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26 ORDER - 1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON

AT TACOMA

ALBERT CHICANO, on behalf of himself and

all others similarly situated,

Plaintiff,

v.

MONIER, INC., a California corporation,

Defendant.

Case No. C06-5028FDB

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S

MOTION FOR LEAVE TO

CONDUCT DISCOVERY OF

ABSENT CLASS MEMBERS

INTRODUCTION

In this cause of action, which concerns a roofing tile product manufactured by Defendant

Monier, Plaintiff Chicano alleges that Monier failed to disclose that its slurry-coated roofing tiles

prematurely erode down to bare concrete. Chicano proposes a class of Washington consumers who

own or have owned homes or other structures on which Monier’s roofing tile product was installed. 

Distinguishing between discovery related to the merits of the cause of action and discovery

related to certification issues, the Court recently entered an order staying merits discovery in order

that the parties may focus on discovery relevant and necessary (including merits discovery if good

cause is shown) to determination of certification issues. 

Monier moves for leave to conduct discovery of the eleven potential class members disclosed

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26 ORDER - 2

by Chicano in order to discovery factual evidence pertaining to class certification issues, including

whether or not common or individual issues predominate for each class member’s individual claim,

and whether or not the class representative’s claims are typical of the class. Monier seeks leave to

propound a short set of interrogatories and requests for production (attached to the motion) to the

eleven putative class members; then, based upon those responses Monier seeks leave to take the

depositions of three unnamed class members. 

Plaintiff Chicano opposes Monier’s discovery motion on the basis that such discovery would

impose a substantial and unwarranted burden on the absent class members and that the discovery is

unnecessary for Monier to make the point that reliance varies from consumer to consumer. Chicano

argues that individual reliance issues are not relevant to the certification issues. 

Having considered Defendant’s motion and the opposition thereto, and the Court being fully

informed, Defendant Monier’s Motion for Leave To Conduct Discovery of Absent Class Members is

granted. 

DISCUSSION

Certain prerequisites to maintaining a class action are set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 23, which,

in pertinent part provides as follows : 

(a) Prerequisites to a Class Action. One or more members of a class may

sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if (1) the class is so

numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law

or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties

are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties will

fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. 

The class that Plaintiff contemplates is made up of individuals and entities who own or have

owned homes or structures in Washington State on which Monier slurry-coated concrete roof tiles

are or have been installed; the class period is eleven years between 1986 and 1987. [Complaint ¶ 2.2] 

Plaintiff alleges that Monier made “many representations to consumers about the tiles”but “failed to

disclose the fact that the slurry coat would wear away leaving the consumer with an unsightly and

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26 ORDER - 3

uncolored concrete roof.” [Complaint ¶ 6.21] Plaintiff alleges he and the class members have “been

damaged by Defendant’s misconduct in that he received less than that for which he bargained, [and]

the value of his property has been diminished ... .” [Complaint ¶ 8.5]

Monier references Chicano’s deposition testimony regarding the information he received

about the tiles prior to purchase: purchased them from a distributor, personally installed them with

his father-in-law, looked at only one piece of Monier literature for a product style (Homestead) that

he did not purchase, and which he obtained from a distributor of concrete building products. 

Chicano stated that had he known that the warranty excluded physical deterioration of the color coat

due to exposure to the elements, he would not have purchased the tiles. 

The proposed class is not limited to those parties who obtained and installed tiles as Chicano

did, but includes those who purchased tiles from a Monier sales representative, those who purchased

a tract or custom home with tiles already installed, those who purchased a used home form a

previous homeowner, and owners of commercial structures who purchased the tiles in any number of

ways. 

Monier asserts that during the class period, it used various pieces of literature and brochures

containing different representations. Thus, Monier argues that what Monier representations,

including any warranty, a class member received; what representations a class member received from

other sources; and what was important to the homeowner and what he relied upon in deciding to

make the purchase, are all facts that are important in determining whether individual versus common

facts are required for a class member to establish liability. When a putative class member discovered

the color wearing off the tiles will vary from individual to individual, as well, giving rise to statute of

limitations issues. 

Monier argues that in order to present this type of evidence at class certification and show

that class members’ claims cannot be established by common facts and/or that the named plaintiff’s

claim is not typical of the class, it needs depositions from a sampling of class members. 

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26 ORDER - 4

The Court agrees that what representations, if any, a class member received; whether the

representations, if any, misled him into expecting that the slurry color coat would last for 50 years;

and whether he relied upon those representations to his detriment are all relevant to whether

common proof or individual proof is required for each class member to establish liability. Moreover,

the Manual for Complex Litigation § 21.142 provides that in order to assist the judge in determining

whether common questions predominate over individualized ones,

Pre-certification discovery may be needed to assist the judge in distinguishing the

individual from the common elements of the claims, issues, and defenses, and in

deciding the extent to which the need for individual proof outweighs the economy of

receiving common proof. 

A court cannot rely merely on an allegation in a complaint that Rule 23 requirements are satisfied. 

General Tel. Com. Of the Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147 (1982). While Plaintiff asserts that

there is a presumption of reliance under Washington law, the Court cannot so conclude and agrees

with Monier that where, as here, the claim is based upon an alleged failure to disclose facts necessary

to ensure that stated representations are not misleading, and class members received different

representations from different sources, courts have found that a presumption of reliance is not

appropriate. Each class member must individually show what was received and what was relied

upon because what a class member was told is as important as what was purportedly missing. See,

e.g., Poulos v. Caesars World, Inc., 379 F.3d 654, 667 (9th Cir. 2004). The Court agrees that unless

the same representation is made to each class member and that representation would be material to

any reasonable person deciding to purchase, individual proof of reliance is required. Mirkin v.

Wasserman, 5 Cal.4th 1082, 1089-91 (1993)(California Supreme Court concluded that securities law

analysis of reliance was inapplicable to consumer misrepresentation cases). 

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED: Defendant Monier’s Motion for Leave To Conduct

Discovery of Absent Class Members [Dkt. # 28] is GRANTED. Defendant Monier is granted leave

to propound the attached set of interrogatories and requests for production of documents to the

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eleven identified absent class members. After obtaining the verified responses, Monier is granted

leave to take the depositions of three of those absent class members. 

DATED this 1st day of December, 2006.

AFRANKLIN D. BURGESS

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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ATTACHMENT TO ORDER

LIST OF INTERROGATORIES

1. Current address.

2. Whether the homeowner purchased tiles or a home on which the tiles were already

installed. 

3. If he/she purchased the tiles, when and from whom. 

4. If he/she purchased the tiles, identify the person or entity that installed the tiles on the

home. 

5. If he/she purchased a home on which tiles were already installed, was it a new home (i.e.,

was the owner the first person to live in the home). 

6. If he/she purchased a home from a prior owner, when and from whom. 

7. Identify each and every person who told the homeowner prior to the purchase (of either

the tiles or home on which the tiles were already installed) how the tiles perform, and for each person

describe what that person told the homeowner. 

8. Identify all Monier literature or representations that the homeowner reviewed or heard

prior to the purchase. 

9. If, prior to purchase, the homeowner was informed that the color coat on the Monier tiles

would not wear away, identify each and every source from which the homeowner obtained this

information. 

10. State whether the homeowner has ever cleaned his/her/ roof; and, if so, for each time it

was cleaned describe when, why, and the method used. 

/////

/////

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26 ORDER - 7

LIST OF REQUESTS FOR PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS

1. All Monier documents that the homeowner received prior to purchase of the tiles or the

home on which the tiles were already installed. 

2. All documents about the performance of the roof tiles that the homeowner received from

any other source besides Monier prior to purchase of the tiles or the home on which the tiles were

already installed. 

3. All Monier documents that the homeowner received after the purchase of the tiles or the

home on which the tiles were already installed. 

4. If the homeowner had the tiles installed on his/her home, any documents from any other

roofing material manufacturer that the homeowner considered prior to purchasing the Monier tiles. 

5. Any documentation of any communication between homeowner and Monier regarding the

tiles on his/her home. 

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