Bulletin No. 243 SB I A ' Economic Geology, 39 

benes < B, Descriptive Geology, 50

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES 'GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES .D. VVALCOTT, DIRECTOR

CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY

OF

THE UNITED STATES

BY

EDWIN C. ECKEL

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1905
°Ty
CONTENTS.

Page.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. .................................................. 13

INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 15

Literature on cements ................................................ 17

Definition of Portland, natural, and puzzolan cements .................. 18

PART I. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT.

Definition of Portland cement......... .\ ................................. 21

Composition-and constitution ......_._...__..__...........-.....---- - - - 23

Raw materials for Portland cement........................................ 25

Limestones ....................-......................-....---.....'.. 26

Origin....................................................... 26

Varieties..................................................... 27

Chemical composition........................................ 27

Magnesia............................................ 27

Silica, iron, and other impurities...................... 28

Silica........................................ 29

Silica with alumina........................... 29

Iron.......................................... 29

Physical characters............................................ 29

Effect of heat................................................ 30

Argillaceous limestone (cement rock)........:........'......... 30

Cement rock of the Lehigh district.................... 31

. Cement rock in other parts of the United States ........ 32

Pure hard limestones......................................... 32

Soft limestones (chalk)....................................... 33

Origin and general character.................. 33

Geographic and geologic distribution in the

United States .............................. 33

Composition.................................. 34

Fresh-water marls............................................ 34

Origin of marls............................... 35

Geographic distribution of marl deposits....... 35

Composition.................................. 36

Alkali waste ......... ..........................................'...... 36

Blast-furnace slag .................................................... 37

Clays and shales ..................................................... 38

Slate ................................................................ 38

Value of deposits of cement materials.................................. -39

Methods and cost of excavating raw materials............./............. 41

Quarrying'................................... 41

Mining...................................... 41

Dredging.................................... 42

Cost of raw materials at mill.................. 42

3
CONTENTS.

Methods of manufacture of Portland cement.........................._.... 43

Preparation of the mixture for the kiln ....._...._-.......-..........._ 44

Percentage of water in raw materials .......................... 44

Methods and costs of drying .................................. 45

Grinding and mixing......................................... 46

Dry methods ........................................ 46

Slag-limestone mixtures .............................. 47

General methods............................. 47

Composition of the slag....................... 48

Granulation of slag........................... 49

Drying the slag .............................. 49

Grinding the slag ............................ 49

Composition of the limestone ................. 49

Advantages of using slag-limestone mixtures ... 50

Wet methods ........................................ 50

Burning the mixture ..............................__..........,....... 53

Summary of burning process ..'........-....................... 54

Theoretical fuel requirements ................................. 54

Losses of heat. ... .1.................. .1...................... 55

Actual fuel requirements and output............................ 55

Effect of composition on burning.............................. 56

Character of kiln fuel......................................... 56

Drying coal................................................... 57

Pulverizing coal.............................................. 57

Total cost of coal preparation.................................. 57

Clinker grinding ..................................................... 58

Addition of gypsum .................................................. 58

PART II. PORTLAND-CEMENT EESOUKCES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Introduction...... ....................................................... 60

Alabama .:.............................................................. 60

Portland-cement materials, by Eugene A. Smith........................ 60

Northern Alabama ............................................... 61

General geology.............................................. 61

Limestones :...........-...-..... ..._.......-..-.............. 61

Chickainauga limestone. .....j............................ 61

Mississippian ('' Lower Carboniferous'') limestones ........ 64

Clays and shales ............................................. 65

Ordovician ("Lower Silurian") and Cambrian shales....... 65

Mississippian ('' Lower Carboniferous'') shales............. 65

Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures") shales ................. . 66

Cretaceous clays.......................................... 66

Analyses .................................................... 68

Central and southern Alabama..................................... 71

Selma chalk or "Eotten limestone" ....................... 72

St. Stephens or Vicksburg limestone....................... 77

Analyses .................................................. 82

Portland-cement industry.......... J.................................. 84

Bibliography ................-.........'............................... . 86

Arizona .................................................................. 86

Portland-cement materials............................................ 86

Bibliography ........................................................ 88
CONTENTS. 5

	Page,

Arkansas ........................................................ 1....... 88

Portland-cement materials............................................ 88

Izard limestone .......................................... 89

Polk Bayou and St. Clair limestones....................... 91

St. Joe limestone......................................... 93

Limestones of the Boone chert............................ 94

Pitkin or "Archimedes" limestone ......................... 98

Cretaceous chalk beds.................................... 99

Whitecliffs formation................................. 99

Eocky Comfort area.............................. 99

Whitecliffs area.................................. 101

. . .Saline Landing area.............................. 102

Saratoga formation .................................. 104

Washington area................................. 105

Okolona area..................................... 107

Deciper area..................................... 109

Analyses ............................................ ill

Tertiary and Carboniferous clays and shales................ 112

Location of clays...................................... 113

Composition......................................... 113

Portland-cement industry............................:................ 115

Bibliography ............... I............-.....-...-...---..--.-.-.-. 116

California............................................................o .... 116

Portland-cement materials ............................................ 116

Distribution ................................................. 116

San Diego County .................................... 116

Orange County........................................ 117

Los Angeles County .................................. 117.

San Benito County ................................... 118

Santa Cruz region .................................... 118

Solano and Contra Costa counties...................... 118

Sonoma County...................................... 119

Bedding district....'...:.............................. 119

Portland-cement industry............................ . ................ 120

Bibliography ........................................................ ' 121

Colorado ................................................................. 122

Portland-cement materials............................................ 122

Distribution and composition.....:............................ 122

Limestones west of the Front Range................... 122

Limestones east of the Front Range ................... 123

Portland-cement industry............................................. 124

Bibliography .................,...;............................ . s..... 124

Connecticut............................................................... 124

Delaware................................................................ 125

Florida................................................................... 126

Georgia................................................................... 126

. Portland-cement materials ............................................. 126

Metamorphic limestones or marbles ....... ................ 127

Chickamauga limestone 1.................................. 128

Bangor limestone ........................................ 129

Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones ........................ 130

Portland-cement industry............................................. 130

Idaho ..................................... '. ............................... 131
O CONTENTS.

Page.

Illinois ................................ ^................................. 132

Portland-cement materials ............................................ 132

Trenton limestone........................................ 132

Mississippian ("Lower Carboniferous'') limestones......... 133

Pennsylvanian (" Coal Measures ") limestones............. 134

Portland-cement industry............................................. 135

Bibliography ........................................................ 137

Indiana ..---.-.............................._._......_................-. 137

Portland-cement materials .......... ^................................. 137

Ordovician shales and limestones.............................. 137

Cincinnati shales and limestones .... ...................... 137

Mississippian ('' Lower Carboniferous'') limestones and shales... 138

Kaskaskia or Huron group................................ 138

Mitchell formation ............ J.......................... 138

. Bedford oolitic limestone ................................. 138

Plarrodsburg limestone ................................... 138

Knobstone group......................................... 139

Composition .............................................' 139

Limestones of the Pennsylvanian series (Coal Measures)........ 140

Fresh-water marls of Quaternary .age........................... 140

Portland-cement industry............................................: 142

Bibliography ......................................................... 144

Indian Territory, by J. A. Taff............................................ 144

Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian limestones..................... 145

Arbuckle limestone........................................... 145

Viola formation.............................................. 145

Sylvan shale ................................................. 145

Hunton limestone............................................ 146

Carboniferous limestones ......................................... 146

Cretaceous limestones ................................^........... 146

Iowa, by H. Foster Bain.................................................. 147

Calcareous marls................................................. 147

Chalk deposits................................................... 147

Limestones ...................................................... 149

Ordovician limestones ........................................ 149

Devonian limestones. ................^........................ 151

Wapsipinnicon formation ................................. 151

Cedar Valley limestone. .................................... 152

Lime Creek shales........................................ 153

Carboniferous limestones .....:............................... 154

Kinderhook limestone.................................... 155

Osage formation. ..................................i...... 156

St. Louis limestone....................................... 157

Des Moines formation .................................... 160

"Missourian" formation........................:.....-... 161

Economic conditions .............................................. 163

Available materials........................................... 163

Fuel......................................................... 164

Transportation..............;...................-..-........- 165

Kansas.................................................................. 165

Portland-cement materials ............................................ 165

Mississippian ('' Lower Carboniferous'') limestones............. 165

Pennsylvanian (' 'Coal Measures'') limestones.................. 166
CONTENTS. 7

	Page. 

Kansas Continued.

Portland-cement materials^Continued.

Permian limestones........................................... 169

Cretaceous limestones. ........................................ 169

Portland-cement industry............................................. 170

Kentucky......................................._............,.^......... 171

Trenton limestone............................................ 171

Cincinnati or Hudson group ................................... 172

Mississippian ('' Lower Carboniferous'') limestones ............ 173

Pennsylvanian (" Coal Measures") limestones...............'... 174

Louisiana................................................................ 175

Maine................................................................... 176

Maryland................................................................ 179

Trenton limestones and adjacent clays ......................... 179

Helderberg limestone and adjacent clays....................... '183

Greenbrier limestone and adjacent shales ...................... 186

Massachusetts........................... A- ............................... 189

Michigan................................................................ 189

Portland-cement materials ^..........^................................ 189

Limestones ..................................................j 190

Dundee limestone...................................;.... 190

Traverse group........ i. ..I.............................. 192

"Michigan series" ....................................... 193

Marl deposits ............................................ 194

Shales and clays ............................................. 198

Coldwater shales ......................................... 199

Antrim Shales............................................ 200

Saginaw formation ....................................... 201

Clays.,.................................................. 202

References ...... ....^......................: ........................ 205

Minnesota ..................................\............................ 206

Mississippi .............................................................. 206

Mississippian ('' Lower Carboniferous'') limestone ..................... 206

Cretaceous (Selma chalk "Rotten limestone")......................... 207

Tertiary limestones (Vicksburg limestone)............................. 218

Missouri................................................................. 219

Portland-cement materials .......-.-....-.....'........................ 219

Trenton limestone....... _'................................ 221

Late Ordovician shale ...................... ............. 222

Devonian formations...................................... 222

Mississippian ("Lower Carboniferous") limestone and shales. 222

Pennsylvanian (" Coal Measures") limestones and shales.... 225

Loess and surface clays.................................... 226

Portland-cement industry............................................. 227

Montana by W. H. Weed................ r ................................. 227

Nebraska................................................................ 229

Carboniferous formations ... .1.................. '. ......... 229

Niobraraand Bentonformations ................^.......... 230

Pierreclay............................................... 230

Nevada.........:..............-.................-.-......-.............. 231

New Jersey ..............................................................

Portland-cement materials ..................................^.......... 231

Limestones of Warren and Sussex counties..................... 232

Hardyston quartzite...................................... 232
8 CONTENTS.

New Jersey Continued. Page. 

Portland-cement materials Continued.

Limestones of Warren and Sussex counties Continued.

Kittatinny or '' Magnesian'' limestone ^.................... 233

Trenton limestone........................................ 236

Hudson shales ............................................ 239

Geologic structure.............. '.......................... 239

Limestones of Upper Delaware Valley......................... 240

White marl deposits........................................... 242

Portland-cement industry.............................................. 243

Bibliography ........................................................ 244

New York............................................................... 245

Portland-cement materials............................................ 245

Chazy limestone ...........:..................... ........ 246

Trenton limestone........................................ 247

Helderberg limestones..................................... 249

Tully limestone .......................................... 251

Quaternary marls ......................................... 252

Portland-cement industry..................................... t ....... 253

Early history ................................................ 253

Present condition ............................................ 259

North Carolina. .......................................................... 267

Crystalline limestones ............................................ 267

Soft limestones................................................... 268

North Dakota.........................../................................ 269

Ohio ...................................................................... 269

Portland-cement materials ........... 1................................ 269

Trenton series.. .......................................... 269

Cincinnati group ......................................... 270

Clinton limestones........................................ 270

Corniferous limestones................................. *.. 271

Maxville limestones ....................................... 272

Coal measures limestones ................... 1............. 273

Quaternary marls ........................................ 273

Portland-cement industry............................................. 273

Oklahoma.........................................c ......'......... .. .... 275

Oregon ...................... ^............................................. 277

Materials and conditions in southwestern Oregon....................... 278

Materials in northeastern Oregon...................................... 278

Pennsylvania ............................................................ 279

Portland-cement materials ..........-..-..--...--..............-..-.,.. 279

Trenton limestone........................................ 279

Helderberg or Lewistown limestone ....................... 280

Carboniferous limestones .................................. 282

Portland-cement industry. .._.........................................' 284

Leh'igh district.......................:........................... 284

Geology ............................................. ^....., 285

Magnesian Kittatinny limestone............................ 285

Trenton limestone........................................ 286

Hudson shales..........................:................ 287

Manufacturing methods ..............:......................... 288

Combination of materials used ........................ 288

Character and composition of the cement rock ......... 289
CONTENTS. 9

Pennsylvania Continued. PasePortland-cement industry Continued. 

Lehigh district Continued.

Manufacturing methods Continued.

Character and composition of the pure limestones ...... 289

Quarry practice .............. ........................ 290

Mill practice......................................... 290

Character and composition of the product.............. 291

Future extensions..:......................................... 293

Western Pennsylvania............................................ 294

Rhode Island .......................'..................................... 294

South Carolina.....:.......'.........................,..................... 295

South Dakota.............................................................. 296

Portland-cement materials ............................'......:......... 296

Limestones of'the Black Hills district...................... 296

Niobrara (Cretaceous) chalk of eastern South Dakota....... 301

Portland-cement industry ............................................. 301

Tennessee, by E, 0. UMch ............................................... 301

; Cambrian and lower Ordovician limestones of East Tennessee. 302

Upper Ordovician limestones of eastern part of Great Valley. 302

Upper Ordovician limestones of western part of Great Valley. 304

Ordovician limestones of middle Tennessee... J.............. 305

Silurian limestones....................................... 306

Mississippian limestones................-.;............... 306

Texas, by J. A. Taff...................................................... 307

1 Portland-cement .materials .......;.................................... 307

Austin chalk............................................. 308

Goodland limestone .............'....................'..,... 309

Portland-cement industry........_'.................................... 310

Utah .................................................................... 310

Vermont. ................................................................ 311

Virginia, by E. S. Bassler ............. j.... .............:............... 312

Portland-cement materials ............................................ 312

Shenandoah limestone.................................... 31.2

Cambrian limestones ..........:-....................... 314

Beekniantown limestone....................^......^.. 314

Trenton limestones ....-I.............................. 315

Martinsburg shale........................................ 317

Calcareous marls......................................... 318

Details of localities ....................'................... 318

^Portland-cement industry............................................. 323

Washington................................................................. 323

San Juan Islands......................................... 323

Northeastern Washington................................. 324

West Virginia............................................................ 325

Portland-cement materials ......... ..:...'............................. 325

Ordovician limestones .................................... 325

Lewiston (lower Helderberg) limestones................... 326

Greenbrier limestone..................................... 327

Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian) limestones................. 327

Portland-cement industry..........................'................... 328

Wisconsin .......................................:....................... 329

Ordovician and Silurian limestones ........................ 329

Quaternary shell marls.................................... 330-

Wyoming........................i.........................i............. 331
10 CONTENTS.

PART III. NATURAL CEMENT RESOURCES OP THE UNITED STATES.

Introduction............................................................. 333

Definition ........................................................... 333

Relations of natural cements to other cements.......................... 334

Raw material (natural-cement rock)........... ......................... 334

Methods of manufacture ............................................... 335

Georgia.................................................................. 336

Illinois .................................................................... 339

Indiana-Kentucky........................................................ 341

Kansas ..-................................:............1................. 342

Maryland-West Virginia .................................................. 343

Minnesota............................................................... 344

New York................................................................ 345

Rosendale district............................................ 345

Howes Cave .... *.............................. . >............. 347

Central New York ........................................... 348

Akron-Buffalo district ........................................ 349

North Dakota .........................^........................... i...... 351

Ohio .................................................................... 352

Pennsylvania ..._.................._...................................... 353

Texas ......... '... ....................................................... 354

Virginia................................................................. 354

West Virginia and Maryland- ......^...................................... 354

Wisconsin ................................................................ 354

References on natural cements ............................................ 355

PART IV. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OP PUZZOLAN CEMENTS.

Puzzolanic materials...................................................... 357

Natural puzzolanic materials (pozzuolana, trass, etc.)................... 357

-Artificial puzzolanic materials (blast-furnace slag) ...................... 359

The manufacture of slag cement........................................... 359

Composition of the slag.............. '. ................................ 359

Granulating the slag.................................................. 362

Drying theslag....................................................... 363

Composition- and selection of the lime................................... 365

Drying and slaking the lime .......................................... 366

Sieving and grinding the lime......................................... 366

Mixing and grinding the slag and lime.................................. 367

Composition and properties of slag cement............................. 369

identification of slag cement...;....................................... 370

Plants, prices, and uses ...'............................................ 371

INDEX ................-....------.-------- -------------------- -- - 373
ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 

PLATE I. Map of the United States, showing location of cement plants....... 15

II. Geological map of Alabama. Mississippi, and part of Georgia....... 62

III. Map of the chalk region of southwestern Arkansas ................ 100

IV. Map of California, showing areas of limestone..................... 116

V. Geological map of Iowa .........-.'.............................. 148

. VI. Geological map of Kentucky and Tennessee....................... 172

VII. Geological map of the lower peninsula of Michigan................ 190

VIII. Map of Michigan, showing location of cement plants and marl deposits .................................................:....... 194

I.. Geological map of northeastern Missouri and southwestern Illinois. 220 

X. .Map of- New York, showing distribution of limestones ............. 246

XI. Map of the Hudson River cement district, New York .............. 254

XII. .Geological map of Ohio and Indiana.............................." 270

XIII. Map of the Lehigh district, Pennsylvania-New Jersey, showing distribution of cement rock....................................... 284

XIV. Map of parts of Texas, Oklahoma, and Indian Territory ........... 308

XV, Map of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and part of Pennsylvania. ........................................................ 314

FIG. 1. Portland-cement production of the United States, 1888-1903.......... 16

11

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. C., May 11, 1904.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a

report on the cement materials and industry of the United States, by 

Edwin C. Eckel, and to recommend its publication as a bulletin.

This report has been prepared in accordance with the policy of summarizing existing information concerning one or more of the nonmetalliferous mineral products each year. It contains, however, an 

exceptionally large proportion of entirely new information. In its 

preparation Mr. Eckel has visited every district in which cement was 

being produced and has examined nearly every plant in operation. 

Information relating to undeveloped deposits of cement materials has 

been obtained by personal examination and from the published and 

unpublished work of other geologists.

The object has been to treat the subject from the geological rather 

than the technical standpoint, although the technology of cement manufacture is also discussed with sufEcient fullness for the purpose of the 

report. In view of the phenomenally rapid growth of the cement 

industry within recent years, the publication of this report will be 

exceptionally timely,

Very respectfully,

C. W. HAYES,

Geologist in Charge of Geology. 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Director U. S. Geological Survey.

13

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO 243 PL

( ^>\, i . ' ' ' ' ^-' 

: MAP

OF THE

pffrr-x UNITED STATES

'W jl i SHOWING LOCATIONS OF CEMENT PLANTS ,.iii|... i.i ' Scale

yy»________p _______100_______aop______300 ______WK>_______Sop _ 600 nlil*>s

/ Pordand-cemen 

/ Natural-cement plants 

j A Sla£-cement plants,"K^

-%

The symbols indicate the ", -asix-' v «§%^ 

locaUOn of individual plants *SW ° ^1!*:'^^^ / 

except in theLehi£>h.(PaiLoiiisviIler * '* J, ' : i < (Ind-Ky.), and Tiosenda.le(>K)clistricts ,\? t» * '& 

-w-hei'e the, plants are too numerous ; ;8 

I to be shovsTi separately
CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED

STATES.

By EDWIN C. ECKEL.

INTRODUCTION.

The marvelous growth of the American Portland-cement industry 

during the last decade has created a widespread interest in the raw 

materials and in the methods of manufacture of Portland cement 

the most important of the cementing materials. This interest is not 

confined to those who have a direct financial stake in the industry, 

as the product is so widely used, and its'uses are so rapidly increasing, that some knowledge of its manufacture and properties is of 

advantage to everyone connected, directly or indirectly, with engineering or building operations. In its importance to our present 

civilization cementls surpassed among mineral products only by iron, 

coal, and oil; in rate of increase in annual production during the last 

decade even these three products can not be compared with it. In 

1890 the total production of Portland cement in the United States was 

335,500 barrels, valued at $439,050; in 1903 it exceeded 22,000 000 

barrels, while the value was over $27,000,000.

The rate of growth of the industry is shown graphically by fig. 1. 

The value of the annual production of Portland cement in the 

United States -has been plotted on this diagram for the sixteen years 

1888-1903, inclusive. During the sixteen years which witnessed the 

development of the American Portland-cement industry two of the 

greatest gold discoveries in the world's history were made in Colorado and Alaska. The annual gold production of Alaska and of the 

Cripple Creek district in Colorado have been accordingly placed on 

the diagram. Tiiese two great gold strikes impressed themselves on 

every citizen of the United States, while the Portland-cement industry 

has attained its growth in comparative obscurity. Yet on comparison 

it will be seen that the gold production of Cripple Creek is. only 

slightly greater than the output of Portland cement, while the production of Alaska sinks into comparative insignificance. On examining the diagram it will be seen, moreover, that the greater part of this

15
16 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

increase has been within the last decade. The production of Portland 

cement has risen from a little less than $2,500,000 in 1896 to over 

$27,000,000 in 1903.

13,000,000

11,000,000

10,000.000

9,000,000

8,000,000

5,000,000

3,000,000

2,000,000

!

-----

 f-

>

' I

'

_.^.

-r 

-4-

i

1

/-

-

/

/

<.

'

/'

/

/

 "" ->.

/

/

;

.

,'

--

/

/

4-

,'

/

 f 

1

1

/

/

/

1

I

1

1

I

'

!

\ 

\

';

',

',

:

;

:

;

/

.

/

........ Portland cement production of The United States

 Gold production of Alaska

 Gold production of Cripple Creek district, Colorado

FIG. 1. Portland cement production of the United States, 1888-1903.

This report, has been prepared in order to give information on 

cemest materials, which is desired by two classes of persons. First, 

owners of lands on which marl, limestone, or clay deposits are found 

often inquire whether a given material is suitable for Portland-cement 

manufacture. In response to such questions the writer has attempted,
KCKKL.J * LITERATURE. 17

; in the preliminary chapters, to describe the chemical and physical 

properties which a Portland-cement material must have, and also to 

show that the value of cement material depends almost entirely upon 

location with respect to fuel supply, transportation routes, and markets. 

Second, cement manufacturers or those wishing to engage in the cement 

industry often inquire concerning the localities in some given State or 

group of States where cement materials will probably be found and 

desire information in advance of actual testing concerning the physical 

and chemical character of the materials. The latter portion of this 

report, dealing with the cement resources of the separate States, is 

designed to furnish information of this type.

The scope of the report is fairly well denned by the preceding statements. It is intended to be primarily a discussion of cement materials, not a manual of cement manufacture or a guide to cement testing 

or utilization. A brief sketch of the processes of Portland-cement

manufacture is presented on pages 21-59, in order to make the subject 

clear to the great number of people who are interested, in one way or 

another, in the condition and growth of this important industry.

In Parts III and IV of the bulletin, on pages 333 to 372, will be found 

a comparatively brief discussion of the raw materials and manufacture 

of two classes of cements allied to Portland cement, i. e., natural 

cements and puzzolan (slag) cements.

It is with pleasure that the writer acknowledges his indebtedness to 

the managers and chemists of the various Portland, natural, and slag

;nent plants throughout the United States. Most of these' plants, 

wjV.i their quarries or mines, have been personally examined by the 

writer, and in every case all possible facilities have been afforded for 

making the examination as thorough as was necessaiy. A considerable 

part of the information obtained in this manner can, of course, for 

obvious business reasons, be only stated in a general way; but in most 

cases permission to publish the data obtained has been freely given.

LITERATURE ON CEMENTS.

Frequent references have been given, in the text or in footnotes, to 

reports or papers which give more detailed information in regard to 

various phases of the subject. It is a matter of regret that no single 

book has been published which adequately summarizes the conditions 

of the modern cement industry in America. This is doubtless due in 

part to the fact that all our technical industries are in present days 

subject to such rapid advance that data must be sought in the engineering and other technical journals, and not in books. In part, however, 

the lack of a cement manual is due to the fact that the leaders in the 

progress of the American cement industry have been cement manuBull. 243 05 2
18 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

facturers, and have not felt justified in spending their time in summarizing- the practice for the benefit of competitors. In view of these 

conditions, the present writer has endeavored, in a volume now in 

press, ° to describe the technologic and financial features of the lime 

and cement industries. In the present bulletin, however, consideration of these features has been subordinated to the discussion of the 

geology and of the distribution of the raw materials.

Hydraulic Cement; its Properties, Testing, and Use, by F. P. Spalding, is without doubt the most satisfactor}^ single volume to serve as 

an introduction to the general subject of cement testing and properties. 

As might be inferred from its subtitle, it contains practically nothing 

relative to raw materials or methods of manufacture, but is devoted 

almost entirely to a consideration of the finished product.

Cements, Mortars, and Concretes, b}^ M. S. Falk, contains valuable 

data on the physical properties of these materials.

The Cement Industry, a volume containing a number of papers 

which original!}7" appeared in the Engineering Record, is of great service as an introduction to the study of cement-manufacturing methods.

The Director};- of American Cement Industries contains, in addition 

to its lists of plants, many valuable notes on manufacturing and testing 

methods.

Books devoted to Portland cement exclusively have been written by 

Jameson and Butler, but they contain nothing relative to rotary kiln 

practice, and are therefore of little use to American readers.

To one fairly conversant with the French language, two admirable 

books will be of service. The first of these, Candlot's Ciments et 

Chaux Hydrauliques, is probably the best single book, in any language, on cement technology. In its treatment of the theoretical 

questions involved in cement manufacture it is excellent; but its value

for American readers is lessened because the mechanical side of the 

cement industry is discussed solely from the standpoint of European 

practice.

The second, of somewhat different character, is Bonnami's Fabrication et Controle des Chaux Hydrauliques et des Ciments. This 

volume contains a very detailed description of the manufacture and 

properties of the hydraulic limes, so widely used in Europe, but it 

also contains valuable discussions on the theoretical side of cement 

manufacture in general.

DEFINITION OF PORTLAND, NATURAL, AND PUZZOLAN CEMENTS.

Before taking up the subject of the materials and manufacture of 

cements, it is advisable to define the four great classes which are 

included in the group of "hydraulic cements," as that term is used by

a Cements, Limes, and Plasters: Their Manufacture and Properties. Wiley & Sons, New York. 1905.
ECKEL.] . , DEFINITIONS OF CEMENTS. 19

the engineer. The relationship of the various cementing materials a 

can be concisely expressed as in the following diagram:

 , , ,. , Plaster of Paris, cement plaster. Keene's cement, etc. Nonkydraulic cements..~ ,. r J Common lime.

Hydraulic lime.

Tr , ,. , Natural cements. Hydraulic cements ..... n ., , , Portland cements.

Puzzolan cements.

Nonhydraulic cements. Nonhydraulic cements do not have the 

property of '' setting " or hardening under water. They are made by 

burning, at a comparatively low temperature, either gypsum or pure 

limestone. The products obtained by burning gypsum are marketed 

as "plaster of Paris," "cement plaster," "Keene's cement," etc., 

according to details in the process of manufacture. The product of 

burning limestone is common lime. The plasters and limes will not

be further discussed in the present bulletin.

Hydraulic cements. The hydraulic cements are those which set 

when used under water, though the different kinds differ greatly in 

the extent to which they possess this property, which is due to the 

formation during manufacture of compounds of lime with silica, 

alumina, and iron oxide.

On heating a pure limestone (CaC03 ) containing less . than, say, 

10 per cent of silica, alumina, and iron oxide together, its carbon 

dioxide (CO2 ) is driven off, leaving more or less pure calcium oxide 

(CaO) (quicklime or common lime). If the limestone contains much 

silioa, alumina, or iron oxide, the result is quite different.

Natural cements. .Natural cements are produced by burning a naturally impure limestone, containing from 15 to 40 per cent of silica, 

alumina, and iron oxide, at a comparatively low temperature, about 

that of ordinary lime burning. The operation can therefore be carried on in a kiln closely resembling an ordinary lime kiln. During 

the burning the carbon dioxide of the limestone is almost entirely 

driven off, and the lime combines with the silica, alumina, and iron 

oxide, forming a mass containing silicates, aluminates, and ferrites of 

lime. If the original limestone contained much magnesium carbonate 

the burned rock will contain a corresponding amount of magnesia.

The burned mass will not slack if water be added. It is necessary, 

therefore, to grind it rather fine. After grinding, if the resulting 

powder (natural cement) be mixed with water it will harden rapidly. 

This hardening or setting will also take place under water. Natural 

cements differ from ordinary limes in two noticeable ways:

(1) The burned mass does not slack on the addition of water.

a For a more detailed discussion see Municipal Engineering, vol. 24, 1903, pp. 335-336, and Ain. 

Geologist, vol. 29,1902, pp. 146-154.
20 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

(2) The powder has hydraulic properties, i. e., if properly prepared, it will set under water.

Natural cements 'differ from Portland cements in the following 

important particulars:

(1) Natural cements are not made from carefully prepared and finely 

ground artificial mixtures, but from natural rock.

(2) Natural cements -are burned at a lower temperature than 

Portland, the mass in the kiln never being heated high enough to even 

approach the fusing or clinkeririg point.

(3) Natural cements, after burning and grinding, are usually yellow 

to brown in color and light in weight, -having a specific gravity of 2.7 

to 3.1, while Portland cement is commonly blue to gray in color and 

heavier, its specific gravity ranging from 3 to 3.2.

(4) Natural cements set more rapidly .than Portland cement, but do 

not attain so high tensile strength.

(5) Portland cement is a definite product, its percentages of lime, 

silica, alumina, and iron oxide varying only between narrow limits, 

while brands of natural cements vary greatly in composition.

Portland cement. Portland cement is produced by burning a 

finely ground artificial mixture containing essentially lime, silica, 

alumina, and iron oxide in certain definite proportions. Usually 

this combination is made by mixing limestone or marl with clay or 

shale, in which case the mixture should contain about three parts of 

the lime carbonate to one part of the clayey materials. The burning 

takes place at a high temperature, approaching 3,000° F., and must 

therefore be carried on in kilns of special design and lining. During 

the burning, combination of the lime with silica, alumina, and iron 

oxide takes place. The product of the burning is a semifused mass 

called "clinker," which consists of silicates, aluminates, and ferrites 

of lime in certain fairly definite proportions. This clinker must be 

finely ground. After such grinding, the powder (Portland cement) 

will set under water.

Puzzolan cements. The cementing materials included under this 

name are made by mixing powdered slacked lime with either a volcanic 

ash or a blast-furnace slag. The product is, therefore, simply a 

mechanical mixture of two ingredients, as the mixture is not burned 

at any stage of the process. After mixing, the mixture is finely 

ground. The resulting powder (puzzolan cement) will set under 

water,

Puzzolan cements are usually light bluish, and of lower specific 

gravity and less tensile strength than Portland cement. They are 

better adapted to use under water than in air, as is explained on 

later pages.
PART I. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND

CEMENT.

As noted in the Introduction, this bulletin is not intended to be a 

manual of cement manufacture, but a guide both to those who wish to 

locate available supplies of cement material and to those who wish to 

know whether materials occurring on their property are likely to 

be fit for such use. To persons of the first classy who usually are 

cement manufacturers, this first part of the bulletin will contain little

of value; but it has seemed probable that such a sketch of cement 

technology will be serviceable to those who are not so well acquainted 

with the subject. In the discussion of the manufacture of Portland 

cement, stress has been laid only upon those processes which are 

directly influenced by the character of the raw materials used. The 

section on the mixing and grinding of the raw materials, for example, 

is much more detailed than the portion devoted to burning and clinker 

grinding. The subjects of cement testing and the uses of cement have 

been intentionally omitted.

In the following section, various possible raw materials for Portlandcement manufacture will be taken up and their relative suitability for 

such use will be discussed.' In order that the statements may be 

clearly understood it will be necessary to preface this discussion by a 

brief explanation regarding the composition of Portland cement. 

This subject will be treated in greater detail on pages 23-24.

DEFINITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT.

While there is a general agreement as to what is understood by the 

term Portland cement, a few points of importance are still open questions. The definitions of the term given in specifications are, in consequence, often vague and unsatisfactory.

Use of term Portland. It is agreed that the cement mixture must 

consist essentially of lime, silica, and alumina in proportions which 

can vary but slightly, and that this mixture must be burned at a temperature which will give a semifused product a "clinker." These, 

points must therefore be included in any satisfactory definition. The 

point regarding which there is a difference of opinion is whether or 

not cements made by burning a natural rock can be considered true 

Portlands. The question whether the definition of Portland cement

21
22 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTBY. [BOLL. 243.

should be drawn so as to include or exclude such products is evidently largely a matter of convention; but, unlike most conventional 

issues, the decision has very important practical consequences. The 

question at issue may be stated as follows:

^If artificial mixture of the raw materials and a very high degree of 

burning are made the criteria on which to base a definition, there will 

be excluded from the class of Portland cements certain well-known 

and very meritorious products, manufactured at several points in 

France and Belgium by burning a natural rock without artificial 

mixture and at a considerably lower temperature than is attained in 

ordinary Portland-cement practice. These "natural Portlands" of 

France and Belgium have always been considered Portland cements by 

the most critical authorities, though all agree that they are not of very 

high-grade.

There is no doubt that there could occur a rock which would contain 

lime, silica, and alumina in such proportions as to, give a good Portland cement on burning. Actually, however, such a perfect cement 

rock is of extremely rare occurrence. As above noted, certain brands 

of French and Belgian "Portland" cements are made from such 

natural rocks without the addition of any other material, but these 

brands are not of particularly high grade, and in the better Belgian 

cements the composition is corrected by the addition of other material 

to the cement rock before burning.

The following definition of Portland cement is important because 

of the large amount of cement which is accepted annually under the 

specifications" in which it occurs, and is of interest as being the nearest 

approach in this country to an official definition of the material.

By a Portland cement is meant the product obtained from the heating or calcining 

up to incipient fusion of intimate mixtures, either natural or artificial, of argillaceous 

with calcareous substances, the calcined product to contain at least 1.7 times as much 

of lime, by weight, as of the materials which give the lime its hydraulic properties, 

and to be finely pulverized after said calcination, and thereafter additions or substitutions for the purpose only of regulating certain properties of technical importance 

to be allowable to not exceeding 2 per cent of the calcined product.

It will be noted that this definition does not require pulverizing or 

artificial mixing of the materials prior to burning. It seems probable 

that the Belgian "natural Portlands" were kept in mind when these 

requirements were omitted. In dealing with American-made cements, 

however and the specifications in question are headed "Specifications 

for American Portland Cement" it is a serious error to omit these 

requirements. No true Portland cements are manufactured in America from natural mixtures without pulverizing and artificially mixing 

$he materials prior to burning. Several plants, however, have placed 

on the market so-called "Portland cements," made b}^ grinding up

a Prof. Paper No. 28, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., p. 30.
ficKEL.1 COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENTS. 23

together the underburned and overburned materials formed during 

the burningo1 of natural cements. Several of these brands contain from

5 to 15 per cent of magnesia; and under no circumstances can they be 

considered true Portland cements.

In view.of the conditions above noted the writer believes that the 

following definition will be found more satisfactory than the one above 

quoted:

Portland cement is an artificial product, obtained by finely pulverizing the clinker produced by burning to seuuifusion an intimate mixture of finely ground calcareous and argillaceous material, this mixture 

consisting, approximately, of one part of silica and alumina to three 

parts of carbonate of lime (or an equivalent amount of lime).

COMPOSITION AND CONSTITUTION.

During recent years much attention has been paid by various investigators to the constitution of Portland cement. The chemical composition of any particular sample can, of course, be readily determined 

,by analysis, and by comparison of a number of such analyses general 

statements can be framed as to the range in composition of good 

Portland cements.

Portland cements may be said to tend toward a composition approximating to pure tricalcic- silicate (3CaO.SiO2 ) which would nearly correspond to the proportion CaO, 73.6 per cent,' Si02 , 26.4 per cent. 

As can be seen, however, from commercial analyses, actual Portland 

cements differ in composition somewhat markedly from this. Alumina 

is always present in considerable quantity, forming, with part of the 

lime, the dicalcic aluminate (2CaO.Si02 ). This would give, as stated 

by Newberry, for the general formula of a pure Portland 

x (3CaO.Si08) + y (2CaO.A12 03).

The composition is still further complicated by the presence of accidental impurities or intentionally added ingredients. These last may 

be simply adulterants, or they may be added to serve some useful 

purpose. Calcium sulphate is a type of the latter class. It serves to 

retard the set of the cement and, in small quantities, appears to have 

no injurious effect which would prohibit its use for this purpose. In 

dome kilns sufficient sulphur trioxide is generally taken up by the 

cement from the fuel gases to obviate the necessity for later addition of calcium sulphate, but in the rotary kiln its addition to the 

ground cement, in the form of either powdered gypsum or plaster of 

Paris, is a necessity.

Iron oxide within reasonable limits seems to act as a substitute fo'r 

alumina, and the- two may. be calculated together. Magnesium carbonate is rarely entirely absent from limestones or clays, and magnesia is therefore almost invariably present in the finished cement.
24 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Many engineers regard it as positively detrimental in even small 

amounts, and because of this feeling manufacturers prefer to carry 

it as low as possible. Newberry has stated that in amounts of less 

than 3i per cent it is harmless, and American Portlands from the 

Lehigh district usually reach well up toward that limit. In European 

practice it is carried somewhat lower. s

It would seem to be firmly established that in a well-burned Portland cement much of the lime is combined with most of the silica to 

form the compound 3CaO.SiO2 tricalcic silicate. To this compound 

is ascribed, in large measure, the Irydraulic properties of the cement; 

and in general it may be said that the value of a Portland cement 

increases directly as the proportion of 3CaO.SiO2 . The ideal Portland cement, toward which cements as actually made tend in composition, would consist exclusively of tricalcic silicate, and would be 

therefore composed entirely of lime and silica in the following proportions: Lime (CaO), 73.6 per cent; silica (SiO2 ), 26.4 per cent.

Such an' ideal cement, however, can not be manufactured under 

present commercial conditions, for the heat required to clinker such 

a mixture can not be attained in any working kiln. Newberry has 

prepared such mixtures by using the oxyhydrogen blowpipe; and the 

electrical furnace will also give clinker of this composition; but a pure 

lime-silica Portland is not possible under present conditions.

In order to prepare Portland cement in actual practice, therefore, 

it is necessary that some other ingredient or ingredients be present to 

serve as a flux in aiding the combination of the lime and silica, and 

such aid is afforded by the presence of alumina and iron oxide.

Alumina (A12O3) and iron oxide (Fe2 03 ), when present in noticeable 

percentages, serve to reduce the temperature at which combination of 

the lime and silica (to form 3CaO.SiO? ) takes place; and this clinkering1 temperature becomes further and further lowered as the percentages of alumina and iron are increased. The strength and value 

of the product, however, also decrease as the alumina and iron 

increase; so that in actual practice it is necessaiy to strike a balance 

between the advantage of low clmkering temperature and the disadvantage of weak cement, and thus to determine how much alumina 

and iron should be used in the mixture.

It is generally considered that whatever alumina is present in the 

cement is combined with part of the\ lime to -form the compound 

2CaO.SiO2 dicalcic aluminate. It is also held by some, but this 

fact is somewhat less firmly established than the last, that the iron 

present is combined with the lime to form the compound 2CaO. 

Fe2O3 .. For the purposes of the present paper it will be sufficient to 

say that, in the relatively small percentages in which iron occurs in 

Portland cement, it may for coiwenience be considered as equivalent 

to alumina in its action, and the two may be calculated together.
ECKEL.] CEMENT-MAKING MATERIALS. 25

RAW MATERIALS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT.

For the purposes of the present section it will be sufficiently accurate 

to consider that a Portland-cement mixture, when ready for burning, 

will contain about 75 per cent of lime carbonate (CaCO3) and 20 per 

cent of silica (Si02 ), alumina (A12 03 ) and iron oxide (Fe2O3 ) together, 

the remaining 5 per cent including any magnesium carbonate, sulphur, 

and alkalies that may be present.

The essential elements which enter into this mixture lime, silica, 

alumina, and iron are all abundantly and widely distributed in nature, 

occurring in different forms in many kinds of rocks. It can therefore 

readily be seen that, theoretically, a satisfactory Portland-cement 

mixture could be prepared by combining, in an almost in finite number 

of ways and proportions, many kinds of raw material. Obviously, 

too, we might expect to find gradations in the artificial ness of the 

mixture, varying from one extreme, where a natural rock of absolutely correct composition was used, to the other extreme, where two 

or more materials, in nearly equal amounts, are required.

The almost infinite number of raw materials which are theoretically 

available are, however, reduced to a very few under existing commercial conditions. The necessity for making the mixture as cheaply as 

possible rules out of consideration a large number of materials which 

would be considered available if chemical composition were the only 

thing to be taken into account. Some materials, otherwise suitable, 

are too scarce; some are too difficult to pulverize. In consequence, a 

comparatively few combinations of raw materials are actually used in 

practice.

In certain localities deposits of argillaceous (cla}^ey) limestone' or 

"cement rock" occur in which the lime, silica, alumina, and iron 

oxide exist in so nearly the proper proportions that only a relatively 

small amount (say 10 per cent) of other material is required in order 

to make a mixture of correct composition. In the majority of plants, 

however, most or all of the necessary lime is furnished by one raw 

material, while .the silica, alumina, and iron oxide are largely or 

entirely derived from another. The raw material which furnishes the 

lime is usually natural a limestone, chalk, or marl but occasionally 

it is an artificial product, such as the chemically precipitated lime carbonate which results as waste from alkali manufacture. The silica, 

alumina, and iron oxide of the mixture are usually derived from clays, 

shales, or slates; but in a few plants blast-furnace slag is used as 

the silica-aluminous ingredient in the manufacture of true Portland 

cement.

The various combinations of raw materials which are at present used 

in the United States in the manufacture of Portland cement may be 

grouped under six heads: (1) Argillaceous limestone (cement rock)
26 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY [BULL. 248.

:i:id pure limestone; (2) pure hard limestone and clay or shale; (3) soft 

chalky limestone and clay; (4) marl and clay; (5) alkali waste and 

clay; (6) slag and limestone.

LIMESTONES.

Limestone is the most important ingredient, in one form or another, 

in a Portland-cement mixture. Limestones of certain types are 

employed in the manufacture of hydraulic limes, natural cements, and 

slag cements. It will thus be seen that limestone-is a very important 

constituent of all the cementing materials discussed in this bulletin. 

For this reason it has seemed desirable to discuss in the present 

section the origin, composition, varieties, and chemical and physical 

characters of limestone in general. This has been done in considerable 

detail. The present section will, therefore, serve as an introduction 

to the discussions of both the Portland and natural cements.

OEIGIN OF LIMESTONES.

Limestones a have been formed largely by the accumulation at the 

sea bottom of the calcareous remains of such organisms as the foraminifera, corals, and mollusks. Many of the thick and extensive limestone deposits of the United States were probably marine deposits 

formed in this way. Some of these limestones still show the fossils 

of which they were formed, but in others all trace of organic origin has 

been destroyed by the fine grinding to which the shells and corals 

were subjected before their deposition at the sea bottom. It is probable also that a large part of the calcium carbonate of .these limestones 

was a purely chemical deposit from solution, cementing the shell fragments together.

Other limestones, far less extensive, though important in the present

connection, owe their origin to tjie indirect action of organisms. The 

"marls," so important to-day as Portland cement materials, fall in this 

class. As the deposits of this class are of limited extent, however, 

their method of origin may be dismissed here, but will be described 

later, on pages 34-36.

Deposition from solution by purely chemical means has undoubtedly 

given rise to numerous limestone deposits. When this deposition took 

place in caverns or in the open air it gave rise to onyx deposits and 

to the "travertine marls" of certain localities in Ohio and elsewhere. 

When it took place in isolated portions of the sea through the evaporation of the sea water it gave rise to the limestone beds which so 

frequently accompany deposits of salt and gypsum.

« For a more detailed discussion of this subject the reader will do well to consult Chapters of 

Prof. J. F. Kemp's Handbook of Rocks.
BCKEL.] LIMESTONES. 27 

VARIETIES OF LIMESTONE.

A number of terms are in general use for the different varieties of 

limestone, based upon differences of origin, texture, composition, etc. 

The more important of these terms will be briefly defined.

The marbles are limestones which, through the action of heat and 

pressure, have become more or less distinctly crystalline, though the 

term marble is often extended to cover any limestone which will take 

a good polish. The term marl, as at present used in cement manufacture, is applied to a loosely cemented mass of lime carbonate formed 

in lake basins, as described on page 34. Calcareous tufa and travertine are more or less compact limestones, deposited by spring or 

stream waters along their courses. Oolitic limestones, so called 

because of their resemblance to a mass of fish roe, are made up of 

small rounded grains of lime carbonate having a concentrically laminated structure. Chalk is a fine-grained limestone composed of finely

comminuted shells, particularly those of the foraminifera. The presence of much silica gives rise to a siliceous or cherty limestone. If 

the silica present is in combination with alumina the resulting limestone will be clayey or argillaceous.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LIMESTONE.

A theoretically pure limestone is merely a massive form of the mineral calcite. Such an ideal limestone would therefore consist entirely 

of calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime (CaCO3) or 56 per cent calcium oxide (CaO) plus 44 per cent carbon dioxide or carbonic acid 

(CO2). As might be expected, limestones as quarried differ more or 

less widely from this theoretical composition. These departures from 

ideal purit}^ may take place along either of two lines: (1) The presence 

of magnesia in place of part of the lime; (2) the presence of silica, 

iron, alumina, alkalies, or other impurities.

It seems advisable to discriminate between these two cases, even 

though a given sample of limestone may fall under both heads.

MAGNESIA IN LIMESTONE.

The theoretically pure limestones are, as above noted, composed 

entirely of calcium carbonate and correspond to the chemical formula 

CaC03 . Setting aside for the moment the question of the presence or 

absence of such impurities as iron, alumina, silica, etc., it may be said 

that lime is rarely the only base in a limestone. During or after the 

formation of the limestone a certain percentage of magnesia is usually 

introduced in place of part of the lime, thus giving a more or less 

magnesian limestone. In such magnesian limestones part; of the cal-
28 CEMENT MATERIALS'AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

cium carbonate is replaced by magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), the 

general formula for magnesian limestone being therefore x CaCO3 , 

y MgCO3 . In this formula so may vary from 100 per cent to zero, 

while y will vary inversely from zero to 100 per cent. Where the two 

carbonates are united in equal molecular proportions, the resultant rock 

is called dolomite. It has the formula CaC03 , MgC03 and is composed of 54.35 per cent calcium carbonate and 45.65 per cent magnesium carbonate. If the calcium carbonate has been entirely replaced 

by magnesium carbonate, the resulting pure carbonate of magnesia is 

called magnesite, having the formula MgCO3 and being composed of 

47.6 per cent magnesia (MgO) and 52.4 per cent carbon dioxide (C02 ).

Rocks of the limestone series may therefore vary in composition 

from pure calcite limestone at one end of the series to pure magnesite 

at the other. The term limestone has, however, been restricted in 

general use to those rocks which have a composition between that of 

calcite and dolomite. All the more uncommon phases, carrying more 

than 45.65 per cent magnesium carbonate, are usually described simply 

as impure magnesites.

The presence of much magnesia in finished Portland cement is considered undesirable, 3£ per cent being the maximum permissible under 

most specifications. Therefore the limestone to be used in Portland 

cement manufacture should not carry over 5 or 6 per cent of magnesium carbonate.

Though magnesia is often described as an "impurity" in limestone, 

this word, as can be seen from the preceding statements, hardly 

expresses' the facts in the case. The magnesium carbonate present, 

whatever its amount, simply serves to replace an equivalent amount 

of calcium carbonate, and the resulting rock, whether little or much 

magnesia is present, is still a pure carbonate rock. With the impurities to be discussed in later paragraphs, however, this is not the case. 

Silica, alumina, iron, sulphur, alkalies, etc., when present, are actual 

impurities, not merely chemical replacements of part of the calcium 

carbonate.

SILICA, IRON, AND OTHER IMPURITIES IN LIMESTONE.

A limestone consisting of pure calcium carbonate or of calcium carbonate with more or less magnesium carbonate may also contain a 

greater or lesser amount of distinct impurities. From the point of 

view of the cement manufacturer, the more important of these impurities are silica, alumina, iron, alkalies, and sulphur, all of which have 

a marked effect on the value of the limestone as a cement material.

The silica in limestone may occur either in combination with alumina 

as a clayey impurity, or not combined with alumina. As the effect on 

the value of the limestone would be very different in the two cases, 

they will be taken up separately.
HCKBL.1 LIMESTONES. 29

Silica in limestone. Silica, when present in a limestone containing 

no alumina, may occur in one of three forms, and the one in which it 

occurs is of great importance in connection with cement manufacture.

(1) In perhaps its commonest form silica is present in nodules, 

masses, or beds of flint or chert. Silica occurring in this form will 

not readily enter into combination with the lime of a cement mixture, 

and a cherty or flinty limestone is therefore almost useless in cement 

manufacture.

(2) In a few cases, as in the hydraulic limestone of Teil, France, a 

large amount of silica and very little alumina are present, notwith 

standing which the silica readily combines with the lime on burning. 

It is probable that in such cases the silica is very finely divided or 

occurs as hydrated silica, which is possibly the result of chemical 

precipitation or of organic action. In the majority of cases, however,

a highly siliceous limestone will not make a cement on burning- unless

it contains alumina in addition to the silica.

(3) In the crystalline limestones (marbles), and less commonly in 

uncrystalline limestones, silica may occur as a complex silicate in the 

form of shreds or crystals of.mica, hornblende, or other silicate mineral. 

In this form silica is somewhat intractable in the kiln, and mica and 

L other silicate minerals are therefore to be regarded as inert and useless 

impurities in a cement rock. These silicates will flux at a lower temperature than pure silica, and are thus not so troublesome as flint 'or 

chert. They are, however, much less serviceable than if the same 

amount of silica were present in combination with alumina as a clay.

Silica ivith alumina in limestone. -Silica and alumina, combined in 

the form of clay, are common impurities in limestones and are of 

special interest to the cement manufacturer. The best-known example 

of such an argillaceous limestone is the cement rock of the Lehigh 

district of Pennsylvania. Silica and alumina when present in this 

combined form unite readily with the lime under the action of heat, 

and an argillaceous limestone, therefore, forms an excellent basis for a 

Portland-cement mixture.

Iron in limestone. Iron when present in a limestone occurs commonly as .the oxide (Fe2O3) or sulphide (FeS2 ); more rarely as iron 

carbonate or in complex silicates. Iron in the oxide, carbonate, or 

silicate forms, is a useful flux, aiding in the combination of the lime 

and silica in the kiln. When present as a sulphide, in the form of the 

mineral pyrite, in quantities exceeding 2 or 3 per cent, it is to be 

avoided.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF LIMESTONES.

In texture, hardness, and compactness the limestones vary from the 

loosely consolidated marls through the chalks to the hard, compact 

limestones and marbles. Thej^ differ in absorptive properties and 

density. The chalky limestones may have a specific gravity as low as
30 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BOLL. 243.

1.85, corresponding to a weight of 110 pounds per cubic foot, while 

the compact limestones, commonly used for building purposes, range 

in specific gravity between 2.3 and 2.9, corresponding approximately 

to a range in weight of from 140 to 185 pounds per cubic foot.

From the point of view of the Portland-cement manufacturer these 

variations in physical properties- are of economic interest chiefly in 

their bearing upon two points the percentage of water carried by 

the limestone as quarried and the ease with which the rock may be^ 

crushed and pulverized. To some extent the two properties counterbalance each other; the softer the limestone the more absorbent is it 

likely to be. These purely ^economic features will be discussed in 

more detail on later pages.

EFFECT OF HEAT ON LIMESTONE.

On heating a nomnagnesian limestone to or above 300° C. its carbon dioxide will be driven off, leaving quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO). 

If a magnesian limestone be similarly treated, the 'product would be a 

mixture of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide (MgO). The rapidity 

and perfection of this decomposition can be increased by passing 

steam or air through the burning mass. In practice this is accomplished either by the direct injection of air or steam or more simply 

by thoroughly wetting the limestone before putting it into the kiln.

If, however, the limestone contains an appreciable amount of silica, 

alumina, and iron, the effects of heat will not be of so simple a character. At temperatures of '800° C. and upward these clayey impurities 

will combine with the lime oxide, giving silicates, aluminates, and related 

salts of lime. In this manner a natural cement will be produced (see 

pp. 333-334). An artificial mixture of a certain uniform composition, 

burned at a higher temperature, will give a Portland cement.

ARGILLACEOUS LIMESTONE (CEMENT ROCK).

An argillaceous limestone containing approximately 75 per cent of 

lime carbonate and 20 per cent of clayey materials (silica, alumina, 

and iron oxide) would, of course, be the ideal material for use in the 

manufacture of Portland cement, as such a rock would contain within 

itself in the proper proportions all the necessary ingredients. It 

would require the addition of no other material, but when burnt alone 

would give a good cement. This ideal cement material is, of course, 

never found, but certain argillaceous limestones approach it very 

closely in composition.

The most important deposit of these argillaceous limestones or 

"cement rocks" is that which is so extensively utilized in Portlandcement manufacture in the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and 

New Jersey. As this area still furnishes about two-thirds of all the 

Portland cement manufactured in the United States, its raw materials 

are described in some detail on pages 31-32.
ECKBL.] . ' LIMESTONES. ' 31

CEMENT KOCK OF THE LEHIGH DISTRICT.

The Lehigh district of the cement trade comprises parts of Berks, 

Lehigh, and Northampton counties. Pa., and of Warren County, N. J. 

Within this relatively small area are located about 20 Portland-cement 

mills, which produce a little over two-thirds of the entire American 

output. As deposits of the cement rock used by these plants extend 

far beyond the present Lehigh district, a marked extension of the 

 district will probably take place as the need for larger supplies of 

raw material becomes more apparent.

The "cement rock" of the Lehigh district is a highly argillaceous 

limestone of Trenton (lower Silurian) age. The formation is about 

300 feet thick in this area. The rock is very dark gray, and usually 

has a slaty fracture. In composition it ranges from about 60 per cent 

lime carbonate with 30 per cent clayey material, up to 80 per cent

lime carbonate with 15 per cent of silica, alumina, and iron. The

lower beds of the formation always contain -more lime carbonate than 

those above. The content of magnesium carbonate in these cement 

rocks is always high, as Portland cement material goes, ranging from 

3 to 6 per cent.

Near and in some cases immediately beneath these cement beds 

are beds of purer limestone, containing from 85 to 96 per cent lime 

carbonate. The usual practice in the Pennsylvania and New Jersey 

plants has been, therefore, to mix a relatively small amount of this 

purer limestone with the low lime "cement rock" in such proportions 

as to give a cement mixture of proper composition.

The economic and technologic advantages of using such a combination of materials are veiy evident. Both the pure limestone and the 

cement rock, particularly the latter, can be quarried very easily and 

cheaply. As quarried they carry but little water, so that the expense 

of drying them is slight. The fact that about four-fifths of the 

cement mixture will be made up of a natural cement rock permits 

coarser grinding of the raw mixture than would be permissible in 

plants using pure limestone or marl with clay. This point is more 

fully explained on page 47. When natural cement rock is used as 

part of the mixture less fuel is probably necessary to clinker the mixture than when pure limestone is mixed with clay.

Such mixtures of argillaceous limestone or "cement rock" with a 

small amount of pure limestone evidently possess important advantages over mixtures of pure hard limestone or marl with clay. They 

are, on the other hand, less advantageous as cement materials than the 

chalky limestones discussed on pages 33-34. . ,

The analyses in the table below are fairly representative of the 

materials employed in the Lehigh district. The first four analyses 

are of "cement rock," the last two are of the purer limestone used for 

mixing with it.
32 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyses of Lehigh district cement materials.

[BULL. 243.

Silica (Si02 ) ....................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ..

Cement rock.

10.02 

} 6.26

78.65 

4.71

9.52

4.72

80.71 

4.92

14.52 

6.52

73.52 

4.69

16.10 

2.20

76.23 

3.54

Limestone.

3.02 

1.90

92.05 

3.04

1.98 

0.70

95.19 

2.03

"CEMENT ROCK IN OTHER PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Certain Portland-cement plants, particularly in the western part of 

.the United States, use combinations of materials closely similar to 

those in the Lehigh district. Analyses of the materials used at several 

of these plants are given in the following table:

Analyses of "cement rock" and limestone from the ivestern United States.

Silica (SiO,) .....................

Iron oxide (FejOg) ...............

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ..

Utah.

Cement 

rock.

21.2 

8.0

62.08 

3.8'

Limestone.

6.8 

3.0

89.8 

0.76

' California.

Cement 

rock.

20.06 

10.07 

3.39 

63.40 

1.54

"Limestone.

7.12 

2.36 

1.16

87.70 

0.84

Colorado.

Cement, 

rock.

14. 20. 

5.21 

1.73 

75.10 

1.10

Limestone.

88.0

In addition to these "cement rocks" many of the chalky limestones 

discussed on pages 33-34 are sufficiently argillaceous to be classed as

"cement rocks." Because of their softness, however, all the chalkj^ 

limestones will be described together.

PUKE HAKD LIMESTONES..

Soon after the American Portland-cement industry had become 

fairly well established in the Lehigh district attempts were made in 

New York State to manufacture Portland cement from a mixture of 

pure limestone and clay. These attempts were not commercially successful, and although their failure was not due to any defects in the 

limestone used, a certain prejudice arose against the use of the hard 

limestones. In recent years, however, this has disappeared, and a 

very large proportion of the American output is now made from mixtures of limestone with clay or shale. The use of the hard limestone 

is doubtless due in great part to recent improvements in grinding 

machinery, for the purer limestones are usually much harder than
ECKBL.] LIMESTONES. 33

argillaceous limestones like the Lehigh district "cement rock," and it 

was very difficult to pulverize them finely and cheaply with the crushing appliances in use when the Portland cement industry was first 

started in America.

A series of analyses of representative pure hard limestones, together 

with analyses of the clays or shales with which they are mixed, is 

given in the following table:

Analyses of pure hard limestones and clayey materials.

Silica (SiO,) .-...--..

Iron oxide (Fea03 )...

Lime carbonate 

(CaC08). ..........

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgC03 ) ..........

Limestones.

1.72 

1.63 

6.59

90.58

0.86 

.63 

1.03

97.06

0.56 

1.23 

.29

97.23 

.75

0.40 

| .44

97.99 

.42

Clays and shales.

63.56 

27.32

3.60 

2.60

55.80 

30.20

2.54

56.30 

29.86

60.00 

r23. 26 

I 4.32

1.70 

1.50

The first limestone analysis given in the above table represents a 

curious type, used in several plants in the Middle West. It is a relatively impure limestone, its principal impurity being iron oxide. It 

contains 8.22 per cent of iron oxide and alumina, as compared with 

1.72 per cent of silica, and therefore great care is required in selecting 

a suitable high-silica clay to mix with it.

SOFT LIMESTONES (CHALK).

Origin and general character. Chalk, properly speaking, is a pure 

carbonate of lime composed of the remains of the shells of minute 

organisms, those of foraminifera being especially prominent.. The 

chalks and soft limestones discussed agree, not only in having usually 

originated in this way, but also in being rather soft, and therefore 

readily and cheaply crushed and pulverized. As Portland-cement 

materials they are therefore almost ideal. One defect, however, 

which to a small extent counterbalances their obvious advantages, is 

the fact that most of these soft, chalky limestones absorb water very 

readily. A chalky limestone which in a dry season will not carry over 

2 per cent of moisture as quarried may, in consequence of prolonged 

wet weather, show as high as 15 or 20 per cent of water. This difficulty can, of course, be avoided if care be taken in quarrying to avoid 

unnecessary exposure to water and, if necessary, to provide facilities 

for storing a supply of the raw materials during wet seasons.

Geographic and geologic distribution in the United States. The 

chalks and chalky limestones are confined almost entirely to certain 

Bull. 243 05 3
34 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Southern and Western States. They are all of approximately the same 

geologic ages Cretaceou's or Tertiary and are mostly confined to one 

division of the Cretaceous. The principal chalk or soft limestone 

deposits available for use in Portland-cement manufacture occur in 

three widely separated areas, in (a) Alabama and Mississipppi, (b) 

Texas and Arkansas, and (c) Iowa, Nebraska, North and South Dakota. 

Composition. Jn composition these chalks, or "rotten limestones," 

vary from a rather pure calcium carbonate, low in both magnesia and 

clayey materials, to an impure clayey limestone requiring little additional clay to make it fit for use in Portland-cement manufacture. The 

analyses in the table below show the range of composition of the 

chalky limestones,

Analyses of chalky limestones.

Silica (SiOa>...... ............

Lime carbonate ( CaCOa ) .......

 Magnesium carbonate ( MgC03) .

Demopo-' 

lis, Ala.

12. 13

4.17

3.28

75.07

.92

San Antonio, Tex.

5.77

| 2.12

90.15

.15

Dallas, 

Tex.

23.55

1.50

 70. 21

.58

White 

Cliffs, 

Ark.

7.97

1.09

88.64

.73

Yankton, 

S. Dak.

8.20

7.07

83. 59

n.d.

Milton, 

N. Dak.

9.15

( 4.80

\ 2.30

63.75

1.25

- FRESH-WATER MARLS.

Marls, in the sense in which the term is used in the Portland-cement 

industry, are incoherent limestones which have been deposited in the 

basins of existing or extinct lakes. So far as chemical composition is 

concerned, marls are practically pure limestones, being composed 

almost entirely Of calcium carbonate. Physically, however, they differ greatly from the'compact rocks which are commonly described as 

limestones, as they are granular, incoherent deposits.' This curious 

physical character is due to the conditions under which they have 

been deposited, and accordingly varies somewhat.

The above definition of marl is that commonly used in the cement 

industry, but in geological and agricultural reports, particularly in 

those issued before the Portland-cement industry became prominent 

in this country, the term has been used for several veiy different substances. The following three uses of the term have been particularly 

common, and must be guarded against when such reports are being 

examined in search of descriptions of deposits of cement materials:

(1) In early days the terms "marls" and "rnarlytes" were applied 

to calcareous shales and often to shales which were not particularly 

calcareous. This use of the term will be found in many of the earlier
ECKEL.J MARLS. 35

geological reports issued by New York, Ohio, and other interior 

States.

(2) In New Jersey and the States southward bordering on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico the term "marl" is commonly applied to 

deposits of soft, chalky, or unconsolidated limestone, often containing considable clayey and phosphatic matter. These limestones are 

of marine origin and are not related to the fresh-water marl deposits 

here discussed.

(3) In the same States mentioned in the last paragraph, but particularly in New Jersey and Virginia, large deposits of the so-called 

"greensand marls" occur. This material is in no way related to the 

true marls, which are essentially lime carbonates, but consists almost 

entirely of an iron silicate,. with very i small percentages of clayey, 

calcareous, and phosphatic matter.

Origin of marls. The exact cause of the deposition of marls has 

been the subject of much investigation and discussion, particularly in 

the last few years, since they have become of economic importance. 

The most important papers concerning this question are as follows: .

BLATCHLEY, W. S., and ASHLEY, G. H., The lakes of northern Indiana and their 

associated marl deposits: Twenty-fifth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Kes., pp. 

31-321.

DA vis, C. A., A contribution to the natural history of marl: Jour. Geol., vol. 8, 

pp. 485-497.

DA vis, C. A., Second contribution to the natural history of marl: Jour. Gieol., vol. 9, 

pp. 491-506.

DAVIS, C. A., A contribution to the natural history of marl: Eept. Michigan Geol. 

Survey, vol. 8, pt. 3, pp. 65-102.

LANE, A. C., Notes on the origin of Michigan bog limes: Bept. Michigan Geol. 

Survey, vol. 8, pt. 3, pp. 199-223.

Disregarding the points in controversy, which are of no practical 

importance, it may be said that marls are deposited in lakes by spring 

or stream waters carrying lime carbonate in solution. The actual 

deposition is due in part to purely physical and chemical causes, and 

in part to the direct or indirect action of animal or vegetable life. 

The result in any case is that a calcareous deposit forms along the sides 

and over the bottom of the lake, this deposit consisting of lime carbonate, mostly in a finely granular form, interspersed with shells and 

shell fragments.

Geographic distribution of marl deposits. The geographic distribution of marl deposits is intimately related to. the geologic history of 

the region in which they occur. Marl beds are the result of the filling 

of lake basins. Lakes are not common in the United States, except in 

areas which have been glaciated, since they are in general due to the 

damming of streams by glacial material. Workable marl deposits, 

therefore, are confined almost exclusively to those portions of the
36 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

United States and Canada lying north of the southern limit of the 

glaciers.

Marl beds are found in the New England States, where they are 

occasionally of important size, and in New York, where large beds 

occur in the central and western portions of the State. Deposits are 

frequent and important in Michigan and in the northern portions of 

Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. They occur in Wisconsin and Minnesota, 

but have not been as yet exploited for cement manufacture.

Composition. As shown by the analysis below, marls are usually 

very pure lime carbonates. They therefore require the addition of 

considerable clay to bring them up to the proper composition for a 

Portland-cement mixture.

The marls are readily excavated, but necessarily carry a large percentage of water. The mixture, on this account, is commonly made 

in the wet way, which necessitates driving off a high percentage of 

water in the kilns. Analyses of typical marls and clays are given in 

the following table:

Analyses of marls and clays used in cement plants.

Silica (Si02 ) .................. 0.25

} ,0

94.39

.38

Marl.

3.0

93.0

1.5

1.60

1.55

88.9

.94

40.48

20. 95

25.80

.99

Clay.

52.0

( 17.0

I 5.0

20.0

63.75

16.40

6.35

4.0

2.1

ALKALI WASTE.

A very large amount of waste material results from the manufacturing of caustic soda. This waste material is largely a precipitated 

form of calcium carbonate, and if sufficiently free from impurities 

furnishes a cheap source of lime for use in Portland-cement manufacture.

The availability of alkali waste for this purpose depends largely on 

what process was used at the alkali plant. Leblanc-process waste, for 

example, carries a very large percentage of sulphides, which prevents 

its use as a Portland-cement material. Waste resulting from the use 

of the ammonia process, on the other hand, is usually a very pure 

mass of lime, mostly in the form of carbonate, though a little lime 

hydrate is commonly present. As pyrite is not used in the ammonia 

process, the waste is usually low enough in sulphur to be used as a 

cement material. The waste may carry a low or a very high percent-
KCK10L.] SLAG. 37

age of magnesia, according to the character of the limestone that has 

been used in the alkali plant. When a limestone low in magnesium 

carbonate has been used the resulting waste is a very satisfactory 

Portland-cement material.

The folloAving analyses are fairly representative of the waste obtained 

at alkali plants using the ammonia process: *

Analyses of alkali waste. ,

Silica (Si08 ) .................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0.,) ...........................

Lime(CaO) .................... ............

Magnesia (MgO) .............................

Alkalies (Na2 0, K2 0) . ........................

Sulphur (S) .................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........................

1

0.60

| 3.04

53. 33

0.48

0.20

n. d.

n. d.

42. 43

n. d.

._>

1. 75

0.61.

50. GO

5.35

0.64

n. d.

0.10

| 41. 70

«

1.98

f L 41.

I 1.38

48.29

1.51

0.64

1. 26

n. d.

f 39. 60

I 3.80

4

0. 98

| 1. 62

50. 40

4.97

0.50

n.'d.

0.06

n. d.

n. d.

Of the analyses quoted in the preceding table, those in the first and 

third columns represent materials which are used in Portland-cement 

manufacture in England and the United States. The alkali wastes * t , . . ' -»'-.* o

whose analyses are given in the second and fourth columns are too 

high in magnesia to be advisable for such use.

B^LAST-FURNACE SLAG.

True Portland cements, which must be sharply distinguished from 

the slag (or puzzolan) cements described on pages 357-372, can be 

made from a mixture of blast-furnace slag and limestone which is 

finely powdered, and is then burned in kilns and the resulting clinker 

pulverized.

The slags from iron furnaces consist essentially of lime (CaO), silica 

(SiOj,), and/alumina (A12O3 ), tliough small percentages of iron oxide 

(FeO), magnesia (MgO), and sulphur (S) are commonly present. Slag 

may therefore be regarded as a very impure limestone or a very calcareous clay, from which the carbon dioxide has been driven off.

In the United States two plants manufacture true Portland cement 

from slag, as noted on pages 137 and 294.
38 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

The slag used at a German Portland cement plant has the following 

range in composition:

Analysis of slag used in Portland-cement manufacture:

Silica (SiOj) ....................................................... 30.0 to 35.0

Alumina (A12 0S ) J.................................................. 10. 0 to 14.0

Iron oxide (FeO) ... .............................................. . 2 to 1.2

Lime (CaO) ................................:...........;.......... 46.0 to 49. 0

Magnesium oxide (MgO) ........................................... . 5 to 3. 5

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ....................'......................... . 2 to .6

CLAYS AND SHALES.

Clays are ultimately derived from the decaj7 of older rocks, the finer 

particles being carried off by streams and deposited as beds of claj^ 

along channels, in lakes, or along parts of the seacoast or sea bottom. 

In chemical composition the claj^s are made up essentially of silica 

and alumina, though iron oxide is almost invariably present in more 

or less amount, while lime, magnesia, alkalis, and sulphur occur frequently, though usually only in small percentages.

Shales are clays which have become hardened by pressure. The 

so-called "fire clays" of the Coal Measures are shales, as are man)7" of 

the other "clays" of commerce.

For use as Portland-cement materials clays or shales should be free 

from gravel and sand, as the silica present as pebbles or grit is practically inert in the kiln unless ground more finely than is economically 

practicable. In composition they should not carry less than 55 per 

cent of silica, and preferabty from 60 to 70 per cent. The alumina 

and iron oxide together should not amount to more than one-half the 

percentage of silica, and the composition will usually be' better the

Q./-V

nearer the ratio Al2 03+Fe203 =-g-? is approached.

Nodules of lime carbonate, gypsum, or pyrite, if present in tiny 

quantity, are undesirable, though the lime carbonate is not absolutely 

injurious. Magnesia and alkalis should be low, preferably not above 

3 per cent.

Analyses of clays and shales used in various American Portland 

cement plants are given on pages 33 and 36.

SLATE.

Slate is, so far as origin is concerned, merely a form of shale in 

which a fine, even, and parallel cleavage has been developed by pressure. In composition, therefore, it varies exactly as do the shales 

considered on previous pages, and so far as composition alone is concerned, slate would not be worthy of more attention, as a Portlandcement material, than any other shale.
SLATE. 39

Commercial considerations in connection with the slate industry, 

however, make slate a very important possible source of cement material. Good roofing slate is a relatively scarce and commands a good 

price Avhen found. In the preparation of roofing slate for the market 

so much material is lost during sawing, splitting, etc., that only 

about 10 to 25 per cent of the amount quarried is salable as slate. 

The remaining 75 to 90 per cent is of no service to the slate miner. 

It is sent to the dump heap, and is a continual source of trouble and" 

expense. This very material, however, as can be seen from the 

analyses quoted below, is often admirable for use, in connection with 

limestone, in a Portland-cement mixture. As it is a waste product it 

could be obtained very cheaply by the cement manufacturer. .

Composition of American roofing slates.

Silica (Si02 ) ....................................

Iron oxide (FeO, Fe20,,) .........................

Lime (CaO) ....................................

Magnesia (MgO) ................................

Alkalies (K20, Na20).. .................. ........

Ferrous sulphide (FeS2) ..........................

Moisture below 110°C ...........................

Maximum.

68.62

24.71

10. 66

5.23

6.43

8.68

Average.

60.64

18.05

6.87

1.54

2.60

4.74

.38

1.47

3. 51

.62

Minimum.

 54.05

9.77

2. 18

.00

.12

1.93

VALUE OF DEPOSITS OF CEMENT MATERIALS.

The determination of the possible value for Portland-cement manufacture of a deposit of raw material is a complex problem, depending 

upon a number of distinct factors, the more important of which are as 

follows: (1) Chemical composition, (2) physical character, (3) amount 

available, (4) location with respect to transportation routes, (5) location with respect to fuel supplies, (6) location with respect to markets.

Ignorance of the respective importance of these factors frequently 

leads to an overestimate of the value of a deposit of raw material. 

Their effects may be briefty stated, as follows:

(.7) Chemical composition. The raw material must be of correct 

chemical composition for use as a cement material. This implies that 

the material, if a limestone, must contain as small a percentage as 

possible of magnesium carbonate. Under present conditions, 5 or 6 

per cent is the maximum permissible. Free silica, in the form of 

chert, flint, or sand, must be absent, or present only in small quan-
40 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

tity say 1 per cent or less. If the limestone is a clayey limestone, 

or "cement rock," the proportion between ,its silica and its f alumina 

and iron should fall within the limits

8109 ,- > 2: < 3.5. AiA+Fe2O3 ' Al2O3+FeA

A clay or shale should satisfy the above equation, and should be free 

from sand, gravel, etc. Alkalies and sulphates should, if present, not 

exceed 3 per cent.

(#) Physical character. Econonry in excavation and crushing 

requires that the raw materials should be as soft and as dry as possible.

(3} Amount available. A Portland-cement plant running on dry 

raw materials, such as a mixture of limestone and shale, will use 

approximately 20,000 tons of raw material a year per kiln. Of this 

about 15,000 tons are limestone and 5,000 tons shale. Assuming that 

the limestone weighs 160 pounds per cubic foot, which is a fair average weight, each kiln in the plant will require about 190,000 cubic 

feet of limestone a year. As the shale or clay may be assumed to 

contain considerable water, a cubic foot will probably contain not over 

125 pounds of dry material, so that each kiln will also require about 

80,000 cubic feet of shale or clay.

A cement plant is an expensive undertaking, and it would be folly 

to locate a plant with less than a twent}^ years' supply of raw material 

in sight. In order to justify the erection of a cement plant, there 

must be in sight at least 3,800,000 cubic feet of limestone and 1,600,000 

cubic feet of clay or shale for each kiln.

(4) location with respect to transportation routes. Portland cement 

is for its value a bulky product, and is therefore much influenced by 

transportation routes. To locate a plant on only one railroad, unless

the railroad officials are financially connected with the cement plant,

is simply to invite disaster. At least two transportation routes should 

be available, and it is best of all if one of these be a good water route.

(6) Location with respect to fuel supplies. Every barrel (380 pounds) 

of Portland cement marketed implies that at least 200 to 300 pounds of 

coal have been used in the power plant and the kilns. In other words, 

each kiln in the plant will, with its corresponding crushing machinery, 

use up from 6,000 to 9,000 tons of coal a year. The item of fuel cost 

is therefore highly important, for in the average .plant about 30 to 

40 per cent of the total cost of the cement will be chargeable to coal 

supplies.

(6) Location with respect to markets. In order to achieve an established position in the trade, a new cement plant should have (a) a local 

market area, within which it may sell practically on a noncompetiti\7 e 

basis, and (Z>) easy access to a larger though competitive market area.
ECKEL.] QUARRYING AND MINING. 41 

METHODS AND COST OF EXCAVATING RAW MATERIALS.

The natural raw materials used in Portland-cement manufacture are 

obtained by one of three methods: (1) Quarrying, (2) mining, and (3) 

dredging. The method will depend partly on the physical character 

of the material and partly on the topographic and geologic conditions. 

Usually, however, there is no opportunity for choice, as one of the 

methods Avill offer the only possible mode of handling the material. 

The three dift'erent methods of excavation will first be briefly considered, after which the cost of raw materials at the mill will be 

discussed.

Quarrying. In the following pages the term "quarrying" will 

include all methods of obtaining raw materials from open excavations 

quarries, cuts, or pits whether the material be a limestone, a shale, 

or a clay. Quarrying is the most natural and common method of excavating the raw materials for cement manufacture. If marl, which is 

usually worked by dredging, be excluded from consideration, it is 

probably within safe limits to say that 95 per cent of the raw materials used at American Portland-cement plants is obtained by quarrying. If marls be included, the percentages excavated b}^ the 

different methods would probably be about as follows: Quarrying, 88 

per cent; dredging, 10 per cent; mining, 2 per cent.

In the majority of limestone quarries the material is blasted out and 

loaded by hand onto cars or carts. In a few limestone quarries a 

steam shovel is emplo^yed to do the loading, and in shale quarries the use 

of steam shovels is more frequent. In certain clay and shale pits, 

where the materials are of suitable character, the steam shovel does 

all the work, both excavating and loading the raw materials,

The rock is usualty shipped to the mill as quarried, without any treatment except sledging it to convenient size for loading. At a few 

quarries, however, a crushing plant is installed, and the rock is sent 

as crushed stone to the mill. At a few quarries driers have been 

installed, and the stone is dried before being shipped to the mill. 

Except the saving of mill space thus attained, this practice seems to 

have little to commend it.

Mining. The term "mining" will be used, in distinction from 

"quarrying," to include methods of obtaining any kind of raw material by underground workings, through shafts or tunnels. Mining is, 

of course, rarely emploj^ed in excavating substances of such low value 

per ton as the raw materials for Portland-cement manufacture. Occasionally, however, a thin bed of limestone or shale will be overlain by 

such a thickness of other strata that mining will be cheaper than stripping and quarrying.

Mining is considerably more expensive than quarrying, but it has a 

few advantages that serve to counterbalance partly the greater cost per
42 . CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

ton of raw material. A mine can be worked steadity and economically 

in all kinds of weather, While an open cut, or quarry; is commonly in a 

more or less unworkable condition for about three months of the year. 

Material won by mining is, moreover, always dry and clean.

Dredging. The term "dredging" will be'here used to include all 

methods of excavating soft, wet raw materials. In the United States 

the only raw material for Portland-cement manufacture extensively 

worked by dredging is marl. Occasionally the clay used is obtained 

from deposits overlain by more or less water; but this is rarely done 

except where the marl and clay are interbedded or associated.

A marl 'deposit, in addition to containing much water diffused 

throughout its mass, is usually covered by water to a considerable 

depth. This will frequently require the partial draining of the basin 

in order to get tracks laid near enough to be of service.

In dredging marl the excavator is frequently mounted on a barge, 

which floats in a channel resulting from previous excavation. Occasionally, in deposits which either were originally covered by very little 

water or have been drained, the shovel is mounted on a car which 

runs on tracks laid along the edge of the deposit.

A deposit worked by dredging alwa}^s occurs in a basin or depression, and at a lower elevation than the mill, thus necessitating uphill 

transportation, which may be effected in two ways, the choice depending largely upon the manufacturing processes in use at the plant. At 

plants using dome or chamber kilns, or where the marl is to be dried 

before it is sent to the kiln, the excavated material is usually loaded 

by the shovel on cars and hauled to the mill by horse or steam power. 

At normal marl plants using a very wet mixture it is probably more 

economical to dump the marl from the excavator into tanks, add sufficient water to make it flow readily, and pump the fluid mixture to the

mill in pipes.

Cost of raio materials at mill. The most natural way, perhaps, to 

express the cost of the raw materials delivered at the mill would be to 

state it as being so many cents per ton or cubic yard, and this is the 

method followed by quarrymen or miners in general. To the cement 

manufacturer, however, such an estimate is not so suitable as one based 

on the cost per ton or barrel of finished cement.

It naa,y be considered that hard and comparatively dr}>- limestones or 

shales lose 33^ per cent in weight on burning, or that 600 pounds of 

dry raw material willmake about 400 pounds of clinker. Allowing 

something for other losses in manufacture, it is convenient and sufficiently accurate to estimate that 600 pounds of dry raw material 

will give one barrel of finished cement. The raw material must be o »

increased if it carries any appreciable amount of water. Clan's will 

frequentty contain 15 per cent or more of water; while soft chall^y 

limestones, if quarried during wet weather, ma}^ cariy over 20 per
COST OF MATERIALS. 43

cent. A Portland-cement mixture composed of a pure chalky limestone and a clay might, therefore, average 10 to 20 per cent of water; 

consequently about 700 pounds of such a mixture would be required 

to make one barrel of finished cement.

With marls the loss on drying and burning is much greater. Russell states a that according to determinations made b}^ E. D. Campbell 

1 cubic foot of marl, as it usually occurs in the natural deposits, 

contains about 47£ pounds of lime carbonate and 48 pounds of water. 

In making cement from a mixture of marl and cla}^ therefore, it would 

be necessaiy to figure on excavating and transporting over 1,000 

pounds of raw material for every barrel of finished cement.

Thus the cost of raw materials at the mill, per barrel of cement, 

will vary not only with the cost of excavation but with the kind of 

materials in use. In dealing with hard dry materials extracted from 

open quarries near the mills the cost of raw materials may range from 

8 to 15 cents per barrel of cement. The lower figure is probably 

about the lowest attainable under good management and favorable 

natural conditions; the higher figure is probably a maximum for 

fairly careful management of a difficult quarry under Eastern labor 

conditions. When it is necessary to mine the materials the cost will 

be somewhat increased. Cement rock has been mined at a cost equivalent to 10 cents per barrel of cement, but only under particularly 

favorable conditions. The cost of mining and transportation may 

reach 20 cents per barrel.

With regard to wet marls and clays, it is difficult to give even an 

approximate estimate. It seems probable, however, when the dead 

weight handled is allowed for, that these soft materials will cost about 

half as much delivered at the mill per barrel of finished cement as the 

hard dry limestones and shales.

METHODS OF MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT.

If, as in this bulletin, the so-called "natural Portlands" (see p. 

22) are excluded, Portland cement ma}r be regarded as an artificial 

product obtained by burning to semifusion an intimate mixture of 

pulverized materials containing lime, silica, and alumina in varying 

proportions within certain narrow limits, and by crushing finely the 

clinker resulting from this burning. If this restricted definition of 

Portland cement be accepted, four points m&y be regarded as being of 

cardinal importance: (1) The cement mixture must be of the proper 

chemical composition; (2) the materials must be carefully ground and 

intimately mixed before burning; (3) the mixture must be burned at 

the proper temperature; (4) after burning, the resulting clinker .must 

be finely ground.

x> Twenty-second Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, p. 657.
44 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

As the chemical composition of the mixture can be more advantageously discussed after the other three subjects have been disposed of, 

it will therefore be taken up last.

PREPARATION OF THE MIXTURE FOR THE KILN.

In the preparation of the mixture for the kiln the raw materials 

must be reduced to a very fine powder and intimately niix'ed. The raw 

materials are usually crushed more or less finety, then mixed, and then 

ground to powder. Two general methods of treatment, the dry and 

the wet, are in use at different plants. Unless the limy constituent 

of the mixture is a marl, already full of water, the dry method is 

almost invariably followed. In this the materials are kept in as dry a 

condition as possible throughout the entire process of crushing and 

mixing, and if they originally contained a little moisture they are dried 

before being powdered and mixed. In the wet method^ on the other 

. hand, the materials are powdered and mixed while in a very fluid state, 

the mixture containing 60 per cent or more of water.

PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN RAW MATERIALS.

The percentage of water thus carried by the crude raw material will 

depend largely on the character of the material, partly on the method 

of handling and storing it, and partly on weather conditions.

In hard limestones, freshly quarried, the water will commonly 

range from one-half to 3 per cent, rarely reaching or exceeding the 

higher figure, except in the very wet quarries or during a rainy 

season. Such limestones, comparatively dry when quarried, are frequently sent to the grinding mills without artificial drying.

Soft, chalky limestones, which absorb water very rapidly, usually 

contain not more than 5 per cent of water in dry weather, while prolonged wet weather may necessitate the handling at the mill of material carrying as high as 15 to 20 per cent of water.

The clays present much more complicated conditions. In addition 

to the hygroscopic or mechanically held water, there is also always a 

certain percentage of chemically combined water. The amount of 

hygroscopic water will depend on the treatment and exposure of the 

clay, and may vary from 1 per cent in clays which have been stored 

and air dried to as high as 30 per cent in fresh clays. The chemicalty 

combined water will depend largely on the composition of the clay, 

and may vary from 5 to 12 per cent. The hygroscopic or mechanically 

held water of clays can be driven off at a temperature of 212° F., 

while the chemically combined water is lost only at a low red heat. 

The total water, therefore, to be driven off from clays may range from 

6 to 42 per cent, depending on the weather, the drainage of the ckiy 

pit, and the care taken to prevent unnecessary exposure of the excavated material to moisture. The average total amount of moisture 

will probably .be about 15 per cent.
ECKEL.] METHODS OF MANUFACTURE. 45

In dealing with shales the mechanically held water rarely amounts 

to more than about 10 per cent, and is commonly well below that 

limit. An additional 2 to 7 per cent of water, will be carried by any 

shale in a state of chemical combination.

At a few plants marl is used with clay in a dry process. As noted 

elsewhere, the marls as excavated carry usually about 50 per cent of 

water. These present a more difficult problem than the other raw 

materials, because the vegetable matter usually present in marls is 

extremely retentive of water.

It will be seen, therefore, that cement materials may carry from 1 to 

50 per cent of water when they reach the mill. In a dry process it is 

necessary to remove practically all of this water before commencing 

the grinding. One reason for this is that fine pulverizing can not 

be economically or satisfactorily accomplished unless absolutely dry 

material is fed to the grinding machinery, Another reason, which is

one of convenience rather than of necessity, is that the presence of 

water in the raw materials complicates the calculation of the cement 

mixture.

METHODS AND COSTS OF DRYING.

With the exception of the marls and clays used in the wet method 

of manufacture, Portland-cement materials are usually dried before 

the grinding is commenced. This is necessary because the raw 

materials, as they come from the quarry, pit, or mine, will almost 

invariably carry appreciable, though often very small, percentages of 

water, which greatly reduces the efficiency of most- modern types of 

grinding mills and tends to clog the discharge screens.

The t}rpe of drier commonly used in cement plants is a cylinder, 

approximately 5 feet in diameter and about 40 feet'in length, set at a 

slight inclination to the horizontal and rotating on bearings. The wet 

raw material is fed in at the upper end of the cylinder, and it moves 

gradually toward the lower end under the influence of gravity as the 

cylinder revolves. In many driers angle irons are bolted to the 

interior in such a way as to lift and drop the raw material alternately, 

thus exposing it more completely to the action of the heated gases and 

materially assisting in the drying process. The dried raw material 

falls from the lower end of the cylinder into an elevator boot and is 

then carried to the grinding mills.

The drying cylinder is heated either by a separate furnace or by 

waste gases from the cement kilns. In either case the products of 

combustion are introduced into the cylinder at its lower end, are 

drawn through it, and escape up a stack set at the upper end of the 

drier.

The drier above described is the simplest and is most commonly 

used. For handling the small percentages of water contained in most
46 CEMENT MATERIALS AND -INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

cement materials it is very efficient, but for dealing with high percentages of water, such as are encountered when marl is to be used in 

a dry process, double-heating driers probably will be found more economical. This type is exemplified by the Buggies-Coles drier, a 

detailed description of which is given in the Mineral Industry, volume 

10, pages 84-95. In this drier a double cylinder is employed. The wet 

raw material is fed into the space between the inner and outer cylinders, 

while the heated gases pass first through the inner cylinder, and then, 

in a reverse direction, through the space between the inner and outer 

cylinders. This double-heating type of drier is employed in almost 

all of the slag cement plants in the United States, and is also in use in 

several Portland-cement plants.

When vertical kilns were in use drying floors and drying tunnels 

were extensively used, but at present they can be found in only a few 

plants, being everywhere else supplanted by the rotary driers.

The cost of drying will depend on the cost of fuel, the percentage 

of water in the wet material, and the type of drier. Even under the 

most unfavorable conditions it may be expected that 5 pounds of 

water will be evaporated per pound of coal used, while a good drier 

will usually evaporate 7 or 8 pounds of water per pound of coal.

GRINDING AND MIXING.

DRY METHODS.

Part at least of the grinding is usually accomplished before the drying, but for convenience the subjects have been separated in the present 

paper. Usually the limestone is sent through a crusher at the quarry 

or mill, and occasionally the raw material is further reduced in a Williams mill, etc., before drying, but the principal part of the reduction 

always takes place after the material has been dried,

After the two raw materials have been separately dried they may tee 

mixed immediately, or each may be further reduced separately before 

mixing. Automatic mixers, of which many types are on the market, 

give .a mixture in proportions determined from analysis of the 

materials.

The further reduction of the mixture is usually carried on in two 

stages, the material being ground to 30 mesh in a ball mill, comminuter, Griffin mill, etc., and finally reduced in a tube mill. At a few 

plants, however, single-stage reduction is practiced in Griffin or Huntington mills, while at the Edison plant at Stewartsville, N. J., the 

reduction is accomplished in a series of rolls.

The majority of plants use either the Griffin mill and tube mill or 

the ball and tube mills, and there is probably little difference in the 

cost of operating these two combinations. The ball mill has never 

been quite so successful as its companion, the tube mill, and has been 

replaced at several plants by the comminuter.
ECKEL.] METHODS OF MANUFACTUKE.

After the mixture is reduced, and when it is ready for burning, 90 

to 95 per cent of it should pass through a 100-mesh sieve. In the 

plants of the Lehigh district the mixture is rarely crushed as fine as 

when limestone and clay are used. Newherry a has pointed out in 

explanation of this that an argillaceous limestone (cement rock) mixed 

with a comparatively small quantity of purer limestone, as in the 

Lehigh plants, requires less thorough mixing and less fine grinding 

than when a mixture of limestone and clay (or marl and clay) is used, 

for even the coarser particles of the argillaceous limestone will vary 

so little in chemical composition from the proper mixture as to affect 

the quality of the resulting cement but little should either mixing or 

grinding be incompletely accomplished.

A very good example of typical Lehigh Valley grinding of raw 

material is afforded by a specimen examined b by Prof. E. D. Campbell. This specimen of raw mix ready for burning was furnished by 

one of the best of the eastern Pennsylvania cement plants. A mechanical analysis of it showed the following results:

Mesh of sieve.

50

96.9 

3.1

100

85.6 

14.4

200

72.4 

27.6

The material, therefore, is so coarsely ground that only a trifle over 

85 per cent passes a 100-mesh sieve.

SLAG-LIMESTONE MIXTURKS.

While the manufacture of Portland cement from slag and limestone 

is similar in general theory and practice to its manufacture from limestone and clay, there are certain interesting differences in the preparation of the mixture. In the following paragraphs the general methods 

of preparing mixtures of slag and limestone for use in Portland-cement 

manufacture will first be discussed, after which certain processes peculiar to the use of this mixture will be described separately.

General methods. After it had been determined that puzzolanic 

cement, made by mixing slag AYith lime without subsequent burning, 

was not an entirely satisfactory structural material, attention was 

soon directed toward the problem of making a true Portland cement 

from such slag. The blast-furnace slags commonly available, while 

carrying enough silica and alumina for a cement mixture, are too 

low in lime to be suitable for Portland cement. Additional lime

a Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. C, p. 645. 

b Jour. Am. Chcm. Soc., vol. 25, p. 1106.
48 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

must be added, usually in the form of limestone, and the slag and limestone must be well mixed and properly burned. The general methods 

for properly mixing the materials vary in details. It seenls probable 

that the first method used in attempting to make a true Portland 

cement from slag was to dump the proper proportion of limestone, 

broken into small lumps, into molten slag. The idea was that both 

mixing and calcination could thus be accomplished in one stage, but 

in practice it was found that the resulting cement was variable in composition and always low in grade. This method has accordingly 

fallen into disuse, and at present three different general processes of 

preparing the mixture are practiced at different European and American plants:

1. The slag and limestone are granulated, dried, and ground separately. The two materials are then mixed in proper proportions, the 

mixture is finely pulverized in tube mills, and the product is fed in a 

powdered state to rotary kilns.

2. The slag is granulated, dried, and mixed with slightly less than 

the calculated proper amount of limestone, which has been previously 

dried and powdered. Sufficient powdered slaked lime (say 2 to 6 per 

cent) is added to bring the mixture up to correct composition. The 

intimate mixture and final reduction are then accomplished in ball-andtube mills. About 8 per cent of water is then added, and the slurry 

is made into bricks, which are dried and burned in a dome or chamber 

kiln.

3. Slag is granulated and mixed, while still wet, with crushed limestone in proper proportions. This mixture is run through a rotarjr 

calciner, heated by waste kiln gases, in which the temperature is sufficient not onl}r to dry the mixture, but also to partly powder it and to 

reduce most of the limestone to quicklime. The mixture is then pulverized and fed into rotary kilns.

Of the three general processes above described, the second is unsuited 

to American conditions. The first and third are adapted to the use of 

the rotary kiln. The third seems to be the most economical, and has 

given a remarkably low fuel consumption in practice, but so far has 

not been taken up in the United States.

Certain points of manufacture peculiar to the use of mixtures of 

slag and limestone will now be described.

Composition of the slag. The slags adapted to Portland-cement 

manufacture are of common occurrence in iron-producing districts. 

The more basic blast-furnace slags are best suited for this use. The 

slags utilized will generally run from 30 to 40 per cent lime, but the 

higher the lime the better. The presence of over 3 per cent of magnesia renders a slag unfit for Portland-cement material, and on this 

account slags from furnaces using dolomite (magnesian limestone) as 

a flux can not be used for cement manufacture. The presence of any
ECKEL.] METHODS OF MANUFACTURE. 49

notable percentage of sulphur is also a drawback, though part of the 

sulphur in the slag will be removed during the processes of manufacture.

Granulation of slag. If slag be allowed to cool slowly, it solidifies 

into a dense, tough material, without hydraulic properties, which is 

not readily reduced to the requisite fineness for a cement mixture. If 

it be cooled suddenly, however, as by bringing the stream of molten 

slag into contact with cold water, the slag is u granulated" i. e., it 

breaks up into small porous particles and is much more readily pulverized .than a slowly cooled slag. Sudden cooling intensifies the 

chemical activity of its constituents so as to give it hydraulic properties, 

while part of the sulphur contained in the original slag is removed. 

The sole disadvantage of the process of granulating slag is that the 

piroduet contains 20 to 40. per cent of water, which must be driven off 

before the granulated'slag is sent to the grinding machinery,

The granulation of the slag is effected by running the stream of 

molten slag from the furnace into a sheet-iron trough, in which flows 

a small stream of water whose rate of flow is so regulated as to give 

complete granulation of the slag without using an excessive amount 

of water. The trough may discharge the granulated slag into tanks 

or into box cars, which are usually perforated at intervals along the 

sides so as to allow part of the water to drain off.

Drying the slag. As above noted, the granulated slag may carry 

from 20 to 40 per cent of water. This is removed by treating the 

slag in rotary driers. In practice such driers give an evaporation of 

6 to 10 pounds of water per pound of coal. The practice of slag drying 

is very fully described in volume 10 of the Mineral .Industry, pages 

84-95, where figures and descriptions of various driers are also given, 

with data on their evaporative efficiency. In one of \the methods the 

slag is dried by waste heat from the kilns after it has been mixed with 

the limestone. Kiln gases could of course be used in the slag driers, 

but they have not been utilized except in plants following the method 

described.

Grinding the slag. Slag can be crushed with considerable ease to 

about 50 mesh, but notwithstanding its apparent brittleness it is difficult to grind it finer. Until the introduction of the tube mill it was 

almost impossible to reduce this material to the fineness necessary for 

a cement mixture, and the proper grinding of the slag is still an 

expensive part of the process as compared with the grinding of lime' 

stone, shales, or clay.

Composition of the limestone. As the slag carries all the silica anil 

alumina necessary for the cement mixture, the limestone to be adclecl 

to it should be/ simply a pure lime carbonate. The limestone used for 

flux at the furnace which supplies the slag will usually be found to beof suitable composition for use in making up the cement mixture.

Bull. 243 05 4
50 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Advantages of using slag-limestone mixtures. The manufacture of a 

true Portland cement from a mixture of slag and limestone presents 

certain undoubted advantages over the use of any other raw materials, 

while it has also a few disadvantages.

Probably the greatest advantage is in the fact that the most important raw material the slag can usually be obtained more cheaply 

than an equal amount of rock could be quarried or mined. The slagis a waste product, which is hard to dispose of and may be obtained 

at small expense to the cement plant. Another advantage is due to 

the occurrence of the lime as oxide, and not as carbonate. The heat 

necessary to drive off the carbon dioxide from an equivalent mass of 

limestone is, therefore, saved when slag forms part of the cement 

mixture, and very low fuel consumption is obtained when slag-limestone mixture is burned.

Of the disadvantages, the toughness of the slag and the necessitj7 

for drying it before grinding are probably the most important. A 

third disadvantage, not always apparent at first, is the difficulty of 

procuring a proper supply of suitable slag. Unless the cement plant 

is closely connected in ownership with the furnaces from which its 

slag supply is to be obtained this may become very serious. When 

there is a good market for iron the furnace manager will naturally 

give little thought to the question of supplying slag to an independent 

cement plant.

The advantages of the mixture, however, seem to outweigh its disadvantages, for the manufacture of Portland cement from slag is now 

a large and growing industry in both Europe and America. In this 

country two Portland-cement plants have used slag and limestone as 

raw materials for some time; several others are in course of construction, and it seems probable that in the near future Alabama will 

join Illinois and Pennsylvania as an important producer of Portland

cement from slag.

WET METHODS OF GRINDING AND MIXING.

Wet methods of preparing Portland-cement mixtures date back to 

the time when millstones and similar crude grinding contrivances 

were in use. With such imperfect machinery it was almost impossible 

to grind dry materials fine enough to give a good Portland-cement 

material. In this country the advent of good grinding machineiy has 

practically driven out wet methods of manufacture, except in dealing 

with materials such as marls, which naturally carry a large percentage 

of water. Two plants in the United States add Avater to a limestoneclay mixture, but the effect of this practice on the cost sheets of these 

remarkable plants can hardly be encouraging.

. The location, physical condition, and chemical composition of the 

marls, and clays used have important effects upon the cost of the wet
BCKEL.] METHODS OF MANUFACTURE. 51

process. Marl deposits of Avorkable size occur only in the Northern 

States and in Canada, and consequently the climate is unfavorable to 

continuous working throughout the year, for the marl is usually covered Avith water, and in winter is procured with difficult3r. Marl 

deposits are necessarily and invariably found in depressions, and the 

mill must be located at a higher level, which involves increased expense 

in transporting the raw material to the mill.

Glacial clays, which are usually employed in connection with marl, 

commonly carry a much larger proportion of sand and pebbles than 

the sedimentary clays found farther south.

The effect of the water carried by the marl has been noted. The 

material as excavated consists approximately of equal weights of lime 

carbonate and of water, and more water is often added to permit the 

marl to be pumped up to the mill.

At the mill the clay is often dried in order to simplify the calculation of the mixture. The reduction of the clay is commonly accomplished in a disintegrator or in edge-runner mills, after which the 

material is further reduced in a pug mill, sufficient water being here 

added to enable it to be pumped readily. It is then ready for mixture 

with the marl, which has been screened to remove stones, wood, etc. 

The slurry is further ground in pug mills or wet grinding mills of the 

disk type, while the final reduction commonly takes place in wet tube 

mills. The slurry, now containing 30 to 40 per cent of solid matter 

and 70 to 60 per cent of water, is pumped into storage tanks, where it 

is kept in constant agitation to avoid settling. The slurry is analyzed 

at this point, and the mixture in the tanks is corrected if found to be 

of unsatisfactory composition. After standardizing, the slurry is 

pumped into the rotary kilns. Owing to the large percentage of 

water in the slurry, the fuel consumption per barrel of finished cement 

is 30 to 50 per cent greater, and the output of each kiln correspondingly less than in the case of a dry mixture.

It may be of interest, for comparison with the above description of 

the wet process with rotary kilns, to insert a description of the semiwet 

process, as carried on a few years ago at the dome-kiln plant of the 

Empire Portland Cement Company, of Warners, N. Y. The plant 

has been remodeled since that date, but the processes formerly followed are still of interest, as the}' resulted in a high-grade though 

expensive product.

At the Empire plant the marl and clay were obtained from a swamp 

about three-fourths of a mile from the mill. A revolving derrick with 

clam-shell bucket was employed for excavating the marl, while the 

clay was dug with shovels. The materials were taken to the works 

over a private narrow-gage road, on cars carrying about 3 tons each,
52 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

drawn by a small locomotive. At the mill the cars were hauled up 

an inclined track, by means of arable and drum, to the mixing floor.

The clay was dried in three Cummer "Salamander" driers, after 

which it was allowed to cool, and then carried to the mills. These 

mills were of the Sturtevant "rock emery" type, and reduced the 

clay to a fine powder, in which condition it was fed, after being 

weighed, to the mixer. The marl was weighed and sent directly to the 

mixer, no preliminary treatment being necessary. The average charge 

was about 25 per cent clay and about 75 per cent marl.

The mixing was carried on in a mixing pan 12 feet in diameter, in 

which two large rolls, each about 5 feet in diameter and 16-inch face, 

ground and mixed the materials thoroughly. The mixture was then 

sampled and analyzed, after which it was carried by a belt conveyor 

to two pug mills, where the mixing was completed and the slurry 

formed into slabs about 3 feet long and 4 to 5 inches in width and 

height. These on issuing from the pug mill were cut into a number 

of sections, so as to give bricks about 6 by 4 by 4 inches in size. The 

bricks were then placed on slats, which were loaded on rack cars and 

run into the drying tunnels. The tunnels were heated by waste gases 

from the kilns, and from twenty-four to thirty-six hours were required 

to dry the bricks.

The bricks after drying were fed into dome kilns, of which there 

were 20, and which were charged with alternate layers of coke and 

slurry bricks. The coke charge for a kiln was about 4 or 5 tons. 

This produced 20 to 26 tons of clinker at each burning, thus giving a 

fuel consumption of about 20 per cent, as compared with the 40 per cent 

or more required in the rotary kilns using wet materials. From thirtysix to forty hours were required for burning the charge. After cooling the clinker was shoveled out, picked o,ver by hand, and reduced

in a Blake crusher, Smidth ball mills, and Davidsen tube mills.

The cement mixture ready for burning will commonly contain from 

74 to 77.5 per cent of lime carbonate, or an equivalent proportion of 

lime oxide. Several analyses of actual cement mixtures are given in 

the table below. Analysis No. 1, with its relatively high percentage 

of magnesia, is fairly typical of Lehigh Valley practice. Analyses 

Nos. 2 and 3 show mixtures low in lime, while anatysis No. 4 is probably the best proportioned of the four, especially in regard to the ratio 

between silica and alumina plus iron. This ratio, for ordinary purposes, should be about 2.5 or 3 to 1, as the cement sets quicker and 

has less ultimate strength as the percentage of alumina increases. If 

the alumina percentage be carried too high, moreover, the mixture 

will give a fusible, sticky clinker when burned, causing trouble in the 

kilns. i
KCKEL.] METHODS OF MANUFACTURE.

Analyses of cement mixtures.

53

s

Silica (SiOa ) ..................................

Alumina ( A.1 2 0.,) and iron oxide (FeO) .........

Lime carbonate (CaCOH ) .......................

l

12.62

6.00

75.46

2.65

2

13. 46

CO

. 73.66

(?)

a

13. 85

7.20

73. 93

(?)

4

14.77

4.35

76/84

1.74

BURNING THE MIXTURE.

After the cement mixture has been carefully prepared, as described 

in preceding pages, it must be burned with equal care. In the 

early days of the Portland-cement industiy a simple vertical kiln, 

much like that used for burning lime and natural cement, was used

for burning the Portland-cement mixture, These 'kilns, while fairly o / »'

efficient so far as fuel consumption was concerned, were expensive in 

labor, and their daily output was small. In France and Germany 

they were soon supplanted by improved types, but still stationaiy and 

vertical, which gave veiy much lower fuel consumption. In America, 

however, where labor is expensive, and fuel is comparatively cheap, 

an entirely different style of kiln has been evolved. This is the rotaiy 

kiln. With the exception of a very few of the older plants, which 

have retained vertical kilns, all American Portland-cement plants are 

now equipped with rotary kilns.

The history of the gradual evolution of the rotaiy kiln is of great 

interest, and is discussed in the papers listed below:

DURYEE, E., The first manufacturer of Portland cement by the direct rotary-kiln 

process: Engineering News, July 26, 1900.

LESLEY, E. VV., History of the Portland-cement industry in the United States. 

146 pp. Philadelphia, 1900.

LEWIS, F. H., The American rotary-kiln process for Portland cement: Cement 

Industry, pp. 188-199, New York, 1900.

MATTHEY, H., The invention of the new cement-burning method: Eng. Min. Jour., 

vol. 6.', 1899, pp. 555, 705.

STANGER, W. H., and Blount, B., The rotary process of cement manufacture: 

Proc. Inst. Civil Eng., vol. 145, 1901, ^p. 44-136.

The influence of the rotary kiln on the development of Portland-cement manufacture in America: Engineering News, May 3, 1900.

The design, construction, and operation of the vertical stationary 

kilns of various types are discussed in man}'' reports on Portland 

cement, but as the subject is, in America at least, a matter of simply 

historical interest, no description of these kilns or their operation will 

be given in the present bulletin. a

"Perhaps the most satisfactory single paper on this subject is that by Stangcr, W. H., and Blount, 

B., Gilbert, W., and Candlot, E., and others (Discussion of the value, design, and results obtained from 

various types of fixed kilns). Proc. Inst. Civil Eng., vol. 145, 1901, pp. 44-48,81-82,95-100.
54 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. I BULL. 243.

At the different American cement plants the process of burning is 

rapidly approaching uniformity, though differences in materials, etc., 

will always make variations necessary. The kiln in which the material 

is burned is now almost invariably of the rotary type, the rotar3r 

process, which is essentially American in its development, being based 

upon the substitution of machines for hand labor wherever possible. 

A brief summary of the process will first be given, after which certain 

subjects of interest will be taken up in more detail.

SUMMARY OF BURNING PROCESS.

The rotary kiln is a steel c}7 linder about 6 feet in diameter and, for 

dry materials, 60 or 80 feet long. For wet mixtures a kiln 80 to 100 

feet long, or even longer, is frequently emplo}^ed. This cylinder is 

set in a slightly inclined position, the inclination being approximately 

one-half inch .to the foot. The kiln is lined, except near the upper 

end, with veiy resistant fire brick, to withstand both the high temperature to which its inner surface is subjected and the destructive 

action of the molten clinker.

The cement mixture is fed in at the upper end of the kiln, while fuel 

(which may be either powdered coal, oil, or gas) is injected at its lower 

end. The kiln, which rests upon geared bearings, is slowty revolved. 

This revolution, in connection with the inclination at which the cylinder 

is set, gradually carries the cement mixture to the lower end of the 

kiln. The intense heat generated b}^ the bu'rning fuel first drives off 

the water and carbon dioxide from the mixture and then causes the 

lime, silica, alumina, and iron to combine chemically to form the partially fused mass known as "cement clinker." This clinker drops out 

of the lower end of the kiln, is cooled so as to prevent injury to the 

grinding machinery, and is then sent to the grinding mills.

THEORETICAL FUEL REQUIREMENTS.

As a preliminary to a discussion of actual practice in the matter of 

fuel, it will be of interest to determine the heat units and fuel theoretically required in the manufacturepf Portland cement from a dry 

mixture of normal composition.

' In burning such a mixture to a clinker the heat needed will be the 

amount required for the dissociation of the lime carbonate into lime 

oxide and carbon dioxide. A small additional amount of heat will be 

required to drive off the water that is chemically held by the clay or 

shale and to decompose any calcium sulphate (gypsum) that may be 

present. The amount required for these purposes is not accurately 

known, however, but is probably so small that it will be more or less 

entirely offset by the heat which will be liberated during the combination of the lime with the silica and alumina. We may, therefore, without 

sensible error, regard the total heat theoretically required for the pro-
ECKEL.] METHODS OF MANUFACTUBE. 55

duction of a barrel of Portland cement as being that which is necessary 

for the dissociation of 450 pounds of lime carbonate. With coal of a 

thermal value of 13,500 B. T. U., burned with only the air supply 

demanded by theoiy, this dissociation will require 25£ pounds of coal 

per barrel of cement, a fuel consumption of oi\\y 6.6 per cent.

LOSSES OF HEAT.

In practice, however, heat is lost in a number of ways, and the fuel 

consumption is immensely greater than is theoretically called for. 

The more important ways in which heat is lost are as follows:

(1) The kiln gases are discharged at a temperature much above that 

of the atmosphere, ranging from 300° to 2,000° F., according to the 

type of materials used and the length of the kiln. (2) The clinker is 

discharged at a temperature varying from 300° to 2,500° JB\, the range

depending, as before, on materials and the length of the kiln. (3) The

air supply injected into the kiln is always greater, and usually veiy 

much greater, than that required for the perfect.combustion of the 

fuel, and the available heating power of the fuel is thereby reduced. 

(4) Heat is lost b}7 radiation from the ends and exposed surfaces of 

the kiln. (5) The mixture, in plants using a wet process, carries a 

high percentage of water, which must be driven off.

It is evident, therefore, that the amount of fuel actualty necessary 

for the production of a barrel of cement is much above that required 

by theoiy.

ACTUAL FUEL KEQUIKEMENTS AND OUTPUT.

Rotary kilns .are nominally rated at a production of 200 barrels a day 

per kiln. Even on dry and easily clinkered materials and with good 

coal, however, such an output is not commonly attained with a 60-foot 

kiln. Normally, a 60-foot kiln working on a diy mixture will produce 

from 160 to 180 barrels of cement each day of twenty-four hours. In 

doing this, if good coal is used, its fuel consumption will commonly 

be from 120 to 140 pounds of coal per barrel of cement, though it may 

range as high as 160 pounds, and, on the other hand, has fallen as low 

as 90 pounds. An output of 175 barrels a day, with a coal consumption of 130 pounds per barrel, may therefore be considered as representing the results of fairly good practice on dry materials with a 

60-foot kiln. In dealing with a wet mixture, which may carry anywhere from 30 to 70 per cent of water, the results are more variable, 

though always worse than with dry materials. In working a 60-foot 

kiln on a wet material, the daily output may range from 80 to 120 

barrels, with a fuel consumption of from 150 to 250 pounds per barrel. 

Using a longer kiln, partly drying the mixture and utilizing waste 

heat, will of course improve these figures materially.
CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY, [BULL. 243.

When the heavy .Western oils are used for kiln fuel, it may be 

estimated that 1 gallon of oil is equivalent in the kiln to about 10 

pounds of coal. . The fuel consumption, using dry materials, will 

range between 11 and 14 gallons of oil per barrel of cement; but the 

daily output is always somewhat less with oil fuel than where coal 

is used.

Natural gas in the kiln may be compared with good Penns}^lvania 

coal by allowing about 20,000 to 30,000 cubic feet of gas as equivalent 

to a ton of coal. This estimate is, however, based upon too little data 

to be as close as those above given for oil or coal.

EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON BURNING.

The differences in composition between Portland-cement mixture8 

are ver}^ slight if compared, for example, to the differences between 

various natural cement rocks. But even such slight differences as do 

exist exercise a very appreciable effect on the burning of the mixture. 

Other things being equal, &ny increase in the percentage of lime in 

the mixture will necessitate a higher temperature in order to get an 

equally sound cement. A mixture which will give a cement carrying 

59 per cent of lime, for example, will require much less thorough 

burning than would a mixture designed to give a cement with 64 per 

cent of lime.

With equal lime percentages, the cement carrying high silica and 

low alumina and iron will require a higher temperature than if it were 

lower in silica and higher in alumina and iron. But, on the other 

hand, if the alumina and iron are carried too high, the clinker will 

ball up in the kiln, forming sticky and unmanageable masses.

CHARACTER OF KILN FUEL.

The fuel most commonly used in modern rotary kiln practice is 

bituminous coal, pulverized very finely. Coal for this purpose should 

be high in volatile matter and as low in ash and sulphur as possible. 

Russell gives the following analyses of West Virginia and Pennsylvania coals used at present at various cement plants in Michigan:

Analyses of kiln coals.

Fixed carbon ......... J .......................

Ash..........................................

Sulphur ......................................

1

56.15

35.41

6.36

2.08

1.30

2

56.33

35.26

7.06

1.35

1.34

3

55.82

39.37

3.81

1.00

.42

4

51.69

39.52

6.13

1.40

1.46
METHODS OF MANUFACTURE. 57

The coal as usually bought is either "slack" or "run of mine." In 

the latter case it is necessary to crush the lumps before proceeding 

further with the preparation of the coal, but with slack this preliminaiy crushing is not necessaiy, and the material can go directly to the 

drier.

DRYING COAL.

Coal as bought may carry as high as 15 per cent of water in winter 

or in wet seasons. Usually it will run from 3 to 8 per cent. To obtain 

good results from the crushing machinery this water must be driven 

off. For coal drying, as for the drying of raw materials, the rotary 

drier seems best adapted to American conditions. It should be said, 

however, that in drying coal it is usually considered .inadvisable to 

allow the products of combustion to pass through the cylinder in 

which the coal is being dried. This restriction serves to decrease 

slightly the possible economy of the drier, but an evaporation of 6 to 

8 pounds of water per pound of fuel coal can still be counted on with 

any good drier. The fuel cost of drjnng coal containing 8 per cent 

of moisture, allowing $2 per ton for the coal used as fuel, will therefore be about 3 to 4 cents per ton of dried product.

PULVERIZING COAL.

Though apparently brittle enough when in large lumps, coalis a 

difficult material to pulverize finely., For cement-kiln use, the fineness 

of reduction is extremely variable. The finer the coal is pulverized 

the better results will be obtained from it in the kiln, and the poorer 

the qualit)' -of the coal the finer it must be pulverized. The fineness 

attained in practice m&y therefore vary from 85 per cent, through a 

100-mesh sieve, to 95 per cent or more, through the same. At one 

plant a very poor but cheap coal is pulverized to pass 98 per cent 

through a 100-mesh sieve, and in consequence gives very good results 

in the kiln.

Coal pulverizing is usually carried on in two stages, the material 

being first crushed to 20 to 30 mesh in a Williams mill or ball mill, and 

finalty reduced in a tube mill. At many plants, however, the entire 

reduction takes place in one stage, Griffin or Huntington mills being 

used.

TOTAL COST OF COAL PREPARATION.

The total cost of crushing (if necessary), drying, and pulverizing 

coal, and of conveying and feeding the product to the kiln, together 

with fair allowances for replacements and repairs and for interest on 

the plant, will pi-obably range from about 20 to 30 cents per ton of 

dried coal, for a 4-kiln plant. This,will be equivalent to a cost of 

from 3 to 5 cents per barrel of cement. While this may seem a heavy
58 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTKY. [BULL. 243.

addition to the cost of cement manufacture, it should be remembered 

that careful drying and fine pulverizing enable the manufacturer to 

use much poorer, and therefore cheaper, grades of coal than could 

otherwise be utilized.

CLINKER GRINDING.

The power and machinery required for pulverizing the clinker at a 

Portland-cement plant using the dry process of manufacture are not 

much more than those needed for pulverizing the raw materials. This 

may seem at first sight improbable, for Portland-cement clinker is 

much harder to grind than any possible combination of raw materials; 

but it must be remembered that for every barrel of cement produced 

about 600 pounds of raw materials must be pulverized, while only a 

scant 400 pounds of clinker will be treated, and that the large crushers 

required for some raw materials can be dispensed with in crushing 

clinker. With this exception, the machinery for treating the raw 

material and that for treating the clinker of a dry -process Portland 

cement plant are usually almost duplicates.

The difficult}^, and in consequence the expense, of grinding clinker 

will depend in large part on the chemical composition of the clinker 

and on the temperature at which it has been burned. The difficult}^ 

of grinding, for example, increases with the percentage of lime carried 

b}^ the clinker, and a clinker containing 64 per cent of lime will be 

very noticeably more resistant to pulverizing than one carrying 62 

per cent of lime. So far as regards burning, it may be said in general 

that the more thoroughly burned the clinker the more difficult it will 

be to grind, assuming that its chemical composition remains the same.

The tendency among engineers at present is to demand more finely 

ground cement. While this demand is doubtless justified by the 

results of comparative tests of finely and coarsel}7 ground cements, it 

must be borne in mind that any increase in fineness of grinding means 

a decrease in the product per hour of the grinding mills emplo}red, 

and a consequent increase in the cost of cement. At some point in 

the process, therefore, the gain in strength due to fineness of grinding 

will be counterbalanced by the increased cost of manufacturing the 

more finely ground product.

The increase in the required fineness has been gradual but steady 

during recent years.. Most specifications now require at least 90 per 

cent to pass a 100-mesh sieve, a number require 92 per cent, while a 

few important specifications require 95 per cent.

ADDITION OF GYPSUM.

The cement produced by the rotary kiln is invariably naturally so 

quick-setting as to require the addition of sulphate of lime. This substance, when added in quantities up to 2^ or 3 per cent, retards the
KCKBL.] METHODS OF MANUFACTURE. 59

rate of set of the cement proportionately, and appears to exert no 

injurious influence on the strength of the cement. In amounts over 

3 per cent, however, its retarding influence seems to become at least 

doubtful, while a decided weakening of the cement is noticeable.

Sulphate of lime may be added in one of two forms, either as crude 

gypsum or as burned plaster. Crude gypsum is a natural hydrous 

lime sulphate, containing about 80 per cent ef lime sulphate and 20 

per cent of water. When gypsum is calcined at temperatures not 

exceeding 400° F., most of its contained water is driven off. The 

"plaster" remaining carries about 93 per cent of lime sulphate, with 

only 7 per cent of water.

In Portland-cement manufacture either gypsum or burned plaster 

may be used to retard the set of the cement, but gypsum is universally employed in the United States. This is merely a question of

cost. It is true that to secure the same amount of retardation of set

it will be necessary to add a little more gypsum than burned plaster, 

but gypsum is much cheaper than burned plaster.

The addition of the gypsum to the clinker is usually made before it 

has passed into the ball mill, comminuter, or whatever mill is in use 

for preliminary grinding. Adding jt at this point insures much more 

thorough mixing and pulverizing than if the mixture were made later 

in the process. At some of the few plants which use plaster instead 

of gypsum the finely ground plaster is not added until the clinker has 

received its final grinding and is ready for storage or packing.
PART II. PORTLAND - CEMENT RESOURCES OF THE UNITED

STATES.

INTRODUCTION.

In this part of the bulletin the States are taken up in alphabetical 

order and the available Portland-cement materials of each State are 

described, whether the materials are used or not. When Portlandcement plants are in operation, a brief sketch of the materials used and 

processes followed is also given. These descriptions are based, in the 

large majorit}^ of cases, on the results of the writer's field work in 1903 

and 1904, in the course of which most of the Portland-cement plants 

of the United States were visited. Portland-cement plants are in 

operation in nineteen States (see PI. I). -

The cement resources of the various States can not be described in 

uniform detail. In some States the limestones have been accurately 

mapped throughout their extent, and .numerous analyses are available. 

In such cases a more detailed discussion of the cement resources is possible than where geologic mapping is less advanced. For this reason 

the descriptions of some of the States are unsatisfactoiy, but it would 

have been impossible to adequately repair these defects of omission in 

any reasonable length of time.

References are frequently made, in footnotes, to reports of the

States or of the United States Geological Survey. Such reports may 

usually be obtained, either free or at a nominal price, on application 

to the officials at the heads of the respective surve}^s.

Maps showing the distribution of cement materials have been 

inserted wherever sufficient data were at hand to justify their presentation.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF ALABAMA.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS OF ALABAMA.

By EUGENE A. SMITH.

In Alabama several extensive series of limestones capable of furnishing excellent raw material for the manufacture of Portland cement 

occur, while the shales and clays necessaiy to complete the mixture 

are found in every county in the State. As a matter of convenience, 

60
BCKEL.] ALABAMA. 61

the Portland-cement materials of northern Alabama and of central 

and soiithern Alabama will be discussed separately, because there is 

a marked geologic as well as geographic distinction between the two 

portions of the State.

NORTHERN ALABAMA.

The raw materials for the manufacture of Portland cement occurring in the Paleozoic formations of northern Alabama are limestones, 

shales, and clays. The limestones belong mainly to the Mississippian.(" Lower Carboniferous") and to the Chickamauga formation, the 

shales to the Pennsylvania!! ("Coal Measures"), and the clays to the 

Cambrian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian. Although these materials have 'not yet been utilized for Portland-cement manufacture in 

Alabama, they have been so used in other States, and there is no reason 

to doubt that the future will witness their utilization in Alabama.

GENERAL GEOLOGY.

In northern Alabama the combined effects of geologic structure and 

erosion have resulted in certain definite topographic types with which 

the geologic outcrops are closely connected.

Structurally, northern Alabama is made up of a series of parallel 

synclines and anticlines, trending usually a little north of east. The 

anticlines are sharp, narrow folds; the synclines are Hat, wide basins. 

The effect of erosion has been to cut away the syncliues, and the 

streams of the region now run along anticlinal valleys bordered by 

flat-topped synclinal plateaus.

The plateaus throughout most of northern Alabama are capped by 

conglomerates, shales, and sandstones of the Coal Measures. The 

Mississippian limestones commonly outcrop along the sides and at the 

immediate base of the plateaus. The Ordovician (" Lower Silurian") 

beds occur as long, narrow outcrops in the valleys. The middle of 

the valley is usually occupied by Cambrian shales and the Knox dolomite. The Chickamauga limestones would normally outcrop as two 

parallel bands in each valley between the middle of the valley and 

the foothills of the plateaus. Faulting has, however, been so common 

that only one of these bands is usually present, the other being cut out 

by a fault.

LIMESTONES.

CHICK A MA VGA LIME.STONE.

The Chickamauga limestones outcrop in Alabama in three principal 

areas. In the Tennessee River Valley some of the smaller streams 

which flow .into the river from the north, like Flint River, Limestone 

Creek, Elk River, Bluewater Creek, and Shoal Creek, have eroded 

their valleys into the Chickamauga limestone, These areas are crossed
62 ": CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BDLL. 243.

at only a few points by the railroads leading1 out from Huntsville and 

Florence, and no commercial use has as yet been made of the rock.

In the narrow anticlinal valleys below enumerated erosion has in 

most cases sunk the floors of the valleys into Cambrian strata, and, as 

a consequence, the Chickamauga limestone occupies a narrow belt on 

each side, near the base of the Red Mountain ridges. But since a fault 

usually occurs on one side of these valleys, the Red Mountain ridges 

and the accompanying Chickamauga limestone are more fully represented on the unfaulted side, which is the eastern side in all except 

Murphrees Valley. While the Chickamauga forms practically a continuous belt along the undisturbed side, extensive areas are sometimes 

found on the faulted side also. This is the case, for instance, at Vance, 

on the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, where the rock is quarried 

for flux for the furnace of the Central Iron Company at Tuscaloosa. 

Analysis 1 of the table on page 69 shows its composition here. Other 

series of analyses from lower ledges in the quarry show only 1.22 per 

cent of silica, but more magnesia.

In cases where erosion has not gone so deep as to.reach the Cambrian the Chickamauga may be found extending entirely across the 

valleys. This is the case in the lower part of Browns Valley from 

Brooksville to beyond Guntersville. Above Guntersville" the Chickamauga is seen mainly on the eastern side of the Aralley. The river 

touches these outcrops at many points, and at Guntersville the railroad connecting that city with Attalla would afford an additional 

means of transportation. No developments have y.et been made in 

this area.

The valley separating the Warrior from the Cahaba coal field is 

known as Roups Valley in the southern and as Jones Valley in the 

northern part. In these the Chickamauga limestone occupies a narrow, continuous belt, usually near the base of the eastern Eed Mountain ridge, though in places it is high up on the ridge and even at its 

summit, as at Gate City, where the quarries of the Sloss Iron Company are located. Many analyses of the rock from this quarry have 

been made, and several are given in the table on page 69 (Nos. 2, 3, 4, 

5,6).

In Murphrees Valley the continuous belt of Chickamauga limestone, as above explained, is on the western side, while the faulted 

remnants are on the eastern side. No quarries have been opened in 

the Chickamauga limestone here, but the Louisville and Nashville 

Railroad goes up the valley as far as Oneonta and would afford means 

of transportation.

In Cahaba Valley, which separates the Cahaba coal field from the 

Coosa coal field, the Chickamauga is well exposed on the eastern side 

for the entire length of the valley from Gadsden down. It expands 

into wide areas near the southern end, where it has been quarried for
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO.243PL.il.

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LEGEND

POST-EOCENE

Sands, clays, etc. 

EOCENE AND OLIGOCENE

Jackson and Vlcksburg limestones 

(cement rock)

EOCENE

I i

Claiborne sandstones, marls, etc.

Lagrange and Midway clays, etc. 

CRETACEOUS

Kipl'ey marls and sands

Selma chalk 

(cement rock)

Eutaw sands

Tuscaloosa clays and sand 

CARBONIFEROUS

Coal Measures 

(shales and sandstones, (:oal beds)

Mississippian limestone

(cement rock)

DEVONIAN, SILURIAN, AND CAMBRIAN 

UNSEPARATED

Shales, magnesian limestone, etc.

Trenton limestone

(cement rock) 

IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Schists, slates, gneisses, etc.

NOTE ; Alabama, from map by Dr. E. A. 

Smith, 1904. Missieaippi, from mop by E. C. 

Ecksl and A. F. Cridar, 1904. Georgia, from 

map by J. W. Spencer, 1893, and S. W. 

McCallie. 1904.

GEOLOGIC MAP OF MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA, AND PAET OF GEOKGIA

Scale 

25 5O
ECKEL.] ALABAMA. 63

lime burning at Pelham, Siluria, Longview, Calera, and other places 

on the line of the Louisville and Nashville road. Analyses 7, 8, and 

9 of the table on page 69 show the composition of the rock in this 

region.

The Central of Georgia and the Southern railroads cross this belt 

about midway of its length at Leeds, in Jefferson County, and near its 

northern end it is crossed by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, 

where a quarry at Rock Springs, on the flank of Colvin Mountain, 

supplies the rock for lime burning. Analysis 10 (p. 69) shows the 

character of the rock at this point.

At Pratts Ferry, on Cahaba River, a few miles above Cejnterville, 

in Bibb County, the Chickamauga limestone makes high bluffs along 

the river for several miles, and is in most convenient position for easy 

quarrying.

Marble works have in former days been established here and should 

be again put in operation, since the marble is of fine quality and beautifully variegated. No analyses are available, but there is no doubt 

that much of the rock is sufficiently low in magnesia to be fit for use 

in cement making. Cahaba River and a short spur from the Mobile 

and Ohio Railroad would afford transportation facilities for this deposit.

In Big Wills Valley, which separates Sand and Lookout mountains, 

the Chickamauga limestone occupies perhaps 25 square miles, but it is 

crossed only by the railroad connecting Gadsden with Guntersville. 

No analyses are available.

In the great Coosa Valle}^ region the Chickamauga outcrops are 

found mostly on the western border, near the base of Lookout Mountain, as in Broomtown Valley and in other valleys extending south 

toward Gadsden. While these belts have been utilized in the past for 

the old Gaylesville, Cornwall, and Round Mountain furnaces, and possibly for some furnaces now in blast, no analyses are available.

Similarly, farther south, along this western border of the Coosa 

Valley, and running parallel with the Coosa coal field in Calhoun, St. 

Glair, and Shelby counties, there are numerous long, narrow outcrops 

of Chickamauga limestone. The Calcis quarry of the Tennessee Coal, 

Iron and Railroad Company, on the Central of Georgia Railroad, near 

Sterritt, is upon one of these outcrops, and furnishes limestone with a 

very low and uniform percentage of silica and magnesia. Analyses 11, 

12,13,14,15, and 16 exhibit the quality of the rock as received at the 

Ensley Steel Works, but care is taken at the quarry to select ledges 

low in silica and magnesia, and the analyses therefore represent only 

the selected ledges and not the average run of the quarry as a whole.

Near Talladega Springs, Marble Valley, and Shelby are other occurrences of the rock, and a quarry a few miles east of Shelby furnace 

has for many years supplied that furnace with its flux. The quality 

of the material here is shown by analyses 17, 18, 19, and 20 (p. 69).
64 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The Cambrian limestones contain generally a very considerable proportion of magnesia, and for this reason are not suited for Portland 

cement manufacture, though admirably adapted for furnace stone.

Along the eastern border of the Coosa Valley, near its contact with 

the metamorphic rock, there is a belt of limestone which, in places, is 

a white crystalline marble of great purity, as is shown by analyses 1 to 

7, inclusive, of the table on page 70. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad from Calera to Talladega passes close to this belt at many points. 

This marble has been quarried at several places for ornamental stone. 

It is mentioned here because it is near the railroad and its description 

completes the account of the limestone.

MISSISSIPPIAN ("LOWER CARBONIFEROUS") LIMESTONES.

Limestones of suitable quality for cement manufacture occur in the 

Bangor limestone of the Mississippian ("Lower Carboniferous"). 

Perhaps the most accessible occurrences of this rock are in the Ten 

nessee Valley to the west of Tuscumbia and south of the river and 

railroad. Here the quarries of Fossick & Co. were formerly located. 

Their quarries at this time are farther east, but at a greater distance 

from the river, in Lawrence County north of Russellville. This outcrop extends thence eastward along the base of Little Mountain as far 

as Whitesburg, above which place to Guntersville the river flows 

through a valley floored with Mississippian limestone. The Southern 

Railway passes over outcrops of this rock in most of the mountain 

coves east of Huntsville, and from Scottsboro to the Tennessee line 

the country rock is almost entirely of this formation. The Louisville 

and Nashville Railroad south of Decatur nearly to Wilhite is mostly 

in the same formation. These two lines, together with Tennessee 

River, would provide ample means of transportation for the rock or 

for the finished product, An analysis of the rock from the Fossick

quarries is given in the table on page 68.

In Browns Valley, south of Brooksville, the Bangor limestone is the 

prevailing rock across the valley, and at Bangor and Blount Springs, 

on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, there are extensive quarries 

which have been worked for many years to supply rock for fluxing 

purposes to the furnaces of the Birmingham district. Analyses Nos. 

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, on page 68, show the composition of average 

samples from these quarries; 5 to 9, inclusive, are of carload samples.

From Brooksville to the Tennessee line a great thickness of this 

limestone is exposed along the western escarpment and below the top 

of Sand Mountain, which is capped by sandstones of the Coal Measures. 

In this area the river runs near the foot of the mountain and would 

afford the means of transportation.

In similar manner the Bangor limestone outcrops along the western 

flank of Lookout Mountain in Little Wills Valley, from near Attalla
] ALABAMA. 65

to the Georgia line, and south of Attalla it forms the lower part of the 

escarpments of Blount and Chandlers Mountain. The Alabama Great 

Southern Railroad passes very near to the outcrop from.the Georgia 

line down to Springville, Ala. South of, Springville large outcrops 

occur in Shades Valley, and at Trtissville are quarries which have supplied the Birmingham furnaces. Analyses 10 to 17, inclusive, page 68, 

are of material from Truss ville; and analyses 12 to 17, inclusive, represent average samples from carload lots delivered to furnace.

In Murphrees Valley the main outcrop of this rock is on the western 

side, and quarries at Compton have for many years been worked to 

supply the Birmingham furnaces. Anatyses 18, 19, and 20 of the 

rock from these quarries show somewhat varying composition, but by 

proper selection suitable material could easily be obtained.

In the valleys lying east of Shades Valley and in parts of Shades

Valley itself this formation becomes prevailing by shales and sandstones, limestones being of limited occurrence and of inferior quality.

CLAYS AND SHALES.

The most important clays in the Paleozoic region occur in the Coal 

Measures, in the Mississippian, and in the Ordovician and Cambrian 

formations. But, inasmuch as a later formation the Tuscaloosa of 

the Cretaceous borders the Paleozoic on the west and south, and as 

it contains a great variety as well as abundance of clays, it will be 

described here, although it is not Paleozoic.

ORDOVICIAN ("LO^yER SILURIAN") AND CAMBRIAN SHALES.

Associated with the cherty limestones and brown iron ores of these 

formations are beds of fine white clay, much of it china clay. 

Analysis 7 of the second table on page 70 shows the composition of a 

white clay from the brown ore bank at Rock Run, in Cherokee County, 

where the clay is about 30 feet in thickness. Anatyses 8 and 9 are 

also from Rock Run. No. 10, from near Gadsden, No. 11, from 

Blount County, and No. 12, from Oxanna, in Calhoun County, are of 

clays which seem to be adapted to cement making. While no great 

number of the clays of these formations have been analyzed, they are 

known to be widely distributed in Calhoun, Talladega, Jefferson, Tuscaloosa, and other counties in connection with the brown ore deposits.

MISS1SSIPPIAN ("LOWER CARBONIFEROUS") SHALES.

Associated with the cherty limestones of the lowermost division of 

the Carboniferous of some of the anticlinal valleys are beds of clay of 

excellent quality, much of it being of the nature of china clay.

Probably the best exposures of these clays are in Little Wills Valley, between Fort Payne and the Georgia border, and on the line of 

the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, where for many years quarries

Bull. 243 05 5
66 CEMENT MATERIALS AND .INDUSTRY. [BUIX. 243.

have been in operation in supplying material for tile works and potteries. The clays lie near the base of the formation, close above the 

black shale of the Devonian, -and average about 40 feet in thickness, 

though in places they reach 200 feet. The clay beds alternate with 

seams of chert which are from 2 to 8 inches in thickness, while the 

clay beds vaiy from 12 to 18 inches. The upper half of the clay is 

more gritty than the lower half, which often contains material suitable 

for the manufacture of the finer grades of porcelain ware. Analyses 

3-6 in the second table on page 70 show the composition of several varieties of clay from this section.

PENNSYLVAXIAN (" COAL MEASURES") SHALES.

In this group are numerous beds of shale which have been utilized 

in the manufacture of vitrified brick arid fire brick, but many of them 

will probably be adapted to cement making. A great body of these 

shales occurs in connection with the coal seams of the Horse Creek^pr 

Mary Lee group, in Jefferson and Walker counties, and in position 

where they are conveniently situated with reference to limestone and 

coal and also to transportation lines. They are therefore well worth 

the attention of those contemplating the location of cement plants.

On the property of Mr. W. H. Graves, near North Birmingham, 

overlying the coal seam mined by him, are two beds of shale one 

yellowish, the other gra}^. These two shales have been tested and 

analyzed, and their composition is shown in Nos. 1 and 2 of, the second 

table on page 70.

Similar shales are used also at Coaldale, in Jefferson County, and at 

Pearce's mill, in Marion. Of these we have reports of physical tests, 

but no analyses.

So also most of the coal seams mined in Alabama rest upon clay 

beds which have not as yet been specially examined as to their fitness

for cement making; but, in view of the proximity of the coal mines to 

the limestones, it might be worth while to investigate these underclays 

of the coal seams.

CRETACEOUS CLAYS.

In many respects the most important formation of Alabama with 

regard to clays is the lowermost division of the Cretaceous, which 

has been called the Tuscaloosa, and which is, in part at least, of the 

same geologic horizon as the Raritan clays of New Jersey. The prevailing strata of this formation are yellowish and grayish sands, but 

subordinated to them are great lenses of massive clay, varying in quality from almost pure-white burning clay to dark-purple and mottled 

varieties high in iron.

The formation occupies a belt of country extending from the northwestern corner of the State around the edges of the Paleozoic formations to the Georgia line at Columbus. Its greatest width is at the
ECKEL.] ALABAMA. 67

northwest boundary of the State, where it covers an area, 30 or 40 

miles wide in Alabama and of about the same width in Mississippi. 

The breadth at Wetumka and thence eastward to the Georgia line is 

only a few miles. The most important part of this belt is where it is 

widest, in Elmore, Bibb, Tuscaloosa, Pickens, Fayette-, Marion, Lamar, 

Franklin, and Colbert counties, and the deposits are traversed by the 

lines of the Mobile and Ohio, the Alabama Great Southern, the Louisville and Nashville, the Southern, and the Kansas City, Memphis and 

Birmingham railroads, as well as by the Warrior and Tornbigbee 

rivers.

These clays have been described in some detail. Many analyses and 

physical tests have been presented in Bulletin No. 6 of the Alabama 

Geological Survey. From this bulletin have been selected certain 

analyses which appear to indicate the fitness of the clays for cement 

making.

In Elmore County in the vicinity of Coosada, along the banks of the 

river, about Robinson Springs, Edgewood, and Chalk Bluff, are many 

deposits of these clays, some of which have been used in potteries 

for many years. Analyses 13, 14, and 15, on page 70, are of clays 

from Coosada, Edgewood, and Chalk Bluff, respectively.

In Bibb County clay for fire brick has been quarried very extensively at Bibbville and near Woodstock. For this purpose the material is carried to Bessemer by the Alabama Great Southern Railroad. 

Analysis 16, from Woodstock, and 17, from Bibbville, will represent 

the average quality of the clay from these beds, which are very extensive both in thickness and in surficial distribution. The Mobile and 

Ohio crosses other extensive deposits in the southern part of the 

county, but no analyses are available.

The most important of the clay beds in Tuscaloosa County are traversed by the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and by the Alabama Great 

Southern.

Analysis 18, from Hull's, and analysis .19, from the Cribbs beds, 

are on the Alabama Great Southern, and 20 and 21 are from cuts of 

the Mobile and Ohio, a few miles west of the city of Tuscaloosa.

Many large beds are exposed along the Mobile and Ohio road in 

Pickens County also, but very few have been investigated. Analysis 

22 is from Roberts's mill, in this county.

In Lamar and Fayette counties the same conditions prevail as in 

Pickens and Tuscaloosa. Analysis 23 is of .pottery clay from the 

Cribbs place, in Lamar; 24 is of clay from Wiggins's, 4 miles west 

of Fayette; 25 and 26 are clays from W. Doty's place, 14 miles west of 

that town, in Fayette County.

Marion is one of the banner counties of the State for fine clays, but 

it is touched by railroads only along its southern border and in the 

extreme northeastern corner. Although at present not available
68 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

because inaccessible, the clays mentioned below (tabulated on page 71) 

are worthy of consideration: 27, from Bexar; 28, from Briggs Fredericks', in sec. 8, T. 10, R. 13 W. The last is from the great clay 

deposit which gives the name to Chalk Bluif and which underlies 

about two townships; 29 is from a locality about 16 miles southwest 

of Hamilton, the county seat.

No. 30 is from a locality near the Mississippi line, in sec. 20, T. 8, 

R. 15 W., in Franklin County, from land of Mr. Thomas Rollins.

Of the numerous fine clays of Colbert County analyses are given of 

two from Pegram station, on the Southern Railway near the Missis- 

 sippi State line. These are Nos. 31 and 32.

ANALYSES.

Analyses of Mississippian limestones from Alabama.

Number.

]........................

2........................

3........................

4........................

5........................

6........................

7........................

8................ ........

9........................

10..................;.....

ii. ....................

12.......................:

13........................

14........................

15............. ...........

16........................

17........................

18........................

19........................

20............ ............

Silica 

(SiOo).

0.50

1.73

.77

1.14

1.02

1.40

.68

.81

.82

2.16

3.12

.85

1.08

.73

.64

1.12

.42

2.05

4.45

2.80

Iron oxide 

and 

alumina 

(Fe2O3 and 

Al,0s).

1.45

.78

.35

.34

1.38

' 1.17

1.02

.89

.60

2.31

9 39

.65

.61

.65

.62

.90

.37

.76

3.30

.70

Lime 

carbonate 

(CaCOg).'

96.58

96.54

97.60

98.53

95.25

94. 67

96. 54

97.45

97.37

89.15

85.87

96.64

96. 91

97.60

97.48

96.38

97.32

89.64

86.35

94.59

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgC03 ).

2.58'

1.73

2.26

1.26

.35

.75

4.20

4 20

1.36

.90

.52'

.76

1.10

1.39

' 8.15

Sulphur

(S). '

0.029

.024

01 Q

.018

.020

1. Average sample from Fossick quarry, near Rockwood, Franklin County. Government Arsenal, 

Watertown, Mass., analyst.

2. Average sample from Blount Springs quarry a compact limestone. Henry McCalley, analyst.

3. Average sample from Blount Springs quarry a granular oolitic limestone. Henry McCalley, 

analyst.

4. Average sample upper 75 feet, Blount Springs quarry. J. L. Beeson, analyst. 

5-9. Average sample Blount Springs quarry. .1. K. Harris, analyst.

10,11. From Worthington quarry, near Trussville, Jefferson County. C. A. Meissner, analyst. 

12-17. From Varins, near Trussville. J. R. Harris, analyst.

18. Average of about 150 feet thickness of rock used for flux, Comptou quarry, Blount County. J. L. 

Beeson, analyst. 

19,20. Stockhouse sample, Compton quarry. Wm. B. Phillips, analyst.
ALABAMA.

Analyse!! of Chickwnmif/a, limestones from. Alabama.

69

Number.

1 ........................

2........................

3........................

4........................

5 .......................

Q...... ..................

7........................

8........................

Q

10........................

ii................!.......

12... ......................

13........................

14........................

15........................

16........................

17........................

18........................

19........................

20........................

' Silica 

(SiO,,).

4.48

5.70

 2. 43

3.65

3.29

3.82

.39

.15

.78

1.00

.43

.58

.38

.34

.39

.98

2.50

2.09

1.08

2.25

Iron oxide 

and 

alumina 

(Fe203 and 

Al203).

1.22

1.87

3.30

91

1.49

1.96

.13

Tr.

.35

.30

.42

.25

.47

.46

.37

.52

1.40

1.01

.63

.68

Lime 

carbonate 

(CaCOa).

88.85

91. 16

89.88'

92. 38

92.61

90.44

QQ 11

99.16

97.52

97.00

98.49

95.78

98.35

96,53

94.27

96.92

96.70

93.77

98.91

95. 40

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgC03 ).

3.52

.75

.75

 1.27

Tr.

.16

2.89

.30

2.17

4.47

1.08

2.48

.58

Q4

Sulphur

(S).

Tr.

1. Average of several carloads flux rock from quarry at Vance, Tuscaloosa County, of Central Iron 

Company at Tuscaloosa. H. Buel, analyst.

2. Gate City quarry, Jefferson County. Average sample from the crusher. Henry McCalley, 

analyst.

3-6. Gate City quarry. J. W. Miller, analyst.

7,8. Longview quarries, Shelby County. Used in lime burning. Report of Alabama State Geologist, 1875.

9. Jones quarry, near Longview. Report of Alabama State Geologist, 1875.

10. Rock Spring quarry, Etowah County. Used in lime burning and for flux. Wm. B. Phillips, 

analyst.

11-10. Rock from Calcis quarry, St. Clair County. J. R. Harris, analyst.

17-20. Shelby quarry, Shelby County. Used for flux in Shelby furnaces. Report of Alabama States 

Geologist, 1875.
70 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY.

Analyses of crystalline marbles.'

[BULL. 243.

Number.

1 ....................................

2 ....................................

3...... ..............................

4 ....................................

5 ....................................

6...................................

Silica (Si02 j.

Tr.

2.70

2.95

4.65

2.80

1.35

.28

Iron oxide 

and alumina 

(Fe»0.j and 

A1203 ).

0.40

1. 15

.75

.48

.30

.28

Lime carbonate 

(CaCO3).

99.47

90.80

95.25

94.40

. 95. 60

97.60

99. 19.

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOa).

0.30

Tr.

.62

.41

.66

Tr.

.14

1. Herd's upper quarry, Talladega County. Tuomey's Second Report, Geology of Alabama. 

". Herd's quarry, sec. 1C, T. 21, R. 4 E., Talladega County. Wm. B. Phillips, analyst.

3. Taylor's mill, Talladega County, white marble. Wm. C. Stubbs, analyst.

4. Taylor's mill, Talladega County, blue-marble. Wm. C. Stubbs, analyst.

5. Taylor's mill, Talladega County. A. P. Brainerd, analyst.

0. Nix quarry, sec. 36, T. 20, R. 4 E., Talladega County, white marble. Wm. B. Phillips, analyst.

7. Gannt's quarry, sec. 2, T. 22, R. 3 E., Talladega County, white marble. A. P. Brainerd, analyst.

Analyses of clays Paleozoic and lower Cretaceous.

Number.

1. .........

2. .........

3..........

4..........

5.......... 

6..........

7..........

8..........

9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

14..........

15..........

16..........

17..........

18..........

19..........

20..........

21..........

22.....".....

23:.........

Silica 

(Si02).

61.55

57.80

79.80

82.04

66.25

82. ll

60/50

72.20

57.00

67.95

61.50

84.21

66.61

62.60

60.38

65. 82

74.25

61.25

65.35

60.03

58.13

68.23

60.90

Alumina 

(Alo03).

20. 25

25.00

11. 75

12.17

22.90 

11. 41

26.55

22.04

17.80

20. 15

26.20

9.75

21.04

26.98

20.21

24.58

17. 25

25.60

21.30

24.66

24.68

20.35

18.98

Iron oxide 

(Fe203).

7.23

4.00

1.75

Tr.

1.60 

1.40

.30

.16

5.60

 i.oo

2.10

.69

2.88

.72

6.16

1.25

1.19

2.10

2.72

3.69

3.85

3.20

7.68

Lime 

(CaO).

Tr.

2.10

.75

Tr.

Tr. 

Tr.

.90

.50

2.10

1.00

.50

.70

.40

.40

.09

.40

.25

.60

.13

.15

.34

Tr.

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.99

.80

Tr.

: .33

Tr.

.66

.65

.40

1.20

Tr.

.43

.14

.58

.36

.72

Tr.

Tr.

- .82

.86

.38

.32

Tr.

Tr.

Alkalies 

(KoO, 

NaoO).

1.25

1.80

1.50

.60

.75 

1.80

2.70

.60

6.00

1.87

.70

.70

.65

1.80

.60

.52

1.35

Tr.

' Tr.

1.78

.74

Tr.

Ignition.

6.19

7.50

- 4.11

4.33

9.05 

- 4.00'

7 QO

5.80

9.45

8.00

7.29

4.10

7.00

9.30

10.21

8.16

6.30

8.10

8.79

11.34

11.78

7.16

13.63

Total. .

98.66

99.00

99.16

99.47

100. 55 

101. 38

QQ ^fi

101. 70

99.15

99.97

98.72

99.59

QQ 91

101.01

99.57

100. 41

99.39

99.47

99.62

100. 23

100. 51

100. 02

100. 92
BCKBL.] . ALABAMA. . ' 71

Analyses of days Paleozoic and lower Cretaceous Continued.

Number.

24

25..........

26..........

27..........

28..........

29..........

30..........

31. ....... ..

32..........

Silica 

(SlOs).

63.27

67. 10

65.58

68.10

65.49

70.00

67.50

66.45

64.90

Alumina 

(A1A).

19. 68

19. 37

19.23

21. 89

24.84

21.31

19.84

18.53

25. 25

Iron oxide 

(Fe«03 ).

3. 52

2.88

4.48

2.01

 Tr.

2.88

6.15

?. 40

Lime 

(CaO).

1.30

Tr.

Tr.

.80

1.26

.20

.12

1.50

Tr.

Magnesia 

(MgO). '

Tr.

0.73

Tr.

.28

Tr.

Tr.

.10

1.25

Tr.

Alkalies 

(K20, 

NMD).

1.20

.67

.40

Tr.

Tr.

Tr.

Ignition.

9.80

7.79

6.90

5.75

7.80

6.85

7.65

Q 4ft

8.90

Total.

98.77

98.54

96.19

QQ 9%

99.39

101 ?4

101. 36

99.59

99. 05

Coal Measures. 

Mississippian.

Ordovician and 

Cambrian.

Lower Cretaceous (Tusca-

 i. Dark-yellow shale from Coal Measures, W. H. Graves, near Birmingham, Jefferson County. ' 

[ 2. Light-gray shale from same locality.

3-5. Fire clay, near Valley Head, Dekalb County.

6. China clay, Eureka mines, Dekalb County. 

' 7. China clay, Rock Run, cherokee County (Dykes ore bank).

8. Fire clay, Rock Run, Cherokee County.

9. Pottery clay, Rock Run, Cherokee County.

10. China clay, J. R. Hughes, Gadsden, Etowah County.

11. .Stoneware clay, Blount County.

12. Stevens, fire clay, Oxanna, Ca'lhoun County; probably too much free sand.

13. Stoneware clay, Coosada, Elmore County.

14. Pottery clay. McLeau's, near Edgewood, Elmore County. '

15. Stoneware clay, Chalk Bluff, Elmore County.

16. Fire clay, Woodstock, Bibb County.

17. Fire clay, Bibbville, Bibb County.

18. Fire clay. Hulls Station, Alabama Great Southern Railroad, Tuscaloosa County.

19. Pottery clay, H. H. Cribbs, Alabama Great Southern Kail road, Tuscaloosa County.

20. Pottery clay, J. C. Bean, Mobile and Ohio Railroad, Tuscaloosa County.

21. Fire clay, J. C. Bean, Mobile and Ohio Railroad, Tuscaloosa County.

22. Stoneware clay, Roberts's mill, Pickens County.

23. Pottery clay, Cribb's place, Lamar County.

24. Stoneware clay, H. Wiggins, Fayette County. 

25-26. Pottery clay, W. Doty, Fayette County.

27. Blue clay, railroad cut near Glen Alien, Marion County.

28. China clay, Briggs Frederick, Marion County.

29. Pottery clay, 10 miles southwest of Hamilton, Marion County.

30. Pottery clay, Thomas Rolling, Franklin County.

31. Pottery clay, J. VV. Williams, Pegrani,Colbert County.

32. China clay, Pegram, Colbert County.

CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ALABAMA.

The raw materials suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement 

which occur in central and southern Alabama are argillaceous limestones, pure limestones, and clays. '

The limestones valuable as cement materials occur mainly at two 

horizons, viz, in the Selma chalk or Rotten limestone of the Cretaceous, 

and in the St. Stephens formation of the Tertiary. The clays available 

are the residual clays derived from the decomposition of these two 

limestone formations, the stratified clays of the Grand Gulf formation, 

and the alluvial clays occurring in the river and creek bottoms. It is 

possible that later investigation may show that some of the other 

stratified clays of the Cretaceous and Tertiary .formations are suitable 

for cement making, and this is especially likety to be the case with 

the clays of the lowermost Cretaceous or Tuscaloosa formation.
72 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOM,. 243.

SELMA CHALK OR "ROTTEN LIMESTONE." 

GEOLOGIC HORIZON.

The Cretaceous system in Alabama is susceptible of classification 

into four divisions. These are, in ascending order, the Tuscaloosa, 

the Eutaw, the Selma chalk, and the Ripley.

The Tuscaloosa is of fresh-water origin and is made up in the main 

of sands and clays in many alternations. In places the clays occur in 

deposits of sufficient size and of such a degree of purity as to make 

them of commercial value. The Eutaw is of marine origin and is composed of more or less calcareous sands and cla}rs, but nowhere shows 

beds of limestone properly so called. The Selma chalk is of marine 

origin and is composed, in part at least, of the microscopic shells of 

Foraminifera. This formation, throughout the western part of the 

belt covered by it in Alabama, is about 1,000 feet in thickness, and is 

made up of beds of chalky and more or less argillaceous limestone. In 

a general way it ma}^ be said that the lower and upper thirds of the 

formation contain 25 per cent or more of clayey matters mixed with 

the calcareous material, while the middle third will hold less than 25 

per cent of these clayey impurities. The Ripley, like the preceding, 

is a marine formation, in which, generally, the calcareous constituents 

predominate, but in places it contains sandy and clayey beds.

From this summary it wT ill be seen that the Selma chalk is the only 

one of the Cretaceous formations in Alabama which ofi'ers limestone in 

such quantity and of such composition as to be fit for Portland cement 

material.

LITHOLOGIC DESCRIPTION.

As has been stated above, the Selma chalk is a calcareous formation 

throughout its entire thickness, of about 1,000 feet. The rock, however, varies in composition between somewhat wide limits; for this 

reason three divisions may readily be distinguished. The rock of the 

upper division is highly argillaceous, holding 25 per cent or niore of 

clayey matters; portions of it are composed of calcareous clays or 

marls rather than limestone, and in these beds are found great numbers of fossils, mainly oysters. Along Toinbigbee River these beds 

make the bluffs from Paces Landing down nearly to Moscow, and on 

the Alabama they form the banks of the river from Elm Bluff down 

to Old Lexington Landing. The strata exhibited in these bluffs consist of dark-colored, fossiliferous, calcareous clays alternating with 

lighter-colored and somewhat more indurated ledges of purer, less 

argillaceous rock. At Elm Bluff, which is about 125 feet high, the 

upper half of the bluff is of this character. The lower half of the 

bluff is composed of rock more uniform in composition and freer from 

clay, and is the top of the middle part of the Selma formation, which is 

made up of limestone of more uniform character, containing generally less than 25 per cent of clayey material.
HCKHL.] ALABAMA. 73

In this middle division of the Selma formation the fossils are rarer 

than in either of the others, oysters and anornias being the most common forms. This variety of the rock forms the bluffs along; Alabama 

River from Elm Bluff up to Kings Landing. It is seen in its most 

typical exposure at White Bluff, where it is at least 200 feet in thickness and makes on the right bank of the river an almost perpendicular 

bank. On Tombigbee River it extends from near Bartons Bluff past 

Demopolis up to Arcola and Hatchs Bluff. Its lowermost beds, a 

compact limestone of great purity, form the upper parts of Bartons 

and Hatchs bluffs. On Little Tombigbee River the same rock makes 

the celebrated bluffs at Blutfport and at Jones Bluff (Epes), beyond 

which for several miles it is shown along the stream.

Judging from the width of its outcrop, this division of the Selma 

chalk must be about 300 feet in thickness. It underlies the most fertile and typical " prairie " lands of the South. At intervals throughout this region the limestone rock appears at the surface in what are 

known as u bald prairies," so named from the fact that on these spots 

there is no tree growth. The disintegration and leaching out of the 

limestone leaves a residue of yellowish clay, which accumulates sometimes to a thickness of several feet in low places. This clay is used at 

the Deniopolis plant in the manufacture of cement, and in most localities where suitable limestone is found the clay is present in sufficient 

quantity to supply the needs of the cement manufacturer.

At the base of this middle di.vision occurs a bed consisting of several 

ledges of compact, hard, pure limestone, which weathers into curious 

shapes, and has received the names -horse-bone rock and bored rock. 

This bed, as above mentioned, appears at the top of Hatchs Bluff; also 

at Arcola Bluff, and between Demopolis and Epes, at Jordans Ferry, 

and other places. Where it outcrops across the country it makes a 

ridge easily followed and characterized by the presence on the surface 

of loose fragments of the limestone.

The lower part of the formation, like the upper, is composed of 

clayey limestone, in many places being rather a calcerous clay. The 

color is dark gray to bluish, and in most exposures there is a striping 

due to alternate bands of lighter-colored, purer limestone. Along 

Alabama River the strata of this division are seen in the bluffs from 

Kings Landing up to Selma and beyond. On Warrior River they are 

seen in the bluffs at Arcola, Hatchs, Millwood, and Erie, in the lastnamed locality occupying the upper part only of the bluff. On the 

Tombigbee, the bluffs at Gainesville, Roes, and Kirkpatricks are 

formed mainly of the rocks of this division, while above Roes, at 

Jordans, occurs the line of junction with the middle division. Near 

this line of division a veiy characteristic feature is seen at many 

points. About 10 or 15 feet below the hard ledges of pure limestone 

forming the base of the middle division the dark-colored argillaceous
74 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

rock shows a tendency to flake off and weather into caves, sometimes 

several feet deep and 20 feet or more in length. These holes extend 

in some places for great distances along the bluffs, as on Alabama 

River just above Kings Landing, on the Tombigbee below Roes Bluff, 

and at Jordans Ferry. The outcrop of the argillaceous rocks of this 

division gives rise to black prairie soils, in which beds of fossil shells, 

mainly oysters, are common.

It has been suggested that the argillaceous rocks of this and the 

uppermost division could be mixed with the purer limestone of the 

middle division in such proportions as to constitute a good cement 

material. In this case it would be easy to select localities near the 

junction of the two divisions where both varieties of the rock could be 

quarried, if not in the same pits, at least in pits closely adjacent. This 

would do away with the need of adding other clay to the limestone. 

Localities of this sort would be found along the borders north and 

south of the belt of outcrop of the white Demopolis rock.

DISTRIBUTION OP SELMA CHALK.

The general characters of the rocks of this formation have been 

mentioned above, and it remains to give details of the special localities 

examined, together with analyses of the limestones collected. In 

making the collections material from the middle division has been generally chosen, since most of the limestone of the form'ation which 

contains 75 per cent or more of carbonate of lime is to be found in 

this division. At the same time specimens of the more argillaceous 

material, especially of the lower division of the formation, have been 

taken for comparison and analysis, in order to ascertain whether it 

will be practicable to provide a cement mixture by using the proper 

proportions of the purer and more argillaceous materials.

Inasmuch as suitable material for cement manufacture can be had in 

practically unlimited quantity all along the outcrop of the purer limestone of the middle division, the location of the plants for the manufacture of this product will be determined by other considerations 

than the quality of the rock. Chief among these will be facilities for 

transportation, cheapness of fuel, and cost and abundance of labor. 

Examinations have consequently been confined to those localities 

which appear to be most favorably situated in these respects, and 

especially to those localities which are on navigable streams or on 

north-south railroad lines, or on both.

The first place considered on Tombigbee River is Gainesville, where 

the limestone, 30 to 40 feet thick, appears on the river bluff beneath a 

heavy covering of sands and pebbles. A short distance from the 

river, however, the rock outcrops at the surface and may be quarried 

without difficulty. Specimens taken from the different parts of the 

bluff near the ferry show the composition of the limestone here (see
ECKKL.] .ALABAMA. 75

analyses 1, 2, 3, and 4, p. 82). Other specimens are from the .Roberts place, 3 miles east of Gainesville, one of which was taken from 

the top of a 30-foot bluff, others from the surface 1 mile and 5 miles 

from the river (analyses 5 and 6).

At Jones Bluff, on the Tombigbee, near Epes station, on the Alabama Great Southern Railroad, white limestone of remarkably uniform composition shows along- the river bank for a distance of a mile 

or so, with an average height of perhaps 60 feet. Here the bare 

rock forms the surface, so that there would be no overburden to be 

removed in quarrying. The railroad crosses the river at this locality, 

which thus has the advantage of both rail and water transportation. 

From the lower end of this exposure down to Bluffport the white 

rock is seen at many points e. g., below Lees Island, Martins Ferry, 

Braggs, etc. It generally has a capping of 15 to 20 feet of red loam 

and other loose materials,

Specimens have been analyzed from Epes and Hillmans (analyses 

7, 8,'and 9, p. 82).

, At Bluffport the white rock in places forms a bluff 100 feet or more 

in height along the right bank of the river for a distance of a mile 

or more. This is the counterpart of Jones Bluff, above mentioned, 

and the character of the material is shown by analysis 10, page 82. 

As at Epes,-ithe rock extends up to the surface, so that quarrying 

would be attended with little or no difficulty. Below the Bluffport 

bluffs the easterly course of the river brings it into the territoiy of 

the lower strata of the formation, and the white rock does not appear 

again below Jordans Ferry, except in thin patches at tops of some of 

the bluffs. The character of the material of these lower beds may be 

seen from the analyses of specimens taken from Jordans and Belmont 

and Roes Bluff, Nos. 11, 12, 13, and 14. The two specimens from the 

last-named locality represent the composition of the prevailing darkcolored argillaceous rock and of the lighter-colored ledges.

At Demopolis there is an important occurrence of the white rock 

extending along the left bank from a mile above the landing to about 

2 miles below, with average height perhaps of 40 or 50 feet. The 

rock is remarkably uniform in appearance and probably in composition (analysis 30, p. 83). At McDowells the main bluff is on the 

right bank and the rock is of great purity, as shown by analysis 16. 

The exposures continue down to Paces Landing, 9 miles below Demopolis, and beyond this the bluffs are much darker in color and striped 

with lighter bands, characteristic of the strata of the upper part of 

the formation. Thence down nearly to Moscow occur the exposures 

of these upper beds.

Above Demopolis at Arcola and Hatchs Bluff the bluish clayey limestones of the Selma division are seen in force, with the lowermost 

ledges of the middle division the horse-bone rock capping them.
76 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. * [TOLL. 242. 

Two anatyses of tbese varieties at Hatchs will show well the contrast 

in their chemical composition (analyses 19 and 20, p. 82).

From Demopolis eastward the line of the Southern Railway is 

located on the outcrop of this white rock, at least as far as Massillon, 

where it passes into the territory of the lower or Selma division. 

Two miles from Demopolis on this road is the cement manufacturing 

plant of the Alabama Portland Cement Company, with six kilns in 

place. The quarry is on the opposite side of the railroad track from 

the kilns, but.only a few hundred feet distant. The clay used is 

residual clay derived from the decomposition of the limestone, and is 

obtained from the river bank a few yards away. The composition of 

the rock and of the cla}r used in the manufacture is shown by analyses 

15, 18, 46, 100. A specimen taken from Knoxwood station, between 

the cement works and Demopolis station, shows similar composition 

(analysis 17). The analyses given (61, 63, p. 84) show the chemical 

character of the cement manufactured at Demopolis.

At Van Dorn station the white rock outcrops in the fields over 

considerable territory, and just east of the station there is a deep cut 

through it. Analyses from about Van Dorn show sufficiently well 

the character of the material at these points (analyses 21, 22, 47, 48, 

49, 50, 51, 52).

About Unioutown the bare rock is exposed at numerous points, and 

the advantages of this place for the location of manufacturing plants 

seem to be very great. Specimens have been taken from the Bradfield and Shields places, west of the town, from the Pitts place east 

of it, and from a point south of the town along the McKinley road. 

Other specimens have come from plantations near the road for several 

miles eastward and the analyses are appended (analyses 23, 24, 25, 26).

The composition of the residual clay overlying the limestone at the

Pitts home place is shown by analysis 55. South of Massillon, near 

the crossing of the Southern and the Louisville and Nashville railroads, 

in the vicinity of Martins station, the white rock shows in numerous 

exposures through the fields, making a country somewhat similar to 

that about Uniontown. At many points the rock has no overburden 

and is admirably adapted to cheap quarrying. On the banks of Bogue 

Chitto Creek, near Martins station, on the Milhous place, the rock is 

exposed in a bluff with a bed of plastic clay overlying, but here it is 

below a considerable thickness of red loam and sands of the Lafayette 

formation. The character of the rock at Milhous station, west of 

Martins, may be seen from analysis 27.

The same rocks make the great bluff of White Bluff, on Alabama 

River. Specimens were selected from this bluff at two points one 

about halfway down the bluff, the other 20 feet lower. Generally 

there is a capping of the red loam and sands of the Lafa}7 ette over the 

limestone, but near the upper end of the bluff the white rock extends
KCKBL.J , ALABAMA. 77

to the summit, where it has a capping- of plastic clay only. The character of the limestone from this locality is shown in analyses 28 and 29.

At Elm Bluff, as has already been shown, the upper and middle 

divisions of the formation are in contact. At Kings Bluff the middle 

and lower parts of the formation are in contact. At the other bluffs 

of the river between Kings Landing and Selma the rock of the lower 

division is exhibited. No. 31 is an analysis of the material as exposed 

at Cahaba; No. 53 of the river bluff at the steamboat landing in Selma, 

and No. 32 at Benton.

To summarize: From Demopolis eastward along the line of the 

Southern Railway, by Van Dorn, Gallion, Uniontown, Massillon, and 

thence by Martins and Milhous stations to White Bluff, the white or 

Demopolis type of rock appears at the surface in clean exposures at 

almost innumerable points, either immediately on the railroad or at

a very short distance from it. So far as the quality, quantity, and

accessibility .of the limestone are concerned, manufactories of cement 

might be located almost anywhere in this territo.ry. From Demopolis 

westward the same conditions prevail up the river to Epes, and thence 

to Gainesville, beyond which point the white rock is to the west of 

the river at greater or less distance.

East of Alabama River the outcrop of the cement rock is crossed 

by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (Repton branch), as before 

stated, betwe'en Berlin and Pleasant Hill stations. At Benton, on 

Alabama River and on the railroad, the limestone has the composition 

shown by analysis 32.

On the Montgomery and Selma road, at the crossing of Pintlala 

Creek near Manack station, the limestone is exposed in the creek 

banks and in the open fields, often with little or no overburden. On 

page 83 is given an analysis of a specimen from the fields along the 

wagon road (No. 33) and from the creek bank (No. 34).

On the main branch of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad the 

white rock shows between the city and McGhees switch, and an 

, analysis of a specimen from McGhees is given (No. 35).

Examinations have not been carried beyond Montgomery, but it is 

known that the white prairie rock is crossed by the Central of Georgia 

Railroad between Matthews and Fitzpatrick stations, and there seems 

to be no doubt that along this stretch of the road suitable rock will 

be found convenient to the line.

ST. STEPHENS OR VKJKSBURG LfMESTONE. 

GENEUAf, DESCRIPTION.

The St. Stephens or White limestone formation of the Alabama 

Tertiary, which includes the uppermost of the Eocene strata, is in 

general equivalent to the Vicksburg and Jackson limestones of the 

Mississippi geologists. 

In Alabama St. Stephens exhibits three rather well-defined phases,
78 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

which, in descending order, are (1) the Upper or Salt Mountain division, observed at-one locality only in Clarke County, (2) the Middle 

or St. Stephens division, and (3) the Lower or Jackson division. Of 

these it is only the St. Stephens limestone with which we are here 

concerned, since the first is, as far as known, restricted to one locality, 

and the third is seldom exposed along Alabama rivers and railroads. 

The following section of St. Stephens Bluff, Tornbigbee River, will 

give an idea of the strata of this division:

Section of St. Stephens Bluff.

Feet.

1. Red residual clay.................................................... Ito 5

2. Highly fossiliferous limestone hold ingmainly oysters, and full of holes,

due to unequal weathering ...................................... ,r . 10 to 12

3. Orbitoideslimestone (chimney rock), a soft, nearly uniform porous limestone, making smooth perpendicular face of the bluff except where 

bands of harder limestone of very nearly similar composition alternate 

with the softer rock. Both varieties hold great numbers of the circular shells of Orbitoides mantelli. These harder ledges are nearly pure 

carbonate of lime, take a good polish, and are often burned for lime... 60

4. Immediately below 3, for 5 or 6 feet, the strata were not visible, being 

hidden by the rock falling from above, but the space seems to be occupied by a bluish clay. Then follows a soft rock somewhat of same 

consistency as No. 3 above, but containing a good deal of greensand. 

The fossils are mostly oysters and Plagiostoma dumosa. This bed is in 

places rather indurated superficially, and forms projecting ledges..... 10 to 15

5. Bluish clayey marl with much greensand, containing the same fdssils as

No. 4. It washes or caves out.from under No. 4, which overhangs it.. 4 to 5

6. Massive joint clay, yellow on exposed surface, blue when freshly broken; 

no fossils observed. Extends below the water level to unknown 

depth; exposed..................................................... 3 to 4

The rock of this formation, which seems to be the best suited for 

cement material, is the soft "chimney rock" or Orbitoides limestone

of bed No. 3 above. This is usuallj7 quarried for chimneys and other 

constructions by sawing it out and dressing it down with a plane into 

blocks of suitable size, which are then laid like brick.

The numerous analyses given below will show that this rock is a 

purer limestone than most of the material of the Selma chalk of the 

Cretaceous formation above considered. In cement making it will, in 

consequence, require a larger proportion of clay to be mixed with it, 

and the question of obtaining suitable clay in sufficient quantity and 

in close proximity becomes one of some importance. The residual 

clay left after decomposition and leaching of the limestone seems to 

be fairly well adapted to the purpose. Besides this residual clay some 

analyses have been made of the clays of the river and creek bottoms 

of the country near the limestone outcrops, and of the clays of the 

Grand Gulf formation, which very generally in this section overlies 

the limestone. Some analyses of the. last-named clays have been made 

from material occurring near St. Stephens, and near Manistee June-
KCKGL.] ALABAMA. 79

tion on the liepton Branch of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. 

At this last-named locality the clay is present in sufficient quantity to 

be of value if the composition is suitable.

DISTRIBUTION OF ST. STEPHENS LIMESTONE.

The bluff at St. Stephens, a section of which has been given, is 

typical of the formation everywhere. Here the whole of the soft 

orbitoidal limestone or "chimney rock", might be used, as the composition is uniform throughout. The overlying harder limestone has. 

almost the same composition, but it is less easily crushed and worked. 

It may be quarried here from the surface down, as it is covered only 

by a thin layer of residual clay. The characters of the limestone and 

of the clay from here are sufficiently well shown by the subjoined 

analyses (36, 56). The character of the clay near St. Stephens at the 

water level (No. 6 of the St. Stephens section) is shown in analysis 60.

Below St. Stephens there is deep water to Mobile, with the exception 

of one bar, which may be removed without much trouble or expense.

From Hobson's quarry, just above the Lower Salt Works Landing, 

down to Oven Bluff, a distance of £ miles, the Orbitoides limestone or 

chimney rock occurs at the base of bluffs of Tertiary age.

At the quarry the hard limestone, which is being taken up for riprap work, lies, as at St. Stephens, just above the soft chimney rock. 

Along the stretch of river above'described this chimney lock is seen 

in a bed 15 or 20 feet in thickness, just above the river bottom, and is 

easily accessible. As regards clay, three varieties have been examined, 

a residual clay from over the limestone, a swamp-bottom clay from the 

low grounds of Leather wood Creek, and clay from strata of the Grand 

Gulf formation, which here overlies the St. Stephens limestone. The 

analyses of these clays have not yet been made.

The first shoal in the river above Mobile is a few miles above Oven 

Bluff, so that from this place down there is a 9-foot channel at all seasons, which will give to Oven Bluff a certain advantage over other 

localities in regard to transportation. The shoal mentioned is one 

which can be removed, so that St. Stephens may be classed with Oven 

Bluff as regards transportation by water, except that the former is 

some miles farther from the Gulf than the latter.

Analyses by Doctor Mallett of other specimens of this chimney rock 

are given on page 83. No. 43 is a clay from Colonel Darrington's 

place, in the lower part of Clarke County, near Gainestown, and 44 

and 45 are from other localities in Clarke County near the rivers.

At Glendon station, a few miles east of Jackson, there is an exposure 

of the chimney rock close to the track. The rock here is about 20 feet 

thick, and the limestone is covered by a bed of red residual clay similar to that at St. Stephens and Oven Bluff. The same chimney rock 

may be seen along the road between the station and Jackson, and no 

doubt it occurs from Glendon up to Suggsville station, within conven-
80 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY". [KULL. 1'43.

ient reach of the railroad. Near Suggsville station the same rock 

occurs within a short distance of the railroad along the road leading 

from the station to the town.

Between Suggsville and Gosport the country rock is the St. Stephens 

limestone, but no particular attention was given to it for the reason 

that there is no railroad in this vicinity.

At Perdue Hill the St. Stephens rock outcrops near the base of the 

hills which descend to the terrace on which the town of Claiborne 

stands. The bluff at Claiborne Landing shows near the summit the 

calcareous clays or clayey limestone which lies at the base of the St. 

Stephens formation, and which is generally thought to be the equivalent of the Jackson group of the Mississippi geologists. It is possible 

that this rock, where it occurs in sufficient quantity, may be suitable 

for cement making, since its composition is not very different from 

much of the Rotten limestone or Selma chalk. No investigations have 

yet been made concerning it, for the reason that there are comparatively few points where it appears in adequate thickness and in favorable localities as regards transportation.

At Marshalls Landing, just above the mouth of Randons Creek, is 

the first exposure of the chimney rock along Alabama River. This 

occurs at the top of the bluff. It has the usual covering of residual 

clay. Below the orbitoidal or chimney rock at Marshalls there are 20 

feet or more of a porous limestone. In the same bluff there are beds 

of calcareous clay, which might possibly be used in mixing with the 

limestone. At the landing these would be difficult to quarry because 

of overlying strata, but they would certainly be found without cover 

along the bluffs above Marshalls if they should prove of value.

From Marshalls down to Gainestown Landing the river bluffs show 

beds of the limestone at numerous points. At Gainestown, the topmost bed of the St. Stephens, the hard crystalline limestone occurs not 

far above the water level in the river. This stone has been cut and 

polished, and proves to be a first-rate marble, inasmuch as it takes a 

good polish and shows agreeable variations in color. The soft chimney 

rock underlies the hard limestone here as at other points.

At Choctaw Bluff, some miles below Gainestown, there is the last 

exposure of the Tertiary limestones on this river. The material is an 

argillaceous limestone with numerous fossils, but it seems hardly likely 

to be of use in cement making.

A few miles east of Marshalls Landing, , at Manistee Mills, the 

terminus of a sawmill road, there is a quarry of the chimney rock 

which is conveniently situated as to transportation, since it is on the 

railroad. Across the county to the Repton Branch of the Louisville and 

Nashville Railroad the St. Stephens limestone may, of course, be found 

at thousands of places, but no mention is made of these occurrences 

where they do not lie on a railroad line.
ALABAMA. 81

Below Monroe station; near Drewry, on the Repton Branch, this 

road crosses, the line of outcrop of the chimney rock, which at a 

number of points in the vicinity of Drewry lies within easy reach of 

transportation.

A few miles below Drewry, at Manistee Junction, there is a fine 

exposure of Grand Gulf clays in railroad cuts both north and south of 

the station.

Anatysis is given (No. 59, p. 84) of the clays from three horizons in 

these cuts, from which their suitability for admixture with the limestone may be determined.

The chimney rock may be found at many points below Evergreen, in 

the vicinity of Sparta and Castleberry stations. There are many bluffs 

of this rock on the banks of Murder Creek in this vicinity, and there are 

several quarries from which the stone has been obtained for building 

purposes within short distances of the railroad line, At the foot of 

Taliaferros Heights the limestone forms high bluffs on the creek, at 

Ellis Williams Spring there are bluffs with the soft rock at the base 

and the hard horse-bone rock at the top, and on the creek bank a few 

hundred yards away is one of the quarries mentioned above. In fact, 

the localities where the rock may be found within convenient distance 

of the railroad and in a position favorable to' cheap quarrying are 

numerous in all this region. No clays were seen except the usual 

residual clays from the decomposition of the limestone and a clay 

occurring close to Evergreen in the pits of Wild Brothers. Analyses 

40, 41, and 42 will show sufficiently well the character of the limestone 

in this section.

These Evergreen occurrences have attracted attention because of 

their location on the line of a great railroad system within short distance of tide water.

Farther east this limestone formation extends across Alabama and 

into Georgia and Florida, but as there is no north-south railroad east 

of the Louisville and Nashville at this time, the investigations have 

gone no further.

To summarize: While the St. Stephens limestone outcrops across 

the State from the Mississippi line to the Chattahoochee River, often 

occupying' broad belts, attention has been concentrated on those localities which lie upon navigable streams or upon railroad lines terminating in Gulf ports. As compared with the middle division of the Selma 

chalk, this limestone is more uniform in composition, higher in lime 

content, softer and more easily quarried and crushed, and in geographical position many miles nearer the Gulf. Its thickness, on the other 

hand, is much less, although sufficient to supply an indefinite number 

of cement plants with raw material for cement..

Bull. 243 05 6
82 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

ANALYSES. 

Analyses of Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones.

[BULL. 243.

Locality.

1. Gaiiiesville Bluff, Tombigbee 

River, 5 feet from top of bluff;

2. Gainesville Bluff, Tombigbee 

River, lowerpartof bluff; R. S. 

Hodges, analyist. ..............

3. Gainesville limestone; F. P.

4. Gainesville limestone; A. W. 

Dow, analyst ..................

5. Roberts's place, near.Gainesville,

6. Roberts's place, near Gainesville, 

5 feet above water; R.S.Hodges.

7. Jones Bluff, at Epes; R. S. Hodges.

8. Jones Bluff, 'at Epes; Doctor Mallett ............................

9. Hillmans Bluff, below Epes; R. S. 

Hodges ........................

10. Bluffport Ferrv, Tombigbee 

River; R. S. Hodges. ...........

] 1. Jordans Ferry , Tombigbee River; 

R. S. Hodges ...................

12. Belmont Bluff, Tombigbee River; 

R. S. Hodges ...................

13. Roes Bluff, Tombigbee River, 

main partof bluff; R.S.Hodges.

14. Roes Bluff, Tombigbee River, 

light - colored ledges; R. S..

15. Demopolis, F. P. Dewey; U. S. 

Mint analyst. ..................

16. McDowells Bluff, below Demopolis; R. S. Hodges ..............

17. Knoxwood, near Demopolis;

R. S. Hodges...................

18. Material used in Demopolis 

Cement Works; 11. S. Hodges, 

analyst ........................

19. Hatchs Bluff, Warrior River 

above Demopolis; main part 

of bluff; R. S. Hodges .........

20. Hatchs Bluff; Warrior River, 

above Demopolis: ledges at 

top of bluff; R. S. Hodges. .....

21. At Van Dorn station, from roadside; R. S. Hodges .............

22. At Van Dorn station, railroad 

cut east of station; R.S.Hodges.

23. Uniontown, P. H. Pitts, Home 

place; R. S. Hodges ............

24. Uniontown, P. H. Pitts, Houston 

place; R. S. Hodges ............

25. Uniontown, P. H. Pitts, Rural 

Hill place; R. S. Hodges .......

26. Uniontown, 1 mile south, on 

McKinley road; R. S. Hodges..

27. Railroad cut, Millions station, 

Southern Railway, Dallas 

County; R. S. Hodges. .........

Insoluble matter.

29.50

23.00 

18. 42

27.25 

19. 10

21. 98

9.44

16. 69

16.41 

11.68 

26.26 

31. 16

31. 74

14.92

13.32 

6.06 

15.18

12.50 

41. 18 

3.02

14. 36 

15.63

36.18 

19. 20 

18.62 

12.14

15. 30

and oxie Iron

alumina (FeoO3 

AloO and ).3

5.00

3.14 

10.79

15. 96 

3.70

4.10

1. 76

2.22

3.14 

1.82 

3.06 

5.44

4.42

3.46

8.74 

1.62 

2.22

2.76 

4.16 

1.10

2.80 

2.02

3.08 

3.58 

3.28

2.44

Lime carbonate 

(CaCO ).3

56.71

67. 67 

65. 21

54. 00

75.57

69.75

86.28

80.48

77.43 

85.10 

67.28 

55.84

55.82

78.52

73.94 

90.40

78.57

80.71 

44.78 

93.52

80. 47 

78.77

75. 35 . 

72.21 

74.52 

83.45

80.10

Magnesium car- (MgCCvj). bonate 

1.69

2.26 

1.57

1.11 

1.24

1.50

1.02

CO

1.30 

1.25 

1.87

9 19

2.10

1 02

1.40 

1.15

1.38

1.05 

2.68 

1.38

1.30 

1.04

1.35 

1.98 

1.17

.98

Sulphuric trioxide (SO ).3

1.32

1.97

30

.44 

69

L02

.27

.91 

1.62

sulphur. Total 

0.83

1.23

- "

.64

.......

.......

and Water organic mtter.

5.78

1.96

1.70

1.65

1.30

1.99

1.63 

5.44

5.92

2.08

.77

1.74

1.36 

7.20

Qfi

1.07 

2.54

4.04 

3.03 

2.41

1.18

Alkalies.

.......

.......

.......

.......

3o 

H

97. 12

99.99

100.00

99 92

100. 27 

99.85 

100.00 

100.00

100.00

100.00

98.31 

100.00

100.00

100.00 

100. 00 

100. 00

100.00 

100. 00

100.00 

100.00 

100.00

100.00
KCKGL.] ALABAMA.

Analyses of Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones Continued.

83

Locality.

28. White Bluff, Alabama River; 

lower part of bluff; R. S.

30. Demopolis, Tombigbee River;

31. Limestone from Cahaba, Alabama River; Doctor Mallett,

32. Limestone from Benton, Alabama River; W. B. Phillips, 

analyst .. v. ....................

33. Limestone from Manack station,

34. Limestone from Manack station; 

B. B. Ross, analyst.............

36. St. -Stephens orbitoidal limestone, St. Stephens, Tombigbee

41. St. Stephens orbitoidal limestone, near Evergreen; Dr. W. 

B. Phillips, analyst............

42. St. Stephens orbitoidal limestone, near Evergreen; Dr. W.

43. St. Stephens orbitoidal limestone, Colonel Darrington's, 

near Oven Bluff, Clarke Coun44. St. Stephens orbitoidal limestone, Clarke County, near ri v45. St. Stephens orbitoidal limestone, Clarke County, near riv46. Rock used in Alabama Portland 

Cement Works, Demopolis; 

analysis sent in by T. G.

47. Limestone from property of 

J. B. Kornegay, at Van Dorn, 

sample No. 1; R. S. Hodges,

48. Limestone from property of J. B. 

Kornegay, at Van Dorn, sam49. Limestone from property of J.B. 

Kornegay, at Van Dorn; sam50. Limestone from property of J. T. 

Collins, at Van Dorn, sample 

No. 1; dark color; R. S. Hodges,

51. Limestone from property of J. T. 

Collins, at Van Dorn, sample 

No. 2; light color; R. S. Hodges, 

analyst ........................

52. Average of three samples of 

limestone from near Van Dorn ; 

L. H. Conard, Demopolis; R. S.

53. Limestone from bluff at steamboat landing, Selma; T. W.

Insoluble matter.

-26. 14

21.81

31.04

19.74 

20. 90

13.20

3.38

1. 26 

2.75

1.69

2.44

4.15

9.88

16.74

13.19

20.01

16.92

11.44 

16.04

10. 11

oxide andIron alumina (Fe O23 

and A1 O).23

2.78

2.23

2.94

11.67 

4.06

9.00

1. 04

1.72 

2.73

2.12

.27

1.29

6.20

2.09

2.12

2.93

2.94

1.50 

2.46

11. 22

Lime carbonate 

(CaC0 ).3

64.25

75.07

64.37

54.83 

67.16

V4.26

92. 85

95.15 

93.30

94.84

94.85

93.19

77.12

77.88

81.89

73. 64

75.60

82.61 

81.84

65.08

Magnesium car- (MgCO bonate ).3

0.72

.79

5.14 

1.08

1.46

1 92

.65 

.23'

.96

1 09

1.08

1.03

1.01

1.78

1.51

2. 42

Sulphuric tri- oxide (SO)3.

-

0.85

1:01

.13

.02 

.02

1.10

.90

1.40

Total sulphur.

.......

and Waterorganic matter.

4. 96

5.79

.65 

.60

5.72

f) 07

1.77

2. 41

1.66

2.04

3.37

Alkalies.

2.88

.11 

.14

30

H

99 83

99 14

100. 07 

100.00

99 32

99.56 

99 77

99. 61

99.13

99 72

100. 00

100:00

100. 00

100. 00

.100. 00

100. 00 

100. 34

99.65
84 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Clay (Cretaceous and Tertiary) and cement analyses.

[BULL. 243.

Number of analysis.

55. Residual clay over limestone at P. H.

Pitts's home place, Uniontown; R. S.

Hodges, analyst.......................

5(i. Residual clay over St. Stephens limestone, St. Stephens Bluff; R. S. Hodges,

analyst ................................

59. Grand Gulf clay, Manistee Junction,

Monroe County; T. W. Miller, analyst; '

average of bed .........................

60. Clay at water's edge, St. Stephens Bluff:

R. S. Hodges, analyst. ..................

61. 'Cement, manufactured by Alabama

Portland Cement Co., Demopolis;

A. W. Dow, United States inspector of

 asphalts and cements, analyst ........

62. Cement manufactured by Alabama

Portland Cement Co., Demopolis;

analysis from T. G. Cairns, general

manager. ..............................

63. Cement manufactured by Alabama

Portland Cement Co., Demopolis;

R. S. Hodges, analyst. .................

64. Residual clay overlying orbitoidal limestone, Marshalls Landing; R. S.

Hodges, analyst .........'..............

si

o

;£

53

69.57

59.71

66.60

49.23

20.25

19.99

19.99

51.30

c-o

83

P <M

*3

03 " *

fi O «o

 35.9,

M ^ <3) 2 ofe

 9J

19.04

24.79

25.86

24. 42

13.44

13.74

13.63

33.22

f

O

3

0.37-

.48

.34

63.60

61. 36

63. 82

1.37

OMi

a

*w

a

bfl

%

.......

0.34

1.03

.61

.83

.96

OJ

2

0

.20Eco 3'-'

A"3

CO

.......

0.89

.41

1.16

.41

 ^

r-g

3

a 

a

A ' "3

CO

0.99

.......

d . o

"G 

"-1

9.68

14.96

5.11

9.42

^

03 ' £

H

98.66

99.94

99. 14

99.72

.......

99.35

97. 68

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN ALABAMA. '

In the preceding section Doctor Smith has given a very detailed 

account of the character and distribution of the cement materials of 

Alabama. It will be noted that these Alabama deposits, particularly 

the chalk beds of the Cretaceous, possess many economic advantages 

over most of the limestones which occur near the Atlantic seaboard, 

These may be briefly stated as follows:

(1) The Selma chalk deposits of the Cretaceous are in general of 

almost exactly proper composition for the manufacture of Portland 

cement, requiring the addition of little or no clay. This correctness 

of composition will materially reduce the cost .of manufacture. The 

St. Stephens limestone of the Eocene is not so near to ideal composition as the Selma chalk, but will still prove to be a very satisfactory 

cement material when used in combination with the overlying Grand 

Gulf clays.

(2) As shown on the accompanying map, coal of good quality occurs 

within a reasonable distance of the cement beds. As the coal used in 

boilers and kilns will amount to 60 to 70 per cent of the weight of 

cement produced, a supply of fuel at low prices is an important element in the success of a cement plant.

(3) Labor is abundant and cheap in the Alabama cement district.
ALABAMA. 85

(4) in addition to the local market for cement furnished by such 

cities as Atlanta, Birmingham, Mobile, and New Orleans, cement 

plants located upon the navigable rivers of Alabama will be enabled 

to place their product at any point on the Gulf or southern Atlantic 

seaboard at very low prices, owing to the cheapness of transportation 

by water as compared with the railroad freight rates which most other 

plants will be compelled to pay.

In view of these advantages it seems reasonable to expect that in the 

near future Alabama will take high rank among the States as a producer of Portland cement. At present, however, only one plant is in 

operation. This is operated by the Alabama Portland Cement Company, and is located about 1 mile east of Demopolis, Marengo County, 

on the line of the Southern Railway Company.

The raw materials used are the soft chalky limestone of the Cretaceous 

and a residual clay, both occurring in the immediate vicinity of the 

plant. Analyses 1 and 2 of the following table show the composition 

of the limestone actually used at the plant, while analyses 3 and 4 are 

from near-by localities. It will be noted that the limestone actually 

quarried runs only a little too high in lime carbonate to make a good 

Portland cement by itself. A small amount of clay is added to reduce 

the lime to a proper percentage. No analyses of this clay are at present 

available.

Analyses of limestone from Demopolis, Ala.

Silica (Si02 )........-.... ....................

Alumina ( A120H ) ............................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ..........................

Lime carbonate (CaCO,) .....................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03) ..............

Total sulphur (S) ...........................

Water......................................

i

12. 50

} 2.76

80.71

1.05

. 1.62

n. d.

1.36

2

9.88

6,20

77.12

1.08

n.d.

n.d.

5.72

a

12. 13

r 4.17

i 3. 2&

75.07

.92

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

4

13.32

} 8.74

73.94

1.40

.27

.64

n.d.

1. Quarry Alabama Portland Cement Company. R. S. Hodges, analyst.

2. Quarry Alabama Portland Cement Company. Sen. Doc. No. 19, 58th Congress, 1st session, p. 22.

3. Demopolis. Proc. Alabama Industrial and Scientific Soc., vol. 5, p. 44-51.

4. Demopolis. F. P. Dewey, analyst.
CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The following-analyses are of the "Red Diamond" brand'of Portland 

cement, manufactured at this plant:

Analyses of Portland cement from Demopoiis, Ala.

Silica ( Si02 )-.-.................'......

Alumina (A1203 ) .....................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0,) ...................

Lime (CaO). .........................

Magnesia (MgO ) .....................

Total sulphur (S) .....................

Watdr, etc ............... i ...........

l

20.54

8.55

3.84

63.85

.66

n.d.

n.d.

1.34

2

20.25

| 13. 44

63.60

1.03

.41

.99

n.d.

3

19.99

13.74

61.36

.61

n.d.

n.d.

n. d.

4

19.91

13. 63

63.82

.83

1.16

n.d.

n.d.

5

19.56

12. 16

62.27

.64

.54

n.d.

n.d.

1. Clinker. F. W. Clarke, analyst.

2..Cement. A. W. Dow, analyst.

3. Cement. Sen. Doc. No. 19,'58th Congress, 1st session, p. 23.

4. Cement. R. S. Hodges, analyst.

5. Cement. Cement Directory, 2d edition, p. 254.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CEMENT RESOURCES OF ALABAMA.

SMITH, E. A. Alabama's resources for the manufacture of Portland cement. Proc. 

Alabama Industrial and Scientific Society, vol. 5, pp. 44-51. 1895. Tradesman, 

Dec. 15, 1895. ' . SMITH, E. A. Cement resources of Alabama. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 225, 

pp. 424-447. 1904.

SMITH, E. A., and ECKEL, E. C. The cement resources of Alabama. Senate Document No. 19, 53d Congress, 1st session, 23 pp. 1903.

SMITH, E. A., and ECKEL, E. C. Cement resources and manufacture in Alabama. 

Bull. Alabama Geol. Survey No. 8, 93 pp. 1904.

SMITH, E. A., and Rico, H. 'Preliminary report on the clays of Alabama. Bull. 

Alabama Geol. Survey No. 6, 220 pp. 1900.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF ARIZONA.

PORTLAND CEMENT MATERIALS.

Little detailed information is obtainable concerning either the areal 

distribution or the character of Arizona limestones. The few analyses 

of cement materials available, such as those given in the tables below, 

have been made in the course of examination of isolated districts.

The following analyses of limestones from the Bisbee district of 

southeastern Arizona are taken from Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey 

No. 21, p. 52. The analyses were made by W. F. Hillebrand of 

specimens collected by F. L. Kansome.
ARIZONA.

Analyses of limestonex from Bisbee district, Arizona.

87

Silica (Si02 ) .........................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) ......................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0,) ...................

L i m e ( CaO )..........................

Magnesia (MgO) .....................

'

11. 80

2.15

1.08

45.86

.48

'.! 

12.53

1.04

1.26

27.28

17. 41

«

3

8.52

| .64

50.07

.55

1

0.06

.12

55.80

.13

r»

2.52

' .24

53. 68

.46

1. Abrigo formation, Cambrian.

2. Abrigo formation, Cambrian.

3. Martin formation, Devonian.

4. Escabrosa formation, Mississippian.

5. Naco formation, Pennsylvanian.

Though the Portland-cement industry has not been established in 

Arizona, it seems probable that a cement plant, operated by a Government bureau, will be started there during 1905. This interesting 

experiment is due to the necessity for procuring large supplies of 

cement, at a low price, for one of the largest of the projected irrigation dams, to be located in the Salt River Valley.

A number of raw materials occurring near the dam site were analyzed, and the results are given in the following table. Of the analyses 

there quoted, Nos. 1 and 2 represent the limestone and Nos. 6 and 7 

the clay which is to be used at the cement plant. The composition of 

the limestone seems very good; that of the clay is less satisfactory, 

and it will probably be difficult to obtain a slow-setting cement from it.

Analyses of limestones and shales from Tonto dam site, Arizona.

Silica (SiOj) ..............

Alumina ( A1203 ) ..........

Iron oxide (Fe2 08 ) ........

Lime (CaO ) ..............

Magnesia (MgO) ..........

Alkalies (K20, Na20) ..... 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ..... 

Water....................

l

3.30

| .20

53.65

.60

n. d. 

n. d.

' 2

0.51

.20

55.56

.10

n. d.

43.77

3

50.60

15.80

9.30

4.07

n. d. 

n. d. 

2.80

4

55.70

20.50

6.61

-n. d. 

n. d. 

11.25

5

51.00

16.70

3.39

4.58

n. d. 

n. d. 

20.10

6

51.90

23.70

6.10

.97

n. d. 

n. d. 

13.40

7

50.51

(14.63

1 5.03

6.77

3.00

5.24 

J13. 30

8

67.90

J18. 00

.97

n. d. 

( n. d.

1. Limestone near dam site. E. Duryee, analyst. Water Supply Paper No. 73, U. S. G. S., p. 48.

2. Limestone near dam site. U. S. Geol. Survey Laboratory, analyst. Ibid., p. 49.

3. Shale near dam site. E. Duryee, analyst. Ibid., p. 48.

4. Clay 1 mile from dam site. E. Duryee, analyst. Ibid.

5. Clay from Sallie May Canyon. E. Dnryee, analyst. Ibid.

6. Clay 3 miles north of dam site. E. Duryee, analyst. Ibid.

7. Clay 3 miles north of dam site. U. S. Geol. Survey Laboratory, analyst. Ibid., p. 49. 

8. Shale from canyon below dam site. E. Duryee, analyst. Ibid., p. 48.
CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

A number of samples of limestone from various points along or near 

Gila River, near projected dams for irrigation purposes, were examined by Mr. E. Duiyee, with a view to determining their value as Portland-cement materials. These analyses are given in the following table:

Analyses of limestone near Gila River, Arizona. 

[E. Duryee, analyst.]

Silica (SiOa ) .................;?........

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ........

Water ...............................

1. San Carlos, gray. 

2. San Carlos, pink.

1

1.4

},,

96.65

.65

2

3.7

6.0

55.92

31. 00

1.00

3

4.7

1.4

93.10

4

4.1

5.8

90.10

5

34; 6

1.3

55.50

3. Riverside, blue.

4. Queen Creek, blue.

5. Queen Creek, gray.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CEMENT RESOURCES OF ARIZONA.

DAVJS, A. P., and DUKYEJE, E. Tests of cement materials from Salt River, Arizona. 

Water Supply and Irr. Paper U. S. .Geol. Survey No. 73, pp. 48-51. 1903.

DURYEE, E. Tests of cement materials from Gila River, Arizona. Water Supply 

and Irr. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 33, pp. 82-90. 1900.

DURYEE, E. Cement investigations in Arizona. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 213, 

pp. 372-380. 1903. . RANSOME, F. L. Geology of the Globe copper district, Arizona. Prof. Paper U. S. 

Geol. Survey No. 12. 168 pp. 1903. .

RANSOME, F. L. Geology and ore deposits of the Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona. 

Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 21. 168 pp. 1904.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS."

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

A number of limestone formations occur in Arkansas, six of which 

seem to be worth considering as possible sources of cement materials. 

The limestones which will be described are the following:

t Geologic age. 

Izard limestone......................................................Ordovician

Polk Bayou limestone ............................................... .Ordovician

St. Clair limestone ............................. ..........................Silurian

Boone limestones ............................ Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous)

Pitkin or Archimedes limestone...............Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous)

White Cliffs chalk.................................................... Cretaceous

Saratoga chalk .......................................................Cretaceous

a'Phe Silurian and Carboniferous limestones are discussed by T. C. Hopkins in a report on the marbles and other limestones of Arkansas, published as Vol. IV of the Report Arkansas Geol. Survey for 

1890. The Cretaceous chalks, as later noted, have been described in detail by J. A. Taff, in a report 

issued by the U. S. Geol. Survey. The descriptions of Arkansas limestones given in the following 

pages are abstracted from the two reports named. Mr. E. O. Ulrich has kindly furnished many data 

concerning the Paleozoic limestones.
ECKEL.] AEKANSAS. . 89

Southeast of a line drawn through Pocahontas, Powhatau, Jacksonport, Searcy, Little Rock, Benton, Arkadelphia, Prescott, and Texarkana, Ark., is covered by clays and gravels, and so contains 

absolutely no materials for cement manufacture. All the limestones 

listed occur northwest of the above line.

This distribution of cement materials is unfortunate, because plants 

working the Arkansas limestones will be brought into direct competition with Kansas plants using natural gas for fuel, and also because 

there is no good local market for cement in that part of Arkansas in 

which the cement materials occur.

IZARD LIMESTONE. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Izard limestone occurs in Independence, Izard, Stone, Searcy,

Marion, and Newton counties, It is found, in quantity on all the main

branches of Lafferty Creek, and ranging in thickness up to 200 feet. 

In a few places it occurs in almost perpendicular bluffs, but more 

commonly in steep, terraced slopes. The finest exposures are along 

the tributary flowing west from Cushman, known as Blowing Cave 

Creek; in the ravine in the north part of sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 8 W., 

and on the lower part of West Lafferty Creek for 4 miles above its 

junction with East Lafferty. In sees. 3. and 10, T. 14 N., R. 8 W., are 

areas especially, noteworthy both for the quantity and quality of the 

Izard limestone exposed.

At Penters Bluff on White River and in the adjoining region this 

limestone is in admirable position for quarrying, Penters Bluff is 

almost perpendicular and is more than 400 feet high, 285 feet of the 

base being Izard limestone. In .the rear of the lower end of the bluff 

is a ravine from a fourth to half a mile in length, which penetrates 

the hill in a direction but slightly divergent from the course of the 

river, leaving a high .narrow wall, which has an abrupt face riverward 

and is so close to the river bank that there is scarcely room for the road 

along its base. The rear of this wall' is a steep, terraced slope facing 

the ravine. The south end of the wall is tolerably abrupt for 60 to 70 

feet from the base, above which the slope is gentler, and one can with 

a little difficult climbing at the start ascend to the highest point of the 

bluff by traversing it lengthwise. The rocks have a low dip to the 

southeast. The south end of the bluff for about a fourth of a mile 

consists entirely of- the Izard limestone.

West of Penters Bluff, on the north side of White River, the limestone is covered in a few places by the chert debris, outcropping almost 

continuously along the hills next to the river and on the lower course 

of all its tributaries as far, at least, as Mount Olive.

The largest and most conspicuous outcrop of Izard limestone west 

of Penters Bluff is on Wilson Creek in the northwestern part of the
90 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

Batesville quadrangle. At the base of the hill on each side of the 

creek are from 100 to 200 feet of Izard limestone. The bottom of 

the bed is not exposed. At some places the limestone outcrops in 

solid continuous layers, while at others the surface is covered with 

more or less regular rectangular blocks, the result of weathering. 

The position of the stone for quarrying is all that could be desired.

In the eastern part of Stone County the Izard limestone is extensively developed along the south side of White River. Along the 

river from a point opposite Penters Bluff to the lower end of Round 

Bottom this limestone forms the base of the hills for a distance of 100 

to 200 feet. Up the river from Round Bottom the base of the hills is 

composed of the saccharoidal sandstone, the Izard limestone lying 

near the top. Northward the Izard limestone gradually approaches 

the tops of the hills, until it thins out and disappears entirely in the 

northern part of the county, being replaced by the underlying rocks. 

It is exposed in large quantities along Cagen and Dry creeks, Rocky 

Bayou, Hell Creek, and South Sylamore Creek, and in smaller quantities on North Sylamore and Livingstone creeks.

In Searcy County the Izard limestone is not nearly so thick as farther east, as it gradually thins to the west. It occurs in considerable 

quantities along Big Spring, Bald Knob, Little Rock, Rock, Brush, 

and Bear creeks, on the south side of Buffalo River, and on the north 

side of Mill and Jimisons creeks. ,

In the eastern part of Newton County a small quantity of Izard 

limestone occurs along Buffalo River, the most western outcrop noted 

being in sec. 26, T. 16 N., R. 21 W., about 1 mile below Jaspar.

THICKNESS OP IZARD LIMESTONE.

The Izard limestone has its maximum thickness on White River at 

Penters Bluff, Izard County. Here 285 feet are exposed, and the bed 

extends below the level of the river, so that the total thickness can 

not be ascertained. From this point it gradually thins eastward to 

R. 4 W., in Independence County, and westward to ft. 18 W., near 

the western border of Searcy County. It thus has an east-west extent 

of more than 80 miles. The limits of its exposure north and south 

vary from 3 to 10 miles, depending upon the topography. At Rocky 

Bayou its thickness is 160 feet; at Roasting Ear Creek, 150 feet; at 

St. Joe, 150 feet; on Jimisons Creek, southwest from St. Joe, 50 feet; 

at Penters Bluff, the lowest exposure on White River, it is 285 feet, 

while in sec. 26, T. 15 N., R. 10 W., opposite the lower end of Round 

Bottom, it is .130 feet. The limestone extends much farther up the 

river and ends somewhere between the mouth of Livingstone Creek 

and Rappied Branch. On the east end of the river bluff, above the 

mouth of Hidden Creek, the limestone is 250 feet thick.
KCKEL.] ARKANSAS.

DESCRIPTION OF THE IZARD UMESTONE.

91

The Izard limestone is a smooth, fine-grained, compact, homogeneous, nonfossiliferous, even bedded limestone, breaking with a conchoidal fracture. It is mostly of a dark-blue color, varying locally to 

buff, light and dark graj7 , and almost'black.

Partial analyses of Izard limestone.

Carbonate of magnesia ( MgCO,) ............................

Total ............................................. i.

\

From Polk 

Bayon.

1.44

97.97

99.41

Lithographic quarry, 

Lafferty 

Creek.

0.34

98.67

2.14

101. 15

POLK BAYOU AND ST. CLATR LIMESTONES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

On the north side of White Elver these limestones outcrop over a 

somewhat irregular belt 80 miles or more in length and from 2 to 10 

miles in width, running across the central part of North Arkansas in 

a nearly east-west direction, and extending from Hickory Valley in 

R. 5 W., to Mount Hersey in R. 19 W., with isolated outcrops as far 

west as Jasper, in R. 21 W. In Independence County, at the eastern 

end of the area, the outcrop is all on the north side of White River. 

It crosses White River at Penters Bluff, from which place it is found 

only on the south side of the river. Its northwestern boundary in the 

main is the fault near St. Joe.

In the western part of its area the bed is comparatively thin, its 

maximum thickness being exposed at Penters Bluff. The western and 

northwestern limits of the bed are fairly well defined. On the south 

it dips beneath the overlying Mississippian beds of the Boston 

Mountains.

On the south side of White River, as on the north side, the marble 

outcrops along the narrow, winding watercourses. On both sides of 

the river the rocks have a gentle south dip, so that as the northern 

limit of the bed is approached the limestone bed occurs higher and 

higher up the hillsides until it is finally displaced by the underlying 

Ordovician rocks. On the south side of the river the limestone gradually descends to the beds of the streams, where it dips away gently 

toward the south, disappearing beneath the overlying Mississippian 

rocks. Except where concealed by the chert debris, the limestone 

outcrop on the south side of the river is continuous as far west at least 

as R. 12.
92 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. I>ULL. 243.

The eastern limit of the limestone outcrop on the south side of White 

River is in the NW. i sec. 5, T. 14 N., R. 8 W., just above Penters 

Bluff. Opposite the bluff the limestone horizon is concealed by chert 

debris. Upstream from the outcrop in sec. 5 the hills become steeper, 

and are so close to the river that from Penters Bluff to the mouth of 

Sylainore Creek they form a river bluff, which is broken by numerous 

small creeks and ravines and by two short strips of alluvium Jones 

Bottom, in R. 9 W., and Round Bottom, in R. 10 W. This bluff is 

not so high nor so prominent as Peuters Bluff, but it consists of the 

same rocks Izard limestone at the base, overlain by Polk Bajrou 

limestone, which is capped with chert.

STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION OF POLK BAYOU AND ST. CLAIR LIMESTONES.

Stratigraphic position. TheSt.Clair limestone and Polk Bayou formations, considered together, form one of the thickest and most important beds of limestone in the State. They are underlain by the blue 

Izard limestone and overlain by the Sylamore sandstone (Devonian) or 

the Chattanooga shale, one or both of which are generally present, 

often in an inconspicuous bed only a few ijiches in thic'kness. In the 

absence of both the Sylamore sandstone and the Chattanooga shale .the 

St. Clair-Polk Bayou limestones are overlain by the St. Joe limestone, 

which forms the base of the Boone formation.

THICKNESS OF THE ST. CLAIR-POLK BAYOU LIMESTONES.

The maximum thickness, which is 155 feet or more, is at Penters 

Bluff, on White River. The limestone thins out gradually toward the 

east, west, and north; on Polk Bayou it is probably not more than 

100 feet thick, while on Dota Creek, still farther east near the Paleozoic border, it does not occur at all, Above the mouth of Hidden

Creek, on White river, it is 50 feet thick; but a few miles farther up 

the river, below the mouth of Twin Creek, there is only a trace of it. 

On the south side of White River, on Little Rocky Bayou, its thickness is from 25 to 40 feet; on South Sylamore it is from 25 to 50 feet, 

and at St. Joe it is from 20 to 30 feet.

DESCRIPTION.

In general both the Polk Bayou and the St. Clair limestones are highly 

crystalline, being composed of small crystals of nearly uniform size. 

They are tenacious, easily cut, break with difficulty, and have a 

slightly conchoidal fracture. In weathering, the crystals are separated, resembling coarse sand.

These formations commonly outcrop in heavy layers from 2 to 4 

feet or more in thickness; but in some places the rock is massive, the 

entire exposure being in one solid bed. '
KCKEL.J ARKANSAS. 93

Except where deeply stained with manganese and iron the St. Clair 

limestone is a remarkably pure carbonate of lime.

Analyses of St. Clair and Polk Bayou limestones.

Silica (Si02 ) ........ ..A...... ......

Iron oxide (Fe2 0s ) ..................

Lime (CaO) .........................

Magnesia (MgO) ....................

Potash (KjO). .......... :..... ......

Soda ( Na20 )........................

Loas on ignition (CO.,, etc. )..'........

Total.........................

Water at 110°-115° ..................

Carbonate of lime (CaCO,,) ...........

Brooks 

mine.

0.73

.11

.24

54.82

.24

.01

.48

43.08

99.86

.09

97.88

Hell 

Creek.

0.32

.30

.10

' 55.74

Trace.

.17

.22

43. 31

100. 65

.059

98. 40 .

St. Toe.

0.11

.08

56.22

Trace.

.07

.08

43.79

100. 31

.04

99.68

St. Clair 

Springs.

0.54

.19

.18

54.70

;78

43.35

100. 00

.04

97.77

Lower 

Polk 

Bayou.

0.69

.27

.10

55.21

!

97 .27

Trace.

43. 39

100. 28

98.42

ST. JOE LIMESTONE.

DISTRIBUTION.

St. Joe marble is the name given by the Arkansas geologists to 

the prominent bed of red limestone which is widely distributed over 

nearly all the counties of Arkansas north of the Boston Mountains. 

It is so named from the village of St. Joe, in Searcy County, Ark., 

where there is a typical exposure and where it was first studied by' 

the Arkansas geological survey. In the publications of the United 

States Geological Survey this bed is termed the St. Joe limestone 

member of the Boone formation.

GEOLOGIC POSITION.

The St. Joe limestone is situated at the base of the Boone chert, of 

which it forms a part. It is underlain by the Chattanooga shale 

(Eureka shale in part of Arkansas survey) where that formation 

occurs, otherwise by the Sylamore sandstone or by Silurian or Ordovician rocks. In the eastern part of the marble area of the State it 

overlies the St. Clair limestone, from which it is separated in most 

places by a thin bed of Devonian shale or sandstone; west and north 

of the borders of the St. Clair liniestone it overlies the St. Peter 

saccharoidal sandstone or the Yellville limestone, with either of which 

in some places, in the absence of the Chattanooga shale, it may be in 

direct contact.
94 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. , BULL. 243.

THICKNESS.

The thickness of the St. Joe bed throughout the greater part of the 

area in which it occurs is from 25 to 40 feet. But as there is in many 

places no definite line of demarcation between the marble and the overlying chert, the upper limit of the marble is somewhat arbitrary. In 

some places in the eastern part of the area the chert rests directly on 

the Ordovician rocks, showing the entire absence of the St. Joe, while 

at other places, as at one place in the vicinity, of Marble City, the 

chert is 100 feet and at another it is 250 feet above the bottom of the 

marble. In such cases, however, the upper part of the bed is of gray 

limestone similar to that interbedded with the chert elsewhere, but no 

sharp line can be drawn between the red marble at the base and the 

gray limestone overlying it, for the two gradually merge into each 

other.

COMPOSITION.

 The chemical analyses given in the accompanying table show the 

St. Joe limestone to be a comparatively pure carbonate of lime.

Analyses of St. Joe limestone.

1

Residue insoluble in hydrochloric acid. ........

Titanic.oxide (Ti02 ) ...........................

Phosphoric acid (P2 05 ) .......................

Alumina ( A1 2 0,,) .............................

Manganese oxide (Mn02 ) .....................

Zinc oxide (ZnO) present, but not determined .

Potash (K20) and soda (Na20) ................

Magnesia (MgO) .............................

Lime (CaO) .................................

Loss on ignition (C02 ) ........................

Total..................................

X

Marble 

City.

0.800

TrRCG

.023

.009

.051

.015

.054

. 190

55. 390

43. 740

100. 272

QQ Q1

Rhodes 

Mill.

0.835

.009

.024

.058

.071

.005

.160

55. 340

43. 630

100. 1 77

98.82

Tomahawk 

Creek.

! 3.03

.18

.70

.32

.46

53.46

42.30

100. 38

95.46

St. Joe 

crinoidal.

1.16

98. 73

LIMESTONES OF THE BOONE CHERT.

The Boone chert contains large quantities of limestone, some of the 

most valuable beds in the State occurring in it. In different parts of 

the region it varies widely both in quantity and quality. In some 

places it is made up almost entirely of limestone, while in others 

it consists almost entirely of chert. For convenience the subject is 

divided into three parts: (1) The limestone underlying the chert; (2) the
.BCKKL.] AEKANSAS. 95

limestone overlying the chert; and (3) the limestone in the chert bed. 

The bed underlying the chert has been designated the St. Joe limestone 

and has been described in detail^on the preceding pages (93-94).

LIMESTONE OVERLYING THE CHERT BED.

'Description. The limestone overlying the chert bed is classed as 

part of the chert bed, but in many places it is apparently a separate 

bed. In most places it is dark gray on a fresh fracture, but on 

exposure the color changes to a light gray on account of the loss of 

bituminous matter. In some places the rock is almost entirely free 

from organic matter. It is coarsely crystalline, slightly fossiliferous, 

homogeneous in texture, and very tenacious; has a conchoidal fracture, gives out a fetid odor on a fresh surface, and rarely presents 

sharp edges on weathered exposures, but outcrops in rounded bowl- 

 ders or prominences through the soil. In places the limestone contains numerous small fragments of angular chert.

Distribution. The limestone overlying the chert bed was not 

observed in the eastern part of northwestern Arkansas where, however, 

limestone does occur in many places near the top of the chert bed, but 

either contains intercalated chert or is overlain by thin layers of chert, 

and is distinct lithologically from the bed overlying the chert in the 

western part of the area. a It occurs in the western part of the State, 

in Can-oil, Madison, Benton, and Washington counties, where it outcrops around the numerous outliers of the Boston Mountains. Comparatively small quantities of it are exposed on Grindstone and Pond 

mountains, near Eureka Springs, but on Swain Mountain, T. 19 N., 

R. 26 W., it forms a prominent ledge around the east end of the 

mountain between the chert and the overlying Batesville sandstone, 

outcropping in rounded ledges along the Eureka Springs-Huntsville 

road, where it is very dark, almost black, on a fresh surface. It is 

exposed in large quantities in Stanley Branch around the borders of 

the Batesville sandstone areas, in heavy ledges around the base 

of Keefer Mountain south of Hindsville, about Goshen, in T. 17 N., 

R. 28 W., on the tributaries of Richland Creek, and on Poor, Ellis, 

Humphrey, Blansett, and other mountains on the west side of White 

River.

LIMESTONES IN THE BOONE CHERT.

Description. Though most variable in quantity and quality, the 

limestones in the Boone chert form some of the largest and most valuable beds in North Arkansas. Instead of a persistent, clearly defined 

bed of limestone running through the chert, there is rather a bed of 

chert, with large quantities of limestone variously mixed through it. 

In some places the limestone occurs in irregular layers, varying from

a Mr. E. 0. Ulrich states that part of this limestone the black variety is a bed in the basal part oC 

the Fayetteville shale.
96 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

1 inch to a foot or more in thickness, intercalated with like irregular 

layers of chert; in other places it occurs in lenticular massesj again, 

the chert occurs in lenticular or nodular masses in the limestone; in 

still others the chert and limestone are so intimately diffused that it 

is not possible to draw any sharp line between them. It often happens, however, that the limestone forms a bed from 20 to 100 feet or 

more in thickness, almost or entirely free from chert. It is in such 

places that the stone acquires an economic value. The variability of 

the Boone formation is largely due to local causes favoring or retarding replacement of limestone by chert.

Nearly all the limestone in the chert is more or less crystalline, 

but it is much more so in some places than in others. In a general 

way it is more crystalline in the central part of the area than either 

to the east or west, and more crystalline in the east than in the west. 

While there are many local changes in color, texture, and structure 

of the limestone in the chert, there are some distinctly marked varieties of it.

Distribution. The oolitic limestone, which is one of the most valuable varieties, is known to occur at three localities: Northeast of 

Batesville; near War Eagle Creek, about 4 miles north of Huntsville; 

and on Brush Creek, in T. 17 N., R. 28 W. The rock at Batesville a occurs in layers from 3 to 5 feet thick, and can be quarried in as 

large pieces as can be handled. In color and appearance it resembles 

the Indiana oolitic stone somewhat, but is harder and more crystalline 

than most of the Indiana stone and is harder to work. The stone 

found at the two other localities mentioned above is lighter colored, 

softer, and more easily wrought.

Another variety occurring in the western part of Independence 

County is a hard, compact, close-grained, tinely crystalline, slightly

fossiliferous, dark-colored stone, the dark color being due to bituminous matter, which in some places occurs only in such small quantities 

as to give the stone a light-gray color. In some places it develops a 

shaly structure, but in most places occurs in layers from 2 inches to 3 

feet in thickness, which are firm, solid, and resonant.

A variety which is widely distributed over the central part of the 

area is highly fossiliferous, coarsely crystalline, and varies from light 

to dark gray in color. The fossils are mostly crinoid stems, though 

the rock contains numerous brj^ozoans and brachiopods. In some 

places it contains considerable amorphous matter, but in many places 

is almost completely crystalline.

Composition. The limestones in the chert vary greatly in composition, ranging by close gradations from chert to almost pure calcium 

carbonate. However, in nearly all places where the large beds of

a According to Mr. E. O. Ulrich this rock overlies the Boone and belongs to the Moorefleld shale.
KCKKL.'J ARKANSAS. 97

limestone occur it is comparatively pure carbonate of lime. Some 

nodules or lenticular masses of chert occur in the heavy beds of limestone, but in no instance was there any considerable quantity of silica 

found diffused through the bed of limestone. The whole series, in 

fact, might be divided into (1) chert almost free from lime, (2) calcareous chert or siliceous limestone, and (3) comparatively pure limestone.

Analyses of limestones from the Boone chert.

Lime (CaO) ....................................

Magnesia (MgO) ................................

Silica (Si02 ) ....................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ..............................

Potash (KjO) ........:,.............--...-.-...

Soda (Na20) .............-...'...................

Total .....................................

Water at 100°-115° C. ...........................

i

55.17

Trace."

1.61

.00

.14

.14

.09

.10

43.13

100. 38

.057

98.29

2

55.42

.39

.68

-.00

00

.19

.19

.17

43. 56

100. 92

.09

Q8 5Q

3

56. 14

Trace.

. . 30

.00

.06

.12

.08

43.77

. 100. 47

.49

100 23

1. Alien's quarry, Polk Bayou, sec. 4, T. 13 N., R. 0 W.

2. Near Victor post-office, sec. 10, T. 13 N., R. 7 W.

3. Mill Creek, sec. 13, T. 16 N., R. 18 W.

Partial analyses of limestone from the Boone chert.

Lime (CaO) ................

Insoluble (silica) ............

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Total .................

Water at 110-115° C. ........

Calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) .. 

Magnesium carbonate (Mgco8 ). .:..............

1

54.92

1.47

56.39

.10

98.07

2

53.66

4.38

58.04

.31

95.82

,3

55.06

.03

55.09

98.32

4

54.89

.21

55. 10

98.02

5

55.09

.50

43.61

99.20

.03

98.37

6

56.15

.19

43.58

99. 92

100. 25

7

55.12

.28

.45

55.85

98.43

Q 1!

1. Loster's spring.

2. Jones quarry.

3. Pond Mountain, sec. 23, T. 20 N., R. 20 W.

4. Limekiln at Rogers.

5. Brush Creek, Madison County, sec. 25, T. 17 N., R.-28 W.

6. Sec. 15, T. 17 N., R. 20 W.

7. Denieville, Independence County.

Bull. 243 05 7
98 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

PITKIN OR ARCHIMEDES LIMESTONE. 

DESCRIPTION.

The Pitkin or Archimedes limestone is impure, generally loose textured, and very fossiliferous, varying from bluish gray to brown in 

color. In most places it is distinguished by its characteristic fossil, a 

spiral-shaped bryozoan of the genus Archimedes, from which its 

former name was derived. The compactness of the stone appears to 

vary with the size of the fossils. When they are large the texture is 

open, being often but a loosely aggregated mass; when the fossil fragments are small they are closely compacted and the rock is firm a'nd 

durable. In some places the formation graduates into sandstone, the 

change being so gradual that there is no line of demarcation between the 

two. In other places it is very argillaceous, and in most places contains 

'iron and bituminous matter. In some places it has a loose, shaly structure, while in others it occurs in strata 10 feet or more in thickness.

THICKNESS.

The Pitkin or Archimedes limestone varies in thickness from a few 

inches to 80 feet or more. Its thickness is from 25 to 40 feet in Washington County, 80 feet on Pinnacle Mountain, Newton County, and 

apparently more than this on the face of the Boston Mountains, south 

of Buffalo Biver, where no measurement was made. Mr. C. E. Siebenthal reports a thickness of 200 feet in the Boston Mountains, south 

of Mountain View.

DISTRIBUTION.

This limestone is widely distributed over northern Arkansas, occurring at nearly all clear rock exposures at the proper horizon, but as it 

is in some places less durable than the overlying rocks, it is frequently 

concealed by talus. In some places it is more durable than the overlying rocks and forms a prominent escarpment along the face of the

mountains. It outcrops along the north face of the Boston Mountains 

and in many of the northern outliers from .Independence Countjr west 

into Indian Territory. It outcrops also on the south side of the Boston Mountains in several places in Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, and 

Newton counties. In Limestone Valley, Franklin County, it has a 

thickness of 100 feet or more.

It is prominently developed in the group of mountain peaks in the 

southern part of Boone County and the northern part of Newton 

County. At Fodder Stack it forms the cap rock, about 100 square 

feet. On Pinnacle Mountain it occurs in a prominent ledge 80 feet 

thick, 400 feet below the top of the mountain. On Pilot Mountain, 

at the north end of Boat Mountain, it is 30 feet thick and lies 200 feet 

below the top of the mountain. It is concealed by talus in many 

places on both Pilot and Boat mountains.

There are large exposures of the Archimedes limestone on both 

sides of Buffalo River, in Newton County, on the mountain betAveen
ARKANSAS. 99

Big and Little Buffaloes, and at many places along the north face of 

the Boston Mountains in Searcy, Stone, and Independence counties. 

It outcrops prominently on the mountain south of Jamestown, Independence County, as well as at many places on Salado Creek, in the 

same county, and it skirts the highlands southwest of the Oil Trough 

bottom.

CRETACEOUS CHALK BEDS. a.

The Cretaceous rocks of Arkansas occur only in the southwestern 

portion of the State, reaching as far northeast as Arkadelphia (See 

PI. III. On the north they are bordered by Paleozoic sandstones and 

shales, while on the south and east they pass out of sight beneath a series 

of sands, gravels, and clays of later age.

In the present discussion the only part of this series to be considered is the chalk formation of the upper Cretaceous. This is geologically continuous with the Texas chalk (see pp. 308-309), but is COVered in many places by sands, gravels, and river bottoms, so that it 

occurs as a series of isolated outcrops. It outcrops near Rocky Comfort, 

in Little River County, and near White Cliffs, Saline Landing, "Washington, and Okolona. and on Big and Little Deciper creeks.

While the chalk of all these areas is of upper Cretaceous age, there 

is a considerable variation in strati graphic position. The chalk beds at 

Rocky Comfort, White Cliffs, and Saline Landing become more sandy 

and clayey and less chalky as they are traced northeastward from 

the last-named area, and soon become worthless as cement materials. 

At the same time a series of limy clays, situated geologically about 

200 feet above this first chalk series, becomes more chalky as it is 

traced northeastward; and this second chalk bed is worth considering 

as a cement material in its outcrops near Washington and Okolona, and 

on the Deciper creeks.

The first or lower series of chalk beds has been called the Whitecliffs a formation and the second series the Saratoga formation, both 

being named from localities at which they are well exposed.

The different areas of outcrop will be discussed separately in order 

from southwest to northeast, after which a large series of analyses of 

the chalk will be presented.

WHITECLIFFS (ANNONA & ) FORMATION. 

ROCKY COMFORT AREA.

The chalk which outcrops in the vicinity of Rocky Comfort is 

remarkably uniform in physical appearance. It is massive, white,

«The description of the Cretaceous chalks is taken from a very detailed report, by Mr. J. A. Taff, 

on The chalk of southwestern Arkansas, with notes on its adaptability to the manufacture of 

hydraulic cements, in Twenty-second Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, pp. 689-742. So far as 

possible this matter is stated in Mr. Tail's own words.

'' As the term White Cliff had been applied in 1876 to a formation in the Uinta Mountains, the name 

Annona, from Annona, Red River County, Tex., where the chalk is well exposed, has been adopted 

for it by the U. S. Geological Survey.
100 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. I BOLL. 243.

sufficiently friable to soil the fingers, and thin pieces may be broken 

in the hands, but the hammer is required to pulverize the massive 

rock. On exposure the chalk breaks into conchoidal fragments, which 

weather to lumps and finally become chalky dust. In the hillsides 

south of town the bedding is scarcely preceptible.

The composition of fresh chalk from the bed of the branch at the 

base of the exposure is given in analysis No. 4 (p. Ill), while No. 3 

shows that exposed in the ditches, 55 feet higher. The former is not 

many feet above the base of the true chalk and the latter belongs near 

the middle. This chalk is in physical appearance like that of Whitecliffs, and a comparison of the anatyses shows that this chalk and that 

from Whitecliffs quarry have practically the same composition.

The lower beds are exposed by the road in the SE. i of SE. i sec. 

21, T. 12 S., E. 32 W., also near the middle of sec. 21, with chalky marl 

cropping below. These basal beds are more clayey and siliceous than 

those higher in the formation south of Rocky Comfort.

From the center of sec. 21 to the "line road" in the SW. i sec. 29 

the chalk is concealed beneath residual black soil. At the latter locality 

the chalk is well exposed in ditches and on high ground along the road 

almost through the SE. i of SW. i sec. 29. The lower beds of the 

formation are also exposed in the hill and bluff facing the river bottom 

in the NE. i of NE. i sec. 31.

From the base of the chalk downward there is a transition zone 

of bluish clayejf chalk which grades down into still less chalky clay. 

This transition clay chalk is exposed at the contact in the SW. £ sec. 

29, and in deep ditches on the hill slopes below the Hopson graveyard, 

in the NEi i of NE. i sec. 30. '

Analysis No. 2 (p. Ill) is of a specimen of the transition clayey chalk 

from the latter locality. While the analysis shows that the marl contains 25 per cent of silica, sand is not visible.

From sec. 30 northward to the Holman place, near the center of 

sec. 18, the clayey chalk is generally concealed by its residual soil. 

Grayish-blue, sandy, chalky marl, partially indurated at the surface, 

outcrops at the Holman House and in gullies 500 feet farther west. 

This chalkjr marl is perceptibly more sandy than that higher in the 

section immediately below the true chalk.

The crumbling edges of the chalk deposits outcrop in the low bluff 

of Walnut Bayou bottom from the NE. i of NE. i sec. 30 southward 

to the extreme south end of the chalk area, in the SE. i of SW. i of 

sec. 32.

Excellent exposures of the chalk occur in and near the road in the 

SW. i of SW. i of sec. 32. The analysis of this chalk is given in 

No. 1 of the table. The chief difference between this and the other 

samples of the purer chalk analyzed is that it contains much more
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO.243 PL.Ill

R.32W. R.3IW. K30W. R.£9 w R.28W. R.27W.

MAP OF THE CHALK REGION OF SOUTHWESTERN ARKANSAS

BY JOSEPH A.TAPF 

19O4
KCKHL.J AKKANSAS. 101

clay. The only perceptible physical difference, however, is that it is a 

little harder.

A rather large exposure of white chalk, of beds near the top of the 

formation, appears on Col. Henry Hawkins's place, in the NW. i 

sec. 33. About one-fourth mile southeast of the house, in the SE. i 

of NW. i sec. 33, the top of the true chalk and the base of the succeeding chalk}7 marl is exposed. A thin mantle of gravel conceals, 

part of both the chalk and the marl. The upper layers of the chalk 

are also exposed south of the branch, in the SE. £ sec. 28.

There are smaller exposures of chalk in this region, but it is believed 

that those above described are typical.

WHITECL1FFS AREA.

The chalk here exposed occupies parts of sees. 25, 26, 35, and 36, 

T. 11 S., R. 29 W., and sees. 30 and 31, T. 11 S., R. 28 W., and 

covers an area of about 600 acres.

A large part of the chalk of the Whitecliffs area is covered by a thin 

mantle of gravel and sand. In places this gravel may attain a thickness of several 'feet, but it is believed that it will nowhere interfere 

seriously with the removal of the chalk. The chalk is also concealed 

in places, especially near the border of the the area, by its own residual soil, with scattered pebbles or a very thin layer of gravel.

The most noteworthy exposure of chalk in southwestern Arkansas 

occurs in the cliffs overlooking Little River from the east side, in"the 

northeast corner of sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 29 W., immediately above the 

ferry.

From the brink of the cliff down to the water level is 115 feet, and 

about 15 feet of chalk is exposed at a higher level by the road which 

leads from the cement works. The following is a detailed section, 

beginning at the top of the chalk and marl in the cliff:

Section at Whitecliffs Landing.

Feet.

1. Massive, creamy white chalk, in beds from a foot to about 10 feet thick, separated by thin partings of very slightly laminated chalk. The variation 

in the character of the chalk from bed to bed is not perceptible on physical 

examination, and the stratification planes are not clearly denned except 

upon partial weathering of the rock. Analysis No. 7 (p. Ill) is of specimens 

in the lower part of this chalk, while No. 9 is an average of specimens from 

each bed in the lower half as exposed in the quarry. No. 8 is from about 

10 feet below the top as exposed by the road opposite the cliff.......... 60

2. Massive dull bluish-white siliceous chalk. Slightly harder than the pure 

chalk of 1, practically without indication of bedding, and because of its 

hardness projects in a steep bench overhanging the less chalky beds 

below. Analysis No. 6 shows that this chalk contains nearly twice as 

much silica as the chalk above. This bed occurs in the bench beneath 

the quarry and passes to the level of the river bottom near the clay pit 

south of the works. An outcrop occurs also near the middle of the bluffs 

north of the cliffs, spreading out at the surface in the cultivated fields 1 

mile southeast of the village of Whitecliffs.............................. 25
102 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

Feet.

3. Massive, very siliceous, dull-blue argillaceous chalk marl. This bed contains more than twice as much sand and nearly three times as much clay 

as the overlying bed No. 2. The rock is quite friable and weathers in 

recesses beneath the siliceous chalk................................... 8

4. Bluish, sandy, chalky marl, containing great numbers of the fossils shell 

Gryphsea vesiculfiris. Except for the abundant fossils this rock would be 

classed with No. 3, though it is probably slightly more sandy .......... 7

5. .Bluish, sandy, chalky marl, gradually increasing in sandiness from the top

downward to the level of the river.................................... 35

The lower 30 to 35 feet of the white chalk of 1 is freshly exposed in 

Mie quarry.

The top of the bluish-white chalk of 2 forms the bench beneath the 

quarry and occurs at the base of the bluff southeast of the landing.

The sandy chalk members 3, 4, and 5 rise gradually northward 

from the lower part of the cliff and are found in the highland between 

the villages of Whitecliffs and Brownstown.

One-half mile west of Doctor Coats's house, in the NW. i sec. 23, T. 

11 S., R. 29 W., bed No. 4 is exposed at the top of the bluff and below 

it is the following section, well shown in deep gullies down to the 

level of the valley:

Section of marl below the Whitediffs chalk.

Feet.

1. Sandy, chalky marl. Dull bluish when not weathered, becoming grayish

or whitish yellow after long exposure. It contains numerous specimens 

of the large oyster Exogyra ponderosa, besides Ostrea larva and many other ' . 

fossils common to the Upper Cretaceous, marls. The upper half of this 

member is No. 5, at the base of the cliff at Whitecliffs Landing......... 60

2. Blue clay marl containing some large oysters as above, and less lime than

No. ], and much more clay........................................... 30

3. Dark-blue gritty greensand marl with scattering smooth round pebbles of

black and white quartz 1 inch and less in diameter..................... 10

4. Blue clay marl down to the level of the bottom land, exposed............ , 15

This section is about 2 miles north-northeast of the chalk cliff which 

is in the NW. i sec. 35, and the sandy marl bed, which is here about 

100 feet above the river, is at the water level at the cliff. This marl 

bed with the associated marls and chalks above, which are conformable with it, dips toward the southeast at the rate of about 50 feet per 

mile. The base of the chalk at the north side of the chalk area is full}7 

50 feet above the river bottom. At the south side, a mile distant, it 

is at tne level of the bottom. There may be local variations in the dip 

of the beds, but the general dip is estimated to be nearly 50 feet per 

mile toward the southeast.

SALINE LANDING AREA.

The chalk of this area extends with practically continuous exposure 

from the chalk bluff at Saline Landing, in the south half of sec. 35, T. ; 

11 S., R. 28 W., to sec. 14, T. 11 S., R. 27 W., and is about T miles in
ECKKL..I ARKANSAS: 103

length and one-third of a mile in width. The map of this chalk area 

is given as PI. III.

The base of the chalk is not exposed in this area, though the lower 

sandy member outcrops in sees. 21 and' 22, toward the source of Plum 

Creek. These outcrops occur in the border of the creek bottom, 

within less than 1 mile of the exposure of fossiliferous blue marl outcropping on the north side of Plum Creek in sees. 15 and 16. The 

structure of the rocks shows that this marl belongs not more than 50 

feet below the base of the chalk.

The chalk at the top, as exposed in many places in the south side 

of the area, grades up into blue clay marl through 20 to 30 feet of 

marly chalk and chalky marl. This gradation is especialty well shown 

in the chalky barren hill slopes near the Columbus Mineral Springs 

road, in the south side of sec. 14, T. 11 S., R. 27 W.

The thickness of the chalk in the southwestern part of the area is

not known, as its lower portion is concealed. Near the northeast 

corner of sec. 22, T. 11 S. 5 R. 27 W., the full thickness of the purer 

chalk above the lower sandy member will not exceed 25 feet. Near 

the east side of sec. 14, T. 11 S., R. 27 W., the entire chalk bed passes 

beneath the bottom of Plum Creek.

The divide between the sources of Plum and South Ozan creeks is 

flat, and the chalk deposits are entirely concealed beneath the soil. 

The crop of the chalk, as indicated by the structure of the rocks, 

would extend northeastward through sees. 7, 8, 5, 4, and 3, in'T. 11 S., 

R. 26 W., and into Ozan Creek bottom. The location :of this probable 

outcrop is shown in PL III.

The chalk bluif at Saline Landing is 20 feet in height (above low 

water) and about 300 feet long. When visited by Mr. Taff the river 

was at flood, so that less than 10 feet of the rock was exposed to view. 

The lower portion of the chalk as then exposed is white, massive, and 

without distinct bedding planes, the ujDper 5 feet being weathered to 

a chalky earth. Specimens of the chalk were collected from the water 

level, which would be near the center of the bluff at the usual low 

stage of the river. Analysis 10 (p. Ill) of this chalk is nearly the same 

as No. 6, which is of the lower sandy member of the Whitecliffs 

(Annona) formation, and suggests that the exposure at Saline Landing 

is in the lower part of the chalk formation in this area.

The chalk has been quarried for building purposes near the top of 

the formation in the northwest corner of the NE. £ of SW. i sec. 30, 

T. 11 S., R. 27 W. Analysis 11 (p. Ill) is of fresh chalk from this 

quarry, and shows it to be of nearly the same composition as that near 

the top of the chalk at Whitecliffs.

From the top of the chalk in this vicinity there is a gradual change 

upward through about 10 feet of marly chalk and then through nearly
104 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

30 feet of chalk marl into the overlying blue-clay marl. The blue: 

marl is continuous for 175 feet to the base of the Saratoga chalk marl.

The middle portion of this chalk is exposed in the large mound, 

which is surrounded by the bottom land of Plum Creek, in the center 

of the SE. i of SW. i sec. 21, T. 11 S., R. 27 W., on Mr. J. E. Johnson's place. Here also the chalk has been quarried, giving fresh 

exposures of the rock. Analysis 12 (p. Ill) is of fresh chalk taken 

from this quarry, and is nearly the same as that from the quarry of 

the Whiteclifl's Cement Works.

The lower sandy member of the chalk is freshly exposed in the 

head of the large drainage ditch near the middle of the west side of the 

SW: i of NW. i sec. 22, T. 11 S., R. 27 W. Analysis 14 of'this chalk 

is practically the same as No. 6, which is of a specimen from the lower 

sandy member in the cliff at Whitecliffs Landing.

The upper and purer chalk member is well exposed in the ditches 

and chalk barrens on the lower ridge across the SW. | of NE. i sec. 

22, T. US., R. 27 W.

The easternmost exposure of the chalk south of Plum Creek is in 

the SE. i sec. 14, T. 11 S., R. 27 W, Here the chalk barrens in the 

slopes of the hill show the upper edge of the chalk and the succeeding 

chalk and clay marl for 50 feet above the creek bottom.

SARATOGA. FORMATION.

The Saratoga chalk, as explained previously, occurs nearly 200 feet 

above the Whitecliffs chalk and is separated from it by more clayey 

beds. , This formation has a maximum thickness of about 50 feet where 

complete sections have been found. The nature of the deposit varies 

only slightly f i;om top to bottom, and there is but little change in 

character along its outcrop from the vicinity of Saratoga near West 

Saline River, in Hempstead County, to Little Deciper Creek near 

Arkadelphia, in Clark County. The Saratoga marl is not known in 

this region west of West Saline River, because of erosion and of concealment by Neocene gravel and sand in the highlands and by Pleistocene alluvium and silt in the lowland and river bottoms.

General section of the Saratoga chalk marl.

Feet.

1. Continuing upward from 2 the chalky rock becomes more sandy through

imperceptible grades to limy greensand at the top of the formation. 

Analyses from the chalk near the central part of this member show it 

to contain from 40 to 50per cent of silica............. ..........._..... 20-30

2. Generally even-textured chalky marl, which contains less sand than the 

beds higher in the formation. Chemical analyses of chalk from this bed 

show it to contain about 31 per cent of. siliceous matter. The sand in 

this marl is perceptibly finer and the rock is more chalky in appearance 

than in other parts of the formation................................... 10-15
KCKKL.] ARKANSAS. 105

Feet.

3. Sandy clayey chalk, which contains great numbers of the fossil oyster 

Gryphxa vesicularis. These fossils are found in the marls some distance 

both above and below this formation, but in no other bed of rock in this 

region have they been found in such abundance. In natural exposures 

the chalk weathers from about them so that they usually almost cover 

the surface of the ground or are scattered in the soil. This shell bed at 

the base of the formation is such a marked feature that when it is once 

seen it may be easily recognized again. This shell bed crops at the north 

border of the Saratoga marl and throughout its extent.................. 3-5

The Saratoga marl is a massive bed of dull-bluish, sandy, chalky 

rock. Exposures do not usually show distinct bedded structure, 

though a slight variation in weathered surfaces may indicate the direction of the dip of the rock. As the rock weathers it changes in color 

from dull blue to shades of grayish and creamy white. Its hardness 

and general physical appearance are almost identically the same as 

those of the lower sandy member of the Whitediffs chalk. It breaks 

in rudely conchoidal flakes and crumbles at the tap of the hammer. 

Small pieces of the fresh rock may be broken by the hand and crumbled to dust between the fingers, but not without some difficulty.

WASHINGTON AKEA.

The rock section is well exposed, as illustrated in the section.

Section north of Saratoga.

Feet. 

.1. From the level of Saratoga down to Saratoga marl, surficial deposit of fine

yellow sand, about................................................... 40

2. Saratoga chalk exposed in brink of hill north and east of Saratoga and in

knob one-half mile north of Saratoga, lower beds of the formation ...... 20

3. Limy blue-clay marl................................................... 175

This marl is exposed around the base of the hill at Saratoga, and in the 

cultivated lands 1^ miles north of the town it becomes gradually more 

chalky downward from the top to its contact with the chalk marl below.

4. Bluish friable chalk marl............................................... 20-30

This is the gradation bed from the blue marl above into the purer chalk 

below.

5. White chalk in the Saline Landing area.

Thick deposits of sand cap the hill at Saratoga, concealing all of the 

chalk rock except the lower beds in the slopes east and northeast of 

the town.

The lower part of the Saratoga chalk outcrops in a considerable 

area on Mr. Jones's place in the NE. £ sec. 35, SW. i sec. 25, and 

SW. i sec. 36, T. 11 S., R. 27 W. The chalky oyster-shell bed at the 

base of the formation is well exposed north, south, and west of the 

house, which is in the NE. i of NE. i sec. 35.

Samples of the chalk were taken from the.top of the oyster-shell 

bed near the base of the formation, and are not physically different
106 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [HULL. 243.

from the same bed examined at other localities in this area. The 

fresh rock is grayish white and sandy.

The shell bed at the base of the formation is exposed at the edge of 

the highland near the Colimibus-Albrook road, 1 mile northwest of 

Columbus. The same bed is exposed also at the crest of the highland 

1 mile north of the town. The chalk marl highest in the formation 

occurs in the cultivated fields between the outcrop of the shell bed 

and the town.

From the vicinity of Columbus eastward to the end .of the formation in the Washington area the whole of the Saratoga formation 

outcrops or is covered only lightly by soil. Throughout this extent 

the basal shell-bed member of £he chalk marl is almost continuously 

exposed, except in the immediate bases of the valleys, and may be 

easily located through the open fields by means of the abundant shells 

weathering upon the surface.

Between Columbus and the railroad north of Washington the chalky 

marl was not found to outcrop more than 30 feet in thickness, and 

usually 10 to 20 feet of the lower part was all that was exposed.

The overlying greensand marl is more friable than the Saratoga 

chalk marls, and its soil descends and conceals the contact between 

the two as well as the upper part of the latter. A section of the 

Saratoga marl with better exposures than are usually found occurs 

along the railroad north of Washington.

The north cut on the railroad is in a blue clay-marl 30 to 50 feet 

below the base of the Saratoga formation. It is 10 feet deep and 

about 300 feet long. The marl in this cut, which was originally blue, 

is weathered a creamy yellow to a depth of about 8 feet. It is transected by many joints, which pass nearly vertically across the bedding 

and continue down below the base of the cut. Along these joints, 

even below the zone of general weathering, the blue color of the marl 

is changed to yellow for a distance of several inches.

Anatysis 15, page 111, is of the unchanged blue marl from the base 

of the cut, 10 feet below the soil. The fresh marl is friable when dry 

and plastic when wet. It has a very fine texture and contains scarcely 

perceptible grit, yet the analysis shows it to contain 43 per cent of 

silica and 6.5 per cent of clay. Nearly 40 per cent of this silica is in 

the form of impalpable sand.

The shell bed, the base of the Saratoga formation, is exposed in the 

field southwest of this railroad cut. The middle cut is one-third of a 

mile south of the north cut and is in the lower part of. the Saratoga 

chalk above the oyster-shell bed. This cut is. 300 feet long and but 

a few feet deep, exposing an estimated thickness of 15 feet of rock. 

The structure of the rock indicates a low inclination toward the south, 

but is not sufficiently clear to determine the degree of dip. Ditches 

above the south end of the cut expose about 25 feet of chalk marl
ARKANSAS. ' 107

above that at the railroad, making the whole section of rock exposed 

at this place nearly 40 feet. Very little change in the nature of the 

rock could be noted in this section.

Analjrsis 16 is of the fresh chalk rock near the center of the middle 

cut, from the lower and more chalky part of the formation, and shows 

that this marl contains less than one-half the amount of silica found in 

the blue marl 40 feet below, though in physical appearance it is more 

sandy.

One-half .mile-south of the middle cut and a few hundred feet north 

of the south cut the top of the Saratoga marl is exposed in a ditch at 

the railroad. The sandy marl in this exposure is but little above the 

chalky marl at the top of the exposure opposite the middle cut. It 

is massive, dull blue, and very sandy, approaching a sandstone in 

composition.

The south cut, which is about 2 miles north of the town of Washington, is in the lower part of the greensand marl which overlies the 

Saratoga formation. This cut is about 30 feet deep and about 300 

feet long. From the surface downward about 20 feet the greensand is 

weathered from dark blue or greenish blue to shades of dull brownish 

3'ellow. Unaltered marl was collected from near the base of the cut, 

and its composition is shown in analysis 17. Physically it is very 

sandy, and the analysis shows that it contains 75.77 per cent of silica 

and 5.72 per cent of lime. Similar greensand marl occurs between 

this cut and Washington, and its thickness is estimated to be more 

than 100 feet.

From the railroad eastward to the end of the formation in this area, 

in sec. 29, T. 10 S., R. 24 W., the Saratoga chalk crops in an irregular belt one-half to three-fourths mile wide, making an intermediate 

upland, marked by projecting ridges and spurs between the high timbered greensand country on the south and the flat black land of "the 

clay marls bordering Ozan Creek bottom on the north.

OKOLONA AREA.

This area is in the southwestern part of Clark County, south and 

east of Okolona, between the bottom lands of Antoine and Terre Noire 

creeks.

The Saratoga chalky beds at the crest of the ridge south of Okolona 

are 50 to 150 feet above the lowland to the west and south. The crest 

of this ridge slopes southward with the dip of the rock, which is nearly 

50 feet per mile.

East of Okolona the chalky marl forms a triangular area of rolling 

upland about 3 square miles in extent.

The stream which rises in the southwest part of the town and flows 

southeastward past the railroad station separates the area south of the 

town from that east of it. It is probable that these two areas are
108 . CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDCISTEY. [BULL. 243.

connected by narrow bands of outcropping marl which extend down 

the sides of the valley about 2 miles southeast of the village.

The Saratoga chalk-marl is partially 'exposed near the crest of the 

escarpment north of the Okolona-Dobyville road, from the east side 

of sec. 30, T. 8 S., E. 21 W., to the edge of the Terre Noire bottom, 

li miles east of Doby ville.

The Saratoga marl, near the middle of the formation, is well exposed 

toward the top of the ridge at the forks of the road, 1£ miles south of 

Okolona. In physical appearance this rock is the same as that at tho 

middle of the formation in the vicinit}^ of Washington. It is massive 

and dull blue on fresh exposure and weathers to shades of drab or 

light yellow. Analysis 19, page 111, shows that the chalk-marl in this 

locality contains nearly 43 per cent of silica and 49 per cent of calcium 

carbonate.

Two and one-half miles south of Okolona and one-fourth of a mile 

west of the road, on the Mat Hardin place, deep gullies expose the 

lower 20 feet of the Saratoga marl as well as the. blue marl below. 

The Gryphaea vesicularis bed is well marked, but the fossils are a little 

less abundant than in the Washington area, 20 miles farther west. In 

the lower 10 feet of the formation the chalk-marl is finer in texture 

and more chalky than in the higher beds. The result of an analysis 

of chalk from this place is given as No. 21, page 111, and shows that 

the amount of silica is nearly 10 per cent less than in the marl near 

the middle of the formation.

Numerous other exposures.of the lower part of the formation occur 

in the gullies and slopes of the hill on the west side of the ridge, where 

the land was once cultivated. The top of the Saratoga marl passes 

beneath the bottom land of Little Missouri Kiver, about 3 miles south 

of Okolona.

Five miles SOUth of Okolona the greensand marl, which belongs 

above the Saratoga chalk, forms the bluffs from the level of the Little 

Missouri bottom up to the top of. the ridge. This is the greensand 

formation which occurs between Washington and the Saratoga chalk 

in Hempstead County.

About 20 feet of the middle portion of the formation is exposed in 

the Okolona-Garden road, 1 mile east of Okolona.

In the high rolling country east of Okolona the Saratoga chalkmarl is generally concealed beneath its own soil or beneath sand of 

Neocene age.

The lower beds of the chalk outcrop in the Okolona-Dob}^ville road, 

2 miles west of Dobyyille, and at several other places in the top of the 

escarpment between Okolona and Dob3^ville.

One-fourth of a mile north of Joseph Doby's house, at Dobyville, 

the full section of the Saratoga chalk-marl is exposed in an old field.
ECKEL.] ARKANSAS. 109

Following is a section of Saratoga chalk-marl at Dobyville:

Section at Dobyville.

Feet.

1. Gravel, reddish and yellow stratified clays .............................. 20

2. Blue marl.............-...'.......................................-.-.- 15

3. Dull-bluish chalky marl................................................ 35

This marl is slightly indurated at the top and contains numerous casts 

of bivalve shells and gastropods. It is a calcareous sandstone at the top. 

The beds become more chalky downward/ until the lower part of the 

chalky marl is found to be the same in nature as that described as occurring south of Okolona and in the Washington area.

4. Even-textured chalk-marl, with Gryphnea vesicularis shells at the base..... 15

This member contains more chalk than those above and has finer texture. In places, also, very fine particles of greensand were noted disseminated through the marl.

5. Fine-textured blue clay marl.

This is the upper part of the 150 to 200 feet of blue marl which lies 

between the Whitecliffs chalk formation and the Saratoga chalk-marl.

From the vicinity of Okolona eastward, the outcrop of the Saratoga 

marl descends gradually from the brink of the escarpment to the level 

of the river bottom, nearly 2 miles east of Dobyville.

DECIPER ARGA.

The next known occurrence of the Saratoga chalk-marl east of Okolona is on Big Deciper and Little Deciper creeks, 3 to 5 miles west of 

Arkadelphia.

.The occurrence of the Saratoga chalk on the Deciper creeks is 

confined to outcrops in the middle and lower slopes of the valley near 

r the Arkadelphia-Dobyville and Arkadelphia-Hollywood roads. The 

general location of the outcrop is shown in PL III.

Near the center of sec. 28, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., on the Bozeman place, 

one-third of a mile northeast of the house, about 30 feet of the Saratoga 

chalk-marl is exposed, as follows:

Section of the Saratoga chalk-marl at tlie Bozeman place, beginning at the base.

1. Sandy soil to the top of the ridge. Feet.

2. Chalky marl, more sandy than that of 3 ................................ 10-15

The sandy element in this marl increases in quantity upward.

3. Even-textured blue chalk-marl ......................................... 15

This clalk contains a sprinkling of fine greensand, and in all respects 

is the same as the lower 15 feet of the formation at Dobyville and Okolona. 

Analysis No. 24 shows that this marl contains about 30 per cent of sand 

and 61 per cent of chalk.

4. Gryphsca vesicularis shell marl........................................... 1-2

The limits of this shell bed are not sharply marked. Through 1 to 2 

feet of the marl at the base the shells are abundant, and in it is a thin 

layer of shells indurated by calcareous matrix.

5. The blue marl from the Gryphsea vesicularis shell bed downward; exposed . 15
110 . CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

At two points, one of them one-fifth of a mile northeast and the 

other 500 feet east of the Bozeman house, the chalky marls occur higher 

in the formation and are still more sandy than that of No. 4 in the section given on page 109. These outcrops are in the heads of narrow 

gulches which descend to the Deciper Valley. At the locality 500 feet 

east of the house the marl is very sandy, partially indurated, and contains numerous casts of fossils similar to those found near the top of 

the formation at Dobyville. The exposures here show about 10 feet 

of marl and are just below the springs which flow from the base of the 

stratified yellow sands and blue clays.

About 10 feet of interstratified sand and clay is exposed above the 

sandy marl, and then follows an overwashed yellow sandy soil to the 

top of the hill, 40 feet above.

One-fourth of a mile southeast of Mount Bethel Church, near the 

northeast corner of sec. 33, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., beds similar to those 

east of the Bozeman house are exposed. Here a spring issues from 

the contact between the chalk-marl and the overlying sand and blue 

clay. The top of the marl is 70 feet below the crest of the hill.

The chalky sand of the upper part of the Saratoga formation is 

exposed on the Arkadelphia-Okolona road, on the west bank of Big 

Deciper Creek, near the middle of sec. 34, T. 78., K. 20 W., as well 

as in the bluff of the creek near by. The top of the sand}' marl, which 

stands here 20 feet above the creek, contains casts of fossils as at the 

Bozeman place, and is overlain also by the same kind of interstratified 

sand and clay.

Twenty feet of the even-textured lower and more chalky member 

of the Saratoga chalk-marl is exposed in the road cut on the Arkadelphia-Okolona road, 100 yards west of Little Deciper Creek.

Sand and clay conceal the higher beds of the chalk-marl. The GryfJlCBd Vesiculans bed, with underlying blue marl, outcrops a few feet 

above the creek bottom.

One-half mile above the road, on the W right place, the lower 30 feet 

of the Saratoga formation is exposed in the gullies at the west side of 

the creek bottom. The lower 10 to 15 feet of the marl is identically 

the same as that found at the road and on the Bozeman place west of 

Big Deciper Creek, as shown in analysis 26, page 111. The basal 

member of the chalk-marl, containing the same indurated shell bed, 

outcrops here at about 10 feet above the creek bottom, and below it 

is the blue marl. Yellow sandy clays overlie the chalky marl here, as 

in the exposures noted on Big Deciper Creek.

At the east side of the creek bottom, on. the Arkadelphia-Okolona 

road, and northward through the Haskins place, the lower part of the 

chalk-marl is exposed in gullies in an abandoned field.
1DCKET,.] ARKANSAS. Ill

ANALYSES.

A ndlyses of chalk and chalk marl from southwestern Arkansas. a

No.

i..;..........

2....... .....

3.............

4.............

5.............

6.............

7.............

8.............

9.............

10.............

11.............

12

13. ............

14.............

15.............

16.............

17.............

18.............

19.............

20.............

21..............

22.............

23.............

24.............

25.............

26.............

Silica 

(Si02 ) and 

insoluble.''

. 6.15

25. 13

8.53

7.32

27.28

12.67

6.83

7.86

7.97

14.68

4.91

7.35

34.76

 12. 65

43.09

21.90

75.77

30.68

43. 72

35. 16

31.05

31. 01

36.17

32.26

30.84

30. 29

Ferric oxide 

and alumina 

(Fe2O3 +Al2Os).

5.79

3.90

1.22

1.26

5.00

1.93

.95

1.30

1.09

2.15

.93

1.06

5.18

1.66

6.55

2.35

5.46

4.91

2.76

2.85

3.46

2.93

5.37

7.05

3.73

3.31

Lime (CaO).

46.81

35.81

48.50

49.94

34. 81

45.56

50.41

49.55

49.64

45.03

51.78

49.66

29.10

45.85

22.77

40.57

5.72

32.60

27.95

32.75

- 32. 18

34. 63

29. 16

' 17. 24

34.31

34.77

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.33

.61

.38

.32

:61

.43

.22

.28

.35

.44

..30

.34

.71

.49

.92

.59

.91

.48

.42

.43

..69

.50

.48

.63

.60

.55

Equal to 

lime 

carbonate 

(CaC03 ).

83.60

64.32

86.60

89.17

62. 15

81.35

90.01

88.48

88.64

79.40

92.46

88.67

51. 95

81. 87

40.65

72.41

10.21

58.22

49.90

58.48

57.41

61.83

52. 06

30. 78

61. 26

62. 08'

Equal to 

magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOa ).

0.69

1.28

.78

.67

1.28

 .90

.46

.58

.73

.92

.63

.71

1.49

1.02

1.93

1.23

1 Q1

1.00

.88

.90

1.44

1.05

1.00

1.32

1.26

1.15

aBy chemists of the United States Geological Survey.

l>" Insoluble " refers to insoluble in HC1. The other columns refer to the soluble portions only.

References to analyses. 

Rocky Comfort area.

1. SVV. i of SW. i sec. 32, T. 12 S., R. 32 W., 2 miles southwest of Rocky Comfort. White chalk 

near the middle of the chalk formation.

2. NE. i of NE. J sec. 30, T. 12 S., R. 32 W., 2 miles west of Rocky Comfort. The chalky marl

immediately below the white chalk.

. 3. Rocky Comfort, Little River County, Ark., near the NE. corner of NE. A sec. 28, T. 12 S., R. 32 

W., from lower middle part of the white chalk formation.

4. Same locality as 3, from the lower part of the white chalk formation.

Whitecliffs area.

5. NE. J of NE. i sec. 35, T. 11 S., R. 29 W., top of the lower sandy marl bed beneath the white 

chalk. . 

6. Chalk bluff, Whitecliffs Landing, near the middle of the bluff in the lower part of the white 

chalk.

7. Chalk bluff, Whitecliffs Landing, 15 feet above the base of the purer white chalk. 

.8. Chalk bluff, Whitecliffs Landing. White chalk 10 feet below the top of the cliff. 

9. Cement works, Whitecliffs Landing. Average of the lower 35 feet of the purer white chalk 

in the quarry at the cement works.
112 "CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

/

Saline Landing area.

10. Saline'Landing, Howard County, Ark. Sec. 35, T. 11 S., 11.28 W., from the middle of the chalk 

bluff.

11. NW. corner of the NE. i of SW. i sec. 30, T. 11 S., R. 27 W. White chalk from very near the 

top of the chalk formation.

12. Near the center of the SE. £ of SW. £ sec. 21, T. 11 S., R. 27 W., from near the middle of the 

white chalk. 

13. Near the base of the knob 1 mile N. 15° E. from Saratoga, Ark. Chalky blue marl 100 feet 

above the top of the white chalk.

14. Near the center of the east side of the SW. £ of NW. £ sec. 22, T. 11 S., R. 27 W., from the lower 

part of the white chalk.

Washington area.

15. North cut on the railroad, about 3 miles north of Washington, Ark. Chalky blue marl 40 feet

below the base of the Saratoga chalk-marl. 

1C. Middle cut on the railroad, about 2£ miles north of Washington, Ark., from the center Of the

cut in the lower part of the Saratoga chalk-marl.

17. South cut on the railroad, about 2 miles north of Washington, Ark., from the green sand marl 

in the center of the cut.

18. SE. A sec. 25, T. 10 S., R. 25 W., head of Morisett ditch, from bluish chalky marl, about 150 feet 

below the Saratoga chalk-marl.

Okolona area.

19. Forks of road, 1J miles south of Okolona, Ark., from middle of Saratoga chalk-marl.

20. SE. £ sec. 4, T. 9 S., R. 22 W., about -i- mile southwest of Okolona, from sandy marl bed at base 

of the Whitecliffs chalk formation. , 21. 2± miles south of Okolona, on the Mat. Hardin place, from the lower 15 feet of the Saratoga 

chalk-marl.

22. Same locality as 21. Saratoga chalk-marl 16 feet above the base.

23. SE. \ sec. 4, T. 9 S., R. 22 W., about li miles south of Okolona, yellowish chalky marl about 

midway between the Whitecliffs and Saratoga formations.

Decider area.

24. J. L. Bozeman's place, $ mile northeast of the house, in the NW. £ of sec. 28, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., 

from the bluish chalky marl 4 feet below the base of the Saratoga chalk-marl..

25. Same locality as 24, from Saratoga chalk-marl 10 feet above the base.

26. Little Deciper Creek at Okoloua-Arkadelphia road, from Saratoga chalk-marl about 10 feet 

above the base.

TERTIARY AND CARBONIFEROUS CLAYS AND SHALES.

The information below on clays is from a publication on Cement 

Materials of Southwest Arkansas, by Doctor Branner/'

In no case are the surface cla}^s found in the immediate vicinity of 

the chalk deposits to be depended upon. Such clays are, as a rule, 

too sandy, and are not of uniform composition. Reference is here 

made especially to the sandy clays overlapping- the chalk beds to the 

north and east of Rocky Comfort, and the clays of the bottom lands 

south arid west of Whitecliffs, and those south, north, and west of the 

chalk exposures at Saline Landing. Fortunately the Tertiary rocks

which overlap the Cretaceous ones'to the south and east contain an 

abundance of excellent clays available for the manufacture of cement. 

Some of these clay beds are utilized for the manufacture of pottery at 

Benton and Malvern (Perla switch). There are many other deposits 

on and near the railway about Arkadelphia, Malvern, between Malvern and Benton, between Benton and Bryant, at Olsens switch, and 

at Mabelvale. At Little Rock there are extensive beds of both clays 

and clay shales, while beds of shale may be found along the line of the 

Little Rock and Fort Smith road to Fort Smith and beyond.

The Tertiaiy clays at Benton, Bryant, Olsens switch, Mabelvale, and 

Little Rock are all Hearty horizontal beds, dipping gentty toward the 

southeast. They can be had in many places \)j stripping off a few feet 

of post-Tertiary gravel and soil; but in places the covering is too thick 

to be removed, and the clays can be obtained only by a system of drifts.

aTrans. Am. Inst. Mill. Eng., vol. 27,1897, pp. 42-03.
BCKKL.J ARKANSAS. 113

LOCATION OF CLAYS.

Only a few of the many known localities are here mentioned. On 

account of the geographic relations to the chalk beds, only those places 

convenient to railway transportation along the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway southwest of Little Rock are spoken of in 

this paper. Should a factory, on account of fuel or for other reasons, 

be located 'west of Little Rock, clays derived from the Carboniferous 

clay shales would have to be used. Of these there is no lack between 

Little Rock and Fort Smith.

There are two general classes of clays at Little Rock available for 

cement manufacture: (1) The Tertiary clays that occur in horizontal 

beds in the southern .and southwestern part of the city; and (2) the 

Carboniferous clay shales exposed in the railway cuts along the south 

bank of Arkansas River, in the cuts west of the town, and in others

west of Argenta.

There are other clays about Little Rock and Argenta, such as the 

chocolate-colored clays along the margins of the river bottoms, and 

the pinkish clays forming the high river terraces and used for making 

bricks on the north side of the river; but these latter two kinds of 

clays are not available for cement manufacture, partly because they are 

too sandy, but also because they are not homogeneous. An analysis 

of the pink clay of Argenta shows it to contain more than 83 per 

cent of silica.

The Carboniferous clay shales are well exposed in the railway cut 

near the upper bridge, and where the electric, power house stands. 

Similar shales may be found here and there over a large part of Pulaski 

County, within the Carboniferous area.

COMPOSITION OF CLAYS.

The following analyses show the composition of the clays. These 

analyses are of representative samples. Most of them contain some 

sand, usually quite fine. In those cases in which the percentage of 

sand is given the analyses are of the washed clay.

Analyses of Carboniferous shales from Arkansas.

Silica (Si02 ) ........

Alumina (A12 0,,) .... 

Iron oxide (Fe2 0.|) .. 

Lime (CaO) ........

Magnesia (MgO) .... 

Soda (NasO). .......

Bull. 243 05 

l

53. 30

23.29 

9.52 

.36

1.49 

2.76

^8

i>

62. 36

25.52 

2.16 

.51

.29 

.66

»

58.43

22.50 

8.36 

.32

1.14 

1.03

4

65. 12

19.05 

7.66 

.34

.31

.85

5

57.12

24. 32 

8.21

.72

1.74- 

.53

(i

55. 36

26. 96 

5. 12 

.30

1.16 

1.03

7

51. 30

24.69 

10. 57 

.32

.63

.72

8

69. 34

,22. 56 

. 1. 41

Trace. 

2.31
114 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243. 

Analyses of Carboniferous shales from Arkansas Continued.

Potash (KgO). ......

Total.........

Sand in air-dried clay

l

1.36

5.16

100. 48

2

1.90

5.32

98.72

3

2.18

6.87

4

1.23

6.12

21.88

5

2.07

7.58

c

2.69

7.90

100. 52

7

2.18

9.11

8

0.04

5.12

1. Clay shale from railroad cut at south end of upper bridge, Little Rock.

2. Decayed shale from Iron Mountain railroad cut at crossing of Mount Ida road, Little Kock.

3. Clay shale from Nigger Hill, Fort Smith.

4. From Harding & Boucher's quarry, Fort Smith.

5. Clay shale from Round Mountain, .White County, sec. G, T. 5 N., K. 10 W.

6. From Clarksville, east of college.

7. From SE. A of SVV. £ sec. 31, T. 10 N., R. 23 W.

8.. FromNW. isec. 23, T. 1N.,R. 13W. . .

Analyses of Tertiary clays from Arkansas.

1 ...........

2 ...........

3 ...........

4...... ....

5 ...........

6 ...........

7......... A

8. ..........

9...........

10 ...........

11 ...........

12...........

13 ...........

14 ...........

15 ...........

16 ...........

17...........

Silica 

(SiOo).

63.07 

72.44 

69.95 

71.09 

65.27 

64.38 

63.19 

64.49 

67.90 

48.34 

62.34

68.03 

63.29

76.33 

75.99 

73.24

45. 28*

Alumina 

(A1203).

23.92

18.97 

22.34 

19.86 

18.75 

17. 29 , 

18. 76 

' 23.86 

22.07 

34.58 

20.63

17.19 

18.19

16.04 

16. 12 

19. 61

37. 39

Iron oxide 

(Fe2 03 ).

1.94 

1.59 

1.44 

1.81 

7.34 

£ 25 

7.05 

2.11 

1.33 

1.65 

3.34

3.00 

6.45

1.24 

1.35 

1.04

1.71

Lime 

(CaO).

i 

0.23 

.18 

Trace. 

.11 

.81 

1.11 

.78 

.31 

.05 

.81 

.17

.81 

.31

Magnesia 

(MgO)..

Trace. 

Trace.

-.08

1.26 

.80 

1.68 

Trace. 

.59 

Trace. 

.67

1.00 

2.44

Soda 

(NaoO).

1.08 

.91 

1.18 

.81 

.81 

.42 

1.50 

1.82 

.38 

1.26 

.33 

.54 

Trace.

Potash. 

(K20).

1.15 

1.35 

1.28 

1.45 

1.10 

1.41 

.21 

.11 

1.15 

.44 

.73 

1.00 

.56

By difference, . 99 

By difference, 1. 45 

By difference, . 78 '

1.83 .29

Water.

7.07 

5.39 

5.98 

5.67 

6.88 

6.95 

7.57 

8.11 

6.86 

12.94 

9.34 

6.31

5.40

13.49

Titanic 

acid.

1.56 

1.49

1. Benton, Hick's bed, sec. 12, T. 2 S., R. 15 W.

2. Benton, Rodenbaugh, sec. 12, T. 2 S., R. 15 W.

3. Benton, Herrick & Davis's bank.

4. Benton, Henderson's pit, upper bed.

5. Mabelvale, A. W. Norris's well.

6. Olsen's switch, "fuller's clay."

7. "Fuller's earth," Alexander, SW. J SE. J- sec. 8, T. 1 S., R. 13 W.

8. Benton, Woolsey's clay.

9. Ridgwood, SW. £ NE. i sec. 25, T. 1 N., R. 12 W

10. Benton, Howe's pottery.

11. Clay from sec. 4, T. 8 S., R. 15 W.

12. Clay from sec. 5, T. 8 S., R. 15 W.

13. Clay from S. £ sec. 13, T. 2 S., R. 13 W.

14. John Foley's, NE. | SE. i sec. 18, T. 13 S., R. 24 W.

15. Climax pottery, W. £, SE. £ sec. 5, T. 15 S., R. 28 W.

16. Atchison's, NE. $ NE. i SGC. 24, T. 4 S., R. 17 W.

17. Kaolin, sec. 30, T. 1 N.', R. 12 W., Tarpley's.
ECKEI,M ARKANSAS. 115 

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN ARKANSAS.

A Portland-cement plant was erected at Whiteclitfs Landing, on 

Little River, 1 mile south of Whitecliffs post-office, and a branch railroad constructed from the river opposite the plant to Wilton, on the 

Kansas City Southern Railroad, in 1895. On account of litigation 

between those financially interested the works have been idle since 

May, 1900. The members of the company and those involved in the 

litigation Avere scattered, and it was not practicable to obtain a correct history of operations. Operations were resumed late in 1901, 

with the name of the company changed to the Southwestern Portland 

Cement Company.

Four continuous dome kilns were utilized, and the bricks passed 

upon cars from the forming machine through the drying plants to the

elevators, which conducted them to the kilns. From the kilns' the

clinker returned on cars to the crushing plant and mills.

The quarry in the rear of the works is elevated, so the chalk descends 

by gravity to the reducing machines. Clay silt from the river bottom 

land near by was utilized as a mixture with the chalk. The use of 

this material, because of its convenient location, instead of clays of 

high grade was a mistake, it is believed.

Coal and coke of high grade in large quantity occur in eastern Indian 

Territory on or near the Kansas City Southern Railroad. This fuel 

may be transported by rail at small cost directly to the cement works.

Until the year 1900 the nearest cement plant of any nature to the 

Whitecliffs works was at San Antonio, Tex., a distance of 375 miles. 

In this year a Portland-cement plant was erected at Dallas, Tex.^ where 

a mixture of upper Cretaceous chalk from the southern extension of 

the Whitecliffs formation and undertying clay marl is utilized. The 

product from this plant will naturally supply a large part of .the North 

Texas market at least. The Whitecliffs cement should supply all 

Arkansas, Indian Territory, central Oklahoma, a large part of Louisiana, and possibly western Tennessee and Mississippi. Transportation north and south is direct by the Kansas City Southern, northeast 

and southwest by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, and east 

and west by the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf and the Memphis and 

Choctaw railroads.

The chalk deposits at Rocky Comfort are within 1 mile of the 

Arkansas and Choctaw Railroad, which connects with the Kansas City 

Southern at Ashdown. This road is extending westward to tap the 

Missouri, Kansas and Texas at Ardmore, Ind. T.

The chalk of the Saline Landing area is more than 10 miles by direct 

line from the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern and the Arkansas and Louisiana railroads. Saline Landing, however, which is upon 

the chalk, may be accessible to the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and
116 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [HULL. 243.

Southern Railway at Fulton by West Saline River, which is navigable" 

to small steamers during a large part of the year.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CEMENT RESOURCES OF ARKANSAS.

BRANNER, J. C. On the manufacture of Portland cement. Ann. Kept. Arkansas 

Geol. Survey for 1888, vol. 2, pp. 291-302. 1888.

BRANNER. J. C. The cement materials of southwest Arkansas. Trans. Am. Inst. 

Min. Eng., vol. 27, pp. 42-63. 1898.

BRANNER, J. C. Ckys of Arkansas. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey. 1905.

HOPKINS, T. C. Marbles and other limestones (of. Arkansas). Ann. Kept. 

Arkansas Geol. Survey for 1890, vol. 4, 443 pp. 1893.

TAFF, J. A. Chalk of southwestern Arkansas. Twenty-second Ann. Kept. U. S. 

Geol. Survey, pt. 3, pp. 687-742. 1902.

PORTT^AlSrD-CEMENT RESOURCES OF CALIFORNIA.«

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

Few extensive belts of limestone are found in California, but numerous comparatively small areas occur, and many of them furnish rock 

suitable for use as a Portland-cement material. Three Portland-cement 

plants are now in operation, and the prospects seem good for a marked 

expansion of the California cement industry.' Owing to the lack of 

good native coals and the abundant supply of petroleum, oil is used 

as fuel.

DISTRIBUTION.

' Detailed mapping of California geology has been of such a fragmentary character that-few generalizations can be made regarding the 

occurrence of good cement limestones. The areas in which limestones 

are known to occur are indicated on the accompanying map (PI. IV),

but not *ill of the areas shown will give material fit for Portland 

cement; and, on the other hand, deposits of good- material probably 

exist which do not appear on the map. The map will, however, serve 

as a guide in the location of deposits of available cement materials.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY.

Fine-grained, chalk-like limestone occurs near the coast at Jamul, 

San Diego County, where it was used about 1888 in a small Portlandcement plant. Its composition is as follows:

a Many of the data in this section, when not otherwise credited, have been abstracted from the 

valuable reports of the State mineralogist of California. The writer is, however, responsible for the 

discussion of the cement industry and of the different plants, all of which were visited during the 

fall of 1903. Mr. J. S. Diller, of the United States Geological Survey, has furnished all the data referring to-the limestones of the Redding district, and has very kindly located these Shasta County 

deposits on the accompanying map.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO.24-3 PL. IV

MAP OF

CALIFORNIA

SHOWING DISTRIBUTION 1 ^ I
CALIFORNIA. 117

Analysis of-limestone from San Diego County, CoZ.«

Silica (SiOa ) ............................................................. 1.86

Alumina (Al a08 ) .............................:....................-.-,--.-- 1.10

Lime carbonate (CaCOB ).................................................. 94. 28

Magnesium carbonate (MgCO;1 ) ........................................... 1.19

Alkalies (K2Q, Na20)........'............................................. 1.15

ORANGE COUNTY.

In Orange County a shell limestone is exposed at San Fernando, 

and outcrops on the mesa at various places, both toward Orange, 

where there is a large exposure at the Los Alisos ranch, and toward

San Juan.

Analyses of shell limestone from Orange County,

Silica (SiOj) - ....................................................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) .....................'............

Alkalies (K2 0, Na2 0) ....................'......................

Watpr

1

1 14. 25

81. 36

.76

1.32

.42

1.25

2

O7 f\Q

65. 26

1.22

2.02

1.02

1.20

LOS ANGELES COUNTY.

On the flat land at the edge of the foothills near Mission San Fernando, Los Angeles Count}*-, a shell limestone of the following composition occurs in extensive deposits:

Analysis of limestone from Los Angeles County, Cal.

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 19. 72

' Alumina (A12 03 ) .........................................................1 g 27

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ........................................................ |

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ).................................................. 72. 68

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ............................................ 1. 05

Alkalies (K2 0, Na2 0)..................................................... .67

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ....................................................Trace.

Water. ................................................................. 1. 76

"Ninth Ann. llept. California State Mineralogist, p. 309. 

b Eighth Ann. Kept. California State Mineralogist, p. 880.
118 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

[BULL. 243.

The following partial analyses of very pure limestones occurring 

w.est of Hollister, in San Benito County, are given in the Mineral 

Resources of the United States for 1889-90, page 383:

Analyses of limestones from San Benito County, Cal.

Silica (SiOg ) ......................... 1 ................

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ) ...............................

l

2.10

96.00

2

 0.7

99.2

3

0.5

99.0

SANTA CRUZ REGION.

Extensive deposits of a soft, chalk-like limestone occur near Santa 

Cruz. These deposits are accompanied by shales and clays of good 

composition, as can be seen from the following analyses : a

Analyses of cement materials from Santa Cruz, Cal.

Silica (Si02 ) .........................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) ....................

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) ............ ..."...

Lime (CaO) ........................

Magnesia (MgO) ............. 1 ......

Alkalies (K2 0, Na2 0) ...............

Carbon dioxide (,C02 ) ............... 

Water..............................

Limestone.

2.40 

.51 

.56 

51. 31

1.25 

1.45 

40. 32

1.21

4.71 

1.20 

.60 

50.02 

.75 

1.80 

39. 25 

1.40

Clay.

63.73 

22.12 

9.01' 

2.83 

Trace. 

.21 

n.d. 

1.12

60.03 

21.76 

11.49 

3.37 

.25 

1.36 

n.d. 

1.45

62.22 

20.02 

8.25 

1.96 

Trace. 

.81 

n.d. 

6.52

a Eighth Ann. Kept. California State Mineralogist, p. 881. 

' SOLANO AND CONTRA COSTA COUNTIES.

Beds of soft limestone, usually quite high in clayejr matter, are 

exposed from Vallejo to Goodyears, Solano County, and from Mount 

Diablo to Pinole, Contra Costa County.
CALIFORNIA. 119

Analyses of limestones from Solano and Contra Costa counties, Ceil. a

Silica (SiO.j ... ^ ....................

Alumina (A1 2 0H ) ....................

Iron oxide (Fe.2 03 ) ..................

Lime (CaO) ........................ 

Magnesia (MgO) ....................

Alkalies (K,0, Na2 0) ...............

Sulphur trioxide (SOS ) ..:...........

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ..............

Water..............................

i

9.05

7.56

5.20

33. 35

1.25

2.05

1.03

28.56

2.05

2

42.61

15. 05

4.10

17. 98 

2.60

.26

.84

14.12

.96

' 8

12.89

2.95

40.32 

2.26

.37

40. 11

.67

4

6.12

50. 85 

.24

.83

n. d.

41.96

n. d.

5

f 0.26

] .20

54.80 

.30

.14

n.d.'

43. 38

.50

1, 2, 3. Contra Costa County, between Mount Diablo and Pinole.

4. Benicia, Solano County.'

6. Port Costa, Contra Costa County.

SONOM'A COUNTY.

The following is an analysis by T. Price of a very pure limestone 

occurring on Little Sulphur Greek, .4 miles east of Geyserville, 

Sonoma County:

Analysis of limestone from Sonoma County, Col. &

.43

Silica (Si02 ).............................................................. 1.27'

Alumina (A1 2 03') ........................................................\

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) .^....^................................................\

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ) .................................................. 95. 20

Magnesia (MgO) _......................:................................. 1. 32

Water ................................................................... 1.60

REDDING DISTRICT.

The limestones occurring in the Redding district are described as 

folloAVS by Mr. J. S. Diller in Bulletin 213, United States Geological 

Survey, page 365:

More limestone occurs in the copper region of Shasta County, Cal., than in an. 

equal area of any other part of the State. A thick limestone of Triassic age occurs 

along the stage road east of Furnaceville, and subordinate masses crop out around the 

upper slope of Bear Mountain, a few miles northwest of Sherman, but the principal 

mass of this belt forms Brock Mountain, on Squaw Creek, and may be traced for many 

miles to the north. This limestone is full of fossils and is especially noted for .the 

large lizard-like animals it contains. It is generally pure and at Brock Mountain 

is used for flux in the Bully Hill smelter.

A belt of more prominent limestone ridges and peaks extends from near Lilienthals 

north by Gray Eock, the Fishery, and Hirz Mountain, along the McCloud for many 

miles. The limestone where best developed is over 1,000 feet thick, and until 

recently has been used for flux at Bully Hill. It is cut by numerous irregular dikes

"Eighth Ann. Kept. California State Mineralogist, p. 882. 

& Eighth Ann. Rept. California State Mineralogist, p. C33.
120 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

of igneous rock, which locally interfere with quarrying. If the projected branch 

railroad up Pit River is ever built, it would pass near this great limestone.

A third belt of limestone occurs near Kennett, within a few miles of the railroad, 

and furnishes not only flux for the Mountain Copper Company at the Keswick 

smelter, but also lime, which is burned at Kennett and shipped to many points on 

the Southern Pacific Railroad. This limestone is of Devonian-age and consequently 

much older than the others. Although the limestone is not nearly as large as the 

others and isolated on ridge crests by igneous rocks, it is more valuable because 

more accessible. Smaller masses occur near Horsetown and at several points on the 

plain northeast of Buckeye, where lime has been burned, but since the Kennett 

locality has been opened they are of little importance.

Below are given partial analyses of three of the limestones above 

described by Mr. Dille'r:

Analysis of limestone from Redding district, California.

Silica (Si02 ) ...........................................

Alumina (A] 20-.j) ......................................

Lime (CaO) ..........................................

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................

l

2.0

1 15 f L5

52.5

n. d..

._>

4.0

1.5

51.0

n. d.

8

4.4

n. d.

53. 3

.5

1. Near U. S. Fishery at Baird. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 225, p. 176.

2. Brocks Mountain, 6 miles northeast Delamar. Ibid.

3. Kennett. Eighth Ann. Kept. California State Mineralogist, p. 572.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA.

Until within the past two years only one Portland-cement plant had 

succeeded in establishing itself in California. This was the California 

Portland Cement Company, with works located at Colton, in southern

California. During 1903, however, two additional plants went into 

operation, both located near San Francisco. In consequence of the 

slight development of a local industry, California has been supplied 

largely with foreign Portlands, alwa}rs high-priced and frequently of 

poor quality.

The plant of the Pacific Portland Cement Company is located about 

6 miles east of Suisun, Solano County. The. materials used are travertine. a very pure lime carbonate deposited from waters carrying it 

in solution and clay. Eight rotary kilns are in operation, Bakersfield oil being used for fuel. The electric power necessary for running 

the plant is derived from Marysville. Analyses of the raw materials 

and of the finished cement, which is marketed as "Golden Gate" 

brand, follow:
CALIFOBNIA.

Analyses of travertine, clay, and cement.

121

Silica (Si02 ) ....................................

Alumina ( A1 2 0S ) .................... '. .. ........

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ............ ... T ..............

 Lime (CaO) ....................................

Magnesia (MgO) ................................

Alkalies (K2 0, Na2 0) ............................

Sulphur trioxide (S0,( ) ..........................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ...........................

Water. .........................................

Travertine.

1.21

.70

.50

53. 62

.44

.11

| 42. 98

Clay.

58.25

18.56

7.35

3.10

1.28

2.35

.45

8.55

Cement.

22.25

7.65

3. 35

62. 85

.78

.69

1. 34

1.00

The Standard Portland Cement Company plant is located -at Napa 

Junction, Two grades of limestone are used as raw materials, one

a very clayey limestone, averaging about 60 per cent lime carbonate; 

the other a purer rock, carrying 85 per cent or more of lime carbonate. 

In this respect the materials are closely similar to those used in the 

Lehigh district of Pennsylvania-New Jersey; but the California limestones are much softer than those of the Lehigh region. Ten rotary 

kilns are in use, with Bakersfield oil for fuel. Analyses of the raw 

materials follow:

Analyses of raw materials of cement made at Napa Junction, Cal.

Silica (SiO,) ...............................................

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ) ...................................

High-lime 

rock.

7.12

2.36

1.16

87.70

.84

Low-lime 

rock.

20.87

10. 50

3.50

V 62. 76

1.48

The plant of the California Portland Cement Company is located at 

Colton. The raw materials used are a pure, very highly crystalline 

limestone (marble), obtained near the plant, and clay shipped in from 

Perris, 25 miles away. The limestone will range from 90 to 99 percent lime carbonate; the clay is relatively low in silica and high in 

alumina and iron oxide. Three rotary kilns are in operation, using 

Loe Angeles and Bakersfield oil for fuel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CEMENT RESOURCES OF CALIFORNIA.

DILLER, J. S. Limestone of the Redding district, California. Bulletin U. S. Geol.

Survey No. 213, p. 365. 1903. 

GRIMSLEY, G. P. The Portland cement industry in California. Eug. & Min. Jour.,

July 20, 1901.
122 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

JACKSON, A. W. Building stones of California. Seventh Ann. Rep. Cal. State Mineralogist, pp. 206-217. 1888.

JOHNSTON, W. D. Clays of California. Ninth Ann. Rep. Cal. State Mineralogist, pp. 

287-308. 1890.

LIPPINCOTT, J. B. Manufacture of Portland cement in southern California. WaterSup, and Irr. Paper No. 60, .U. S. Geol. Survey, pp. 135-137. 1902.

ANON. California cements. Eighth Ann. Rep. Cal. State Mineralogist, pp. 865-884.

ANON. California cements. Ninth Ann. Rep. Cal. State Mineralogist, pp. 309-311. 

1890. .

PORTLAND CEMENT RESOURCES OF COLORADO. 

PORTLAND CEMENT MATERIALS.

DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION.

For the purposes of the present bulletin the limestones of Colorado 

may be divided, on a geographical basis, into two groups, those lying 

west of the Front Range, and those tying east of that range in the 

plains.

LIMESTONES WEST OP THE FRONT RANGE.

Of the limestones occurring in central and western Colorado, west 

of the Front Range, those of Mississippian age seem to be of most 

promise as Portland-cement materials, though limestones occurring in 

other divisions of the Carboniferous, as well as later and earlier 

rocks, are occasionally of value for this purpose. Analyses of a 

number of nonrnagnesian limestones are given in the following table:

Analyses of limestones from Colorado west of tlie Front Range.

No.

1...... ..................

2.......................

3........................

4........................

5........................

6........................

7........................

8....:.......'............

9........................

10.........'.........:.....

11........................

12........................

13........................

14........................

Silica 

(SiOg).

21.45

6.47

3.71

2.27

.22

.23

.06

.22

.11

6.54

1.44

5.32

.51

2.37

Alumina 

(AlsOj), 

iron oxide

(FeA).

1.20

.77

.55

.14

Trace.

.09

.20

.10

.92

.13

.91

.10

.19

Lime 

(CaO).

40.64

46.65

47.40

53. 79

55.17

55.49

55.81

55.45

55.68

50.58

54.98

48. 73

55.50

53. 64

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.73

2.64

4.49

.46

.21

.24

.24

Trace.

.36

TV;if*p

2.95

.17

.73

Carbon 

dioxide 

(C02 ).

32. 73

39.55

42.15

42.76

43.58

43.87

43. 85

43.84

43.75

40. 18

n.d.

41.71

43. 82

42.93
KCKWL.J COLORADO. 123

Analyses of limestones from Colorado west of the Front Range Continued. '

No.

15.. ......................

16.. .i.. ..................

17........................

18........................

19...................'......

20........................

21........................

22........................

23........................

24....................' .

25........................

26........................

27........................

Silica 

. (Si02 ).

.33

4.

.75

n.d.

31. 12

2.04

.82

.36

4.42

.62

7.91

1.75

2.69

Alumina 

(A1208 ), 

iron oxide 

(Fe«03 ).

Trace.

13

1.00

n.d.

.55

.15

.07

.17

.10

.25

.32

39

.21

Lime 

(CaO).

55. 81

53. 00

53. 40

53. 20

37. 28

54.62

55. 47

55. 58

52.97

55.24

50.83

53.60

54, 23

Magnesia 

(MgO).

.16

.59

.45

n.d.

.54

.25

.22

.37

.40

.24

.70

1.23

.21

Carbon 

dioxide 

(C02 ).

44. 03

42.28

42. 46

n. d.

29, 88

43.28

43.86

44.17

42.12

43.81

40.90

43.65

42. 97

1-9. Glcmvood Springs, Garfield County. George Steiger, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 

108, p. 273.

10. North Park, Grand County. B. E. Brewster, analyst. Fortieth Par. Survey, vol. 2, p. 115.

11. Gunnison County. Ann. Kept. Colorado School Mines for 1887, p. 21-.

12. Morrison, JcfTerson County. L. G. Eakins, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 168, p. 270.

13. Mount Silverheels, Park County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Ibid., p. 272.

14. Fairplay, Park County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Ibid. 

 15. Aspen, Pitkin County. L. G. Eakins, analyst. Ibid., p. 273.

10. Aspen Mount, Pitkin County. Reese & Richards, analysts. Rept. Colorado School Mines, 1880, 

p. 07.

17. Aspen Mount, Pitkin County. F. Bardwell, analyst. Ibid.

18. Aspen Mount, Pitkin County. F. Buckley, analyst. Ibid., p. 08.

19. Aspen district, Pitkin County. George Steiger, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 108, p. 272

20. Jacque Mount, Tenmilc district, Summit County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. 

Survey No. 108, p. 274.

21. Near Sabbath Rest tunnel, Tenmile district, Summit County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Ibid.

22. Searls Gulch, Tenmile district, Summit County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Ibid.

23. North of Sugarloaf, Tenmile district, Summit County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Ibid. 

24,25. Pittston tunnel, Tenmile district, Summit County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Ibid. 20. Summit quarry, Tenmile district, Summit County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. Ibid. 

27. Fletcher shaft, Copper Mountain, Tenmile district, Summit County. W. F. Hillebrand, analyst. 

Ibid.

LIMESTONES EAST OF THE FRONT RANGE

In the eastern portion of Colorado the surface rocks are of Cretaceous or later age. While mostly made up of clays and sands, these 

rocks contain one limestone formation of great importance as a possible source of Portland-cement material. This is the Niobrara limestone 

of the Cretaceous.

The areas in which the Niobrara limestone outcrops in eastern Colorado, as shown on the Hayden map, may be described as follows:

One belt of Niobrara limestone enters Colorado from Nebraska, following the South Platte and ending between Fort Morgan and Greeley. 

Another belt enters the State from Wyoming, at a point just west of 

the Colorado and Southern Railroad, and runs about due south, as a 

band from 1 to 6 miles in width, the towns of Laporte, Namaqua, and
124 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Boulder being near its Avestern edge, while Fort Collins, Big Thompson, Berthoud, Valmont, and Marshall lie on or near its eastern 

border. This belt thins out southward near Golden, turns slightly 

east of south at a point just east of Morrison, and disappears west of 

Larkspur.

Another belt commences about 10 miles north of Colorado Springs, 

and covers a wide area east and west of the Denver and Rio Grande 

Railway. The towns of Colorado Springs, El Paso, Fountain, Pueblo, 

and St. Charles are located on this limestone belt, while Sunview and 

Turkey Creek lie on its west border. Arms of this belt are extended 

up Arkansas River as far as Canyon, and up Huerfano River to Huerfano Park, reaching almost to Dixon. The stations of Granero, Huerfano, Cucharas, Santa Clara, Placito, Walsenburg, Apishapa, and 

Trinidad are located on the southern portion of this belt.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN COLORADO.

Only one Portland-cement plant is at present in operation in Colorado, but several attempts have been made to manufacture cement 

in the State. The materials used at the present plant, as well as at 

all the previous plants, are limestones of various grades of purit}7 , 

from the Niobrara formation.

The plant of the Portland Cement Company of Colorado is located 

about 8 miles east of Florence, Fremont County, south of Arkansas 

River. The materials used are an argillaceous limestone averaging 

about 71 per cent of lime carbonate, and a purer limestone carrying 

about 88 per cent of lime carbonate. The former occurs in several 

beds, aggregating about 60 feet in thickness; the purer limestone is 

taken from a 40-foot bed lying about 50 feet below the other. Six 

rotary kilns are in place, using oil from the Florence field as fuel.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CEMENT RESOURCES OF COLORADO.

LAKES, ARTHUR. Building and monumental stones of Colorado. Mines and Minerals,

vol. 22, pp. 29-30. 1901. 

LAKES, ARTHUR. Sedimentary building stones of Colorado. Mines and Minerals, vol.

22, pp. 62-64. 1901. 

KIES, HKINRICH. The clays and clay-working industry of Colorado. Trans. Am.

Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 27, pp. 336-340. 1898.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF CONNECTICUT.

While many outcrops of limestone occur within the limits of the 

State of Connecticut, few of them, unfortunately, are large enough 

to justify the erection of a cement plant. In addition to this disadvantage, most Connecticut limestones carry entirely too high a 

percentage of magnesium carbonate to be considered available as
CONNECTICUT. 125

Portland-cement materials. This last statement is particularly true 

of the thick and extensive limestone beds of western Connecticut, 

which are so extensively quarried and utilized for lime burning in the 

vicinity of Danbury, Canaan, etc. Numerous analyses of these limestones show that they rarely cany less than 20 per cent of magnesium 

carbonate, while they often run as high as 40 per cent of that constituent. The nonmagnesian limestones, on the other hand, which occur 

chiefly in central and eastern Connecticut, are rarely over a few feet 

in thickness, or else have a very limited area of outcrop.

Of the analyses given below Nos. 2 and 3 are fairly typical of most 

of the limestones of western Connecticut. They are in general quite 

pure, carrying usually very low percentages of silica, alumina, iron 

oxide, etc., but they are at the same time almost invariably high in 

magnesia, often approaching dolomite in composition. Occasionally

beds are found which show very low magnesia percentages. An

example of this is afforded by analysis No. 1. Such limestones would 

of course be serviceable as Portland-cement materials, but the trouble 

is that these low-magnesia beds are not extensive, nor can they be told, 

at sight, from high-magnesia rocks occurring in the same quarry. It 

would therefore be impracticable to separate the two kinds of rock 

during quarrying, and for- this reason the writer believes, that such 

occasional occurrences of low-magnesia rocks give no promise of a 

future Portland-cement industry in Connecticut.

Analyses of-limestones from Connecticut.

Silica (Si02 ) ..........................................

Alumina (A1.,0S ) ......................................

Lime (CaO) ...........................................

Magnesia (MgO) .......................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ..................................

i

5.83

| 3.90

. 50. 40

.10

39. 72

2

.0.08

.25

30.46

21.48

47.58

a

0.48

.20

31.31

21.03

46.98

1. Quarry of Dunbury Lime Company, Danbury, Fuidielcl County. Mineral Resources U. S. for 1889- 

18'JU, p. 386.

2. Quarry of Canaan Lime Company, Canaan, Litchfiekl County. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. 6, p. 370.'

3. Quarry of Canfleld Bros., East Canaan, Litchfiekl County.- Ibid.

.PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF DELAWARE,

No limestones occur within the limits of Delaware, with the exception of small isolated outcrops in the crystalline rocks of the extreme 

northern portion of the State. Though some of these furnish rock 

low in magnesia, the outcrops are entirely too small to be worth 

considering.
126 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF FLORIDA.

Though Florida is largely underlain by beds of limestone of Tertiary and recent age, these are covered,' over great areas, by later 

deposits of sand and gravels. Owing partly to this, and more largely 

to the lack of local fuel deposits and cement markets, no attempt has 

ever been made to manufacture Portland cement in the State. Should 

commercial conditions ever change so as to render a local cement 

industry possible there will probably be little difficulty in locating 

deposits of limestone suitable for use as Portland-cement material, 

for the St. Stephens limestone, which is so promising a source of 

cement material in Alabama (see pp. 77-81), covers a large area in 

northern Florida, while other limestones of equal value as cement 

'materials outcrop elsewhere in the State.

The analyses in the following table give some idea of the composition of various Florida limestones.

Analyses of limestones from Florida.

Silica (Si02 ) .........

Alumina (A] 2 03 ) .....

Iron oxide (Fe2 0:) ) . . .

Lime (CaO). -...'. ....

Magnesia (MgO) .....

Alkalies (Na20, K,0) .

Sulphur trioxide (S0g )

Carbon dioxide (C02 ).

Water ...............

i

39.01

1.20'

.53

30.99

.42

.71

.33

24.25

307

2

12. 31

12. 19

.66

26.28

16.72

.50

n.d.

38..12

2 QQ

. 3

0.17

.20'

.07

54.03

.29

n. d.

n.d.

42.52

n (\

4

0.25

.17

.07

54.01

.77.

n. d.

n. d.

42.84

n rl

6

0.12

} .08

54.38

.86

n.d.

n.d.

43.36

n d

(>

0.19

.16

55.12

.30

n.d.

n. d.

43.28

n. d.

7

0.07

.16

54.02

1.06

n.d.

n.d.

43.20

n.d.

8

2.94

.23

51.51

.71

n. d.

n. d.

41.59

2.64

9

8.50

.73

47.29

1.51

n. d.

n.d.

39.00

3.37

1. St. Stephens limestone, Wakulla County. Vol. 6, Tenth Census Reports, p. 193.

2. River Junction, Escanibia County. George Steiger, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 108, 

p. 257.

3. Artesian well, Key West, 25 feet down. George Steiger, analyst. Ibid.

4. Artesian well, Key West, 100 feet down. George Steiger, analyst. Ibid.

5. Artesian Avell, Key West, 150 feet down. George Steiger, analyst. Ibid.

6. Artesian well, Key West, 1,400 feet down. George Steiger, analyst. Ibid.

7. Artesian well, Key West* 2,000 feet down. George Steiger. analyst. Ibid. 

'8. Shell rock, near Fort Worth. F. W. Clarke, analyst. Ibid. 

9. Shell rock, near Seville. F. W. Clarke, analyst. Ibid.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF GEORGIA.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

One Portland-cement plant is already in operation in Georgia, and 

the prospects for some extension of the industry seem good, though 

the local maiket, unless it improves materially, will not justify any 

great expansion
ECKEL.] GEOEGIA. 127

Four series of limestones occurring in Georgia are worth consideration here. Beginning Avith the oldest formation, these four are:

1. Metamorphic limestones (marbles) of uncertain age.

2. Chickamauga limestone of Ordovician (Lower Silurian) age.

3. JBangor limestone of Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) age.

4. Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones (so-called "marls").

The distribution of these limestones in the western portion of the 

St'ate is shown on the geologic map, PI. II.

METAMORPHIC LIMESTONES Oil MARBLES." 

DISTRIBUTION.

Highly crystalline limestones, suitable for use as marble, occur in 

parts of northern Georgia, notably in the counties of Fannin, Gilmer, 

Pickens, and Cherokee. The principal outcrops in this district occur 

in a belt closely parallel to the line of the Murphy and North Georgia 

Railroad, extending from near Canton northward to the GeorgiaNorth Carolina line. Throughout the entire extent of this belt the 

marble has been quarried more or less extensively.

COMPOSITION.

As shown by the analyses quoted by S. W. McCallie, two quite 

distinct types of marble occur, so far as chemical composition is concerned. One of these types rarely carries over 1 per cent, of magnesia, and is therefore available as a Portland-cement material. The 

.analyses given in the following table are fairly representative of this 

type. The other type of marble carries 15 to 22 per cent of magnesia, 

and is therefore not worth considering in the present connection:

Analyses of metamorphic limestones from Georgia.*)

Silica (Si02 ) .....:.......,............

Iron oxide (Fe2 0,,) ....................

Lime (CaO) .............'.............

Magnesia (MgO) ......................

i

0.35

\ »

55. 00 ,

1.12

44.16

2 '

1.62

.32

54. 41

.75

43. 13

«

2.12'

.10

54.06

.90

42.86

4

1.43

3.28

52.77

.82

41. 85

5

0.76

.42

54.67

1. 01

43. 49

1. "Creole" marble, Georgia Marble Company's quarry, ncarTate, Pickens County.

2. 'JStowah" marble, Georgia Marble Company's quarry, near Tate, Pickens County. 

8. Coarse white marble, Georgia Marble Company's quarry, near Tate, Pickens County. 

<l. Haskins property, 1 mile southeast Red Clay, Whitfield County. 

5. Ellinger property, 1 mile east Varnells station, Whitfield County.

('The composition, character, and distribution of these valuable building stones are described in 

Bulletin No. 1, of the Georgia Geological Survey, by S. W. McCallie, entitled " Preliminary Report on 

the Marbles of Georgia." To this bulletin reference should be made for details concerning the crystalline limestones of Georgia.

& Analyses! to5of the table are from the report by Prof. S. W. McCallie on the "Marbles of Georgia," 

issued as Bulletin No. 1 of the Georgia Geological Survey. All these analyses were made by Prof, 

W. H. Emerson.
128 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

CHICKAMA UGA LIMESTONE. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Chickamauga limestone occurs only in northwest Georgia, 

appearing as a series of long, narrow bands, which usually trend N. 

30° E. The distribution of this limestone is shown on PI. II. 

page 62. A few of the more prominent areas will be briefly described, 

beginning in the extreme northeastern portion of the State, particular 

attention being paid to outcrops located on or near railroads.

A belt of Chickamauga limestone enters Georgia a few miles southwest of Chattanooga, the Alabama Great Southern Eailtoad running 

on this limestone belt from near Chattanooga to a few miles below 

Trenton; another belt is crossed by the same railroad about 3 miles 

south of Rising Fawn; a third belt is followed closely by the 

Southern Railroad from Rossville to Cedar Grove, and another belt is 

followed by the same road from Bronco to Menlo. The line from 

Chattanooga to Summerville runs, for 5 miles east of Chickamauga. 

across one of these limestone belts. An extensive belt of the limestone borders the western faces of Taylors Ridge and White Oak 

Mountains, but is crossed by railroads only at two points, near 

Ring-gold and Lavender, respectively. Other belts are crossed at 

Dalton and between Dalton and Tunnelhill.

The Chickamauga limestone is very extensively exposed in the 

northern half of Polk County, being crossed by railroads at or near 

the stations of Esomhill, Cedartowri, Fish Creek, Rockmart, Davittes, 

and Taylorsville. As later noted, one Portland-cement plant is already 

in operation at Rockmart utilizing this limestone.

COMPOSITION.

Throughout its range in Georgia the Chickamauga limestone is commonly a rather pure rock, carrying 90 to 95 per cent of lime carbonate 

with less than 2 per cent of magnesium carbonate. Analyses 1, 2, 

and 4 of the following table are fairly representative of the usual 

composition of the Trenton limestone. Analysis 3, on the other hand, 

represents a highly inagnesian type of rock that is fortunately uncommon in this series.
ECKEL.J GEOEGIA.

Analyses of Cliickamauga limestones from Georgia. a

129

V

Silica (Si02 ) .............................. 1....

Alumina (Al./)3 ) ..............................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ................

1

2.82

1 1.80

91.40

3.75

 2

2.23

94.37

2.10

8

8.16

9.50

55.47

25.33

4

2.30

.40

95. 20

2.17

1. South of Trenton, Polk County. ,T. M. McCandless, analyst.

 2. Cedartown, Polk County. W. ,i. Land, analyst.

3. Near Trenton, in valley of Lookout Creek. .1. M. McCandless, analyst.

 1. Devitte lime quarry, 5 miles northeast of Rockmart, Polk County. Chemist, Cherokee Iron Company, analyst.

BANGOR LIMESTONE.

DISTRIBUTION.

The Bangor limestone in Georgia occurs only in Dade, Walker, and 

the northwestern portion of Chattooga counties. In this area it 

appears as a series of belts from one-half to almost 2 miles in width, 

following closely the trend of Sand, Lookout, and Pigeon mountains, 

and usually running up high on the flanks of these mountains, as well 

as occupying parts of the valleys at their feet.

COMPOSITION.

The Bangor limestone in its Georgia areas varies between 700 and 

900 feet in thickness. The greater part of this is a rather heavybedded blue limestone, commonly quite pure and low in magnesia. 

Toward the top of the formation the limestone becomes more clayey, 

and interbedded shales become more and more frequent.

Analyses of Bangor limestone from Georgia.

Silica (SiO,) ...... .....^.1... .................................

i

0.95

| 1.00

96.13

2.05

2

12. 70

3.20

80.60

2.45

1. Rising Fawn, Dade County, ,T. M. McCandless, analyst. " Paleozoic Group of Georgia," p. 271. 

 2. Side of Sand Mountain, Polk County, J. M. McCandless, analyst. Ibid., p. 271.

aTaken from a report by Prof. J. W. Spencer on the "Paleozoic Group of Georgia," issued by the 

Georgia Geological Survey. The composition of No. 3 is very different from that of normal Chickamauga limestones, and its reference may therefore be erroneous.

Bull. 243 05 9
130 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY LIMESTONES.

DISTBIBUTION. 

\

The portion of Georgia lying south and southeast of a line drawn 

through Knoxville to Columbus is occupied by clays, gravels, and soft 

limestones of Tertiary and Cretaceous.age. The limits of these formations have never been accuratel}" mapped, so that the distribution of 

the soft limestone beds can be stated only in a general way. Several 

areas of the soft limestones (commonly called " marls" in geological 

and agricultural reports) are known to occur. One of these areas is 

the continuation of that described as the St. Stephens limestone of 

Alabama. A detailed description of the character of this limestone, 

with numerous analyses from Alabama, localities, will be found on 

pages 77-83 of this bulletin. In Georgia this limestone occupies 

most of the counties of Decatur, Miller, Baker, Mitchell, Dougherty, 

and Lee. The only analysis of it from a Georgia locality is given as 

No. 6 of the table below. Other limestone^ beds occur in the Creta 

ceous and Tertiary region, but little is known concerning their 

distribution.

COMPOSITION.

Such analyses as are available are presented in the following table. 

They all show the presence of considerable percentages of silica, 

alumina, and iron oxide, but are at the same time remarkably low in 

magnesia.

Analyses of Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones from Georgia.

Silica (ffiO,) ...... ..........

Iron oxide (Fe20s ) ..........

Lime (CaO) .--..._.........

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .......

Water......................

1

8.90

EC

3.22

50.14

.05

37.05

1.23

a

6.30

.41

1.65

49.87

.12

39.21

1.63

3

9.63

AO

4.31

46. 76.

.05

36.52

1.31

4

13.86

i.ll

2.08

45.65

.08

34.87

1.19

5

13. 86

1

*7£

3.02

43.67

.04

34.12

1.45

6

14.44

1 93

2.65

42.88

.15

31.96

, 1. 63

1. Keddick's quarry, Scrcven County. Reports Tenth Census, vol. 6, p. 312.

2. Washington County. Ibid.

3. Shell Bluff, Burke County. Ibid.

4. Houston .County. Ibid.

5. Near Montezuma, Macon County. Ibid.

6. Near Albany, Dougherty County. Ibid.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN GEORGIA.

Only one Portland-cement plant is at present operating in Georgia, 

and this plant is of very recent construction. It is owned by the 

Southern States Portland Cement Company, and is located about half
ECKKL.] GEOEGIA. 131

a mile east of the village of Rockmart, Polk County, Ga. The Portland cement manufactured here is made from a mixture o-f pure limestone and slate, both of which materials occur in the immediate vicinity 

of the plant.

Hard blue slates, which 'have been extensively quarried for structural purposes, outcrop on the hills south of Rockrnart. These slates 

are of Ordovician age and have been described as the "Rockmart 

slates" by Doctor Hayes. East of the town the surface rock is the 

" Chickamauga limestone," which here contains beds of pure norimagnesian limestone which have been quarried at several points in the 

vicinity and burned into lime.

The cement company purchased the property of the old Georgia 

Slate Company, about one-half mile southwest of Rockmart, and carried on extensive operations with the diamond drill. The intention

was to quarry the slate, sell as slate the portions best suited for that

use, and utilize the scrap and waste in the manufacture of cement. 

The quarries from which the limestone is obtained are located one-half 

mile east of town, near the mill. The president of the cement company is Mr. W. F. Cowhan, who is also connected with the Peninsular Portland Cement Company, of Jackson, Midi., and the National 

Portland Cenlent Company, of Durham, Ontario.

Analyses of slate and limestone from the particular quarries which 

it is intended.to work could not be obtained. Dr. J. W. Spencer, 

however, quotes analyses of similar material from the vicinity, and 

these will serve to indicate the character of the material which will be 

used:

Analyses of slate and limestone from Rockmart, Georgia.

Silica (SiOa ).......-..--.l .............. ...I. .........

Soda (NajO). ....--.........-..-......-..-......--'..-.

Potash (K20) .........................................

Slate.

61.66

19.64

7.54

1.05

1.27

Limestone.

1

2.23

94.37 

2.10

2

| 0.40

95.20 

2. .1.7

IDAHO.

Small isolated areas of crystalline limestone (marble) occur in the 

western portion of the State, but no extensive areas of limestone are 

known to occur.
132 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS..

Low magnesia limestones, suitable for use in Portland-cement manufacture, occur in Illinois in three different geologic groups. The 

limestones of these groups will be discussed in the following order: 

(1) Trenton limestones, (2) Mississippian limestones, (3) Coal Measures 

limestones.

Of the three groups named above only one, the Coal Measures, has 

3^et been utilized in Illinois as a source of Portland-cement material, 

though the Mississippian limestones, when their location, thickness, 

and composition are considered, would seem to be the most promising 

group of the three. The Trenton group occurs in large areas, but 

only a small part of the limestones usually included in it are sufficiently 

low in magnesia to be worth considering.

TRENTON LIMESTONE. 

DISTKIBUTION.

Though the so-called Trenton limestone covers a very large part of 

northern Illinois, it seems, in this part of the State, to be almost 

entirely a high-magnesia rock, and therefore unavailable as a source 

of Portland-cement material. In western and southwestern Illinois, 

however, along the bank of Mississippi River, a number of isolated 

areas of Trenton limestone occur, and the rock from these localities, 

to judge from the analyses available, is sufficiently low in magnesia to 

be used in Portland-cement manufacture.

The geologic map (PI. IX, p. 220) shows the location of four separate areas of Trenton limestone in the district considered The first 

of these areas occurs on the east bank of Mississippi River at and 

below Thebes for a mile or two. The second area, larger than this, 

extends along the east bank of Mississippi River from Harrisonville 

to Smiths Landing, in the northern part of Monroe County. A third 

area is exposed along both banks of Illinois River, near Hartford, in 

Jersey County. The fourth area shown on the map occurs along the 

east bank of Mississippi River, south of Harding, in Calhoun County.

COMPOSITION.

The only available analysis of Trenton limestone from any of these 

areas in southwestern Illinois is that given below. It shows a very 

pure nonmagnesian limestone. Similar occurrences of nonmagnesian 

limestones in the Trenton series across the river in Missouri will be 

found discussed on page 221, where further analyses are given.
13CKELJ > ILLINOIS. 133

Analyses of Trenton limestone from Thebes, Alexander County, lll. a

[H. Pratten, analyst.] 

Silica (SiOs ) ............................................................. 0.06

,20 Alumina (A12 03 ) .........................................................\

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ...................... ................................J "

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ) .................................................. 98. 01

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 )............................................ 1. 59

Water.......................:......... ................................. 1.07

MISSISSIPPIN LIMESTONES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Mississippian limestones occur only in one belt, which extends 

through western and southern Illinois. The northern end of this belt 

is near New Boston, in Mercer County. From this point the limestones

extend southward along Mississippi River, in a belt averaging, perhaps, 20 miles in width, through Henderson, Hancock, Adams, and 

Pike counties. A narrow branch of this belt extends up Illinois 

River as far as Beardstown, and narrower bands border several of 

the larger tributaries of the Illinois. The main belt continues southward, parallel to and usually bordering Mississippi River, and covers 

the greater part of Scott, Greene, and Jersey counties. Near Alton 

the limestone belt contracts until it is only'a few miles in width, but 

widens out again a few miles south of Alton, and covers extensive 

areas in Madison, St. Glair, Monroe, Randolph, and Jackson counties. 

Near the southern boundary of Jackson Gounty the belt leaves the 

Mississippi and turns eastward through Union, Johnson, Pope, and 

Hardin counties.

COMPOSITION.

As in other States, the Mississippian limestones of Illinois are in 

general rather well adapted for use as Portland-cement materials. 

Occasionally they contain beds cany ing too much magnesium carbonate for this use, but the commonest type is a limestone containing say 

90 to 95 per cent of lime carbonate, 1 to 4 per cent magnesium carbonate, and 1 to 6 per cent of silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The 

analyses given below are therefore fairly representative of the 

Mississippian limestones of Illinois.

aQeology of Illinois, vol. 1, p. 148.
134 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyses of Mississippian limestones from Illinois.

[BULL. 243.

Silica (SiOj).. ....'........ ............

Iron oxide (Fe2 0s ) ....................

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ) ..............

i

0.05

| .20

94.68

4.31

2

0.37

.27

92.77

6.75

3

2.72

1.06

90.86

3.18

4

12.50

2.10

82.48

5

0.47

2.18

95.62

.82

1. Quincy, Adams County. H. Pratten, analyst. Geology of Illinois, vol. 1, p. 108.

2. Quincy, Adams County. C. G. Hopkins, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 

pt. G, p. 877.

3. Rosiclare, Hardin County. H. Pratten, analyst. Geology of Illinois, vol. 1, p. 374.

4. Nauvoo, Hancock County. H. Pratten, analyst. Ibid., p. 99.

5. Marbleliead, Adams County. N. G. Bartlett, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 

pt. 6, p. 377.

PENNSYLVANIA (" COAL MEASURES") LIMESTONES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Pennsylvania ("Coal Measures,") rocks of Illinois cover most of 

the State south of a line drawn through Paxton, Wilmington, Lasalle, 

Princeton, and Rock Island. The greater part of this thick series of 

Coal Measure rocks consists of shales and sandstones, but the presence 

of occasional relatively thin beds of limestone is of interest, for it is 

from these limestone beds of the Coal Measures that three of the four a 

Portland-cement plants now operating in Illinois draw their supply of 

raw material.

The limestones occurring in the Coal Measures of Illinois are usually 

thin, but fairly persistent. One thick bed, or series of beds, is well 

exposed near Lasalle and Oglesby, showing a total thickness of 20 to 

25 feet of limestone.

The following geologic section at Lasalle, Lasalle County, will serve 

to indicate the position of one of the principal beds of Coal Measure 

limestone. The beds are given in descending order, and bed No. 5. 

is the limestone used by the three Portland-cement plants located at 

and near Lasalle.

Section at Lasalle, 111. &

Feet.

(1) Shales.....'........................................... 37

(2) Blue limestone........................................ 1

(3) Bituminous shale and coal............................. 2

(4) Shales..-.................................:............ 32

(5) Limestone .................................... ^....... 20

(6) Bituminous shale and coal ............................ 36

(7) .Fire clay (sometimes absent).

(8) Shale..:..-........................................... 17

(9) Limestone ............................................ 2

(10) Shale._____________________________________

a The fourth plant uses slag.

& Report Illinois Board World's "Fair Commissioners, 1893, p. ]29.
ILLINOIS. 135

In the cut on the Illinois Central Railroad north of the zinc-smelting 

works at Lasalle the following section is shown:

Section near Lasalle, IU. a

Feet.

(1) Green and ash-gray shales ............................. 4

(2) Nodular calcareous shale............................... 3

. (3) Greenish shale........................................ 12

(4) Impure chocolate-colored limestone..................... 2

(5) Eed and green shales .................................. ' 10

(6) Green shaly clay ...................................... 8

(7) Shaly limestone....................................... - 6

(8) Upper main limestone............'..................... 12

(9) Green shale......................'..................... 2

(10) Lower limestone ...................................... 12

Beds 8, 9, and 10. of this section, taken together, represent bed No.

5 of the preceding section-, The shale parting which here separates

the two limestone beds increases in thickness farther south, until at 

Peru 6 or 8 feet of shale intervene between the two beds of limestone. 

This limestone series occurs at about the horizon of coal'bed No. 9 

of the Illinois reports, and is probably the same as the limestones 

exposed near Carlinville.

COMPOSITION.

The Coal Measures limestones, though usually high in clayey impurities, are commonly low in magnesium carbonate. The analyses given 

in the following table are of the more argillaceous limestones. Analyses of purer rocks, used at three Portland-cement plants in the State, 

will be found on pages 136 and 137. °

Analyses of Coal Measure limestones from Illinois.

Silica (SiOj) ..................

Lime (CaO) ..................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............

1

7.54

} 3.43

45.57

4.36

t>

17. 11

1.97

44.44

1.12

:t

18.54

3.91

42. 03

1.54

4

13. 89

2.61

 45. 91

1.00

5

19. 49

3.71

41. 75

1.21

(i

10. 27

15. 32

38. 49

2.41

1-5. Lasalle County.

G. Sugar Creek, Saugamon County, H. Pratten, analyst. Geology of Illinois, vol. 1, p. 60.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN ILLINOIS.

Four Portland-cement plants are at present in operation in Illinois. 

Three of these plants use limestones and shales from the Coal Measures; the fourth utilizes a mixture of blast-furnace slag and limestone.

«Kept. Geol. Survey Illinois, vol. 7, p. 46-47.
136 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

The Chicago Portland Cement Company plant is located 

Lasalle County. The following section is exposed in. their quarry, 

from above downward:

Section at quarry of Chicago Portland Cement Co., Oglesby, III. 

Limestones--....-----....---.".----.---.............................. .feet.. 28

Black slaty shale...................................................... .do... 6

Coal........................................................... .... .inches.. 3

Harder gray shale .................................................... .feet.. 9

The raw materials used at the plant are limestone from this quarry 

and shale from both of the beds noted. Analyses of the raw materials 

are given in the following table, that of the shale being from the 6-foot 

bed of black shale:

Analyses at cement materials from Oglesby, 111.

Silica (810,) ................................................

Alumina ( Ala03 ) ............................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0.{ ) ..........................................

Lime (CaO) ................................................

Magnesia (MgO) ............................................

Sulphur trioxide (SOS ) ......................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........................................

Limestone.

6.06

I 3.92

49.46

f.91

.10

| 39. 06

Shale.

53.12

( 20. 60

1 4.09

4.02

2.24

n. d.

13.70

The plant of the German-American Portland Cement Company is 

located just east of Lasalle. The quarry shows 8 to 10 feet of limestone, underlain by 3 to 3i feet of blue shale, and this in turn is underlain by 11 to 12 feet of limestone. Other shales outcrop beneath the 

lower limestone, but are not .at present used in the cement plant,

Analyses of the raw materials, made by Mr. W. E. Priissi ng, follow.

 Analyses of cement materials from Lasalle, III.

Silica (Si02 ) ..........................................

Lime (CaO) ..........................................

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................

Water

Limestone.

5.43 

1 1.43

52. 02 

1.11

1 40.24

5.06 

2.32

48.29 

3.66

41.05

Shale.

52.74 

21.73

12. 37 

2.01

' 11.27

The plant of the Marquette Cement Company is located at Dickinson, about 5 miles south of Lasalle. The limestone used is derived 

from the two heavy beds included in the Coal Measures of this district
KCKEL.] INDIANA. 137

and noted in the sections given on pages 134 and 135. Shales occurring 

below the limestone are mined to complete the mixture. Analyses of 

the raw materials used are as follows:

Analyses of cement materials from Dickinson, lll.u

Silica (Si02 ) ................................................

Alumina ( A1 203 ) ......... .-. .'................................

Iron oxide (Fe^03 ) ........................... 1 ...............

Lime (CaO ).....:...:......................................

Magnesia (MgO) ............................................

Sulphur (S) ............................!...................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .......................................

Limestone.

8.20

| 1. 30

4Q 37

.85

,n. d.

39. 72

Shale.

54. 30

( 19. 33

I 5.57

3.29

2.57

2.36

n. d.

The fourth Portland cement plant in the State is that of the Illinois 

Steel Company. This is located at Chicago, and uses a mixture of 

blast-furnace slag and crushed limestone.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CEMENT RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS.

In addition to the few papers listed below data on limestones and 

-clays are scattered through the various volumes of reports issued by 

the Illinois geological survey.

CONOVER, A. D. [Limestones and sandstones of Illinois.] Eeports Tenth Census,

vol. 10, pp. 219-226. 1884. 

RIKS, HEINRICH. [Clays of Illinois.] Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 11, pp.

94-97. 1903.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF INDIANA.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

Three of the geologic groups represented on the map of Indiana 

(PL XII, p. 270) contain limestones which seem worthy of consideration as sources of cement materials. These three groups are: (1) 

Cincinnati shales and limestones; (2).Mississippi limestones and shales; 

(3) limestones of the Coal Measures.

In addition to the three formations named, whose areas of outcrop 

are shown on the map, a fourth source of cement is found in the 

fresh-water marls-of Quaternary age,

ORDOVICIAN SHALES AND LIMESTONES.

CINCINNATI SHALES AND LIMESTONES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Cincinnati group occurs only in'southeastern Indiana, occupying 

part or all of the counties of Union, Wayne, Fayette, Franklin, Dearborn, Ohio, Switzerland, Ripley, and Jefferson. In this area it is

a Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. G, p. 54<1. Analyses furnished by company.
138 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

made up of bluish thin-bedded limestones interbedded with soft bluishgreen calcareous shales. Toward the top of the series massive sandy 

limestone beds, brownish in color, occur. a

COMPOSITION. '

No analyses of the limestones and shales of this series from Indiana 

localities are available, but on pages 173 and 270 will be found a number of analyses of similar materials from adjoining areas in Ohio and 

Kentucky.

MISSISSIPPIAN ("LOWER CARBONIFEROUS") LIMESTONES AND SHALES.

As shown on the geologic map, PI. XII, the Mississippian rocks occur 

in Indiana in a belt averaging 20 miles or more in width and extending from Ohio River in a general northwesterly direction to the 

Indiana-Illinois line. Another area underlies Elkhart, Lagrange, and 

St. Joseph counties, in the extreme northern part of the State.

The Mississippian rocks as thus mapped include several distinct 

formations. Beginning at the top there are (a) Kaskaskia group: 

sandstones, shales, and limestones; (5) Mitchell limestone; (c) Bedford 

oolitic limestone; (d) Harrodsburg limestone; (e) Knobstone group: 

shales and shaly sandstones.

KASKASKIA OR HURON GRO UP.

These rocks are from 100 to 150 feet thick and are immediately 

overlain by the heavy Mansfield sandstone of the Coal Measures. The 

group includes several beds of limestone interbedded with sandstones 

and shales. In view of the nearness of the thick and valuable Mitchell 

and Bedford limestones it seems improbable that the limestones of 

the Kaskaskia group will become of importance as cement materials.

MITCHELL FORMA TION.

ThlS formation, lying below the Kaskaskia group and above the 

Bedford limestone, is a thick series of limestones with occasional thin 

beds of shale. The series varies in thickness from 150 to 250 feet.

BEDFORD LIMESTONE.

This formation varies in thickness from 30 to 90 feet, or even less, 

the greater thicknesses being in the area.from Bedford to Salem. 

The Bedford limestone is the well-known oolitic rock a creamy 

white limestone, soft when freshly quarried, but hardening rapidly 

on exposure.

HARRODSBURG LIMESTONE.

 Underlying the Bedford limestone is the Harrodsburg limestone, a 

series ranging from 30 to 100 feet in thickness and made up mostly 

of limestones, with occasional thin beds of shale.

« These occur so seldom (only locally in Clark and Jefferson counties) that the fact is hardly worth 

mentioning. The lower 200 feet consist almost entirely of shale, and in the next 200 feet the limestones are more abundant than in other parts of the series.
ECKEL.] INDIANA. 139

KNOB STONE GROUP.

The lowest member of the Mississippian is the Knobstone group. 

This is about 400 feet in thickness, and is made up of shales and shaly 

sandstones. The Knobstone series is of interest in the present connection because the shale used at one of the Portland-cement plants of 

the State is derived from it.

COMPOSITION.

The composition of the Mississippian limestones of Indiana is shown 

by the following analyses:

Analyses of Mississippian limestones from Indiana. (t

No.

1.............. ..............

2............................

3............................

4............................

5.......:....................

6............................

7............................

S. ...........................

9............................

10............................

11............................

12. ...........................

13............................

14...........................

15........... ................. .

16............................

17............................

18............................

Silica (Si02).

0. 50

.70

1.74

1.60

.65

.90

1.13

.31

.48

.84

.86

.64

.76

1.26

1.69

. 63

.15

.50

Alumina

(AUOa). 

iron oxide

(FesOs).

0.98

.91

.29

.18

1. 00

3.00

1.06

.32

.15

.13

.16

.15

.15

.18

.49

.39

.64

.71

Lime carbonute (CaC03 ).

96.60

96.79

95. 62 

95.55

95. 54

95.00

96.04

98. 09

98. 91

97.39

98. 11

98.27

98. 16

97.90

97.26

98.20

93.80

93. 07

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCO,).

0.27

.23

.89

.93

.40

.22

.72

.63

'.78

.92

.84

.97

«rt

.81

4.01

4 99

1. Chicago and Bedford Stone Company, Bedford, Lawrence County. Indiana Geol. Snrv., 1878, 

p. 95.

2. Simpson and Archer quarry, near Spencer. Ibid., p. 94.

3. 4, 5. Dunn & Co., Bloomingtqn. Twenty-first Kept. Indiana Dept. Geo!., p. 320. 

0. Monroe Marble Company, Stinesville. Indiana Geol. Rep., 1862, p. 137.

7. Salem. Idem, 1886, p. 144.

8. Stpckslager quarry, Harrison County. Idem, 1878, p. 96.

9. Milltown. W. A.'Noyes, analyst. Twenty-seventh Kept. Indiana Dept. Geol., p. 98.

10. Acme Bedford Stone Company, Clear Creek, Monroe County. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. 6, p. 881.

11. Hunter Brothers' quarry, Hunter Valley. W. A. Noyes, analyst. Twenty-first Kept. Indiana 

Dept. Geol., p. 320.

12. Indiana Stone Company, Bedford, Lawrence County. W. A. Noyes, analyst. Ibid.

13. Twin Creek Stone Company, Salem, Washington County. W. A. Noyes, analyst. Ibid.

14. Romona Oolitic Stone Company, Romona, Owen County. W. A. Noyes, analyst. Ibid.

15-16. Hoosier Stone Company, Bedford, Lawrence County. F. W. Clarke, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. 

Survey No. 42, p. 140. '

17-18. Indiana Steam Stone Works, Big Creek. L. H. Streaker, analyst. Twenty-first Rept. Indiana 

Dept. Geol., p. 320.

"These analyses are mostly of the Bedford limestone.
140 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243. 

LIMESTONES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA SERIES (COAL MEASURES).

Limestone beds occur in the Coal Measures of Indiana, but details 

regarding their distribution and composition are lacking-. On pages 

134-135 will be found a discussion of the Coal Measures limestones 

occurring in adjacent portions of Illinois.

FRESH-WATER MARLS OF QUATERNARY AGE.

A very detailed report on "The lakes of northern Indiana and their 

associated marl deposits," by W. S. Blatchley and G. H. Ashley, 

appeared on pages 31-321 of the Twenty-fifth Annual Report Indiana 

Department Geology and Natural Resources. In this report all the 

known marl deposits in the State are separately described and detailed 

maps of the deposits are given. The following data are abstracted 

from this report:

DISTRIBUTION.

Marl deposits of sufficient size to justify the erection of Portland - 

cement plants occur in Indiana only in the three northern tiers of 

counties. The largest of these deposits, so far as area is concerned, 

is in Lake Wawasee, which contains about 1,700 acres, while the 

thickest deposit (45 feet) is reported from Turkey Lake, Lag-range 

County.

A .deposit of marl covering 160 acres and 10 feet thick will supply 

for thirty years a cement plant producing 500 barrels a day. Thirt}7"- 

three deposits of this size or greater are described in the report. The 

names and locations of the lakes containing these workable deposits are

as follows: (

Marl deposits in Indiana.

1. Hog Lake, Steuben County, 2 miles west of the village of Jamestown, Jamestown Township.

2. Lime Lake, Steuben County, 1 mile northwest of Orland (Mill Grove Township).

3. Clear Lake, Steuben County, in sees. 19 and 20, T. 38 N., R. 15 E. (Clear Lake 

Township).

4. Shallow and Deep lakes, Steuben County, sees. 6 and 7, T. 37 N., R. 12 E. 

(Jackson Township).

5. James Lake, Steuben County, 3 miles northwest of Angola.

6. Gage Lake, Steuben County, sec. 35, T. 38 N., R. 12 E.

7. Silver Lake, Steuben County, 4 miles west of Angola.

8. Shipshewana Lake, La-grange County, three-fourths of a mile west of Ship- 

.shewana.

9. Cedar and Grass lakes, Lagrange County, 3 miles northeast of Lima.

10. Fish Lake, Lagrange County, 8 miles southeast of Lagrange.

11. Turkey Lake, Lagrange County, near Stroh. . 12. Waldrori Lake, Noble County, 2 miles west of Rome City.

13. Eagle Lake, Noble County, sec. 6, T. 34 N., R. 9 E.
INDIANA. 141

14. Deer Lake, Noble County, sec. 25, T. 34 N., R. 8 E. (Sparta Township).

15. Crooked Lake,. Whitley County, sees. 3 and 4, T. ,32 N., R. 9 E. (Thorn Creek 

Township).

16. Loon Lake, AVhitley County, 9 miles northwest of Columbia City.

17. Simonton Lake, Elkhart County, sees. 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, T. 38 N., R. 5 E. 

(Osolo Township).

18. Indiana Lake, Elkhart County, northwest of Bristol.

19. Turkey Lake, Kosciusko County, near Syracuse.

20. Syracuse Lake, Kosciusko County,, near Syracuse.

21. Milford Lake, Kosciusko County, 4 miles southeast of Milford.

22. Tippecanoe Lake, Kosciusko County, three-fourths of a mile southeast of 

Milford.

23. Barbee Lake, Kosciusko County, 3 miles southeast of Osvvego.

24. Little Eagle Lake, Kosciusko County, 3-3 miles northeast of Warsaw.

25. Center Lake, Kosciusko County, Warsaw.

26. Winona Lake, Kosciusko County, 1 mile southeast of Warsaw.

27. Manitou Lake, (Fulton County, 1 mile southeast of Rochester.

28. Maxinkuckee llake, Marshall County, sees. 15,16, 21, 22,27, 28, and 34, T. 32

N., R. 1 E^

29. Houghton Lake, Marshall County, sees. 7 and 18, T. 32 N., R. .1 E. (Union 

Township).

30. Chain Lake, St. Joseph County, 5 miles west of South Bend.

31. Du Chemin Lake, Laporte County, 11 miles northeast of Laporte.

32. Fish Lake, Laporte County, Fish Lake station.

33. North Judson Marsh, Starke County, 3^miles west of North Judson.

A number of other marl deposits are described, which, though of 

sufficient size, have the larger part of their area covered by 10 feet 

or more of water, and are, therefore, not workable under present 

conditions.

COMPOSITION.

The composition of these marls is shown by the following table:

Analyses of Quaternary marls from Indiana.^

No.

1..................

2........:.........

3..................

4..................

5..................

6..................

8.... ..............

9..................

10..................

11.. ......./........

Silica 

(Si02).

0.68

1.08

47

1.16

4.52

5.95

7.94

1.42

1.78

2.00

4.52

Alumina 

(Alo03 ).

0.14

.04

.41

1.

.18

Iron 

oxide 

(Fe203).

0.28

1.16

.12

. .29

1.34

42

R4

88

21

53

.30

Lime carbonate 

(CaC03 ).

90.42

86.00

93.29

92.41

84.00

82.07

82.89

88.21

88.49

92.35

84.24

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgCOs).

2.88

9.42

2.67

2.38

6.46

2.63

2.04

4.78

2.71

3.54

2.85

Organic 

matter.

4.13

2.32

1.56

1.97

3.68

6.71

3.67

2.58

4.23

2 12

5.02

CaS04 .

0.15

.22

1.58

a Twenty-fifth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., p. 321. W. A. Noyes, analyst.
142 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Analyses of Quaternary marls from Indiana ^Continued.

No.

12..................

13..............:...

14..................

15..................

16..................

17.......'...........

18..................

19..................

20..................

21...................

22..................

23.........:........

Silica. 

(SiOg).

2.48

2.92

4.61

6.39

5.67

.6. 40

15.26

2.02

.19

3.10

.82

2.06

Alumina 

(A1203 ).

0.06

.15

.19

.12

.05

09

.04

.05

.10

.45

Iron 

oxide 

(Fco03 ).

0.26

.29

.35

.30

.33

.33

.51

.20

.07

.20

.08

.74

Liine carbonate 

(CaC03 ).

90.67

91.02

84.75

87.65

85.02

85.38

75.07

89. 22

91. 62

87.92

9l! 30

89.92

 Magnesium carbonate 

(MgCOs).

2.42

2.28

2.84

2.60

3.85

3.50

4.18

2.73

4.02

2.64

2.90

2.46

Organic 

matter.

2.87

2.10

5.69

2.88

3.21

3.15

3.65

4.15

2.25

4.18

3.88

4.51

CaSO4 .

0.17

.17

.11

.14

.23

.22

1. Hog Lake, Steuben County.

2. Lime Lake, Steuben County. 

8. Deep Lake, Steuben County.

4. .lames Lake, Steuben County

5. Silver Lake, Steuben County.

6. Loon Lake, VVhitley County.

7. Mud Lake, Elkhart County.

8. Cooley Lake, Elkhart County.

9. Syracuse Lake, Kosciusko County.

10. Dewart Lake, Kosciusko County.

11. Dewart Lake, Kosciusko County.

12. Tippecanoe Lake, Kosciusko County.

13. Tippecanoe Lake, Kosciusko County.

14. Little Eagle Lake, Kosciusko County.

15. Manitou Lake, Pulton County.

16. Maxinknckee Lake, Marshall County.

17. Maxjjikuckee Lake, Marshall County.

18. Maxinkuckee Lake, Marshall County.

19. Houghton and Moore lakes, Marshall County.

20. Notre Dame Lake,'St. Joseph County.

21. Chain and Bass lakes, St. Joseph County.

22. Kankakee Marsh, St. Joseph County.

23. North Judson Marsh, Starke County.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN INDIANA.

Three Portland cement plants are now in operation in Indiana.

These are the plants of the Sandusky Portland Cement Company, at

Syracuse, the Wabash Portland Cement Company, at Stroh, and the 

Lehigh Portland Cement Company, at Mitchell. Of these, the first 

two mentioned use a mixture of marl and clay, while the plant last 

named uses hard limestone and clay.

Analyses of the materials used at these plants and of their product 

follow: .
ECKEL.I INDIANA.

Analyses of raw materials and cement from Syracuse, Ind.

143

Silica (SiO,) ................................

Iron oxide (.Fe2 0s ) ..........................

Lime (CaO) ................................

Magnesia (MgO) ............................

Water ......................................

i.

1.74

0.90

0.28

49. 84

1.75

1.12

| 46.01

n. d.

' 2.

1.78

1 1.21

49. 55

1 . 29

(«)

40. 36

| 4.23

3.

55.27

10.20

3.40

9. 12

5.73

n. d.

( n.d.

n.d.

1 n. d.

4.

22.06

4.80

1.66

65.44

3.82

0.90

«CaS04 ,1.58 per cent.

1. Marl. Twenty-fifth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geol., p. 28.

2. Marl. Nineteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. C, p. 493.

3. Clay. Twenty-fifth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geol., p. 28.

4. Cement. Twenty-fifth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geol., p. 28.

Analyses of raw materials and cement from Stroll, Ind.

Silica (Si02 ) .................

Iron oxide (Fe203 )..........

Lime (CaO) ................

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Alkalies (K2 0, Na.,0) ........

Water......................

1.

0.85

} 0.86

51.04

1.31

n.d.

n. d.

'40. 10

n.d.

n. d.

2.

0.66

0.62

53. 17

0.47

n. d.

n.d.

42.35

2.53

3.

61.70

18.00

8.40

2.91

n.d.

n.d.

} 13. 30

4:

57.74

17.76

7.80

3.52

n. d.

n.d.

12.30

5.

56.74

( 19.43

I 4.83

7.27

3.05

n. d.

n.d.

10.39

.6.

21.78

7.31

2.65

62.35

2.88

0.47

1.78

( 0.23

I 0.55

1. Marl. W. R. Oglesby, analyst. Twenty-fifth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geol., p. 112.

2. Marl. Analysis given by Wabash Portland Cement Company, 1904. 

3-4. Clay. Analysis given by Wabash Portland Cement Company, 1904.

5. Clay. VV. R. Oglesby, analyst. Twenty-fifth Ann. Rept. Indiana Dept. Geol., p 112.

6. Cement. W. R. Oglesby, analyst. Twenty-fifth Ann. Rept. Indiana Dept. Geol., p. 28.
144 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyses of raw materials for cement from Mitchell, I

[BOLL. 243.

Silica (Si02 ) ...............................................

Alumina (Al a03 )..........................................

Iron oxide (Fe.j03 ) ........................................

Lime (CaO) J........ .....................................

Magnesia (MgO) ...........................................

Alkalies ( K,0, Na,0) ......................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .---.---.-.........--........--...."..

Water . . .................................................

i.

0.74

| .13

52.49

1.87

n.d.

| 43. 68

2.

59. 64

| «19.14

{ 7.59

.26

2.31

4.33

| .35

{ 4.36

a With TiOo, 1.05 per cent.

1. Limestone. F. W. Clarke, analyst. Specimen collected by E. C. Eckel.

2. Shale. Twenty-sixth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geology, p. 276.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CEMENT RESOURCES OF INDIANA.

The following papers relate to the raw materials or the manufacture 

of Portland cement in Indiana:

BLATCHLEY, W. S. Preliminary report on the clays and clay industries of the coalbearing counties of Indiana. Twentieth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geology, 

pp. 24-187. 1896.

BLATCHLEY, W. S. Clays and clay industries of northwestern Indiana. Twentysecond Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geology, pp. 105-153. 1898.

BLATCHLEY, W. S. Portland cement (in Indiana). Twenty-fifth Ann. Eept. Indiana 

Dept. Geology, pp. 1-30. 1901.

BLATCHLEY, W. S. Oolite and oolitic stone for Portland cement manufacture. Twenty- 

 fifth Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geology, pp. 322-330. 1901.

BLATCHLEY, W. S., and ASHLEY, G. H. The lakes of northern Indiana and their associated marl deposits. Twenty-fifth Ann. Eept. Indiana Dept. Geology, pp. SI321. 1901.

HOPKINS, T. C., and SIEBENTHAL, C. E. The Bedford white limestone of Indiana. 

Twenty-first Ann. Kept. Indiana Dept. Geology, pp. 291-427. 1897.

LATHBURY, B. B., and SPACEMAN, H. S. The Wabash Portland Cement Company, 

Stroh, Ind. The Rotary Kiln, pp. 128-133. 1902.

SIEBENTHAL, C. E. The Bedford oolitic limestone (Indiana). Nineteenth Ann. 

Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, pp. 292-296.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF INDIAN TERRITORY.

By J. A. TAPF.

Limestones of several different ages occur in Indian Territory, and 

it is probable that most of them would be suitable for cement materials. No complete analyses, however, are available.
ECKKL.] INDIAN TERRITORY. 145 

CAMBRIAN, ORDOVICIAN, AND SILURIAN LIMESTONES.

A. large pail of the Arbuckle Mountains in Indian Territory and of 

the northern foothills of the Wichita Mountains in southern Oklahoma 

are composed of a great section of Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian 

limestones/' having a total thickness of nearly 8,000 feet. There are 

three distinct, limestone formations in this section, separated by 

deposits chiefly of shale.

ARBUCKLE LIMESTONE.

The lowest of these, known as the Arbuckle limestone, consists of

limestone and dolomite of Cambro-Ordovician age 4,000 to 6,000 feet

.thick. Samples from the lower part and from the top downward 600

or TOO feet were tested for magnesia and lime and showed a very small

percentage of magnesia. Beds 2,500 feet below the top contain a small

amount of magnesia. Probably 2,000 fe'et of massive beds in the central part of the formation are dolomitic. A sample from approxi: 

mately the middle of the formation yielded 29.4 per cent of lime and 

19.2 per cent of magnesia, showing it to be a nearly normal dolomite. 

A sample from the lower part of this dolomitic zone showed contents 

of 33.1 per cent of lime and 14.3 per cent of magnesia. The Arbuckle 

limestone outcrops over more than three-fourths of the surface of the 

central part of the Arbuckle Mountain district, inclosing pre-Cambrian 

granite and granite-porphyry. Almost all of the limestones of the 

Wichita Mountains belong to this formation, which is tine-textured 

and generally hard.

VIOLA FORMATION.

An Ordovician limestone, 500 to TOO feet thick, known as the Viola 

formation, outcrops in a belt in the border of the Arbuckle Mountains 

and in small areas in the central part. It makes three small hills near 

Rainy Mountain Mission, in the Wichita Mountains. This formation 

is of limestone, with the exception of local deposits of chert. Chemical tests of samples from this limestone in the Arbuckle Mountains 

show it to contain very little magnesia; It is h'ne-textured and generally hard.

SYLVAN SHALE.

Above the Viola limestones is a deposit of greenish clay 50 to 300 

feet in thickness, known as the Sylvan shale. This clay outcrops in 

narrow belts and has a wide distribution in the Arbuckle Mountains, 

but in the Wichita Mountains both it and the Hunton are concealed 

by Permian deposits.

<iThese limestones are described in detail in the Atoka and Tishomingo folios Nos. 79 and 98. Also 

in the Geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita Mountains: Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 31.

Bull. 243 05 10
146 OEMEJSTT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [HULL. 243.

HUNTON LIMESTONES.

Separated from the Viola limestone by about 150 to 300 feet of clay 

shale is a Silurian formation having an average thickness of about 200 

feet. This formation varies in physical character and in composition 

through its section. A massive bed at the base is in places almost 

pure limestone and is white, while in others it is in large part silicified. In the central part beds of cla}^ and marl are interstratitied 

with the limestone. Samples of limestone from the lower part of 

these beds contain a small amount of magnesia. Toward the top the 

limestone is white to light yellow and becomes more massive. Some 

of the layers near the top, however, contain local segregations of 

chert. In the reports above cited this formation is known as the Hunton limestone. Like the Viola limestone, it outcrops around the borders of Arbuckle Mountains in a narrow belt, besides occurring in 

many small areas in the central part.

CARBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONES.

In northern Indian Territory are a few belts of Carboniferous limestones continuations of the areas which are so important in Kansas. 

These limestones thin out and disappear to the south, however, and 

are probably of workable thickness only in the Cherokee Nation. 

Other formations of middle Carboniferous age occur in the eastern 

part of the Cherokee Nation and extend into Arkansas north of the 

Boston Mountains. These limestones are thin bedded, and with them 

are associated deposits of blue to black clajr shales. Analyses of some 

of the beds from their eastern extension in Arkansas show only a trace 

or a fraction of a per cent of magnesia.

In central Choctaw Nation and along the southern edge of the coal

field, is a long lentil of Carboniferous limestone of the same age and 

character as the limestones in eastern Cherokee Nation. In the central part of the exposure many of the beds are massive and the formation attains a thickness of nearly 300 feet. The eastern end of these 

exposures extends nearly to the Arkansas line on the north flank of 

the Ouachita Mountains, while the west end is in the edge of the 

Chickasaw Nation, against the Arbuckle Mountains. Judging from 

physical characters this limestone is essentiall}^ the same in quality as 

limestones above described in eastern Indian Territory and Northern 

Arkansas.

CEETACEOUS LIMESTONES.

Cretaceous limestones occur in the southern part of the Territorjr, 

in several distinct formations associated with the limy clays. These 

limestones are mostly soft, thin bedded, and are of various shades,
ECKKL.] IOWA. 147

ranging from light blue through cream to white. The lowest limestone bed is, however, massive, white, and generally homogeneous. 

These formations continue southward in unbroken exposures from 

Red River, and, judging from analyses of very similar beds occurring 

.in Texas, are probably low in magnesia.

PORTLAND-CEMENT KESOUKCES OF IOWA.

By H. FOSTBK BAIN.

It has already been shown that materials capable of furnishing the 

silica and alumina necessary to the manufacture of Portland cement 

are widespread, and that the location of new plants is apt to be determined, by the presence of suitable calcareous deposits and favorable 

industrial conditions. Iowa affords no exception to these general 

rules. In practically all parts of the State are shales or cla}rS which 

might, if necessary, be used as one of the constituents of a cement 

mixture. The indurated rocks from the Ordovician to the Cretaceous 

afford shales of wide distribution and excellent character. The surface 

formations supplement these resources with loess, alluvium, and certain minor bodies of water-laid clay of glacial derivation. Material 

suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement can be found 

at almost every point in the State (see PL V).

The calcareous constituent of cements may be derived from marls, 

chalk, and limestone. All these occur within the State, though they 

are of very unequal importance.

CALCAREOUS MARLS.

Marl occurs in lakes which are particularly characteristic of the area 

covered by the Wisconsin drift. The north-central portion of Iowa is 

covered by drift of Wisconsin age, a and is dotted with small shallow 

lakes resembling in appearance and genesis those of Michigan. From 

time to time small amounts of marl have been reported from this area, 

and while so far no bodies of commercial importance have been located 

it is not impossible that such may be found.

CHALK DEPOSITS.

DISTRIBUTION.

The Cretaceous deposits which cover the western third of Iowa 

include important bodies of chalk. With but two exceptions, both of 

which are unimportant, outcrops of the chalk beds are confined to the 

valley of the Big Sioux River between Sioux City and Ha warden. 

The chalk beds received some attention in the course of the early geoaSee PI. II, Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. 11,1900.
148 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

logical surveys'of the region, and have been recently restudied by 

Calvin/' Bain, 6 and Wilder/

The chalk forms prominent bluffs at intervals and may be well seen 

near Westn'eld, Akron, and Hawarden. It was referred to the Niobrara formation until Wilder discovered fossils characteristic of the 

Benton in the shale above. This proves that the Iowa chalk is the 

equivalent of the "Oyster Shell Rim" of the Black Hills or the 

Graneros limestone.

THICKNESS.

A thickness of 20 to 30 feet is ordinarily seen in individual exposures, but a total thickness of 50 feet is probably present. A generalized section may be given as follows:

Section of chalk beds. ' Feet

1. Chalk:................................................................... 4-6

2. Limestone, soft, splitting into -thin slabs and crowded with shells of

Inoceramus ............................................................. 12

3. Chalk................................. ................................. 12

COMPOSITION.

The interbanding of thin-bedded limestone with the chalk, as shown 

in the foregoing section, is quite characteristic. Both materials are 

soft and grind easily. Almost no magnesia is present, as is shown by 

the following analyses, and in some instances the chalk beds themselves carry enough or more than enough clay to make a good cement 

mixture. In all cases excellent clays occur immediately above or 

below. The clays are now being used at Sioux City and elsewhere in 

the manufacture of a wide variety of clay products.

 Analyses of Iowa chalks.

Silica (Si02 ) and insoluble. ............................

Calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) ............................

Water ................................................

1

22.70

6.68

64.30

5.38

2

83.70

2.48

.08

3

94.39

.70

.06

 1. Chalk rock, Hawarden, Iowa. Newberry, analyst.

2. Chalk rock, Westfield, Iowa. Weems, analyst.

3. Chalk rock, Lemars, Iowa. Weems, analyst.

aCalvin, S., Cretaceous deposits of Woodbury and Plymouth counties, etc.: Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 

1, 1893, pp. 147-161.

bBain, H. F., Cretaceous deposits of the Sioux Valley: Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 3,1895, pp. 101-114; 

Geology of Woodbury County, ibid, vol. 5, 1896, pp. 273-275, 295-296; Geology of Plymouth County, 

ibid, vol. 8, 1898, pp. 354-360.

' c wilder, F. A., Geology of Lyon and Sioux counties: Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 10,1900, pp. 111-115, 

151-152.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO.243 PL. V

^>^^^Sci&^^

CARBONIFEROUS_______________________

CRETACEOUS Permian Missourian OesMoines DEVONIAN SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN ALGONK1AN

i:hnlk in .SL.UI/, Vull

Gypsum ami associated Shales. Ihin coal buds Coal measures, clays and Xon-mrtgiiosian limered shtilOH oiul non-Tnaj*nfsian limo- sh^lrs wilh Ihiu lime- sloncswith sonif sli<il«>

Non ni.M^'H-^i.ni lime Dolomite willi ch«>i t nohnnito ,md .s..n(lr>1oi\c Siarul nt din1 \villi sonic Sioux quart 7

stones in .soulliern parl nodules with shalp nlld ^oino dolooiilo and shahinnenosian to north low-magnesia limostonc

(3EOLOGIC MAP OF IOAVA

S c a I e

5O 

__^ __

Compiled from published sources and from the 

notes of members of the Iowa Geological Survey
ECKEL.] IOWA. 149

It iy evident that materials suitable for the manufacture of cement 

are available, and this conclusion is confirmed by the fact that at 

Yankton, S. Dak., a plant has for many years been in operation in 

which similar beds belonging to the Mobrara are used. Furthermore, in tests carried on at Sioux City cement has been made experimentally from the local material."

LIMESTONES.

Nonmagnesian limestones are found in Iowa in the Ofdovician, 

Devonian, and Carboniferous. The limestones of the Cambrian and 

Silurian are without important exception highly magnesian. Those 

of the Ordovician are predominantly magnesian, though an exception 

occurs in the case of the beds which it has been customary to map and 

discuss under the name Trenton. In eastern Iowa the dolomites and 

magnesian limestones have heretofore attracted more attention than

t o

the nonmagnesian rocks, and flourishing lime and building stone 

industries have been founded upon them. Limestone of one class or 

the other occurs in all of the eastern and most of the southern counties. In the northwest the covering of Cretaceous and Pleistocene 

deposits limits the outcrops to a few deep stream valleys. ' The general 

distribution of the geologic formations of the State is shown on 

PI. V. For details of localites the reader is referred to the various 

county reports of the Iowa Geological Survey cited in this text. The 

transportation facilities available at each point may be best learned 

from the large map of the State published and distributed gratuitously 

b}7" the railway commissioners.

ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

Below the-Devonian but one limestone outcrops in Iowa which is at 

^all suitable for Portland cement manufacture. It is known as the 

Trenton, and occupies portions of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette, 

Winneshiek and Allamakee counties/ Under this name has been 

mapped an aggregate of nonmagnesian limestones and thin shales, 

varying in thickness from 15 to 350 feet. The variation in thickness 

is an expression of the fact that the difference between the Galena and 

Trenton is lithologic and not formational. It is probable that in the 

future the division will be made upon some other basis, but for present 

purposes the lithologic difference -is the important one. The strata 

included on this basis within the Trenton are in the main either nonaLonsclale, E. H,, Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., vol. 2,1895, p. 173.

6 Reports on the geology of Fayette, Winncshiek, and Clayton counties are now in preparation. 

For the geology of Allamakee County see Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 4, pp. 35-120; for Dubnqne County 

see ibid, vol. 10, pp. 379-C51.
150 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

magnesian or only slightly magne'sian. In composition as in geologic 

position they are almost exactly equivalent to the famous cement rock 

of the Lehigh Valley, from which 60 per cent of the Portland cement 

of the United States now comes.

Excellent exposures of the Trenton occur along the Mississippi 

River and its tributaries in the counties named above. At Specht 

Ferry, in Dubuque County, the following section was observed:

Feet.

3

3

5 

4 

3 

18

12

Specht Ferry section.

1. Thin-bedded brown domolite with shaly partings (Galena) ..............

2. .Thin-bedded, imperfectly dolomitized limestone, with fossil brachiopod 

shells only slightly changed; the limestone brown, earthy, noncrystalline, 

but evidently of the Galena type .............. 1 ......................

3. Thick, earthy, imperfectly dolomitized beds (Galena) ...................

4. Thin limestone beds with much shale in the partings; in part a true shale.

5. Limestone, bluish, rather coarse grained, with a few fossils ..............

6. Limestone similar to above ............................................

7. Limestone similar to above .............................................

8. Shale, bluish or greenish, containing occasional thin beds or discontinuous 

flakes of limestone; the " Green shales " of the Minnesota geologists ...

9. Thin-bedded, bluish, rather coarse-grained limestone, weathering brownish in color. .........................................................

10. Limestone, in rather heavy layers, which range up to 15 inches in thickness; bluish on fresh fracture, but weathering to buff on exposure. -...

11. Brittle, fine-grained blue limestone, very fossiliferous, breaking up on 

.weathered surfaces into flexuous layers about 2 inches in thickness I ...

12. Lower buff beds, exposed, about. ......................................

13. Unexposed to level of water in river ...................................

. COMPOSITION.

The "Green shale" No. 8 of the above section and the limestones 

above and below were sampled and analyzed by Mr. Lundteigen with 

the results given below:

Analyses of Trenton limestone from Specht Ferry section, Iowa.

Silica (8i02 ) ......................

Alumina and iron oxide (Al-jO, and 

FeA) -..--.--..---....-.:...-.

Lime (CaO) ...................... 

Magnesia (MgO) ..................

Alkalies by difference .............

Sulphur (S) ......................

Loss by ignition (H2 0, C02 ) .......

1

7.28

. 1. 97

46. 93 

2.58

3Q

40.10

 99. 25

2

2.25

1.32

49.66 

3.24

42.80

99.27

8

46. 34

1Q QO

101 27 

2.13

.01

13. 90

92. 55

4

8.98

2.58

41. 32 

5.80

.00

40.00

98. 68

~)

5.00

9 07

50. 22 

.85

.76

.85

40.25

100. 00

0

54.90

25.50

.41 

.30

9.55

.24

9.10

100. 00

1. Beds 5 and C.

2. Bed No. 8.

3. Bed No. 9.

4. Bed No. 10.

5. General sample of limestone.

6. General sample of clay.
KCKBL.] IOWA. 151

While the-amount of magnesia in certain of these beds is higher 

than is desirable, there is still a large amount of rock available which 

is not higher in that element than that elsewhere used. It is probable 

that careful search would locate even better beds at the same horizon 

farther north.

DEVONIAN LIMESTONES.

There are in Iowa beds representative of both upper and middle 

Devonian. The former includes the State quarry beds in Johnson 

County a and the Sweetland shale in Muscatine County. 6 The larger 

portion of the Iowa section belongs to the .middle Devonian, which 

may be divided into three formations the Lime Creek, Cedar Valley, 

and Wapsipinnicon. In various counties these formations have been 

subdivided and individual members have been mapped. The Lime 

Creek and the Wapsipinnicon formations each include some shale and 

magnesian rock, but in general the Devonian limestones in Iowa are 

characteristically free from magnesia.

WAPSIPINNICON FORMATION.

DISTRIBUTION.

This formation was first discriminated by W. H. Norton, who has 

discussed it inconsiderable detail and has mapped various subdivisions 

belonging to it in Linn, c Cedar/* and Scott 6 counties. J. A, Udden 

has discriminated it in Muscatine County/ and Calvin has mapped 

certain members belonging to it in Johnson? andBuchanan/4 counties. 

Details of the development of the formation may be learned from the 

reports cited. In the northern portion of the State there, is an overlap, so that the Wapsipinnicon is not represented.

COMPOSITION.

In general it may be stated that, while the formation includes some 

.shale and some very pure limestones, the magnesia is apt to be found 

abundant in almost any section, and careful sampling will be necessary 

to determine the availability of the rock at any given point. The 

Fayette breccia, which forms one member of the Wapsipinnicon,

a Calvin, S., Geology of Johnson County: Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 7, pp. 33-104.

b Udden, 3. A., Geology of Muscatine County: Idem, vol. 9, pp. 247-388.

c Geology of Linn County: Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 4, pp. 121-195.

d Geology of Cedar County: Idem, vol. 11, pp. 279-390.

e Geology of Scott County: Idem, vol. 9, pp. 389-520.

/Geology of Muscatine County: Mem, vol. 9, pp. 248-388.

a Geology of Johnson County: Idem, vol. 7, pp. 33-110.

A Geology of Buchanan County: Idem, vol. 8, pp. 201-255.
152 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

includes near Rock Island a very pure limestone, as is shown by the 

following analysis:

Analysis of Fayetle breccia. a

Insoluble ................................................................ 0.42

Iron (as carbonate)................'................-...................... .36

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ).................................................. 98. 77

Loss, alkalies, etc......................................................... .45

Samples of the Otis and Kenwood beds from a railway cut 2 miles 

north of Cedar Rapids showed so much magnesia as to preclude the 

use of the rock.

CEDAR VALLEY LIMESTONE.

DISTRIBUTION. «

The most important member of the Devonian of Iowa, as measured 

either by areal extent or thickness, is the Cedar Valley limestone. It 

extends from Muscatine County on the Mississippi to the Minnesota 

line in a broad belt trending northwest. It has an estimated maximum 

thickness of 300 feet and rests to the southeast on the Wapsipinnicon 

formation. To the northeast it comes by overlap to rest on the 

Maquoketa shale/ To the southwest it is in turn covered by rocks of 

the Mississippian series, while on the northwest the Lime Creek shales 

intervene between the latter and the Cedar Valley.

COMPOSITION.

In the southern portion of the area of outcrop the Cedar Valley 

limestone is characteristically a nonmagnesian limestone, which is usually fine grained and breaks with a sharp conchoidal fracture. This 

phase of the formation is excellently exposed in Johnson County, and

the following analysis was made by George Steiger, in the laboratory

of the United States Geological Survey, from an average sample representing the rock quarried at Iowa City. These quarries exposed a 

total thickness of about 50 feet.

Analysis of Devonian limestone at.Iowa City.

Silica (SiOj) ..................... r ..................'...................... 1 3.08

Alumina (A1203 ) -----.--.:......---.--.- -..-..--.----.-.-.-....--.--...-. c l. 24

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) ............................. .......................... .73

Lime (CaO) ................. ............................................... 50. 30

Magnesia (MgO) ..................................................:...... 2. 22

Sulphur trioxide '(S03 ) .................................................... .06

Toward the north the limestone becomes more magnesian, until in 

Howard County it is a massive dolomite which has been mistaken for

a Hall, Geology of Iowa, p. 372.

b Calvin, S.., Geology of Howard County: Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 33, pp. 49-62.

c With the A12 03 is included any TiO» or P._,0a present.
ECKEL.J IOWA. 153

the Niagara. About midway the rock has been extensive^ quarried, 

at Independence and Waterloo, where it is a soft, easily crushed lime- 

"stone, apparently nonmagnesian in character. At Waverly the rock 

is soft, thin bedded, and exposed to a total thickness of about 50 feet. 

Analysis of two separate beds, by Lundteigen, gave the following 

results:

Analyses of Devonian limestone at Waverly.

 '

Silica '.(8\QJ...... ....... ........ ...............................

Iron oxide (Fe.2 03 ) ............................................

Lime (CaO) ....................................-...-'.......-..

Magnesia (MgO) . ..............................................

Loss on ignition ...... I........................................

i

46. 34

} 19. 90

10.27

2.00

.01

13.90

92.42

2

2.25

1.32

49.66

3.24

.00

42.80

99. 27

Still farther north, in Mitchell County, the limestone has attracted 

attention because certain beds are lithographic." The following analysis, made by Mr. A. B. Hoen, suggests that at least some of the stone 

is sufficiently free from magnesia to be suitable for cement material.

Analysis of Devonian limestone, Mitchell County.

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 0. 78

Alumina (AL.03 ) ........................................................... .12

Lime (CaO)..............'................................................ 54.91

Magnesia (MgO) .......................^................................ .07

Soda (Na,0)......'............................................:.......... .18

Potash (KaO)............................................................ .11

Carbon dioxide (CO.,) ..................................................... 43.16

Water (H 2O) ............................................................. .35

There are a number of fine exposures showing a thickness of 10 to 

15 feet of the nonmagnesian beds. Not all of this rock is free from 

cracks and crystals, but it is all similar in composition to the sample 

analyzed. At the Gable and other quarries there is practically no 

stripping, while in the vicinity is an abundance of loess clay.

LIME CREEK SHALES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The uppermost member of the Devonian section of Iowa is well displayed in Cerro Gordo County, and has been discussed and mapped in

a Iowa Gcol. Survey, vol., 13, pp. 292-352.
154 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 24?,.

Calvin's report on that area/' He gives the following general section 

of the formations:

General section of the Lime Creek shales.

Feet.

1. Calcareous beds, light gray in color..................................... 20

2. Magnesian shales and argillaceous dolomites............................. 30

?j. Limestone with slender Idiostroma ...................................'.. 4

4. Fbssiliferous calcareous shales.......................................... 20

5. Yellow nonfossiliferous shales .......................................... 10

6. Blue nonfossiliferous shales ............................................ 40

Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of this section make up the Hackberry member of 

the formation, while the remaining beds represent the Owen beds.

. COMPOSITION. . . .

The shales constituting the lower portion of the foregoing section 

are used at Mason City for the manufacture of clay goods and are represented in the following analysis made by G. E. Patrick.

Analysis of Lime Creek clay at Mason City.

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 54. 64

Alumina (A12 03 ) .............:........................................... 14. 62

Iron oxide (calculated as Fe2 03 )........................................... 5. 69

Maganese oxide (calculated as MnO)...................................... . .76

Lime (CaO).............................................................. 5.16

Magnesia (MgO) ...................."..-................................... 2. 90

Soda (NajO)...................................i......................... 1.12

Potash (K/))............................................................ 4.77

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ..............'...............:....................... 4. 80

Hygroscopic water (expelled at 100° C.)................................... .85

Combined water (expelled by ignition) ................^................... 3. 74

Total............................'.................................. 99.05

This analysis represents only the noncalcareous portion. The beds 

above contain considerable lime, as noted in the section given. In the 

vicinity of Mason City, where these beds outcrop, there are extensive 

exposures of the nonmagnesian beds of the underlying Cedar Valley, 

and it should be possible to combine the two to advantage.

CARBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONES.

Carboniferous rocks underlie a large portion of Iowa. They include 

limestones, sandstones, shales, and coals. The limestones are very 

rarely magnesian, and because of this fact, as well as their excellent 

situation with reference to fuel and transportation facilities, it seems 

not improbable that time will see the development of a considerable 

cement industiy based upon them.

a Geology of Cerro Gordo County: Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 7, pp. 117-192.
ECKEL.1 ' IOWA. 155

Of .the three series into which the-Carboniferous has been divided, 

two the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian are represented in 

this State. The Mississippian may be divided into the Kinderhook, 

Osage, and St. Louis, each containing important limestone beds. The 

Pennsylvanian includes the Des Moines formation (lower Coal Measures) and the Missourian (upper Coal Measures). The lower Coal 

Measures includes most of the coal beds worked in the State, but very 

little limestone. The formation outcrops in a broad belt between the 

limestones of the Mississippian series to the east and the calcareous 

shales and thin limestones of the Missourian formation.

The general distribution of the Mississippian, Des Moines, and 

Missourian beds is shown on the accompanying general map. The 

details as to character, thickness, etc., in any area may be learned in 

the appropriate county reports."

KINDEWOOK LIMESTONE.

DISTRIBUTION.

The Kinderhook forms the lowermost division of the Carboniferous 

of this State. It consists for the most part of a soft argillaceous shale, 

which is exposed to a thickness of 60 feet at Burlington/ Above the 

shale are about 50 feet of sandstone and limestone belonging also to 

the Kinderhook. In general, the beds are not well exposed, and in 

the southern area of outcrop are not likely to be of importance in 

cement manufacture, except as a source of clay to be mixed with the 

overlying Burlington limestones. Farther north, in Marshall County, 

there is an extensive development of limestone. The rock is quarried 

at Le Grande.

COMPOSITION.

The following analyses, by G. E. Patrick, indicate that a considerable portion of the Kinderhook limestone is suitable for cement 

manufacture.

"Reports upon counties in which the Carboniferous rocks arc important will be found in the volumes of the Iowa geological survey, as follows:

Appanoose, 5, 361-438. Mahaska, 4, 313-380.

Boonc, 5, 175-240. Marion, 11, 127-198. 

Dallas, 8, 51-118. ' Marshall, 7,197-262.

Dccatnr, 8, 255-338. . Mills and Fremont, 13,123-183.

Des Moines, 3, 409-492. Monroc, 13, 353-433.

Fremont and Mills, 13,123-183. Montgomery, 4, 381^152.

Gnthric, 7, 413-488. Page, 11, 397-460.

Hardin, 10, 241-314. Polk, 7, 203^12.

Henry, 12, 237-302. PottaAvattamie, 11,199-278.

Humboldt, 9,109-154. ' Story, 9,155-246.

Jefferson, 12, 355-438. Van Buren, 4,197-254.

Keoknk, 4,255-312. Wapello, 12,439-499.

Lee, 3,305-408. ' Warren, 5,301-360.

Louisa', 11, 55-120. Washington, 5, 113-174.

Madison, 7,489-540. . Webster, 12,62-191.

*>Weller, Stnart, Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 10, p. 65.
156 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243. 

Analysis of Kinderhook limestone from Le Grande, Iowa.

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) ................. T. .........

Iron (FeO) ...................................

Manganese oxide (calculated as MnO) ..........

Lime (CaO) ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .........................

Hygroscopic water (loss at 100° C. ).............

Combined water (expelled by ignition) . ........

Phosphoric acid. . .............................

1

0.77

.05

" .09

55. 05

.28

43. 62

.03

.13

100. 02

2

0.96

.07

.27

.08

54.85

.28

43.30

.09

.21

100. 11

3

1.24

.18

.15

.09

50.56

3.70

43.79

.06

.15

Trace.

99.92

4

1.22

.14

.26

.09

Trace.

50.42

3.96

43.85

.04

.12

. 100.10

PROBABLE COMBINATIONS.

Silica and silicates. ............................

Iron, alumina, oxides, etc .....................

Water (H2 0) .................................

I 0.95

98.30

.59

.16

100. 00

1.37

97.95

.38

.30

100.00

1.74

90.28

7.77

.21

100. 00

1.72

90.04

8.08

.16

100. 00

1. Fine-grained oolite.

2. Blue limestone.

3. Iowa Caenstone.

4. Stratified limestone.

Associated with these beds are certain others which are more 

nesian, but which happen to be in demand as building stone. Possibly 

a combination of industries could be based on this association. In 

Hardin County there is a considerable thickness of the rocks with 

some associated shale. Still farther to the north and west the Kinderhook outcrops, but without exposing any great thickness. While 

much of the Kinderhook limestone is magnesian, it is believed that in 

localities where other conditions are favorable, the formation warrants 

prospecting and testing.

OSAGE FORMATION. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Osage includes beds which have been widely known as the 

Keokuk and Burlington limestones. The formation consists for the 

most part of coarse crinqidal limestone, white, nonmagnesian, and 

with chert in nodules along bedding planes. The limestone, in the
ECKEL.] IOWA. . 157

upper portion especially, is associated with abundant argillaceous 

shale, and often outcrops in steep blufl's, at the foot of which the shales 

of the Kinderhook are available. The beds are best .exposed in Lee 

and Des Moines counties, but occupy portions of Louisa, Washington, 

Hemy, and other counties in the southeast part of the State.

At Burlington, in the south bank of Cascade Hollow, the following 

section was measured by Mr. T. E. Savage.

Cascade Hollow section.

Feet.

1. Fine-grained, homogeneous soil material without pebbles, dark-colored

above, grading down to yellow below ................................. 4

2. Clay with pebbles and'small bowlders of granite and greenstone, reddish

brown .............................................................. 6

3. Limestone, much decayed, in layers one 1 to 4 inches thick, numerous

chert nodules ....................................................... 5

4. Chert................................................................. I

5. Limestone, crinoidal, coarse-grained, layers 4 to 8 inches thick ........... 4

6. Limestone, crinoidal, with chert nodules................................ 1

7. Limestone, coarse, crinoidal; at places massive, at others weathering into

layers 3 inches to 1 foot thick, containing numerous fossils.............. 10

COMPOSITION. .

An average sample of this limestone was analyzed by George 

Steiger in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey with 

the following results:

Analysis of Burlington limestone.

Silica (SiO,) ... .......'............................:...................... 5.18'

Alumina (A12 03 )« } 87 Iron oxide (Fe^03 )/' -- - -- -- --" - - - - '_

Lime (CaO) ............................................................. 52. 16

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................................... .40

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) .....;............................................. .00

The beds outcropping at this point are thoroughly representative 

of the limestone of this formation. Greater thicknesses are exposed 

at other points, and the total thickness has been estimated to be about 

250 feet.

ST. LOUIS LIMESTONE. . 

DISTRIBUTION.

The St. Louis is one of the most widely distributed formations in 

Iowa. It rests on the Osage and lies unconformably below the Des 

Moines formation. On account of its- relation to the coal beds it has 

been carefully mapped and extensively studied. It includes three 

minor divisions, the Pella, the Verdi, and the Springvale beds. The 

Verdi and Springvale beds have limited areas of outcrop and are

a This figure includes any Ti02 or PoO5 present.
158 . CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

usually not suitable in composition for cement manufacture. The 

Pella beds are more important. They outcrop widely and are, in 

composition, excellently adapted to cement manufacture. They fringe 

the productive Coal Measures on the east and occur as scattered 

inliers within the general area of outcrop of the coal beds. This 

results from the pronounced unconformity between the Des Moines 

and the St. Louis, hills of the limestone rising like islands above the 

lowest coal beds.

The Pella beds usually show an upper portion consisting of calcareous marl with some thin beds of limestone. This facies is ordinarily 

8 to 10 feet thick. Below it are beds of fine-grained blue to gray 

limestone, breaking with clean conchoidal fracture, and usually thinbedded. The rock is very rarely magnesian, and the analysis quoted 

below is quite representative. The sample was taken from the Chilton quarry at Ottumwa by Mr. T. E. Savage. The beds exposed at 

this quarry are noted in the following section:

Chilton quarry section.

Feet.

1. Fine-grained, dark-colored, pebbleless soil................................ 1

2. Clay, reddish brown, with pebbles....................................... 3

3. Sandstone, brown, iron-stained, mostly incoherent, but in places indurated 

(Des Moines)......................................................... 10

4. Calcareous shale, weathering into small bits, very fossiliferous.............. 3

5. Limestone, dense, fine-grained, gray .'.................................... 2£

6. .Limestone, shaly, soft, weathering readily, similar to No. 4................ 2

7. Limestone, dense, fine-grained, gray..................................... 1$

8. Shale, calcareous ....................................................... 3

9. Limestone, hard, fine-grained, gray, fossiliferous.......................... 1£

10. Limestone, dense, bluish................................................ 1

11. Limestone, dense, finer-grained, bluish gray, in part massive, in part thinbedded, fossiliferous .................................................. 4

12. Limestone, hard, gray.................................................... 1J

13. Limestone, dense, gray.................................................. 1$

COMPOSITION.

An average sample of the limestone here was analyzed in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey by George Steiger 

with the following results:

Analyses of St. Louis limestone at Ottumwa.

Silica (Si02)...-:.-------.-...-I.-------...---..-.----..--...-.-.-.--.... 6.83

Alumina (A1 203 ) -.-----.----.. ---.- - ^ .---. --- -----.----.-- -- ----- -- a 2.12

Iron oxide (Fe.2 0s ) ......................................................... .54

Lime (CaO).......................................;...................... 49. 54

Magnesia (MgO)......................................................... .07

Sulphur trioxide (S03 )................................................... .13

a This figure includes any Ti02 or P,,O5 present.
ECKEL.j IOWA. 159

Samples of limestone from Pella, Tracey, Oskaloosa,. and Huniboldt 

have also been analyzed, with the following results:

Analysis of Iowa limestones.

S i 1 i ca ( S i 0, )..................................

Insoluble ................................:...

Lime (CaO) ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............................

Sulphur trioxide (SOS ) ..........-.-- - -- -

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) . ........................

Watpr (Tf O1

1

4.92

} 3.39

47.50

.00

2.09

} 38. 10

2

1.57

( .49

1 .17

94.60

3.17

a

4.01

.13

.46

95. 30

.00

4

0.91

.48

.73

97. 98

1. Limestone, Pella. Lundteigen, analyst.

2. Limestone, Tracy. Murray, analyst.

3. Limestone, Oskaloosa. Murray, analyst.

4. Limestone, Humboldt. Murray, analyst.

Analyses of limestone and interbedded shale from the mouth of 

Lizard Creek in Webster Co.unty were made by Mr. Lundteigen, with 

the following results:

Analysis of limestones and shale.

2. Middle, shale, 2 feet ...... N...... ...................... .'....

CaC03.

88.75

53.25

88.75

CaS04 .

0.28

2.46

.17

A cement made from this material gave the following analysis, and 

on test showed satisfactory color, strength, and setting properties.

Analysis of Fort Dodge cement.

Silica (8i02 ) ............................................................. 25.52

Alumina and iron oxide (A12 08 and Fe203 )................................. 8. 80

Lime (CaO) ............................................................. 63.48

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................................... 1.19

The material from the Pella exposures has been made up into a 

cement which has good color, is sound on glass, sets very quickly, 

and has satisfactory strength. The results of these tests, together with 

the fact that limestone of the same age and character is being extensively used at St. Louis, Mo., makes it certain that this formation 

can be relied upon to furnish the calcareous element wherever other 

conditions are favorable to the establishment of cement plants.
160 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

DES MOINES FORMATION. 

 DISTRIBUTION. 

The. Des Moines (lower Coal Measures) contains very little limestone. Its principal importance in the present connection arises from 

the coal and clay which make up so large a portion of the formation. 

The clays and shales are extensively used in the brick-making industry. They are available over wide areas, and may prove of service 

in connection with limestones-of the formations above and below.

COMPOSITION.

The following analyses are typical of these clays:

Analyses of Coal Measures shales and clays.

Silica ( Si02 )..........................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0s ) ....................................

Lime (CaO) ......................... i................

Magnesia (MgO) ........................... j ..........

Soda (Na2CM ...........................................

Potash (KS 0) .........................................

Sulphur tfioxide <S03 ) ................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .................................

Water (H2 0), combined ...............................

Water (H.,0), free. . ...................................

Undetermined and ignitious. ....

i

53.08

17.71

8.64.

4.05

.94

3.70

1.25

2.53

6.77

i w

2

. 64.41

20.43

5.88

.34

1.71

| 1.90

3.93

1.27

3

53.86

26.28

4.32

. 19

A Q

( r .4643 

\ 2.52

1. 22

3.02

8 AC

1. Brick clay, Fort Dodge.

2. Brick clay, Des Moines. C. 0. Bates, analyst.

3. Brick clay, Ottumwa. J. B. Weems, analyst.

APPANOOSE BEDS.

Near the middle of the Des Moines formation are strata which have 

been called the Appanoose beds. These have been mapped and discussed in connection with the report on Appanoose County, and their 

outcropping edge is shown on the accompanying map (PL V). They 

include the Mystic or Centerville coal and certain associated shales and 

limestones. The latter are known locally, from their relations to the 

coal, as the "Bottom rock," "Cap rock," "Thirteen-foot limestone," 

and "Fifty-foot limestone." The limestone bed is thin, usually from 4 

to 6 feet in thickness, but near Rathbun andClarkdale it reaches a thickness of 10 to 15 feet. It is a soft limestone, easily crushed, and because
ECKBL.l IOWA. 161

of its close association with clay and a very good coal bed is probably 

of value. Analyses show that it is practically free from magnesia and 

runs from 74 to 93 per cent in calcium carbonate.. The following 

analysis, by Lundteigen, is representative.

Analysis of Fifty-foot rock, Rathbun.

Silica (Si02 ) ......................... 1.......................... 1......... 9.90

Alumina (A1,0S ) .-.--.-..'....-..-..-.-.-.-..-......-...-....-....--...---I 6 4Q

Iron oxide (Fe.,03 ) ......................................................./

Magnesia (MgO) ........................................................ ..Trace.

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ).......................'.........'................... 83. 37

MISSO URIAN FORMA TION. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The southwestern portion of Iowa is underlain by the rocks of the 

Missourian formation or upper Coal Measures. In contrast with the 

lower Coal Measures or Des Moines formation, the Missourian includes 

considerably less sandstone and very little coal. The beds are mainly 

shales and limestones. The latter are almost entirely free from magnesia, are occasionally somewhat earthy, are usually free from chert, 

and are easily ground. They are accordingly well adapted' to cement 

manufacture, and, indeed, the equivalent beds are now in use at lola. 

Kans. The individual members of the Missourian formation have not 

been mapped in Iowa, though they are discussed in the county reports. 

The most important limestone lies at the base of the formation, and 

its outcrop is accordingly indicated on the accompanying map by the 

eastern edge of the -formation. This limestone, which is variously 

known as the Winterset, Earlham, and Bethany, is.discussed in some 

detail in the Madison County report.

The Bethany limestone in Madison County includes four separate 

ledges occurring in the following order and thickness: Fusulina, 25 

feet; Winterset, 20 feet; Earlham, 21 feet; Fragmental, 10 feet. 

These ledges are separated by shale beds, usually 10 to 20 feet in thickness and in part calcareous. The rocks are quarried at various points, 

particularly Earlham, Winterset, and Peru, and the same ledges have 

been recognized as far south as Decatur County, on the Missouri 

boundary.

COMPOSITION.

Analyses of individual ledges at Peru, made by Lundteigen, show 

a lime content ranging from 00.50 to 83 per cent. A cement mixture 

made from them gave T5.50 per cent CaC03 . At Earlham the following section was measured by Mr. T. E. Savage, and an analysis of an 

average mixed sample of the stone was made in the laboratory of the

Bull. 243 05 11
162 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTEY. [HULL. 248.

United States Geological Survey by George Steiger. The results are 

given below:

Section of Robertson quarry, Earlham.

Number. Feet. Inches.

1 Dark-colored, fine-grained, pebbleless soil .................... 1

2 Reddish bowlder clay with pebbles and quartzite fragments.... 1 6

3 Yellowish-colored, soft, shaly limestone, which disintegrates

readily................................................... 4

4 Layer of very hard, light-gray, fine-grained limestone............... 7

5 Narrow layer of softer limestone with less perfectly comminuted

fossil fragments ........................................... ...... 2

6 Ledge of hard, white limestone, fine-grained, separating in places

into three or four uneven layers............................ 3

7 Soft, calcareous shale which weathers rapidly into fine bits ......... i 4

8 Dense gray, fine-grained limestone; fossil fragments abundant -

but indistinct............................................. ...... 6

9 Gray shale like No. 9.......................................

10 Layer of hard gray limestone ................................ ...... 2

11 Band of soft shale...................-....................:.. ......

12 Dense, fine-grained, light-gray limestone, in places massive,

again separating into two layers of about equal thickness .... 1

13 Shale, soft, gray in color, and quite calcareous ...................... 6

14 Layer of impure limestone, grayish yellow in color..........

15 Band of soft, gray, calcareous shale ....,._................... |...... 7

16 Ledge of hard, fine-grained, light-colored limestone, imperfectly

separated into three uneven layers .......................... 1 3

17 Massive layer, separating in places into two uneven layers with 

shaly partings between them and such partings of shale separating No. 3- from No. 4 above and No. 2 below.............. 1 4

. 18 Ledge of gray limestone...................................... 1 3

19 Layer of gray limestone ..................................... 1

Analysis of Earlham limestone.

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 10. 92

Alumina (A1 2 0;! ).....'.....................................................»1. 77

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ).................:...............'.............._..._... .60

Lime (CaO) ............................................................. 47.66

Magnesia (MgO) ,........... ...................................;......... .75

Sulphur trioxide (S03 )..-...-... ...... .................................. None.

The beds above the Bethany have not been as carefully studied, 

though they are apparently similar in composition and character. The 

next higher limestones, the Dekalb, yielded the following on partial 

analysis by J. B. Weems:

a This includes any P2O5 or Ti02 present.
IOWA. 163

Analysis of Dekalb limestone.

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ).................................................. 91. 96

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ........................................... 1. 99

Water (H,0) ........................................................... .07

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 

AVAILABLE MATERIALS.

It is believed that the data presented bear out the assertion that 

there are many points in Iowa at which materials suitable for manufacture are available. The marls are not now known to be important 

and may never prove to be. Chalk suitable in all particulars may be 

found along Sioux River north of Sioux City. As this is a soft, easygrinding material, it is a favorite among cement manufacturers. The 

question of the advisability of establishing a plant in this district must 

be determined by consideration of manufacturing costs, of market, 

and transportation facilities.

In regard to the limestones the following general considerations are 

important. Iowa is largely a drift-covered State, and within the broad 

areas shown upon the map as underlain by the various limestones there 

are really only a limited number of outcrops. Even where outcrops 

occur the overburden is in many cases so thick as to entail prohibitive, 

stripping costs. The best situations are in the valleys, usually where 

some important tributary joins the main stream. Fortunately many 

of the railway lines follow valley routes.

The Trenton limestone, which occurs in the driftless area, is found 

usually in rather steep bluffs, a fact due to the resistant character of 

the dolomite usually found above it. As compared with the other 

limestones of the region, the Trenton is most likely to carry magnesia 

in excess; but it is, on the other hand, practically free from chert, is 

often somewhat earth}^ in composition, and is intimately associated with 

shale. As already noted, the similar and approximately equivalent 

beds in the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and New Jersey are a very 

important source of cement material.

The Devonian limestones are in large measure free from both chert 

and magnesia, though outcrops in the northern part of the State need 

careful examination to make sure, of the absence of the latter. As 

contrasted with both the Trenton and the Carboniferous limestones 

they are in the main harder, and this will to some extent influence the 

cost of grinding.

Of the Carboniferous limestones the Kinderhook is in most situations too magnesian and the Osage too full of chert for easjr use, 

though it is probable that some suitable material can be found in each 

formation. The Pella beds of the St. Louis and the Winterset and 

other limestones of the Missourian are entirely suitable as regards
164 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND .INDUSTRY. [HULL. 243.

composition, freedom from chert, and grinding qualities. Equivalent 

beds are now in use in Missouri and Kansas., These limestones are, 

furthermore, excellently situated as regards fuel and clay. The Productive Goal Measures, Des Moines formation, outcrop in a broad 

belt between the two, and often the Pella beds and shales of the Des 

Moines occur in the same section. Where the shales are absent, loess, 

such as is elsewhere used, is nearly everywhere present.

FUEL.

The area of the Productive Coal Measures, Des Moines formation, 

is shown on the accompanying map. It will be seen that the coal 

mines are so situated as to afford cheap fuel to most of the limestone 

localities. This is important, since the fuel cost forms approximately 

30 per cent of the total cost of manufacture. Iowa coal, Avhile not of 

the highest grade, is still well adapted to cement manufacture. The 

following analyses indicate the approximate composition of a few of 

the beds. These analyses and tests were made at the Iowa State 

College of Agriculture, and are published in the report on Monroe 

County. a

Analyses of Iowa coals.

Ash............... ..................

Sulphur .............................

B.T.U. ................... ...........

1

46. 31

89.13

10.13

4.10

11,922

2

37 79

' 54.85

92 64

7.36

3.29

12 ' 681

a

07 no

47 98

85. 96

14.04

5.90

12, 431

4

45.62

rn on

4 09

2.74

12, 041

5

46.06

46.89

7.05

2.81

13, 050

6

36. 94

54.20

8.86

.2.86

7

or -1-1

51.91

10 77

3.02

8

18.23

75.08

93.31

6.69

fiO

1. Average five Monroe County coals.

2. Centerville Block Coal Company, Appanoose County.

3. Corey Coal Company, Webster County.

4. Des Moines C. & M. Company, Polk County.

5. Whitebreast Fuel. Company, Pekay, Mrthaska County.

6. Carbon Coal Company, Willard, Wapello County.

7. Average 22 Illinois coals.

8. Pocahontas coal, Virginia. (

In the above tables the Pocahontas coal is quoted for comparison, 

and the Illinois coals are noted, since, in event of the Trenton limestone being used, coal would probably be drawn from Illinois rather 

than Iowa. Many additional analyses will be found in the special 

report on the coal deposits forming Volume II of the reports of the 

Iowa Geological Survey, and some additional data in the Twentysecond Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey.**

a Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 13, p. 414.

b The Western Interior coal field; Twenty-second Ann. Rept. TJ. S. Geol, Survey, pt. 3, pp.333-366.
BCKEI,.] KANSAS. 165

TRANSPORTATION.

The relations to transportation lines are perhaps sufficiently indicated by the map (PI. V). It may be noticed that there are several 

promising localities along the Mississippi where that river could be 

utilized directly and would, in addition, act as a regulator to railway 

lines. The main railway lines of Iowa run either east-west or southeast-northwest, and much of the freight originating in the State, 

aside from agricultural products, moves to the north and west.

Markets. Any cement plant which may be established would find a 

ready market in the same direction. Iowa itself affords a very considerable market for cement, and an Iowa cement plant would have 

considerable advantage in reaching an important and growing market 

to the north and west.

POKTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF KANSAS.®

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

Limestones of economic importance occur in Kansas in four different 

geologic groups, as follows: (1) Mississippiau, (2) Coal Measures, 

(3) Permian, (4) Cretaceous.

Of these, the Coal Measures limestones are at present of most importance, and are the only ones now in use as Portland-cement materials. 

The Cretaceous chalky limestones would be valuable cement materials 

if fuel supply and markets were nearer. The limestones of the Permian are of little present or prospective importance; but those of 

the Mississippian are most promising.

MISSISSIPPIAN ("LOWER CARBONIFEROUS") LIMESTONES.

The Mississippian rocks of Kansas occur only in one small area in 

the extreme southeastern corner of the State, about 30 square miles 

in Cherokee County being covered by rocks of this age. The series 

is made up of limestones, with interbedded cherts, and a few beds of 

shale. The limestones are usually heavil}7 bedded and low in magnesia.

The limestone quarries in the Lower Carboniferous are described 

by Ha worth as follows: 6

In the southeastern part of the State a small amount of quarrying is done in 

the sub-Carboniferous limestone at and near Galena. This limestone is a highly 

crystalline one, very compact in character, light blue in color, and occurs in heavy 

layers, so that large dimension stone could be obtained from it were the quarries 

operated for that purpose. It is the same rock in every respect, both as to geologic 

age and general character, that is so extensively quarried at Carthage and other

oThe data relative to the distribution and composition of Kansas limestones is quoted, in large 

part, from descriptions given in the "Mineral Resources of Kansas for 1897," a publication issued by 

the Kansas State Geological Survey.

l> Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, pp. 73-74.
166 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

points in Missouri. From the Carthage quarries many thousands of dollars' worth 

of stone are shipped into Kansas, all of which might be supplied from the Kansas 

stone if quarries were worked as extensively as might be done. The quarries at 

Galena are operated to supply local demand, and that only for foundation material 

in buildings, although considerable dimension stone is shipped from Carthage into 

Galena for the larger buildings.

Years ago this same stone was quarried at Galena, at Lowell, and elsewhere for the 

production of lime. It is so abundant in quantity and so easily accessible along the 

hillsides that it is a great wonder more limekilns are not in operation. The same 

rock is quarried at different places in Missouri and burnt into lime, producing lime

of a good quality, but no better than might be obtained from luinsas quarries. 

\

Analyses of Mississippian limestones from Kansas.

Silica (Si02 ) ..................................................

Alumina (A12 0S ) ..............................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ..^....... ..................................

Lime carbonate (CaCOy) .......................................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) .........................:......

l

0.32

.17

.20

98.66

.73

2

«8.00

| .69

97.32

.80

" Probably erroneous.

1. Quarry on Short'Creek, near Spring River, Cherokee County. L. G. Eakins, analyst. Bull. U. SGeol. Survey No. 78, p. 125.

2. Galena, Cherokee County. Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, p. 78.

/

PENNSYLVANIA ("COAL MEASURES 5 ') LIMESTONES.

"The Coal Measures rocks of Kansas covers the three eastern tiers of 

counties and parts of the counties in the fourth tier. Though made 

up mostly of shales and sandstones, the series includes a number of 

beds of limestone. These limestones are of importance as Portlandcement materials because of their usual purity, their proximity to 

satisfactory shales and to transportation routes and, above all, because 

they occur, in many places in Kansas, in the vicinity of natural-gas 

fields. 

Ha worth describes the Coal Measures limestones as follows : a

To the northwest of Cherokee County many local quarries in heavy limestone 

formations have been operated, some of Avhich are still operated in an irregular 

manner. The most extensive of these is the quarry at Tola, which has produced 

large quantities of dimension stone and sawed flagstone for local trade and for shipment to other points. The limestone at Tola exists in a layer nearly 40 feet thick, 

from which dimension blocks'of any size or proportion desirable can be obtained.

Still farther to the northwest the next quarries are those along the banks of the 

Kansas River west of Kansas City, from which large quantities of stone are taken for 

ballast and for macadamizing streets. Near Kansas Git}' a deposit of fragmentary 

material exists, from which large quantities have been shipped for making sidewalks, 

macadamizing streets, and similar purposes.

a Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, p. 74-75.
KCKRL.] KANSAS. 167

Other places furnish quantities of stone, the output of which would be greatly 

increased if the demand were sufficient to justify the extensive operation of quarries. 

Generally, however, it is principally a local demand, for which no statistics can be 

gathered, but which in the aggregate amounts to many thousands of dollars.

Still farther west a limestone exists which is remarkable in many of its properties, 

.permitting it to be successfully quarried for all kinds of dimension stone wherever 

it comes to the surface. It is known commercially as the Cotton wood Falls limestone, because such large quantities have been shipped from Cottonwood Falls and 

Strong City to so many points within and without the State. The same rock has 

been quarried at a dozen or more places to the north of Cottonwood Falls, such as 

Eskridge, Alma, Manhattan, Beattie, and a number of other places. This limestone 

is not very thick, averaging from 5 to 8 feet, and generally consists of two individual 

layers, known in the markets as the "upper'.' and the "lower." The rock from the 

two layers differs slightly in quality, the lower one generally producing the best 

stone. Its most valuable properties are two almost perfect uniformity of texture 

throughout, and the absence of vertical fissures. It is white or light cream in color, 

fine and noncrystalline in texture, and well filled with the little rice-grain-like 

invertebrate fossil, Fusulina cylindrica. The color is so uniform that when the stone 

is placed in a building the general color effect is very pleasing and satisfactory. The 

absence of vertical fissures and the uniformity of texture throughout make it possible 

to obtain dimension, blocks of any size desired, which can be worked with perfect 

uniformity. These qualities make it by all odds the most desirable and therefore 

the most extensively used stone in the State. Large buildings are erected from it 

entirely, and many others partly constructed from the same rock. The different 

quarries, so .widely separated, make it possible for a large community to use it without paying excessive freight.

From this Cottonwood Falls limestone the following important buildings are constructed: Snow Hall, and the stone trimmings of the main building, University of 

Kansas, Lawrence; the Methodist Episcopal Church, Lawrence; the Rock Island 

depot, Topeka; the Santa Fe depots at Ottawa, Wellington, and elsewhere; and a 

number of other depot buildings along the lines of the different railways in Kansas.

In addition to the above-mentioned uses, the different railroads in the State use 

the Cottonwood Falls limestone for bridge building and other construction purposes. 

This is true to so great an extent that many thousands of dollars' worth of dimension 

stone are annually supplied the different Kansas lines for use in this State and elsewhere, much of it being shipped outside of the State.

Analyses of Coal Measures limestones from Kansas. a

No.

1...... ..................

2........................

3.......................:

4........................

5........................

6...... .................

7........................

Silica (Si02 ).

1.53

1.99

3.79

2.75

2.63

4.30

.61

Alumina 

(ALjOJancl 

iron oxide

(Fe,0:l).

1.75

1 91

1.07

5 Ql

1.76

.81

1.51

Lime carbonate 

(CaCO;i ).

94. 12

95.20

Q'3 90

Ql 09

94. 10

 92.76

97.32

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOs).

2.72

1.10

1.01

.14

.54

ne

.32

Sulphur 

trioxirto 

(SOS ).

0.20

90

.43

From Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, pp. 77-78.
168 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. I BOLL. 243. 

Analyses of Coal Measures limestones from Kansas Continued.

No.

8........................

9........................

10........................

11........................

12.'.......................

13........................

14........ .:...'..........

15........................

16...'.....................

17........................

18........................

19........................

20........................

21 ................'........

22........................

23........................

24........................

25........................

26........................

27 ........................

28........................

29........................

30........................

31........................

32........................

qq

34........................

35...............'.........

36.........................

37........................

38........................

Silica (SiOL.)-

11. 83

8/57

7.30

3.53

.2.29

8.02

.66

1.18

3. 82

3.94

4.79

1.18

6.98

8.00

5. 91

6.20

12. 97

17.49

8.75

14.01

13. 89

1. 50

1. 35

2.44

16.15

11. 97

6. 22

9.12

10. 37

3.27

6.80

Alumina 

(Al,,0:<) and 

iron oxide

(Fe,,03 )-

5.53

3.62

1. 05

1. 07

1. 79

2.05

2.13

2.38

.77

1.20

1.18

3.09

1. 04

1. 35

2.47

3. 31

3.06

4.09

2.37

J . 34

4.29

95

1.32

.82

1 Ql

3. 59

1.74

.70

2.49

2.61

2.60

Lime carbonate 

(CaCOa ).

81. 91

84.72

90.00

94. 18

95. 02

88.54

93.49

94. 77

94. 21

93.61

93. 30

92.71

90.01

90.00

89. 88

88. 17

78.46

69.07

84.80

80.31

80.10

96.50

96.09

95.57

7Q 9^

81.98

' 89.68

88. 55

84. 53

92.50

88.03

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOs).

1.56

1. 75

1.60

1.16

.79

1.29

. 3.04

1. 07

1.30

1.20

1.26

. 2.64

1.66

.12

1. 11

1.88

1.16

3.06

2.80

3.87

1.00

.74

1. 00

.80

1 QA

1.20

1.99

1. 25

2. 35

1. 62

2.04

Sulphur 

trioxicle 

(80s).

0.05

.90

.03

.36

.02

.38

.28

2. 32

.37

.78

.39

.55

.21

1, 2, 3. Humboldt, Alien County.

4, 5. Tola, Alien County.

(i, 7. Garnett, Aiidersou County. .

8. Horton, Brown County.

9. Cottomvopd Falls, Chase County.

10. Strong City, Chase County.

11. 12, 13. Lawrence, Douglas County.

14. Moline, Elk County.

15. 16. 17, 18. Lane, Franklin County.

19. Greeley, Franklin County.

20. Winchester, Jefferson County.

21. Ottawa, Johnson County.

22. 23, 24. Lansing, Lcavenworth County.

25. Soldiers' Home, Leavenworth County.

26. 27, 28. Beattie, Marshall County. 

29, 30, 31. Fontann, Miami County.

32. Independence, Montgomery County.

33. Sabetha, Nemaha County.

34. 35, 36. Alma, VVabannsee County.

37. McFarland, Wabauusee County.

38. Yates Center, Woodson County.
KANSAS.. 169

PERMIAN LIMESTONES.

Permian rocks occur west of the Coal Measures arid include a few 

beds of limestone, which are described briefly by Ha worth : a

A few hundred feet above the Cottomvood Falls limestone are heavy beds of the 

Permian limestone, which are usually filled with flint nodules. These soft Permian 

limestones, carrying so.much flint, are very serviceable for railroad ballast and are 

extensively quarried and crushed for this purpose at different places. The quarry 

near Strong City has probably yielded more ballast of this kind than any other one 

in the State, but extensive quarries are operated farther west along the Santa Fe at 

Florence and near Marion, and along the Rock Island at different points, all of which 

produce practically the same kind of stone.

Analyses of Permian limestones from Kansas.

Silica, (SiO,) .......................

Iron oxide (Fe20H ) .................

Lime carbonate (CaCOs ) ............

i

5.04

| .96

93.32

1.06

2

13.60

2.55

76.16

7.63

s

3.34

1.69

03 9ft

.94

4

5.27

( 1.07

1 1. 03

89. 93

1.18

5

4.25

I .85

94.06

.62

(i

5.51

1.24

91. 50

1.62

1. Eldorado, Butler County. Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, p. 77.

2. Arkansas City, Cowley County. Ibid.

3. Cambridge, Cowley County. Ibid, p. 78.

4. Silvcrdale, Cowley County. C. Catlett, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 04, p. 4C.

5. Winneld, Cowley County.' Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, p. 77.

6. Marion County. Ibid,

CRETACEOUS LIMESTONES.

The chalk and chalky limestones of the Cretaceous occurring in 

western Kansas are as promising as those of Arkansas and Texas, but 

the quarries are at present handicapped by distance from fuel and 

from cement markets. Haworth describes the limestones as follows:6

In the central and west-central part of the State the Cretaceous limestones have 

been quarried to a great extent. They are generally spoken of locally as magnesian 

limestone, although such a term is entirely misapplied. A belt of country stretches 

across the State, by way of Beloit and Russell, throughout which a fine layer of 

limestone is quarried and broken into pieces suitable for fence posts. Travelers 

passing from east to west along almost any railroad line in the State can notice large 

fields and pastures fenced entirely by fastening the wire fencing to these stone 

posts, which are set in the ground similar to the way common wooden posts are 

used in ordinary fencing. The Cretaceous limestones also serve many structural 

purposes in all of the cities and villages within the Cretaceous area. The rock is so 

soft it can easily be sawed into blocks and worked with chisel and hammer much 

more rapidly than ordinary limestone. This, added to its property of materially 

hardening after quarried, greatly increases its value. None of it is what would be 

called a first-class building material, yet it is capable of being used in many ways,

((Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897,'p. 75. 

f> Ibid, pp. 75-76.
CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY.. [BULL. 243.

and furnishes a convenient and durable structural material for that part of the State, 

which prevents other stone from being shipped in. Here, as elsewhere, local demands 

are not so great now as they formerly wrere, but every year thousands of dollars' worth 

of the rock are quarried and used for various purposes, principally for supplying 

fence posts.

 Analyses of Cretaceous limestones from Kansas.

Silica (SiO,) . ....................'..............................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ........................:...................

Lime carbonate (CaCOs ) ........................................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC08 ) .................................

Water.........!........................................:....

1 N

4.81

} 3.07

90.63

.84

.08

2

5.06

2.08

9-1. 30

.87

.44

1. Coolidge, Hamilton County. Mineral Resources of Kansas, 1897, p. 78.

2. Jetmore, Hodgeman County. Ibid.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN KANSAS.

Two Portland-cement plants are now in operation at or near lola, 

Alien Count}7-, while a third is in prospect, to be located at Independence, Montgomery County. Both of the present plants (as well 

as the one projected) use Carboniferous limestones and shales. While 

the materials are very satisfactory, there is nothing strikingly advanjtageous in their use. The particular advantage possessed by the 

Kansas plants is derived not from the use of especially good raw 

materials, though the limestones and shells are satisfactory enough, 

but from the fact that the plants are located in a natural-gas area' 

and are therefore supplied with cheap fuel.

The materials used at the two plants now in operation give the 

following representative analyses:

Analyses of limestones and shales used for cement making in Kansas.

Silica (SiO,) ........................

Alumina (A12 03 ) ....................

Iron oxide (Fe.,0,) ..................

Lime (CaO) ........................

Magnesia (MgO) ...".............-...

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ...............

Water..............................

1

| 0.86

.29

55.74

.51

42.76

.04

-

, 1.19

I .95

1.28

53.13

1.36

1 42. 66

3

54. 18

19. 17

6. 11

7.05

1.89

11.95

4

1. 1.

1 1 S

/ L8

51.7

2.0

43.3

5

56.0

22. 1

8.0

1.5

10.7

1. Limestone from lola, Kansas.' H. N. Stokes, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 78. p. 124.

2. Limestone used by lola Portland Cement Company.

3. Shale used by Tola Portland Cement Company.

4. Limestone used by Kansas Portland Cement Company.

5. Shale used by Kansas Portland Cement Company.
BCKHL.] KENTUCKY. 171

POBTI/AND CEMENT RESOURCES OF KENTUCKY."

Limestones prevailingly low in magnesia and otherwise satisfactory 

as cement materials occur in Kentucky in four different geologic 

groups. These groups, whose areal distribution in Kentucky is shown 

on the map forming PI. VI, are as follows, beginning with the oldest:

1. Trenton limestone.

2. Cincinnati group limestones.

3. Mississippiaivor Lower Carboniferous limestone.

4. Pennsylvania or Coal Measures limestones.

TRENTON LIMESTONE.

The Trenton group occupies much of the counties of Franklin, 

Scott, Bourbon, Woodford, Fayette, Jessamine, and smaller portions 

of Boyle, Clark, Mercer, Owen, Henry, and Anderson, The limestones which make up most of this series are usually quite low in 

magnesia, while their range in lime carbonate is commonly from 90 to 

95 per cent.

According to Mr. E. 0. Ulrich the rocks in Kentucky that are 

referred to this group comprise an exposed thickness of about 700 feet 

of solid, chiefly nonmagnesian, limestone. The magnesian beds are 

practically confined to the lower 400 feet, and it is doubtful if these 

magnesian beds will reach an aggregate thickness of 150 feet. The 

series is equivalent to the Mohawkian of New York, to the limestones 

in Middle Tennessee included between the Murfreesboro and Catheys 

limestones (see Columbia folio), and, in a general way, to the "Trenton " 

(including Galena) of the Mississippi Valley.

In Kentucky State reports the series is divided, from below upward, 

into "Chazy," "Birdseye," and "Trenton". The first two are the 

same as the Stone River group in Tennessee and the High Bridge 

limestone of Campbell in the Richmond folio. The third embraces 

the recognizable equivalents of the Hermitage, Bigby, and Cathey 

limestones of middle Tennessee, and the Lexington limestone (= Hermitage and Bigby), Flanary chert, and lower part of Winchester 

limestone (together = Cathey) of Campbell.

"For most of the data presentee! in regard to Kentucky cement materials the writer is indebted to 

Mr. E. 0. Ulrich, of the U. S. Geological Survey
172 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 24.3.

Analyses of limestones from Trenton group, Kentucky. (l 

[R. Peter, analyst.]

Silica (SiOo).. .;...,.................

Lime carbonate (CaCOa ) ............

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ..... 

Alkalies (KoO, Na.,0)... '.............

1

5.92

| 3.28

85.56 

3.57 

.88

.47

2

2.38

3.98

91. 48 

1.04 

.55

.32

3

2.18

2.42

92. 73 

.63 

.51

.34

4

2.08

.77

95.38 

1.51 

.14

.58

5

6.94

.12

89.63 

.88 

.52

.68

«

1.88

2.70

90.72 

4.61 

.35

n. d.

7

5.18

1.53

91.33 

.56

.77

.33

8'

1.58

.38

95.68 

2.04 

.24

.17

9

2.18

.63

94.75 

1.96 

.26

.30

1. Clark County.

2. Fayette County.

3. Fayette County.

4. Franklin County. 

5. Franklin County.

"From Kentucky Geol. Survey, Kept. A, pt. 2, pp. 123-124.

6. Mercer County. 

 7. Woodford County.

8. Fayette County.

9. Woodford County.

The proposed Portland cement plant at Mentor will use shaly limestone of Trenton age. This formation outcrops in a narrow strip 

along.the Ohio River in Kenton and Campbell counties. Another 

proposed plant, below Ludlow, is to use the limestones (100 feet thick) 

capping the hills and the Eden shales beneath them. The slope of 

the hills, to a height of 250 feet or more, is composed of these shales. 

The Trenton limestone along Ohio River runs higher in silica than in 

central Kentucky, but MgC03 generally is less than 2 per cent.

CINCINNATI OR HUDSON GROUP.

The series of shales and limestones which make up the Cincinnati 

or Hudson group in Kentucky occupy most of the north-central portion of the State. The group consists of dark blue, argillaceous, 

thin-bedded limestones, with frequent interbedded shales. The limestones are usually of satisfactory composition for use as cement

materials. The shales, however, are frequently sandy in the southern 

and western parts, but it is probable that even here shate beds of 

satisfactory composition could be found on careful search.

North of a line connecting Madison, Ind., and Maysville, Ky., the 

Cincinnati limestones are pure and the shales are calcareous and never 

arenaceous. In going southward from this line both the shales and 

the limestones, particularly in the middle part of the group, gradually 

grow more and more sandy. Along the Cumberland River (in 

southern Kentucky) practically the whole group is represented by a 

fine-grained sandstone. This has been called by Shaler the Cumberland sandstone.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO 243 PL. VI

-- -'---. i i rfrlgr'rftT. ET^3 J£T "I? r t!K flOOItCVIlie S. <, v^Tb f i ^

TAyj^K-xS^r W^V^; JACK^^VI).'^ K inl i^nKti^it:^,^^ X^ffi

^'u)'"^ Xx ^^ ^ 5-"r'"VuHa/iiW.'

jjv.iJiiPtei^vit-"' M4^wK^ 'i''',^"""' "V>' '",:''

^ i~ " x^-!*;rMni!Kkw»i'?./

GEOLOGIC MAP OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE 

Revised from maps of the Kentucky &ncl Tennessee geological surveys

Stale S & *

CARBONIFEROUS LE'SEN D ORDOVICI AN

Coal Measures MissiSSippian limestone Cincinnati shales and limestones Trenton and StonesRiverlimestones
ECKEL.] KENTUCKY. 173

Analyses of limestones from Cincinnati group, Kentucky. a 

[R. Peter, analyst.]

Silica (SiO..) .................

Lime carBonate (CaCO;! ) .....

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgCOa)...................

Alkalies (KoO, NaoO) ........

Sulphur trioxide (S0;i) ......

1

14. 44

1 3.75

75. 44

4.78 

.83

.47

2

6.38

2.20

87.98

1.72 

.34

.37

3

13. 98

3.91

77.30

2. 31 

.49

2.43

4 .

10.42

2.03

85. 20

1.24 

.79

.17

5

1 89

.5-1

90. 51

1.05 

.25

.18

(i

3.08

1. 19

92. 65

1.54 

.43

1. 27

7

7.18

2.84

88. 90

1.47 

.22

.24

8

16. 64

2.48

78.08

1.57 

.35

.27

!>

1.72

3.58

92. 92

.50 

.32

.34

10

0.78

1.04

96. 24

.94

.87

.18

1. Mason County..

2. Mason County.

3. Mason County.

4. Anderson County.

5. Bourbon County.

6. Franklin County.

7. Mercer County.

8. Nicholas County.

9. Owen County.

10. Wooclford County.

Excepting 5 and 10, which are of unusually pure limestones for 

their respective localities, and 9, which is nearly normal for the northern part of the Cincinnati outcrop, all these analyses illustrate the 

increase in silica southward, referred to above. In the central counties north of the Maysville-Madison line the limestones contain very 

little silica and agree closely with those in southwestern Ohio.

MISSISSIPPI AN OR "LOWER CARBONIFEROUS" LIMESTONES.

The Lower Carboniferous limestones are commonly low in magnesia; 

and in most of the area covered by them in Kentucky they are also 

high in lime carbonate. As the Tennessee-Kentucky State line is 

approached, however, interbedded layers of chert become more and 

more common, until the lower part of the series becomes too siliceous 

to be of much promise as a source of Portland-cement materials.

The lower Mississippian sandstone, or Waverly sandstone, shown 

on the map, is limited to the east side of the Cincinnati axis and north 

of Jackson County, Ky. South of Jackson County and west of the 

Cincinnati axis the equivalent strata consist, in central Kentucky, 

principally of shale, in which may occur considerable beds of siliceous 

limestone; in west Kentucky and middle Tennessee principally of siliceous limestone, with more or less shale in the lower part (= Tullahoma), passing southward into the Fort Payne chert.

In the Mississippian group there are two horizons or beds, both 

oolitic, that are important as future sources of Portland-cement material. The first, occurring at the base of the St. Louis and equivalent 

to the Spergen Hill (Bedford) limestone of Indiana, forms a generally 

broad strip passing through Meade, Hardin, Lame, Barren, Warren, 

Todd, Christian, and Trigg counties. The second is the .Ste. Genevieve limestone, which is limited to Christian, Caldwell, Crittenden,

a From Kentucky Geol. Survey, pt. 2, p. 123.
174 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

and Livingston counties, in western Kentucky. Between the first 

strip and the border of the western Kentucky coal field there is first 

a broad strip of St. Louis limestone, which is usually too siliceous and 

too magnesian for use in making Portland cement, and then, near or 

just outside of the coal field, the limestones, shales, and sandstones of 

the Chester group.

The Chester contains several beds of apparently promising limestone closely associated with beds of shale.

No good limestones occur in west-central Tennessee except in Montgomery and Robertson counties, where the lower oolite is present. 

However, the St. Louis limestone here, as also in Kentucky, contains 

many beds of only slightly siliceous and probably nonmagnesian 

limestone.

Of thp analyses below, Nos. 1 and 7 are Spergen Hill oolites, 

Nos. 3, 5, and 6 St. Louis limestone, and 2, 4, and 8 Chester limestones, 

though the last is extraordinarily pure for a Chester limestone.

Analyses of Upper Mississippian limestones from Kentucky. « 

[R. Peter, analyst.]

No.

1.... ...........

2...... .........

3...............

4...............

5. /.............

6...............

8...............

Silica 

(810s).

1, 06

2.76

3.06

- 7.48

9.56

4.46

.38

 .494Q

Alumina 

(A120S ); 

iron oxide 

(Fe203 ). '

0.51

.92

1.39

2.56

.15

1.49

- .46

.22

Lime 

carbonate 

(CaC03 ).

98.05

93.02

95.15

85. 68

88.15

92.05

'98.58

97. 63

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOs).

0.36

2.09

.24

2.50

.38

99

.63

.65'

Alkalies 

(K20, Na.,0).

0.44

.36

not det.

.18

not det.

Sulphur 

trioxide 

(80s).

0.26

.60

Trace.

.84

; .20

.27

..34

3. Glasgow Junction, Barren County.

2. Barren River, Butler County.

3. Iron Hills Furnace, Carter County.

4. Grayson County.

5. Old Town Creek, Greennp County.

6. Kentpn Furnace, Greenup County.

7. Hardin County.

8. Litchfield, Grayson County.

PENNSYLVANIA!? OR COAL MEASURES LIMESTONES.

A number of limestone beds occur interbedded with the shales and 

sandstones of the Coal Measures. These Coal Measures limestones are 

usually low in magnesia, but rarely carry more than 80 to 90 per cent 

of lime carbonate. Compared with the thick series of lower Carboniferous limestones, they are so thin that they would be of but little 

importance if it were not" for their advantageous location near supplies of fuel.

"Analyses 1 to 7 from Kentucky Geol. Survey, Kept. A, pt. 2, pp. 119-120; analysis 8 from 

Twentieth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, p. 545.
MCKKL.] LOUISIANA.

Analyses of Coal Measure limestones from Kentucky.

175

No.

i.............:.

2...............

3...............

4. ..............

5...............

Silica 

(SiO.,).

14.70

5.96

3.28

4.26

1.15

Alumina

(Ai2o:f );

iron oxide 

(Fe-A,).

6.40

3.76

1.76

4.33

.65

Lime 

carbonate 

(CaCOa).

75.75

88.41

88.38

82.88

97.15

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOj).

0.57

:79

3.68

4.20

.93

Alkalies 

(K20,Na2 0).

n. d.

0.51

.35

.29

Sulphur 

trioxide 

(80s).

0.78

.04

.17

4.72

Analyses 1 to 'I (by R. Peter) from Kentucky Geol. Survey, Kept. A, pt. '2, p. Ill); analysis 5 

communicated by F. E. Hay ward. (

1. Mount Savage Furnace, Carter County.

2.. l-'ea Kiclgc, Greenup County.

3. Henderson County. ,

'I. MuhlenbergCounty.

5. Hayward, Carter County.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF LOUISIANA.

The great chalk formations, which seem destined to be such important sources of Portland-cement material in the neighboring States of 

Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama, fail to occur in Louisiana 

except as small isolated outcrops. The State is therefore practically 

devoid of limestone and can hardly be considered as a possible future 

producer of Portland cement. The few limestone outcrops that 

appear within its limits are described as follows: a

Cretaceous limestones. The beds of limestone seem to be almost entirely confined 

to the Cretaceous. Of the three outcrops which occur in the State, the Winnfield 

limestone is of very doubtful value as a building stone, but the Coochie Brake and 

Bayou Chicot deposits may be utilized for that purpose.

The Winnfield limestone is a highly crystallized blue arid white banded stone. It 

is full of cracks and pockets and other flaws, which will render it useless as an 

ornamental or building stone. -It can doubtless be used to advantage for making 

lime. The quantity of the stone in. sight is large and it can be very economically 

quarried. Several kilns of lime have already been burned there.

The purity of the stone is shown by the following analysis by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand, & of the United States Geological Survey:

Analysis of limestone from Winnfield. 

Silica (SiOj) ............................................................. 0.65

Alumina (A1203 )...... .................................................. Trace.

Iron oxide ('Fe2 03 )....................................................... Trace.

Lime (CaO) ........:.................................................... 55.01

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................................... .60

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) .................................................... .27

Carbon dioxide (CO.j ..................J................................. 43. 43

Water................................................................... .13

a Report Geol. Survey Louisiana for 1899, pp. 130-131. 

bBull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 60, p. 160.
176 . CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [HULL. 243.

The Coochie Brake stone is a light-yellow or bluish-yellow, coarse-grained, sandy 

limestone. . It is of excellent quality for building purposes, but its value is somewhat 

impaired by the presence of small nodules of iron pyrites. These will restrict its 

use to situations where a good external appearance is not one of the qualities required 

of the stone. The pyrite, if the quantity proves to be large, may destroy its value 

altogether. The quantity of stone at this, locality is large, and it is easily obtained.

The Bayou Chicot stone is the best for building that we have seen in the State. 

It is a fine-grained dark-gray limestone. Only two very small outcrops of it were 

seen, and from these no very satisfactory ideas of the extent of the deposit could be 

gained. In the two outcrops the dip is very great, and the cost of uncovering the 

stone would probably be large. Borings are needed to show the depth of the deposit. 

In the early history of the country lime was made at this place. The ruins of the 

old limekilns are to be seen near the larger outcrop.

Analysis of limestone from Rayborn's salt lick, Bienville Parish. a

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 0.55

Alumina (Al a03 ) .......................... .-I......-.-.......-.-......--. .1

Iron oxide (Fe20:! ) .-......-...---. - ---...---....----.----.----.--....---. | L 61

Lime (CaO) ......................................... 1.................... 54. 09

Magnesia (MgO) .......................................................... .06

Sulphur trioxide (SOS) ................................................... .05

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .................................................... 44.12

Tertiary limestones. The concretions of limestone in the Tertiary beds ace often of 

large size and have been used locally for the foundations of houses. At Shreveport 

large calcareous concretions are crushed and used on the streets and in concrete 

work. Hopkins reports a place 5 miles from Natchitoches, called the Kilns, 

where large concretions have been burned for lime.

At Eocky Spring Church lime was burned from a little outcrop of Tertiary limestone for the masonry of Fort Jessup.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF MAINE.

Numerous more or less extensive limestone beds are known to 

occur in various parts of Maine, but few of these will be worth considering as possible sources of Portland-cement materials. Most of 

the outcrops are located far from fuel supply and cement markets, 

and the transportation question is particularly serious in a State having 

so low a railroad mileage as Maine. Geologic mapping has not progressed sufficiently to give even a fairly accurate map of the limestones 

of the State, and few satisfactory analyses are available. It is practically certain, however, that the only limestones on which a Portlandcement industry can be based, under present conditions, are those 

which"outcrop along or near the Altantic coast line..

As a source of Portland-cement material, it seems probable that 

some of the limestones which are now so extensively utilized for lime 

burning in the neighborhood of llockland, Kockport, and Union, in 

Knox County, might prove available-. These limestone deposits are 

of comparatively large size, and are located on or near deep water.

a Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 188, p. 258; analysis by R. B. Riggs.
MAINE.

Glacial clays are abundant in the vicinity of the limestone, and it is 

probable that some of these clays can be found of suitable composition 

for a Portland-cement mixture. The Knox County limestones are 

of very satisfactory composition as cement materials, as is shown by 

the analyses quoted below.

Analyses of limestones from Knox County, Maine.

Silica (Si02 ) .............................. .i.... ......

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ....................................

Water ................................................

l

1.08

.07

.08

98.17

.09

n. d.

2

1.00

Trace.

95.20

1.00

2.70

9

0.43

.71

?25

97.69

.82

n. d.

1. McNamara quarry, Kockland. J. C. Robinson, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, p. 398.

2. Bachelder quarry, Union. J. C. Robinson, analyst. Ibid.

3. Rockland-Rockport Lime Company. Communicated by G. 0. Smith, 1904.

Limestone beds of considerable extent also occur near Islesboro. 

A specimen from this locality, collected by G. 0. Smith', was analyzed 

by W. T. Schaller in the laboratory of the United States Geological 

Survey, and proved to be a very pure limestone, low in magnesia.

Analysis of limestone from Islesboro, 'Me.

Silica (SiOa ) ..^...:...................................................... 3. 76

Alumina (A1 2 03 ) ......................................................... 1. 03

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) -.--.----.---...------------------ --- -- --- ------- -43

Lime (CaO)............................................................... 51. 30

Magnesia (MgO)......................................................... 1.16

The following analysis, communicated by G. 0. Smith, is of a clay 

occurring on the preport}' of the.Rockland-Rockport Lime Company, 

in Knox County. As can be seen from the analysis, it would serve 

well to mix with the limestones above noted:

Analysis of day from Knox County, Me. 

Silica (SiO,).............................................................. 61.59

Alumina (A1208 ) -.-----.---------..----..---..---.--------------:------ 19.10

Iron oxide (Fe2 03) ....................................................... 7.53

Lime(CaO)..........:.........................................-...-..... 1.68

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................... '................ 1. 87

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .....................................................I ,. 

Water...................................................................j

The analyses of limestones given in the following table are quoted 

from an early report, by Professor Hitchcock, on the geology of 

Maine. They are inserted here, as they may serve to some extent as 

Bull. 243 05 12
178 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

a guide to the limestone prospector. It should be noted, however, 

that the quality of the analyses is not above suspicion, and also that 

many of the beds analyzed may prove to be entirely too small to work 

with profit:

Analyses of Maine limestones.

No.

1

V

3

o4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1?

13

14

15

16

17

18-

19

?0

?1

99

23

?4

?5

26

97

28

29

30

31

32 '

33

34 

35

36

37

County.

Androscoggin ......

Franklin .._.......

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do . ..........

.....do ............

..:. ; do ............

.....do ............

.....do ............

......do ............

.....do ............

Kennebec .........

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do ...........:

.'....do ............

Oxford ............

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do .............

.....do ............

.....do ............

Piscataquis ........

.....do ............

.....do ............

Somerset ..........

.....do ............

.....do ............ 

.....do ............

.....do ............

.....do .......'.....

Locality.

Turner ...............

.....do................

Farmington ...........

Industry ..............

Liver more Falls .......

.....do................

.....do................

Phillips...............

.....do................

.....do..............;.

Temple ...............

Clinton ...............

Winslo vv ..............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do.................

Dixfield ..............

.....do................

Ruin ford Falls ........

Dexter...... ..........

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Abbot ................

Guilford ..............

Athens ...............

.....do................

Harmony .............

West Waterville. ......

.....do................

Insoluble.

25.0

8.8

23.4

6.4

14.4

21.2

34.0

36.0

20.6

10.2

34.4

26.8

34.6

8.4

28.4

17.2

24.2

31.0

16.2

20.6

20.2

29.2

20.0

20.8

8.6

9.6

20.0

14.4

24.8

25.4

13. 8

25.2

2.8

36.4 

10.6

24.8

9.0

Fc203 .

0.4

1.4

.4

4.8

1.2

2.8

3.2

10.2

2.4

1.6

.8

. 5.6

.4

1.0

1.4

.6

2.0 / 

.6

2.0

1.6

1.0

1.4

.4

1.2

1.4

1.2

1.8

1.6

1.2

4.0

1.4

4.4

2.2 ' L2

1.4

1.2

CaCOa.

74.6

89.8

76.2

88.8

84.4

76.0

62.8

53.8

77.0

88.2

64.8

67.6

65.0

90.5

70.2

76.8

73.8

68.4

81.8

77.8

78.8

69.4

79.6

78.0

90.0

89.2

78.2

84.0

74.0

70.6

84.8

70.4

72: 6

61.4

88.2

73.8

89.8
BCKBL.] MARYLAND; 179

POBTLAND-CBMBNT BESOUBCES OF MABTiLAND.

Up to the present time no Portland-cement plants have been built in 

Maryland, but three limestone formations in the State are so well 

located and so satisfactory in chemical composition as to give promise 

of being future sources of supply of Portland-cement materials. 

Several other limestones occur, but are either too high in magnesia or 

otherwise not well adapted to cement manufacture. The three available limestone formations above noted are, in descending order, as 

follows:

Name.

Greenbrier limestone. . ..................

Lewiston or Helderberg limestone. .......

Trenton limestone ......................

Geologic age.

Mississippian.

Silurian.

The area! distribution of these three limestones in Maryland and 

the adjoining States is shown on the geologic map, PI. XV, opposite 

page 314.

TKENTON LIMESTONES. AND ADJACENT CLAYS.

DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTER.

The Cambro-Ordovician limestones, including the Trenton limestone, which is the special object of interest here, occur, in three principal areas in Maryland, two of which are in Washington County and 

one in Frederick.

The westernmost area enters Maryland from Pennsylvania in central 

Washington County, and runs in a direction slightly west of south to 

Potomac River, which it reaches between Cherry Run arid Williamsport. The eastern border of this limestone belt lies just west of Conococheague Creek, while Little Conococheague Creek lies in the limestone area. Fairview, Reifl's, Hicksville, and Clear Spring are located 

on the limestone.

The central limestone belt covers almost all of the eastern third of 

Washington County. It enters from Pennsylvania as a broad belt, 

being about 15 miles wide .at the State line. It underlies the 

Hagerstown Valley, Antietam Creek running down the iniddle of the 

belt for its entire extent. Hagerstown and Sharpsburg are located 

near the middle of the belt; Blue Mountain, Edgemont, and Weverton 

lie on or near its eastern edge, while Williamsport, Salisbury, and 

Mangansville are on or near the western border of the limestone.
180 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The third and easternmost area of these limestones lies in the eastcentral portion of Frederick County, along Monocac}^ River. Frederick, Adamstown, Frederick Junction, Woodsboro, and Walkersville 

are located on this area of limestone.

It must be borne in mind that these limestone belts, as above 

described and as shown on the map, PL XV, opposite page 314, include 

two very different types of limestone, one of which is excellent as a 

Portland-cement material, while the second is absolutely worthless for 

that purpose, because of the very high percentage of magnesia that 

it usually contains. This fact is discussed in considerable detail in 

the descriptions of the Lehigh district cement rocks of Pennsylvania 

and New Jersey, and the reader will do well to look over the discussion there given (pp. 284 et seq.)

As a guide to searching for and recognizing the Trenton limestone, 

which is the one suited for cement'manufacture, it ma}^ be said that 

the Trenton is usually dark gray to almost black in color, often slaty 

in appearance; that it frequently contains fossil shells, but rarely 

includes the beds or masses of chert which are so common in the 

underlying light-gray or blue magnesian limestone.

As the Trenton limestone is, moreover, the higher of the two 

limestones, it will usually be found along the contact between the 

limestone belt and the slates or shales which border it, while the magnesian limestones commonly occur near the middle of the belt of 

limestone.

COMPOSITION.

The Trenton limestone is almost invariably low in magnesia, and is 

therefore suitable for use as a Portland-cement material. In places it 

carries a high percentage of cla}^ey matter, 'as is instanced by its composition in th'e Lehigh district of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

The analyses below are fairly representative of the composition of 

the Trenton limestones of Mary land. It is probable that careful search 

along the contacts between the limestone belts and the adjoining slates 

or shales would show the presence of clayey limestones similar to the 

Lehigh cement rock in composition.
ECKEL.] MARYLAND.

Analyses of Trenton limestones from Maryland.

181

No.

1 . .........................

2..........................

3..........................

4..........................

5..........................

6. .........................

7... .......................

8..........................

9..........................

10..........................

11... ............._'...,........

12..........................

13..........................

14..........................

15..........................

16..........................

17............."............'.

18..........................

19...............;..........

20..........................

21..........................

22..........................

Silica 

(SiO.,).

4.73

4. 31

.22

.10

.20

.50

6.00

Alumina

.(Al,0;<).

1.

0.29

.16

0.2

7.2 

.6X

Trace.

.5

1.7

.3

.9

1.2

2.2

1.5

.0

1.2

1.3

.2

Iron oxide

(Fe,0a).

40

90

0.25

Trace.

1.0

10

20

Lime carbonate 

(CaCOa).

93. 57

81. 97

97.32

96. 79

97.00

98.50

90.70

94.6

86.0

98.3

99.5

92.0

92.3

94.5

90.4

97.5

95.3

96.0

99.9

98.5

96.2

99.3

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgC03 ).

0.30

13. 00

2.03

2.86

2.50

.80

3.00

5.2

6.8

1.1

.5

7.5

6.0

5.2

.7

1.3

2.5

2.5

.1

.3

2.5

.5

1, 2. Walkersvillc, Frederick County. H. .1. Patterson, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. C, p: 401..

3, 4. Frederick, Frederick County. J. 0. Hargrove, analyst. Ibid.

5. Beaver Creek, Washington County. J. Higgins, analyst. Third Kept. Maryland Agric. Chemist, 

p. 135.

C. Williamsport, Washington County. J. Higgins, analyst. Ibid.

7. Pleasant Valley, Washington County. J. Higgins, analyst. Ibid.

8. 9. Frederick, Frederick County. J. Higgins, analyst. Fifth Kept. Maryland Agric. Chemist, p. 78.

10-12. Unionville, Frederick County. J. Higgins, analyst. Ibid., p. 80.

13-15. Woodsboro, Frederick County. ,). Higgins, analyst. Ibid., p. 77.

1C, 17. Dollyhide Creek, Liberty, Frederick County. J. Higgins, analyst. Ibid., p. 80.

18-22. Near Liberty, Frederick County. J. Higgins, analyst. Ibid., p. 81.

METAMORPHIC TRENTON LIMESTONES.

In eastern Maryland, particularly in Carroll, Baltimore, and Howard 

counties, a number of areas of highly crystalline limestones or "marbles " occur. It seems probable that many of these ciystalline limestones are of the same age as the Cambro-Ordoviciari limestones farther 

west, having merely assumed a crystalline condition as the result of 

"being subjected to pressure and heat.

In composition these crystalline marbles vary, just as do the unmetamorphosed Cambro-Ordovician limestones. The Cockey sville marble,
182 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

for example, is highly magnesian, while the stone from Texas and 

other localities is just as low in magnesia as the best of the Trenton 

limestones.

Analyses of metamorphic ( Trenton?)- limestones from Maryland.

Silica ( Si02) ..............................'............:........

Alumina (A1203 ) .-..--..-....-...---..--.....................

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) ............................................

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs ) ................................

. i

0.60

Trace.

Trace.

98.53

.87

a

13. 60

| 5.15

77.82

3.19

1. Texas, Baltimore County. J. Higgins, analyst. Third Kept. Maryland Agric. Chemist, p. 77.

2. Highlands, Howard County. H. J. Patterson, analyst. Eighteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. 5, p. 1059.

ADJACENT CLAYS AND SHALES.

In case a Portland-cement plant is projected, to utilize the more 

clayey types of the Trenton limestone material like the Lehigh 

cement rock, for example a small amount of pure limestone will be 

needed for mixture with this clayey limestone in order to bring it up 

to the proper composition xfor a Portland-cement mixture. In this 

case the requisite pure limestone can readily be secured from the lower 

portion of the Trenton limestone itself, this lower portion being usually 

a rock carrying from 93 to 98 per cent of lime carbonate.

The following analyses are of surface clays from near Williamsport, 

Washington County, used by the Conocheague Brick. Company.

Analyses of surface clays from Maryland. 

[H. Ries, analyst.]

Silica (SiO,) ........ ...'.........'......................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) ......................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0,j) . ...................................

Lime ( CaO )............ ......^ .......................

Magnesia (MgO) . ................'.....................

Alkalies (K2 0, Na.,0) ......... .'.-. ......................

1

67.50

17.20

6.70

.45

.33

' 1.76

5.90

.20

ft

n. d.

11. d.

n. d.

0.22

n. d.

n. d.

n. d.

n. d.

8

61. 30

22.30

3. 80

.70

.86

2.10

8.00

1. Dark-red clay.

2. Light-red clay.

3. Light-gray clay.

H. Ries, analyst: Md. Geol. Survey, vol.'4, p. 473.
BCKBL.] MARYLAND. 183

If, on the other hand, the purer beds of the Trenton limestone are 

intended to furnish the principal ingredient, a clay or shale will be 

required for mixture with it. Surface clays of fair qualit}' occur 

throughout the area underlain by the Trenton limestones, and some 

of them will probably be found available for .use. In addition, the 

shales and slates of the Hudson formation, which borders the limestone belts, will be serviceable. The composition of some of these 

Hudson shales in Pennsylvania and Virginia is given in tables on 

pages 288 and 322.

HELDERBERG LIMESTONE AND ADJACENT CLAYS. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Helderberg or Lewistown limestone outcrops in Maryland in a 

number of different belts. Most of these are in the west-central portion of Allegany County, while several occur in western Washington 

County. The Lewistown limestone occurs only in these two counties. 

Its distribution in Allegany County is described as follows, by Mr. C. 

C. O'Harra, in the report on the geology of that county published by 

the Maryland Geological Survey:

The easternmost and largest area, shaped like a much constricted letter W, lies 

to the east, west, and south of Tussey Mountain, and by its prominent double bifurcation makes up a large part of Warrior Mountain and Martin Mountain. On the 

State line east of Tussey Mountain the Helderberg belt is less than one-half mile 

wide, while the width of the corresponding outcrop on the western side is considerably greater. Southward, owing to the pitching of the Tussey Mountain anticline, 

these bands gradually approach each other until, at a point near Rush, the-two 

coalesce.- Within less than 1 mile southward the area again becomes bifurcated, but 

this time, owing to the synclinal nature of the fold, the projecting parts are separated 

by the Oriskany formation, which immediately follows the Helderberg. Of the two 

southern Helderberg projections, the one farthest east is the more extensive, and 

includes within it Flakes Knob, the highest point in the county, east of the Allegany Front. This part of the area narrows southward, but caps Warrior Mountain 

to within almost a mile of where the mountain ceases to be a distinct topographic 

feature. The projection lying farther west is much narrower than the one to the 

east, but continues almost as far south and acts as a capping for Collier Mountain.

The next area of Helderberg lies farther west and flanks the outcrop of Salina 

around Evitts Mountain in much the same way that the first area does the Saliua 

around Tussey Mountain. The bifurcation at the north caused by the Evitts Mountain anticline is quite like that produced by the Tussey Mountain anticline. The 

formation continues southward in one long, continually narrowing band to 

within 1$ miles of the Potomac, where the Helderberg ending in a sharp 

point passes beneath the Oriskany to appear again at the roadside by the canal 

where the Potomac has cut entirely through the overlying Oriskany and into the 

Helderberg for a distance of fully a hundred feet. The eastern part of this area 

forms much of the crest and western,slope of Nicholas Mountain, while the contact 

line along the western side is clearly marked by a row of hills extending from the 

State line southward. This row of hills reaches almost as far south as does the 

Helderberg outcrop, but finally coalesces with Nicholas Mountain.

East of Wills Mountain a belt of Helderberg averaging less than one-half mile in
184 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

width comes into the county from the north, and, extending southward along the 

western slope of Shriver Ridge, passes through the western part of Cumberland and 

across the Potomac into West Virginia. The Potornac in its very perceptible eastward bend nearly 3 miles above Cumberland, and again in the more prominent 

eastward bend about 6 miles above Cumberland, has carved out two small portions 

of this belt from the West Virginia area. These patches are mostly concealed, but 

their contact with the Salina is fairly well shown. Northward the HelderbergSalina contact is largely concealed, but the limestone quarries which occur in the 

lower part of the Helderberg along the western base of Shriver Ridge afford a convenient means of judging the approximate western outcrop of the Helderberg. 

Shriver Ridge marks the eastern limit, as the contract lies on its western slope a 

short distance below the top.

West of Wills Mountain there is a band of Helderberg corresponding in position 

to the eastern belt, but by reason of the perpendicular attitude of the strata this belt 

is considerably narrower than the one on the eastern side. Following closely the 

general direction of Wills Mountain, it crosses the Potomac River at Potomac station. 

Along the belt north of the National Road the Helderberg-Salina contact is usually 

not well shown, but the Helderberg-Oriskany contact is prominent, the latter being 

represented by the steep ridges to the north and south of Corriganville. South of 

the National Road neither contact is well shown, although slight topographic features 

usually indicate their positions with reasonable accuracy.

Another Helderberg area of considerable extent is exposed south of Rawlings. 

This forms the body of the steep isolated ridge known as Fort Hill, which extends 

southward along the Potomac for a distance of about 4 miles.

In addition to the above-mentioned areas, two very slight exposures may be seen 

along the West Virginia Central Railroad, on the north and south sides of Monster 

Rock, near Keyser, W. Va. They are of little importance, except in so far as they 

are of value in helping to work out the structure in that part of the county.

In addition to the areas above described as occurring in the western 

and central parts of Allegany County, four narrow belts of the Helderberg limestone outcrop in the western portion of Washington County, 

their location being shown on the map (PI. XV, p. 314). The best 

exposures of these limestones in the county, so far as location is concerned, are those near Hancock, on Potomac River.

DESCRIPTION AND STRATIGRAPrtIC POSITION.

The stratigraph}^ of the Lewistown limestone is thus described by 

Mr. O'Harra in the report previously cited:

Lithologically, the Helderberg is preeminently a limestone formation. Argillaceous materials occur as impurities in some of the beds, but these are not important, 

and sandstones are almost wholly lacking. Thin bands of chert, which are white or 

yellowish-white in color, occur sparingly throughout the upper part of the formation. 

Most of the limestone in the upper part is-heavily bedded, and much of it is highly 

fossiliferous. The lower part of the Helderberg is a dark-blue thin-bedded limestone, 

which in breaking gives a decided ring. This corresponds to the Tentaculite limestone of New York, which in Maryland is over 400 feet thick. In the field the contact between the Salina and the Tentaculite limestone is very marked because of the 

different weathering qualities of the two rocks. The Salina rock weathers into soil 

very completely, while the Tentaculite limestone leaves innumerable small, thin, 

dark-blue slabs upon the surface.

The thickness of the formation is nearly 800 feet. The two" partial sections given
MARYLAND. 185

below are believed to represent the full thickness as well as a cluplicatioirof some of 

the middle beds as indicated. The Potomac section extends from the bottom of the 

formation to and includes a few inches of the coralline ledge. The 36-foot massive 

Stromatopora bed of the Devils Backbone section is believed to come in immediately 

above this, the other beds of the section continuing upward in the order named to 

the top of the formation.

The Devils Backbone section, measured along the Huntingdon and Broadtop 

Railroad east of Wills Creek, is as follows:

Devils Backbone section.

Feet. 

Helderberg-Oriskany contact................................;.............

Concealed ............................................................... 42

Light-gray fossiliferons limestone, with numerous layers; a very light colored 

chert.................................................................. 22

Light-gray massive fossiliferons limestone; breaks into rectangular blocks.... 16 

Shaly limestone.......................................................... 1$

Bluish-gray limestone, breaking into shaly fragments; weathering indicates

much argillaceous material.............................................. 18

Massive Stromatopora beds.................................................. 36

Shaly limestone, somewhat nodular ....................................... 10

Light-gray massive limestone, with upper part containing layers of light 

colored chert............................................................ 45

Thin-bedded limestone; the weathered surface covered with small bryozoans: 16 

Dark-blue massive limestone, very hard and difficult to break; upper part 

filled with Pentamerw galealus. .......................................... 36

Fine, shaly fossiliferous limestone ...................'...................... 16

Massive, dark-blue fossiliferous limestone......................... ........ 40

Slightly argillaceous, thin bedded, fossiliferous limestone ................... 14

Gray, arenaceous fossiliferous limestone, with layers of cherty material...... N 16

Concealed to bottom of formation.

Total thickness of exposure at this place ............'................. 328J

The measurements made at Potomac station are as follows:

Section at Potomac station, Md.

Feet. 

Upper beds concealed; very massive light gray limestone, with a few feet of

nodular limestone near the top; coralline layer near the top............... 95

Mostly concealed, but sufficiently exposed to show that the beds are generally

made up of thin grayish limestones; some massive beds are present........ 240

Generally thin-bedded, dark-blue limestone, but with some heavy bed;:;

fossiliferous............................................................ 148

Thinly bedded, dark-blue fossiliferous limestones, with occasional papery

shales ............................................................:.... 92

Helderberg-Salina contact.

Total thickness of exposed Helderberg............................... 575

COMPOSITION.

No analyses of Helderberg' limestones from Maryland localities have 

been published; but, to judge from its composition in Penns}7 lvania and 

Virginia, it will be every where found to contain thick beds of nonmagnesian limestone suitable for use as a Portland-cement material. A 

number of analyses of this limestone from Pennsylvania and Virginia 

localities will be found on pages 2S1 and 324.
CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243. 

GREENBKIEH LIMESTONE AND ADJACENT SHALES.

DISTRIBUTION.

As shown on PI. XV, the Greenbrier outcrops only in Allegany and 

Garrett counties. A single belt passes through the western part of 

Allegany, running about S. 30° W., and crossing the Potomac River 

at a point about midway between Westernport, Md., and Kej^ser, 

W. Va.

In Garrett County the Greenbrier is better shown, appealing in a 

number of belts or areas. As described in the report on Garrett 

County, published by the Maryland geological survey, the six belts 

occurring in Garrett County are distributed as follows:

The most; easterly of these areas is situated parallel to and about one-half mile 

west of the crest of Savage and Backbone mountains. It enters the county from 

Pennsylvania one-half mile west of the northeast corner of the county, and extends 

in a southwesterly direction to the West Virginia line, 1 mile north of Potomac 

stone. This belt is about 45 miles long and from one-fourth to one-half mile wide. 

It occupies a valley between the Pottsville (Savage Mountain) and the Pocono (Little 

Savage Mountain) ridges. This valley is drained at the north by the headwaters of 

Laurel Eun and Savage River, and farther south by Little Savage River, Swamp 

Run, and Pine Swamp Run. Along the northern end of Backbone Mountain the 

line of outcrop is for a large part of the way up on the mountain side, but farther 

south it occupies a series of valleys like those along Savage Mountain, but less 

pronounced.

The second Garrett County area extends along the eastern side of Meadow Mountain in the valleys of Red Run and Meadow Creek Run as far as the confluence of 

the latter with Deep Creek, near Thayerville. Thence it extends in the same southwesterly direction, in a similar series of valleys between Hoop Pole Ridge and the 

ridge of Pottsville rocks to the west of it, to the West Virginia line at a point about 

7 miles southwest of Oakland. This series of valleys is drained by branches of Deep 

Creek and of Miller Run and by White Meadow Run and Rhine Creek. The limestone belt is about 37 miles long and from one-eighth to one-half mile in width.

The third belt extends from a point near Thayerville on the one last described

down the valley of Deep Creek to the mouth of Marsh Run, thence up the valley of 

Marsh Run to McHenry, thence in a westerly direction for 1 mile, where it bifurcates. 

One prong extends down the valley of Hoyes Run for about 1 mile, and then disappears under overlying formations. The other prong extends in a. northwesterly 

direction through a valley to Sang Run. From here it extends down the Youghiogheny River to points 1£ miles north and 2£ miles south of Sang Run, where it dips 

under the overlying formation.

The fourth area extends from a point on the one last described at McHenry in a 

north-northeasterly direction in the valley parallel to and about one-half mile west 

of Negro Mountain as far as across the Pennsylvania line. This belt is about 15 

miles long and one-eighth of a mile wide.

The fifth belt extends from a point on the third one, about 1 mile east of Sang Run, 

in a northerly and northeasterly direction, crossing the Pennsylvania line at Oakton. 

It occupies a sinuous, line of valleys parallel to and about one-half mile east of the 

crest of Winding Ridge. The belt is about 13 miles long and one-eighth of a mile 

wide.

The sixth area enters the county from West Virginia near Cranesville, and extends 

south along the valley occupied by Pine Swamp and Muddy Creek as far as Browning Mill, and thence up the valley lying west of Snaggy Mountain for about'4 miles. 

Here it extends across the line into West Virginia.
KCKRL.] MARYLAND. 187

OESCRIITION.

The Greenbrier formation, where best developed in Maryland, consists of three distinct members. The lowest is a series of limestones, 

usually siliceous near the base, and varying from 27 to 46 feet in thickness. The middle member consists largely of shales, thin sandstones, 

etc., and varies from 88 to 98 feet in thickness. The upper member 

consists almost entirely of veiy pure limestones, and is from 65 to 85 

feet thick.

The section below, quoted from the Garrett County report of the 

Maryland Geological Survey, will serve to illustrate the characters of 

the various members of .the Greenbrier formation.

Section of Greenbrier formation at Crabtree. Garrett County.

Upper member: - . Feet. 

Argillaceous limestone.................................................. 4$

Massive sandy limestone................................................... 13

Red sandy limestone .................................................... 2

Gray limestone......................................................... 3 

Red calcareous shale............ . '. ...................................... 3 J

Red sandy limestone.................................................... 8

Gray sandy limestone with red bands.................................... 21

Gray limestone ........................................................ 10

65

Middle member:

Red shale, with thin bands of gray sandstone ............................. 80

Pure white sandstone................................................... 8

Lower member:

Gray limestone.......................................'.................. 27

COMPOSITION.

The upper member of the Greenbrier formation consists very largely 

of thick beds of pure limestone. These limestones have been very 

extensively used for flux and for lime burning, and their range in 

composition is fairly well established.

The series of analyses given below is representative of these upper 

limestones. They are commonly very low in magnesium carbonate, 

though occasional beds will show a prohibitive percentage of that 

ingredient. In places they carry sufficient silica, alumina, and iron 

oxide to approximate to the composition of the Lehigh cement rock, 

but usually it will be necessary to add a considerable proportion of 

clay or shale in order to bring the mixture up to correct 'composition 

for Portland cement.
188 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY.

Analyses of Greenbrier limestone from Maryland.®

[BOLL. 243.

Silica (SiOs ) .............

Alumina ( AljO,) .........

Iron oxide (Fe200 ........

Lime carbonate (CaC08 )..

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgC03 ) ..............

l

13.65 

J5.44 

79.16 

1. 21

._>

13. 46 

12.48 

72.92

1.15

8

8.57 

2.38 

88.73 

.86

4

20.95 

41.10 

37. 35 

.91

a .

17. 00 

2.74 

64. 12

15. 75

(i

4.47 

2.70 

86.73 

6.38

7

3.65 

8.44 

85.87 

1. 30

8

11.52 

3.37 

74.48 

10.99

!)

5.11 

2.56 

89.08 

'3.17

10

5.24 

1.98 

84.58 

7.49

1. Gerringer'and Inglehart's quarry, Garrett County.

2. Offutt's quarry, Garrett County.

3. Crabtree, Garrett County.

4. South of Negro Mountain, Garrett County.

5. Offutt's quarry, Sarrett County. 

C. 'Findley's quarry, Piney Run, Garrett County. 

7-9. Mouth of Stony Run, Allegany County. 

10. Barrelville, Allegany County.

ADJACENT SIT ALES.

The following analyses b of Carboniferous shales from near Corinth, 

Garrett County, will serve to illustrate their range of composition. 

It will be seen that the}^ often carry high percentages of iron oxide

and that the ratio j , ^ n~~ rarely rises much above 2.5 alumina + iron oxide J

and often falls below 2.

Analyses of Carboniferous shales from near Corinth, 'Md.

Silica (Si02 ) ................

Alumina (A12 0S ) ............

Lime (CaO) ................

Magnesia (MgO) ...........

Alkalis (K2 0,Na.2 0 ).......';.

Water ......................

l

56.42 

20.94

10.60 

Trace. 

1.32

7.30

2

69. 51 

22.27

.80 

Trace. 

Trace. 

Trace.

7.45

3

62. 98 

18.54

5.70 

2.44 

.97

8.85 

^,

4

51.53 

22.60

6.80 

5.40

1.87

11. 77

5

53.49

22.83

6.90 

2,91 

1.84

9.44

c

56.36 

 24. 18

6.40 

.50 

.82

7.50

7

61.70 

22.24

5.60

Trace. 

1.44

6.50

8

56. 32 

23.00

5.80 

1.47 

.79

11.08

1. Red clay (bottom).

2. Fire clav or flint.

3. Buff clay.

4. Bottom blue clay.

5. Top blue clay.

6. Cistern.

7. Railroad clay.

8. Black shale, coal mine.

"These analyses are taken from the report by the Maryland geological survey on "Garrelt 

County," pp. 221-222. All the analyses were made by T. M. Price. 

6 Geology of Garrett County, Maryland Geol. Survey, p. 219.
12CK.EL.] MASSACHUSETTS-MICHIGAN. 189

PORTJDAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF MASSACHUSETTS.

In the western part of Massachusetts extensive quarries are operated 

for both marble and lime. The stone quarried in this area is a highly 

crystalline limestone, or marble, of Cambro-Ordovician age. At many 

points this stone is highly magnesian, but the quarries located in the 

northwestern portion of the State, in Berkshire County, seem to produce almost exclusively a low-magnesia rock. The analyses given 

below are fairly representative of this product.

Unfortunately for the prospects of a Portland-cement industry in 

the State no shales occur near, these limestones, while the glacial clays 

usually contain too much sand and pebbles to be worth considering as 

cement materials. This fact, taken in connection with the cost of fuel 

in this district, renders it improbable that Massachusetts will become 

a successful cement produceiv

Analyses of Um.esl,on^s from Majamclmselts.

Silica ( SiO 2 )..............;...................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) ..............................

Lime carbonate (CaCOs ) .......................

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs ) ................

i.

0.69

| .06

93.86

5.34

2.

0.31.

.23

98. 80

.37

:{.

n. d.

n. d.

99. 03

.27

4.

0.63

.55

99. 6C

.49

1. North Adams Marble Company, North Adams, Berkshire County. W. P. Mason, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Gcol. Survey, pt. 6, p. 406.

'2. Cheshire Manufaeturing Company, Cheshire, Berkshire County. Davenport & Williams, analysts. 

Ibid., p. 410.

3. C. H. Hastings's quarry, West Stockbridge, Berkshire County. J. B. Britton, analyst. Ibid., 

p. 411. 

 4. Adams Marble Company, Kenfrew, Berkshire County. E. E. Olcott, analyst. Ibid., p. 410.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF MICHIGAN.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

Michigan now ranks third as a Portland-cement producer, being led 

only by Pennsylvania and New Jersey, but closely followed by New 

York. This high standing as a producer is due to the product of a 

number of cement plants, most of them using a mixture of marl and 

clajr, but a few utilizing pure limestone with clay or shale.

The description of the cement resources and cement industry of 

Michigan, given in the following pages, is somewhat abridged from a 

report by Prof. I. C. Russell on The Portland Cement Industry in 

Michigan, published in the Twenty-second Annual Report of the 

United States Geological Survey, part 3, pages 629-685. Reports on 

the cement materials of the State have also appeared in volume 8 of 

the Michigan Geological Survey.
190 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. OULL. 24::.

LIMESTONES.

Of the various limestone formations that outcrop in different parts 

of Michigan three have been utilized in the manufacture of Portland 

cement, while another formation yields limestones which have not so 

far been utilized, though low in magnesia and otherwise satisfactory 

as cement materials. The four limestone groups above noted will be 

described separately.

DUNDEE LIMESTONE.

This formation occurs at the base of the Devonian system, and, 

although usually concealed beneath glacial drift and surficial deposits, 

comes to the surface, as is indicated on the map (PI. VII), in a belt 

from about 2 to 9 miles wide, trending northeast and southwest across 

Wayne, Monroe, and Lenawee counties, in the southeastern corner of 

the State. The same formation occurs also at the extreme northern 

end of the southern peninsula and on Mackinac and neighboring 

islands, as well as in the adjacent portion of the northern peninsula. 

The purest layer of limestone in the Dundee thus far discovered is 

extensively quarried at Sibley and Bellevue, near Trenton, in Wayne 

County, and is used in the manufacture of sodium bicarbonate, soda 

ash, and caustic soda near Detroit. The n'nety powdered calcium carbonate, resulting as a by-product from the manufacture of caustic 

soda, is used by the Michigan Alkali Company for making Portland 

cement at Wyandotte. This same limestone, on account of its unusual 

purity, is'also extensively used in the manufacture of beet sugar.

The Dundee formation contains several beds of limestone, most 

of which, however, carry too high a percentage of magnesia to permit their use in making Portland cement under the standard now 

required in the composition of the finished product. Thus far only

one layer, the celebrated 9-foot bed, best exposed at the Sibley quarries, described below, has been found sufficiently pure to be utilized 

in the industries mentioned above. The composition, of the rock 

quarried at Bellevue and used by the Michigan Alkali Company at 

Wyandotte, is as follows:

Analysis of a limestone, of the Dundee formation at Bellevue.

[Analyst, O. Button.] 

Silica (Si02 )............................................................. 0. 60

Iron oxide (Fe203 )l o ru Alumina (A12 0R )/ -------------------------------------------------------

Calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) .......................:..........-.........-.. 95. 24

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs ) ........................................... 1. 00

Total............................................................. 99. 88
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 24-3 PL.VII

^O0 u«^

GEOLOGIC MAP

OF THE

LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN

REVISED FROM MAPJN VOL.V OFTHK STATE REPORTS 

BY ALFRED C.I.ANE

1898

LEGEND

(Numbers refer to county names SecPI.Vll] )
MCKKL.'J MICHIGAN. 191

Russell describes this limestone as follows:

The limestone of the Dundee formation is also quarried 2 miles northeast of 

Dundee, Monroe County, where four layers of limestone are exposed, the composition of which is shown below:

Analyses of Dundee limestone from the " Christiancy quarry," near Dundee.'1 

[Analyses 1, 8, 5, and 6 by G. A. Kirschmeier, and analyses 2 and 4 by K. ,i. Sundstrom.]

Silica (SiO,) ...................

Lime carbonate (CaCOa ) .......

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) .

Alumina ( A12 03 ) ..............

Sulphur (S) ..................

Organic matter. ...............

Difference ....................

Total...................

Number of analysis and designation of bed.

1(A).

0.48 

90. 80 

6.87 

.16

1.69

.00

100. 00

2(A).

0.70 

98.10 

.63

.055

. 515 '

100. 00

8(B).

\. 10 

86.80 

11. 60 

.12

.38

100. 00

4(B).

1.8,6 

86.96 

10. 08

| .62 

1.23

.357

100. 00

5(0).

2.78 

77.60 

17. 41 

f .56

1.63

, .02

100.00

«(») 

0. 81 

95. 00 

3. 86 

.41

.08

100. 00

Bed A is uppermost; a gray, limestone 1 to 2 feet thick, fossilifcrons.

Bed B is a compact brownish limestone, bituminous, 4 to <H feet thick, i'ossiliferous.

Bed C is a soft, dark-gray limestone, without scums, V to 8.feet thick.

Bed 1) is similar to bed C, 8 feet thick; bottom of quarry.

The rocks exposed in the quarry near Dundee are considered by Sherxer as the 

identical layers that are extensively quarried near Trenton. When sufficiently low 

in magnesia the beds are evidently favorable for use in making Portland cement, 

the only questionable features seeming to be the expense of quarrying and crushing. 

Certain of the layers at Dundee contain petroleum, the influence of which on the 

mixing of slurry is not known.

The following notes concerning the Sibley quarry at Trenton, "Wayne County, have 

been kindly furnished by Mr. Frank Leverett.

The quarry occupies an area of 35 acres. The rocks dip westward at the rate of 

about 5 feet in 100. There is a low anticlinal arch trending approximately east and 

west, which passes through the midst of the excavation, from the crest of which the 

beds dip away at the rate of about 1 foot in 100. The strata are cut by two systems 

of joints, bearing about N. 20° E. and N. 60° E. The quarry is situated in an irregular hill which rises about 30 feet above the level of the adjacent portion of Detroit 

River. On the higher portions of the hill there is no covering of drift, but on the 

sides the solid rock is concealed beneath several feet of till. Where the glacial 

deposits have been removed, the surface of the rock beneath is intensely glaciated. 

There are two sets of glacial grooves, of which the earlier bears about S. 28° AV. and 

the later approximately N. 30° W.

« W. H. Shorzer, Geological report on Monroe County, Michigan: Geol. Survey Michigan, Vol. VII, 

pt. 1,1900, pp. 75-76,177-178.
192 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [HULL. 243.

The strata exposed in the quarry are as follows, beginning at the surface:

Section at Sidley quarry, Wayne County, Midi.

Feet.

1. Thin-bedded gray limestone, suitable for use as a flux................... 3.'5

2. "Upper 6-foot bed," a gray limestone, containing96 perceritCaC03 ; used in 

alkali works; a portion of the lower part of the bed, about 8 inches in 

thickness, is now rejected on account of its containing too much bituminous matter........................................................ 6

3. Fossiliferous blue-gray limestone, containing 90 per cent CaC03 ; suitable

for use in alkali works .............................................. 3

4. "Second 6-foot bed," a blue-gray limestone, containing from 94 to 95 per

cent CaCOs; used as a building stone and in alkali works.............. 6

5. '' Five-foot bed,'' very similar to '' Upper 6-foot bed "................... 5

6. "Cherty bed," a cherty limestone, not at present utilized............... 2

7. "Third 6-foot bed," a blue-gray, limestone, with a little chert in its lower

portion; used in alkali works and as a building stone ................. 6

8. "Nine-foot bed," a fossiliferous gray limestone; used in the manufacture

of beet sugar and suitable for making Portland cement................. 9

9. "The 6-foot Magnesian limestone," dove colored....................... 6

10. "The 8-foot bed," a thick-bedded gray limestone; used as building stone. 8

11. "The 10-foot bed," a gray limestone, of which the upper 3 feet contains 

about 85 per cent, the next 3 feet 95 per cent, and the lower 4 feet about 

80 per cent CaC03 ; the lower portion contains from 3 to 4 per cent Si02 ; 

the middle portion of the bed is very fossiliferous..................... 10

12. Brownish limestone, containing 15 per cent Si02 , .5 per cent MgO, and about 

85 per cent CaC03 ; this rock is marked with white spots, thought to be 

aluminum silicate; used as building stone; opened to a depth of about.. 4

Total .........................^......<....................... 63. 5

Chemical analyses of certain of the beds described above are given below:

Analyses of limestone from Sibley quarries. 

[Analyst, K. J. Sundstrom.]

Constituent.

5. 

South

part of

quarry.

5. 

North

part of

quarry.

Upper

part.

Central 

part.

Lower 

part.

10.

11.

Central 

part.

Calcium carbonate 

(CaCO3 ) ...........

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) .......

Alumina (Ala03 ) ..... 

Silica (Si02 ) .........

95.50

2.36

99.26

.21

93.28

4.11

97.33

1.84

30 Trace. 40 Trace.

1.04 .50 1.90 .64

99. 00

.22 

Trace.

.54

95.62

3.15

Trace.

.96

80.04 89.05

15.96 8.08

2. 70 Trace 

1. 02 2. 20

95. 00

4.00

Trace.

.56

Total 99.20 99. 97 99.69 99.81 99.76 99.72 99.33 99.56

TRA. VERSE GRO UP.

Russell describes this formation as follows:

The rocks designated by this name consist principally of shale and limestone, 

occur in succession next above the Dundee formation, and belong to the Devonian 

system. They form a belt, about 2 miles wide, which crosses Wayne and Monroe
ECKEL.] MICHIGAN. 193

counties, * * * but are there concealed beneath surficial deposits, and also 

form a broad area which crosses the northern end of the Southern Peninsula from 

Alpena, on the border of Lake Huron, to Frankfort, on the shore of Lake Michigan. 

The limestone of the Traverse group comes to the surface at Alpena and is utilized 

by the Alpena Portland Cement Company. In the quarry where it is well exposed 

it is a light-colored compact rock, carrying corals and other fossils. Its composition 

is as follows:

Analyses of limestone from the quarries of the Alpena Portland Cement Company, Alpena.

[Analyst, F. H. Haldeman.]

Constituent.

Silica (SiO,)........

Calcium carbonate 

(CaCOj).. ........

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs ) ----

Iron oxide (Fea03 ) . . 

Alumina (A18 03 ) ....

Total .........

i

0.36

95. 91

3.63

}..»

100. 03

2

1.77

89.10

8.67 

.35

99.89

3

0.33

98.37

.92 

.18

99.80

4

0.38-

98.03

l;36 

.19

99.96

5

1.38

96.35

.94 

1.21

99. 88

6

1.64

96.50

1.26

.27

99.67

7.

1.46

96.92

1.46 

.54

99.90

8

0.42

98.04

.98 

.18

99.72

9

0.68

98.03

1.05 

.26

100. 02

1. Quarry C: Shell to be removed on stripping; 1 to 2 feet thick.

2. Quarry C: Top stratum, 2 feet thick.

3. Quarry C: Second stratum, 2 feet thick.

4. Quarry C: Third stratum, 4 feet thick.

5. Quarry C: Fourth stratum, 2 feet thick.

6. Quarry F: First stratum, 2 feet thick.

7. Quarry F: Second stratum, 1 foot thick.

8. Quarry F: Third stratum, 2 feet thick..

9. Quarry F: Fourth stratum, floor of quarry.

All samples show traces of sulphates and phosphates.

The favorable results in the manufacture of Portland cement obtained from the 

use of the limestones just considered will no doubt stimulate further search for 

favorably situated outcrops of the same formations, in which the accompanying map, 

showing where they may be expected to occur, will be of assistance.

1 ' MICHIGAN SERIES."

Russell describes the Michigan series as follows:

Another formation containing limestone, present in southern Michigan, is designated as the "Michigan series" on the map [PI. VII], and belongs to the * * * 

Mississippian * * *. The limestones occur principally in the upper portion of 

the system and outcrop on the borders of the coal-bearing rocks which form the 

surface. They are in great part concealed by glacial drift and other surficial rocks 

over an extensive area in the central part of the southern peninsula.

The limestone of the Michigan series outcrops at Bayport and Sebewaing, in 

Huron County, on the east side of Saginaw Bay; on the Charity Islands; at Bellevue, in the southwestern part of Eaton County; and near the Portage River, about 

5 or 6 miles north of Jackson-. Other localities where it is accessible no doubt occur. 

It has been quarried at Bayport, Bellevue, and near Jackson, and calcined to make 

lime. Its composition, as indicated by the following analyses (stated as published), 

is such as to make it suitable for use in the manufacture of Portland cement, but up 

to the present time it has not been utilized for this purpose.

Bull. 243 05 13
194 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. IBDLL. 243.

Analysis of limestone from BayporL

[Analyst, J. W. Langley.]

^\\fi^.............:.....^.............................................. 3.330

Oxide of iron and alumina ............................................... 1. 334

Carbonate of magnesia.................................................. .944

Carbonate of lime ....................................................... 91.538

Phosphorus and sulphur ....................................^........... Trace.

Organic matter and loss................................................. 2. 854

100. 000 

(Quicklime, 51.29.)

Analysis of limestone from Bellevue. 

[Analyst, Carl Rominger.]

Carbonate of lime ........................................................ 96.00

Carbonate of magnesia.................................................... 1. 00

Hydrate of iron oxide .................................................... .50

Insoluble residue......................................................... 1.50

99.00

Analysis of limestone from Portage River.

[Analyst, Carl Rominger.] 

.Carbonate of lime ........................................................ 96.90

Carbonate of magnesia. .. ...'.............................................. 1.00

Alumina and iron ..................... 1.................................. .70

Insoluble residue......................................................... 1.40

99.00

The limestone of the "Michigan series" contains layers that are high in magnesia 

or are otherwise unfavorable for cement making, but in spite of this the formation 

is evidently worthy of careful attention from persons interested in the industry 

under review wherever it occurs near deposits of clay or shale and is suitably 

situated in reference to transportation facilities, etc.

All of the limestones referred to above are of marine origin and usually contain 

fossils, among which coral is frequently conspicuous. The rocks are usually compact and hard, and if employed in the manufacture of Portland cement must be 

crushed and ground to a fine powder. Except for the expense thus involved they 

are in certain instances as favorable for the use indicated as the marls described 

below.

MARL DEPOSITS.

Russell describes the marl deposits as follows:

Some idea of the abundance and wide distribution of marl deposits in the southern 

peninsula may be obtained from the map [PI. VIII], on which those it has been 

convenient to locate are indicated. This is by no means a complete index of the 

total number of marl deposits that occur in the area represented, as it has not been 

found practicable to make a detailed survey for the purpose of mapping them. It is 

safe to say that those shown on the map are probably less than one-fourth of the 

total number that exists in the southern peninsula. Those indicated on the map, 

with possibly a few exceptions, have an area in excess of 50 acres, and an average 

depth of 10 feet or more.« The marl beds of Michigan only are considered in this

a In the compilation of the data shown on the map, I have been assisted by Dr. A. C. Lane, State 

geologist, Prof. C. A. Davis, of Alma College, and others. [Note by Russell.]
U. S . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 2-4-3 PL.VI1I

MAP OF MICHIGAN

SHOWING

MARL DEPOSITS

AND

PORTLAND CEMENT PLANTS

° Portland cement plants

1 EMMET Ho. 39 MONTCAL

2 CHE9OVOAN " 36 ORATIOT

3 PHESQUE ISLE " 31 SAOINAW

4 ALPENA " 38 TUSCOLA |

5 MONTMORENCY " i» HURON

S OTSEOO " *0 S*NIUAC

7 CMAHLEVOIX " 41 ST. CLAIfi
ECKEL.] MICHIGAN. 195

report, but deposits of the same character are known to occur in neighboring States, 

as well'as in the adjacent portions of Canada, but their entire distribution and their 

precise relation to climatic and geological conditions, etc., have not been determined. 

In extent the marl beds vary from a few acres up to several hundred acres. Some 

of the Portland-cement companies, it is stated, have marl beds from 500 to 1,000 

acres in area, with an average. depth of 20 feet or more. Im most instances these 

figures probably refer to two or more separate but perhaps closely adjacent beds. It 

is safe to say, however, that single beds from 100 to 300 acres in area and with an 

average depth of 20 feet or more are not rare.

In depth the marl beds vary from a few inch.es up to over 35 feet, as has been 

demonstated by the writer by actual borings. Other observers report depths up to 

50 and even in excess of 70 feet, which are no doubt reliable measures.

The marl beds occur principally in the basins of existing lakes, but frequently 

extend beyond the present water margins and underlie the bordering swamp. They 

are present also in many instances beneath beds of peat or muck, from a few inches 

to several feet thick, on which tamarack and other trees grow. The presence of 

marl beds about the borders of existing lakes and. at an elevation in some cases of 

10 or 15 feet above their surfaces shows that the lakes have been lowered, usually by

the cutting down of their outlets, since the marl began to form. In some examples 

peat occurs beneath extensive marl beds, and in a few cases two or'three alternations 

of layers of peat and marl have been discovered. Usually, however, there is but 

one bed-of marl present, which rests on a sandy or clayey bottom. It is evident in 

all instances that the marl was deposited in a lake, and that the swamps, or in some 

instances the now Svell-drained tracts where it is found, were formerly, flooded.
Analyses of Michigan marl.

Locality.

Bronson .........

Do...........

Do...........

Do........'...

Do...........

Do...........

Grayling Lake...

Lime Lake ......

Ludington ...... 

Lupton. .........

Do..........

Analyst.

E. D. Campbell..... 

W. H. Simmons ....

E. D. Campbell.....

.....do..............

fLathbury and 

[ Spackman.

E. D. Campbell..... 

.....do..............

.....do..............

.....do..............

.....do..............

R. C. Kedzie........

E. D. Campbell.....

(Dearborn Drug and 

 ! Chemical Works, 

[ Chicago.

E. D. Campbell.... 

fLathbury and

.....do.............

.....do.............

Silica 

(Si02 ).

8.13 

1.75

.52

.15 

8.60

 1.46

.48 

1.36 

.55

.90

6.66 

1.90

2.73 

I 1.30 

1.85

} .»

.25 

.70

Alumina 

A120S).

3. 

1.

.51

.27 

1.30

.17 

.55 

.14

.20

3.17 

.14

1.21 

.65

Iron 

oxide 

(Fe2 03 ).

)6 ' 

>7

.53

.19

1.54

56

.51 

.36 

.54

.39

1.36 

.10

.46

70

.40 

08 

19 

46

Lime 

(CaO).

43.09 

a 49. 24

51.66

46.20 

54.69

50.75

52. 28 

50.03 

51.76

51.57

a 47. 09 

45.16

50.58 

a 53. 19

51.83 

52.97 

52.28 

60.43

Lime 

carbonate 

(CaCOs).

a 76. 78 

87.92

a 92. 25

a 82. 51 

o 97. 52

a 90. 62

a 93. 25 

o 89. 34 

a 92. 15

o 92. 09

84.09 

a 79. 86

"90.32 

94.98

a 92. 50 

a 94. 58 

a 93. 53 

090.07

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.54 

o.44

1.37

.88 

2.78

1.46

1.85 

1.95 

1.90

1.68

al.77 

.32

1.61 

1.44

1.03 

1.13 

1.14 

1.26

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCO8 )

a 1.13 

.92

a 2. 87

ol.85 

a 5. 84

a3.07

a 3. 88 

04.10 

a 3. 99

a3.52

3.72 

a. 67

03.39 

03.02

a2.16 

02.37 

a 2. 39 

02.66

Sulphur 

trioxide 

(Si03 ).

0.15

.89

.55 

.69

.46

1.25 

.56

( .39 

Trace.

.22 

.08 

.18

Loss 

igni

tion

44.9

45.0

44.4

45.7

45.3

' 45. 

45.4

46.0

47.
Mosherville .....

Do...........

Pleasant Lake... 

Plummer Lake . .

Union City ......

Do...........

Wetzell..........

Do...........

White Pigeon ...

Woodstock ......

Do...........

fLathbury and 

\ Spackmari.

.....do..............

E. D. Campbell .....

.....do .............

.....do..."...........

H. A. Huston. :.....

J. G. Dean..........

Chemical Works, 

Chicago.

.91

.20

} . 

1.78

.28

1.95

.50

1.44

.82

.37

.38

96

1.30

 ?

.50

.'<

.6

.65

1.1

.6

.28

.49

K

.6

.E

9

.60

8 

1

.67

0

6

.16

.36

6

8

.62

8

a 52. 15

50.12

51.28 

52.38

52.66

44 95

51.93

51

50.76

52.93

93.12

a 89. 50

a 91. 57 

a 93. 53

a 94

a 80. 32

a 92. 75

a 94. 63

a 91. 09

a 90. 66

d Q3 92

a94.52

a 1.42

.83

1.77 

1.49

1.75

1.15

.92

1.02

.86

1 79

1.44

2.98

a 1.74

a 3. 13

a3.67

a2.41

a 1.93

o2.14

a 1.81

o2.76

a3.02

.31

.58

.38

.034

.15

45.6

44.3

42.4

42. 4

36.3

44 2

44.5

46.6

a Computed -from the analyses as reported.
198 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

SHALES AND CLAYS.

Surface clays as well as shales from the Traverse and Coldwater 

formations have been used in Portland-cement plants in Michigan. In 

addition, shales from the Antrim and Saginaw formations may furnish 

supplies in the future.

The following descriptions of shales and clays are taken from Russell's report:

The shale of the Traverse group is utilized by the Alpena Portland Cement Company in connection with limestone from the same formation, and is obtained from 

quarries about 7 miles north of Alpena and near the shore of Lake Huron. The 

strata are nearly horizontal and consist of alternating layers of fine-grained and uniform bluish-black shale alternating with thin-bedded impure limestone. At the 

locality where the .quarries are located the shale occurs at the surface, being covered 

only by 2 or 3 feet of peat. The same bed is understood to occur in the low bluff 

bordering the neighboring portion of Lake Huron. The surface portion of the shale 

where now exposed is disintegrated to a depth of a few inches, so as to form a stiff 

blue clay, and both the surface material and the unweathered shale beneath are 

suitable for cement making. The general composition of the shale is indicated by 

the following analyses:

Analyses of shale of the Traverse group from near Alpena.® 

[Analysts, A. N. Clark (A) and H. Kies (B).]

Constituent. A. B.

Silica (Si02 )..........................;..........'.............. 55.95 58.60

Alumina (A1,0S ) ............................................... 17.43 17. 66

Ferric oxide (Fe203 ; all iron computed as Fe2 03 ) ................ 7. 67 7.44

Calcium carbonate (CaCOs ) .................................... 2.14 2.14

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 )................................. 1. 55 2.14

Alkalies, as K2 0............... ................................ 2. 86

Water, organic matter and difference ........................... 12.40 11.97

Total ................................................... 100. 00 100.00

Ferrous iron (FeO) ..................;......................... .50

Another analysis of shale from the same locality as the above, supplied by the 

Alpena Portland Cement Company, is as follows:

Analysis of shale of the Traverse group from near Alpena. 

[Analyst, S. H. Ludlow.]

Silica(SiO,).............................................................. 57.96

Alumina (A12 03 ) ......................................................... 20. 44

Ferric oxide (Fe2 0s ) -----------------------------.-----.------------------ 3.03

Calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) ............................................... 9.12

Calcium oxide (CaO)....................,. ^.............................. .28

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03).....................'........................ 5.02

Sulphuric anhydride (S03 ) ................................................. .72

Alkalies (Na-O and K.,0) ................................................. 3.40

Total.............................................................. 99.97

aGeol. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1, p. 16.
ECKEL.] MICHIGAN. 199

The region in the northern portion of the southern peninsula in which shales of 

the Traverse group may outcrop on the borders of lakes or along streams, or may 

be discovered by making small excavations, is indicated on the map.

; COLD WATER SHALES.

The Cold water shales are now being quarried at a locality about 1£ miles east of 

l Union City and utilized by the Peerless Portland Cement Company. At the quarry 

 referred to the shales are well exposed to a depth of from 20 to 35 feet, are thin 

bedded, horizontal, and contain irregular concretions of ferrous carbonate, some of 

; which are charged with fossil marine shells. The rocks near the surface are much 

j weathered and so completely disintegrated that the evenly bedded bluish shales below 

\ pass upward into yellowish mo'ttled clays near the surface. In the manufacture of 

J Portland cement an approximately equal mixture of the weathered and unweathered 

i material is now used. The range in percentage of the several constituents compos- 

! ing the shale is as follows:

Analyses of Coldwater shale from near Union pity. 

] [Analyst, A. Lundteigen.]

Silica (Si02 ) ..................................................... 67.89 to 59.2.0.

Iron and aluminum oxides (Fe2 03 and A1 2 03 ) ...................... 29.89 to 23.33

Calcium (CaO)................................................... 1.42 to .00

Magnesium (MgO j............................................... 2.16 to .26

; Sulphuric anhydride (S03 ) ........................................ Trace to . 00

; Alkalies, by difference............................................ 8.55 to 6.00

| Moisture, including water of composition .......................... 20.50 to 10.00

! The Coldwater shales are also used at the works of the Michigan Portland Cement 

Company, near Coldwater, and there present about the same characteristics as" at 

Union City. Their range in composition is as follows:

Analyses of Coldwater shale from near Coldwater.

,' [Analyst, H. E. Brown.]

Silica (SiOg) ..................................................... 57.26 to 61.25

/ Alumina (A1 2 0S )................................................. 18.12 to 21.59

\ Ferric oxide (Fe.,0,) ............................................. 6.53 to 8.30

} Calcium (CaO) .................................................. 1.25to 1.50

'i Magnesium (MgO)................................................ 1.49 to 2.31

Sulphuric anhydride (S03 ) ....................................... . 65 to 1.34

j Carbon dioxide (CO,) ............................................ . 95 to 1.18

j Titanium oxide (TiO,) ............................................ .82 to 1.12

Alkalies (Na2 0 and K2 0) ......................................... 2. 25 to 3. 45

i Loss on ignition.................................................. e 6.19 to 8. 32

j The shales of this formation were formerly used, by the Bronson Portland Cement 

) Company, but have been superseded by surface clays obtained in northern Ohio, 

i The shale formerly used at Bronson is reported to have the following composition: 

Analysis of Coldwater shale from near Bronson.^

( [Analyst, C. J. Wheeler.J

Silica (SiOj) .............................................................. 62.00

Alumina (Al,/)3 ) ........................................................ 20.00

Ferric oxide (Fe,08 )..................................................... . 8.00

Calcium (CaO)... '. ...................................................... .50

ji Manesium (MgO)........................................................ 1.00

Sulphuric anhydride (S03 )............................................... .50

Organic matter.......................................................... 8.00

Total............................................................. 100.00

"The plant of the Bronson Portland Cement Company, Bronson, Mich., by H. Lewis: Eng. Rec., 

vol. 37,1898, pp. 470-472; reprinted in The Cement Industry, New York, 1900, pp. 33-44.
200 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Other analyses of the shales of this formation occurring near Bronson, Coldwater, 

and at White Rock, compiled from Ries's report, are as follows:

Analyses of Coldwater shale. 

[Analyst, H. Ries.]

Constituent.

Silica (SiOg) ............... ° ....................

Ferric oxide (Fe2 03 ) .............................

Calcium (CaO) ..................................

Calcium carbonate (CaC03 ) ......................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ..................

Alkalies (Na20 and K2 0) ........................

Water and organic matter .......................

Total .....................................

Bronson.

62.10

20.09

7.81

.65

.96

.49

7.90

100. 00

Coldwater.

53. 44

1 24. 80

.76

.25

20. .75

100. 00

White Rock.

58. 70

18. 31

1.80

.98

3.67

9.35

100. 00

The Coldwater shales occur beneath the surficial deposits throughout an extensive 

area in the southern peninsula, * * * but are seldom well exposed at. the surface. 

As noted by Ries, tt however, extensive outcrops occur along the shore of Lake Huron 

between White Rock and Forsyth, and are favorably situated for shipping by water.

At many localities where suitable surface clays can not be had in connection with 

extensive marl deposits it may be found practicable to mine the underlying Coldwater 

shales, as was formerly done near Bronson, for use in cement making.

ANTRIM SHALES.

In addition to the deposits briefly described above, there are two formations in 

the southern peninsula which contain shales that, in certain instances, at least, are 

worth investigating in connection with the industry here considered. These are the 

Antrim shales, which occur at the summit of the Devonian system, and the Saginaw 

formation, which forms the upper portion of the Carboniferous system as developed 

in Michigan.

The Antrim shales usually contain a high percentage of organic matter and yield 

petroleum, gas, etc., on distillation. No attempts have yet been made to utilize 

them for making cement, although their physical properties (except, perhaps, their 

toughness, which renders them somewhat difficult to quarry or to reduce to a powder) and their chemical composition make them worthy of experiment in that connection. An analysis of probably unweathered Antrim shale, made for the purpose 

of testing its fuel value, published by Ries, & is as follows:

Analysis of Antrim shale. 

[Analyst, W. H. Johnson.]

Volatile matter.......................................................... 17.96

Fixed carbon............................................................ 6. 49

Ash.................................................................... 75.55

Total............................................................. 100.00

aGeol. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, Ft. 1,1900, p. 44. 6 Ibid p. 47.
ECKBL.] MICHIGAN. 201

Analysis of the ash.

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................ 70.54

Alumina (A12 0B ) ........................................................ 15.33

Ferric oxide (Fe2 03 )...................................................... 5.31

Calcium (CaO).............. ............................................. 2.38

Magnesium (MgO) ...................................................... .78

Alkalies, etc., by difference .............................................. 5.56

Total............................................................. 100.00

As remarked by Hies, the ratio of silica to alumina in this analysis is unusually 

high, but so far as can be judged this material is worth careful investigation on the 

part of cement makers.

The Antrim shales are exposed on the shore of Thunder Bay, and also at several 

localities in Charlevoix County, where they are associated with marl deposits. The 

availability of these shales in manufacturing Portland cement and the utilization of 

the organic matter they contain as a by-product seems to be a possibility worthy of

consideration.

SA GIN A W FORMA TIO N.

The shales of the coal-bearing rocks which underlie an extensive area in the central 

portion of the southern peninsula, and are well developed in the productive coal 

field of the Saginaw Valley, although frequently containing sand, have in some 

instances approximately the physical and chemical composition desired in cement 

making. The fact that these shales are frequently removed in the process of coal 

mining and that facilities for transportation are available claim for them careful 

attention as a source of material for use in manufacturing Portland cement.

As stated by Kies, a three types of shale in the Saginaw formation may be recognized, between which there are intermediate gradations. These are 

First. A light-gray, sandy, shaly clay, often quite hard, called "fire clay," and 

not infrequently containing fossil plants. Shale of this character is present beneath 

a coal seam at the mines of the Standard Mining Company, near Saginaw, and has 

the following composition:

Analysis of shale from Saginaw. 

[Analyst, H. Hies.]

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................ 55.30

Alumina (A12 03 ) ........................................................ 14. 20

Ferric oxide (FeA) -----.-.--- -------.----------..--- ------.'....-.--.- 3. 62

Calcium carbonate (CaC03 )|.............................................. .30

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) .................\........................ 2. 61

Alkalies (K20,Na2 0) .................................................... 2.15

Water and organic matter................................................ 21. 82

Total............................................................. 100.00

Fluxes .................................................................. 8. 68

This shale is evidently too low in alumina and iron in proportion to the silica 

present to be used to advantage in the manufacture of Portland cement as now 

practiced.

Second. A black, fine-grained, brittle shale, with dull luster, sometimes termed 

" cannel coal." It contains much bituminous matter and would not serve well for 

the manufacture of clay products (Hies).

"Gepl. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1,1900, pp. 25-38.
202 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Third. A dark, grayish-black, fine-grained, hard, yet brittle, shale, which is appreciably plastic when ground and mixed with water. Shale of this type is found in 

several of the mines near Saginaw and Bay.City, and is quarried at Flushing for the 

manufacture of paving brick. Similar shales are associated with coal seams near 

Jackson and may be expected to occur throughout the area indicated as being 

occupied by the Saginaw formation.

The chemical composition of the shales just referred to is indicated by the following analyses: '

Analyses of shales of the Saginaw formation.

Constituent.

Silica (Si02 ) .................

Calcium (CaO). --.... ........

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 )

Water and organic matter ....

Total..................

FeO....... ..................

l

54.50

30.75

3.50

1.05

1.69

.80

2.20

5.51

100. 00

2

52.45

23. 27

7.93

1.82

1.06

| 4.37

9.10

100. 00

1.57

3

57.10

20.02

8.18

.71

1.47

2.76

9.76

100. 00

1.47

4

. 61.13

| 26. 90

1.12

.96

1 (?) 

1 (?)

6.47

96.58

5

54.93

31.43

.22

1.58

(?)

(?)

7.44

95.60

6

41.38

27.02

.52

.90

(?)

(?)

23.11

92.93

1. Fine-grained, black shale from Flushing. Analyst, H. Hies. Geological Survey of Michigan, 

vol. 3, pt. 1,1900, p. 30.

2 and 3. Shales associated with coal at Bay City. Analyst, A. N. Clark. Ibid., pp. 36-36.

4, 5, and 6. Coal mines at Bay City. Analyses furnished by the Hecla Portland Cement and Coal 

Company. Analysts, Lathbury and Spackman.

As shown by these analyses, the shales of the Saginaw formation as a rule are 

lower in silica than is deemed desirable for use in making Portland cement, but

certain beds have been recommended by experts in that industry. Evidently any 

layer of shale in the Saginaw formation which can be economically mined, and 

which is free from sand and other objectionable substances visible to the eye, should 

be carefully tested and experimented with in connection with the industry under 

review.

CLAYS.

Surface clays deposited during the Pleistocene period of geological history that 

is, at a late date, and after the land had about its present relief are abundant 

throughout Michigan. These clays were in part left on the surface of the country 

directly by the glaciers during the last ice invasion of the Glacial epoch, or in some 

instances by streams flowing from the glaciers; in part were laid down in small lakes 

and in the waters of the Great Lakes when more widely expanded in certain directions than at present, and in part were spread out in the flood plains of streams. 

These three varieties may be termed, to adopt the classification used by Eies,« drift 

clays, lake clays, and river silts.

The drift clays are invariably calcareous and usually contain sand, stones, and 

bowlders, and show much variation in composition. They are the most abundant of

aGeol. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1,1900, pp. 48-62.
ECKEL.] MICHIGAN. 203

the surface clays and frequently form the hills and upland. In numerous instances 

they are used in the manufacture of bricks, titles, etc., although in general not well 

adapted for this purpose. On account of their usual sandy and stony character and 

irregularities in composition, they are seldom worth investigating in reference to the 

making of Portland cement. In some exceptional instances, however, the glacial 

clays are essentially free.from gravel,and sand, but contain, at intervals irregular 

nodules of calcium carbonate, which, if the material were used in making cement, 

would necessitate great care in mixing and grinding to form a slurry.

The chemical composition of typical examples of drift clay, when free from gravel 

and sand, is here presented:

Analyses of drift clays.

Constituent.

Silica (SiO,).. ...............

Alumina ( A1203 ) .............

Ferric oxide (Fe2 03 ) .........

Lime (CaO) .................

Calcium carbonate (CaCO.}) ..

Magnesia (MgO) .............

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 )

Sulphuric anhydride (S03) ...

Carbon dioxide ( CO., ) ........

Sodium oxide (Na2 0) ........

Potassium oxide (K2 0) .......

Water and organic matter"... 

Sand ........................

Total..................

1

54.94

12.14

4.88

9.13

3.65

None.

(?)

(?)

12. 44

97.16

2

45. 27

15.33

6 PC .65

11.32

4.08

Trace.

. 13.75 

3.44

98.84

3

46. 22

15.02

5.49

10.85

4.52

Trace.

15.31 

1.20

98.61

4

40.15

11.25

4.88

21.43

8.93

} 2.06

11.30

5

41.86

10.70

5.02

14.33

2.81

14.56

2.80J

8.00

100. 08

6

52.26

22.95

8.15

4.48

1.32

10. 56

99.72

"Losson ignition.

1. Brickyard near Pinckney, Livingston County. Furnished by Standard Portland Cement Company. Analysis by E. D. Campbell.

2. From 3 miles north of Jackson. Furnished by Standard Portland Cement Company. Analysis 

by E. D. Campbell.

3. From near Stockbridge, Ingham County. Analysis by E. D. Campbell.

4. From Ionia, Ionia County. Analysis by A. N. Clark. Geol. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1900, 

pp. 51-53.

5. From near Jackson, Jackson County. Analysis by H. Hies. Geol. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1, 

1900, pp. 56-69.

6. From Springport Township, Jackson County. Analysis by Mariner and Hoskins. Geol. Survey 

Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1,1900, p. 60.

The lake clays are well represented, especially about the border of the southern 

peninsula, as between Detroit and Ypsilanti, about Port Huron, South Haven, 

widely over the Saginaw Valley, and in numerous local basins throughout the State. 

In the Upper Pensinsula extensive deposits of exceedingly fine-grained, laminated 

pinkish clay, deposited from the water of Lake Superior when more widely expanded 

than now, occur in abundance at Sault Ste. Marie, and have a'wide distribution westward, as at Marquette, Escanaba, etc. The chemical composition of this extensive 

deposit is indicated by analysis 6 in the following table, which shows that it is suitable for cement making.

The lake clays here referred to are characteristically fine grained, many times 

almost entirely free from grit, highly plastic, and uniform in composition. As shown 

by numerous chemical analyses, however, they are what are termed "lean clays;"
204 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

that is, not high in alumina and ferric oxide in proportion to the silica present, and 

not, as a rule, considered favorable for cement making. These properties and,the 

usual presence of lime, together with the frequent occurrence of sulphuric anhydride, 

are shown by the following analyses:

___ Analyses of lacustral clays.

Constituent.

Sand........................

Silica (SiO,) .................

Lime (CaO) .................

Sulphuric anhydride (S03 ) ....

Potassium oxide (K2 0) .......

Water (H,0) ................

Total..................

l

49.75

13.06

5.31

10.86

4.28

(?)

(?)

«15.07

99.13

2

49.34

14.50

5.37

9.75

4.77

.13

(?)

(?)

«15.55

99.25

3

1.51

66.49

9.87

4.87

4.72

1.22

.62

(?)

(?)

«9.36

98.66

4

47.75

17.60

9.13

2.60

.70

} 2X

22.01

100. 00

5

(?)

46.40

}l6.4{

25. 36

4.30

7.00

99.46

6

61.62

17.20

5.99

5.62

2.82

.46

«5.34

99.00

a Loss on ignition.

1. From near Chelsea, Washtenaw County. Analysis by E. D. Campbell.

2. From near Fenton, Genesee County. Analysis by E. D. Campbell.

3. From near Farmington, Oakland County. Analysis by E. D. Campbell.

4. From near Saginaw'. Analysis by H. Reis. Geol. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1,1900, p. 55.

5. From Wyandotte; used in cement making by the Michigan Alkali Company. Analysis by O. 

Button.

6. Sault Ste. Marie. Analysis by E. D. Campbell.

The river silts occur on the border of many streams, sometimes in terraces a few 

feet above their surfaces. Although in many instances available for brick and tile

making, they are usually too sandy to be employed in manufacturing Portland' 

cement without being ground, so as to have the requisite degree of fineness that is, 

so as to pass through a sieve with 150 to 200 meshes to the linear inch. No analyses 

of typical examples of the river silts are available, but as the deposits are derived 

mainly from the drift clays, they no doubt have the same composition, lacking, 

perhaps, some of the calcium carbonate and alkaline salts.

In general it may be said that the surface clays of the Southern Peninsula are not 

favorable for .use in making Portland cement, although some of the stony clays, if 

crushed sufficiently fine, may be employed for that purpose. Reference is not here 

made to the decomposed outcrop of the shales described in the preceding section, 

which might perhaps be taken for surface clays, some of which have been used with 

favorable results. In reference to the surface clays of the Northern Peninsula little 

accurate information is available, excepting the analysis of a representative sample of 

the extensive deposit of pink clay near Sault Ste. Marie, given above.

In a summary of the results of Ries's investigations of the shales and clays of 

Michigan, already referred to several times, A. N. Clark remarks as follows:«

" For use in the manufacture of Portland cement the shales of the Coldwater series 

are best adapted. The shales of the Michigan series are also good if not too high in

aGeol. Survey Michigan, vol. 8, pt. 1, 1904, p. 64.
ECKBL.] MICHIGAN. 205

soluble salts. Some of the Coal Measure shales, which are often too gritty, and some 

of the clays derived from the weathering of these shales or the Devonian black shales, 

may be suitable. Surface deposits of clay of any size are, almost without exception, 

either too calcareous and irregular in composition or too gritty to be desirable."

The difficulty of obtaining a suitable clay to use in connection with the marl 

deposits of the southern portion of the Southern Peninsula has led several of the 

Portland cement companies now in operation in that region to employ clay brought 

from Ohio. The most of this material comes frorr Milbury and Bryan and is a 

lacustral clay, deposited from the waters of the Erie basin .(Glacial Lake Warren), 

when more widely expanded to the southwestward than now. Its composition is as 

follows:

Analyses of Ohio clays.

Constituent.

Silica (Si02 ). ---..--.-.-..--.-.-...-..-.----...--.-----.-..-...

Alumina ( A12 03 ) ..............................................

Ferric oxide (Fe203 ) ...........................................

Lime (CaO)... ................................................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............................................

Sulphuric anhydride (S03 ) .....................................

Loss on ignition ......... .....i.... ............................

Total ...................................................

1

a 62. 55

17.46

5.08

2.30

1.67

Trace.

5.55

98.37

2

61.03

18.10

6.65

1.29

.53

1.05

9.21

89.86

a With the silica is included 3.76 per cent of fine sand.

1. Milbury. Analysis by E. D. Campbell.

2. Bryan. Analysis by John G. Dean and N. S. Potter, jr.

REFERENCES ON MICHIGAN CEMENT RESOURCES AND

INDUSTRY.

PAVIS, C. A. A contribution to the natural history of marl. Mich. Geol. Survey,

vol. 8, pt. 3, pp. 65-102. 1904. 

FALL, DELOS. Marls and clays in Michigan. Mich. Geol. Survey, vol. 8, pt. 3,

pp. 343-348. 

HALE, D. J. Marl and its application to the manufacture of Portland cement.

Mich. Geol. Survey, vol. 8, pt. 3, pp. 1-64, 103-190. 

KIMBALL, L. L. Portland cement in Michigan, 1903. Min. Resources U. S., for 1903,

U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, pp. 903-910. 

LANE, A. C. Coal of Michigan; its mode of occurrence and quality. ' Mich. Geol.

Survey, vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 1-233. 1902. 

LANE, A. C. Notes on the origin of Michigan bog limes. Mich. Geol. Survey,

vol. 8, pt. 3, pp. 199-223. 

LANE, A. C. List of marl localities and Portland-cement mills in Michigan. Mich.

Geol. Survey, vol. 8, pt. 3, pp. 224-342. 

LATHBURY, B. B. The development of marl and clay properties for the manufacture

of Portland cement. Mich. Geol. Survey, vol. 8, pt. 3, pp. 191-198. 1903. 

LATHBURY, B. B. The Michigan Alkali Company's plant for manufacturing Portland cement from caustic soda waste. Engineering News, June 7, 1900. 

- LEWIS, F. H. The plant of the Michigan Portland Cement Company, Cold water,

Mich. Engineering Eecord, Feb. 25, 1899.
206 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. . [BULL. 243.

LEWIS, F. H. The plant of the Bronson Portland Cement Company, Bronson, Mien.

Engineering Record, Apr. 30, 1898.' 

RIES, H. Clays and shales of Michigan. Mich. Geol. Survey, vol. 8, pt. 1, pp. 1-67.

1900. 

RUSSELL, I. C. The Portland-cement industry in Michigan. Twenty-second Ann.

Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, 1902, pp. 629-685.

PORTLAND CEMENT RESOURCES OF MINNESOTA.

Of the limestones occurring in Minnesota, only one is usually sufficiently low in magnesium carbonate to be worth considering .as a 

Portland cement material. This is the limestone described as "Trenton " in the section on Iowa, pages 147-165 of this bulletin. Mr. Ulrich 

states that this nonmagnesian formation is well developed in southern 

Minnesota, particularly in the vicinity of Wyckoff and Spring Valley. 

The pure limestone beds in these localities are both underlain and overlain by shale, which might prove available for use in the mixture.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI.

No cement of any type has ever been manufactured in Mississippi, 

but several large limestone areas occur in the State, and at least one of 

these is so well located with respect to fuel supplies and transportation routes as to give promise of being of future importance as a 

source of Portland-cement material.

The available limestones of the State may be grouped and described 

under three heads, the third being the most promising as the possible 

basis of a cement industry.

The three groups noted are:

(1) Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) limestones.

(2) Cretaceous limestones (Selma chalk or " Kotten limestone").

(3) Tertiary limestones (Vicksburg limestone).

The distribution of these formations is shown on the geologic map 

(PI. II), which is based on recent work by the United States Geological 

Survey in Mississippi.

MISSISSIPPIAN ("LOWER CARBONIFEROUS") LIMESTONES.

In the extreme northeastern corner of Mississippi, in the counties 

of Itawamba and Tishomingo, there is a small area of Devonian and 

Carboniferous rocks. These include shales, thin sandstones, and 

limestones. The limestones, which are mainly of Mississippian (Lower 

Carboniferous) age, are frequently low in magnesia, and are otherwise 

suitable for use as Portland cement materials. At present, however, 

the most promising localities of these limestones have no adequate 

transportation facilities. This fact, together with the nearness of the 

soft and easily crushed Selma chalk, will probably serve to prevent 

the utilization of the Carboniferous limestones in the near future.
ECKBL.] MISSISSIPPI. ' 207

The following analysis of a limestone from Cypress Pond, Tishomingo County, is bjr Dr. E. W. Hilgard:

Analysis of Mismsippian limestone.

Silica (SiOs) .............................................1............... 1.68

Alumina (A12 0S ) ...........:........................................... .1 rg

Iron oxide (Fe2 08 ) ...................................................... |

Lime (CaO) ............................................................. 53.49

Magnesia (MgO)......................................................... .82

Carbon dioxide (CO,) .................................................... 42.03

Water.................................................................... 1.34

CRETACEOUS LIMESTONE (SELMA CHALK OR "ROTTEN LIMESTONE").

The Selma formation of the Cretaceous is a thick series of chalks, 

chalky limestones, and more or less limy clays, which are well exposed 

in northwestern Mississippi. The area occupied by these limestones

is shown on PI. II, and a very detailed description of the Alabama 

areas of Selma chalk is given in Doctor Smith's discussion of the 

cement resources of Alabama in this bulletin (pp. 72-77).

Thickness. The Selma chalk attains its maximum thickness in central Alabama, reaching a total of about 1,200 feet. Westward it 

decreases slightly in thickness, the well at Livingston, Sumter County, 

Ala., giving a total of 930 feet, while the well at Starkville, Oktibbeha 

County, Miss., taken in connection with surrounding outcrops, indicates a thickness of at least 700 feet. As the belt turns northward 

toward Tennessee the Selma formation decreases rapidly in thickness, 

while at the same time the limestone beds contained in the formation 

become fewer and thinner, until in Tennessee the Selma is a thin 

series of somewhat calcareous clays, with only occasional beds of chalk. 

. /Stratigraphy. Owing to the rapidity with which it disintegrates 

when exposed to atmospheric action, surface outcrops give comparatively little information in regard to the stratigraphy of the Selma 

formation. Fortunately a very precise section of the Selma chalk, 

taken at a point where it is almost of maximum thickness, is in existence. This is embodied in the record of a well drilled at Livingston, 

Sumter County, Ala., and quoted by Dr. E. A. Smith in his Report 

on the Geology, of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, pages 277-278. The 

well was located just south of the boundary between the Selma and 

Ripley formations, and reached a depth of 1,062 feet, so that it passed 

through the entire thickness of the Selma chalk and into the underlying Eutaw formation.

The section of this well is given below. The upper 20 feet are, 

according to Smith, probably in part Lafayette and in part Ripley. 

From a depth of 20 to 950 feet the well was in-the Selma formation, 

while from 950 to 1,062 feet it was in the Eutaw".
208 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Section of well at Livingston, Sumler County, Ala.

[BULL, 243.

Thickness. Depth.

Lafayette and Ripley:

Sandy loam ..........'...............................

Coarse, dry sand .....................................

White quicksand....................................

Selma chalk:

Soft blue limestone, many shells and pyrite nodules ...

White limestone, harder, few shells or pyrite nodules..

Hard blue limestone, no shells or nodules.............

Bluish-white limestone, less hard, no shells or nodules.

White limestone, very hard ...........................

Light-blue limestone, softer................:.........

Bluish-brown rock, small shells, some sand ...........

Hard, white limestone...............................

Soft, reddish-brown rock.............................

Soft, deep-blue rock .................................

Brownish-blue rock, moderately soft...................

Hard, gritty, blue rock...............................

Dark-bluish rock, soft................................

.Soft, whitish limestone...............................

Eutaw sands:

Hard sandstone ......................................

Sand ...............................................

Sand rock. .................J........................

Coarse greensand....................................

Sandstone...........................................

Greensand ..---..-....-.......---......--.-.----....

Sandstone............................................

Coarse greensand.-..........--....--....---.---..-..

Flint rock...........................................

Very fine greensand .................................

Feet.

1 

12

7

250

6

10

1

38

2

25

2

18

1

9

Feet.

1 - 

13 -

20

200

250

257

325

380

427

485

590

592

612

690

700 -

13

20

200 

250 

257 

325 

380 

427 

485 

"590 

592 

612 

690 

690* 

700 

950 .

950

956

966

967

1,005

1,007

1,032

1,034

1.052

1.053

- 956

- 966

- 967

-1,005

-1,007

-1, 032

-1,034

-1,052

-1,053

-1, 062

Descriptions of localities. During 1904 the Selma chalk was carefully mapped throughout the Tombigbee River basin by Mr. A. ,F. 

Crider. The result of this mapping is shown on PL II.

In the following pages descriptions will be given of the various 

localities visited during this work. Samples were taken from all of 

these localities, and many of these samples have been analyzed, the 

results being given below.

The descriptions are' given in order, going up the Tombigbee River 

from the Alabama-Mississippi line.
MISSISSIPPI. 209

The following four analyses, by Prof. W. F. Hand, State chemist, 

are of samples of limestone from various points in Oktibbeha County, 

Miss.:

Analyses of Selma limestone from Oktibbeha, County, Miss.

Silica (SiO,) ..........................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ...................

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ) ..............

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ........

Water ...............................

1

2.89

1 1.53

94.10

1.84

.36

±4

2.33

1.72

94.35

1.82

.44

3

3.03

1.92

93.60

1.64

.42

4

2.55

1.96

94. 07

2.12

.52

Average.

2.70

1.78

94.03

1.85

'.44

At the big elbow-bend in Oaknoxubee River, a quarter mile below 

the wagon bridge at Macon, the river has formed a bluff 75 feet 

high on the south side of the stream. The entire cliff is made up of 

the Selma chalk. It is a solid mass of white chalk, nonfossiliferous, 

and apparently without bedding planes, but viewed at a distance the 

stratification of the material is shown by the unequal hardness of the 

strata, causing some to weather more rapidly than others. There is a 

marked dip to the south. All the smaller streams flowing into Oaknoxubee have channeled their beds into the pure white limestone. A 

sample was collected from the bluff on the Oaknoxubee River.

The following analysis of this sample was made by H. C. McNeil in 

the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey:

Analysis of Selma limestone from near Macon, Miss. 

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 9.09

Alumina (A12 0S ) .........................................................\ ~ .~

Iron oxide (Fe2 03) .............................--..'.-..----...-..-.... -../

Lime carbonate (GaC03 ).................................................. 80. 99

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 )...-....-.-..-......-..-...-.-. ............ .00

Water................................................................... 1.08

The town of Scooba is in the Platwoods area, which is underlain by 

clays of the Midway group. The road from Scooba to Dekalb is 

through the Midway until Sucarnooche Creek is reached, 2 miles east 

of Dekalb. The hills of the Laramie formation begin just west of 

the creek and rise 250 feet above the creek, barometric reading.

The material here forming the Midway is a gray, plastic, nonfossiliferous clay ("popping clay"). It makes a cold soil, very sticky 

and plastic when wet, and when it dries out it cracks open so that one 

can thrust his hand 6 or 8 inches into the opening.

But little of the Flatwoods area is cleared and put in cultivation, 

and this only where there is a little remnant of Lafayette sand left. 

The Lafayette formation is practically wanting over the entire area of 

the Flatwoods.

Bull. 243 05 14
210 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The timber is short-leaf pine, post oak, scrub hickory, black-jack, 

and black gum, with an occasional white oak and holly.

The town of Dekalb is near the east edge of the Lagrange formation. One and a half miles northeast of the town, on Sucarnooche 

Creek, is a bed of lignite 3 feet thick, which outcrops a few feet above 

the bed of the creek. This bed has been opened up with a view of 

developing the vein. A level was run 20 feet into the hill and considerable lignite taken out. It was found to be of excellent quality, and 

was burned in the office of the chancerjr clerk, Mr. S. O. Bell, at Dekalb. The following analyses were made, No. 1 by J. C. Long and 

No. 2 by K. T. Pittman.

Analyses of lignite from Dekalb, Miss.

'

Volatile matter... ..............................................

Ash..........................................................

Moisture ..................................................;...

Sulphur. ............................................... ......

l

41. 83

46. 82

7.94

2.13

1.28

n. d.

2

40.80

41.48

17.64

n. d.

1.57

1.33

The lignite is overlain by a bed of gray clay and this by stratified 

red, yellow, and white sand, with occasional bands of ferruginous 

sandstone in the sand. On these hills there is a deposit of Lafayette 

that reaches in places a thickness of 20 feet, and in this there is considerable sandstone.

The Lagrange around Dekalb the eastern edge of the formation 

and therefore made up of its basal beds is a mass of unconsolidated 

sand and sand}7 clay, which is easily eroded. The country is rough, 

being cut up into deep ravines and narrow valleys.

The hillsides, when properly taken care of, are fertile, and the uncleared land has a fine growth of pine, poplar, white oak, and hickory.

Two and one-half miles east of Scooba, on the west bank of the creek 

shown on the map (PL II), is the first outcrop of Selma chalk on the 

Scooba and Gainesville road.

A sample of limestone was taken from this outcrop by A. F. Crider 

and was analyzed- by W. S. McNeil, in the laborator}^ of the United 

States Geological Survey, with the following result:

i Analysis of Selma limestone from near Scooba, Miss. 

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 16. 48

Alumina (A12 03 ) ............................................-...-.-....-.]

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) .......^...............................................\

Lime carbonate (CaCo3 ) ............................................ ^..... 74. 34

Magnesium carbonate (MgCo3)............................................ .67

Water................................................................... .67
'MISSISSIPPI. 211

There is a change in the character of timber as soon as the Selma 

area is reached. Short-leaf pine, which occurs so abundantly in the 

Flatwoods, is wanting except in the old "turned-out land." Black 

oak is the principal timber in the Selma chalk. Some post oak and 

hickory occur. The pine is wanting at a distance of 2 miles east of 

Scooba, which would perhaps bring the' contact between the Selma 

and Midway one-half mile west of the Selma outcrop.

Two miles east of Scooba and one-half mile south is another outcrop 

of limestone, more sandy than that 2£ miles east of Scooba. This is 

perhaps of Ripley age.

Between Portersville and Oakgrove, in southern Kemper County, 

on the west side of Pittiefaw Creek, the Lagrange hills begin and 

extend westward. On land belonging to Mr. M. L. Nailer a bed of 

lignite, reported to be 4 feet thick, has been opened.

Sucarnooche Creek marks the west edge of the Midway group from

2i miles due east of Dekalb to abou£ 3 miles north of Oakgrove. 

Here the Porters Creek area widens and its west edge swings in to 

within 2i or 3-miles east of Oakgrove, then follows a southeasterly 

direction and crosses the Kemper and Lauderdale County line about 

3i miles west of the State line.

On the west side of Quilby Creek, where it runs south along the 

State line, 7 miles east of Sucarnooche, the Selma chalk forms a small 

bluff. The prairie soil extends back for 2 miles farther west. On the 

east side of the creek, about 100 yards in Alabama, the Selma chalk 

forms a bluff a little higher than on the opposite bank in Mississippi. 

Here what is taken to be the top of the Selma chalk is found. The 

top of the bluff is capped by a coarse-grained sandstone, cemented by 

lime carbonate. In it are linie concretions the size of a closed hand.

The upper beds of the Selma chalk also appear in the bluff on the 

east side of Quilby Creek, 7 miles east of Sucarnooche.

An outcrop of Selma chalk shows on Scooba and Fox Prairie road 

where it crosses Bodea Creek, about 2 miles west of the State line.

A sample collected from this outcrop by Mr. Crider was analyzed 

in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey by W. S.

McNeil.

Analyses of Selma limestone from Bodea Creek, Mississippi.

Silica (Si62 ) ......................... '...... ..--...-..^................... 10. 60

Alumina (A1.2 03 ) ......................-.................:...--........

Iron oxide (F203 ) ....................................................... |

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ).................................................. 82.47

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ........................................... Tr.

AVater................................................................... .82

Three miles north of Scooba the west border of the Selma chalk 

outcrops in a series of hills forming the south bank of Wahal'ak Creek. 

The bottom of the Wahalak is here 1£ miles wide, the south bank 

retreating more rapidly than the north side. The creek has cut its
212 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

channel into the Selma chalk, which outcrops almost continuously 

throughout its course. The limestone occurs up the creek about 6i to 

7 miles northwest of the town of Wahalak, but the Porters 'Creek 

clay occupies the country on either side of the creek. The hill just 

east of Wahalak is of Porters Creek clay, which is not over 15 feet 

thick.

A sample of limestone was collected by A. F. Crider from the bed 

of Wahalak Creek, about 1£ miles south of Wahalak. This sample 

was analyzed by W. S. McNeil in the laboratory of the United States 

Geological Survey, with the following results:

Analysis of Selma limestone from near Wahalak, Miss.

Silica (Si02 ) ................I.............................'............... 20.00

Alumina (A12 03 ) .........................................................|

Iron oxide (Fe,0s)......................................................./ b' y/

Lime carbonate ......................................... .f ............... 68.91

Magnesium carbonate..................................................... Tr.

Water.......-...-...............:........,.............................. 1.03

A sample of the Selma limestone was taken from the bed of Wahalak 

Creek, 1£ miles south of the town, and on the range of low hills on 

the south side of Wahalak Creek, 1^ miles southeast of the point where 

the Mobile and »Ohio Railroad crosses the creek, another sample was 

taken.

At the top of the Selma chalk there is about 10 feet of a sand rock 

cemented with lime carbonate, which contains numerous little bivalve 

shells. This is the same kind of stone as that found 7 miles east of 

Sucarnooche. There is no evidence of any Midway limestone anywhere from Wahalak to the Alabama line, and this is the only place 

where the sandstone was seen in Mississippi.

The Midway or Flatwoods clay is well shown near. Scooba, Miss.

A cample collected by A. F. Crider was anatyzed by W. S. McNeil in 

the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. The result is 

of interest because clays of this type occur everywhere near the western edge of the Selma limestone area, and such clays will be needed to 

reduce the percentage of lime carbonate found in some of the purer 

samples of Selma chalk.

Analysis of Midway clay from Scooba, Miss.

Silica (Si02 )................................................ ............. 61.92

Alumina (A12 03 )...............................:....................-..... 19. 47

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 )....................................................... 2.81

Lime (CaO).............................................................. .00

Magnesia (MgO)......................................................... 1.98

Soda (Na,0).......................................'...................... .50

Potash (KjO)............................................................ .00

Loss on ignition................................ .......................... 12.29
ECKEL.] MISSISSIPPI. 213

A sample of Selma chalk was taken from an old rock quarry situated 

on the southwest side of Bogue Chitto Creek, one-half mile east of 

Prairie Rock. This limestone differs from that along- Oaknoxubee 

River, in the vicinity of Macon, in that it is much harder. In the 

unweathered state of the Macon rock, it is very soft and noncrystalline. One can easily stick a pick into it. But the limestone at Prairie 

Rock is a hard so-called "flint rock," crystalline in character, and is 

used for building purposes. The rock at Macon, when exposed to the 

weather, becomes white as chalk, that at Prairie Rock weathers to a 

dirty gray and contains some traces of iron stain on the weathered 

surfaces. This is due to the oxidation of the iron sulphide (pyrite), 

which is found in small concretions in the fresh rock.

An analysis of this Prairie Rock limestone, made by W. S. McNeil, 

in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, follows. It

will be seen that the stone is a very pure limestone, in spite of the mannerin which it discolors on weathering.

Analysis of Selma limestone from Prairie Rock, Mississippi.

Silica (SiO,) ................................... ........................ 1.13

Alumina (A12 03 ) .......................................................\

Iron oxide (Fe.203 ) ....-.--.-.-...--.---.----...-----...---.-----.- ----/

Lime carbonate (CaCOs) ....................................:........... 98. 36

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ).......................................... tr.

Water...........-.............................:....................:.. .40

The rock breaks down easily when exposed to the weather, and 

hence is not now used for extensive building purposes. It is, however, 

the only road material found in this section of the country. It has 

been used on the road across Bogue Chitto swamp, but is unsatisfactory.

Men familiar with the country say that this hard limestone is very 

thin only about 4 feet thick and occurs near the surface. Below 

this hard stratum comes the soft, whiter "rotten limestone," which is, 

on an average, 20 feet thick. Below this comes the, "blue rock," 

which holds water. In digging cisterns, the farmers always dig down 

to the " blue rock," which requires no curbing.

There are two kinds of soils in the prairie section, the "post-oak" 

land and the "prairie" proper. The former is the highest land 

between the stream divides, which has suffered but little erosion. It 

is veiy level, sloping gently to the streams. This post-oak land is 

covered with a thin coating of Lafayette, clayey sand, never over 10 

feet thick, which has never been all carried away by erosion. The 

uncleared land produces post-oak and some black-oak timber.

The "prairie" land is that from which the Lafayette has been 

removed, and the black, rich loam, formed from the decomposition
214 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTBY. [BULL. 243.

of the Selma chalk, comes to the surface. The limestone never comes 

to the surface except along the streams.

When the country was first settled this black prairie soil was too 

strong- for cotton. It produced a large stalk, but very little cotton. 

Until recent years all the cotton was planted on the poorer "post-oak" 

lands, and the prairie lands were put in corn. But after years of continuous crops of corn the prairie land became the best cotton land, 

and now the finest cotton grows on the prairie land,s. 

 Later investigation around Columbus and Aberdeen has verified 

the fact that the land known by all as the "post-oak land," as distinguished from the black "prairie soils," is the land from which the 

entire Layfayette has not been removed. The soil is not so rich as 

the prairie soils, and has been largety abandoned for cultivation.

The following well sections are of interest in this connection:

Well at Ravine, on land of J. Q. Poindexter.

Feet. 

Selma chalk .......'..I..................................................... 250

Sand, water bearing, and principal source of water..._...._.._ _............... 475,

Bed clay.................................................. J................ 50

Depth..................................................................... 725

Water rises within 26 feet of surface. Water soft.

Well g miles due east of Ravine, on Sebe Gavin's land.

Feet. 

Depth of well.............................................................. 431

Water flows 16 feet above surface.

Well on Doctor Patty's land, near Bigbee Valley post-office.

Feet.

Depth of well...........................................'................... 431

Water flows 20 feet above surface. Water found in sand, and soft.

Well at Bigke Valley post-office, sec. 16, T. 16, JR. 19 E.

Feet. 

Depth of well............................... .......................-.......'. 460

Thickness of Selma chalk.. ....................:............................ 200

Water flows 20 feet above surface. ,- < 

Well in sec. 81, T. 16, R. 19 E.

Feet.

Depth of well.............................................................. 444

Thickness of sand .......................................................... 200

Flows. ' Well at Cliftonville.

Feet.

Limestone ................................................................. 300

Dark sand, dry............................................................. 20

White sand, water-bearing.................................................. 20

Dark sand, dry ............................................................ 10

White sand, water-bearing... 1.............................................. 40

Ferruginous sandstone...................................................... 1

Depth of well, 450 feet; 300 feet in limestone, 150 feet in sand. 

Source of water, green sand.
ECKEL.] MISSISSIPPI. 215

Well on A. G. Canningham's land, 1$ miles west of mouth of James Creek.

Feet,

Depth of well.............................................................. 500

Thickness of limestone...................................................... 100

Well is 75 feet above Tombigbee River. Water overflows.

Well at Pickinsville, Ala., on land of Will Rodgers.

Feet.

Thickness of limestone. .......... .............'...... ......................... 100

Depth of well........................'....................................... 400

Flows.

All wells mentioned above except the first one were drilled by J. B. 

Cunningham, Cliftonville, Miss., and the records were obtained from 

him. The well drillers fail to make any distinction between the lower 

Selma and the upper Eutaw, so that their records can not be depended 

upon for determining the thickness of the Selma.

A sample of sandy limestone was obtained from the mouth of James 

Creek, on Tombigbee River. Along the Tombigbee at the mouth 

of James Creek thfere is an exposure of a green-sand clay containing a 

large amount of lime. Fifty feet above the river, 1£ miles west of 

the mouth of James Creek, another sample of limestone was collected. 

The limestone here is similar in color and general aspect to that on 

Tombigbee, except that it has less green sand.

Farther west the limestone rarely shows at .the surface. It is clayey 

in character and easily dissolved by the weathering agents, so that it 

breaks down into soil faster than it is carried away by erosion.

At Cliftonville, which is 75 feet above Tombigbee River (barometric 

reading), there is a hard cap rock, 2 to 4 feet thick, found on top of 

the hills in the vicinity of .the town. This a hard "lime" rock, similar to that found at Prairie Point.

Below this hard cap rock comes what is called the " blue rock." A 

sample of it seen at a well dug years ago shows that it is similar to the 

rock at Cunningham Hill, except that it contains no sand. Where 

the blue rock comes to the surface it forms a belt of the richest soil in 

the prairie region. The soil is very deep, black, and loose. More 

cotton and corn are raised to the acre here than in any other section 

of the State.

West of this region the land becomes higher, and the Lafayette 

occupies the surface on the ridges.

Six miles north of Macon, on the Macon and Columbus road, the 

limestone begins to show at the surface in small gullies. The rock is 

harder than the blue rock along the Tombigbee, and therefore occurs 

more frequently.

A sample collected from this locality by A. F. Crider was anatyzed 

by W. S. McNeil in the laboratory of the United States Oreological 

Survey.
216 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Analysis of Selma limestone from locality north of Macon, Miss.

Silica (SiO,) ................................... .......................... 8.52

Alumina ( Alj,0s ) . 1 ---------.--..--. - --.-.-..-.. ..-.---- - - - '.-.-- \ 6 60

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ). ..................................................... ^

Lime carbonate (CaC08 ).... ...................................... v ...... 83.88

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) ............................................ .00

Water.................................................................... 1.00

Farther south, along the Macon and Columbus road, the limestone 

begins to show in eveiy gully and on every hillside. At some places 

on level ground the soil is not over 12 inches deep. In this vicinity are 

the bald prairies, where large areas of this Avhite limestone are exposed 

without a particle of soil or a blade of grass. A sample of the rock 

was taken 3 miles north of Macon.

A sample of Selma limestone was taken at a point north of Lime 

Rock, 5 miles east of Shuqualak, on Oaknoxubee River, where a bluff 

50 feet high is composed of typical Selma chalk. The following analysis of this sample was made by W. S. McNeil, in- the laboratory of 

the United States Geoloical

Analysis of Selma limestone from near Shuqualak, Miss.

Silica (Si02 ) ....:...............;........................................ 8.06

Alumina ( Al,03) .......................:................................. 1 g Q4

Iron oxide (Fea03 ) .----..-.-----.-...-........................-........../

Lime carbonate (CaC03 )........-......................................... 84. 61

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ................. .....^..... ................ .06

Water..................---............................................:. 1.32

The Tombigbee River at Columbus has cut its channel into the Eutaw 

sands, forming a bluff on the east side 90 feet high. The material 

composing the bluff here is a sand that is greenish when wet and gray 

when dry. It contains a small amount of lime carbonate. At the

upper part of the bluff the sands are of lighter color, and at the top 

are of a light golden yellow. This was the color of sand when deposited, and is not due to oxidation. Numerous little branching concretions, which are perhaps some kind of badly preserved fossils, occur 

in the lower portion near the water. The upper vpart of the sands 

contain two species of large oysters, which also occur in the Selma. 

The river at the town is now hugging the east bluff, and the bottom, 

which is 3 miles wide, is all on the west side. A short distance above 

the town, however, the reverse is true, the bluff being on the west 

side and the bottom on the east. . .

At the west edge of the bottom the heavj7 , black prairie soils of the 

Selma chalk appear as soon as the little hills are reached. The bottom 

extends northward to the little creek that flows northeastward into the 

river 3 miles above the town.

At a distance of 4 miles above town the bluff on the west side of the 

river reaches about the "same height above the stream as the bluff at
ECKEL.] , MISSISSIPPI. 217

Columbus. It extends for 1 mile along the river as a perpendicular 

cliff that affords a fine section of the upper Eutaw and the base of the 

Selma. At the top of the bluff, the low hills on the west come down 

to the river. The same heavy, black prairie soils which come within 

3 miles of the river due west of Columbus, here come down to the 

edge of the bluff.

The following is a section of the bluff obtained where the road comes 

down to the river:

Section of bluff of Tombigbee &iver 3 miles west of Columbus, Miss.

Lafayette at top.

Selrna: , Feet. In. 

"Blue rock" of the Selma; a white to gray joint clay containing less 

sand at top than at bottom. In its unweathered condition the clay is 

pale blue, with green and black sand ............................... 10 8

Eutaw:

Green sand, highly calcareous, and containing numerous large oysters.. 9 5 

Indurated ledge of greensand, calcareous, and containing same fossils

as No. 9 .....................i................................... 8 12

Lighter colored sand, containing very few small fossils but no large

ones............................................................. 7 14

Green sand, noufossiliferous........................................ 6 6

Slightly fossil if erous, gray micaceous sand............................ 5 5

Indurate ledge, slightly fossiliferous sand ............................ 4 10

Green sand, containing same large oysters as No. 9................... .3 4

Indurate ledge..................................................... 2 8

Fossiliferous greensand to the water's edge........................... 1 4

The prairie soil of the Selma extends to the river north of Columbus, 

but is not found east of the river. From Columbus south to the south 

side of M. C. Gower's creek on the west side of the river the Tombigbee 

bottom ranges in width from 2 to 4 miles. South of this creek the 

bottom changes again to the east side, and the Selma extends to the 

river.

At the mouth of James Creek the same joint clay that is seen above 

Columbus occurs-on- the east bank of the creek, about 10 feet above 

the water's edge.

Eight miles east of Columbus, on the Columbus and Tuscaloosa 

road, the hills of the Tuscaloosa formation first appear. On the hill 

near the 8-mile post the highly stratified clay, interbedded with various 

colored sands, outcrops on the side of the road.

At Stiens Station the creek is cutting into the Eutaw sands.

Where the road crosses Yellow Creek the foundation of the bridge 

is built on the compact sand, which here is of a deep-gray color and 

very homogeneous in character.

One mile south of Strongs, on the Illinois Central Railroad, on the 

Monroe and Clay line, the railroad has cut into the Selma clay to a 

depth of 15 feet. ^
218 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTBY. [BULL. 243.

Eiitaw sands extend west of the town of Aberdeen for 2 miles. 

Here the post-oak lands begin, and the regular prairie soils one-half 

mile farther west. There are no outcrops of Selma from Aberdeen 

to Prairie Station. The-first outcrop found northwest of Aberdeen is 

at Strongs. Outcrops of Selma here, as farther south, are very few 

on the east edge of Selma.

The following analysis of a sample of the Selma chalk from near 

Okolona, Chickasaw County, Miss., is an old one, made by Doctor 

Hilgard/' Of the material reported as "insoluble," probably about 

two-thirds was silica, the remainder being alumina and iron oxide.

Analysis of limestone from Okolona, Miss;

Insoluble (mostly silica, Si02 )........................................... 10. 90

Alumina (A12 03 ) -.--- .---.-----.---.---..-..--. . -..-..-'--.---...' -.- 1-96

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) .................................................^... 1.42

Lime (CaO)-..-.-...-....i.........-...............-.....--.....--..--. M5.79

Magnesia (MgO) ....................................................... c. 88

Alkalies (K,0, Na2 0)................................................... .57

Carbon dioxide (CO,) .................................................. 35. 73

Water and organic...................................................... 2. 84

TERTIARY LIMESTONES (VICKSBURG LIMESTONE).

A narrow belt of limestone of Tertiary age crosses the State in a 

direction a little north of west, from near Waynesboro to Vicksburg. 

This is the Vicksburg limestone, which is equivalent to the upper 

part of the St. Stephens limestone of Alabama. The relations which 

exist may be indicated as follows:

Mississippi. Alabama.

Vicksburg limestone .....I 0 , Oi , n . , T . . , , }=St. Stephens limestone. Jackson marls and clays.-J

A very detailed description of the characters and composition of the

St. Stephens limestone, as sh'own in its Alabama outcrop, is given by 

Doctor Smith on pages 77 to 81 of this bulletin, while on PI. II the 

outcrop across Alabama and Mississippi of the St. Stephens and the 

Vicksburg-Jackson is indicated.

In Mississippi the Vicksburg limestone usually outcrops in a low 

ridge that trends generally a little north of west. The southern slope 

of this ridge is gentle, but its northern face is a sharp declivity, which 

makes it easy both to locate the outcrop and to quarry the limestone.

The Vicksburg limestone carries usually from 80 to 95 per cent of 

lime carbonate, with veiy little magnesium carbonate. Occasionally, 

however, , more clayey phases are encountered, but in general this 

formation may be everywhere regarded as a possible source of Portland cement material.

a Report on the Geology of Mississippi, p. 101. 1860.

6Equals lirne carbonate (CaC03 ), 81.77.

c Equals magnesium carbonate (MgC03), 1.84.
BCKEL.] MISSISSIPPI. 219

The analysis below, by Mr. G. T. Hetherington, was recently made 

on a sample taken several miles south of Jackson, Hinds County:

Analysis of Vicksburg limestone from near Jackson, Miss. 

Silica (SiOj).........................'..................................... 9. 63

Alumina (AL_03 ) ..................................... ....^................ 2. 73

Iron oxide (FeA) -----------.---------------.------.-----------------.- 2. 76

Lime (CaO).................................................; ............... 45.95

Magnesia (MgO) .......................................................... .99

Alkalies (K20,Na2 0) ........................ s.....................:...... .95

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ................................................... .35

Carbon VXC** K/VAl dioxide ^.HV^-^-A^*^ (COo^ ^ V^V^g/ --.--.--.-.-----..------------- ~ . ------------.---- ^- i nfmf

This corresponds to a content of about 81 per cent lime carbonate; 

and as the rock is otherwise satisfactory, the addition of a little clay 

will make a suitable Portland cement mixture.

The analyses below were published in the early reports of the 

Mississippi Geological Survey. The last two, and perhaps the other

three also, were made by Dr. E. W. Hilgard.

t 

Analyses of Vicksburg limestones from Mississippi.

Silica (SiCy ....;. ...................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) .....................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03) ...................

Lime (CaO) ..................I.......

Magnesia (MgO) .....................

Alkalies (K20, Na,0)..... ............

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ...............

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ................

Water...............................

l

6.30

| 7.20

48.44

n.d.

n. d.

n.d.

38.06

n.d.

o

15.05

5.35

44.58

n.d. .

n.d.

n.d.

35.02

n.d.

a

9.20

6.65

" 47. 12

n..d.

n.d.

n.d.

37.03

n.d.

4

2.03

2.12

'52. 47

.67

n.d.

n.d.

41.53

I.'IO

5

12.31

. 2.70

43.93

1.69

.79

1.27

34.72

2.40

1-3. Red Hills, Wayne County. , Harper, Report on Geology of Mississippi, 1857, p. 166.

4. Brandon, Rankin County. Hilgard, Report on Geology of Mississippi, 1860.

5. Byram, Hinds County. Hilgard, Report on Geology of Mississippi, 1860.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF MISSOURI.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

Two large Portland-cement plants are now in operation in Missouri, 

and it seems probable that this State will soon become an important 

factor in the cement production of the United States. This probability of high rank as a cement producer is due to the fact that the 

thickest and purest limestones of the State outcrop along the banks 

of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Plants located on these lime-
220 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

stones are .therefore assured of cheap fuel and water and rail transportation to a number of important cement markets.

The Missouri limestones which are best adapted for use as Portlandcement materials are of Mississippian and of Trenton (Ordovician or 

Lower Silurian) age. The Cambrian limestones, which cover nearly all 

of southeastern Missouri, are almost always too high in magnesia to 

be worth considering in this connection. The nonmagnesian Silurian 

limestones occurring along the Mississippi between Chester, Jll., and 

Cape Girardeau, Mo., however, are worth investigation.

The geologic relations of these limestones, and of the shales and 

clays which will, be required for mixture with them, are indicated in 

the following table. This table shows the portion of the geologic 

column of Missouri that is of interest in this connection, the oldest 

rocks being those placed at the bottom.

Portion of geologic column of Missouri.

Quaternary ....................................... Loess and surface clays.

Upper Coal Measures .......... Shales, sandstones, etc.

Carboniferous. Lower Coal Measures .......... Coal beds, shales, etc.

Mississippian.................. Limestones, sandstones, and

shales. 

Devonian ......................................... Darl?-colored shales.

Silurian........................................... Magnesian limestones in part.

Girardeau limestone............ Shale and sandstone.

Upper Ordovician.. Thebes formation, or late Ordovician shale ................. Shale and sandstone.

Trenton....................... Limestone.

Lower Ordovician and Cambrian ................... Magnesian limestones, sand1 stone, etc.

The formations listed above will now be described .in order, from

the Trenton upward, attention being paid mainly to the Trenton and

Mississippian, which contain most of the nonmagnesian limestones 

occurring in the State. A detailed map showing the geology of. northeastern Missouri is given as PI. IX. In the following descriptions 

attention will be paid chiefly to their distribution and composition 

of the formations in the area covered by this detailed map, for it is 

in this portion of Missouri, along or near Mississippi River; that 

the best prospects for a Portland-cement industry exist. Southeastern 

Missouri, as already noted, has practical^ no limestones fit for use 

as Portland-cement materials, except along the Mississippi River to 

Cape Girardeau. The western half of Missouri contains extensive 

areas of Mississippian limestones, but a cement plant located in that 

portion of the State would be brought into'direct competition with the 

existing Kansas plants, which have the advantage of a cheap fuel 

natural gas.'
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO.343 PL. IX

~V.i N / H A -K/Q (.1 (* Ijt 1 yl

GEOLOGIC MAP OF WOETHEASTEEJST MISSOUKI AND SOUTHWESTERN ILLINOIS

Geology compiled from maps by the Missouri and Illinois geological surveys

Scale

<> 10 20 so *o 50 GO miles

CARBONIFEROUS DEVONIAN SILURIAN AND ORDOVICIAN

Coal Measures

tshales and coal beds with occasional

thin limestones/

Limestones and shales

f limestones with Intsrbadded
ECKEL.] MISSOUEI. 221

TRENTON LIMESTONE. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Trenton limestone occurs in two separate areas in eastern Missouri, both of which are well located with regard to railroad and 

water transportation.

The smaller of these areas lies in Rails, Pike, and Lincoln counties, 

the limestone outcropping as a belt 1 to 3 miles wide, commencing 

near Spalding, Rails County, and running southeastward to Mississippi River, which it reaches at a point near Busch, about 10 miles 

south of Hannibal. From this point southward the Trenton limestone belt follows the river to near Cap au Gris, Lincoln County, 

where it turns sharpty back in a northwesterly direction to within a 

few miles west of Edgewood, Pike County.

The second and much larger belt commences in southern Callaway 

County, and runs eastward parallel to and a few miles north of Missouri River, through Montgomery, Warren, and St. Charles counties. 

This belt reaches the Missouri River at Hamburg, St. Charles County, 

and turns southeastward through. St. Louis and Jefferson counties, 

reaching the Mississippi River at Kiinmswick. From this point south 

to Cape Girardeau the limestone follows the river closely, appearing 

either in the bluffs or only a few miles west of them.

COMPOSITION.

The Trenton limestones are usually bluish to gray colored in the 

lower part, and light colored sometimes almost white in the upper 

part, with occasional thin becls of shale or earthy limestone between' 

these two parts. As ,shown by the analyses in the following table, 

they are usually low in magnesia, and though occasional beds may 

show 5 to 10 per cent of magnesium carbonate the mass of the formation may be regarded as being suitable for use as a Portland-cement 

material.

Analyses of Trenton limestone from Missouri. a

Silica (SiOa ) .............

Lime carbonate (CaC03 ) . .

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgCO.) ..............

i

0.35

}.»

97.75 

.45

2

12.15 

.45 

86.00 

.46

3

2.25 

.30 

89.40 

6.96

4

0.45 

.65 

97.20 

.46

5

6.00 

1.05 

82.55 

9.27

6

1.00 

.55 

96.40 

.42

7

0.46 

.40 

98.60 

.34

8

0.70 

..25 

97.40 

.42

9

0.35 

.30

97.75 

.27

10

0.55 

.60 

96.75 

.27

1. Dorenheim quarry, St. Paul, St. Louis County. 

2. Thorn & Hunkin quarry, Minck station, St. Louis County.

3. Glencoe Company, south quarry, Glencoe, St. Louis County.

4. Glencoe Company, middle quarry, Glencoe, St. Louis County. 

5-10. Glencoe Company, north quarry, Glencoe, St. Louis County.

aThese analyses are from Bulletin No. 3, Missouri Geol. Survey, pp. 77-79,1890. The quarries art 

named according to their owners at that date. The analyses were all made by A. E. Woodward.
222 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243. 

LA TE ORDO VICIAN SHALE.

This-formation is composed largely of bluish to greenish shales, 

often containing a large precentage of lime. North of Lincoln County 

thin bands of pure limestone, varying from a few inches to a few feet 

in thickness, are usually inter bedded with the shales. These limestone 

bands become more numerous and thicker as the base of the formation 

is approached. The formation varies from 0 to over 100 feet in thickness, and immediately overlies the Trenton limestones. In its exposures near Mississippi River, in Kails, Pike, and Lincoln .counties, it 

is usually overlain either by Devonian shales or by the great series of 

Mississippian limestones described on a later page. The following 

analysis is of a specimen of this shale from near the base of the river 

bluff at Louisiana, Pike County:

Analysis of Hudson shales from Louisiana, Pike County, No. a

Silica (SiOj) .....................................'........................ 57.01

Alumina (Al,08 ) ------------------ ---- ------ ----------..------------ 24.43

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 )....................................................... 5.77

Lime (CaO) .............................................................. 1.40

Magnesia (MgO) ........................... '.............................. .49

Alkalies (K20, Na,0)........................:............................. 3.81

Combined water ......................................................... 7. 20

Moisture.................................................................. .43

DE VONIAN FORMA TIONS.

In the northeastern portion of Missouri (see PL IX) a series of 

dark-colored shales of Devonian age appears in places above the 

Hudson shales and below the Mississippian limestones. These Devonian shales vary from 10 feet or less to 50 feet in thickness. At 

Louisiana, Pike County, 8 feet of Devonian shales appear in the river

bluffs, overlying the Hudson shale, whose anatysis is given in the 

preceding table. In Jefferson County, as at Sulphur Springs, similar 

shales occur resting on the Trenton limestone, but their distribution 

is very irregular.

MISSISSIPPIAN ("LOWER CARBONIFEROUS") LIMESTONES AND SHALES.

DISTRIBUTION.

The Mississippian limestones are the surface formations over almost 

one-fourth of the entire area of Missouri. Their three most prominent areas of outcrop are along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers 

and in southwestern Missouri. These three areas are connected by 

narrow bands of outcrop so as to really form portions of one large 

area, but, for convenience, they will be discussed separately.' The

a Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 11, p. 404.
KCKBU] MISSOURI. 223

Mississippi River area, which is the most promising of the three as a 

source of cement material, will be discussed last and in greater detail 

than the others.

In southwestern Missouri the Mississippian limestones form the 

surface of the greater part of McDonald, Newton, Jasper, Barry, 

Lawrence, Stone, Christian, Greene, Dade, and Cedar counties, and 

also the southwestern half of Polk and smaller portions of Barton, 

St. Clair, Hickory, and Bentori counties. This extensive limestone 

area is traversed by numerous railroads, but the competition of Kansas 

plants using natural gas for fuel would probably make a cement plant 

located in southwestern Missouri unsuccessful.

Another area of Mississippian limestones is on and near the Missouri 

River. In this area the limestones cover most of Pettis, Saline, and 

Cooper counties, on the south side of the river, while they outcrop 

continuously along the north bank of the river from Miami station,

Carroll County, through southern Howard County, to below Rocheport, Boone County. The limestone belt then leaves Missouri River 

and turns northeastward, through Boone, Callaway, and Montgomery 

counties, to join the Mississippi River limestone belt discussed below.

A very extensive and important area of Mississippian limestones 

occurs in northeastern and eastern Missouri, along Mississippi River. 

This belt covers the eastern half of Clarke, all, or almost all, of'Lewis, 

Knox, Shelb}7 , Marion, Monroe, Rails, Pike, Lincoln, and St. Charles 

counties, and portions of Montgomery, Warren, St. Louis, Jefferson, 

Ste. Genevieve, and Perry counties. The distribution of the limestones in these counties is shown in detail in the geologic map of 

northeastern Missouri (PL IX).

The limestones appear continuously in the river bluffs or in stream 

cuts along the west bank of the Mississippi, from the Iowa State line 

to a point about 10 miles south of Hannibal. Here the Mississippian 

limestones leave the river for some distance, Silurian rocks appearing 

in the bluffs from below Saverton to Cap au Gris. At Cap au Gris 

the limestones again appear, and form the river bluffs as far south as 

Kimmswick, in Jefferson County. Ordovician rocks then appear on 

the river bank for a space of about 12 miles, but about 5 miles below 

Crystal City the Mississippian limestones reappear in the bluffs and 

show almost continuously to a point less than a mile south of Wittenberg, Perry County, where they finally disappear.

COMPOSITION.

The Mississippian rocks of Missouri include several thick limestone 

formations, with at least one thick series of shales. The limestones, 

as shown in a table of analyses below, are almost invariably good 

Portland-cement materials..
224 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The following section is exposed in the river.bluffs at Louisiana, 

Pike County:

Section of river bluff at Louisiana, Pike County, Mo.

Feet.

Surface clay, yellow ..............................--.....---.....--.--...--.- 10

Mississippian:

Burlington limestone................................................... 70

Shale, sandy........................................................... 10

Hannibal shale, olive.................................................... 70

Louisiana limestone ...................................................... 50

Devonian shale, dark, slaty ................................................. 8

Silurian:

Limestone............................................................. 15

Hudson shale, blue. ..:.....................-............................ 60

An. analysis of the Hannibal shale from this locality will be found 

in the table on page 225.

Analyses of Mississippian limestones, Missouri.

Number.

1.......... ................

'2.....:.....'............:..

3....... .I...............'..

4..........................

5..........................

6..........................

7........ ..................

8..........................

9..........................

10..........................

11..........................

12..........................

13..........................

Silica 

(Si02 ).

1.10

2.00

4.35

1.24

4.05

2.86

3.20

5.77

4. 71

2.47

.72

.15

.08

Alumina Iron oxide 

(A12 03 ). (Fe2O3 ).

0.40

.40

1.75

.37

.37

.35

.40

.43

.22

.31

.60

.40

Lime carbonate 

(CaCOg).

94.00

95. 15

77.95

97.71

- 93.21

. 89. 26

93. 20

89.95

94. 15

92. 30

98.06

99.64

 98.80

Magnesium 

carbonate 

.(MgC03).

3.18

.64

14. 84

.68

.79

4.73

1.44

2.23

1.48

1.88

.61

.21

.05

1. Valley Park railroad cut, St. Louis County. Missouri Geol. Survey, Bull. 3, p. 77.

2. Vigus station quarry, St. Louis County. Ibid.

3. St. Louis, St. Louis County. Ibid.

4. Goetz quarry, Bartold Valley, St. Louis County. Ibid.

5-6. Workhouse quarry, St. Louis County. Ibid.

7-8. Lorentz quarry, near Cahokia street, St. Louis, St. Louis County. Ibid., p. 76.

9-10. Quarry, foot of Barton street, St. Louis, St. Louis County. Ibid.

11. Carthage Marble Co. W. B. Potter, analyst.

12. Star Lime Co.'s quarry, near Hannibal, Marion County. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, p. 415.

13. Hannibal Lime Co.'s quarry, near Hannibal, Marion County. Ibid.
ECKBL.] MISSOURI.

Analyses of Mississippian shales, Missouri.

225

Silica (SiO,) ........................

Alumina (A1 20,) ....................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0s ) ..................

Lime (CaO) ........................

Magnesia (MgO) ....................

Alkalies (K2 0, Nap) ................

Combined water ....................

Moisture ...........................

l

75.70

9.61

1.79

2.54

 2.11

2.65

6.16

n. d.

2

56.82

24.48

3.82

 .83

1.81

3.80

8.16-

n. d.

3

46.26

10.26

2.65

11.08

7.84'

3.17

«18. 02

n. d.

4

49.69

17.40

4.01

8.07

4.16

2.73

13.37

1.16

5

59.97

21. 15

5.20

1.55

1. 10

3.88

5.71

1.25

(i

55.84

22.78

5.24

.73

1.26

4.1.0

9.84

n..d.

a Probably includes C02 . E. C. E.

1. Hannibal, Marion County. Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 400.

2. Huinansville, Folk County. Ibid., p. 406.

3. Aldrich, Polk County. Ibid., p. 407.

4. Barrett, St. Louis County. Ibid., p. 422.

6. Ste. Genevieve, Ste. Gen'evieve County. Ibid., p. 417.

6. Joplin, Jasper County. Ibid., p. 392.

PENNSYLVANIAN ("COAL MEASURES"} LIMESTONES AND SHALES.

Almost all of northern and western Missouri is covered by the 

Pennsylvanian series ("Coal Measures"), which overlie the Mississippian rocks last described. The Pennsylvanian series consists of thick 

series of shales and sandstones, with occasional thin beds of limestone 

and numerous coal seams. In the present connection this geologic 

seriesjs of interest chiefly as a source of fuel and shales, though it is 

possible that some of its limestones may be also of value as cement 

materials.

The following analysis is of a limestone which overlies theJMeadows 

coal seam in Lincoln County. This limestone bed varies in thickness from 4: to 6 feet. As shown by the analysis, it is highly siliceous, though very low in magnesia. Judging from experience elsewhere, the Pennsylvanian limestones will probably be found in most 

cases sufficiently low in magnesia to be available for use as Portlandcement materials. They occur almost invariably in thin beds, however, and it is usually necessary to excavate them by mining. Their 

common advantage is, of course, that they are found in close proximity 

to coal beds and to shales.

Analysis of Pennsylvanian limestone, Missouri.® 

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 21. 35

Iron oxide (Fe.2 03 ) ....................................................... 1. 79

Lime (CaO) ............................................................. 42. 1.6

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................................... .66

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........... J....................................... 34.14

( Lincoln County. Chauvenet, analyst. Kept. Missouri Geol, Survey, 1872, p. 2S7,

Bull. 243 05 15
226 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyses of Pennsylvanian shales, Missouri.

v [BULL. 243.

Number.

1..........

2.......... 

3..........

4..........

5..........

6..........

7..........

8..........

.9..........

10..........

11..........

Silica 

(SiOo).

60.70

59.96

54. 57

56.86

63.11

60.12

54.69

53.24

58.50

54. 03

55.96

Alumina 

(ALA,).

18.20

15.76 

23.61

17. 97

23.11

21.35

25.96

23.62

30.50

22.50

20.63

Iron 

oxide 

(FesOs).

7.58

7.72 

7.88

9.35

1. 79

7.06

4.97

9.02

2.34

7.90

8.12

Lime 

(CaO).

2.68

.60 

.52

1.67

.42

.82

.18

1.17

1.20

.85

1 Q1

Magnesia 

(MgO).

Trace.

0.93 

1.48

1.12

.70

1.08

.15

1 41

.51

2.70

1 Qfi

Alkalies 

 (K.,0, 

]ST a2 0).

3.67

3.66 

3.55

2.61

3.71

3.43

3.58

4.38

-.30

4.12

3. 34

Combined 

water.

6.77'

7.70 

6.67

6.96

7.05

6.32

8.90

6.94

6.74

7.54

7.32

Moisture.

n.d.

4.00 

1.03

2.45

.40

1. Prospect Hill, St. Louis County. R. Chauvenet, analyst. Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 11, p. 419. 

2,3. Laclede fire-clay mine, Cheltenham, St. Louis County. Ibid., p. 421.

4. Huntsville, Randolph County. Ibid., p. 411.

5. Billings, Christian County. Ibid., p. 375.

6. Deepwater, Henry County. Ibid., p. 387.

7. Clinton, Henry County. Ibid., p. 382.

8.'Boonville, Cooper County. Ibid., p. 377.

9. Lakenan, Shelby County. Ibid., p. 424.

10. Lexington, Lafayette County. Ibid., p. 395.

11. Foster, Bates County. Ibid., p. 369.

LOESS AND SURFACE CLAYS.

Along the banks of Mississippi and Missouri rivers thick deposits 

of loess clays occur in the river bluffs. These are fine-grained clays, 

carrying a considerable percentage of very fine sand, and will be 

valuable for use at cement plants located near these rivers. Smaller 

local deposits of surface clujs also occur all over the State. The table 

below contains analyses of representative clays of both types:

Analyses of loess and surface clays, Missouri.

Silica (Si02 )... .............

Alumina (A1203 ) ............

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ..........

Lime (CaO) ................

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Alkalies (K2 0, Na,0 )........

Moisture ...................

1

73.92

11.65

4.74

1.43

.60

3.13

3.08

2

73.80

13. 19

3.43

.86

.68

2.94

5.26

3

72.00

11.97

3.51

1.80

1.35

3.25

6.42

4

71.11

11.62

3.90

2.37

1. 47

3.14

6.71

5

74.39

12.03

4.06

1.50

1.53

3.01

3.17

6

61.19"

15.48

5.49

1.95

1.56

2.82

9.02

3. 11

7

62.80

17.22

5.21

.98

.78

 3. 63

7.82

2.06

8

54.90

18.03

6.03

2.88

1.10

3.40

6.90

6.72

1. Loess clay, St. Louis, St. Louis County. Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 486.

2. Loess clay,.Hannibal, Marion County. Ibid.

3. Loess clay, Kansas City, Jackson County. Ibid.

4. Loess clay, Boonville, Cooper County. Ibid.

5. Loess clay, Jefferson City, Cole County. Ibid.

6. Gumbo clay, Elm Point, St. Charles County. Ibid., p. 548.

7. Gumbo clay, Clifton, Randolph County. Ibid., p. 547.

8. Gumbo clay, Norborne, Carroll County. Ibid., p. 546.
BCKHL.] MISSOURI, MONTANA. 227 

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN MISSOURI.

Prior to the year 1902 no Portland-cement plants existed in Missouri. In that year, however, the St. Louis Portland Cement Company commenced operations, while in 1903 the Atlas Portland Cement 

Company began shipping. Several other plants have been planned, 

but at present the two above named are the only ones in operation.

The plant of the St. Louis Portland Cement Company is located at 

Prospect Hill station, near the northern limits of the city of St. Louis. 

The limestone used is of Mississippian age, and is quarried at Fort 

Beilefontaine.

Shales of Coal Measures age are quarried near the plant and, 

together with the loess clays which overlie them at this locality, are 

used for mixing with the limestone.

The plant of the Atlas Portland Cement Company is located at 

Jlasco, Pike County, a few miles south of Hannibal. The materials 

used are a Mississippian limestone, from a quarry adjoining the mill, 

and a shale quarried near Severton. This shale is probably of Ordovician age, the Hannibal (Mississippian) shales near the plant being 

apparently unfit for use. Selected specimens of the limestone used 

analyze as follows:

Analyses of Mississippian limestone, llasco, Mo.

Silica (SiO.,) ..................................................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) ..............................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ............................................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ................................

'

0.40

1 .44

97. 99

.42

2

0.54

.42

97.74

.40

CEMENT RESOURCES OF MONTANA. 

By W. H. WKED.

Limestone is confined practically to the western, mountainous part 

of the State, where it is found in great abundance along the flanks of 

the mountain ranges. In the Plains region, which comprises the eastern two-thirds of the State, only Cretaceous rocks are found, except in 

the local dome-shaped uplifts of the Little Rock, Judith, and Snowy 

mountains. The Cretaceous formations hold lenses and concretions of 

limestone, which are locally available for burning to quicklime where 

better material is too far distant for economic use.

All the Paleozoic formations contain limestone beds, but the great 

limestone series is that of the Carboniferous (Mississippian), whose
228 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

massive beds Hank the great ranges of the State and form its most 

picturesque scenery. The-overlying Jurassic limestone is argillaceous 

and of uncertain development. The Devono-Silurian limestones are 

impure, while the Cambrian limestones are thin bedded and usually not 

uniform in composition.

The limestones are found along the northern slope of the mountain 

front from Red Lodge, in Carbon County, westward to Livingston, 

northward about the flank of the Bridger and Little Belt and Belt 

ranges to the Main range west of Great Falls. Practically all the 

southern ranges of the western part of the State are uplifts with cores 

of gneiss or granite mantled by limestones of various ages. Such 

rocks occur westward almost to the Bitterroot Valley.

North of the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad the Carboniferous 

limestones soon disappear, though the Cambrian rocks form the mountain summits almost to the Canadian line. The northwestern part of 

the State, however, is composed mostly of Algonkian rocks, mostly 

argillaceous. A series of oolitic limestones, the Newland limestone, 

forms a constant feature of this Belt terrane, but nothing is known of 

the composition of these rocks save that, they are usually quite 

argillaceous.

The following analyses of Montana limestones are on record:

Analyses of limestones, Montana.

Silica (SiO,) .............................'.................'....

Alumina ( A1 2 03 ) ..............................................

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) ............................................

Lime (CaO).................. '.................................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .........................................

i

1.45

.16

.76

49.42

2.74

41. 73

-'

0.40

4.45

.20

52.15

1.02

42.07

1. Persell Limestone Company, near Helena. E. Stare, analyst.

2. Montana Marble and Mining Company, near Helena. C. M. Fassett, analyst.

Both of the above analyses, but particularly the first, represent 

limestones whose composition would be very satisfactory from the 

Portland cement manufacturers' point of view.
Carboniferous..

ECKEL.J . NEBRASKA. 229

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF NEBRASKA.

The possible sources of cement materials in Nebraska are confined 

to the formations of Carboniferous and Cretaceous age. Named in 

order, from above downward, these include the following:"

 Laramie formation ....... Yellowish and greenish sandstone and

shale. 

Pierre clay ............. . Dark-gray clay or soft shale.

Cretaceous.... .< Niobrara formation....... Chalky limestone.

Benton shale............. Dark-gray or black shale or clay.

(Greenhorn limestone)... (Limestones in Benton shale.) 

Dakota sandstone ........ Brown sandstone.

rPermian limestone ....... Buff limestones and shales.

Cotton wood limestone.... Massive light-colored limestone.

Wabaunsee formation .... Limestones, shales, sandstones, and thin

coal beds.

CARBONIFEROUS FORMATIONS.

The Carboniferous limestones, shales, and sandstones underlie all of 

Nebraska, rising to the north and northwest about the Black Hills and 

and on the slopes of the Rocky Mountains. The outcrops in eastern 

Nebraska are in Douglas, Sarpy, Cass, Lancaster, Otoe, Gage, Johnson, Pawnee, Nemaha, and Richardson counties. The rocks are hard 

and would give rise to more prominent features in this region if it 

were not for the heavy covering of glacial drift and loess. As it is, 

the exposures constitute cliffs along Platte River from Ashland to 

Plattsiuouth, and thence at intervals along Missouri River to the 

southeast corner of the State, an,d occur in scattered outcrops along 

the valleys of Big Blue, Nemaha, and Little Nemaha rivers and Weeping Water, Turkey, and Southeast Salt creeks and their branches.

The Upper Carboniferous rocks in this region comprise formations 

of Permian and Upper Coal Measure or Pennsylvania age. The Permian outcrops are probably restricted to the valley of Big Blue River 

from Beatrice southward. The rocks are mainly magnesian limestones 

of light color, with interbedded shales. They are extensively exposed 

south of Beatrice, at Rockford, Bluesprings, Wymore, and Holmesville. The other Carboniferous members appear to comprise the Cottonwood and Wabaunsee formations of the Kansas geologists. They 

consist of limestones, shales, and sandstones, which contain thin coal 

beds in some localities. Professor'Prosser has made a preliminary 

examination of the Carboniferous formations of Nebraska, and identifies as Wabaunsee the exposures about Peru, Aspinwall, Nebraska City,

a Barton, N. H., Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the One 

hundred and third meridian: Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 17, pp. 14-20. A colored geologic 

map of Nebraska, showing the surface distribution of all the formations, forms PI. IX of the report 

cited. The data concerning Nebraska cement material have been obtained from Mr. Darton's report, 

which is in part cited verbatim.
230 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Auburn, Tecumseh, Dun bar, Nehawka, Weeping Water, and along 

Platte River near Louisville. The Cottonwood limestone, a massive 

bed full of Fusuli/na, was recognized west of Auburn about Glenrock and Johnson, and the same beds extend over the higher lands of 

western Richardson and Pawnee counties. 01 In the deep borings which 

have been made at various points in the southeastern corner of the 

State it has been found that the Carboniferous formations have a total 

thickness of about 1,200 feet, of which about 200 feet are Permian.

NIOBTtARA AND BENTON FORMATIONS.

Underlying the Pierre clay is a series of shales and chalky limestones. 

The shales are known as the Bentori formations and the limestone, as 

.the Niobrara formation. They have a thickness of about 450 feet to 

the east, but thicken to the west. At the base there are about 200 

feet of dark shales, overlain by slabby limestones of the Greenhorn 

formation containing Inoceramus, which are followed by a series of 

shales with few thin sandy layers, and at the top the Niobrara formation with its chalky deposits, characterized by thin, hard beds filled 

with Ostrea congesta. The formations cross the eastern part of the 

State, and underlie all of the area west of the vicinity of the ninetyseventh meridian, but are so deeply buried under drift and loess 

that outcrops are rarely visible. The most extensive exposures are 

along the Missouri River, extending from near the ninety-seventh to 

the ninety-ninth meridian, and along the Republican Valley from Alma 

to near Superior. The formations are exposed at intervals across the 

eastern portion of the State in each of the larger valleys and some of 

the branches. The more notable of these small outcrops are at Genoa, 

north of German town,, near Crete, at Pleasan thill, and in Beaver 

Creek north of Dorchester. There is an exposure of dark shales 

under some ledges of Greenhorn limestone in Big Blue River atMilf ord, 

which are Benton. Benton and Niobrara beds also occur in a prominent anticline along White River in the vicinity of Beaver and Alkali 

creeks, in the northwestern portion of the State.

PIERRE CLAY.

All of Nebraska west of the ninet}7 -eighth meridian is underlain b}^ 

the Pierre clay. Its surface outcrops are in the lower portion of the 

Niobrara Valley, the Republican-Valley, and the extreme northwest 

corner of the State, but it is probable that careful search will reveal 

outcrops in the valley of the Platte River in the vicinity of the ninetysixth meridian. The formation is a thick mass of dark-gray or bluish 

clay or soft shale. Its thickness is probably at least 2,000, feet in the 

west-central portion of the State.

"Jour. Geol., vol. 5,1897, pp. 1-1G.
NEVADA, NEW JERSEY. 231

NEVADA.

Nevada contains numerous areas of low-magnesia limestone, mostly 

of Carboniferous age, though pure limestones of later date also occur 

within the State. The principal outcrops of the Carboniferous limestones are in the eastern third of the State. Much of this material 

would be suitable for use in a Portland cement plant, if commercial 

conditions should justify the erection of such a plant. At present, 

with a scanty population, expensive fuel, and practically no local 

demand for cement, it is evident that such an industry could hardly 

be even moderately successful.

The following analyses of limestones from different localities in 

Nevada will serve to indicate the character of the limestones above 

referred to. It will bo noted that many of them, while low in magnesia, are very siliceous.

Analyses of Nevada limestones. .

Silica (SiOj) .............

Alumina ( A1 2 03 ) .........

Lime(CaO)..............

Magnesia (MgO) .........

Alkalis (K20,NaaO )......

Carbon dioxide (CO.;) ....

Water ...................

i

31. 51

J3.79

34.33

1 1?

n. d.

27.77

1.25

2

20. 99

1.09

39.77

?, 80

tr.

32. 80

1.06

!{

1. 35

.36J

54.51

9,7

tr.

43.13

.11

4

0.04

.05 

n.d.

55.16

76

.61

43. 54

n. d.

5

4.53

}. 

51.69

1 04

n.d.

41. 75

n. d.

r>

1.61

.26J

52. 16

9 47

n. d.

43. 70

n.d.

7

7.38

.80 

68

48.52

9 46

n.d.

40.84

n.d.

8

31.12

w

35. 82

86

n.d.

29.16

2,10

i)

12.07

1.28 

57

45.29

1 86

.90

36. 23

2.65

10

22.00

5.14

? 04

37.22

1 89

n.d.

28. 53

3.32

1. Limestone from Lower Coal Measures, Grand Peak, Nev.

2. Limestone from Upper Coal Measures, Tenabo Peak.

3. Carboniferous, Fremonts Pass.

4. Triassic, between Pyramid Lake and Winnemucca Lake.

5. Triassic, Star Canyon.

6. Triassic, Cottomvood Canyon.

7. Miocene, Fossil Hill.

8. Miocene, Valley Wells.

9. Pliocene, Pine Valley.

10. Recent, shore of Pyramid Lake.

Analyst of Nos. 1-9, B. E. Brewster, Fortieth Parallel Survey, vol. 2.

Analyst of No. 10, T. M. Clmtard, Bull. 168, U. S. G. S., p. 770.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF NEW JERSEY. 

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS."

New Jersey at present ranks second in the production of Portland 

cement in the United States. This high rank is due to the amount 

manufactured by relatively few, but very large, cement plants. All 

of these plants, which are located in Warren County, employ the same

a A very detailed description of the limestones of New Jersey available for use in Portland-cement 

manufacture, with maps showing their distribution and outcrops, is given in the Annual Report of 

the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1900, pp. 1-101. This valuable report has been freely used in the 

preparation of the present sketch, and many of the details regarding the formations are stated in 

Doctor Kiimruel's words.
232 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. FBUIX. 243.

materials that are used in the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania, i. e., 

an argillaceous limestone mixed with a relatively small amount of pure 

limestone.

Limestones suitable for Portland-cement manufacture occur in several different geologic formations. The deposits of argillaceous limestone of Trenton age are, however, the principal source of cement 

material, and in view of the great extent of these deposits, it seems 

probable that the bulk of the New Jersey production will alwa}7 s be 

derived from these Trenton rocks. For this reason the distribution 

and character of the Trenton argillaceous limestones (Lehigh cement 

rock) of Warren and Sussex counties will be discussed in considerable 

detail, while the other limestones of the State occurring in the upper 

Delaware Valley will be described somewhat briefly on a later page 

(p. 240). The shell-marl deposits are also described (p. 242).

LIMESTONES OF WARREN AND SUSSEX COUNTIES.

In order that the descriptions of the character, thickness, etc., of 

the Trenton limestone may be readily comprehended, it will be necessary 

to pay some attention to the rock formations above and below it. 

That part of the geologic column in the New Jersey cement district 

which is now under .discussion contains four formations. These are, 

reckoning from the .top downward:

1. Hudson shales.

2. Trenton limestone.

3. Kittatinny limestone.

4. Hardyston quartzite.

In order to understand the respective bearing of these three formations on the cement industry, it is well to recollect that the Trenton 

limestone formation furnishes all the "cement rock," while the pure 

limestone used for mixing with the cement rock is obtained partly 

from the Kittatinny limestone, though the Kittatinny beds are in 

general highly magnesian. The Hudson shales, though not at present used in the cement industry, could well be utilized for mixing 

with a "cement rock" that is too high in lime. As these three formations, therefore, are worthy of consideration in connection with the 

cement industry, they will be described separately in some detail. 

The Hardyston quartzite, while not directly connected with the cement 

industry, is an easity recognized formation whose outcrops usually 

limit the Kittatinny limestone belt on the south.

IIARDYSTON QVAKTZITE.a

At the base of the great limestone formation of the Kittatinny 

Valley a thin bed of sandstone or quartzite is found at many points.

"These descriptions of the formations are quoted almost verbatim from Doctor Kummers report, 

previously referred to.
NEW JERSEY. 233

It rests upon the crystalline rocks (gneisses, schists, etc.) which form 

the highlands, and is the earliest of the Paleozoic formations in this 

region. It varies considerably in composition and in thickness. In 

many places it is apparently only a coarse and more or less friable 

sandstone, the grains of which are cemented together by lime carbonate. When fresh its color is steel-blue, but the weathered portions are always a rusty brown from the staining of iron oxide. It 

usually, but not always, contains considerable feldspar. In other 

localities it is a true quartzite, made up of sand grains with siliceous 

cement. Elsewhere it is a conglomerate, usually of pebbles less than 

an inch in diameter, but sometimes containing well-rounded fragments 

2 to 4 inches in size. The pebbles are chiefly of quartz, feldspar, 

granite, gneiss, and slate; and bits of mica also occur. Locally the 

conglomerate, where it approaches the gneiss, can be distinguished 

only with great difficulty from it by the naked eye. It is simply a

decomposed gneiss or granite, slightly reasserted and cemented to 

form a conglomerate.

The thickness of the quartzite varies from a few feet or less to 200 

feet or more. Where the rock is thick it is a conglomerate or a coarse 

pebbly quartzite. Where thinner it is usually a calcareous sandstone, 

grading upward into a limestone, and, perhaps, having near its base 

one or more thin layers of siliceous sandstone or even quartzite. The 

crystalline foundation on which the quartzite rests was somewhat 

irregular, so that the formation varied greatly in thickness and lithological character, and at the time of its deposition the land lay not far 

to the southeast of the present outcrop of this rock. .

KITTATINNY MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE.

The quartzite grades upward into a highly magnesiau limestone formation of great thickness. This is commonly called the ''blue" limestone to distinguish it from the white, coarsely crystalline limestone 

found near Franklin Furnace and other localties in Sussex and northern Warren. Its color, however, is not always blue. It is frequently 

gray, sometimes almost white, also drab, or even black. It is fine and 

even grained. Many of the beds are minutely crystalline, so that the 

freshly broken surface has a close resemblance to fine-grained lump 

sugar. But it is never coarsely crystalline or marble-like.

This formation occurs in beds which vary greatly in thickness and 

regularity. In part it is made up of thin leaf-like layers of limestone 

alternating with thin sheets of greenish shale. In other beds the layers of limestone are an inch or more in thickness, and are separated 

by thinner partings of shale or sandstone. Locally the limestone 

layers are apparently discontinuous, and the shale or sandy layers not 

only separate but inclose the more limy messes. In great part, however, this formation is composed of regular beds, one, two, three, or
234 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 24ii.

even more feet in thickness. Locally they are so massive and the formation is so regularly jointed that it is extremely difficult'to determine the true position of the beds. Some layers, also, are oolitic, 

i. e., made up of minute round particles somewhat closely resembling 

fish roe. The oolitic layers are apparently confined to the lower portion of the formation.

A marked feature of this formation is the chert, or black flint, 

which occurs either as seams, sometimes 8 or 10 inches thick, or as 

separate masses. The chert layers are usually, but not always, parallel to the bedding planes. Owing to the large percentage of magnesia 

nearly everywhere present in this limestone it is of no value in the 

manufacture of Portland cement. In some localities, however, it has 

been extensively burned for lime.

Its thickness is apparently between 2,500 and 3,000 feet, but accurate measurements can not be obtained. More than 99 per cent of 

the limestone of Sussex, Warren, and Hunterdon counties belongs to 

this formation.

Analyses of magnesian Kittatinny limestones, New Jersey. a

1...... ..................

2........................

3..... ...................

4........................

5.......................

6.........................

7........................

8........................

9........................

10........................

11........................

12........................

13........................

14........................

15........................

16........................

17...... ...................

18. ..'.....--.- -..-..-..-..

19........................

20........................

Lime (CaO).

27.6

30.4

30.0

29.3

29.1

27.9

' 30.3

23.6

26.5

29.4

28.6

29.0

28.5

29.6

29.6

29.2 .

30.1

30.8

29.8

28.2

Magnesia 

(MgO).

17.9

19.1

19.4

19.5

19.3

17.7

16.2

16.2

18.4

20.3

18.1

20.2

17.3

20.0

19.2

18.8

. 20.1

19.2

19.9

17.7

Carbonic 

acid (C02 ).

41.9

44.9

44.9

44.6

43.6

41.4

41.6

36.04

40.4

45.7

34.5

44.9

41.5

45.4

'46.2

43.6

44.4

45.4

45.4

41.7

Alumina and 

iron oxide 

(Al 203,PeoOa).

1.7

.8

2.7

2.2

1.2

.9

.6

6.0

5.43

.6

.9.

.9

i. r

1.4

1.4

2.4

.8

1.1

1.0

.9

Silica and 

insoluble 

material 

(SiOs),

9.9

3.6

2.3

4.0

6.4

"11. 2

9.8

15.7

7.0

1:8

9.3

4.8

9.9

2.3

2.-,

3.6

3.5

3.6

3.4

. 10.8

aAnalyses 1-7,10-21, 27-33 are from the Geology of New Jersey, 1808. Analyses 8 and 9 are from 

the Annual Report of the State Geologist for 1873; Nos. 22-25 from'thc report for 1878; No. 26 from the 

report for 1876, and Nos. 34-39 were made by Mr. Myers, of Rutgers College, for the Annual Keport 

for 1900, New Jersey State Geologist. The entire table is-taken from page 33 of the last-named report.
ECKEL.I NEW JEESEY. 235

Analyses of magnesian Kiltatinny limestone.?, New Jersey Continued.

21.........:..............

22........................

23........................

24........................

25........................

26........................

27........................

28........................

29........................

30........................

31........................

39

Q'3

34....,.........:.........

35........................

36........................

37........................

38........................

39........................

Lime (CaO).

29.4

29.9

29.6

25.7

26. 6

28.2

27.7

26.4

27.3

3'2. 4

26.3

30.3

31. 6

28.22

28. 61

29. 62

30. 13

28.27

29. 8

Magnesia 

(MgO).

17.8

Undet.

Undet.

Undet.

Undet.

20.2

17.4

15.1

14.6

15.5

17.4

18.3

18. 3

19. 07

20.52

20.63

21 71

15. 30

19. 93

Carbonic 

acid(C02 ).

42.8

Undet.

Undet.

Undet.

Undet.

44.3

43.0

45.0

44.8

42.5 '

41.1

44.1

45.2

44. 88

38.88

Alumina and 

iron oxide 

(Al208 ,FeaOs).

0.8

' Undet.

Undet.

Undet.

Undet.

1.3

1.9

3.7

6.5

8.4'

5.3

1.6

3.0

1.90

1.10

1.06

1.40

.98

.84

Silica and 

insoluble 

material 

(SiOj).

8.8

2.0

'2.8

1.9

4.1

5.5

7.2

9.8

4.9

2.0

8.0

4.1

1.6

8.13

5.90

4.92

1.95

16.9

7.23

1. Chandlers Island, Vernon Township, Sussex County. 

' 2. Near William Kichey's, Vernon Township, Sussex County.

3. Near David Perry's, Wantage Township, Sussex County.

4. Near Samuel Vaiiderhoof's, Wantage Township, Sussex County.

5. Near William Dewitt's, Wantage Township, Sussex County. 

6,7. On property of Edward Lewis, Wantage Township, Sussex County.

8,9. Railroad cut one-fourth mile northwest of Hamburg station, on the New York, Susquehanna 

and Western Railroad. 

10,11,12. Moore & Cutler's quarry, Newton, Sussex County.

13. Near Sparta, Sussex County.'

14. East of Van Kirk's tavern, Columbia, Warren County.

15. Quarry in the town of Belvidere.

16. Robert Shirner's quarry, Springtown, Warren County.

17. Henry 11. Kennedy's quarry, Springtown, Warren County.

18. Charles Twinning's quarry, south of Phillipsburg.

19. James Riddle's quarry, New Hampton, Warren County.

20. Railroad cut east bank of creek, Changevvater, Warren County.

21. Mahlon Fox's quarry, 1 mile southwest of Asbury, Warren County. 

22-25. Quarries at Penmvell (Penville), Musconetcong Valley. 

2fi. Quarry at Oxford furnace. 

27. S. H. Leigh's quarry, near Hoffman's mill, south of .Lebanon, Huuterdon County.

28. Near Clinton, Hunterdon County.

29. T. Mulligan & Brothers' quarry, Clinton.

30. Pottersville, Somerset County.

31. Henry Hilliard's quarry, north of Peapack. 

 32. Moses Craig's quarry, Peapack.

33. Peapack.

34. O'Donnell & McManniman's quarry, Newton. Middle of a thick, dense, even-textured, blue 

limestone 3 feet from the top.

35. The same. Middle of a massive blue layer 8 feet thick, 7 feet below specimen 34. 

30. The same. Layer 3 inches thick, 4 feet below specimen 35. Rock a pale blue, with faint streaks 

of pale yellow.

37. The same. Granular layer 8 feet below No. 36.- Rock dark colored and semicrystalline.

38. Ganq's quarry, Anuandale.

39. Mulligan Brothers' quarry, Clinton.
236 CEMENT MATERIALS AKU INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

TRENTON LIMESTONE.

Above the magnesian Kittatinny limestone and resting on it is a 

dark-blue or black fossiliferous limestone. In the early reports of the 

New Jersey geological survej^ it is called the "fossiliferous" limestone, in distinction from the Magnesian or Kittatinny limestone, in 

which fossils had not been found at that time. In age it is to be correlated with the basal portion of the Trenton series of New York.

A continuous section of this formation is nowhere exposed, but in 

general the succession of beds is about as follows:

Section of black fossiliferous limestone of New Jersey.

Feet.

(a) Black calcareous shales or earthy limestone, gradually becoming less calcareous and more siliceous or clayey and grading into the overlying 

slate. Thickness is apparently variable.............................. 40

(b) A rough, irregularly bedded, dark-blue limestone, breaking into knotty

slabs .......................-...-.-......:...................... 43

(c) Probably calcareous shale, usually not exposed......................... 32

(d) Blue-black, earthy limestone, rather evenly bedded, weathering to alight

blue gray.......................................................... 32

In Sussex Count}'- the total thickness is uniformly about 135 to 150 

feet, except where faults have probably repeated some layers. The 

formation, however, thickens to the southwest, being probably at least 

300 feet at the Delaware, and possibly even more than this in the 

Lehigh Valley region, Pennsylvania. The increase in thickness is 

apparently in the upper calcareous shaly beds.

The Trenton rests upon the eroded surface of the Kittatinny limestone, so that there is here a break in the geologic record. At m&ny 

places the lowest Trenton beds form a conglomerate composed solely 

of pebbles and bowlders of the underlying magnesian limestone* and 

chert. Elsewhere pebbles of magnesian limestone and chert are

included in a matrix of pure limestone, which is sometimes fossiliferous. 

Many analyses have been made of specimens both of the limestone 

and of the calcareous shales of the Trenton formation. The more 

massive beds contain from 85 to 95 per cent of carbonate of lime and 

only small amounts of magnesia. Some of the more shaly layers contain 65 to 75 per cent of carbonate of lime, with sufficient alumina and 

silica to make a good cement rock. It is this rock which is used with 

such success in manufacturing Portland cement near Phillipsburg, 

Warren County, N. J., and in Berks, Lehigh, and Northampton 

counties, Pa. The purer limestone beds can be used to mix with the 

"cement rock" in order to raise the percentage of lime to the necessary figure.
BCKBL.] NEW JERSEY. 237

Analyses of Trenton limestone, New Jersey, 0

1.... ...................

2

3.......................

4. ......................

5.......................

Q...... .................

7. ........... .....I......

B. ...I. .................

q

10.......................

11..... .................

12.......................

13.......................

14...:................:...

15........................

16.........'...............

17........................

IS: ......................

19........................

20.........................

21.......................

22.......:.......:........

23.........................

24........................

25........................

26........................

27........................

28........................

29........................

30........................

31.......................

32........................

33........................

34........................

35........................

36....!...................

37........................

38........................

39........................

a from

Silica (SiO...

17.71 

14.59 

10.71 

10.26 

20.58 

8.42 

18. 60 

2. 27 

11.86 

43. 38 

10. 49 

1.8 

15.8 

.97 

8.10 

4.30 

2.62 

. 14. 27 

13.00 

2.54 

10.67 

26.51 

9.53 

13.41 

13.52 

17. 23 

8.48 

24. 91 

5.. 8 

4.33 

3. 19 

2.87 

13. 05 

11. 96 

5.50 

14.85 

1.70 

6.6 

' 7.83 

Ana, Kep. fo

Alumina 

(Alo08 ), 

iron oxide 

(Fe2 03 ).

7. 91 

6.86 

5.98 

7.19 

5.44 

2.30 

5.80 

.46 

1.09 

4.37

.75 

.2 

1.6 

.86 

2.38 

1.23 

.38 

1.48 

1.03 

1. 14 

1.49 

1.63 

1.81 

1.46 

.61 

2.' 44 

1. 04 

2.37 

4.7 

1.1. 

1.27 

1.82 

1.42 

1.60 

1.94 

1.41 

.81 

.80

1. 19

1000, N. J. Sta

Lime (CaCV

41.79 

40.30 

40.00 

44.72 

39.84 

44.64 

38.76 

54.98 

48. 36 

24.89 

49.10 

54.7 

43.2 

55.70 

48.04 

52.58 

54.00 

46.66 

47.80 

53.64 

49.03 

43.09 

49. 11 

49. 13 

39. 12 

41.12 

37.95 

30.46 

49.00 

52.76 

52.85 

54.04 

47.95 

46.88 

50.16 

47.55 

54.26 

49.04 

50.65 

,e Geologist,

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.38 

.67 

.65 

1.40 

.63 

.36 

. .66 

' .84 

.56 

3.74 

1. 13

2.2 

.45

2.84 

.65 

1.00 

. 31 

1.35 

.81 

.70 

.78' 

.65 

.34 

8.21 

3.78 

11. 68 

9.82 

.9 

.84 

.76 

.81 

.57 

.40

1.67 

.65 

1.09 

1.00 

.55

Carbon clioxide(CO3 ).

33.25 

32.50 

32.15 

36.68 

32.00 

34.47 

31.20

43. 00 

31. 4

.

42.72

,

40. 1 

40.41
238 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. LBOLL. 243. 

Analyses of Trenton limestone, New Jersey Continued.

-

40........................

41........................

42........................

43........................

44........................

45........................

Silica (Si02 ).

29. 78

2.64

27.08

11.72

5.46

22.72

Alumina 

(AljO,), 

iron oxide 

(Fe«03 ).

8.29

.82

8.76

1.00

1.83

8.15

Lime (CaO).

30.10

53. 88

31. 00

47.37

49.38

35.78

Magnesia 

(MgO).

2.13

.72

1.83

2.06

2.26

1.86

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ).

1-5. Murphy farm, near Carpentersville.

6-7. One mile southwest of Pattenburg. '

8. Near Branchville.

9. Near Myrtle Grove.

10. Near Swarts'wood station.

11. Swartswood village. 

12-13. Northwest of Stillwater.

14. Near Jacksonburg.

15. Hainesburg.

16. Columbia.

17-20. Near Beaver Run.

21-22. Near Monroe Corners'.

23-25. Near Lafayette.

26-30. Near Newton.

31-33. Near Drakes Pond.

34! Three miles, southwest of Newton.

35-36. Near Huntsburg (Hunt's mills).

37-40. Springdale.

41. Swayze's mills.

42. Near Hope. 

43-44. Sarepta. 

45. Near Belvidere.

The Trenton limestone can be readily distinguished from the magnesian Kittatinny limestone by the following points: (1) The Trenton is usually fossiliferous. Some surfaces are covered entirely with 

imprints of shells. Beds otherwise unfossiliferous usually contain 

crinoid stems, which are best seen on weathered surfaces as small 

disks, often with a hole in the center. The fossils of the Kittatinny 

limestone are so few and so obscure that only an expert can detect 

them, so for practical purposes the formation can be considered unfossiliferous. (2) The dark blue or black color of the Trenton weathers 

to a light gray-blue, entirely unlike most of the Kittatinny beds. So, 

too, the rough, knotty character of the bedding and of the weathered 

slabs is characteristic of the Trenton limestone. (3) A drop of hydrochloric acid will cause the Trenton limestone to effervesce vigorously, 

whereas the cold acid dropped on the Magnesian limestone acts weakly 

or not at all. (4) The Trenton may usually be recognized by its position. It lies on top of the Kittatinny limestone and beneath the slate, 

which is the next higher formation, so that its outcrop forms a narrow 

strip between the wider belts of these rocks. It is not found, however, in this position where faulting has brought the slate against the 

Magnesian limestone, and it is sometimes faulted into the midst of the
KCKEIj.] NEW JERSEY. 239

Magnesian limestone areas, as will be'explained below. (5) The Magnesian limestone contains frequent masses of black flint or chert. This 

is never found in the Trenton limestone in New Jersey, except as 

water-worn pebbles in the basal conglomerate.

HUDSON SHALES.

The shaly limestones of the Trenton become more clayey and less limy, 

and gradually pass into a series of shales, slates, and sandstones. This 

formation has usually been known as the Hudson shales. The shales 

are commonly black or dark gray, although green and red beds occasionally occur. Much of this rock has a marked-tendency to split into 

thin sheets. This cleavage is not along the bedding planes or layers 

in which the slate was deposited, but cuts across them at various 

angles. It is in virtue of this tendency to split smoothly and regularly 

into thin layers that SODie zones of this formation yield excellent roofing slates; and in some localities, as at Newton, N. J., and Slatington, 

Pa., they are largely quarried for this purpose.

There is considerable difference in the chemical constitution of various members of this formation, owing to the variations from shale 

and slate to sandstone.

Analyses of Hudson shales and slates, New Jersey.

Silica (Si02 ) .................

Alumina (A12 03 ) .............

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) . ..........

Lime (CaO) ..................

Magnesia (MgO) .............

Alkalies (KO,, Na2 0) .........

Sulphur (S) .................

Carbon dioxide (C02) ........

Water.......................

1

56.60

21.00

5.65

3.42

2.30

.50

.57

2.20

3.00

2

68.00

14. 40

5.40

2.68

1.51

.11

2.30

2.70

3

«77.53

| 10. 10

3.56

4.28

4

«76.22

1.3. 05

2.67

.93

5

«79.36

10. 73

2.07

2.57

6

«81.17

9.80

1. 13

2.48

"Insoluble.

1. Delaware Water Gap. Geology New Jersey, 1808, p. 130.

!i. One mile northwest of Colevllie. Ibid.

3. Near Annaiidale. Ann. Rcpt. New'Jersey State Geol. for 1(JOO, p. 52.

'I. Near Lafayette. Ibid., p. 74.

5. Newton slate quarry. Ibid., p. 77.

6. Near Drakes Pond.' Ibid., p. 78.

GEOLOGIC STR UCTURE.

The general relations of these formations the Hardyston quartzite, 

the Kittatinny limestone, the Trenton limestone, and the Hudson 

slate are usually very simple and easily understood. They have
240 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. TBULL. 243.

been bent into great folds, which originally formed a succession of 

arches and troughs. During the enormously long period which has 

elapsed since the folding occurred, hundreds, perhaps thousands, of 

feet of strata have been worn off from the arches, so that beds which 

were once deep below the surface are now exposed to view. The axes 

of these folds extend in a northeast-southwest direction, so that the 

formations lie in long and comparatively narrow belts that extend in 

the same direction. Along the central line of an upfold of the strata 

or anticline the older rock is exposed. The beds slant or dip away 

from the axis, and younger and higher beds are found toward the 

flanks. The Kittatinny limestone, being older than the Trenton and 

Hudson, occurs along the central line of the anticlines.

The reverse relations are true where the strata are downfolded, i. e., 

at the sj^nclines. Here the younger beds are found along the medial 

line, toward which the strata dip, and the older beds are found on the 

flanks.

The simple structure of anticlinal and synclinal folds is often complicated by faults or fractures, along which the strata have moved 

past one another. The fault planes may be inclined at various angles, 

and the motion may have been in any direction along them. As a 

result of faulting a given bed ma}r not appear at the surface, or it w&y 

be repeated and form a double line of outcrops. Consequently the 

Trenton limestone does not occur everywhere between the outcrops of 

slate and Kittatinny limestone where it is expected, and it sometimes 

does occur apparently in the midst of the older limestone formation 

where it is not expected. Again for long intervals the rock may be 

buried beneath thick accumulations of glacial drift, which conceal its 

outcrop, but in these cases it can always be found by digging.

LIMESTONES OF UPPER DELAWARE VALLEY.

Limestones and calcareous shales of various kinds are found along 

Wallpack Ridge, f rom Tristates to Wallpack Bend, on Delaware River. 

With the exception of that part of the ridge near Tristates all this 

area is so far removed from any railroad that for lack of transportation facilities any deposits of cement rock and limestone within it 

must remain undeveloped for many years. For this reason these limestones were not studied with the same care as those of the Kittatinny 

. Valley.

Doctor Cook published in 1868 analyses of specimens from various 

horizons, which indicate that many of the beds have a high percentage 

of carbonate of lime, and are practically free from magnesia. Finely 

ground and mixed with clay in the right proportion they would make 

good Portland cement, 6r the rock could be used to raise the percentage of lime in a cement rock deficient in it. These formations were 

described by Mr. Weller in the annual report for 1899, pages 1-46.
ECKEL. I NEW JERSEY. 241

\.

A specimen of the Bossardville limestone (Cook's ribbon limestone) 

from Richard Stoll's farm near Wallpack Center had the followingcomposition:

Analysis of Bossardville limestone from near Waltpack Center.

Silica (SiO.,) ............................................................ 12. 80

Alumina and iron oxide (AI./}, and Fe.j03 )................................. 2.10

Lime(CaO)...................................... 1....................... 44. 85

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................................... 2.18

Carbon dioxide (CO,) .................................................... 37. 68

Outcrops of the Bossardville limestone are numerous from Flatbrookville to Peters Valley, along the eastern foot of the ridge. At 

the Nearpass quarry, near Tristates, it is exposed just above the base 

of the section there shown, and lias a thickness of 12 feet 4 inches.

Specimens from other limestone formations exposed in Sandford 

Nearpass's quarry, near Tristates, were analyzed by Cook, with the 

following results:

Analyses of limestones from Nearpass quarry, near Tristates, 'N. J.

Silica ( SiO.,) ..................................

Oxide of iron (Fe.2 03 ) ..........................

Lime (CaO) ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) '.............................

Carbon dioxide (CO.;) ........................

1

8.50

| 16. 90

39.87

1.42

33.31

»

4.00

1.10

52.52

.33

41.80

«

22.80

t 8.94

I 2.57

20. 44

12.08

31. 06

4

4.10

1 .90

52.92

41. 58

No. 1 is Cook's "firestone," a part of the Decker Ferry formation. 

No. 2 is Cook's "old-quarry stone," the identification of which is 

somewhat indefinite, but it is probably the top of the Rondout waterlime formation. No. 3, the so-called "pethstone," is No. 7 of the 

Waterlime formation (p. 20, Annual Report for 1899). No. 4, the 

"quarry stone," is the Tentaculite limestone. Another specimen of 

the Tentaculite limestone had 51.5 per cent of lime and 5.5 per cent of 

silica and quartz.

.The Nearpass quarry is not so far removed from'the railroad at 

Port Jervis but that some of these beds may be profitably utilized. 

Analyses 2 and 4 above show that the "old-quarry stone" and the 

"quarry stone" are high-grade limestones. Analysis of the shaly 

layers in the quarry may show a rock with the right proportions of 

alumina and silica. In Mr. Weller's paper, in the report for 1899, 

some of the important exposures of these formations are noted.

Bull. 243 05 16
242 CEMENT MATEEIAL8 AND INDUSTRY. [HULL. 243.

Doctor Cook also gives the following analyses of specimens, the 

exact geologic horizon of which can not be determined from the record:

Analyses of Silurian limestones.

Silica (SiOj,) ..........................................

Lime (CaO) .................................'.......I.

Magnesia (MgO) . ......................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .................................

i

9.80

2.10

48.88

.35

38.90

.2

8.70

1.50

49.67

.69

40.00

3

10.80

2.60

45.19

.80

36. 75

1. Limestone from John Schooley's farm, near Peters Valley.

2. Limestone from farm of Joshua Cole, Montague.

3. Limestone from farm of Calvin Decker, Wallpeck Ridge.

WHITE MAUL DEPOSITS.

In addition to the limestones described in the previous part of this 

report, there are in Sussex and Warren counties shell-marl deposits, 

often of considerable extent, some of which may be sufficiently pure 

to be used for Portland cement in combination with claj^. No recent 

study of these deposits has been made, but the following data, from 

the earlier reports of the New Jersey Geological Survey, particularly 

from the annual report of 1877, may be of value in this connection. 

These partial analyses were published in 1877:

Analyses of Neiv Jersey marls.

1...

2...

3...

4...

5...

6...

7...

8... 

9...

Calcium carbon- 

. ate 

(CaCOa).

98.33

88.86

97.73

95. 34

96.32

92. 25

89.87. 

(

96.54

84.52

Magnesium carbon ate 

(MgCOg).

.......

.......

2.18

1.57

2.98

2. 29

1..47 

L 76

Sand 

and 

clay.

0.90

9.96'

.60

.98

1.16

1.56

.97

2.05

8.46

Water, 

vegetable material, etc.

0.67

2.16

1.59

1.50

.96

3.21

6.87

0.00 

5.26

Description.

White, pulverulent; 

no vegetable matter.

Precipitate from water.

White, dense, fine ....

Surface marl, white, 

solid, fine.

Drab white, fine and 

with shells.

White, pure, some 

grass roots.

Ash colored, many 

shells, light.

White, very fine, 

medium density.

Surface marl . .........

Location.

A n d o v e r , Sussex 

County.

Peters Valley, Sussex 

County.

S h i 1 o h, Warren 

County.

Do.

Hunt's mill, Sussex 

County.

Marksboro, Warren 

County.

Hope, Warren County.

Newton, Sussex 

County.

Do.
KCKEL.] NEW JERSEY.

Analyses-of New Jersey marls Continued.

243

10

11...

12..

13..

14..

Calcium carbonate 

<CaC03 ).

90.18

99.04

68. 78

94. 75

64.20

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgC08 ).

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Sand 

and 

clay.

9.75

.55

23. 99

.71

36.21

Water, 

vegetable material, etc.

.41

7.28

4.54

16.( 59

Description.

'thick shells.

White, very light, pure.

Dark-colored shells and 

vegetable matter.

White, very light, pure.

White shells and clay . .

Location.

County.

Do.

Montague, Sussex 

County.

Monroe Corners, Sussex County.

Centerville, Sussex 

County.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN NEW JERSEY.

Three Portland cement plants are at present in operation in New 

Jersey, all of them in Warren County, and* all using the Trenton 

cement rock as their principal raw material. In raw materials and 

general practice these plants agree with the others of the Lehigh 

district, described on page 284, to which reference should be made 

for a general discussion of the subject. The following data on the 

history and production of the three New Jersey plants are taken 

from a recent report of the New Jersey Geological Survey:

In 1891 Thomas D. Whitaker commenced the manufacture of Portland cement at Alpha, N. J., establishing what is now the Alpha 

Portland Cement Company. In 1895 the present operators purchased 

the plant, which then had a capacity of from 500 to 700 barrels a day. 

The rock at Alpha produced such an excellent cement that the plant 

was gradually increased, until in 1900 there were 10 kilns, with a 

capacity approximating 2,000 barrels a day. In 1901 a new mill of 

the same capacity was erected, the former being known as mill No. 1 

and the latter as mill No. 2. In the summer of 1903, 4 more kilns 

were added to mill No. 2, making. 14 kilns for this plant. This company is now manufacturing at Alpha about 5,000 barrels daily. Since 

the issue of the New Jersey Geological Survey's report of the Portland cement industry in 1900, in which the distribution of the cement 

rock was delineated, the company has increased its holdings from 40 

acres to 200 acres. The quantity of cement manufactured by this 

company since its inception is, in round numbers, 6,000,000 barrels.

Production of cement at plant of Alpha Cement Company, Alpha, N. J,

Barrels. Barrels.

1894 ........................ ' . 100, 000 1.899........................' 380, 000

1895........................ 120,000 1900.... ........... .... . 500,000

1896........................ 215, 000 1901........................ 830, 000

1897 ........................ 325, 000 1902 ......................... 1,180, 000

1898........................ 350,000 1903.............. . ....... 1,400,000
244 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The method of quarrying at the Alpha quarry is to drill across the 

strata with steam drills and break down the rock with dynamite and 

load it on mine cars with a steam shovel. These cars are then hauled 

up an inclined railroad by a cable. Four tracks are in use at Alpha, 

two for each mill. In practice it is found necessary to bring-.up the 

lime content by the addition of limestone brought from Pennsylvania.

In 1894 the directorate of the Vulcanite Paving Company, of Philadelphia, in order to be assured of an adequate supply of first-quality 

cement to use in certain paving work, commenced the erection of a 

plant close to the Alpha works. The original mill had 5 rotary kilns. 

Later No. 2 mill, with 6 kilns, was erected. Finally an additional 

factory of 10 more kilns was installed, and the company has increased 

its holdings of cement-rock land to 250 acres.

The output to date is given as follows:

Production of cement at plant of Vulcanite Paving Company at Alpha, N. ,T.

Barrels.

1895 (6 months).......... A... 14, 000

1896.......................... 60,000

1897 .......................... 125, 000

1898.......................... 218, 000

1899.......................... 513, 000

Barrels.

1900........................ 690,000

1901 ........................ 725, 000

1902........................ 975, 000

1903 ......<.................. 1,'460, 000

Two quarries, entirely independent of each other, are operated as 

pits. The rock, broken down by dynamite, is hoisted and conveyed 

by wire-cable tramways to the mills. Two independent cable ways 

are operated at each pit.

The plant of the Edison Portland Cement Company was put in 

operation in October, 1903. The quarries are about 2 miles from the 

works and are connected therewith by a standard-gage railroad.. The 

Cement rock and limestone occur in close proxmiit}^. The rock in a 

general way resembles that of the quarries already mentioned, although 

of course the excavations are not nearly so extensive as }^et. A rather 

radical departure from quarrying methods is being inaugurated in the 

form of a movable roof over each quarry. This is made of corrugated 

iroh placed on light steel frames resting on wheels which in turn run 

on a T-rail track. By thus covering the quarry it is intended to work 

it in all weathers, the roof being moved as quariying proceeds. After 

the rock is blown down it is loaded into cars with steam shovels.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY CEMENT.

ECKEL, E. C. Cement-rock deposits of the Lehigh district, Pennsylvania-New 

Jersey. Bull. Q. S. Geol. Survey No. 225, pp. 448-450. 1904.

HAMILTON, S. H. The cement industry [in New Jersey, 1903]. Ann. Kept. State 

Geologist, N. J. for 1903, pp. 112-118.
KCKF.L.] NEW YORK. 245

KL, B. B. Eeport on the Portland cement industry [in New Jersey].. Arm.

Eept. State Geologist for 1900, pp. 9-101. 

LEWIS, F. H. The Vulcanite Portland Cement Company's works, Vulcanite, N. J.

Engineering Record, May 6, 1899, "Cement Industry," pp. 96-106. 1900. 

EIES, H., and OTHERS. The clays and clay industry of New Jersey. Vol. VI, Final

Kept. N. J. State Geol., 548 pp. 1904. 

[Anonymous.] Edison Portland Cement Company. Iron Age, Dec. 24, 1903.

 Visit to plant of Edison Portland Cement Company. Engineering News, 

May 29, 1902.

 The works of the Edison Portland Cement Company. Engineering Eecord, 

vol. 48, pp. 796-802. Dec. 26, 1903.

 The Edison Portland Cement Works at New Village, N. J. ' Engineering

News, vol. 50, pp. 555-559. 1903.

RESOURCES OF NEW YORK. 

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

The State of New York now ranks fourth in the production of 

Portland cement in the United States. The extensive series of limestones which outcrop within its borders, and its excellent local markets 

for cement and cement products, will probably enable it to improve 

its rank as a Portland-cement producer very materially within the 

next few years.

Of the many different limestone formations which outcrop in New 

York State, five are of such thickness, areal extent, and chemical composition as to, be worth considering as sources of Portland-cement 

material. Many other limestones occur in the State, but these others 

may be disregarded here as being usually too thin, of improper chemical composition, or too badly located with regard to transportation 

routes, markets, or sources of fuel supply.

The five available limestones noted above, in their geologic order, 

are as follows:

5. Marls .......................................... Quaternary.

4. Tnlly limestone. ................................. Devonian.

3. Helderberg limestones .......................... Silurian and Devonian.

2. Trenton limestone .............................. Lower Silurian (Ordovician).

1. Chazy limestone ................................ Lower Silurian (Ordovician).

All of .these limestones except the first. (Chaz}') are at present 

utilized in Portland-cement manufacture in New York State.

The character and distribution of -the five limestone groups above 

noted will now be described separately in the order in which the}7 are 

listed above. PL X shows the actual distribution in New York State 

of the first four limestone groups. The Quaternary marls are widely 

distributed throughout the State, but occur usually in small deposits. 

For this reason marl deposits are not shown on (his map, except in 

such cases as are known to be of workable size.
246 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. 243.

GIT A 7, Y LIMESTONE. 

DISTBIBtJMOtf.

The Chazy limestone is confined practical^ to the Lake Champlain 

Valley. It outcrops on the west shore of Lake Champlain, a fetf 

miles south of Crown Point village, and is also well shown in Crown 

Point itself. It appears again on the lake shore about 5 miles south 

of Westport, near Essex village, and'on Willsboro Point. Its most 

characteristic and extensive outcrops, however, are in the eastern 

part of Clinton County. It is shown well on Valcour Island and on 

Isle la Motte, where it has been extensively quarried. On the mainland it occupies large areas north of Valcour and west of Plattsburg, 

where it is quarried. The largest single area is in the northeastern 

part of Clinton County, where it has been worked extensively for lime 

and building stone. This area extends almost without a break from 

the village of West Chazy to the lake shore and northward to the 

Canadian line near Rouse Point.

Local details concerning the distribution, thickness, etc., of the 

Chazy formation will be found in a. paper by H. P. Gushing, entitled 

" Report on the Geology of Clinton County," in the Thirteenth Annual 

Report of the New York State Geologist, pages 473-490. This paper 

also contains geological maps of the county, showing the area covered 

by the limestone.

COMPOSITION.

The Chazy limestone is usually a very pure limestone, low in both 

magnesia and clayey matter. It is commonly bluish to grayish in 

color, and has a slightly crystalline appearance. Occasionally it carries notable percentages of silica, alumina, etc., but these argillaceous 

phases are rare. Of the analyses in the following table Nos. 1 and 2 

represent the purest type of the Chazy limestone, while Nos. 3, 5, and 

6 contain more or less" clayey matter. Analysis No. 4 is included as 

representing a highly argillaceous type, occurring in the same area as 

Nos. 3, 5, and 6; but this particular analysis is old and of doubtful

value. / .

Analyses of Chazy limestone, New York.

Silica (SiOa ) ..................

Alumina (Al.203 ) ..............

Lime (CaO) ..................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............

l

0.79

.14

.12

54.36

.67

43.45

2

 0.72

} .39

53.90

1.44

43.92

:;

2.43

.41

51. 00

1.00

n.d.

4

21.39

3. 61

39.37

.52

31. 51

i>

4.40

( 7.10

\ 3.50

44.35

2.00

37.05

c

4.60

4.10

1.90

49.11

.47

39.10

1. Chazy, Clinton County. Kept. New York State Geologist for 1897, p. 433.

2. Chazy Marble Lime Company, Clinton Comity. D. H. Newlaiid, analyst. Bull. New York State 

Museum, No. 44, p. 755.

3. Willsboro Point, Essex County. T. G. White, analyst. Ibid., p. 782.

4-C. Willsboro Point, Essex County. E. C. Boynton, analyst Ibid., pp. 782, 783.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO.343 PL.X

MAP

OF

NEWYORK

SHOWING

DISTRIBUTION OF CliMKJVT MATERIALS

Revised from map in Bulletin No. 44. New York Slate Museum 

By Edwin C.Eckel

Scale

o _____ an _____ 4O _____ eo ______ 60 ____ 100 miles

LEGEND

Tully limestone Helclerberg limestones 'I't-enton limestone Chaxy limestone
BCKRL.] NEW YORK. ' 247

The cost of fuel in the Chaoiplain Valley and the distance from good 

local markets will probably prevent any great development of the 

cement industry in the Chazy district, though the limestone itself is 

well adapted to cement manufacture and good clays are obtainable.

TRENTON LIMES TONE. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Trenton limestone, including the Black River and Birdseye or 

Lowville limestone, is widely distributed throughout New York State, 

appearing in the valleys of Lake Chain plain, upper Hudson River, 

Mohawk River, and Black River, in all of which it is an important 

quarry stone. It occurs also in the southern part of the State, but 

the outcrops in that district are so small and scattered that they may 

be disregarded.

Along the shores of Lake Champlain the Trenton limestone is 

exposed at various points, being quarried more or less extensively on 

Isle la Motte, at Plattsburg, and on Larabees Point and Crown 

Point. The most important series of outcrops, however, are along 

Mohawk and Black rivers and in the vicinit}7- of Glens Falls. .

The belt which is quarried near Glens Falls enters the State from 

Vermont, in northern Washington County, and passes southward 

throuefh West Haven and Whitehall, close to the line of the Delaware o

and Hudson Railroad. A short break in the area occurs at Fort Ann, 

beyond which the limestone belt passes south to Sandy Hill, then west 

to Glens Falls, where it again turns south to Saratoga. In all this 

distance it lies close to railroads, and in places is also near the canal. 

It is extensively quarried for Portland cement at Glenns Falls and 

for lime and building stone at Sandy Hill, Glens Falls, and other 

points.

In the lower Mohawk Valley the areas covered by the Trenton 

limestone are too irregular to be readity described/' It is sufficient 

to say that the Trenton outcrops extensively in the vicinity of Cranesville, Amsterdam, Tribes Hill, Yosts, Sprakers, Palatine Bridge, St. 

Johnsville, Dolgeville, and Little Falls. It is quarried at many of 

these points for lime or building stone. It should be noted, however, 

that another limestone the Calciferous or Beekmantown limestone 

also occurs at many of the points named, underlying the Trenton 

limestone. This Calciferous limestone, however, is usually a very 

impure rock, high in magnesia, and should therefore be carefully distinguished from the Trenton, which is normally very low in magnesia.

The most extensive area of Trenton limestone in the State remains 

to be described. This area lies mostly in Oneida, Lewis, and Jefferson

n The distribution of the Trenton limestone throughout much of its range in the Mohawk Valley and 

adjoining regions is described in detail in a paper by N. H. Darton on tlie "Geology of the Mohawk 

Valley," published in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the.NewYork State Geologist, pp. 407-430.
248 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

counties, along the valleys of West Canada Creek and Black River. 

Commencing as a narrow belt near Middleville, Herkimer County, it 

passes northwestwal'd, increasing to about 8 to 10 miles in width, and 

going through Trenton Falls, Prospect, Remsen..Boon ville, Port Ley den, 

Lowville, and Copenhagen, at many of which points it is extensively 

quarried. The limestone belt here widens out greatly, being about 20 

miles wide at Watertown, and extending along the St. Lawrence-Lake 

Ontario shore from near Clay ton to near Port Ontario, a distance of 

over 50 miles. Within this broad area in Jefferson County the Trenton limestones are quarried at Cape Vincent, Chaumont, Clay ton, 

Watertown, Theresa, and maivy other points.

COMPOSITION.

The Trenton limestone is usually a pure nonmagnesian limestone, 

it is dark gray to almost black in color, and is commonly highly fossiliferous.

The following analyses, which are representative of the various 

phases of the Trenton limestone, are arranged in geographical order 

along the outcrop of that limestone, beginning in Washington County, 

on the east, and ending in Lewis County, on the west.

Analyses of Trenton limestones, New York.

Number.

- 1. ...............

2................

3................

4.........:......

5................

6................

7................

8... .............

9................

10................

11.................

12..................

13................

14................

15................

16................

17

18................

Silica 

(Si02 ).

0.97

1.38

. .72

.70

2.13

3.30

1.10

6.13

1.25

3.82

5.68

6.70

8.45

2.59

3.96

3.09

1.44

6.50

Alumina 

(AloOa).

0.08

0.

1.

1.00

1.

1.

.80

.79

3.

1.

2.

3.03

2.72

1.21

1.

1. 15

1.67

Iron oxide 

(FeoOs).

0.02

58

50

.70

26 .

30

.50

.61

00

08

76

.21

.84

.61

70

.49

33

.76

Lime(CaO).

54.15

55.26

54.28

53. 09

53.19

52. 15

53. 17

49. 55

. 52. 78

52. 46

52.12

49. 92

47. 38

52.00

51.11

52.70

54. 52

49. 53

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.39

.72

.80

1.04

Trace.

1.58

.75

1.17

Trace.

1.63

1.04

1,80

.78

.49

1.28

Carbon dioxide (COo).

42.95

n.d.

44. 00

42.05

41.79

40.98

45.08

40.22

42.97

42.64

39.44

39.23

39. 01

42.00

42. 14

42.26

43.39

40.31

1. Keenan Lime Company, Smith's Basin, Washington County. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. (i, p. 427.

2. Keenan Lime Company, Smith's Basin, Washington County. Bull. New York State Mus. No. 44, 

p. 826.
NEW YORK. 249

3. Kcenan Lime Company, Smith's Basin, Washington Comity. H. Ries, analyst. Ibid., p. 827.

4. Harris quarry, near Whitehall, Washington Connty. Ibid.

5. Glens Falls, Warren County. .). H. Appleton, analyst. Seventeenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. 3, p. 801.

6. Glens Falls, Warren County. Mineral Industry, vol. (>, p. 97.

7. Glens Falls, Warren Connty.. Bnll. New York State Mus. No. 44, p. 825.

8. Hewitt quarry, Amsterdam, Montgomery County. Ibid., p. 741).

9.' Hewitt quarrv, Amsterdam, Montgomery Connty. J. M. Sherrerd, analyst. Twentieth Ann. 

Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt, (i, p. 427.

10. Hewitt quarry, Amsterdam, Montgomery County. J. M. Sherrerd, analyst. Ibid., pt. 0, p. 427.

11. Hewitt quarry, Amsterdam, Montgomery Connty. J. M. Sherrerd, analyst. Ibid., pt. (!, p. 427.

12. Butler quarry, Inghani Mills, Herkimer Connty. Bull. New York State Mns. No. 44, p. 788.

13. Butler quarry, Ingham Mills, Herkimer County. Ibid.

14. Prospect, Oneida County. J. D. Irving, analyst. Ibid., p. 802.

15. Waters quarry, Lowyille, Lewis County. Ibid., p. 792.

16. Roberts quarry, Collinsville, Lewis County. D. IT. Newland, analyst. Ibid., p. 791.-

17. Christy quarry. Leyden, Lewis Connty. Ibid.; p. 791.

18. Snyder quarry, Port Leyden, Lewis County. D. H. Newland, analyst. Ibid., p. 791.

HELDERBERO LIMESTONES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

Regarded as possible sources of Portland-cement materials, the most 

important series of limestone formations in New York State is that

included in the Upper and Lower Heldei'bei'g groups. These two 

groups, each divisible into a number of well-marked formations, are 

separated throughout the greater part of their range by a comparatively thin bed of sandstone the Oriskany sandstone but for the 

purposes of this volume may be considered as one series of limestones. 

TheHelderberg limestones, considered together, extend eastward from 

Buffalo, in Erie County, to Oriskany Falls, Oneida County. Here 

the belt turns about S. 30° E., nearly to South Bethlehem, Albany 

Count}7 . From this point the outcrops of the limestone trend almost 

parallel to and a little west of Hudson River, nearly to Kingston. The 

limestone belt then turns southeastward, passing through Ellenville 

and Port Jervis into Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The line of outcrop is shown in considerable detail in PI. X.

The distribution of the Helderberg limestones is described at length 

in the following papers, in which maps and sections showing local 

details will be found:

DAHTON, N. H. Report on the Helderberg limestones: Thirteenth Ann. Kept. 

New York State Geol., pp. 197-228.

DAHTON, N. H. Report on the Geology of Albany County: Thirteenth Ann. 

Rept. New York State Geol., pp. 229-262.

DARTON, N. H. RepOrt on the Geology of Ulster County: Thirteenth Ann. 

Rept. New York State Geol., pp. 289-372.

COMPOSITION.

Analyses of Helderberg limestones, New York.

1.... .............

2.................

3.................

4.................

Silica 

(SiOj).

1 .. 17

5.00

5. 96

14. 85

Alumina 

(Al,0:i ).

0.

3. 16

7.18

Iron oxide

(POjA.).

64 '

60

1.34

1.57

Lime 

(CaO).

54. 06

51. 78

49. 70

40. 23

 Mapnesia 

(MgO).

0.48

.88

1.44

1 . 95

Carbon dioxide (C02 ).

43.00

41.66

40'. 13

33. 7('i
250 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. I BOLL. 243. 

Analyses of Helderberg limestones, New York Continued.

5.................

6................

7................

S.... ............

9................

10................

11................

12..........'...:..

13................

14................

15................

16.................

17................

18...............

19...............

20.................

21......... .... . .

22.......... ......

23......... .......

24........ .......

25...... ... ....

26..... ....... ....

27........... ....

28................

29... .............

30................

31................

Silica 

(SiOg).

1.6

7.23

1.92

n.d.

n.d.

n. d.

5.53

2.48

5.56

2.57

5.66

5.46

5.82

4.45

4.91

4.31

1.48

4.12

9. 05

5.12

1.1.16

1.27

1.84

1.89

2. 75

7.10

3.87.

Alumina 

(A1203).

0.

1.

n.d.

n. d.

n. d.

1.

1.

1.

. 2.

1.

1.

.48

n.d.

n.d.

6.66

1.45

3.35

.63

1.01

1.50

2.50

1.07

Iron oxide 

(Fe203 )- 

7

64

36

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

50

95

55

55

14

35

38

30

.53

97

n. d.

n. d.

. .99

 .74

1.15

73

1.82

.55

1.60

1.65

1.34

Lime 

(CaO).

54.32

 48.68

52.53

35. 25

43 99

48.82

50.25

53.52

50. 47

52.69

50.25

50. 80

50.93

50.06 *

51.82

51.05

53. 62

52.46

44.72

48.34

44.27

54.51

51.40

51. 35

53.10

45.22

54. 11

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.53

1.84

.69

8 Q4

6.08

1.48

1.00

.46

.83

.84

1.11

1.01

.85

9 74

1.16

1.65

n. d.

n. d.

1.98

9 Q3

3.17

.66

9 91

1.67

n.d.

Trace.

T^VQ f*Ct

Carbon dioxide (COo):

43.26

40.29

42. 03

37.52

40.65

39.99

40 4Q

49 <U

40.57

42. 33

40.70

41.02

40.87

42.36

41.90

41. 90

n.d.

n.d.

37. 33

41. 22

38. 27

43.46

41.19

42. 19

n.d.

39. 10

40.60

1. Fogelsonger quarry, Williamsville, Erie County. H. Carlson, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. 

U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, p. 427.

2. Howells quarry, Leroy, Genesee County. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 44, p. 784.

3. Strobel quarry, Leroy, Genesee County. 'Ibid.

4. Babcock quarry, Waterloo, Seneca County. Ibid., p. 819.

5. Alvord quarry, Jamesville, Onondaga County. F. E. Eugelhardt, analyst. Ibid., p. 806. 

6-J2. Clinton, Oneida County. A. H. Chester, analyst. Ibid., p. 802. 

13-17. Oriskany Falls, Oneida County. A. H. Chester, analyst. Ibid.

18. Pntnam quarry, Oriskany Falls, Oneida County. Ibid.,'p- 803.

19. Manning quarry, Columbia, Herkimer County. Ibid., p. 788.

20. Cobleskill Quarry Company, Cobleskill, Sehoharie County. C. F. McKenna, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, p. 427.

21,22. Howes Cave, Sehoharie County. C. A. SclmefTer, analyst.

23-25. Callanan quarry, South Bethlehem, Albany County. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 44, p. 771.

26. Howes Cave, Sehoharie County. C. A. Schaeffer, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. 6, p. 427.

27,28. Hudson, Columbia County. Ibid., p. 427.

29. Holdredge quarry, Catskill, Greene County. H. Ries, analyst. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 

44, p. 787.

30. Turner quarry, Wilbur.'Ulster County. Ibid., p. 822.

31. Hondout, Ulster County. Ibid.
ECKEL.J NEW YORK. 251

TULL}' LIMESTONE. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The thinness of the Tully limestone would probably allow it to be 

disregarded as a Portland-cement material if it were not for its advantageous distribution. It occurs only in central New York, and occupies a greater area than any other limestone in that part of the State. 

Its line of outcrop, moreover, crosses all the Finger lakes, on the shores 

of most of which the limestone is well exposed, and the belt is crossed 

by numerous railroad lines leading' to the coal regions of Pennsylvania. With these advantages of position, even a relatively thin 

limestone bed is worth considering, and one Portland-cement plant 

that uses the Tully limestone is already in operation.

The most western known exposure of the Tully limestone is near 

Reed Corners, Ontario County. From this point it runs southeastward

through or near Gorham, Stanley, Hall Corners, and Dresden, disappearing below the waters of Seneca Lake opposite the village of 

Starke}'. It reappears on the east shore of the lake about 5 miles 

south of Willard, and is exposed almost continuously along the lake 

shore as far north as Willard. Here it turns eastward through Hayt 

Corners, then southeastward near Sheldrake to the Cayuga Lake shore 

east of Covert, and thence southward along the west shore through 

Trumansburg to Glenwood. Its most available outcrops are, however, 

on the east shore of Cayuga Lake, which it follows closely from 

Portland Point north to opposite Kings Ferry. Turning northeastward the limestone outcrop leaves the lake and passes through Poplar 

Ridge. Sherwood, and Scipio. From this point to its most eastern 

known outcrop, which is near Smyrna, Chenango County, the outcrop 

of the Tully limestone is too irregular for ready description, as can be 

seen from the map, PI. X, opposite page 246. It is sufficient here to 

indicate its course by saying that the principal villages and stations 

on or near the outcrop are, in order eastward, Cascade, Locke, 

Moravia, Miles, Glenhaven, Scott, Spofford, Borodino, Otisco Valley, 

Tully, Truxton, Cuyler, Deruyter, Georgetown, and Smyrna.

COMPOSITION.

The Tully limestone is low in magnesia, rarely carrying over 1£ per 

cent of magnesium carbonate. It commonly carries a rather large 

percentage of silica, alumina, and iron oxi^le, at times approximating 

in composition the Lehigh cement rock. The anatyses given on page 

252 are fairly representative of its range in composition.

The limestone is immediately underlain by a series of shales which, 

as shown by the experience of the Portland-cement plant near Ithaca, 

are well adapted to mixing with the limestone.
252 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyse.!* of Tal/y limestone, Ne.w York.

I BULL. 243.

Silica (Si08 ) ..................

Alumnia (Al.,0,) ..............

Lime (CaO) ..................

Magnesia (MgO). ..............

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ... ........

L

9.72

4.20

.48

47. il 1

.66

n. d.

2

6.30

| 3.35

50. 25

.22

n.d.

3

7.88

4.01.

48. 10

' .53

n. d.

4-

5.7

2.1

49.56

.67

39. 67

5

4.0

. 26.0

33. 6'

2.6

n.d.

« 

15.0

23.0

30.0

L3

n.d.

1. Top bed. Portland Point, Tompkins County. ,T. H. McGnire, analyst.

2. Middle bed. Portland Point, Tompkins Comity. I. H. McGnire, analyst.

3. .Bottom bed. Portland Point, Tompkins County. J. H. McGuire, analyst.

4. Near Lansing, Torapkins County. H. Ries, analyst. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 44, p.

5. VVillard, Seneca County. Trans. New York Agric. Soc. for 3850, p. 611.

6. Hayt Corners, Seneca County. Ibid.

820.

^ QUATERNARY MARLS. 

DISTRIBUTION.

Small deposits of marl occur at many points in eastern and northern 

New York, filling old lake basins and now forming swampy tracts, 

overlain by much impure peat. So far as known, none of the deposits 

in this part of the State are of workable size.

In western and central New York, however, large marl deposits 

have been found at man}7' points. They are, or have been, utilized 

in the manufacture of Portland cement atMontezuma, Cayuga County; 

Jordan and Warners, Onondaga County; Caledonia, Genesee County; 

Wayland and Perkinsville, Steuben County, and .Cassadaga Lake, 

Chautauqua County. Other large deposits, as yet undeveloped, are 

known a to occur northwest of Canastota, Oneida County; at Cortland, 

Cortlancl County; Clifton Springs, Ontario Count}^; Clarendon, 

Orleans County, and Bergen, Genesee County.

COMPOSITION.

The New York marls show, on analysis, the usual variations in composition. Most of those included in the table below are actually used 

at Portland-cement plants.

"Bull. New York State Mus. No. 44, p. 7G7.
ECKKr..] NEW YORK. 253

Analyses of Quaternary mark, New York.

No.

I........

9

3........

4........

5.....:..

6........

7... ......

8........

9........

10........

11........

Silica- 

(SiO,).

0.40 

1.10 

.49 

.50 

.42 

.54 

.14 

.26 

.26 

6.22 

2.10

Alumina 

(ALA).

0.20 

1.

2. 

1.

.21 

1.70 

1.

Iron oxide 

(Fe203 ).

0.20 

50 

35 

00 

08 

56 

36 

10 

.01 

.86 

93

Lime

(CaO).

53.50 

54. 54 

52. 71 

52. 70 

52. 36 

54. 40 

53. 16 

52.86 

. 50.98 

47.86 

48.78

Magnesia 

 (MgO).

0.30 

Trace. 

Trace. 

1.09. 

1. 01 

2.34 

1.50 

. 18 

. 19 

.04

1 . 10

Carbon 

dioxide

(CO,).

n.d. 

n.d. 

n.d. 

42.61 

42.26 

42. 

n 

41. 73 

40. 26 

42. 11 

39. 53

Water, 

organic, 

etc.

(a)

(*)

cQ. 86 

20 

d. 

4.64 

7.98 

(d) '

«S03 ,1.7 per cent. ^CaS04 , 3.48 per cent. "CaSO.), 2.01 per cent, d Alkalies, 2.20 per cent.

J. Irocjuois Portland Cpment Company, Caledonia, Livingston County.

2. 3 miles east of Mnmford, Livingston County. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 44, p. 793.

3. 1 mile west of Bergen, Genesee County. J. A. Miller, analyst. Ibid., p. 785.

4. Muiuford, Monroe County. (Calcareous tufa.) Ibid., p. 797.

5. Milieu Portland Cement Company, Wayland, Steuben County.

6. Genesee Wayland Portland Cement Company, Perkinsvillc, Stcubcn County.

7. American Cement Company, Jordan, Onondaga County. ' ' : 8,9. Empire Portland Cement Company, Warners, Onondaga Comity.

10. Montezuma, Cayuga County. .Mineral Industry, vol. 1, p. 52.

11. Canastota, Madison County. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 44, p. 794.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY. 

EARLY HISTOKY.'

Portland-cement manufacture in New York State started only a few 

years after cement making1 had been begun in the Lehigh district o.f 

Pennsylvania. The history of the New York industry was, however, 

entirely distinct from that of the Lehigh district. Men, materials, 

and methods were different, and in consequence the early history of 

the New York industry contains much of interest. A brief sketch of 

that early history is given in the following pages. For the data contained in this sketch the writer is indebted to Messrs. J. Gardner Sanderson and Edward Duryee, who placed at his disposal much material 

concerning the early plants with which they were connected.

The earliest experiments in the manufacture of Portland cement in 

this State appear to have been those carried on in the Rosendale region 

about 1875-76. They were made by a Mr. Dunderdale at East Kingston, Ulster County, Messrs. Cornell and Coykendall furnishing the 

capital. The materials used were marl, brought by way of the Erie 

Canal from the Montezuma marshes, and a clay obtained near the 

plant. Cement of a very high grade was manufactured, but the 

materials and processes used were of too expensive a character to 

permit the experiment to become financially successful. The details of 

the experiments are not at present obtainable, but some idea of the
254 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

methods followed and of the general high quality of the product may 

be gained from the following extract from the published report of 

Gen. Q. A. Gillmore, on the cements exhibited at the Philadelphia 

Exposition of 1876:

It is deemed proper as a subject of general interest to refer briefly to some cements 

not represented in the exhibition.

The National Portland Cement Company, of Kingston, Ulster County (N. Y.), has 

 recently been organized for making.Portland cement by the fourth .method above 

described." The materials employed are fuller's earth, kaolin, and lime. They are 

thoroughly ground and mixed together in suitable proportions by the wet process, 

although much less water is used than in the English works or in those at Boulogne. 

The mixture when completed is in a rather stiff seiniliquid state. In this condition 

it is run out upon a floor underlaid with warming flues, where it is dried to the state 

of tempered brick clay. It is then passed through a brick machine, and subsequently 

burnt in common continuous upright kilns with anthracite coal.

Specimens of this cement have been tested several times by the writer with excellent results. On the last occasion the method adopted with the cements in the 

exhibition was strictly followed. One and one-half inch cubes seven days old, composed of equal parts of dry cement and sand, gave a crushing strength of 3,335 pounds 

per cube as an average of 20 trials, being a little higher than the best Portland cement 

exhibited, as shown by the table.

Succeeding .this in point of date was a small plant at Low Point, 

Dutchess County, erected by the engineer and contractor for the first 

Poughkeepsie bridge. Some cement was made here and used in the 

tower foundations, but the failure of the bridge project also ended the 

cement experiments.

During the winter of 1877-78 Messrs. J. Gardner Sanderson and 

T. T. Crane carried on a series of experiments at Croton-on-the-Hudson. A small upright kiln was in use, with a Bogardus mill and the 

power which during the summer was used in brickmaking. These 

experiments and the analysis of a large number of specimens of pos

sible materials convinced the experimenters that the Hudson River 

limestones generally contained too high a percentage of magnesium 

carbonate, and the clays too much free sand, to be suitable ingredients 

of a Portland cement. Certain strata of limestone, ho wever, belonging 

to the Helderberg groups 6 (see PL XI), the outcrops of which extend 

approximately north and south a short distance west of Hudson River, 

crossing Rondout Creek near South Rondout, were found to be remarkably pure and free from magnesia and well adapted to their purpose. 

As above stated, most of the clay deposits near Hudson River carried 

too much sand to be of use. After careful search suitable clays were 

found away from the river, the best being found in an extensive 

deposit near Phoenicia, on the Ulster and Delaware Railroad.

a This " fourth method " here noted was, as described on a preceding page of the report, the doublekilning process, in which the calcareous material was burned and slaked before being mixed, with 

the clay.

& Limestone from the same horizon is now being' used in the manufacture of Portland cement by 

two companies, the Catskill Cement Company and Alsen's American Portland Cement Company, both 

plants being situated a short distance south of Catskill.
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO 243 PL.XI

MAP OT THE HUDSON TOVEB PORTLAND-CEMENT DTSTRICT,NET\r YORK °"*£.fS«i?

SHOWKTG lul^ATloITS OF CE MKNT PLANTS ANII OF AVAJr^BIJ-T LIMESTONES AND S1IAI.ES Ma WI^f)a«.'
ECKKL.] NEW YOKK. 255

In 1880 the Wall kill Portland Cement Company was organized. The 

limestone and clay properties above referred to were purchased, and 

an abandoned flour mill at Carthage Landing, on the Hudson, was 

leased and equipped with suitable machinery, a drying channel, and 

two upright kilns. The manufacture of Portland cement was commenced at these works early in 1881. The product, though small in 

quantity, was of excellent quality and had a ready sale. Tests and 

reports by Messrs. Clark and Maclay demonstrated the value of the 

cement, arid the experimenters were satisfied that the manufacture 

could be made commercially successful on a larger scale. At both the 

Low Pointand Carthage Landing plants gas-house coke was used for fuel.

Average analyses of the clay and limestone used are given later in 

this paper in discussing the operations at South Rondout. A typical 

analysis of the cement made at Carthage Landing follows:

Analysis of cement made at Carthage Landing, N. Y.

Lime:.................................................................. 59.43

Magnesia............................................................... 1. 72

Peroxide iron ........................................................... 5.1.7

Alumina................................................................. 8.13

Silica...........o .......................................................'. 24.10

Water, alkalies, etc...................................................... 1.45

100.00

In the latter part of 1881 work was commenced on a plant located 

on the limestone property near South Rondout, and works with a 

capacity of 200 to 300 barrels a day were put in operation in 1883. 

These works were equipped with Blake crushers, cone grinders, 

buhrstone mills, mixers, and formers. Sixteen upright dome kilns 

were in use, with a drying channel connected and heated by the waste 

gases from the kilns. The limestone and clay were crushed, ground, 

and mixed dry, then steamed and formed into bricks, which were 

loaded on iron*cars and run by gravity through the drying channels.

For some time after cement manufacture had been in progress at 

these works the gas companies of New York and Albany had supplied 

the coke necessary for burning the material, but the introduction of 

the water-gas process cut off this source of fuel supply. This left the 

plant dependent upon Pennsylvania coke, the cost of transportation 

and handling of which increased the .cost of cement manufacture very 

largely. Mr. Sanderson therefore commenced experiments on the 

use of crude Lima oil as fuel, but found that the clinkering of the 

cement materials in front of the burners prevented the heat from 

entering the charge. Knowing that this same difficulty had been met 

in metallurgic operations arid overcome by the use of rotary furnaces, 

he directed his attention toward such furnaces or kilns as presenting 

a possible solution of the problem. 

The kiln adopted was a form which had been patented in 1681 by
256 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. IBOLL.-243.

Dr. George Duryee, of New Jersey. In October, 1888, one kiln was 

put into operation at the South Rondout works. This kiln was 50 

feet long and 50 inches in diameter. The upper end was at first made 

50 inches higher than the lower end, but later this was reduced to 30 

inches. On trial this was found to be a very satisfactory method of 

burning, the one kiln handling all the material the mill could supply 

and producing a uniform and high-grade product. Of still greater 

importance was the fact that it was found possible to charge the mixed 

and ground raw material directly to the kiln without preliminary 

wetting, making into bricks, and drying. This was the first American 

plant at which this practice of direct charging was followed.

In 1889 the plant was entirely destroyed by fire, and Portland cement 

manufacture in the lower Hudson Valley ceased till 1900.

The foliowing notes from the Rondout records establish some dates:

October 25, 1888. Burned about 100 barrels to-day; oil fuel. Ground the limestone and clay separately dry, and mixed before feeding to kiln. Mixture clay, 21 

pounds; limestone, 80 pounds.

February 25, 1889. Mixture burned clay, 21 pounds; limestone, 100 pounds.

Analysis of resulting cement.

Lime ........................................................ .^......... 65. 96

Silica...................................._............................;.. 18. 53

Alumina and oxide of iron................................................ 11. 09

Potash................................................................... .12

Soda .............................................:...................... .62

Carbonic acid ............................................................ .97

Magnesia and undetermined .............................................. 2. 71

100.00

Physical tests of tensile strength. 

7 days=253 pounds. 

14 days=466 pounds. 

Second tests:

7 clays=306 pounds.

10 days=509 pounds.

Representative analyses of the limestone and chiy used at the Carthage Landing and South Rondout plants are as follows:

Analyses of limestone and clay used for cement making.

Lime ...................... ................. ........

Magnesia ... ............. ^. .................. ^........ .....

Peroxide iron .................................. ............

Alumina.... .......... . . .. ............ ... .......

Silica .......................................................

Carbonic acid ................................. ..... .......

Water and alkalis .............. '. ............................

Limestone.

52. 295'

.5

.438

.677

4.405

41. 515

.17'

100. 00

Clay.

1. 255

2.37

9. 144

20. 771

54. Oil

.4

12. 049

100. 00
EC'KBL.] NEW YOEK. 257

In the fall of 1890 operations were commenced at Montezuma, N. Y. 

The company owned 1,700 acres of land, underlain by a deposit of 

marl and clay, which varied in thickness from 4 to 20 feet. The 

deposit lay below the level of Cayuga River and near its shores. It 

was overlain by several feet of muck, which was first dredged off and 

used for filling and grading for a railroad. The marl and clay had a 

rather uniform composition, and it was therefore found practicable 

to excavate both materials by machinery. The bucket of the steam 

dredger employed brought up. a ton every three minutes. Cars were 

run on the track under the bucket of the dredge to receive the material, 

and the loaded cars were then run on platform scales and weighed.

The marl, containing about 50 per cent water, was drawn by a steam 

hoist up an incline into the second story of the works and above the 

upper end of a mixing machine, into which the load was dumped

without drying or any other preliminary treatment. At the same

time a weighed and ground portion of clay was added to standardize the mixture. The materials mixed as they gravitated toward the 

lower end of the machine. The entire process was practically continuous, a fresh charge being added at the upper end of the mixer 

every ten minutes, while an equal amount was being gradually drawn 

off from the lower end in the same space of time. The mixture then 

passed to a stone mill that completed the mixing and ground any coarse 

materials. From the mill the mixture was introduced directly by a 

screw conveyer into the rotary kiln, oil being used as fuel. This was 

unique not only in its length, 75 feet, but in having opposite its lower 

end a gas retort or combustion chamber; This chamber was heated 

by a coal fire and vaporized the oil as it was sprayed into it. The air 

blast also passed into this chamber, coming from a rotary fan blower. 

In the first volume of Mineral Industry Mr. W. A. Smith gives the 

following interesting contemporary account of this kiln:

Duryee's revolving furnace consists of a sheet-iron cylinder, 75 feet long, inclined 

toward the firing end f inch to 1 foot. The lower hot end is 6 feet in diameter for a 

length of 20 feet, and is lined 9 inches thick with a mixture of ground fire brick 

and molasses. The remainder of the cylinder, 55 feet long, has a diameter of 5 feet, 

and is lined with 6-inch fire brick. Only the lining at the hot end requires renewal, 

and this can be replaced in ten hours, at a cost of $25. The cylinder revolves on 

cast-iron rollers three times a minute. The power required is 5 horsepower.

At the lower end a small coal fire is kept up on a grate, but the chief fuel is crude 

petroleum, introduced in a jet which meets the hot-air blast. The consumption of 

oil is 8 gallons per barrel of cement clinker produced. Fifteen barrels of oil are 

required to heat the furnace ready for burning cement.

The clay and marl are mixed wet and run in as a slurry at the upper end. The 

mixture in drying forms a sand, which moves slowly downward with the turning of 

the cylinder, and is finally discharged at the lower end as cement clinker of the size 

of small gravel. It takes two hours to run the particles through. The operation is 

continuous, and the product is 250 barrels per day. It is claimed that all the mixture is burned to Portland clinker.

Bull. 243 05 17
'258

CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

From a series of analyses and tests, furnished by Mr. Duryee, the 

following have been selected:

Analyses of materials used and resulting product at Monlezuma.

\

Lime (CaO) .....................................

Silica (Si02 ) ....................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ..............................

Magnesia (MgO) ................................

Marl."

47.68

6.22

1.70

.66

.52

42. 11 .

Clay.

59. 22

| 20. 82

3.09

Cement.

62. 22

22.51

( 9. 17

I 2.54

1.08

1.86

"Calculated without moisture."

A report by Mr. W. W. Maclay, dated April 28, 1892, gives the 

average tensile strength obtained, as follows:

Pounds. 

Neat, 7 days ............................................................... 649

Mortar (1:2), 7 days........................................................ 245

Mortar (1:2), 28 days ...................................................... 418

The works at Montezuma were entirely destroyed by fire in June, 

1893, and have never been rebuilt. The plant is of particular interest 

because of the advanced technologic methods there employed. It was 

the first American plant in which wet raw materials were fed, without 

drying or briquetting, directty into rotary kilns.

Conclusion. The history of the above plants, which bore a certain 

relationship to each other either in locality or management, overlaps, 

in point of date, the beginning of the present system of New York

cement plants. The destruction by fire of the South Rondout and

Montezuma plants terminated the connection of the early experimenters with New York's cement industry, and the early history of 

that industiy may be said to end in 1893. As early as 1886 another 

Portland plant had been erected, but this plant was managed by an 

Englishman, and the problem was attacked in an entirely different 

manner. The earlier plants had been aggressively original and American; the plant at Warners, with its dome kilns and wet mixing, was 

ultra-English. Until within the last few years the typical New York 

plant has been one using marl and clay/' mixing wet, briquetting and 

drying, and burning in dome kilns. The Warners Portland Cement 

Company erected a rotary-kiln plant near Warners, Onondaga County, 

but it was in operation only a short time, and has been shut down 

since 1894.

aThere was, in fact, but one exception to this rule. The Glens Falls.Portland Cement Company, at 

Glens Falls, Warren County, has operated Schofer kilns since 1894 on limestone and clay.
NEW YOKK. 259

PRESENT CONDITION.

Ten Portland cement plants are now in operation in New York State. 

One employs Trenton limestone and clay, four use Helderberg limestones with clay or shale, one usesTully limestone and shale, and four 

employ marl and clay. Another plant, using marl and clay, has been 

idle for some years, but is described below.

Alsen's American Portland Cement Works are located at West 

Camp, or Alsen station, Greene County, near the plant of the Catskill 

Cement Company. The materials used are the Becraft limestone, of 

the lower Helderberg, and clays of Quaternary age. As usual with 

these clays along the Hudson River considerable trouble has been 

encountered in using them for cement material. Excellent shales, 

however, occur in the immediate vicinity of the plant, and these can 

be used with the limestone. The latter is of the usual composition of

the Becraft, high in lime carbonate (about 95 per cent) and low both 

in claj^ey matter and magnesium carbonate.

The plant of the American Cement Company, located 2 miles east of 

Jordan, Onondaga County, was erected in 1892. The works were 

operated without interruption until 1900, when they were shut down, 

owing to new construction by the company at Egypt, Pa.

The materials used were marl and clay, both obtained from a marsh 

near the works, another bed of marl being owned by the company 

nearer to Jordan station. The marl is white, and the bed varies in 

thickness from 8 to 15 feet. It is overlain by a thin bed of muck and 

underlain by a blue clay. The muck being stripped, the marl and 

clay were dug and transported to the works by a wire ropeway. The 

clay was dried and ground separately, after which it was mixed with 

the marl in pug mills. The resulting slurry Avas spread out on a drying floor and-cut into bricks. These bricks were then loaded on platform cars, dried in tunnels heated by coal fires, and fed to the kilns. 

Twelve kilns, of the dome type, were in use, coke being used as fuel.

The clinker was reduced, first in Gates and Mosser crushers, and 

finally in Griffin mills. The cement was marketed as the Giant 

(Jordan) brand. The following analyses of the raw materials and finished product were furnished by the company:

Analyses of cement materials used by American Cement Company, Jordan, N. Y.

Silica (SiOj) ..............................'......

Alumina ( A12 0S ) ................................

Lime (CaO) ....................................

Marl.

0.14

1 .36

53. 16

1.50

Clay.

65.68

.24.08

2. 01

1.75

Cement.

21.86

1 7.17 

I 3. 73

61. 14

9 Q4.

1.94
260 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 24o.

The Portland plant of the Catskill Cement Company, located at 

Smiths Landing, Greene County, was erected in 1899 and shipments 

were commenced in July, 1900. The materials used are clay from the 

river terraces and limestone of Helderberg age. A bucket cableway 

is used to transport the raw materials from the quarry and clay bank 

to the works. The following average analyses of these materials were 

furnished by the com pan}7 :

Analyses of limestone and clay used by Catskill Cement Company.

Silica (BIO,) ..........'...................... ................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) . ...........................................

Iron oxide (Fe.,03 ) ..........................................

Lime (CaO) ....... ......:..................................

Magnesia (MgO) .............................................

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ......................................

Limestone.

1.54

.39

1.04

. 53.87

.52

' .00

.00

Clay.

61.92

16. 58

7.84

2.01

1.58

3.64

Trace.

The limestone is dried and then reduced in a Smidth ball mill. The 

clay is passed through a roll disintegrator and is dried. The materials 

are at this stage mixed.dry, and the mixing and reduction are completed in Davidsen tube mills. Two rotary kilns are in operation, 

having a total capacitj^ of about 300 barrels a day. The clinker is 

crushed in ball mills and receives its final reduction in tube mills. The 

cement is marketed as ,the '" Catskill " brand. The following analyses 

of the finished product were furnished by the company, 1 and 2 having 

been-made in their laborator}^ while 3 was made by H. E. Keifer:

\

Analyses of cement made by Catskill Cement Company.-

Silica ( Si08 ) ..........................................

Alumina ( A1 2 03 ) ......................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ....................................

Lime (GaO) ..........................................

Magnesia (MgO) . .....................................

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ................................

1

22.48

6.52

4.46

62.93

1.48

1.30

2

21.94

6.02

4.38

64.62

1.25

1.12

3

23.44

6.35

3.99

63.21

1.15

1.22

The plant of the Cayuga Portland Cement Company is located at 

Portland Point, Tompkins County, on the east shore of Cayuga Lake. 

The materials used are the Tully limestone and shales of the underlying Hamilton group.
ECKEL.J NEW Y.OEK. 261

The following analysis, by J. H. McGuire, chemist of the Cayuga 

plant, shows the composition of the limestone and shale used here.

Analyses of cement-making material used by Cayuga Portland Cement Company.

Silica (Si02 ). ................

Iron oxide (Fe-jO,) ..........

Lime (CaO).. ...... .........

Magnesia (MgO) ............

9.72

. 4.20

.48

47.11

.66

limestone

6.30

| 3.35

50. 25

.22

7.88

4.01

48. 10

.53

58.44

27.45

1.16

2.23

Shale.

57. 82

21 . 76

8.32

1. 81

60.02

26.60

2.31

1.62

In 1886 T. Millen & Sons commenced the manufacture of Portland 

cement at Warners, Onondaga County. In 1890 the plant was purchased by the Empire Portland Cement Company and the works were 

almost entirely rebuilt, a much larger output being secured by the 

improvements then introduced. Since that date the plant has been in 

constant operation, with the exception of stops aggregating only some 

five or six weeks in all, caused by fires.

The materials used are marl and clay, obtained from a swamp in the 

vicinity of Warners, the present workings being located about threefourths of a mile from the works. The marl bed covers an area of 

several hundred acres, of which about 100 acres have already been 

excavated. A revolving derrick with clam-shell bucket is employed 

for excavating the marl, the clay being dug by hand. The materials 

are taken to the works over a narrow-gage railway owned by the company, on cars carrying from 3 to 5 tons each, drawn by a small locomotive. At the works the cars are hauled up an inclined track by means 

of a cable and drum to the mixing floor.

The swamp from which the raw materials are obtained shows sections, from top to bottom, approximately as follows:

 Section in swamp at Warners, N. Y.

Muck.

Feet. 

. 1-2

Upper bed, white marl ................. . ................................... 4-7

Lower bed, gray to brown marl ............................................. 4-7

Sand ...................................................................... 0-1

Bluish clay ................................................................ 2-5

As might be expected from the relative color of the marls, the 

material from the lower bed shows on analysis more organic matter 

than that from, the upper bed, for which reason more of it must be 

used with the same amount of clay than of marl from the upper bed. 

This distinction is accompanied by other slight but rather constant 

differences in chemical composition, which have also to be taken into 

account in the preparation of the.cement.mixture.
262 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 2'43.

Anatyses 1 and 3, below, are quoted by Cummings (American Cements, 

p. 253), while 2 and 4 were furnished by the Empire company.

Analyses of cement-making material used at Warners, N. Y.

Silica (Si02 ) ..................................

Potash (KaO) ..................................

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ........................

Organic ......................................

Water-j-loss ..........:.......................

Ms

1

0.26

\ ' 

94.39

.38

1.54

3.10

irl.

2

0.26

1 91 1 . /I

\ .01

91.03

.40

1. 68

6.30

'at

3

40.48

| 20. 95

25.80

.99

3.14

1 8.50

iy4

42.85

/ 13.51 

\ 4.49

22.66

6.92

" 3.08

2.85

This clay runs -higher in lime than any other used in the State, the 

clay showing the nearest approach to it being that used at Way land, 

which carries a little less than 20 per cent of lime carbonate.

Of the analyses of the Empire brand below, 1 is quoted by Cummings (American Cements, pp. 36), 2 by Lewis (Mineral Industry, 

VI, pp. 99), while 3 was furnished directly by the company.

Analyses of cement made by Empire Cement Company, Warners, N. Y.

Silica (SiOj) ..........................................

Alumina (ALCM ......................................

\ L 0 /

Lime (CaO) ............:...............-.............

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) .................................

1

20.80

7 3Q

2.61

64.00

2

22.04

6,45

"3.41

60.92

3.53

2. 73 .

3

21. 98

8.20

3.70

61.83

1.43

.84

1.18

In 1893 the Glens Falls Portland Cement Company commenced the 

erection of a plant at Glens Falls, Warren County, and its cement was 

put on the market in 1894, as the "Iron Clad" brand. Six shaft kilns 

of the Schoefer type were installed, the Glens Falls plant being therefore the second in this country to make use of this type of kiln. 

Though highly economical in fuel, the kiln is rather expensive in both 

the quantity and quality of manual labor required to operate it properly. A fire in August, 1899, destroyed the plant, which was rebuilt 

to give a nominal capacit}^ of 500 barrels a day, and the manufacture 

of cement was recommenced in August, 1900.
ECKBL.J NEW YORK. 263

The materials used are limestone and clay. The former is of Trenton age, and is obtained from the Glens Falls quarries. Considerable 

care is required in selecting and mixing the stone from the various 

layers, in order to obtain a suitable and uniform product. A very 

clean and uniform clay, overlying the limestone in this area, is the 

other ingredient. The composition of these materials is shown below.

Analyses of cement-making materials used at Glen Falls, N. Y.

Silica (Si02 ).. ..............................................

Iron <yxide (Fe203 ) ..........................................

Lime (CaO) ......................................'..........

Magnesia (MgO) ............................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........... '. ...........................

Organic and water. ..........................................

Limestone.

3.30

| 1.30

52.15

1.58

.30

40. 98

- 8.37

Clay.

55.27

28.15

5.84

2.25

.12

The limestone and clay are separately dried, and crushed in Ellake 

crushers and rolls. After being weighed on automatic scales, the 

materials are mixed dry and reduced to a fine powder in Griffin mills. 

The powder is then fed into wet mixers, where sufficient water is 

added to allow it to be made up into bricks. These are dried in tunnels heated by waste heat (from the boiler) driven through the tunnel 

system by blowers. After drying, the bricks are burned in Schoefer 

kilns, coal being used as fuel. The clinker is passed first through 

Smidth ball mills and finally reduced in Davidsen tube mills.

An average analysis of the Iron Clad cement is given below.

Analysis of cement made at Glen Falls, N. Y.

Silica (Si02 ).................. ........................................... 21.50

Alumina (Al20a ) ......................................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ....................................................

Lime (CaO) ............................................................. 63.50

Magnesia (MgO) .......................................................... 1. 80

Potash and soda (K.,0 and Na2 0) ....:.................................... .40

Sulphur trioxide (SOS ) ................................................... 1. 50

HEUDERBERG CEMENT COMPANY.

The plant of the Helderberg Cement Company is located at Howe's 

Cave, Schoharie County. Quarries in the Salina or Waterlime group 

at this point have been long used for the manufacture of natural 

cement, while quarries higher up, both geologically and topographically, furnished a very pure limestone, which was burned into lime.
264 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

In 1898 the Helderberg Cement Company began to utilize the stone 

from these latter quarries in the manufacture of Portland cement. 

Commenced on a small scale, the industry would seem to have promised favorable results, as a much larger plant, belonging to the same 

company, was erected during 1900 and has recently started operations. 

The new plant has a nominal capacity of 1,500 barrels a day. The 

materials used are limestone and clay.

As noted below, the limestone used for Portland cement is obtained 

from the old lime quarries and the clay from a Quaternary deposit in 

the vicinity. Smidth ball mills and Davidsen tube mills are used for 

crushing, reducing, and mixing the materials. The wet process is 

employed, and twelve rotary kilns are in use. The resulting clinker 

is ground in ball mills and tube mills, and the product is marketed as 

the "Helderberg" brand.

The limestone used in Portland-cement manufacture is obtained 

from the Becraft and Manlius beds, exposed in quarries just west of 

the station, on the northern side of the railroad track. Partial analyses of these limestones, quoted by Prosser as having been made by 

C. A. Schaetfer, follow.

Analyses of limestones used at Howes Cave, N. Y.

Manlius limestone .............................................

Si02

1.48

,4.12

CaCOjj

95.75

93.68

Another sample analyzed b}^ Schaeffer gave the results stated below.

Analysis of limestone used for making cement at Howes Cave, N. Y.

Silica (SiO2 )............................................................ 1.27

Alumina (Al a03 ) ......................................................

Iron oxide (Fe,03 ) ....................................................../ * 73

Lime carbonate (CaC03 )................................................. 97. 24

Magnesium carbonate(MgC03 )........................................... 1.39

Sulphur trioxide (S03 )................................................... Trace.

The plant of the Hudson Portland Cement Company is located in 

the city of Hudson, Columbia County, and is therefore the only cement 

plant in the United States situated east of the Hudson River. The 

limestone used here is obtained a few miles from the plant from, an 

outlying area of the Becraft (lower Helderberg) limestone, known as 

Becraft Mountain. Quaternary clays and shales of Hudson (Ordovician) age are used to complete the mixture. The plant itself was 

recently constructed, and at present ten kilns are operated. Analyses 

by Herberg and Roney of the clays and shales used here follow.
ECKBL.J . NEW YORK.

Analyses of cement-making materials used at Hudson, N. Y.

265

Silica (SiOj).. ........................

Alumina ( A1 2 03 ) ....'.................

Lime (CaO) ..........................

Magnesia (MgO) .....................

Shale.

54.70 

| 31.68

1:15 

n.-d.

64.30 

33. 60

1.46 

1.30

Clay.

58.90 

27.50

4.08 

.79

52.00 

31. 00

7.10 

3. 33

52. 1.0 

35. 56

5.90 

3. 33

The Iroquois Portland Cement Company has recently built a plant 

near Caledonia, Livingston County. Marl from a deposit near the 

plant is mixed with clay brought from Canawangus, Genesee County. 

Both materials are dried before mixing. Analyses of the raw materials follow:

Analyses of cement-making materials used near Caledonia, N. Y.

Silica (SiO,) ............ x... ...................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0s ) .............................................

Lime (CaO) . ..................................................

Sulphur trioxide (SOS ) ........................................

Marl.

0.4

.2

.2

53.5

.3

1.7

Clay.

62.5

20.2

7.5

.8

1.8

.4

After; having disposed of their plant at Warners, Onondaga County,

. to the Empire Portland Cement Company, T. Milieu & Co. erected

their present plant at Wayland, Steuben County, which commenced

producing in October, 1892. The works were destroyed by fire in

July, 1893, but were rebuilt and began shipping again in October, 1893.

The materials used are marl and clay. The marl is obtained from a 

swamp near the mill, about 185 acres of marsh land being owned by 

the company. The marl deposit is about 6 feet thick. Unlike the 

Onondaga County deposits, however, the marl bed is not underlain by 

clay, and the latter material has to be brought from a bank near 

Mount Morris, in Livingston County. The clay deposit there worked 

is one ot: a series which occur in the terraces bordering Canaseraga 

Creek and Genesee River, extending more or less continuously from 

Dansville nearly to Rochester. The clay for cement is worked at a 

.point about 4 miles south of Mount Morris, and is shipped over the 

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad to the works, a distance 

of about 20 miles.

The clay is dried over steam coils, ground in a Potts disintegrator, 

and mixed Avith the marl in a revolving mixer. The slurry is then 

passed through pug mills and made into bricks. These bricks are
266 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

dried in tunnels and burned in dome kilns, 16 of which are in operation. Blake crushers, Millen crackers, and Sturtevant rock emery 

mills are used in the reduction of the clinker. The cement is marketed as Millen's Wayland. . Analyses of the raw materials and of the finished product, furnished 

by the company, follow. . '

Analyses of day, marl, and cement, Mount Morris, N. Y.

Silica (SiOs ) ..................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ...... ......................

Lime carbonate (CaCO,) .......................

Lime (CaO) ..................................

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............................

Lime sulphatev (CaSOJ ........................

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ........................

Alkalies and loss ... 1 ..........................

Clay.

45.21 

19. 08

6.74 

19. 94

3.27

1.55

4.17

Marl.

0.42 

| 1.08 

93.5

2.13

2.01

.86

,

Cement.

21.08 

9.56

64.68

1.85

1.93

.9

22.19 

9.72

63.08

2.04

1,75

1.22

The analyses of the clinker were made for the company by Dr. F. E. 

Engelhardt, of SjTacuse, N. Y.

The plant of the Wayland Portland Cement Company is located at 

Per kins ville, in the town of Wayland, Steuben County. It was erected 

in 1896 and has operated continuously to date.

The materials used are a light-colored marl, found in a deposit 2 to 

14 feet thick, overlain by 6 inches to 3 feet of muck, which occurs in 

a marsh near the works, and light-gray (Pleistocene) c\a,y from Mount 

Morris, Livingston County. The marl, here, as at Millen's, is not 

underlain by clay. The following analyses of the raw materials were 

furnished by the company:

Analyses of marl and clay from Mount Morris, N. Y.

Silica (SiO, ).............:............'.........................

Lime (CaO ).................................... ^ ..............

Magnesia (MgO) ............-.......--....-..-...--..---......

Loss on ignition .................................... i ..........

Marl.

I 0.54

.56

54.4

2.34

42.2

Clay.

53.5

24.2

5.15

2.15

14.1

The clay is dried over steam pipes, broken to about one-fourth to 

one-half inch size in a Potts disintegrator, and sent through a
HCKEL.] NEW YORK. 267

Bullock buhrstorie mill, which grinds to about 16 mesh. It is then 

weighed and mixed with the wet marl as both are shoveled into the 

chutes leading to the revolving mixer. The mixture then goes to the 

pug mills and is made into bricks, which are sent to the drying tunnels. ,The lower tier of these tunnels is heated by direct heat, on the 

Cummer system; the upper tier by exhaust steam. Sixteen dome 

kilns are in use. From the kilns the clinker goes to an 18 by 30 inch 

Blake crusher; then to dry pans, receiving its final reduction in 

Sturtevant rock emery mills. The product is marketed as the Genesee 

Way land brand.

Two firms in New York State manufacture, in addition to their natural cements, brands which are marketed as u natural Portlands." The 

limestone is fed; without previous grinding or admixture, direct to 

the kilns. As the limestone used carries, as shown by analyses of

their natural cements, an amount of magnesia (over 8 per cent in the

finished product), at present considered inadmissible in a Portland, 

the value of the resulting cements is problematical. From laboratory 

tests it would seem that they can usualty pass all Portland recjuireuients, though rather low in tensile strength on short-time tests. 

Concerning the qualities which they develop when used in actual work, 

no information has been obtained; but the cements can not be worse 

than some of the poorer foreign Portlands which are unloaded upon 

the American market. Cements of this type can, of course, be placed 

upon the market profitably at a price only slightly above that of 

"natural" cements, the only additional cost being due to a little extra 

expense in grinding the clinker.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF NORTH CAROLINA.

No cement plants have ever been operated in North Carolina, and 

the State will probably never be an important cement producer, because 

of the conditions as to fuel and the lack of local markets. If commercial conditions should justify the erection of a cement plant, however, good raw materials are available.

The limestones suitable for cement manufacture in North Carolina 

fall into two classes, distinct geographically as well as geologically. 

There are (1) the crystalline limestones of western North Carolina; 

(2) the soft limestones of eastern North Carolina.

CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONES.

In the extensive area of metamorphic and igneous rocks, that covers 

the western half of North Carolina, outcrops and beds of ciystalline 

limestones or marbles are common. Many of these marbles are highly 

magnesian in composition, but the specimens used for the analyses 

given below were low in magnesia.
268 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyses of crystalline limestones, North Carolina.

[BULL. 243.

Silica (SiOj) ..............................:...................

Lime (CaO) ...................................................

i

1.20

| .82

52. 90

1.91

-

. 2.93

1.17

49.83

3.61

1. Culbersori quarry, 11 miles southwest of Murphy, Cherokee County.

2. Kinsey quarry, 5 miles southwest of Murphy, Cherokee County. 

Baskerville, analyst. Bull. North Carolina Geol. Survey No. 1, p. 233.

So far as composition goes, these are certainly satisfactory-enough 

for use in cement manufacture, but commercial considerations would 

prevent the erection of a Portland cement plant in this part of the 

State.

SOFT LIMESTONES.

In the eastern part of North Carolina heav}^ beds of soft limestone 

occur in the Eocene and Miocene formations of the coastal plain. These 

soft limestones are the "marls" of early geological reports, but 

should not be confused with the fresh-water marls now so largely used as 

cement materials. The North Carolina limestones are usually low in 

magnesia, but often contain considerable percentages of clayey matter 

or of sand. A deposit free from sand would be an excellent material 

for use in making Portland cement, and clays to complete the mixture 

can readily be obtained in the same formations.

Analyses of soft limestones ("marls"), North Carolina.

No.

1... .......

2..........

3..........

4..........

5... .......

6..........

7..........

8..........

9 ..........

10..........

11..........

Silica 

(SiOs).

4.88

7.27

3.54

4.56

6.97

26.35

20. 39

7.27

1.22

3.54

4.95

Alumina 

(A12 03 ): 

iron oxide

(Fe203 ).

1.60

5.23

.97

1.62

.86

5.47

3.83 

1. 63

1.30

.97

2.30

Lime

(CaO) .

50. 80

48. 55

51. 74

50.04

47.62

33. 03

39. 96 

48.55

52. 90

51. 74

50.59

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.67

1. 39

.50

1.72

1.03

..59

1.42 

1.39

1.07

.50

.58

Alkalies 

(KoO, "0).Nao 

1.79

1.06

1.64

.14

.52

.93

.79 

1.06

.30

1.64

.85

Sulphur 

trioxide 

(SOs).

0. 33

.20

40

.45

.41

.28

.24 

.20

.08

.49

.18

Carbon dioxide 

(COo),

40.60

39. 35

40. 61

40.55

38.15

24.89

32. 46 

39.35

42.33

40. 61

40. 29

Water and 

organic 

matter.

0.27

.45

.16

.58

4.25

6.89

.52 

.45

.46

.16

.26

1. Near Kinston, Neuse River.

2. Twenty-live miles north of Wilmington.

3. Wilmington.

4. Near Newberne.

5. Lumber River, Robeson County.

6. Cape Fear River, 25 miles north of Wilmington.

7. Kenansville, Duplin County.

8. 9. Two miles above Rocky Point, New Hanover County.

10. One mile northeast of Wilmington, New Hanover County.

11. One mile west of Rocky Point, New Hanover County.

1 to 6. Bogardus and ITaniia, analysts; vol. 6, Tenth Census Reports, p. 554.

7 to 11. Quoted by Kerr, Rept. Geol. Survey North Carolina, vol. 1, pp. 191.
BCKBL.] NORTH DAKOTA, OHIO. 269 

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF NORTH DAKOTA.

Only one limestone formation of any importance the Niobrara chalk, 

of Cretaceous age is found in North Dakota, and even this is almost 

entirely concealed by a thick covering of drift. The Niobrara chalk 

is the formation which is now utilized for Portland-cement manufacture at Yankton, S. Dak., while it gives promise of being a future 

source of cement material in Nebraska and Iowa.

The physical characters and chemical composition of the Niobrara 

chalk throughout various portions of its range are fully described in 

the text relating to deposits in the States above mentioned, and analyses will be found on pages 148 and 301. It is of peculiar value as a 

Portland-cement material, both because of its softness,.which permits 

it to be easily crushed and pulverized, and because of its usual freedom 

from magnesia and other injurious ingredients. Outcrops of the Niobrara chalk, moreover, are commonly capped by clays of the Pierre 

group, which furnish admirable materials for mixing with the chalk.

Portland cement manufacture has been attempted at only one point 

in North Dakota, and here the Niobrara chalk was found to be too low 

in lime to be used for this purpose. Analyses of the materials at this 

point will be found in the section on natural cement, page 352.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF OHIO.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

The geologic groups which contain low-magnesia limestones in Ohio 

are the following:

(1) Trenton limestone.

(2) Cincinnati series of limestones and shales.

(3) Clinton limestone.

(4) Corniferons (Devonian) limestone.

(5) Maxville (Mississippian) limestone.

(6) Ferriferous and other Coal Measure (Pennsylvania) limestones.

(7) Quaternary marls.

The distribution throughout the State of the first six of these limestone groups is shown on the map, PI. XII.

TRENTON SERIES.*

, This series consists of shale and pure limestone. It outcrops as a 

narrow strip along the.Ohio River from the mouth of the Little Miami 

to a point a mile or two above New Richmond. This is the formation 

that the Mentor plant on the south side of the Ohio River has been 

planned to use.

In view of the cheapness of fuel and transportation, the abundance 

and its general excellence of material, and the ease with which it may 

be procured, the strips bordering the Ohio River from Madison, Ind., 

to Maysville, K}7 ., seem to offer unusually promising locations for 

Portland cement plants.

a Most of the notes on the Trenton and Cincinnati limestones were contributed by Mr. E. 0. Ulrich 

of the U. S. Geol. Survey. . >
270 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

CINCINNATI GROUP.

This series may be separated into three well-marked divisions or 

groups. The lower division, about 250 feet thick, consists almost 

entirely of shale; the middle division, 200-250 feet thick, contains 

numerous layers of limestone from 3 feet to 20 feet thick, the lower, 

half constituting the "Hill Quarry beds" at Cincinnati. The upper 

division (Richmond group) consists of numerous alternating beds of soft 

shale and limestone, with usually a( heavy bed of shale at the base and top.

Analyses of Trenton and Cincinnati limestones, Ohio.

No.

1.. ........................

2..........................

3...........................

4..........................

Silica (SiO2 ).

23.48

10.80

7.04

12.00

Alumina 

.(A12 03 ); 

iron oxide 

(Fe2 03).

3.40

1.40

«3. 78

7.00

Lime (CaO).

39.93

48.50

49.28

44.41

Magnesia 

(MgO).

0.91

.54

.98

.44

Carbon 

dioxide 

(C02); 

water.

32.35

38.69

38.72

35.36

a Alumina, 2.48; iron oxide, 1.30.

1. Limestone in Trenton series, river quarries, Cincinnati. VVormley, analyst. Geol. Survey Ohio, 

vol.1, p. 374.

2. Limestone in Trenton series, New Richmond. Wormley, analyst. Geol. Svrvey, Ohio, vol.1, 

p. 374.

3. Limestone bed in Cincinnati series, Cincinnati. W. Simonson, analyst.

4. Limestone in Trenton series, Point Pleasant. Wormley, analyst. Geol. Survey, Ohio, vol. 1, 

p. 374.

CLINTON LIMESTONES.

The Clinton limestones, exposed and quarried at many points in the 

southwestern quarter of Ohio, are commonly fairly low in magnesia. 

They range from 80 to .95 per cent in lime carbonate, rarely going above 

the latter limit. Occasional beds are almost free from magnesium 

carbonate, while others may carry 10 per cent of this constituent.

Analyses of Clinton limestones, Ohio.

' No.

I......................................

2 ....................................

3...... ..............................

4....................................

5 ....................................

6 ....................................

7....................................

8....................................

9....................................

Silica (Si02 ).

1.30

2.00

.07

.80

2.20

.83

.45

1.64

. .70

Alumina 

(A12 03); 

iron oxide 

(Fe.A).

0.55

1.60

.40

1.20

2.00

.29

.26

..36

.41

Lime carbonate 

(CaC03 ).

90.03

93.00

95.60

91.30

84.50

96.80

95.03

97.09

97.14

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOj).

5.71

3.04

3.93

6.51

11.16

2.07.

4.35

.82

1.21

1. Dayton, Montgomery County.

2. Adams County.

3. New Carlisle, Miami County.

4. Smiths quarry, Ludlow Falls.

5. McDonald's quarry, Xenia, Greene County.

6. New Carlisle, Clarke County.

7. Piqua, Greene County.

8. 9. Osborn, Greene County.

Analyses 1-5 byT. G. Wormley, Kept. Geol. Survey Ohio, 1870, pp. 449-450; analyses 6-9 by N. W. Lord, 

Kept. Geol. Survey Ohio, vol. 6, pp. 728-729.
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO.£43 PL.XII

34. BLACKFORD

35. JAY

3?! DELAWARE

38. MADISON

39. HAMILTON

40. 8OONE

41. MONTGOMER

42. FOUNTAIN 

48. VERMILION

GEOLOGIC MAP

OF

OHIO AND INDIANA

compiled froiu Orton's map of Ohio, 1894, and 

Phinney's map of Indiana, U. S. G. S., 1890

Scale

CARBONIFEROUS DEVONIAN ORDOVICIAN

Coal JMeaiures Mlselseipplan limestone 

and sandstone

Hamilton shale Lo'wer Helderberg and Niaorara, Clinton and Medina Cincinnati shale and limestone 

and Cornlferota limestone Sal In a limestone limestones and shales and Trenton limestone
ECKEL.] OHIO. 271

CORNIFEROUS LIMESTONES.

The Corniferous limestones, which correspond approximately to the 

Onondaga or upper Helderberg limestones of New York, contain 

heavy beds of magnesian limestones, with a smaller amount of limestones low in magnesia. The variation in this respect that may exist 

in a single quarry is well shown by the following series of analyses 

quoted from reports of the Ohio Geological Survey:

Variations in composition of limestone from various quarries.

No.

1 ....................................

2...................................

3 ...................................

4...................................

5...................................

6............... ...................

7 ...................................

8......... ..........................

9 ......... .^.. ......................

10...................................

11 ..................................

12. .................................

13. ..................................

14 ...........................;......

15 ...................................

16...............:...................

Silica (Si02 ).

3.20

4.60

2.92

1.35

 1.57

1.92

2.20

1.65

.85

1.49

1.05

.1.65

1.00

2.65

1.55

2.70

Alumina 

(A12 03 ); 

iron oxide 

(Fe203).

4.00

1.25

 4. 33

6.01

3.05

1.85

1.97

2.65

.27

.15

.20

.14

.37

.44

.18

3.30

Lime carbonate 

(CaC03 ).

88.30

80.40

84.70

92.00

85.55

74.00

66.15

72.85

97.28

87. 10

89.16

77.22

89.20

77.23

78.60

' 65. 80

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgC03 ).

2.58

13.80

8.64

.56

10.39

 21.46

27.97

22. 38

2.00

10.96

9.48

20.19

q «4

18.55

19.79

27.95

Analyses 1-8 are of different beds in a quarry at Owen station, Marion County.

Analyses 9-12 are of different beds in the Kelley quarries, on Kelleys Island.

Analyses 13-16 are of beds in the Hartshorn quarries, on the Marblehead peninsula near Sandusky.
272 CEMENT MATEKIALS .AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The analyses below have been selected as representing the low-magnesia beds which occur in this formation:

Analyses of Cormferous limestones, Ohio.

No.

1 ..................................

2...................................

3 ...................................

4...................................

5. ................................

6 ...... ...........................

7 ...................................

8..................... .............

9.......................:...........

10...................................

11 ...................................

Silica 

(Si02 ).

3.20

4.90

4.95

5.40

16.06

25. 00

1.41

3.20

1.35

.85

Alumina 

(Alo03) : 

iron oxide

(FeoOs).

0.80

1.74

.09

.46

3.80

2.80

1.20

2.10

4.00

6.01

.27

Lime car-- 

bonate 

(CaCO:i ).

94.80

93.21

89.60

90.77

88.40

72.82

65.80

93.28

88.30

92.00

97.28

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgC03 ).

1.21

4.70

4.41

3.26

1 Qfi

5.99

8.02

2.69

2.58

.56

2.00

1. Price quarry, Columbus, Franklin County. E. Orton, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. 6 (continued), p. 432.

2. Casparis quarry, Columbus, Franklin County. Chemist of Cleveland Rolling Mills, analyst. 

Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6 (continued), p. 432.

3,4. Lilley's quarry, Columbus, Franklin County. N. W. Lord, analyst. Geol. Survey Ohio, vol. 6, 

p. 763.

5,6,7. State quarry, Columbus, Franklin County. C. C. Howard, analyst. Geol. Survey Ohio, 

vol. 4, p. 617.

8. Stitt quarry, Columbus, Franklin County. C. L. Mees, analyst. Geol. Survey Ohio, vol.4,p.936.

9,10. Owen Station, Marion County. N. W. Lord, analyst. Geol. Survey Ohio, vol. 6, p. 769.

11. Kelley quarries, Kelleys Island. N. W. Lord, analyst. Geol. Survey Ohio, vol. 6, p. 753.

MAXVILLE (LOWER CARBONIFEROUS) LIMESTONES.

The coal fields of Ohio are encircled by a belt of Lower Carbonifer 

ous (Mississippian) rocks. Included in this series is a prominent limestone formation the Maxvilie limestone. This limestone is usually

low in magnesia and fairly high in lime. It will usually range from 

80 to 90 per cent in lime carbonate, as shown by the analyses below.

Analyses of Maxville (lower Carboniferous] limestone, Ohio.

No. '

1 ....................................

2...................................'.

3 ....................................

4 ....................................

5....................................

Silica (Si02 ).

3.02

5.91

9.01

11.58

4.28

Alumina 

(Al9O;i ); iron 

oxide 

(Fe2 03).

1.60

2.99

1.18

2.68

16.09

Lime carbonate 

(CaC03 ).

. 93. 08

89. 31 '

88.71

82.88

79.18

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCO,).

1.59

1.52

.54

2.23

1.96

1. Glenford, Perry County.

2. Winona Furnace, Hocking County.

3. 4, 5. Webb Summit.

The analyses are taken from Kept. Geol, Survey Ohio, vol. 4, p. 934.
ECKEL.] OHIO. 273

COAL MEASURES LIMESTONES.

Limestone beds occur at intervals throughout the Coal Measures of 

Ohio, as in the adjoining area of Pennsylvania. Most of these limestones are of only local importance, and require no description here. 

One limestone formation, however :the Ferriferous or Vanport limestone now furnishes cement material to four Portland cement plants 

in Ohio and to one just across the border in Pennsylvania. It varies 

in thickness from 8 to 16 feet or more, and is always low in magnesia. 

It is usually also low in lime, ranging from 80 to 90 per cent in 

lime carbonate. The following analyses are representative of its 

composition:

Analyses of the "Ferriferous" (Coal Measures) limestone, Ohio.

No.

1 ...................................

2 ...................................

3 ...................................

4 ...................................

5..... .............................

6...................................

7 ...................................

8...................................

9 .................................:.

10....... ...........................

Silica

(SiO,).

0.60

1.67

.86

1.72

. ' 3. 24

2.90

1.00

1.00

5.40

.56

Alumina 

(A120,);

iron oxide 

(Fe2 03 ).

1.40

1.36

« 1. 66

&S.22

2.26

2.71

1.00

6.80

2.00

. ci.52

Lime 

carbonate

(CaCO.,).

97.32

95.40

96. 18

87.07

93. 24

92.02

94.20

88.80

88.00

97.23

Magnesium 

carbonate

(MgCO;,).

0.45

1.38

n.d.

n.d.

2.19

1.85

.76

1.20

1. 51.

.75

"Alumina, 0.63; iron oxide, 1.03. ''Alumina, 1.63; iron oxide, 6.59. 

(- Alumina, 1.23; iron oxide, 0.29.

1. Eifert, Lawrence County. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6 (continued), p. 432.

2. Iron ton, Lawrence County. N. W. Lord, analyst, Geol. Survey Ohio, vol. 5, p. 1109.

3. 4. Jronton, Lawrence County. C. D. Quick, analyst.

5. Lowellville, Mahoning County. N. W. Lord, analyst, Geol. Survey Ohio, vol. 6, p. 1109.

6. Holmes County. N. W. Lord, analyst, Geol. Survey Ohio, vol 5, p. 1109.

7. 8, 9. Star Furnace. T. G. Wormley, analyst, Kept. Geol. Survey Ohio, 1870, p. 450. 

10. Texas Hollow. W. S. Trueblood, analyst.

Q UA TERN AH Y MARLS.

Marl deposits occur at various points in Ohio, but apparently are 

not so extensive as those in Indiana and Michigan. .At present four 

plants are using marl as a Portland cement material.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY.

As noted above, Ohio'at present ranks seventh as a producer of 

Portland cement. In 1904 eight Portland-cement plants were in operation in the State. Four of these, located in eastern and southeastern 

Ohio, employed the Ferriferous limestone with shale as raw materials;

Bull. 243 05 18
274 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

the other four, located in central and northwestern Ohio, used a mixture of marl and clay. The limestone plants are the Diamond Portland 

Cement Company, of Middle Branch, Ohio; the Ironton Portland 

Cement Company, of Ironton, Ohio; the Alma Portland Cement Company, of Wellston, Ohio, and the Wellston Portland Cement Company, 

of Wellston, Ohio. All of these plants, with the possible exception 

of the new Alma, mix Carboniferous shales with limestone.

Analyses of limestones and shales used in Ohio. 

LIMESTONES.

Silica (Si02 )....... ...........

Alumina ( A12 03) .............

Lime (CaO)... ...............

Magnesia (MgO) .............

Sulphur trioxide (SOS ) ........

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........

1

0.86

.63

1.03

53.86

n.d.

n.d.

43.20

2

3.53

1 1.14

54.45

.44

n.d.

38.74

3

0.56

f 1.23

I .29

. 54.45

.36

tr.

43.17

4

4.20

1.61

1.90

50.66

.73

.23

40.60

0

1.30

.73

1.17

53.34

7K .75

tr.

42.72

SHALES.

Silica (SiO,). ...... ..........

Alumina ( A1203 ) .............

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) ...........

Lime (CaO) .................

Magnesia (MgO) .....'........

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) .......

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........

6

60.00

23.26

4.32

.90

1.12

n.d.

n.d.

7

55.00

21.79

9.26

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

8

60.15

19.78

9.10

.52

.10

tr.

11. d.

9

62.67

19.99.

5.46

1.25

.72

n.d.

n.d.

10

63.30

| 26. 00

1. 25

1.25

n. d.

n.d.

11

69.49

16.42

2.29

.78

n.d.

5.43

1. 6. Ironton Portland Cement Company. C. D. Quick, analyst.

2. 11. Alma Portland Cement Company. Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6 (continued), p. 402.

3,10. Wellston Portland Cement Company. W. S. Trueblood, analyst. 

4, 5, 7, 8, 9. Diamond Portland Cement Company. E. Davidson, analyst.

Tho plants using marl are the Sandusky Portland Cement Company, of Bay Bridge, Ohio; the Castalia Portland Cement Company, 

of Castalia, Ohio; the Buckeye Portland Cement Company, of Rushsylvania, Ohio, and the Alta Portland Cement Company, of Rushsylvania, Ohio.

Of these plants the Buckeye and Alta use marl from wet swamp 

deposits, while the Castalia uses marl from a deposit which is now, 

practically dry. The Sandusky, having almost exhausted its marl 

deposit, is now using limestone as part of its charge and will probably 

soon use it entirely. The clays used at all these marl plants are 

obtained from Quaternary deposits in the immediate vicinity of the 

marl beds.
ECKEL.] OHIO, OKLAHOMA.

Analyses of marls and clays used in Ohw.

275

Silica (SiO,) .................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ...........

Lime(CaO).. ................

Alkalies (K20, Na,0) .........

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........

Marls.

1

1.98 

} .97

50.95 

.55 

.12 

.10 

40. 03

2

0.26 

.20

52.86 

n.d. 

n. d. 

n.d. 

ri. d.

Clays.

3

47.45 

19.85

17. 80 

.09 

4.34 

1.03 

.57

4

59.10 

24.01

2.2 

2.0 

n.d. 

n.d. 

n.d.

5

51.56 

t 14. 50 

I 3.84 

9.8 

n. d. 

n.d. 

tr. 

7.7

1. 3. Buckeye Portland Cement Company. Mineral Industry, YOl. 1, p. 52.

2. 4, 5. Castalia Portland Cement Company.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF OKLAHOMA.

Limestones occur in three distinct areas in Oklahoma, and are of 

three different geologic ages Cretaceous, Carboniferous, and Ordovician (" Lower Silurian"). Little is on recorfl concerning the exact 

distribution or composition of any of these limestones. In general, 

it may be said that those of Cretaceous age occur in the extreme western part of the Territory; that they are shell limestones and probably 

low in magnesia. The following description of the Carboniferous 

and Ordovician limestones is taken from a paper by Mr. C. N. Gould, 

published in Stone, volume 23, pages 351-354. Though containing no 

analyses, it indicates the general distribution and value of the limestones in question.

There are in Oklahoma two localities from which limestone for building purposes 

may be obtained in large quantities. The first of these is in the northeastern part 

of the Territory, in Kay, Noble, Payne, and Pawnee counties, and in the Osage, 

Kaw, Ponca, and Otoe reservations. The second locality is in the newly-opened 

Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, in the eastern part of Comanche County. It is 

the purpose of. this article to discuss in some detail the rock of the two localities and 

to indicate briefly the logical market of the stone of each locality.

The limestone in the northeastern part of the Territory is obtained from the southern part of the Flint Hills. The Flint Hills extend practically north and south for 

more than 300 miles, from the Platte to the Cimarron. They are hills of erosion 

carved out by the action of water from the heavy limestone ledges which occur in 

the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of the region. Much of the Kansas 

building stone is obtained from this range of hills. Quarries at Manhattan, Junction 

City, Cottonwood Falls, Florence. Winfleld, and Arkansas City, Kans., as well as 

those near the mouth of the Platte in eastern Nebraska, are from the same general 

horizon. ' .

The Arkansas River on its way from the mountains to the Mississippi strikes the 

Flint Hills near the Kansas-Oklahoma line. From Pueblo to Arkansas City the 

river flows over soft yielding rocks that have been hollowed out by water into a
276 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

broad shallow valley. At Hutchinson or Wichita, Kans.., for example, there are no 

bluffs, and the valley is from 10 to 20 miles wide. Near Geuda Springs, Kans., the 

river begins to narrow rapidly. The first ledge of limestone is crossed at the dam 

5 miles west of Arkansas City. Near the mouth of the Walnut, just north of the 

Kansas-Oklahoma line, the heavy bluffs of limestone appear, and from this point to 

the southeast corner of the Osage Nation the river flows in a series of ox-bow bends, 

seeking its tortuous way in and out among the Flint Hills. As the crow flies this 

distance does not exceed 80 miles, but the water of the river flows at least twice that 

distance. ' In one place two bends of the river approach within a mile and a half of 

each other, while to follow the channel a person would have to travel more than 

9 miles. Throughout the greater part of this course the bluffs are high arid precipitous. The valley is perhaps 2 miles wide on an average, nearly half of this being 

occupied by the sandy channel of the stream. In places, however, the distance 

from bluff to bluff is not more than a mile.

The smaller streams tributary to the Arkansas in this region have usually carved 

deep channels through the limestone ledges. These ledges follow the sinuous course 

of the streams, outcropping along the bluffs and forming in many places conspicuous 

outlines. It is from these ledges, which, as stated above, form the southern extension of the Flint Hills, that the limestone is obtained. Half a dozen or more ledges 

outcrop between the bed of the river and the top of the hills to the west. In the 

hills in the Osage and Kaw reservations east of the river there are perhaps as many 

more, each from 5 to 25 feet thick.

The stone is, in general, a rather fine-grained, gray, or nearly white, massive limestone. For building purposes it is easily the equal of the best stone from the Winfield or Cottonwood Falls quarries. Indeed, it will be a matter of surprise if time 

shall not demonstrate that the Oklahoma stone will outlast most of that obtained 

from Kansas. The supply is inexhaustible. Kay County alone can supply.Oklahoma with building material for hundreds of years and scarcely know Avhere it came 

from.

Business blocks in Newkirk, Ponca City, and Pawnee are built of stone obtained 

from the local quarries. These buildings rival in appearance the finest blocks built 

from Kansas stone. Throughout the region dressed-stone farmhouses are rapidly 

springing up. The stone house built by Governor William M. Jenkins while he 

was yet a Kay County fanner stands on his claim, 2 miles southeast of Newkirk. 

This is one of the first two-story stone houses ever built in " the Strip."

Dimension stone of all shapes and sizes, flagging, and rubble are obtained from 

the various quarries. Not long ago a block of 12 feet square and 30 inches thick 

was shipped. One of the most practical purposes to which the stone is being put, 

however, is the manufacture of stone posts. The rock splits readily into almost any 

required size. Advantage is taken of this fact to secure a long, slender* block suitable 

for a fence post. Posts from 5 to 7 feet long are split down to 6 by 8 inches, and 

posts 15 feet long are often secured. These posts sell in the quarry for from 20 to 35 

cents each, according to the size, and are rapidly replacing the wooden posts formerly used. They are very similar to the limestone posts from the Benton Cretaceous 

in central Kansas, and seem destined to serve as important a part in the development of the country as do the latter.

Standing upon almost any one of the high hills east of Kildare, or New..~irk, in 

Kay County, a person may see not only the white stone houses nestled away in the 

valleys or crowning the knolls, but also the lines of white posts stretching for miles 

across the country. It seems but a question of a few years till the greater part of the 

farmhouses of the county will be built of stone, and stone posts will replace the last 

of the wooden posts throughout the region.

The limestone of the second locality, while more restricted in area than that of the 

Flint Hills, is still more than sufficient to supply the southwestern part of Oklahoma
HCKHL.] OKLAHOMA, OREGON. .277

with building stone for generations. Oieologically this stone is much older than that 

I have just discussed, in general, it belongs to the Ordovician, or even the upper 

Cambrian, and is thus classed among the oldest of the stratified rocks. In this 

region the limestone occurs as outlying hills, flanking the .Wichita Mountains on the 

northeast and southeast.

The Wichita Mountains are nothing but the tops of buried mountain ranges sticking up'out of a sea of plain. They are composed of igneous rocks, chiefly granite, 

gabbro, and porphyry. These, of themselves, are of course excellent building, stone. 

At the present time these mountains are full of prospectors and miners. For seventy 

years reports of gold and silver have been coming from these mountains. 'Whether 

. or not anything more tangible than reports will ever be obtained remains to be 

proven.

The Ordovician outliers trend northwest and southeast, parallel to the main range. 

From Fort Sill these hills extend for nearly 40 miles to the northwest, and in places 

are 15 miles across. Southwest of the fort the hills extend for 12 miles or more. The 

stone is, in general, rather coarse grained, and in places is almost marbleized. it is 

usually much faulted and folded, often standing on edge, showing that the region has

been subjected to great pressure.

The Government buildings barracks, officers' quarters, and stables at Fort Sill 

have been constructed of limestone taken from a quarry on the reservation a mile 

southeast of the post, it makes a splendid building stone. The prevailing colors 

as seen in the building are light gray and brownish or yellowish gray. This fort, 

perhaps as much on account of the material composing the buildings as upon its location, seems destined to be occupied by Government troops long after all other posts 

in Oklahoma and the Indian Territory have been abandoned. Forts Gibson, Washita, 

Arbuckle, and Supply, where the buildings were principally of wood, have all'been 

vacated by the Government, and it is unlikely that Fort Reno will long remain occupied. Fort Sill, on the contrary, will probably long remain a monument, in part at 

least to the.character of the rock composing the buildings.

A word with regard to market and transportation facilities. The Flint Hills 

region is cut by the Santa Fe Railroad, and, for the present at least, the products of 

these quarries must be shipped over this road. It is the logical source of supply for 

such cities as Guthrie and Oklahoma City, in which at the present time there is 

much building being done. Unfortunately for the Oklahoma stone industry, however, there are as yet no spurs to any of the quarries in this locality. It thus happens that the stone from many of the buildings in these'cities is obtained from southern Kansas, at a considerably higher cost than natural conditions warrant. Newkirk 

stone, however, is already on the market and the demand is steadily increasing.

In the Wichita region the Rock Island Railroad runs within less than a mile of 

the limestone hills. The resources of the region are as yet practically undeveloped. 

In time, however, this stone promises to become one of the important factors in the 

development of this wonderfully rich and fertile region.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF OREGON."

Little attention has been paid by prospectors to any of the nonmetalliferous mineral resources of Oregon except coal. In consequence, 

tbe data presented below on the distribution and composition of Oregon limestones are too scanty to be satisfactory for the purposes of

«For much of the data here given in regard to Oregon limestones the writer is indebted to a report 

by Mr. Herbert Lang, published in The Resources of the State of Oregon, a handbook issued in 1892 

by the State board of agriculture. Dr. ,). S. Diller has also aided him greatly by contributing data on 

the character and distribution of the limestones of southwestern Oregon, based on his work in that 

region.
278 . CEMENT MATERIALS A"ND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

the present bulletin. It is probable that workable limestone deposits, 

other than those described below, exist in various parts of the State. 

So far as known, however, the more important limestone deposits of 

Oregon occur in two widely separated disti icts in the southwestern 

and the northeastern portions of the State.

MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN OREGON.

The limestones of southwestern Oregon are well developed at a 

number of points in Jackson and Josephine counties, and have been 

used to a considerable extent for lime burning and flux. These limestones are generally of uncertain age some are Devonian, others most 

likely Carboniferous, and a few certainly Cretaceous. They occur as 

a series of lenses of greater or lesser size in the partially altered rocks 

of the district.

Several of these lenticular bodies of limestone outcrop in the neighborhood of Rock Point, on Rogue River, in Jackson County, and have 

been extensively exploited for various purposes. A small quantit}7 

has been burned locally into lime, some has been shipped to the Portland lead smelters as flux, while a larger amount has been shipped 

to Portland and burned there into lime. Stone for building purposes 

has also been derived from this series of limestone beds.

An analysis of the Rock Point limestone, made by Mr. J. S. Phillips, 

follows:

Analysis of limestone from Rock Point, Oreg.

Silica (Si08 ) ................................................ ......^....... 3.1

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) .....................:..........:....................... 2.2

Lime carbonate' (CaC03 )................................. ^................. 89. 4

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) .....................~...................... 5. 3

The belt of limestone lenses extends southwest from Rock Point,

with several prominent cutcrops on the tributaries of Applegate, 

especially on Steamboat, and on Williams Creek, where the massive 

limestone has celebrated caverns. Similar bodies occur on Sucker 

Creek, southeast of Waldo, near the California line. Their distribution 

is extremely irregular, owing to the predominance of igneous rocks. 

Very large deposits are said to occur near the California line, on Williams Creek, in the extreme southeastern corner of Josephine County.

MATERIALS IN NORTHEASTERN OREGON.

Of the limestone deposits of northeastern Oregon the largest and 

most accessible seems to be on Burnt River, about 3 miles above Hutchirison, Baker County. The limestone beds at this point are associated 

with shales, and the entire series is upturned to give a steep dip. The 

river has cut through the beds, exposing a thickness of about 100 feet 

of limestone. This stone is remarkably pure, carrying usually less
ECKEL.] OREGON, PENNSYLVANIA. 279

than 1 per cent of silica, alumina, and iron oxide. Its quality, quantity, and proximity to the railroad and to a series of shale beds make 

it worth considering as a possible source of Portland-cement material.

The same series of beds outcrop in the hills to the southwest and 

northeast and continue into Idaho, where they form important deposits. 

Large limekilns are now in operation at several points on this line of 

outcrop.

Limestone deposits of considerable size occur in other parts of 

Baker County, the most important at present being one which is 

extensively worked for lime about 14 miles from Baker City. Other 

deposits occur in Grant County, and very thick and extensive beds of 

blue limestone are said to cover mucK of Union County. In Wallowa 

County deposits of marbles occur, which may be of service for cement.

POBTLAKD-CEMENT RESOURCES OF PENNSYLVANIA.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

A number of limestones suitable for use as Portland-cement materials occur in Pennsylvania, though only one of them has as yet been 

extensively used for this purpose. For description these limestones 

may be conveniently grouped as follows:

(1) Trenton limestone (Ordoyician).

(2) Helclerberg or Lewistown limestone (Silurian).

(3) Carboniferous limestones.

TRENTON LIMESTONE. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Trenton limestone, which furnishes the well-known " cement 

rock" of the Lehigh district, occurs in varying development in the 

counties of Northampton, Lehigh, Berks, Lebanon, Dauphin, Cumberland, Franklin, Lancaster, Center, and Blair, and to a much less 

extent in several other counties of southeastern Pennsylvania.

Throughout its range it is underlain by a highly magnesian (Kittatinnj^) limestone and overlain by a thick series of (Martinsburg and 

Hudson) shales and slates. Further details concerning its geologic 

occurrence in its most typical area will be found in the section on 

cement manufacture in the Lehigh district, on page 284. The distribution of the Trenton limestone in Pennsylvania is shown in a general 

way on PI. XIII.

COMPOSITION.

The Trenton limestone, wherever it occurs, is almost invariably low 

in magnesia, and is therefore almost always an excellent Portlandcement material. At times its value as a cement material is increased
280 CEMENT MATEBIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

by the presence of a high percentage of clayey matter, as is well 

shown in the " cement rock" of the Lehigh district.

The following table of analyses shows the composition of samples 

of Trenton limestone from various localities in Pennsylvania. No 

analyses from localities in the Lehigh district are given in this table, 

as this district is discussed in considerable detail below (p. 284).

Analyses of Trenton, limestones, Pennsylvania.®

1...... .................. .........

2..................................

3.................'.................

4.... ..............................

5.. .................. .1..... .......

6..................................

7..................................

8..................................

9............................ .....

10..................................

11..................................

^2. .................... ............

13... .....................:.......

14..................................

15..................................

i

Silica (Si02 ).

0. 91 

.4.38

5.88

 3.62

.54

.39

.82

.76

 4.30

2.51

2.55

8.41

8.84

.98

.2.66

Alumina 

(A1203), 

iron oxide 

(FejOa).

0.26

.64

1.68

.19

.20

.32

.38

.43

.36

.60

n.d.

.57

.81

.26

.26

Lime carbonate 

(CaCOs).

94.98

91. 89

90.39

92.12

97.89

98.32

97.53

 97. 65

86.13

90. 63

92.00

86. 36

89.18

97. 32

95. 07

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgC08 ).

3.87

2.88

2.25

4.23

1.29

1.17

1.21

1.13

8.86

6.17

4.54

5.24

.96

1.29

1.04

«From Reports Ml, M2, M3, Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania A. S. McCreath, analyst.

1. Mount Etna Furnace, Blair County.

2. Hodman Furnace, Blair County.

3. 4. Tyrone, Blair County.

5, 6, 7. Shortlidge quarry, Bellefonte, Center County.

8. Campbell quarry, near Bellefonte, Center County.

9,10. Rutherford quarry, near Harrisburg, Dauphin County.

11. Cumbler quarry, near Harrisburg, Dauphin County.

12. Craighead .quarry, Mount Holly, Cumberland County.

13. Mont Alto, Franklin County.

14. Williamson, Franklin County.

15. Rauchs Gap, Clinton County.

HELDERBERG OR LEWJSTOWN LIMESTONE. 

DISTRIBUTION.

The Helderberg limestone outcrops in central and eastern Pennsylvania in a series of narrow bands whose distribution is too complicated 

to be readily described, but is shown on PI. XIII.
ECKEL.] PENNSYLVANIA. 231

COMPOSITION.

Analyses of Helderberg limestone, Pennsylvania. a

No. Silica

Alumina

(A1203 );

Iron oxide

Lime car- 

\ bonate 

(CaC03 ).

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCOj),

Sulphur

(S).

1.......................... 2.50

2.......................... 3.00

3....'...................... 3.'02

4.......................... 1.80

5.......................... 1.62

6............................ 10.85

7........................... 1.69

8.......................... 5.70

9 9 QQ ....,............,.;....«. LI* 00

10.................... ...... 5.04

n.........................; 5.30

12.......................... 49.03

13.......................... 21.68

14.......................... 15.72

15.......................... 6.53

16.......................:.. 2.85

17........................ 7.86

18................. 1........ 11.93

19........................... 4.25

20.......................... 3.92

21.......................... 7.65

22.......................... 3.02

23..........'....:........... 4.26

24............................ 20.24

25.......................... 3.61

26.......................... 5.94

0.84

.64

.57

.80

.65

.58

.44

1.77

.70

1.14

1.78

1.67

4.66

2.55

1.21

.70

2.11

1.36

.84

.68

.71

.54.

1.10

2.97

1.11

1.26

95.66

95.09

95.57

95.25

96.16

84.78

96.14

90.90

94.03

91.12

89.29

47. 30

70.59

71.73

89.64

94.28

87.93

82.73

93. 27

93. 87

88.82

94.28

92.20

73.43

90.18

89. 39

1.55

1.58

1.52

2.27

1.59

3.86

1.60

2.16

1.97

1.57

2.56

2.01

1.74

7.62

1.82

1.53

1.94

2.83

1.38

1.31

2.34

2.12

2.17

2.65

4. 31

3.25

0.10 

.03 

.03 

.05 

.07 

.05 

.05 

.08

.06 

.03 

'.06 

.15 

.03

n. d.

n. d. 

.06 

.23 

.70 

.11 

.15 

.21 

.21 

.15

n. d. 

.25 

.27

"From Reports Ml, M2, M3, Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania. A. S. McCreatli, analyst.

I, 2, 3. Baker quarry, Altoona, Blair County.

4. Creswell quarry, Hollidaysburg, Blair County.

5. Manning quarry, Hollidaysburg, Blair County.

6. Loop quarry, Hollidaysburg, Blair County.

7. Sarah furnace, Blair County.

8. 9,10. Hudson quarry, Three Springs, Huntingdon County.

II,12. McCarthy quarry, Saltillo, Huntingdon County.

13. Jersey Shore, Lycoming County.

14. 15. Still quarry,'2 miles northeast Montebello Narrows, Perry County.

16-17. Bossardville, Hamilton Township, Monroe County.

18-21. Van Aukcn quarry, Middle Smithfield Township, Monroe County.

22-23. Brown quarry, Smithlield Township, Monroe County.

24. Experiment Mil'ls quarry, near Delaware Water Gap, Monroe County.

25-26. Poxono Island, Monroe County.

A deposit of limestone near Kings Rock, on Susquehanna River 

in Lycoming Count}', belonging to this series, is described by Mr. 

Uriah Cummings in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the United 

States Geological Survey, part 3, pages 889-890. He states that
282 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

a natural cement of the following composition had been made from

this rock:

Analysis of natural cement, Kings Rock, Pa. 

Silica (Si02 ).............................................................. 28.14

Alumina (A12 03 ) .-..-.-..---.-...-..-.-.-......-..'..---.-.-...-....---.. 9.10

Iron oxide (FeO).......................................................... 3. 20

Lime (CaO).............................................................. 53.34

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................................... 1. 00

Alkalies (K2 0, Na20)..................................................... 2.80

Water and loss........................................................... 2.40

Such an analysis of a natural cement would imply that the rock from 

which it was made was closely similar in composition to the cement 

rock of the Lehigh district, and that the addition of 10 per cent or so 

of pure limestone would give a good Portland cement.

CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONES. 

DISTRIBUTION.

Names and stratigraphic position of Carboniferous limestones, Pennsylvania.

Geologic group.

Dunkard formation or 

Upper Barren measures.

Monongahela formation or Upper Productive Measures.

Conemaugh formation

or Lower Barren

measures.

Allegheny formation 

or Lower Productive

measures.

Pottsville formation . . .

Mauch Chunk formation.

Pocono formation .....

Name of limestone.

Upper Washington 

limestone.

Waynesburg limestone .

Benwood or Great limestone.

Sewickley or Fishpot 

limestone.

Bedstone limestone. . . . .

Pittsburg limestone. ....

Elk Lick limestone. ....

Ames or Crinoidal limestone.

Upper Freeport limestone.

Lower Freeport limestone.

Johnstown limestone . . .

Vanport or Ferriferous 

limestone.

Upper Mercer limestone.

Lo wer M ercer limestone .

Greenbrier or Mountain 

limestone.

Siliceous limestone .....

Benezette limestone ....

Thickness.

Feet. 

30

35 

73

30

10

12

6

8

28

5

10

20

4

3

30

60

7

Stratigraphic position.

At top of Washington 

formation, 250 to 425 

feet above the Waynesburg coal.

20 feet below the Waynesburg coal.

120 feet above the Pittsburg coal.

100 feet or more above the 

Pittsburg coal.

60 to 100 feet above the 

Pittsburg coal.

20 feet below the Pittsburg 

coal.

Between Pittsburg and Upper Freeport coal.

Do. q

Below Upper Freeport coal.

Below the Lower Freeport 

coal.

Below the Upper Kittanning coal.

Below the Lower Kittanning coal. ,
ECKEL.] PENNSYLVANIA. 283

COMPOSITION.

Analyses of Ferriferous or Vanport limestone, Pennsylvania,.®

No. Silica 

(SiOs).

Alumina

(AljO,);

Iron oxide

(Fe2 03 ).

Lime 

carbonate 

(CaCOa).

Magnesium 

carbonate 

(MgCO:t).

1.."..................................- 2.03

2..........................!'......-. 1.79

3.................................. 2.30

4.................................. 2.11

5.................................. 2.10

6.................................. 3.42

7................................... 3.22

8.....................'............. 2.19

9.................................. 1.96

10.................................. ,' 1.78

11.................................. 1.11

12.................................. ; 1.91

13.................................. 2. 04

14.................................. 1.30.

15.................................. ;' 1.28

16.................................. 2.39

17..... ...i......................... 7.37

18.................................. 3.37

19................................:. 1.63

20.................................. 2.20

21.................................. 2.79

22.......'........................... ; 1.97

23.........................'......... 3.07

24.................................. 2.08

25.................................. ' 2.09

26................................... ! .37

27.................................. ; 2.77

28..........'........................ 7.03

29.................................. 4. 78

30.................................'. < 4.80

1.29

1.46

1.38

.93

2.09

1.67

1. 71

1.31

1.05

1. 53

.87

1.31

1.31

.99

.78

2.20

2.61.

1.71

1.64

1.63

.80

.63

1.56

1.19

2.03

1.00

1.82

2.32

1.29

1.59

95. 53

96.01

94.72

95.57

94.18

93.25

93.29

95.23

95.53

95.20

96. 43

94.39

93.64

96.43

96.58

86.91

86. 21

91.78

94.36

94.11

94.21

95.77

93. 34

94.78

92.86

96.78

93.48

88.46

91.61

91. 09

0.91

1.50

1.'04

1.42

1.48

1.74

.97

.41

.93

1.27

1.20

1.70

1 ft9 1. Oil

.91

.83

6.66

1.78

81

63

37

73

10

46

1.37

1.59

1.28

1.54

1.44

1.57

1.59

«From Eeports M, M2, M3, Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania. A. S. McCreath, analyst.

1,2. Stewardson Furnace, Madison Township, Armstrong County.

3. Colwell quarry, near Mahoning Furnace, Armstrong County.

4. Reynolds quarry, near Kittanning, Armstrong County.

5. George quarry, near South Bend, Armstrong County. 

0. Rhea quarry, near Greendale, Armstrong County.

7. Graff quarry, near Buffalo mills, Armstrong County.

8. Long Run, Porter Township, Clarion County.

9. Hindman quarry, Clarion Township, Clarion County.

10. Sligo Furnace, Piney Township, Clarion County.

11. Barger quarry, Perry Township. Clarion County.

12. Bovaird quarry, near Brockwayville, Jefferson County.

13. Hanna quarry, near Sprankle's Mills, Jefferson County.

14. Ehty quarry, near Worthyille, Jefferson County.

15. Shields quarry, near Dowlingville, .Jefferson County.

16. Winslow property, near Benezctte, Elk County.

17. Toby Creek, Fox Township, Elk County.

18. Brandy Camp post-office, Horton Towiiship, Elk County. 

19,20. Kane quarry, near Wilcox, Jones Tpwnship, Elk County.

21. Shinn quarry, Wampum, Lawrence County.

22. McCord quarry. Mount Jackson, Lawrence Connty.

23. Johnson quarry, Newcastle, Lawrence County.

24. Mbfflt quarry, Croton, Lawrence County.

25. Simpson quarry, Richmond, Indiana .County.

26. Pine Creek Furnace quarry, Kittanning, Armstrong County.

27. Severn quarry, near Vanport, Beaver County. 

28,29. Powers quarry, near Vanport, Beaver County. 

30. Tygart's quarry, near Vanport, Beaver County.
284 CEMENT MATEE1AES AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243. 

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA.

The State of Pennsylvania now produces about half of the total 

United States output of Portland cement. This enormous production, 

amounting to about 10,000,000 barrels annually, comes almost entirely 

from plants located in the so-called Lehigh district, in Berks, Lehigh, 

and Northampton counties. Seventeen plants are located in the Pennsylvania portion of this important district, while the two remaining 

Portland-cement plants in Pennsylvania are located in the extreme 

western part of the State.

The following list of Portland-cement plants operating in Pennsylvania in 1904 has been corrected by Mr. R. W. Lesley, president of the 

American Cement Company, to whom the writer's acknowledgments 

are due for this and other courtesies.

Name' and location of Portland-cement plants in Pennsylvania, 1904-

American Cement Company of Pennsylvania ....... .... Egypt.

Atlas Portland Cement Company ...................... Northampton and Coplay.

Bath Portland Cement Company .............:........ Bath.

Bonneville Portland Cement Company................. Siegfried.

Central Cement Company« ........................... Egypt.

Clinton Cement Company............................. Pittsburg.

Coplay Cement Manufacturing Company............... Coplay.

Crescent Portland Cement Company................... Wampum.

Dexter Portland Cement Company .................... Nazareth.

Lawrence Cement Company of Pennsylvania........... Siegfried.

Lehigh Portland Cement Company .................... Ormrod, West Coplay.

Martins Creek Portland Cement Company 6 ............ Martins Creek.'

Nazareth Cement Company ........................... Nazareth.

Northampton Portland Cement Company .............. Stockertown.

Penn-Allen Portland Cement Company................ Penn-Allen. .

Pennsylvania Cement Company ....................... Bath.

Phoenix Cement Company............................ Nazareth.

Reading Cement Company ............................. Molltown.

Whitehall Portland Cement Company ................. Cementon.

In describing the Portland-cement industry of the State, the Lehigh 

district will first be discussed in considerable detail, after which the 

isolated plants in western Pennsylvania will be briefly described 

(p. 294).

LEHIOH DISTRICT.

The following description of the cement-rock deposits and cement 

industry in the Lehigh district is based largely upon field work by the 

writer during the early summer of 1903. Acknowledgments are due 

to the managers and .chemists of various cement plants in'the Lehigh 

district, who have aided the writer greatly in this work. Use has also

"Owned by same interest as American Cement Company of Pennsylvania. .

*0wned by same interest as Alpha Portland Cement Company. (See New Jersey, p. 243.)
U. S- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 243 PL.XIII

40

CEMENT PLANTS

t. LEHIGH P. C. CO. (MILL F)

2. " " " " t " D)

3. - - - - ( A)

4 AMERICAN C. CO. (EGYPT WORKS) 5. :: :; ;: <,««< ' :; > « (,"»«A- !

7. (COLUMBIAN

8. CENTRAL P. C. CO.

9. LEHIGH P. C. CO. (MILL B)

10 COPLAY C. CO. (KILL C)

11 WHITEHALL P. C. CO.

12 ATLAS P. C. CO.

13 COPLAY C. CO. (MUL A) 

14. ' " ' " B) 

15 LAWRENCE C. CO. 

1C BONNEVILLE P. C. CO.

17. ATLAS P. C. CO.

18. " " " "

19. PENNSYLVANIA C. CO.

20. PENN ALLEN P. C. CO.

21. DEXTER P. C. CO.

22. PHOENIX C. CO.

23. NAZARETH C. CO.

24. NORTHAMPTON P. C. CO.

25. QUAKER P. C. CO.

26 NATIONAL P. C. CO.

27 ALPHA (NO. 3) P. C. CO. 

28. ALPHA P. C. CO. 

29 VULCANITE P. C. CO. 

30. EDISON P. C. CO.

MAP OS' THE

DISTRICT,! T'ETvnSTSYI., VANI JV - NEW JERSEY

SHO'WINCJ DISTRIBUTION OI" CEMENT ROCK 

BY 3SmvIN C. KCKKL ANr> KAY S. 

18O4

Scale

Trenton limestone Klttatinny limestone Hardyston quartzite Pre-Carabrian 

(cement roqk) gneisses and limestone

M Portland cement plants V Cement rock quarries Limestone quarries

 F : O I? K S ,:

' li ! ; !, N \\' I C

H A X O V

! .L i, I A

!/ Vx s * > I^'-T. i f'-.i*V HIT
ECKEL.] PENNSYLVANIA. 285

been made of the report by Professor Kummel, on the Portland-cement 

industry in New Jersey," and of an unpublished report by Prof. T. N. 

Dale, on the geology of the Slatington quadrangle.

GEOLOGY.

The "Lehigh district" of the engineer and cement manufacturer 

has been so greatly extended in recent 3^ears that the name is now 

hardly applicable. Originally it included merely one small area about 

4 miles square, located along Lehigh River, partly in Lehigh County 

and partly in Northampton Count3'- , containing the villages of Egypt, 

Coplay, Northampton, Whitehall, and Siegfried. The cement plants 

which were located here at an early date secured control of most 

of the cement-rock deposits in the vicing, and plants of later establishment have therefore been forced to locate farther and farther away

from the original center of the district. At present the district includes 

parts of Berks, Lehigh, and Northampton counties, Pa., and Warren 

County, N. J., reaching from near Reading, Pa., at the southwest, to 

a point a few miles north of Stewartsville, N. J., at the northeast. It 

forms, therefore, an oblong area about 25 miles long from southwest 

to northeast and about 4 miles wide. Within this area twenty Portland-cement plants are now in operation, and the Portland cement 

produced in this relatively small district amounts to almost two-thirds 

of the entire United States output.

Within the "Lehigh district," as above defined, three geologic 

formations occur, all of which must be c6nsidered in attempting to 

account for the distribution of the cement materials used there. These 

formations, named in descending order, are (1) Hudson shales, slates, 

and sandstones; (2) Trenton limestone (Lehigh cement rock); (3) Kittatinny limestone (rnagnesian). As all these rocks dip, in general, 

northwestward, the. Hudson shales occupy the northwestern portion 

of the district, while the Trenton cement rock and magnesian Kittatinny limestone outcrop in succession far-ther southeast.

MA GNESIAN KITTA TINN Y LIMES TONK.

Underneath the cement-rock series lies a very thick formation consisting of light-gray to light-blue massive-bedded limestone, with 

frequent beds of chert. These Kittatinny limestones are predominantly highty magnesian, though occasional^ beds of pure nonmagnesian limestone will be found in the series. The magnesian beds are, 

of course, valueless for Portland-cement manufacture, but the pure 

limestone beds furnish part of the limestone used in the Lehigh 

district for addition to the cement rock. An excellent example of 

this is furnished by the quariy near the east bank of Lehigh River,

a Ann. Kept. New Jersey State-Geologist, 1900, pp. 9-101.
286 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BUM.. 243.

just above Catasauqua. In this quarry most of the beds are highly 

magnesian, and are therefore useful only for road metal and flux; but 

a few pure limestone beds occur, and the material from these lowmagnesia beds is shipped to a neighboring cement mill.

Numerous analyses of the highly magnesian limestones are available, 

from which a few typical results have been selected for insertion here. 

Analyses of the purer limestone, used to add to the cement rock, will 

be found in table on page 289.

Analyses of magnesian Kittatinny limestone.

Silica (SiO,) ....

Alumina (A1203 )

Iron oxide

(Fe203 ) ------

Lime (CaO) ....

Magnesia (MgO).

Carbon dioxide

(CO,)........

1

9.9

I27.6

17.9

41.9

2

9.9

1-7

28.5

17.3

41.5

3

8.8

.8

29.4

17.8

42.8

4

5.5

1.3

28.2

20.2

44.3

b

9.8

3.7

26.4

15.: 1

45.0

6

4.9

6.5

27.3

14.6

44.8

7

2.0

8.4

32.4

15.5

42.5

8

8.0

5.3

26.3

17.4

41.1

9

4.1

.1.6

30.3

18.3

44.1

10

16.9

1.0

28.3

15.3

38 9

1. Chandlers Island. Sussex County, N. J.

2. Sparta, Sussex County, N. J.

3. Asbury, Warren County, N. J.

4. Oxford Furnace, Sussex County, N. J.

5. f>. Clinton, Hunterdon County, N. J.

7. PottersviMe, Somerset County, N, J.

8. 9. Peapack. N. J. 

10. Annandule, N. J.

While all of the above analyses are from New Jersey localities the 

magnesian limestone of the rest of the Lehigh district would give 

closely similar results.

TRENTON LIMESTONE.

f 

The Lehigh cement rocks, which are approximately equivalent in

age to the lowest Trenton beds of New York, are made up of a series 

of more or less argillaceous limestones. The formation appears to 

vary in thickness from 150 feet in New Jersey to 250 feet or even 

more at Nazareth and on Lehigh River. Its upper beds, near the 

contact with the overlying Hudson shales, are very shaly or slaty 

black limestones, carrying approximately 50 to 60 per cent of lime 

carbonate and 40 to 50 per cent of silica, alumina, iron, etc. Lower 

in the formation the percentage of lime steadily increases, while that 

of clayey material decreases correspondingly, until near the base of 

the formation the rock may carry from 85 to 95 per cent of lime carbonate with only 5 to 15 per cent of impurities. This change in chemical composition is accompanied by a change in the appearance and 

physical character of the rock, which gradually loses its slaty fracture 

and blackish color as the percentage of lime increases, until near the
ECKEL.] PENNSYLVANIA. 287

base of the formation it is often a fairly massively bedded dark-gray 

limestone. Even so, it can usually be readily d;stinguished from the 

magnesian Kittatinny limestone, described below, for the cement rock 

is always darker than the magnesian limestone and contains none of 

the chert beds which are so common in the magnesian rock.

The Lehigh cement rock is never nearly so high in magnesia as is 

the underlying Kittatinny limestone. It does, however, carry considerable magnesia (as compared with other Portland-cement materials) 

throughout its entire thickness, and few analyses will show less than 

4 to 6 per cent of magnesium carbonate. The following series of 

analyses is fairly representative of the lower, rniddle, and upper beds 

of the formation. The specimens from the upper beds, near the Hudson shales, show considerably less lime and more clayey matter than 

those from the lower parts of the formation.

Analyses of Trenton limestone (Lehigh cement rock). a

Silica (Si(\) ....

Alumina (A1203 )

Iron oxide (Fe.2 

0,) ..........

Lime (CaO) ....

Magnesia (MgO)

Carbon dioxide

(CO.)........

1

1.86

.60

.51

53. 64

.81

43. 03

2

5.03

2.06

1.23

49.73

1.02

40. 19

3

8." 38

4.03

1.32

45.45

1.34

37.18

4

11.90

4.42

1.70

44. 18

1.18

36. 01

5

11.71

,4.36

1.62

43.47

1.82

36.15

(\

11.11

4.40

1.91

42.51

2.89

36.57

7

17.04

6.90

2.13

37.53

2.17

32.88

: 

22.71

5.84

2.13

36. 50

1.69

30.52

9

19. 53

6.03

1. 70

35.71

3.33

32. 73

10

24.45

5.68

1.57

35.00

2.21

29 89

« Ann. Kept. New Jersey State Geologist, 1900, p. 95.

The specimens whose analyses are given above were mostly from 

the vicinity of Belvidere, N. J., and, though representative in other 

respects, seem to have been rather lower in magnesia than the usual 

run of the Trenton limestone in the Lehigh district.

HUDSON SHALES.

This series includes very thick beds of dark-gray to black shales, 

with occasional thin beds of sandstone. In certain localities, as near 

Slatington and Bangor, Pa., and Newton, N. J., these shales have 

been so altered by pressure as to become slates, the quarrying of 

which now supports a large roofing-slate industry.

The geographic distribution of the Hudson shales and slates in the 

Lehigh district can be indicated only approximately without the presentation of a geologic map of the area. It may be said that they 

cover practically all of Northampton, Lehigh, and Berks counties 

north of a line passing through Martins Creek, Nazareth, Bath, 

Whitehall, Ironton, Guthsville, Monterey, Kutztown, Molltown, and 

Leesport. ;
288 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

The composition of the typical shales and slates of the upper part 

of the Hudson formation is well shown by the following analyses:

Analyses of Hudson shales and slates in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

Silica (SiO,) - ..... 1 ...........................

Alumina (AJ 2 0S ) .............................

Iron oxide (Fe.2 03 ) ...........................

Lime (CaO) ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) .............................

Alkalies .....................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .........................

Water (H2 0) .................................

l

68.62

12.68

4.20

1.31

1.79

3.73

3.00

4.47

2

68.00

14.40

5.40

2.68

1.51

.11

2.30

2.70

:t

56. 60

21.00

5.65

3.42

2.30

.50

2.20

3.00

4

« 76. 22

\ 13.05

2.67

.93

n. d.

n. d.

n. d.

a Insoluble.

1. East Bangor, Pa. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, p. '130. 

 2. 1 mile northwest Colemnnville, N. J. Geology New Jersey, 1868, p. 136.

3. Delaware Water Gap, N. J. Geology New Jersey, 1868, p. 136.

4. Lafayette, N. J. Kept. New Jersey State Geol. for 1900, p. 74.

As above noted, the rocks of the Lehigh district have a.general dip 

to the northwest, though there are numerous local exceptions to this 

rule. The lowest beds of the Hudson series, therefore, are those 

which outcrop along the southern boundary of the formation, as above 

outlined. These lowest beds carry much more lime and less silica, 

alumina, and iron than the higher beds whose analyses are given 

above. The lowest beds of the Hudson shales become more calcareous and form a natural transition' into the underlying cement 

rock or Trenton limestone.

MANUFACTURING METHODS.

COMBINATION OF MATERIALS USED.

Throughout most of the Lehigh district the practice is to mix with 

a relative!y large amount of the "cement rock" or argillaceous limestone a small amount of pure limestone, in order to bring the lime 

carbonate content up to the percentage proper for a Portland-cement 

mixture. As above rioted, all of the "cement rock" is derived from 

the middle part of the Trenton formation, where the beds will run 

from 60 to 70 per cent of lime carbonate. The pure limestone which 

is required to. bring this material up to the necessary percentage of 

lime carbonate (about 75 per cent) is obtained either from the lower 

portion of the Trenton itself or from certain low-magnesian beds 

occurring in the Kittatinny formation.

In the plants located near Bath and Nazareth, however, the practice 

has been slightly different. In this particular area the cement-rock
KCKKL.] PENNSYLVANIA., 289

quarries usually show rock carrying from 70 to 80 per cent of lime 

carbonate. The mills in this vicinity, therefore, require practically 

no pure limestone, as the quarry rock itself is sufficiently high in lime 

carbonate for the purpose. Indeed, it is at times necessary for these 

plants to add clay or slate instead of limestone to their cement rock 

in order to reduce its content of lime carbonate to the required figure. 

In general, however, it may be said that Lehigh practice is to mix a 

low-carbonate cement rock with-a relatively small amount of pure 

limestone, and analyses of both these materials, as used at various 

plants in the district, are given below.

Analyses of materials used in the Lehigh district.

Silica (SiO-.)...........

Iron oxide (Fe20a ) .... 

Lime carbonate

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgCOa).-..-.. ......

Cement rock.

15.05

9.02

1.27 

70.10 

3. 96

19.06

4.4-1 

1.14

69. 24 

4.21

19.08 

1 7.92

67.07 

4.06

22.22

J 7.24 

I .92

63.45 

4.56

 13.80

] 6.08

76.08 

4.51

9.52 

4.72

80.71 

4.92

19. 62

5.68

69. 78 

4.90

14.20 

6.11

74.30 

3.24

Pure limestone.

2.14 

1.46

94. 35 

2.18

3.02 

1.90

92.05 

3.04

1.98 

.70

95.19 

2.03

CHARACTER AND .COMPOSITION OF THE CEMENT HOCK.

The cement rock is a dark-gray to black slaty limestone, breaking 

with an even fracture into flat pieces, which usually have smooth, 

glistening surfaces. As the percentage of lime carbonate in the rock 

increases i. e., as the lower beds of the formation are reached the 

color becomes a somewhat lighter gray, and the surfaces of the fragments lose their slaty appearance.

The range in composition of the cement rock as used at various 

plants is well shown .in the first eight columns of the above table. 

The nearer the material from any given quarry or part of a quarry 

approaches the proper Portland-cement composition (say 75 to 77 per 

cent lime carbonate) the less addition of pure limestone will be necessary. In by far the greater part of the district, as above noted, the 

cement rock is apt to run about 65 to 70 per cent of lime carbonate, 

therefore requiring the addition of a proportionate amount of limestone. Most of the quarries near Bath and Nazareth, however, have 

been opened on beds of cement rock running considerably higher in 

.ime carbonate, and occasionally running so high (80 per cent, etc.) as 

to require the addition of shale or clay rather than of pure limestone.

CHARACTER AND COMPOSITION OF THE PURE LIMESTONES.

The pure limestones added to the cement rock are commonly gray, 

and break into rather cubical fragments. The fracture surfaces show 

Bull. 243 05 19
290 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. I BULL. 243.

a finely granular structure, quite distinct in appearance from the slaty 

cement rock.

In composition the limestones commonly used will carry from 90 to 

96 per cent of lime carbonate, with rather less magnesium carbonate 

than is found in the cement rock. All of the cement plants own and 

operate their own cement-rock quarries, but most of them are compelled to buy the pure limestone. When this is the case only veiy 

pure grades of limestone are purchased, but when a cement plant 

owns its limestone quarry materiarrunning as low as 85 per cent of 

lime carbonate is often used.

QUARRY PRACTICE.

«

In most of the cement-rock quarries of the Lehigh district the rock 

clips from from 15° to 25°, usually to the northwest. At a few quarries, particular^ in New Jersey, the dip is much steeper. The quarries are opened, preferably, on a side hill, and the overlying stripping, 

which consists of soil and weathered rock, is removed by scrapers or 

shoveling. The quarry of the Lawrence Cement Compan}^ has been 

extended in its lower levels so as to give a tunnel through which the 

material is hoisted to the mill. Several other quarries have been carried straight down, until now they are narrow and deep pits, from 

which the material is hoisted vertically. The Bonneville Portland 

Cement Company quarry is an extreme example of this type.

In quarries opened on a side hill, so as to have a long and rather 

low working face and a floor at the natural ground level, the rock is 

commonly blasted down in benches, sledged to convenient size for 

handling and crushing, and carried by horse carts to a point in the 

quarry, some distance from the face, where the material can be dumped 

into cars, which are hauled by cable to the mill. Occasionally the 

material is loaded at the face into small cars running on temporary 

tracks. The loaded cars are then drawn by horses or pushed by men 

to a turntable, where they are connected to the cable and hauled to 

the mill. While these methods seem clums}r at first sight, they are 

capable of little improvement. The amount of rock used every day in 

a large mill necessitates very heavy blasting, and this prevents permanent tracks and cableways from being laid near to the working face.

At several quarries the loading into the cars or carts is accomplished 

by means of steam shovels. The cement rock seems to be well 

adapted for handling by steam shovels, but even then much sledging 

is necessary, and the blasting operations are interfered with.

MILL PRACTICE.

What may be considered as t}^pical American practice in the manufacture of Portland cement from dry materials owes its present success largely to the works of the Lehigh district. Previous to the
HCKBL.] PENNSYLVANIA. ' 291

commencement of Portland-cement manufacture in Pennsylvania, dry 

processes had not been looked upon with favor. The European plants 

then in existence used wet processes exclusively, differing only in the 

amount of water that was used.

A dry process can not well be used in stationary kilns, whether of 

dome or chamber type, for even if the mixing be done dry it will be 

necessary to add water in making the mixture into bricks. The natural result was that these early plants used water very liberally 

almost as freely as the Michigan marl plants of to-day, and with far 

more Qxcuse for doing so.

With the introduction of the rotary kiln a dry process became not 

only possible but advisable, and the Lehigh practice of to-day is t^e 

result. The usual Lehigh practice may be summed up as follows:

The cement rock is crushed and dried, the first of these operations 

often taking place in the quarry. Large gyratory crushers are commonly used for this work, while the 'drying is usually done in votary 

driers. The necessary amount of limestone, also previously crushed 

and dried, is added, and the two materials are mixed and further 

reduced together. Occasionally a smaller gyratory crusher, breaking 

to say one-half inch, is the next step in the process of reduction. 

Commonly, however, the mixture goes to ball mills, comminuters or 

Williams mills, and then to tube mills. Some of the plants use Griffin 

mills in place of those noted, while the Atlas plant uses the Huntingdon mill.

The raw mixture is ground to a fineness usually not exceeding 85 

per cent through a 100-mesh sieve, and often falling much lower. 

Compared with the practice at plants using limestone-clay mixtures, 

this is coarse work. It is less harmful than might be expected, however, owing to the fact that most of the mixture is made up of. cement 

rock which is already naturally well mixed.

The mixture is usually dampened (to prevent too much of it being 

blown out of the kiln) and fed to rotarj^ kilns. Except at the new 

Edison plant at Stewartsville, these kilns are commonly 6 feet in 

diameter and 60 to 110 feet in length.

CHARACTER AND COMPOSITION OP THE PRODUCT.

The anatyses given in the following table will serve to show the 

composition of the product of the Lehigh district. Of the 10 analyses 

quoted, those numbered 1 to 8, inclusive, are fairly representative 

cements. Analyses 9 arid 10, on the other hand, are of a brand carrying a very low content of alumina and iron oxide and a correspondingly 

high percentage of silica.
292 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyses of Leliigli district cements.

[BULL. 243.

Silica (Si02 ) ---.

Alumina (A12 03 )

Iron oxide (Fe2 - 

08 ) ..........

Liine(CaO) ....

Magnesia (MgO)

Alkalies (K,0, 

Na,0). ..---..

Sujphur trioxide 

(SOS ) ........

1

21.30

7.65

2.85

60.95

2.95

1.15

1.81

. 2

21.96

8.29

2.67

60.52

3.43

(«)

1.49

3

21.1

8.0

2.5

65.6

2.4

(«)

' (a)

4

20.87

7.60

2.66

63.04

2.80

(«)

1.50

5

19.06

7.47

2.29

61.23

2.83

1.41

1.34

6

21.65

8.09

2.93

63.10

2.00

(a)

1.02

7

22.68

6.71

2.35

62.30

.3.41

(a)

1.88

8

21.08

7.86

2.48

63.68

2.62

(a)

1.25

9

24. 23

4.80

1.86

63. 01

3.20

(a)

1.20

10

24.48

4.51

9, 68

64.33

2.59

(°)

1.41

a Not determined.

The characteristics of the Lehigh district Portland cements are best 

brought out by the following summary of the range and average of 

the various constituents. In making up the average the silica, alumina, 

and iron oxide contents of analyses Nos. 9 and 10 have not been used, 

and the lime percentage of No. 3 has also been excluded. For comparison, 9 and 10 have been averaged for the first three constituents, 

and the results are placed in the fourth column.

Range and average of Lelrigh district Portland cement.

Silica (SiO,) ...... . '.............'......

Alumina ( Al aOs ) ......................

Iron oxide (Fe203) ....................

Lime (CaO) ..........................

Magnesia (MgO) ........ '. .............

Alkalies (Na2O, K2 0) . . . . . . '. ...........

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ................

Maximum.

22.68

8.29

2.93

64.33

3.43

1.41

1.88

Average.

21 21

7.71

2.59

62.46

2.82

1.28

1.43

Minimum.

19.06

6.71

2.29

60. 52

2.00

1.15

1.02

Average of 

9 and 10.

, 24. 355

4.565

2.270
ECKEL.] PENNSYLVANIA.

Portland cement production of the Lehigh district, 1890-1902.

293

Year.

1890..........

1891..........

1892..........

1893..........

1894..........

1895.......... 

1896..........

1897..........

1898.......:..

1899..........

1900..........

1901..........

1902..........

1903 « ........

Lehigh district.

Number 

of plants.

5 

5 

5 

5 

7 

8 

8 

8 

9 

11 

15 

16 

17 

17

Number of 

barrels.

. 201,000 

248, 500 

280, 840 

265, 317 

485, 329 

634, 276 

1, 048, 154 

2, 002, 059 

2, 674, 304 

4, 110, 132 

6, 153, 629 

8, 595, 340 

10, 829, 922 

11, 400, 000

Entire United States.

Number 

of plants.

16 

17 

16 

.19 

24 

22 

26 

29 

31 

36 

50 

56 

65 

68

Number of 

barrels.

335, 500 

454, 813 

547, 440, 

590, 652 

798, 757 

990, 324 

1, 543. 023 

2, 677, 775 

3, 692, 284 

5, 652, 266 

8, 482, 020 

12, 711, 225 

17, 230, 644 . 

19, 000, 000

Value.

$439, 050 

1, 067, 429 

1, 152, 600 

1, 158, 138 

1,383,473 

1, 586, 830 

2, 424, Oil 

4,315,891 

5, 970, 773 

8, 074, 371 

9, 280, 525 

12, 532, 360 

20, 864, 078

Percentage of 

total product manufactured in Lehigh district.

60.0 

54.7 

51.3 

44.9 

60.8 

64.0 

68.1 

74.8 

72.4 

72.7 

72.6 

67.7 

62.8 

60.0

« Estimated.

< 

FUTURE 'EXTENSIONS.

As noted in the earlier portion of this paper, the cement deposits 

have been developed only from near Reading, Pa., to a point a few 

miles from Stewartsville, N. J. Most of the readily accessible cement 

land between these points has been taken up by the cement companies 

or is being held at impossible prices by the owners. Under these circumstances it seems probable that few additional plants can be profitably established in'the district now developed, and that the growth of 

the industry here will be brought about by extending the district. A 

few notes on the distribution of the same cement beds in adjoining 

areas may therefore be of interest to those desiring to engage in the 

manufacture of Portland cement from materials of the Lehigh district 

type.

Northeast of Stewartsville, N. J., the cement beds outcrop at frequent intervals in the Kittatinny Valley all the way across New Jersey, 

and a few miles into Orange County, N. Y. The exact locations of these 

deposits, with numerous analyses of the cement rocks, are given in 

the Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for. 1900, 

pages 41-95. Many detailed maps in that report show the outcrops 

very precisely.

Southwest of Reading the Trenton beds outcrop in a belt that 

crosses Lebanon, Cumberland, and Franklin counties, Pa., passing
294 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

near the towns of Lebanon, Harris burg, Carlisle, and Chambersburg. 

In Maryland the Trenton rocks occur in Washington County, while in 

West Virginia and Virginia they are extensively developed.

Throughout this southern extension of the Lehigh rocks the Trenton is not everywhere an argillaceous limestone, but it is frequently 

so, and it is always very low in magnesium carbonate. It is therefore 

probably safe to say that in southern Pennsylvania, Maryland, West 

Virginia, and Virginia the Trenton rocks are everywhere good Portland-cement materials, though in some places they will require pure 

limestone, and in other places cla}', to bring them to proper composition.

WESTEKN PENNSYLVANIA.

Two small Portland cement plants are in operation in western 

Pennsylvania, each of which presents certain features of interest.

The Portland cement plant of the Clinton Iron and Steel Company, 

located at Pittsburg, was the first plant to utilize a mixture of blastfurnace slag and limestone in the manufacture of a true Portland 

cement, having commenced this industry several years before it was 

taken up by the Illinois Steel Company at Chicago.

The Crescent Portland Cement Company, located at Wampum, 

Lawrence County, is one of the oldest Portland cement plants in the 

United States, having gone into operation when the Saylors were the 

only operators in the Lehigh district. The material used here is the 

Ferriferous (Vanport) limestone, of Carboniferous age, and a shale 

overlying this limestone.

Analyses of Portland cement materials, Wampum, Pa.

Silica (SiO2 ) ...............................................

Alumina (A12 0S ) ..........................................

Lime (CaO) ........................ 1 .'....".................

Magnesia (MgO) ..........................................

Limestone.

5.52

} 2. 97

49. 66

.78

n. d.

Shale.

65. 99

( 21. 57

I 6.07

.47

.82

n. d.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF RHODE ISLAND.

The only limestone beds in this State large enough to be of economic 

importance occur on the Lime Rocks, two small islets lying between 

Newport and Fort Adams. The limestones occurring at this locality 

have been rather doubtfully referred to the Cambrian in the latest discussion a of Rhode Island geology. Though commonly referred to as

a Foerste, A. F., Geology of the Narragansett Ba.sin, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 33, p. 318, 1899.
SOUTH CAROLINA. 295

dolomite the Lime Rock stone is not a very highly magnesian rock, as 

is shown by the following analysis a by J. H. Appleton of a specimen 

from the Harris quarry.

Analysis of Rhode Isl(md limestone.

Silica (Si02 ) ...............,:.......................................... 2.748

Alumina (AL,08 ) -....-.-.-..--..-- ............-. ........................ .309

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ......... I............................................. .011

Lime carbonate (CaCOa ) ................................................. 88.28

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOa ) ........................................... 8. 80

Moisture.................................. r . r ........................... .04

This rock carries too much magnesia to permit its use in Portlandcement manufacture under the present standards, and its amount 

and location with respect to fuel and market are not particularly 

advantageous.

Small beds of limestone occur at other localities in the State, but 

none of these are of sufficient extent to be workable, whatever may be 

their chemical composition.

PORTLAND CEMENT RESOURCES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

Limestones occur at many points in South Carolina, but no good 

geological map of the State is in existence and no recent report has 

been issued on these rocks. The analyses given below are, with one 

exception, very old, but they will give some idea of the composition 

and location of the limestones.

The western portion of the State contains a number of beds of 

metamorphosed limestone or marble that seem to be satisfactory in 

composition, but fuel supply, local markets, and cheap transportation 

are all lacking.

Analyses of metamorpliic limestones, western South Carolina.

Silica (SiO,) ....................

Alumina ( Al.j03 ) ................

Iron oxide (Fe.,03 ) ..............

l

25.0

| 5.0

70.0

2

}

\ 7.00

92. 00

1.00

!{

16.0

j- 9.0

75.0

Tr.

4

10.0

} 4.50

85.00

.50

5

11. 0

h°

86.0

.5

c>

,

13. 5

86.0

.5

7

6.40

3.14

90.56

Tr.

1. Brasstown Creek, Pickens district.

2. Saluda River, Laurens district.

3. Highest limestone bed, York.

4. Lower limestone bed, York.

6. Hardin's limestone bed, York.

fi.-Garlington's quarry, Laureus district. ; 7. Limestone Springs, Spartanburg.

Analyses by Tnouiey, Kept. Gcol. South Carolina, 1848, pp. 202-261.

"Twentieth Ann. Kept. U.'S. Geol. Survey, pt. C, p. 442.
296 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

In the Coastal Plain soft limestones of Tertiar}^ age, the so-called 

"marls," outcrop at many points. Much of these materials would be 

very satisfactory for Portland cement manufacture.

Analyses of Tertiary limestones, eastern South Carolina.

Silica (Si02 ) ........................

Iron oxide (Fe,,0s ) ............'......

l

12.90

V 7. 02

78.52

.15

o

16.20

{ Tr'

I Tr.

76.88

1.41

3

16. 00

4.75

Tr.

63.50

7.00

4

18. 60

.40

Tr.

68.00

1.20

5

10. 20

1.00

.Tr.

66.04

2.56

1. Strawberry station, Berkeley County. <

2. El wood plantation, Cooper Kiver.

3. Dixon's plantation, Cooper River.

4. Goose Creek, 15 miles from Charleston.

5. Dray ton Hall.

Analysis 1 by Crowell and Peck; analyses 2-5 by C. U. Shepard.

The analyses given above, while showing well the amount of free 

sand carried by many of these soft Tertiary limestones, hardly represent their percentages of lime carbonate. Much purer beds than these 

are known to occur near Charleston, but no good analyses are available.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF SOUTH DAKOTA.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

The limestone formations of South Dakota which give any promise 

of supporting a Portland-cement industiy occur in two different portions of the State. They are thus separated geographically as well as 

geologically into the two following groups, which will be discussed in 

the order named: (1) The limestones of the Black Hills district; (2) 

the Niobrara (Cretaceous) chalk of eastern South Dakota.

LIMESTONES OF THE BLACK HILLS DTSTKICT.

Darton has described the stratigraphy and rocks of the Black Hills 

district a as follows:

The Black Hills uplift is an irregular dome-shaped anticline, embracing in its. more 

obvious features an oval area 125 miles in length and 60 miles in breadth, with its 

larger dimension lying nearly northwest and southeast. It is situated in a wide area 

of almost horizontal beds underlying the great east-sloping plain that extends from 

the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. It has brought above the general 

surface level an area of pre-Cambrian crystalline rocks about which there is upturned 

a nearly complete sequence of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks from Cambrian to

« Darton, N. H., Twenty-first Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 4, pp. 502 et seq.
SOUTH DAKOTA. 297.

Laramie, all dipping away from the central nucleus. There are also extensive overlaps of the Tertiary deposits, which underlie much of the adjoining plains area. 

The region is one of exceptionally fine exposures, which afford rare opportunity for 

a study of stratigraphic relations and variations. Many of the rocks are hard, and 

the streams flowing out of. the central mountain area have cut canyons and gorges, 

in the walls of which the formations are often extensively exhibited. The structure 

presented locally is that of a monocline'dipping toward the plains. The oldest sedimentary rocks constitute the escarpment facing the crystalline rock area, and each 

higher stratum passes beneath a newer one in regular succession outward toward the 

margin of the uplift. The sedimentary formations consist of a series of thick sheets 

of sandstones, limestones, and shales, all essentially conformable in structure. The 

overlapping areas of the Tertiary deposits extend across the edges of the older formations. The stratigraphy presents many features of similarity to the succession of 

rocks in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, but it possesses numerous 

distinctive local features.

The following is a list of the formations which are exhibited in the uplift, with a 

generalized statement as to the thickness, characteristics, and age:

»

Generalized section in the Black Hills region.

Formation. ^

Fox Hills....... ......

Pierre shale ..........

Niobrara .............

Benton group: 

Carlile formation ....

Greenhorn limestone

Dakota sandstone ..... 

Fuson .................

Minnewaste limestone .

1 

i 

/ Beulah shale ..........

Unkpapa sandstone . . .

Character.

Massive sandstone and

 shale. 

Sandstone and shale. . . .

Chalk and calcareous

shale.

Gray shales with thin 

sandstones, limestones, and concretionary layers.

Impure slabby limestone

of massive sandstone 

in its lower part at 

some places.

Massive buff sandstone. .

stone and massive 

shales. White to purple color.

Gray limestone ........

with some intercalated shale.

Pale grayish-green shale .

Massive sandstone; 

white, purple, red, 

buff.

Average 

thickness.

Feet. 

2,500

250-500

1, 200

. 225

500-750

50 

900

35-150 

30-100

0-30

200-350

0-150

0-250

Age.

Cretaceous.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do. 

Do.

Do. 

Do.

Do.

. Do.

Jurassic.

Do.
298 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL, 243. 

Generalized section in the Black Hills region Continued.

Formation.

Sundance. ............

Spearfish ............. 1 

Minnekahta limestone.

Mhmelusa ............

Pahasapa limestone. . . . 

Englewood limestone..

Character.

Dark-drab shales and

buff sandstones; massive red sandstone at 

base.

Red sandy shales with

gypsum bed.

Thin-bedded gray limestone.

and sandy shale. 

Sandstones, mainly buff

and red; in greater 

part calcareous. Some 

thin limestone included.

Massive, gray limestone. 

Pink slabby limestone..

and sandstone, locally 

conglomeratic, partly 

massive.

Average 

thickness.

Feet. 

60-400

350-500

30-50 

90-130

400-450

250-500 ~25 

4-150

Ape.

Jurassic.

Triassic.

Permian.

Carboniferous.

Do. 

Do. 

Cambrian.

Of the various formations named in the above tables, the limestones 

are described b^ the same writer."

ENOLEWOOD LIMESTONE.

In the southern Black Hills the Dead wood formation is overlain by a series of thinbedded, pale pinkish-buff limestones. On the suggestion of Mr. Jaggar, it is proposed 

to designate this formation the Englewood limestone, from a locality iii the northern 

Black Hills where it is extensively exposed. It appears to extend continuously 

around the Black Hills, everywhere immediately underlying the Pahasapa limestone. 

It averages 20 to 30 feet in thickness and presents frequent outcrops in the lower 

slopes of the limestone escarpment and in numerous canyons. It merges rapidly 

into the overlying limestone, occasionally with a few feet of impure buff limestone 

intervening. It is usually sharply separated from the Dead wood formation, but only 

by a sudden change in the .nature of the materials. The Englewood limestone is 

usually fossiliferous, containing numerous corals and occasional shells. The following forms have been reported: Fenestella, Orthothetes, Leptcena, Spirifer, Chonetes 

logani, Reticularia peculiaris, Syringothyris carteri, and crinoids. It is correlated with 

the Chouteau or Kinderhook of the Mississippi Valley.

PAHASAPA LIMESTONE.

This prominent member, heretofore known as the gray limestone, has an extensive 

outcrop area in the Black Hills uplift. It constitutes much of the high, wide plateau

«Ibid., pp. 509, etseq.
KCKBL.] SOUTH DAKOTA. 299

west of the central region of crystalline rocks, and is most characteristically exhibited 

in the great lines of cliffs in the inl'acing escarpment surrounding that region. Mr. 

Jaggar has suggested that there be applied to it the Dakota Indian name for the 

Black Hills Pahasapa. The formation consists of a thick deposit of massive gray 

limestone, usually outcropping in precipitous cliffs with many picturesque irregularities of form, or with wide, fiat surfaces. Caverns are of frequent occurrence, some 

of them being of large si/e. One, having several miles of galleries, is known as Wind 

Cave, from the strong current of air which usually issues from its mouth. It is situated 8 miles north of the Hot Springs and attracts thousands of visitors. Crystal 

Cave, in the northern Black Hills, is also a very interesting cavern, with many large 

deposits ol: dog-tooth spar on its walls.

The most extensive exposures of the Pahasapa limestone are in the great plateau 

west of Custer. Here the formation begins in a line of high cliffs surmounting 

slopes of crystalline schists and the relatively thin sheets of Englewood limestone 

and Deadwood sandstone. A view of one of these cliffs is shown in fig. 274. In 

Penningtan County the plateau has a width of 10 miles of continuous limestone outcrop, constituting the most elevated area in the Black Hills excepting the small 

summit of Harney Peak. To the west the limestone passes beneath, the sandstone

of the Minnelusa formation, but it is exposed again in the arch of the steep anticline 

near the Wyoming-South Dakota line. Hell Canyon cuts deeply into the Pahasapa 

limestone, as does also the wider canyon known as Pleasant Valley. East of the 

crystalline rock area the limestone stands out on many conspicuous knobs, or lies on 

the eastern slopes of ridges due to the Deadwood quartzite, but it does not attain 

the high altitude which it has farther west. With decreased thickness, the more 

rapid dip to the east soon carries the formation below the surface in that direction, 

but it constitutes the walls of many of the canyons of the streams from Beaver Creek 

northward, French Creek has extensive cliffs of the limestone, and Spring Creek 

has cut a long, deep canyon through it.

The thickness of the Pahasapa limestone in the central and southern Black Hills 

varies from, about 500 feet at the northwest to 225 feet on the east and southeast. 

All along the eastern side of the hills it appears to have the latter thickness, with 

slight local variations. It does not present any noteworthy lithologic subdivisions, 

but its upper part is often siliceous and flinty and stained red to a greater or less 

extent from the overlying red beds of the Minnelusa formation. At its top there is 

usually a red shaly bed of slight thickness, containing oval concretions of hard silica 

from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter in greater part. Fossils occur sparingly throughout the formation, including Spirifer rockymontanus, Seminula dawsoni (Athyria sub- 

(ilita), Productus, and Zaphrenlis, a fauna which indicates lower Carboniferous age.

MINNEKAHTA LIMESTONE.

This formation, known in previous geological reports as the purple limestone, is a 

prominent member of the Black Hills series. It is thin, averaging less than 50 feet 

iiV thickness, but it is hard and flexible and covers moderately extensive areas of the 

outer slope-s of the Minnelusa formation. _ Southwest of Hot Springs it constitutes a 

prominent anticlinal ridge, which extends south to Cascade Spring. It is proposed 

to designate this formation the Minnekahta limestone, because a distinctive georaphic name is required, and the region near the hot springs, originally known as 

the "Minnekahta" by the Indians, is a typical locality. The springs rise through 

crevices in the formation just west of the town of Hot Springs, and the exposures in 

the vicinity show all the characteristic features which the formation presents. The 

prominence of the Minnekahta limestone outcrops is due largely to the fact that the 

overlying formation is soft, red shale, which lias been deeply eroded, leaving the 

underlying limestone bare on slopes up which the red shale originally extended.
300 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

The underlying formation, the Opeche, also being soft, the limestone nearly everywhere presents an escarpment, and the many canyons which are cut through it have 

vertical walls of the limestone.

The Minnekahta limestone presents more details of structure than any other formation of the Black Hills. Normally it dips outward away from the central area at 

from 5° to 30°, but there are frequent variations in the amount and direction. These 

variations are due to the fact that the formation is a relatively hard bed of homogeneous rock lying between masses of soft, red shales, so that it was free to flex wherever pressure waso exerted, the plasticity of the inclosing beds favoring local flexing 

and warping. Its beds are sometimes traversed by small faults and minute crumplings, but considering the large amount of deformation to which the formation has 

been subjected the flexures are but little broken. The formation is uniform in 

character throughout, being a thin-bedded, light-colored limestone containing magnesia and more or less clay as an impurity. Its thin bedding is a characteristic 

feature, although the thin layers are so cemented together that the formation presents a massive appearance. On weathering and through the action of frost it breaks 

into slabs usually 2 to 3 inches in thickness. On the western side of the Black Hills, 

notably in the region from east of Clifton northward, its coloring is slightly darker, 

varying from dove color to lead gray, and some of the beds present a seminodular 

structure. An increased admixture of clay is also observed in some layers. The 

general appearance of the formation is always slightly pinkish, with a tinge of 

purple, from which the term "purple limestone" originated. The thickness of the 

formation was measured at many points; a few representative measurements are as 

follows:

Thickness of Minnekahta limestone.

Feet.

Spring Creek............................................................. 45

Battle Creek ............................................................. 40

Hot Springs.............................................................. 50

Stockade Beaver Creek .................................................... 28-33

Cambria well ............................................................. 34

This relatively uniform thickness indicates very uniform conditions of deposition 

during the accumulation of the red bed deposits, the Opeche formation below, and 

the Spearfish formation above. 'An analysis of a typical sample of the Minnekahta 

limestone is as follows:

Analysis of Minnekahta limestone.

Constituent.

Lime .............................

Magnesia .........................

Alumina, iron, etc. ................

Water ............................

Silica ............:............:...

Manganese, soda, and potash .......

Per cent.

31.51

19.85

.36

1.25

44.66

.07-

1.12
SOUTH DAKOTA, TENNESSEE. 301

NIOBKAKA CHALK.

In the eastern part of South Dakota, and more particularly in the 

extreme southeastern part of the State, the Niobrara chalk furnishes 

an excellent raw material for Portland cement manufacture. The 

composition and stratigraphy of these rocks have been discussed in 

detail under Iowa (p. 147), and need not be taken up again here. Todd 

states that the chalk is well exposed in numerous bluffs along the 

Missouri River from Yankton to Chamberlain, while it also outcrops 

in smaller isolated elsewhere in the district.

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY IN SOUTH DAKOTA.

The Western Portland Cement Company, whose plant is located a 

few miles from Yankton, has emplo}7 ed the Niobrara chalk and the 

overlying Pierre clay as raw materials. The original plant was a wet

process mill, with stationary kilns of the Johnson type, but these have 

been replaced by rotary kilns. Analyses of the raw materials follow:

Analysis of Portland cement materials, Yankton, 8. Dak.

Silica (SiO.,) ..................................

Alumina (Al.^0,,) .................. * . ..........

Iron oxide (Fe^Os) ............................

Lirne ( CaO )..................................

Magnesia (MgO) ....... ................'.......

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) . ........................

Water .......................................

Chalk.

1

3.83 

2.31

52.16 

.14 

.20 

41.64

2

4.14 

1.81 

2.72 

51,00 

Tr. 

.50 

37.99 

n. d. .

Clav.

3

61.53 

20.74 

4.01 

5.28 

1.72 

1.26 

3.09 

n. d.

4

57.98 

18.26 

4.57 

1.57 

1.83 

1.28 

n. d. 

12. 08

1. C. B. MoVtiy, amilyist.

2. 3. Mineral industry, vol. 1, p. 52. 

4. Mineral industry, vol. 6, p. 97

PORTLAND CEMENT RESOURCES OF TENNESSEE. 

By E. 0. ULRICH.

Limestones and shales that probably have the chemical composition 

and other properties required in the manufacture of Portland cement 

occur abundantly in eastern and middle Tennessee. In eastern Tennessee the more promising materials and localities are confined to the 

great Appalachian Valley, in which numerous large and easily quarried 

outcrops of nonmagnesjan upper Ordovician limestones and .shales 

alternate with generally much wider bands of dolomitic lower Ordovician limestone and Cambrian shales, sandstones, and limestones.
302 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [JJULL. 248.

Very few analyses of Tennessee limestone have been published 

except of the phosphatic limestones of middle Tennessee. This is to 

be regretted, since the decision as to which limestones have, and 

which have not, too great a percentage of magnesia to make them 

available as Portland cement materials is necessarily left to the judgment of the observer. However, with exact correlations and careful 

comparisons with limestones of known composition it is possible to 

attain results sufficiently reliable for the present purpose.

The bands of limestone in the vallev in which the magnesian con- ^ o

stituent is low enough to permit them to be classed as possible factors 

in the manufacture of Portland cement lie mostly above the Knox 

dolomite. They are divisible into two series, one occurring in the 

eastern half, the other in the western half, of the valle}7^. Though 

probably contemporaneous, the deposits comprised^ in each of these 

two series are sufficiently different in Jithologic characters and fossil 

contents to induce the belief that they were laid down in distinct 

basins or troughs. The beds composing the two series should therefore be considered separately and under distinct names.

CAMBRIAN AND LOWER ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONES OF EAST TENNESSEE.

\

Limestones form but a small part of the lower Cambrian rocks in 

this State. Furthermore, it does not seem probable that &ny of these 

beds will have the chemical composition now deemed necessary in a 

Portland cement material. Certain layers of the Maryville limestone, 

described and mapped in folios Nos. 12, 16, 25, 27, 33, and 59, published by the U. S. Geological Survey, probably are more promising 

for the purpose than any other Cambrian limestone in the State. 

Other limestone beds, ranging in thickness from a few feet to nearly

400 feet, have been described under the names of Beaver and Rutledge

limestones. Others again are included-as calcareous members in the 

Nolichucky and Conasauga shale formations.

The great bed of limestone known as the Knox dolomite overlies 

these lower Cambrian formations. According to classifications now 

in vogue, the lower half of the Knox is referred to the Cambrian system while the upper half is placed in the Ordovician. So far as known, 

the percentage of magnesia in no part of the 3,500-4,000 feet of limestone comprised in the formation is low enough to permit the rock to 

be classed as a possible source of Portland cement material.

UPPER ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONES OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE 

GREAT VALLEY OF EAST TENNESSEE.

.Lenoir limestone. At the base of the series of Ordovician limestones, shales, and sandstones that overlies the lower Ordovician Knox
BCKKU] TENNESSEE. . 303

dolomite is a rather persistent bed of more or less argillaceous limestone to which Safford long ago applied the name Lenoir limestone. 

This bed varies greatly in thickness and reaches in some places a 

thickness of several hundred feet. It corresponds in position, and in 

a considerable degree also in its lithologic features, to the so-called 

"Trenton" limestone that is employed in the manufacture of cements 

in more northern parts of the Appalachian Valley.

The Lenoir outcrops in bands trending approximately parallel with 

the margins of the valley. In most of these it is overlain by a thick 

bed of shale that has been mapped in folios issued by the national 

Surve.y as the Sevier shale. In the bands found near the eastern edge 

of the valle\r, in which the limestone is thin and locally wanting, the 

lower part of the overlying beds is a dark shale, to which the name 

Athens shale has been applied. In these bands the shale,is overlain 

by the Tellico sandstone. Where the Athens shale is absent, as in

the bands outcropping between Knoxville and Bays Mountain, lying 

about 8 miles east of that city, the Lenoir limestone is much heavier 

and extends upward to the base of the Tellico sandstone.

In the folios and other publications of the United States Geological 

Survey relating to East Tennessee the Lenoir limestone is erroneously 

regarded as a thin representative, or rather as an extension, of the 

basal part of the Chickamauga limestone of the western side of the 

valley,. Nearly all the areas of Lenoir limestone in East Tennessee 

have been mapped as Chickamauga limestone in the folios describing 

the geology of the Chattanooga, Cleveland, Kingston, Loudon, Knoxville, JVIaynardville, Briceville, and Morristown quadrangles. In these 

folios the Lenoir Chickamauga limestone bands may be distinguished 

from the true Chickamauga areas by the association of one, two, or all 

of three formations viz, the Athens shale, Tellico sandstone, and 

Sevier shale with the limestone in the former areas and their absence 

in the latter. The distribution of the Silurian (iron-bearing) Rockwood formation ma}^ also be used in discriminating these areas, the 

easternmost bands of-the Rockwood corresponding approximately to 

the western border of the area to which the Lenoir limestone, Athens 

shale, Sevier shale, and other formations pertaining to the eastern 

province are confined.

Locally, especially in the bands that correspond, with respect to 

the width of the valley, to those occurring in the vicinity of Knoxville, the upper part of the Lenoir contains or consists of heavy beds 

of red and gray marbles. As shown by the accompanying analyses, 

these marbles are very pure limestones, being especially low in.magnesia. As the outcrops are of teruclose to beds of shale, some of those 

that for one reason or another have proved unfit to work for marble 

might still, if found suitable, be utilized in the manufacture of cement.
304 - CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. I BULL. 243.

Analyses of Tennessee marbles from the upper part of Ike Lenoir. limestone.

Silica (Si02 ) ..................................................

Lime (CaO) ..................................................

Magnesia (MgO) ......'.........................................

Sulphur (S)..l. ...............................................

l

0.17

.04

.23

55.47

.30

43.63

.21

2

0.13

Tr.

.26

55.32

.21

.005

43.51

.125

1. Knoxville, Knox County, L. G. Eakins, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 168, p. 258.

2. Hawkins County, A. L. Colby, analyst. Eighteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 5, p. 983.

Ordovician limestones above the Lenoir, Similar and occasionally 

extensive beds of crystalline and other limestones occur locally in the 

Sevier shale. Such limestone beds are especially well developed in 

the bands striking southwest from Knoxville to Athens. Thinner and 

more earthy beds of limestone occur, though less commonly, also in 

the Athens shale. In the region between Holston and Clinch rivers 

the Lenoir limestone is generally overlain by the Moccasin limestone, 

a reddish argillaceous limestone several hundred feet thick.

UPPER ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONES OF THE WESTERN PART OF THE GREAT 

VALLEY OF EAST TENNESSEE.

The upper Ordovician limestones of the western half of the valley 

are all included in a single comprehensive formation, described in publications of this Survey as the Chickamauga limestone. This great

mass of rocks, aggregating from 1,200 to 2,000 feet in thickness, consists almost entirely of limestone. Locally and in certain parts of the 

section, especially toward the top, the limestone becomes shaly, or it 

may include many thin beds of shale. Though the greater part of the 

formation may be classed as a pure limestone, it is nevertheless true 

that many layers contain considerable clayey matter, while a few are 

siliceous and on decomposition give rise to chert. The percentage of 

magnesia, however, is almost certainly always low, although analyses 

establishing the fact are wanting. Highly argillaceous limestones, 

usually mottled with red, occur in the lower half of the formation, 

especially in the Chattanooga belt. Many localities in the western 

half of the valley doubtless would afford materials for a proper mixture 

in the same quarry.

The Chickamauga limestone contains representatives of practically 

each and all of the formations into which the Ordovician rocks of
KCKEL.] TENNESSEE. 305

middle Tennessee have been divided. The succession of the various 

bedsi, and of the faunas characterizing each, is exactly the same in 

the two areas, so that there can be little or no doubt respecting the 

continuity of the beds beneath the later rocks making the.intervening Cumberland Plateau.

ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONES OF MIDDLE TENNESSEE.

Limestones of the Stonqs River group. The nearly horizontal limestones of this group form the floor of the basin, the lowest formation 

outcropping at Murfreesboro. They are all essentially nonmagnesian, 

and hence deserve mention as possible or promising materials. The 

Murfreesboro limestone, with an exposed thickness of 70 feet, is light 

blue, usually heavy bedded, occasionally rather earthy, and often very 

cherty. Murfreesboro is situated near the center of the area in which 

this limestone comes to the surface. The diameter of the area, which 

includes, also, small outliers of later formations, ranges from 12 to 14 

miles.

Tine Fierce limestone, having a maximum thickness of scarcely 30 

feet,, rests on the Murfreesboro limestone and forms a narrow belt 

around the outcrops of that formation. It consists chiefly of thin 

layers of highly fossiliferous pure or somewhat argillaceous limestone 

interbedded with thin seams of calcareous shale.

The next formation, the Kidley limestone, having a thickness of from 

80 to 100 feet, consists of thick-bedded, light-blue, sparsely cherty 

limestone. The Ridley, like the Pierce, outcrops in an irregular circular band around the Murfreesboro area. Limited exposures of its 

upper beds occur also in Bedford and Marshall counties.

The Lebanon limestone has litbologic characters similar to those of 

the Pierce limestone. It is the fourth formation from the base of the 

Stories River group, has a thickness of 100 feet or'more, and occupies 

a larger area than the preceding limestones. The towns .of Lebanon, 

Lewisburg, Shelbyville, La Vergne, and Fosterville are located on 

this limestone. It is shown also in the bluffs of Duck River at Columbia. A considerable proportion of the bed consists of argillaceous 

limestone.

The Carter limestone, the uppermost division of the Stones River

group, is a very light blue, compact, heavy-bedded limestone, 40 to 80

 feet thick. It occurs in all of the counties in the central basin, and is

more ofteil burned for lime than any other of the Ordovician limestones

of the basin.

Trenton group. The Trenton limestones, including the Hermitage, 

Bigby, and Catheys limestones, as defined in the Columbia folio, a form 

a wide but irregular belt, completely encircling the central Stones 

River limestone areas of the basin. Bull. 243 05 20
306 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

These Trenton formations, though consisting1 almost entirely of limestone, still vary greatly from place to place in their lithologic characters. The Bigby limestone, for instance, is granular and phosphatic 

on the west side of the basin. Both of these peculiarities are lost on 

tracing the formation around the northern and southern sides to the 

eastern border. Here a large part of the formation, which has, moreover, increased in thickness, consists of compact earthy limestones.

The Trenton limestones in the counties bordering the Cumberland 

River, if the present local scarcit}^ of fuel is not prohibitive, are particularly promising materials. Coal was formerly boated down from 

eastern Kentuclry mines, and these shipments might be resumed if 

there was sufficient reason. At present only points in the vicinity of 

Nashville and Carthage have access to coal brought in by railroads. 

At both of these places, however, there is such a variety of limestone 

and shales that it is scarcely to be doubted that abundant materials 

affording the proper mixture are available at either.

Leipers formation. This formation consists, as a rule, of interbedded 

shales and apparently nonmagnesian, thin, knotty limestones. It varies 

considerably in composition from place to place, and even in the same 

outcrop, and on this account is not deemed so promising as most of 

the underlying Trenton and Stones River formations. The Leipers 

outcrops chiefty in the slopes of the highland rim. Stratigraphically 

it is equivalent to the formation in the hills about Cincinnati, Ohio.

SILURIAN LIMESTONES.

The Silurian rocks of Tennessee embrace three limestone formations 

containing beds sufficiently low in magnesia to be considered available 

as Portland cement materials, viz, the Clifton limestone (Niagara), 

the Linden limestone (Helderberg) of middle and western Tennessee,

and the Sneedville or Hancock limestone (Helderberg) of northeastern 

Tennessee. The Clifton and Linden limestones outcrop chiefly along 

the Tennessee River, and both, the Linden especially, contain interstratified beds of shale. Locally, the Clifton contains beds that are 

more or less highly argillaceous. These argillaceous limestones occur 

principally in the lower part of the formation. Locally, as in the 

blufl's opposite Centerville, in Hickman County, they nuiy afford 

material suitable for so-called natural Portland cements.

MISSISSIPPIAN LIMESTONES.

Nonmagnesian limestones occur in three Mississippian formations in 

Tennessee. The lowest of these is the Tullahoma formation, in which 

the limestones are prevailingly very siliceous and cherty, and for this

a Geologic Atlas U. S.', folio 95, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1903, pp. 1-2.
HCKHL.J TEXAS. . « 307

reason probably not of importance in this connection. The principal 

outcrops of the Tullahoma form the barrens of the highland rim and 

occur in the counties immediately surrounding the.central basin.

The next division is the St. Louis limestone.. This formation covers 

the higher points of the highland rim'and forms the surface rock over 

a wide belt of country along the western base of the Cumberland 

table-land. Livingston, Sparta, Cookeville, and McMinnville are 

among the towns located on this belt. Another large outcrop covers 

the greater parts of Robertson, Montgomery, and Stewart counties, 

which adjoin counties in southwestern Kentucky in which the same 

formation,prevails. The St. Louis limestone is from 200 to 300 feet 

thick and consists mainly of gray and blue, thick-bedded, cherty limestone. Near its base, however, especially in Montgomery County, 

the formation often includes many beds of high-grade limestone. 

Where such beds occur they are sometimes underlain by oolitic and

semioolitic limestone regarded as of the same age as the Spergen 

limestone of Indiana.

In Tennessee the Chester group consists largely of limestone, which, 

as it rests directly upon the St. Louis limestone, has been described 

together with that formation by Hayes arid others as a single formation 

under the name Bangor limestone. In his reports Stafford usually 

refers to the Chester as the "Mountain limestone."

The Chester is limited to the eastern half of the State. It forms 

the base or part of the slopes of the Cumberland table-land on all its 

sides. Interbedded with the limestone are numerous beds of often 

highly-colored shales and several comparatively unimportant sandstones. .The shales grow relatively more abundant toward the top 

of the formation.

POKTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF TEXAS.

By J. A. TAFF. 

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

A number of limestone formations occur in the Carboniferous and 

older Paleozoic rocks in north-central Texas and in the Trans-Pecos 

region, and a limestone has also been located near the base of the 

Tertiary in Limestone County. These limestones may prove to have 

compositions adapted to the production of. certain classes of cement, 

but the constituents have not been determined.

Of the many limestone formations in the geological column of Texas 

those of widest extent and greatest purity and therefore those -best 

adapted for use in making Portland cement are of Cretaceous age.

The Cretaceous of Texas occurs in a wide belt of country, extending 

across the central part of the State in a north-south direction from 

Red River to the Rio Grande. It makes the most fertile lands in the
308 CEMENT MATEKtALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

most densely populated portion of the State. The cities of Sherman, 

Dallas, Fort Worth, Waco, Austin, and San Antonio are located upon it. 

Facilities of transportation are ample, for railroads extend from the 

principal cities to other centers of population in the State and beyond. 

Two formations in the Cretaceous system contain limestone deposits 

of remarkable purity that are well adapted to the manufacture of 

Portland cement. These formations are the Austin chalk and Goodland or Comanche limestone.

AUSTIN CHALK.

The Austin chalk is situated in the lower part of the Gulf series 

(Upper Cretaceous). Its exposed area is shown in the sketch map 

(PI. XIV). From a point on Red River near the northeast corner of 

the State its outcrop bears westward, passing near Clarksville, Honeygrove, and Paris, to Sherman. From Sherman its course bears southwestward beneath Dallas, Waco, Austin, and San Antonio. Besides 

these, numerous other but smaller cities are situated upon it, from 

San Antonio its course westward paralleling the Southern Pacific 

Railway to the Rio Grande near Del Rio.

The rock is a jnassive white friable limestone or chalk. Through 

several hundred feet from near the base to the top the rock varies 

from 70 per cent to 90 per cent carbonate of lime, as shown in the 

table of analysis of Texas chalk. Massive beds of manjr feet in thickness are remarkably uniform in texture and composition.

Analyse* of Texas chalk and marl.

No.

1. .............

9

3...............

4...............

5......... .....

6...............

7...............

8........:......

Silica, 

SiOo, and 

insoluble.

5.77

5.94

. 10. 32

11.31

15. 98

48.02

60.82

23.55

Ferric oxide 

and alumina, 

Fe2O3 and 

A1 2 03 .

2.14

1.72

6.56

7.50

8.47

20.95

21.30

1.50

Lime.CaO.

50.45

48.73

45.30

42.61

. 38. 86

14.26

3.66

39.32

Magnesia 

MgO.

0.28

.28

Carbonate 

of lime, 

CaC03 .

90.15

86.57

79.75

76.47

70.60

24.62

6.51

70. 21

Carbonate of 

magnesia 

MgC03 .

0.58

.58

1. Fresh rock from quarry, average material used in the manufacture 'of cement, Alamo Cement 

Works, 3 miles north of San Antonio, Tex.

2. Brushy Creek, Williams County, Tex., 100 feet above base of chalk. ..

3. Brushy Creek, Williams County, Tex., middle part of chalk.

4. Brushy Creek, Williams County, Tex., upper part of chalk.

5. San Gabriel River, Williams County, Tex., chalk marl at top of white chalk. 

. 6. Williams County, Tex., lower part of blue marl above the white chalk.

7. Williams County, Tex., greensaud marl, central part above blue marl.

8. Average fresh rock from quarry, Texas Portland Cement Works, 3 miles west of Dallas, Tex., 

lower 20 feet of white chalk.

Near Red River, east of Sherman, the chalk probably does not exceed 

400 feet in thickness and it is interbedded with chalk marls. Here, 

however, there are thick beds of nearly pure chalk. Between Sher-
U.S. GEOLOGICAL_SURV£Y

MAP OP PARTS OF TEXAS, OKLAHOMA,AND INDIAN TERRITORY

chalk

Carboniferous 

limestone

Cambrian, Ordovleum, 

und Sjlurirtii liinosloiies
ECKGL.] TEXAS.. ' 309

man and Austin the formation is approximately 600 feet thick, and is 

generally uniform in texture and composition. From Austin southwestward the chalk probably increases in thickness, but it is broken 

and in part concealed by faulting.

The chalk has clay marls in contact both above and below. It 

grades upward into chalk marl, which in turn is followed by limy 

clay, bringing into close relations all of the elements essential to the 

production of Portland cement.

The Austin chalk is structurally well situated for quarrying. East 

of Sherman it is inclined southward and south of Sherman southeastward at approximately 40 feet per mile.

GOODLAND LIMESTONE.

The Goodland limestone is near the middle of the Comanche (Lower 

Cretaceous) series in Texas and southern Indian Territory. It is situated west of and generally parallel with the outcrop of the Austin 

chalk. It crops out in southern Indian- Territory east of Ardmore. 

Near Ardmore the outcrop turns southward, crossing into Texas in 

Cooke County. It occurs in large areas in Wise, Parker, Hood, Erath, 

Bosque, Hamilton, Coryell, Lampasas, Burnet, Blanco, Kendall, Comal, 

and Bexar counties. Still larger areas are exposed in the Edwards 

Plateau west of San Antonio.

In Indian Territory and in Texas north of the Brazos River Valley 

the formation is a massive, semicrystalline white limestone 30 to 50 feet 

thick. From Brazos River Valley southward it gradually increases 

in thickness, reaching 300 feet on Colorado River. In this central 

Texas region the formation divides into - two parts. The lower part 

consists of a massive white chalky limestone nearly 100 feet thick. 

This member has been described in Texas and United States Geological Survey reports as the Comanche Peak limestone. The upper 

member, which has been described as the Edwards limestone, consi'sts 

of thick beds of nearly pure chalky and siliceous limestone beds alternately stratified. They contain quantities of nodular and almost pure 

flints. The flints occur in both classes of rock, but are rather more 

abundant in the pure limestones. Near Austin and elsewhere in the 

central part of the State these purer limestones are manufactured into 

a high grade of'white lime.

The Goodland limestone and its southern equivalents are found capping escarpments overlooking the timbered lands of the Trinit}^ sands 

in northern Texas and Indian Territory. In central Texas these limestones occur in a region of strongly incised drainage channels, and 

cap local table lands in the western part of -their area of outcrop and 

occur in escarpments, bluffs, and low lands in the eastern part.

Like the Austin chalk, the Goodland limestone lies almost flat, being 

inclined at low angles toward the south in Indian Territory and 

toward the east and southeast in Texas.
310 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND LNDUSTBY. I. BULL. 243.

PORTLAND-CEMENT INDUSTRY IN TEXAS.

Three cement mills have been started in Texas, located at Austin, 

Dallas, and San Antonio, respectively. All of these mills have set 

limestone from the Cretaceous beds. The Austin plant has been shut 

down for some time; the Dallas plant has recently been purchased by 

the lola Portland Cement Company of Kansas.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF UTAH.

Limestones, usually low in magnesium carbonate, occur at many 

points in the Wahsatch Mountain area in Utah. Most of these limestones are of Carboniferous age. Frequently they contain so much 

clayey matter as to fall below 75 per cent in lime carbonate, in which 

case they are to be regarded as approaching the Lehigh cement rock 

(see Pennsylvania) in composition. A rock of this type would require 

the addition of a purer limestone in order to bring it up to the proper 

percentage of lime for a Portland-cement mixture.

In the Plateau district softer limestones, of Eocene and later age, 

occur.

Analyses of limestones from Utah.

Silica (SiOj). ---..-.-.

Alumina ( Al,03 ) ......

Iron oxide (Fe2 0;i )

Lime (CaO).. ........

Magnesia (MgO) ......

Alkalies (K,0, Na,0) .

Sulphur trioxide(iS03 ) .

Carbon dioxide (C02 ).

Water ................

Organic matter .......

1

0.57

n. d.

.90

55. 22

.41

n. d.

n. d.

43. 84

n. d.

2

17. 19

n. d.

.48

43. 78

.91

n. d.

n. d.

35. 40

n. d.

8

4.33

n. d.

.63

52. 34

.60

n. d.

n. d.

41. 78

n. d.

4

2.37

} J . 25^O

53.09

1.20

n. d.

n. d.

42.88

.22

5

27.94

.35

39.54

.29

n. d.

n. d.

31. 69

.25

G

13.61

3.72

43 9q

2.18

n. d.

n. d.

36. 20

1.17

7

5.89

1.09

42.49

8.50

n. d.

......

n. d.

n. d.

8

4.03

.2o{

51.33

.72

.63

.89

41.07

.83

.27

»

19. 24

3.26

1.09

38.94

2.75

Tr.

..53

29.57

1.67

2.96

1. Carboniferous limestone, Mammoth Peak, Tin tic district, Nineteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, p. 025.

2. Carboniferous limestone, Sioux Peak, Tin tic district, Nineteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 

pt. 2, p. 620.

3. Carboniferous limestone, Eureka Peak, Tintic district, Nineteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 

pt. 2, p. 623.

4. Carboniferous limestone head of Mill Canyon: B. E. Brewster, analyst. Rept. Fortieth Parallel 

Survey, vol. 2, p. 376.

5. Carboniferous limestone, Ute Peak: B. E. Brewster, analyst. Rept. Fortieth Parallel Survey, vol. 

2, p. 288.

6. Silurian (?) limestone, base of Ute Peak: B. E. Brewster, analyst. Rept. Fortieth Parallel Sm 

vey, vol. 2, p. 411.

7. Eocene limestone, Manti: Geo. Steiger, analyst.

8. Oolitic sand, shores of Salt Lake: T. M. Chatard, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 27, p. 09.

9. Calcareous adobe soil, Salt Lake City: L. Or. Eakins, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 04, 

p. 51.

One cement plant is at present in operation in Utah. This is the 

mill of the Portland Cement Company of Utah, located in Salt Lake 

City. The quarry from which the raw materials are obtained is in 

Parleys Canyon, several miles southeast of the city. Two types of
VERMONT. 311

limestone are obtained here, one a cement rock, high in.clayc}^ matter, 

the other a 'relatively pure limestone. These are mixed in proper 

proportion for Portland cement.

Analyses of Portland cement materials used in Salt Lake City, Utah,.

Silica (Si02 ) .................................

Alumina ( Al.,0,,) ............................ .

Iron Oxide (Fe,0,) ...........................

Lime (CaO) ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) .............................

High-lime rock.

4.70 

1.73 

1.42 

50.96

.58

6.8 

| 3.0

50.3 

.36

Low-lime rock.

18.90 

f 7.05 

1 2.85 

36. 74 

2.70

}

21.2 

8.0

35. 2 

1.8

PORTLAND CEMENT RESOURCES OF VERMONT.

Vermont, unlike the other New England States, contains extensive 

and important deposits of nonmagnesian limestones arid marbles. 

These deposits are worked at present for building stone and lime 

burning.

The limestones quarried in "Vermont fall, into two distinct groups. 

The first group contains the crystalline limestones (marbles), worked 

extensively in the vicinity of Rutland, West Rutland, Dorset, and 

Brandon. The material obtained in this area is well known commercially as the "Vermont marble." The second group of limestones 

includes those quarried in northwestern Vermont, the principal workings being near Swanton, Highgate Springs, Winooski, and Leicester 

Junction. These limestones are mostly of Ordo'vician age (Chazy 

and Trenton), are not markedly crystalline, and commonly range in 

color from dark gray or blue .to almost black.

Both types the marbles and the black limestones are usually very 

low in magnesia, as may be seen from the analyses below.

Analyses of Vermont limestones.

Silica (SiO,).. ........

Alumina (A12 0S ) ..... 

Iron oxide (Fe2 0it) ...

Magnesia (MgO) .....

Carbon dioxide (C02 ).

i

0.35

\ .20

55.00

.25

44. 0.2

2

0.63

I .05,

53.93

1.47

43.96

!$

0.63.

.05 

.34

55.09

.37

43.68

4

0.40

}.,.

55.83

Tr.

43.65

5

0.28

..30

55. 27

.28

43. 82

(i

0.40

.20

55.26

.15

43. 66

7

0.70

.15

55. 50

Tr.

43. 65

8

1

>0. 22

55. 15

.57

44.00

»

0.62

54.95

.59

43. 80

1, 2. Proctor, Rutland County. Seventeenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, p.-809.

3. Columbian Marble Company, Proctor.' Penfield, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. 6, p. 447.

4. Felton Quarry, Highgate Springs. S. P. Sharpies, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, pt. C, p. 456.

5. 0, 7. Vermont Marble Company, West Rutland. Seventeenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, 

p. SOS.

8, 9. VermontMarbleCompany,WestRutland. J. N. Harris, analyst. Seventeenth Ann.Rept. U.S. 

Geol. Survey, pt. 3, p. 808. »
312 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

So far as composition is concerned, both the marbles and the ordinary limestones are well suited for use as Portland cement materials. 

Fuel, however, is expensive; there are no good local markets for 

cement and cement products, and satisfactory clays are rather difficult 

to obtain. Commercial conditions, therefore, seem to rule these otherwise excellent Vermont limestones out uf consideration. If conditions 

were different, a flourishing Portland-cement industry might be established, as a cement plant could utilize the enormous amount of waste 

material from the marble quarries.

PORTLAND CEMENT RESOURCES OF .VIRGINIA.

By R. S. BASSLER. 

PORTLAND CEMENT MATERIALS.

Four prominent sources of Portland cement material appear in Virginia. Listed in geologic order, these are:

4. Tertiary soft limestones ("marls").

3. Greenbrier (Lower Carboniferous) limestone.

2. Lewistown (Lower Helderberg) limestone.

1. Ordovician (Trenton, etc.) limestones.

The Tertiary limestones, often called "marls," but entirely different 

from the fresh-water marls of northern States, occur in eastern or 

tidewater Virginia. At present their distribution and composition are 

not sufficiently known to justify discussion. The remaining three 

groups occur in western Virginia, in the Great Valley and its foothills. 

Of these three the Lewistown limestone is now used in Portland 

cement, manufacture at Craigsville, while the Greenbrier limestone 

\vill probabty be an important source of cement material in southwestern Virginia. The general distribution of both these formations is 

shown in the accompanying map (Pi XV), but little is known concern- 

'ing the details of their composition and local distribution. With 

regard to the fourth and most important group the Ordovician limestone the case is different, for a very careful examination has been 

made of the Trenton and other Ordovician limestones in the valley of 

Virginia. '

For many years the argillaceous Trenton limestones of the Lehigh 

district of Pennsylvania have furnished the raw material for the manufacture of the greater part of the Portland cement output of the 

United States. Because of this enormous output the argillaceous 

limestones of this relatively small district have assumed a great economic importance, and the occurrence of the same rock in other sections of the country is not without considerable interest.

in the early part'of the field season of 1904 the writer spent six 

weeks in the Lehigh and Lebanon valleys of Pennsylvania in a general 

study of the paleontologj^ and stratigraphy of the Ordovician strata, 

but particularly in mapping the distribution of the Trenton limestone 

or cement rock. Later in the season about three weeks were devoted
BCKHL.] VIRGINIA. 313

to similar work in the southern half of the Valley of Virginia. The 

following preliminary report is based largely upon this later field 

work, but in its preparation free use has been made of the Staunton 

folio" by N. H: Darton, and-of an article by Charles Catlett, entitled 

"Cement Resources of the Valley of Virginia."^ Acknowledgments 

are-also due to Prof. H. D. C'tmpbell, of Washington and Lee University, for the use of manuscript geologic maps prepared by him, 

covering the region about Lexington and Natural Bridge, Va. Mr. 

Catlett has also kindly allowed the writer to make use of notes and 

.preliminary analyses made by him.of the rocks in the vicinity of 

Harrisonburg and Staunton, Va.

A somewhat more detailed report, w,ith maps, by the present writer, 

will be found in Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey No. 260. During the 

season of 1905 further investigations will be made in the field, in

cooperation with. the Virginia Geological Survey, and a complete 

report on the cement resources of Virginia will be published at the 

clc$3 of this field work. . '

In the present report only that part of the valley lying between 

Woodstock, in Shenandoah County, on the north, and Natural Bridge, 

in Rockbridge County, on the south, is considered.

The raw materials occurring in the valley of Virginia that are suitable for the manufacture of cement are argillaceous limestones, pure 

limestones, shales, and calcareous marls. Of these the more important are the argillaceous and pure limestones.

The principal rock formations in the Valle}7 of Virginia are a great 

series of limestones termed the Shenandoah limestone and a series of 

shales named the Martinsbnrg shales. In'general the entire valley is 

underlain by the Shenandoah limestone, while the shales usually outcrop along the base of the mountains bounding it. Both of these 

formations yield an abundance of the raw materials required in the 

manufacture of Portland cement.

SHENANDOAH LIMESTONE.

This is a very great, thick formation, composed of several members. 

The chemical composition of its several divisions varies greatly. Some 

of the limestones are highly magnesian; others are almost pure calcium carbonate; while one group contains a considerable amount of 

clayey material. In the Shenandoah limestone four divisions may be 

recognized, based on character of the rock and its fossils. These, 

named in ascending order, are as follows: (1) A series of dolomitic 

limestones from 1,000 to 2,000 feet thick, of Cambrian age; (2) 300 or 

more feet of cherty limestone bearing fossils of Beekmantown (Calciferous) age; (3) 60 to 100 feet of a coarsely crystalline light-colored 

highly fossiliferous limestone, and (4) 200 to 350 feet of dark-colored

"Geologic Atlas, U. S., folio 14, U. S. Gcol. Survey, 1X94. 

'-Bull. U. S. Gcol. Survey No. 225, 1904, pp. 457-461. .
314 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

argillaceous limestone, the Trenton cement rock. Members 1 and 2 

are apparently uniformly developed throughout the valley, but 3 and 

4, although widely distributed, are sometimes absent.

C A MB RI"A N J -1MESTONES.

On account of the lack of continuous exposures and the difficulties 

in distinguishing the various beds the thickness of this division has 

not been definitely ascertained, but it is certainly not less than 1,000 

and may exceed 2,000 feet. Fossils are practically absent in these 

rocks in this part of the valley, but farther north, notably at several 

localities in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, a sufficient number oj 

determinative fossils have been found to indicate that probably the 

entire division is of Upper Cambrian age. These limestones are 

underlain by a quartzite containing Lower Cambrian fossils, so that 

although the two formations are apparently conformable there is a 

great time break between them.

These Cambrian limestones are massive bedded, vary from dark 

gray to light gray or light blue in color, and are nearly always highly 

magnesian in composition. ' Toward the base purple or silvery shales 

are sometimes seen, but as a rule the entire formation-is one of heavily 

bedded magnesian limestones.

On account of the high percentage of magnesia these limestones are 

of no value for the manufacture of Portland cement, but their composition does not preclude their use in making natural cement. At the 

plant at Glasgow, in Kockbridge Count}-, natural cement has been 

burned for many years from the magnesian limestones of the lower 

part of this division. Cement from this plant was used In building 

the locks of the James River and Kanawha Canal.

Occasionally, however, strata of pure nonmagnesian limestone are 

interbedded with the more typical magnesian rock, and it is these 

strata that will prove valuable in Portland-cement manufacture. Such 

strata have been-observed in various parts of the valle}r, but their 

outcrops are more or less scattered. On account of this fact and of 

the geologic structure of the entire formation and the small per cent 

the pure limestones contained in it, these nonmagnesian strata can not 

be definitely mapped and must be determined in the' field. In New 

Jersey and Pennsylvania there is the same arrangement of a few strata 

of nonmagnesian limestone with a great series of dolomite, and the 

former is the source of part of the limestone used in the Lehigh district 

to bring to the cement rock the required percentage of calcium carbonate. Near Annville, Pa., these nonmagnesian limestones occur 

in greater quantities than usual, and here much of this limestone is 

quarried for shipment to cement plants.

BEEKMANTOWN LIMESTONE.

The Cambrian dolomitic limestones grade upward imperceptibly into 

another series of strata that have essentially the same chemical composi-
MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OT LIMESTONES IN VIRCrlNIA, "WEST VIR&1NIA, MARYLAND, AND PART 07 PENNSYLVANIA

ByJidvvin C. IKcJte! 

Scale
ECKEL.] VIKGINLA. 315

tion, but differ in that extensive layers of chert are interbedded with the 

usual dolomites. The, areas occupied by this division may usually be 

recognized by their topographic features, for the cherts give rise to 

conspicuous hills or ridges. Chestnut Eiclge, Sugar Loaf, and Bet-; 

sey Bell are examples of this topography in the vicinity of Staunton, 

but similar ridges and knolls are encountered throughout the valley. 

The Beekmantown age of this series has been determined from gasteropod and cephalopod remains found at various points in the valley, particularly in the vicinity of Lexington, Va. On account of this 

gradual passage of the Cambrian into the Beekmantown, the determination of the thickness of the latter division is difficult. However, 

the characteristic fossils have been found 300 to 400 feet below the 

top of the cherty layers, so that their thickness is not less than the 

figures mentioned. The difficulty of separating these two divisions 

without evidence furnished by fossils is in accordance with a fact 

that has often been noted, namely, that wherever both are made up 

of limestone sedimentation has apparently continued through Upper 

Cambrian and Beekmantown times without interruption.

Usually no important pure limestone layers have been noticed in 

this division, and for this reason, as well as for the reason that the 

topography often accompanying its exposures is unfavorable to quarrying, the rocks of this age are of little value as a source of Portlandcement rock. In a few instances, however, lenses of comparatively 

pure limestone have been found in this, formation as well as in the 

underlying Cambrian. The following analysis of a sample of this rock 

from the vicinity of Staunton is typical:

Analysis of pure limestone from vicinity of Staunton, Va.

 [Charles Catlett, analyst.] 

Silica (Si02 ) .............................................................. I. 79

Alumina (A1 2 03 )................ ........................................ "1

Iron oxide (Fe2 0;! ) ....................................................... J

Lime (CaO) ........................................... ....:............. 50.36

Magnesia (MgO)......................................................... 1. 79

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ..................................................... 41. 36 '

Alkalis, etc .............................................................. 3.97

TBENTON LIMESTONES.

. Under this general name two distinct series of limestones are here 

recognized, the older being, a coarsely ci'37 stalline highly fossiliferous 

rock and the younger the well-known black argillaceous limestones or 

cement rock. The first series is well developed in the area south of 

Staunton, where it varies from 60 to 100 feet in thickness, while north 

of Staunton it is apparently missing altogether, for here only the 

cement rocks occupy the interval between the Beekmantown limestones and Martinsburg shales. At first sight these two would appear 

to be but phases of one and the same formation, but this idea is dis-
316 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTBr. [BULL. 243.

proved by the development of both series in the vicinity of Lexington, 

Va. Fossils are abundant throughout both series, the first often beingcrowded with ramose bryozoa and masses of Solenopora, while brachiopods, ostracods, and trilobites of Trenton age predominate in the 

second. Although samples of the coarsely crystalline limestones run 

high in lime, the strata as a whole contain so much chert that they are ( 

of little value for mixture with the cement rock. I

Character of cement rock in valley. The youngest member of the \ 

Shenandoah limestone, the argillaceous Trenton, or "cement rock," / 

usually resembles the corresponding strata in'the Lehigh district more ' 

in chemical composition than in physical aspect. In Pennsylvania the ; 

cement rock is usually a dark-gray or black, slaty limestone, which, on '; 

account of the shearing to which it has been subjected, breaks under 

the hammer into flat pieces with smooth, glistening surfaces. As the 

rock loses its argillaceous character i. e., as the percentage of lime 

carbonate in it increases, it loses the slaty appearance and becomes a 

light-gray crystalline limestone. In the valley, however, the metamorphism seems not to have been so great and the aspect of the limestones Varies according to their composition. For example, the rocks 

of the formation outcropping near Woodstock are little more than 

compact hardened strata of calcareous mud while, on the other hand, 

the same horizon on the western side of the valley is occupied by 

tough, crystalline dark blue or black limestones.

South of Staunton, especially in the vicinity of Lexington, the 

Trenton strata have been closely folded and compressed and show 

considerable metamorphism. The result is that the argillaceous limestones in that locality resemble those of the Lehigh district more than I 

at any other point in the valley. ,'

Analyses of these rocks are given under the discussion of the \ 

localities in detail. . j

General distribution of argillaceous .Trenton limestone. On account } 

of the geologic structure of the valley, the argillaceous limestones \ 

are found in three well-defined belts. Two of these belts are formed \ 

by the outcropping edges of the syncline that forms Massanutten 

Mountain, while the third .follows the western edge of the valley. \ 

Exposures of the easternmost belt are found at numerous places along . / 

a northeast-southwest line extending from a point about 5 miles east f 

of Woodstock to Fishersville. The next belt to the west parallels this : 

and shows many outcrops along a similar line from Woodstock to 

Staunton. At several places along these lines of outcrop the argillaceous limestone is missing. The arrangement indicated is most pronounced (1) in the region just south of Massanutten Mountain, having 

McGaheysville on its eastern edge; and (2) in the area south of Staunton, bounded by Staunton, Barter Brook, and Fishersville. The third 

belt occurs along the western edge of the valley and parallels the other
VIRGINIA. 317

two. Here, however, these limestones are often cut out by the 'great 

overthrust fault of this portion of the valley.

In this section the best exposures of these rocks are found along 

the eastern edge of Little North Mountain, especially in the vicinity 

of Dry River north of Stokesville. The valley proper, as has been 

remarked before, is visually occupied by the dolomitic limestones, but 

occasionally synclines exposing the argillaceous limestones and shales 

are found. The most important of these from an economic standpoint 

occurs just west of Harrisonburg. In the region near Lexington and 

Natural Bridge these limestones have been compressed into close folds 

and cover much wider areas than they occup}^ in regions lying farther 

north. Among these wider areas that in which Lexington is located 

is most favorably situated for cement making; the rest, as a glance at 

the map will show, being too far away from railroad facilities.

MAKTINSBURG SHALE.

The highest formation in the valley proper, geologically speaking, is 

a great series of gray, light brown or black shales varying in thickness\ 

from 1,000 to 1,500 feet. When the Trenton limestones underlie the . 

shales the passage from the one formation to the other is often so 

gradual that no marked distinction can be observed. Even when the 

shales rest upon older formations than the Trenton argillaceous limestone, their lower beds are often calcareous and may include thin layers 

of impure limestone. Although the calcareous portion of the shales 

may burn to cement when mixed with other materials, it is probable 

that the main value of this series will be found in its noncalcareous 

portions, which may be used for mixture with high lime argillaceous 

rock. The following analyses show the composition of the lower calcareous part and also of the higher, more typical shales:

Analyses of Martinsburg shales in Virginia, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Silica (SiO,) .................'

Lime (CaO) .................

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Alkalis .....................

Water CH ()]

1

68.62

12. 68 -

4.20

- 9 QA

3.76

3.73

4.47

2

68.00

14.40

5.40

2.68

1.51

.11

2.30

2.70

3

56.60

21.00

5.65

3.42

2.30

.50

 2.20

3.00

4

76.22

|l3. 05

2.67

.93

5

23.08

11.08

35. 89

.94

(l

19.92

10. 76

37.05

1.72

1

19. 28

9.86

36.42

1.08

31. 70

\. East Bangor, Pa., Twentieth Ann, Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. G, p. 430.

2. 1 m. northwest of Colemanville, N. J., Geology New Jersey, 1868, p. 130.

3. Delaware Water Gap, N. J., Geology New Jersey, 1868, p. 136.

4. Lafayette, N. J., Kept. New Jersey State Geol. for 1900, p. 74.

5-7. Calcareous Martinsburg shale, Staunton, Va. (Charles Catlett, analyst.)
318 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

CALCAKEOUS MARLS.

Small deposits of calcareous tufa have been noticed in various parts 

of the valley, and these, if favorably located and sufficiently large, 

would undoubtedly be of much value in cement manufacture. Of 

nib re importance, however, are the deposits of calcareous fresh-water 

marl which have been found scattered throughout this region. In 

certain portions of -Staunton, as has been noted by Mr. Catlett, the 

foundations of houses are cut in marl. 10 to 12 feet deep. The surface 

indications of these marls are usually so meager that no estimate of 

their quantity or extent can be determined from these alone.

DETAILS OF LOCALITIES.

An exploration starting at Woodstock, in the northernmost part of 

the valley visited, and ending in the vicinity of Natural Bridge, disclosed the more favorable localities showing good exposures of the 

argillaceous limestone, which are briefly discussed below. In indicating 

advantageous sites for cement plants, the writer means to imply simply 

that the cement rock and pure lime deposits occur at the places mentioned and that the transportation and.other necessary facilities are at 

hand. Whether a good cement can be made from the raw materials 

found at these places is a matter which can be determined only by 

experimentation on a commercial scale. The argillaceous limestones 

in most instances have a composition very similar to good cement 

materials of other regions, but this does not necessarily indicate that 

they also will make a first-class cement.

Woodstock and vicinity. About 350 feet of argillaceous Trenton 

limestones are exposed just east of Woodstock, the town itself being 

situated upon cherty limestones of Beekmantown age. These limestones and the overlying shales dip southeastward at an angle of about /

45°. and lie on the outcrops of the western edge of the great syncline ( 

forming Massanutten Mountain. Practically the same thickness of ! 

cement rock is exposed northeast and southwest of Woodstock. As 

this line of outcrop is paralleled by the Southern Railroad, which is at 

no place more than 3 miles distant, numerous sites favorable for ) 

cement plants are available. The most prominent location, however, 

is the immediate vicinity of Woodstock; since here the cement rocks ' 

outcrop on the western side of the North Fork of the Shenandoah \ 

River. Farther south the river flows between the railroad and the 

line of cement rock outcrop and would thus greatly increase the cost 

of a spur line.

Pure limestone for mixture with the cement rock can be found in 

the immediate vicinity, more probably in greatest quantity just west 

of the town. Limestone strata, high in calcium carbonate and low in 

magnesia, were found interbedded with the dolomites west of Wood-
KCKHL.] ' VIRGINIA. 319

^ stock, and more extended search will no doubt reveal an ample supply 

i, of such stone.

) Good railroad facilities, both for obtaining the fuel supply and for 

shipping the finished material, are found at this place. Coal could be 

had from the north via the Baltimore and Ohio and Southern railroads, 

and from the south over the Chesapeake and Ohio, the Valley Branch

 of the Baltimore and Ohio and the Southern railroads. By the same

( railroads the finished product could be shipped to the east and to tide-

' water.

) Some miles east of Woodstock this same succession of rock is 

encountered along the eastern edge of Massanutten Mountain. The 

cement rocks here occur along a northeast-southwest line paralleling 

the belt along the.western side of the mountain. Along this eastern 

belt the argillaceous limestones have practically the same composition 

as those exposed near Woodstock.

j ' The following analysis is typical for this eastern belt:

I

Analysis of typical limestone near Woodstock.

Calcium carbonate (CaCOJ ............................................... 74.14

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs )............................................ 1. 00

Silica (Si08 ) ............................................................. 16.34'

} Oxides (R2 03 ) -..-..--....-..----.....-..---.............................. 7.49

j Water (H,0) ............................................................. 2.00

'. J3roadioay and Timberville. Cuts along the Southern'Railroad in 

the vicinity of these two towns show the presence of small s.ynclines 

j of shales and argillaceous limestones very similar in texture and cornJ position to the same rocks found farther south about Harrisonburg. 

\ Harrisonburg and vicinity. A syncline showing the Trenton argil- 

\ laceous limestones and Martinsburg shales occurs just west of Har- 

| risonburg, and extends northeast and southwest for a distance of 

i several miles. The cement rock is especially well shown along the 

) street just west of the Southern Railroad depot, but exposures of the 

\ shales and of the underlying argillaceous rocks may be seen along the 

1 country roads going northwest, west, and southwest from the town. 

' The thickness of the argillaceous limestones in this vicinity could not 

{ be determined with certainty because of the lack of continuous exposures, but it probably does not fall short of 200 feet. Fossils indicating 

the Trenton age of the strata were not uncommon in the rocks shown 

along the western edge of the town.

Pure limestone deposits are found east and southeast of Harrisonburg in considerable quantity. Exposures of this rock may be seen 

in a cut on the Chesapeake and Western Railroad just east of the 

crossing with the Southern Railroad. Here a pure gray limestone is 

found having a composition shown in analysis No. 1 of the table given 

below.
320 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [HULL. L'

From 75 to 100 feet of argillaceous limestones and calcareous slates 

are exposed in a cut oh the Chesapeake and Western Kailroad southwest of Harrisonburg and just west of the Southern crossing. Samples from this cut were analyzed by Charles Catlett, with the result 

shown in No. 2, below.

About li miles north of Harrisonburg the Southern Railroad passes 

through a cut about 20 feet high and 400 to 600 feet in length, exposing comparatively horizontal slaty limestones. Upon analysis this 

was found to have the composition shown in No. 4.

Analyses of cement materials in the vicinity of Harrisonburg, Va. 

' [Charles Catlett, analyst.]

Magnesia (MgO) .............................

Oxides (KaO,) ................................

l

54.24

 .60

 .60

2.08

2

35.79

1.42

3.32

27.06

3

49.00

2.36

.70

7.00

4

38.32

1.67

1.58

25.24

1. Pure gray limestone from cut on Chesapeake and Western Railroad just east of crossing of 

Southern Railroad.

2. Calcareous slates exposed in cut on Chesapeake and Western Railroad just west of crossing of 

Southern Railroad.

3. Dark, friable limestones exposed at crossing of Chesapeake and Western and Southern railroads 

just south of Harrisonburg.

4. Calcareous slates from cut along Southern Railroad, 1£ miles north of Harrisonburg.

Mount Jackson and Newmarket. Numerous exposures of argillaceous limestones may be seen in the foothills of Short Mountain 

several miles east of Moun.t Jackson, and also in the immediate vicinity 

of Newmarket. Practically the same thickness of rock is found here 

as that shown at Woodstock and vicinity, while the analysis of the 

rocks at both of these places indicates that in chemical composition at 

least they are similar to the best of Lehigh rock.

Analysis of Trenton limestone from near Mount Jackson, Va.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO:1 ).............................................t. 70. 00

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs ) ............................................ 2.00

Silica (Si02 ) ............................................................. 18. 20

Oxides (K-jOg) -........................................ 1..'................ 8.00

Water (HaO).. .......................................................... 3.00

Western edge of valley north of Staunton. Most of the outcrops of 

the Trenton limestones along the western edge of this part of the 

valley are remote from railroads, so that in spite of the excellent rock 

shown at a number of places exploitation of these limestones is not 

possible at present. Furthermore, throughout a considerable portion 

of this region the argillaceous limestones are cut out by overthrust 

faulting, the magnesian limestones resting upon the shales or still 

higher formations. But a single area can be mentioned in which the
BCKEL,] ' VIRGINIA. 321

cement rocks are exposed within a reasonable distance of a railroad. 

Several miles north of Stokesville, the terminus of the Chesapeake 

and Western Railroad, and a few miles south of Little North Mountain 

good outcrops of the rock are encountered. These limestones occur 

here in quantity and quality favorable to cement making, and as the 

railroads are near at hand the rock will undoubtedly prove to be of 

economic importance. Shales are available for mixture with the 

cement rock when its percentage of lime is too high, and pure limestones to increase this percentage when necessary are found in the 

valley just east of this point in sufficient quantity, so that, even with 

the present facilities, this is one of the most promising cement localities in the valley.

The composition of an average sample of this rock is shown by the 

following analysis:

Analysis of Trenton limestone from exposure several miles north of Stokesville, Fa.

Calcium carbonate (CaC03 )............................................... 73,14

Magnesium carbonate (MgCO:i)............................................. 2.90

Silica (SiO,).............................................................. 14.34

Oxides (K2 03)------------.'........-.....-.-.----.-..- -.---------.--..--.. 6.49

Water (R^))............................................................. 4.00

Mount Sidney and vicinity. From Staunton to Mount Sidney and 

thence for several miles northeastward the Valley Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad either closely parallels or cuts through the 

belt of argillaceous limestones brought up on the western flank of 

the Massanutten Mountain syncline. The same rocks reappear on the 

eastern flank, 3 to 4 miles distant. The intervening country is occupied by Martinsburg shales, all of the younger rocks found on Massanutten Mountain having been removed by erosion. The favorable 

composition of the rock and the proximity of these two belts to railroads, the western to the Baltimore and Ohio, as mentioned above, 

arid the eastern to the Shenaridoah Valley Railroad, make them worthy 

of attention. The following analysis of specimens from the eastern 

belt in the vicinity of We}^ers Cave shows more magnesia than the 

average.

Analysis of Trenlon limestone from near Weyers Cave, Fa. 

Calcium carbonate (CaCo3 ) ............................................... 69. 72

Magnesium carbonate (MgCo3 )............................................. 4. 69

Silica (SiO,) ............................................................. 14.62

Oxides (RA) --- ----.....-.----.--- .----..----.----,--.--..---.-.----- 6.90

Water (H,0) ............................................................ 3. 94

'Staunton. East and northeast of this place the Trenton limestones 

are well developed and, together with the shales and pure limestones 

near by, offer abundant raw materials for the manufacture of cement. 

The railroad facilities at Staunton are exceptionally good, for a plant

Bull, 243 05 21
322 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [B0LL. 243.

here could obtain coal and ship its products over several lines. 

Ordinarily coal could be had on the most favorable terms over the 

Chesapeake and Ohio, but in times of labor disturbances in the New 

River field, coal could still be obtained from tho Fairmont region. 

The Trenton limestones in the vicinity of Staunton as a rule run 

unusually high in lime, so-that it will be necessary to mix shales or 

clays with them. Unlimited quantities of shales occur with the limestones, but deposits of good clays are not so common. The shales in 

the lower part of these beds are unusually calcareous, as the following 

analyses show, but those in the higher part of the series contain only 

a very small percentage of lime.

Analysis of shales in the vicinity of Staunton, Va. 

[Charles Catlett, analyst.]

Lime (CaO) ...........................................

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................

Silica (Si02 ).-.........................................

Oxides ( Alj08 » Fea03 ) .................................

Ignition ( C0a )...................................:.. .'.

i

35. 87 .

.94

23.08

10.08

2

37.05

1.72

19.92

10.76

'

s

36.42

1.08

19.28

9.86

31.70

Lexington. Lexington is favorably placed for cement manufacture, 

for it is situated in the midst of a broad area of argillaceous limestones. In this part of the valley the Trenton limestones have been 

closely folded and overturned to the west, so that they show an extraordinary thickness. Occasionally the core of an anticline or syricline 

may be noted, and whenever it is possible to make accurate measurements the thickness of the limestones is found not to exceed 350 feet. 

This rock is theoretically of proper composition to make a high-grade 

Portland cement, but, as noted by Catlett, it is a question whether the 

relatively high ratio of silica to iron and alumina, tending to increase 

the refractory character of the clinker, is offset b}^ the finely divided condition and intimate mixing of the natural material. The following 

analyses show variations in the composition of this rock.

Analyses of Trenton limestone, Lexington, V*. 

[Charles Catlett, analyst.]

Silica (Si02 ). ................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ..........

.Lime (CaO) .................

Magnesia (MgO) .............

JgnitteB. ........ ............

i

0.73

\ -»

53.71

.83

o

9.31

3.47

46.30

.86

3

11.86

1.76

46.64

.74

38.82

4

12.92

3.88

45.14

1.37

37.20

5

17.42

4.70

42.44

1.68

35. 62

6

22.60

7.06

36.72

1.69

32.52
ECKBL.] WASHINGTON. 323

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY IN VIRGINIA.

One plant is in operation in Virginia, that of the Virginia Portland 

Cement Company, at Craigsville. The materials used are limestones 

and shales of Lewistown (lower Helderberg) age. Analyses of these 

materials follow, quoted from the Cement Industry.

Analyses of cement materials used at Oraiysville, Fa.

Silica (Si02 ) ..................................................

Iron Oxide (Fe,0,) ............................................

Lime(CaO) ............-..-.------.-

Magnesia (M'gO) ...............................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .......................... ^..............

Water.... ....................................................

Limestone.

n. d.

} 11. d.

54.30

.66

I 43. 63

Shale.

53. 63

24.47

5.94

1.79

10. 03

-

PORTiL^ND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON.

The geology of the State of Washington is not sufficiently well 

known to permit a very detailed statement regarding its cement 

resources. It must therefore be borne in mind that deposits of limestone available for Portland-cement manufacture, in addition to those 

discussed below, may exist in parts of the State which have not been 

carefully surveyed. . Limestones are known to occur in large quantity in two widely 

separated areas in Washington, and it is from these two areas that the 

State's principal supplies of limestone (and marble) for building, lime 

burning, and cement are now being obtained. The two areas are: (1) 

The San Juan Islands in northwestern Washington and (2) .Stevens 

County in northeastern Washington.

. SAN JUAN ISLANDS.

Large limestone deposits, probably, of Cretaceous age, occur on 

various islands of the San Juan group, in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. 

These limestone beds are surrounded by igneous rocks, by which the 

limestones have been metamorphosed, occurring in consequence in 

the form of crystalline limestone or marble.

The limestone deposits on these islands vary greatly in size. The 

largest bed known is that of the Roche Harbor Lime Works, on San 

Juan Island. This extends a all the way across the peninsula from

n Ann, Kept. \Vtfishingon Geo}. Survey for 1901, pt. 3, p. 25.
324 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Koche Harbor to Westcott Bay, a distance of half a mile. The width 

of the belt, as exposed at the outcrop, is 850 feet, and its average thickness above water level is 250 feet. This deposit is now extensively 

worked, the product being used both for lime burning and for smelter 

flux. An analysis a of the limestone gave the following result:

Analysis of limestone, Koche Harbor Lime Works quarry.

Silica (SiOg) ......................................'......- ................ 0.25

Alumina (Al,08 ) .........................................................\

Iron oxide (Fe203) -----.---.------------------.---.---------------.-----./

Lime carbonate (CaC03 )...................................:. i............ 98. 85

Other smaller deposits of limestone occur on various islands of the 

San Juan group. One of these deposits, located on the Avest coast of 

San Juan Island, about 7£ miles from Friday Harbor, now supplies 

material for a 2-kiln lime plant. On Orcas Island, near East Sound 

and Deer Harbor, similar deposits exist, and several are being worked, 

the product being burned into lime by two 1-kiln lime plants.

NORTHEASTERN WASHINGTON.

The Okanogan Highlands of northeastern Washington are largely 

made up of a series of crystalline rocks, most of which are of unknown 

age and origin. At various points in this crystalline area, particularly 

in portions of Stevens County, deposits of crystalline limestone or 

marble occur. The age of these limestones is not certainly known, 

but it is supposed that they are, in part at least, Carboniferous.

A number of these deposits have been worked as marble quarries, 

and a considerable amount of beautiful material is annually obtained 

from them. The deposits are of equal, or perhaps even of greater, 

value as sources of Portland-cement material, for rocks that are too 

much jointed and seamed to furnish decorative stone, or are of unsatisfactory color, will be available for cement plants.

Some of these rocks carry a high percentage of magnesium carbonate or else contain a large proportion of various silicate minerals. 

These are, of course, worthless as cement materials. A large proportion of them are, however, very low in magnesia, and can be considered available for Portland-cement material. A few. of them^ according to reports, carry a large percentage of argillaceous matter, thus 

approaching in composition the Lehigh "cement rock" of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

a Ann. Kept. Washington Geol. Survey for 1901, pt. 3, p. 25.
WEST VIRGINIA.

Analyses of limestones (marbles) of Slevens County, Wash.

325

Silica (SiO») ................

Lime (CaO) ................

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .......

'

0.87 

.00

.00

55.16

.21

43. 77

t»

3.49 

.00

.24

51. 54

1. 11

42.46

:t

0.98 

.00

Tr.

53.96

1.25

43.76

+

0.82 

.00

Tr.

54.81

1.70

43. 56

ft

2. 61 

.00

.00

53.68

.76

42.89

c,

3. 12 

.00

.93

52.04

.67

43. 22

7

0. 13 

.00

.00

54. 95

.54

44.22

8

1. 00 

.00

.00

53. 96

1.60

43.27

1. \Vhite marble, Jefferson Marble Company quarries, 15 miles northwest of Colville.

2. Pink marble, Jefferson Marble Company quarries, 15 miles northwest of Colville.

3. White marble, Keystone Marble Company quarries, 10 miles north of Colville.

4. Gray marble, Keystone Marble Company quarries, 1C miles north of Colville.

6. White marble, Colville Marble Company quarries, 10 miles northeast of Colville. 

0. Dark-gray marble, Colville Marble Company quarries, 10 miles northeast of Colvillcf.

7. Light-gray marble, 2£ miles northwest of Bossbury.

8. Florentine Marble Company, Ryan.

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF WEST VIRGINIA.

PORTLAND-CEMENT MATERIALS.

Four limestone horizons are worth considering as possible sources 

of cement material in West Virginia. These are, in geological order:

4. Coal Measures (Pennsylvania) limestones. 

3. Greenbrier (Mississippian) limestone. 

J2. Lewiston (lower Helderberg) limestone. 

1. Ordovician limestones (Trenton, etc.).

Of these the Greenbrier and the Ordovician limestones are by far 

the most important in this connection. All of these limestones are 

shown on the map (PL XV).

ORDOVICIAN LIMESTONES.

Nonmagnesian limestones occur at several horizons in the Ordovician, the most important from the present point of view being of 

Trenton age. These correspond geologically to the cement rock of 

the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania. In West Virginia they are 

extensively developed in the Sheuandoah Valley.

At and'near Martinsburg, Berkeley County, this pure limestone 

has been extensively quarried for flux. The developments at this 

point have been recently reported & on by Mr. G. W. Stose, as follows:

At Martinsburg, W. Va., this limestone is exceptionally pure and very thick. It 

has been quarried there on a vast scale by the Standard Lime and Stone Company 

for use as flux in the iron furnaces about Pittsburg.

"These analyses were obtained from the report by Professor Shedcl on "The building and ornamental stones of Washington," contained in the Annual Report of the Washington Geol. Survey for 

1902, pp. 3-163. This report contains detailed descriptions of the various quarry areas, and is therefore valuable for reference in the present connection.

b Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 225, pp. 610-517.
326 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTBY. [BULL. 243.

The limestone outcrops in a belt extending southward from the town. On the 

east side is a low ridge of Hudson shale containing graptolites of.Utica age near 

the base. Dipping at an angle of 20 degrees under these beds are 90 feet of dark, compact, crystalline and shaly limestones bearing fossils of Trenton age. Below this are 

three or four heavy beds of pure limestone averaging 15 to 20 feet in thickness, with 

a total of about 80 feet. This is the deposit that is quarried. The upper bed is a 

very massive, compact, light-gray limestone, weathering chalky white on the surface, 

with smooth fracture and but slight indications of bedding'. The lower beds are 

darker, coarser grained, not so homogeneous, and have a rough fracture, and at the 

base are thinner bedded. The only fossils observed in these beds are a few Leperditia found in the upper layers, indicating Lowville (Birdseye) age.

The whole of this mass is quarried, and is stated to average 98 per cent carbonate 

of lime. The two samples tested by the Geological Survey contained 96.2 and 97.7 

per cent. The limestone is quarried in an open cut-200 to 250 feet wide and 80 to 

100 feet deep, the workable depth depending upon the amount of stripping that is 

profitable. The open cut extends for over 1J miles along the strike and is being 

worked along its entire length. The same beds apparently continue beyond, to the 

south, and there is every reason to believe that they also occur along the strike north 

of the town. The rock is taken out on train cars, is crushed to 5-inch size, and is 

loaded directly into the railway cars on the track. The reason that the stone can 

be profitably shipped such a distance is that the cars which transport the coal from 

the Pennsylvania mines to the south return loaded with limestone, thus avoiding an 

empty return run, and the freight rates are reduced to a minimum. It is reported 

that from 20 to 50 carloads a day of the crushed rock are shipped. With a quarry 

face of 80 feet and the dip of the rocks 20 degrees, the estimated output of the quarry 

per rnile is about 3,000,000 tons.

An analysis by. Rogers a is given below. It is of a specimen from a 

point 4 miles from Harpers Ferry, on the road to Martinsburg.

Analysis of limestone from near Harpers Ferry,, W. Va.

Silica (SiO^) ............................................................. 1.83

Alumina (A1203 )..................................... ....................\ ^

Iron oxide (Fe203 )...................................................... J

Lime carbonate (CaC03 )................................................... 95. 86

Magnesian carbonate (MgC03 )...................... .................--... 1.46

LEWISTON (LOWER HELDEBBEKG) LIMESTONE.

The Lewiston limestone, although occurring in West Virginia, is not 

so available a source of cement material as the Trenton and Greenbrier 

limestones. The only obtainable analysis of rock from this location 

is given below, quoted from Rogers. The specimen analyzed was 

from Pattersons Creek, near Hampshire Furnace.

a Geology of the Virginias, p. 170.
ECKEr,.] WEST VIRGINIA. 327

Analysis of Limestone from Pattersons Creek, West Virginia.

Silica (Si02 ).........-.-.-.-.-........-..-............................... 4.96

Alumina (Al^Oa) .....:................................--.................\

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ).......-............--.-.-..-...-............--.-.-..--/

Lime carbonate (CaC03 )...................... ............................ 92.44

Magnesian carbonate (MgC03 ) ............................................ 1.40

Water.................:..................,.............................. .52

GREENBRIER LIMESTONE.

As shown on the accompanying geological map the Greenbrier 

(Mississippian or Lower Carboniferous) limestone is well developed 

in West Virginia, reaching its maximum thickness in its type area in 

Greenbrier County. At Manheim, on Cheat River, east of Grafton, 

this limestone is now used b}^ the Buckhorn Portland Cement Company.

Throughout its entire range the Greenbrier limestone is mainly a 

very pure nonniagnesian limestone, though occasionally shaly 01' magnesian beds occur. Because of its thickness, its favorable composition, and its location with respect to fuel supplies and transportation 

routes, it is a very promising source of Portland cement material.

Analyses of Greenbrier limestone, West Virginia.

Silica (SiOj) ........

Alumina (A1203 ).... 

Iron oxide (Fe2 08 ) . .

Lime carbonate 

(CaC03 )..........

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs)......

Water..............

i

0.97 

jl.46

96.46

1.11 

n.d.

2

19. 87 

4.09

74.56

1.95 

n.d.

;t

6.20 

1.20

89.92

Tr.

.44

4

1.88 

.56

95.92

Tr.

.40

&

6.04 

.88

89.44

2.80 

.84

6

0.40

.48

98,20

.24

7

5.80 

1.16

89.76

2.32 

.92

8

27.00 

.88

67.40

2.32 

.56

»

7.24 

2.52

88.32

.72

10

6.00 

1.52

88.52

3.24

.72

n

26.96 

1.60

64.00

6.76 

.66

1. Huddleston quarry, Snow Flake, Greenbrier County. J. B. Britten, analyst. Twentieth Ann. 

Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, p. 460.

2. Shavers Mountain, Randolph County. E. Whitfield, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 27, 

p. 74.

3. Near Red Sulphur Springs, Monroe County. Hogers, "Geology of the Virginias," p. 396.

4. Near Union, Monroe County. Rogers, "Geology of the Virginias," p. 397.

5. Two miles south of Kingwood, Preston County. Rogers, " Geology of the Virginias," p. 398.

6. Muddy Cre,ek Mountain, near Blue Sulphur Springs. Rogers, "Geology of the Virginias," p. 396. 

7,8. Cheat River, be'low Gum Camp Run, Preston County. Rogers, "Geology of the Virginias," 

p. 397.

9. East side Laurel Hill, Monongalia County. Rogers, "Geology of the Virginias," p. 397.

10. Front ridge, opposite Petersburg, Tucker County. Rogers, "Geology of the Virginia's," p. 398.

11. East side Briery Mountain, Preston County. Rogers, " Geology of the Virginias," p. 398.

COAL MEASURES (PENNSYLVANIAN) LIMESTONES.

As in Pennsylvania and Ohio, thin limestone beds occur at many 

horizons in the Coal Measures of West Virginia. These limestones 

are usually low in magnesia, but are also quite low in lime carbonate, 

commonly ranging from 80 to 90 per cent in that constituent. As
328 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INJDUSTBY. [BULL. 248.

Portland-cement materials their value depends entirely upon their 

nearness to fuel supplies, for they are neither thick enough nor pure 

enough to compare favorably under equal conditions with the Greenbrier or Trenton limestones.

Analyses of Coal Measures limestones, West Virginia.

SUica(SiOj).. ........

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ...

Lime carbonate 

(CaC08 ). ..........

Magnesium carbonate 

(MgC03 ) ..........

i

10.24 

k 52

81.40

3.32 

1.24

jj

10.88 

1.92

86.80

Tr.

.60

3

13.28 

1.68

84.40

Tr.

.64

4

32.04 

7.00

56.48

2.48 

2.00

5

0.92 

.96

95.52

1.88 

.76

6

10. 33 

.90

[85. 75]

[2. 26] 

.05

7

1.53 

.96

[95. 10]

[1.95] 

.10

8

1.60 

1.60

96.20

Tr.

.60

9

7.20 

2.00

89.72

Tr.

1.08

10

1.76 

.80

83.92

2.80

.72

1. Two and one-half mile southeast of Kingwood. Rogers's " Geology of the Virginias," page 400.

2. 3. Ten Mile Creek, 1 mile from mouth, Kanawha County. Rogers's "Geology of the Virginias," 

page 524.

4. Hughes Creek, Kanawha County. Rogers's "Geology of the Virginias," page 400.

5. Clarksburg. Rogers's "Geology of the Virginias," page 401.

6. 7. Moundsville Narrows, 12 miles below Wheeler. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 9, page 17. 

8, 9,10. Two Mile Creek, Kanawha County. Rogers's "Geology of the Virginias," page 525.

PORTLAND CEMENT INDUSTRY OF WEST VIRGINIA.

West Virginia has at present only one Portland-cement plant. This 

is the mill of the Buckhorn Portland Cement Company, located on the 

Cheat Biver at Manheim.

The materials used are the Green brier limestone, shales of the same 

series, and Quaternary clays from the river-flats. ' Analyses of these 

materials, by K. L. Humphrey, follow, and are quoted from Engineering News, volume 50, page 409.

Analyses of cement materials, Manheim, W. Va.

Silica (Si02 ) ..........

Alumina ( A1 2 03) ...... 

Iron oxide (Fe2 0;J ) ....

Limecarbonate(CaCOij)

Magnesium carbonate

(MgCOs). ..........

Lower.

23. 40-20. 20

| 9. 10- 8. 80

60. 31-68. 89

Tr.

Limestone.

Middle.

18. 60-13. 08

7. 60- 6. 12

72. 27-80. 09

Tr.- .61

Upper.

8. 84- 2. 92

5. 04- 1. 82

85. 00-94. 00

. 72- 1. 10

62.74

19.40

.38

1.41

Clay.

68. 16

16. 18

.42

1.04
ECKEL,.] . WISCONSIN. 329

PORTLAND CEMENT RESOURCES OP-WISCONSIN.

OKDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN LIMESTONES.

The Ordovician and Silurian deposits in Wisconsin contain heavy 

and widely distributed beds of limestone. It is necessary, however, 

to warn the prospector that the chances for obtaining a well-located 

limestone sufficiently low in magnesia to be serviceable for this use 

seem to be very poor. Of the numerous analyses of Wisconsin limestones that have been examined by the writer, only three show a 

limestone carrying less than 30 per cent of magnesium carbonate. 

Low-magnesia limestones exist in the State, but the chances seem to 

be against securing a satisfactory deposit of such material. So far as 

known, the only fairly thick and extensive bodies of low-magnesia 

limestone in Wisconsin-occur in the lead region in the upper part of 

the Platteville limestone,0 heretofore referred to the Trenton series.

Mr. E. 0. Ulrich states that in the southwestern part of the State a 

generally thin and rather locally developed bed of relatively pure 

limestone forms the top of the Platteville. The "glass rock," as this 

bed is called, is probably better developed at Mineral Point and 

Platteville, Wis., than anywhere else in the lead district. At these 

localities it is filled with a highly characteristic fauna of late Stones 

Kiver age. The rocks deposited, upon it the Galena limestone are 

Black River and Trenton in age.

Farther east, as at Beloit, and thence northward to Escanaba, Mich., 

the "glass rock" is not represented in the sections. The ''upper 

buff" and "blue," however, occur continuously east and north of 

Janesvilie and Beloit, Wis., while they are wanting, at least locally, 

in the lead region. Both the "upper buff and blue" probably the 

latter certainly represent a horizon intermediate between the lowest 

Galena and the "glass rock."

Grant 6 has recently described this particular limestone as follows:

The "glass rock" belongs near the top of the Trenton limestone. This term has 

been applied to a number of varieties of limestone in this general horizon. It may 

be said that thevnaine is used for very fine grained, compact, and hard beds of limestone which occur near the top of the Trenton. This is about as accurate a general 

definition of the term as can be given. There is, however, one particular phaseof this 

rock which may be called the typical glass rock and which is apparently the rock to 

which the name was first applied. This is a very fine grained, very compact limestone, 

which breaks with a conchoidal fracture and which when fresh is of a light-brown 

or chocolate color. On exposure to the air, however, this color changes to a bluish 

gray. This phase of the glass rock is found in many places throughout the western 

two-thirds of the lead and /inc district. It usually occurs in thin beds, and in some 

places, especially at Platteville, is an important building material, the normal school 

building at this place and one of the high.school buildings being constructed almost

aBain, H. F., Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 240, l'J05, 

pp. 18-20. 

bGrarit, U. S., Geol. Wisconsin, vol. 2, p. G8.i, 1877.
7

330 CEMENT MATEKIALS AND INDUSTKY. [BULL. 243.

entirely of this rock. The fact that it does not occur in thicker beds prevents its 

universal use as a building stone. Very frequently this glass rock is packed full of 

fossils. It is a comparatively pure limestone, containing only a small amount of 

magnesia, the chief impurities being silica and clay.

The composition of this rock is shown by the following analyses.

Analyses of Platteville limestones, Wisconsin.

Silica (SiOa ) .......I.'............................:....

Alumina ( A1208 ) ......................................

Iron oxide (-Fe2 0s ) ....................................

Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) ........................

Water ...... 1 .................... ^ ....................

1

1.10

97.92

1.60

n. d.

a

f 6.16

2.26

1.90

85.54

3.98

.93

3

7.03

2.21

1.22

84.02

5.33

.61

1. Near Benton, on the Fever River, Geol. Wisconsin, vol. 2, pp. 560-501.

2. Mineral Point, Geol. Wisconsin, vol. 2, pp. 5CO-5G1.

3. Bristol, Dane County, Geol. Wisconsin, vol. 2, pp. 560-561.

QUATERNARY SHELL MARLS.

As in Michigan, Ohio, New York, and other States north of the 

glacial limits, many lakes occur in Wisconsin, and some of these contain deposits of marl. Little attention has yet been paid to these 

marl deposits and practically nothing can be said as to their occurrence 

and character. One noteworthy feature, however, should be borne 

in mind. As already shown, almost all of the limestone deposits of 

the State are highly.magnesian. As the marls are ultimately derived 

from local limestones,'it is to be expected that Wisconsin marls will 

Cany larger percentages of magnesia than marls occurring in areas of 

pure limestones. This seems to be indicated by the following analysis:

Analysis of shell marl, Wisconsin.

Silica (Si02 ) -........-................'.........-......................... 1.48

Alumina (A1203 ) .................^.......................................\

Iran oxide (F2 03 ) ...I...................................................J ' 19

Lime carbonate (CaCOr).................................................. 86.09

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) ........................................... 7.18

Sulphur trioxide (S0;,).......................... v......................... .44

Water................................................................... 1. 67

Organic matter........................................................... . 952

Sections 17,18, 19, and 20; town of Pierce, T. 24, R. 35. Kewaunee County. G. Bode, analyst. 

Geology of Wisconsin, vol. 2, p. 239.
f

ECKEL.] WYOMING. 331

PORTLAND-CEMENT RESOURCES OF WYOMING.

Limestones are extensively distributed throughout the State of 

, Wyoming, but little attention. has yet been paid to their economic 

value. The following analyses may prove serviceable in locating 

deposits that may be of use for lime or cement making:

Analyses of limestones, Wyoming.

Silica (Si02 ) .........

Iron oxide (Fe.2 03 )

Lime (CaO) ..........

Magnesia (MgO) .....

Alkalies (K2O,Na.,O) .

Carbon dioxide (C02 ).

Water ...............

l

2.02

1 57 1 ' J<

54. 06

34

n. d.

42. 85

.42

2

22.22

.21

43.24

.15

n. d.

33. 94

.14

3

31. 28

J 1.83

1 .22

34. 20

.11

. 51

26.79

4.64

4

31. 45

1.58

.21

34. 18

.08

.61

26.82

4 fi4

r>

23. 49

6.17

2.16

33. 79

.62

.38

27.08

6.27

0

23.47

6.27

2.20

33. 83

.74

.38

27. 03

6.20

7

6.49

.37

54.16

.15

11. a.

J43. 68

8

1.52

. 31

54. 18

.15

n. d.

43. 69

9

0.43

.10

.12

55. 34

.21

n. d.

J43.73

1 .05

1. Vermilion Creek Canyon. Upper Coal Measures.

2. Near-Keel Buttes. Jurassic?

3,4. Turtle Bluffs, north side of Menrys Fork. Eocene. 

5,(1. Green River City. Eocene. 

7,8. Five miles south of Cheyenne. Pleicene. 

9. Three miles east of Liiramie. Carboniferous.

Analyses 1-8 by B. E. Brcwster, Rept. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th par., vol. 2; analysis 9 from Report 

Territorial Geologist for Wyoming for 1888-89, p. 78.

! PART III. NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF THE UNITED

) STATES.

i

INTRODUCTION. \

'i

'i On the following1 pages an attempt will be made to discuss the natural

N cements as a class, emphasis being laid upon the points of resemblance 

of the various brands, their many points of difference being for a time 

disregarded. The difficulties encountered in such an attempt are greater

than the reader at first sight may imagine, for few engineers realize 

what a heterogeneous collection of products is included under the wellknown name of "natural cement." This lack of knowledge is easily 

explained. Under ordinary circumstances, natural cements are too 

low in value to be shipped far from their points of production. The 

1 natural cement made at any given locality has usually, therefore, a 

well-defined market area, within which it is well known and subject to 

little competition. The engineer practicing within, such an area forms 

his idea of natural cements in, general from what he knows of the 

; .brands encountered in his work, and as all the brands from one ceinenti producing locality are apt to resemble one another closely he is likely 

( to conclude that natural cements form a homogeneous class, with many 

\ points of resemblance and few of difference. On the contrary, there 

} may be as much difference in strength, rate of set, composition, etc., 

between natural cements from two different localities as between any 

; given brand of natural cement and a Portland cement.

DEFINITION OF NATURAL CEMENTS.

i The term "natural cements" is here used to include all cements proj duced by burning a natural limestone rock without previous grinding 

} or mixing. As so used it includes the class of doubtful products com- 

\} monty known as " natural Portlands," which are so largely made in 

i France and Belgium. The reasons for including these " natural Portlands" with the natural cements instead of with the true Portlands 

are stated in considerable detail on pages 21-23.

Natural cements are produced by burning a natural clayey limestone, 

containing 15 to 40 per cent of silica, alumina, and iron oxide, without 

preliminary mixing and grinding. This burning takes place at a temperature that is usually little, if any, above that of an ordinary lime- 

. kiln. During the burning the carbon dioxide of the limestone is

333
334 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

almost entirely driven off, and the lime combines with the silica, 

alumina, and iron oxide, forming a mass containing silicates, aluminates, and ferrites of lime. In case the original limestone contained 

any magnesium carbonate the burned rock will contain a corresponding 

amount of magnesia and magnesian compounds.

The burned mass will not slake if water be poured on it. It is necessary, therefore, to grind it rather fine; after it is ground, if the 

resulting powder (natural cement) be mixed with water, it will harden 

rapidly. This hardening or setting will take place either in air or 

under water.

RELATIONS OF NATURAL CEMENTS TO OTHER .CEMENTS.

Natural cements differ from ordinary limes in two very noticeable 

ways: (1) The burned mass does not slake when water is poured on it.

(2) Natural cement powder has hydraulic properties; i. e., if properly 

prepared it will set under water.

Natural cements are closely related to hydraulic limes on the one 

hand and to Portland cement on the other, agreeing with both in the 

possession of hydraulic properties. They differ from hydraulic limes, 

however, in that the burned natural cement rock will not slake when 

water is poured on it.

Natural cements differ from Portland cements in the following 

important particulars: (]) Natural cements are made by burning 

masses of natural rock, not by burning carefully prepared and finely 

ground artificial mixtures. (2) Natural cements, after burning and 

grinding, are usually yellow to brown and light in weight, their specific 

gravity being about 2.7 to 2.9; Portland cement is commonly blue to 

gray in color and heavier, its specific gravity ranging from 3.0 to 3.2.

(3) Natural cements are always burned at a lower temperature than

Portland, and commonly at a much lower temperature, the mass of 

rock in the kiln never being heated high enough to even approach the 

fusing or clinkering point. (4) Natural cements set more rapidly 

than Portland cement, but do not attain so high ultimate strength. 

(5) Various brands of natural cements will show very great differences 

in composition, while Portland cement is a definite product whose percentages of lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide vary only between 

narrow limits.

RAW MATERIAL (NATURAL-CEMENT ROCK).

The material used in the manufacture of natural cement is invariably 

a clayey limestone, carrying from 13 to 35 per cent of clayey material, 

of which 10 £o 22 per cent or so is silica, while alumina and iron oxide 

together may vary from 4 to 16 per cent. These claye}^ materials give 

the resulting cement its hydraulic properties. Stress is often care-
HCKHL.] NATURAL CEMENTS. 335

lessly or ignorantly laid on the fact that many of the best-known natural cements carry large percentages of magnesia, but magnesia (in 

natural cements at least) may be regarded as being almost exactly 

interchangeable with lime, so far as the hydraulic properties of the 

product are concerned. The presence of magnesium carbonate in a 

natural-cement rock is then merely incidental, while the silica, alumina, 

and i<ron oxide are essential. The 30 per cent or so of magnesium carbonate which occurs in the cement rock of the Rosendale district, New 

York, could be replaced by an equal amount of lime carbonate and the 

burnt stone would still give a hydraulic product. If, however, the 

clayey portion (silica, alumina, and iron oxide) of the Rosendale rock 

could be removed, leaving only the magnesium and lime carbonates, 

the burnt rock would lose all of its hydraulic properties and would 

yield simply a magnesian lime.

This point has been emphasized because many writers on the subject have either explicitly stated or implied that it is the magnesian 

carbonate of the Rosendale, Akron, Louisville, Utica, and Milwaukee 

rocks that causes them to yield a natural cement on burning.

Since within very wide limits of composition any clayey limestone 

will give a natural cement on burning, it can readily be seen that satisfactory natural-cement materials must be widely distributed and of 

common occurrence. Hardly a State is entirely without limestones 

sufficiently clayey to be available for natural-cement manufacture. 

The sudden rise of the American Portland-cement industry, however, 

has acted to prevent any great expansion of the natural-cement industry. It would be difficult to place a new natural cement on the market 

in the face of competition from both Portland cement and from the 

older and well-established brands of natural cement. Such new natural-cement plants as have been started within recent years have 

mostly been located in old natural-cement districts, where the accumulated reputation of the district would help to introduce the new 

brand. The only exceptions to this rule, indeed, were the Pembina 

plant in North Dakota, the Rossville plant in Georgia, and a plant in 

the State of Washington. Of these, the Pembina plant was estab-. 

lished with the intention of making Portland cement, but the raw materials soon proved to be unsuitable and the plant was converted. The 

plant in Washington is located in an area where any kind of cement is 

readily salable. The JRossville plant was built by an Akron, N. Y.j 

cement manufacturer to utilize a peculiarly satisfactory natural-cement 

rock.

METHODS OF MANUFACTURE.

The manufacturing methods at a natural cement plant are of the 

simplest kind, including merely the burning Q| the cement) rock and 

the pulverizing of the product.
336 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243. '(

The burning is carried on in vertical kilns, closely resembling linie l 

kilns in shape, size, etc. The limestone and fuel are usually fed into /' 

the kiln in alternate layers, though at a few plants more advanced j 

types of kilns are in use. The burned product is crushed and then ' 

reduced to powder, commonly in buhrstone mills. Recently advances 

have been made in crushing practice, and several plants now reduce 

their product in tube mills. The manufacturing processes have been , 

purposely stated briefly here, because further details concerning them 

will be found in the descriptions of the various natural-cement produc- ^ 

ing districts, which follow.

NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF GEORGIA. i

Two natural cement plants located in northwest Georgia use cement < 

rocks from two .different geological formations. '

The plant of the Chickamauga Cement Company is located at Rossville, Ga., a few miles south of Chattanooga. The slaty material used 

is a thin-bedded raw limestone of the Chickamauga (Ordovician) age, 

which is. here exposed over a considerable area. In geologic age, as 

well as in chemical composition, this rock is closely similar to the ' 

cement rock of the Lehigh district of Pennsylvania. The rock is ( 

quarried and carried up to four vertical sheet-iron kilns of a patented 

(Cummings) design, fired with coal. The burned rock is sent through 

a Cummings vertical crusher, and then finally reduced under three 

runs of 42-inch Esopus millstones. ' .

The product is marketed under the brands of Dixie (natural) and .' 

New South ("Portland"). Jt is, of course, all a natural cement, accord- j 

ing to present-day definitions of Portland cement, as it is not artifi- J 

cially mixed prior to burning, and the burning is conducted at too low j 

a temperature to give a true Portland. That a real Portland cement I 

could, however, be readily made from some of this material is proved / 

by the folloAving analysis of the burned product. This analysis, by 

Cummings, is quoted from the Twenty-first Annual Report of the 

United States Geological Survey, part 6, page 410:

Analysis of cement rock from Rossville, Ga. 

Silica (Si02 ) ......^...................................................... 22.^7

Alumina (A12 03 )......................................................... 8.20

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 )....................................................... 2.50

Lime(CaO)............: ................................................. 65. 68

Magnesia (MgO)......................................................... 1.45

The Conasauga formation of the Cambrian is described by Dr. C. W. 

Hayes as "normally composed, at the base, of thin limestones, interbedded with shales, then of yellowish or greenish clay, shales, and at 

the top of calcareous shales, grading into blue seamy limestones."

The Western and Atlantic Railroad, now operated under lease by 

the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis system, Gl'Q^es the outcrop
ECKBL.] GEORGIA. 337

of these rocks from above Adairsville to within a mile of Kingston. 

At one point near the southern end of this belt limestone obtained 

from beds lying near the top of the Conasauga formation has long 

been utilized in the-manufacture of natural cement at the plant of the 

Howard Hydraulic Cement Company, at Cement, Bartow County, 

Ga., about 2 miles north of Kingston.

In the low ridge east of the railroad at Cement station, a section of 

these Conasauga limestones has been measured by Dr. J. W. Spencer." 

The series shown, from the top down, was as follows:

Section near Cement Station, Ga.

Feet.

Bine limestone............................................................. 8

Slaty limestone (cement rock) ..'............................................ 4

Blue limestone..................'....... .-............_..................... 6

* Argillaceous limestone..................................................... 2

^Siliceous limestone (hydraulic) ............................................ 4

^Siliceous limestone (cement rock).......................................... 7

1 Fine black limestone ....................................................... 12

Earthy limestone........................................................... 3

When the plant Avas visited by the writer, in the fall of 1902, the 

three beds marked with asterisks were being worked for natural cement, 

and together constitute the "main cement bed" later mentioned in this 

article. Doctor Spencer quotes the following analyses, made by Mr. 

W. J. Land, of the cement rock:

Analyses of cement rocks from Georgia.

Magnesium carbonate (MgC03 ) .................................

Silica (Si02 ) ...................................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ............................................

Alumina (A120S ) ..............................................

Water ........................................................

l

43.50

26.00

22.10

1.80

5.45

.15

1.00

2

55. 00

26. 10

10. 00

2.00

6.10

.50

.30

The mill is located at the side of the railway, the farthest quarry 

being only a few hundred feet away. The main cement bed at the 

quarry now worked is about 15 feet thick. In common with the other 

beds it dips eastward at an angle of about 20°. It is overlain and 

underlain l»y limestone beds of various composition, but none fit for 

the manufacture of natural cement. A thinner cement bed lay about 8 

feet above the bed now worked, but was worked out by stripping and 

quarrying over a considerable area early in the history of the plant.

"The Paleozoic group of Georgia, p. 100.

Bull. 243 05 22
338 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTBY. [BULL. 243.

All the cement rock used is now obtained by mining. Two inclines 

have been run in. on the dip of the beds. These inclines are, at and 

near their entrances, entirely in the cement bed, several feet of cement 

rock being left above and below them to serve as floor and roof. 

Farther in, however, the height of the passages is increased, and 

almost the entire thickness of the cement bed is taken out Pillars of 

cement rock are left at intervals to support the roof.

The cement rock is blasted out, sledged when necessary to a size 

convenient for the kilns, and loaded onto cars carrying about 1^ tons 

each. These cars run on narrow-gage tracks, which extend from near 

the heads of the workings to the kilns. As the grade in the inclines 

is heavy the cars are hauled out of the mine by wire cables, power 

being supplied by the crusher engine. Outside of the mine, however, the grade to the kilns is sufficiently light to permit the cars to be 

run by hand to the level from which the rock is fed to the kiln.

The kilns are of the familiar dome type commonly used in litne and 

natural-cement burning, and are six in number. Four are .jacketed 

with steel and lined with fire brick, the space between the jacket and 

the lining being filled with clay. The two remaining kilns differ from 

these only in the fact that in place of the steel jacket their exterior 

surfaces are laid up with rock. These rock-jacketed kilns are said to 

be somewhat more satisfactory than those of the steel-jacketed type.

All the kilns are 25 feet in height, and have an output of 60 barrels 

of cement each. The kilns are charged to the top with fuel and cement 

rock, in the proportions of about 300 pounds fuel to 2,500 pounds 

rock. . The fuel used is coal, the sizes being nut, pea, and slack, in 

about equal amounts. Seven or eight days are required, on the average, to "turn a kiln," including charging, burning, and drawing.

When the kilns are drawn the clinker is picked over and then carried by a Jeffreys elevator to pot crushers of special design. On 

issuing from the crushers the material encounters revolving screens of 

about i-inch mesh. All material that does not pass these screens is 

sent back to be recrushed. The finer material which passes through 

this i-inch screen meets another revolving screen of about 50 mesh. 

Everything that passes through this fine screen is sent direct by a 

conveyor to the packing machines, while the material failing to pass 

the 50-mesh screen is sent to buhrstone mills, where it is ground, 

screened, and sent to the packers.

The Howard cement is marketed as the "Eed Keystone" brand, 

and is favorably known to the southern cement trade, having been 

extensively used in engineering work. It has certain properties 

which serve to differentiate it from other natural cements. In color 

it is lighter than any other natural cement known to the writer, the 

set cement being very light gray or yellowish gray. Its specific gravity
ECKHL.] ILLINOIS. 339

is low, so that cement barrels of the usual size will contain only about 

240 pounds of Howard cement. Most of the product is, however, 

marketed in bags containing 80 pounds each. It is said not to stain 

masonry and to resist well the action of salt air and spra}^. Its final 

hardening is slow relative to the Louisville cements, and for this reason it does not show up well in short-time comparative tests for tensile strength, though at periods longer than a month it gives excellent 

results.

The Howard cement is high in both lime and magnesia, compared 

with the Louisville cements. Two analyses are given below, the first 

quoted in Cummirigs's American Cements and the second by W. M. 

Bowron. To these have been added the average of five analyses of 

typical Louisville cements.

Analyses of natural, cements.

Silica (SiO,) ..........................................

Alumina ( A^O,) .......................................

Lime (CaO) ..........................................

Magnesia (MgO )..........................-...'........

Howard cement.

1

22.58 

7.23 

3.35

48. 18 

15.00

2

19. 60 

} 11. 60

48.86 

18. 14

Average 

Louisville 

cement.

23.72 

8.51

43.57 

9.26

NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF ILLINOIS.

Three natural-cement plants, operated by two companies, are now 

working in Illinois, near Utica, La Salle County. The rock used is a 

limestone belonging to the so-called "Lower Magnesian" group of 

early western geologists. It is of Ordovician age and underlies the 

St. Peters sandstone.

The section exposed in the neighborhood of the Utica cement plants 

is as follows, from the top downward: .

Section of cement rock beds exposed at Utica, 111.

> Feet.

Cement rock............................................................. 7

Limestone............-...............---....---------....-.--.-..-.-.-.. 16-22

Cement rock............................................................. 6

Sandstone ......................-.........--....---......-.---..-.--..--- . 2-4

Cement rock............................................................. 5

Of the three cement rock beds shown in this section, the uppermost 

bed gives a very quick-setting cement while the two lower beds furnish products of much slower set.
340 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Analyses of natural-cement rocks, Utica, III.

Silica (SiOa ) ..........................

Alumina ( A1.20,) ......................

Lime (CaO) ..........................

Magnesia (MgO) ......................

Alkalies (K20, Na,0) ..................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .................

Water... ........ .....................

l

12. 22

9.39

3.90

24.40

10. 43

n.d.

. n.d.

38.48

2

17.01

3.35

2.39

32.85

8.45

n.d.

1.81

34.12

3

1

1 21.00

2.00

24.36

14.31

.18

n. d.

f 34.90

i« 3.00

4

21.12.

1.12

23. 66

15.22

n. d.

n.d.

35. 35

1.07

5

1 14.15

1 6.37

2.35

26.32

12. 10

o . 18

1.81

34.70

2.03

(i Far too low; true value is probably over 4 per cent.

1. F. W. Clarke, analyst. Sample collected by E. C. Eckel.

2. C. Richardson, analyst. Brickbuilder, July, 1897.

3. Blaiiey & Mariner, analysts. Quoted by Worthen, Geology of Illinois, vol. 1, p. 151.

4. Blaney, analyst. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 13, p. 180.

5. Average of preceding four analyses.

The kilns in use in the Utica district in Illinois are elliptical in 

cross section (plan) with vertical walls. The largest kilns of this type 

are 30 feet in their longest inside diameter artd 12 feet wide. Their 

total height, with foundation, is 50 feet, giving a clear height of 45 

feet from bottom of draw hole to top of kiln. These kilns turn out 

400 barrels (265 pounds each) of cement a day, taking 18 to 20 pounds 

of coal per barrel of cement. This corresponds to a fuel consumption 

of only 6.8 to 7.5 per cent.

The second size of Utica kilns is 20 feet by 9 feet in its inside diameters. The smallest size is, like the others, elliptical, with inside diameters of 14 and 7 feet, respectively, and a height of 32 feet from top 

of bridge wall to top of kiln. These kilns turn out 300 to 375 barrels 

per day.

All the diameters quoted above are internal measurements. The

kiln shell proper is of one-fourth-inch sheet iron. This is lined, successively, with an 18-inch layer of ashes, 18 inches of stone or common 

brick, and 9 inches of fire brick.

Analyses of natural cements, Utica, 111.

Silica (SiOj) ..........................

Alumina ( A.1 2 08 ) .......................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ....................

Lime (CaO) ..........................

Magnesia (MgO) ......................

Alkalies (K2 0, Na20) . .................

Water ....:...........................

1

19.89

11.61

1.35

29.51

20.38

5.96

| n.d.

a

27.60

10.60

.80

33.04

17. 26

7.42

2.00

3

34.66

5.10

1.00

30.24

18. 00

6.16

4.84

4

35.43

| 9.92

33.67

20.98

n.d.

n.d.

. \

29.39

f 9.04

\ 1.05

31. 61

19. 15

6

C1

3.42

1. Haas and McGraw, analysts. Engineering News, April 30,1S96. 

2,3. Quoted by Cummiiigs. American Cements, p. 36.

4. J. V. Blaney, analyst. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 13, p. 180.

5. Average of preceding four analyses.
KOKUL.'I INDIANA AND KENTUCKY. 341

NATUTCAIj-CEMENT RESOURCES OF 

KENTUCKY.

INDIANA AND

The plants of the " Louisville district " are mostly located in Indiana, though one or two mills are in operation on the Kentucky side of 

the Ohio River. The rock is a fine-grained, clayey limestone of the 

Devonian age. In color it varies from light drab to dark or bluish 

drab, when fresh, weathering to a dull buff on long exposure. The 

cement bed varies from 10 to 16 feet in. thickness in the different 

quarries.

Analyses of natural-cement rock, Louisville district, Indiana-Kentucky.

Silica (8i02 ). ..-...-... ............

Iron oxide (Fe2 0,,) .................

Lime (CaO) .......................

Magnesia (MgO) ....................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ..............

I

9 fi9

2.77

1. 95

29. 09

15.69

40. 14

2

9.80

2.03

1 . 40

29. 4.0

16.70

41. 49

s

13 (ft

3.46

1.45

34. 55

7.97

35.92

4

15.21

4.07

1.44

33. 99

7.57

35.03

5

18 33

4.98

1.67

30. 41

8.04

32.76

G

13.36

3.46

1.58

31. 49

11. 19

1 37.07

Analyses 1 to 5, inclusive, are by W. A. Noyes. Quoted-by Siebentlial, Twenty-fifth Ann. Kept. 

Indiana Dept. Geol. Nat. Res., pp. 380-3SG.

1. Hayisdalemill, New Albany Cement Company; used for "Crown" brand.

2. Ohio Valley mill, Ohio Valley Cement Company; used for "Fern Leaf" brand.

3. Falls City mill, Union Cement and Lime Company; used for "Diamond" brand.

4. Speed mill, Louisville Cement Company; used for " Star" brand.

5. Black Diamond mill, Union Cement and Lime Company; used for " Black Diamond" brand. 

0. Average of the preceding five analyses.

Two st}T les of kiln are in use in the Louisville district. The older 

and smaller kilns are 36 feet in height, 8 feet in diameter at the top, 

enlarging to 12 feet at a point 24 feet above the base, and again contracting to 4 feet at the base. These are drawn from a chute by use 

of a swinging gate or apron. Coal and rock are charged in alternate 

layers. About a week suffices for the passage through the kiln of any 

particular mass of material. These small kilns produce about 100 to 

125 barrels (265 pounds each) of cement a clay.

The larger kilns are 54 feet from extreme base to top. Viewed from 

the outside they appear to be cj'linders 54 feet high and. 16 feet in 

diameter. Their interior space, however, is 10 feet'in diameter at the 

top, enlarging to 12 feet at a point 18 feet above the base. Below this 

level, though the interior walls still slope outward, the space is really 

contracted by the occurrence of a conical mass of brickwork in the 

center of the kiln. This cone throws the downcoming clinker toward 

the draw gates at the sides. A 9-inch lining of fire brick is set around 

the kiln space proper. This is followed by 9 inches of common'brick, 

and the space between the common brick lining and the exterior kiln
342 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULT,. 243.

shell (which is one-fourth inch iron) is filled with clay. A kiln of this 

size and type will produce 150 barrels of cement a day.

The coal used in these kilns-is bituminous nut and slack mixed, from 

Pittsburg or Jellico. About 25.6 pounds of coal are required to burn 

a barrel of cement (265 pounds), equivalent to a fuel consumption of 

about 9.5 per cent of the weight of cement produced.

Analyses of natural cements, Louisville district, Indiana and Kentucky.

Silica (Si02 ) .....'...........

Lime (CaO) ................

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Alkalies (Na20,KaO) ........

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ........

Water ......................

l

18.92

11.02

1.91

46.90

«.97

n. d.

11. d.

n. d.

2 

21.10

J7.50

44.40

7.00

.80

11.18

1.16

3

22.54

r-8. 24

12.14

42.31

5.39

2.82

n. d.

n. d.

4

23.29

5.96

2.16

41.28

15. 39

1.98

n. d.

n. d.

(1

24.40

J6.20

41.80

16.29

1.52

J9.89

(i

25. 28

(T. 85

11.43

44.65

9.50

n. d.

7.04

7

26.40

6.28

1.00

45.22

9.00

4.00

7.86

8

23. 13

7.87

1.73

43.79

10. 43

2.22

9.28

"Probably erroneous.

1. Quoted by Jameson, Portland Cement, p. 177.

2. Quoted by Smith, Mineral Industry, vol. 1, p. 50.

3. Diamond brand. Haas and McGraw, analysts. Engineering News, April 30, 189li.

4. Star brand. Haas and McGraw, analysts. Ibid.

5. Lord, analyst. Kept. Ohio Geol. Survey, vol. (>, p. 074.

0. Hulme Star brand. Quoted by Cummings, American Cements, p. 35.

7. Fern Leaf brand. .Quoted by Cummings. Ibid*

8. Average of preceding seven analyses.

'NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF KANSAS.

The natural cement district of Kansas is located around Fort Scott, 

where a 4^-foot bed of natural cement rock outcrops. The rock is a 

dark-colored, fine-grained, compact limestone of Carboniferous age.

It extends for a considerable distance throughout the State, but has 

been worked for natural cement only in the immediate vicinity of

Fort Scott.

Analyses of natural-cement rock, Fort Scott, Kans.

Silica (SiOa ) ..................................

Alumina ( A1 2 0S ) ..............................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) .........................'..

Lime ( CaO )..................................

Magnesia (MgO) .............................

1

15. 21

4.56

n. d.

36. 52

5.07

34. 27

2

17.26

2.05

5.45

34. 45

5.28

32. 87

8

81.: F

3 ",

3 1

35. C

3 f

33 f

18. 09

3.44

4.27

35. 32

4.62

33. 38

1. Smith, Mineral Industry, vol. 1, p. 49.

2. Brown, Cement Directory, 2d ed., p. 27C. 

S.'Riclmrdson, Brickbuilder, July, 1897. 

4. Average of preceding three analyses.
HCKBL.] MARYLAND AND WEST VIRGINIA. 343

Two types of kilns are in use in the Fort Scott district, Kansas. 

The more common type is cylindrical, 10 to 12 feet in diameter and 

30 to 40 feet in total height. The lower 10 feet or so is of stone, on 

which is set the kiln proper. This is constructed of one-sixteenth inch 

sheet iron, lined with successive layers of coal ashes, clay, common 

brick, and fire brick. These kilns are drawn daily, and yield 60 to 75 

barrels of cement each a day. The fuel used is slack coal, either 

Arkansas semibituminous from Poteau or Huntingdon or a very sulphurous local coal which underlies the cement rock at Fort Scott. 

The coal is fed with the rock, and is used at the rate of 30 to 35 

pounds per barrel of cement, equal to a fuel consumption of 11.3 to 

13.2 per cent of the weight of cement produced. At a three-flame 

kiln the burning is managed by five men two feeding and three drawing the kilns.

At one of the Fort Scott plants four-flame kilns are also in use. 

These have separate fire places, so that the fuel and cement do not 

come into contact. Lump coal must be used for these kilns, and they 

are said to be more expensive, both in labor and fuel, than the type 

above described.

Analysis of natural cements, Fort Scott, Kans. a 

Silica (Si02 ) ...........'...'.................'.....--.......-............... 23. 32

Alumina (Al./^) ......................................................... 6.99

Iron oxide (Fe-jO.,) -.--------.--.--------------.--.------.---..---------- 5. 97

Lime (CaO) ............................................................. 53.96

Magnesia (MgO).....................'..........................-.......'... 7.76

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ...................................................

 - * f 2 - °° Water

NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF MARYLAND AND WEST 

) VIRGINIA.

1 The natural-cement industry of Maryland has been carried on in 

\ three separate areas. One of these areas includes the old plants at 

i Antietam and Shepherdstown. The other two areas include respec- 

| tively the plants at Cumberland and Potomac, in Allegany County, 

! and that at Round Top, or Hancock, in Washington County. In both 

| of these areas the limestones used are of the same geologic age and 

,' approximately of the same composition, so that they will be described 

together.

In geologic age the natural-cement rock of the Cuuiberland-Hancock 

district corresponds closely to that used in the various New York districts, being assigned by geologists to the Salina group of the Silurian. 

It is a shaly limestone, varying in color from dark bluish gray to dull 

black. In the Cumberland area it is exposed in four beds of sufficient 

thickness to be worked, these cement beds being separated by shales 

and limestones. The separate beds vary from 6 to 17 feet in thickness.

aBrocke.tt's Double Star brand. Quoted by Cnmniings, American Cements, p. 35.
344 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

.Analyses of natural-cement rocks, Cumberland and Hancock, Md.

Silica (Si02 ) ..........................'

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ....................

Lime (CaO) ..........................

Magnesia (MgO) ......................

Alkalies (Na.,0, K2 0) ..................

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) ................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ...---.-......:..

Water ................................

1

19.81

7.35

2.41

35.76

2.18

n. d.

a. d.

| 31. 74

t>

24.74

16.74

6.30

23.41

4.09

6. 18

2.22

f 22.90

1 n.d.

«

} 27. 10

1.50

36.40

2.52

.30

n.d.

31.38

n. d.

4

f 28. 72

1 12.28

5.22

25.54

1.10

n.d.

1.53

I 24.40

5

22.07

12. 12

3.86

30.28

2.47

(«)

(a)

27.60

"Data insufficient for averaging.

1. Hancock, Md. C. Richardson, analyst. Brickbuilder, July, 1897.

2. Cumberland, Md. E. C. Boynton, analyst. Quoted by Gillmore, Limes, Cements, and Mortars, 

p. 125.

3. Hancock, Md. C. Husc, analyst. Quoted by Gillmore. Ibid.

4. Cumberland, Md. C. Richardson, analyst. Brickbuilder, July, 1897.

5. Average of preceding four analyses.

Analyses of natural cements, Cumberland and Hancock, Md.

Silica (Si02 ) .....-.-.

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) . . . 

Lime (CaO) .........

Magnesia (MgO) .....

l

25.70

12.28

4.22 

52.69

1.44

2

28.02

10. 20

8.80 

44.48

1.00

3

28.30

10.12

4.42 

49.60

3.76

4

28. 36

9.85

3.07 

45.04

2.82

5

28. 38

11.71

2.29 

43.97

2. 21

6

30.02

13.55

3.00 

44.58

2.76

7

36. 60

14. 58

5.12 

37.50

2.73

8

29.34

11.76

4.42 

45.41

2.39

1. Cumberland, Md. A. W. Dow, analyst. Mineral Industry, vol. C, p. 90.

2. Hancock, Md. Quoted by Cunimings, American Cements, p. 36.

3. Cumberland, Md. A. W. Dow, analyst. Mineral Industry, vol. 6, p. 96.

4. Hancock, Md. A. W. Dow, analyst. Ibid.

5. Cumberland, Md. Quoted by Cummings, American Cements, p. 36.

6. Hancock, Md. A. W. Dow, analyst. Mineral Industry, vol. 0, p. 96.

7. Cumberland, Md. A. W. Dow, analyst. Ibid.

8. Average of preceding seven analyses.

NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF MINNESOTA.

Two natural-cement plants are in operation in Minnesota. One. of 

them is located at Mankato, Blue Earth County, and uses a limestone 

of Lower Magnesian (Ordovician) age. The following- analyses of the 

raw material used at this plant have been published:

Analyses of natural-cement rock from Mankato, Minn.

Silica (Si02 ) ........................

Alumina ( Al20,j) ....................

Iron oxide (Fe^O,,) ..................

Lime (CaO) ........................

Magnesia (MgO) ....................

Alkalies (K,0, Na2 0) ................

Sulphur trioxide (SO,) ..............

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ...............

1

16. 00

5.85

2..7S

'22. 40

14.99

.76

n. d.

34. 11

2

12.14

4 fi^

1.84

22.66

16.84

3.52

.13

39.07

3

1.0. 10

2.78

1.34

25.96

14. 91

3.50

.26

41.29

4

16.80

8.76

Tr.

22.20

11. 99

4.75

.22

35. 90

5

8.90

3.30

1.02

24.85

18. 49

1.53

.18

41.80

6

11. 80

3.46

Tr.

24.64

16. 61

2.59

.22

40.85

1. C. P. Sidener, analyst. Eleventh Ann. Kept. Minn. Geol. Survey, p. 179. 

2-6. Clifford Richardson, analyst. Cement Directory, p. 206.
NEW YOEK. 345

The following analysis of the rock used by a natural-cement plant 

at Austin has also been published.

Analysis of natural cement rock from Austin, Minn. 

Silica (SiO,) .................................................. ...........

Alumina ( A1S 0S ) ........................................................ J

Iron oxide (Fj,03 J --.---.--.-.------..----.-----.-----------.--.---.----- 2. 09

Lime (CaO) ............................................................ 27. 55

Magnesia (MgO) ........................................................ 13. 80

Sulphur tri oxide (S08 ) .................................................. .06

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ................................................... 3(i. 84

NATURAL-CEMENT' RESOURCES OF NEW YORK.

In the State of New York natural cement is now manufactured in 

four distinct localities. These are, in order of importance, (1) the

Rosendale district in Ulster County, (2) the Akron- Buffalo district in

Erie County, (3) the Fayetteville-Manlius district, mostly in Ononclaga County, and (4) Howes Cave, in Schoharie County.

The clayey limestones used in these four districts occur in three 

different but closely related geological formations, all in the Upper 

Silurian group. The sequence and relation of these formations, from 

the top downward, is shown in the following table:

Formation.

(cement rock).

(cement rock). 

Cobleskill limestone

(not used for cement).

meut rock).

Ulster County.

bed of the 

Rosendale 

district.

bed of the 

Rosendale 

district.

Sclioharie 

County.

cement at 

H owes 

Cave.

Onondaga 

County.

Worked for

cement at 

Manlius, 

etc.

Present in

Onondaga 

County but 

rarely used 

for cement.

Erie County.

cement at 

Akron and 

Buffalo.

For convenience, these districts will be described not in the order of 

their relative importance, but in geographic order, from east to west.

ROSENDALE DISTRICT.

Rosendale district lies entirely in Ulster County, the principal 

cement-rock quarries being located at East Kingston, Rondout, Rosendale, Burnewater, Laurenceville, and High Falls. Two distinct beds
346 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. [BULL. 243.

are worked at most of these points, differing in chemical composition 

as well as in geological age. Darton states" that at Rosendale the 

lower bed, or dark cement rock, averages about 21 feet in thickness, 

and the upper, or light cement rock, about 11 feet, the two cement beds 

being here separated by 14 or 15 feet of worthless limestone. The 

lower bed lies directly on the Clinton quartzite, the even upper surface of which affords an admirable floor for the galleries. For about 

18 inches at the bottom the dark cement rock is too sandy for use. 

With this exception, and a few small layers of chert, it is all available. 

At Whiteport the upper bed is 12 feet thick and the lower 18 feet, 

while they are. separated by 17 to 20 feet of limestone.

Analyses of natural-cement rock, Rosendale district, New York.

Silica (Si02 ) ................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ..........

Lime (CaO) ................

Magnesia (MgO) ............

Alkalies (K2 0,Na2 0) ........

Carbon' dioxide (C02 ) .......

i

10.90

3.40

2.28

29.57

14.04

n. d.

.61

37. 90

n. d.

2

15.37

9.13

2.25

25.50

12.35

« n. d. 

n. d.

34.20

1.20

3

18. 11

4.64

3.00

24. 30

14. 26

n. d.

34. 01

n.d.

4

18.76

8.34

1.85

25.96

11. 00

n. d. 

1.35

32. 00

11. d.

5

21.32

7.39

1.71

23. 75

11.07

11. d. 

1.90

30.74

n.d.

0

21.41

}lO. 09

25.80

10.09

n. d. 

.66

J30. 93

7

23.80

c 4.17

I 4.71

22. 27

12. 09

n. d. 

.90

r31.00

I n. d.

8

18. 52

6.34

2.63

25.31

12. 13

n.d. 

.90

j-33. 31

1. Lawrenceville. J. 0. Hargrove, analyst. Letter to writer, October 4,1900.

2. Rondout. L. C. Beck, analyst. Mineralogy of New York, p. 78. 

3-5. Lawrenceville. J. 0. Hargrove, analyst. Letter.

6. Rosendale district. C. Richardson, analyst. Brickbuilder, July, 1897.

7. Lawrenceville. J..O. Hargrove, analyst. Letter.

8. Average of preceding seven analyses.

In the Rosendale district cylindrical kilns are used. These vary 

from 8 to 12 feet in diameter and from 20 to 36 feet in height. A 

kiln fed with one-half ton of anthracite, pea size, will give 75 to 80 

barrels of cement a day. This is equivalent to a fuel consumption 

of about 7 per cent on the weight of cement produced. From onefifth to one-third of the total product of the kiln may be overburned 

clinker or underburned rock. This item, however, depends largely 

upon the skill of the burners, though it is also affected by uncontrollable factors, such as temperature, weather conditions, force and direction of the wind.

«Thirteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, vol. 1, 1894, p. 334.
ECKEL.] NEW YORK. 347

Analyses of. natural cements, Rosendale district, New York.

Number.

1.. ........

2..........

3..........

4..........

5..........

6.......... 

7..........

S.... ......

.9..........

10..........

11..........

12..........

13..........

1.4..........

15..........

Silica 

(SiO,).

25. 91 

27.98 

24.30 

27.75 

30.84 

29.00 

30.50 

24.42 

22.77 

17.17 

21. 73 

27.30

29.98

22. 75

28. 87'

Alumina 

(ALjOa).

6.20

7.28 

 7.22 

5.50 

7.75 

10. 

6.84 

8.16 

10. 

10. 

11. 18 

7.1.4

6.88 

13. 40 

7.96

Iron 

oxide 

(Fe.20;i).

3.81 

1.70 

5.06 

4.28 

2.11 

40 

2.42 

3.96 

43 

80 

4.14 

1.80

2.50 

3.30 

3.19

Lime 

(CaO).

34.62 

37. 59 

33'. 70 

35.61 

34.49 

32.35 

34.38 

36.30 

34.54 

48.28 

33.77 

35.98

33. 23 

37.60 

35.89

Magnesia 

(MgO).

20.92 

15.00 

20.94 

21.18 

17. 77 

19. 92 

18.00 

16. 93 

21.85 

19. 13 

21.20 

18.00

17.80 

16.65 

18.95

Alkalies 

(K,0, 

Na»"0).

n. d. 

7.96 

n. d. 

Tr. 

4.00 

n. d. 

3.98 

n. d. 

3.63 

Tr. 

2.99 

6.80 

7.10 

n. d.

Sulphur 

trioxide 

(S03 ).

n: d. 

n. d. 

n. d. 

0.50 

n. d. 

n. d. 

n. d. 

n. d. 

1.44 

1.20 

n. d. 

n. d. 

n. d. 

n. d.

Carbon 

dioxide 

(CO,,).

5.09. 

2. 

n. d. 

4.05 

3. 

n. d. 

3. 

n. d. 

2.84 

3.38 

n. d. 

2.

3.

5.00

Water.

2.80 

49 

n. d. 

n. d. 

04 

n. d. 

78 

n. d. 

1.59 

n. d. 

n. d. 

98 

13 

1.36

1. " F. 0. Norton." Private communication.

2. "F.O.Norton." Cummings, American Cements, p. 35.

3. " F. 0. Norton." Lewis, Mineral Industry, vol. (i, p. 96.

4. Bench's. ,1. 0. Hargrove, analyst: Private communication.

5. Brooklyn Bridge. Cnmmings, American Cements, p. 35.

(i. Lawrcnceyille, A. \V. .Dow, analyst. Mineral Industry, vol. G, p. 90.

7. Newark Lime and Cement Company. Cummingsi American Cements, p. 35;

8. " Old Newark." Booth, Garrett & B.lair, analysts. Mineral Industry, vol. C, p. 96.

9. ' Lawrence," Rosendale Cement Company. Mineral Resources United States for 1883-4. 

K). " Kolfman," Lawrence Cement Company. Ibid, (very exceptional analysis).

11. "HolYinan," Lawrence Cement Company. Haas & McGrnw, analysts, Engineering News, April 

30, 1890.

12. " HofTman," Lawrence Cement Company. Cummings, American Cements, p. 35.

13. " flock Lock." Cummings. Ibid.

I'l. Rondout. L. C. Beck, analyst. Mineralogy of New York," p. 78.

15. Average of preceding fourteen analyses.

HOWES CAVE.

In the region north and northwest of the Rosendale-Rondout district 

no natural cement plants are to be found until Schoharie County is 

reached. Here, at Howes Cave, a single plant has long been engaged 

in the manufacture of cement from a 7-foot bed of rock.

Analyses of natural cement rock, Schoharie County, N. Y.

Silica (SiO,) ....................................:.....

Iron oxide (Fe/).j) ..............'.......................

Lime (CaO) ...........................................

Magnesia (MgO )..........-...........................

Carbon dioxide f CO.,} .................................

l

12. 89

| 11. 15

30. 90

9.38

34.60

-

9.92

n. d.

n. d.

38. 26

9.00

39. 96

:j

\ 11.50

1.50

31.75

14. 91

40. 34

1. Bottom.' of cement bed, Howes Cave. C. 0. Sclmeffer, analyst. Eighteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. 

State Geologist, p. 69.

2. Top of cement bed, Howes Cave. C. 0. SchaefTer, analyst. Eighteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. State 

Geologist, p. 69.

3. Howes Cave. L. C. Beck, analyst. "Mineralogy of New York," p. 79.
348 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

The following- anatysis is of the natural cement made at Howes 

Cave by the Helderberg Portland .Cement

Analysis of natural cement, Schoharie County, N. Y.

Silica ( Si02 )............................................................. 26. 54

Alumina ( A12 03) ....................... 1 ................................ .|

Iron oxide (Fe2Qs) ........................... ^............... ........ .....f ^^

Lime (CaO ) .......................................'...................... 45. 30

Magnesia (MgO) ................."........................................ 17. 06

CENTRAL NEW YORK.

The cement industry in central New York is at present practically 

confined to Onondaga County, though, as a matter of historical interest, 

it may be noted that the first natural cement made in the United States 

was manufactured in 1818 in Madison County.

The natural-cement rock of this central district occurs in two beds, 

which are usually separated by 1 to 4 feet of blue limestone. The 

upper cement bed is a little over 4 feet thick at the eastern border of 

Onondaga County, becoming thinner to the west until it pinches out 

entirely in the Split Rock quarries, but reappearing again at Marcellus 

Falls, where it is almost 3 feet thick, and showing a thickness of 

slightly over 4 feet at Skaneateles Falls. At this point it is separated 

from the lower cement bed only by a shaly parting a few inches thick, 

so that the two are worked together as practically one bed, 9i feet 

thick. The lower bed is less variable in thickness, ranging from 4 to 

a trifle over 5 feet.

The entire cement series is overlain by purer limestones, but the 

cement rock quarries are usually located at points where these overlying limestones are thin and can be readily stripped.

Analyses of natural-cement rock, central New York.

Silica (SiOa )..--- - --.-.-.---. 

Alumina (A1203 )... ..........

Lime (CaO) .................

Magnesia (MgO) .............

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) . .......

Water. ......................

i

10. 97 

4.46

1.54

27.51

16.90

37. 94

n. d.

2

10.95 

5.32

1.30

30.92

13.64

38.31

n.d.

:t

| 13. 50

1.25

25.24

18.80

39. 80

1.41

4

f 8.95 

I 4.90

1.75

27.35

16.70

38.65

1.70

5

11.76 

2.73

1.50

25.00

17.83

39^33

1.50

t;

10.66 

4.35

1.47

27.20

16.77

38.81

1.53

1. Upper cement bed, E. B. Alvorcl quarry, Jamesville, Onondaga County. Bull. 44, N. Y. State 

Mas., p. 80C.

2. Lower cement bed, E. B. Alvord quarry, Jamesville, Onondaga County. Bull. 44, N. Y. State 

Mus., p. 806.

3. One and one-half miles west of Manlius, Onondaga County. L. C. Beck, analyst. "Mineralogy 

of New York," p. 81.

4. One and one-half miles southwest of Chittenango, Madison County. L. C. Beck, analyst: " Mineralogy of New York," p. 80.

5. Chittenango, Madison County. Seybert, analyst. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., vol. 2, n. s., p. 229.

6. Average of preceding five analyses.
ECKBL.] NEW TOBK. 349

The kilns in the central New York district are described a as eggshaped, 10 feet in diameter at the top, 12 feet at the middle, and 3£ 

feet at the bottom, with a height of 28 to 42 feet. There are usually 

several kilns built together in an embankment of very heavy masonry, 

so constructed against a hillside that the raw material can be conveniently conveyed there from the quarry and the burned cement easily 

removed from the bottom of the kiln. The kilns are built of limestone and lined either with sandstone or fire brick.

When a kiln is ready to be filled a cord of dry, hard, 4-foot wood is put into the 

bottom and covered 4 inches deep with coarse anthracite coal, then a layer 1 foot 

thick of cement rock, succeeded by another layer of coal, partly coarse and partly 

fine. This is repeated till the kiln is filled to the top, which required about 10 tons 

of coal and 15 cords of stone, equal to 1,500 bushels of cement. Then the fire is 

started at the bottom and gradually works its way upward until the whole mass is 

glowing with heat. After two or three days the gate or door in the bottom is opened

and through it the burned cement rock is drawn to the amount of 250 to 300 bushels

per day, fresh coal and rock being constantly added to keep the kiln full to the top. 

One cord of cement rock makes 100 bushels of cement.

Analyses of natural cements, central Neiv York.

-

Silica (Si02 ) .................................

Alumina ( A1 20S ) .............................

Lime ( CaO) ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) .............................

i

20. 30

j. 13. 67

47.48

18. 55

k>

16. 56

10.77

39.50

22.27

3

35. 43

9.92

33.67

20.98

4

94 in

11. 45

40. 22

20.60

1. Brown Cement Co., Manlius, Onondaga County. W. M. Smith, analyst. Twentieth Ann. Kept. 

U. S. Gcol. Survey, pt. G, p. 428.

2. NearChiltenango, Madison County. L. C. Beck, analyst. "Mineralogy of New York," p. 80.

3. South of Utica, Oneida County. Gillmore, " Limes, Cements, and Mortars," p. 125.

4. Average of preceding three analyses.

AKRON-BUFFALO DISTRICT.

In Erie County natural-cement plants have long been established at 

Akron and Buffalo. The bed of cement rock used varies in thickness 

from 5 to 8 feet. It is a firm, fine-grained, compact rock of a bluegray color, weathering to a yellowish white. The Buffalo plant works 

its cement rock by quarrying methods, stripping off the overlying 

limestones, but the plants at Akron all obtain their raw material by 

mining.

None of the analyses given below are entirely satisfactory. According to Mr. Uriah Cummings these analyses represent the composition 

of a bed of limestone occurring in the same.,quarries with the cement 

rock, but not actualty used for cement.

« Luther, D. D. The economic geology of Onondaga County, N. Y. Fifteenth Ann. Kept. N. Y. 

State Geologist, vol. 1, pp. 241-303. 1897.
350 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243. 

Analyses of natural-cement rocks, Akron-Buffalo district, New York.

Silica (Si02 ) ..................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ............................

Lime(CaO) ..................................

Alkalies (K,0, Na,0). .........................

Water ........................................

1

9.03

2.25

.85

26.84

18. 37

.85

n. d.

40. 33

.98

a

10.68

| 4.61

25.65

17.93

n. d.

n. d.

| 41. 13

3

« 33. 80

( 3.96

I .88

19.93

9.17

n. d.

.50

25.90

4

9.85

3.10

.87

26.25

18.15

« Called " Silica, clay, and insoluble silicates."

1. G. Steiger, analyst. Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 168.

2. Lath bury and Spuckman, analysts. Letter from manufacturers to writer, 1901.

3. E. Boyriton, analyst. Gillmore, Limes, Cements^ and Mortars, p. 125.

Mr. Heinrich Ries states that two types of kilns are in use at the 

Cummings plant at Akron, Erie County, N. Y. Of 17 kilns in use 

there at the time of his visit 8 were of rectangular cross section, 9 by 

22 feet in area, with a height of 34 feet. The remaining 9 were circular in cross section, with a diameter of 9 feet and a height of 34 

feet.

The crushing practice at the Cummings plant at Akron, N. Y., is 

stated a to include the following processes:

At this works a general system of reduction is used, consisting of (1) Sturtevant 

crushers, (2) Cummings pulverizers, (3) ten run of 42-inch underrunner millstones 

faced with chilled-iron plates, and (4) ten run of 42-inch Esopus underrunner millstQnes. The material, as it is conveyed from one to another of these sets of crushers,

is made to pass over screens, whereby such material as has been reduced to proper

fineness is separated from the mass and is spouted to a general conveyor, which 

finally receives the product from all the grinding machines and conveys it to the 

packing house.

Each set of crushers, while it furnishes a certain percentage of finished product, reduces the entire material to such fineness that what 

is fed to the fourth series is about the size of wheat kernels and very 

hard to reduce. These harder-burned portions make a cement which 

has a much higher tensile strength than the normally burned product.

The practice at the Buffalo plant, in Erie County, N. Y., is thus 

described by Ries: :

Both the normally burned and the clinkered material are fed into the grinding 

machinery. The first set of machines are Stedrnan disintegrators, and the product 

from these is passed over a screen, all that passes through representing the normally

" Ries, H. Lime and Cement Industries of New York, Bulletin 44, New York State Museum, pp. 

836-837.
ECKKL.] NORTH DAKOTA. 351

burned cement rock. The clinkers which are not broken fine enough by the disintegrators to pass the screen are conveyed to a Griffin mill, where they are ground to 

make "Portland" cement.

Analyses of natural cements, Akron-Buffalo district, New York.

Silica (Si02 )... .......

Alumina ( Al^O^) .....

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ...

Magnesia (MgO) .....

Alkalies (KZ 0, NaaO) . 

Carbon dioxide (C02 ).

Water ...............

l

17. 14

7.61'

2.00 

36. 83

25. 09

3.64 

n. d.

n d

2

22.70

J7.40 

36. 3.1.

25. 72

n. d. 

J4.00

:i

22.62

r7. 44

11.40 

40. 68

22.00

2.23 

3. 63

4

26. 69

7.21

1.30

4.q 19

19. 55

1.13 

1.00

5

24. 30

2.61

6.20 

39. 45

6.16

5.30 

15. 23

<;

26.69

7.21

1. 30

KO 1 0

9,55

1. 13

7

33. 80

4.66

52.28

9.26

8

29. 64

6.42

54.77

9. 17

!)

22.29

7.32

1.57

qq oq

23. 12

2.33 

? 88

' Union Akron" brand. Haas and McGraw, analysts. Engineering News, April 30,1896. 

Buffalo Portland" brand. Lord, analyst. Report Ohio Geological Survey, vol. 0, p. 074.

'Newinan Akron" brand. Quoted by Cummings. American Cements, p. 35.

'Obelisk" brand. Quoted by Cnmmings. Ibid. 

'Buffalo Hydraulic" brand. Quoted by Cummings. Ibid. 

6-8. Quoted by Uriah Cummings in letter to writer, January 30,1901, as analyses of various cements 

made at Akron. Compare No. 6 with No. 4. 

9. Average of analyses Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

RESOURCES OF NORTH DAKOTA.

The single natural-cement plant operating in this State is located 

about 10 miles east of Milton, Cavalier County. The rock used is a 

soft, chalky limestone of Cretaceous age, and outcrops in a bluff several hundred feet high. At present, however, only a 10-foot bed is 

being worked by mining.

Analyses of natural cement, North Dakota.

Silica (SiO,) ........

Alumina (Al^Oj) ....

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) .. 

Lime (CaO) ........

1

24.62

J15. 12

52. 30

'2

23.60

16. 50

51.40

3

23.90

15.90

51. 4.0

4

24.72

15.00

51. 30

5

24.40

15.26

52.07

<>

24.40

15.38

51. 96

7

24.06

15. 00

51.96

8

24. 46

15. 30

52. 37

«

......

1-8. Analyses of natural cement, Pembina Cement Company, Milton, N. Dak. 

9. Average of preceding eight analyses.

At the Penibria plant a kiln 40 feet high and 10 feet in external 

diameter is used. The shell is of one-eighth-inch No. 14 boiler iron. 

The kiln space is broadest at the top, narrows down to a throat about 

6 feet in diameter, below which it again enlarges, reaching almost to 

the kiln shell at 15 feet above the1 base. Below this it is again.some-
352 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

what contracted to the drawing level. The kiln space is lined with 8- 

inch fire brick, and the space between these brick and the kiln shell is 

filled with ashes. This kiln produces about 50 barrels of 265 pounds 

each a day, with a fuel consumption of 1 ton of Youghiogheny slack. 

Lignite slack, mixed half and half with Youghiogheny slack, has been 

used at times, and apparently gives almost as good results as the bituminous slack alone. About 10 per cent of the total product is underburned or clinkered. This record is about equivalent to a fuel consumption of 40 pounds per barrel, or 15.1 per cent on the weight of 

cement produced. This is rather high fuel consumption: for natural 

cement; but, on the other, hand, the product is of peculiarly high 

grade, passing most Portland standards.

Analysis of natural cement rock, North Dakota.

.

Silica (Si02 ) .............

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) .... 

Sulphur (S). .............

l

14. 00 

J6. 70

37.60

'.58 

1:45

2

16.60 

7.10

35.50 

.60 

1.38

3

13.10 

7.60

37. 80 

n. d. 

n.d.

4

16.20 

7.56

35.10 

n. d. 

n. d.

5

16. 54 

8.20

35. 20 

n.d. 

n. d.

G

14.90

8.28

36.90 

n.d. 

n. d.

1

15.24 

7.26

36.70 

.40 

1.99

8

19.20 

8.90

32.60 

li. d. 

n.d.

0

17.36

8.78

34.90 

n.d. 

n.d.

10

16.00 

7.50

35.60 

.67 

1.61

NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF OHIO.

Small natural-cement plants have, been established at various points 

in Ohio, those at Defiance and New Lisbon being worthy of some 

notice. The Defiance plant used a black calcareous shale of Devonian 

age. If published analyses be correct (see Nos. 1 and 2 in the following table), this rock is by far the most argillaceous material used anywhere for this purpose.

Analyses of natural-cement rocks, Ohio.

Silica (Si02) .........................

Alumina ( A12 03 ) .....................

Lime (CaO) ..........................

Magnesia (MgO) .....................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ................

Water and organic. ...................

1

39.95

| 20. 22

10.06

2.92

} 24.03

2

42.00

( 7.00

1 7.10

9.91

5.81

c 14.18

1 14.00

3

16.41

5.44

3.38

26.05

12. 55

34.32

n.d.

4

30.60

} 13. 00

22.74

7.23

25.81

n.d.

5

15.65

( 6.80

I 2.50

38.64

1.62

32.14

n.d.

1. Defiance. J. E. Whitfield, analyst. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 55, p. 80.

2. Defiance. E. C. Ked/ie, analyst. Cement Directory.

3. Bellaire. N. W. Lord, analyst. Repts. Ohio Geol. Survey, vol. C, p. 673.

4. Warnock. Wormley, analyst. Kept. Ohio Geol. Survey, 1870, p. 451.

5. New Lisbon. N. VV. Lord, analyst. Kept. Ohio Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 673.
PENNSYLVANIA. 353

NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF PENNSYLVANIA.

A fairly large production of natural cement has always, been maintained in the Lehigh district of eastern Pennsylvania, though at present natural-cement manufacture there is merely incidental to the great 

Portland cement industry of the district.

The analyses following purport to be representative of the rock 

used at various Lehigh district natural cement plants. It is hardly 

necessary to .say that Nos. 1 and 3 are absolutely unfit for such use. 

No. 2, on the other hand, is quite satisfactory. It is regrettable that 

these very untrustworthy analyses are at present the- only ones 

available.

Analyses of natural-cement rock, Lehigh district, Pennsylvania.

.Silica (SiOa ) ..................................

Alumina ('Al^OO ..............................

Lime (CaO) .................'. .'. .............

Magnesia (MgO) .........................'. ...

Water. . ......................................

1

11: 62

} 6.25

44.20

1.27

36. 11

n. d.

^

18.34

7.49

37.60

1. 38

31.06

3.94

»

27.77

14. 29

29.94

1.55

1 26. 30

4

 19. 24

9.34

37. 25

1.40

32.47

1. Siegfried, Pa. Mineral Industry, vol. 1, p. 49.

2. Ooplay, Pa. Ibid.

8. Lehigh district. Quoted by C. Richardson. Brickbnilder, July, 1897.

4. Average of preceding three analyses.

The natural-cement kilns at one of the prominent Lehigh district 

plants are about 30 feet in height, and of circular cross-section. Internally they are almost exactly cylindrical, being 10 feet in diameter at 

the top and 9£ feet in diameter at the base. The cement rock and fuel 

are fed in alternate layers, the fuel being anthracite coal broken to 

about one-half inch size. From 35 to 50 pounds of coal are required 

to burn one barrel (300 pounds) of cement, corresponding to a full 

consumption of ll.fi per cent to 16.7 per cent of the weight of cement

produced.

Analyses of natural cements, Lehigh district, Pennsylvania^

Silica (Si02 ) . .............. ^........... ........................

Alumina ( Al2 0n) ..............................................

Iron oxide (Fe203 ) ............................................

Lime (CaO) . ...................:..............................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............................................

Alkalies (K2 0, Na2 0) . ..........................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) ..........................................

Water ........................................................

l

18. 18

| 9.78

69.18

1.98

n. d.

n. d.

n. d.

n. d.

a

18.28,

7.43

' 51.53

2.07

1.50

n. d.

} 16.26

Bull.. 243 05-

' Quoted by Smith. Mineral Industry, vol. 1, p. 5.Q.. 

 23.
354 CEMENT MATEEJALS AND INDTJSTBY. TBULL. 243.

NATURAL-CEMENT BESOUBCES OF TEXAS,

The analysis below has been published" as representing the average 

of the material used in making natural cement by a Texas naturalcement plant. It is obvious that, if this statement be correct, the 

product obtained by burning a rock of such composition can not be a 

natural cement in an}^ proper use of the term. It would, in fact, be 

merely a very weak hydraulic lime.

Analysis of natural cement rock, Texas. 

Silica (Si02 )...............'....'.......................................... 5. 77

Alumina (A12 03 )......................................................... 2.14

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 )....................-....-.....---..-...;.......-.-....

Lime (CaO)...................-................--.--........-........... 50. 45

Magnesia (MgO).. .............I.......................................... .28

NATURAL-CEMENT BESOUBCES OF VIBGINIA.

For many years natural cement has been burned near Balcony Falls, 

Kockbridge County, Va. The rock used is a clayey magnesian limestone of Cambrian age, closely related geologically to that used in

West Virginia, and described below. *

Analyses of natural-cement rock, Virginia.

Silica (SiOa ) ..........................................

Alumina (A12 0S ) ......................................

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ....................................

Lime (CaO) ..........................................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .................................

i

17.38

| 7.80

34.23

9.51

30.40

2

17.21

f Tr.

I 1.62

24.85

16.58

37.95

3

17. 30

6.18

1.62

29.54

13.05

34.17

1. Balcony Falls. E. C. Boynton, analyst. Gillrnore, "Linies, Cements, and Mortars," p. 125.

2. Balcony Falls. C. L: Alien, analyst. "The Virginias," vol. 3, p. 88.

3. Average of preceding two analyses.

NATURAL-CEMENT RESOURCES OF WEST VIRGINIA AND

MARYLAND.

A wide belt of magnesian limestones of Cambrian age crosses Maryland into the eastern part of West Virginia. Several small naturalcement plants have been established at various times in this district, 

particularly near Antietam, Md., and Shepherdstown, W. Va.

NATURAL-CEMENT BESOUBCES OF WISCONSIN.

Two plants in Wisconsin are engaged in the manufacture of natural 

cement from a clayey magnesian limestone of Devonian age. These

a Twenty-second Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, p. 737.
ECKEL.] WATUKAL CEMENT LITERATUBE. 355

plants are located north of Milwaukee, near the lake. The cement 

rock deposit is very thick compared to most deposits of similar rock, 

a quarry face 22 feet high being worked by the Milwaukee Cement 

Company.

Analyses of natural-cement rocks, Milwaukee district, Wisconsin.

Silica (SiOs ) .......:..........................

Iron oxide (Fe^03 ) ............................

Lime (CaO) ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) .............'.................

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .........................

l

17.00

4.25

1.25

24.64

11.90

32.46

2

17.56

L41

3.03

25.50

15.45

37.05

8

17.56

1.40

2.24

27.14

13.89

36.45

4

16. 99

5.00

1.79

23.15

16.60

" 36.47

]. Mineral Industry, vol. 6, p. 95.

2-4. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 8, p. 507.

The Campbell kilns in use at the plant of the Milwaukee Cement 

Company hold a charge equivalent to about 400 barrels (265 pounds 

each) of cement. This is drawn at the rate of 125 to 130 barrels a day, 

all the drawing for the day being done in ten hours. Nut and slack 

coal, mixed, are used for fuel. The fuel consumption amounts to 

about 30 pounds per barrel of cement, equivalent to 11.3 per cent of 

the weight of the cement produced.

Analyses of natural cements, Milwaukee district, Wisconsin, a 

Silica (SiO,) ............................................................. 23.16

Alumina (A1808 ) -----.----.------.--------.---------------.----..-.-..--- 6. 33

Iron oxide (Fe2 03 ) ....................................................... 1.71

Lime (CaO) .....^...................................................... 36.08

Magnesia (MgO) ......................................................... 20. 38

Alkalies (K2 0, Na,0)......,.............................................. 5.27

Sulphur trioxide (S03 )............................. .......:.............. n. c1 .

Carbon dioxide (CO.,) ....................................................\ 7 QJ

Water.................................................................../

REFERENCES ON NATURAL CEMENTS.

CALIFORNIA.

» GRIMSLEY, G. P. The Portland cement industry in California: Eng. and Min. Jour., 

July 20, 1901.

CONNECTICUT.

LOWHEY, T. Water cement of Southington, Conn.: Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 13, 1828,

pp. 382-383.

FLORIDA.

CUMMINGS, URIAH. [Natural cernent'rock in Florida]: Twentieth Ann.. Kept. U. S.

Geol. Survey, pt. 6, 1899, pp. 549-550. 

 Cement rock in Florida: Brick, Nov. 1, 1899.

a Quoted by Cummings. American Cements, p. 35.
356 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

GEORGIA.

CUMMINGS, .URIAH. [Natural cement rock at Rossville, Ga.]: Twenty-first Ann.

Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 6, 1901, pp. 410-411. 

SPENCER, J. W. Paleozoic group of Georgia: Ga. Geol. Surv., 18.

INDIANA-KENTUCKY.

LEWIS, F. H. The natural cement plant at Speeds, Ind.: Eng. Rec., Sept. 10, 1898;

reprinted in Cement Industry, 1900, pp. 178-183. 

SIEBENTHAL, C. E. The Silver Creek hydraulic limestone of southeastern Indiana:

Twenty-fifth Ann. Rept. Indiana Dept. Geol. and Nat, Res., 1901, pp. 331-389.

KANSAS.

HA WORTH, ERASMUS. Hydraulic cement [in Kansas]: Mineral resources of Kansas 

for 1897 (1898), pp. 66-69.

NEW YORK.

BISHOP, I. P. The structural and economic geology of Erie County [N. Y.]: Fifteenth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, vol. 1, 1.897, pp. 305-392; reprinted 

Forty-ninth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State. Mus., pt. 2, 1898, pp. 305-392.

GEDDES, G. Survey of Onondaga County, N. Y.: Trans. N. Y. Agric. Soc. for 1859 

(1859), pp. 219-352. , LEWIS, F. H. ' The plant of the Lawrence Cement Co., Binnewater, N. Y.: Cement 

Industry, 1900, pp. 151-160.,

LEWIS, F. H. The plant of the New York and Rosendale Cement Co., Rondout, 

N. Y.: Cement Industry, 1.900, pp. 161-168.

LUTHER, D. D. The economic geology of Onondaga County, N. Y.: Fifteenth Ann. 

Rept. N. Y. State Geologist, vol. 1, 1897, pp. 241-303; reprinted Forty-ninth Ann. 

Rept. N. Y. State Mus., vol. 2, 1898, pp. 241-303.

NASON, F. L. Economic geology of Ulster Co., N. Y..: 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. State 

Geologist, 373-407.

POHLMAN, J. Cement-rock and gypsum deposits in Buffalo: Trans. Am. Int. Min. 

Engrs., vol.'17, 1889, pp. 250-253.

RIES, HEINRICH. Limestones of New York and their economic value: Fifty-first 

Ann.1 Kept. N. Y. State Mus., pt. 2, 1899, pp. 355-467.

RIES, HEINRICH. Lime and cement industries of New York: Bull. 44 N. Y. State 

Mus., 1903, pp. 640-848.

OHIO.

LORD, N. W. Natural and artificial cements [of Ohio]: Rept. Ohio Geol. Survey, 

vol. 6, 1888, pp. 671-695.

VIRGINIA.

ANONYMOUS. James River, Va., Cement Co.: Engineer [London], Sept. 29, 1899.

WASHINGTON.

ARMSTRONG, L. K. Portland and natural cements of the Pacific Northwest: Mining, 

vol. 9, June, 1902, pp. 134-141.

WISCONSIN.

LEWIS, F. H. The plant of the Milwaukee Cement Co., Milwaukee, Wis.: Engr. 

Rec., Apr. 2, 1898; reprinted Cement Industry, 1900, pp. 169-177.
PART IV. MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE OF PUZZOLAN

 CEMENTS.

PUZZOLANIC MATERIALS.

Puzzolanic materials include all those natural or artificial substances 

that are capable of forming hydraulic cements on being simply mixed 

with lime, without the use of heat. Many materials possess this property, but relatively few have ever attained sufficient commercial 

importance to be discussed here. In composition the puzzolanic 

materials are largely made up of silica and alumina, usually with more 

or less iron oxide; some, as the slags used in cement manufacture, -carry 

'also notable percentages of lime. As might be inferred from this composition, most of the puzzolanic materials 'possess hydraulicity to a 

greater or less degree, but the addition of lime usually greatly increases 

their hydraulic power.

NATURAL PUZZOLANIC MATERIALS.

Natural puzzolanic materials are widely distributed, though they 

have never attained much commercial importance save in Europe. 

They may be divided into two classes, according to origin. In the first 

class may be included all those which are the direct products of volcanic action, the material being a fine volcanic ash or dust deposited 

either on the slopes of the volcano or carried by the wind to lakes or 

streams in which the ash is deposited. This group includes the more 

active puzzolanic materials, its chief i epresentatives being pozzuolana 

proper, santorin, tosca, tetin, and trass. It may be noted that in 

origin materials of this class resemble closely the granulated slags used 

in slag-cement manufacture, both volcanic ashes and granulated slags' 

being due to the two processes of (1) fusion of a silico-aluminous 

material, and (2) rapid cooling of the resulting product by ejection 

i'nto air or immersion in water. The second class includes a number 

of less important (because less active) hydraulic materials, such as 

arenes, psammites, etc., which are materials resulting from the decay 

of certain igneous rocks.

Pozzuolana derives its names from the little town of Pozzuoli, located 

.a few miles west of Naples, at which point the material was first

.357
358 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

obtained by the Greek colonists, and at a later date by the Romans. 

The material has also been exploited at other points near Rome and 

Naples.

Most of the Italian pozzuolana is obtained from small open cuts or 

pits, though some of these workings are now of great depth. Those 

of Trentaremi, for example, are about 600 feet deep. The various 

deposits differ greatly in the quality of the materials obtained from 

them. Care should therefore be exercised in selecting* a spot for 

exploitation, and sorting of the material dug would be advisable 'in 

order to keep the product of uniformly high grade. After extraction 

the material is screened and ground. In addition it is occasionally 

slightly roasted to increase its hydraulic properties. Carelessness, 

both in the mining and in the later preparation of the pozzuolana, has 

brought the Italian article somewhat into disrepute among European 

engineers. In consequence it is losing ground with respect both to 

pozzuolana from the Azores and to trass from Rhenish Prussia.

Pozzuolana has been shipped from San Miguel, in the Azores, to 

Portugal for over a hundred years, and has been used with veiy satisfactory results in many important buildings, harbor works, etc. The 

Azores pozzuolana varies in color from yellowish to brownish, and 

sometimes to greyish. It is frequently so fine grained as not to 

require screening or grinding before use. A reddish-colored variety 

from the same islands is termed tetin.

The following analyses of pozzuolana are fairly typical of its range 

in composition:

Analyses of pozzuolana, Italy.

Silica (Si02 ).... ..............................

Alumina (Al^OO ..............................

Iron oxide (Fe2 0s ) .............................

Lime (CaO) . ..................................

Magnesia (MgO) ..............................

Alkalies (K2 0, Na.,0) ..........................

Water, etc ....................................

l

52.66

14.33

10. 33

7.66

3.86

4.13

7.03

2

60.91

21.28

4.76

1.90

.00

10.60

n. d.

8

56.31

15.23

7.11

1.74

1.36

11. 38

6.12

4

44.5

 15. 0

12.0

8.8

4.7

5.4

9.2

Trass, another puzzolanic material of commercial importance, is 

found in the districts bordering the Rhine in Rhenish Prussia. The 

towns of Brohl, Kruft, Plaidt, and Andernach, all about 10 to 15 miles 

southwest of Coblenz, are the principal points near which the material 

is worked. Trass is an ancient volcanic mud composed of a groundmass of volcanic dust, in which fragments of pumice, volcanic rocks, 

etc., are embedded.
HCKBL.] PUZZOLAN CEMENTS. 359

In composition trass varies between the following extremes: Silica, 

45 to 65 per cent; alumina, 10 to 23 per cent; iron oxide, 3 to 12 per 

cent; lime, 1 to 8 per cent; magnesia, 0 to 3 per cent; alkalies, 1 to 7 

per cent; Avater, carbon dioxide, etc., 3 to 12 per cent.

Santorin, another puzzolanic material, is obtained from the island 

of Santorin, or Thera, one of the most southeasterly of the islands of 

the Grecian Archipelago.

ARTIFICIAL PUZZOLANIC MATERIALS.

By far the most important of the puzzolanic materials is blastfurnace slag, especially in the United States, where natural puzzolanic 

materials of domestic origin have never come into use, though trass 

and puzzolanic cements made from it are imported to a small extent. 

Slag, on the other hand, is the basis of an important industry the

manufacture of slag (puzzolan) cement. The materials and' processes

used in making this product will be described in some detail on the 

following pages.

THE MANUFACTURE OF SLAG CEMENT.

Slag (puzzolan) cement is made by intimately mixing granulated 

blast-furnace slag of proper composition with slaked lime, and reducing this mixture to a fine powder. This product, though usually 

called a Portland cement by the manufacturers, is different from a 

true Portland in both its rational and ultimate compositions and in 

its processes of manufacture. Further than this and more important 

from the purchasers' standpoint, a cement of this class has certain 

qualities which prevent its being used as an exact substitute for Portland cement, though it is a good enough material for certain uses.

COMPOSITION OF THE SLAG.

The slag used in cement manufacture must be basic blast-furnace 

slag. Tetmajer, the first investigator of slag cements, announced as 

the results of his experiments (a) that the hydraulic properties of the 

slag increased with the proportion of lime contained in it, and that

slags in which the ratio r^- was so low as to approach unity were valueless for cement manufacture; (J) that, so far as the alumina content 

of the slag was concerned, the best results were obtained when the ratio

Al 0 .-L 3 gave a value of 0.45 to 0.50; and (c) that with any large increase

of alumina above the amount indicated b}^ this value of the aluminasilica ratio the tendency of the cement to crack (when used in air) was 

increased.
.360 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

Prost, at a later date, investigated the subject, using for experiment 

several commercial slags and also a series prepared from pure CaO, 

SiO2 , and A12O3 . He decided that the hydraulic properties (both as 

regards rapidity of set and ultimate strength) of the slag increased as 

the proportions of lime and alumina increased, and failed to find any 

indication that a high alumina content causes disintegration. His best 

results were obtained from slags having the compositions respectively 

of 2Si02 , Al A, 3CaO and 281.0,, A1 8O8 , 4CaO.

Mahon in 1893 made a series of experiments to determine the value 

(for cement manufacture) of a large series of ; the slags produced by 

the furnaces of the Maryland Steel Company, and found that the slags 

giving the best results were two, having respectively the following 

compositions:

(1) SiO2 , 30 per cent; A12O3 , 17 per cent; CaO, 47.5 per cent; S, 

2.38 per cent; and (2) Si02 , 25.3 per cent; A12O3 , 20.1 per cent; CaO, 

48 per cent; MgO, 3.28 per cent; S, 2.63 per cent.

The ratios of ^-- and ' z % calculated for these slags are 

, AlaO, , ,,,, CaO 1n Al,0, .' =1- 58; =a57; !md w 1 - 9 ' =°-79- sio- si sio- si

At the close of the experiments Mahon recommended that slags be 

used even slightly higher in alumina than those above quoted.

The specifications under which slag from the furnaces is accepted 

by the cement department of the Illinois Steel Company are as follows:

(1) Slag must analyze within the following limits: 

SiO2 +Al2 03 not over 49 per cent; A12O3 , from 13 to 16 per cent; 

MgO, under 4 per cent.

(2) Slag must be made in a hot furnace and must be of a light-giuy 

color! .

(3) Slag must be thoroughly disintegrated by the action of a large

stream of cold water directed against it with considerable force. This 

contact should be made as near the furnace as is possible.

A series of over 300 analyses of slags used by this company in their 

slag (puzzolanic) cement, show the following range in composition:

Si02 , 29.60 to 35.60 per cent; A12 03 and Fe2 03 , 12.80 to 16.80 per 

cent; CaO, 47.99 to 50.48 per cent; MgO, 2.09 to 2.81 per cent.

The requirements of the Birmingham Cement Company as to the 

chemical composition of the slags used for cement are as follows: The 

lime content shall not be less than 47.9 per cent; the silica and lime 

together shall approximately amount to 81 per cent; and the alumina 

and iron oxide together shall equal from 12 to 15 per cent.

Analyses of a number of slags used in cement manufacture are 

shown in the table below. The analyses of foreign slags are quoted 

from various reliable authorities and the five analyses of the Illinois
PUZZOLAN CEMENTS. 361

Steel Company slags have been selected from a large series to show 

the extreme ranges of the different elements. The ratios n-^

Si

Al 033 have been calculated for each slag and are shown in this table. 

2

From these data it can be seen that the ratio of alumina to silica is 

carried veiyhigh atChoindez; and is rather low at Chicago, relatively 

to most of the European plants. It must be remembered, however, 

that one reason for carrying a high alumina-silica ratio does not apply 

at Chicago, as there rapidity of set is gained by:the use of the Whiting 

process. Taking these two plants as representative of the best European and American practice, the average of the analyses given shows

CaO the ratios actually used to be: Choindez, Switzerland, -q^sr =1.71,

|j(j-=0.90; and Chicago, 111.

These results may be compared with the theoretical ratios advised 

by Tetmajer, Prost, and Mahon.

Analyses of slags used in slag cements.

1 ........

2 

« ........

4 ........

5 ........

0 ........

7 ........

8 ........

10 ........

11 ......\

Silica

(SiOn).

30. 00

31. 50 

82. 90

31.50

20.88

27.33

9fi 9J

32.20

33. 10

31.: 80

S'l SO

Alumina 

(Al aOs).

28. 00

18. 50 

13.25

1.6. 62

24.12

23.81

24.74

15. 50

14.80

14. 76

Iron 

oxides 

(FcO, 

FeoOs).

0.75

.46

 .62

.44

.63

.49

Lime 

(CaO).

32.75

42. 22 

47.30

46.10

45.11

45. 83

46. 83

48. 14

49.74

48. 11

Magnesia 

(MffO).

5.25

3. 18 

1 1.37

1.09

. 92

.88

2.27

2.29

2.66

Lime sulphide 

(CaS).

1.90

3.42

1.86

1.34

59

Lime 

sulphate 

(CaS04 ).

0.17

OO

Sulphur 

(S).

0.45

Sulphur

trioxide 

(SO,).

2.21

Ratio, 

CnO

SiOo'

1.09

1.3<l 

1 . 44

.1.46

1. 68

1. 07

1.49

1 . 51

1. 5(1

Kii.Ho, 

Al._08 

Si 02

0.93

.59 

.41

. 52

.89

 .87

93

.48

.38

.40

2. Middlcsborough, England.

Bilbao, Spain.

Saulncs, France.

6, 7. Choindez, Switzerland.

9, 10, 11. Chicago, 111.

The erection of a slag-cement plant in connection with any given 

furnace is not justified unless a sufficient amount of the slags usually 

produced will fall within the slag-cement requirements, which have 

been outlined above in the section on chemical composition of the 

slag (?). In a large plant it will usually be easy to secure a constant 

supply of slag of proper composition without interfering with the 

proper running of the furnaces. In a small plant, however, or in one 

running on a number of different ores, such a supply may be difficult
362 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BOLL. 243.

to obtain. These points, of course, should be settled in advance of 

the erection of the cement plant.

In the case of any given furnace running on ores and fluxes which 

are fairly steady in composition and proportions, the selection of the 

slag used for cement making may often be largely based on its color, 

checked by determinations of lime. The darker-colored slags are 

generally richest in lime, except when the depth of color is due to the 

presence of iron; the lighter-colored slags are usually higher in silica 

and alumina. Candlot states further" in this connection that the slag 

issuing at the commencement and toward the end of a discharge should 

be rejected because of the chilling which attends its, slow movement.

GRANULATING THE SLAG.

Assuming that a slag of proper composition has been selected, the 

first step in the actual manufacture of slag cement will be the "granulation" of the molten slag. Granulation is produced by bringing 

molten slag into contact with a sufficient amount of cold water. The 

physical effect of this proceeding is to cause the slag to break up into 

porous particles (slag "sand"). Granulation has also certain chemical 

effects, highly important from an economic point of view, which will 

be discussed later (p. 363).

Methods of granulating the slag. The success of the granulation 

depends on bringing the slag into contact with the water as soon as 

possible after it has left the furnace. The effects of the process will 

be found to vary with (a) the temperature of the slag at the point of 

contact, (J) the temperature of the water, (G) the amount of water 

used, and (d) its method of application.

Taking up the last point first, it may be noted that two general 

methods of application of the water have been used. In one the stream 

of slag as it issued from the furnaces is struck by a jet of steam under 

pressure. This method, which was used at one time in the Middleboro district, England, blows the slag into fine threads, with attached 

globules. It is, in fact, much the same as the process still used in the 

manufacture of mineral wool, which is elsewhere discussed. From an 

economic point of view it has the advantage of putting the slag in a 

condition in which it is easily pulverized by the grinding machinery; 

but it has certain incorweniences, and has been almost or entirely 

superseded by the method now to be mentioned.

The second way in which the water may be applied is to allow the 

stream of slag as it issues from the furnace to fall into a trough containing a rapidly flowing stream of cold water. Care must be taken 

that the fall into the trough is not too great, and that the stream of 

water is deep enough and fast enough, for otherwise the slag will

aliments et chaux hydrauliques.
ECKBL.] PUZZOLAIST CEMENTS. 363

acquire sufficient momentum in its fall to solidify in a mass on the 

bottom of the trough. This method is in use at all slag-cement plants 

of the present day, being occasionally modified by the use, in addition to the "flowing stream of water in the trough, of a jet of water 

playing on the slag before it strikes the trough.

Effects of granulating the slag. The physical effect of causing hot 

slag to come in contact with cold water, is to break the slag up into 

small, porous particles. As this materially aids in pulverizing the 

slag, it is probable that granulation Avould be practiced on this account 

alone. But as a matter of fact granulation has, in addition to its 

purely physical result, two important chemical effects. One is to 

make the slag, if it be of suitable chemical composition, energetically 

hydraulic; the other is to remove a portion of the sulphides (contained in the slag) in the form of hydrogen disulphide.

Le Chatelier states that the hydraulic properties of granulated slag 

are due to the presence of a silico-alumino ferrite of calcium corresponding in composition to the formula 3CaO, A12 03 , 2Si02 . This 

compound appears also in Portland cements, but in them it is entirely 

inert, owing to the slow cooling it has undergone. When, however, 

as in the case of granulated slags, it is cooled with great suddenness, 

it becomes an important hydraulic agent. When so cooled "it is 

attackable by weak acids and also by alkalies. It combines particularly with hydrated lime in setting, and gives rise to silicates and 

aluminates of lime identical with those which are formed, by entirely 

different reactions, during the setting of Portland cement. It is upon 

this property that the manufacture of slag cements, which assumes 

daily greater importance, is based."

DRYING THE SLAG.

The slag as it is brought to the cement mill from the granulating 

tanks carries from 15 to over 40 per cent of wate.r absorbed during 

granulation. As will be noted later (p. 366) attempts have been made 

to utilize this contained water in the slaking of the lime, but these 

attempts have hitherto proved unsuccessful. As the manufacture is 

at present conducted, therefore, the large percentage of water carried 

by the slag is of no service, and in order to get good results from the 

grinding machinery the water must be removed as completely as possible before pulverization is attempted.

Before the various types of dryers in use are described, a few words 

may be said on the general problem. The slag may carry, as above 

noted, from 15 to over 40 per cent of water, the percentage varying 

with the method of granulation, the fineness of grain, etc. As the slag 

must be reduced to extreme fineness, it is necessary that this moisture 

be reduced as much as possible. With a well-conducted rotary drier it
364 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTEY. ' [BOLL. 243.

is possible to economically reduce the percentage of moisture in the 

dried product to about one-fourth of 1 per cent.

The temperature to which the product is carried in drying is not a 

matter of serious moment so long as it does not pass the point at which 

the slag begins to recrystallize. Theoretical!}', of course it is unnecessary to carry the temperature above 212° F., but in practice it is 

economically impossible to keep it as low as this. It may be carried 

as high as a dull-red heat without injury to the slag. Indeed, it is 

probable that drying at relatively high temperatures improves rather 

than impairs the hydraulic properties of the slag, as it is well known 

that the natural pozzuolanas are improved by roasting. It would not,, 

therefore, be a matter of surprise if drying the slag at a higher temperature than is actually necessary should result in materially accelerating the set of the resulting cement, and also in increasing the strength 

of briquettes made from it.

The Kuggles-Coles. dryer consists of two concentric hollow cylinders bolted together and revolving on an axis slightly inclined from 

the horizontal. The outer cylinder is made of steel plates, the longitudinal seams having butt joints with inside lapping straps. The 

inner cylinder, which is also made of steel, is connected with the 

outer cylinder at the center by heavy cast-iron arms solidly riveted to 

both cylinders, and at each end by two sets of adjustable or swinging 

arms, which prevent expansion and contraction from affecting the 

rivets or joints. At the bead or upper end the inner cylinder projects 

beyond the outer cylinder, passing into a stationary head or air 

chamber to the hot-air flue of the furnace with which it is connected. 

At the lower or discharge end is another stationary head, forming an 

air chamber, through an opening in the bottom of which the dried 

material is discharged. This head is provided with a damper to regulate the temperature.

The outer cylinder is set at an inclination of about 0.375 inch tothe foot. It is secured to two heavy rolled-steel bearing rings which 

rest and revolve upon eight bearing wheels supported by oscillating 

arms or rockers. The lateral motion of the cylinder is taken up by 

four thrust wheels. The dryer is revolved by a cast gear secured to 

the outer cylinder, and this is driven by a shaft and pinion extended 

beyond the end of the machine and supported in two babbitted journal boxes fitted'to the frame. The entire machine is fitted and secured 

to a heavy frame of 8-inch I beams braced and framed together and 

usually set on a concrete foundation. The exhaust fan is placed 

where most convenient to drive and is connected with the outer cylinder by suitable flue. The furnace is built independent of the machine 

and connected with the head end of the inner cylinder by an iron flue 

built with fire brick. A specially designed burner is substituted for 

the furnace for the use of oil, gas, or powdered coal.
KCKEL.] PUZZOLAN CEMENTS. 365

The heated air passes through the inner cylinder and returns 

between the inner and outer cylinders to the fan. The slag is fed 

into the space between the inner and outer cylinders through a spout 

in the stationary head at the upper end of the machine. It is picked 

up by buckets or carriers fastened to the inner surface of the outer 

cylinder, and carried partly around during the rotation of the dryer. 

On dropping from these buckets it falls and is caught on the flights 

fastened to the outer surface of the inner cylinder, which carry it 

partly around and then drop it to the bottom of the outer cylinder, 

when the cycle commences again. While these movements of the 

slag are occurring it is being dried both by the heated air in the space 

between the two cylinders and by contact with the warm outer surface of the inner cylinder, and it is also being carried slowly toward 

the lower (discharge) end of the machine.

The following table shows working results in the use of the RugglesColes dryer on granulated slag:

Results of use of Rugrjlea-Coles dryer.

User.

Knickerbocker Cement Co. . . .

Birmingham Cement Co ......

Original 

moisture.

Per cent. 

41. 82 

20. 32

45.00

40.00

Final 

moisture.

Per cent. 

0.20 

.25

Water 

evaporated per 

hour.

Pounds. 

4,401 

4 114

4, 181

4 707

Dry 

material 

delivered 

per hour.

Pounds. 

6,399 

16, 173

4,987

7,061

Coal vised 

per hour.

Pounds. 

. 560 

542

^537

550

Water 

evaporated per 

pound of 

coal.

Pounds. 

7.87 

7 'iQ

7.60

8.56

COMPOSITION AND SELECTION OF THE LIME.

The lime used for admixture with the slag may be either a quicklime (common lime) or a hydraulic lime. In usual American practice, 

and also at most European plants, a quicklime is used. At a few 

American, French, and German plants, however, limes which have 

more or less hydraulic properties are employed. Prost has carried 

on experiments touching this point and decided that the use of a 

hydraulic lime did not noticeably increase the tensile strength of the 

resulting cement, but that it did increase the value of the product in 

another way. This incidental advantage is that slag cements made by 

using hydraulic lime are less liable to fissure and disintegrate when 

used in air or in dry situations than cement in which common quicklime is used. This method of improving the product has been tried, 

to the writer's knowledge, at only one of the American slag cement 

plants. At Ko'nigshof, Germany, a somewhat Irydraulic lime is used, 

whose analysis will be fairly representative of materials of this type, 

though most hydraulic limes would run higher in silica and alumina..
366 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY. | BULL. 243.

Analysis of hydraulic lime, Konigsliof, Germany.

Lime (CaO) .....................1..............;......,......,........ 81.546

Magnesia (MgO) ....................................................... :i. 751

Soda (NagO)....-......... -................- ...-....-.---....-...-...-. ..211

Silica (SiOj) ................"........................................... 12. 421

Alumina (A12 03 )....................................................... 2-. 620

Iron oxide (Fe203 )..................................................... .883

Manganese oxide (Mn02 ) ............................................... Trace.

Carbon dioxide (C02 ) .................................................. .194

Moisture (H,0)........................................................ .425

DRYING AND SLAKING THE LIME.

The granulated slag, as it comes to the mill from the tanks to which 

it is carried in granulating it, holds a very large percentage of water. 

The amount of water carried will vary in practice at different plants 

between 25 and 50 per cent as limits. Early in the history of slagcenient manufacture attempts were made to utilize this surplus water. 

To this end the wet slag was mixed with dry unslaked lime, the expectation being that the water in the slag would serve to slake the lime. 

In practice, however, it was soon found that this plan was not successful. The lime was only partially and very irregularly slaked, and 

the mixture was not left in such a condition as to be economically 

handled b}^ the pulverizing machinery. In present-day practice, therefore, the lime is slaked before it is mixed with the slag.

The slaking is done with the minimum possible amount of water, so 

as to leave the slaked lime in the form of a fine, dry powder.

SIEVING AND GRINDING THE LIME.

If lime has been thoroughly burned and carefully slaked it will all 

be in the form of a very fine powder, much finer than can be obtained

by any economically practicable grinding machinery. In practice, 

however, it will, be found that the lime after slaking has not all fallen 

to powder but still contains a certain proportion of hard lumps. 

The degree of carefulness with which the burning and slaking have 

been conducted may be roughly judged by observing the relative 

proportions of lumps and powder.

The material remaining as lumps is of three different kinds. First 

and in greatest proportion, are fragments of 1 limestone which have 

not been thoroughly burned in the kiln. Such unburned pieces would 

be inert if used in the cement. Second, part of the lumps represent 

fragments of limestone which have been overburned in the kiln, 

and have therefore partly clinkered. This is particularly likety to 

happen if the limestone contained any large proportion of silica or 

alumina. These partly clinkered lumps, being really poor-grade 

natural cements, can,'if pulverized, do no particular harm to the slag
ECKEL.] PUZZOLAN CEMENTS. 367

cement, but, on the other hand, they can not do as much good as an 

equal amount of lime. The third kind of material that may be present 

. in lump form consists of fragments of Avell-burned lime which, 

through accident or carelessness, have not been well slaked. These 

lumps of quicklime would, if incorporated in the cement, be actively 

injurious.

The preceding description and discussion of the three classes of 

material which are likely to remain as lumps in the slaked lime has 

been intentionally made detailed, in order to point out an error in 

practice committed occasionally at slag-cement plants. It has been 

seen that the materials composing these lumps are of such a character as to be either useless or actively injurious if used in a slag 

cement. It should be obvious, therefore, that the only rational 

method of treatment is to sieve the slaked lime and to reject entirely 

all the material failing to pass through the sieve. This is the" best 

practice and the method usually followed. Occasionally, however, 

urged by. a false idea of economy or by inaccurate reasoning, the 

manufacturer saves the material failing to pass the sieve, crushes it, 

and adds it to the cement at a later stage in the manufacture.

MIXING AND GRINDING THE SLAG AND LIME.

Prost, in consequence of his experiments with various proportions 

of lime, advocated the proportion, to secure the best results, of from 

35 to 40 parts of lime to 100 parts of slag. He also stated that the 

amounts of lime used in actual practice for each 100 pounds of slag 

were: At Choindez, 40 to 45 pounds; at Donjeux, 40 pounds; at Brunswick, 33 pounds, and at Cleveland, 33 pounds. Mahon, in reporting 

his experiments for the Maryland Steel Company, states that the best 

results were secured by the use of 25 parts of lime to 100 parts of slag, 

by weight. In the manufacture of slag brick, which is in reality 

merely a branch of the slag-cement industry, the amount of lime added 

may fall as low as 10 pounds to 100 pounds of slag.

In actual American practice the proportions are usually about 20 

pounds lime to 100 pounds slag. This difference in proportions 

between the American and European plants corresponds to a difference 

in the composition of the slags used, for in this country the slags 

employed in slag-cement manufacture are usually somewhat higher in 

lime than are the slags used at European plants.

The greatest differences in practice exist in the processes for grinding and mixing the slag and lime. The statement has been made in 

several publications that the differences in hardness between dry 

granulated slag and slaked lime is so great that it is impracticable to 

pulverize them together in a continuously operated mill. A number 

of plants, therefore, have installed small discontinuous mills, each of
368 CEMENT MATEEIALS AND INDUSTRY. [BULL. 243.

which is charged, locked, operated for a sufficient time to pulverize 

both constituents of the mixture, and discharged. The disadvantages 

of this intermittent system are obvious and it seems especially unfitted 

for American conditions. The statement that no continuously operated 

mill was able to handle the mixture seemed improbable in view of the 

great variety of material successfully handled by the modern ball 

and tube mills when operated continuously in Portland-cement practice. Several years ago the writer referred the question to a leading firm of manufacturers, and was informed that nothing in their 

experience justified the unfavorable conclusion; and that their continuously operated tube mills had successfully pulverized mixtures of 

slag and lime. It seems probable that the most economical practice, 

followed at several of the American plants, would be to send the dried 

slag through a Griffin mill or ball mill, mix the crushed slag with 

lime, and complete the mixture and reduction in continuously operated tube mills. Whatever system of reduction is employed it is 

necessary that the slag be dried as completely as possible, and with 

modern driers the amount of moisture in the dried slag can be economically kept well below 1 per cent.

Slag cements normally set very slowly, relative to Portlands. As 

this interferes with their use for certain purposes, many attempts have 

' been made, by various treatments, to reduce their setting time. There 

is, unfortunately, another reason why the manufacturer should desire 

to hasten the set of his product. Most of the slag cements sold in this 

country masquerade as Portland, and it is desirable to the manufacturer therefore to make such of their properties as are brought out in 

ordinary tests or analyses approximate to those of true Portland 

cement. The set of slag cements can be hastened, by the addition of 

puzzolanic materials. Of these burned clay, certain active forms of 

silica, and slags high in alumina are the cheapest and most generally 

obtainable. The most important method of regulation is, in this country at least, the Whiting process, which is followed at two large 

American plants.

United States Patent No. 544706, issued in 1895 to Jasper Whiting, 

covers the use of "caustic soda, potash, sodium chloride or equivalents, or any substance of which the latter are ingredients," added 

either as aqueous solutions or in a dry state at any stage of the process 

of slag-cement manufacture. In the specifications accompanying the 

application for this patent, the patentee states that in the case of dry 

caustic soda the amount added will vary from 0.125 to 3 per cent, 

"depending chiefly upon the use for which the cement is intended." 

The patent was subsequently conveyed to the Illinois Steel Company, 

and the process covered by it is used by that company in the manufacture of its " Steel Portland " cement. A license has been issued to the
KCKKL.] PUZZOLAN CEMENTS. 369

Brier Hill Iron and Coal Company, of Youngstown, Ohio, under 

which license this company manufactures its " Brier Hill Portland" 

cement.

The process, as practiced in the slag-cement plant of the Illinois 

Steel Company, Chicago, 111., is as follows: The quicklime used is 

obtained from the calcination of Marblehead or Bedford limestone, 

and carries less than 1 per cent MgO. On its arrival at the mill it is 

unloaded into bins, beneath which are placed two screens of different 

mesh, the 1 coarser at the top. A quantity of lime is drawn upon the 

upper screen, where it is slaked by means of the addition of water containing a small percentage of caustic soda. As the lime is slaked it falls 

through the coarse screen onto the liner screen, through which it falls 

into a conveyor which carries it to a rotary drier. After heating, the 

resulting slaked and dried lime is carried by elevators to hoppers

above the tube mills, where it is mixed in proper proportions with

the granulated slag, which has been dried and powdered.

COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF SLAG CEMENT.

Slag cement when ready for sale is a mechanical mixture of lime 

hydrate(Ca2 (OH)2) and a calcium-aluminum silicate (^SiO2 ,Al2 03 ,?/CaO). 

In addition to the essential ingredients noted above, certain others of 

less amount usually occur. The most important of these in the effect 

it produces on the quality of the product is sulphur, which is 

obtained from the slag in the form of sulphides of lime or iron. To 

the presence of these sulphides is due, in large part at least, the disintegration of slag cements when used in dry air. If the cement be 

used for construction in water, their presence is of much less importance, and the total sulphides may run as high as 5 per cent without 

seriously impairing the quality. Several per cent of iron oxide obtained 

from the slag are commonly present. Magnesia also occurs, derived 

from the slag or the lime. It is inert, if not positively detrimental, 

and the amount therefore should be kept as low as possible.

In addition to the ingredients mentioned above, a percentage, usually 

small, of other compounds may be found, which have been added by 

the manufacturer during some stage of the process for the purpose of 

increasing the rapidity of set of the cement.

The table below contains the analysis of a number of American and 

European slag cements, as given by various authorities. It will be 

seen that, despite the apparently great variations in practice, the ultimate composition of the finished cement falls within quite narrow 

limits. The range in composition of a good slag cement may be considered to be about: SiO2 , 22 to 30 per cent; Al2 03 +Fe2O3 , 11 to 16 

per cent; CaO, 49 to 52 per cent; MgO, less than 4 per cent; S, less 

than 1.5 per cent; ignition loss, 2.5 to 7.5 per cent.

Ball. 243 05 24
370 CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTRY.

Analyses of slag cements.

[BOLL. 243.

Silica (Si02 ) ..........

Iron oxides (FeO,Fe2 03 ) 

Lime (CaO) ..........

Sulphur (S) ..........

Sulphur trioxide (S03 ) .

1

19.5 

17.5 

n.d. 

54.0 

n.d. 

n d

n.d, 

n.d.

2

30.56 

13.' 31 

0.25 

45.01 

2.96 

«4. 63

n. 41

n.d.

3

22.45 

13.95 

3.30 

51.10 

1.35

0.35 

7.50

4

27.20 

J14. 18

50.03 

3.22

0.15 

4.25

5

28.40 

12.80

51.50 

n.d. 

1.40

n.d.

G

28.95 

rll. 40 

I 0.54 

50.29 

2.96 

1.37

3.39

7

29.80 

J12. 30

51. 14 

2.34 

1.37

2.60

8

27.80 

11.10

50.96 

2.23 

1.18

5.30

9

27.0 

12.0

55.0 

n.d. 

n.d.

n.d.

10

27.78 

11.70

51.71 

1.39 

1.31

n.d.

« Equals CaS. 6 Equals CaS04 .

1. Choindez, Switzerland.

2. Bilbao, Spain.

3. Saulnes, France.

4. 5, 6, 7, 8, Chicago, III.

9. North Birmingham, Ala.

10. Ensley, Ala. . 

IDENTIFICATION OF SLAG CEMENT.

Slag cements may usually be distinguished from Portland cements 

by their lighter color, inferior specific gravity, and slower set. They 

show on analysis lower lime and higher alumina percentages than Portlands, and usually contain .an appreciable amount of calcium sulphide. 

Owing to the presence of this last-named constituent, a briquette 

of slag cement -left for some days in water will show upon fracture a 

decided greenish tint. If it has been exposed to salt water, this tint 

will be much more marked and the odor of hydrogen sulphide will be 

observed'. , Two things should be noted, however, in this connection: 

Though sulphides are usually present in slag cements they are not 

necessary constituents of them, and, on the other hand, sulphides are 

occasionally present in Portland cements, being formed from the sulphates in case the flame of the kiln is not sufficiently oxidizing.

Color. Slag cements are usually much lighter in color than the 

Portlands, varying from a bluish white to a light yellow. The color 

of the cement depends partly upon the color of the slag and the lime, 

but more largety upon the relative proportions of the two ingredients. 

Slag cements do not stain masonry, in which respect they have an 

advantage over Portlands for certain uses.

Specific gravity. Cements of this class are lighter than Portlands, 

their specific gravity usually ranging from 2.7 to 2.8. This gives a 

greater bulk for the weight, but, on the other hand, it reduces the 

density of the set cement, which is not desirable for some purposes.

Sapidity of set. Normally slag cements are slower setting than 

Portlands. Whether this property is a disadvantage or not will
PUZZOLAN CEMENTS. 371

depend on the use to which the cement is to be applied. As before 

mentioned, the rapidity of set increases naturally with the amount of 

alumina in the slag. Set can be artificially hastened by the addition 

of puzzolanic material to the cement. Burned clay, certain active 

forms of silica, slags high in alumina, etc., are additions which are 

both effective and cheap. The treatment of the cement during manufacture with alkalies to accelerate the set has already been discussed. 

, Strength. While slag cements fall below high-grade Portlands in 

tensile strength, good American slag cements develop sufficient 

strength to pass the usual specifications for Portlands. Tested neat, 

they do not approximate so closely to the Portlands as they do if 

tested in 2:1 or 3:1 "mortars. Part of this property may be due to the 

fact that they are, in general, ground, finer than Portlands, especially 

than foreign Portlands. A few years ago Prof. W. K. Hatt made a 

series of tests on American slag cements, and reported that there was 

no noticeable deficiency in strength of briquettes kept in air as compared with those kept in water. Other investigators have arrived at 

opposite conclusions, and it is probable that these conflicting results 

arise from differences in the chemical composition of the various 

brands tested.

Resistance to mechanical luear. Slag cements are notably deficient 

in this property, and are therefore not available for use for the surfaces of pavement, floors, etc., where this quality must be highly 

developed; they seem to be well fitted, 'however, for pavement foundations, or indeed for any work which will not be exposed to dry air 

and in which a high strength is not necessary.

PLANTS, PRICES, AND USES.

Of the seven slag-cement factories now in operation in the United 

States, two each are located in Alabama and ,0hio, and one each in 

Illinois, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Most of the plants now in 

operation are connected closely in ownership with the furnaces from 

which the slag is obtained. This condition is almost a necessity, since 

common ownership or control furnishes the only possible guaranty 

that a sufficient supply of slag, of proper quality, will be always 

available.

The selling, price of slag cements is highly variable, as can be understood from statements made on previous pages. Whenever possible, 

they are sold as Portlands, and in that case approximate in price to 

cements of that class. When necessary, however, they are marketed 

at prices below those of natural cements. Taking the entire annual 

product into consideration, its price per barrel will probabl}r average 

about 20 to 25 per cent higher than the best brands of natural cements
CEMENT MATERIALS AND INDUSTBY. [BOLL. 243.

(New York Rosendale). The industry affords very fair profits, and the 

output in the United States is increasing steadily.

American slag cements are certainly superior in strength, uniformity, and rapidity of set to European slag cements. Slag cements 

are not, however, Portland cements, and the sooner this fact is recognized and publicly admitted by their manufacturers the better will be 

the prospects of the industry. For, though slag cements are entirely 

unfitted for many uses to which Portland cements may be applied, 

tliere are certain uses for which the}7 are well adapted, and if, for any 

particular use, a slag cement is as good as a'Portland, its lower price 

will of necessity remove any danger of Portland competition.
INDEX.

A. Page.

Abbot, Me., limestone near, analysis

of_____________ 178 

Acknowledgments to those aiding 17 

Akron, N. Y., plant at_________ 350 

Akron-Buffialo district, cement rock

in, analyses of 350

cements of, analyses of_______ 351

Alabama, cement in, market for 85 

cement of, bibliography of 86 

chalks in, occurrence and analyses of ______.-____- 34 

clays and shales in, occurrence

and analyses of__ _ G5-68,

70-71, 84

coal in_____________ 84

geological map of_____ _ _ 6V

geology of _ 61 

labor in _______________ 84 

limestones in__ 61-65, 71-81,85-86 

analyses of _____ .68-70, 82-83 

marble of, occurrence and analyses of________ 70 

Portland-cement industry in _ 84-86 

Portland-cement resources of __ 60-86 

literature of ___'.___ 86 

slag cement in___ _ _ 371 

transportation from 85 

Alabama Portland Cement Co., cement

of, analysis of ___ 86 

plant of ______________ 76, 85 

Albany, Ga., limestone near, analyses of_______,._ _ 130 

Aldrich, Mo., shale near, analysis of_ 225 

Alkali waste, analyses of-_ 37 

-origin and use of_________ 36-37 

Allegheny formation, occurrence and

character of _______ 282 

Alma, Kans., limestone near, analyses of__________ 168 

Alma Portland Cement Co., plant of_ 274 

Alpena, Mien., limestone near., analyses of_________ 193,196 

plant at_____________ 193 

shale near, analysis of 198 

Alpena Portland Cement Co., plant » 

of, production of __ 243-244 

quarry of__________ 193, 198 

Alsen's American Portland Cement

Co., materials of____ 254

plant of _____ _ 259

Alta Portland Cement Co., plant of__ 274

Page.

Altoona, Pa., limestone near, analy-

.ses of__________ 281

Alumina in Portland cement, occurrence of_______ 24-25, 29

American Cement Co., cement of,

analysis of _______ 259

American Portland Cement Co. of

Pennsylvania, plant of- 284

Ames limestone, occurrence of____ 282 

Ammonia soda waste, character of_ 36 

Amsterdam, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 248-249 

Analyses. See names of places and

substances.

Andover, N. J., marl near, analysis of_ 242 

Annandale. N. J., limestone near,

analysis of___ 235, 239, 280

Aunona formation, analyses of__ 111 112

occurrence and character of_ 99-104

sections of_____________ 101-102

Antietam, Md., plant at______ 343, 354

Antrim shales, occurrence, character,

and analyses of___ 200-201 

Appanoose beds, occurrence, character, and analysis of- 160-161 

Arbuckle limestone, character and occurrence of _______ 145 

Archimedes limestone. See Pitkin

limestone.

Arizona, limestones in, analyses of_ 86-87

Portland-cement industry in__ 87

Portland-cement resources of_ 87-88

bibliography of ________ 88

shale in, analyses of_______'. 87

Arkansas, cement in, market for__ 89, 115

cement in, bibliography of___ 116

chalk in_________1_____ 99-110

analysis of________ _ 34

chalk region of, map of_____ 100

clay and shule in_______ 112-113

fuel in _________________ 89

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of______ 88-112

Portland-cement industry in_ 115 116

Portland-cement resources of _ 88-116

transportation in _______ _ 115

Arkansas City, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of ____ _ 169 

Asbury, N. .T., limestone near, analysis of __________ 235,286 

Aspen, Colo., limestone near, analyses of________ 123

373
374 INDEX.

Page.

Athens, Me., limestone near, analyses

of___:__ _____ 178

Athens shale, occurrence of___ . 303

Atlas Portland -Cement Co., plant

of ___'________ 227,284

Austin, Minn., cement rock at, analysis of__________ 345

Austin, Tex., plant at__________ 310

Austin chalk, occurrence, character,

and analyses of__ 308-309

Azores Islands, poz/uolana and tetin

, from _________ i. 358

B.

Bain, H. Foster, on Portland cement

resources of Iowa___ 147 165 

Bakersfleld, Cal., oil from, use of__ 120, 121 

Balcony Falls, Va., cement rock at,

analyses of _ . 354

Bangor limestone, analysis of . 129

character and occurrence of 64,

129,307

Barrelville, Md., limestone near, analysis of__________ 188 

Barren Measures, occurrence and

character of ______ 282 

Barren River, Ky., limestone near,-

analyses of ______ 174 

Barrett, Mo., shale near, analysis of- 225 

Bartold Valley, Mo., limestone near,

analyses of _ - 224 

Bass Lake, Ind., marl at, analyses of- 142 

Bassler, It. S., on Portland cement

resources of Virginia- 312-323 

Bath, Pa., plant at______,___ 284 

Bath Portland Cement Co., plant of- 284 

Bay Bridge, Ohio, marl near, analyses

of______________ 274 

plant at____ _ 274 

Bay City, Midi., shale near, analyses

of _____________- 202

Bayport, Midi., limestone near, analyses of______ 194

Beattie, Kans., limestone near, analyses of_ _ _ __ .168

Beaver Creek, Md., limestone near,

analysis of - 181

Beaver Run, N. .!., limestone near,

analyses of ____ 238

Bedford, Ind., limestone near, analyses of___________ 139

Bedford limestone, character, occurrence, and analyses 

of___________. 138-139

Beekmantown limestone, occurrence, 

character and analysis 

of____________ 313-315

Belgium, Portland cement of___ 22

Bellaire, Ohio, cement rock at, analysis of________.._- 352

Bellefonte, Pa., limestone near, analyses of__________ 280

Bellevue, Midi., limestone near, analyses of ______- 190,194

Belmont, Ala., limestone at and near,

analyses of 75; 82

Page.

Belvidere, N. .T., limestone near, analyses of______ 234-235,238

Benezette, Pa., limestone near, analysis of__________ . 282

Benezette limestone, occurrence of ._ 282

Benton, Ala., limestone at, analysis

of ______________ '77, 83

Benton, Ark., clay from, analyses of- 114

Benton,, Wis., limestone near, analysis of___________ 330

Benton group, occurrence and character of _____ 229-230, 297

Benwood limestone, occurrence of__ 282

Bergen, N. Y.,'limestone near, analysis of_________ 253

Bertie limestone, occurrence of ___ 345

Bethany limestone, occurrence and

analysis of______,_' 161-162 

' See also Winterset limestone.

Beulah shale, occurrence and character of__________ 297

Bibbville, Ala., shale near,. analysis

of __________ 67,70

Big Creek, Ind., limestone near, analyses of__________ ' 139

Bigbee Valley, Miss., section near __ 214

Bigby limestone, occurrence and character of ________ 305-306

Billings, Mo., shale near, analysis of_ 226

Birdseye limestone, occurrence and

character of _____ 171, 247

Birmingham, Ala., clay near, analysis of _________ .__ - 71

Birmingham Cement Co., methods of_ 365 

slag of, analysis of ________ 370 

character of _________ 360 ,

Bisbee quadrangle, limestone from,

analysis of _______ 87

Black Hills, limestones of_____. 296-300 

section of_____________ 297-298

Black River limestone, occurrence

, and character of___ 247

Blast furnace slag. Sec Slag.

Blatculey, W. S., and Asliley, G. I-L,

on Indiana marls___ 140

Bloomingtou, Ind., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 139

Blount Springs, Ala., limestone at,

analysis of______ 68

Blue Sulphur Springs, W. Va., limestone near,analysis of_ 327

Blnffport, Ala., limestone at and

near, analyses of___ 75,82

Bodea Creek, Miss., chalk near, analyses of__________ 211

Bonnami, IT., on cements_______ 18

Bonneville Portland Cement' Co.,

plant of__________ 284

Boone formation, limestones of, occ 11 r r e n ce, character, 

and analyses of____ 94-97 

oolitic member of, occurrence

of_____________ 96 

Sec also St. .Toe limestone.

Boonville, Mo., shale near, analysis

of_____________ 226
INDEX. .375

Fage. 

Bossardville, Fa., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 281 

Bossardville limestone, analysis of 241 

Bossburg, Wash., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 825 

Branchvllle, N. ,T., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 288 

Brandon, Miss., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 219 

It randy Camp, Fa., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 282 

i Brainier, J. C., on clays and shales- 112 

Brnsstown Creek, S. C., limestone

near, analysis of_ 205 

Brier mil Iron and Coal Co., cement

of HO); 

Briery Mountain, W. Va., limestone

on, analysis of_____ 327 

Bristol, Wis., limestone near, analysis of - 880

Broadway, Va., limestone near 819

Brockwayvllle, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of _ 282

Bronson, Mlch., limestone near, analysis ofZ_ ___- 190 

shale near, analysis of 19!), 200

Bronson Portland Cement Co., plant

of ____ _____ 109

Brooks Mine, Arlz., limestone at,

analyses of _____ 93

Brush Creek, Ark., limestone at,

analyses of ____ 97

Brushy Creek, Tex., limestone near,

analyses of _ 808

Bryan, Ohio, shale near, analysis

ofl_____________ 205

Buckeye Portland Cement Co., plant

of ______ 274

Buffalo, N. ?., plant at _____J 850

Buffalo, Fa., limestone near, analysis

of ____________- 282

Burlington, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of . 157 

section at _ _ _ _ 157

Burlington limestones, occurrence and

character of _____ 156-157

Byram, Miss., limestone near, analyses of _________ 210

C.

Cahaba, Ala., limestone at, analysis

of ______ 77,88

Calais, Ala., limestone at, analysis of- 63, 69 

Calcium sulphate In Portland cement,

occurrence of ____i__ 28 

Caledonia, N. Y., clay near, analysis

of-____ ____ 265

limestone near, analysis of___ 253

California, cement rock In. analysis of 32

clay In, analysis of _ 121

limestone In, analyses of_ 32,117-120

location of, map showing 110

occurrence of______ 32,116-120

natural cement In, bibliography

of____________ 855

P^ge.

California, oil as fuel In, nse of__ 11G, 121

Portland cement In, analysis of_ . 121

bibliography of 121-122

Portland-cement Industry ln__ 116,

120-121

Portland-cement resources of_ 110-122 

California Portland Cement Co., plant

of, location of "120,121 

Calvin, S., on Iowa geology 148,152-154 

Cambrian limestones, occurrence and

character of - 64,179-182 

180,228,294,802;854 

gee aZao Arbuckle limestone; 

Trenton limestone; 

Knox dolomite; Shenandoah limestone; Conasauga, formation.

Cambrian shales, occurrence of _ 61, 65 

Cambridge, Kama., limestone near,

analyses of 169

Cnmpbell, E. D., on rnnrla 48

on Portland cement 4?

Campbell, H. D., acknowledgments to_ 818 

Canaan, Conn., limestone near, analyses of 125 

Canastota, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of__ ______ 2R8

Candlot, B., on cements 18 

Cape Fear River, North Carolina, 

limestone on, analysis 

of___________ 268 

Carboniferous limestones, analysis

of-_!_________ 122-128,

281,810,842 

occurrence of ____ _ '122,

146, 281, 275, 278, 282, 810, 842 

gee »Zao Mlsslsslpplan, Pennsylvanlnn, (md Permian 

limestones.

Carboniferous shales, analyses of_ 113-114,

188

occurrence of _ 112-114, 229 

gee also Mlsslsslpplan and Pennsylvania n shales. 

Carllle formation, occurrence and

character of _ ___ 297 

Carpentersvllle, N. J., limestone near,

analyses of ___ 288 

Carter limestone, occurrence and

character of ____ _ ___ 805 

Carthage, Me., limestone near, analyses of __ _______ 178

Carthage Landing, N. Y., cement of,

analysis of _ 255 

plant at_ _____ ______ 255

Castalla, Ohio, marl and clay near,

annlyses of _ _ 274-275 

plant, at ____ _ 274

Castalla Portland Cement Co., plant

of-____________ 274

Cathcys limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 305

Catlett, Charles, acknowledgments

to _____________ 818, 818

Catsklll, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of __________ 250
376 INDEX.

Page.

Catskill Cement Co., materials of-__ 254 

plant of_~______'_____ __ 260

Caynga Portland Cement Co., limestone and shale near, 

analyses of_______ 261. 

plant of______________ 260 

Cedar Valley limestone, character, 

occurrence, and analysis of_________ 152-153 

Cedartown, Ga., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 129 

Cement, Ga., limestone near, natural cement from____ 337 

limestone near, analysis of__ 339 

section at_..___________ 337 

Cement rock, analyses of______ 289, 336 

occurrence and character of_ 25, 232, 

236, 288-289, 315-317, 336 

Cementon, Fa., plant at____ ___ 284 

Cements, analyses of. See particular States and districts.

classes of ___.__________ 18-20 

comparisons of_.______ 19 

21-23, 334, 339, 368, 370-372 

See also Portland cement; 

Natural cement; Puz- 

.zolan cements; Slag 

cement; Natural Portland cement.

Centerville, N. J., marl near, analysis of__________ 243 

Central Cement Co., pla.nt of____ 284 

Chain Lake, Ind., marl at, analyses

of ______________ 142

Chalk, analysis of__________ 111, .148

occurrence and character of__ 99,

147-149, 163

section of heels of__ _____ 148 

Sec also Niobrara chalk; Selma

chalk. 

Chalk Bluff, Ala., clay at, analysis

Of _____________ 68,71 

Chandlers Island, N. J., limestone

near, analysis of_ 234-235, 286 

Changewater, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 234-235 

Chazy, N. .Y., limestone near, analysis of__________ 246 

Chazy formation, analyses of____ 246 

occurrence and character of__ 17-1, 

24G-247, 311 

Cheat River, W. Va., limestone on,

analysis of ___,.__ 327 

Chelsea, Mich., shale nearj analysis

of_____.._______ 204 

Cheltenham, Mo., shale near, analyses of__________ 226 

Cheshire, Mass., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 189 

Chester group, limestone of, analysis

of_____________ 174 

occurrence and character

of____________ 174,307

Page.

Chester group. See also Ste. Genevieve limestone; Bangor limestone. 

Cheyenne, Wyo., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 331 

Chicago Portland Cement Co., plant

of_____________ 136

Chickamauga Cement Co., plant of_ 33(5

Chickamauga limestone, analyses of_ 69, 129

occurrence and character of___ 61 64,

128,303-305, 336

Chittenango, N. Y., cement rock near,

analyses of ______ 348 

natural cement of, analysis of_ 349 

Cincinnati, Ohio, 'imestone near,

analyses of ______ 270

Cincinnati group, analyses of___ 173-270

occurrence and character of_ 172-205.

270

Clark, A. N., on Coldwater shales- 204-205 

Clarksburg, W. Va., limestone near,

analysis of ________ 328 

Clarksville, Ark., shale from, analyses of_________ 113-114 

Clays and shales, analyses of. Sec 

particular localities and 

formations. 

Clear Creek, Ind., limestone near,

analyses of ______ 139 

Clifton, Mo., clay near, analysis of_ 22G 

Clifton limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 306 

Cliftonville, Miss., section at_____ 214 

Clinker, grinding of________.._ 58 

Clinton, N. J., limestone near, analyses of__________ 235,286 

Clinton, Me., limestone near, analysis

of_____________ 1.7S 

Clinton, Mo., shale near, analysis of_ 226 

Clinton, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of__________ 250 

Clinton Cement Co., plant of ____ 284 

Clinton Iron and Steel Co., plant of _ 204 

Clinton limestones, occurrence, char-

. acter, and analyses of _ 270 

Coal, analyses of___________ 56.104 

crushing and drying of ___-__ 57 58 

occurrence of_________ 84,115, 164 

Coal Measures. See I'ennsylvanian 

limestones and shales. 

Cobleskill, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of __________ 250 

Cobleskill limestone, occurrence of_ 345 

Coke, use of_______________ 255 

Coldwater, Mich., limestone near,

analyses of _._____ 196 

shale near, analyses of ___- 199, 200 

Coldwater shales, occurrence, character, and analyses 

of____________ 199-200 

Colemanville, N. .T., shale near, analysis of ________ 288, 317 

Collinsville, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of _____.- 248-249 

Colorado, cement in, bibliography of 124
INDEX. 377

Page.

Colorado, cement rock in, analysis

of ____________ 32 

limestones in, occurrence and

analyses of ___ 32, 122-123 

Portland-cement industry in 124 

Portland-cement resources of- 122-124

Colton, Cal., plant, at__________ 121

Columbia, N. J., limestone near, analyses of______ 234-235,238

Columbia, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of ________ 250

Columbus, Miss., section at _ 217

Columbus, Ohio, limestone near, analyses of__________ 272

Colville, Wash., limestone near, analyses of_______ -.__ 325

Compton, Miss., limestone at, analysis of__________ G8

Conasauga formation, occurrence and

character of _____ 33G

Conemaugli formation, occurrence

and character of____ 282

Connecticut, limestone in, analyses

of____________ 124-125 

natural-cement industry in,

bibliography of_____ 355

Cook, G. I-I., on New .Tersey limestones_________ 240-242

Cooley Lake, Ind., marl at, analysis

of___________ 141-142

Coolidge, Kans., limestone near,"

analyses of___ ___ 170

Cooper River, S. C., limestone near,

analyses of______ 290

Coosada, Ala., shale near, analysis

of _____________ G7, 70

Coplay, Pa., cement rock at, analysis of__________ 353 

plant at_______________ 284

Coplay Cement Mfg. Co., plant of___ 284

Copper Mountain, Colo., limestone

near, analyses of___ 128

Corinth, Md., shales near, analyses

of ___________" 188

Corniferous limestones, occurrence, 

character, and analysis 

of ____________ 271-272

Cottonwood Falls, Kans., limestone

near, analyses of___ 1GS

Cottonwood limestone, occurrence

" and character of__ 229-230

Crabtree, Md., limestone near, analysis of '_________ 188 

- section at_____________ 187

Craigsville, Va., limestone and shale

near, analyses of_._

plant at______ ____ ____

Crane, T. T., "experiments by _' _

Crapo Lake, Midi., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 100

Creole marble, analysis of______ 127

Crescent Portland Cement Co., plant

of _______- _ 284,294

Cretaceous clays, occurrence, character, and analyses 

of________ 05-68,72,84

Page.

Cretaceous clays. See also Tuscaloosa shale; Butaw 

formation ; Ripley formation.

Cretaceous limestones, analysis of_ 130,170 

occurrence and character of_ 130, 146- 

147, 169-170, 275, 278, 351 

Sec also Selma chalk; Whitecliffs formation; Saratoga formation; Niobrara limestone; Winnfield limestone; Coochie Brake limestone; 

Bayou Chicot limestone ; Austin chalk; 

Goodland limestone.

Crider, A. F., on Selma chalk____ 208

Crinoidal limestone.' See Ames 

limestone.

Croton, Pa., limestone near, analysis

Of____________ 282

Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y., -plant at_ 254

Cumberland, Md., cement rock at__ 344 

plant at_______________ 343

Cumberland sandstone, occurrence.

of__________ __ 172

Cummings, Uriah, on New York

natural cement_____ 349 

on Pennsylvania natural cement__________ 281

Gushing, I-T. P.. on Chaxy formation. 240

Cypress Pond, Miss., limestone near,

analyses of 207

D.

Dakota sandstone, occurrence and

character of______ 297

Dallas, Tex., limestone near, analysis of__________ 34, 308 

plant at _____________ 11.5, 310

Danbury, Conn., limestone at, analyses of___________ 125

Darton, N. H., on Black Hills geology__________ 296-301 

on Held'erberg limestone____ 249 

on Nebraska geology_______ 220 

on Mohawk Valley.-_______ 247 

on Virginia geology'________ 313

Davis, C. A., acknowledgments to__ 194

Dayton, Ohio, limestone near, analysis of ___________ 270

Dcadwood formation, occurrence and

character of ______ 297

Deciper '-area, Ark., location and

character of _________ 109

Deep Lake, Ind., -marl at, analysis

of______'_____ 141-142

Dcepwater, Mo., shale near, analysis of___________, 226

Defiance, Ohio, cement rock at,

analysis of _______ 352 

plant at_______________ 352

Dekalb, Miss., lignite near, analyses

Of_____________ '210

Dekalb limestone, analysis of____ 103
378 INDEX,

Page.

Delaware, limestone in _____ _ 125

Delaware Water Gap, N. .!., clay

near, analysis of_ _ 239

288;317

limestone near, analysis of___ 281

Demopolis, Ala., chalk from, analysis of___________ 34 

limestone at and near, analyses of ____ 75-76, 82, 83, 85

Denieville, Ark., limestone at, analy-.

ses of __________ 97

Des Moines, shale at, analysis of___ 160

Des Moines formation, occurrence, 

character, and analyses of______ 160-161, 1G4

Devils' Backbone, Md., section at__ 185

Devonian clays, occurrence and character of__________ 222

Devonian limestones, analyses of- 152-153 

occurrence and character .of__ 163,

228, 278

See also State Quarry beds; 

W a p s i n n i con limestone ; Cedar Valley 

limestone; Lime Creek 

limestone; Traverse 

group.

Dewart Lake, Ind., marl at, analysis

of ____________ 141-142

Dexter, Me., limestone near, analyses

of r ____________ 178

Dexter Portland Cement Co., plant

of_____________ 284

Diamond Portland Cement Co., plant

of____________ 274

Dickinson, 111., limestone and shale

near, analyses of___ 137

Diller, .T. S., on California limestone _______ 116,119-120 

on Oregon limestone_______ 277

Dixie brand, manufacture of _____ 336

Dobyville, Ark., section near _;____ 109

Dollyliide Creek, Md., limestone near,

analyses of _ ____ 181 

Dover, Me., limestone near, analysis

of_______ _____ 178 

Dowlingsville, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of________ 282 

Drakes Pond, N. ,L, limestone near,

analyses of ______ 238, 239 

Drayton Hall, S. C., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 296 

Dredging, methods and cost of____ 42 

Drying, process of___________ 45-46 

Dundee, Mien., limestone near, analyses of___________ 191 

Dundee formation, occurrence, character, a n d analyses 

of___________ 190-192 

Dunkard formation, occurrence of_ 282 

Duryee, ID., analyses by________ 88, 258 

kiln invented by__________ 256. 

on Portland cement history in

New York________ 253

E. Page.

Earlham, Iowa, limestone near, analysis of__________ 162 

section at _ _ _ ___-__ 162 

Earlham limestone, occurrence and

analysis of _______ 161 

See also Bethany limestone. 

East Bangor, Pa., shale near, analysis of_________ 288,317 

East Kingston, N. Y., plant at____ 253 

Edgewood, Ala., clay at, analysis of_ 7J 

Edison Portland Cement Co., plant

of_____________ 244 

Egypt; Pa., plant at__________ 284 

Eldorado, Kans., limestone near, analyses of _________ 169 

Elfert, Ohio, limestone near, analysis

of______________ 273 

Elk Lick limestone, occurrence of__ 282 

Elm Point, Mo., clay near, analysis

of_____________ 22G 

Empire Portland Cement Co., cement

of, analysis of_____ 262

methods of __________ 51-53, 261

mixtures of, analyses of____ 53, 262

England, slag from, analyses of__ 361

Englewood limestone, occurrence and

character of _____ 297-298 

Eocene limestones, analysis of____ 310 

character of __________:_ 84 

Epes, Ala., limestone at, analysis of_ 75,82 

Etowah marble, analysis of_____ 127 

Eureka'Peak, U.tah, limestone near,

analysis of_______ 310 

Eutaw formation, character of___ 72

F.

Pairplay, Cclo., limestone near, analyses of________ 122

Falk, M. S., on cements, mortars, 

and concrete_________

Farmington, Mich., shale near, analysis, of - 

Farmington, Mo., limestone near, 

analyses of_______ 178

Fayette breccia, analysis of-__-___- 152

Fenton, Mich., limestone near, analyses of___________ 196 

shale near, analyses of____ 204

Fern Leaf brand, analysis of____ 342

Ferriferous limestones, occurrence, 

character, and analyses of ______ 273, 282-283

Fishpot limestone. See Sewickley 

limestone.

Florence, Colo., oil at and plant near_ 124

Florida, natural cement in, bibliography of_________ 355 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of_______ 126 

Portland-cement resources of _ 120

Flushing, Mich., shale near, analysis of___________ 202
INDEX. 379

Page.

Poerste, A. F., on Rhode Island geology ____ _ 294

Fontaua, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 168

Fort Dodge, clay at, analysis of___ 160

Fort Scott, Kans., cement rock at,

analyses of_______ 342 

natural cement at, analyses of_ 343 

plants at__ _______ ____ 342

Fort Smith, Ark., shale from, analyses of_________ 113-114

Fort Worth, Fla., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 126

Fossil Hill, Nev., limestone near,

analysis of_______ 231

Foster, Mo., shale near,, analysis of_ 226

Fpurmile Lake, Mich., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 196

Fox Hills sandstone, occurrence and

character of ________ 296

France, Portland cement of, char-.

acter of_______ 22

slag in, analyses of 301, 370 

Frederick, Md., limestone near, analyses of_________ 1S1 

Freeport limestone, occurrence of_ . 282 

Fremonts Pass, Nev., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 231 

Fuel, availability of, relation of 

Portland cement industry and_________ 17, 30 

requisite amount of_______ 54

Fuller's earth, analyses of______ 114 

Fuson formation, occurrence and

character of ______ 297

G.

Gadsden, Ala., shale at, analysis of_ 65, 71 

Galnesville, Ala., limestone at and

 near, analysis of__ 74-75,82 

Galena, Kans., limestone'near, analyses of________-. 166 

Galena limestone, ' occurrence and

character of ______ 329 

Garnett, Kans., limestone near, analyses of_________. 167-168

Gas as fuel, use of__________ 56 

Gate City, Ala., limestone at, analysis of________'___ 69 

Georgia, cement rock in, analyses of- 337 

geological map of part of____ 62

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of__ 127-131, 336 

marble in ________________ 127

marls in_ 130 

natural cement in, analyses of_ 336, 33!) 

natural-oement industry in__ 336-339 

bibliography of_______ 356 

natural-cement resources of___ 336 

Portland cement in, market f6r_ 126 

Portland-cement industry in__ 126.

130-131.

Portland-cement resources of_ 126-131 

German-American Portland Cement

Co., plant of______ 136

Gila River, limestone on, analyses

Page.

88

Gillmore, Q. A., on Portland cement

history at Rosendale,

N. Y _________ __ 254 

Girardeau limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 220 

Glasgow Junction, K'y., limestone

near, analyses of___ 174 

Glen Alien, shale near, analysis of _ 71 

Glencoe, Mo., limestone near, analyses of __________ 221 

Glenford, Ohio, limestone near, analysis of ___________ 272' 

Glens Falls, N. Y., limestone near,

analyses of __ 248-249, 263 

plant at ___________ 258, 262r263 

shale at, analysis of _______ 263 

Glens Falls Portland Cement Co., cement. of, analysis of_ 2G2-2G3 

Glenwood Springs, Colo., limestone

near, analyses of___ 1.22 123 

Gold, production of, comparison of

Portland cement production and _ _ _ ___ 15-16 

Goodland limestone, occurrence and

character of ____ _ 309-310 

Goose Creek, S. C., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 290 

Grand Gulf formation, clays of,

occurrence of_ _____ 78-79 

Grand Peak, Nov., limestone near,

analysis of__ ___ .. __ 231 

Graneros shale, occurrence and char-

. acter of ___ _ ___ 148, 297 

Grant, U. S., on Wisconsin glass

rock ____________ 329 

Grayling Lake, Mich., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 196 

Great limestone. Sec Benwood limestone. 

Greeley, Kans., limestone near, analy-

' ses of ____ . _____ 168 

Green River City, Wyo., limestone

o near, analysis of __ __ 331 

Greenbrier limestone, occurrence,

character, and analyses

of _________ 186-188,282 

section of_ _____________ 187 

Greendale, Pa., lim'estone near, analysis of ____ ______ 282

Greenhorn limestone, analysis of __ 327

occurrence and character of __ 230,

297, 312, 327

Greensand marls, character of _ _ _ 34

Grinding, of limestone, processes of_ 47,

336, 362-363, 366-369

Grinding and mixing, machines for_ 40 

Guilford, Me., limestone near, analysis of ___________ 17$ 

Gypsum, use of _ _ ____ _ __ 58-59

H.

Hainesburg, N. ,T., limestone near, 

analysis of ______
380 INDEX.

Page.

Hall, .T., on Iowa geology.-_____ 152

Hamburg Station, N. J., limestone

near, analyses of--- 234-235

Hancock, Md., cement rock at____ 344

Haucock limestone, occurrence and

character of______ 300

Hannibal, Mo., limestone and shale

near, analyses of__ 224-226

Hannibal shale, analysis of__ _ 224

Hardyston quartzites, occurrence and

character of_____ 232-233

Harmony, Me., limestone near, analysis of___________ 178

Harpers Ferry, W. Va., limestone

near, analysis of ___ 326

Harrisburg, Pa., limestone near,

analyses of _______ °280

Harrisonburg, Va., limestone near,

analyses of _____ 319-820

Harrodsburg limestone, character and

occurrence of _____ 138

Hatchs Bluff, Ala., limestone at,

analysis of __ __ 75, 82

Halt, W. K., tests by_________ 371

Hawarden, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of _______ 148

Haworth, E., on Kansas limestones- 165,

166, 169

llayes, C. W., letter of transmittal

by____________ 13 

on Conasauga formation_____ 336

Hayt Corners, N. Y., limestone near,

analyses of _______ 252

Hay ward, Ky., limestone near, analyses of__________ 175

Heat, effect of, on limestone____ 30

Helderbcrg Cement Co., limestone

near, analyses of___ 264 

natural cement of, analysis of_ 348 

plant of_____________ 263-264

Helderberg limestone, analyses of__ 250.

281, 327

occurrence and character of_ 183-

185, 249, 254, 280-

282, 312, 326-327

sections of____________ 185

Helena, Mont., limestone near, analyses of__________ 228

Hell Creek, Ariz., limestone at, analyses of___________ 93

Henrys Fork, Wyo., limestone near,

analysis of_____ __ 331

Hermitage limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 305

Highgate Springs, Vt., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 311

Highlands, Md., limestone near,

analyses of ______ 182

Hillebrand, W. F., analyses by___ 86

Hillsman, Ala., limestone at, analysis of ___________ 75,82

Hog Lake, Ind., marl at, analyses

of____________ 141-142

Hollidaysburg, Pa., limestone near,

analyses of 281

Page.

I-Iollister, Cal., limestone near, analyses of___________ 118 

Hope, N. J., limestone near, analyses

of ___________ 238,242 

Horton, Kans., limestone near, analyses of___________ 168 

Hough ton Lake, Ind., marl at, analyses of _______'- 142 

Howard Hydraulic Cement Co., plant

of ___________ 337-339 

Howes Cave, N. Y., cement rock at,

analyses of _______ 347

jimestone near, analyses of_ 250, 264

natural cement of, analysis of 348

plant at___________ 263-264, 348

Hudson, N. Y., clay and marl at,

analyses of _______ 205 

limestone near, analysis of___ 250 

Hudson Portland Cement Co., clay 

and shale at, analyses 

of____________ 265 

plant of______________- 264 

Hudson River district, map of- 254 

Hudson sbale, analysis of 222,

239,288

occurrence and character of_ 183, 

222,239, 287-288 

Hughes Creek, W. Va., limestone

near,-analysis of____ 28 

Hulls station, clay at, analysis of__ 71 

Humansville, Mo., shale near, analysis of___________ 225 

Humboldt, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of,______- 159 

Humboldt, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of_____ 167-168 

Hunter Valley, Ind., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 139 

Hunton limestone, character and occurrence of__ _ 146 

Huntsville, Mo., shale near, analysis

of_____________ 226 

Huntsville, N. J., limestone near,

analyses of__-__ '._____ 238 

Huron group. Sec Kaskaskia group.

I.

Idaho, marble in 131 

llasco, Mo., limestone near, analyses

of_____________ 227 

plant at_______________ 227 

Illinois, cement rock in, section and .

analyses of_____ 339-340 

clay and shale in, occurrence

'and analyses of__ 130-137 

coal of, analysis of________ 164 

geological map of ________ ' 220 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of______ 132-137 

natural cement in, analyses of_ 3401 

natural-cement industry1 in___ 340' 

natural-cement resources of_ 339-340' 

Portland cement in, bibliography Of___________ 1ST
INDEX. 381

Page. 

Illinois, Portland-cement industry

in __________ 135-137 

Portland-cement resources of- 132-137 

slag cement in_ _____ '371

Illinois Steel Co., methods of____ 369 

plant of____________ 137

- slag of, analyses of___ 360-361, 370 

Independence, Kans., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 168, 170

Indian Territory, limestone in___ 144-147

map of part of________ 308

Portland-cement resources of- 144-147 

shale in_____ 145 

Indiana, cement rock in, occurrence

and analyses of 341 

clays and shales in, occurrence

and analyses of- _ 137-139, 

143-144 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of__ 137-139, 144 

marls in, occurrence and analyses Of_________ 140-144 

natural cement in, analyses of- 342 

natural-cement industry in__ 341-342 

natural-cement resources in _ 341-342 

bibliography of_______ 350 

Portland-cement industry in_ 142-144 

Portland cement in, analyses

of __________ 143-144 

bibliography of________ 144 

Portland-cement resources of_ 137-144 

Industry, Me., limestone near, analysis of________ 178 

Ingham Mills, N. Y., limestone near,

analyses of______ ,248-249

lola, Kans., limestone near, analyses

 of________ 167-168,170 

plants at and near 170 

lola Portland Cement Co., plants

of___________ 170-310

Ionia, Mich., shale near, analysis of_ 203

Iowa, cement in, analysis of 159

cement in, market for 165

chalk iu_________ 34,147-149, 163

analyses of- 147

clay and shale in, occurrence

and analyses of- 153-154, 160 

coal of, analyses of 164 

geological map of 148 

limestone in__________ 149-163

marls in______ 147

Portland-cement resources of_ 147-165 

transportation in______ 165

Iowa City, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of __ 152 

Iron Hills Furnace, Ky., limestone

near, analyses of_ 174 

Iron oxide in Portland cement, occur- ..

rence of _____ 23-25, 29, 33 

Ironton, Ohio, plant at______ _ 274 

shale and limestone near, analyses of__________ 273-276 

Ironton Portland Cement Co., plant

of___________ 274 

Iroquois Portland Cement Co., plant

of_, . , , 265

Page.

Islesboro, Me., limestone near, analysis of_______,__ 177 

Italy, pozzuolana from _____ 357-358 

Ithaca, N. Y., plant near ______ 251 

Izard limestone, occurrence, character, and analys.es of 89-91

J.

Jackson, Mich., limestone near, analysis of____.______ 106 

shale near, analysis of_____ 203

Jacksonburg, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of_______ 238

Jacque Mount, Colo., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 123

Tames Creek, Miss., section near___ 215

James Lake, Ind., marl at, analysis

of___________ 141-142

Jameson and Butler, on Portland cement. ______ 18

Jamesville, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of______ 250, 348

Jauiul, Cal., limestone at, analyses

 of___________ 116-117

Jefferson City, Mo., clay near, analysis of__________ 226

Jersey Shore, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of______ 281

.Tetmore, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of_1____ 170

Johnstown limestone, occurrence

of ____________ 282'

Jones Bluff, Ala., limestone at, analysis of_ _______ 75, 82

Joplin, Mo., shale near, analysis of_ 225

Jordan, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of__________ 253 

marl, clay, and cement at,

analyses of_____ _ 259 

plant at_____ ______ 259

Jordans Ferry, Ala., limestone at

and near, analyses of_ 75, 82

Jurassic limestones, occurrence and

character of______ 228

K.

Kankakee Marsh, Ind., marl at,

analyses of_______ . ]42 

Kansas, cement rock in, analyses of- 342 

limestones in, occurrence and

analyses of______ 165-170 

natural cements in, analyses of_ 343 

natural-cement industry in__ 343 

bibliography of_,_______ 356 

Portland-cement industry'in__ 170 

Portland-cement resources of- 165-170 

Kansas City, Mo., clay near, analysis of __________ 226 

Kaolin, analyses of__ ______ 114 

Kaskaskia group, character and occurrence of _______ 138 

Kelleys Island, Ohio, limestone on,

analyses of _____ 271-272 

Kemp, J. F., on limestones______ 26
382 INDEX.

Page. 

Kenansville, N. C., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 268 

Kenton Furnace, Ky., limestone near,

analyses of _______ 174 

Kentucky, cement rock in, analyses

of____________ 341 

geological map of _______ 172 

limestones in, occurrence and

analyses of _____ 171-175

natural cements in, analyses of_ 342

natural-cement industry in.,.__ 342

natural-cement resources of_ 341-342

bibliography of_______ 356

Portland-cement resources of- 171-175

Keokuk limestone, occurrence 'and

character of _____ 156 

Key West, Fla., limestone on, analyses of___________ 126 

Kiln coal, analyses of _______ 56 

Kilns, types of_ _ _______ 53-54 

Kilns, rotary, coal for, character of_ 56-58 

description of________ 54, 255-258 

fuel needs of _______-- 54-56, 255 

production of____________ 55 

Kiuderhook limestone, character, occurrence, and analyses 

of_________ 155-156,163 

Kings Rock, Pa., natural cement at__ 282 

Kingston, N. Y., plant at______ 254 

Kiugwood, W. Va., limestone near, !

analysis of _____ 327, 328 

Kinston, N. C., limestone near, analyses of_:__________ 268 

Kittanning, Pa., limestone near,

analyses of _______ 282 

Kittatinny limestone, occurrence, 

character, and analyses 

of ______ 233-235, 285-286 

Knickerbocker Cement Co., methods

of______________ 365 

Knobstone group, character and occurrence of _ 139

Knox dolomite, occurrence and character of __________ 302

Knoxville, Tenn., marble near, analysis of___________ 304

Knoxwood, Ala., limestone and shale

. at, analyses v of_____ 76, 82

Kummel, H. B., on New Jersey limestones________ '231-232

L.

Lafayette, N. ,T., limestone near,

analyses of _______ 238 

shale near, analyses of__ 230, 288, 317

Lafferty Creek, Ark., limestone from,

analysis of __ ____ 91

Lakenan, Mo., shale near, analysis

of______________ 226

Tiakota formation, occurrence and

character of ______ 297

Lane, A. C., acknowledgments to _ 194

Lane, Kans., limestone near, analyses of___________, 168

Page. 

Lang, Herbert, on Portland cement

resources of Oregon__ 277 

Lansing, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of_ _ __ 168 

Lansing, N. Y., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 252 

Laramie, Wyo., limestone near, analyses of__________ 331 

Laramie formation, occurrence and

character of ______ 297 

Lasalle, 111., plants at and near__ 134,136 

sections at and near_____ 134-135 

" limestone and shale near, analyses of___________ '136 

Laurel Hill, W. Va., limestone on,

analysis of _______ 327 

Lawrence, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 168 

Lawrence Cement Co. of Pennsylvania, plant of______ 284 

Lawrenceville, N. Y., cement rock

near, analyses of___ 346 

Le Chatelier, H., on slag_______ 363 

Le Grande, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of_______ 156 

Lebanon, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of _^_____ 235 

Lebanon limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 305 

Lehigh district, cement rock in,

analyses of______ 31-32, 

286-287, 353

cement rock in, description of_ 284 

geology of _ 285 

grinding In_____________i 47 

limestone from, occurrence and

analyses of__ 31-32, 284-287 

methods of manufacture in__ 288-293 

natural cement in, analyses of_ 353 

natural-cement industry in___ 353 

map of, showing distribution of

cement rock ___ _ 284 

plants in, list of__ 284

Portland-cement industry in _ 288-294 

Portland cement of, analyses of_ 292 

production of____ 31, 284, 293 

Portland-cement resources of- 284-288 

shales in, analyses of_____ 287-288 

Lehigh Portland Cement Co., cement of, analysis of_ 144 

plant of ____________ 142,284 

Leipers formation, occurrence and

character of ______ 306 

Lemars, Iowa, limestone near, analy-

 ses of__:________ 148 

Lenoir limestone, occurrence, character, and analyses 

of___________ 302-304 

Leroy, N. Y.,. limestone near, analyses of__________ 249-250 

Lesley, R. W., acknowledgments to _ 284 

Lewiston limestone. See Helderberg

limestone. 

Lexington, Mo., shale near, analysis

Of_=,.._____ - 226
383

Page. 

Lexington, Va., limestone near,

analyses of ___ 822 

Leyden, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of _____ 248-240 

Liberty, Md., limestone near, analyses of ______ 181 

Lignite, occurrence and analyses of- 210 

use of 852 

Lime, for slag cements, character

and analysis of __ 860-866 

for slag cements, drying and

slaking of _______ 866 

 grinding, mixing, and sinkIng of 866-869 

use of ________ 865 

Lime, hydraulic, analysis and use

of_ __________ 865-866 

Lime Creek shales, character, occur- . 

rence, and analysis 

of ____________ 158-154

section of ________ _ 154

Lime In Portland cement, percentage

of ________ 24-25 

Lime Lake, Ind., marl at, analysis

of __ - _____ 141-142 

Lime Lake, Mlch., llniustone near,

analysis of___ 196 

Lime Hocks. It. 1.. limestone near,

analysis of : 295 

Limestone, analyses of. $cc ?)(M'Mc»- / 

»d ZoLimestones, 

Limestones,

composition of 26-84 

heating of, effect of _____ 80 

origin of ____ 26 

physical properties of __ 1 29-80 

use of _ _ _____ ____ _ 25-26 

varieties of 27 

water In _ 44 

Limestones, argillaceous, character

and uses of __ 80-82 

Limestones, chalky, character and

uses of_ ______ __' 33-84 

magneslan, character 

and uses of .1 __ 27-28, 48-49 

pure hard, character 

and uses of ____ 82-38, 44 

Limestones of California, location of,

map showing __ _ 116 

Limestones of New York, location 

of, map showing _ 

Lincoln, N. J., marl near, analysis of 

Linden limestones, occurrence and 

character of _____ -_ 

Lltchdcld, Ky., limestone near, analyses of ___ j. __ 

Literature on cements ____ ! ___ 17-18, 

85, 58. 855-856 

Little Eagle Lake, Ind.. marl at,

analysis of _ _ 142 

Little Bock, Ark., shale from, analyses of 118-114 

Little Sulphur Creek, limestone on,

analyses of __ _ 119 

Llvermore Falls, Me., limestone near,

analysis of ___ _ 178

24G 

248

806

174

rage.

Llvlngston, Miss., section at _ 208

Lizard Creek, limestone and shale

near, analyses of 159

Long Run, Pa., limestone near, analysis of 282

Longvlew, Ala., limestone at and

near, analysis of 69

Lonsdale, E. H., on Sioux City cement _ 149

.Loon Lake, Ind., marl at, analysis

of__ __-____ 141-142

Losters Spring, Ark., limestone 'at,

analyses of _______ 97

Louisiana, limestone In, occurrence

and analyses of __ 175-176 

Portland cement resources of_ 175-176

Louisiana, Mo., limestone and shale

near, analyses of __.. 222, 224

Louisville Cement Co., plant of ___ 341

Louisville district, cement rock In, 

occurrence and analyses

of _____ .. 841 

location of___-J. __i___ 341 

natural-cement Industry In__ 841 

natural cements of, analyses

of __,__ 889,841

Low 1'olnt, N. Y., plant at ___.. 254-255

Lowellvllle, Ohio, limestone near,

analysis of ___ __ '. 273

Lowvllle, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of ______ 248-249

Lowvllle limestone, occurrence and

character of _ ___ 247

Ludlngton, Mlch., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 190

Ludlow, Ky., plant near_______ 172

Ludlow Falls, Ohio, limestone near,

analysis of _______ 270

Lumber River, N. C., limestone on,

analysis of _______ 268

Lupton, Mlch., limestone near, analyses of_________ 190.

Luther, D. D., on New York geology. 349

M.

Mabelvllle, Ark., clay from, analyses

of 114

McCallle, S. W., analyses quoted by_ 127

McDowells, Ala., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 75,82

McFarland, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of__ _ 168

McGhees, Ala., limestone at, analysis of - _______ 77, 83

Maclay, W. W., on strength of cement _______ "258

Macon, Miss., chalk near, analyses

of _ _______ 209, 216

Magnesia In Portland cement, allowable percentage of 28-25, 

28,48

Mahon, R. W., on slag cements___ 360

Mahonlug Furnace, Pa., limestone

near, analysis of ____ 282

Maine, cement (n, market for ___ 17(1
384 INDEX.

Page.

Maine, clay in, occurrence and analysis of __________ 177 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of _____ 176-178 

Portland-cement resources of_ 176-178 

transportation from________ 176 

Mammoth Peak, Utah, limestone near,

analysis of __ ___ 310 

Manack, Ala., limestone near, analysis of __________ 77,83 

Manitou Lake, Ind., marl at, analysis of___________ 142 

Mankato, Minn., plant at __ ___ 344 

Manlius, cement rock near, analysis

of_____________ 348 

natural cement of, analysis of_ 349 

Manlius limestone, occurrence of__ 345 

Manti, Utah, limestone near, analysis

of____________ 310 

Map of Arkansas chalk region____ 100 

of California limestone areas__ 116 

of Hudson River district-___ 254 

of Indian Territory________ 308 

of Lehigh district, showing location of cement rock__ 284 

of New York, showing distribution' of limestones __ 246 

of Maryland _____________ 314 

of Oklahoma____________ 308 

of Pennsylvania_________ 314 

of Texas ______________ 308 

of United States, showing location of cement plants- 15 

of Virginia ____________ 314 

of West Virginia _________ 314 

Map, geological, of Alabama- __ 62 

. of Georgia_____________ 62 

of Illinois _____________ . 220 

of Indiana_____________ 270 

of Iowa _______________ 148 

of Kentucky ____________ 172

of Michigan____ 190

of Mississippi ___________ 62

of Missouri ______________ 220 

Of Ohio_________________ 270 

Marble City, Ark., limestone at, analyses of _________ 94

Marble Valley, Ala., limestone near,

.analysis of ___^____ 63,69

'Marble, analyses of______ 127, 182, 304 

occurrence and character of___ 29, 

64, 127, 181-182, 189, 304 

Marblehead, III., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 134 

Markets, proximity of, relation of 

Portland-cement industry and _ _ __ 17 

39, 40

Marksboro, N. ,T., marl near, analysis of __________ . 242 

Marls, analyses of __________ 36 

111, 130, 141-142, 196- 

197, 242-243, 253,, 259 

literature on _ _ _ __ 35

Page.

Marls, occurrence and character of- 35-36,

130, 140-141, 147, 194-

 195; 242, 252, 273, 3.12, 318

origin of ______________ 26, 35

use of _______________ 26, 51

wafer in ___________:__ 45

See also particular localities. 

Marlytes, character of____.__ 34 

Marquette Cement Co., plant of___ 136 

Martins Creek, Pa., plant at_____ 284 

Martins Creek Portland Cement Co.,

plant of_________ 284

Martinsburg, W. Va., quarries at_ 325-326

Martinsburg shale, analyses of___ 317

occurrence and character of___ 317

Maryland, cement rocks of, analyses

of_____________ 344 

Maryland, clays and shales in, occurrence and analyses 

of___________ 182-187 

limestones In __ -______ 179-187

map of________________ 314 

marble in, occurrence and analyses of________: 181-182 

natural cement in, analyses of- 344 

natural-cement industry in 343 

natural-cement resources of_ 343-344 

Portland-cement industry in__ 179 

Portland-cement resources of- 179-187 

Maryland Cement Co., slag drying

by_____________ 365 

Mason 'City, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of____.___ 154 

Massachusetts, limestones in, occurrence and analyses of_ 189 

Materials, raw, occurrence of____ 25 

Maucb Chunk formation, occurrence

and character of__- 282 

Maxinkuchee Lake, Ind., marl at,

analysis of _______ 142

Maxville limestones, occurrence, 

character, and analyses of_________ 272

Mentor, Ky., plant at________ 172, 269 

Mercer limestone, occurrence of_ 282 

Michigan, cement of, bibliography

of____________ 205-206 

cement plants in, location of,

map showing_____ 190 

clay and shale in_ ___ _ 198-205 

geological map of 190 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of_____ 190-197 

marls in, analyses of-_ 196-197 

location of, map showing 190 

occurrence and character

of___________ 194-195 

Portland-cement industry in 189 

Portland-cement resources of- 189-206 

Michigan Alkali Co., cement of_ - 190 

Michigan series, occurrence and character of_______ 193-194 

Middle Branch, Ohio, plant at____ 274 

Milbury, Ohio, shale near,analysis of, 20§ 

\
INDEX. 385

Page.

Millions, Ala., limestone near, analysis of__________ 82

Mill Canyon, Utah, limestone near,

analysis of ______ 310

Mill Creek, Ark. x limestone at, analysis of__________ 97

Mills Lake, Midi., limestone near,

analysis of ___± __ 19G

Milton, N. Dak., chalk from, analy-

 sis of _ ___ 81 

plant at____________t__ 351

Milltown, Ind., limestone near, analyses of_________ . 139

Milwaukee, Wis., cement rock near,

analysis of __ __,_ 355 

plants near _____________ 355

Milwaukee Cement Co., plant of____ 355

Minck Station, Mo., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 221

Mineral Point, Wis., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 330

Mining, methods and cost of____ 41-42

Minnekahta limestone, occurrence

and character of- __ 297. 

299-300

section of and analysis of __ 300 

Minnelusa formation, occurrence and

character of ______ 297 

Minnesota, cement rock in,- occurrence and analyses of _ 344-345 

limestone in __________ 206 

natural cement industry of___ 344 

Minnewaste limestone, occurrence and

character of _ _ 297 

Miocene limestones, analyses of___ 231 

Mississippi, clay and shales in___ 209 

chalk in____________ 84, 207-218 

geological map of_ T 62 

lignite in, occurrence and analysis of___________ 210 

limestones in___________ 206-219 

'Portland-cement resources of_ 206-219 

transportation in 206 

Mississippian limestones, analyses of_ 68. 

122-123, 134, 139, 

166,174, 207, 224

occurrence and character of_ 61, 122. 

133, 165-166. 206-207, 

220-224, 227-228, 282 

See also Greenbrier limestone; 

Bangor limestone ; Kaskaskia group; Mitchell 

limestone; Bedford 

limestone ; Ha r r o d s - 

burg limestone; Knobstone group; Kinderhook limestone; Osage 

formation ; St. L o u i s 

limestone: Spergen Hill 

limestone; Ste. Genevieve ' limestone ; Maxville limestone; Tullahoma formation. 

Mississippian shales, analyses of 225

Bull. 243 05 25

. Page. 

Mississippian shales, occurrence and

character of ____ 61, 65-66 

See also Knobstone group ; Kaskaskia group; Hannibal 

shale. 

Missouri, cement of, market' and

transportation for_ 219-220 

clay and shale in, occurrence and

analyses of __ 222, 225-220 

geology of_________.1___ 220 

geological map of_________ 220 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of_____ 221-226 

Portland-cement industry in_ 219, 227 

Portland-cement resources of_ 219-227 

Missourian formation, occurrence, 

character, and analyses 

of___________ 161-163 

Mitchell, Ind., limestone and shale

at, analyses of____ 144 

plant at___________ 142

Mitchell formation, character and occurrence of_______ 138

Moccasin limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 304

Moline, Kans., limestone near, analyses of__________ 168

Molltown, Pa., plant at_________ 284

Monongahela formation, occurrence

and character of___ 282

Monroe Corners, N. J., limestone

near, analyses of__ 238, 243

Mont Alto, Pa., limestone near, analysis of_____ ___ 280

Mont Jackson, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 282

Montague, N. .T., limestone near, analyses of_________ 242,243

Montana, limestones of, occurrence

and analyses of__ 227-228 

Portland-cement resources of_ 227-228

Montebello Narrows, Pa., limestone

near, analysis of-_ _ 281

MontezAima, Ga., limestone near, analyses of ____--___ 130

Montezuma, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of _ 253 

plant at______________ 257-258

Moore Lake, Ind., marl at, analyses

of________ 142

Morrison, Colo., limestone near, analyses of_________ 122-123

Moshen'ille. Mich., limestone near,

analyses of__ ___ 197

Moundsville Narrows, W. V'a., limestone near, analysis of_ 328

Mount Etna Furnace, Pa., limestone

near, analysis of __'._ 280

Mount Holly, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of ______..__ 280

Mount Jackson, Va., limestone near,

analysis of 320

Mount Morris, N. ,Y., marl and clay

from, analysis of _ 266
386 INDEX.

Page.

Mount Savage Furnace, Ky., limestone near, analyses of_ 175

Mount Sidney, Va., limestone near 321

ILount Silverheels, Colo., limestone

near, analyses of _ 122-123

Mountain limestone. See Chester 

group; Greenbrier limestone.

Mud Lake, Ind., marl at* analysis

 of_________:__- 141-142

Mumford, N. Y., limestone near, analyses of- - 253

Murphrees Valley, limestone in, analysis of_ 68

Murphreesboro limestone, occurrence

and character of ____ 305

Murphy, N. C., limestone near, analyses of_ 268

Myrtle Grove, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of 238

N.

Napa Junction, limestone at, analyses of - 121 

plant at_____ 121 

Natural Portland Cement Co., plant

of_______ - 254

Natural cements, analyses of 282

bibliography of__ 355-356

character of - 333

burning of_____________ 336, 342

definition of _______19-20, 333-334

differences between hydraulic

limes and Portland ce-

.ments and __ 21-23,334

' fuel for_______________ 342

hydraulic properties of 334

manufacture of, beginning of 348

methods of ________ 335-336

occurrence of __ 333-356

raw materials of 334-335

Natural Portland cements, manufacture of- ______ 267 

occurrence of ________ 21-23, 333 

Nauvoo, 111., limestone near, analyses

of____'. 134

Nazareth, Pa., plant at _ 284

Nazareth Cement Co., plant of____ 284

Nebraska, chalk in__ __ 34

clays and shales in ___ __ 229-230

limestones in __________ 229-230

Portlandrcement resources of_ 229-230

Negro Mountain, Md., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 188 

Nevada, limestones in, occurrence

and analyses of _ 231 

New Albany Cement Co., plant of-_ 341 

New Carlisle, Ohio, limestone near,

analyses of _ 270 

New Hampton, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 234-235 

New Jersey, cement rock of, map

showing distribution of 284 

clay and shale in, occurrence and

analyses of _______ 239

Page.

New Jersey, geology of_: 232, 236, 239-240 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of_______ 232, 

234-235, 237-238, 241-242 

marls in, occurrence a.nd analyses of__________ 242-243 

Portland cement In, bibliography

. of____________ 244-245 

production of __ 231-232, 244-245 

Portland-cement industry-in_ 243-244 

Portland-cement resources of- 231-245 

section in ______________ 236 

slag cement in___________ 371 

New Lisbon, cement rock at, analysis of___________ 352 

plant at____________ 352

New Richmond, Ohio, limestone near,

analysis of _______ 270 

New Sharon, Me., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 178 

New York, cement rock in, occurrence and analyses of_ 346 

351 

clays and shales in, occurrence

and analyses of____ 256,

258-263, 265-266

limestones in_____'. _______ 245-253

analyses of________ 246, 248- 

250, 252, 256, 260-261, 264 

location of, map showing_ 246 

marls in, occurrence and analyses of___________ 245. 

252-253, 258-259, 265-260 

natural-cement industry in__ 345- 

346,348-350

bibliography of________ 35b 

natural cement of, analyses of- 347-

249, 351

natural-cement resources of_ 345-351

natural Portland cement in__ 207

manufacture of _____ 255-256

market for __________ 247

Portland-cement Industry in 245,

253-267

history of__________ 253-258 

Portland cement of, analyses

of ________1__ 255- 

256,258-260, 262-264, 266 

Portland-cement resources of_ 245-267 

Newbern, N. C., limestone at, analysis of___________ 26S 

Newberry, S. B., on allowable percentage of magnesia _ 24 

on grinding and mixing_____ 47 

Newcastle, Pa., limestone near, analysis of__________ 282 

Newland limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 228 

Newmarket, Va., limestone near__ 320 

'Newton, N. J., limestone near, analyses of ___ 234-235, 238, 242 

shale near, analyses of_____ 239 

Niobrara formation, occurrence and

character of___.__ 123,

148,229-230, 269, 296, 301

Norborne, Mo., clay near, analysis of_ 226
INDEX. 387

Page.

Norridgewock, Me., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 178

North Adams, Mass., limestone near,

analysis of _______ ISO

North Birmingham, Ala., shale near,

analysis of-____ 00,70-71

North Carolina, limestones in, occurrence and analyses 

of ___________ 2G7-2G8 

marls in, occurrence and analyses of___________ 208 

Portland-cement resources of_ 267-268

North Dakota, cement rock in, occurrence and analyses 

of ____ _____ 34,209,352 

clay in_________________ 209 

natural cement in, analyses of_ 351

North Judson Marsh, Ind., marl at,

analysis of _.____ 142

North Park, Colo., limestone near,

analyses of_____ 122-123

Northampton, Pa., plant at_____ 284

Northampton Portland Cement Co.,

plant of__ -______-_ 2S4

Norton, W. H., on Wapsinnicon formation__________ 151

Notre Dame Lake, Ind., marl at,

analysis of __ 142

O.

Oglesby, 111., limestone and shale

near, analyses of_ _ 136 

section at _____ 130

Ohio, cement rock . in, occurrence

and analyses of 352 

clays and shales in, occurrence

and analyses of_ 205, 274 275 

fuel in________________ 269 

limestones in, occurrence and

analyses of_____ 209-274 

marls in, occurrence and analyses of__________ 273,275 

natural-cement industry in 352 

Portland cement in, market for_ 209 

Portland-cement industry in _ 273-275 

Portland-cement resources of- 269-275 

slag cement in 371.

Ohio Valley Cement Co., plant of__ 341 

Oil, as fuel, use of 50, 110, 121, 124, 255 

Okanogan Highlands, Wash., limestone in, analyses of_ 324-325 

Oklahoma, cement in. x market and

transportation for ___ 277 

limestone in ___________ 275-277 

map of part of__________ 308 

Okolona, Miss., limestone near, 

analyses of__________

Okolona area, Ark., location and

character of __ 107- 

Old Town Creek, Ky., limestone

near, analyses of___ 174 

Olsen's switch, Ark., clay at, analyses of__________ 114 

Opeche formation, occurrence and

character of 297

Page. 

Ordovician clays, occurrence and

character of____ '.- 61, 65

See clso Rockmart slates; Cincinnati group; Hudson 

shale. 

Ordovician limestones, occurrence

and character of___ 189, 

275,277, 325-320, 329, 344

See also Viola formation ; Cincinnati group ; Trenton 

limestone; Knox dolomite ; Lenoir limestone ; Sevier shale; 

C h i c k a m a uga limestone/; Stones River 

group; Leipers formation ; Chaxy formation ; Shenandoah limestone; Lower Magnesian limestone ; Platteville limestone.

Oregon, limestones in________.*_ 278-279

Oriskany Falls, N. Y., limestone

near, analyses of___ 250

Ormrod, Pa., plant at__________ 284

Osage formation, occurrence, character, and analysis 

of _________ .150-157, 103 

section of _____________ 157

Oshorn, Ohio, limestone near, analyses of___________ 270

Oskaloosa, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of__ _ 159

Ottawa, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 168

Ottumwa, Iowa, limestone near,

analyses of__ _ 158 

shale near, analyses of____ 160 

section at __ __________ 15S

Oven Bluff, Ala., advantages of__ 79 

clay at, analysis of________ 82

Owen station, Ohio, limestone near,

analyses of_____ 271-272

Oxanna, Ala., shale at, analysis of_ 05, 71

Oxford, N. J., limestone near, analysis of__________ 235, 2S6

P.

Pacific Portland Cement Co., plant

of, location of____ 120

Pahasapa limestone, occurrence and

character of_____ 297-299

Paleozoic shales, analyses of____ 70-71

Parleys Canyon, Utah, limestone in,

analyses of________ 310-311

Pattenburg, N. .!., limestone near,

analyses of,.____._ 238

Pattersons Creek, limestone near,

analysis of _______ 326

Pea Ridge, Ky., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 175

Peapack, N. .1., limestone near, analyses of________ 235, 280

-Peerless Portland Cement Co..

quarry of 199
INDEX.

Page.

Fella, Iowa, limestone near, analyses of__. ________ 150 

Fella, beds, character and occurrence

of___________ 163-164 

Pembina, N. Dak., plant at_____ 330 

Penn-Allen Portland Cement Co.,

plant of__________ 284 

Pennsylvania, cement rock in, location of, map showing- 284 

cement rock in, occurrence and

analyses of__ 287, 289, 352 

clays and shales in, occurrence

and analyses of__ 287-288 

kiln coals in, analyses of - 56 

limestone in, occurrence and

analyses of _____ 279-283, 

285-287, 289-290

map of _ 314

natural-cement industry in _ 352

Portland-cement industry in _ 284-294

Portland cement of, analyses of_ 292

production of____:__ 284, 293

Portland-cement plants in 284

Portland-cement resources of_ 279-294

sing cement in _ 371

Pennsylvania Cement Co., plant of- 284

Pennsylvanian limestones, analyses

of ____________ '' 135, 

141-142, 175,225,328 

occurrence and character of__ 61,134, 

140-141, 174-175, 225, 327-328 

Sec also Des. Molnes formation; 

Missourian formation ; 

B e t h a n y limestone ; 

Cotton wood Falls 

limestone; Ferriferous 

limestone.

Pennsylvanian shales, analyses of__ 136,

160, 225

occurrence of __ 61, 66,135-136, 225 

Penville, N. .7., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 235

Perkinsville, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 253

Permian limestones, occurrence, character, and analyses 

of____________ 169,229 

Perris, Cal., clay of, analysis of__ 121 

Peters Valley, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 242 

Petersburg, W. Va., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 327 

Phillips, Me., limestone near, analyses of__________ 178 

Phillipsburg, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of'______ 234-235 

plant at____________!___ 236 

Phoenicia, N. Y., clays near_____ 254 

Phoenix Cement Co., plant of____ 284 

Pickensville, Ala., section at__'. _ 215 

Pierce, Wis., limestone near, analysis of____________ 330

Pierce limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 305

Page.

Pierre shale, occurrence and character of __ 229-230, 269, 296

Finckney, Mien., shale near, analysis of___________ 203

Pine Valley, Nev., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 23.1.

I'iney Run, Md., limestone near,

analysis of ________ 188

Piqua, Ohio, limestone near, analysis of____'______ 270

Pitkin limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 98-99

Pittsburg, Pa., plant at______ 284, 294

Pittsburg limestone, occurrence of_ 282

Plaster, burned, use of _____'. __ 58-59

Platteville limestone, occurrence and

analysis of _____ 329-330

Pleasant Lake, Mien., limestone near,

analysis of _- - _ 197

Pleasant Valley, Md.,. limestone near,

analysis of _ _ 181

Pleistocene clays, occurrence, character, and analyses 

> of_________ 202-205,226

Pliocene limestone, analysis of _.._ 231

Plummer Lake, Mien., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 197

Pocahontas coal, analysis of_____ 164

Pocono formation, occurrence and

character of -_____ 282

Point Pleasant, Ohio, limestone near,

analysis of--_-___ 270

Polk Bayou, Ark., limestone at, analysis of _:__- ___ 91,93,97

Polk Bayou limestone, occurrence, 

character, and analyses 

of _____________ 91-93

Pond Mountain, Ark., limestone at,

analyses of ___ _..-_ 97

Portage River, Mich., limestone near,

analyses.of_______ 194

Portland cement, analyses of____ . 82,

86, 255, 25G, 259, 292 

barrel of, weight of ________ 40 

burning of__________ 43, 53-58 

comparison of- natural cements

and_____________ 21-23 

composition and character of_ 23-24,

39-40

composition of, relation of burning and _________ 56 

definition of-__________ 20-23,43 

grinding of ______________ 43,58 

ingredients of___________ 25-26 

literature of_______ 17-1.8, 35, 53, 

86, 116, 121, 124, 137, 144, 244 

manufacture of, dry process of _ 44-50 

fuel requirements of __._ 54-56 

growth of __:_______ 15 

materials necessary for,

quantity of _______ 40

methods of 1 ___ 43-59, 288-291

wet process of____:_ 44, 50-53

materials for, analysis of____ 53

character of ________ 16-17
INDEX. 389

Page. 

Portland cement Continued.

materials for, drying of____ 45-40 

excavating of, methods and

cost of_______.. 41-43 

grinding and mixing of- 43, 46-53 

location.of______i_:__ 17 

value of____________ 16-17 

water in _____________ 44-46

production of, comparison of

gold production and.._ 15-16 

diagram showing _____ 16 

value of____________ 15-16 

Portland cement, natural. See Natural Portland cement. , 

Portland Cement Co. of Colorado,

plant of__________ 124 

Portland Cement Co. of Utah, plant

-of____________ 310-311

Portland-cement plants, location of _ 60

location of, map showing ..__ 15

Portland Point, N. Y., limestone near,

analyses of _-_ ____ 252

plant at_____________ 260-261

Potomac, Md., plant at_______ 343

section near ____________ 185

Pottcrsville, N. .T., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 235, 286

Pottsville formation, occurrence and

character of______ 282 

Poxono Island, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 281

Prairie Kock, Miss., chalk near,

analyses of_______ 213 

Proctor, Vt., marble near, analyses

of_____________ 311 

Productive Coal Measures, occurrence

. and character of_____ 160-

101,164,282 

Prospect, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 248-249 

Prospect Hill, Mo., plant at_____ 227 

shale near, analysis of__ 226 

Prosser, C. S., on Nebraska formations __.,___-__ 229-230 

Frost, M. A., on slag cements ____ 360 

Prussia, trass from ___________ 358

Fir/zolan cements, definition of__ 20, 357 

manufacture of _________ 359-872

materials for __________ 357-359 

Bee also Slag cement. 

Pozzuolana, occurrence, character,

and analyses of _ 357-358 

Pozxuoli, Italy, pozzuolana from_ 357 

Pyramid Lake, Nev., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 231

Q.

Quarrying, methods and cost of-___ 41

Quincy, 111., limestone near, analyses

of.____________ 134

R.

Rathbun, Iowa, limestone near, analysis of . :_

Page.

Rauchs Gap, Pa., limestone near,

analyses of__ 1 280

Ravine, Miss., sections at and near_ 214

Raw materials', cost and methods of

excavation of ______ 41-43

Reading Cement Co., plant of____ 284

Red Buttes, VVyo., limestone near,

analysis of^_________ 331

Red Clay, Ca., limestone near, analysis of___________ 127

Red Hills, Miss., limestone near,

analyses of.._i____ 219

Red Sulphur Springs, W. Va.. limestone near, analysis of 327

Redding, Cal., limestone near, analy-

. sis of_________ 119-120

Keclstone limestone, occurrence of_ 282

Renfrew, Mass., limestone near, analysis ol'______________ 189

Rhode Island, limestone in, occurrence and analysis of. 294-

295 

Rhodes^ Mill, Ark., limestone at,

analyses of____ > 94 

Richmond, Pa., limestone near, analysis of_____-___ 282 

Ridgwood, Ark., clay from, analyses

of____________ 114 

Ridley limestone, occurrence and

character of ______ 305

Ries, I-Ieinrich..on Michigan shales. 200-205

on New York cement industry.- 350

Ripley formation, character of___ 72

Rising Fawn, Ga., limestone near,

analyses of _____ 129 

River Junction, Fla., limestone at,

analyses of________ 126

Roberts Mill. Ala., shale at, analyses

.of__________ 67,70-71 

Roche Harbor, Wash., limestone near,

analysis of ________ 324 

Rock Point, Oreg., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 278 

Rock Run, Ala., shale at, analyses of- 65, 71 

Rock Springs, Ala., limestone at,

analyses of______ 63, 69 

Rockland, Me., limestone and clay

near, analyses of__ 177 

Rockmart, Ga., limestone and shale

near, analyses of_ .129,131 

plant at______________ 127,131 

Rockmart slates, occurrence and

analysis of ______ 131 

Rockvvood formation,-occurrence of__ 303 

Rocky Comfort area. Ark., chalk and

marl from, analyses

of___________ 111-112 

location and character of_ 99-101, 115 

Rocky Point, N. C., limestone near,

analyses of_-____ 208 

Rodman Furnace, Pa., limestone

near, analysis of___ 280 

Roes Bluff, Ala., limestone near, analyses of_________ 75,82 

Rogers, Ark., limestone at, analyses

of_____________ 97
390 INDEX.

1'age.

Komona, Ind., limestone near, analyses of- _____ 139

Kondout, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of -____ 250, 346, 347 

Kondout limestone, occurrence of__ 345 

Rosendale district, cement rock in,

analyses of ___ 346 

natural cement industry in__ 346-347 

natural cement of, analyses of_ 347 

Kosiclare, 111., limestone near, analyses of__________ 134 

Kossville, Ga., plant at______ _ 335 

Kotten limestone. Sec Selma chalk. 

Kound Mountain, Ark., shale from,

analyses of ____ 113-114

Hound Top, Md., plant at_______ 343

I;uggles-Coles drier, account of 46 

use of_________-__---__-__ 364-365

Kuniford Falls, Me., limestone near,

analysis of -___ - 178 

lUmyon Lake, Midi., limestone near,

analysis of - _ 197 

Kushsylvania, Ohio, marl and clay,

near, analyses of 274-275 

plants at.____ 274 

Russell, 1. C., on cement industry of

Michigan 189-194, 198-205 

on kiln coals__ ______ 56

on marls _________ __ ___ 43

Ryan, Wash., limestone near, analysis of_ 325

Sabetha, Kans., limestone near, analyses of_ 168

Saginaw, Midi., shale near, analyses

of ________ ___ 201

Sagiuaw formation, occurrence, character, and analysis of- 201- 

202

St. Clair limestone, occurrence, character, and analyses of_ 91-93

St. Clair Springs, limestone at, analyses of__ _ 93 

Ste. Genevieve, Mo., shale near, analr

ysis of___________! 225 

Ste. Genevieve limestone, occurrence

of_____________ 173 

St. Joe, Ark., limestone at, analyses

of _____________ 93,94 

St. Joe limestone, occurrence, character, and analyses of- 92-94 

St. Louis, Mo., clay near, analyses

of______________ 226

limestone near, analyses of___ 224

St. Louis limestone, analyses of__ 158-

159,174

occurrence and character of 157- 

159, 163-164, 174, 307 

section of ___ ____ _ -_ 158 

St. Lonis Portland Cement Co.,'

plant of__________ 227 

St. Paul, Mo., limestone near, analyses of__________ 221

Page.

St. Stephens, clay at and near, analyses of ______ 78-79, 84'

St. Stephens Bluff, section of_____ 78

St. Stephens formation, occurrence

and analyses of____ 71, 

77-81, 83-84, 126, 218-219

Salem, Ind., limestone near, analyses

of_____________ 138

Salina group, occurrence and character of_________ 343

Saline Landing area, Ark., location

and character of ___ 102- 

104, 115-116

Salt Lake, Utah, limestone near,

analyses of_______ 310 

plant at._____________ 310-311

Saltillo, Pa., limestone near, analysis

of_________.:__ 281

Saluda River, S. C., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 295

San Antonio, Tex., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 34, SOS 

plant at_____________ 310

San Fernando, Call, limestone near,

analysis of _______ 117

San Francisco, Cal., cement plants

near _____________ 120

San Gabriel River, limestone on,

analysis of _______ 308

San Juan Island, Wash., limestone

on, analysis of___ 323-324

Sand Mountain, Ga., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 129

Sandersou, J. Gardner, experiments

by________________ 254

on Portland cement history in

New York____.___ 203

Sandusky, Ohio,' limestone near,

analyses of_______ 271

Sandusky Portland Cement Co., cement of, analysis of_ 14,3 

plant of___________ 142. 274

Santa Cruz, Cal., limestone near,

analyses of 118 

Santorin, occurrence of_______ 359 

Santorin, Greece, santorin from____ 359 

Saratoga formation, occurrence, character, and analyses of_ .

104-112

section of __-_!_______ 104-105, 109 

Sarepta, N. J., limestone near, analyses of__:_________ 238.

Sault Ste. Marie, shale near, analysis

of_____________ 204 

Scooba, Miss., chalk near, analyses of 210 

clay near, analyses of______ 212 

Searls Gulch, Colo., limestone near,

analyses of-_____ 123

Selma, Ala., limestone at, analyses of_ 77, 83

Selma chalk', analyses of- 209-214, 216-218

occurrence and character of___ 71-77,

84.207-218

Set of cements, time and comparisons of__- 19,334,370-371 

Sevier shale, occurrence of_ _- 303-304
INDEX. 391

Page. 

Seville, Fla., limestone near, analyses

of_____________ 120 

Se\vickley limestone, occurrence of_ 282 

Shales and clays, analyses of. See 

particular localities and 

formations. 

Shavers Mountain, W. Va., limestone

near, analysis of __ _ 327 

Shedd, S., on Washington stones _ 325 

Shelby, Ala., limestone near, analyses

of ________'____ 63, 6!) 

Shell Bluff, Ga., limestone near, analyses of__________ 130 

Shenancloah limestone, occurrence, 

character, and analyses 

of___________ 313-317 

Shepherdstown, W. Va., plant at_ 343, 354 

Sherzer, W. H., on Michigan geology_ 191 

Shiloh, N. J.y marl near, analysis

Of_________-:__ 242

Short Creek, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of ________ 166.

Shuqualak, Miss., chalk near, analyses of__________' 216 

Siebenthal, G. E., on Pitkin limestone __________-. 98 

Siegfried, Pa., cement rock at, analysis of____________ 353 

plant at______________ 284 

Silica in Portland cement, occurrence

of ______'_______ 28-29 

percentage 1 of _______ _ 24-25 

Siliceous limestone, occurrence of__ 282 

Silurian clay,, occurrence of____ _ 61, 65 

Silurian limestones. See Hun ton 

limestone; I-Ielderberg 

limestone; Clifton limestone ; Niagara group; 

Linden limestone; Hancock limestone; Galena 

limestone. 

Silver Lake, Ind., marl at, analysis

of____________ 141-142 

Silverdale, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of _______ 169

Sioux Peak, Utah, limestone near,

analysis of _______ 310

Slag, analyses of___________ 38, 361

character of ________ 37, 359-362

cost of _ 50

drying of___________ 49,363-365

granulation of _______ 49,362-363

use of______ 25-26, 47-50, 135, 359

Slag cement, analyses of______ 370

character of _________ 369-371

comparison of Portland cements

and_____ 359, 368, 370-372

identification of________ 370-371

manufacture of______'. __ 359-372

plants for, location of___ 371

materials for ___________ 359

prices and properties of.__ 371-372

Slate, character, occurrence, and

analyses of____ 38-39, 131 

use of _____________ 39

Page. 

Sligo Furnace, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of ___-__ 282 

Smith, K. A., on Portland cement resources of Alabama 60-84 

on Selma chalk________ 207-208 

Smith, W. A., on Duryee's kiln__ 257 

Smith's basin, N. Y., limestone near,

analyses of_____ 248-249 

Smiths Landing, N. Y., limestone and

clay near, analyses of- 260 

plant at________________ 260

Sneedville limestone. Sec Linden

limestone. 

Snowflake, W. Va., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 327 

Soda waste, character of_ 36 

Soldiers Home, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of __ 168 

South Bend, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of _ 282 

South Bethlehem, N. Y., limestone

near, analysis of_____ 250

South Carolina, limestone and marble in, ocurrence and 

analyses of______ 295-296 

South Dakota, chalk in_______''34,301 

clay in, occurrence and analysis of__________ 301 

limestone in, occurrence and'

analysis of _____ 296-300 

Portland-cement industry in ___ 301 

Portland-cement resources of_ 296-301 

South Roudout, N. Y., cement at,

analysis of __ _ _ 256 

plant at_:____________ 255

shale and limestone near, analyses of__________ 256 

Southern Cement Co., methods of __ 365 

Southern States Portland Cement

Co., plant of ____ 130-131 

Southwestern Portland Cement Co.,

plant of__________ 115 

Spain, slag from, analysis of___ 361, 370 

Spalding, F. P., on hydraulic cement- 18 

Sparta, N. J., limestone near, analysis of ______ 234-235, 288 

Spartanburg, S. C., limestone near,

analysis of __ __ 295 

Spearflsh formation, occurrence and

character of _ L __ 297 

Specht Ferry, Iowa, section at___ 150 

limestone from, analyses'of___ 150 

Spencer, J. W., on Conasauga formation_____________ 337 

on Georgia limestone__-__ 129-131 

Spencer, Ind., limestone near, analyses of______-___ 139 

Spergen Hill limestone, occurrence

and analyses of 173-174 

Springdale, N. ,T., limestone near,

analyses of___ _ 238 

Spriugtown, N. J., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 234-235 

Springvale heds, occurrence and

character of ____ 157-158
392 INDEX.

Page.

Standard Portland Cement Co., plant

of, location of_____ 121

Star Canyon, Nev., limestone near,

analysis of __ __ 231

Star Furnace, Ohio, limestone near,

analysis of _: _____ 273

Staunton, Va., limestone and shale

near, analyses of 315, 

317,320-322

State quarry beds, occurrence and

character of ______ 151

Stewardson Furnace, Pa., limestone

near, analysis of ___ 283

Stillwater, N. ,T., limestone near,

analyses of _ ___ 238

Stockbridge, Mich., shale near, analysis of_________ 203

Stockertown, Pa., plant at ______. 284

Stokesville, Va., limestone near, analysis of_____-____ 321

Stones River group, occurrence and

character of ______ 305

Stony Run, Md., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 188

Stose, G. W., on West Virginia limestones__.._____ 325-320

Strawberry station, S. C., limestone

near, analysis of ___ 206

Stroh,'Ind., clay and marl at, analyses of_________ 143 

plant at_______________ 142

Strong, Me., limestone near, analysis

of__.___________ 178

Strong City, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of ____ _-._ 168

Sugar Creek, limestone near, analyses of__________ 135

Sugarloaf, Colo., limestone near,

analyses of ___ 123

Suisun, Cal., plant at __________ 120

Sulphur, occurrence of ________ 49

Sundance formation, occurrence and

character of _______ 298 

Swartswood station, N. J., limestone

near, analysis of _.__ 238 

Sweetland shale, occurrence and

character of ________ 151

Switzerland, slag from, analyses of- 361, 370 

Sylvan shale, character and occurrence of________ 145-146 

Syracuse, Ind., clay and marl at,

analyses of _______ 143 

plant at________________ 142 

Syracuse Lake, Ind., marl at, analyses of__________ 141-142

T.

Taff, J. A., on Cretaceous chalks__ 99 

on Indian Territory cement resources- _____ 144-147 

on. Texas Portland cement resources________ 307-310 

Talladega Springs, Ala., limestone

near, analyses of ____ 63, 69 

Tate, Ga., marble near, analyses of_ 127

Page.

Tell, France, limestone of_ _-__ 29 

Tellico sandstone, occurrence of __ 303 

Temple, Me., limestone near, analysis

of_____________ 178 

Tenabo Peak, Nev., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 231 

Tenmile Creek, W. .Va., limestone

near,- analysis of -___ 328 

Tenmile district, Colo., limestone

near, analyses of--__ 123 

Tennessee, geological map of_ __ 172 

limestones and marbles in, occurrence arid analyses 

of________ 174,301-307 

Portland-cement resources of_ 301-307 

Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad

Co., quarry of--- - 63

Tertiary clays, analyses of_____ 84, 114

occurrence of ______^___ 112-114

Tertiary limestones, analyses of__ 130,

295-296

occurrence and character of-__ 130, 

176,295-296, 312 

 See also St. Stephens formation ;

Vicksburg limestone. 

Tetin, occurrence of_________ 358

use of __'____,_____ __ 357 

Tetmajer, L., on slag cement______ 359

Texas, cement rock in, occurrence

and analysis of____ 354

chalk and marl in, occurrence

and analyses of_ 34, 308-309 

limestones in, occurrence and

analyses of_____ 307-310 

map of part of____-__ _ 308 

natural-cement resources of _ 354 

Portland-cement industry in __ 310 

Portland-cement resources of_ 307-310 

Texas, Md., limestone near, analyses

of_____________ 182 

Texas Hollow, Ohio, Ijmestone'near,

analysis of _____ 273

Thebes, 111., limestone near, analyses

of______________ . 133

Thebes formation, occurrence and

character of _______ 220

Three Springs, Pa., limestone near,

. analysis of ____ 281

Timberville, Va., limestone near __ 319

Tippecanoe Lake, Ind., marl at, analv yses of________ 141-142

Toby Creek, Pa., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 282

Tomahawk Creek, Ark., limestone at,

analyses of__ __ 94

Tombigbee River, Miss., section on_ 217

Tonto dam site, limestone and shale

near, analyses of _____ 87

Tracy, Iowa, limestone near, analyses of___________ 159

Transportation, relation of Portland

cement and_ __ 17, 39, 40

Trass, occurrence and character of _ 358-359 

use. of____..__________ 357

Traverse group,, occurrence and character of__ 192-193, 198-199
IISTDEX. 393

Page.

Travertine, occurrence of_______ 120 

Trentaremi, Italy, pozzuolana from _ 85$ 

Trenton, Ga., limestone near, analyses of__________ 129 

Trenton, Mien., limestone at, analyses of__________ 102 

quarry at, section of_______ 192 

Trenton limestone, analyses of___ 133, 

150, 172, 181-182, 221, 

237-238, 248-249, 270, 

280, 287, 32G, 330 

occurrence and character of__ !£..', 

163, 171-172, 179-182, 206, 

221, 232, 236-239, 247-249, 

269, 279-280, 286-287, 305- 

306, 311, 315-317, 325-326 

Triassic limestones, analyses of___ 231 

Tristates, N. .T., limestone near, analyses of__________ 241 

Trussville, Ahi., limestone near, analyses of_________ G5, 68 

Tullahoma formation, occurrence and

character of _____ 306-307 

Tully limestone, occurrence, character, and analyses of _ 251-252 

Turner, Me., limestone near, analysis

of____.-_______ 178 

Tuscaloosa clay, character of____ 72 

occurrence of___________ 65-6S 

Two Mile Creek, W. Va., limestone

near, analysis of___ 328 

Tyrone, Pa., limestone near, analyses

of _____________ 280

U.

Ulrich, E. 0., on Boone formation_' 95 

on Cincinnati group-_ ____ 270 

on Kentucky limestones-____ 171

on Tennessee Portland-cement

resources ________ 301 

on Trenton limestones____ 206, 269 

on Wisconsin rocks-___.____ 329 

Union, Me., limestone near, analysis

of _______________ 177

Union, W.-Va., limestone near, analysis of ___________ 327 

Union City, Mien., limestone near

analyses of __1___ 197 

shale near, analyses of-____ 199 

Union Cement and Lime Co., plant

of______________ 341

Uniontown, Ala., limestone at and

near, analyses of_ 76,82,84 

Unionville, Md., limestone near, analyses of_________ 181 

United States, map of, showing location of cement plants, 15 

Unkpapa sandstone, occurrence and

character of _______ 297 

Utah, cement rock in, occurrence and

analysis of ______ 32,311 

limestones in, occurrence and

analyses of___ 32, 310-311 

Portland-cement industry in _ 310-311 

Portland-cement resources of- 310-311

Page.

Ute Peak, Utah, limestone near, analyses of ________ 310 

Utica, N. Y., cement rock at, analysis

of_____________ 340 

natural cement of, analysis of_ 349 

plants near._ _ ____ 339 

section at --_____:__i___ 339

V.

 Valley Head-, Ala., clay at, analyses of- 7.1 

Valley Park, Mo., limestone -near,

analyses of ______ 224 

Valley Wells, Ney., limestone near,

analysis of -__- - 231 

Van Dorn, Ala., limestone at, analyses of -__ _-___ 76, 82 

Vance, Ala., limestone at, analyses of- 69 

 quarry at_ __ _ - 62 

Vanport, Pa., limestone near, analysis of 282

Vanport limestone. See Ferriferous

limestone. 

Varnells station, Ga., limestone near,

analysis of _-____- 127

Verdi beds, occurrence and character.

of__________ 157-158 

Vermilion Canyon, Wyo., limestone

near, analysis of _ 331 

Vermont, fuel and markets in _ 312 

limestone and marble in, occurrence and analyses of- 311- 

.312

Vicksburg limestone. Sec St. Stephens limestone.

Victor, Ark., limestone at, analysis of-. 97 

Vigus station, Mo., limestone near,

analyses of _ 224 

Viola formation, character and occurrence of '.- 145 

Virginia, cement rock in, occurrence

and analyses of-___ 354 

limestones, in, occurrence and

analyses of______ 312-317, 

1 . 319-323

map of ___________.___- 314 

marls in__________________ 318

natural-cement resources of__- 354 

bibliography of__-_____- :^o6 

Portland-cement industry in ___ 323 

Portland-cement resources of_ 312-323 

shales in, occurrence and analysis of______ 317, 320, 322 

Virginia Portland Cement Co., plant

of_____________ 323 

Vulcanite Paving Co, plant of____ 244

W.

Wabash Portland Cement Co., cement of, analysis of_ 143 

plant of_______________ 142

Wabaunsee formation, occurrence

and character of___ 229-230

Wahalak Creek, Miss., chalk near,

analyses of _.___ 212
394 INDEX.

Page.

Walkersville, Md., limestone near,

analyses of____ 181

Wallkill Portland Cement Co., plant

of_____________ 255

"Wallpack Center, limestone near,

analysis of ________ 241

Wallpack Ridge, N. .7., limestone on,

analysis of _______ 242

Wampum, Pa., limestone near, analysis of________ '282 

' plant at_____________ 284,294

Wapsinnicon formation, character, occurrence, and analysis 

of ___________ 151, 152

Warners, N. Y., limestone and clay

near, analysis of__ 253, 262 

plant at______________ 258, 261 

section at ___________ 261

Warnock, Ohio, cement rock at,

analysis of _______ 852

Washington, limestones and marbles in, occurrence and 

analyses of_____ 323-320 

natural cements of, bibliography of_______ __ 356 

Portland-cement industry in __ 323

Washington area, Ark., location and

' character of _____ 105-107

Washington limestone, occurrence

of_____________ 282

Water in raw materials, occurrence

and removal of_____ 44-46

Waterloo, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 249-250

Waverly, Iowa, limestone at, analysis of__________ 153

Waverly sandstone, occurrence of_ 173

Wayland, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 253 

marl, clay, and cement at, analyses of__________ 266

plant at _______.... 265-267

Waynesburg limestone, occurrence

of__'____________ 282

Webb Summit, Ohio, limestone near,

analyses of______ 272

Weed, W. H., on Montana cement

resources_______ 227-228

Weller, S., on New Jersey limestones- 240

Wellston, Ohio, plant of_______ 274 

shale and limestone near, analyses of___________ 274

Wellston Portland Cement Co.,

Ohio, plants of____ 274

West Camp, N. Y., plant at_____ 259

West Rutland, Vt, marble near,

analyses of_i______ 311

West Stockbridge, Mass., limestone .

near, analysis of ___ 189

West Virginia, cement rock in, occurrence and analyses 

of_____________. 344 

clays and shales in, occurrence

and analyses of ____ 328 

kiln coals in, analyses of ____ 56

Page.

West Virginia, limestone in, occurrence and analyses 

of __________ 325,328 

map of_____________-._ 14 

natural-cement industry in _ ' 343 

natural cement of, analysis of_ 344 

natural-cement resources of-- 343-344 

Portland-cement industry in __ 328 

West Waterville, Me., limestone near,

analyses of ___--_ 178 

Western Portland Cement Co., plant of. 301 

Westfleld, Iowa, limestone near, analyses of________ 148 

Wetzell, Mich., limestone near, analyses of________ 197 

Weyers Cave, Va., limestone near,

- analysis of _______ 321 

White Bluff, Ala., limestone in, analyses of_______ 73,76,83 

White limestone. See St. Stephens

limestone. 

White Pigeon, Mich., limestone near,

analysis of _______ 197 

White Rock, Mich., shale near, analysis of__ '______ 200 

Whitecliffs, Ark., chalk from, analysis of___________ 34 

cement plant at_________ 115 

Whitecliffs area, Ark., chalk and marl

from, analyses of _ 111-112 

location and character of __ 101-102 

Whitecliffs formation. Sec Annona

formation.

Whitecliffs Landing, Ark., section at_ 101 

Whitehall, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 248-249 

Whitehall Portland Cement Co., plant

of_____________ 284 

Whiting, Jasper, patent of _'____ 368-369 

Wilbur, N. Y., limestone near, analysis of ___________^ 250

Wilcox, Pa., limestone near, analysis

of_'_____________ 282

Wilder, F. A., on Iowa geology-- 148

Willard, N. Y., limestone near, analyses of__________ 252

Willianison, Pa., limestone near; analyses of__________ 280

Williamsport, Md., limestone and clay

near, analysis of __ 181-182

Williamsville, N. Y., limestone near,

analysis of ______ 249-250

Willslioro Point, N. Y., limestone

near, analyses of _ _ 246

Wilmington, N. C., limestone at and

near, analyses of ___ 268

Winchester, Kans., limestone near,

analyses of ______,_ 168

Winnemucca Lake, Ncv., limestone

near, analysis of___ - 231

Winfield, Kaus., limestone near, analyses of_________.. 169

Winfield limestone, occurrence, ch.ii--

acter, and analysis of 175-170

Winnfleld, La., limestone near, analyses of 175
INDEX. 395

Page.

 Winslow, Me., limestone near, analyses of__________ 178 

Winterset beds, character of _ ____ 103

See also Bethany limestone. 

Wisconsin, . cement rock in, occurrence and analyses of_ 355 

limestones in, occurrence and

analyses-of _____ 329-330 

marls in, occurrence and analy-.

sis of__________ 330

natural-cement industry in__ 354-355

natural cement in, analyses of_ 355

bibliography of_____ _ 350

Portland-cement resources'of _ 329-330

Woodsboro, Md., limestone near-,

analyses of_j_____ 1S1 

Woodstock, Ala., shale near, analyses of __________ 67, 71 

Woodstock, Mien., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 197

Woodstock, Va., limestone near,

analysis of _____ 318-310

"Worthville, Pa-, limestone near, analysis of__________ 282

Page.

Wyandotte, Mich., plant at_____ 190 

shale .near, analysis of_____ 204 

Wyoming, limestones of. occurrence

and analyses of 331

Xenia, Ohio, limestone near, analysis of __ _ ______ 1- 270

Yankton, S. Dak., chalk from, analysis of__________ 34 

plant at______________ 209, 301

Yates Center, Ivans., limestone near,

analyses of_______ 108

York, S. C., limestone near, analyses of___________ - 29.")

Youngstown, Ohio, plant at___'__ 369

7/.:key Lake, Mich., limestone near,

analyses of __ 197

0