and of the sandstone (8) were 

estimated and may be considerably in error. The sandstone (8) shows in the bed of the 

creek and in a ledge washed by the water, whence have come the great bowlders of coarse 

white sandstone that fill the channel at the old mill. Near the mouth of the creek the 

Vanport limestone is about 50 feet below the Lower Kittanning coal. No trace of the 

limestone was detected in the above' section, but its place is apparently occupied by the 

shale marked 4. The shale with traces of coal (6) probably represents the Clarion coal, 

and the sandstone (8) at the bottom of the section, which may occupy most of the concealed interval also, is probably the Clarion sandstone described in the Pennsylvania 

report on Armstrong County. Its bottom would lie at least 60 feet below the Vanport 

limestone and its thickness may reach 40 feet. An.interesting feature of this section is 

the fact that the entire interval of over 100 feet below the Lower Kittanning coal is nearly 

filled with coarse, thick-bedded sandstone. A comparison of this section with others in 

the vicinity affords a good illustration of the variable nature of Coal Measures stratigraphy. 

At West Winfield a heavy sandstone extends from close below the Clarion coal to water 

level. Its bottom is not exposed, but it is at least 50 feet thick. At both the above 

localities the sandstone was identified as Pottsville by the geologists of the Second Survey ,1 

who appear to have' based their identification on its coarse, massive character. On account, 

however, of its relations to the Clarion coal and Vanport limestone, the writer prefers to 

regard it as Clarion.

The ledge of coarse, thick-bedded sandstone along the road just west of.the south end 

of the bridge at Mahoning Furnace and'that on the opposite -bank 1£ miles below the 

bridge are probably Clarion, as is also the coarse white sandstone in the road one-half 

mile south of New Bethlehem. The great masses of coarse, massive sandstone in the 

ravine of Camp Run south of McCrea Furnace also came from this stratum, which outcrops 

near the top of the hill not far from the eastward turn of the road along the top of the 

bluff of the Mahoning. The size of the blocks shows that the sandstone is at least 20 

feet thick. Here again Platt & identified it as Pottsville. Farther east, in the road near 

the schoolhouse at the head of Glade Run, is another exposure of this sandstone.

"Second Oeol. Survey Pennsylvania, Re.pt. H5, p. 101; Eept. Q, p. 93,

Bull. 279 06 3

6 Op. cit., Kept. H5.
34 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

Clarion day. This is a bed of plastic clay underlying the Clarion coal. It is present 

as a bed 6 to 8 feet thick at Kittanning, West Winfield, and in the vicinity of Templeton 

and Mahoning.

Clarion coal. The position of this coal is 15 to 25 feet below the Vanport limestone and 

50 to 70 feet above the Brookville coal. So far as known it probably rarely exceeds a 

foot in thickness throughout the quadrangles. At West Winfield, however, it is over 3 

feet thick.

Vanport limestone. This is universally known throughout western Pennsylvania as the 

Ferriferous limestone, because it bears on its upper surface the buhrstone ore that was 

once extensively used in the manufacture of iron. It has been an important guide in 

drilling operations, for when its position is known the driller can estimate the depth to 

the gas and oil sands.

The Vanport is a bluish-gray limestone of a good degree of purity, running generally 

over 90 per cent carbonate of lime. Its numerous fossils show that it is of marine origin. 

It runs quite uniformly 8 feet thick over most of these quadrangles, but at West Winfield, 

on Rough Run, it reaches a thickness of 22 feet. Many well records in the southwest 

part of the Kittanning quadrangle show as great a thickness. It is well exposed on BuffaloCreek for a mile above the junction of Rough Run, and it.outcrops along the run for half 

a mile above West Winfield, where it has been laid bare in quarrying operations. The 

horizon of the limestone is exposed on Buffalo Creek and its tributaries along the arch of 

the Kellersburg anticline from 2 miles below Buffalo Mills to Nichola, and on Patterson 

Creek to the vicinity of Fosters Mills. The limestone rises above the river at Kittanning 

and is present to the mouths of Limestone Run and Cowanshannock Creek, from which 

locality to a point about 2 miles south of Templeton it can not be found on either side 

of the river and is probably wanting. At the last-mentioned point it reappears on both 

sides of the river and persists to the vicinity of Hooks, rising to a height of 400 feet above 

water on the axis of the Kellersburg anticline. From Hooks to north of Rimer it is absent 

on both sides of the river, and on the west side it is not known for a still greater distance. 

Along the remaining part of the Allegheny, on its small western tributaries entering above 

the mouth of Redbank Creek, and along the entire length of Redbank and Mahoning 

creeks within the quadrangles it is almost everywhere present as a bed about 8 feet thick. 

On Scrubgrass Creek above Goheenville and on North Fork of Pine Creek it is exposed 

for a distance of about 3 miles on the western limb of the Greendale anticline. On South 

Fork of Pine Creek its horizon is exposed across the arch of the Greendale anticline and 

it is probably present from Pine Furnace to one-half mile below Echo. On Cowanshannock 

Creek its horizon is raised above the stream by the anticline nearly the whole distance across 

Valley Township, where it can be traced about 8 feet thick from its western outcrop to a 

point about 1 mile west of Greendale; east of that point to Cowanshannock Township., 

where its horizon goes below the creek, nothing could be found or learned of it, and it 

appears to be absent.

Kittanning sandstone. This occurs locally between the Vanport limestone and the 

Lower Kittanning coal. It is very heavy and coarse on Rough Run above West Winfield, 

where it is exposed in a quarry. The thickness laid bare is 40 feet, and apparently it is 

not fully exposed. The upper 45 feet of sandstone in the section at the old mill on the 

Cowanshannock is Kittanning.

At the point where the Greendale anticline crosses Cowanshannock Creek a heavy sandstone occurs below the Lower Kittanning coal that apparently cuts out the Vanport limestone. This sandstone yields 'large bowlders, and Platt a, evidently was misled by their 

character, for he regards the sandstone as Pottsville, whereas in reality the Pottsville 

scarcely rises above water at this point, as is shown by the fact that the Upper Freeport 

coal is but 340 feet above the level of the creek. Furthermore, a fire clay that is probably 

Clarion shows in the road by the schoolhouse just west of Greendale, and near creek level

o Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5.
EXPOSED ROCKS. 35

below the schoolhouse a thin coal occurs which corresponds exactly in position with the 

Brookville and probably is that bed.

This sandstone is especially prominent as a ledge 20 feet thick along the west side of 

the Allegheny from'opposite Ewing to above Mosgrove. It occurs as a coarse, thick stratum 

immediately overlying the Vanport limestone at Pine Furnace and at the mouth of Deaver 

Run. It is very coarse and thick bedded at the top of the west bluff of the Allegheny 

opposite Rimer, where it is well displayed in the head of a ravine and in the road leading 

down to the river. It also closely overlies the limestone in the vicinity of Rock Run 

north of Redbank Creek.

Kittanning fire day. This is a bed of plastic clay of varying thickness occurring below 

the Lower Kittanning coal and probably present throughout the quadrangles.

Lower Kittanning coal. This coal searn lies from 15 to 50 feet above the Vanport limestone, the more usual interval being from 30 to 40 feet. In the Kittanning quadrangle 

this coal appears to-be present and from 3 to 4 feet thick wherever its horizon is exposed, 

and it probably underlies the entire quadrangle except in the limited areas from which it 

has been eroded by the streams. In the Rural Valley quadrangle it occurs with a thickness 

of S to 4 feet throughout most of Madison, Washington, and Rayburn townships, and 

also along Mahoning Creek and its tributaries east and south of Eddyville. In the intermediate territory occupied by the Fairmount syncline the coal appears to be thin. It 

is deeply buried in the southern part of the Rural Valley quadrangle and also in the area 

occupied by the Boggsville syncline in the Kittanning quadrangle and nothing definite is 

known of it in those areas, though in an occasional well record a coal 3 to 5 feet thick is 

reported at its horizon. Too much reliance should not be placed upon such report, however.

This coal is usually associated with shale and fire clay, but on Hays Run, at the mouth 

of Pine Creek, along the east side of the river for a mile or more above Mosgrove, and at 

Adrian it has a roof of coarse, heavy sandstone 20 feet thick. On Scrubgrass Creek below 

Goheeuville it is immediately overlain by black shale, above which is a heavy sandstone.

Middle Kittanning coal. This coal lies from 30 to 50 feet above the Lower Kittanning 

coal, and the two are usually separated by shale, though, as noted in the preceding paragraph, a heavy sandstone occurs between them in places. This coal appears to be persistent 

throughout the quadrangles as a bed which is generally thin but may locally reach a thickness of 2 to 3 feet.

Upper Kittanning coal. From 40 to 60 feet above the Middle Kittanning lies the Upper 

Kittanning coal. The interval is occupied by shale. This seam is usually a mere streak, 

but in many places swells suddenly to a local deposit of cannel and bituminous coal several 

feet thick. A good example of this occurs at Somerville, where the coal is mined. At the 

opening of the mine the seam consists of bituminous coal 2 feet thick; this soon increases 

to 5 feet, then the floor drops rapidly and cannel comes in beneath the bituminous coal 

until the seam becomes 12 feet thick. This thickness must be of small extent, for no trace 

of the seam is visible in the almost perpendicular bank of Holder Run, one-half mile below 

the mine, where it should outcrop. Cannel coal usually occurs in such deposits, and from 

this characteristic of the Upper Kittanning seam has originated the name "pot vein," 

commonly applied to it.

Freeport sandstone. This occurs between the Upper Kittanning and Lower Freeport coals 

and often immediately overlies the former. It is a more persistent stratum than any of the 

other sandstone members of the Allegheny formation. In character it varies from laminated 

of flaggy and fine grained, as at Weskit, to coarse, massive, and conglomeratic, as in the 

vicinity of Worthington, where it is at least 50 feet thick. It is well developed along Buffalo 

Creek. At Boggsville it is the heavy sandstone at creek level at the east end of the village. 

Below the mouth of Marrowbone Run it rises as a ledge 20 feet or more above the water of 

Buffalo Creek. In the vicinity of Buffalo Mills, Worthington, and Craigsville its presence is 

made known by the large masses of a conglomeratic sandstone that strew the surface. At 

the head of the ravine running from Worthington to Buffalo Mills it is exposed 50 feet thick. 

In the hills northwest of Craigsville it is heavy and yields masses 15 to 20 feet high. Near
36 KITTATSTNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

Fosters Mills it crops out in conspicuous ledges. It lies at the surface over the high, flat 

ridge in the southeastern part of Sugar Creek Township, and has been the controlling factor 

in the fprrnation and preservation of that surface. The large bowlders of coarse sandstone 

and conglomerate at Souierville come from the Freeport sandstone, which also furnishes 

the bowlders along Buffalo Run 1 mile east of Rattigan. It is well developed on the high 

knobs in Madison Township south of Redbank Creek. It is particularly heavy and conspicuous, apparently 40 to 60 feet thick, at the head of a ravine south of Mahoning Creek, 

about 1 mile east of the northwest corner of Wayne Township. On the north side of 

Mahoning Creek, opposite the mouth of this ravine, great masses of sandstone occur near 

the top of the bluff which probably come from this stratum. The Freeport sandstone 

shows in good thickness in a ravine east of Templeton. It is coarse and heavy at the mouth 

of Bullock Run, where it rests upon the Upper Kittanning' coal, and at Pine Furnace, 

where it is in contact with that coal or closely overlies it. The large blocks of coarse conglomeratic sandstone on the hillside above the old mill on Cow'anshannock Creek near the 

margin of the Kittanning quadrangle come from the Freeport sandstone, which also outcrops on the west side of the hill high above the river. This sandstone, shows along the 

bluff between Kittanniug and Garrett Run. It is extensively exposed and quarried on 

Garrett Run about 1 mile above its mouth, where it is about 40 feet thick, and along the 

railroad between the southern margin of the quadrangles and Kellys station.

Lower Freeport limestone. This bed is generally inconspicuous or absent throughout 

the quadrangles. It is described by I. C. White" as an impure ferruginous bed 5 feet thick 

on Rough Run. In the cut along the highway just north of Garrett Run it shows about 2 

feet thick, and is apparently of the same character as on Rough Run.

Lower Freeport iron ore. According to White b this occurs as a bed of Hmonite and carbonate mixed, lying just above the lower Freeport limestone and 4 feet below the Lower 

Freeport coal. . It is developed so far as known only on Rough Run and in the western part 

of West Franklin Township.

The stratigraphic relationships of these beds are shown in the following section taken 

from White :&

Section of Lower Freeport iron ore.

Feet.

1. Coal, Upper Freeport (reported)................................................ 3

2. Concealed............................'..-..-....................................... 50

3. Massive sandstone (Butler sandstone) ........................................... 15

4. Coal, Lower Freeport......................................................<.. 0 to 2

5. Fire clay.. ................................:...............................*...... 4

(j. Iron ore (Lower Freeport)................................................... 1J to 6

7. Limestone (Lower Freeport).................................................... 5

Lower Freeport cod. This coal lies from 40 to 50 feet above the Upper Kittanning. 

Where the Freeport sandstone is absent the interval is occupied by shale. The coal is 

variable in thickness and over the larger part of the quadrangles is probably less than 2 feet 

thick.

Butler sandstone. A coarse, heavy sandstone occurs locally between the Lower and Upper 

Freeport coals. This is the Butler sandstone of I. C. White, c It occurs in the railroad cut 

on Buffalo Creek about 1 mile north of Boggsville. It overlies the Lower Freeport coal on 

both branches of Buffalo Creek in southern Donegal Township and at Walkchalk,.where it 

appears to fill nearly the whole interval, which probably does not exceed 30 feet, between 

that coal and the Upper Freeport. In the vicinity of Bradys Bend it occurs as a thin-bedded 

sandstone 30 feet thick, as shown in the section below. In the river bluff south of the large 

island midway between Templeton and Mosgrove this sandstone is 10 feet thick, with the. 

two coals above and below it exposed. At the road crossing near the head of Hays Run 

this stratum is exposed as a ledge of coarse, heavy sandstone 10 feet thick. It reaches its 

best development, however, in the vicinity of Deanville, where it is a coarse, gray conglomeratic sandstone at least 20 feet thick, underlying the Upper Freeport coal. It outcrops

a. Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. Q,, p. 94. . b Loc. cit. c Op. cit. p. 47.
EXPOSED ROOKS. 37

as a ledge 20 feet high on the brow of the bluff of theMahoning south of Deanville and forms 

the spur at that place. On the hill northwest of Deanville it is particularly heavy. It 

occurs close beneath the Upper Freeport coal along the Indiana pike, where it crosses the 

head of the first run northwest of Blanket Hill, and is there coarse and heavy. At the head 

of Garrett Run it occurs in the same position but has a laminated character.

The interval between the Upper and Lower Freeport coals, however, is usually occupied 

mainly by shale. The Freeport fire clay immediately underlies the Upper Freeport coal. 

Below the fire clay the Freeport limestone occurs over considerable tracts, and-below the 

limestone a bed of iron ore is known to exist over small areas. The following section 

(fig. 5), taken from Report H5 of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, will show 

the relations of these beds:

T Upper Freeport coal.

8' fire clay and shale with Iron nodules.

6' Freeport limestone.

13' fire olay with iron nodules near the middle.

2' to V Kreeport iron ore.

FIG. 5. Section of Upper Freeport coal and associated clay and iron ore at Bradys Bend.

Upper Freeport fire clay. The fire clay is usually plastic and from 3 to 5 feet thick, but 

south of Chicora a considerable area of flint clay occurs at this horizon. The clay is almost 

universally present immediately underneath the coal. At Bradys Bend a thick bed 

of clay occurs beneath as well as above the limestone, as shown in the section. This is 

probably an unusual occurrence.

Upper Freeport iron ore. This is a purely local deposit, occurring 20 feet below the 

Upper Freeport coal and below the Freeport limestone. It is known only in the vicinity 

of Bradys Bend. At Bradys Bend it is described as a solid, compact, very argillaceous 

layer running about 2 feet thick, but occasionally reaching 4 feet, and having a layer of 

iron nodules below.

Upper Freeport limestone. This stratum occurs from 6 to 10 feet below the Upper Freeport coal. It is not persistent, but occurs in detached areas throughout the quadrangles. 

It ranges up to 28 feet in thickness, but this maximum is attained only in the vicinity of
38 KITTANNING AND RUKAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

Manorville and Ford Gity and holds over but a small area. This limestone is generally 

nonfossiliferous. A few minute gasteropods have been reported from various places. It 

appears to be entirely destitute of marine fossils, and is probably of fresh-water origin. 

The extreme paucity of organic remains may indicate that it is not of organic origin. Possibly it was precipitated from fresh water charged with carbonate of lime in solution.

Upper Freeport coal. From 20 to 60 feet above the Lower Freeport coal occurs the 

Upper Freeport coal, which is the top member of the Allegheny formation. Throughout 

the Kittanning quadrangle the interval between the two coals appears to vary from 30 to 

40 feet, but in the Rural Valley quadrangle the variation is greater. On Hays Run, in 

the river bluff midway between Mosgrove and Templeton, and in the hill south of Dee, an 

interval of 20 feet was observed. Farther east, in the region from West Valley to Blanket 

Hill, an interval of 60 feet prevails. From New Bethlehem eastward, except in localities 

where the Butler sandstone is well developed, the interval is mainly 40 feet. The Upper 

Freeport coal is generally persistent where not eroded, and is from 3 to 4 feet thick. In' 

some places it is thin, shaly, and worthless. This character is reported in the vicinity of 

Frenchs Corner and in eastern Donegal Township. On Sipes Run it could not be found, 

and is probably wanting. In the vicinity of Boggsville it is thin, and on Cornplanter Run 

it is variable, being.cut out in places by the overlying Mahoning sandstone. In the river 

bluff west of Ford City it is only a thin layer where exposed. These areas of poor development are probably only local exceptions to the generally valuable character of the seam. 

It has been eroded from large tracts in both quadrangles along the axes of the anticlines, 

especially in the northern part, but it is present throughout the deeper part of the Fairmount syncline, except along the valleys of the larger streams crossing the syncline. In 

the Boggsville syncline and in the Rural Valley quadrangle southeast of the Greendale 

anticline the seam is present, but under deep cover.

Gallitzin coal. This is an appropriate place to discuss the Gallitzin coal. Platt identified the coal at the Yatesboro No. 2 mine, which is said to be on the Patterson farm, as the 

Gallitzin, which he claimed occurs .50 feet above the Upper Freeport coal and has a considerable extent in the upper Cowanshannock Valley. The coal at the Yatesboro No. 2 mine, 

however, lies about 240 feet above the Vanport limestone, as shown by several gas wells in 

the locality. This is the usual distance between the limestone and the Upper Freeport 

coal in the Cowanshannock region, a fact that points strongly to the conclusion that the 

coal in question is Upper Freeport. Furthermore, Yatesboro No. 2 mine is at nearly the 

same elevation as Yatesboro No. 1, on the south side of the creek, and in strike with it. 

Yatesboro No. 1 mine is conceded to be in the Upper Freeport, and it is highly probable 

that the seam at Yatesboro No. 2 is the same. On these grounds Platt's identification is 

believed to be erroneous. No coal was observed in the region 50 feet above the Upper 

Freeport, but a thin seam occurs about 100 feet above,' which is described farther on as 

the Brush Creek coal and which, in position relative to the Upper Freeport coal, corresponds with the Gallitzin coal of Cambria County.

CONEMAUGH FORMATION.

General character and distribution. The Conemaugh formation extends from the Upper 

Freeport coal below to the bottom of the Pittsburg coal above. It was formerly known 

as the Lower Barren Measures on account of the fact that it is generally destitute of workable coals. In some parts of Pennsylvania, however, such coals of limited extent occur, 

sometimes associated with thin limestones. The great mass of the formation is composed 

of a succession of shale and sandstone strata, the shale being commonly, perhaps prevailingly, sandy. The sandstone is variable in thickness and occurrence. In some regions 

several strata may be developed, in others a smaller number, and in others there may be 

scarcely any sandstone from the bottom to the top of the formation. In such cases the 

formation is composed almost wholly of shale without any distinctive beds. The total 

thickness varies from 600 to 700 feet.
EXPOSED ROCKS. 39

Within these quadrangles, the Conemaugh formation is mostly composed of shale, with 

thin sandstone layers interbedded. In many places a heavy sandstone occurs near the 

base of the formation, and in the, southwest corner of the Kittanning quadrangle a heavy 

sandstone occurs at a higher horizon and forms the surface of the elevated level areas there. 

The upper part of the formation has been eroded from the quadrangles. The greatest 

thickness of Conemaugh rocks remaining exists in the high hill contoured at 1,540 feet 

above the sea in the northwestern part of Plum Creek Township. About 400 feet remain 

in the high hill contoured at 1,600 feet in the southeast corner of Wayne Township and in 

the knob three-fourths of a mile north of Sistersville, in the Kittanning quadrangle. Nearly 

all of the Conemaugh formation has been removed from the Kellersburg arch from west 

of Buffalo Mills to the northern margin of the quadrangles, and only small patches remain 

on the Greendale anticline between Pine Creek and the high knob 1 mile northwest of Muff, 

beyond which point the formation is absent. Considerable areas of Conemaugh rocks 

exist in the northwest corner of the area along the axis of the Bradys Bend syncline and 

the Fail-mount syncline. They form the surface over a considerable strip along the southern 

margin, and cover most of Cowanshannock Township and the southeast corner of Wayne 

Township.

Mahoning sandstone. Much confusion exists as to what beds should be included in this 

sandstone. So far as the writer can discover, it was first described by Lesley a as composed 

of two beds of sandstone 35 feet thick, separated by 25 feet of shale. I. C. White & describes 

it in almost identical terms, but makes the sandstone members 40 to 50 feet in thickness, 

with a bed of shale between, the whole varying in thickness from 100 to 150 feet. In an 

earlier workc the same writer restricts the name to the lowest member of the triple group. 

For reasons that have been fully stated in the Kittanning folio, the writer has decided to 

apply the name only to sandstones lying between the Upper Freeport and Brush Creek 

coals, an interval of 70 to 100 feet, as described on page 40.

The Mahoning sandstone usually lies at the base of the Conemaugh formation and closely 

overlies the Upper Freeport coal. It may, however, occupy a higher position and be separated from the coal by a shale bed of variable thickness. It is generally well developed in 

the southern part of the Kittanning quadrangle, and occurs at various points in the Rural 

Valley quadrangle. It varies from a medium-grained, flaggy, or even shaly to a coarse and 

thick-bedded sandstone, and runs from 10 to 40 feet thick. On the hills immediately southeast of Kittauning it is flaggy to shaly and 30 feet thick, and at Ford City and eastward 

it is flaggy and rather coarse. At the quarry west of the river nearly opposite Ford City 

it is 40 feet thick, coarse, thick bedded, and sometimes conglomeratic. It exhibits this 

thick-bedded character at numerous exposures in the southeastern part of North Buffalo 

Township and along Glade Run nearly to Walkchalk, where it yields bowlders of coarse 

white sandstone that probably mingle on the slopes with those of similar character from 

the Butler sandstone, which is also heavy at this locality. North and east of Walkchalk 

it becomes more flaggy and to the west seems to disappear entirely. Along the little run 

entering Glade Run from the north at North Buffalo post-office it is coarse and heavy. 

It shows again near the mouth of Marrowbone Run and along Buffalo Creek a short distance to the north as a rather coarse, flaggy rock. It exhibits the same character on Sipes 

Run about a mile above its mouth and becomes coarser and heavier on Cornplanter Run 

west of Boggsville, where it immediately overlies the Upper Freeport coal and often cuts 

out that seam. On the east fork of Buffalo Creek about 2 miles north of Rattigan it is 

coarse and conglomeratic. Along the western margin of the Kittanning quadrangle, from 

west of Fenelton northwarc^taJS-fcstjs, the Upper Freeport coal seems to be immediately 

overlain by about 20 feet orsrurfe,'above which there is a greater or less thickness, though 

scarcely exceeding 20 feet, of sandstone, generally thin bedded and flaggy, buir sometimes 

coarse; this probably represents the Mahoning. In the northeast quarter of the Kittan-

« Manual of Coal and its Topography, 1856, p. 97.

6 Bull. U. S. Oeol. Survey No. 05, 1891, p. 95.

e Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. Q, p. 30.
40 K1TTANNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADS ANGLES, PA.

ning quadrangle it seems to be only locally present. In tne bluff south of the river midway 

between Mosgrove and Templeton, the sandstone is 50 feet thick and rests upon the Upper 

Freeport coal. In the western part of Mahoning Township its presence is indicated by the 

large bowlders of coarse sandstone that strew the surface in many places. It is here 40 to 

50 feet above the Upper Freeport coal. The considerable areas of nearly flat land in this 

region are probably due to the presence of this sandstone. On the road from Oakland to 

Putneyville, near the top of the hill 1 mile northwest of Putneyville, the Mahoning is well 

exposed in the road cut as a coarse, very thick-bedded sandstone 40 to 50 feet thick, and 

is separated from the Upper Freeport coal by about 20 feet of shale. On the ridge north of 

McNees, between Cowanshannock Creek and Mill Run, the Mahoning takes the form of 

conglomerate, large blocks of which occur near the crest of the ridge and run down the north 

side nearly to the creek. About 1 mile northwest of Blanket Hill, north of Mill Run and 

about 100 feet above it, the sandstone crops out in a bold ledge 20 feet thick. Near the 

head of the first run northwest of Blanket Hill it is heavy and immediately overlies the 

Upper Freeport coal at a bank on the east side and yields large blocks from a position 

apparently considerably higher on the west side. At the head of Garrett Run it is flaggy 

and closely overlies the Upper Freeport coal

Mahoning coal (*?). At the intersection of the roads one-half mile east of Beatty's mill, 

which is on Buffalo Creek about one-half mile north of the mouth of Marrowbone Run, 

there is a good coal bloom about 40 feet above the Upper Freeport coal and just above the 

Mahoning sandstone. This coal was noted in several places northward for 1£ miles along 

the road toward Worthington. It is accompanied in a number of places by a thin 

limestone. South of the road crossing above mentioned the coal was not seen, but its 

limestone was traced for a mile along the road to Slate Lick. This coal was not observed 

elsewhere in the Kittanning quadrangle, but in the Rural Valley quadrangle, on the Indiana 

pike near the head of Rupp Run, a coal is exposed 1 foot thick, 25 to 30 feet above tho 

Upper Freeport, and the blossom of a coal apparently at the same horizon occurs in the 

road a short distance west of Bryan. These coals may probably be correlated with the 

coal at Beatty's mill. They occur at the horizon of the Mahoning coal of Maryland.^

Brush Creek coal. Throughout the southern half of the quadrangles there is a persistent 

bed of black shale or coal, or both coal and shale, running from 70 to about 100 feet above 

the Upper Freeport coal. This coal occurs at the same horizon and is undoubtedly the 

same as the Brush Creek coal, described by I. C. White,'' in southern Butler County. In 

the Kittanning quadrangle the black shale is often very conspicuous and generally contains 

the coal, but in the Rural Valley quadrangle the shale does not occur, though the coal 

appears to be rather thicker and more persistent. The shale is generally about 5 feet thick, 

but in a few places thickens to 20 feet. The latter thickness is well shown at the crossroads near the church about 1J miles southeast of Worthington. The coal varies from a 

few inches to.2^ feet in thickness. On account of its importance as a horizon marker, 

the distribution of this bed warrants a pretty thorough description. It may be seen along 

the road between Weskit and Walkchalk, in the road on the hilltop west of Weskit, on the 

ridge road north of North Buffalo post-office, one-half mile east of Beatty's mill, on the 

road between the mill and Weskit, along the road from Beatty's mill to Worthington, 

beyond Worthington on the road.toward the head'of Long Run, along the road westward 

over the hill between the head of Sipes Run and Buffalo Creek, in the road westward over 

the hill from Sipes Run, and in a ravine near the road one-fourth mile northeast of 

Boggsville. It was observed on the Indiana pike on the hillside above the head of Rupp 

Run, where it is 90 feet above the Upper Freeport coaJ,«ir?»?^j|g the ridge road in Rayburn 

and Valley townships from one-half mile west of the boundary line in Rayburn Township 

to about 1 mile east of West Valley. At one point on this road it has been opened and is 

reported 2J feet thick. It appears to be here 100 feet above the Upper Freeport coal. 

The blossom of this coal shows at several points along the road from Yatesboro to Smeltzer

"Maryland Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 303.

6 Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Report Q.
EXPOSED BOOKS. 41

and about one-fourth mile east of Rural Valley the coal was seen in the road and is about 

15 inches thick. It has been opened near the forking of Cowanshannock Creek at the 

road corners where the road starts south to Atwood along the western margin of the quadrangle, and is reported 20 inches thick. The Upper Freeport coal is reported to have been 

reached in a diamond-drill hole near this opening at a depth of 100 feet, showing that the 

interval between the two coals here is about 100 feet, and that accords well with drill 

records at Rural Valley.

Cambridge limestone (1). At a few points a thin, dark limestone, carrying an abundance of 

marine fossils, occurs. Its horizon is not definitely known, but it appears to be above the 

Brush Creek coal. It is exposed and is 6 inches thick in the midst of shale on the Indiana 

pike just west of where it crosses the head of the first run in the Rural Valley quadrangle, 

one-half mile east of its western boundary. It also occurs by the roadside on the easternmost road running north and south in the southeast corner of Wayne Township, at a point 

about 1£ miles north of the southern boundary of the township and one-half mile west of 

the margin of the quadrangle. A thin, impure limestone with fossils was also observed on 

the road from the ridgo down to Glade Run due west of Ford City, in the Kittanning 

quadrangle. This limestone is of interest as showing-that marine conditions prevailed at 

least locally for a brief period in the region. It is possibly to be correlated with the Lower 

Cambridge limestone of Ohio and Maryland.«

Bakerstoivn coal. About 75 feet above the Brush Creek coal and 150 feet above the Upper 

Freeport coal another small and probably worthless coal occurs in the southwestern part of 

the Kittanning quadrangle. Its blossom was observed at a few points in west North Buffalo 

South Buffalo, and Winfield townships, and at a point in the road about 1$ miles southwest 

of Coylevillc, in Cicarfield Township. This is probably the same as the Bakerstown coal 

described by I. C. White in southern Butler County. t> It is not of sufficient importance to 

warrant further description. ' 

Salisbury sandstone. Associated with the Bakerstown coal both above and below is a 

massive, coarse-grained sandstone whose limits are somewhat indefinite, but which is so 

prominent a feature in the southwestern pant of the Kittanning quadrangle that it has been 

mapped as the Salts burg member of the Conemaugh formation. There are 40 to 50 feet of 

sandstone below the coal and from 60 to 80 feet above it. The flat-lying land in the south 

western part of Winfield Township is formed by the upper sandstone. These two beds o 

sandstone are separated in places by a thin bed of shale containing the Bakerstown coal and 

lire clay. It is possible that this separation could be made throughout the part of the 

quadrangle in which the sandstones occur if exposures were.good, but under present condi 

tions it is impossible to trace such a separating bed. The sandstone below the coal is clearly 

the same as the Buffalo sandstone of White, c and the upper occupies the position of the 

Saltsburg sandstone of Lesley. d It is believed, however, that the sandstone mass as a whole 

corresponds best with the Saltsburg sandstone in its type locality, and that name has been 

adopted.

The upper sandstone is the thicker and more conspicuous of the two. It occurs over all' 

the area south of Rough Run and caps the high lull between Buffalo Creek and Sipes Run. 

The quarries on the hilltop at West Winfield are in this sandstone, which is here rather 

coarse and thick bedded. Besides its occurrence south of Rough Run the lower or Buffalo 

sandstone of White occurs over the area mapped along the West. Winfield-Fenelton road. 

Along this road, 1$ miles north of the latter area, the Bakerstown coal occurs in the midst of 

shale, but-the sandstone both above and below the coal has practically disappeared from the 

section. With a few possible exceptions these sandstones are not recognizable as such outside of the areas mapped. Where they are absent their place is occupied by sandy shale and 

occasionally by thin flags. Along the ridge road west of the river about 3 miles south of 

Weskit blocks of heavy sandstone occur which probably belong to this horizon. Near the

« Maryland Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 304.

i> Second Gcol. Survey Pennsylvania, Ilept. Q., p. 90.

eOp. cit., p. 33. & Second Geol. Survey "Pennsylvania, Kept. K3, p. 22.
42 KITTAKNING A1STD EUEAL VALLEY QUADKANGLES, PA.

tops of the higher hills in the northwest quarter of the Kittanning quadrangle, along the 

ridge road nearly east of Templeton toward Goheenville, and on the ridge south of Hays 

Run and eastward in Rayburn and Valley townships, a sandstone that is generally coarse 

and friable, yielding small d6bris, but which is sometimes hard, may represent the Saltsburg, 

since it lies about 160 to 200 feet above the Upper Freeport coal.

Red sliale. In the vicinity of Sistersville, close beneath the Ames limestone and about 

300 feet above the Upper Freeport coal, lies a bed of red shale. This was not noted elsewhere in the Kittanning quadrangle, but in the Rural Valley quadrangle it occurs from 

Blanket Hill to the central part of Cowanshannock Township, and northward into Wayne 

Township on a number of hilltops about 250 feet above the Upper Freeport coal.

Ames limestone. On a few high knobs in North Buffalo Township, north of Slate Lick 

and Sistersville, a thin limestone occurs. It has a grayish or greenish color and is often full 

of fossils, among which crinoidal stems are plentiful. It has been noted during the present 

survey at two points. One of these is the top of the knob east of the road one-half mile 

south of the head of Marrowbone Run and 1$ miles slightly northeast of Slate Lick. The 

other is the knob one-half mile northeast of Sistersville. It is known only by fragments on 

the surface, and these would indicate a thickness of about 1 foot. In the former locality 

the distribution of the fragments would indicate that the limestone occurs in two beds 

separated by almost 20 feet of shale, the lower being about 315 and the upper about 335 feet 

above the Upper Freeport coal; the horizon of tins limestone passes through several other 

knobs in the southwest corner of the quadrangle and it may occur on them. Platt a reports 

it on a high knob about 1 mile northwest of Slate Lick. This limestone has been traced 

pretty continuously across southern Butler County by I. C. White & and found to be the same 

as the crinoidal limestone of Beaver County, with which it agrees in its fossiliferous character and its stratigraphic position, which ranges from about 290 feet above the Upper Freeport coal in the Beaver quadrangle to about 330 feet above the coal in the Kittanning 

quadrangle. This limestone is generally known as the Crinoidal limestone throughout 

western Pennsylvania, but for reasons already stated (p. 34) in connection with the description of the Vanport limestone, the geographic, name Amesc has been substituted for the 

descriptive name Crinoidal.

Higher sandstones. Along the southern margin of the Rural Valley quadrangle in Plum 

Creek and Cowanshannock townships a number of hills have a coarse, heavy sandstone cropping out near their summits or capping them. The sandstones at the various points are 

similar in lithologic character, but if the interpretation of the structure of the region, as 

made out from well records, is correct, they can not be regarded as belonging to the same 

stratum, since they vary in position from 220 to 450 feet above the Upper Freeport coal. 

It is possible that the higher of these sandstones is the Morgantown, since it occupies nearly 

the stratigraphic position of that stratum as it occurs in Fayette and Westmorland counties.

QUATERNARY DEPOSITS. 

CARMICHAELS FORMATION.

Character and distribution. Along several of the tributaries of the Allegheny, and especially along Mahoning Creek, there are thin deposits of alluvium and stream-worn material 

consisting of pebbles and rounded bowlders of considerable size, at heights above the present 

streams from 20 feet on the headwaters of the Cowanshannock to 100 feet on the Mahoning. 

These deposits differ from those described in the next section chiefly in that they are of local 

derivation solely and contain no admixture of foreign material. The name was applied by 

Campbell (Masontown-Uniontown folio) to terrace deposits of local origin and of probable 

Kansan age along Monongahela Rivec, which are particularly well developed at Carmichaels, 

above Brownsville. The name has been extended appropriately to embrace all deposits of 

like age and origin in the western part of the State, but it must not be inferred that the

a Second Gcol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 287.

b Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. Q., p. 77, et seq.

c Andrews, Ohio Geol. Survey, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 235, 296.
EXPOSED ROCKS. 43

deposits bearing this name are alike either in character, thickness, or mode of accumulation 

in the different localities.

A small area of these deposits occurs in Glade Run in the Kittanning quadrangle and on 

the northern bank of Redbank Creek near the boundary between the quadrangles. They 

occur at various points on Mahoning Creek to above Eddyville and are composed of distinctly stream-worn and water-laid material. On the north side of South Fork of Pine 

Creek they may reach a thickness of 10 feet, but they contain here much less distinctively 

water-worn material and more alluvium than on the Mahoning. On Cowanshannock and 

Plum creeks they arc scarcely distinguishable from the soil of the hillsides or from the alluvium of the flood plains, but have been mapped largely on topographic grounds, since the 

low terraces along those streams apparently correspond to those on which the deposits occur 

on the other streams.

GRAVEL AND SILT OF GLACIAL DERIVATION.

Earlier deposits character and distribution. This material exists in the form of terraces 

along Allegheny Valley the tops of which lie from 200 to 250 feet above the river. It is 

composed of more or less well-stratified clay, sand, and gravel, reaching a maximum thickness of 70 to 75 feet at the mouth of Limestone Run and east of Manorvillc. The character 

of the deposit is well shown in a cut of the Buffalo, Eochester and Pittsburg Railroad 

near the mouth of Limestone Run, where it is exposed to a depth of at least 50 feet. The 

greater part of the deposit is medium to fine gravel with which there is more or less sand. 

A small proportion of the gravel consists of pebbles of crystalline rocks.

The largest area of this material occurs on the terrace east of Ford City. On the opposite 

side of the river is another area. Weskit is built on such a gravel terrace; another occurs 

on the lull just northeast of Kittanning.; there are several terraces covered with this material 

along the west side of the river below the0 mouth of Limestone Run, and farther north 

on the same side of the river these deppsits stretch from the mouth of Limestone Run to 

opposite Templeton.- Nearly opposite the mouth of Redbank Creek is a narrow area, east 

of East Brady h another small patch, and on the north side of the river near the. margin 

of the quadrangle is another.

Origin of deposits. The origin of tin's material is explained as follows: The river at one 

time flowed about 200 feet higher in the rocks than it does at present and in that position 

had eroded a valley with a floor varying about one-fourth mile to 1J miles in width. This 

condition existed in the early stages of Glacial time. At this time great quantities of 

gravel and silt were transported by the ice from as far north as the areas of crystalline rocks 

of Canada, whence came the crystalline pebbles of the deposits. This transported material 

was scattered over the surface covered by the ice down to its southern margin, which 

extended down the river to the vicinity of Kennerdell. Great quantities of this material 

were washed into the river, carried downward, and deposited on the old river bed, filling 

the valley to a depth of 100 feet or more. Subsequently most of this material was washed 

out by the river and the 'present trench cut below the former river bed, leaving the terrace 

gravels lying on the valley walls where they now exist. In some cases gravels occur much 

lower on the slopes than described above. These lower gravels have either been washed 

down the slopes from their original position or have been redepbsited by the river on its 

curves while deepening its valley.

Age of deposits. The high-level gravel deposits described above are believed by Leverett 

to be at least as old as the Kansan deposits of the interior and perhaps older, a

Gravel of Wisconsin age. Subsequent to the trenching of the river valley after the Kansan 

filling described above, the bottom of the valley was filled to a depth of about 50 feet with 

gravel and silt, which forms the present narrow strips of level land at various points along 

the river. The level ground forming the sites' of Kittanning and Ford City is a good 

example of this material. It was brought into the valley during the latest or Wisconsin 

stage of glaciation in the same manner as the deposits of Kansan age, and has been subsequently trenched by the river, leaving the higher portions above the flood level.

oMon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 41, 1902, pp. 239ct seq.
44 KITTANNING AND EURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

ALLUVIUM.

This consists of fine material laid down by the present streams at times of overflow and 

is present to a greater or less width along most of the principal streams well up toward 

their headwaters.

MINERAL RESOURCES. 

COAL.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

As will be seen by the accompanying illustration (fig. 6) the area described lies in the 

northern end of the great bituminous coal field of eastern United States and coal is its 

most important source of mineral wealth.

There are in all eight seams that reach minable thickness over areas of greater or less ' 

extent in the quadrangles. These are, in ascending order, the Brookville, Craigsville,

FIG. 5. Map showing extent of the northern part of the Appalaehian enal field,

Clarion, Lower Kittanning, Middle Kittanning, Upper Kittanning, Lower Freeport, Upper 

Freeport, and Brush Creek seams. The first seven of these seams occur in the Allegheny 

formation, and the last in the Conemaugh formation. Their general stratigraphic relationships are shown in the generalized section (PI. V), and are set forth in the preceding description of those formations.

Of the eight seams, only two, the Lower Kittanning and the Upper Freeport, are generally 

workable. The Lower Freeport comes next in importance, followed by the Upper Kittanning. The remaining four, so far as known, are minable only in small areas and with 

the possible exception of the Brookville coal along Upper Mahoning Creek, hardly rank 

as coals of commercial importance.

On the accompanying map (PI. XI) where a seam is known to be of minable thickness 

or is regarded as probably such, its outcrop is shown by a full line; where it is not known 

to be minable but is possibly so, its outcrop is shown by broken lines. Where nothing is
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 279 PL. VI

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

North of Craigs- Mouth of Long Sandy Hole, Putneyville, Pine Run, West of Craigsville, p. 45. Run, p. 45. p. 85. p. 85. p. 85. ville, p. 46.

Morris bank, 

p. 46.

Total, 3' 2". |

Total, 24» 10". Total, y 10".

10.

D HHJ Total. 1-8". ^^B 

^^H Total, 3'. 

Jtal, y 10". ^^»

Total, 4' 4".

8. 9. 11. 12. 13.

West Win- Buffalo Mills, Applewold, East of West Hawk bank, Mouth of Glade

field, p. 46. p. 47. p. 59. Wlnfleld, p. 47. Long Run, p. 47. Ran, p. 54.

' 6". L^ i To 

Total, 3' 3".

15. 16. 17.

Total, 3' 6". Total, 3' 3".

Total, 3' 9".

14.

North west of 

Ewing, p. 69.

^^^^ 

Total, 3'.»

19. 20.

North of West of Mor- Northeast of Opposite Ma- North of Frenchs East of East

Adrian, p. 60. rows Corner, Gosford, p. 60. honing, p. 60. Corner, p. 60. Brady, p. 61.

p. 60. - -

Total, 

II

3' 8". Totalj y 6,, .

Total, 4' 6".

I ^^H Total, '

2' 7" 

Total, 3' 10".» Total, 3' 6".

Total, 4' 8". 

24. 25. 27.

Reynolds quar- Mouth of Hays Run, Above Mos- Teropleton, Monarch 

ries, p. 67. Cowanshannock p. 67. grove, p. 67. p. 67. mine, p. 68. 

Creek, p. 67.

Total, 4' 1".

29.

Total, 4'.

80.

Total, 4'.«

31.

Total, 2' 5".» 

Total, 3' 6". Total, 3' 6".«

Total, 5'.

33. 34.

Pine Furnace, North of North of Ma- Scrubgrass West of Blsh. bank, Kelp. 80. Oscar, p. 80. honing, p. 86. Creek, p. 86. ' Goheenvllle, lersburg, p. 86.

Total, 

I V 6". I ^^H Total, I 2'8". Total, I 2'6". Total, I2-2'

36.

Total, 2' 11".

37. 38. 39.

Total, 2' 9}$".

40.

Northeast of Clngler's bank, Duncan bank. 

Eddyrille, p.87. Widnoon, p. 93. p. 93.

Total, 3' 4"

Total, 

II4'. ! 

Total, 4' 6".«

West of Kellers- Anthonys 

burg, P- 93. Bend, p. 93.

Total, 2'.

Total, 3' 9".

Total, 3' 6" 

41.

Fail-mount

No. 5 mine.

p. 93.

Total, 

I3' 1".

COAL SECTIONS.

Sections 1 to 5, Brookville coal; section 6, Craigsville coal; sections 7 to 10, Clarion coal; sections 11 to 41,

Lower Kittanning coal.

* Maximum thickness.
COALS IN BUFFALO GREEK BASIN. 45

known of a seam, or it is^nown to be too thin to mine, its outcrop is not shown on the 

map. In most cases the mapping of the outcrop of coals between the Lower Kittannihg 

and the Upper Freeport seams is based upon the blossom of these coals at a few points 

along the roads, and their value can be determined only by prospecting along these lines.

The description of the coals will be given separately for each of seven drainage basins 

as follows: Buffalo Creek, Glade Run, Allegheny River with its smaller tributaries, Redbank 

Creek, Mahoning Creek, Pine Creek, and Cowanshannock Creek'. The position of a bank, 

prospect, or outcrop is indicated on the map (PI. XI) by a cross (X), and the position of a mine 

by crossed hammers. Each point is numbered on the map and the corresponding 

number is inserted in the text in connection with the description of the coal at the given 

point. By this means it is possible to indicate the exact locality at which an observation 

was made. In many cases coals are noted in the records of deep wells and in describing 

these coals the name of the well will be followed by a number in parentheses, which is the 

 map number of the well. In a few cases where sections are taken from Platt's Report H5, 

it is impossible to identify the exact point at which the section was obtained. All points 

are numbered consecutively for each seam from the mouths or lower parts of the streams 

toward their heads, and a general index to the numbers is given on the margin of the 

map.

In these quadrangles the roof of t.he coal seams is prevailingly a stiff shale which holds.up 

well, and the floor is usually fire clay, a rock that can be removed in mining without great 

expense. In the sections given in the detailed description of the coals, it is to be understood 

that the roof is probably shale and-the floor clay unless otherwise stated. Under these 

conditions any seam having a fairly regular thickness of 2 feet or over is considered minable.

COAIS IN BUFFALO CREEK BASIN. 

BROOKVILLE COAL.

In the Dumbaugh heirs' well (183) near State Lick a coal is reported 464 feet deep and 

4 feet thick that may be Brookville. This coal was once opened on the Nickels farm 

opposite the mouth of Long Run, as reported by Platt.a There is an abandoned bank 

in this locality, No. 1 on PI. XI, which may be the one noted. The coal is broken by shale 

partings in such a manner as to be of little value, as shown by the following section:

Brookville coal at Nickels larik, op]wsite the mouth of Lo'ruj Run, No. 1 (PL VI, 1}.

Coal ..................................

Shale.................................

Coal.....................:............

Shale....*.............................

Coal............. .....................

 Ft. in. 

................'........ ................... 1 9

............................................ 1

............................ .'. ............. 3

........................................... 7

.......................................'.... C

A cut on the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad, a short distance east of where 

it crosses the highway at the mouth of Long Run, No. 2, reveals the following section:

Brookville coal in railroad cut at mouth of Long Run, No. 2 (PI. VI, 2).

Ft. in! 

Bony coal....................................................'.................... 1 6

Sandy shale.....'.................... r ............................................ 8

Coal............................................................................. 4

Shale......................!..................................................... 5

Sandstone (Homewood?) .................*....................................... 10

24 10 

"Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 279.
46 KITTANNING AND EUEAL VALLEY QUA.DEANGLES, PA.

The coal in this section is probably the Brookville, and its worthlessness is evident. On 

the I'oad running north from Patterson Creek to Fosters Mills, Vo. 3, coal blossoms were 

noted, one of which is probably made by the Brookville seam, but nothing is known of 

its thickness.

CEAIGSVILLE COAL.

In the description of the Allegheny formation (p. 32) the name Craigsville is used 

for a coal in the vicinity.of Craigsville between the Brookville and Clarion coals. The 

reasons for regarding this as a distinct seam are fully set forth in that discussion. At a 

bank near the road northward from Buffalo Creek, about 2 miles west of Craigsville, No. 4, 

this coal is 3 feet thick (PI. VI,.6). On the hill about 1 mile northwest of Craigsville, No. 

5, is an old opening in what appears to be this coal, which is reported 3 feet 6 inches thick, 

and apparently the same coal makes a good showing south of Patterson Creek along the 

road between Craigsville and Fosters Mills, No. 6. Judging from these indications, it is 

possible that there is a considerable body of workable coal in this seam northwest of 

Craigsville. This can be determined, however, only by thorough prospecting.

CLARION COAL.

The Clarion coal is mined to some extent by A. G. Morris at West Winfield, No. 7, 

where the seam reaches a good thickness, though it is divided into three benches by two 

shale partings. The following section was measured by the writer at this bank:

Clarion coal at the A. G. Morris lank, West Win/field, No. 7 (PI. VI, 7).

Coal.....................

Shale............... ....

Coal...... ................

Shale... .................

Coal.....................

r Ft. in. 

.............. ........................................ 1 2

............................'................,......'.... 1 6

..............................................-.... = .... 7

........................................................ 5

Ito3

Analysis No. 1 of the table on page 98 is of a sample from this bed. Platt « published the following section from this place, though possibly not from the same bank:

Clarion coal at West Winfield (PI. VI, 8).

Coal.....................................

Shale....................................

Goal.. ....................................

Shale.....................................

Coal.....................................

Ft. in. 

'............................::........... 1 1

......................................... 1

......................................... 6

......................................... 1

............................. . ..... . 9

20

This coal was also exposed in prospecting for the Clarion clay at the Duqucsno Fireproofing Company's works, No. 8 on PI. XI, and reported 2 feet 6 inches thick. The Clarion 

coal is believed to occur in the following wells on Buffalo Creek southeast of West Winfield:

Clarion coal in wells on Buffalo Creek.

Namo of well.

Ralston heira No. 1 (170) ..............................................................

Depth.

Feet. '

20 i 

305

410 |

ness.

Feet. 

4

5

3

a Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, D. 291.
COALS LIST BUFFALO CREEK BASIN. 47

At the roadside just below Bufl'alo Mills, No. 9 on PI. XI, the following section is exposed 

and exhibits the worthless character of the coal:

Clarion coal below Buffalo Mills, No. 9 (PL VI, 9).

Coal. ......................................

Shale. .....................................

Coal .......................................

Coal.......................................

Coal.......................................

' Ft in. 

....................................... G

................:...................... i o

......... t. ............................ G

....................................... 2

........................................ 10

....................................... 2

About 2 miles above Craigsville, No. 10, this coal is reported to be 2 feet thick. It is 

not known elsewhere on Buffalo Creek.

LOWER KITTANNING COAL.

The Lower Kittanning coal has been worked to some extent on Bufl'alo Creek east of 

West Winfield, and it is known or reported at a number of points. There is an opening at 

.No. 11, where the coal is 3 feet 8 inches thick (PI. VI, 11). In the T. J. Ewing well No. 2 

(172), the Lower Kittanning is reported 5 feet thick and 145 feet deep. At the Blane 

bank near creek level 1£ miles east of West Winfield, No. 12, the coal is 3£ to 4 feet thick. 

In the Blane well near by this coal is reported 4 feet thick and 75 feet deep, and in the 

Fink well, No. 2 (180),»situated near the mouth of a ravine just above the Blane bank, 

the coal is reported 3 feet thick and 39 feet deep. At an opening in the southwest corner 

of West Franklin Township, No. 13, the coal is 2 feet 5 inches thick. In the northwest 

corner of Winfield Township, No. 14, the Lower Kittanning coal has been stripped, but at 

the time this survey was made it was not exposed to observation. In the general region 

of Bufl'alo Mills and farther south the coal is usually good. Near Buffalo Creek, about 2 

miles below Buffalo Mills, No. 15, is a working bank, and in an opening 1$ miles southwest of Buffalo Mills, No. 16, the coal was 2 feet 8 inches thick. On the Peter Craff property, at Buffalo Mills, Nos. 17 and 18, Platli« reports the coal 3 feet 6 inches thick on the 

average. The seam contains here, 1 foot 6 inches from the floor, a persistent binder 6 

inches to 1 foot thick and thinner and less persistent bauds below. The coal from the 

upper part of the seam is the best and, it is claimed, produces a high heat. It was once 

used for fuel in the woolen mill and for burning lime. At old openings just north of the 

Butler pike midway between Buffalo Mills and Coyleville, Nos. 19 and 20, the coal is 

reported 3 feet 8 inches thick. (See analysis No. 3, p. 98). The coal has be,en opened at other 

points in this vicinity, Nos. 21 and 22. At Bowser's bank, No. 23,1 mile north of Buffalo 

Mills, the coal is 3 feet 8 inches thick. A sample of coal from this bank was analyzed 

with the result shown in analysis No. 6 (p. 98). At a bank on the D. S. Hawk farm, No. 

24, the coal has the following section:

Lower Kittanning coal at the D. S. Hawk lank, No. 84, Long Run (PI. VI, 1%\

Ft. in. 

Coal, shaly...........................................................'............. C

Coal............................................................................. 2 0

Coal, shaly......................................................................... G

3 o'

At an opening on the north side of Long Run, No. 25, the coal was 2 feet 6 inches thick, 

and at a bank one-half mile above, No: 26, the coal is 3 feet 6 inches thick. Just above 

are.two other openings, No. 27. In the vicinity of Fosters Mills are a number of old openings, Nos. 28 and 29, where the coal is reported by Platt & to average 3 feet in thickness. 

In this vicinity it is closely overlain by a coarse sandstone. Near Craigsville and Nichola

oSecond Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. 115, p. 281, f* Op. eit., p. 278.
48 KITTANNTNG AJSTD EUEAL VALLEY QUADBANGLES, PA.

are several old openings. In old pits near the top of the hills west of Craigsville, Nos. 30 

and 31, the coal was reported 2 feet 6 inches thick. At an opening on the hill 1 mile 

northwest of Craigsville, No. 32, the coal runs from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches thick, and in 

a working bank three-fourths mile west of Nichola, No. 33, the coal varies from 2 feet 6 

inches to 2 feet 10 inches in thickness. In the immediate vicinity of Nichola the coal 

has been opened at three points,'Nos. 34,35, and 36. At No. 35 its thickness varies from 3 

to 4 feet. The Lower Kittanning coal is below water level on both streams a short distance above Nichola and is not elsewhere exposed in this basin. It is reported of good 

thickness in a number of wells in the northern part of the Buffalo Creek basin, as shown 

below.

Lower Kittanning coal in wells in Buffalo Creek basin.

Name of well.

Michael Maley No. 1 (75) .........

Goldlinger No. 2 (76) .............

Goldlinger No. 1 (77) ............

King No. 3 (87) ...................

Kins No. 2 (88) ...................

A. Black No. 1 (102)..............

Pontius No. 3 (105) ...............

Depth.

Feet. 

103

284

320

192

226-

292

. 295

255

Thickness.

Feet. 

4

4

4

4

4

Name of well.

Pontius No. 1 (110) ..............

John Patton (233) ...............

Scott Hepler (234) ...............

Keener (226) .....................

J. B.Neal (274)..................

Depth.

Feet. 

325

58

140

215

140

100

269

Thickness.

Feet. 

3

4

4

4

4

4

3

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL.

There is considerable evidence of the presence of the Middle Kittanning coal in the 

vicinity of West Winfield. It is exposed in a cut of the West Winfield Railroad threefourths mile below the mouth of Rough Run, No. 37, and there is an old opening in it by 

the highway on the opposite side of the creek, No. 38. At No. 37.the coal as seen from 

the highway opposite appears to be from 2 to 3 feet thick. The blossom of what is 

regarded as this ceal shows at points Nos. 39 to 41, north of West Winfield. Southwest of Buffalo Mills its blossom was observed at two points, Nos. 42 and 43, and 1 

mile northwest of Buffalo Mills it shows in the road at No. 44. Along the Buffalo, 

Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad on Long Run, No. 45, the coal shows as a thin seam. 

In the road west of the head of Long Run, and about H miles west of Cowansville postoffice, No. 46, the coal had been stripped and is 2 feet thick. The blossom of this seam 

was seen in the road about 1£ miles south'of Fosters Mills, No. 47, and there is an'old 

opening in it 1 mile northeast of Fosters Mills, No. 48. Along Buffalo Creek between 

Craigsville and Fenelton this coal appears to be thicker than usual, and may be of economic 

importance. At an opening on the hill 1J miles northwest of Craigsville, No. 49, the coal 

is 2 feet 1 inch thick.

I. C. White^ published the following section of a coal which he regarded as the Lower 

Kittanning, but which is more probably Middle Kittanning: s

Middle Kittanning coal south of Buffalo Creek, 1\ miles southwest of Nichola, No. 50

(PI. VII,

Coal.......................................

Ft. in.

........................:..--.-...... 4

...................................... 1 6

...................................... 2 6

...................................... 3

...................................... 2 6

10 9

In mining, the upper 4 feet is left for roof. The lower benches are excellent coal. The 

exact locality of the opening at which this section was obtained is not clear from White's

p Second Gepl. Survey Pennsylvania, Rcpt. Q., p. 138..
U. 6. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 279 PL. VII

42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

Southwest of North of Peach Hill, 

Nlchola, p. 48. Applewold. p. 62. 

p. 61.

Near Kline farm. 

Watterson- below Echo'.

vllle, p. 62. p. 80.

Above Echo, Tumbangh 

p. 81. bank, p. 49.

Total, 1'3".

50.

A.Mllliken's, 

p. 55.

Total, 

I2' 8"

54.

Tidal, p. 68.*

49.

East of Fenelton, p. 49.

Total, V 3".*

59.

Wynkoop 

bank, p. 89.

South of 

Total, 7'.» Sherrett, 

p. 63.

51.

South of

Sherrett,

p. 62.

Total, 4' 11".

62.

R. R. tunnel,

Long Run,

p. 51.

Total, V.

53.

Qaiiner

mine, Somervl lie. p. 63.

Total, 2' 6"

56.

Beck bank, 

Echo, p. 82.

a

Total, 5' 2".*

55.

Pine Furnace, p. 81.

Total, 

I2' 8".

57.

Total, 2' 8H". Brooks 

bank, p. 8J

Total, 2' 11".

58.

Thompson 

bank, p. 88.

Total, 9'.»

61.

Bostonia

mine, p. 94. tal, T 7".

63. ___

Toy bank, Total 12' * 

p. 56.

Total, 9' 2".»

60.

Old Anthony 

mine, p. 94.

Cowansville, Total, Iff 5"

Total, 15'.»

67. 68.

Above Mos- Ruffner 

grove, p. 69. bank, p. 74.

Total. 13'11".' Total, 4'4". Total, 10". Total, 4'. Total, 4'6".- TotaL 

II

2-6". Total, f.'6"

COAL SECTIONS.

Sections 42 to 47, Middle Kittanning coal; sections 48 to 61, Upper Kittanning coal; sections 62 to 68, Lower

Freeport coal.

* Maximum thickness.
COALS IN BUFFALO CREEK BASIN. 49

description, but it seems to be in a Jittle run entering Buffalo Creek froni the south about 

1 mile west of the county line, in the vicinity of point No. 50. From the known position 

of the Lower Kittanning coal at No. 33, from the reported position of the Vanport limestone at water level at the bridge below No. 33, and from the westward dip that prevails 

in the region, it seems impossible to accept White's identification of this. coal as the Lower 

Kittanning; moreover, its section is entirely different from that of the Lower Kittanning 

in the vicinity. On the opposite side of Buffalo Creek, No. 51, is an old opening, now 

closed, in the same coal, which is. reported 6 feet thick. On the south side about one-half 

mile higher up the creek, No. 52, is another old pit in which the same thickness is reported. 

If the above -identifications are correct, there is in this region a considerable area of Middle 

Kittanning coal of workable thickness.

UPPER KITTANNING COAL.

What appears to be the Upper Kittanning coal is recorded in the R. Z. McClatchey well 

(169) 400 feet deep and 5 feet thick, and in the T. J. Ewing well No. 2 (172) 305 feet deep 

and 5 feet thick. At an old opening in, this coal, No. 53, 1$ miles east of West Winfield, 

the indications are that it is of no value. Coal blossoms believed to be Upper Kittanning show at a number of points in the southwest part of the Buffalo basin as follows: In 

the road one-half mile south of West Wiufield, No. 54; in the road along Rough Run 1 mile 

south of the Winfield-Clearfield boundary, No. 55; in the road 1£ miles north of West Winfield, No. 56, and in the road nearly 1 mile east of the latter point, No. 57. All of these 

exposures are of small extent. In the road in the southeast corner of Clearfield Township, 

No. 58, the coal is exposed 2 feet thick, and at No. 59 in the same locality it makes a good 

showing. In the M. Weiland well (55) what may be this coal is reported 12 feet thick at a 

depth of 310 feet. In the region surrounding Buffalo Mills the presence of this seam-is indicated by its blossom at several points, Nos. 60 to 64. At No. 62 southwest of Buffalo Mills 

and at Nos. 63 and 64, northeast of Buffalo Mills, the showing is good. Near the head of a 

little ravine almost on the boundary between. East and West Franklin townships, No. 65, is 

an old opening, which is possibly that of the Tumbaugh bank, where Platta obtained the 

following section:

Upper Kittanning coal at the Tumbaugh bank, Long Run, No. 65 (PL VII, 48).

Ft. in. 

Coal .......................................................................... 1 10

Shale and fire clay ....................................................:....... L J 4

Coal.. ........................................................................ {toto

f 4 8 

\to 5 2

In the J. B. Neal well (274), in the northwest comer of West Franklin Township, this 

coal was reported 2 feet thick and 140 feet deep. What is regarded as the blossom of this 

coal occurs, in the road where it crosses the head of Long Run between Cowansville and 

Browns Crossroads, No. 66. Along the streams from Nichola to Rattigan, and to Fenelton, 

the Upper Kittanning coal appears to be fairly well developed. Its blossom was seen in the 

road south of Buffalo Creek in the eastern part of Clearfield Township, Nos. 67 and 68, and 

north of the creek, No. 69, is an opening in which the following measurement was obtained:

Upper Kittanning coal 1 mile east of Fenelton, No. 6,9 (PI. VII, 49).

Ft. in.

Coal............................................

................................. 9

................................. 2 2

2 11

Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H.5, p. 283. 

Bull. 279 06 4
50 KITTANNLNG AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADBANGLES, PA.

The'seam here is very irregular in thickness; in one place the sandstone roof cuts out its 

upper portion and reduces it to 8 inches. In the northeast corner of Clearfield Township, 

No. 70, this coal was reported 4 feet thick in an old pit; in the southeast corner of Donegal 

Township, No. 71, its blossom shows in the road, and about one-half mile north of the latter 

point, No. 72, is another old opening/ probably in this coal. In well No. 118 (90) on the 

Bradys Bend tract, 1 mile west of Rattigan, the Upper Kittanning is recorded 2 feet thick 

at a depth of 60 feet, and in the Pontius well, No. 1 (110), in northern Donegal Township, 

it is reported 4 feet thick at a depth of 259 feet.

LOWER FREEPOET COAL.

In the Charles Myers well (167) southeast of Slate Lick what appears to be the Lower 

Freeport coal is reported 5 feet thick, at a depth of 250 feet, and in the Rayburn heirs 

No. 1 well (182), north of Slate Lick, it is reported 4 feet thick and 145 feet deep. North of 

Rough Run and about 1 mile west of West Winfield, No. 73, this coal was reported 2 feet 

8 inches thick by parties sinking a prospect hole for iron ore. Its blossom at points in 

southern Clearfield Township, Nos. 74 to 76, indicates a thickness of 2 feet. In the southwest corner of West Franklin Township a thin blossom was seen at No. 77 and at No. 78 

the coal makes a good showing and may be 2 or more feet thick. This coal was noted 

in the following wells in southern West Franklin Township:

Lower Freeport coal in wells in West Franklin Township.

Name of well.

M. E. Smith (213) ......................................................................

S. B. Claypool (222) ...................................................................

Depth.

Feet. 

30

100

170

Thickn§ss.

Feet. 

4

4

Along the western margin of West Franklin Township the Lower Freeport coal makes a 

good showing at several points, Nos. 79 to 84, and may be of minable thickness. In the 

vicinity of Fenelton what is presumably this coal has been opened just east of the station, 

No. 85, and its blossom shows in the road a short distance west of Fenelton, No. 86. In 

southeastern Donegal Township the coal is of such thickness that it has been worked at 

several points. At No. 87 its blossom was seen, at No. 88 is an old opening, and in the 

vicinity of Rattigan, Nos,,, 89 to 91, the blossom shows. West of Buffalo Run is a working 

bank, No. 92, and in the road just west of Buffalo Bridge, No. 93, the coal is apparently 3 to 

4 feet thick. It also makes a good showing in the road about one-half mile farther west, 

No. 94, at which point it is closely overlain by the Butler sandstone, which yields the large 

blocks so conspicuous in that vicinity. Still farther up the little run to the northwest the 

coal has been opened at several points, Nos. 95 to 97, and its blossom was noted at Nos. 98 

and 99. At No. 95 considerable coal has been taken out, judging from the waste still 

remaining about the pit mouth. About 1 mile northwest of Rattigan, No. 100, is an old 

opening in what is probably this coal. In the Pontius well No. 1 (110) the Lower Freeport 

coal is penetrated at a depth of 142 feet, and reported 8 feet thick, which is of course an 

exaggerated estimate. Over a considerable territory between- Worthington and Cowansville this coal is of good thickness. About 1 mile north of Worthington, No. 101, what 

appears to be the Lower Freeport coal has been opened under a coarse sandstone. Two 

miles northeast of the latter point, No. 102, the blossom of the coal appears in the road, and 

still farther northeast, No. 103, the coal is cut through in the tunnel of the Buffalo, Rochester 

and Pittsburg Railroad, and shows the following sections;
COALS IN BUITTALO CEEEK BASIN". - 51 

Lower Freeport coal in the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg tunnel, No. 108 (PL V II, 62}.

Ft. in. 

Coal.............................................................................. 1 6£

Shale............................................................................. 1

Coal.............................................................................. 2 8J

Clay.............................................................................. 2 6

Coal.............................................................................. 9

7 7

While this is a great thickness for a coal seam in this region, only 4 feet 4 inches of it is 

available for mining. Northward along the road through Cowansville, Nos. 104 to 106, 

are openings which show that this coal is of minable thickness over a considerable area. 

The bank at No. 105 is now worked, the others are closed. One-half mile south of Fosters Mills, No. 107, a few fragments of coal .were noted which indicate the presence of this 

seam. On the road between Browns Crossroads and Cowansville indications of this coal 

were seen at points Nos. 108 and 109, and about 2 miles northwest of Fosters Mills, No. 

110, the coal shows in the road.

UPPER FREEPORT COAL.

The Upper Freeport coal is generally of good thickness in the Buffalo basin, though there 

are exceptions to the rule. It was noted in well records in the southern part of the quadrangle as follows: Casper Freehling No. 3 (2), 250 feet deep; Painter heirs (4), 200 feet 

deep. In both it is'reported 3 feet thick. It crops out near the base of the hills along Complanter Run and is closely overlain by the Mahoning sandstone, which is said to cut out the 

coal to such an extent as to render mining unprofitable. The coal has been opened at 

several points on the last-mentioned stream, Nos. Ill to 1.13. At No. Ill it was 3 feet 

thick, at No. 112 over 2 feet thick, and at No. .1.13 it is reported 1 foot 6 inches thick. 

There are a number of old banks in the vicinity of Boggsville, Nos. 114 to 116, but nothing 

was learned of the thickness or quality of the coal. Above the road three-fourths mile 

north of Boggsville, No. 117, the coal has been opened and is 2 feet thick (PI. VIII, 75), 

and on the west side of Buffalo Creek, No. 118, it makes a good showing in the road. The 

Upper Freeport coal is noted in a number of wells in the southern part of this basin, as 

shown below:

Upper Freeport coal in wells in Buffalo Creek basin.

Name of well.

Charles Mycrs (107) ......................'........:.....................................

Lewis .Baker (1 74) .....................................................................

Depth.

Feet. 

193

255

135

Thickness.

Feet. 

3

4

4

This coal is generally of a good thickness where exposed in western North Buffalo Township. On Marrowbone Run, No. 119, the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal on Marrowbone Run, No. 119 (PL VIII, 76).

Ft. in. 

Coal................................................. . ............................ 8

Coal.............................................................................. 2 6

3 2

The coal is here underlain by fire clay and that in turn by the Upper Freeport limestone, 

which appears to be pure' and of good thickness. It is also closely overlain by the Mahoning 

sandstone which is coarse and 20'feet thick. At Beatty's mill, No. 120, the coal is 3 feet 

thick and shaly (PI. VIII, 77). The shaly coal bench of the section on Marrowbone Run 

seems to have thickened so as to include the whole seam in the Beatty's mill section At
Coal..........................................................................{t

52 KITTANNING AND RUEAL VALLEY QUADEANGLES, PA.

this point the limestone below the coal is 3 to 4 feet thick. On the Meals farm in this 

locality Platta obtained the following section of this coal:

Upper Freeport coal on Meals farm, Buffalo Creek (PI. VIII, 78).

Ft. in. 

Shale ........................................................................ 6

3 6 

\to4 0

r 4 0 

ito 4 G

The seam at this point is overlain by 20 feet of sandstone. Platt regarded this coal as 

Lower Freeport, but its thickness and stratigraphic relations indicate rather that it is the 

Upper Freeport. The coal makes a good showing in the shale cut by the highway on the 

point overlooking Buffalo Creek 1 mile southwest of Beatty's mill, No. 121. Its blossom 

was observed on the road to the north, No. 122, and fragments of coal probably from this 

seam were found in the sand of the road bank south of the bridge over Buffalo Creek, 

No. 123. The Upper Freeport coal is generally of good thickness in the uplands along 

Rough Run. A good blossom was observed in the road eastward over the hill from the 

junction of Rough Run and Buffalo Creek, No. 124, and also in 'the road running southwest over the hill from West Winfield, No...125. There is an old opening near the next 

road south from Rough Run, No. 126, and one-half mile farther west is a working bank 

on the Heim farm, No. 127, at which the following section was obtained:

Upper Freeport coal at Heim lank, No. 127, south of Rough Run (PI. VIII, 79).

Ft. in. 

Shaly coal ....................................................................... 6

Coal................................................................................ 2 7

3 1

On the little run south of Rough Run, 1 mile east of the quadrangle boundry, is the 

John Green bank, No. 128, at which the coal was reported 2 feet 10 inches thick. Just 

south of the Green bank is another, No. 129, from which considerable coal is taken. There 

are a number of other openings in this vicinity where the coal is of fairly good thickness. 

On the hilltop north of West Winfield, No. 130, the coal was opened and a thickness of 1 

foot 6 inches was exposed. The opening was not driven under rock cover, however, so 

the coal may be thicker. Still farther to the west, near the second road north from Rough 

Run there is an old opening, No. 131, and a short distance farther west along the hill, No. 

132, the coal is 2 feet thick (PL VIII, 80). About 2 miles northwest of West Winfield the 

coal is opened on the Laurence Denny farm, No. 133, and shows the following section:

Upper Freeport coal at the Denny lank 2 miles north-west of West Winfield, No. 133 (PL

VIII, 81).

Ft. in. 

Shaly coal....................................................................... 1

Coal.............................................................................. 2 3

3 3

At the head of a western branch of Rough Run near the edge of the Kittanning quadrangle, No. 134, the coal makes a good showing, as also in the road crossing the head of 

the run in southern Clearfield Township, Nos. 135, 136. Nearer the southeast corner of 

Clearfield Township, No. 137, the coal makes another small showing. In southwestern West 

Franklin Township, No. 138, the coal was opened at one time, but nothing could be learned 

of its thickness or character. At other points in this region, Nos. 139 to 141, the blossom 

of the coal was noted. While it is evidently present on the hilltops of this region, it is in 

small patches, and its thickness and character are not known. In the Lesley Long well

a Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 285.
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 278 PL. VIII

69.

Spra Ran, 

p. 74.

Total, 

I2' 7".

70.

Adams bank,

northeast of

Stone House,

p. 74.

71. 72. 73.

Bear's bank, Southeast of

Long Run, Oscar, p. 82.

p. 74.

76.

Total, 2' 4". Total, 3f 1". Total, 4'. Total, 2' 8". Total, 5' 4". Total, 2' 10". Total, 8' 2"

COAL SECTIONS.

Sections 69 to 74, Lower Freeport coal; sections 75 to 109, Upper Freeport coal. 

* Maximum thickness.
COALS IN BUFFALO CREEK BASIN. 53

(221), H miles south of Worthington, the Upper Freeport coal was noted at a depth of 

40 feet, and in the S. B. Claypool well (222), 1 mile southeast of the Long well, it was penetrated at a depth of 130 feet and was reported 3 feet thick. In the vicinity of Worthington, Nos. 142 to 145, the blossom of what is regarded as this coal was noted, and an old 

opening in the same was,reported in the village, No. 143. At all these points the indications 

are that the coal is thin. In the eastern part of Clearfield Township the coal was once 

opened and worked on the McGucken farm, No. 146, and it is reported 3 feet thick. One 

mile north of this farm a good blossom was noted just south of the Butler pike, No. 147, 

and north of the pike, No. 148, an old bank was reported from which considerable coal was 

once taken. In the M. Weiland well (55), southwest of Coyleville, the Upper Freeport coal 

was penetrated at a depth of 170 feet and reported 4 feet thick, and in the McShane No. 4 

well (56), on the margin of the quadrangle about 1 mile northwest of the Weiland well, 

the coal was reported 188 feet deep and 5 feet thick. West of Fenelton there are a number 

of old banks in this coal, Nos. 149 to 151. At No. 151 the coal is reported 1^ feet thick. 

One-half mile southeast of Fenelton, No. 152, the coal is reported 4 feet thick at an old 

opening, and on the opposite side of Buffalo Creek, No. 153, the following measurement 

was obtained:-

Upper Freeport coal one-naif mile east of Fenelton, No. .1.53 (PL VIII, 83).

Ft. in.

Shaly coal........................................................................ 9

Coal with thin partings of shale.................................................. 3 9

4 6

About three-fourths mile north of Fenelton is a working bank, No. 154, and another 

that has been abandoned, No. 155. At the former the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal three-fourths mile north of Fenelton, No. 154 (PL VIII, 83).

Ft. in. 

Coaly shale....................................................................... 1 7

Coal with thin partings.................. '......................................... 1

Coal.............................................................................. 1

Coal with thin partings.........;................................................. 1

Coal.............................................................................. 8

5 3

In southern Donegal Township, just west of Buffalo Run, are old openings at Nos. 156 

and 157. About 1 mile south of Rattigan there are a number of old openings, Nos. 158 to 

164. The coal is reported 3 to 4 feet thick. One-half mile west of Rattigan the coal 

shows in the road, No. 165, and is 1 foot thick or over. Still farther west, No. 166, a good 

showing was noted, and about 2 miles north of the latter point, No. 167, the coal also makes 

a small showing. Along the road south of Chicora are two working'banks, Nos. 168 and 

169. At the latter the coal was reported 4 feet thick. In the vicinity of Chicora and 

northward toward Karns are a number of old workings, Nos. 170 to 180. Unfortunately 

no information was obtained about the coal at these points, but the number of workings 

indicates that it is probably of gdod thickness. About 1 mile northeast of Chicora, No. 

173, the coal makes a good showing, and is probably 4 feet thick. North of Rattigan the 

blossom of this coal was noted at Nos. 181 and 182, and still farther north, in eastern 

Donegal Township, are two old openings, Nos. 183 and 184. East of the latter point, near 

the western margin of Sugar Creek Township, its blossom was observed, No. 185. In 

the Michael McCray well (242), in western Sugar Creek Township, this coal was recorded 

30 feet deep and 5 feet thick, and in the Pontius No. 1 well (110), just across the boundary 

of Donegal Township, it was penetrated at the depth of 130 feet, being reported 2 feet 

thick. According to all reports and indications the coal is thin over a considerable area 

along the county line north of Rattigan. It was reported to the writer that efforts had 

been made in this region to obtain coal for fuel in the early days of drilling for oil, but
54 KITTANNING AND EUEAL VALLEY QUADE ANGLES, PA.

without success. On the McCue farm, in southwestern Sugar Creek Township, which the 

writer is unable to locate, Platt« secured the following section of the Upper Freeport coal:

Upper Freeport coal on McCuefarm, in southwestern Sugar Creek Township (PI. VIII, 84)-

Ft. in. 

Coal.............................................................................. 2 1

Slate............................:.................................-................ 1

Coal.............................................................................. i. 7

McCue's ravine was said to lie west of the Catholic Church, and it is possible that the 

bank referred to by Platt was the one by the roadside north of the church, No. 186. Northeast of the church are two old openings, Nos. 187 and 188. On the hilltop one-half mile 

north of Fosters Mills, No. 189, is an old opening that may be Wilson's bank referred to by 

Platt,« who reports the coal here 3 feet 6 inches thick, but shaly and impure. Southwest 

of Adams are two old openings, Nos. 190 and 191, one of which may be the opening in 

McElroy's ravine referred to by Platt. b He repo/ted the coal at this bank as irregular in 

thickness, varying from 1 foot 6 inches to 4 feet. One mile south of Adams, No. 192, a 

small blossom of the coal was seen, as also at two points about 1 mile southwest of Adams, 

Nos. 193 and 194. At Adams the coal makes a good showing in the road, No. 195, and is

3 to 4 feet thick.

Along the road between Worthington and Cowansville, about three-fourths mile west 

of the tunnel, No. 196, the coal makes a good showing in the road, and is said to have 

been opened in an adjacent field, where it is 4 feet 6 inches thick.. Near the road, almost 

directly over the railroad tunnel, No. 197, the coal was measured in a bank and found 4 

feet 2 inches thick, with a few thin partings up to one-fourth inch in thickness (PI. 

VIII, 85). Just south of the tunnel is an old opening, No. 198, at which the coal is reported

4 feet 6 inches thick. In the J. B. Neal well (274) already referred to (p. 49) the Upper 

Freeport is 55 feet deep and 4 feet thick. .

BRUSH CREEK COAL.

The Brush Creek coal shows at many points between Boggsville and Worthington, but 

as it is of no commercial importance in the region it will not be described in detail. In 

order to enable the reader to identify the seam, however, a few points at which it is exposed 

are indicated by Nos. 199 to 206. At No. 200 it has been worked by the owner, Mr. Stonecipher, who said that he had taken out several hundred bushels of good coal. At No. 

204 it has also been worked. At 206 only, the black shale that usually accompanies the 

seam is present and is here 20 feet thick.

COALS IN GLADE RUN BASIN. 

LOWER KITTANNING COAL.

The Lower Kittanning coal is exposed only at the mouth of Glade Run, where there is 

an old opening, No. 207, which may be the Brunei1 bank, at which Plattc obtained the 

following section: . 

Lower Kittanning coal at Bruner lank, No. 207, near the mouth of Glade Run (PI. VI, 13).

Slate ......................................................................

"Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 278. b Op. cit., p. 277.

Ft. in. 

........ 3

........ 1 5

........ 1

........ 1 6

3 3

c Op. cit., p. 259.
COALS GLADE RUN BASIN. 55

This seam was said by Platt to yield but little good coal at the Bruner bank. The Lower 

Kittanning coal was noted in a number of wells in North Buffalo and East Franklin townships as follows:

Lower Kittanning coal in wells in Glade Run basin.

Name of well.

John Miller (180) .......................................................................

W. J. Bowser (193) ....................................................................

David R. Bowser No. 2 (207) .....................................".....................

J. B. Drake (258) ......................................................................

J . H . Guthrie (260) ....................................................................

J . A. Pattern (201) .....................................................................

Depth.

. Feet. 

362

280

60

235

205

235

Thickness.

Ft. in. 

9 

4

3 3

4

C

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL.

The horizon of the Middle Kittanning coal is exposed only near, the mouth of Glade Run, 

and little is known of it in the area. The blossom of what may be the seam was observed 

at North Buffalo post-office, No. 208. It is reported in the logs of the following wells along 

Glade Run:

Middle Kittanning coal in wells in Glade Run basin.

Name of well.

Samuel Gray (191) .....................................................................

J.B.Drake (258)......................................................................

J. H. Guthrie (260) .....................................................................

Depth.

Feet. 

282

200

126

155

Thickness.

Ft. in.

4

2 1

3

UPPER KITTANNING COAL.

The horizon of the Upper Kittanning coal is exposed from the southern boundary of the 

quadrangle to one-half mile south of Walkchalk, where it goes under the surface and continues below to about 1 mile south of Cowansville station. What is probably its blossom 

shows in the road west of North Buffalo, No. 209. Still farther north, No. 210, the seam 

makes a good showing and has an apparent thickness of 2 feet. Its blossom was noted on 

'the east bank of the run 1£ miles northeast of McHaddon, No. 211. In the J. B. Drake 

well (258) it was penetrated at a depth of 112 feet, and is 2 feet 4 inches thick. At the 

road crossing about 1 mile south of Walkchalk, No. 212, the seam is exposed in the road 

near creek level, and is 1 foot 6 inches thick. The coal seam is at creek level one-half mile 

south of Walkchalk, No. 213, where, according to report, it was once stripped from the 

creek bed. It is next noted south and southeast of Cowansville station, at No. 214, where 

it makes a good showing and is probably over 2 feet thick, and at Nos. 215 and 216, where 

only fragments were noted. It was apparently in the vicinity of the latter point, No. 216, 

that Platt a obtained the following section of what he regarded as Upper Kittanning coal:

Upper Kittanning coal at A. Millilcen's, south of Cowansville (PI. VII, 50).

Ft.

Coal......................................................................... Ln I

\I,O L

J i Slate. ........................................................................ \to 1

Coal ......................................................................... 3

{to 7

in.

3

3

4

7

3

"Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 267.
56 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

It seems possible that.in this case Platt mistook the Lower Freeport for the Upper Kittanning coal, since the above section is much like that of the Lower Freeport of that locality. 

North of Cowansville post-office, at the head of Glade Run, in southwestern Washington 

Township, No. 217, there is an old opening in what is probably this seam.

LOWER FREEPORT COAL.

The Lower Freeport is an important coal in the Glade Run basin, especially in the vicinity 

of Cowansville. Near the mouth of the run little is known of the coal. About one-half 

mile north of North Buffalo, No. 218, it outcrops in the road and appears to be 1 foot 

6 inches thick. Farther north it makes a good showing in the road on the right bank of 

the stream, No. 219, and a little farther upstream, on the opposite bank, No. 220, its 

presence is indicated by fragments. In the W. C. Barnett well (200) the Lower Freeport 

coal is 72 feet deep and 1 foot 9 inches thick, and in the T. H. Allison well (211), about 1 mile 

north of the Barnett well, it is 22 feet deep and 1 foot 6 inches thick. In the road from 

Weskit to McHaddon, No. 221, a small blossom was noted, and a short distance south of 

this point, No. 222, the coal is exposed in a bluff and is 2 feet thick. It is here overlain 

by 25 feet of shale, and the sandstone so prominent at Walkchalk has disappeared from 

the section. In southwestern East Franklin Township the Lower Freeport coal is of good 

thickness, and. has been worked to a considerable extent. It is worked on the Toy farm, 

No. 223, and near by is another opening, No. 224. At the latter opening the coal is 2 feet 

6 inches thick, and in the Toy bank it shows the section below:

Lower Freeport coal at Toy lank, East Franklin Township, No. SS3 (PI. VII, 63}.

Ft. in. 

Coal with thin partings............................................................ 2 3

Coal with shale partings up to one-half inch..................................... 1

3 3

In the Samuel Gray well (191), about 1 mile northwest of McHaddon, the coal is reported 

160 feet deep and 5 feet thick, and in the Thomas Hays No. 1 well (253), about 2 miles 

south of Walkchalk, the coal is 95 feet deep and 3 feet thick. Northward along Glade Run 

to Walkchalk the Lower Freeport coal has been opened and worked to a considerable 

extent. A little more than 1 mile south of Walkchalk are abandoned openings, Nos. 225 

to 226, and a working bank, No. 227, in which the coal was reported to be troubled with 

rolls, which rendered mining difficult and expensive. In the J. B. Drake well (258) the 

coal is 77 feet deep and 4 feet thick, and in the W. P. Bowser well (259), south of Walkchalk, 

it is 257 feet deep and 3 feet 7 inches thick. At Walkchalk are two openings, Nos. 228 and 

229. At No. 229 the coal is 4 feet thick (PI. VII, 64), .and immediately overlain by the 

Butler sandstone, which is coarse'and heavy throughout this vicinity. In the J. A. Patton 

well (261), about 2 miles northwest of Walkchalk, the Lower Freeport is reported at a 

depth of 60 feet. About 1 mile to the southeast and east of Cowansville station the coal 

shows well. At No. 230 it is exposed in the road, and is apparently 3 to 4 feet thick. 

At No. 231 the blossom of the coal was seen, and in the railroad cut 1J miles northeast of 

the station, No. 232, it is about 4 feet thick. At the Cowansville Mining Company's mine, 

No. 233, the seam is 4 feet to 4 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VII, 65). Analysis No. 17 of 'the 

table on page 98 is of a sample from this mine. The seam is also of good thickness at the 

east portal of the tunnel southwest of Cowansville, No. 234.

UPPER FREEPORT COAL.

The Upper Freeport seam is present and generally of good thickness in the Glade 

Run basin except in the vicinity of Cowansville, where it is thin. Near the southern 

margin of the quadrangle are two openings, Nos. 235 and 236. No. 235 is the J. S. Bruner. 

bank, in which the coal has the following section:
COALS IN GLADE RUN BAWIN. 57

Upper Freeport coal at the J. S. Bruner lank, No. 285, southwest of North Buffalo:

Coal.. 

Shale. 

Coal..

Ft. in. 

1 4 

6 

1 6

The coal at this bank has an unusually high percentage of ash, as shown by analysis No. 21 

of the table on page 98. One-half mile west of North Buffalo post-office, No. 237, is an 

old opening, and in the next ravine, one-half mile farther.west, in the Claypool bank, No. 

238, the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport cod at Clay pool bank, west of North Buffalo, No. 238 (PL VIII, 86).

Ft. in. 

Coal.............................................................................. 1 4

Coal.. ;........... ....'............ .........

....................................... 2

....................................... 3

...........................:........... o

....................................... 1 G

. 3 9

On Nicholson Hun the coal has been opened at many points, and is probably of good 

thickness. Nos. 239 and 240 are working banks.

In the vicinity of Sistersville and McHaddou the Upper Freeport coal is reported in 

several wells as follows:

Upper Freeport coal in wells in Glade Run lasin.

Name of well .

W.A.Jack (185)..................

John Miller No. 1 (180) ...........

S. A. McClelland No. 2 (187) ......

S. A. McClelland No. 1 (189) ......

J. V. Easloy (188) ........ .........

Depth.

Feet. 

80

192

205

' 150

272

Thickncsa.

Feet. 

4

4

4

Name of well.

\V. J. Bowser (193)..............

Samuel Gray (191).. ............

David R. Bowser No. 3 (204) ....

Depth.

Feet. 

55

125

110

80

Thick-

.ness.

Feet. "3

3

4

3

In a ravine about three-fourths of a mile north of North Buffalo, No. 241, the coal is 

3 feet thick, underlain by a good bed of clay and by its limestone, and immediately 

overlain by 20 feet of sandstone. In the road one-half mile to the east, No. 242, is an old 

opening in the.midst of sandstone. About 1 mile northeast of North Buffalo the coal has 

been opened at Reed's bank, No. 243. It was not seen here, but is closely overlain by the 

Mahoning sandstone, which is very coarse. Just across the run east of Reed's bank the 

coal was found 3 feet thick in a diamond-drill hole (195) oii the McKee farm at a depth of 

52 feet. In the ravine near the road 2 miles north of North Buffalo", No. 244, the coal is 

1 foot 8 inches thick, and is overlain by 40 feet of coarse Mahoning sandstone. A mile east 

of this point, the coal makes a good showing in the road on the west side of Glade Run, 

No. 245, and has been opened near by. On the east side of the run, No. 246, is an old 

opening, and near the bottom of the ravine a little above the latter point, No. 247, the 

following section was measured :

Upper Freeport coal in ravine east of Glade Bun, No. gjfl (PL VIII, 87).

Dirty coal.. 

Black shale. 

Shale.......

Coal........

Ft. in. 

1 6

4 4
58 KITTANNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADBANGLES, PA.

On the west side of the run, near the Freeport pike, is an old opening, No. 248, and onehalf mile northwest, No. 249, is a working bank on the Sarah Donze farm, at which the 

coal is 4 feet 6 inches thick and full of very thin partings (PI. VIII, 88). Along the little 

run in the southwest corner of East Franklin.Township are a number of old openings, 

Nos. 250 to 252, and 1 mile above this, No. 253, the coal has. been opened and worked to a 

considerable extent near creek level. It goes below the level of the stream at this point. 

All around the head of this run the coal is closely overlain by 20 feet or more of Mahoning 

sandstone. East of Glade Run, on the road to Weskit, No. 254, the blossom .of the coal 

shows, and in the ravine eastward on the Coll farm, No. 255, a little coal is reported to 

have been dug. Sandstone also overlies the coal at this point. On the road crossing 

Glade Run directly west of Weskit the coal shows on both sides, Nos. 256 and 257. At 

No. 270 the seam underlies about 30 feet of coarse sandstone, and at No. 271 about 2 feet 

of black shale were seen, carrying streaks of coal 2 inches in thickness. This accords with 

the character of a seam as reported in an opening in the next ravine to the west, about 

one-half mile north of No. 257 and 1^ miles south of Walkchalk. At this opening, No. 258, 

the following section was obtained:

Upper Freeport coal on Glade Run, 1% miles south of Walkchalk, No. 258 (PI. VIII, 89).

Ft. in.

{

Q 

to 4 

Shale............................................................................. 6

Coal.............................................................................. 1 6

5

to 6

The coal also makes a large blossom in the road, No. 259, near the bank at which the 

the above section was obtained. On the J. B. Drake property, on the east side of Glade 

Run, is a working bank, No. 260, and two old openings, Nos. 261, 262. In a diamonddrill hole on this farm (258) the Upper Freeport coal is 22 feet deep and 3 feet 4 inches 

thick. In the W. P. Bowser well (259), on the opposite side of the run and south of Walkchalk, the Upper Freeport coal was found at a depth of 210 feet, and the seam consists of 

1 foot 4 inches of coal and slate. The foregoing facts would indicate that the seam is 

irregular in thickness in this vicinity, and is liable to contain so much shale as to be practically worthless.

On the road running northward from the Drake property, No. 263, the coal makes a good 

showing underneath heavy sandstone. Along the road for a mile east of Walkchalk the 

coal shows at several points, Nos. 264 to 265, and is overlain by flaggy sandstone. At 

No. 264 the showing is large, indicating a thickness of about 4 feet, though the character 

of the seam could not be determined. About one-half mile north of Walkchalk the coal 

makes a good showing near the road intersection, No. 266, and is closely overlain by a 

considerable thickness of Mahoning sandstone. About 2 miles northwest of Walkchalk 

the coal shows in the road, No. 267, and one-half mile beyond is a bank, No. 268, at which 

the following section was obtained:

Upper Freeport coal 2 miles northwest of Walkchalk, No. 268 (PL. VIII, 90).

Ft. in. 

Coal................................................................:...'.......... 3

Shale............................................................................. l 4

Coal.............................................................................. l

Near the level of Glade Run, about 1£ miles north of Walkchalk, No. 269, the coal has 

been opened and is reported 3 feet thick. It probably lies just above creek level for about 

1- mile above this point and then begins to rise rapidly toward Cowansville. It shows as 

an apparently thin bed in the road, No. 270, and again on the top of the hill just south of
COALS IIST ALLEGHENY BASIN. 59

the bridge over the railroad track at Cowausville, No. 271. On the hill south of Cowansville post-office, Nos. 272, 273, it also shows as a bed apparently 1 foot thick. About 1 mile 

east of Cowansville station its blossom was seen in the road, No. 274. About 2 miles northeast of Cowansville the coal makes a good showing near the crest of a ridge, No. 275.

BRUSH CREEK COAL.

The Brush Creek coal shows at a number of points in the Glade Run basin, a few of 

which are here indicated. It shows in the road as a black shale with streaks of coal about 

1^ miles slightly northeast of North Buffalo post-office, No. 276, and about 2 miles farther 

north along the same road, No. 277. West of Weskit it was noted at two points, Nos. 

278, 279. About 1 mile east of Walkchalk, No. 280, it is associated with black shale out- 

"crops and is several feet thick. It shows at other points also, but enough has been said to 

enable prospectors to identify it, so that they may not be misled into the expenditure 

of time and money in an effort to develop it, for it is everywhere worthless.

COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN WEST OF THE RIVEK. 

MERCER COAL..

What may be the'Mercer seam is exposed in the bed of Limestone Run about one-half 

mile above its mouth, No. 281, where from 1 to 2 feet of coal was scan. The same coal 

outcrops in the bank opposite East Brady, No. 282; as a double bed in the midst of shale. 

It is of no value.

BROOKVILLE COAL.

The Brookville coal makes a good showing in the road on the bluff of the Allegheny opposite Rimer, No. 283, but is not known to the writer elsewhere in this basin.

CLARION COAL.

The Clarion coal is of no value in the Allegheny basin so far as known. It shows at the 

foot of the bluff just north of Applewold, No. 284, where the following section was obtained:

Clarion coal at Applewold, No. 2S4 (PL VI, 10}.

Coal.......................................

Ft. in. 

....................................... 1

....................................... 10

....................................... 8

2 G

Only a few feet away the lower bench has disappeared and the upper bench only, underlain by 3 feet of clay, was seen. The blossom of the coal was seen at the mouth of Limestone Run, No. 285, and again in the road opposite Rimer, No. 286. Platt« reports it 1 

foot thick in the ravine of Whiskey Run in Bradys Bend Township.

LOWER KITTANNING COAL.

The Lower Kittanning is the most important seam in the Allegheny basin. It rises 

from water level a short distance below Kittanning, and crops out at road'level at Applewold, where there are several old openings, Nos. 287 to 291. North of Applewold it has 

been worked in the bluff at Nos. 292, 293, and nearly opposite Ewing are three openings, 

Nos. 294 to 297, at which the coal is 3 feet thick. In the next ravine, No. 295, one-half 

mile to the north, the coal is opened at a number of points and is from 2 feet 6 inches to 3 

feet thick (PL VI, 14). In the second ravine below the mouth of Limestone Run the coal 

is reported to be 3 feet thick, but the exact point is not known to the writer. This coal is 

exposed along the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad on Limestone Run at two 

points, Nos. 296, 297, within 1 mile above the mouth. At No. 297 the coal is over 2 feet 

thick. The coal here is at or below railroad level, but the railroad is apparently mapped

a Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. Ho, p. 224.
60 KITTANNING AND EURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

50 feet too low, for the coal is 1,000 feet above the sea. In the A. B. Wyant well No. 1 

(270) the coal is 4 feet thick and 190 feet deep, and in the H. E. Zellifrow well (271) it is 

recorded at a depth of 175 feet. The coal is of good thickness in the vicinity of Adrian, 

and has been opened at several points both north and south of that place. To the south 

are two old openings, Nos. 298, 299. On the north is an old opening,- No. 300, a working 

bank, No. 301, and an old pit, No, 302. At No. 299 the coal is 4 feet thick, at No. 301 it 

is 3 feet 8 inches thick (PI. VI, 15), and at No. 302 is 3 to 4 feet thick.

In the George McCracken well (272) about 1 mile northeast of Adrian the Lower Kittanning is reported 4 feet thick at a depth of 170 feet. In the vicinity of Morrows Corner are 

a number of old openings, Nos. 303 to 305. At the Helm bank, about 1 mile west of Morrows Corner, No. 306, the seam runs from 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches solid coal (PI. VI, 16), 

and three-fourths of a mile northwest of this bank is another old opening, No. 307. About 

2 miles west of the last-named point, near one of the head streams of Huling Run in eastern 

Sugar Creek Township, the coal is reported 4 feet thick in the S. F. Booher well No.. 2 

(228) at a depth of 110 feet, and in the James Crawford well (227) it is reported at a depth 

of 100 feet. __At No. 308 a good blossom was seen, underlain by clay, that probably indicates the presence of the Lower Kittanning seam.

In a ravine near the boundary between the quadrangles, three-fourths of a mile north 

of the river, No. 309, the coal is worked and shows the following section:

Lower Kittanning coal three-fourths of a mile north of the river near quadrangle boundary, N 0.309

(PI. VI, 17}.

Ft. in. 

.............................. 1 10

.............................. 1

.............................. 1 8

4 0

In the Rural Valley quadrangle, one-half mile east of the boundary, is an old opening, 

No. 310, just above the railroad track. About 1 mile above the railroad bridge at Mosgrove, No. 311, is a bank in which the coal is reported 4 feet 4 inches thick, but in another 

bank close to this the coal is thinner. The seam in this locality is overlain by heavy sandstone and is probably somewhat irregular in thickness. The coal is opened in a ravine 

2 miles farther north, No. 312, and in the next ravine, 1£ miles still farther north, No. 313. 

West of Mahoning, one-half mile north of the last-named point, are three openings, Nos. 

314 to 316. At the first of these the section below is measured:

Lower Kittanning coal west of the river opposite Mahoning, No. S35 (PI. VI, 18).

Ft. in.' 

Bony coal........................................................................... 6

Coal..........................................:.................................... 4 2

. . 4 8

In the Myers well (283) near Frenchs Corner the coal is 235 feet deep and 4 feet thick, 

and in the Abraham Chrisman well (287), northeast of Frenchs Corner, it is 230 feet deep 

and 4 feet thick.

In the Kittanning quadrangle, about 1 mile north of Frenchs Corner, is the Hooks bank, 

No. 317, at which the coal is 4 feet 4 inches thick. Near by, No. 318, is another old opening, and one-fourth mile west, No. 319, is another bank at which the coal is 3 feet 8 inches 

to 3 feet 10 inches thick (PI. VI, 19). On the river bluff about 1J miles below Rimer are 

several openings, Nos. 320 to 322. At No. 322 the coal is reported to run from 2 feet to 

3 feet 8 inches in thickness. In the ravine, about three-fourths mile south of Peach Hill, 

No. 323, the coal has been worked and is reported 4'feet thick, and on the road from Peach 

Hill down the river bluff opposite Rimer is an old pit, No. 324, at which the coal is also
COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN. 61

reported 4 feet thick. Platt« states that the coal is 4 feet thick in the vicinity of Sherrett. There is a working bank in the ravine northeast of Sherrett, No. 325, an old working 

just to the north, No. 326, and on the edge of Sugar Creek Township, 2 miles northwest of 

Sherrett, No. 327, is another old pit. On the river bluff 2 miles south of Wattersonville 

is a mine, No. 328. ' In the ravine of Haling Run, about 1 mile southwest of Wattersonville, No. 329, and in the ravine of Snyders Run, about 1£ miles above its mouth, No. 330, 

are old openings. South of the river* about 1 mile above Phillipston, is the Keystone 

mine, at which the Lower Kittanning seam is from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet thick. In the 

ravine of Harts Run the coal shows at Lacys Store, No. 331, and at a number of points 

below, Nos. 332 to 334, it has been worked to some extent. On Holder Run the coal has 

been opened one-half mile above its mouth, No. 335. On Sugar Creek, in the vicinity of 

Kaylor, the Great Lakes Coal Company is opening four mines in this seam the Snow Hill, 

Pine Run, Braneman, and Kaylor mines, the latter being a slope. The coal in this locality 

runs about 4 feet thick, as shown in the natural exposure at creek level just east of Kaylor, 

No. 336. The coal is reported in the Amos Steele well (245) and the Kepple well (246) 

south of Kaylor. In the former it is 4 feet thick at a depth of 320 feet, and in the latter 

3$ feet thick at a depth of 310 feet. On Pine Run, about 2 miles above the mouth, is an 

old pit, No. 337, and on Cove Run is another near the northern edge of the quadrangle, 

No. 338. North of the river, east of East Brady, No. 339, is another old working, while 

still farther east, No. 340, is a working bank in which the seam is 2 feet 7 inches thick (PI. 

VI, 20).

The preceding description shows that the Lower Kittanning coal is under nearly the 

whole surface of this basin, and is of minable thickness throughout. It is regretted that 

nothing can be said here of the quality of the coal, but there is no reason to doubt that it 

is as good as the average Allegheny coal for steaming and fuel purposes.

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL.

The Middle Kittanning coal seems to be of possible value only in portions of Washington 

to\ynship. In the bluff north .of Applewold, Nos. 341 and 342, it is exposed and is 1 foot 3 

inches thick (PI. VII, 43). This.probably is fairly representative of the character of the 

seam throughout most of the area of the quadrangles. North of the mouth of Limestone 

Run, near the boundary, Nos. 343, 344, its blossom was noted, and along the Buffalo, 

Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad in the valley of Limestone Run the coal is exposed as a 

thin seam at two points, Nos. 345, 346. One-half mile south of Adrian, No. 347, is an 

old opening in this coal, and the same distance southwest of Adrian is another old opening, 

No. 348, and an exposure in the road, No. 349, where the coal shows about 2 feet thick. 

About 1 mile southeast of Morrows Corner, Nos. 450, 451, are two old pits apparently 

in this coal, but there is a possibility of mistake in the identification of the coal seams 

in this locality and that the coal at the points given above is Lower instead of Middle 

Kittanning.

In the William Johns well (285), north of Frenchs Corner, what appears to be the Middle 

Kittanuing seam is reported 4 feet thick at a depth of 166 feet. Near the head of Limestone Run, No. 452, coal fragments were noted, and one-half mile west is an old opening 

across the ravine north of the'road,- No. 453. This seam is probably to be.regarded as 

Middle Kittanning. North of Morrows Corner the blossom of this coal was noted at several 

points, Nos. 354 to 356. In the vicinity of Sherrett the coal has been opened at a number 

of places. From one-half mile to 1 mile south of that place are three old openings, Nos. 

357 to 359. At. No. 359 the coal is reported 3 to 4 feet thick. Nearer Sherrett it makes a 

good showing in the road, No. 360. One-half mile southeast of that place, No. 361, is an 

old opening, and three-fourths of a mile southwest, No. 362', are two old openings. About 

1 mile still farther west in eastern Sugar Creek Township, No. 363, fragments of coal probi Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania Kept. H5, p. 228.
62 KITTANNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADBANGLES, -PA.

ably indicate the presence of this seam. Along the road on the river bluff below Peach 

Hill, No. 364, the following section of what appears to be this coal was obtained:

Middle Kittanning coal near Peach Hill, No. 364 (PI. VII, 44).

Ft. in.

( 3 6 

oa ............................................................................jto 4

Slate............................................................................ 1 6

Coal............................................................................ 1 6

, 0 6 

\to 7

Still farther north along this ridge, \\ miles south of Wattersonville, No. 365, what is 

regarded as this seam is mined and shows the following section:

, Middle Kittanning coal near Wattersonville, No. 365 (PL VII, 45).

Ft. in. 

Coal............................................................................... 3 3

Hard block coal................................................................... 1 6

4 9

On Harts Run, just east of Lacys Store, No. 366, a seam 5 feet 2 inches thick is exposed 

and is apparently Middle Kittanning. In the Amos Steele well (245), south of Kaylor, 

what appears to be this coal is recorded 5 feet thick at a depth of 280 feoL

TIPPER KJTTANNING COAL.

The Upper Kittanning coal is a mere thread at the base of the Freeport sandstone on the 

road up the bluff at Weskit, No. 367, but in the ravine just to the west of Weskit, No. 368, 

it makes a good showing. In the road up the ravine west of the river opposite Ewing, No. 

369, the coal is reported 1 foot 6 inches thick, and near the head of the ravine west of the 

river three-fourths mile above Ewing, No. 370, what is probably this coal makes a large 

showing. One mile southeast of Adrian are two old pits in this coal, Nos. 371 and 372. 

One-half mile north of Adrian the coal shows in the road, No. 373, and one mile northeast 

of the last-named point, No. 374, it is exposed to a thickness of 2 feet. One-half mile north 

of Frenchs Corner the Upper Kittanning coal shows in the run, No. 375, and near by, No. 

376, is an old pit, where it is reported 3 to 4 feet thick. About 2 miles northeast of Frenchs 

Corner, in the Rural Valley quadrangle, what is probably this coal makes a small showing in 

the road, No. 377. In the Miller Bowser well (284) and in the Myers well (283) this coal is 

reported. In the former it is 5 feet thick at a depth of 240 feet, and in the latter 3 feet at a 

depth of 140 feet.

Near the hilltop, about 1$ miles northeast of Morrows Corner, No. 370, the Upper Kittanning coal is now worked and is reported 4 to 5 feet thick. Near the road on the river 

bluff below Peach Hill, No. 379, the coal has been opened and is reported 4 feet thick, but 

irregular and soon thinning to nothing. About one-half mile southwest of Peach Hill No. 

380, are two old openings, and three-fourths of a mile farther west are others, Nos. 381, 382. 

At No. 381 the following section is reported:

Upper Kittanning coal south of Sherrett, No. 381 (PI. VII, 51).

Feet. 

Coal.............................................................................. 4 to 6

Shale............................................................................. 1

Coal.......................:...................................................... 2

7 to 9
COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN. 63

At No. 382 the coal is reported 7 feet thick with 1 foot of shale in the middle. In this 

locality Platt" reports the following section:

Upper Kittanning coal south ofSherrett (PL VII, 55).

Ft. in. 

Coal .............................................................................. 3 2

Shale ............................................................................. 1 3

Coal .. ............................................................................ 6

4 .11

Along the road east of Sherrett are two old openings, Nos. 383, 384. About threefourths of a mile west of Sherrett, No. 385, and on Snyders Run, about 3 miles above its 

mouth, No. 386, are other old openings in this same coal. The Ganner'mine at Somerville, 

No. 387, is noted in the region for the great thickness attained by the Upper Kittanning 

seam. Platt b (H5, p. 222) published the following section measured at this mine:

Upper Kittanning coal, Ganner mine, Somcrvitte, No. 387 (PI. VII, 53}.

Feet. 

Bituminous coal ................................................................ 2 to 5

Cannel slate ..................................................................... 0 to 7

2 to 12 

Platt b says of the seam here and in the region generally:

The Kittanning Upper coal scam occurs almost directly underneath the Frccport sandstone. Ten 

inches thick along the river front, it receives a rider of canncl slate in the ravine of H older .Run, becoming 

upward of 12 feet thick. The bed generally is obscure. The cannel slate exists only in irregular depressions or concavities, similar to those already described in connection with the same Kittanning Upper 

seam at Bostonia on the Redbank and at Mrs. Thompson's on the Little Mudlick. Out of the depressions the bed is sometimes scarcely more than a streak in the rocks. A good exhibition of its cannelslate feature may be had at theiGanncr mine in the ravine of Holder Run, at which place the bed is 2 

feet thick at the outcrop, increasing within a short distance to 5 feet, all bituminous coal of a fairly good 

quality. The floor of the seam then rapidly descends at an angle of 10° to a depth of 7 feet, the roof 

meanwhile remaining horizontal. The interval between is gradually occupied by mass of impure cannel 

slate of a dull luster and having a conchoidal fracture. The bed being below the water level of the run, 

difficulty is encountered in draining the mine, which fact has put a stop to the developments in that 

direction, leaving the limits of the cannel-slate deposit a matter of conjecture. The "cannel," however, is of no value,;being much too impure even for domestic pu rposes. The over- and underlying strata 

are so well exposed on the Ganner property that the geological horizon of the cannel-slate deposit can 

there be satisfactorily determined.

It is evident that the thickness reached in the Ganner mine is not persistent over any 

great area, since it does not show in outcrop in the bluff one-fourth mile below the 

mine, where the rocks are well exposed. In the Kepple well (246), south of Kaylor, this 

coal is reported 2 feet thick at a depth of 235 feet. Just north of Kaylor is a working 

bank, No. 388, and about Ijnile northeast, No. 389, is an abandoned working.

LOAVEB, FREEPORT COAL.

The Lower Freeport coal is not much known south of Weskit in this basin. Along the 

road one-half mile south of Weskit, No. 390, its blossom was observed, as also in the road 

one-half mile to the west of that place, No. 391. . At Weskit, No. 392, and a little farther 

north, No. 393, its blossom was noted, and at the latter place it makes a good showing. 

About 1£ miles northwest of Weskit, No. 394, is an old opening, and in the road one-fourth 

mile east of the latter point, No. 395, the coal makes a good showing and is probably 3 

feet or more- thick. No further traces of this coal were seen along the river north of this 

point: On the hill south of Adrian its blossom was noted in the road, No. 396. About 

1 mile east of Adrian, No. 397, and about 1 mile west of Frenchs Corner, No. 398, it also 

makes a good showing. In the William Johns well (285) north of Frenchs Corner what 

appears to be this coal 3 feet thick is noted at the depth of 75 feet, and in the Abraham 

Chrisman well (287) to the northeast it is also reported 3 feet thick at the depth of 60

Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 229. b Op. cit., p. 222.
64 KITTANNING AND RUEAL VALLEY QUADEANGLES, PA.

feet. At Peach Hill, No. 399, the coal makes a good showing-and a thickness of about 3 

feet is indicated. About 2 miles west of Sherrett it shows near the crest of a ridge crossed 

by the highway, No. 400, and also about one-half mile to the north, No. 401. At No. 400 

it is apparently 1 to 2 feet thick. The blossom of what seems to be this coal was seen 

about 1 mile southeast of Lacys Store, No. 402. On the whole, the Lower Freeport coal 

does not promise much in this area.

UPPER FEEEPORT COAL.

The Upper Freeport seam is of good thickness over most of the areas underlain by it 

in this basin. In the river bluff opposite Ford City the coal appears to be pinched out, 

at least locally, as shown by the fact that at one'point on its outcrop, No. 403, it is only 

about 6 inches thick. Near the road 2 miles to the north, across the river from Manorville, No. 404, it is thicker and overlain by the Mahoning sandstone. Below is a section 

measured at this point:

Upper Freeport coal opposite Manorville, No. 404 (PI- VIII, 91).

Ft. in. 

1 3

Clay. ........................................

..................................... 6

..................................... 2

..................................... 6

..................................... 2 6

4 11

One-half mile west of Weskit the blossom of the coal was seen in the road, No. 405, 

and one-half mile northwest of this point it was recorded in the Blair well (257) 90 feet 

below the surface. Just north of AVeskit it makes a blossom in the road, No. 406, and 

about 1 mile-farther north it shows at points, Nos. 407, 408. About 2 miles northwest 

of Ewing are two old pits, Nos. 409, 410. Along the road south of Adrian the coal is 

known at several points. Near the head of the first ravine west of Limestone Kun, No. 

411, is an old bank, and in the next ravine to the north, No. 412, is another. The blossom of the coal was noted on the north side of this ravine, No. 413, and over the ridge 

beyond, three-fourths of a mile south of Adrian, is another old opening, No. 414. About 

1 mile southwest of Adrian, No. 415, is an old bank, and to the north the blossom was 

observed at three points, Nos. 416, 417, 418. One mile north of the mouth of Limestone 

Run, No. 419, the coal makes a good showing in the road, and in the ravine one-half mile 

northeast, No. 420, is an old pit. Just across the boundary in the Rural Valley quadrangle, about three-fourths of a mile west of West Mosgrove, No. 421, is a bank at which 

the following section was measured: " -

Upper Freeport coal west of West Mosgrove, No. 4®1 (PI- VIII, 93).

Ft. in. 

Coal, three thin partings.......................................................... . 9

Coal.............................................................................. 3

3 9

On the hill about one-third of a mile northwest of the railroad bridge at Mosgrove is 

an old opening, No. 422. One-half mile south of Frenchs Corner, No. 423, is another, 

and on the ridge nearly opposite Templeton, No. 424, is another, at which the coal is 

reported about 2 feet thick and poor. It is reported generally poor to the northeast of 

Frenchs Comer. In the James Toy well (273), southwest of Frenchs Corner, the coal was 

penetrated at the depth of 110 feet and is 4 feet thick. On a knob one-half mile south 

of Peach Hill, No. 425, is an opening at which the seam is 5 feet thick, with many thin 

partings of shale (PI. VIII, 93). . At Peach Hill the coal' makes a good showing on both sides of the ridge, No. 426. About 

one-half mile northeast of Sherrett the coal is exposed near the top of a knob, No. 427. 

Still farther north along the ridge west of the river is an old opening, No. 428, and a good
COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN. 65

blossom, No. 429. On a knob crossed by the Washington-Sugar Creek boundary, 2$ miles 

north of Cowansville, is a small area of the seam which has been opened at No. 430. On 

the Crawford farm, 1 mile west of Sherrett, Platta obtained the following section:

Upper Freeport coal on Crawford farm 1 mile west of SJierrett (PI. VIII, 94).

Ft. in.

Coal................................................................................ 2 1

Shale........ ...................................................................... 2

Coal..............................................:............................... 1* 6

3 9 

The exact location of this bank can not be determined.

About 1J miles west of Sherrett, No. 431, the blossom of the coal was seen, and on the 

knob about 2 miles west of Sherrett the coal was noted at four points, Nos. 432 to 435. 

At No. 435 is an old pit at which the coal is reported 4 feet 2 inches thick. About 1 mile 

south of the mouth of Snyders Run, No. 436, a good blossom of the Upper Freeport coal 

was seen in the road. Within 1 mile northeast of Browns Crossroads is an old pit, No. 

437, at which the coal is reported 4 feet thick. Just south of the ridge from the lastnamed point, No. 438, a blossom was seen in the road, and there is another old opening, 

No. 439, one-half mile to the west. A little over a mile to the northeast of Adams the 

coal was observed at three points, Nos. 440 to 442. At the first and last of these points 

the blossom was noted and at the other is an old pit. About 1 mile southeast of Lacys 

Store, No. 443, the coal makes a large blossom, and about one-half mile west of this point, 

No. 444, about 1 foot 6 inches of coal was observed. Near the road one-half mile southeast of Lacys Store, No. 445, is an old pit, and 1 mile to the east near the Keystone mine 

the blossom of the Upper Freeport coal was observed in the road, No. 446. On the knob 

at the apex of the river bend at East Brady, No. 447, the coal has been worked in connection with its underlying iron ore. _ About a mile to the west, on the hill west of Holder 

Run, No. 448, is an old opening. The following section published by Plattb was obtained 

somewhere in this general region, but the exact location is unknown:

Upper Freeport coal at Bradys. Bend (PI. VIII, 95).

Ft. in. 

Coal...:....................................................................... 1

Slate.........................

Shale........................

Coal.........................

.......... . ......... lto j 6 

.................................................. 2 4

.................................................. 3

......................... *...... . .................. I'lO

.................................................. 2 6

........ ..... ..................................... 4

f 9 3 

ltd 9 9

Just west of Somerville are two old pits, Nos. 449, 450. To the south and southeast' 

of Kaylor are the Barnhart and Reese mines in the Upper Freeport coal. In the Amos 

Steele well (245) and the Kepple well (246) in this vicinity, the coal is recorded at a depth 

of 100 feet, being in the former 5 feet and in the latter 3 feet thick. To the west the blossom of the coal was seen about 1 mile southwest of Kaylor, No. 451, and one-half mile 

east of Kepples Corners, No. 452, is an old opening. Near the northern margin of this 

quadrangle, northwest of Kaylor, is an old opening, No. 453. About 1 mile east of Karns 

are three old openings, Nos. 454 to 456. About 1 mile south of Karns is the Enterprise 

mine, in which the coal is 4 feet to 4 feet 6 inches thick (PI. V1I1, 96). Just southwest of 

this mine, No. 457, is an old opening at which the coal is said to be 3 feet thick. About 

1$ miles southwest of Karns are two old pits, Nos. 458, 459, and near by, No. 460, the 

coal makes a good showing in the road. About one-half mile southwest of Karns are 

two old mines, No. 461. To the northwest of Karns are several old openings, Nos. 462 

to 463, and one working bank, No. 464.

a Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 228. & Op. cit., p. 219. 

Bull- 279 06 5
66 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

BRUSH CREEK COAL.

The Brush Creek coal is exposed at the road intersection one-half mile south of Frenchs 

Corner, No. 465, and appears to be over 1 foot thick. It also makes a small blossom in 

the road one-half mile north of Frenchs Corner, No. 466, and about 1 mile northeast of 

that place, No. 467.

COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN EAST OF THE RIVER.

None of the coals below the Lower Kittanning coal are of any value in this territory, 

but a few points are indicated where they were observed.

POCONO COALS.

Two or three thin seams of impure coal outcrop in the Pocono formation in the river 

bluff above Mahoning, No. 468. None of them exceeds 1 foot in thickness. These coals 

also show along the incline of the Riverview mine north of Cosmos at 80 to 100 feet above 

the Allegheny Valley Railroad.

MERCER COALS.

What may be Mercer coal is reported in the Thomas Smith well near Ford City (300) 

and in the George Aye well (302). In the former it is recorded 3 feet thick at the depth 

of 380 feet, and in the latter 7 feet thick at 470 feet. The thin streaks and pockets of 

coal occurring at the base of a heavy sandstone along the road on the bluff between Templeton and Mahoning, No. 469, are referred to this group, and so also arc two seams 8 

and 12 inches thick at 227 and 235 feet above the railroad in the section along the incline 

at the Riverview mine, and a thin coal or coaly shale on the bench southeast of Redbank 

station, No. 470.

BROOKVILLE COAL.

What is probably the Brookville coal crops out in the.river bluff between Templeton 

and Mahoning, about 200 feet above the railroad track, No. 471. It is apparently 2 to 

3 feet thick. . :

CLARION COAL.

The Clarion coal is revealed as a thin seam 6 inches to 1 foot thick in connection with 

the clay workings at Wickboro, Ewing, and Cowanshannock station, and at Templeton. 

It is of no value.

LOWER KITTANNING COAL.

The Lower Kittanning coal is apparently over 200 feet below the surface and 3 to 5 

feet thick in the southeast corner of the Kittanning quadrangle, as shown in the following 

records of deep wells in the vicinity of Ford City:

Lower Kittanning coal in wells near Ford, City. 

\

Name of well.

Montgomery No. 2 well (299) ................................................. ........

Depth.

Feet. 

360

225

294

115

Thickness.

Feet. 

3

5

4

5

The coal rises from water level just below Kittanning and is revealed in the quarries of 

the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company about 75 feet above the river, at which point
COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN. 67

it is 3 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VI, 21). At the old Reynolds quarries, the location of which 

is unknown to the writer, Platt a obtained the section given below:

Lower Kittanning coal, Reynolds quarries, Kittanning (PI. VI, 22}.

Coal.......................................'..

Coal .........................................

Bony coal ...................................

Ft. in. 

..................................... 10

..................................... 2

..................................... 1 4

.................................... 1

..................................... 1 4

......................:.............. 4

' Platt describes the coal as of indifferent.quality, as indeed the presence of pyrite (the 

source of sulphur) and bone would indicate.

At Kittanning is the McNees & Painter mine of the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing 

Company, at which the coal is largely mined for use at the present time. Analysis No. 4 

(p. 98) is of a sample from this mine. On the hill east of Wickboro, No. 472, the coal is 

3 feet 6 inches thick at a working bank; 1 mile farther north are old mines, No. 473, at 

which the coal is 4 feet 4 inches thick.- Just south of the mouth of the Cowanshannock, 

No. 474, the seam is now mined and is 4 feet thick (PI. VI, 23), and across the creek to the 

north is an old opening, No. 475, and a mine, No. 476. See analysis No. 5 (p. 98) for the 

composition of the coal at this bank.

On Hays Run, about 1 mile above the mouth, No. 477, the coal is exposed at water level 

and is overlain by a heavy sandstone. It shows the following section:

Lower Kittanning coal on Hays Run,- No. 477 (PI. VI, %).

Feet. 

Sandstone with thin layers and pockets of coal................................. 1

Coal......................... .<>...................................................... 2 to 3

3 to 4

Near the river, about 2 miles above Mosgrove, No. 478, is an old opening beneath a heavy 

sandstone, at which the coal is 3 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VI, 25). Two miles below Templeton, No. 479, there is an abandoned mine at which the coal is 4 feet thick, but reported 

to be largely a cannel shale. In the ravine to the east of Templeton, No. 480, the following 

section was measured by the writer at a working bank:

Lower Kittanning coal near Templeton, No. 480 (PL VI, 26).

Ft. in. 

Coal ............. ^............................................................... 2

Parting, very thin. 

Coal................................................................................ 2

Parting, very thin.

Coal.............................................................................. 5

Parting. ' 

Coal.............................................................................. 9

f* 

{to

U

Parting (shale)...............................................................

Coal...................,...........................-........-;.................... "6

Parting.

Coal.............................................................................. 2

Parting. 

Coal.............................................................................. 2

J 2 44 

Ito2 5

Platt & reports this coal 1 foot 6 inches thick in Templeton ravine, which is probably the 

ravine in which the above measurement was obtained. In the region overlooking the river

P Second, Gepl.. jSuryey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 250, , . & Op. cit., p. 234t
 68 KITTANNING AND .RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

along the bend above Mahoning the coal was observed at the points described below: 

North of Mahoning is the opening of an old mine, No. 481; three-fourths of a mile farther 

north is a bank, No. 482; at Nos. 483 and 484 the coal outcrops in the road; and at No. 485 

are two old banks. North and east of Rimer the coal has been extensively worked at 

country banks. The positions of the old openings are indicated by Nos. 486 to 494. At 

No. 486 is a well-timbered old opening that would indicate a mine of some proportions. 

About 1| miles north of Cosmos there is a bank, No. 495, and near by, No. 496, the coal 

makes a good showing in the road. At the Riverview mine, 1£ miles north of Cosmos, the 

coal is 3 feet thick. In the ravine to the east, No. 497, is another opening, and 1 mile 

farther east, No. 498, there is a working bank. North of the Riverview mine are a number 

of openings, Nos. 499 to 501, and a little north of the last is a working bank, No. 502. The 

coal runs from 3 to 4 feet in thickness in this region. On the point of the spur at Redbank,. 

No, 503, is an old mine, and in the ravine to the north, No. 504, is an old pit. ' In the 

Monarch mine on the river bluff 1£ miles above Redbank the seam is 3 feet to 3 feet 6 

inches thick (PI. VI, 27). . One and one-half miles west of the Monarch mine is an old opening, No. 505. One. mile 

west of Phillipston, No. 506, the following section was measured in a working bank:

Lower Kittanning coal 1 mile west of Phillipston, No. 506 (PI. VI, 28}-.

 Feet. 

Bony coal........................................................................... 2

Coal.................................:............................................. 3

 5

From East Brady northward along the river bluff are a number of old workings, Nos. 

507 to 512. It is shown by the foregoing description that the Lower Kittanning coal is 

of workable and generally of good thickness throughout all this region.

MIDDLE KITTANNING COA'L.

The Middle Kittanning coal was scarcely recognized in this area, and is probably of little 

or no value. Its blossom shows in the road one-half mile west of 'Phillipston, No. 513.

UPPER KITTANNING COAL.

The UpperKittanning coal is practically unknown, and probably is of little value, in this 

territory. In the Thomas Smith well (300), before mentioned, what seems to be this coal 

is reported 4 feet thick at a depth of 246 feet. It shows in the bluff of the river just north 

of Garrett Run, No. 514, as a mere thread in sandstone, and along the trolley road a little 

farther north, No. 515, as a seam 4 to 6 inches thick. In the ravine at the southern end of 

Kittanning, No. 516, it also makes a small showing, as it does in the road above the cemetery 

at the north end of town, No. 517. On a knob north of Mahoning station the coal 

makes a large showing, No. 518, and is apparently 2 to 3 feet thick. Near Tidal, in the 

northwest corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle, No. 519, it is a bony coal 2 feet 6 inches 

thick (PI. VII, 54).

LOWEE FREEPORT COAL.

Very little is known of the Lower Freeport coal in the region, and it is probably of little 

value. What is regarded as this seam is noted in wells near Ford City, as follows:

Lower Freeport coal in wells near Ford City.

Name of well:

Charles Heilman (294) ... J .......................................................... ^ ..

Depth.

Feet. 

244

125

120

Thickness.

Feet. 

4

5

6
COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN. 69

It is exposed 1 foot thick along the trolley road between Garrett Run and Kittanning, 

No. 520. In the ravine already mentioned at the southern end of Kittanning, No. 521, 

it is represented by a bed of black, fossiliferous shale several feet thick. In the road east 

of Kittanning, No. 522, it makes a good showing, and in the ravine a short distance to the 

east, No. 523, are old openings that appear to be in this coal. In the road above the cemetery, No. 524, it shows well, and in this vicinity Platta obtained the following section:

Lower Freeport coal near pike northeast of Kittanning, No. 524 (PI. VII, 66).

Ft. in. 

Coal.............................................................................. 3

Shale...................................................."........................ 3

Coal.............................................................................. 6

Shale............................................................................. 6

Coal..............-.....-...........:.........................................-... 3 8

13 5

The upper bench of coal is somewhat slaty, but the lower is good coal. According to Platta 

the seam was opened at another place near by, but had thinned down to a few inches. 

These facts indicate that the seam is exceedingly variable in this locality and probably of 

little value.

Near the head of Hays Run, No. 525, this coal is exposed in the road to the thickness 

of 1 foot 6 inches, and it may be thicker. High up on the bluff of the Allegheny, about 3 

miles above Mosgrove, No. 526, the coal is exposed about 20 feet below the Upper Freeport 

coal, and is 2 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VII, 67). This coal may probably be disregarded as 

an economic factor in the region.

UPPER FREEPORT COAL.

The Upper Freeport is a valuable coal throughout the eastern part of the Allegheny 

basin. It is under nearly all the area in the southern portion, but its extent in the northern 

part is small, being confined to a few high hilltops. At the southern end of Ford Gty 

it outcrops in the bluff, No. 527, and is mined in a ravine 2 miles east of that place, No. 528, 

where it is 3 feet 7 inches thick (PI. VIII, 97). It is exposed and of good thickness along 

the road on the face of the bluff north of Ford City, No. 529, and in the ravine one-half mile 

to the east, .No. 530,'is an old pit. In the Crytzer well, just across the boundary in the 

Rural Valley quadrangle, it is reported 6 feet thick at a depth of 175 feet. In the vicinity 

of Manorville Platt& reports this coal 3 feet 6 inches thick on the average. Along Garrett 

Run and its branch, called Rupp Run, this coal has been opened at a number of points and 

is of good thickness throughout. About one-half mile east of Manorville is an old opening, 

No. 531, and the showing in the road near by indicates a thickness of 3 feet. Threequarters of a mile northeast is another opening, No. 532, at which the coal is said to be 

about 4 feet thick. At Nos. 533 to 535 are old openings. The coal at No. 534 is near 

water level and immediately overlain by the Mahoning sandstone. In the next ravine 

one-half mile to the east, No. 536, is the Miller bank, at which the section below was 

measured:

Upper Freeport coal at the Miller lank, Garrett Run, No. 536 (PI. VIII, 98}.

Ft. in.

f 2 Bone and clay...............................;............................... ).+ g

f 1 6

Coal.............................................................. .......... -L

IbU A J.U

Clay......................................................................... 4

Coal......................................................................... 2

f 3 84J 

\to 4 4J

i Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5. p. 253. ft Op. cit., p. 257.
70 KITTANNING AND EUEAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

A short distance south of the Miller bank, at the junction of Rupp and Garrett runs, 

No. 537, is an opening at which the coal is 3 feet 6 inches thick. One-half mile up Rupp 

Run is the Hobaugh bank, No. 538, at which the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal at Robaugh lank, Rupp Run, No. 538 (PI. VIII, 99).

Coal, with thin clay partings.. ................ ... ....

Coal ..........................................

Parting ....................................... .........

Coal .......................................... ......

Parting. ................................................

Coal..................... ..........

Ft. in. 

........................... 6

........................... 9

........................... 3

........................... i

........................... 2 2

6 6

The coal here shows considerable pyrite in irregular streaks. One-half mile above the 

Hobaugh bank the coal is exposed in a ravine, No. 539, and is over 3 feet thick. Still 

higher up the run, No. 540, the coal has been stripped from the stream bed and near by 

is an old bank, No. 541. Near the head of Rupp Run the coal was noted in the G. S. 

Rohrer well (319) at a depth of 80 feet and reported 4 feet thick. Near the head of Garrett 

Run on the south, at No. 542, the coal was reported. Just below, No. 543, its limestone 

is quarried, and in the Margaret Wallace well (318) the coal is reported 80 feet deep and 

4 feet thick. The coal is worked somewhat extensively at a number of banks along the 

north side of Garrett Run, Nos. 544 to 548. At the Chajnbers Heilman bank near the 

junction of the runs, No. 549, the section of the coal was given by Mr. Heilman as follows:

Upper Freeport coal at Chambers Heilman lank, Garrett Run, No. 540 (PI. VIII, 100).

Ft. in. 

Coal. ...............;........!................_......................_.............. 3 4

Bone ............................................................................... . 2

Coal ............................................................................... 6

Along the south branch of Garrett Run are old openings, Nos. .550 to 554. .At the 

Jacob Stitt bank, No. 555, considerable coal is taken out. The section at this point is 

given below:

Upper Freeport coal at Jacob Stitt bank, Garrett Run, No. 555 (PL VIII, 101}.

Ft. in. 

Bone .............................................................................. 9

Coal.................:......................:........:............................ 3 2

3 11

Just east of the Stitt bank are old pits, No. 556. Beyond this point the coal begins 

to rise more rapidly toward the axis of the Greendale anticline to the east, and can be 

traced along the road for some distance; but is lost sight of near point No. 557. The 

Upper Freeport seam in this region can probably be depended upon to yield about 3 feet 

6 inches of good coal, and the topographic and structural conditions are very favorable 

for mining it.

In a ravine one-half mile northeast of Garrett Run, No. 558, and above the road between 

Garrett Run and Kittanning the coal has been opened, No. 559. In the ravine followed 

by the Indiana pike over the hill southeast of Kittanning, No. 560, the coal was extensively 

mined at one time, but the mine is now abandoned, probably owing to the fact that the 

mine was driven down the dip, and the difficulty of draining by drifts at lower levels was 

found too great. Going northward the coal shows below several feet of flaggy sandstone 

in the ravine at the south end of Kittanning, No. 561; its blossom shows in the. road east 

of town, No. 562, and there is an old opening in it on the road to the northeast, No. 563.
COALS IN ALLEGHENY BASIN, ' 71

According to Platt a this coal runs from 3 feet 6 inches to 4 feet in thickness in this locality, 

in some places with thin shale partings.

North of the mouth of Cowanshannock Creek are old openings, No. 564, and a working 

bank, No. 565. To the east, along Hays Run, is an old opening, No. 566, and a working 

bank on the farm of Caspar Reed, No. 567, at which the coal is 4 feet thick (PI. VIII, 1.02). 

The coal is here quite closely overlain by Mahoning sandstone. Just across the run from 

Reed's bank is an old opening, and near by the coal is exposed in the road, No. 568. Onehalf mile farther up the run is a bank on the Banks property, No. 569. Near the mouth 

of Hays Run on the north is the Mosgrove mine, of which an opening is shown, No. 

570. The coal at this mine varies in thickness from 3 feet to 3 feet 10 inches, with 

an average of about 3 feet 6 inches. It is more or less affected by rolls or horsebacks 

of sandstone, which cut out the coal locally and add considerably to the expense of mining. 

Analysis No. 26 (p. 98) is of a sample from this mine. About one-half mile to the north 

of the Mosgrove mine is an old opening, No 571. One mile above the mouth of Pine 

Creek the blossom of the coal shows in the road, No. 572, and still farther north in the 

river bluff, No. 573, it is exposed beneath the Mahoning sandstone, which is 40 to 50 feet 

feet thick, while the coal is 3 to 4 feet thick. Still farther north, No. 574, the coal is mined 

at a bank on the river bluff 1£ miles south of Templeton, the coal being 2 feet 2 inches 

to 2 feet 4 inches thick (PL VIII, 103). It is overlain by 10 feet of rusty shale, 'and this 

in turn by 10 feet of flaggy sandstone. In the ravine about 1 mile southeast of Templeton,

No. 575, the following section was measured at a bank:

Upper Freeport coal east of Templeton, No. 575 (PL VIII, 104).

Ft. in. 

Bone and coal.................................................................... 2

Coal with three or four partings.................................................. 2 11

. The coal is here overlain by rusty shale and, this in turn by flaggy sandstone. On the 

hill between Templeton and Dee, No. 576, is another bank, at' which the coal is 2 feet 8^ 

inches thick, with an inch of'bone at top. North of this locality the coal occurs only on 

a few knobs in Madison Township in both Armstrong and Clarion counties. South of 

Redbank Creek it has been opened at two points, Nos. 577 and 578, but nothing was learned 

of its character or thickness. Just to the north of these openings its blossom shows in 

the road at two points, Nos. 579 and 580, and at the latter point a thickness of at least 2 feet 

is indicated. Along the ridge east of East Brady the coal shows-in the road at several 

points, Nos. 581 to 583. Just to the south of the latter point are old banks, No'. 584, 

 with indications of extensive mining, and one-half mile to the north is another old mine, 

No. 585. '

BRUSH CREEK COAL.

The" Brush Creek coal is present in the southern part of this basin, and a few points 

are indicated at which it was observed: Southeast of Ford City, No. 586; about 1J miles 

to the east, No. 587, and on the Indiana pike on the hillside,-where it descends into the 

valley of Rupp Run, No. 580. The coal is of no value here. South of the head of Hays 

Run this coal is exposed in the road, No. 589, appearing to be about 2 feet thick, and 

about three-fourths of a mile to the east the same seam has been opened and worked on 

the A. C. Ellenberger farm, No. 590. Mr. Ellenberger reports the coal 2 feet 6 inches 

thick and of excellent quality. This is the only place in the quadrangles where the coal 

is known to be of minable thickness.

a Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. 115, p. 250.
72 KITTANNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

COAIS IN THE COWANSHANNOCK BASIN.

So far as known the lower coals have little or no value in this basin. The few facts known, 

however, may be of sufficient interest to warrant giving them.

BROOKVILLE COAL.

The Brookville seam outcrops near creek level just below the point where the creek is 

crossed by the axis of the Greendale anticline, No. 591, where it is 6 inches thick and associated with black shale. What is probably this seam is noted in the D. A. McAfoose well 

(465), 2 miles north of Yatesboro, at the depth of 455 feet. The coal is reported 5 feet 

thick, but it is probable that this thickness is mostly black shale.

CLARION COAL.

In a ravine one-half mile east of Stone House, No. 592, the Clarion coal outcrops and is 6 

inches thick. Its clay shows by the roadside near the axis of the anticline, No. 593, and the 

coal is again exposed above Greendale at creek level, No. 594, where it is a few inches thick

LOWER KITTANNING COAL.

The outcrop of the Lower Kittanning coal in this basin is of small extent. Over most of 

the area it is deep beneath the surface, and knowledge of it has been gained entirety from 

deep-well records, in a few of which it has been identified with a greater or less degree of certainty. The coal outcrops from the mouth of the creek to the boundary between the quadrangles, at which point it dips below water level toward the axis of the Fairmount syncline, 

where it is 100 feet below the surface. It rises eastward from this axis and emerges from 

cover one-half mile east of the boundary between Rayburn and Valley townships; thence it 

outcrops along the valley to "a point 1 mile east of Greendale, where it descends finally below 

the surface. Along its outcrop west of the Fairmount syncline the coal is good, but east of 

the syncline the indications are mostly unfavorable.

Near the mouth of the creek the coal has been opened at several points on the south side, 

Nos. 595 to 597. At No. 597 it is 2 feet 6 inches thick. On the north side of the creek the 

coal makes a good showing at the road intersection one-half mile above the mouth, No. 598. 

A little farther up is an opening, No. 599, and at the junction of a ravine from the east, No 

600, is an old mine at which the coal was once extensively worked. What is regarded as this 

coal is exposed 1 foot thick in a cut of the projected trolley road between Kittanning and 

.Rural Valley, about one-half mile east of the Rayburn-Valley boundary, No. 601, and it 

shows in the bank along the road east of the cut, No. 602. In a ravine one-half mile east of 

Stone House No. 603, its blossom associated with clay was observed and a considerable 

thickness was indicated, and in the next ravine to the east is an old opening, No. 604. Its 

presence is indicated by fragments in the road near the anticlinal axis, No. 605, arid about 1$ 

miles farther east, No. 606, is an old bank at which considerable coal has evidently been 

taken out. This may be the Rhea bank, at which Platta reports the seam to vary from 2 

feet 6 inches to 4 feet in thickness. Analysis No. 7 of the table (p. 98) is of a sample from 

this bank.

This coal is noted in the following wells in the basin:

Lower Kittanning coal in wells in Cowansnannock lasin.

Name of well.

George L. Blose (315) .............

McElroy (316). ....................

Colltim No. 1 (321) ................

Depth.-

Feet. 

225

220

375

295

Thickness.

Feet. 

4

3

5

Name of well.

Brown (473) .....................

Depth.

Feet. 

388

105

320

330

Thickness.

Feet. 

5

6

3

3

"Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 96.
COALS IN COWANSHANNOCK BASIN. 73

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL.

The blossom of the Middle Kittanning coal appears in the road \.\ miles northeast of Kittanning, No. 607, and was seen in the bank at the road intersection one-half mile east of 

Rayburn-Valley boundary, No. 608. In the ravine before mentioned one-half mile east of 

Stone House, No. 609, it is exposed and is 1 foot 6 inches thick. A coal that appears to be 

in the position of the Middle Kittanning is noted in the John Boyer well (416) in Plum Creek 

Township at the depth of 515 feet.

UPPER KITTANNING COAL.

The blossom of this coal was seen in roads leading down to Cowanshannock Creek, 1$ 

miles northeast of Kittanning, Nos. 610 and 611. It was noted at a few points above McNees on Mill Run, Nos. 612 to 614. At No. 612 is an old pit that seems to be at the 

level of this coal. At No. 613 is an opening at which the coal is 1 foot 6 inches thick, and 

at No. 614 the coal is exposed in the road and is about 2 feet thick. Along Cowanshannock 

Creek it is reported about 1 foot thick at J. M. Schreckengost's house, No. 615, and shows by 

the roadside a few rods beyond. It is exposed in the ravine one-half mile east of Stone 

House, No. 616, where it is 1 foot 6 inches thick. South of Cowanshannock Creek, east of 

Greendale, No. 618, it shows in the road and is over 1 foot thick. One mile west of Yatcsboro, at road level, No. 614, the coal is worked by Mr. Benjamin Schreckengost, and is 

reported 4 feet thick. (See analysis No. 16, p..98, for the composition of the coal at this 

point.) Mr. Schreckengost regarded his coal as the Lower Freeport, so did Platta, but its 

relations to the Vanport limestone, which is recorded in the Kennerdell and Reisinger wells 

(449 and 450) near by at 120 and 111 feet, respectively, show that the seam in question more 

nearly accords in position with the Upper Kittanning.

The Upper Kittanning coal is recorded in a number of wells in this basin as follows:

Upper Kittanning coal in wells in Cowanshannock basin.

Name of well.

Peter Heilraan No. 2 (313) ........

Thomas N. Bowser No. 1 (352)....

Smith (433) .......................

Depth.

Feet. 

110

218

400

215

90

Thickness.

Feet. 

3

4

4

Name of well.

Wampler (441) ...............:..

J. A. Bowser (443). ..............

Depth.

Feel,. 

208

228

221

308

210

Thickness.

Feet. ' 

5

4

7

4

8

The consistency of these well records, in connection with the observed thickness of the 

seam at the Schreckengost bank, indicates a possible workable area of Upper Kittanning coal 

of large extent. Of course the drill records can not be depended on for precise measurements, and reveal nothing as to the character of the seam whether it is all coal or partly 

shale nor as to the quality of the coal. They yield sufficient information, however, to 

warrant further investigation.

LOWER FREEPORT COAL.

The Lower Freeport seam has a wide extent of outcrop in this basin, and all observations 

point to the fact that it is probably workable along the whole outcrop, but very little can be 

said of it in the southeast corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle, where it is under deep 

cover. In the western part of the basin it runs 50 to 60 feet below the Upper Freeport 

seam, but in the vicinity of Yatesboro the interval decreases to 30 feet.

West of Cowanshannock Creek, northeast ofr Kittanning, the coal yields a good blossom in 

the roads, Nos. 620 and 621. Farther up the creek, in the Rural Valley quadrangle, Nos. 

622 to 625, indications of the coal were noted. At Nos. 622 and 624 it shows as a worthless

Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 93.
74 KITTANNING .AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

shaly bed a foot or two in thickness. Going southeast along Mill Run the coal increases in 

thickness and improves in quality. On the road east of McNees, No. 626, it makes a good 

showing and has been mined. One-half mile above McNees is an old pit, No. 627, and in a' 

ravine about three-fourths mile southeast of the last-named point the coal is exposed in the 

stream bed, No. 628, apparently 2 to 3 feet thick. .North of Mill Run, 1£ miles east of McNees, the coal has been opened in a ravine, No. 629. One mile farther up the run the coal is 

opened at the Ruffner bank, No. 630, and is 2 feet 6 inches thick (PL VII, 68). At a bank, 

No. 631, up the ravine north of Ruffner bank, the seam shows an identical section. The 

coal is free from partings, and is of a firm, bright appearance. South of the Ruffner bank is 

another old bank, No. 632. Farther east, toward the head of Spra Run, -the coal has been 

worked at two points, Nos. 633 and 634, and at No. 634 is 2 feet 7 inches thick (PI. VIII, 69). 

Still farther east, in the valley of Huskins Run, the coal is worked at the Moses Beer bank, 

No. 635, and is 2 feet 4 inches thick. In the Boyer well (416) and in the P. Rearick well 

(417), in Plum Creek Township, the coal was noted at depths of 420 and 200 feet, respectively. 

In the road on Huskins Run, 1 mile north of the mouth, No. 636, the Lower Freeport is 

exposed over 1 foot thick, and within 1 mile south of Greendale are two old banks, Nos. 637 

and 638 North of Cowanshannock Creek the coal was reported to have been opened on the 

farm of J. M. Schreckengost, No. 639, above the junction of Mill Run. About 1 mile north 

of this point this seam was penetrated in the William Brunt well (351), 143 feet deep, and 

reported as the 3-foot vein, possibly denoting that it is 3 feet thick. In a ravine one-half 

mile east of the Rayburn-Valley boundary is an old opening by the roadside, No. 640, and 

near the road in a ravine one-half mile farther east the coal is worked on the Robinson farm, 

No. 641, where it is reported 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet thick and of excellent quality. Near 

the head of the ravine three-fourths mile southwest of West Valley the coal is exposed by the 

stream, No. 642, and has about the thickness given above. Near by Nos. 643 and 644 are old 

openings. About 1 mile southeast of West Valley the coal is opened by the roadside on the 

Adams farm, No. 645, and is 2 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VIII, 70). Near the head of Long 

Run the Lower Freeport coal makes a good showing in the road, No. 646, and three-fourths 

mile to the southeast it is worked at Henry Bear's bank, No. 647, and shows the following 

section:

Lower Freeport coal at Bear's bank, Long Run, No. 647 (PI. VIII, 71).

Ft. in. 

Coal............................................................................... 2

Parting (thin).

Coal..........................................'.......................:............... 8

. . .. ' 28

In a ravine about 1 mile northwest of Yatesboro, No. 648, the coal is opened, and a 

thickness of 2 feet is reported. At the Yatesboro No. 2 mine the coal was opened beneath 

sandstone. It is 30 feet below the Upper Freeport coal and is reported 2 feet 9 inches thick. 

This seam was penetrated in the following wells north of Yatesboro:

Lower Freeport coal in wells north of Yatesboro.

Name of well.

P. & J. Brown (475) ....................................................................

Lynes (476) ........................................................................:...

William Schreckengost No. 1 (461). . .................................. .1 ...............

Depth.

Feet. 

165

180

240

Thickness.

Feet. 

5

3

4
COALS IN COWANSHANNOCK BASIN. 75

UPPER FREEPOET COAL. ' '

The Upper Freeport is a good coal throughout the basin and has a great extent of outcrop 

in the western half. In the eastern half it is under deep cover and lies nearly flat. At the 

Galbreath bank, northeast of Kittanning, No. 649, the seam has the following section:

Upper Freeport coal at Galbreath lank, No. 640, northeast of Kittanning'(PL VIII, 105}.

 . . Ft. in.

Coal, with knife-edge partings.................................................J.. 3

Bone.............................................................................. 2

Coal................................................................................ 10

Analysis No. 22 (p. 98) gives the composition of the coal at this bank. About one-half 

mile to the east, No. 650, is another opening, at which the seam has the following section. 

showing a great change from its excellent condition in the Galbreath bank:

Upper Freeport coal northeast of Kittanning, No. 650 (PI. VIII, 106).

Ft. in. 

Coal............................................................................... 2

Shale. ............................................................................. 2

Coal. ............................................................................. C

The coal has been worked in the ravine east of the old mill 1 mile above the mouth of 

Cowanshannock Creek, No. 651; and also at the Fritz bank about 1 mile to the south, No. 

652, where the seam presents the section given below:

Upper Freeport coal at Fritz bank, northeast of Kittanning , No. 658 (PI. VIII, 107.)

Ft. in. 

Coal................!.................................,........................... 2

Thin parting.

Coal ........................ .........................I.....................;..'.... 2

Thin parting.

Coal .............................................................................. 5

Parting ........................................................................... i

Coal ................................... ...:........................................ 1

Parting. ................. ....^......^.... ......................................... i

Coal ................:.............. A ............................................. 3

Parting. ......................................................................... v £

Coal.........'............................................,........................ 7

Parting. ....................'.................... ............'. ..................... J

Coal. ... ..................I.......................:............................;.. 2

Parting ........................................................................... 1

Coal ............................................................................... 0

Three-fourths mile southeast of the Fritz bank is an old opening, No. 653, and near by 

the coal makes a good showing in the road. At the Allison bank, on the Cleat-field pike 2 

miles east of Kittanning, No. 654, the following section is reported:

Upper Freeporl coal at Allison bank, east of Kittanning, No. 654 (PI- VIII, 108).

Ft. in. . 

Coal.............................................................................. 2 8

Coaly shale....................................................................... 2

2 10

The coal here is reported to swell locally to a thickness of 3 feet 10 inches. Near the 

Allison bank No. 655, the coal has been opened recently, and on the north side of the creek 

one-half mile above is an old opening, No. 656. In a ravine on the south side of Cowanshannock Creek three-fourths mile below Mill Run is a bank, No. 657, at which the coal is 

3 feet 4 inches thick, with occasional thin clay partings, and near this bank to the southward are old openings, Nos. 658, 659. In a ravine north of the creek opposite the one just
76 KITfANJSriisfG AND BUBAL VALLEY QtJADBANGLES, PA.

described the coal is of good thickness. Near the mouth is an old opening, No. 660, and a 

short distance north is the Stewart bank, No. 661, at which the following section was 

measured:

Upper Freeport coal at the Stewart lank, southeastern Rayburn Township, No. 661 (PI. VIII,

109).

Ft. in. 

Coal..............................................:.-...................:......... 2 4

Parting.

Coal.............................................................................. 10

. ; 32

. Near the head of this ravine is the Miller bank, No. 662, at which the coal is above the 

average thickness, as shown by the following section:

Upper Freeport coal at the Miller- lank, eastern Rayburn Township, No. 662 (PI. IX, 110).

Ft. in. 

Bone.............................,..........:..................................:. 3

Coal...........................:................................................. 2 2

Parting................'.......................................................... £

Coal......... .............................................:.................... 1 10

On the hillside south of Mill Run one-half mile above its mouth is an old opening, No. 663, 

and on the opposite side of the run to the east are several others, No. 664, indicating that 

considerable coal has been dug. On the hill one-half mile east of McNees is the Daniel 

Rosenberger bank, No. 665, at which the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal at the Rosenberger lank, Mill Run, No. 665 (PI. IX, 111).

Ft. in. 

Coal with two or three thin partings............................................ 8

Coal........:.............................-...-............-...--...-............ 2

Clay............................................................................. J

Coal.....................................................................:....... 11£

3 8

One-half mile south of McNees the blossom of the coal shows in the road, No. 666, and in 

a ravine one-half mile southeast of this point is an opening, No. 667, at which the coal is 

reported 4 feet thick. This opening is about 60 feet above the stream bed, where the Lower 

Freeport coal is exposed at No. 628, and this affords a good measure of the interval between 

the two seams. In the next ravine west of Blanket Hill near the crossing of the Indiana 

pike, No. 668, the coal is exposed in the road and 3 to 4 feet thick, and on the east side of 

the run, No. 669, the coal is opened and is 2 feet 1 inch thick (PI. IX, 112). The coal here is 

immediately overlain by the Mahoning sandstone, which is coarse and thick all over the 

region between this point and Cowanshannock Creek. To the north along the ravine is an 

old opening, No. 670, and about 1£ miles to the east near the head of Mill Run is another, 

No. 671. - .

In the McElroy well (316) southeast of Blanket Hill what is probably this coal is reported 

3 feet thick at the depth of 70 feet. Southeast of this well is the Blose bank, No. 672, at 

which the coal is 3 feet 5 inches thick (PI. IX, 113).

North of Cowanshannock Creek,, above the mouth of Mill-Run, the coal is worked on the 

J.'M. Schreckengost farm, No. 673, where the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal at the Schreckengost lank, eastern Rayburn Township, No. 673 (PI. IX,

114).

Ft. in. 

Coal.....'......................'.............................:.................... 3 2

Shale..........................................................................;.. 1 2

Coal.............................................................................. 4

4 8
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 279 PL. IX

I no.

Miller bank, 

I p. 76.

111.

Rosenberger 

bank, p. 76.

Total, V 3K".

117.

Stepp bank, 

p. 78.

Total, 4' 3K"

128.

South of 

Pine Furnace. p. 83.

Total, 

I

8' «$".

189.

Total, 2

135.

Kanunerdlener bank,

p. 91.

Total, S' 8".

141.

 112.

West of

Blanket Hill,

p. 76.

Total, 2-1".

113. 114.

Total, » 8".

118.

Total, 5' 6J{

124.

South of 

Echo, p. 83.

Total, S' 9".

130.

Southwest of

Goheenvllle,

p. 84.

Total, 8' 8".

136.

Reeseman

farm, p. 91.

Total, 4

142.

115.

MeG/regor 

bank, p. 77.

116.

Southeast of

Greendale,

p. 77.

Total, & 5".

Total, V W.

119.

Total, 5' 4K". 

125.

Total, 4'4 

131.

Total, 2' 10".

143.

Total, 4' 8". 

120.

Total, 4'.

126.

Mcilwaln and

Cook farms,

p. 83.

Total, 4' 1".

127.

Total, V 1".

132.

Austin bank, 

p. 90.

Total, 4'.

188. 139.

Southwest of

Oakland,

p. 91.

Total. 3' 9".

144.

Putney 

bank, p. 92.

145.

Northeast of

Oakland.

p. 96. '

Total, 3* 6K"

122.

Total, 3' 6M".

128.

ustin bank, Kuhns bank, Southeast of

p. 90. Goheenvllle, Goheenvllle,

^^^ P- 90- P- 91.

Total, 3'. |HI ^^

TotaL V 4^». Total. 3' 2M».

140.

146.

Old Boatonia 

mine. p. 96.

Totals' 9".

147.

Total, 3' 5"

Total, 4'. Total, 4'. Total. 4'5M"

COAL SECTIONS. 

Sections 110 to 147, Upper Freeport coal.
COALS IN COWANSHANTSrOCK BASIN. 77

The coal here is overlain by about 10 feet of shale and this in turn by Mahoning sandstone. 

One-half mile north of the Schreckengost bank is an old bank, No. 674, and still farther north 

is the McGregor bank, No. 675, where the following section was obtained:

Upper Freeport coal at the McGregor lank, Valley Township, No. 676 (PL IX, 115}.

Coal ................................. ..'.-. .......

Ft. iu. 

............. ................... 2 3

................................. }

................................. 10

9

........................:........ 2

In a ravine three-fourths mile east of the Rayburn-Valley boundaiy, on the Robinson 

farm, No. 676, springs were pointed out as indicating the outcrop of this seam, and near the 

head of the next ravine on the east, No. 677, another spring was believed to indicate its 

presence. Near the head of tlie ravine south of Cowanshannock Creek, 1 mile southwest 

of Stone House, No. 678, the coal has been stripped and a thickness of 1 foot 6 inches was 

exposed immediately beneath the Mahoning sandstone. On the opposite side of the spur 

to the north overlooking Cowanshannock Creek, No. 679, is an old opening...' On the crest of 

the spur between Spra Run and Cowanshannock Creek, No. 680, the coal has been opened and 

is reported 4 feet thick, but under too thin cover to be workable. In the northeast corner 

of Kittanning Township is an old opening, No. 681, and a bank, No. 682, the exact location 

of which is uncertain. Near the head of Spra Run is an old opening, No. 683, at which the 

coal is reported 2 feet thick. In the Collum well (321) near this point the coal is reported 

4 feet thick at the depth of 100 feet. Near the head of the ravine running north from Stone 

House is an old opening, No. 684, and a working bank, No. 685, on the Barker farm. Near 

the head of Long Run, No. 686, the blossom of the coal was observed where a ditch had been 

dug for a pipe line; on the spur 1 mile northwest of Greendale, No. 687, abundant ddbris 

of the coal was noted, and there is an opening at No. 688. About 1 mile north of Greendale is an old opening, No. 689, and a bank, No. 690, at which the coal is 3 feet 9 inches 

thick. Near the road in the ravine south of Cowanshannock Creek one-half mile above 

Greendale is an old bank, 691, at which the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal southeast of Greendale, No. 691 (PI. IX, 116).

Ft. in.

Coal....................................... .^.................. ................... 2 4

Parting........................................................................... J '

Coal:................................. r ........................................... 6

Parting........................................................................... J

Coal.............................................................................. 4£

Parting...............................'............................................ 1J

Coal.............................................................:................ 1&

Near the point of the spur north of this bank, No. 692, is a working bank, and on the east 

side of the spur, No. 693, is a bank on the Rosenberger farm, at which the seam is 3 feet 8 

inches thick. .. "

Proceeding up Huskins Run an old opening is reached, No. 694. Opposite on the east 

is a working bank, No. 695, and still farther up are three openings, No. 696, at which the 

coal is reported 4 feet thick. At Blanco are openings of the Yatesboro No. 1 mine, No. 697. 

In the ravine to the west of Blanco are old openings, No. 698, and just above at water 

level, No. 699, the blossom of the coal was seen. Farther west are the McCurdy bank 

No, 700, at which the coal is 4 feet thick, and the Stepp bank, No. 701, at which it is 4 feet;
78 KiTTAlSTNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADBANGLES, PA.

3£ inches thick (PI. IX, 117). A coal seam identified as the Upper Freeport has been 

penetrated in deep wells of this section of the basin as follows:

Upper Freeport coal in wells in Cowanshannock basin.

Name of well.

S. & A. McCurdy No. 1 (432) .....

S. & A. McCurdy No. 2 (431) .....

John Bell (419) ...................

N. H. Duff (421)..................

Caroline Fisher (423) .............

Depth.

Feet. 

155

159

360

285

294

75

Thickness.

Feet. 

4

5

5

Name of well.

A. A. Marshall (424) .............

W. C. Devinney (425). ...........

H. Wampler (441). ...............

Depth.

Feet. 

70

265

270

155

200

Thickness.

Feet. 

3

5

4

5

The Upper Freeport coal is mined on a large scale at Yatesboro by the Rochester and 

Pittsburg Coal and Iron Company. It crops out on Plum Creek about 2 miles south of 

Atwood, in the Elders Ridge quadrangle, and at a bank thicknesses of 2 feet 10 inches and 

3 feet 6 inches were measured. The coal is also shown to be of good thickness in a number 

of diamond-drill holes in that locality. Platt collected, samples from the Beers bank, in 

the vicinity of Blanco, which were analyzed with the.result shown in No. 28 of the table 

on page 98. At the Yatesboro No. 1 mine the following section was obtained:

Upper Freeport coal at Yatesboro No. 1 mine (PI. IX, US).

Coal.. v 

Parting. 

Coal.... 

Parting. 

Coal....

Ft. in. 

4 

-- 61.

3

4 4J

5 6|

The similarity of this section to the one given below, taken from Platt,« suggests that 

his section was measured at the same point:

Upper Freeport coal on the Caruthers property, west of Rural Valley (PL IX, 119).

Ft. in.

Coal.........

Slate........

Coal........

Slate (thin). 

Coal........

Slate........

Coal........

4

10

2 9

The coal undergoes a marked change in crossing the creek about 1 mile to the northeast, 

where it has the following section at the Yatesboro No. 2 mine:

' Upper Freeport coal at Yatesboro No. 2 mine (PI. IX, 120).

' Feet. 

Bony coal........................................................................... 1

Coal................................................................................ 3

This section is also almost identical with that published by Platt a of his so-called Gallitzin coal:

Upper Freeport (Gallitzin) coal at Patterson mine (PI. IX, 121).

Ft. in. 

............................... 1

............................... 3 1

4 1

0 Secgnd Geo}. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 91.
COALS IN PLNE CREEK BASIN. 79

Platt published an analysis of the coal at this bank, which is given in No. 27 of the table 

(p. 98). The seam mined at Yatesboro No. 2. is called Gallitzin by some, who maintain 

that it is 50 feet above the Upper Freeport coal, but, as shown on page 38 of this bulletin, 

that contention can hardly be sustained.

The Upper Freeport coal dips beneath water level at Yatesboro, and is at a considerable 

deptli below the surface throughout all .the southwest corner of the quadrangle. North 

of Cowanshannock Creek it is recorded in deep wells, as follows:

Upper Freeport coal in wells north of Cowanshannock Creek. 

Name of well.

Crow No. 1 (452) .'....'..... .....

Jerry Elgin No. 2 (460) ..........

William Schreckengost No. 1- (401)

Depth.

Feet.

282

 150

80

105

105

Thickness.

Feet.

2

4

4'

5

4

Name of well.

William Schreckengost No. 2 (403)

Kelly heirs (480) .................

Samuel Moore (485) .............

Depth.

Feet. 

90

100

150

230

80

Thickness.

Feet. *3

4

4

7

4

BRUSH CREEK COAL.

The Brush Creek coal is almost exactly 100 feet above the Upper Freeport coal in this 

locality, and occupies the position of the Gallitzin coal in Cambria County, as before noted 

(p. 38). This interval is shown in the record of the Brown well (473), north of Rural 

Valley, in which1 the deptli of the Brush Creek coal is 50 feet and that of the Upper Freeport 

coal 150 feet. This Brush Creek coal shows in the road, just east of Rural Valley, No. 702, 

and is about 1 foot thick. It was opened farther east, near the margin of the quadrangle, 

No. 703, and reported 1 foot 8 inches thick. It makes a good blossom along the road north 

of Smeltzer, No. 704.

COALS IN PINE CREEK BASIN.

BROOKVILLE COAL.

The Brookville coal makes a good showing in the road about 2 miles west of Oscar, 

No. 705, and what is probably the same coal is noted in the records of a number of wells 

in the basin, as follows:

Brookville coal in wells in Pine CreeTc basin.

Name of well .

J. & F. Powers (301) ..............

Stoops (503) ......................

Depth.

Feet. 

60

310

185

Thickness.

Feet. ' 2

5

3

Name of well.

A. Heffeltager (377) .............

,T. A. White No. 2 (510) ..........

Rebecca Martin No. 2 (514). .....

Depth.

Feet. 

 80

274

150

Thickness.

Feet. 

4

0

3

It is to be remarked concerning the last two wells that there is great uncertainty as to the 

identification of the coal noted, but it is thought to be of interest as well as of possible 

value to state the facts of depth and thickness, whatever the seam may be in each case.

CLARION COAL.

Nothing is known of the Clarion coal in this basin save possibly in the records of two 

wells, namely, the J. E. B. Mateer well No. 3 (370), on North Fork 1£ miles above the 

mouth of Bullock Run, and the J. W. Halderman well (512), below Muff. In the former 

a coal at the depth of 190 feet and in the latter a coal at the depth of 108 feet and 3 feet 

thick may be the Clarion seam.
80 KITTANNING AND RUEAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA

LOWER KITTANNING COAL.

The Lower Kittanning coal has a considerable extent of outcrop in this basin more, 

however, along South Fork than along North Fork. It is of good thickness near the mouth 

of the creek, but is immediately overlain by the Kittanning sandstone, which is coarse and 

20 feet thick. It has been opened'at a few points near the junction of the two forks, Nos. 

706 to 708. At the first point the coal is 3 feet thick and at the last two points are old 

openings now closed. On South Fork it probably outcrops at about water level from the 

junction of the forks to a point one-half mile west of Pine Furnace; then its outcrop fises 

to the axis of the Greendale anticline, whence it descends to water level one-half mile west 

of Echo. It. is exposed along two of the ravines northeast of Echo, running northward 

toward the axis of the Greendale anticline. The seam appears to be of good thickness 

along this stream, but little is known of its character. In the vicinity of Pine Furnace, 

No. 709, Platt reports the coal to be 2 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VI, 29). In the ravine on the 

north just above Pine Furnace, No. 710, the coal has been worked to some extent, and at 

J. W. Gillis's bank above Pine Furnace, No. 711, it is reported to be 4 to 6 feet thick, separated into two benches by a layer of clay 1 foot thick. This bank was unfortunately 

flooded and inaccessible at the time of the writer's visit and this made it impossible to 

examine the coal. The seam is opened north of Oscar, No. 712, and is 2 feet 11 inches 

thick (PL VI, 30), and still farther north is another opening, No. 713, now closed. One 

mile northeast of Echo is an old opening at road level, No. 714, that may be in this coal. 

One and a half miles southwest of Belknap, No. 715, and the same distance to the southeast, 

No. 716, are old pits in this seam. On North Fork the coal outcrops for one-half mile above 

the mouth; it is then under cover for 2£ miles across the Fairmount synclirie, and then 

outcrops again for 3 miles west of the axis of the Greendale anticline. But a single opening 

was noted, 1 mile east of Slabtown, No. 717. It is recorded in the following wells:

Lower Kittanning coal in wells in Pine CreeTc basin.

Name of well.

H. Slease No. 3. (358) ..............

MateerNo. 1 (374)................

J. A. White No. 2 (516) ...........

Depth.

Feet. 

260

160

80

210

140

Thickness.

Feet.

4

4

4

4

Name of well.

Stockdill'No. 2 (521). ............

John Snyder (522) ...............

Stockdill No. 3 (523) .............

Depth.

Feet. 

150

104

100

100

Thickness.

Feet. 

3

4

3

2

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL.

The Middle Kittanning seam promises to be of value in the eastern part of Pine Creek 

basin. Its blossom shows in the road north of the junction of North and South forks, No. 

718. On North Fork it has been stripped at the mouth of a ravine on -the north 1£ miles 

west vof Slabtown, No. 719, and it is here about 2 feet thick. South of Slabtown, No. 720, 

the seam is exposed by the roadside and is apparently 3 feet thick. About one-half mile 

west of Muff, No. 721, is a good blossom apparently made by this seam. On the north 

branch of South Fork above Echo this coal becomes of considerable importance. Platt« 

published the following section obtained at a bank on the Kline farm, between Echo and 

Belknap: . o

Middle Kittanning coal on Kline farm, between Echo and Belknap (PI. VII, 46}.

ti- Ft- inCoal............................................................................. 3 5

Slate?. ........................................................................... 1

 '' ' Codl.::...'.:..:..............:..............^..................................... 1 7

Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Reptt H§, p. 115,
COALS IN PINE CEEEK BASIN. 81

The location of this opening can not be determined with certainty from Plait's description, but it is possibly just north of the road 1$ miles above Echo, No. 722, where there is 

an old bank at which the coal is reported thick and where it appears to have been rather 

extensively dug. Near the point just described is a working bank, No. 723, in which the 

coal is good and 2 feet 8 inches thick (PI. VII, 47). 0n the opposite side of the branch to 

the south is an 51d opening, No. 724, and about three-fourths mile farther up the branch, 

No. 725, is another old bank at which the coal is reported 2 feet 4 inches thick. Still farther 

up the branch, 1| miles west of the quadrangle boundary, near the point where the coal 

goes under the stream, No. 726, is an old opening at which the coal is reported 5 feet thick, 

and on the south side of the branch opposite, near railroad level, are a number of old openings, No. 727. These workings indicate that the Middle Kittanning seam is of minable 

thickness over a considerable area along the north branch of South Fork of Pine Creek. 

What appears to be this coal is noted in the following wells in the Pine Creek basin:

Middle Kittanning coal in wells in Pine Creek basin.

Name of well.

William Wadding (500) ...........

Depth.

Feet. 

125

170

220

Thickness.

Feet. 

5

. Name of well.

Concord Church (524) , near Muff.

Joseph Clever No. 2 (525) ........

1

Depth.

Feet. 

190

100

Thickness.

Feet.

2

UPPER KITTANNING COAL.

The Upper Kittanning coal is of good thickness in this basin as far east as Pine Furnace 

and Slabtown. It has been opened at two points near the junction of the forks of Pine 

Creek, one of which is in the ravine to the north, No. 728, where it is close beneath the 

Freeport sandstone and apparently about 3 feet thick, and the other is near the road on the 

point of the spur between the two forks, No. 729. There is a large blossom at two points 

in the road along South Fork, Nos. 730 and 731, and a thickness of 2 to 3 feet of coal is 

indicated.

In the ravine just beyond, the coal has been opened at two points, Nos. 732 and 733, and 

also in the raviu.e to the south, No. 734. About one-half mile farther up the creek, No. 

735, is an old mine at which the coal was extensively mined for coke for use at Pine Creek 

Furnace. One-half mile above this are two old workings, No. 736. It is probably at the 

eastern one of these that Platt« obtained the following section:

Upper Kittanning coal at Pine Furnace (PI. VII, 55).

Coal..............'..

Slate and bony coal. 

Coal................

Ft. in. 

. 1 10 

1 

9

2 8

Mr. John Painter, superintendent of the works at Pine Creek Furnace, reports the coal 

to be of good quality, but expensive to mine because it is cut'out to considerable extent 

by the overlying Freeport sandstone, which appears to be heavy over much of this region. 

The coal mined at these points was coked in open pits at the furnace with good results. 

This seam was regarded as the Lower Freeport, but its' stratigraphic relations indicate 

rather that it is Upper Kittanning. In .the ravine on the north just above Pine Creek 

Furnace, No. 737, the coal is exposed and is about 2 feet thick. There is an old opening 

on the east side of Deaver Run, No. 738, that is probably in this coal, .and at the head of the

"Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 123, 

Bull. 279 06 6
82 KITTAHNING AND BUBAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

run, Nos. 739 and 740, the coal is partly exposed and appears to be over 1 foot thick. On 

the road southwest from Oscar the coal shows at No. 741, and near by is an old pit. At 

Echo this seam is of minable thickness and considerable coal is taken out at the Beck bank, 

No. 742, at which the following section was measured:

Upper Kittanning coal at the Beck bank, Echo, No. 743 (PI. VII, J56).

Coal.......................................

Coal ..................... ...............

Ft. in. 

..................................... 1 4

...................................... 1 3

2 8i

Beyond this point nothing further is known of the coal in outcrop on South Fork. On 

North Fork it has been opened beneath the Freeport sandstone at the mouth of Bullock 

Run, No. 743, and is over 2 feet thick. In the road north of Slabtown, No. 744, its outcrop indicates a thickness of 2 feet, and just across the ravine to the east is an old opening, 

No. 745, at which it is reported 2 feet 6 inches thick. Just south of Slabtown, No. 746,' 

and still farther south opposite the head of Deaver Run, No. 747, are old openings. A 

seam identified as Upper Kittanning is reported in the following wells:

Upper Kittanning coal in wells in Pine Creek basin.

Name of well.

Ben Hill No. 1 (468). . ............

Depth.

Feet.

149

110

Thickness.

Feet. 

3

5

Name of well.

N.H.Rupp (501).................

Depth.

Feet. 

165

100

Thickness.

Feet. 

5

4

It is highly probable that there is a workable body of Upper Kittanning coal of considerable extent between the forks of Pine Creek west of a line connecting Slabtown and 

Oscar, and this may be connected with the workable area in the vicinity of Rural Valley.

LOWER FREEPORT COAL.

The Lower Freeport coal does not appear to be present in any thickness in the lower 

part of this basin. Its blossom was observed, however, in the road north just above the 

junction of the two forks, No. 748, and in the road on the point of the spur between the 

two forks, No. 749. In the ravine south of Pine Furnace it makes a good showing in the 

road, No. 750, and it has been dug in a western branch of the ravine on the north just above 

Pine Furnace, No. 751, where considerable coal d6bris shows in the stream and the Lower 

Freeport limestone underlies the coal. In the second ravine on the south above Pine 

Furnace is an old opening, No. 752, and on the point of a spur 1 mile east is another, No. 

753. Along Deaver Run it has been opened on the east, No. 754, and near the head of 

the run, No. 755, it is exposed in the road and is 2 feet or more in thickness. Its blossom 

was seen in the road one-half mile south of Oscar, No. 756, and 1 mile east it has been 

opened on the hillside, No. 757, and is 2 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VIII, 72) two miles east, 

in the ravine south of Echo, are openings, Nos. 758, and 759. Just north of Echo it shows 

in the road, No. 760, and still farther north, No. 761, is a bank at which the coal is 2 feet 5 

inches thick. On the ridge between this ravine and the next on the east the coal makes 

a large showing in the road, No. 762.

On North Fork it was observed near the mouth of Bullock Run, No. 763, 6 inches thick, 

but nothing was seen of it between this point and the vicinity of Muff, where it reappears 

on the hills to the north. It makes a large showing at several points on the hills northwest 

of Muff, Nos. 764 to 766, and has been opened on the ridge to the northeast, No. 767. 

Nothing definite, however, was learned concerning the thickness and character of the seam 

in this locality.
COALS IN PINE CREEK BASIN. 83

UPPER FREEPORT COAL.

The Upper Freeport coal appears to be generally good throughout the basin. South of 

South Fork it has been worked to some extent in a ravine west of Pine Furnace. There 

is an old bank, No. 768, and a working bank on the Daugherty property, No. 769, at 

which the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal at the Daugherty bank, southwest of Pine Furnace, No. 769 (PI. IX, 122}.

Ft. in. 

Coal..............................'..........-.-.:-. '... :.............................. 2

Bone............................................................................. J

Coal.............................................................................. 11J

BOIIG............................................................................. 2

Coal..................................'...:........................................ 6J

At an opening in the ravine south of Pine Furnace, No. 770, the coal is 2 feet to 2 feet 

3 inches thick (PI. IX, 123) and one-half mile south, No. 771,-the coal is exposed in the 

road and is 2 feet or more thick. The coal in this ravine is overlain by sandstone and 

shows a great thinning between this locality and the Daugherty bank. Near the head of

the ravine just northeast of Pine Furnace, No. 772, abundant coal ddbris, clay, and springs 

indicate the position of the seam. Near the head of Deaver Run, No. 773, its blossom 

was seen in the road. Near the point of a spur just west of West Valley, No. 774, an 

opening had been started, but had not been driven in beneath rock cover. About 1 foot of 

coal was exposed and fragments of limestone had been thrown out, indicating that the 

coal is Upper Freeport. At the head of the ravine to the east, No. 775, the coal was 

reported m the cellar of a house. On the point of a spur 1 mile northeast is an old opening, No. 776, 50 feet above an opening into the Lower Freeport coal. One mile southwest of Oscar are two old openings, Nos. 777 and 778, and just over the divide beyond the 

coal makes a good showing in the road, No. 779. Near the head of a ravine about 1$ 

miles east of Oscar, No. 780, is an old opening, and at the head of the next ravine to the 

east, south of Echo, No. 781, is a bank at which the coal is 3 feet 9 inches thick (PI. IX, 

124). Still farther east in the ravine followed by the railroad to Yatesboro is Cook's bank, 

No. 782, at which the coal has the section given below:

Upper Freeport coal at Cook's bank, southeast of Echo, No. 782 (PL IX, 125).

Ft. in. 

Coal, slaty....................................................................... 10

Parting.......................................................................... J

Coal. .............................................................................. 3 G

4 4£

At the Carson bank three-fourths mile west of Bryan, No. 783, 2 feet 10 inches of coal 

were seen and the coal is reported 4 feet to 4 feet 2 inches thick; just across the branch 

to the north is an old opening, No. 784, and in a ravine to the northwest, No. 785, is 

another. Somewhere in this neighborhood, apparently, Platt« obtained the following 

section:

Upper Freeport coal at Mcllwain farm and at Cook farm, Echo (PL IX, 12G).

.Ft. in. 

Coal............................................................................... 3 8

Slate.............. '................................................................ 1

Coal................................................................ 1.............. 4

4 1

On the spur 1 mile north of Oscar, No. 786, the seam is worked and is 4 feet thick (PI. 

IX, 127). . '

Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 111.
84 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

In the road north of Echo, No. 787, the blossom of the coal was seen, and on the ridge 

farther north, No. 788, the coal is opened at two points, at one of which, on the Brown & 

Mosgrove property, the coal is 4 feet thick with irregular thin partings. On the knob 

three-fourths mile southeast of Muff, No. 789, is a bank and a little to the east of this point 

the coal makes a large showing in the road, No. 790. On knobs 1 to 2 miles east of Muff 

the coal is present and of good thickness. At No. 791 it makes a good showing in the road, 

and on the knob about tl mile east is a bank, No. 792. The Freepdrt limestone outcrops 

in the road at No. 793, and the blossom of the coal shows in the road to the north, No. 794. 

On a knob north of North Branch, 2 miles northeast of Echo, No. 795, the coal makes a 

large showing in the road. One mile farther east, No. 796, the Freeport limestone is 

reported hi a well and near by is a prospect pit for the coal. Little could be learned of 

the coal south of North Branch. In the side valley above Echo clay and springs were 

observed, Nos. 797 and 798, that probably indicate the position of the seam; 1 mile to the 

northeast, No. 799, its blossom was seen; just to the north of this point, No. 800, is an 

old pit; and one-half mile farther north on the north side of the spur, No. 801, coal debris 

was seen that may come from this coal, though the position is rather low. Near the head 

of North Branch the coal shows near the stream level, No. 802, to the north the coal makes 

a good showing in the road, No. 803, and near by, No. 804, are two banks at one of which 

the coal is 4 feet thick (PI. IX, 128).

Just over the hill from this point, in the Mahoning basin, No. 805, is another old opening 

associated with a limestone quarry. There is doubt as to whether the coal is present, as 

mapped, beneath the flat land just to the southwest of the last-described points, but the 

structure and topography seem to indicate that it is, though it is probably under too thin 

cover and too much weathered to be of any value. On the knob to the west, No. 806, the 

coal is exposed in connection with a limestone quarry, and on the knob southwest of this 

point, No. 807, there is another limestone quarry and probably the coal is present, but under 

thin cover.

On North Fork of Pine Creek the coal has been opened in the ravines north of the junction 

of the forks, Nos. S08, 809. In the road on the point of the spur between the two forks, 

No. 810, the coal is exposed and about 1 foot 6 inches was seen. On Bullock Run the coal 

has been opened at several points, Nos. 811 to 814. At No. 811 is a working bank beneath 

the Mahoning sandstone; at the other'points are old workings. At the bank the following 

section was obtained:

Upper Freeport coal on Buttock Run, No. 811 (PI. IX, JS9}.

Coal ........................................

Parting. ....................................

Coal..............................;.........

Coal........................................

Parting .....................................

Coal ........................:...............

Ft. in. 

...................................... 6

...................................... 2

...................................... J

....................................:. 3

...................................... j

...................................... 1 7

On North Fork about 1 mile above the mouth of Bullock Run the blossom of the coal 

was seen in the road on the south, No. 815, and in the ravine just above on the north its limestone is quarried, No. 816, and its blossom was seen, Nos. 817 and 818. In the ravine next 

eastward the. coal has been opened in several places, Nos. 819 to 823. At No. 823 it is 3 

feet and at No. 821 it is 3 feet 8 inches thick (PI. IX, 130). It also shows in the road at No. 

824. About 1 mile northeast of Slabtown it shows in the road, No. 825, and has been opened 

at No. 826. In the G. W. Sowers well (384) at this point the coal was penetrated at the 

depth.of 80 feet and reported 4 feet thick. Oh the knob three-fourths mile south of 

Slabtown, No. 827, is a bank and on the knob 1£ miles northeast, No. 828, is an old opening. East of Muff the coal occurs only in small patches on the tops of the highest knobs, 

the last outlier being on the high knob at Concord Church, in which are two banks, Nos. 

829 and 830. At the latter, known as the Bowser bank, the coal is 4 feet 4 inches thick 

(PL IX, 131).
COALS IN MAHONING BASIN. 85

BRUSH CREEK COAL.

The Brush Creek coal shows at a few points along the ridge road in the vicinity of West 

Valley, Nos. 831 to 835. At these points a thickness of 2 feet or more is indicated. At the 

first is an old pit that may have been dug in search of this coal, but probably is too low 

for it.

COALS IN THE MAHONING BASIN. 

BROOKVILLE COAL.

The blossom of the Brookville coal was seen in the road north of Dee, No. 836, and a 

thickness of 2 feet is indicated. In the valley near the road crossing east of Kellersburg, 

No. 837, the coal is apparently over 1 foot thick. It reaches a good development along 

the upper part of Mahoning Creek within the quadrangle. At the mouth of the ravine 

known as Sandy Hole, which enters Mahoning Valley about 2 miles below Putneyville, 

No. 838, the coal is exposed and exhibits the section given below:

Brookville coal below Putneyville, No. 838 (PI. VI, S).

Coal......................

Shale.....................

Coal... ...................

Ft. in. 

........................................................ 1 5

........................................................ 1

........................................................ 1 5

3 10

About 1 mile below the mouth of Sandy Hole, No. 839, a coal 4 feet thick, with an 8-inch 

parting in the middle, which is evidently Brookville, is reported near creek level. In ; the 

bluffs at the point of the big bend below Putneyville, No. 840, this coal has been faced .up 

by Mr. Miles Putney, and shows the following section:

BrookviUe coal at the big bend below Putneyville, No. 840 (PI. VI, 4)-

Ft. in.

Coal.............................................................................. 1 3

Hard binder...................................................................... 8

Coal.......................;...................................................... 2 5

This coal is very hard, brittle, and lusterless. Nothing is known as to its- chemical 

composition or fuel qualities. Near the dam at Putneyville, No. 841, this coal has been 

dug to some extent. South of Eddyville it has been opened in a ravine, No. 842, and on the 

Bittinger property on Camp Run farther south, No. 843. At the last point two benches 

are reported, the upper of which was worked. In the Daniel West well (535), 3 miles south 

of Eddyville, this coal was reported 6 feet thick at 129 feet, and in the Conrad Berline well 

(529), east of Belknap, it is reported 3 feet thick at 139 feet. Northeast of Eddyville on 

Pine Run, No. 844, the coal is exposed in the bank of the ravine below the road. At 

this point it shows the same section as given above, but has dwindled to less than half the 

thickness.

BwokviUe coal on Pine Run, No. 844 (PI- VI, 5).

Ft. in. 

Coal.............................................................................. 10

Hard binder...................................................................... 2

Coal.............................................................................. 8

Still farther up Pine Run, just below McWilliams, No. 845, a hard, brittle coal is exposed 

at the base of a heavy sandstone. About 2 feet was seen. It is probably the Brookville. 

These observations indicate the probability of a good body of this coal along upper Mahoning Creek, and the further fact that what appears to be this same bed is noted of good 

thickness in several wells on North Fork of Pine Creek below Muff, as already described, 

suggests the possibility that the bed underlies the intervening territory. The indications 

would appear to justify prospecting at least.
86 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

CLARION COAL.

The Clarion coal was noted at only a few points and everywhere as a thin bed. It shows 

in the road north of Dee, No. 846, and in the ravine east of Deanyille it is exposed and is 

1 foot thick. In the W. H. Kuhns well (395), at Goheenville it is reported 2 feet thick 

at the depth of 90 feet. It is apparently of no value in this basin.

LOWER K1TTANNING COAL.

The Lower Kittanning seam varies much in thickness in different parts of the Mahoning 

basin. It is mined at the Mahoning colliery north of Mahoning, and at a bank about onehalf mile north of this point, No. 847, the seam is 2 feet 8 inches thick (PI. VI, 31). Analysis No. 2 (p. 98) is of a sample of the coal from this locality. About the head of the ravine 

southeast of Widnoon are a number of old banks, Nos. 848 to 851. On the east side of 

this ravine, No. 852, is a new opening in which the coal is 2 feet thick. The opening has 

not been driven deep enough, however, to obtain the full thickness of the seam. Near by, 

No. 853, is an old opening. In a ravine three-fourths mile southeast of Dee, No. 854, 

the coal is exposed beneath dark shale, and is 2 to 3 feet thick. Along Scrubgrass Creek 

the coal is near water level as far east as Goheenville. There is evidence that it has been 

stripped at the mouth of a ravine on the south 2 miles above the mouth, No. 855, and just 

above No. 856, the coal is exposed at creek level at the mouth of a ravine on the north and 

is 2 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VI, 32).

The coal at this point is immediately overlain by about 30 feet of soft black shale and 

that in turn by a heavy sandstone, a section that is characteristic of the locality. About 

three-fourths mile below Goheenville, No. 857, the coal is 2 feet 2 inches thick (PI. VI, 

33), and is opened beneath black shale, which is overlain by 20 feet of heavy sandstone. 

It was noted in the following wells in the vicinity of Goheenville:

Lower Kittanning coal in wells near Goheenville.

Name of well.

J. Brosius No. 2 (397) ..................................................................

J. P. Kaminerdiener (392) .............................................................

Depth.

Feet.

289

260

35

Thickness.

Feet.

4

4

4

At Goheenville is an old pit, No. 858, and 1 mile east of town the blossom of the coal 

was seen in the road, No. 859. Near Kellersburg is an old opening, No. 860, and a working 

bank on the Bish farm, No. 861, at which the section below was measured:

Lower Kittanning coal at the Bish lank, Kellersburg, No. 861 (PI. VI, 34).

Bone ........................................

Coal ........................................

Coal ........................................

Ft. in. 

...................................... 5

...................................... 1 2

...................................... J

...................................... 1 2

2 9J

The miner at this bank reported that the seam yielded on the average not over 2 feet of 

good coal. At the head of the valley east of Kellersburg are two old openings, Nos. 862, 

863. Near the mouth of the ravine south from Deanville, No. 864, the coal was exposed 

in a side ravine to the thickness of 1 foot 6 inches. The coal was not seen between the 

mouth of this ravine and Mahoning Furnace, but in the ravine to the north of that point 

it shows as a thin bony bed, No. 865. Its blossom was noted 1$ miles to the southwest of 

Mahoning Furnace, No. 866. Near the mouth of Sandy Hole, below the big bend at Putneyville, the coal has been worked on the Schreckengost property, No. 867, but the opening was
COALS IN MAHONING BASIN. 87

flooded and the writer could not examine the coal. The seam was reported to yield only 

about 1 foot 8 inches of good coal, which is said to be-excellent for steaming purposes. In a 

ravine northwest of Putneyville, No. 868, the seam is reduced to 6 inches in thickness, but 

at the forks of Cathcart Run north of Putneyville, No. 869, the coal is reported on good 

authority to be 2 feet 6 inches thick. At Foreman's bank southeast of Putneyville, No. 

870, the coal is 3 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VI, 35).

This shows a great improvement in the coal from its condition below Putneyville. The 

coal undergoes a great change one-half mile to the south of Foreman's bank, where the 

following section was exposed in the road, No. 871:

Section in road near head of run in the southeast corner of Motioning Township, No. 871.

Feet. 

Coal................................................................................ 2

Clay................................................................................ C

Limestone.......................................................................... 2

Shale........................ i...................................................... 5

Coal..'............................................................................{to j*

Clay................................................................................ 0

Shale............................................................................... 4

Sandstone.......................................................................... 1

Shale............................................................................... 1

Sandstone.......................................................................... 3

Coal..................................:............................................. 1

Shale............................................................................... 10

Concealed........................................................................... 10

1 Vanport limestone.

It is somewhat difficult to interpret such a section as this. The lower and middle coals 

fall within the usual limits of the Lower Kittanning coal above the Vanport limestone, but 

the upper coal is higher above the limestone than the Lower Kittanning is known elsewhere 

in the quadrangle, yet the interval is less than that known between the Vanport limestone 

and the Middle Kittanning coal. The assumption, therefore, that these thin beds really 

represent the Lower Kittanning coal split into three benches seems the most probable. 

Such cases are known to occur elsewhere in this and other seams, and may be the result of 

local rapid deposition of sediment during the accumulation of the coal seam which interrupted the continuity of the accumulation.

On the bluff of the Mahoning 1 mile southeast of Eddyville, No. 872, is an old opening 

and about 1 mile to the south the coal shows in the road, No. 873. On the forks of Camp 

'Run it has been opened at several points, Nos. 874 to 876, and its blossom shows at Nos. 

877 and 878. On the hill overlooking the gorge of Glade Run, No. 879, is an old bank at 

which the coal is reported 3 to 4 feet thick, and 1£ miles northeast on the bluff of Mahoning 

Creek is another opening, No. 880. In the Jewell heirs well (532), on the brow of the south 

bluff of Mahoning Creek, the coal is reported 3 feet thick at 36 feet, and in the A. H. West 

well (533) near by it is reported at 28 feet. On the hill, 1 mile south of Eddyville, No. 880, 

the coal has been opened and is reported 3 feet thick, and a short distance northeast is 

another old opening, No. 882. About 1$ miles northeast of Eddyville, near the quadrangle 

margin, No. 883, is a working bank at which the coal has the following section:

Lower Kittanning coal northeast of Eddyville, No. 883 (PI. VI, 36).

Coal ........................................

Coal. .......................................

Ft. in. 

.................................... 6

.................................... 1 G

.................................... 8

.................................... 8
88 KITTANNING AND EUEAL VALLEY QUADEANGLES, PA.

Near by, No. 884, is an old opening. East of Charlestown, near the margin of the Rural 

Valley quadrangle, No. 885, the blossom of the coal shows in the road and indicates a thickness of 1 to 2 feet, and west of Charlestown is an old opening, No. 886. Toward the head 

of Little Mudlick Creek the blossom of the coal shows at a number of points, Nos. 887 to 

889: still higher is an opening, No. 890, at which the coal is 2 feet thick, and just above is 

another old opening, No. 891. On the whole this coal seems to be variable and of uncertain 

value across the central part of this basin from Putneyville to Dee, but of greater thickness 

and value to the east from Charlestowu to Belknap.

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL.

Very few indications of the Middle Kittanning coai were noted in the Mahoning basin.

It makes a good showing in the road on the point of the spur south of Mahoning Furnace,

' No. 892, and is reported to have been opened and found 3 feet thick in the vicim'ty. On the

ridge southwest of Eddyville, No 8H3. \?. an did op^niijor m this coal and just south, No. 894,

its blossom was seen in the road.

UPPER KITTANNING COAL.

In the upper portion of this basin the Upper Kittanning seam is locally of great thickness. 

It is also present between Widnoon and Kellersburg, but nothing definite was learned about 

it in that locality. About 1 mile east of Widnoon is an old pit, No. 895, that appears to be 

in this seam. Southwest of Deanville, No. 896, it was seen in a ravine below 10 feet of flaggy 

sandstone and it outcrops in the road near by. At both points it appeared to have a thickness of 2 feet. Below the road southwest of Goheenville, No. 897, is an old opening probably 

in this coal. On the hill 1 mile south of Eddyville is an old opening, No. 898, at which this 

coal is reported 3 feet thick. It is best developed, however, in the ravine of Cathcart Run 

north of Putneyville and on the east side of Little Mudlick Creek. . At the former place the 

seam reaches a thickness of 15 feet in the Brooks bank, No. 899, and is composed of two 

benches of cannel coal or shale and two of bituminous coal, as shown in the section below:

Upper Kittanning coal at Brooks lank, No. 899, near the head of Cathcart Run north ofPutneyvittea (PI VII, 57).

Bituminous coal ...............................

Bituminous coal ...............................

Ft. in. 

................................. 5 1

................................. 1

( 10 ................................. jto7 

................................. 2

f 8 11 

\to 15 1

An analysis of the cannel shale at this bank is given in No. 11 of the table on page 98. On 

the east side of Little Mudlick Creek the coal is of better quality than elsewhere and it has 

been worked for years at the Thompson and Wynkoop banks, in which the seam has the 

section given below:

Upper Kittanning coal at Thompson bank in Little Mudlick Creek a (PI. VII, 58).

Ft. in.

Slate roof.......................................................................

Bituminous coal............................'.................................... 4

Cannel................................ : .................:..........:............{to °

Bituminous coal................................................................ 1 11

f 5 11 

\tol3 11 

See analyses Nos. 12, 13, and 14 (p. 98).

oPlatt, W. G., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 178.
COALS IN MAHON1WG BASIN. 89

Upper Kiitanning coal at Wynkoop bank, Little Mudlick Creek a (PI. VII, 59.)

Slate roof. Ft. in. 

Bituminous coal. ............................................."................. 2 2

Cannel coal ...": ............................................................... .-L0 g

Bituminous coal. . ......................................................... -L0 ^ .

4 8 

to 9 2

The exact location of these banks is not known to the writer, but there is a bank, No. 900, 

on the east side of Little Mudlick Creek about 2 miles below where it crosses the quadrangle 

boundary, that may be one of them. At any rate the bank is in the general locality in 

which this seam reaches the good development shown in the sections.

East of Charlestown, and probably off the quadrangle, this seam is found to thicken up 

again over a small area. It has been worked at a bank on the Jacob Schieck farm where the 

section is similar to those given above. &

Platt, writing twenty-five years ago, stated that this seam had not been found on the 

west side of Pine Run in the vicinity of Charlestown and McWilliams, though diligent search 

had been made by the farmers of that locality, nor had it been found on the west side of 

Little Mudlick Creek. The present writer found nothing indicating any. recent discovery 

of the coal in these areas.

It seems likely, therefore, that the seam as developed at the Brooks, Thompson, and Wynkoop banks is of small extent, 'not persisting through the hill from the Brooks bank to the 

west side of Little Mudlick Creek, nor from the Thompson and Wynkoop banks to the valley 

of Pine Run on the east. Whether the seam extends from the region of the Bostonia mine 

near New Bethlehem to that of the Brooks bank with anything like the thickness existing 

at those places is unknown, but the presumption is against such a conclusion. As will be 

shown later (p. 94) the greatest thickness at Bostonia in the Redbank basin south of New 

Bethlehem persists only along the main heading, while on the cross headings it thins out 

rapidly. Platt describes the thick coal on the east side of Little Mudlick Creek as lying in a 

series of troughs running in a northeast-southwest direction and thinning on each side in 

the transverse direction, a feature that is well shown in the Thompson bank, where the main 

entry is driven in a southeast direction across the troughs and the intervening rolls. At the 

mouth of the entiy the cannel is only a few feet thick, while at a distance of 100 feet from 

the pit mouth it thickens to 8 feet and the floor of the seam descends a corresponding amount. 

From this point the floor rises along the main entry, the cannel thins gradually and finally 

disappears, leaving only the two bituminous benches which have united at the level of the 

top of the seam. In the center of this depression side headings have been driven off from 

50 to 100 feet, but no thinning of the cannel occurred. In other workings in this vicinity 

the bituminous bench has been worked across the comparatively narrow ridge and into the 

next adjoining trough on the southeast.

It thus appears that in these limited areas of special thickening the increase in thickness 

is due to the development of a lenticular bed of cannel which lies above a bench of bituminous coal or is intercalated between two "benches of the same. In all cases the roof of the 

seam is said to form a nearly regular surface, while the increased thickness of. the seam where 

the lenses of cannel are present is accommodated by depressions in the floor of the seam.

As shown above, the lateral extent of these troughs is comparatively limited; their longitudinal extent, so far as the writer is aware, has in no case been determined. Nor is it 

known whether there may not be other deposits of a similar nature in this region that do not 

crop out and have never been discovered. These matters could only be determined by 

diamond drilling or by following out the seam under the surface.

oPlatt,W. G., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 178. & Platt, op. cit., p. 182.
90 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

LOWER FREEPORT COAL.

Generally the Lower Freeport is not an important coal in this basin. It was mined below 

the coke yards at Mahoning Furnace, No. 901, and Platto measured the following section 

there:

Lower Freeport coal at Mahoning Furnace, No. 901 (PZ. VIII, 73).

Ft. in. 

Coal............................................................................ 2

Slate........................................................................... 2

Coal..........................................i................................. 1 8

3 10 

See analysis No. 18 (p. 98) for the composition of the coal at this point.

Platt states that the coal is so loaded with pyrites as to be worthless, and mining was abandoned. North of this point, near Oakland, No. 902, the coal shows in the road and is about 

2 feet thick. In a ravine about 2 miles southeast of Mahoning Furnace, No. 903, about 3 

feet of the seam is exposed, and it is reported 5 feet thick. About one-half mile northwest 

of this point the coal yields a large blossom in the road, No. 904. On the point of the sharp 

spur south of Mahoriing Furnace, No. 905, it has been worked and is reported from 4 to 5 

feet thick. In the John Brosius well No. 2 (397), northwest of Goheenville, the Lower Freeport coal is reported 5 feet thick at a depth of 94 feet, and in the Brosius well No. 1 (398) it 

is 4 feet thick at a depth of 90 feet.

About 1 mile east of Goheenville the coal has been opened near the road, No. 854. Onehalf mile northwest of Belknap the coal makes a good showing in the road, No. 907, as it 

also does at points farther northwest, Nos. 908 and 909. On theSmullen farm, which from 

description appears to be near the head of Cathcart Run, the coal was found 3 feet 1 inch 

thick in a diamond-drill hole. About 1 mile west of the mouth of Little Mudlick Creek, 

No. 910, this coal shows in the road, and near by it was reported 3 feet 5 inches thick in a 

diamond-drill hole. It shows again in the road west of Little Mudlick Creek, No. 911. On 

the high knob in the northeast corner of the quadrangle is an old opening, No. 912. East 

of Little Mudlick Creek it shows in the road over the ridge to Charlestown, No. 913, and is 

from 1 to 2 feet thick. Just across the ridge to the east, No. 914, it also shows and along 

the ridge to the northeast on the little knob by the roadside, Nos. 915 and 916, fragments 

of coal were seen that probably came from this seam.

While this coal may be locally of considerable thickness in certain parts of the basin, it 

would appear from the foregoing description that it is very irregular and generally too thin 

to be of value.

UPPER FREEPORT COAL.

The Upper Freeport coal is the most important coal of the basin. Although it has been 

eroded from large portions of the area crossed by the Kellersburg anticline on the west and 

by the Greendale anticline on the east, it underlies large tracts along the axis of the Fairmount syncline and outliers of considerable size flanking the syncline on both sides. This 

coal was formerly mined to a considerable extent in a ravine about 1 mile southeast of 

Dee, No. 917, and coked for use at Stewardson Furnace, which was located at Dee. (See 

analysis No. 23, p. 98.) In the next ravine to the south of Scrubgrass Creek is a working 

bank, No. 918, and on the spur to the north is an old pit,-No. 919. On the Robert Thompson property, south of Scrubgrass Creek, 1£ miles above its mouth, No. 920, is an old stripping at which coal is.reported 3 feet thick and of good quality, and one-half mile to the east 

is the Austin bank, No. 921, at which the coal is 3 feet thick (PI. IX, 132).

Three-quarters of a mile east of the Austin, bank is an old opening, No. 922; on the north 

side of the creek opposite the Austin bank, No. 923, is another, and 1£ miles to the east is the 

Kuhns bank, No. 924, at which the coal is 3 feet 4£ inches'thick (PI. IX, 133). In the J. M. 

Halderman well (396), just to the east of the Kuhns bank, the coal is reported 3 feet thick 

and 40 feet deep.

"Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 160.
COALS IN MAHONING BASIN. 91

South and southeast of Goheenville are four banks, Nos. 925 to 928; at No. 928 the thickness 

is 3 feet 2$ inches (PI. IX, 134). East of Goheenville is an old opening, No. 929, a bank, No. 

930, at which the coal is 3 feet 6 inches thick, and the Peter Kammerdiener bank, No. 931, 

at which the coal is 3 feet 8 inches thick (PI. IX, 135). One-half mile northwest of the 

Kammerdiener bank is an old bank, No. 932, and a good showing in the road, No. 933; threefourths mile east of the Kammerdiener bank is another working bank, No. 934. On the 

knobs in northern Wayne Township, between Belknap and Putneyville, are working banks 

Nos. 935, 937, and 940, and abandoned banks, Nos. 936, 938, and 939. In this vicinity 

Platt a obtained the section below:

Upper Freeport coal on John Reesemanfarm, near McCrea Furnace (PI. IX, 136).

Ft. in. 

Coal.............................................................................. 2 3

Slate.............................................................................. 1J

Coal................................................................'............'.. 1 8

There are a few small outliers of this coal on the knobs south of Kellersburg and on one is 

a bank, No. 941, at which the coal is 2 feet 10 inches thick (PI. IX, 137). On the knob threefourths mile farther south is an old opening, No. 942. On the ridge west of Deanville the 

coal shows in the road, No. 943; across the ridge to the east, No. 944> is an old opening, and 

another on a little knob just west of Deanville, No. 945. Southward from Deanville the 

coal shows in the road at No. 946. There is an old opening at No. 947, a blossom at No. 948, 

another old bank at No. 949, and a working bank, No. 950. North of- Deanville is an old 

bank, No. 951, and about three-fourths mile farther north is Reedy's bank, No. 952, at which 

the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal at Reedy's lank, No. 95%, Deanville (PL IX, 138).

Ft. in. 

Bone...............................................................;.'.............. 1§

Coal ................................................................................ 3' 2J

Parting ....................................:...................;. ...... .,,..... .... j

Coal................................................................................ 1

4 4J

North of Reedy's bank is an old prospect pit, No. 953, and an old bank, No. 954. Along 

the ridge above Redbank Creek at the point of Anthonys Bend the coal shows in the road, 

No. 955; a short distance east is a bank, No. 956; a little way to the south is an old opening 

No. 957, and at the head of the ravine one-half mile farther south is a working bank, No. 958, 

at which the coal is 3 feet 9 inches thick, with a few thin, irregular partings (PI. IX, 139). 

On the ridge about one-half mile west of Oakland is an old pit, No. 959, at which the coal is 

reported 4 feet thick. Just south of Oakland are two old banks, No. 960, and about threefourths mile south is a working bank, No. 961, at which the following section was measured:

Upper Freeport coal south of Oakland, No. 961 (PI. IX, 140).

Coal ............................................

Parting (thin) .

Parting (thin) . 

Coal ............................................

Parting (thin) . 

Coal ............................................

Ft. in. 

.................................. 9

.................................. 1 1

................................... 1 1

.................................. 10

3 9

One mile south of Oakland is a bank on the Doverspike farm, No. 962, and across the 

ridge to the east is an old opening, No. 963. Near the southern point of the ridge over-

« Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 146.
92 KITTANNING AND EURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

looking Mahoning Furnace is a working bank on the Falk farm, No. 964, at which the 

following section is shown:

Upper Freeport coal at the Falk,bank near Mahoning Furnace, No. 964 (PI- IX, 1^1}.

. . Ft. 

Coal...................... ......................................................... 3

Bony coal........................................................................... 1

4

On the point of the spur to the northwest of Mahoning Furnace is the old mine, on the 

Colwell property, No. 965, that supplied coal for the coke used at the furnace. Platto 

reports the coal here 3 feet 11 inches thick. His analysis of a sample of the coal from this 

mine is No. 25 of the table on page 98. On the road up the bluff of the Mahoning, 2$ miles 

southwest of Mahoning Furnace, No. 966, is a working bank at which the coal is 3 feet 5| 

inches thick, with a few thin, irregular clay seams (PI. IX, 142). Just around the point of 

the hill in the next ravine to the east, No. 967, are old openings, and on the sharp spur south 

of Mahoning Furnace, No. 968, the coal shows in the road. Still farther east, in the northwest corner of Wayne Township, it shows in the road at No. 969, and in a ravine at No. 970 

it was reported stripped .at one time. Just east is an old opening, No. 971. Northeast of this point, at the.head of the ravine known as Sandy Hole, No. 972, is a bank on the 

Smith farm, at which the coal is 3 feet 10 inches thick (PI. IX, 143). About 1 mile southeast 

of the Smith bank is another, No. 973. On the knobs south of Putneyville the coal makes 

a good showing in the road, No. 974; a little to the north is an old bank, No. 975, and on 

the knob to the north of the last-named point is the Saxman bank, No. 976, in the last outlier of the coal in this direction. . .

On the ridge north of Mahoning Creek, about 1 mile west of Putneyville, is a bank, No. 

977, and in the ravine to the north is an old opening, No. 978. Farther east in the road 

northwest of Putneyville, No. 979, the coal shows below the Mahoning sandstone, which is 

here 40 feet thick. On the point one-half mile northwest of Putneyville is the Putney bank, 

No. 980, at which the coal is 3 feet 5 inches thick (PI. IX, 144).

About 1 mile north of Putneyville is a bank, No. 981, at which the coal is 3 feet 9 inches 

thick, with sporadic partings of clay of little importance. At the head of the ravine to the 

north, No. 982, is an opening, probably into the Fairmount No. 4 mine. West of Little 

Mudlick Creek, No. 983, the blossom of the coal was seen. About 3 miles farther northeast, 

No. 984, the blossom was seen at two .points, and there is a bank near by, No. 985. The 

seam just catches in the top of the high hill in the northeast corner of the quadrangle and 

has been opened within 30 feet of the top, No. 986. Along the ridge between Little Mudlick Creek and Pine Run the coal was noted at several points, Nos. 987 to 991. Beginning 

about 1 mile north of Mahoning Creek and proceeding northward these observations were 

as follows: At No. 987 is an old opening, at'No. 988 a working bank, at No. 989 is another 

old opening, at No. 990 is an outcrop indicating a good thickness, and at No. 991 are fragments and the coal was reported present.

COALS IN THE REDBANK BASIN. 

POCONO COAL.

The whole series of coals from the Pocono up is represented in this basin. The underclay 

of a Pocono coal is opened at the mouth of Rock Run, No. 992, and the coal is represented 

by.the overlying black shale. Just north of the quadrangle and west of Leatherwood station two thin seams of impure coal of Pocono age are exposed in a railroad cut.

MEECEE COAL.

What is probably the Mercer coal shows just above the railroad crossing south of Lawsonham, No. 993, where it is in two benches, separated by fire clay, the upper of which is 6 

inches and the lower 2 inches thick. At the clay pits south of Climax, No. 994, the coal is 

1 foot 6 inches thick. It is nowhere known to be of value in the jegion.

o Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 160.
COALS IN EEDBANK BASIN. V6

BEOOKVILLE COAL.

The blossom of the Brookville coal was noted south of Redbank Creek, near Shannon, 

No. 995. It is partially exposed in the road about midway between Widnoon and Lawsonham, No. 996, as a coal or coaly shale 1 to 2 feet thick, and its blossom was seen in the road 

one-half mile farther north, No. 997. It is not known to be of workable thickness in the 

basin.

CLARION COAL.

The Clarion coal was noted as a 6-inch layer in a shale cut by the road three-fourths 

mile south of New Bethlehem, No. 998. It is not known to be of value in the basin.

LOWER KITTANNINQ COAL.

The Lower Kittanning coal is a very valuable bed in the lower part of the basin. Openings were seen at several points north of the creek in the Kittanning quadrangle, Nos. 999 

to 1001, and south of the creek 1 mile south of Shannon is a working bank, No. 1002. At 

Cingler's bank, in a ravine about 1 mile northwest of Widnoon, No. 1003, this seam is .4 

feet thick (PL VI, 37). By the road, 1£ miles north of Widnoon is a bank, No. 1004, and 

across the ridge to the west is an old opening, No. 1005. South of Redbank Creek, east 

of Lawsonham, is an old opening, No. 1006, and a bank on the Duncan property, No. 1007, 

at which the coal is 4 feet 1 inch to 4 feet 6 inches thick (PI. VI, 38). North of Redbank 

Creek, east of Lawsonham, are old openings, Nos. 1008 to 1010. In a ravine 1J miles west 

.of Kellersburg is a bank on the Maginnis property, No. 1011, at which the coal is 3 feet 9 

inches thick (PI. VI, 39). In the Maginnis well (408) this coal is reported 4 feet thick and 

85 feet deep, and in the D. 0. Collen well (407) near by it is reported 5 feet thick and 185 

feet deep. Within 1£ miles north of Kellersburg the coal is known at a number of points 

as follows: At Nos. 1012 to 1014 are banks; at No. 1015 is a blossom; at No. 1016 is a bank 

at which the coal is reported generally poor, being from 1 foot 6 inches to 3 feet thick, and 

at No. 1017 is an old opening. This coal was next noted in the bluff overlooking the creek 

at Anthonys Bend, No. 1018. At this point the deterioration in the character of the 

Lower Kittanning seam, beginning in the vicinity of Kellersburg, has apparently reached 

its culmination, as is shown by the following section:

Lower Kittanning coal at Anthonys Bend (No. 1018), (PL VI, 40~).

Shale. .. ...:........................................

Coal.................................................

Shale. ..............................................

Coal ............................................;...

Shale ..............................:...............

Ft. in.

............................. 3

............................. 10

............................. 2

............................. 4

............................. 3

............................. 1

East of the narrows at Climax there are old openings, Nos. 1019 and 1020. Nothing 

was seen of this seam between this point and the Fairmount No. 5 mine, east of New Bethlehem, near the quadrangle boundary, No. 1021. At this mine the coal shows a return to 

its normal thickness in the Allegheny Valley and is 3 feet 1 inch thick (PI. VI, 41). The 

Lower Kittanning coal has been extensively mined immediately north of the quadrangle 

in this locality and is known by the fanciful name of the Fishbasket vein. Just north of 

the quadrangle, in the ravine 2 miles east of the west boundary of Redbank Township, the 

coal was noted and appears to be about 2 feet thick.

MIDDLE KITTANNING COAL.

The middle Kittanning coal was noted only north of the creek, west of Lawsonham, 

in the Kittanning quadrangle, where there is an old pit, No. 1022.
94. KITTANNING AND EUEAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

UPPER KITTANNING

The Upper Kittanning coal is present over a large area along the Kellersburg anticline in 

the northwest corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle. It does not appear to be of minable 

thickness, however, though it may be so in limited areas. At Widnoon, No. 1023, its blossom was noted, and it was reported to have been struck in digging the cellar of a house, 

and to be 1 foot 6 inches thick. It shows in the road 1 mile to the north, No. 1024, and is 

apparently 1 foot thick. Its blossom was noted along the road south from Widnoon, No. 

1025, and in the road about 1 mile to the northeast, No. 1026. It reaches dimensions of 

importance, however, only farther east. In the road near Anthonys Bend on the southwest, No. 1027, is an old bank, and farther east, presumably somewhere east of the narrows, 

was the Anthony mine, of which Platt « published the following section :

Upper Kittanning coal at the Anthony mine, east of the narrows, Mahoning Township

(PL VII, 60).

Tt. in.

Cannel slate ...................................................................... G

Soft slate and bony coal ......................................................... 4

Coal. ............................................................................ 3 6

At the Bostonia mine, 2 miles south of New Bethlehem, in Mahoning Township, an effort 

was once made to mine this seam on a commercial scale, but the effort was a failure. This 

mine was located somewhere in the vicinity indicated by No. 1028. Franklin Platt & 

published the following section of the coal at this mine, which he identified as the Lower 

Freeport:

Upper Kittanning coal at the Bostonia mine, south of New Bethlehem (PI. VII, 61).

Feet. 

Cannel slate.........................................................................

Cannel coal......................................................................... 8

Bituminous coal.................................................................... 2

10

He describes the canriel bench as holding its thickness along the main entry, but thinning to nothing along the cross headings, so that beyond the limits of the cannel bench 

the seam consists only of the 2-foot bituminous bench. P.latt& published analyses 

by McCreath of samples of the different benches of coal at this mine, which are given in 

the table on page 98. (See analyses Nos. 8, 9, and 10.)

Platt c expressed doubt whether the cannel of this region, including the localities on 

Cathcart Run and Little Mudlick Creek, hitherto described, is to be regarded as a true cannel coal, and called it a cannel slate with a conchoidal fracture. In addition to the conchoidal fracture it is without luster. It thus possesses the physical characters by which 

cannel coal is usually defined. Further, that it is a coal and not a slate is conclusively 

shown by the following analyses:

"Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 198. 

& Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H, p. 240. 

c Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. H5, p. 179.
COALS IN EEDBATSTK BASIN.

Analyses of cannel coal.

95

Ash.................................................

No. 1.

27.00

59.60

1.30

12.10

No. 2.

53. 132

37. 830

1.610

6.750

No. 3.

52. 306

32. 665

.040

13. 345

No. 4. '

46. 194

30. 490

.510

22. 230

No. 5.

52. 757

37. 930

1. 120

6.705

1. Breckenridge cannel of Kentucky.

2. Cannel bench at the Thompson bank.

3. Upper cannel bench at the Brooks bank.

4. Upper cannel bench of the Bostonia mine.

5. Upper bituminous bench of the Thompson bank (see section, p. 88). ' 

Analysis No. 4 is of a sample of what is probably the poorest grade of cannel of the 

region under discussion, yet it contains over 76 per cent of combustible matter, while the 

cannel from the Brooks bank contains over 85 per cent, and that from the Thompson bank 

over 91 per cent of combustible matter, so that it is certainly inadmissible to call any of 

this cannel a slate. It is a coal which in some places contains an unusually high percentage 

of ash. In the cannel from the Brooks bank, however, the percentage of ash is but little 

greater than in the Breckenridge cannel coal of Kentucky, which may be taken as a typical 

cannel, while the cannel from the Thompson bank contains a much smaller proportion of ash 

than the Breckenridge coal. So far as content of ash is concerned, then, most of the Upper 

Kittanning cannel in this region differs little from well-recognized cannel coals of other regions, 

assuming, of course, that the above analyses fairly represent its character. There is, however, one marked difference between this cannel and a typical cannel, and that is in the 

relative proportions of fixed carbon and volatile hydrocarbons. Nearly all coals with the 

physical qualities of cannel contain 45 per cent or more of volatile hydrocarbons and a 

smaller amount of fixed carbon. In the Breckenridge cannel the volatile matter is more 

than twice that of the fixed carbon. In the cannel of this region, on the contrary, the fixed 

carbon runs about one and one-half times the amount of volatile matter. In this respect, 

therefore, the cannel coal in question is not entitled to the name. It differs in no way 

from the vipper bituminous bench of the Thompson bank, the composition of which is 

shown in analysis No. 5, above. In fact, except for its high percentage of ash in some cases, 

it is almost identical in character with most of the bituminous coal from the other seams 

of the region, as may be seen by a study of the analyses'given in the table on page 98. It 

might be best described by saying'that it is a coal with the physical characters of cannel 

and the chemical composition of a more or less impure bituminous coal of the ordinary 

type of the region. Judging from the analyses of this coal there appears to be no reason 

why it would not make a good fuel for local use, where the disposal of the ash is not a factor 

to be considered. It could not serve the ordinary purposes of a cannel coal. It is too 

poor in hydrocarbons to use in the manufacture or enrichment of illuminating gas or for 

the distillation of oil, and probably it does not burn so freely in an open gVate as cannel 

coal. Furthermore, on account of its high percentage of ash it would not command as 

high a price in the market as the purer coals, with vyhich it would have to compete, and 

there is therefore no probability of its being mined on a commercial scale so long as the 

better coals of the region are unexhausted. It will doubtless continue to be for some time 

a source of local supply for domestic use.

LOWER FEEEPORT COAL.

The Lower Freeport coal is of importance only in the upper part of Redbank basin, 

where it has considerable extent as a workable bed. It is, however, "ubject to great variations in thickness within rather narrow limits. In the road south of Anthonys Bend, No. 

1029, it shows a thickness of 2 feet. East of New Bethlehem, near the margin of the quadrangle, is the Fairmount No. 3 mine in this coal, and a little farther east is the Fairmount
96 KITTANNING AND RUKAL VALLEY QUADBANGLES, PA.

No. 2 mine, with the opening just north of the quadrangle. At the latter mine the coal is 

3£ to 4 feet thick, but very badly cut up by clay veins. In this region the interval between 

the Upper and Lower Freeport coals is 40 feet. No. 18 of the table (p. 98) is an analysis 

by McCreath of a sample of this coal from the neighboring Bostonia mine, probably 'near 

that in the Upper Kittanning seam, No. 1028. At the Oak Ridge No. 2 mine, in the western part of Redbank Township, about 1 mile south of the north boundary of the quadrangle, 

a thickness of 4 feet 6 inches was measured (PI. VIII, 74). This is an exceptional thickness, and the seam is reported much cut out and too thin to mine at the south end of the 

property. East of the Oak Ridge mine this coal has been opened on the Kunselman property, No. 1030.

UPPER FREEPORT COAL.

The Upper Freeport coal has been eroded from the region west of Oakland. Just north 

of Oakland are" two banks, Nos. 1031, 1032. About 1 mile northeast of Oakland is a new 

opening of the Fairmount Mining Company, No. 1033, at which the coal is 4 feet thick 

(PI. IX, 145).

The Redbank Mining Company, which operated in this locality many years ago, worked 

the Upper Freeport, as well as the Lower Freeport and Upper Kittaning seams. Their 

mine was known as the Bostonia. Platta published the following section of the Upper 

Freeport at this mine:

Upper Freeport coal at Redbank Mining Company's mine, Bostonia (PI. IX, 146}.

Ft. in. 

Bony coal......'..................................-..............................-. 6

Slate.............................................................................. 3J

. Coal................................................................................ 3 8

(See analysis No. 24, p. 98, for the composition of the coal at this mine.)

4 5J

About one mile south of New Bethlehem is an opening of the Fairmount No.^4 mine, No. 

1034, and just south of town is an old bank, No. 1035. The seam here is seriously affected 

with "rock faults," which have been encountered throughout the extent of operation, 

covering an area of at least 2 square miles. The coal has the usual maximum thickness 

of 4 feet, but it does not hold this thickness far in any direction. In a few feet or rods it 

thins to a few inches or disappears entirely, its place being taken by the shale of the roof. 

This peculiarity is illustrated by figs. 7 to 10 below.

FIG. 7. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show thinning and disappearance of

coal.

FIG. 8. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show variations of coal and its relations to clay and shale.

ogecpnd Gepl. Survey Pennsylvania, Rept. H5, p. 192.
COALS IN REDBANK. BASIN? 97

FIG. 9. FIGFIG. 9. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show thinning and absence of clay. 

FIG. 10. Section across main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show rapid thinning.

In a short distance the coal reappears at the lower level of the seam and rapidly regains 

its full thickness. At other points the coal terminates abruptly, as shown in fig. 11. These 

changes are repeated over and over-in all ____ ____ _ ; __.__ _ _

directions so that the seam is composed of 

irregular deposits of coal alternating in the 

horizontal direction. It seems probable that 

the vegetal matter of the coal accumulated 

in irregular areas of small size which were 

surrounded by water in which clay was simultaneously being deposited, for there are 

evidences along the lateral contact of the 

shale with the coal of an interflngering of the

FIG. 11. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show abrupt ending 

of coal.

two substances, as if both were accumulating at the same time. This interfingering is 

shown in figs. 12 and 13.

FIG. 12. FIG. 13. 

FIG. 12. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show interflngering of coal and clay

and relations of coal, clay, and shale. 

FIG. 13. Section along main heading of Fairmount No. 4 mine, to show interfingering of coal and shale.

The only other explanation that, seems at all probable is that the vegetal matter accumulated uniformly over the whole area and was subsequently eroded by currents of water in 

the places now occupied by shale, but it is difficult to conceive how erosion could have produced such irregularities as exist over so large an area. The form and arrangement of the 

shale deposits replacing the coal certainly do not suggest such an origin. At any rate it is 

evident tha.t the present condition of the coal seam in this locality is due to accidents of its 

original accumulation and not to any subsequent upheaval of the rocks or to volcanic 

action, as some have supposed. On account of this supposition operations have been 

pushed southward in the hope of reaching improved conditions in the coal to the south of a 

ravine cutting the property. It is of course quite possible that better conditions may exist 

south of the ravine, but it is evident that there is no possible connection between the character of the coal seam and any features of surface relief. These features came into existence 

ages after the character of the coal seam was fixed.

East of the Fairmount mines are those of the Oak Ridge Mining Company. Oak Ridge5 

Nos. 3 and 5 mines are working this seam. At the latter mine the Upper Freeport coal is 

3 feet 5 inches thick (PI. IX, 147). South of these mines is an opening, No. 1036, probably of one of the Fairmount mines. On the Kunselman property to the east of the Oak 

Ridge mines is an old opening, No. 1037.

Bull. 279 06 7
98 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

Analyses of coals in the Kittanning

No.

1

?

3

4

fi

7

8 

9

in

1.1

19

13

14

Ifi

16

17

18

19

20

?1

??,

?3

?4

M

26

?7

2R

Name of seam.

.....do.............

.....do....... .

.....do.........

....'.do....

.....do.............

Upper Kittanning. 

.....do........

.....do......... .

.....do...........

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do..........

.....do........

.....do.........

Lower Freeport . . .

.....do.............

.....do..........

.....do..........

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do............

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do.............

Locality.

AVest AVinfleld . .

Buffalo Mills, near 

county line.

nock Creek.

Bostonia, south of New 

Bethlehem.

.....do..................

.....do..................

Little Mudlick Creek..

.....do..................

.....do..................

Cowansville.............

Bostonia........... .

rangle.

North Buffalo postoffice.

1 mile east of Ewing. . . .

(Dee).

Mahoning Furnace.

Mosgrove. ..............

Owner.

Co.

Redbank Mining Go., 

cannel bench, analysis 

' No. 1.

cannel bench, analysis 

No. 2.

bituminous bench.

bench, bituminous.

die bench, cannel.

bench, bituminous.

Colwell's mine. ....

Co.

Analyst.

' S.o

232). 

A. S. McCreath (H5, p.

287).

A. S. McCreath.........

A. S. McCreath (H.,p. 

240).

.....do..................

.....do..................

A. S. McCreath (H5,p.

180). 

.....do..................

.....do..................

.....do..................

« 123). 

A. S. McCreath (H5, p.

94). 

W. F. Schaller, U. S. G.

S.«

161). 

A. S. McCreath (H5, p.

192).

262).

.....do..................

A. S. McCreath (H5, p.

171).

193). 

A. S. McCreath (H5, p.

160).

A. S. McCreath (H5, p.

91). 

A. S. McCreath (H5, p.

92).

NOTE. H and H5 in 

sylvania.

"Collected by J. S. Burrows. 

'Analyst" column refer to reports of the Second Geological Survey of Perm-
ANALYSES OF COALS. 99

and Rural Valley quadrangles.

Fixed 

carbon.

50. 83

49. 080

48. 747

 53. 59

49 19

52.97

52. 032

40. 194 

49. 815

52. 7.10

52. 300

52. 575

53. 132

54. 482

58. 301

53. 224

53.34

50.205

53.900

50.200

51. 37

49.78

55. 545

53. 001

54. 990

51.13

53. 509

57. 179

Volatile 

combustible.

30. 19

42.550

42.720

35.09

32.93

37.00

38. 205

30. 490 

31 080

39. 120

32. 005

 37. 930

37. 830

"3 A A(\K.

34. 185

34. 270

31.73

37. 110

35. 940

29.00

31.05

35. 520

35. 940

34. 810

34.22

30. 995

37.800

Moisture.

2.20 

1.180

' 1.100

1.01

3.19

1.89

.900

.510 

.730

1.050

.040

1.120

1.010

.810

1.820

.910

2.97

1.070

1.090

1.430

2.17

2.72

1.470

1.840

1.450

2.30

1.020

1.140

Ash.

10. 78 '

4.585

5. 005

9.71

14.09

8.08

5.140

22.230 

17. 320

3.880

13. 345

0.705

0.750

9.055

4.705

9.285

11.90

8.330

5.040

5.710

17.40

15.85

0.030

6.820

7.090

10.70

5. 775

2.790

Sulphur.

63. 35

1.999

2.313

64.02

(-7.32

64.41

3. 003

.570 

.435

2.034

1.044

1.388

.078

.588

.989

2.211

63.51

3.225

3.380

2.819

62.58

64.00

.835

1.739

1.054

1.05

2.461

1.031

Phosphorus.

.0061

.0092

.0084

Total.

100. 00

100. 0001

100. 00

lOOrOO

100.00

100. 00

100. 00

100. 00 

100. 980

100. 00

100.00

100. 00

100.00

100.00

100. 00

100. 90

100. 00

100. 0992

100. 00

100. 00

100. 00

100.00

100. 00

100. 00

100. 00

100.00

99. 820

100.00

Color of 

ash.

Slightly

red.

groy.

gray.

Reddish

gray.

gray.

....do...

gray.

Yellowish gray.

....do...

....do...

Coke (per 

cent) .

SO. 270

56. 120

00. 835

59.23

00. 095

00. 850

00. 500

04. 725

03. 995

01. 820

62. 370

.58. 735

-

63. 010

62. 220

63. 740

. 61. 981

61. 000

Character of 

coke.

porous.

Poor. . . . 

....do...

Good...

Fuel 

ratio.

1:1.44

1:1.17

1:1.14

1:1.52

1:1.49

1:1.42

1:1.51 

1:1.54

1:1.34

1:1.60

1:1.39

1:1.40

1:1.58

1:1.70

1:1.55

1:1.02

1:1.35

1:1.50

1:1.20

1:1.77

1:1.57

1 : 1. 50

1:1.49

1:1.58

1:1.48

1:1.45

1:1.51

6 Sulphur separately determined.
100 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

ANALYSES OF

In the foregoing tables, pages 98, 99, are a number of analyses of samples from the various 

coal seams of the quadrangles. With two exceptions these samples were collected in the quadrangles. Several of the analyses were made by A. S. McCreath, of the Second Geological Survey 

of Pennsylvania, and published in Report H5 on Armstrong County. The remainder were 

made by various chemists of the United States Geological Survey. These latter analyses 

present considerable differences from those made by McCreath. They are higher in fixed 

carbon and much higher in ash and sulphur. On the other hand they run much lower in 

volatile hydrocarbons. The fuel ratio is also much higher. These differences may be 

accounted for in part on the assumption that the two sets of samples were selected differently. The samples collected in the present survey were taken by cutting a section from 

the face of the seam about 1 inch deep and 2 inches wide, then thoroughly pulverizing this, 

dividing it into quarters, and rejecting opposite quarters. This process was repeated 

until the sample was reduced to a convenient quantity. In taking the samples such partings were rejected as are rejected in mining, so that they fairly represent the character of 

the seam. It seems not improbable that the specimens analyzed by McCreath were selected 

after the coal was mined, and therefore do not so fairly represent the seam as a whole. If 

this assumption is correct, it would explain the differences in the proportions of ash and 

sulphur.

ACREAGE AND AMOUNT OF UPPER FREEPORT AND IOWER KITTANNING SEAMS.

In the Kittanning quadrangle the total area underlain by the Upper Freeport coal is 

about 69,000 acres and in the Rural Valley quadrangle about 66,000 acres, making a total 

of 135,000 acres. In the former quadrangle the area of Lower Kittanning coal is 123,000 

acres, and in the latter it is 117,000 acres, making a total of 240,000 acres.

In the Kittanning quadrangle the Upper Freeport coal is known to be too thin to mine 

in some localities, as appears from the details already given. It is not believed however, 

that the total area of such localities is large. It may amount to 10 per cent of the whole, 

or approximately 7,000 acres. Deducting that from the total leaves 62,000 acres of minable 

coal. In the Rural Valley quadrangle the whole area of Upper Freeport coal is minable, 

so far as known. This would make the total area of minable Upper Freeport coal in the 

two quadrangles 128,000 acres. According to reports from the various mines in the region, 

this seam yields 3,500 to 5,500 tons of run-of-mine coal to the acre, with an average in 5 

mines reporting of 4,330 tons per acre. Accepting 4,000 tons per acre as a conservative 

estimate of the yield per acre of this seam in the quadrangles and the acreage as 128,000, 

as estimated above, the total minable coal in the Upper Freeport seam in the quadrangles 

would be 512,000,000 tons of run-of-mine coal.

In the case of the Lower Kittanning coal the territory of the quadrangles may be divided 

into two parts by a line drawn from Kellersburg southwest through Kittanning. West of 

this line all observations point to the fact that this seam is everywhere minable. This 

territory embraces the 123,000 acres of Lower Kittanning coal in the Kittanning quadrangle 

and nearly 11,000 acres of its area in the Rural Valley quadrangle, making 134,000 acres in 

all. The mines working the seam in this area report an average yield of 4,833 tons of runof-mine coal to the acre. Allowing 4,500 tons as a moderate estimate', the total minable 

Lower Kittanning coal in this area would be 603,000,000 tons of run-of-mine coal. East 

of the line described above the value of the Lower Kittanning coal is more problematical, 

as is shown in the foregoing descriptions of the coals. According to all observations, however, the seam rarely falls below 2 feet in thickness and over a considerable part of the 

region it is known to be 3 feet thick, or over. Taking into consideration all actual observations in connection with such scattering and more or less unreliable measurements of the 

coal as are given in deep-well records, it is a fair estimate that the seam will average 2 

feet 6 inches of minable coal over the area of 106,000 acres remaining after deducting the 

11,000 acres mentioned above. Actual reports would indicate that each foot in thickness 

of this coal will yield something over 1,000 tons per acre.

Taking 1,000 tons, however, as a safe estimate, the territory under consideration will
DISPOSITION AND USE OF COAL. 101

yield 2,500 tons per acre. That would give 265,000,000 tons available coal in the Lower 

Kittanning seam in the Rural Valley quadrangle east of the line described above. This 

makes a total of 868,000,000 tons of Lower Kittanuing coal in the quadrangles and a grand 

total of 1,380,000,000 tons in the two seams under consideration. To this must be added 

the coal available in the other seams. With the exception of certain areas of Lower Freeport coal, these seams are so inconstant in thickness that reliable estimates of the amount 

that they contain can not be made. / The foregoing description and the map will, it is hoped, 

assist prospectors and others interested in estimating the coal resources of special areas to 

reach a fairly accurate conclusion as to their value. The figures given above include the 

coal actually recoverable by the mining methods now in vogue.

DEVELOPMENT.

Comparatively very little of the coal of these quadrangles has been taken out. Mining 

operations on a commercial scale have until recent years been confined to the river region 

from Mahoning northward, where the Lower Kittanning has been worked. A considerable 

quantity of coal was taken out for coking at several points during the days when iron 

smelting was an industry of the region. These operations were confined largely to the 

Upper Freeport coal at East Brady, Mahoning Furnace, and Stewardson Furnace, and to 

the Upper Kittanning coal at Pine Furnace. The Upper Freeport has also been rather 

extensively mined at Kittanning.

At present mining operations are more active and a number of well-equipped mines are 

working the Upper Freeport and Lower Kittanning seams. In the vicinity of Karns the 

Enterprise mine is working the Upper Freeport. At Kaylor the Great Lakes Coal Mining 

Company has opened six mines, four in the Lower Kittanning and two in the Upper Freeport. A railroad has been built connecting with the Bessem'cr Railroad in Butler County, 

and mining on a large scale is^now in progress in that locality. The Keystone, 

Monarch, Avondale, and Riverview mines are operating in the Lower Kittanning in the 

northern part of the quadrangles. The Mahoning colliery is mining the same seam at 

Mahoning. East of New Bethlehem are the mines of the Fail-mount Mining Company and 

the Oak Ridge Mining Company. Both companies have well-equipped plants and are 

mining the Upper and Lower Freeport seams. At Cowansville is a mine in the Lower 

Freeport from which considerable coal is taken. At Mosgrove the Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Company has a large mine in the Upper Freeport. At Kittanning the Kittanning Clay 

Manufacturing Company is taking out a good deal of coal from the Lower Kittanning. At 

Yatesboro are the two mines of the Cowanshannock Coal and Coke Company; these are 

well-equipped plants mining the Upper Freeport coal on a large scale.

CONDITIONS OF MINING.

The conditions seem to be favorable to mining in these quadrangles. /All parts are easily 

accessible along the side valleys of the Allegheny and the problem of transportation is a 

simple .one. The coal seams are generally overlain by shale and underlain by clay, which 

are fairly easy to remove, and the shale makes a comparatively stable roof. There are, of 

course, areas of greater or less extent for which the above statement will not hold as to one 

or another seam, but on the whole it is believed to be true. The geologic structure of the 

quadrangles is also relatively simple, the dips are low, and at many points large bodies of 

coal can be taken out with but little expense for haulage. It is believed that in locating 

mines it will be found advantageous to consider the structure or lay of the rocks as it is 

delineated on the map.

DISPOSITION AND TTSE OF COAL.

The greater part of the coal minedjn this region is shipped to New York, New England, 

and Canada, and used for domestic and steam purposes, for which it is reported excellent. 

The coal is too low in volatile matter and contains too much impurity, especially in the 

form of sulphur, for gas making. As before stated, coal from the Upper Freeport seam 

was used for coke at the Mahoning and Stewardson furnaces. It was said to make rather
102 KIT-TANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

tender coke, but suitable for the light burdens of the furnaces. The coke contained sufficient phosphorus to damage the iron for some purposes. At Pine Furnace the Upper 

Kittanning coal was coked in open pits. It is probable that by the better methods practiced at the present day the coke from the Upper Freeport coal could be much improved 

in quality and made to answer the purpose of smelting the native ores.

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS.

HISTORICAL STATEMENT. 

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY.

As will be seen by the accompanying map (fig. 14), these quadrangles lie in the belt of oil 

and gas producing territory extending from southwestern New York to northern West

FIG. 14. Map of the oil- and gas-bearing regions of the northern Appalachians. Light areas, gas;

dark areas, oil.

Virginia. For the past thirty years petroleum has, therefore, been a most important 

source of wealth in the western and northwestern part of the Kittanning quadrangle. The 

oil-producing territory is almost entirely confined to the eastern tier of townships in Butler 

County and to Bradys Bend Township, in Armstrong County. Outside of this territory 

oil has been noted in very small quantities in an occasional gas well, but so far as known
PETROLEUM AND NATUKAL GAS. 103

to the writer it is produced in only two wells and these are very light. They are located, 

one on the Hupp and the other on the Brown farm, near the southeast corner of Rayburn 

Township, in the Rural Valley quadrangle. The first oil wells in the Kittanning quadrangle 

were drilled in 1873 at Karns. Developments proceeded rapidly, and by 1875 the most 

productive parts of the quadrangle had been discovered and drilled over. Much of the territory was enormously productive at first, the yield of individual wells ranging from 100 

to 2,000 barrels per day. One well near Chicora, though possibly not in the quadrangle, 

is reported to have produced 150,000 barrels of oil in nineteen months. At first, the wells 

flowed, but as the flow decreased they were pumped, and as production diminished still 

further, torpedoing was resorted to in order to keep up the production. Since the early 

days the yield has steadily diminished, until now it is but a small part of the original amount. 

Many of the wells drilled at that time, however, are still pumping small quantities of oil. 

Drilling has never fully ceased in the region. Additional small pools have been developed, and between the main pools many wells have been drilled which would have been 

unprofitable in the early days, but which, with cheaper methods of drilling and production 

and careful management, yield fair returns. It seems probable that tLere are small areas 

of such territory in the quadrangle still awaiting the drill and that, while the palmy days 

of the industry have passed, oil will long continue to be an important though constantly 

diminishing source of wealth in this quadrangle.

. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATURAL-GAS INDUSTRY.

Since sometime in the eighties the production of natural gas- has been an important 

industry in the quadrangles. Gas was first encountered in drilling for oil. It was for a 

time allowed to go to waste, but as soon as its value for fuel and power and its suitability 

for use in various lines of manufacturing came to be appreciated, and methods of handling 

it were developed, active operations began in search of gas itself. These- operations were 

highly successful in many localities. Large reservoirs of gas were tapped and much wealth 

has been derived from that source. Great activity in drilling followed the discovery of the 

principal reservoirs and so many wells had been sunk by 1895 that the supply from the 

shallow sands of the more important fields began to show signs of exhaustion. Within 

the last eight years much drilling has been done in all directions, with varying success, in 

the endeavor to maintain the supply. A good many scattering wells giving a fair yield 

have been struck. Some productive reservoirs of small extent have been discovered, like 

those at Ford City, and some of the older fields extended, like the Cowanshannock field in 

the direction of Muff and Belknap. > Notwithstanding all the drilling that has been done, it has been found impossible to 

keep up the supply and nearly all companies report a falling off. One company reports a 

decrease of 20 per cent in the last year. A number of wells have been drilled to the Speccliley sand within the last three years and some notable strikes have been made, especially 

at Slate Lick and Worthington arid in the vicinity of Muff. The Kerr well at Worthington, 

drilled in October, 1902, is a good example of the possibilities of the Speechley sand. This 

well started off at an estimated flow of from 22,000,000 to 30,000,000 cubic feet in twentyfour hours. One company operating in the vicinity of Muff reports that it has been able 

to shut in all its shallow sand wells and to supply its needs from the deeper sands. The 

amount produced individually by these wells is not known to the writer, but it is reported 

on good authority that up to June, 1903, with the exception of the Kerr well, none giving 

more than 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 cubic feet in twenty-four hours had ever been struck in 

the Speechley sand, and wells have been drilled into it in many parts.of the quadrangles. 

Probably the larger number of wells in this sand have been complete failures. While, 

therefore, a big well like the Kerr, and some moderately productive wells may be found 

occasionally in the deeper sands, and smaller ones in the. upper sands in territory that has 

not been thoroughly drilled, it seems improbable that any more large and highly productive reservoirs will be discovered, and thus the production of natural gas is bound to become 

a much less important source of wealth than it has been in the past.
104 KITTANNDTO AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA. 

GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE OF OIL AND GAS.

In this region oil and gas occur in porous sandstone at a considerable depth below the 

surface. In descending order these sands are known to the driller as the Butler, Murrysville or Salt sand, Second or Hundred-foot sand, Thirty-foot sand, Third sand, Fourth 

sand, Fifth sand, Speechley sand, and Tiona sand.

The Murrysville and Hundred-foot sands have been the main gas producers in the past, 

but so many wells have been drilled into them that their production has decreased greatly 

and is still diminishing. A. few wells have secured a good flow of gas from the Thirtyfoot, and fewer still from the Fifth sand. The Fourth sand is not a gas-producing sand. 

Within the past few years much drilling has been done to the Speechley sand with results 

that have .been stated above. In the vicinity of Goheenville the Tiona sand has recently 

attracted considerable attention and some good wells are reported in it. In a very few wells 

gas has been recorded in sands above the Murrysville, but generally in small quantities. 

So far as the .writer is aware, no important supply of gas has been found in the upper sands 

except in the William Wadding well, in Wayne Township. This well started off with a 

production of about 1,000,000 cubic feet of gas in twenty-four hours from a sand about 

300 feet above the Murrysville and about 600 feet below the Vanport limestone. The gas 

was soon exhausted.

DESCRIPTIONS 07 OIL- AND GAS-BEARING ROCKS.

The oil- and gas-bearing rocks of central western Pennsylvania are deeply buried beneath 

the surface and their character and position are known only from the records of the numerous 

wells that have been drilled in search of oil and gas. In prospecting for these valuable 

products the Vanport (Ferriferous) limestone generally has been taken as a key stratum, 

and the identification of the oil and gas sands has largely depended upon their distance and 

sequence below this bed. The well sections on Pis. I to IV and the table of partial well 

records on pages 110 to 161 will be found useful for reference in reading this chapter.

MURRYSVILLE GAS SAND.

The first or uppermost member of the oil- and gas-bearing rocks is the Murrysville gas 

sand. In the Allegheny Valley proper this sand is generally known as the Butler gas sand, 

but to avoid confusion with the name Butler sandstone as applied to a member of the 

Allegheny formation, the name Murrysville is here used, because the first gas field in this 

sand was developed at Murrysville, in Westmorland County.

In a large part of the territory the Murrysville sand is an important source of gas, but in 

other parts it is of much less importance than some of the underlying Venango oil sands, 

especially the Hundred-foot sand at the top of the group.

Depth below Vanport limestone. The Murrysville sand was first noted as a separate and 

well-recognized gas-bearing stratum in some of the oil wells near the original oil pool developed in the northeast corner of Butler County. In the wells about Petrolia and Karns, 

this sand is probably represented by-the "Thousand-foot shells." In this region the top of 

the sand varies from 760 to 825 feet below the Vanport limestone, and from 125 to 160 

feet above the top of the Venango oil sands. North of this field it probably has no representative, or at least no sand occurs at this horizon that is at all continuous or well marked. 

In the southern part of the Kittanning quadrangle the interval between this sand and the 

Vanport limestone is 930 feet, and the interval between it and the oil sands is about 60 feet.

Assuming that the sands identified as Murrysville throughout the quadrangles are parts 

of a persistent stratum, a doubtful assumption, there is a gradual increase in its depth 

below the limestone from north to south and a gradual approach to the top of the Veftango 

oil sands. In Allegheny Furnace No. 3 (262) and Montgomery No. .3 (298) wells, both 

near the boundary between the quadrangles, the Murrysville sand seems to be almost 

immediately on top of the Hundred-foot sand, or to be separated from it by only a few 

 feet of shale, a condition that is of frequent occurrence in the Rural Valley quadrangle.
OIL- AND GAS-BEAK1NG EOCKS. 105

In 52 wells selected from various parts of the Kittanning quadrangle, the average interval between the Vanport limestone and the Murrysville sand is 862 feet, and in 45 wells 

in the Rural Valley quadrangle the average interval is 850 feet.

Thickness. The thickness of the Murrysville sand varies as greatly as the intervals above 

described. In some wells it reaches a thickness of 100 feet. In others it is thin or broken 

into two benches by a bed of shale of varying thickness, and in still others it was not found 

at all. The mean thickness of the sand in 44 wells in the Rural Valley quadrangle is 49 

feet.

Extent. So far as available records show, the Murrysville sand can not be identified 

even as a gas-bearing horizon very far north of these quadrangles, although gas is occasionally noted in the rocks above the Venango sands in that region. To the south and east it 

persists as an important gas-producing rock at least as far as Murrysville, in Westmoreland County.

Variations. It is much to be doubted whether the Murrysville sand as noted in the 

various well records is really one and the same continuous stratum. It seems highly probable that the sands occur as lenses rather than as beds of even thickness and wide distribution. Moreover, it may be doubted whether these lenses occupy the same geologic plane 

and are contemporaneous deposits.

The actual condition seems to be that beds of gas-bearing sandstone occur at various 

levels in the 200 feet of strata immediately overlying the Venango oil sands, the higher 

beds generally lying to the north and the lower beds to the south, and that the first of these 

gas-bearing sands encountered in drilling is always called the Murrysville sand.

VENANGO OIL SANDS.

As already noted, the oil in this region occurs in a well-defined group of sandstone beds, 

which has long been known as the "Venango oil-sand group."a This group of oil-bearing 

rocks is composed of beds of coarse sandstone alternating with bands of shale of various 

colors, among which red probably predominates. The sand beds rarely exceed 50 feet in 

thickness, and they vary in texture from fine-grained sandstone to coarse conglomerates. 

The characteristic features of the mass are the abundance of sand beds and the red shales 

with which they alternate.

The sands are known as the Second or Hundred-foot, Blue Monday, Boulder, Stray, 

Third, and Fourth sands. The upper members of this group are generally nonproductive, 

but the Stray, Third, and Fourth sands constitute the great oil reservoirs of this part of the 

Allegheny Valley.

Thickness and depth Mow the Vanport limestone. The top of the Hundred-foot, the 

uppermost of the Venango oil sands, varies from 920 feet below the Vanport limestone in the 

northwestern part of the-Kittanning quadrangle to 1,090 feet in the southern part. The 

former interval is shown in the Hazlewood and Evans wells near Karns, just north of the 

quadrangle, and the latter, which is an extreme measure, in the Rayburn well near Slate 

Lick. In 61 wells in the Kittanning quadrangle the mean interval is 985 feet, and 

in 45 wells in the Rural Valley quadrangle it. is 954 feet. The bottom of the Fourth 

sand, which seems to be the lowest oil-producing rock, is here regarded as the bottom of the 

group. It varies from 1,250 feet below the limestone in the northwest corner of the area, as 

shown in the Hazlewood and Evans wells, to 1,490 feet in the Lewis Baker well near Slate 

Lick. Owing to the difficulty of identifying this sand outside of the oil-producing territory, 

there may be a misinterpretation of the record of the Baker well and a lower sand mistaken 

for the Fourth. However that may be, the interval from the limestone to the bottom of the 

Fourth sand, and therefore to the bottom of the group, increases from north to south just as 

the intervals to the top of the Murrysville sand and to the top of the Venango sands increase.

In the Rural Valley quadrangle the lowest sands of the group are not well developed, and 

the Fourth sand generally can not be identified. In 16 wells the bottom of the Fourth

oCarll, John.F., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Rcpt. XIII, p. 130.
106 KITTANNITSTG AND EUEAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

sand varies from 1,262 to 1,435 feet. In the same wells the thickness of the group varies 

from 306 to 485 feet, the mean thickness being 386 feet. Thirty-four wells in the Kittanning quadrangle give an average interval of 1,347 feet between the limestone and the bottom 

of the Fourth sand, and an average thickness for the group of 363 feet.

Second or Hundred-foot sand. The uppermost of the Venango oil sands is a bed of sandstone which is called the Second sand in the oil region of northern Butler County, and Hundred-foot sand throughout the gas-bearing territory of Armstrong County. It was regarded 

by Carll as the equivalent of the First sand of Venango County, the change in name being 

due to a mistake in the identification of sands when drilling began in northern Butler 

County. In many places' this sand is an unbroken bed 150 feet thick, but in others it is 

separated by thin bands of shale into two or three members, which in descending order are 

called Second or Hundred-foot sand, Fifty-foot sand, and Thirty-foot sand. So far as the 

writer is aware, this bed has never produced oil in these quadrangles, but it is one of the 

important gas-bearing rocks of Armstrong County.

Blue Monday and Boulder sands. Near the center of the group, are two thin sand beds, 

which in descending order are known as the Blue Monday and Boulder sands. Generally 

they are nonproductive and of no economic importance.

Stray, Third, and Fourth sands. These are the great oil-bearing beds, and they constitute 

the lower part of the group. When drilling began in Butler County, the first oil-bearing 

sand was called the Venango Third sand. Later a lower productive sand was discovered, 

which was then called the Fourth sand. Carll a believes, with good reason, that the corjelation of the Third sands of Butler and Venango counties is a mistake; that the Butler Third 

is equivalent to the Venango Second sand, and that the Butler Fourth is represented by the 

Venango Third sand. However that may be, the names originally adopted for the sands in 

this region will be used here. These names have been applied to the various oil-producing 

sands of the region according as the drillers believed that they could identify them as the 

one or the other, and consequently the oil-producing territory has been divided into Third 

sand pools, Fourth sand pools, etc. Where the sand could not be referred to either of these 

two main beds, the name of Stray sand has been adopted, making here and" there a Stray 

sand pool. The Stray sand is regarded as occupying a higher position than the Third sand.

Outside of the pool in northern Butler County, where the names were first applied and 

where both the Third and Fourth sands occur, the one above the other, it is doubtful 

whether the different sands can be identified with any degree of certainty, or whether the 

Third sand of one locality is the same as the Third sand of another locality, and SO oil.

The Third sand yields a little gas in a few wells in the southern part of the Kittanning 

quadrangle.

Variations. The remarks concerning the variability of-the Murrysville sand apply equally 

well to the various Venango sands. The latter are not persistent but fugitive beds. They 

appear, increase in thickness, thin out, disappear, and their places are taken by other beds 

of similar character at a little higher or a little lower horizon, or farther on at the same 

horizon. Thin beds of sandstone may be separated by thin bands of shale, the shale bands 

may disappear, and a thick bed of sandstone take their places, or vice versa. Thus there 

are endless variations, such as may be seen where the beds can be traced at the surface. 

About the most that can be safely said is that in some localities one or more of the sandstone beds occurring toward the bottom of the group bears oil in paying quantities.

FIFTH SAND.

The fifth sand is recorded in various wells from 50 to 100 feet below the oil sands. It is 

generally thin. It is an important source of gas in a number of wells in the southern part 

of the quadrangles.

, John F., Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. XIII, p. 130.
OIL- AND GAS-BEARING ROCKS. 107

SPEECHLEY SAND.

This is called the Speechley sand because it is correlated with the sand of that name in 

Venango and Forest counties. Whether or not that correlation is correct can not at present 

be determined, but the name is accepted here.

This sand lies at varying depths below the Vanport limestone. In the Amos Steele well 

(245) in Bradys Bend Township, a sand at 2,030 feet below the Vanport limestone was 

called the Speechley sand; in the Ray burn well (182) near Slate Lick, the Speechley was 

recorded at 2,309 feet below the limestone. In six wells in the Rural Valley quadrangle 

the interval between the limestone and the Speechley sand varies only between 2,210 and 

2,240 feet. The mean interval between the two beds in nine wells in the Kittanning quadrangle is 2,200 feet and in six wells in the Rural Valley quadrangle is 2,227 feet. The 

Speechley rarely exceeds a thickness of 50 feet and is frequently less. In the Colwell well 

(543) at Mahoning Furnace, two benches of sandstone in contact are recorded, the lower of 

which is called the Speechley. It seems more likely that the two should be regarded as the 

Speechley, and that it has here an unusual thickness. In the Moore well (485) a thin sand, 

called the Second Speechley, is recorded, 100 feet below the Speechley.

TIONA SANDS.

Within 150 feet below the Second Speechley lie the first and second "Tiona" sands. This 

name probably expresses the belief that these sands are to be correlated with the Tiona oil 

sands of Warren County. Such long-distance correlation has, however, but little value. 

The sand noted as Speechley in the Colwell well (543) is probably one of the Tiona sands, 

while the thin sand 150 feet above is probably the true Speechley. The facts appear to be 

that the zone 200 feet thick, beginning above with the first Speechley sand, is marked by 

beds of sandstone of greater or less development, one or more of which may be locally good 

gas producers.

As already stated, the Speechley sand is an important gas producer only in the vicinity of 

Slate Lick an'd Worthington, in the Kittanuing quadrangle, and near Muff, in the Rural 

Valley quadrangle. According to the latest information received by the writer, the Tiona 

sand yields gas only in the vicinity of Goheenville.

NO GAS BELOW THE TIONA SANDS.

Several wells in the two quadrangles have penetrated over 1,000 feet below the Speechley 

and Tiona sands without reporting either gas or oil, and the probabilities seem strongly 

against either ever being found in commercial quantities below the level of those sands.

STKATIGRAPllIC RELATIONS OF OIL AND GAS SANDS.

As fully shown on page 26, in the discussion of rocks not exposed, it seems probable that 

the Murrysville sand, the Hundred-foot sand, including its lower bench, and the Thirty-foot 

sand are included in the lower portion of the Pocono formation, the lower oil sands to the 

bottom of the Fourth sand are included in the Catskill formation, and the Speechley and 

Tiona sands occur at considerable depth in the Chemung formation.

AREAL DISTRIBUTION OF OIL AND GAS.

Oil pools. By examining the structure-economic map it can be seen that the oil and gas 

of the quadrangles are not distributed uniformly throughout the beds in which they occur. 

In the first place, the portions of the quadrangles yielding the two substances are rather 

sharply separated, the oil-producing territory being confined to the western side, to the 

northwest corner, and to the northern margin west of Allegheny River. Throughout the 

remainder of the quadrangles only gas occurs.

Within the oil-producing territory the drill has revealed the fact that in certain welldefined areas the oil has accumulated in much greater quantities than in the surrounding
108 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

areas, in which oil wells are comparatively scattering and much less productive. These 

very productive areas are generally elongated and comparatively norrow, :and are called 

belts or pools. What is true of the accumulation of oil is also true of the accumulation of 

gas, as shown below on this page. The mapping of the oil pools is based upon the grouping of producing wells at the present day, and may not fully represent the pools as they 

existed previous to the drilling of the territory. It is probable that many more large wells 

were drilled between Chicora and Karns than now remain, and that that region constituted 

one of the most important belts of the quadrangle.

Gas fields. The gas-bearing territory of the quadrangles is more or less completely separated into several fields by areas of comparatively unproductive territory. These are the 

Winfield field, lying in Winfield, West Franklin, and North Buffalo townships; the Madison field, lying in Madison, Washington, and the northern part of East Franklin townships; the Glade Run field, lying to the west of Glade Run in eastern North Buffalo and 

southern East Franklin townships; the Limestone Run field, near the mouth of that stream, 

and the Cowanshannock field, including most of Kittanning, Cowanshannock, Valley, 

Boggs, and Wayne townships. In addition to these there are several smaller fields one 

just east of Ford City, one along Garrett Run, one at Atwood, another north of Mahoning 

Furnace, and one in Redbank Township in the northeast corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle. All these contain comparatively few wells, and the product of these is 'generally 

not large. The one east of Ford City, developed in 1902, is the most important. A number of good wells were'drilled, but the field proved to be of small extent.

Gas does not occur in the deepest parts of the synclines, though there are some apparent 

exceptions to the rule. In the vicinity of Slate Lick a few paying wells have been drilled 

to the Speechley sand in the bottom of the Boggsville syncline. Even here, however, the 

rocks are rising from the deeper part of the syncline to the locality of the well. A number 

of good wells were obtained in the Murrysville sand at Ford City, near the axis of the Fairmount syncline, but they are 100 feet above the bottom of the syncline. The two wells 

on the Starr farm south of Hays Run are on the axis of the Fairmount syncline, but on thecrest of a low cross anticline that separates the depression on Pine Creek from the portion 

of the syncline farther south. The wells in the vicinity of Mosgrove and on Garrett Run, 

though near the synclinal axis, are still about 100 feet above the bottom of the basin. 

Southeast of Blanco there are two light wells in the Apollo syncline, but here again is a 

low cross anticline. In the vicinity of Rural Valley there are a few wells in tKe flat-lying 

strata fringing the base of the Greendale anticline, but dry holes have been the general 

result of drilling at greater distances from'the anticline. Near Atwood a few wells have 

been obtained, but the records of these wells indicate a slight anticlinal structure at that, 

place.. The wells in the northeast corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle are near the crest 

of a pronounced anticline.

The conclusion can safely be drawn that gas has, in the main, accumulated along the 

anticlines and that the synclines are practically barren, though how far down on the flanks 

of the anticlines gas may have accumulated in paying quantities only the drill can reveal. 

It is now a generally accepted theory that structure exercises an important influence upon 

the accumulation of gas and oil, which tend to accumulate on the crests and along the 

flanks of the anticlines gas at the top, oil next below, and.water at the bottom, this distribution being in accordance with the relative densities of the substances. This is known 

as the anticlinal theory. Structure, however, is not the only determining factor in the 

accumulation of gas, for dry holes are occasionally drilled on the crests of anticlines, as is 

shown in this region by the Ruffner well, in Kittanning Township, and the H. S. Pontius 

well, in Wayne Township east of Belknap. In such cases the sands may be absent or not 

of sufficiently open or porous character to receive the gas and yield it up readily when 

tapped.

It has been customary in the past to locate wells with reference to a line drawn at some 

particular angle from another well, as along a line extending through a well at an angle of 

N. 30° or 45° E., etc., probably on the assumption that structure lines followed the straight
OIL- AND GAS-BEARING BOOKS. 109

courses mapped by the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. The better knowledge 

of the structure of the region now available shows the futility of such a method.

Possible extension of (/as fields. The anticlinal theory seems to be supported by all the 

developments in these quadrangles, and the directions in which future drilling may be donewith a reasonable hope of success can be readily determined by the study of the map, 

which shows the .position of the anticlines and the location of most of the existing wells. 

The writer would venture to suggest a few areas in which drilling might be done with favorable results. One such area of large extent lies along the southeastern flank of the Kellersburg anticline from Mahoning to New Bethlehem. Another extends along the northwestern flank of the Greendale anticline from Goheenville to the eastern margin of the 

Rural Valley quadrangle, with a mostly untested area of considerable breadth extending 

southward by Belknap to North Branch of South Fork of Pine Creek. The region along 

the Kellersburg anticline from Craigsville to the river does not appear to have been very 

thoroughly drilled, and might repay further testing. Those interested can easily find other 

areas of undrilled territory along the anticlines.

PARTIAL RECORDS OF OIL AND GAS WELLS.

Partial records of 549 wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley quadrangles are given 

below in tabular form. These records have been kindly furnished by the larger companies, 

private individuals, .and contractors, and as a general thing are published by permission. 

The table includes the depth and thickness of all economic beds given in the records, such 

as coal seams, limestones, and oil and gas sands. It is hoped that this information may 

prove helpful to those interested in developing the mineral resources of the quadrangles.
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural 

WINFIELD TOWNSHIP.

No.

1

2 

3 

4 

5

6

7 

8

Name.

Ellis Hasselgesser ....

Casper Freehling No. 3 

Casper Freehling No. 1 

Painter heirs .........

Calvin Cruikshank . . .

P T TToi^lr ATr\ 1

Qwner.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

American Natural Gas 

Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,250

1,290 

1,250 

1,190 

1,260

\

1,280

1,310

Coal seams.

Name.

Upper Freeport

(

Upper Freeport

Brush Creek?...

.£3

i 

0

Feet.

250

200

149

Thickness.

Feet.

3

3

1

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport . . 

Mercer?...

Freeport? 

Vanport . .

Vanport . . 

Mercer. . . . 

Freeport. . 

Vanport.. 

Mercer. . . .

.'....do.... 

.....do....

4-3 '

& 

ft

Feet. 

540 

730?

253 

545

453 

613 

247 

484 

655

510

463 

423

Thickness.

Feet 

15

,5 

15'

15 

17

10 

12

20

11 

20
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

IS

19

Robt. Smith .........

H. E. Heller No. 1....

Bower No. 2. .........

J. O.Freehling.......

C.J. Noble...........

J.M. Smith..........

Geo. W.Watson No. 1

John F.Bricker No. 1.

J.M. Smith No. 4....

Co.

G. L. Cabot..........

Home Gas Co. ........

G.L.Cabot..........

.....do................

Co.

Co.

.....do................

T. W. Phillips........

1,360

1,200

1,070

1,040

1,230

1,340

1,345

1,360

1,340

1,310

1,340

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

475

375

312

310

458

478

603

410

445

15

12

20

H

T

F

F

Sp

H

T

Fi

Sp

Hu

Fo

F

F

...

Hu

Th
. Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

WINFIELD TOWNSHIP Continued.

No. 

20

21 

22 

23 

24

25

26 

27 

28

Name.

J. M. Smith No. 1 ....

John F. Bricker No. 2. 

W. L. GibsonNo. 1...

L. H. Bicker No. 2....

;L. H. Bicker No. 1. . . .

F. WitteNo. 4. .......

'McKee Furnace No. 2. 

McKee Furnace No. 1.

Owner.

G. L. Cabot ..........

American Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

.....do............ ..

.....do......:.......

A merican Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,410

1,410 

1,320

1,420 

1,330

1,370

1,070 

880 

920

Coal seams.

Name.

.:................

A

1 

ft

Feet.

Thickness.

Feet.

.....

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport..

.....do..'..

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

ft

Feet. 

455

453 

452 

370

400

155

Thickness.

Feel. 

18

18 

20

M

H

T

F

M

H

M

H

M

F

M

H

F

H

F

M

H

M

H
29

30

5

O 32

* 33

34

oe

^fi

37

38

QQ

40

41

40

No. 1.

>

M. J. Sloan No. 1.....

Co.

T.W. Phillips........

T.W. Phillips........

.....do................

....'.do... .............

Co. 

.....do................

T.W: Phillips........

1,390

980

1,180

1,060

1,070

1,235

1,380

1 200'

1,220?

1,115

1,230

1,330

.

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

410

?5

85

175

344

170

178

85

179

??

n
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Vall

CLEARFIELD TOWNSHIP.

Name.

Donahue No. 4. ......

Wm. A. MageeNo. 1..

Patrick Logue No. 3. .

McGucken ............

H. McCrea No. 3 ......

H. McCrea No. 2 .....

H. McCrea No. 1 .....

John Swain No. 1 ....

Owner.

T.W. Phillips. .......

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

T.W. Phillips........

.....do................

.....do................

.....do......:.........

Hildebrand Oil Co. ...

:....&0.'.. .............

.....do. ...... .........

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,330

1,250 

.1,240

1,300

1,290

1 330

1,400

1,400

1,380

1,380

Coal seams.

Name. .g"£.

<u 

Q

Feet.

Thickness.

Feet.

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport..

Vanport.. 

.....do....

.....do....

:....do....

.....do....

.....do....

f

"S. 

<u

p

Feet. 

180

200?

412

400

380

39fi

Thickness.

Feet

25

....
,55

.56

57

.58

59

60

61

ft?

63

Chas. Reiley No. 2....

Collum.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do.........;.--...

3

1,280

1,315

1,245

1,185

1,290

1,280

1,290

1,260

1,230

ning?

170

310

188

4?

12?

5

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

380?

470

3,59

265

390

388

388

3,50

343

15

15

24

?0

20

20

20

?0

?0
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

DONEGAL TOWNSHIP.

ND.

.

64 

65

66 

67 

68 

69

70

71

72

73 

74 

75

76 

77 

78

Name.

'

Harvey & Dolan No.3.

Brady & Simpson No.l 

Harvey & Dolan No.2.

Brady & Simpson No.2 

Hickey No. 12 ?.......

Michael Maley No. 1 . .

Daniel GoldlingerNo.2 

Daniel GoldlingerNo.l

Owner.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Fisher Oil Co. ........

Fisher Oil Co .........

.....do................

.....do................

John Black & Co .....

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,280 

1,215

1, 225 

1,280 

1,190

1,150

1,225 

1, 120

1 130

Coal seams .

Name.

1, 160 ------------ -----

1,075 

1,290

1 360

Lower Kittanning.

do . __

1,350 -- -do .....

1 360

ft 

P

Feet.

193

284 

320

Thickness.

Feet.

4

4

4

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport . . 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do.... 

.....do.... 

.....do....

a 

"ft 

P

Feet. 

376

280

246

335

258

352 

262

440 

380

238

160

217

324 

360 

416

Thickness.

Feet.

22

20 

20

20

20 

20
99

100

No. 18.

No. 21.

No. 20.

No. 19(Robt. Munroe's).

Kansell No. 2.........

John Black No. 5 .....

Black No. 4..........

Will No. 1. ...........

Will No. 2. ...........

James L. Double .....

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

TTnnt.p.r ft dimming;!

.....do................

.....do.................

.....do................

John A. Black & Co. .

.....do................

.....do................

Wm. Peters. .........

1,340

1,341

1,311

1,266

1,270

1,250

1,220

1,235

1,320

1,185

1,150

1,140?

1,265

1,240

1,140

1,150

1,210

1,285

1,350

1.390

rung. 

.....do..........

.....do..........

ning.

19?

226

W!

60

4

4

2

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

396

404

34R

322

3?3

W7

232

?64

as?

?05

?10

IQfl

257

315

159

164

?40?

270

3?5

372

 * 

W

?0

?0

19

?0

T

T

T

T

T

T

..

..

..

..

T

..

T

T

..

..

..

T

..
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley q

DONEGAL TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

i

101 

102

103 

104

105

106 

107 

108 

109 

110

111

112 

113

Name.

Chris. Michaels No. 1. 

A. Black No. 1.......

C. F. Vensel No. 1 .... 

C. F. Vensel No. 2....

Henry PontiusNo. 2.. 

Henry Pontius No. 1 . 

S. L. Pontius No. 4 .... 

S. L. PontiusNo. 2...

S. L. Pontius No. 1...

S. L. Pontius No. 10. .

I. Keep No. 3.........

I. Keep No. 5 .........

Owner.

P. L. Burns..........

C. F. Vensel..........

.....do.....:..........

.....do................

Hunter & Cummings. 

.....do.............:..

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,275

1,300 

1,370

1,370

1,320

1,290

1,390 

1,380 

1,350

1, 330?

1,395

1,370

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Kittanning.

Lower Kittanning.

Upper Freeport. 

Lower Freeport

Upper Kittanning.

Lower Kittanning.

si

1 

P

Feet.

295

255

120 

142 

249

325

410 

448

Thickness.

Feet.

2

8? 

4

3

2 

2

Limes tones.

Name.

.....do....

.....do....

.....do.... 

.....do....

Vanport . . 

.....do....

.....do....

P

Feet. 

245

381

390

428 

402 

366

Thickness.

Feet. 

21

20 

18 

18

T

..

..

M

H

T

..

..

..

..

...

H

T

T

F
114

115

116

117

118

119

i?n

1?1

1??,

I. Keep No. 6.........

Will No.3... .........

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

1,390

1,360

1,370

1;405

1,410

1,410

1,360

1,430

1,400

.....do....

402

424?

...

T

...

...

...

...

...

FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP.

73

74

75

76

78

79

30

31

37

33

<*4 

-J4

35

No. 1.

Kaylor No. 2.........

Geo. Kemer. .........

&Co.

.....do................

.....do................

W. S. McCullough &

Sons.

.....do................

.....do................

J. C. Wideer. .........

1,370

1,375

1,350

1 280

1,370

1,370

1,360

1,345

1,365

1,460

1,420

/

......do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do;...

.....do....

370

368

370

370

345

460

447

T

..

T

...

T

T

T

T

T

T
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

FAIRVIEW TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

136 

137

138 

139 

140

141 

142 

143 

144 

145 

146 

147

Name.

Thorn................

Gilbert Bros. No. 2. . .

Sendler...............

Lawrence McLaughlin.

Andrew Mays No. 1 . . 

Andrew Mays No. 2. . 

Andrew Mays No. 3 . . 

David Kaylor No. 2...

W.H.H. Riddle No. 5.

Owner.

McMeckin Bros. . .....

Producers' Oil Co.. . . .

.....do................

.....do...............;

C. W. S. Peters.......

.....do................

.....do................

T. R. Store3...........

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,436

1,295

1,360

1,410?

1,410 

1,270

1,310

1,350

1,460

1,458 

1,460 

1,400

Coal seams.

Name.

Upper Freeport?

Lower Kittanning?

a

1 

ft

Feet.

150 

375 

477

Thickness.

Feet.

Limestones.

Name.

.....do....

Vanport . . 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....'do....

.....do....

.....do....

£3 

ft

03 

ft

Feet. 

460

299

448 

430

212

287

M4

410

410

416

413

Thickness.

.Fee*.

23

10

T

F

T

F

T

..

H

F

H

F

H

F

H

F

H

F

H

F

T

F
148

149

150

15?

153

154

155

156

1ST

158

159

IfiO

101

W.H.H. Riddle No. 6.

W.H.H. Riddle No. 7.

W. H.H. Riddle No. 1.

W.H.H. Riddle No. 2.

W. H. H. Riddle No. 3

S. Riddle No. 7.......

P. R. Burke No. 1....

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Riddle Farm Oil Co . .

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.

.....do................

1,460

1,400?

1,230

1,250

1,280

1,350?

1,315

1,470

1,244?

1,235

1,195

.....do....

.....do..,.

.....do....

.....do....

.....do...'.

.....do....

471

43S

243

?55

280

165

?04

223

?0

?3

T

Fo

T

...

...

...

Sp

T

...

...

....

...

T

Fo

T

T

Fo

T

SOUTH BUFFALO TOWNSHIP.

162 

163

164

-\<v>

D. C. Boggs..........

T^Tolro "NT**v 1

H. C. Bricker.........

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

American N a t u ra 1 

Gas Co.

.....do................

.....do................

890 

860

867 

900

Lo y alhanna??.

Vanport . .

..... Vanport..

470 

165

??0

25 

18

T

H

H

T

F

M
Partial records of oil and gas weUs in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

SOUTH BUFFALO TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

166 

167

. Name.

Samuel Burnes No. 1.

Owner.

American Natural 

Gas Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Elevation.

Feet.

882

1,195

Coal seams.

Name.

Upper Freeport. 

Lower Freeport?

ft 

P

Feet.

193 

250

Thickness.

Feet.

3 

5

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport . .

ft

Feet.

456

Thickness.

Feet.

16

M

..

H

F

NORTH BUFFALO TOWNSHIP.

168

169

170

B. Z.McClatchey.....

Co.

Co.

.....do................

1,213

1,213

1,175

ning?

ning?

255

180

400

340?

410

4

5

5

4

3

374

545

21

25

T

F

F

S

T

F

F

S

T

F

F
171

172

173

175

176

177.

178

well.

T. J. Ewing No. 1 ....

. - %

Bridget McMackin

No. 1?

L. A. Meals No. 1 ....

.....do................

.....do................

.... .do.. ...... ........

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

900

1,120

1,230

1,150?

1,000

1,160?

930?

1,010

ning?

ning.

port? 

Coal?..........-

?n

145

305

1?5

65

?S5

4

5

4

3

.....do....

Lime 

(block).

.....do....

?6?

380

375

412

OQ1

?00

205

?3

?3

10

18

1Q

TO

H

T

F

H

T

F

M

H

T

T

F

F

M

H

T

F

F

S

T

F

T

T

F
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

NORTH BUFFALO TOWNSHIP-Continued.

No.

179 

180 

181 

182

183

184

185

Name.

James Thompson. ....

Jacob Bricker No. 1 . . 

Rayburn heirs No. 1. .

Dumbaugh heirs No. 1

»

Geo. M. McCracken. . . 

W. A. Jack No. 1.....

Owner.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

G. L. Cabot..........

Carnegie Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Elevation.

Feet. 

1, 100?

980 

1,000 

1,140

1,110 

1,050

1,090

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Kittanning?

Lower Freeport?

Upper Freeport.

.g 

a

o

ft

Feet.

39

145 

464

80

Thickness.

Feet.

3

4 

4

4

Limestones.

Name.

L i m e -

stone.

Vanport?. 

Vanport . .

.....do.... 

.....do....

Freeport? 

.....do....

* 

p.

o>

ft

Feet.

27 

60 

80

360 

385

32 

100

Thickness.

Feet.

12 

40

16

12 

18

M

H

T

M

T

F

M

H

F

F

S

T

F

S

M

H

T

S

M
1Q7

-IOQ

189

190

191

1<V>

John Miller No. 1.....

S. A. McClelland No. 2.

J. V. Easley No. 1....

S. A. McClelland No. 1 .

'

.:... do. ...............

.....do................

.....do................

.'.... do. ...............

.

.....do................

Glass Co.

.....do................

1,180

1,310

1,312

1,160

1,150

980?

Upper Kittanning?

Lower Kittanning.

.....do..........

.....do..........

ning?

Lower Freeport.

ning?

165

19?

362

?65

272

if*»

190

110

160

?K?

31

4

4

4

4

5

Vanport . .

Vanport . .

.....do....

Mercer?. . .

Vanport..

stone. 

 Vanport..

stone.

338

402

515

705

?80

52?

118

372

115

285 

333

20

18

35

15

fi

?5

1?

15

30

20
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

NORTH BUFFALO TOWNSHIP Continued

No.

193 

194

195

196 

197

198

199 

200 

201

202 

203

Name.

R. W. Cowan No. 1 ..

W.C. Reed...........

Owner.

American Window 

Glass Co.

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co,

.....do................

J. C. Walley & Co ....

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

J. C. Walley & Co

American Window 

, Glass Co.

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,090

998

Ofi/l?

1,040

920 

1,120

1,090

1,160

Coal seams.

Name.

Upper Freeport .

Lower Kittanning.

Upper Freeport. 

.....do. .........

Lower Freeport.

a 

p.

o>

ft

Feet. 

55 

280

125 

52

721

Thickness.

Feet. 

3 

4

3 

3

9

Limestones.

Name.

Freeport.. 

Vanport..

Freeport. . 

Vanport..

Freeport..

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

Freeport. . 

Vanport..

T3

a 

ft

Feet. 

65 

310

135 

380

66

175 

280

140 

325

320

62 

317

o 

^

£

Feel. 

9 

20

7 

18

16

25 

15

20 

20

15

7 

18
911

209

208

?06

205

?04 David R. Bowser,

No. 3.

Sarah C. Donze. ......

Dr. Allison, No. 1 ....

T. H. Allison.........

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

J. C. Walley &Co....

.....do................

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co.

1,095

1,140

1,140

1,180

1,142

.....do..........

ning?

22

fiO

76

80

11

. >

fi

3

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

?85

Ort

330

305

335

?0

WEST FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP.

1 

19

** M.E. Smith..........

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co.

.....do................ 1,170

1,300

30 4 .....do....

?flO

/

7113 ?,?,

m
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

WEST FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP Continued

218

217

216 

215

214 

No. Name.

J. K. Maxwell No. 4. .

J K Maxwell No 2

Owner. '

.....do................

do

J. K. Maxwell No. 1 . .do.. .

vaEle1,160

1,010

Feet. 

tion.

~990 

1,015

1,000

Coal seams.

Name.

ft

ST

"ft 

a

Feet.

Thickness.

i

Feet.

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport . . 

.....do....

ft

ST

a 

-MA 

Feet. 

23

247

Thickness.

Feel. 

16

20
w

 VJ

r

91 0

990

??1

?,?,?,

000

224

 oar;

S. B. Claypool........

No. 3.?

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

American Window

Glass CoCo.

1,040

1,040

1,125

1,200

1,420

Upper Freeport.

Upper Freeport.

Lower Freeport.

40

130

170

3

4'

Vanport . .

Freeport. .

Vanport . .

305

137?

370

110

20

28?

10

«

18

M

H

T

F

F

M

H

T

F

F

M

T

F

F

M

H

F

F

Sp

P

T

F

T

M
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP.

No.

226 

227

228

229 

230

231 

232

233 

234 

235

Name.

James Crawford ......

S.F. Booher No. 2....

;Thos. A. Foster No. 2. 

Thos. A. Foster No. 1.

C. W. Foster No. 4. . .

Atkinson. ............

Owner.

Limestone Natural 

Gas Co.

.....do................

.....do.................

Hunter & Cuminmgs. 

.....do.................

.....do................

John Wick, Woll & 

Co.

United Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

E leva-- 

tion.

, Feet. 

1,460

1,490 

1,435

1,320 

1,340

1,360

1,410 

1, 220

1,310

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Kittanning.

.....do.......... 

.....do..........

Lower Kittanning.

.....do:.........

.....do..........

a

1

P

Feet. 

100

100 

110

140

58

140

Thickness.

Feet. 

4?

4

4 

'4

4

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport . . 

.....do.....

.....do.... 

.....do....

ft 

& 

fi

Feet.

185 

S5

185 

?80

Thickness.

Feet.

°2

18 

5

M

H

F

F

.

F

F

H

..

T

F

H

T

F

S

H
?36

?37

?38

ttW

?40

241

?4?

?43

John Adams No. 1 ....

Pontius No. 7........

.....do................

.....do..'..............

1,295

1,345

1,370

1,320

1,370

1,380

1,270

1,320

ning?

?15

30

4

6

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

?85

380

400

336

415

420

-

260

16

18

IS

IS

IS

20

38

.

.

.

.

BRADYS BEND TOWNSHIP. . 

244 

245

246

Sauerkraut No. 1. ....

Mary & G. W. Kepple 

No. 1.

American Window 

Glass Co.

1,350 

1,360

1,380?

Upper Freeport.

Middle Kittanning.

Lower Kittanning.

Upper Freeport.

Uppar Kittanning.

Lower Kittanning.

100 

280

320

100 

235

310

5 

5

4

3 

2

3*

Vanport . .

Vanport . .

360

353

20

19

.
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

BRADYS BEND TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

247 

248

Name.

Bradys Bend Iron 

Co. No. 4.

Bradys Bend Iron 

Co. No. 5.

Owner.

Bradys Bend Iron Co; 

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

840?

852

Coal seams.

Name.

Hft

Feet.

Thickness.

Feet.

Limestones.

Name.

,c

P.

o 

ft

Feet.

Thickness.

Feet.

H

EAST FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 

249 

250

251 

252 

253

Thos. Hays No. 3. ....

Thos. Hays No. 2. .. ..

David R. Bowser No.l

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

1,025

1,150 

1,140 

1,'090

1,160 Lower Freeport ? 91 3

Vanport . . 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

125

245

160 

281

37 

15

31
254

25,5

?50

257

258

2

rn

260

?fi1

262

2f>3

Blair. ................

J. B. Drake ...........

No. 3.

.....do................

ural Gas Co.

Steel Co. 

.....do.......... ......

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co. 

.....do................

.....do................

Steel Co. 

.....do................

1,000

1.160

1,133

1,100

1,185

1 285

1 080

1,180

875

800

ning?

.....do..........

Lower Freeport.

Upper Kittanning.

Middle Kittanning.

Lower Kittanning.

Lower Freeport.

ning?

ning.

Lower Kittanning.

40

200-

90

22

77 

112

176 

235 

210

257 

155

60

235

4

4

01

4 

2J

2iV 

3* 

13

3i 

3

6

.....do....

.....do....

290

290

325

30

25

20

.15

H

T

T

T

T

T

F

F

H

S

H

T
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

EAST FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP Continued.

No. Name.

264

?fi5

?66

267

268

269

270

Arnold No. 3.........

Arnold No. 2.........

Richardson No. 1. ....

W. R. Lemon. ........

A. B. Wyant No. 1...

Owner.

Gas Co.

Steel Co.

.....do................

.....do................

......do...............

.....do................

Limestone Natural

Gas Co.

Elevation.

Feet.

880

S20

890

830

880

880

1,160

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Kittanning.

ft

ft

Feet.

190

o

Xo

&

Feet.

Limestones.

Name.

4 Vanport . .

.a +j 

ft

ft

Feet.

a

24 

o

EH

Feet.

235 18

H

T

F

F

H

 T

H

H

T

T

M

H

T

F
271

272

273

274

275

?7fi

277'

279

H. E. Zellifrow.......

Geo. McCracken No. 1.

James Toy ....... ...

J. B. Neal ............

No. 2. 

Elder........ . .

Co.

Philadelphia Co ...

Pittsburg Plate

Glass Co.

Gas Co.

Gas Co.

.....do................

1,160

1,130

 

'

1,320

1,450

810

1,000

810

. ; ... do.. ........

.....do..........

.....do..........

ning.

ning.

175

170

110

269

4

4

9

3

190'

140

8

T

...

...

Hu

...

...

T

F

Sp

...

...

...

Hi

...

Hu

...

H

T
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

EAST FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP continued.

No.

280

Name. Owner.

Limestone Natural 

Gas Co.

Elevation.

.Feet. 

810

Coal seams.

Name. rt

&

ft

Feet.

Thickness.

Feet.

Limestones.

Name. "ft 

ST 

ft

Feet.

Thickness.

Feet.

.

WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP.

>89

>S1

^S3

>s'1

'S1) 

Dickey No. 2. ........

Gas Co.

.....do..............:.

....!do. ...............

.....do................

810

810

i 9^0

'l,'3CO

1,260

ning?

ning?

ning?

ning?

235

.240

75

166

4

3

4

'OCQ

11

244

15

1?

8

.

.

.
?£fi

?87

?,88

289

wn

J. A. Colwell..........

W. E. Titley..........

Gas Co.

.....do................

Gas Co.

Co.

990

1,310

810

1,320

1,240

ning.

Middle Kittanning.

60

?30

16

3

4

,

.....do.....

.....do....

40

269

16

5

18?

.

.

H

H

H

MANOR TOWNSHIP.

?91

?0?

W3

W4

29.5

?flfi

TO7

J. R. Christy..........

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co. 

.....do:.........:.....

.....do..... ...........

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co.

1,050

1,050

985

980

960

945

965

ning?

uing.

3fiO

??5

.1915

3

Vanport..

3?fi?

63

244

70

WO

2R

310?

310

11

??,

1ft

?0

?0

15

H
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

MANOR TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

298 

299 

300

301

.'302 

303 

304

305 

306

307

Name.

 Montgomery No. 3. . . .

Thos. Smith..........

Jacob Hobaugh No. 2. 

Jacob Hobaugh No. 1.

Rupert No. 1 ........

Owner.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

......do................

(?)

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Elevation.

Feet. 

950

1,000 

1,000

1,010

1,010 

1,140 

970

920 

950

820

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower iKittanning.

Upper Kittanning?

BrookviLle?.....

. Lower Freeport. 

Brookville ?..... 

Upper Freeport.

Lower Kittanning.

+ »

ft

ft

Feet.

296

205 

380

120 

470 

175

115

Thickness .

Feet

4

4 

' -3

6

7 

6

5

Limestones.

Name.

Freeport . 

Vanport . .

Freeport. . 

Vanport... 

Freeport..

a 

S?

ft

Feet. 

305

94 

334

95 

350

185 

375

15

125

Thickness.

Feet. 

20

30 

15

15 

20 

12

12

5?

.

,

.
- RAYBURN TOWNSHIP.

308

309

310

A. StarrNo.l.... ....

A. StarrNo. 1.. ......

ufacturing Co.

Glass Co. 

.....do.'. ..............

850

1,240

1,240 .....do....

40

99 ^

300

30

10

...

H

.. .

K1TTANNING TOWNSHIP.

311

31?,

313

314

315

316

317

C. Heilman No.-l. ....

Peter Heilman No. 2. .

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

(?)

Co. 

Philadelphia Co ......

.....do................

.....do.. '.........I*..

1,260

1,360

1,260

1,300

1,200

1,350

1,225

Upper Freeport.

.....do..........

Upper KittanniDg?

Lower Kittanning.

ning?

ning?

80

226

110 

225

220

70

275

5

fl

3 

4

3

q

Freeport. .

Limestone? 

Vanport . .

.....do....

400

123 

260

370

13

7 

10

15

M

H

T

Fo

F

H

T

F

M

H

F

...

_H

F

F

H

Sp

...
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

KITTANNING TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

31S 

319

320 

321

322 

323

Name.

Margaret Wallace. . . .

Jos. H. Sowers No. 2. .

Owner.

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Manufacturers' Natural Gas Co.

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,300

1;230

1,470 

1,470

1,480

Coal seams.

Name.

Upper Freeport. 

.....do..........

Upper Freeport.

Lower Kittanning.

^ '

'1 

ft

Feet. 

80

80

100 

295

Thickness

Feet. 

4?

4?

4 

5

Limestones.

Name.

1

Freeport. . 

Vanport.. 

Freeport. . 

Vanport . .

Freeport. .

A - 

+3

& 

ft

Feet.

207 

437 

104 

295

30

Thickness.

Feet.

\

15 

8 

8 

5

10

H

F

S

..

M

H

T

F

S

M

M

..

T

F

M

H

M

H

T
3?4

3?5

326

327

328

3?9

330

331

GitelNo. 1.........:..

B. S. Cook............

L. Smith No. 2.......

J. Rosenberger. ......

ural Gas Co. 

.....do................

.....do................

..;.. do.. ..............

Co.

Eastern Oil Co. ......

...;. do. ...............

1,470

1,500

1,300

1,410

1,160

1,480

1,410

.1, 440 .....do..........

185

ins

105

9

.....do....

.....do.....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

360

340

140

272

10

130

1?5

7

10

10

1?

H

T

H

H

T

H

T

F

H

T

H

M

H

. VALLEY TOWNSHIP. 

332 

333 Bishoff No.l.........

Manufacturers' Natural Gas Co.

.....do................

1,120 

1,300 Vanport.. 165 8

M

H

T

M

H
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

VALLEY TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

334

335

330 

337

338 

339 

340 

341

Name.

SheltonNo. 2.....:...

J. J. McAfeeNo.2.... 

J. J. McAfeeNo. 1....

James Hawkins ...... 

Jno. Mcllwain No. 1 ... 

J. N. Southworth?....

Owner.

Manufacturers' Natural Gas Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do.......'.........

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,100

1, 090?

1,005 

980 

1,230

1,430 

1,340 

1,360

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Kittanning.

1

fi

Feet

158

Thickness.

Feet.

-----

Limestones.

Name. +j

Q, 

ft

Feet

Thickness.

Feet.
342 

343 

344

345 

346

347 

348 

349 

350 

351

352 

353 

354

355 

356

J. Sinclair No. 2......

Peter Schreckengost .

E. C. & J. E. Mcllwain.

R. R. Barker No. 2. ...

E. C. & J. E. Mcllwain.

Wrn. Brunt..........

Thos. N. Bowser No. 1

Thos. N. Bowser No. 2

Homer Rhodes No. 2. 

John Rhodes .........

.....do................

Greenbaum, Runyan 

&Co.

.....do................

.....do................

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

Philadelphia Co. .....

.....do................

Kittanning . Plate 

Glass Co.

Philadelphia Co .......

1,440

1,340 

1,400

1,280

1,500

1,380 

1,430

1,300

1,200 

1,250

1,260 

1,355

1,300

1,280 

1,210

Lower Preeport.

Upper Kittan- 

. ningUpper Freeport

Upper Kittanning.

Upper Freeport

143

 

218

100 

204

95

3? 

4?

3? 

4?

3?

Vanport. .

Vanport. . 

.....do....

Vanport . . 

.....do....

Vanport . .

420?

105 

'314

90 

~40

330

.....

8

H

H

H

M

H

M

H

M

H

H

S

H

T

M

H

T

M

H

T

.
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

VALLEY TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

357

358

359

Name. Owner.

Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co.

People's Natural Gas 

Co

Elevation.

Feet.

1,010

1,150

1,020

Coal seams.

Name.

ning?.

ft

Feet.

160

<u

.M o

J3

EH

Feet.

4

Limestones.

Name.

.....do....

a

 o>

Q

Feet.

?A

180

<u

Jd

0

J3

EH

Feet.

8

10

BOGGS TOWNSHIP.

360

361

36?

363

Peart No. 2...........

J. & F. Powers? ......

John Dill No. 1.......

Co.

Co.

& Co.

Co.

1,070

1,060

1 080

1,220

1,340

60

128

?,

4'

90
365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

No. 1.

felfinger.

.....do................

.....do................

.....dq. ...............

.....do.................

Co. 

.....do.........'.......

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

1,270

1,225?

1,280

1,100

1,010

1,050

1,200?

1,070

1,170

ning.

ning?

ning?

80

190

100

210

4

4

Fre'eport. . 25

225

40

20

10

8

20
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

BOGGS TOWNSHIP Continued. 

No.

377 

378

379

380 

381

382 

383

384 

385 

386

387 

388

Name.

A. Heflelfinger No. 2.. 

Frank B. Martin No. 1

Frank B. Martin No. 2 

Mrs. Rumbaugh No. 1.

J. A. White No. 1 ....

Geo. W. Sowers No. 1. 

D.C. White No. 1.....

Jackson Zimmerman .

Benj. Evans No. 1 ... 

Benj. Evans No. 2 ...

Owner.

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do. ...............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,200 

1,170

1,160

1,190

1,215

1, 260?

1,440?

1,470 

1,550

1,325

1,385

Coal seams.

Name.

.....do.?........

Lower Kittanning.

Upper Freeport.

Upper Kittanning?

JS

on

Feet. 

80 

60

185

80 

180

Thickness.

Feet. 

4 

6?

4

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport. .

.....do.... 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

,d 

ft

Feet.

212

303 

320

217

180 

200

Thickness.

Feet.

6

8

9 

10
389 

390

391 

392

393

.394 

395

39(5 

397

David Dever No. 2 ...

J. A. White. ..........

J. P. Kammerdiener. . 

Henry Houser heirs. .

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................:

.....do................

....do.................

1,300? 

1,370 

1,100

1, 150 

1, 340

1.030

1,080 

1, 280

1,330

Upper Freeport

Lower Kittanning.

i 

.....do..........

Upper Freeport.

LowerFreeport?

Lower Kittanning?

30

35 

260

90 

40

94 

289

4

4 

4

2 

3

5 

4

Freeport. .

.....do....

.....do.... 

.....do....

.....do.... 

.....do....

Freeport. . 

Vanport..

120

?0

70 

300

40 

40

285

70 

330

5

8 

8

8 

15

8

4 

9

..

H

T

M

H

T

M

H

M

H

T

M

H

T

T

M

..

..

H

T

'F

M

H

..

T

T

F

S

M

H

T

F
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valle

BOGGS TOWNSHIP Continued.

No. 

398

Name.

John Brosius No. 1...

Owner.

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,330

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Freeport?

a

ft <» 

ft

Feet. 

90

Thickness.

Feet. 

4

Limestones.

Name.

Freeport. .

"a 

ft

64

Thickness.

6

MADISON TOWNSHIP. 

399 

400

401 

402

403 

404 

405

O. Gray No. 1........

C. M. Smith..........

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

1,320? 

1,360 

1,450

1,460

1,180

1,110

1,080

Lower Kittanning.

.....do..........

90 

170

4 

4

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

48 

114

200 

190

35

-

12 

20 

10 

10
40fi

407

408

409

410

411

41?

41 3

414

415

S. E. Balsiger........

H. Pence.............

Hettrick. .............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Climax Fire Brick Co.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

1,470

1,500

1,460

1,300?

1,370

1,340

1,390

1,460

1,300

1,330

ning.

.....do..........

ning?

ISO

85

50

4

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

130?

005

109

196

50

10

15

8

H

T

F

H

F

F

Sp

...

H

H

H

PLUM CREEK TOWNSHIP. 

416 

417 .....do................

1,440 

1,250

Upper Freeport. 

Lower Freeport

Middle Kittanning?

Lower Freeport

360 

420 

515

200

Freeport . 375

...

H
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

PLUM CREEK TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

418 

419

420

Name.

John Bell.............

Owner.

Eastern Oil Co .......

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,350

1,345 

1,460

Coal seams.

Name.

Coal?...........

Upper Freeport? 

.....do..........

Upper Kittanni'ng?

,c

1 

P

Feet. 

388

180

285 

400

Thickness.

Feet. 

5

4

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport.. 

?Limestone

-*j 

&r\

Feet. 

393

340

Thickness.

Feet. 

10

M

H

T

M

H

T

F

H

T

. COWANSHANNOCK TOWNSHIP.

m

m

4?3

N. H. Duff...........

heirs.

.....do................

.....do.......'.........

1,260

1,150

1,130

?fl4

>»9

5

H

F

. H

F

H

F
424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435 

'436 

437

Wm. Bell.............

S. & A. McCurdy No. 2. 

S.&A.McCurdyNo. 1.

.....do................

.....do............../..

Eastern Oil Co. ......

.....do................

.....do................

Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

. Co.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

. Co.

1,080

1,150

1,390

1,220

1,220

1,470

1,410

1,460 

1,450

1,240

1,120

1,410

1,190

1,160

...... do. .........

.....do..........

.....do..........

ning?

Upper Freeport. 

.....do..........

.....do.?........

ning.

 70

?fi5

207

?15

f59 

15.1

qn

3

5

4 

4

1

4

Vanport..

Freeport. . 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

?,15

31-4

290

515

385

168 

170

?1fi

130

417

10

15

15

15 

15

10

H

H

M

H

T

F

T

H

T

H

F

H

T

M

H

H

..

H

H

F

F
Partial records of oil and gas wetts in the Kittanning and Rural Vattey 

COWANSHANNOCK TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

438 

439 

440 

441

442 

443

444 

445

446

447

448 

449

Name.

C. Shetler............

J. W. Mclntosh......

J. W. Kennerdell .....

Owner.

.....do....*............

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do.......".........

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

-Co.

'Elevation.

Feet. 

1,140

1,165

1,370

1,350

1,240 

1,280

1,370

1,390

1,150 

1,310

1,070

1,090

Coal seams.

Name.

Upper Freeport

Upper Kittanning?

Upper Freeport.

Upper Kittan- . 

nlng?

Upper Freeport

+j

§ 

fi

Feet.

200 

268

155 

228

270

Thickness.

Feet.

.5 

5

4 

4

Limestones .

Name.

.....do....

.....do....

Freeport. . 

Vanport..

Vanport. .

Vanport. . 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

Vanport. .

5 

& 

ft

.Fee<. 

100

140 

3SO

215 

440

400

510 

470

325

345

120

Thickness.

Feet.

20

8 

10

18

20

M

H

M

H

M

H

M

H

M

H

M

H

M

H

H

M

..

H

M

H

M

H
452

453

454

455

456

457?

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

R fti s i nfiTGr

Nell No. 2............

No. 1. 

H. J. Hill .............

No. 1.

Wm. Schreckengost 

No. 2.

No. 3.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Co.

Co.

Co. 

.....do. ...............

Eastern Oil Co.......

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

... ..do. .............. .

1,100

1,300

1,180

1,160

1,275

1,180

1,230

1,360

1,375

1,335

1,360

ning.

.....do....-...-.

ning.

Lower Kittanning.

^ 

.....do..........

.....do.?........

ning.

Upper Freeport 

.....do..........

105

150

221

320

80

105

?40

308

90 

100

 6

4

7

3

4

4

3

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

Vanport. . 

.....do....

Ill

498

160

110

320

17?

?37

366 

3PO

41??

18

15

?0

10

10

20

H

F

H

H

...

H

H

H

H

H

M

H

H
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

COWANSHANNOCK TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

465

466 

467

468 

469

470 

471 

472 

473

Name.

D. A. McAfoose No. 1.

Ben HilJ No. 1. .......

D. T. Schreckengost 

No. 4.

D. E. Schreckengost 

No. 1.

Peart No. 5...........

Owner.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do............;...

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

Ele- 

' vation.

Feet. 

1,410

1,438

1,440

1,420 

1,220

1,235 

1,110

1,445 

1,160

Coal seams.

Name.

Brookviile^

Upper Kittanning?

Lower Kittanning.

Brush Creek.... 

Upper Freeport.

Upper Kittanning. 

Lower Kittanning.

3 

& 

ft

Feet. 

455

142

260

50 

150 

210

330

Thickness.

Feet. 

5

3

2 

4 

8

3

Limestones.

Name.

Upper 

Freeport.

.....do....

Freeport..

Vanport . .

Freeport. . 

Vanport..

5 &.

ft

J'eei. 

3SO

395

116

70

165 

400

Thickness.

Feet. 

5

\

7 

15

.

.

"

.
474

475

476

477

478

479

A8f\

481

48?

483

4R4

485-

P. & J. Brown No. 1..

.....do................

.....do................

.....do...-..:.........

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co. 

Eastern Oil Co .......

.....do................

Co.

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co.

.....do................

Co.

1,240

1,260

1,260

1,240

1,200

1,385

1,380

1,210

1,155

1,225

1,160

1,170

.....do..........

Middle Kittanning? 

Brookville ?.....

ia<>

ISO

9^0

1?5

310

80

5

3

7

5

5

4

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

Vanport.. 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

415

aw

365

?75

232

510

490 

985

?04

320

195

?<»0

5

?0

30

15

10

8

10

H

T

H

T

M

H

^H

T

M

..

..

..

H

H

T

F

S

..

T

..
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

WAYNE TOWNSHIP.

No.

486 

487

488

489

490

491

492

493 

494

Name.

Wm.'McIntireNo. 3..

Wm. Mclntire No. 2. .

M. L. Mclntire No. 2 .

Trautman No. 1 ......

W. L. Peart No. 1 ....

Owner.

Eastern Oil Co .......

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Eastern Oil Co .......

.....do................

.....do................

.....do..........;.....

.....do................

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass 

Co.

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,480

1,405

1,380

1,320

1,480

1,490

1,400 

1,330

1,170

Coal seams.

Name.

..................

4

& 

O

Feet.

Thickness.

Feet.

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport . .

.....do....

Vanport . .

Vanport..

+3 

& 

fi

Feet.

230

120

370

130

Thickness.

Feet.

5

M

H

M

H

T

M

H

'M

M

H

M

H

T

M

H

M

H

M

H

T
49ft

496

497

498

499

Eton

cno

cno

cn/i

W. L. Peart No. 3....

W. H. Beck No. 2 ....

No. 1?

.....do................

Co.

Co.

.....do. ...............

.....do................

.....do................

Co.

.....do................

1,170

1,090

1,320

1,215

1,260

1,400

1,430

1,220

1,220

1.180

port?

ning.

Middle Kittanning.

ning?

ning?

75?

110

170

220

160

185

5

5

3

....do....

....do.....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

320

255

248

300

330

120

92

40'

i

10

10

12

M

Hu

...

Th

M

Hu

M

Hu

M

Hu

Th

M

Hu

Th

Fo

F

Sp

Ti

?

M

H

T

M

...

...

Sp

M

...

.H

T
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Valley 

WAYNE TOWNSHIP Continued.

N0.v

505 

506

507 

508

509

510 

511 

512

513

514 

515

516

Name.

Joshua Foster No. 2. .

J. A. White...........

Sarah White. .........

David White No. 1 .... 

David White No. 3...

David White No. 2...

John Snyder No. 1. ...

Rebecca Martin No. 2. 

Rebecca Martin No. 1-

J. A. White No. 2. ....

Owner.

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

Apollo Gas Co ........

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,300

1,250

1,330 

1, 350

1,405

1,600

1,460 

1,470

1,440

1,440 

1,500

1,610

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Kittanning.

.....do......--..

Brookville..... .

5 &

Q

JeeZ

108

150 

59

140 

274

Thickness.

Feet

3

3 

3

4 

6

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport . . 

.....do....

......do.....

.....do.... 

.....do....

,c +j 

a

ft 

.Fee*

65-

45 

70

70

45 

92

Thickness.

Feet

8 

8

8 

10

M

H

T

H

T

..

H

M

M

..

?

M

H

M
517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

W. F. Snyder No. 1. . .

C. Snyder No. 1. ......

G. C. Stockdill No. 1 . .

G. C. Stockdill No. 2..

Co. 

.....do................

Co.

.....do................

.....do........ ........

.....do................

Pittsburg Plate Glass

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

Co.

1,425

1,473

1,480

1,548

1,500?

1,513

1,533

1,660

1,560

1,320

1,420

1,500

1,400

ning. ,

.....do..........

.....do..........

ning?

.....do..........

104

100

100

190

100

139

4

3

2

/

2

3

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

Vanport . .

.....do....

.....do....

115

S3

45

175

132

130

158

40

270

190

50

195

10

S

8

8

7

10

10

10

10
Partial records of oil and gas wells in the Kittanning and Rural Gal

WAYNE TOWNSHIP Continued.

No.

530

531 

532

533 

534

535

536 

537

538 

539

Name.

H. S. Pontius No. 1...

A. H. West...........

W. S. McCullough 

No. 1.

H. L. & G. M. Ellenberger.

Wall and Kammerdiener.

Owner.

People's Natural Gas 

Co.

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,370

1,460 

1, 550

1,430 

1, 450

1,415

1,430 

1,300

1,390 

1,520

Coal seams.

Name.

Lower Kittanning.

.....do..........

Brookville?..^.

Mercer ? ........

fi+* 

a

ft 

Feet.

36

?s

129

22

181

Thickness.

Feet.

3

6

.....

Limestones.

Name.

Vanport.. 

.....do....

Vanport . . 

.....do....

,s

1 

ft

Feet.

60 

83

67

30 

217

Thickness.

Fee

10

8

10 

6
540

541

Co.

.....do................

.

1,520

1,500?

.....do....

.....do....

210

25

R

7

MAHONING TOWNSHIP.

54?

543

544

545

Stockdill ?............

Co.

Co.

^

Co.

1,190

920

1,200

1,030

391

 4

" 35

236

60

4

1?,

REDBANK TOWNSHIP.

KAfi

547

548

KAQ

Co. 

.....do................

.....do................

1,160

1,240

1,250

1,480

V,

.....do....

.....do....

?0

48

30

?80
162 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

CLAY AND SHALE.

An abundance of clay exists in these quadrangles as the underclays of several of the coal 

seams. The most important of these and the only ones utilized at present r/re the Mercer 

fire clay of the Pottsville formation and the Clarion and Lower Kittanning fire clays of the 

Allegheny formation. The Upper Freeport fire clay, however, is generally of good thickness, and might be used to advantage under favorable conditions. The shale at present 

used in the quadrangles comes from the Allegheny formation, and abundant supplies can 

doubtless be obtained at easily accessible points. The sandy shales so abundant in the 

Conemaugh formation in several parts of the quadrangles might also be found suitable for 

the manufacture of certain grades of brick.

From its very nature clay does not tend to outcrop boldly or clearly, so that while its 

presence may be indicated in road cuttings or hillside washings it is seldom that these give 

an accurate idea of its thickness or quality. For that reason, while this report indicates 

the areas where the different clays outcrop above drainage and briefly their positions from 

point to point in those areas, accurate information as to their thickness and quality outside 

of the areas of development can only be obtained by actual prospecting on the part of those 

interested. Again, it should be recalled that in a majority of cases the only true test of the 

quality of a clay is in the kiln, where private interests take the initiative. From the close 

association of the clays with the coals it is possible to see on the geologic maps their lines of 

outcrop. Thus the line on the map separating the Conemaugh and Allegheny formations 

gives with great accuracy the position of the outcrop of the Upper Freeport clay. The 

position of the Lower Kittanning clay is likewise readily traced by following the line of outcrop of the Lower Kittanning coal, marked (Ik) on the maps. The position of the Clarion 

is about 30 feet below the Vanport limestone, the outcrop of which is shown on the maps by 

the green line near the bottom of the Allegheny formation. $y measuring down from the 

green line 1£ contour intervals its position at any point is easily determined. In the case of 

the Mercer clay its position will be closely shown by'drawing a line through the middle of the 

Pottsville outcrop.

As an aid to finding these outcrops on the maps as well as on the ground brief descriptions 

of the distribution of the different clays are given in this report.

MERCER FIRE CLAY.

Stratigraphic position. This occurs in the Pottsville formation in the shaly interval 

between the Homewood and Connoquenessing sandstones (see section on page 30). It is 

correlated with the Mount Savage fire clay of Allegheny County, Md.

Thickness and character. This clay is not well known outside of the district of its development on Redbank Creek. At St. Charles it has a thickness up to 8 or 10 feet. At the pit 

mouth it is 6 feet thick with 2^ feet of flint clay at bottom; further in, where worked at 

present by the Clarion Fire Brick Company, it is all a flint clay, though of varying quality. 

Formerly the plastic clay used for bond by this company was imported, but recently a mine 

has been opened directly opposite the plant in a bed of plastic clay. This clay is at the 

same horizon as the flint clay, or at a closely adjacent horizon in the Mercer. At Climax 

the clay has a thickness of 12 feet and is composed of flint and plastic clay in varying 

proportions. The relations of the two kinds of clay also vary greatly; the flint clay may 

be at the top, middle, or bottom; it may be wanting in parts of the bed or may make up 

the full thickness in others. As a rule the flint clay makes up abo'ut one-third of the whole. 

Only the lower part of the plastic clay is mined.

The supply at St. Charles is said to be holding out well toward the south and west, and it 

is also satisfactory at Climax, though said to be cut out by other rock in certain directions. 

Below is an analysis of the Mercer clay from the vicinity of Climax, made by A. S. 

McCreath:

Analysis of Mercer clay. 

Silica.............................*.............................................. 44.610

Alumina........................................................................ 38.010

Protoxide of iron ................................................................ 1.251

Titanic acid,..,,,..,..,.....,...,.........................................:..... 1.020
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE lULLETPN NO. 279 PL. X

J. VIEW OF KITTANNING CLAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S WORKS AT KITTANNING.

JJ, VIEW OF KITTANNING CLAY MANUFACTURING COMPANY'S QUARRY AT KITTANNING.
CLAY AND SHALE. 163

Lime............................................................................ .080

Magnesia....................................................................... . 407

Alkalies......................................................................... 1.735

Water and organic matter...................................................... 13. C30

100.743

Distribution. The Mercer clay has as yet been but little exploited in these qaudrangles, 

present developments being confined to the vicinity of St. Charles and Climax, on Redbank 

Creek. The horizon of this clay is above drainage in the region about Craigsville, on Buffalo 

and Patterson creeks, and should be found about 100 feet above drainage near the junction 

of Patterson Creek and Long Run, under the Kellersburg anticline. It descends rapidly 

from this maximum elevation and passes below drainage about a mile to the north, a short 

distance south of Craigsville and about a mile west of Craigsville, on Buffalo Creek. No 

Mercer clay is known in this region.

On the Allegheny River the horizon of this clay appears above drainage at Templeton 

and rises rapidly until it is about 300 feet above river level over the Kellersburg anticline; 

then it descends slowly until in the vicinity of East Brady it is about 100 feet above the 

river. Up Redbank Creek this clay horizon is above drainage as far as the southern point 

of Anthonys Bend, a short distance above Climax. At St. Charles the clay is about 240 feet 

above the creek. At Climax it has descended until not far above creek level. Below 

St. Charles the clay horizon gradually descends until about 100 feet above the creek at Lawsonham. Some question exists as to the continuity of this clay between Climax arid St. 

Charles. On the other hand prospecting is said to show the presence of the clay for a distance of 10 miles above and below St. Charles. On Mahoning Creek this clay horizon is 

above drainage from the mouth to a short distance above Dee. It reappears a short distance east and runs up a branch to the north to within a mile of Kellersburg. It is about at 

drainage level for a distance below Putneyville. About 1 mile northeast of Putneyville it 

rises above the creek and continues to get higher in the hills to the eastern edge of the quadrangle, where it is about 200 feet up the hills. No clay, however, is known to occur at this 

horizon in Mahoning Creek, nor any of value along the river.

CLARION FIRE CLAY.

Stratigraphic position. At Kittanning and vicinity the Clarion fire clay and the fire clay 

and shale associated with the Lower Kittanning coal are being utilized largely in the manufacture of brick. The relationship of the Clarion clay bed to the rocks above, as they are 

developed at Kittanning, is shown in the following section:

Section showing Clarion fire day and associated rocks at Kittanning.

Feet.

1. Dark clay shale............................................................... 25

2. Lower Kittanning coal....................................................... 3-3J

3. Kittanning fire clay........................................................... 12

4. Sandy shale. .................................................................. 10

5. Buhrstonc ore... ....i.....................................'................... 1

6. Vanport (Ferriferous) limestone............................................. 9

7. Dark sandy shale or shaly sandstone......................................... 10

8. Shale or slate................................................................. 20

9. Little or no coal................._...........................................

10. Clarion fire clay ..........................................................:... 8-10

The beds, 1 to 6, inclusive, are exposed in the quarry of the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company, as shown in the accompanying illustrations (PI. X).

As shown in the section the Clarion clay lies about 30 feet below the Vanport limestone. 

It is usually overlain by a thin coal seam, the Clarion coal.

Thickness and character. The Clarion clay generally occurs as a high-grade plastic clay, 

although some flint clay occurs at this horizon. It is suited for use in making gray or buff 

building brick, sewer pipe, and as a bond for fire brick. It has also been successfully used
164 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES,' PA.

in the manufacture of tile and pottery. Along the Allegheny River most of this clay is 

drab in color, breaking along slickensided surfaces. Toward the top the clay tends to be 

darker in color, while toward the bottom it tends to become sandy. The best clay usually 

has a pearly luster and smooth soapy feeling.

At West Winfield the Clarion clay is 4 to 8 feet thick. The best clay is at the top, the 

bottom being more sandy. At Buffalo Mills the following exposure occurs one-fourth mile 

south of the bridge over the creek:

Section of Clarion clay at Buffalo Mills.

Ft. in.

1. Coal (Clarion)..................................:................................ 1 8

2. Clay, black, slightly sandy...................................................... 8

3. Clay, drab, crumbly, sulphur stain (from coal?)................................ 2 7

4. Clay, dark gray, sandy.......... *>............................................ 1

5. Clay, drab...................................................................... 9

G. Clay, gray, very sandy.......................................................... 2

7. Clay, gray, smooth (best)...................................................... 2 G

8. Clay, drab, smooth............................................................. 1

9. Clay, dark gray, sandy......................................................... 2 6

Sandstone.

The section shows about 8 feet of good plastic clay. In this region the Clarion clay is 

said to average 6 or 7 feet thick. At a 2-foot exposure of this clay on the west side of 

Allegheny River, three-fourths mile north of the bridge at Kittanning, the clay appears to 

be of excellent quality, containing only a trace of sand and but little carbonaceous matter, 

apparently stem remains. In the mines at Neale (Ewing) this clay is 9 to 10 feet thick 

and holds this average well. The upper 4 feet of the clay is black. This is not mined 

when the clay is to be used as a bond for fire brick. At the Cowanshannock mine the clay 

is 8 feet thick, including 12 to 15 inches of black clay at top not mined. The clay becomes 

sandy 100 yards in the hill on the south side of the creek, but holds good for 300 yards in 

on the north side. At Templeton the clay is 10 feet thick, all white. The upper black 

layer present at Neale is absent here. At both places the clay is hard enough to require 

blasting in the mines.

Eastward from the Allegheny River the few exposures of this clay seen did not promise 

as good quality as along the river. Just north of South Bethlehem this clay is more sandy 

and harder. Outcrops of the clay were noted along Mahoning, Pine, and Cowanshannock 

creeks, but usually only in the form of weathered blooms from which little idea of the thickness or quality could be gained.

The chemical character of this clay is shown by the following analyses. The first is by 

McCreath (H5, p. 246), of a specimen from Kittanning. The second is from a specimen 

from Mahoning Creek. The third is given as an average analysis for the Allegheny River 

region.

Analyses of Clarion clay.

Constituent.

Water. .................................................................

.1.

58. 750

25. 170

2.195

1.050

.710

.936

3.535

8.110

100. 456

2.

56. 350

' 28. 064

3.237

.520

.646

2.925

8.400

100. 142

3.

57.00

28.00

2.80

.50

.60

2.40

8.70

100. 00
S CLAY ANB SHALE. ,

Distribution. Starting from the west, this clay outcrops in these quadrangles on Buffalo 

Creek. It is above drainage .over two areas, the first in the vicinity of West Winfield, the 

second above Buffalo Mills. In the lower area it appears above water level at the mouth 

of Kough Run. It can be traced up Rough Run for 1£ miles, up Buffalo Creek to the 

mouth of the next run to the north, and up that run for a mile. Where worked at West 

Winfield it is 20 feet above the creek, and over the whole area it hardly gets more than 40 

feet above drainage. At the sandstone quarry at West Winfield the clay is on top of the 

sandstone at an elevation of about 40 feet.above Rough Run. In the Buffalo Mills area it 

appears from one-half mile to a mile below Buffalo Mills, and extends nearly to Fosters Mills, 

near Patterson Creek, on the north, and nearly to the county line on the west on Buffalo 

Creek. At Buffalo Mills it outcrops one-fourth mile below the bridge, being well exposed 

in a 13-foot cut (section, p. 164) about 15 feet above Buffalo Creek. It has been opened 

on a branch west of Buffalo Mills. It reaches 200 feet above drainage on the arch of the 

Kellersburg anticline.

The clay next outcrops in the immediate valley of Allegheny River. On the west side of 

the river the clay appears above the bottoms three-fourths raile above the bridge at Kittanning. It rises rapidly to the north. It is about 120 feet above the river at the mouth 

of Limestone Run, and extends up the run to Adrian. It shows one-fourth mile north of 

the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad bridge, and goes under the bottoms a mile 

north of that bridge. It emerges again opposite the lower island south of Templeton, and 

is exposed nortli of the upper island in a slide. From here it rises under the Kellersburg 

anticline until opposite Rimer it is well up in the hilltops about 400 feet above the river. 

From there it descends to East Brady, where it is about 150 feet above river level. It 

extends up Huling Run to Sherrett, and up Sugar Creek to the mouth of Pine Run.

On the east side of Allegheny River the Clarion clay has been found in a shaft of the 

Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company at 30 feet below the limestone at the bottom of 

the quarry. It emerges above the bottom tends at the northern edge of Kittanning. At 

Wickboro it is mined at an elevation of 866 feet above tide, nearly 100. feet above the 

river, the latter being about 772 feet. At Nealc (Ewing) the clay is worked, the elevation 

being a little higher. It is reported to reach its-maximum elevation (886 feet) just back 

of the Cowanshannock station. Up Cowanshannock Creek it goes below the surface fourfifths of a mile from the mouth. Continuing up the Allegheny the clay descends and 

passes below the bottoms 500 feet south of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad 

bridge at Mosgrove. It is well exposed back of the power house south of the station.

It is again brought up by the Kellersburg anticline. It first appears about 2 miles south 

of Templeton. At the old mine a little southeast of the station at Templeton its elevation 

is 943 feet above tide. It extends up Whisky Run about three-fifths of a mile. Up 

Mahoning Creek, the clay has been traced to the mouth of Scrubgrass Creek. Its horizon 

keeps above drainage level of Mahoning Creek to the eastern edge of the Rural Valley 

quadrangle. Up Scrubgrass Creek it passes below drainage a short distance above the 

mouth. It reappears on the same creek a mile above Goheenville, and is above but close 

to drainage for nearly 2 miles. On Mahoning Creek the clay keeps within 100 feet above 

drainage, averaging about 60 feet to a point above Mahoning Furnace. It shows well in 

the road near the bridge over the creek 2 miles south of Deanville. From Mahoning Furnace to the edge of the quadrangle it'rises toward the Greendale anticline, being about 100 

feet above creek level at Putneyville, and rising until it is about 350 feet above the creek 

at the eastern margin of the quadrangle. It extends up all the branches of Mahoning 

Creek for varying distances.

Above Mahoning up the Allegheny River the Clarion clay horizon reaches an altitude 

of 1,200 feet, or 400 feet above the river. This elevation is maintained nearly to the mouth 

of Redbank Creek. Going up Redbank Creek its elevation increases until at St. Charles 

it is nearly 1,400 feet above tide, or still 400 feet above drainage. Thence it descends until 

at South Bethlehem it is less than 100 feet above creek level. Above the mouth of Redbank
166 KITTANNIN& AND BOBAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

Creek the clay descends to an elevation below 1,100 feet, which elevation it keeps all about 

East Brady and to the edge of the quadrangle.

The Greendale anticline brings the clay, up in the valleys of Pine and Cowanshannock 

creeks. On the North Fork of Pine Creek this clay is above drainage for half a mile below 

and a mile above Slabtown. On the South Fork of Pine Creek it appears above creek level 

near Pine Furnace and passes under a half mile below Echo. At Oscar it is about 100 feet 

above creek level. The clay was noted at numerous points between Pine Furnace and 

Echo. On Cowanshannock Creek the clay rises within a mile below Stone House, and passes 

under the bottoms just above Greendale. It shows well in the road bank opposite the schoolhouse one-fourth mile west of Greendale.

KITTANNING FIRE CLAY.

Stratigraphic position. The Kittanning clay immediately underlies the Lower Kittanning coal, as shown in the section below.

Thickness and character. The clay is usually a plastic clay, though it carries some flint 

clay locally. As a rule it appears to be inferior to the Clarion. It is not as regular in thickness as the Clarion, being pockety; and, while up to 12 feet thick in places, is largely cut out 

by shale in other areas not far away.

At West Winfield the Kittanning clay is 11£ feet thick. It was formerly worked here, 

but is not now used. It is more suitable for tile than brick, since it does not make an article 

of uniform color. Around Buffalo Mills it is stated that the Kittanning clay and the underlying shale together,-average about 30 feet. Around Kittanning this clay has been extensively worked in connection with the shale below the coal. In the quarry of the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company it shows a maximum thickness of 12 feet, but as shown 

in PL X, A, it thins out rapidly along the dip to the east. The whole thickness of the clay at 

the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company's plant is plastic. The fire clay above makes 

buff building brick. A small amount has been,used in connection with imported flint clays 

in making fire brick. In the southern part of the quarry at the Daugherty Brothers' plant 

at Kittanning some of the red shale above the Vanport limestone is. replaced by plastic 

clay. This clay is of a better quality than the clay above, which comes just below the 

Lower Kittanning coal. It, however, contains iron concretions that have to be picked 

out. Between the upper and lower beds of plastic clay there also is a pocket of flint clay. 

A section in this quarry shows as follows:

Section of rocks in Daugherty Brothers' quarry, Kittanning, Pa.

Ft. in. .

1. Coal, Lower Kittanning....;................................................. 4

2. Fireclay, "bastard"...............:,.......-........................ ........... 5

3. Flint clay. .................................................................... 1 6

4. Coal...........................................:............................... 4

5. Clay, buff.....:.............!.....................-............................ 1

6. Sandstone.......,...;......................................................... 1

7. Coal........................................................................... 8

8. Fire clay, soft................................................................. 8

9. Shale, red.............................................................;....... 2

' 10. Limestone, Vanport (Ferriferous)............................................ 7

A short distance north of this the red shale is 10 feet thick and apparently cuts out the 

8 feet of clay above, while between the " bastard " fire clay and the red shale is 18 inches of 

sandstone and 3 feet of buff clay, the coals and flint clay being out.

A sample of Kittanning clay from a ravine across the river from Neale (Ewing) showed a 

steel-gray color, with a high percentage of sand. It contained black plant stems, and was 

stained with sulphur. In a cut on the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad just west 

of West Mosgrove station there is 15 feet of Kittanning clay and shale under the coal. 

The upper 7 feet is drab and crumbly; the lower 8 feet is drab and shaly. The clay appeared 

to be of excellent quality. The clay was formerly worked in the vicinity of Allegheny Furnace, opposite the mouth of Cowanshannock Creek, and according to Platt yielded both
CLAY AND. SHALE. 167

flint and plastic clay of good quality. In a cut in new railroad grade 1£ miles above the 

Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad bridge on the west side of the river occurs 8 feet 

of clay below 8 inches of coal. In the trolley cut 2 miles west of Stone House a coarse 

clay, apparently just above the Lower Kittanning coal, shows 9 feet thick, the upper 4 feet 

being a dark gray and the lower 5 feet a lighter gray color, but hard and sandy. Onefourth mile west of Pine Furnace this clay appears to be thin and sandy.

An analysis of this clay at Kittanning, furnished by Mr. George W. McNees, is given below:

Analysis of Kittanniny fire day.

Per cent. 

 Silica (SiOs)...:.................................................,................ GO. 40

Alumina (A1 2O3)...................... ; ........................................... 20. 23 .

'Ferric oxide (FcsO;-.)..........................;................................... 1. 34

Ferrous oxide (FeO)............................................................. .23

Lime (CaO)....................................................................... .14

Magnesia (MgO).................................................................. .54

Potash (K2 0)..........;......................................................... 2. GC

Soda (Na2 0)...................................................................... .28

Loss on ignition (HsO, etc.) ...................................................... 8.71

Distribution. The Kittanning clay is above drainage on Buffalo Creek around West Winfield, lying about 60 feet above the Clarion, but with a crop line nearly or quite twice as 

long. It rises above Buffalo Creek about 2 miles below Buffalo Mills, and is above drainage 

to above the county line up Buffalo and to Fosters Mills, near Patterson Creek. It rises above 

the bottom lands of the Allegheny.just south of Kittanning, extends up Limestone Run 

to above Morrows Corner, up Cowanshannock Creek for 2 miles from the mouth, then rises 

again a mile below Stone House to again pass under near the mouth of Huskins Run. The 

Fairmont syncline carries the clay below drainage for a short distance on both forks of Pine 

Creek just above their junction. On the south fork it is above the creek nearly to Echo, 

and on the north fork to about 1J miles above Slabtown. The clay keeps above the bottoms 

of the Allegheny River above Pine Creek. Up Mahoning Creek it is above drainage to the 

eastern edge of the quadrangle.

In a ravine to the south about half a mile above Dee the following section of this clay is 

exposed:

Section in ravine near Dee, Pa.

Feet.

1. Lower Kittanning coal..........................................:..... ......... 2-3

2. Concealed........................................................................ 5

3. Sandstone...'......................................................'............... 3

. 4. Clay.....'.....................-.....--....-.....................................- 0

5. Sandstone...................'.......'...............................«............... 3

C. Clay (partly flint)..............-...:.......-:........-............................ 10

7. Clay, with sandstone and iron ore (?) layers.................................... ^10

8. Vanport limestone. .

The 6 feet of clay of No. 4 probably is Kittanning. In the neighborhood of Mahoning' 

Furnace it is less than 150 feet above creek level, but it rises to the east and west, so that 

at the eastern edge of the Rural Valley quadrangle it is nearly 1,500 feet above tide, or about 

450 feet above drainage. This brings it high in the hills over the northeast corner of the 

area. On account of the steepness of the banks on Redbank Creek the outcrop line of the 

Lower Kittanning clay nearly coincides on the economic map with that of the Clarion, 

already described, except that it is 60 feet higher and' extends a little farther up the side 

branches. Between the mouths of Mahoning and Sugar creeks this clay is well up in the 

hills, but gets much lower toward East Brady. It extends up Sugar Creek to Kaylor.

FREEPORT FIRE CLAY;

Stratigraphic position. The Freeport fire clay occurs beneath the Upper Freeport coal, 

and as this is at the top of the Allegheny formation, the position of the clay in the hills can 

be determined by noting on the geologic map the dividing line between this and the
168 KITTANNING AND RCJRAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, 1>A.

Conemaugh formation. In the western part of the Kittanning quadrangle immediately 

south of Chicora this seam becomes a flint clay, 10 feet or more thick, which apparently has 

an extent of several square miles. Although nothing is known of its qualities, the thickness and extent of the bed and its proximity to the railroad would seem to warrant an 

investigation on the part of investors.

At Cowansville about 4 feet of plastic glay occurs in the top of the shale quarry. In the 

central part of the area covered by the two quadrangles the Freeport clay is partly flint, 

and along ADegheny River is reported to average about 6 feet in thickness. The plant at 

Manoryille, which now makes silica brick exclusively, formerly used flint clay from this 

bed for making fire brick, but as the clay was found only in small pockets, the mine was 

abandoned. The quality and thickness of the seam in the vicinity of Yatesboro is indicated by the following general section given by the superintendent of the coal mines at 

that place:

Section of Freeport fire clay near Yatesboro.

Feet. 

Fire clay and sandstone............................................................ 1

Hard and sandy fire clay........................................................... 4-5

Hard flinty rock.................................................................... 2-4

Impure limestone................................................................... 6-7

McCreath analyzed specimens of this clay from the vicinity of Allegheny Furnace and 

from Kittanning, which results are given below.. No. 1 is from Allegheny Furnace opposite 

the mouth of Cowanshannock, No. 2 is from Kittanning (H5, pp. 240 and 246).

Analyses, of Freeport fire day from Allegheny Furnace and Kittanning. .

Constituent.

Silica ..............................................................................

Titanic acid.................. . . . . ..........................................'...

Water :

1.

50. 370

32. 890

1.641

1.030

.310

.353

.290

13! 760

2.

58. 750

25. 170

2.195

1.050

.710

.936

3.535

8.110

Distribution. The Upper Freeport clay is above the main lines of drainage over practically all of the Kittanning quadrangle. In the northwest corner of the quadrangle it 

comes near the middle of the hill slopes. Going southeast toward the Kellersburg anticline 

this clay rises until all over the central and northern central part of the quadrangle it occurs 

well -up on the.upland, in some cases occupying small isolated areas on hilltops only. This 

is especially true going eas'tward toward the Allegheny at Mahoning. In the southern 

and southeastern part of this quadrangle the Boggsville and Fairmont synclines bring the 

Freeport clay down into the valleys, so that at the southern edge of the quadrangle the 

clay is not. far above drainage on Buffalo Creek or Allegheny River,

In the northwest corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle this clay horizon comes above 

the hilltops and has been removed. East of Kellersburg it comes into the tops of the 

hills, and northeast of Mahoning Furnace it lies well under their summits, but east of Eddyville it again rises above the tops of the hills. Between Mahoning Creek and Pine Creek it' 

lies well under the upland, or in the lower valleys at the west, but to the east it rises and is 

above most of the hilltops around Belknap. .South of Pine Creek it is well down in the valleys at the west, rises well up on the hills in crossing the Greendale anticline about Greendale 

and Oscar, then descends and passes below drainage on Cowanshannock Creek at Yatesboro. It is below drainage over all of the southeast corner of the Rural Valley quadrangle.
AND SHALE. 169

SHALE.

This is utilized in these .quadrangles only at Kittanniug by the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company and by Daugherty Brothers. The following beds shown in the section 

on page 168 are used. From No. 1 is made a fine vitrified brick for building fronts; from No. 4 

is made a vitrified brick and building brick; from No. 7 is made a building brick, and 

No. 8 is said to be suitable for buff fire brick and for sewer pipe. Mention has already been 

made of the shale associated with the Kittanning clay about Buffalo Mills, the two there 

being reported as averaging 30 feet thick. From exposures at several places it appeared 

possible that this shale would repay investigation.

At the Du Bois & Butler Brick Company's plant at Cowansville the shales between the 

Upper and Lower Freeport coals are worked. The section here shows as follows:

Section near Cowansmlle.

Ft. in.

1. Surface and sandstone fragments.............................................. 4

2. Clay,whitish.................................................................. 4

3. Shale, greenish gray.......................................................... 5

4. Shale, black..........:......................................................... 12

5. Coal (Lower Freeport)........................................................ 4 6

C. Fire clay (concealed).......................................................... 4 ?

The clay at the top runs gradually into the shale below, which from being stained red is 

called "red shale." The shale is not very hard and but slightly gritty. The black shale is 

somewhat harder and not at all gritty. The clay and gray shale are very plastic, and 

depend upon mixing with the black shale to give the resulting brick the necessary refractory 

qualities. 

At the cut on the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad below the second bridge east 

of Cowansville the shales below the lower Freeport coal arc exposed, as shown in the following section:

Section in railroad cut-east of Cowansmlle.

Ft. in.

1. Shale, rod, fissile...............................-.........-....-.................' 0

2. Coal (Lower Freeport) .......................................................... 4

3. Clay, drab..................................................................... 11

4. Carbonaceous layer............................................................ 8

5. Clay, drab..................................................................... 5

0. Shale, drab..................................................................... 0 6

7. Sandstone, gray ................................................................ 0

8. Shale, gray. ................................................^................. 3

9. Shale, black.................................................................... 5

. The shales at this point appear to be inferior to those at Cowansville.

A fine-grained, olive-green shale near the horizon of the Upper Freeport coal outcrops on 

the east slope of the hill east of Kittanning. At Yatesboro it is stated that the air shaft 

went through 60 feet of shale above the Upper Freeport coal. Tests are being made of 

shales on the Kroh farm, just east of Yatesboro, but have not yet reached the point of 

demonstrating the workability of the shales there. Similar shale to that at Yatesboro outcrops at several points around Rural Valley, in places suggesting a thickness of 90 feet

The following analysis of one of the shales worked at Kittanning is furnished by Mr. George 

W. McNees:

Analysis of shale at Kittanning.

Silica (SiO2)...........................:.... .^........................................ 55.17

Alumina (AlsOs) ..................................................................... 19.92

Iron oxide (Fe2 O3) .................................................................... 12.01

Loss on ignition (HaO, etc.)........................ ................................. 0.81
170 KITTAKNItfG AtfD Rti&AL VALLEY Qtf ADRANOLES, PA. 

EXPLOITATION OF CLAYS AND SHALES.

Mercer clay. The Mercer clay is worked on Redbank Creek by the Climax Brick Works at 

Climax and by the Clarion Brick Company at St. Charles. At both places the clay is 

obtained by drifting. The Climax mine is 1| miles above the plant, and is connected with 

it by a tram road, over which the clay is hauled in cars by horses. The St. Charles flint clay 

mine is about three-quarters of a mile below the plant and over 200 feet above the creek. 

The clay is lowered from the mouth of the mine in cars on inclined tracks, by gravity, to a 

tram road similar to the one at Climax. The plastic clay mine is nearly opposite the plant. 

The clay from this mine is brought down to the yard in carts. At both these plants the 

flint clay is used for making fire brick, and at Climax tuyeres also are manufactured.

At Climax three grades of clay are used. Grade No. 1 is the flint clay from which brick is 

made that is used in furnaces where the heat runs to 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit; No. 2 is the 

plastic clay used with flint clay for making tile for various purposes, which is said to be of 

excellent quality; No. 3 is a mixture of Nos. 1 and 2 as gathered up in .the mines after the 

two grades have been assorted rather closely, and from this stock the second quality of 

brick is made. The brick is used in iron and steel works, glass furnaces, malleable-iron 

plants, and in any place requiring a highly refractory brick.

At St.-Charles two grades of brick are produced. Both are made by the hand-mold process and dried on gas-heated floors. Gas is also used for firing the kilns. Two types are in 

use, the square up draft and the round down draft. The bake lasts about eight days.

Clarion clay. The Clarion clay, the most, valuable in the quadrangles, is being worked on 

the east side of the Allegheny River at a number of points between Kittanning and the mouth 

of Mahoning Creek, and on Rough Run at West Winfield.

At West Winfield the Duquesne Fireproofing Company uses the clay for making front 

brick, fireproofing, and sewer pipe, the latter being the principal product. The opening of 

drift from which the clay is taken is about 200 feet from the clay pile in the yard, and is 

hauled up to the latter in cars, by cable. The-clay is used just as it comes from the mine. , After going through the dry pan the clay for brick is put through a pug mill and stiff-mud 

machine, and that for sewer pipe through a wet pan and pipe press. Round down-draft 

kilns are used for firing. The coal which overlies the clay is used for fuel. The sewer pipe is 

glazed at a temperature of 2,700 degrees", but according to the statement of the superintendent the clay will stand 3,000 degrees.

On the Allegheny at Neale and at Templeton Clarion clay is at present being mined by 

the Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, and shipped to their plant in Pittsburg for 

use as a bond in making fire brick. At the former place, however, this company now has 

under construction a plant for the manufacture of gray front brick. The same company 

also operates at Cowanshannock. The clay mined at this point is used in making a lowgrade fire brick and also as a bond, with flint clay brought from Brookville, for a very 

refractory brick. The brick are made by the usual hand-mold process, and dried on a gasheated floor. They are baked in square down-draft kilns fired by gas.

Just north of Neale the Kittanning Clay and Fire Brick Company use the Clarion clay in 

the manufacture of buff and gray building brick. For gray brick the clay is used as it comes 

from the mine, including sandy portions and the black upper layer; for buff brick loam is 

added. The bricks are made by the stiff-mud process, and cut in a wire side-cut machine. 

About 25 per cent of them are repressed. The drying is done in tunnels heated by waste 

heat from the kilns. The kilns are round down-draft and are heated by gas. The bake 

lasts about nine days, and for gray brick a No. 9 Seger cone is turned down in the center of 

the kiln and a No. 3 over the fire, while for buff brick cone 01 is turned down. Both the 

buff and gray brick are of excellent quality, and in much demand, especially the gray, which 

is extensively used for office buildings in large cities.

While no Clarion clay has as yet been used at Kittanning, the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company is planning to reopen an old test shaft to this clay, and ultimately, if further 

tests prove satisfactory, it is probable that the clay will be mined.
IftOtf ORE. 171

Lower Kittanning clay. The Lower Kittanning clay is worked at Kittanning, where it is 

quarried by the Kittanning. Clay Manufacturing Company and by Daugherty Brothers. At 

the former plant the clay is used in the manufacture of buff building brick, and is also mixed 

with the underlying shales for front and paving brick. The stiff-mud process is employed. 

The kilns are fired by gas fuel and are of the square and round down-draft types. The 

clay is burned at about 1,200 degrees centigrade. Daugherty Brothers manufacture red 

and buff building brick by processes similar to those used by the Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company.

Shales. The shales below the Lower Kittanning clay in the quarries at Kittanning, as 

already stated, are used with the clay for building and paving brick. Near Cowansville the 

shale above the Lower Freeport coal is being quarried by the Du Bois & Butler Brick Company. This shale mixed with the clay above in the proportions in which they occur in the 

quarry are used in the manufacture of paving and common brick, the former being this 

company's specialty. In making the latter the soil above the clay is also included. The 

bricks are made by the ordinary stiff-mud process and burned in round down-draft kilns 

at a temperature of from 1,200 degrees to 1,400 degrees for common brick and 1,500 degrees 

to 1,800 degrees for paving brick. The fuel used is the Lower Freeport coal, which is 

mined below the shale.

IRON" ORJS.

GENERAL STATEMENT.

The production of iron from the ores of the quadrangles was formerly an important 

industry. A number of furnaces were erected and operated for many years, but the 

general use of better ores from the Lake regions and the exhaustion o'f the local outcrop 

ores made the business unprofitable and it was abandoned. The last furnace went out of 

blast about 1880. A brief history of these furnaces will be found in Platt's Report, H5, 

on Armstrong County, and in Lesley's History of Iron Making in America.

There arc three ore-bearing horizons in the quadrangles, that of the Buhrstone ore at the 

top of the Vanport limestone, the Lower Freeport ore below the Lower Freeport coal, and 

the Upper Freeport ore below the Upper Freeport coal. Of th<? three, the first is the most 

and the second the least important.

BUHRSTONE ORE.

This is a compact layer running generally 6 inches to 1 foot thick, and resting immediately 

upon the Vanport ("Ferriferous") limestone. To this circumstance the limestone owes its 

descriptive name "Ferriferous. " The term "Buhrstone" is due to the chert nodules said 

to occur in the ore in some localities. The ore may be a carbonate, limonite, or impure 

hematite. Probably it was originally carbonate, the limonite and hematite being the result^ 

of subsequent oxidation along the outcrop. This ore was the chief source of the iron once 

made in the region. It is practically coextensive with the Vanport limestone and its extent 

of outcrop corresponds with that of the limestone, which is shown on the map. Judging 

from the old strippiugs which follow the outcrop of the limestone for hundreds of miles, most 

of the ore to be had from the outcrop lias already been taken out, so that in the future drifting will be necessary. As will be seen further on, this will b<3 facilitated by the fact that the 

ore is generally overlain by soft shales which can be removed with comparative ease. This 

is not universally true, and in some localities, as near Phillipston, the ore is overlain by a 

coarse massive sandstone which seemingly precludes mining.

McCreath analyzed samples of the Buhrstone ore selected by Platt from all' parts of 

Armstrong County. As a whole these analyses show not only uniformity in the grade of the 

ore, but also that it consists of three varieties, according to the amount of decomposition 

that has taken place, namely, carbonate ore, brown hematite, and an impure variety of red 

hematite. The unroasted carbonates average 33 to 38 per cent of metallic iron; the brown 

and red ores contain as high as 50 per cent of iron, the average being perhaps about 45 per 

cent. All of the ores-are comparatively low in phosphorus two-tenths of 1 per cent being
172 KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

the usual amount, both in carbonates and hematites. The sulphur-is also low, amounting 

in many cases to scarcely more than a trace. The hematites contain none of the protoxide 

of iron. The analyses are given below:

Analyses of Buhrstone ore.

RED OEE.

Per cent.

Sesquioxide of iron............................................................. 70.714

Sesquioxide of manganese...................................................... 2. 421

Sesquioxide of cobalt........................................................... . 010

Alumina........................................................................ 1. 491

Lime............................................................................ 7.630

Magnesia.....................................!....:............................. .547

'Sulphuric acid........:. i .............................................. 1......... .010

Phosphoric acid .................................................................. . 765

Carbonic acid................................................................... 5.230

Water........-..............'............'........................................ 7. 465

Insoluble residue.............................. '. ............................... 3.860

	100.143

Metallic iron..................................................................... 49. 500

Metallic manganese............................................................. 1.680

Sulphur......................................................................... .004

Phosphorus.....................................................^............... .334

BKOWN ORE.

Sesquioxide of iron............................................................. 73.928

Sesquioxide of manganese...............'....................................... 1.344

Sesquioxido of cobalt.:......................................................... . 020

Alumina...........................'.............................................. 1.532

Lime............................................................................ l.WO

Magnesia ...................................'........................ . I.......... .501

Sulphuric acid...............................'................................... Trace.

Phosphoric acid..............................................'.................. . 740

Carbonic acid .................................................................... None.

AVater....,...............................:..................................... 12.615

Insolu hie residue............................................................... 8.060

100.350

Metallic iron.................................................................... 51. 750

Metallic manganese.................................... 1......................... .930

Jjulphur.............'......................... .V................................. Trace.

Phosphorus.......................................................... ^........... . 323

BLUE CARBONATE ORE.

Protoxide of iron............................................................... 42. 428

Sesquioxide of iron............................................................. .2.233

Bisulphide of iron.............................................................. .187

Protoxide, of manganese........................................................ .799

Protoxide,of cobalt......... ; ..................'.............:................... .010

Alumina......................................................................... .916

Lime. ............................................................................ 7.150

Magnesia ..->.................-.. ........... _..................................... 1.881

Sulphuric acid. . ....'....... :.................................................... .030

Phosphoric acid...................'................................... .......... . 334

Carbonicacid.............................................. ......... .......... 32.622

Water.......................:.................................................... 1.950

Insoluble residue............................................................... 9. 460

100. OOP

Metallic iron.................................................................... 34. 650

Metallic manganese............................................................. . 619

Sulphur ....................................."... ................................. . 112

Phosphorus..................................................................... .i!46
IRON ORB. 173

BOASTED OEES.

Per cent. 

Protoxide of iron............................................................... None.

Sesquioxlde of iron............................................................. 65.928

Sesquioxide of manganese...................................................... 1.503

Sesquioxidc of cobalt........................................................... . 020

Alumina........................................................................ 2.088

Lime............................................................................ 7.710

Magnesia....................................................................... . 901

Sulphuric acid.................................................................. .580

Phosphoric acid................................................................ 1.074

Carbonic acid absorbed, -i 

Water............

Insoluble residue............................................................... 14. 520

 \....................................................... 5.305

100. 349

Metallic iron.................................................................... 46.150

Metallic manganese............................................................. 1.088

Sulphur.. ....................................................................... .232

Phosphorus..................................................................... .469

Full details concerning furnace practice, the character and cost of the iron produced 

from the Buhrstone ore, and the general conditions of manufacture are contained in Platt's 

report/i to which the reader is referred for additional information.

LOWER FREEPORT ORE

According to I. C. White, b this ore largely supplied the old Winfield furnace. It is a 

mixture of carbonate and lirnonite, probably yielding from 35 to 50 per cent of metallic 

iron. Mr. Denny, on whose land the ore was mined, states that it varies.in thickness from 

1-J to 6 feet. This same ore was mined on the hill one-half mile north of the Butler pike 

in western West Franklin Township for use in Buffalo furnace and is reported 2 feet thick. 

It is said to have yielded about 25 per cent of metallic iron. Little is known of the extent 

of these deposits, but it seems likely that they are limited to small areas.

UPPER FREEPORT ORE.

The following discussion of this ore by Lesleyc fully covers the ground:

The Freeport (or Summit) ore, 26 feet below the coal, and running about 2 feet thick, but occasionally 

4 feet (as in Phillip's hill), solid, compact, very argillaceous, almost a clay, mined by stripping; and 

also in gangways and rooms; rained with the pick by bearing in on the clay above and" lifting the ore 

in masses from 15 to 20 inches thick; yielding 1$ tons to the yard, and requiring 3 to 3} tons to the ton 

of metal; specked with delicate rose-colored specks throughout, from incipient decomposition; remarkably like the "Big Bottom" ore of the Connellsville and.Uniontown region; disposed to make red short 

iron; requires mixture with siliceous ores; would be greatly improved by mixture of one-fourth magnetic or red hematite ores. * * * A vast amount of stripping and mining has been accomplished. 

In some spots the bed is too thin to strip; 20 feet of stripping is the maximum it will bear. Ball ore 

occurs under the regular bed.

The ore was mainly worked by the Bradys Bend Iron Company on the high plateau 

between Holder and Greenville runs. It extends also west of Holder Run apparently in 

workable thickness. Toward the south its horizon is under all the high land of Sugar 

Creek Township. North of Sugar Creek its -run is obscure, probably by reason of its

«Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Eept. H5.

>> Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, Kept. Q, p. 94.

c Report to the Bradys Bend Company, 1865, quoted in Platt's Report H5, pp. 220-221.
174 . KITTANNING AND RURAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

diminished thickness there. A chemical analysis by McCreath of a specimen of the ore 

from Phillips Hill follows:

Analyses of iron ore from Phillips Hills.

Per cent.

Protoxide of iron............................................................... 38.378

Sesquioxide of iron............................................................. 2.646

Bisulphide of iron ...................'........................................... .090

Protoxide of manganese...........................................'............. 1.153

Protoxide of cobalt............................................................. Trace.

Alumina........................................................................ 1. 223

Lime..................:..,...................................................... 10.840

Magnesia....................................................................... 2.666

.Sulphuric acid.................................................................. Trace.

Phosphoric acid................................................................ .480

Carbonic acid.........................................................'.......... 32.074

Water.......................................................................... 1.910

Insoluble residue..............................................................: 8.540

100.000

Metallic iron................................................................... 31. 750

Metallic manganese.......i..............................................V...... . 893

..; Sulphur.........../........................................................... ' .042

Phosphorus..........'........................................................... .224

COMPARISON WITH ORES FROM OTHER REGIONS.

The Lake ores average over 60 per cent of metallic iron, a The soft red ore and the brown

ores of Alabama average over 50 per cent of metallic iron, while the hard, limy, self-fluxing

red ore, the poorest ore mined in Alabama, yields on the average 37 per cent of metallic iron. b

; As shown by the above analyses, the Upper Freeport ore of this region yields only about

r!30.per cent, and the carbonate, of which most of the remaining Buhrstone ore probably con-

 sists, yields only 34 per cent of metallic iron. Furthermore, on account of their thinness, 

mining the Allegheny Valley ores would be much more expensive than mining those with 

which they would have to compete. Under such conditions, therefore, the production of 

iron from native ores could not be profitable. Experience also shows this to be true, for 

within recent years unsuccessful efforts have been made in Hocking Valley, Ohio, to produce 

iron from the Bajrd ore, which is similar in character and occurrence to the Buhrstone ore, 

with which it is correlated.c

LIMESTONE.

The limestones of economic value in these quadrangles are two, the Vanport and Upper 

Freeport. Of .these the Vanport is by far the more important.

' VANPORT LIMESTONE.

As shown on the map, this has a great extent of outcropln the region. In some comparatively.small areas itJs not known, and is probably absent. Where thus absent the fact is

-indicated on the map by continuing the line showing its outcrop as a dotted line along its 

probable horizon. Where present, the limestone rarely falls below 8 feet in thickness and 

may..reach 22 feet,-as at West Winfield. From an examination of the table of records of oil 

and gas wells (pp. 110-161) it will be seen that if the records are to be trusted the limestone 

runs 20 feet or more thick over an extensive area in the west and southwest parts of the Kittanning, quadrangle. A thickness 'of 15 feet or more is recorded in many other wells in the 

other parts of the two quadrangles, but these records may exaggerate the thickness. This 

limestone is of a good degree of purity, as shown in the following analyses by McCreath:

oBauerman, H., A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron, 1882.

b Phillips, W. B., Iron Making in Alabama.

cOrton, Edward, Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. 5. 
LIMESTONE.

Analyses of Vanport limestone.

175

Iron.: ................................ . ............. .......

Alumina. .......................................... . .......

Sulphur. ....................................................

1.

93. 240

1 1.C67

.032

3.420

2.

94. 721

1. 383

.047

2.300

3.

96. 007

1. 498

1. 4C2

.034

.790

4.

95. 507

1.422

.930

.035

2.110

5.

94.51

| 1.05 

{ 1.80

.070

.028

1. From Rhea farm near Greendale, on Cowanshannock Creek (p. 97«).

2. From Colwell property, Mahoning Furnace (p. 102").

3. Laughlin property, Stewardson furnace, Dee (p. 169<»).

4. Reynolds property, Kittanning (p. 247a).

5. Sample from quarry north of Mahoning Creek, 1 mile above mouth, furnished.by Henry Colwell, 

superintendent of Kittanning Iron Company; analyst unknown.

As a flux. This limestone was used for flux in the old blast furnaces. At present it is so 

used by the Kittanning Iron Company and-is pronounced by the superintendent to be very 

satisfactory. The supply is drawn from the quarry on Mahoning Creek mentioned above. 

The Vanpprt limestone carries too much phosphorus for making iron which is to be used in 

the manufacture of Bessemer steel, but not enough to injure it for mill iron and probably not 

enough to injure iron which is to be used-for making steel by the basic process. There is 

nothing in its quality, therefore, to prevent it from being an excellent flux. The only obstacle to its more extensive use for that purpose is probably the fact that it would have to compete with still better and more easily obtained limestone from other localities.

For cement. According to the above analyses, this limestone is we'l adapted to the manufacture of Portland cement. This is made by burning a mixture of limestone and clay or 

shale. About the only restriction on limestone to be used for this purpose is that the magnesia content shall not much-exceed 5 per cent. The other essential ingredients of cement are 

silica and alumina. These are supplied by the clay or shale used in the mixture. Whatever 

material is used, however, the alumina should not exceed 25 per cent, as a greater proportion 

injures the cement. The fire clays of the quadrangles can not be used for cement making 

since they run over 30 per cent alumina, as shown by the analyses given in the description of 

the clays. At Wampum, in Lawrence County, one of the first places in this country where 

Portland cement was made, the materials used are the Vanport limestone and shale from 

an immediately overlying bed 6 feet thick. The composition of the shale is given below:

Analysis of.shale near Wampum, Pa. 

Silica............................................................................. 65. 99

Alumina. .......................................:...................'.:......... ... 21. 57

. Ferric oxide...................................................................... 0.07 '

Lime.............................................................................. .47

Magnesia........................................ ^................................ .82

. It seems probable that there is in these quadrangles an abundance of shale of this character 

to be had in association with the limestone, and this, with the cheap supply of fuel near at 

hand in the Lower Kittanning coal, would seem to indicate that cement making could bo 

made a profitable industry.

Development. The Vanport limestone makes good lime, and is quarried at many points 

in the quadrangles and burned into lime by the farmers in the fields, where it is to be used 

as a fertilizer. This custom is facilitated by the abundant and cheap supply of coal.for fuel.

At West Winfield the limestone is worked on a commercial scale by A. G. Morris. The 

workings consists of an open-cut quarry and two mines. The limestone at this place is 

22 feet thick and in mining 18 feet are taken out and 4 feet are left for roof. It is used for 

railroad ballast, concrete work, artificial stone, and fluxing, and is burned into lime.

' o These references are to Report B5 of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania.
176 K1TTANNING AND EUEAL VALLEY QUADRANGLES, PA.

FKEEPORT LIMESTONE.

This is a less persistent bed than the Vanport. It reaches its maximum thickness and 

greatest economic importance in the southeast corner of the Kittanning quadrangle, between 

Manorville and Ford City, where it is 28 feet thick.

The composition of this limestone is shown in the analyses by McCreath given below:

Analyses of Freeport limestone.

1.

Per cent. 

88. 839 

1.513 

2.557 

.021 

5.030

6.

Per cent. 

89. 857 

2.898 

1.860 

.017 

4.520

2.

Per cent: 

94. 928 

1.210 

1.246 

.018 

1.920

7.

Per cent. 

96. 453 

1.445 

.964 

.007 

.830

3.

Per cent. 

84. 857 

1.868 

2. 568 

.024 

9. 520

8.

Per cent. 

93. 214 

2.065 

1..340 

.004 

2.220

4.

Per cent. 

89. 303 

1.900 

2.002 

.021 

4.830

9.

Per cent. 

93. 571 

1.324 

1.207 

.029 

3.170

5.

Per cent.- 

 82.589 

5,751 

3. 367 

.063 

7. 310

1 10.

Per cent. 

94. 642 

1.574 

. 1.182 

.012 

1. 850

1. Prom John Reefer farm, North Star ravine (Huskins Run?) (p. 93 a). 

2. From William Marshall property, Dayton (p. 141 «). This locality is east of the Rural Valley 

quadrangle. 

'3. From William Hamilton property near Putneyville (p. 154"). 

4. From property of A. J. Dull & Co., Manorville, layer No. 1 (p. 257 a). 

5. From property of A. J. Dull & Co., Manorville; layer No. 9 (p. 257 a). 

0. From property of A. J. Dull & Co., Manorville; layer No. 11 (p. 257 «). . 

7. From Mehaffey's quarry, Logansport, just south of quadrangles; bank No. 1 (p. 257 a). 

8. From same quarry, bench No. '! (p. 257 «) 

10.

From same quarry, bench No. 11 (p. 257 a)

From Monroe property On Buffalo Creek south of quadrangles (p. 289").

These analyses show considerable variation in the composition of the limestone.. It 

generally carries less phosphorus than the Vanport. On the other hand they show in some 

cases, as at Manorville, a smaller percentage of carbonate of lime and much more insoluble 

matter, the decrease in the former being made up by.the latter, which probably is mostly 

silica. At Mehaffey's quarry at Logansport, however, the percentage of carbonate is about 

the same as in the Vanport, while the phosphorus is very low. It would seem from these 

facts that the limestone at Manorville would not be suitable for flux, but would answer' 

very well for making cement. It might be found that the clay and shale interbedded 

with the limestone, as shown in the section just referred to, would be suitable for mixing 

with the limestone in cement making, so that the whole stratum could be mined out and 

utilized. The limestone from this locality was once extensively quarried and shipped to 

Pittsburg for use as flux. The discontinuance of this industry was doubtless due to the 

fact that the limestone could not compete in the market with that of a better grade from 

other regions. Both the Vanport and Freeport limestones would afford a supply of road 

metal, probably, of good quality.

GA:NTSTER.

A hard sand rock is used by the Cowanshannock brick works to mix with lime for making silica bricks. The exact source of this material is not known to the writer, but it is 

possibly the Clarion sandstone, which is of a coarse quartzose character along Cowanshannock Creek from its mouth to the old mill 1 mile above.

o These references are to Report H5 of the Second Geological Survey of Penngylvania. -
MINEKAL EESOURCES. 177 

BUILDING STONE.

On the hills southwest of West Winfield the Saltsburg sandstone is extensively quarried 

by the Concmaugh Stone Company of Cresson, Pa. This sandstone practically forms the 

surface of the flat hilltops and can be reached by a minimum amount of stripping. The 

quarry already extends over a large space, throughout which the rock varies in thickness 

from 10 to 15 feet. The rock is a coarse-grained, free-working sandstone, in layers of such 

thickness that it is easily quarried and made into dimension stone of convenient size. Tt 

is suitable for coarse masonry only- and is used for railroad purposes. The quarried blocks 

are let down by an incline to the West Winfield Railroad for shipment. On the east bank 

of Allegheny River, about three-fourths mile south of. the mouth of Cowanshannock Creek, 

what is probably the Clarion sandstone has been quarried to a considerable extent for the 

same purpose, as has also the Freeport sandstone in the west bluff of the river just south 

of Applewold. There is a great abundance of sandstone to be had for coarse masonry 

throughout both quadrangles and further discussion is not demanded here.

SAND.

.At West Winfield the Saltsburg and Clarion sandstones are being ground into sand. In 

the vicinity of Kittanning large quantities of sand are dredged from the river and used for 

grinding plate glass at the Kittanning plate glass works. It is also used to a less extent 

for mortar. It is prepared for use by being passed through three screens and then thoroughly washed. On the west side of the river opposite Ford City the Mahoning sandstone 

is extensively quarried by the Pittsburg Plate Glass Company, and reduced to sand, which 

is used for grinding glass at Ford City.

Bull. 279 06 12

INDEX.

Abrams, E. E., wells owned by, records of. 121 

Adams, Upper Freeport coal near.......... 54,65

Adams farm, Lower Freeport coal on...... 52

(PI. VIII), 74 

Adams well, Lower Kittanning coal in..... 48

section of......................... 24 (PI. II)

record of.............................. 131,143

Adrian, Clarion clay near......'............. 105

'Lower Freeport coal near.............. 63

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 60

section of.................... 44 (PI. VI)

Middle Kittanning coal near............ 61

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 02,64 , Alcorn well, record of....................... 159

Allegheny formation, character, thickness, 

and distribution and subdivisions of.............. 26 (PI. V), 32-38

sections of...................... 26 (PI. V)', 27

Allegheny Furnace, Freeport clay near,

analysis of...................... 168

Kittanning fire clay near............. 160-167

Allegheny Furnace well, Murrysvilie saud

in............................... 10.4

record of................................ 133

section of......................... 24 (PI. II)

Allegheny River,.Clarion clay on or near... 164,

165,170 

Freeport clay along.................... 168

Glacial deposits along.................. 43

Kittanning sand stone along............ 35

Mercer clay horizon on................. 163

stone quarries on....................... 177

Vanport limestone on .................. 34

Allison coal bank, section of.... 52 (PI. VIII), 75

Upper Freeport coal at and near....... 75

Allison (.Dr.) well, record of................ 127

Allison (T. H.) well, Lower Freeport coal in. 50 

record of................................ 127

Alluvium, occurrence of.................... 44

Aincs limestone, horizon, character, thickness, and distribution of........ 26

(PI. V),42 

American Natural Gas Company, wells

owned by, records of.. 110-113,121,122 

American Window Glass' Company, wells

 owned by, records of.. 125,126,129,131 

Anthony mine, Upper Kittanning coal at,

section of............. 48 (PI. VII), 94

Anthonys Bend, Lower Freeport coal near. 95

Lower Kittanning coal at, section of ... 44

(PI. VII), 93

Pottsville bed at....................... 30,31

section at. ............................. 30

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 91

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 94

Anticlines, gas accumulations along........ 108

Page.

Apollo Gas Company, wells owned by, rec- 127,

orcls of, 132-133,135-137,140-149,158-160

Apollo syncline, position and extent of..... 23

Appalachian coal field, map of northern part

of............................... 44

Applewold, Clarion coal near, section of.... 44

(PI. VI), 59 

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 59

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 01

section of.................... 48 (PI. VII)

stone quarries at....................... 177

Armenia well, record of..................... 121

Arnold, wells, records of................... 133,134

Atkinson well, record of.................... 130

Atwoocl, gas wells near..................... 108

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 78

Austin coal bank, section at......... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Freeport coal at................. 90

Aye well, Lower Freeport coal in........... 08

Mercer coals in......................... 06

record of................................ 138

IB.

Baird iron ore, attempts to utilize .......... 174

Baker well, Fourth sand in, depth of....... 105

record of................................ 123

section of........................... 24 (PL I)

Upper Freeport coal in ................. 51

Bakerstown coal, horizon, character, and

distribution of......... 26 (PI. V), 41

Balsiger (G A.) well, record of............. 148

Balsiger (S. E.) well, record of............. 149

section of........................ 24 (PI. Ill)

Banks property, Upper Freeport coal on... 71 

B.argerstock well, record of................. ICO

Barker farm, Upper Freeport coal on...... 77

Barker well, record of...................... 143

Barnett well, Lower Freeport coal in ...... 56

record of................................. 126

Barnhart mine, Upper Freeport coal in.... fi5

Bauerman, H., on metallic content of iron

ore.............................. 174

Baum well, record of....................... 145

Bear, Henry, coal bank of, section at....... 52

(PI. VIII), 74 

Bear well, record of......................... 142

Beatty's mill, Brush Creek coaJ near....... 40

M aliening coal near .................... 4G

Upper Freeport coal at................. 51

section of................... 52 (PI. VITI)

Beck coal bank, Upper Kittanning coal at.

section of............. 48 (PI. VII). 82

Bcckwell, record of......................... 157

Beers coal bank, coal from, analysis oi...... 98,99

Lower Freeport coal at................. 74

Upper Freeport coal at................. 78

179
180 INDEX.

Page. 

Belknap, Freeport clay near ................ 168

Lower Freeport coal at................. 90

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 80

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 80

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 91

Bell (John) well, record of.................. 150

Upper Freeport coal in................. 78

Bell (William) well, record of.............. 151

Bench marks,tdescriptions of............... 14-16

Berline (Conrad) well, Brookville coal in... 85

record of................................ 159

Bermuda well, record of.................... 121

Bethlehem Gas Company, well owned by,

record of............................... 161

Bicker wells, records of..................... 112

-Bickett Brothers' well, record of ........... 121

Big Injun sand.. See Burgoon sandstone. 

Bish coal bank, Lower Kittanning coal at,

section of.............. 44 (PL VI),86

Bishoff well, record of...................... 141

Bittinger property, Brookville coal on ..... 85

Bittinger well, record of..................... 153

Bittinger (Catherine) well, record of ....... 160

Black, John, & Co., wells owned by, records

of............................. 116,117

Black (A.) well, Lower Kittanning coal in.. 48

record of................................ 118

Black wells Nos. 4 and 5, records of........ 117

Blair well, record of........................ 133

Upper Freeport coal in................. 64

Blanco, gas wells near...................... 108

Upper Freeport coal at or near....... 77,78

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Blane coal bank, Lower Kittanning coal in. 47 

Blane well, Lower Kittanning coal in ....... 47

record of................................ 123

Blanket Hill, Mahoning sandstone near.... 39

Upper Freeport coal near, section of.... 76

(PI. IX) 

Blose coal bank, section at........... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Freeport coal in................. 76

Blose well, Lower Kittanning coal in....... 72

record of................................ 139

Blue Monday sand, horizon of.............. 106

Boggs Township, wells in, records of..... 144-148

wells in, sections of............... 24 (PI. IV)

See also names of places in township. 

Boggsville, Brush Creek coal near.......... 40

Boggsville, Freeport sandstone on......... 35

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 51

Boggsville syncline, position and extent of. 21 

Boggs well, record of....................... 121

Booher well, Lower Kittanning coal in..... 60

record of................................ 130

Bostonia, Lower Freeport coal near, analysis of......................°.-s-- 98-99

Upper Freeport coal at, analysis of .-... 98-99

Upper Kittanning coal at.............. 63,89

analysis of ....................I..... 98-99

Bostonia mine, coal from, analysis of.... 95,96,98

sections at.... 48 (PI. VII),76 (PI. IX),94,96

Boulder sand, horizon of ........... i....... 106

Bower coal bank, coal from, analysis of.... 98-99

Bower well, record of....................... Ill

Bowser coal bank, section at......... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Freeport coal at................. 84

Page

Bowser (A.) well, Lower juttanningcoal in. 80 

record of................................ 154

Bowser (D. C.) well, record of.............. 132

Bowser (D. R.) well No. 1, record of....... 132

Bowser (D. R.) well No. 2, Lower Kittanning coal in..................... 55

record of................................ 127

Bowser (D. R.) well No. 3, Upper Freeport coal in..................... 57

record of................................ 127

Bowser (E. B.) well, record of.............. 127

Bowser (J. A.) well, record of.............. 152

Upper Freeport coal in................. 78

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 73

Bowser (L.) well, record of................. 145

Bowser (L. B.) well, record of.............. 145

Bowser (Miller) well, record of............. 135

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 62

Bowser (Robert) well, record of............ 152

Bowser (T. N.) well No. 1, record of........ 143

Bowser (T. N,) well No. 2, record of....... 143

Upper Kittanning coa! in.............. 73

Bowser (W. J.) well, Lower Kittanning coal

in....'........................... 55

record of................................ 126

Upper Freeport coal in................. 57

Bowser (W. P.) well, Lower Freeport coal

in............................... 56

record of................................ 133

Upper Freeport coal in................. 58

Boyer (John) well, Lower Freeport coal in. 74 

Middle Kittanning coal in.............. 73

 record of................................ 149

Upper Freeport coal in................. 78

Boyer (William) well, record of............ 151

Brady & Simpson wells, records of......... 116

Bradys Bend, Butler sandstone at.......... 36

section at............................... 37

Upper Freeport clay and iron ore at.... 37

Upper Freeport coal at, section of...... 52

(PI. VIII),65 

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 50

well near, section pf............... 24 (PI. II)

Bradys Bend Iron Company, iron ore

worked by...................... 173

wells owned by, records of.............. 132

Bradys Bend syncline, position and extent

of............................... 19-20

Bradys Bend Township, Speechley sand in

wells in......................... 107

wells in, records of.................... 131-132

See also names of places in township. 

Bradys Bend tract, Upper Kittanning coal

on.............................. 50

wells in, records of...................... 117

Braneman mine, Lower Kittanning coalat............................... 61

Brannen well, record of..................... 127

Breadon well, record of...................... 116

Breckenridge cannel coal, analysis of....... 95

Brice (Alec.) well, record of................. 157

section of......................... 24 (PL IV)

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 82

Bricker (H. C.) well, record of.............. 121

Bricker heirs well, record of................ 110

Bricker (Jacob) well, record of............. 124
INDEX. 181

Page.

Bricker (J. F.) wells, records of.......... 111,112

Broadview triangulation station, location

and geographic position of...... 12

Brooks coal bank, coal from, analysis of.. 05,08-90

Upper Kittanning coal at, section of.... 48

(PI. VII), 88

Brookville, flint clay mine at............... 170

Brookville anticline, position and extent of. 23

Brookville coal, character, thickness, and

distribution of.................'. 32

depths of, in wells...................... 118,

124,138,144,146,154,155,157-1GO 

exposures of.......... 45-46,59,66,72,79,85,03

horizon of...................... 26 (PI. V), 32

sections of.................. 44 (PI. VI).45,85

thickness of......... 26 (PL V), 32,72,79,85,93

Brookvillo fire clay, horizon of........ 26 (PI. V)

Brosius well No. 1, Lower Frecport coal in.. 90 

record of................................ 148

Brosius well No."2, Lower Freeport coal in.. 90 

Lower Kittanning coal in............... 86

record of................................ 147

Brown & Mosgrovo property, Upper Freeport coal on.................... 84

Brown farm, oil well on.................... 103

Brown well, Lower Kittanning coal in ..... 72

record of................................ 154

Upper Freeport coal in................. 79

Upper Kittanning coal in............... 73

Brown (P. & J.) well, Lower Freeport coal in 74 

record of......:......................... 155

Browns Crossroads, Upper Freeport coal

near-............................ 65

Brunei,'J. S., coal bank of, section of...... 57

coal bank of, Upper Freeport coal in... 56-57

Biunercoal bank, coal mined at, analysis

of................................ 98-99

section at.....................-44 (PI. VI), 54

Brunei well, record of...................... 126

Brunt (William) well, Lower Frecport coal

in............................... 74

record of................................ 143

Brush Creek coal, character and distribution of............... 26 (PI. V), 40-41

depth of, in wells................. 110,122,154

exposures of................ 54.59,66,71,79,85

horizon of................... 20 (PL V), 40,79

thickness of....................... 40-41,79,85

Buffalo Creek, Brookville coal near......... 45-46

Brush Creek coal near.................. 54

Butler sandstone on.................... 36

Clarion clay on......................... 165

Clarion coal near....................... 46-47

coals in basin of.................. 32,40,45-54

Craigsville coal near.................... 32,46

Freeport clay on........................ 168

Freeport sandstone on................. 35

Kittanning clay on..................... 167

limestone from, analysis of............. 176

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 50-51

Lower Kittanning coal on.............. 47,48

Mahotring coiil on....................... 40

Middle Kittanning coal near.........: 48,

48 (PI. VI), 49 

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 48

PL VII), 51, 52, 52 (PL VIII), 53-54

Page.

Buffalo Creek, Upper Kittanning coal

near............................ <9-5f)

Vanport limestone on.................. 34

Buffalo Mills, Clarion clay at............. 104,165

Clnrioncoal near, section of... 44 (PI. VI), 47 

Freeport sandstone near............... 35

Kittanning clay at:................... Ki6,167

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 47

analysis of.......................... 98- 99

Middle Kictanningcoal near............ 48

shale available near.................... 169

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 49

Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad,

Clarion clay year............... 165

coal in cut on........................... 45

Kittanning fire clay along............ 100,167

Lower Kittanning coal along........... 59

Middle Kittanning coal along.......... 48,61

sections on...................... 48 (PL VII),

50-51,52.(PL VIII), 169 

Upper Frecport coal on, section of...... 52

(PL vm)

Butlalo Run, Lower Freeport coal near...... 50

Upper Freeport coal on................ 53

Buhrstone iron ore, analyses of........... 171-173

character of...... ................... 17-1-173

horizon and exter t of.................. 171

Building stone, quar ies for obtaining..... 177

Bullock Run, Clarion coal near. .............. 79

Lower Froeport coal near.............. 82

North Fork of, Upper Frecport coafon. 84 

Upper Freeport coal on, section of..... 76

(PL IX),84 

Upper Kittanning coal on..... * . ....... 82

Burgooii sandstone, character and horizon

of............................... 28

gns in................................... 133

synonyms of............................ 25

thickness of............................. 25

Burke well, record of....................... 121

Burnes well, record of...................... 122

Burns, Daniel, wells owned by, records of.. 117

Burns, P. L., well owned by, record of ..... 118

Burns well. Lower Kittanning coal in...... 72

record of................................ ' ]50

Burrows,. J. S., coals collected by, for analysis.............................. 98-90

Butler gas sand. See Murrysvillc gas sarid.

Butler sandstone, character, thickness, and

distribution of................... 36-37

horizon, and character of.......... 26 (PL V)

Butler well, record of....................... 159

C.

Cabot, G. L., wells owned by, records of..... 110-

113,124,128 

Cambridge limestone, horizon, character,

thickness, and distribution of.. 41 

Campbell, M. 11., supervision by........... 9

Campbell & Murphy, wells owned by, records of.......................... 115

Campbell well, record of.................... 157

Camp Run, Brookville coal on............. 85

Lower Kittanning, coal on............. 87
182 INDEX.

Page. 

Carboniferous rocks, data concerning. ..... 26-42

section of.......................... 26 (PI. V)

Carll, J. F., acknowledgments to........... 9

on Hundred-foot sand .................. 106

Carll, J. F., on Third sand.................. 106

on Venango oil sands................... 105

Carmichaels formation, character and distribution of..................... 42-43

Carnegie Natural Gas Company, wells of,

Orecords of............. 122,124,135,101

Carson coal bank, Upper Freeport coal at.. 83 

Carson well, Brookvillecoal in............. 79

Middle Kittanning coal in.............. 81

record of................................ 155

Caruthers property, Upper Freeport coal

on..................... 76 (PI. IX),78

Cathcart Run, Lower Freeport coal near... 90 

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 87

Upper Kittanningcoal near............ 88,94

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Cat skill formation, oil and gas sands in.... 107

Cement rock, limestone used for............ 175

Chance, 11. M., acknowledgments to........ 9

on structure of the region.............. 18,19

Charlestown, Lower Freeport coal near.... 90

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 88

Chemung formation, oil and-gas sands in... 107 

Chicora, Freeport clay near................ 168

oil well at, production of............... 103

Upper Freeport coal near............... 53

Chrismaif (Abraham) well, Lower Freeport

coal in.......................... 63

Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 60

record of................................ 137

section of........................... 24 (PI. II)

Chrisman (Hamilton) well, record of....... 148

Chrisman (J. H.) well, record of............ 148

Christy well, record of...................... 137

Cingler's coal bank, Lower Kittanning coal

at............................... 93

Lower Kittanning coal at, section of... 44

(PI. VI)

. ClarionBrickCo.,Mercerclayvyorked by.. 162,170 

Clarion clay, altitudes.of. ................. 165,166

analyses of.......'...................... 164

character of......"................... 34,163-164

distribution of .'.V.................. 34,165-166

horizon of.................................. 163

section of........... 1.,,...... ...;.,....>.., 164

thickness of.............................. 34

utilization of........................... 170

Clarion coal, analysis of.................... 98-99

depths of, in wells....... '. .............. 118,

120,122,123,145,147,157,158 

exposures of................... 59,66,72,86,93

occurrence of, in wells in Pine Creek

basin........................... 79

horizon and distribution of........ 26 (PI. V)

sections of.............. 44 (PI. VI), 46-47, 59

thickness of.............. 26 (PI. V), 72, 79, 93

Clarion sandstone, character, exposures,

and thickness of................ 33

ganister derived from.................. 176

horizon and character of.......... 20 (PI. V)

quarries in.............................. 177

sand njade from........................ 177

section showing........................ 33

Page.

Clark, Mrs. John, well owned by, record of. 120

Clay and shale, horizon, thickness, exposures, and character of....... 162-171

Claypool coal bank, section of.... 52 (PI. VIII) 57

Claypool well, Lower Freeport coal in...... 50

record of................................ 129

Upper Freeport coal in................. .53

Clays, utilization of...................... 170-171

Clearfleld Township, Lower Freeport coal

in............................... 50

Upper Freeport coal in................. 52

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 49,50

wells in, records of.................... 114-115

See. also names of places in township.

Clever triangulation station, location and

geographic position of.......... 10-11

Clever well No. 1, record of................. 159

section of........................ 24 (PI. IV)

Clever well No. 2, Middle Kittanning coal in. SI 

record of...................r............ 159

Climax, Lower Kittanning coal near....... 93

Mercer clay at.................... 162,163,170

Mercer coal near........................ 92

Climax Brick Works, Mercer clay worked

by.............................. 170

Climax clay pits, section at................. 30

Climax Fire Brick Company, wells owned

by, records of................... 149

Clymer well, record of...................... 112

Coal, analyses of........................ 95,98-99

analyses of, notes on.................... 100

cannel, analyses of...................... 95

coking of..................\.......... 101-102

deposits of, detailed descriptions of .... 44-97

disposition and use of................ 101-102

markets for........................... 101-102

sections of....................... 44 (PI. VI),

48 (PI. VII), 52 (PI. VIII), 76 (PI. IX) 

See also names of the coal beds, as Clarion 

coal, Gallitzin coal, etc.

Coal beds, formations containing........... 44

list of................................... 44

map showing............. PI. XI (in pocket)

stratigraphic relations of, sections-show

ing........................ 26 (PI. V)

Coal mining, conditions and development of. 101

Cobbett well, record of..................... 148

section of......................... 24 (PI. Ill)

 Cogley well, record of....................... 155

Collen well, Lower Kittanning coal in....... 93

record of................................ 149

Collum well, Lower Kittanning coal in..... 72

, record of................................ 140

section of........................ 24 (PI. Ill)

Upper Freeport coal in................. 77

Columnar section, plate showing........... 26

Colwell, Henry, iron, ore sample furnished

by..............'................ 175

Colwell (J. A.) well, record of.............. 137

section of. ....................... 24 (PI. Ill)

Colwell (John) well, depth of............... 25

records of............................... 161

section of......................... 24 (PI. IV)

Spcechley sand in....................... 107

Colwell property, Upper Freeport coal on.. 92 

Vanport limestone at, analysis of...... 175

Colwell well No. 4, record of............... , 161
INDEX. 183

Page. 

Colwell's mine, coal from, analysis of........ 98-99

Concord Church, Upper Freeport coal at... 84 

well at, Middle Kittanning coal in.. 81 

record of............................ 159

Conemaugh formation, character, thickness,

and distribution of. 26 (PI. V), 38-39 

members of............................. 39-42

Conemaugh Stone Company, quarries of... 177 

Connoqnenessing sandstone, horizon, character, thickness, and distribution of.......... 26 (PI. V), 28,30,31,32

Cook farm, Upper Freeport coal on, section

of..................'... 76 (PI. IX), 83

Cook well-, record of........................ 141

CornplantcrRun, Upper Freeport coal near. 51 

Cosmos, Lower Kittanning coal near....... 68

Pocono coals at......................... 66

Cove Run, Lower Kittanning coal on ...... 61

Cowanshannock, Clarion clay mined at.... 170

Clarion coal at........................... 66

Lower Kittanning coal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI) 

Cowanshannock Brick Works, ganister used

by............................... 176

CowansLiannock Creek, Brookvillecoal near. 72 

Brush Creek, coal near................. 41

Clarion clay on........................ 165,166

Clarion coal near.'.....................'. 72

coals in basin of........................ 72-79

Freeport clay near...................... 168

Kittanning fire clay near............. 166,167

Kittanning sandstone on............... 34

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 73-74

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 07,72

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 73

, Quaternary deposits along............ 42,43

section on.............................. 33

stone quarries on....................... 177

Upper Freeport coal near... 41.71,75,77,78,79 

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 73

Vanport limestone on:................. ' 34

Cowanshannock Gas Co., wells owned by,

records of....................... 155

Cowanshannock gas field, area of........... 108

Cowanshannock mine, Clarion clay at...... 104

Cowanshannock Township, wells in, sections of............. 24 (Pis. Ill, IV)

wells in, records of.................... 150-155

See also names of places in township. 

Cowansville, coal mines near....,.......... 101

Freeport clay near...................... 168

Lower Freeport coal near............ 50,51,50

. . analysis of.......................... 98-99

section of ................... 48 (PI. VH)

. Middle Kittanning coal near........... 48

section near........;................... 169

shales utilized at........................ 171

Upper Freeport coal near...... 54,56,58-59,65

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 55,56

Cowansville Mining Company, coal mined 

.lysi, 

Fro 

Cowan wells, records of..................... 120

Coyle well, record of........................ 115

Coyleville, Bakerstown coal near........... 41

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 47

Upper Freeport coal at....;............ 53

by, analysis of.................. 98-99

mine of, Lower Freeport coal in........ 56

'Page.

Craigsville, Brookvillecoal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI), 45 

Clarion coal near........................ ! 47

coal beds near....................... 32,40,47

Craigsville coal near, section of... 44 (PI. VI) 

Freeport sandstone near............... 35

Lower Kittanning coal at, analysis of. 47-48,

98-99 

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 48

Pbttsville formation at and near....... 31

Craigsville coal, character and distribution

of............................... 32

horizon of..................... 26 (PI. V), 32

mines in................................ 40

sections of ..................'..... 44 (PI. VI)

thickness of..... 26 (PI. V),32,44 (PI. VI), 46

Cravener well, record of.................... 141

Crawford farm, Upper Freeport'coal on, section of.............. 52 (PI. VIII), 05

Crawford well, Lower Kittanning coal in... 60 

record of.........i...................... 130

Cresson, stone quarries at.................. 177

Crinoidal limestone. See Amos limestone. 

Cronin well, record of......................'. 138

Croson wells, records of.......:'............. 149

Crothers well, record of...................... 152

Crow well, record of........................' 153

Upper. Freeport coal in................. 79

Cruikshank well, record of.................. 110

Crytzcr well, record of...................... 138

Upper Freeport coal in................. 69

JD.

Daugherty Brothers, Lower Kittanning

clay worked by...........:..... 171

quarry of, section at.................... 166

shale worked by........................ 169

Daugherty coal bank, section at... 76 (PI. IX), 83 

Davis Brothers, wells owned by, records of. 120 

Dayton, limestone from, analysis of........ 170

Deanville, Butler sandstone at and near... 30-37 

Clarion clay near....................... 105

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 80

Upper Freeport coal near.........'..... 91

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 88

Dcaver Run, Lower Freeport coal on....... 82

Upper Freeport coal near............... 83

Upper Kittanning coal on.............. 81,82

Dec, Brookvillocoal-near................... . 85

Clarion coal near........................ 801

Kittanning clay near, section of........ 107

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 80

Mercer clay horizon near............... 163

Upper Freeport coal at.............. 38,71,90

analysPof.......................... 98-99

Denny, Mr., on Lower Freeport iron ore.... 173

Denny coal bank, section at....". 52,52 (PI. VIII)

Dcnny wells, records of..................... 113

Dever wells, records of................... 145,147

Devinney well, record of.................... 151

Upper Freeport coal in................. . 78

Dickey wells, records of..........'.......... 136

Dill well, record of.......................... 144

Dip of the rocks, amount of................ 24

Donahue well, record of.................... 114
184 INDEX.

Paga

Donegal Township, Lower Freeport coal in. 50 

 Upper Freeport coal in................. 53

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 50

wells in, records of.................... 116-119

See also names of places in township. 

Donze coal bank, section of........ 52 (PI. VIII)

Bonze well, record of....................... 127

Double well, record of...................... 117

Doverspike farm, Upper Freeport coal on.. 91 

Doverspike well, record of................... 161.

section of......................... 24 (PI. IV)

Drainage, features of....................... 16

Drake property, coal banks on............. 58

Drake (J. B.) well, Lower Freeport coal in. 56 

Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 55

Middle Kittanning coal in............... 55

record of................................ 133

Drake well No. 1, record of................. 121

Drohn well, record of....................... 158

Du Bois & Butler Brick Company, shales

worked by.................... 169,171

Duff well, record of......................... 150

Upper Freeport coal in................. 78

Duffy well, record of........................ 117

Dull property, limestone from, analysis of.. 176 

Dumbaugh well, record of.................. 124

Duncan property, Lower Kittanning coal

on.............................. 93

Lower Kittanning coal on, section of... 44

(PI. VI) 

Duquesne Fireproofing Company, Clarion

clay worked by................. 170

Clarion coal at works of................ 46

E. .

East Brady, Clarion clay near............ 165,166

glacial deposits near................... _ 43

Kittanning clay near................... 167

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 61,68

section of...................... 44 (PI. VI)

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 65,71

Eastern Oil Co., wells owned by, records of. 141-

143,149-157 

East Franklin Township, Lower Freeport

coal in.......................... 56

wells in, record of..................... 132-136

sections of............ ...'.. 24 (PI. Ill)

See also names' of places in township. 

Echo, Clarion clay near..................... 166

Kittanning clay near................... 167

Lower Freeport coal near............... 82

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 80

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 80,81

sections of................ 48 (PI. VII),80

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 83,84

section of...............Q. 76 (PL IX),83

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 81

section of................. 48 (PI. VII),82

Eddyville, Brookville coal near............. 85

Freeport clay near...................... 168

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 87

section of.................. 44(P1.VI),87

Middle Kittanning coal near...........' 88

Pottsville rocks at and near............ 32

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 88

Elevations determined, list showing....... 14-16

Page. 

Elder well, record of........................ 135

Elgin (Jerry) well, record of................ 153

Elgin well No. 2, record of.................. 153

Upper Freeport coal in................. 79

Ellenberger farm, Brush Creek coal on..... 71

Ellenberger well, record of.................. 160

Ellermeyer well, Middle Kittanning coal in. 55 

record of................................ 133

section of.......................... 24 (PI. II)

Enterprise mine, section at........ 52 (PI. VIII)

Espey well, record of....................... 151

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 73

Evans wells, records of..................... 146

Venaago oil sands in.................... 105

Everhart well, record of.-................... 139

Ewing, Clarion clay near................. 164,165

Clarion coal at.......................... 66

Kittanning clay at........................ 166

Lower Kittanning coal near, section'Of. 44

(PI. VI),59

U pper Freeport coal near.............. 64

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Upper Kittanning coal -near............ 02

Ewing well No. 2, Clarion coal in........... 47

Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 40

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 49

Ewing wells, records of ...:................. 123

IF\

Fairmount das Company, well owned by,

record of........................ 161

Fairmount Mining Company, mine of, Upper Freeport coal at............ 96

Fa.rmount No. 2 mine, Lower Freeport coal

at............................... s)5-96

Fairmount No. 3 mine, Lower Freeport coal

at............................... 95

Fairmount No. 4 mine, sections at......... 9G,97

Upper Freeport coal at.............. 92,96-97

Fairmount No. 5 mine, Lower Kittanning

coal at, section of..... 44 (PI. VI), 93

Fairmount syncline, position and extent of. 22 

Fairview Township, wells in, records of.. H9-121

See also names of places in township. 

Falkcoal ba.nk, section at......... 76 (PI. IX),92

Fenelton, Middle Kittanning coal near..... 48

Upper Freeport coal near, sections of... 52 

(PI. VIII), 53

Upper Kittanning coal near, sections of. 48 

(PI. VII),49

Ferriferous limestone. See Vanport limestone. 

Fifth sand, depth of, in wells............ 110-114,

122-136,139-142,144,147,

149-151,153,155,157,160

gas in..... 110,112-114,123,127,129,130,131,140

gas yield of............................. 106

horizon of.............................. 106

Fink well, record of......................... 124

Finnessy & Young, wells owned by, records

of............................... 116

Fire clay, formations furnishing............. 162

Fishbasket coal vein, exposures of......... 93

See also Lower Kittanning. 

Fisher Oil Company, wells owned by, records-of ....................... 115,116
INDEX. 185

Page. 

Fishor (Caroline) well, record of............ 150

Upper Freeport coal in...............,... 78

Fisher well No. 1, record of................. 116

Ford China Company, well owned by, record

' of............................... 138'

Ford City, Brush Creek coal near.......... 71

Cambridge limestone near.............. 41

Freeport limestone near................ 176

gas field near........................... 108

glacial deposits near..................... 43

Lower Freeport coal in wells near...... 68

Lower Kittanning coal in wells near.... 66

Mahoning sandstone at and near....... 39

Mercer coals in wells near.............. 66

sand making at......................... 177

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 64,69

Upper Freeport coal near, section of.... 52

(PL VIII) 

Foreman's coal bank, Lower Kittanning

coal at.......................... 87

Lower Kittanning coal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI) 

Foster (C. W.) well, record of.............. 130

Foster (Joshua) well, record of............. 157

Foster (T. A.) wells, records of............... loO

Fosters Mills, Clarion clay near............ 165

Kittanning clay near.................... 167

Lower Froeport coal near.............. 51

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 48

Upper Freeport coal at................. 54

Fourth sand, depth of, in wells.. 110-116,118-137,

139,142,144,145,147-151,157,160,161

gas in...................... 110,123,125,134,148

horizon and depth of ................. 105-106

horizon and equivalent of.............. 106

oil in.............. 113.114-116,118-121,134,148

Frederick well, record of..................... 119

Freehling (Casper) well No. 1, record of.... 110

well No. 3, record of.................... HO

Upper Freeport coal in................. 51

Freehling (J. G.) well, record of............ Ill

Freeport, Upper Freeport coal near, analysis of............................ 98-99

Freeport coal. See Upper Freoport and

Lower Freeport. 

Freeport fire clay, distribution of.......... 168

section of............................... 168

stratigraphic place of................. 167-168

Freeport iron ore, section showing......... 37

See aZ.to Upper Freeport iron ore. 

Freeport limestone, analyses of ............ 176

depth of, in wells....................... 110,

124,125,126,129, 133,136-141,

145, 147,148,149,151-155,159

section showing........................ 37

thickness of............................. 176

Freeport sandstone, distribution of........ 35-36

horizon and character of.... 26 (PI. V),35-36

quarries in............................... 177

thickness of....................... 26 (PI. V)

Frenchs Corner. Brush Creek coal near..... 66

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 63

Lower Kittanning coal near.............. 60

section of..................... 44 (PL VI)

Middle Kittanning coal in well near.... 61

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 38,64

TIn»er Kittanning coal near............ 62

Page. 

Fritz coal bank, section of....... 52 (PL VIII). 75

Upper Freeport coal at and near....... 75

G--

Gal breath coal bank, coal from, analysis of. 98-99 

section at.................... 52 (PL VIII), 75

Gallitzin coal, distribution of.............. 38

horizon of.....:........................ 38,79

section of............................... 78

Ganister, sources of........................ 176

Ganner mine, Upper Kittanning coal at.... 63

Upper Kittanning coal at, section of... 48 

(PL VII), 63 

Garing, Christian, wells owned by, records

of................................ 117

Garrett Run, Freeport sandstone on....... 36

gas wells near.......................... 108

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 69

Mahoning sandstone on................ 39

Upper Freeport coal on................ 69,70

sections of...........: 52 (PL VIII), 69,70

Upper Kittanning coal on............... 68

Gas, natural, areal distribution of........ 107-109

development of, history of............. 103

fields of, possible extensions of......... 109

geologic occurrence of.................. 104

rocks bearing......................... 104-109

Gas, natural, and petroleum, development

of, history of.................. 102-103

fields of, map showing location of...... 102

Gas sands, horizons of..................... 25-26

Gearry well, record of...................... 127

Geological -Survey of Pennsylvania. See 

Pennsylvania Geological Survey. 

Geology, discussion of...................... 17-44

Gibson well, record of...................... Ill

Gilbert Brothers' well, record of........... 119

Gillcspie well, record of..................... 116

Gillis, J. W., coal bank of, Lower Kittanning coal at..................... 80

Gilreath well, record of.................... Ill

Gitel well, record of........................ 141

Glacial deposits, character, origin, occurrence, and age of................ 43

Glade Run, Brush Creek coal near........... 59

coals in basin of........................ 54-59

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 56

Lower Kittanning coal near......... 54-55,87

section of.................. 44 (PL VI),54

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 55

Mahoning sandstone on................ 39

Quaternary deposits along............. 43

Upper Freeport coal on................ 56-59

section of................ 52 (PL VIII), 57

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 55-56

Glade Run gas fleld, area of................ 108

Glazier well, record of...................... 151

Goheenville, Clarion coal at............... 86,165

gas sands struck near.................. 107

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 90

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 86

section of........:............ 44 (PL VI)

. Upper Freeport coal near.............. 91

section of.................. 76 (PL IX), 84

Upper Kittanriing coal near............ 88

Goheenville Gas Company, well owned' by, -

record of....................... 147
186 INDEX.

.age.

Goldlinger wells,.Lower Kittanning coal in. 48 

records of.............................. 11C

Goldstein well, record of.............. i..... 153

Goldstrom \vells, records of................. 141

Gosford", r Lover Kittanning coal near, section of.................. 44 (PI. VI), GO

Gourley heirs well, Lower Kittanning coal

in............................... 72

record of................................ 153

Upper Freeport coal in................. 79

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. ' 73

Gourley (S. H.) well, record of............. 155

GraiT estate, wells owned by, records of... 128-129 

Graft, Peter, land of, Lower Kittanning coal

on......................'........ 47

Graft, Peter, & Co., wells owned by, records

of............................... 129

Graff wells, records of.................... 128-129

Graham triangulation station, location and

geographic position of.......... 11

Gravels, glacial, occurrence of.............. 43

Graveyard well, record of.................. 119

Gray heirs well, record of................... 148

Gray (0.) well, record of.................... 148

Gray (Samuel) well, Lower Freeport coal in. 56 

Middle Kittanning coal in.............. 55

record of................................ 125

section of........................... 24 (PI. I)

Upper Freeport coal in................. 57

Great Lakes Coal Company, Lower Kittanning coal on .................... 01

Green, John, coal bank of, Upper Freeport

coal at........................... 52

Greenbaum, Runyan & Co., wells owned by,

records of....................... 144

Greendalc, Clarion clay near................ 166'

Clarion coal near..................'..... 72

Freeport clay near...................... 168

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 74

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 72

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Upper Freeport coal near..... 76 (PI. IX), 77

section of........................... 77

 Upper Kittanning coal near............ 73

Vanport limestone from, analysis of... 175 

Greendale anticline, position and extent of. 22-23 

Guthrie well, Lower and Middle Kittanning

coal in.......................... 55

record of................................ 133

H.

Halderman (J. M.) well, record of.......... 147

section of......................... 24 (PI. IV)

Upper Freeport coal in................. 90

Halderman (J. W.) well, Clarion coal in.... 79 

record of................................ 158

Hamilton, William, property of, limestone

from, analysis of............... 176

Harbison-Walker Refractories Company,

Clarion clay worked by......... 170

Harmon well, record of..................... 121

Harrington well, record of.................. '119

Harts Run, Lower Kittanning coal on..... 61 

Middle Kittanning coal on............. 62

Harvey, Thomas F., wells owned by, records

of............................... 116

Page 

Harvey & Dolan wells, records of.......... 116

Hasselgesser well, record of................ 110

Havyk coal bank, section at....... 44 (PI. VI), 47

Hawkins well, record of.................... 142

Hays well No. 1, Lower Freeport coal in... 56

record of................................ 132

Hays well No. 2, record of................... 132

section of......................... 24 (PI. II)

Hays well No. 4, record of.................. 133

Hays Run, Brush Creek coal near.......... 71

gas wells near.......................... 108

Lower Freeport coal near..............' 69

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 35,67

section of................. 44 (PI. VI), 67

Upper Freeport coal on................ 38,71

section of................... 52 (PI. VIII)

Hazelwood Oil Company, wells owned by,

records of....................... 121

Hazlewood well, section of............. 24 (PI. I)

Venango oil sands in................... 105

Heck well, record of........................ 110

Heffelflnger (A.) well, Brookville coal in.. 79

record of................................ 146

Heffelfmger (H. and S.) well, record of..... 145

Heilman coal bank, section at...52 (PI. VIII), 70 

Heilman (C.) well No. 1, record of.......... 139

section of........................ 24 (PI. Ill)

Heilman (C.) well No. 2, record of.......... 139

Heilman (Charles) well, Lower Freeport

coal in........................... 68

record of.....................:.......... 137

Heilman (J. and T.) well, record of......... 138

Heilman (John) well, Lower Kittanning

coal in.......................... 66

record of................................ 137

Heilman (Peter) well, Lower Kittanning

coal in.......................... 72

record of................................ 139

red sandstone in........................ 29

section of........................ 24 (PI. Ill)

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. '73

Heilman (Robert) well, record of........... 137

Heilman (T.) well, record of................ 137

Heim coal bank, Upper Freeport coal at,

section of............ 52,52 (PI. VIII)

Heim well, record of. ........................ 113

Heller well No. 1, record of................. Ill

Hpller well No. 2, record of................. 110

Helm coal bank, Lower Kittanning coal at. 44

(PI. VI, 16),60 

Hanry wM, Lovvar Kittanning coal in...... 4

record of................................ 130

Hepler well, Lower Kittanning coal in..... 48

record of................................. 130

Hettrick well, record of .................... 149

Hickey wells, records of.................... 116

Hildebrand Oil Company, well owned by,

record of........................ 114

Hildebrant well No. 4, record of............ 116

Hildebrant wells Nos. 1-3, 5-7, records of... 117 

Hill (Ben) well, record of................... 154

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 82

Hill (H. J.) well, record of.................. 153

Hobaugh coal bank, section at..52 (PI. VIII), 70 

Hobaugh well, Lower Kittanning coal in... 66

record of................................ 138

Hoffman well, record of.................... 160
INDEX.

Page. 

Holder Run, Iron ore near.................. 17*

Lower Kittanningcoal on.............. 61

Upper Frceport coal on................. 65

Upper Kittanning coal on.............. ' 63

Home Gas Company, wells owned by, records of........................ 111,113

Hoinewoocl sandstone, character of... 20 (PI. V),

30,31 

horizon of................ 20,27,28,31 (PI. V)

thickness of.......................... 27,30,31

Hooks, Vanport limestone near...........'. 34

Hooks well, record of....................... 135

Houser heirs well, Lower Kittanning coal

in............................... 80

record of................................ 147

Hulbin well, record of...................... 101

Huling Run, Clarion clay on................ 105

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 00; 01

Hnndred-foot sand, character and distribution of..........!............... 100

depth of.......................... 105,110-161

gas in................................... 110-

115,121-123,12G-12S, 130,132-135,137.

140-143,140,152-154,150-158, 160, 101

horizon of.'....................,...... 100,107

oil in.............................. 114,117,119

Hunter & Cum nings, wells owned by,

records of........... 117,118', 130,131

Huskina "Run, Kittanning clay on.......... 107

limestone from, analysis of.......'...... .170

Lower Freeport coal on................ 74

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 77

I.

Indiana pike, Brush Creek coal on ......... 40

Cambridge limestone on................ 41

Iron ore, analyses of..............,... 172-173,174

beds bearing............................ 171

metallic content of..................... 174

Jack (W. A.) well, record of................ 124

Upper Freeport coal in................. 57

Jack (George) well, record of............... 127

James well, record of....................... 155

Jewell well, record of....................... 100

Johns well, Middle Kittanning coal in...... 01

record of................................ 130

K.

Kammerdiener coal bank! sectionlat.. 76 (PI. IX) 

Upper Freeport coal" at................. 91

Kammerdiener well, Lower Kittanning

coal in.......................... 86

record of................................ 147

Kainrnerer, S. H., & Company, wells owned

by, records of................... 119

Kammerer Brothers, wells owned by, records of.............. '. ........... 119

Kammerc'r wells, records of................ 119

Kansan glacial deposits, occurrence of..... 43

Karns, coal mines near .................... 101

Murrysville sand beneath, depth of..... 104

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 53,65

Venango oil sands beneath, depth of... 105

Page. 

Kaylor, coal mines near.......:............ 101

Kittanning clay near................... 107

Lower Kittanning coal near............. 01

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 05

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 03

Kaylor mine, 'Lower Kittanning coal at.... 01

Kaylor (David) wells, records of........... 120

Kaylor (John) well, record of.............. 119

Kaylor wells, Nos. 1-3, records of.......... 119

Keelersbnrg anticline, position and extent

of..........................:.... 20-21

Keener well, record of...................... 129

Keiin (heirs) well, record of................ 155

Kellersburg, Brookville coal near.......... 85

Freeport clay near...................... 108

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 80,93

section of........................... 86

Mercer clay near........................ 163

Upper Freeport coal near..... 70 (PI. IX), 91

Kelly well, record of........................ 155

Upper Frceport coal in................. 79

Kemer well, record of....................... 119

Kennerdell well, record of.................. 152

Kepples Corners, Upper Freeport coal near. 05 

Kepple well, depth of....................... 25

Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 01

record of................................ 131

red beds in.'............................. 20

section of..........................24 (PI. II)

Upper Freeport coal in................. 05

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 03

Kerr well, now of........................... 103

record of................................ 129

Keystone mine, Upper Freeport coal at.... 65

Lower Kittanning coal in............... 01

King (D. & J.) well, record of.............. 119

King (heirs) wells, records of............... 119

King (John) wells, Lower Kittanning coal in 48 

records of............................... 117

Kittanning, Clarion clay at........... 163,164,105

analysis of......................... 164

section of........................... 163

coal mines at........................... 101

Freeport clay near, analysis of......... 168

glacial deposits near.................... 43

Kittanning clay near................. 160,107

Lower Freeport coal near............... 69,73

section of ............f... 48 (PI. VII), 69

^ Lower Kittanning clay worked at...... 171

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 67

. analysis of.......................... 98-99

section of ................. 44 (PI. VI), 67

Mahoning sandstone near.............. 39

Middle Kittanning coal near............ 73

sand dredging near..................... 177

shales available near................. 109,171

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 70

section of .............. 52 (PI. VIII), 75

Upper Kittanning coal at............... 68

Vanport limestone at, analysis of...... 175

Kittanning Clay and Fire Brick Company,

Clarion clay worked by ........ 170

Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company,

Clarion clay to be tested by.... 170

Clarion fire clay at quarry of........... 163

clay pits of, Clarion clay in............. 165
188 INDEX.

Kittanning Clay Manufacturing Company,

coal mined by, analysis of...... 98-99

Kittanning clay in quarry of........... 1CG

Lower Kittanning clay worked by..... 171

Lower Kittanning coal at quarries of.. 44

"(PI. VI),66-67

shale worked by........................ 169

well owned by, record of................ 139

works and quarry of, views showing... 162

(PI. X) 

Kittanning coal. See Upper, Middle, and

Lower Kittanning. 

Kittanning fire clay, analysis of............ 167

character of....................... 35,166-167

distribution of.......................... 167

horizon of............................... 35

sections of............................ 166,167

stratigraphic place of................... 166

thickness of........................... 166-167

Kittanning Iron and Steel Company, wells

owned by, records of.......... 133,134

Kittanning Iron Company, Vanport limestone used as flux by ........... 175

Kittanning Plate Glass Company, wells

owned by, records of......... 139,143

Kittanning quadrangle, coal seams in, development of........................ 101

elevations of points in, list showing.... 14-15

generalized columnar section for.. 26 (PI. VI) 

geologic map of................... In pocket.

location of.............................. 9-10

Lower Kittanning coal in, acreage and

amount.of.................... 100-101

oil-producing territory in............... 102

Speechley sand in wells in.............. 107

Upper Freeport coal in, acreage and

amount of.................... 100-101

Venango oil sands in, depth of.... ?... 105-106

well sections in................ 24 (Pis. I, II)

Kittanning sandstone, character and thickness of............... 20 (PI. V), 34-35

distribution of.......................... 34-35

horizon of......................... 26 (PI. V)

Kittanning Township, Upper Freeport coal

wells in, record of..................... 139-141

sections of................... 24 (PI. Ill)

See also names of 'places in township. 

Kline farm, Middle Kittanning coal on, section of............... 48 (PL VII), 80

Kroh farm, shales on, tests of............. 169

Kuhns coal bank, section at......... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Freeport coal at................. 90

Kuhns well, Clarion coal in................. 86

record of................................ 147

Kunkle triangulation station, location and

geographic position of.......... 12-13

Kunselman property, Lower Freeport coal

on.............................. '06

Upper Freeport coal on................ 97

IL.

Lacys Store, Lower Freeport coal near..... 6c>

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 61.

Middle Kittanning coal near ........... 62

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 65

Lankerd well, record of..................... 161

Paga 

Larden well, record of...................... 126

Laughlin property, Vanport limestone at,

analysis of...................... 175

Lawsonham, Brookville coal near.......... 93

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 93

Mercer coal near........................ 92

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 93

Leatherwood. Pocono coal at.............. 92

Leister triangulation station, location and

geographic position of.......... 11

Lemon well, record of. ...................... 134

Lesley, J. P., on Freeport iron ore. ........ 173

 on Mahoning sandstone................ 39

on Saltsburg sandstone................ 41

on stratigraphy of the region..:........ -29

Levels determined, lists showing........... 14-16

Leverett, Frank, on glacial deposits........ 43

Lime, manufacture of, from Vanport limestone ........................... 175

Limestone, utilization of................. 175-176

Limestone. Natural Gas Company, wells

owned by, records of...... 130,134-137

Limestone Run, Clarion clay near.......... 165

Clarion coal on..................:...... 59

glacial deposits at mouth of............ 43

Kittanning clay on..................... 167

Lower Kittanning coal on.............. 59

Mercer coal on.......................... 59

Middle Kittanning coal near ........... 61

Upper -Freeport coal near.............. 64

Limestone Run gas field, area of....;...... 108

Little Mudlick Creek, Lower Freeport coal

near............................ 90

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 88

Upper Freeport coal near;............. a2

Upper Kittanning coal on .............. 63,94

analysis of......... A............... 98-99

sections of.......................... 88,8(J

Logansport, limestone from, analysis of... 176 

Logan well, Lower Freeport coal in........ 68

- Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 66

record of................................ 137

Logue wells, records of..................... 114

Long Hun, Brookville coal on, sections of.. 44

(PI. VI), 45 

Lower Freeport coal on................ 74

sections of.................. 48 (PI. VII),

51, 52 (PI. VIII), 74 

Lower Kittanning coal on.............. 47

section of.. ............... 44 (PI. VI), 47

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 48

section at................. 48 (PI. VII), 51

Upper Freeport coal on................. 77

section of................... 52 (PI. VIII)

Upper Kittanning coal on.... 48 (PI. VII), 49

Long well, Lower Freeport coal in......... 50

record of................................ 129

Upper Freeport coal in................. 52-53

Louster Brothers well, record of........... 151

Lower Freeport coal, analyses of........... i.8-99

depth of, in wells ........ 118,122,124-127,129,

132,133,136-139,143,148.149,155 

exposures of . 50-51,63-64,69,73-74,82,90,95-96 

horizon of...................... 26 (PI. V), 36

sections of...................... 48 (PI. VII),

52 (PL VIII), 51,56, 69, 

. thickness of ....................... 26 (PI. V)

36,50-51, G3-64,68-69,73-74,82,95-96
INDEX. 189

Page. 

Ldwer Freeport iron ore, character of..... 36,173

extent of................................ 36

horizon of............................ 171,173

section showing........................ 30

thickness of............................. 173

Lower Freeport limestone, character and

occurrence of................... 36

horizon and thickness of......... 26, (PI. V)

Lower Kittonning coal, acreage and amount

of............................. 100-101

analyses of. ............................ 98-99

depth of,-in wells....................'.... 116,

117,118,120,122,123-327,130-131,13o140. 142. 144-149,153,154,155,158-160

distribution of................. 26 (PI. V), 35

exposures of.... 59-61,66,67-68,72,80,86-88,93

horizon of................... 26 (PI. V), 27,35

min.es in................................ 47-48

sxtions of,................... 33,44 (PI. VI),

47,54,60,66-68,86-87,93 

thickness of .......... 26 (PI. V), 27,35,47-48,

59-61,66,72,80,86-88,93 

Lower Kittanning clay, utilization of...... 171

Loyalhanna limestone, depths of........... 121

Lynes well, Lower Freeport coal in........ 74

section of........................ 24 (PI. IV)

Mi.

McAfec well No. 1, record of................ 142

section of........................ 24 (PI. Ill)

Me Afee well No. 2, record of................ 142

McAfoose (D. A.) well, record of........... 154

McAfoose (Robert) well, record of......... 147

McBride, Frank, well owned by, record of.. 115 

McBricle (Patrick) well, record of.......... 115

McCafferty well, record of.................. 113

McCall triangulation station, location and

geographic position of.......... 13

McClatchey well, record of................. 122

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 49

McClelland wells, records of................ 125

Upper Freeport coal in................. 57

McClyman well, record of.................. 121

McCracken (George) well, Lower Kittanning

coal in.......................... 60

record of................................ 135

McCracken (G. M.) well, record of.......... 124

McCray well, record of...................... 131

section of........................... 24 (PI. I)

Upper Freeport coal in................. . 53

McCrea Furnace, Mercer limestone at...... 27,31

Upper Freeport coal at................. 91

McCrea wells, record of.....................' 114

McCreath, A. S., analysis of Clarion clay by. 164 

analyses of coals by................... 98,100

analysis of fire clay by.................. 162

analyses of Freeport clay by........... 168

analyses of iron ore by................ 171,174

analyses of limestone by................ 176

McCuo farm, Upper Freeport coal on, section

of......'............. 52 (PI. VIII), 54

McCullough, -W. S., & Sons, well owned by,

record of........................ 119

McCullough (heirs) well, record of.......... 150

McCullough (J. M.) well, record of......... 145

McCullough (S. W.) well, record of......... 119

McCullough (W. S.) well, record of......... 160

Page. 

McCully well, record of..................... 129

McCurdy coal bank, Upper Freeport coal at. 77' 

McCurdy wells, records of.................. 151

Upper Freeport coal in.................. 78

McElroy well, Lower Kittanning coal in... 72 

record of................................ 139

Upper Freeport coal in................. 76

McGinnis well, record of.................... ]34

McGregor coal bank, section at... 76 (PI. IX),77 

McGucken farm, Upper Freeport coal on... 53 

McGucken well, record of................... 114

McHaddon, Lower Freeport coal near...... 56

Upper Freeport coal near.....:........ 57

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 55

McHaddon anticline, position and extent of. 22 

Mcllwain farm, Upper Freeport coal on, section of.. .............. 76 (PI. IX),S3

Mcllwain (E. C.. & J. E.) wells, records of.. 143 

Mcllwain (John) well, record of............ 142

Mclntire (M. L.) wells, records of.......... 156

Mclntire (William) wells, records of....... 150

Mclntosh well, record of.................... 152

McKee farm, Upper Freeport coal in well on. 57 

McKee Furnace well No. 3, record of....... 113

McKee Furnace wells Nos. 1 and 2, records '

of............................... 112

McKee well, record of....................... 126

McKeever, J. P., well owned by, record of.. 117 

McKecver well, record of................... 117

McKelvay well, record of................... 152

 McLafferty well, record of.................. 113

McLaughlin (Daniel) well, record of........ 113

McLaughlin (J. M.) well, record of......... 113

McLaughlin (Lawrence) well, record of..... 120

McMacken well, record of................... 123

McMeckin Brothers, well owned by, record

of............................... 120'

McNees, G. W., analyses of fire clay furnished by....................... 167

McNees, Lower Freeport coal near......... 74

Mahoning sandstone near.............. 39

Upper Freeport coal near. .............. 75

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 73

McNees & Painter mine, Lower Kittanning

coal at.......................... 67

McNees & Painter well, record of........... 139

McShane well, record of.................... ] 15

section of.......................... 24 (PI. I)

Upper Freeport coal in................. 53

McWilliams, Brookville coal near.......... 85

Madison gas field, area of................... 108

Madison Township, Upper Freeport coal in. 71 

wells in, records of.................... 148-149

.wells in, sections of.............. 24 (PI. Ill)

See also names of places in township. 

Madison well, record of..................... 121

Magee well No. 1, record of ................ 114

section of........................... 24 (PI. I)

Magee wells Nos. 2 and 3, records of ....... 113

Maginnis coal bank, Lower Kittanning coal

at................................ 93

Maginnis well, Lower Kittanning coal in... 93 

Mahoning, Brookville coal near............ 66

coal mines at........................... 101

Freeport clay near...................... 168

Lower Kittanning coal at........... 60,68,86

Lower Kittanning coal at, analysis of.. 98-99
190 INDEX.

Page.

Mahoning, Lower Kittanning coal at, sections of...............44. (PI. VI), 60

Mercer coals near....................... 60

Pocono coals near...................... 66

Upper Kittanning coal near............. 68

Mahoning coal, horizon, thickness, and occurrence of...................... 40

Mahoning Coal Company, coal of, analysis

of................................ 98-99

Mahoning Creek, Brookville coal on and

near............................. 32,85

Clarion clay on......................... 165

analysis of.......................... 164

Clarion coal near....................... 85

Freeport sandstone on................. 36

Homewood sandstone on............... 31

Kittanning clay on...................... 167

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 90

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 86-88

Mercer clay, horizon on................. 163

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 88

Pocono formation exposed on.......... 29

Pottsville beds on...................... 31-32

Quaternary deposits along............. 42-43

Upper Freeport coal near........... 84,90-92

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 88-89

Vanport limestone on................. 34,175

analysis of.......................... 175

Mahoning furnace, Clarion clay at......... 65

Clarion sandstone near................. 33

Freeport clay near...................... 168

Kittanning clay near................... 167

Lower Freeport coal at, analysis of.... 98-99

section of................ 52 (PI. VIII),90

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 86

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 88

Speechley'sand in well at............... 107

Upper Freeport coal at, analysis of..... 98-99

sections^!.............;... 76 (PL IX),92

Vanport limestone at, analysis of...... 175

Mahoning sandstone, horizon, character,

thickness, and distribution of. . 26

. (PI. V), 39-40-

sand making from...................... 177

Mahoning Township, Lower Kittanning

coal in, section of............... 87

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 94

wells in, records of....................: 161

sections of.................!.. 24 (PI. IV)

See also names of places in township. 

Maley well, Lower Kittanning coal in...... 48

record of................................ 116

Manor Township, wells in, records of .... 137-138

See also names 0} places in township. 

Manorville, Freeport clay at............... 168

Freeport limestone near................' 176

glacial deposits near.........'........... 43

limestone from, analysis of............. 176

Upper Freeport coal at................. 69

sections of............... 52 (PI. VIII),64

Manufacturers' Natural Gas Company, wells

owned by, records of ..... 133,140-142

Marrowbone Run, Upper Freeport coal on.. 51,

52 (PI. VIII) 

Marshall, William, property of, limestone

from, analysis of............... 176

Page. 

Marshall well, record of.................... 151

Upper Freeport coal in................. 78

Martin (F. B.) wells, records of............ 146

Martin (Rebecca) well No. 1, Lower Kittanning coal in....................... 80

record of................................ 157

Martin (Rebecca) well No. 2, Brookville

coal in.......................... 79

record of................................ 157

Martin (Robert) well, Lower Kittanning

coal in.......................... SO

record of................................ 145

Martin (William) well No. 1, record of. .... 146

Martin (William) well No. 2, record of..... 146

section of......................... 24 (PI. IV)

Maryland Geological Survey, reports of,-

cited............................ 40,41

Mateer well, record of.................... '.. 135

section of........................ 24 (PI. Ill)

Mateer well No. 1, Lower Kittanning coal in. 80 

record of................................ 145

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 82

Mateer well No. 2, record of................ 145

Mateer well No. 3, Clarion coal in .......... 79

record of.................................. 145

Mattison & McOonald, well owned by, rec-

-ordof........................... 121

Mauch Chunk formation, character and

distribution of.................. 29-30

horizon and thickness of............... 29

Maxwell well, record of..................... 128

Mays wells, records of... ...I............... 120

Meals farm, Upper Freeport coal on, section

of................... 52,52 (PI. VIII)

Meals well, record of........................ . 123

Mehaffcys quarry, limestone from, analysis

of............................... 176

Mercer coaL depth of................. 144,160,161

exposures of......................... 59,60,92

horizon and character of.......... 26 (PI. V)

Mercer fire clay, altitudes and distribution

of......................:........ 16o

analysis of............................ 162-103

character of.......................... 162-]63

horizon and thickness of............... 162

utilization of........................... 170

Mercer limestone, depth of, in wells........ 110,

111,122,123,125,161

Mercer shale, character and thickness of... 30-;->l 

distribution of.......................... 31

section of............................... 30

Meredith well, record of.................... 149

Middle Kittanning coal, depth of, in wells . 125,

131,133,Io6,137,149,155,159

exposures of....... 48,55,01-62,68,73,80,88,93

horizon of...................... 26 (P1.V),35

thickness of.............. 35,48-49,61-02,80.88

sections of............... 48,48'(PI. VII),62,80

Miller coal bank, section at......... 52 (PI. VII),

69,76,70 (IJ 1.IX) 

Miller triangulation station, location and

geographic position of.......... 12

Miller well, Lower Kittanning coal in ...... 55

record of................................ 125

Upper Freeport coal in................. 57

Millerstown anticline, position and extent 

of............................... 19
INDEX. 191

Page. 

Milllkens, A., Upper Kittanning ooal at,

section of............. 48 (PI. VII) ,55

Mill Run, Lower Freeport coal on.......... 73,74

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 75,76

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 73

Mineral resources, description of.......... 44-177

Monarch mine, Lower Kittanning coal at,

section of.............. 44 (PI. VI) ,68

Monroe property, limestone from, analysis

of............................... 176

Monroe. well, record of...................... 117

Montgomery well .No. 2, Lower Kittanning

coal in.......................... 66

record of................................ 138

Montgomery well No. 3, Murrysville sand in. 104 

record of................................ 138

section of.......................... 24 (PL II)

Montgomery wells Nos. 1 and 4. records of.. 137 

Moore (John) well, record of............... 144

Moore (Samuel) well, record of............. 155

section of......................... 24 (PI. IV)

Speechley sand in....................... 107

Upper Freeport coal in................. 79

Moorhead well, record of................... 140

Morris, A. G., coal bank of, coal from, analysis of............................ 98-99

coal bank of, section of........ 44 (PI. VI),46

limestone quarry of.................... 175

Morrow well, section of................ 24 (PI. I)

Morrows Corner, Kittanning clay on....... 167

Lower Kittanning coal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI),60

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 61

Upper Kittanning coal at.............. 02

Mosgrove, Clarion clay near................ 165

coal mines near......................... 101

gas wells near.......................... 108

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 69

section of.................... 48'(P1. VII)

Lower Kittanning coal near......... 35,60,67

section of..................... 44 (PI. VI)

Upper Freeport coal at................. 38

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Mosgrove mine, Upper Freeport coal at.... 71

Mosgrove wells, records of.................. 144

Mountain sand. See. Burgoon sandstone. 

Mount Savage fire clay, equivalent of, in this

region.......................... 162

Muff, Brookville coal near.................. 85

- Clarion coal in well near................ 79

gas. sand struck near................... 107

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 82

Middle Kittanning coal in well near.... 81

oil wells near........................... 103

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 84

Murrysville sand, depth of, in wells ..... 110-113,

115-118,121-161

gas in. 110-113,115,118,121,124-127,129,130-161 

horizon of........................ .104-105,107

thickness, extent, and variations of .... 105

Myers triangulation station, location and

geographic position of.......... 13

Myers well, Lower Kittanning coal in...... 60

record of................................ 136

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 62

Myers well No. J, record of......,...,...,,,' 119

Page. 

Myers (Charles) well, Lower Freeport coal

in............................... 50

record of................................ 122

Upper Freeport coal in................. 51

 1ST.

Natural gas. See Gas, natural.

Neal (J. B.) well, record of................. 135

Upper Freeport coal in................. 54

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 49

Neale, Clarion clay near.............. 164,165,170

Kittanning clay at..................... 106

Neil well, record of......................... 153

New Bethlehem, Clarion coal near.......... 93

coal mines near..'....................... 101

Lower Freeport coal near.............. 95

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 93

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 38,90

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 83,94

analysis of.......................... 98-CO

Nichola, Lower Kittanning coal near...... 47-48

Middle Kittanning coal near, section of. 48,

(PI. VII)

Nicholson Run, Upper Freeport coal on.... 57

Nickels coal bank, Brookvillecoal at....... 44

(PI. VI), 45

Noble well, record of........................ Ill

North Buffalo, Brush Creek coal near...... 59

coal banks near, sections of.. 52 (PI. VIII),57 

Lower Freeport coal in................. 56

Middle Kittanning coal at.............. 55

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 57

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Upper Kittanninj coal near............ 55

North Buffalo Township, Upper Freeport

coal in.......................... 51

wells in, records of.................... 122-127

See also names of places in toivnship.

Nulton well, record of....................... 143

O.

Oakland, Upper Freeport coal near........ 91,96

Upper Freeport coal near, section of.... 76

(PI. IX), 91 

Oak Ridge No. 2 mine, Lower Freeport coal

at............................... 96

Lower Freeport coal at, section of..... 52

(PI. VIII) 

Oak Ridge No. 3 mine, Upper Freeport coal

at............................... 97

Upper Freeport coal at, ssctonof. 76 (PI.IX) 

Oak Ridge No. 5 mine, Upper Freeport coal

.at............................... 97

Oak Ridge Mining Company, mines of, Upper F reeport coal at............. 97

Oil sands, horizon of....................... 26

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil fields of Appalachian region, map show- /

ing.............................. 102

Oplinger well, record of..................... 154

Orton, Edward, on attempt to utilize Baird

iron ore......................... 174

Oscar, Clarion clay near.................... 166

Freeport clay near.,...,.,.,...,.,...,.. 16§
192 INDEX.

Page,

Oscar, Lower Freeport coal near........... 82

section of................... 52 (PI. VIII)

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 80

section of..:.................. 44 (PI. VI)

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 83

section of..................... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Kittanning coal near ............. 81

IP.

Painter, John, on Upper Kittanning coal at

Pine Furnace................... 81

Painter heirs well, record of................. 110

Upper Freeport coal in................. 51

Painter wells Nos. 1 and 2, records of...... 113

Patterson Creek, Clarion clay near ......... 165

coal on.................................. 46

Kittanning clay near................... 167

Pottsville beds on...................... 31

Patterson mine, coal from, analysis of..... 98-99

Upper Freeport coal at, section of....... 76

(PI. IX),78 

Patton shale, horizon and extent of........ 25

name of, source of...................... 25

Patton (John) well, Lower Kittanning coal

in............................... 48

record of................................ 130

Patton (J. A.) well, Lower Freeport coal in. 56 

Lower Kittanning coal in-.............. 55

record of................................ 133

Patton well, record of...................... 135

Peach Hill, Lower Freeport coal at........ 63

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 60

Middle Kittanning coal near, section of. 48

(PI. VII),62

Upper Freeport coal at................. 64

section of................... 52 (PI. VIII)

Upper Kittanning co;l at.............. 62

Peart well No. 1, record of.................. 155

Peart well No. 2, record of.................. 144

Peart well No. 3, record of.................. 157

Peart well No. 4, record of.................. 156

section of......................... 24 (PI. IV)

Peart well No. 5, record of.................. 154

Pence well, record of........................ 149

Pennsylvania'Geological Survey (Second),

acknowledgments to............ 9

citations from reports of.............. 18,19,

23,27,29,33,34,36,37,39,40,41,42,45, 

46,47,48,49,52,54,55,59,61,63,65,67, 

69,71,72,73,78,80,81,83,88,89,90,91, 

92,94,96,98,100,105,106, 173,175,176 

See also Carll, J. F., Chance, IT. M., 

Lesley, J. P., McGreath, A. S., 

Platt, W. G., White, I.C.- 

People's Natural G as Company, wells owned

by, records of......... 141-147,157-161

Peters, C. W. S., wells owned by, records of. 120 

Peters, William, well owned by, record of.. 117 

Peters (James) well, record of.............. 152

Upper Freeport coal in................. 78

Petrolia, Murrysville sand beneath, depth

of............................... 104

Petroleum, areal distribution of pools of. 107-109 

geologic occurrence of.................. 104

production of, history of............... 103

Petroleum, rocks bearing..............:.. 104-109

yield of, by certain wells................ 103

Petroleum and natural gas fields, map

showing locations of............ 102

history of development of............ 102-103

Pettigrew well, record of................... 152

Philadelphia Company, well owned by, rec- '

'ordsof .124,131,137-141,143-144,150,159 

Phillips, T. W., wells owned by, records of. Ill,

113-115 

Phillips, W. B., on metallic content of iron

ore.............................. 174

Phillip's Hill, iron ore at................... 173

Phillipston, Lower Kittanning coal near... 61

Lower Kittanning coal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI), 68

Middle Kittanning coal at.............. 68

Pine Creek, Bookville coal near............. 79

Clarion clay near....................... 166

Clarion coal near....................... 79

coals in basin of.................. 1..... 79-85

Freeport clay near...................... 168

Kittanning clay near................... 167

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 80 

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 80-81

North Fork of, Clarion clay near....... 166

Clarion coal on..................... 79

Lower Kittanning coal on.......... 80

Upper Freeport coal on............ 84'

Upper Kittanning coal on.......... 82

South Fork of, Clarion clay near....... 166

Lower Kittanning coal on.......... 80

North Branch of, Upper Freeport

coal near.............. 76 (PI. IX), 84

Quaternary deposits along......... 43

Upper Kittanning coal on.......... 81-82

LTpper Freeport coal near.............. 71

Upper Kittanning coal in basin of...... 81-82

Vanport limestone on.................. 34

Pine Furnace, Clarion clay near............ 166

Kittanning fire clay near............... 167

Kittanning sandstone near............. 35

Lower Freoport coal near.............. 82

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 80'

section of..................... 44 (PI. VI)

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 83

.section of..................... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Kittanning coal at, analysis of.. 98-99 

section of............. 48 (PI. VII), 68/81

Pine Run, Brookville coal near, section of.. 44

(PI. VI), 85 

Clarion clay near....................... 165

Lower Kittanning coal on.............. 61

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 92

Pine Run mine, Lower Kittanning coal at . 61 

Pitching axes, occurrence of................ 24

Pittsburg Plate Glass Company, coal mined

by, analysis of.................. 98-99

sand making by........................ 177

wells owned by, records of............ 110, 111,

113, 114, 121-127,129,133,135',

137-142-144, 151-157, 159, 161

Platt, Franklin, section cited from......... 94

Platt, W. G., acknowledgments to......... 9

on Ames limestone..................... 42

on Brookville coal,.,-.....,..,........,. 45
INDEX. 193

Page.

Platt, W. G., on Clarion coal............... ,59

on coal seam near Yatesboro, age of.... 73

on Gallitzin coal........................ 38

oiviron'ore and its product............. 173

on Kittanning fire clay...............' 166-167

on Lower Freeport coal................ 69,90

on Lower Kittanning coal........ 47,61,67,80

on' Upper Free.port coal..... 54,09,71,78,91,92

on Upper Kittanning coal........... 63,89,94

on stratigraphy of the region..... 27,29,33,34

on structure of the region...... 18,19,21,22,23

sections Cited from........ 48 (PI. VII), 49,52,

52 (PI. VIII), 54,55, S3.65,67, 

69.78. SO, 83,88,89,90,91,94,96

Plum Creek, Quaternary deposits along.... 43 

Upper Freeport coal on................. 78

Plum Creek Township, Lower Freeport

coal in.......................... 74

Middle Kittanning coal in well in....... 73

wells in, records of.................... 149-150

See also names of places in township.

Pocono coal, exposures of.................. 66,92

Pocono formation, character and distribution of................ 26 (PI. V),27-29

coals of, exposures of................... 66,92

horizon and thickness of....... '.... 26 (PI. V)

oil and gas sands in.................... 107

section of............................... 27

Pontius (H. S.) well, failure of............. 108

record of................................ 160

section of...........:............. 24 (PI. IV)

Pontius (Laura) well, Middle Kittanning

coal in.......................... 81

record of ................................. 157

Pontius (S. L.) well No. 1, Lower Freeport

coal in..................'........ 50

Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 48

record of................................ 118

Upper Freeport coal in................. 53

Upper Kittanning coal in...........;.. 50

Pontius (Henry) wells, records of.......... 118

Pontius (S. L.) wells Nos. 2, 4, and 10, reco,rds of.......................... 118

Pontius well No. 3, Lower Kittanning coal

record of................................ 118

Pontius wells Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, records of.. J31 

Pontius, McCullough & Co., wells owned by,

records of....................... 119

Portland cement rock, limestone used for.. 175 

Pottsville formation, age of ................. 30

. character and extent of ..... 26 (PI. V),30-32

horizon of ..................... 26 (PI. V), 30

members of............................. 30

section of..:............................ 27

thickness of........................ 26 (PI. V)

unconformity at base of................ 29-30

Pottsville sandstone, fossil plants of....... 31

Pot vein. See Upper Kittanning.......... 35

Powers (J. & F.) well, Brookville coal in... 79 

record of................................ 144

Powers (J B.) well, record of.............. 153

Producers' Oil Company, well owned by, record of................................... 120

Pump station well, record of............... .123

Putney, Miles, Brookville coal faced by, section of................. 44 (PI. VI),85

Bull. 279 06 13

Page.

Putney coal bank, Upper Freeport coal at . .92 

section of........................ 76 (PL IX)

Putneyville, Brookville coal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI), 85 

limestone from; analysis of ............. 176

Lower Kittanning coal near.......'..... 86,87

Mahoning sandstone near .............. 39

Mercer clay near ........................ 163

Upper Freeport coal near .............. 91,92

Upper Kittanning coal near. ........... 88

QQuaternary rocks, character, origin, and

distribution of.................. 42-44

Quiglcy well, record of ...................... 135

Rainer well, record of ...................... 152

Ralston (heirs) well, Clarion coal in. ....... 46

record of ................................ 122

Ransell well, .record of ...................... 117

Raraigh (J. S.) well, record of ............. 151

Raraigh (Samuel) well, record of ........... 152

Rattigan, Lower Freeport coal near. ...... 50

Upper Freeport coal near .............. 53

Upper Kittanning coal near. ........... 50

Rayburn Township, oil wells in .......... 102-103

Upper Freeport coal in ................. 76

wells in, records of ...................... 139

See also names of places in township.

Rayburn well, Lower Freeport coal in ...... 50

record of ................................ 124

section of .......................... 24 (PI. I)

Specchley sand in ....................... 107

Venango oil sands in ................... 105

Rearick well, Lower Freeport coal in ....... 74

record of................................ 149

Redbank, Lower Kittanning coal at.. ...... 68

section at mine near. ................... 27

Redbank Coal Company, coal mined by,

analysis of ..................... 98-99

Redbank Creek, Brookville coal near. ...... 92,93

Clarion clay on ....................... 165, 166

Clarion coal in ........................... 92

coals near. ............................... 92-97

Kittanning clay on ..................... 167

Lower Freeport coal near.. . ............ 95-96

Lower Kittanning coal near. ........... 93

Mercer clay on .................... 162, 163, 170

Mercer coal in .......................... 92

Middle Kittanning coal near. ........... 93

Pocono coal near ....................... 92

Pottsville beds on.. .................... 31 

Quaternary deposits along. ........../. 43

Upper Freeport coal on. .......... 71,91, 90-97

Upper Kittanning coal near. ........ 63,94-95

Vanport limestone on .................. 34

Redbank Mining Company, coal of, analysis

of ...... ....................... 98-99

mine of, Upper Freeport coal at ........ -96

Redbank Natural Gas Company, well owned

by, record of .................... 161

Redbank Township, Lower Freeport coal in . 96 

Lower Kittanning coal in .............. 93

wells in, records of ...................... 161

See also names of places in township. 

Red beds, horizon and character of ........ 26
194 INDEX.

Page. 

Tied shale, horizon and distribution of..... 26

(PI. V), 42 

Reed's coal bank, section at....... 52 (PI. VIII)

Upper Freeport coal at................. 57,71

Reed well, record of........................ 126

Reedy's coal bank, section at..... 70 (PI. IX),91

Upper Freeport coal at................. 91

Reep & Sutton well, record of.............. 116

Reep (Amos) well, record of................ 119

Reep (I.) well, record of.................... 131

Reep (T.) well No. G, record of.............. 119

Reep (I.) wells Nos. 3 and 5, records of..... 118

Reeper farm, Freeport limestone on, analysis of............................ 170

Reese Brothers, well owned by, record of. . 135 

Reese mine, Upper Freeport coal in ....... 65

Reese, Marshall & McCollum, well owned

by, record of.................... 115

Reeseman farm, Upper Freeport coal on ... 76

(PI. IX), 91 

Reeseman well, record of................... 159

Reeseman well No. 1, record of............. 161

Reiley wells, records of..................... 115

Reisinger well, Lower Kittanning coal in... 72 

record of................................ 153

.Relief, features of........................... 17

Heynolds property, Vanport limestone at,

analysis of...................... 175

Reynolds quarries, Lower Kittanning coal

near, section of........ 44 (PI. VI), 67

Reynolds triangulation station, location

and geographic position of ..... 13

Rhea farm, coal from, analysis of. ......... 98-99

Lower Kittanning coal on ............. 72

Vanport limestone from, analysis of.... 175

Rhoades (Homer) well, record of........... 143

Rhoades (John) well, record of............. 143

Richardson well, record of.................. 134

Riddle Farm Oil Company, wells owned by,

records of ...................... 121

Riddle (S.) well, record of.................. -121

Riddle (W. H. H.) wells, records of...... 120-121

Riley & McCormick well No. 2, record of... 135 

Riley & McCormick well No. 3, record of.... 129

Riley well, section of................... 24 (PI. I)

Rimer, Brookville coal near................ 59

Clarion clay near....................... 165

Clarion coal near....................... 59

Kittanning sandstone near ............ 35

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 60,68

Riverview mine, Lower Kittanning coal

near............................ 68

Mercer coals at......................... 66

Pocono coals at......................... 66

section at............................... 27

Roaring Run anticline, position and extent

of............................... 23

Robinson farm, Lower Freeport coal on.... 74

Upper Freeport coal on................ 77

Rochester and Pittsburg Coal and Iron 

Company, Upper Freeport coal 

mined by....................... 78

Rock Run, Pocono coal near............... 92

Rocks exposed, data concerning............. 26-44

Rocks not exposed, thickness and character

of........:...................... 24-27

Page.

Rogers, II. D., on stratigraphy of the region. 27 

Rogers farm, Lower Kittanning coal from,

analyses of ..................... 98-99

Rogers well, record of...................... 117

Rohrer well, record of...................... 140

Upper Freeport coal in................. 70

Ronneigh wells, record of................. 1] 1,113

Rosenberger coal bank, section at. 76,76 (Pi. IX) 

Rosenberger farm, Upper Freeport coal on. 77 

Rosenberger well, record of................. 141

Rough Run, Clarion clay on.............. 165,170

Kittanning sandstone on............... 34

Lower Freeport coal on................ 50

Lower Freeport iron ore on............ 36

Middle Kittanning coal near............ 48

Upper Freeport coal on section of...... 52

52 (PI. VIII) 

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 49

Rowland triangulation station, location

and geograpVuc pos.tion of..... 14

Rufmer coal Tmnk, Lowor Freeport coal at

and near........................ 74

Lower Freeport coa, at, section of...... 48

( P\. VII) 

Ruffner well, failure of...................... 108

Rumbaugh well, record of.................. 146

Runyan well, record of..................... 143

Rupert well, record of...................... 138

Rupp farm, oil well 0:1..................... 103

Rupp (Jacob) well, record of............... 156

Rupp (N. H.) well, record of............... 157

Upper Kittanning coal in .............. 82

Rupp Run, Brush Creek coal near.......... 40, 71

Mahoning coal on....................... 40

Upper Freeport coal on................ 69,70

Upper Freeport coal on, section of..... 70

Rural Valley, Brush Creek coal near....... 41,79

gas wells near.......................... 1 OS

shales available near................... 169

Upper Freeport coal near, section of... 78 

Rural Valley quadrangle, coal seams in,

development of................. 101

elevations of points in, list showing.... 1.5-16

Freeport clay in........................ 16S

geologic map of.................... In pocket

. Kittanning clay in...................... f6>

location of.............................. 9-10

0 Lower Kittauning coal in, acreage and

amount of.................... 100-101

Speechley sand in wells in.............. 107

Upper Freeport coal in, acreage and

amount of.................... 100-101

Venango oil sands in, depth of....... 105-106

well sections in.............. 24 (Pis. Ill, IV)

S. 

Sain well, record of......................... 119

St. Charles, Clarion clay at................. 165

.Mercer clay at.................... 102,163,170

Saltsburg sandstone, quarries in........... 1,77

horizon, character, and distribution of.. 26

(PI. V) 

sand making from...................... 177

thickness and extent of................. 41

Sand, manufacture of, from sandstones.... 177

Sandy Hole, Brookville coal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI) ,85
INDEX. 195

Page.

Saudy Hole, Lower Kittanning coal near .. 86 

Upper Freeport coal at.................. 92

Sarver well, record of......................'. 125

Sauerkraut, well, record of.................. 131

Saxman coal bank, Upper Frecport coal at. . 92 

SchafTer well, record of..................... 139

Schaller, W. F., analysis of coal by......... 98

Sclmrbach & Co., well owned by, record of. 117 

Schieck farm, Upper Kittanning coal on ... 89 

' Schrcckcngost, Benjamin, coal bank of, coal

from, analysis of............... 98-99

coal bank of, Upper Kittanning coal at. 73 

Schreckengost, J. M., coal bank of, section

at..................... 76,76 (PI. IX)

farm of, Lower Freeport coal on....... 74

Upper Freeport coal at and near. .. 76-77 

house of, Upper Kittanning coal near.. 73 

Schreckengost property, Lower Kittanning coal on.................... 86-87

Schreckengost (C. 0.) well, record of....... 155

Schreckengost (Daniel) well, record of..... 153

Upper Freeport coal in................. 79

Schreckengost (D. F..) well, record of...... 154

Schreckengost (D. T.) well, record of....... 154

Schrcckcngost (E.) well, rccprd of.......... 155

Schreckengost (E. Z.) well, record of....... 155

Schreckengost (Peter) well, record'of. ..... 143

Schreckengost (S. S.) well, record of....... 157

Schreckengost (William) well No. 1, Lower

Freeport coal in................ 74

record of................................ 153

Upper Freeport coal in................. 79

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 73

Schreckengost (William) wells Nos. 2 and 3,

records of....................... 153

Upper Freeport coal in................. 79

Scrubgrass Creek, Clarion clay on.......... 165

Lower Kittanning coal on.............. 35,86

section of...'.................. 44 (PI. VI)

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 90

Vanport limestone on .................. 34

Seitz well, record of........................ 151

Second sand, horizon, character, and distribution of....................... 106

Section, columnar, plate showing.......... 26

Sections of coals, plates showing .... 44 (PI. VI),

48 (PI. VII), 52 (PI. VIII), 76 (PI. IX) 

See also Coals. 

Sendler well, record of... 1.................. 119

Seybert Brothers, wells owned by, records

of.... A ............... 116,117,119,131

ShafTer wells, records of.................... 161

Shakeley well, record of.................... 119

Shale, analysis of..'.................. '..... 169,175

exploitation of.......................... 170

formations furnishing commercial supplies of.......................... 162

sections of.............................. 169

utilization of......................... 169,171

Shannon, Brookville and, Lower Kittanning coals near......:. ........ 93

Shells, meaning of term as .used by drillers. 26 

Shelton well'No. 1, record of................ 141

Shelton well No. 2, record of............... 142

section of .................... 24 (PI. Ill)

Shelton well No. 3, record of................ 140

Sherrett, Lower Freeport coal near. 

Lower Kittanning coal near. 

Middle Kittanning coal near.... 

Upper Freeport coal near......

Page. 

63 

61 

61 

64 

section of................ 52 (PI. VIII),65

Upper Kittanning coal near, sections of. 48

(PI. VII), 62,63

Shetler well, record of...................... 152

Shoemaker well, record of.................. 149

Shrader triangulation stat.ion, location and

geographic position of.......... 14

Silt, glacial, occurrence of.................. 43.

Simpson, Joseph, well drilled by, location

and depth of.................... 25

well drilled by, section of......... 24 (PI. II)

Sinclair well, record of..................... 143

Sistersvillc, Ames limestone near.......:... 42

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 57

Slabtown, Kittanning clay near............ .167

Lower Kittanning coal near.............. 80

Middle Kittanning coal at............... 80

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 84

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 82

Slagle well, record of....................... 143

Slate Lick, Ames limestone near ........... 42

fourth sand beneath, depth of.......... 105

 gas sand struck near................... 107

gas wells near........................... 108

Lower Freeport coal in well near....... 50

Spcechley sand in wells near............ 107

Venango oil sands beneath, depth of.... 105

Slcase well, Lower Kittanning coal in...... 80

record of................................. 144

Sloan well, record of........................ 113

Smcltzer, Brush Creek coal near............ 79

Smith coal bank, section at.......... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Freeport coal at................. 92

Smith well No. 1, record of................. 151

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 73

Smith (C. M.) well, record of............... 148

Smith (J. M.) well, record of............... Ill

Smith (L.) well, record of.................. 141

Smith (M. K.) well, Lower Freeport coal in. 50 

record of................................. 127

Smith (Robert) well, location and depth of. 25 

record of ............................... Ill

section of........................... 24 (PI. I)

Smith (Thomas) well, Mercer coals in...... 66

record of................................ 138

Upper Kittanning coal in.............. 68

Smullen farm, Lower Freeport coal on..... 90

Snowden well, record of.................... 160

Snow Hill mine, Lower Kittanning coal at. 61 

Snyder (John) well, Lower Kittanning coal

in............................... 80

Snyder wells, records of.................... 159

Snyders Run, Lower Kittanning coal on.... 61

Upper Froeport coal on................ 65

Upper Kittanning coal on and near .... 63

Somervillc, Upper Freeport coal at......... 65

Upper Kittanning coal at.............. 35,63

section of................. 48 (Pi. VII),63

South Bethlehem, Clarion clay at........ 164,165

South Buffalo Township, wells in, records

of.............................. 121-122

See also names of places in township.
196 INDEX.

Southworth well, record of................. 142

Sowers (A.) well, record of................. 153

Sowers (G. W.) well, record of............. 146

Upper Freeport coal in................. 84

Sowers (J. n.) well No. 1, record of........ 151

Sowers (J. IT.) well No. 2, record of........ 140

Speechley sand, depth and thickness of..... 107

gas in......... 10S, 111, 122,124,125,129,130,145

horizon of............................. 26,107

oil wells sunk to........................ 103

Spirit leveling, work done in............... 14-16

Spra Run, Lower Freeport coal on......... 74

Lower Freeport coal on, section of..... 52

(PI. VIII) 

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 77

Starr farm, gas wells at.................... '108

Starr wells, records of...................... 139

Steele well, Lower Kittanning coal in...... 61

Middle Kittanning conl in.............. 62

record of................................ 131

section of.........................:' 24 (PI. II)

Speechle}' sand in, depth of.'............ 107

Upper Freeport coal in................. 65

Stoiger, George, analysis of conis by........ 98

Stepp coal bank, section at........... 76 (PI. IX)

Upper Freeport coal at................. 77-78

Stcwardson Furnace, Upper Freeport coal

- at, analysis.of:................. 98-99

Vanport limestone at, analysis of...... 175

Stcwartcoal bank, section of.... 52 (PI. VIII),76

Upper Freeport coal at and near....... 76

Stitt coal bank, section at....... 52 (PI. VIII), 70

Stockdill well, record of................;... 161

Stockdill well No. 1, record of.............. 159

Stockdill well No. 2, Lower Kittanning'coal

record of............................ 159

Stockdill well No. 3,.Lower Kittanning coal

in .............................. 80

record of ............................... 159

Stone, building, quarries for obtaining..... 177

Stonccipher coal bank, Brush Creek coal in. 54 

Stonecipher well, record of................. 125

Stone House, Clarion clay near............. 166

Clarion coal near....................... 72

Kittanning fire clay near............... 167

Lower Freeport coal near, section of... "74 

Lower Kittanning coal near............. 72

Middle Kittanning coal near........... 73

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 77

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 73

Stoops well, Brookville coal in............. 79

record of................................ 157

Storey wells, records of..................... 121

Storey, T. R., wells owned by, records of. 120-121 

Stratigraphy, features of................... 24-44

Stray sand, gas in.......................... 128

horizon of.............................. 106

Structure, features of....................... 17-24

lines of, course of....................... 24

method of representing................. 17-18

Stuart well, record of........................ 149

Sturgeon well, record of.................... 126

Sugar Creek, Clarion clay on ............... 165

iron ore near............................ 173

Kittanning. clay on and near ........... 167

. Lower Kittanning coal on.............. 61

Page. 

Sugar Creek Township, Lower Kittanning

coal in.......................... 60,61

Middle Kittanning coal in.............. 61

Upper Freeport coal in.............. 53,54; 65

wells in, records of.................... 130-131

See also names of places in township. 

Sullivan, E. C.y analysis of coal by.....;.'.. 98

Sullivan well, record of..................... 141

Summit -iron ore. See Upper Freeport

iron ore. 

Swain well, record of....................... 114

Synclines, gas absent from ................. ° 108

Templeton, Brookville coal near........... 66

Clarion clay at....................' 164,165,170

Clarion coal at.......................... 66

coal beds near.......................... 32

Lower Kittanning coal near, section of. 44

(PI. VI), 67

Mercer coal near......................... 66

Upper Freeport coal near........... 38,64,71

Upper Freeport coal near, section of... 52

(PI. VIII), 71

Vanport limestone near................ 34

Templeton triangulation station, location

and geographic position of...... 12

Templeton well, record of.................. 137

section of......................... 24 (PI. II)

Third sand, depths of, in wells.......... 110-136,

147,149-151 

gas in...................:............. 113,124

gas yield of............................. 106

horizon and equivalent of.............. 106

oil in.................. 114-121,127,128,132,133

Thirty-foot sand, gas in...................... Ill,

123,127,128,133,134,140,151 

horizon of.............................. 107

Thompson coal bank, coal from, analysis

of............................ 95,98-99

section at............................... 88

Upper Kittanning coal at, section of... 48 

(PI. VII), 88

Thompson farm, Upper Freeport coal on. . 90 

Upper Kittanning coal on .............. 63

Thompson well, record of.................. 124

Thorn well, record of....................... 119

Tidal, Upper Kittanning coal near......... 68

Upper Kittanning coal near, section of. 48

(PI. VII) 

Tiona sand, gas obtained from ........... 104,146

gas yield of............................. 107

horizon of............................. 26,107

Titley & Company, wells owned by, records

of................................ 119

Titley well, record of....................... 135

Torney well, record of...................... 154

Toy coal bank, Lower Freeport coal at, section of. .............. 48 (PI. VII), 56

Toy well, record of.......................... 135

Upper Freeport coal in................. 64

Trautman well, record of................... 156

Triangulation stations, location of, map

showing.:...................... 10

stone posts marking, descriptions of... 10-14
INDEX. 197

Page. 

Tumbaugh coal bank, section at........... 48

(PI. VII), 49 

Turney well, record of...................... 142

tJ.

United Natural Gas Company, wells owned

by, records of................... 130

Upper Freeport coal, acreage and amount

of............................. 100-101

analyses of ............................. 98-99

depth of, in wells.................... 110,115,

118,120,122,127-.129,131,133,135,

136-141, 143, 146,147,149-155,157

exposures of........................... 51-54,

56-59,64-65,69-71,75-79,83-84,90-92,96-97 

horizon and character of....... 26 (PL V), 38

sections of...... 37,51,52,52 (PI. VIII),53,54,

56-58,64-65,69-71,76 (PI. IX), 84,90-92,96,97 

thickness of.............. 26 (PI. V), 38,51-54,

56-59,64-65,69-71,75-79,83-84,90-92,96-97 

Upper Freeport fire clay, thickness of...... 37

Upper Freeport iron ore, character of.. 37,173-174 

horizon of.............................. 37

section showing........................ 37

thickness of............................ 37,173

Upper Freeport limestone, horizon, character, and thickness of. 20 (PI. V),37-38 

Upper Kittanning coal, analyses of......... 98-99

depth of, in wells .... 115,118,122,123,125,131,

133,135,130-139,143,145,146,149,150-154,157 

exposures of .... 49,55-56,62-03,08,73,81-82,94

horizon of....................... 20 (PI. V),35

sections of....... 48 (PI. VII), 49,55,62,03,94

thickness of... 26 (PI. V), 35, 49,50,73,81-82,94 

Upperman well No. 1, record of............. 145

"V".

Valley Township, Lower Freeport coal in .. 74 

Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 72

Middle Kittanning coal in.............. 73

Upper Freeport coal in................. 77

wells in, records of..................:. 141-144

sections of ................... 24 (PI. Ill)

See also names of places in township.

Vanport limestone, analyses of............. 175

character of .................... 20 (PI. V),34

 depth of. in various wells............. 110-161

exposures of.......................... 174-175

horizon of...................... 26 (PI. V), 27

key stratum for identification of oil and

gas sands........... 1........... 104

lime making from....................... 175

thickness of................. 26 (PI. V), 27,34

utilization of......................... 174-175

Venango oil sands, depth of. \........... 105,106

extent of.............................. 105-100

thickness of........................... 105-100

variations of............................ 100

Vensel, C. F., wells owned by, records of... 118

Vensel wells, records of..................... 118

AV.

Wadding well, Middle Kittanning coal in... 81

production of........................... 104

record of................................ 157

Wagoner well, record of.................... 150

Upper Kittanning coal in .............. 73

Page.

Walkchalk, Brush Creek coal near......... 40

Butler sandstone at.................... 36

Lower Freeport coal near............... 50

section of..................... 48 (PI. VII)

Mahoning sandstone near............... 39

Upper Freeport coal near, sections of . . 52

(PI. VIII), 58

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 55

Wall & Kammerdiener well, record of...... 160

Wallace well, record of...................... 140

Upper Freeport coal in................. 70

Walley, J. C., & Co., wells owned by, records

of............................. 126,127

Wampler well, record of.................... 152

Upper Freeport coal in................. 78

Upper Kittanning coal in............... 73

Wampum, cement making at............... 175

shale from, analysis of.................. 175

Washington Township, Middle Kittanning

coal :'n.................................. 01

Upper Freeport coal in................. 05

wells in, records of.................... 130-137

sections of................... 24 (PI. Ill)

See also names of places in township.

Watson well, record of...................... , 111.

Wattersonville, Lower Kittanning coal in.. 01

Middle Kittanning coal at, section of... 48

(PI. VII),62

Wayne Townsip, Upper Freeport coal in... 92 

wells in, records of.................... 156-161

sections of.................... 24 (PI. IV)

See also names of places in township.

Weaver well, record of...................... 122

Upper Freeport coal in................. 51

Weiland well, record of..................... 115

Upper Freeport coal in................. 53

Upper Kittanning coal in............... 49

Wells, depths of, greatest.................. 25

oil and gas, records of........'........ 109-161

sections of...................... 24 (Pis. I-IV)

Weskit, Brush Creek coal near............. 40,59

glacial deposits at...................... 43

Lower Freeport coal near............... 50,03

Upper Freeport coal near............... 64

Upper Kittanning coal at and near...... 62

West Franklin Township, iron ore in....... 173

Lower Freeporc coal in................. 50

Lower Kittanning coal in............... 47

Upper Freeport coal in................. 52

Upper Kittanning coal in............... 49

wells in, records of.................... 127-129

See also names of places in township.

West Mosgrove, Kittanning fire clay near.. 166

Upper Freeport coal near, section of.... 52

(PI. VIII),64

West Valley, Brush Creek coal in........... 85

Lower Freeport coal near............... 74

Upper Freeport coal near............... 83

West (A. H.) well, Lower Kittanning coal

in............................... S7.

record of................................ 160

West (Daniel) well, Brookville coal in...... 85

record of................................ 160

West Winfleld, Clarion clay at........ 104,105,170

Clarion coal at, section of..... 44 (PI. VI), 46

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Clarion sandstone near................. 33
198 INDEX.

Page.

West Winfleld, coal beds at................_ 32

Kittanning fire clay at............... 166,167

Kittanning sandstone near............. 34

limestone quarries near................. 175

Lower Freeport coal in................. 50

Lower Kittanning coal near............ 47/48

section of..................... 44 (PI. VI)

Middle Kittanning coal near......:.... 48

Saltsburg sandstone at................. 41

sand-making works near............... 177

stone quarries near...................... 177

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 52

section of................... 52 (PI. VIII)

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 49

Vanport limestone at..........^:...... 34,174

Westermann Brothers, wells owned by,

records of...............'.. 118-120,131

Whiskey Run, Clarion coal on............. 59,165

White, David, geologic horizons determined

by............................... 29

White (David) wells, records of............ 158

White (I. C.) acknowledgments to ......... 9

on Ames limestone..................... 42

on Bakerstown coal.................... 41

on Brush Creek coal..................... 40

on Buffalo sandstone.-.................. 41

on Butler sandstone.................... 36

on Lower Freeport iron ore ........... 36,173

on Lower Freeport limestone........... 36

on Mahoning sandstone................ 39

sections cited from..................... 36,48

White (D. C.) well, record of......'.......... 146

White (J. A.) well No. 1, record of ......... ' 146

White (J. A.) well No. 2, Brookvillecoal in. 79 

Lower Kittanning coal in.............. 80

record of............................... 158

White (Sarah) well, record of.............. 158

Wible well, record of....................... 133

Wick, Woll-& Co., wells owned by, records of. 130 

Wickboro, Clarion clay at.......'........... 165

Clarion coal at.......................... 66

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 67

Widnoon, Brookville coal near............. 93

Lower Kittanning coal at.............. 86,93

Upper Kittanning coal near.........:.. 88,94

Widger (J. C.) well owned by, record of,.... 119

T'nge. 

Will well No. 1, record of......'............. 117

Will well No. 2, record of................... 117

Will well No. 3, record of................... 119

Williamson Brothers well, record of........ 157

Wilson coal bank, Upper Freeport coal at.. 54 

Winfield gas field, area of................... 108

Winfield Township, Lower Kittanning coal

in............................... 47

Upper Kittanning coal in....-.-......... 49

wells in, records of.................... 110-113

See also names of-places in township. 

Wisconsin glacial deposits, occurrence of... 43 

Witte well, record of........................ 112

Woolsey (L. H.) work- done by ............ 9

Worthington; Brush Creek coal near....... 40

Freeport sandstone at and near........ 35

gas sand struck near.................... -107

' gas well at............................... 103

Lower Freeport coal near.............. .50

Upper Freeport coal near.............. 54

Wyant well, Lower Kittanning coal in..... 60

record of................................ 134

Wynkoop coal bank, Upper Kittanning coal

at, section of....... 48 (PI. VII),88,89

Y.

Yatesboro, coal mines near................. 101

Freeport clay near, section of.......... 168

Lower Freeport coal in, wells near ..... 74

shales available near................... 169

Upper Freeport coal at................. 78-79

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Upper Kittanning coal near............ 73

analysis of.......................... 98-99

Yatesboro No. 1 mine, section at.. 76 (PI. IX),78 

Upper Freeport coal at................. 77,78

Yatesboro No. 2 mine, Gallitzin (Y) coal at.. 38 

section at.............:....... 70 (PI. IX),78

Zellifrow well, Lower Kittanning coal in ... 60

record of....:........................-.. 135

Zimmer well, record of..................... 126

Upper Freeport coal in................. 57

Zimmerman (J.) ^well, record of............ 143

Zimmerman (Jackson) well, record of...... 146