Descriptions of Vegetation and Land C over Types Mapped Using Landsat Imagery

Terry Gilbert and Beth Stys
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Comm ission
Office of Environmental Services
620 South Meridian Street Tallahassee, Florida 32399-1600 March 17, 2004

A. Upland Plant Communities

Coastal Uplands

1. Coastal Strand : Coastal strand occurs on well-d rained sandy soils and typically includes the zoned vegetation of the upper beach, nearby dunes, or on coastal rock formations. This community generally occurs in a long, narrow band parallel to the open waters of the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico, and along the shores of some saline bays
or sounds in both north and south Florida. This community occupies areas formed along high-energy shorelines, and is strongly a ffected by wind, waves, and salt spray. Vegetation within this community typically co nsists of low growing vines, grasses, and herbaceous plants with very few small tr ees or large shrubs. Pioneer or early successional herbaceous vegetation characteri zes the foredune and upper beach, while a gradual change to woody plant sp ecies occurs in more protec ted areas landward. Typical plant species include beach mo rning glory, railroad vine, se a oats, saw palmetto, Spanish bayonet, yaupon holly, wax myrtle, along with sea grape, cocoplum, and other tropicals
in southern Florida. The coastal strand community only includes the zone of early successional vegetation that lies between the upper beach, and more highly developed communities landward. Adjacent or contiguous community types such as xeric oak scrubs, pinelands, or hardwood forests w ould therefore be classified and mapped accordingly.

2. Beach/Sand : This land cover class consists of barre n land with little or no vegetation.
Coastal areas that are consta ntly affected by wave and tid al action and areas of dune sands and other areas of bare sands along th e coast, are included in this class.

Xeric Uplands

3. Xeric Oak Scrub : Xeric oak scrub is a xeric hardwood community typically consisting of clumped patches of low growing oa ks interspersed with bare areas of white
sand. This comm unity occurs on areas of deep, well-washed, sterile sands, and it is the same understory complex of scrubby oaks and other ground cover species that occurs in the sand pine scrub community. This conditi on frequently occurs when the short time periods between severe fires re sults in the complete removal of sand pine as an overstory species. Also included in this category are sites within the Ocala National Forest which have been clear-cut, and are sometimes dominat ed during the first one to five years by the
xeric oak scrub association. The xeric oak scrub community is dominated by myrtle oak,2

Chapman's oak, sand-live oak, scrub holly, scru b plum, scrub hickory, rosemary, and saw palmetto. Fire is important in setting b ack plant succession and ma intaining viable oak
scrubs.

4. Sand Pine Scrub : Sand pine scrub occurs on extrem ely well drained, sorted, sterile sands deposited along former shorelines and is lands of ancient seas. This xeric plant community is dominated by an overstory of sand pine and has an understory of myrtle oak, Chapman's oak, sand-live oak, and scrub hol ly. Ground cover is usually sparse to absent, especially in mature stands, and rose mary and lichens occur in some open areas.
Sites within the Ocala National Forest that ha ve an overstory of di rect seeded sand pine, and an intact understory of characteristic xe ric scrub oaks, are al so included in this category. Fire is an important ecological management tool, and commonly results in even-aged stands within regenerated sites. The distribution of this community type is almost entirely restricted to within the state of Florida.

5. Sandhill : Sandhill communities occur in area s of rolling terrain on deep, welldrained, white to yellow, st erile sands. This xeric community is dominated by an overstory of scattered longleaf pine, along with an understory of turkey oak and bluejack oak. The park-like ground cover consists of various grasses and herbs, including wiregrass, partridge pea, beggars tick, milk pea, queen's delight, and others. Fire is an important factor in controlling hardwood competition and other aspects of sandhill ecology. Although many of these sites throughout the state have been modified through
the selective or severe cutti ng of longleaf pine, these ar eas are still included in the sandhill category.

Mesic Uplands

6. Dry Prairies : Dry prairies are large native grass and shrublands occurring on very flat terrain interspersed with scattered c ypress dom es and strands, bayheads, isolated freshwater marshes, and hardwood hammocks. This community is characterized by many species of grasses, sedges, herbs, and shrubs, including saw palmetto, fetterbush, staggerbush, tar flower, gallberry, blueberr y, wiregrass, carpet grasses, and various bluestems. The largest areas of these treeless plains historic ally occurred just north of Lake Okeechobee, and they were subject to annu al or frequent fires. Many of these areas have been converted to improved pasture. In central and south Florid a, palmetto prairies, which consist of former pine flatwoods wher e the overstory trees have been thinned or removed, are also included in this category. These sites contain highly scattered pines that cover less than 10 to 15 percent of an area.

7. Mixed Hardwood-Pine Forests : This community is the s outhern extension of the Piedmont southern mixed hardwoods, and occurs mainly on the clay soils on the northern Pandhandle. Younger stands may be predomin antly pines, while a complex of various
hardwoods become co-dominants as the system matures over time through plant succession. The overstory consists of shor tleaf and loblolly pine, American beech, mockernut hickory, southern red oak, water oak, American holly, and dogwood.3

Also included in this category are other upl and forests that occur statewide and contain a mixture of conifers and hardwoods as the co-dominant overstory component. These communities contain longleaf pine, slash pine, and loblolly pine in mixed association with live oak, laurel oak, and water oa k, together with other hardwood species characteristic of the upland hard wood hammocks and forests class.

8. Hardwood Hammocks and Forests : This class includes the major upland
hardwood associations that o ccur statewide on fairly rich sandy soils. Variations in species composition, and the local or spatial di stributions of these communities are due in part to dif ferences in soil moisture regime s, soil type, and geogra phic location within the
state. Mesic and xeric variations are included within this association.

The mesic hammock community represents the clim ax vegetation type within many areas
of northern and central Florid a. Characteristic species in the extreme north include American beech, southern magnolia, Shumard oak, white oak, mocker nut hickory, pignut hickory, sourgum, basswood, white ash, mulberr y, and spruce pine. Mesic hammocks of the peninsula are less diverse due to the abse nce of hardwood species that are adapted to more northerly climates, and are characteri zed by laurel oak, hop hornbeam, blue beech, sweetgum, cabbage palm, American holly, and southern magnolia.

Xeric hammocks occur on deep, well-drained, sandy soils where fire has been absent for long periods of tim e. These open, dry hammocks contain live oak, sand-live oak, bluejack oak, blackjack oak, southern red oak, sand-post oak, and pignut hickory.

9. Pinelands : The pinelands category includes north and south Florida pine flatwoods, south Florida Pine rocklands, and commercial pine plantations. Pine flatwoods occur on flat sandy terrain where the overstory is characterized by longleaf pine, slash pine, or pond pine. Generally, flatwoods dominated by l ongleaf pine occur on well-drained sites, while pond pine is found in poorly drained areas, and slash pine occupies intermediate or moderately moist areas. The understory and ground cover within these three communities are somewhat similar and include several common species such as saw palmetto, gallberry, wax myrtle, and a wide variety of grasses a nd herbs. Generally wiregrass and runner oak dominate longleaf pine sites, fetterbush and bay trees are found in pond pine areas, while saw palmetto, gallb erry, and rusty lyonia occupy slash pine flatwoods sites. Cypress domes, bayheads, titi swamps, and freshwater marshes are commonly interspersed in isolated depressi ons throughout this community type, and fire is a major disturbance factor. An additional pi ne flatwoods forest type occurs in extreme south Florida on rocklands where the overstory is the south Florida variety of slash pine, and tropical hardwood species occur in the understory. Scrubby flatwoods is another pineland type that occurs on drier ridges, a nd on or near old coastal dunes. Longleaf pine or slash pine dominates the overstory, while the ground cover is similar to the xeric oak scrub community. Commercial pine plantati ons are also reluctantly included in the pinelands association. This class includes sites predominat ely planted to slash pine, although longleaf pine and loblol ly pine tracts also occur. Sand pine plantations, which have been planted on severely site-prepared sandhill sites in the north Florida pandhandle, are also included in this categ ory. An acceptable accurate separation of4

areas of densely stocked native flatwoods and older planted pine stands with a closed canopy was not consistently possible.

10. Cabbage Palm-Live Oak Hammock : This plant community is characterized by cabbage palms and live oaks occurring in small clumps within prairie communities. These hammocks typically have an open unders tory which m ay include such species as wax myrtle, water oak, and saw palmetto. Cabbage palm-live oak hammocks are often found bordering large lakes and rivers, and ar e distributed throughout the prairie region
of south central Florida and extend northwar d in the St. John's River basin. Cabbage palms often form a fringe around hardwood “i slands” located within improved pastures.

11. Tropical Hardwood Hammock : These upland hardwood forests occur in extreme south Florida and are characterized by tree a nd shrub species on the northern edge of a range that extends southward into the Caribbean. These communities are sparsely distributed along coastal uplands south of a line from about Vero Beach on the Atlantic coast to Sarasota on the Gulf coast. They occur on many tree islands in the Everglades and on uplands throughout the Florida Keys. Th is cold-intolerant tropical community has very high plant species diversity, sometimes containing over 35 species of trees and about 65 species of shrubs. Characteristic tropica l plants include stra ngler fig, gumbo-limbo, mastic, bustic, lancewood, ironwoods, poisonwood, pigeon plum, Jamaica dogwood, and Bahama lysiloma. Live oak and cabbage pa lm are also sometimes found within this community. Tropical hammocks in the Florid a Keys may also contain several plants, including lignum vitae, mahoga ny, thatch palms, and manchineel, which are extremely
rare within the United States.

B. Wetland Plant Communities

Palustrine (Freshwater Wetlands)

12. Freshwater Marsh and Wet Prairie : These wetland communities are dominated by a wide assortment of herbaceous plant species growing on sand, clay, marl, and organic soils in areas of variable water depths and inundation regimes. Generally, freshwater marshes occur in deeper, more strongly inundated situations and are characterized by tall emergent s and floating-leaved species. Freshwater marshes occur within flatwoods depressions, along broad, shallow lake and river shorelines, and scattered in open areas within hardwood and cypress swamps . Also, other portions of freshwater lakes, rivers, and canals that are dominated by floating-leaved plants such as lotus, spatterdock, duck weed, and water hyanci nths are included in this category. Wet prairies commonly occur in shallow, peri odically inundated areas and are usually dominated by aquatic grasses, sedges, and their associates. Wet prairies occur as scattered, shallow depressions w ithin dry prairie areas and on marl prairie areas in south Florida. Also included in this category ar e areas in Southwest Fl orida with scattered dwarf cypress having less than 20 percent canopy coverage, and a dense ground cover of freshwater marsh plants. Various combinati ons of pickerel weed, sawgrass, maidencane, arrowhead, fire flag, cattail, spike rush, bulrush, white water lily, water shield, and various sedges dominate freshwater marshes a nd wet prairies. Many marsh or wet prairie5

types, such as sawgrass marsh or maidencane prairie, have been described and so-named based on their dominant plant species.

13

. Sawgrass Marsh : Freshwater marshes dominated by sawgrass.

14. Cattail Marsh : Freshwater marsh areas dominated by cattails.

15. Shrub Swamp : Shrub swamps are wetland communities dominated by dense, lowgrowing, woody shrubs or small trees. Shrub swamps are usually characteristic of wetland areas that are experiencing envir onmental change, and are early to midsuccessional in species complement and structur e. These changes are a result of natural or man-induced perturbations due to incr eased or decreased h ydroperiod, fire, clear cutting or land clearing, and siltation. Shr ub swamps statewide may be dominated by one species, such as willow, or an array of opportunistic plants may form a dense, low canopy. Common species include willow, wax myrtle, primrose willow, buttonbush, and saplings of red maple, sweetbay, black gum, and other hydric tree sp ecies indicative of wooded wetlands. In northern Florida, so me shrub swamps are a fire-maintained subclimax of bay swamps. These dense shrubby areas are dominated by black titi, swamp cyrilla, fetterbush, sweet pepperbush, doghobble, large gallberry, and myrtle-leaf holly.

16. Bay Swamp : These hardwood swamps contain broa dleaf evergreen trees that occur in shallow, stagnant drainages or depression s often found within pine flatwoods, or at the base of sandy ridges where seepage maintains constantly wet soils. The soils, which are usually covered by an abundant layer of leaf litt er, are mostly acidic peat or muck that remains saturated for long periods but over wh ich little water level fluctuation occurs. Overstory trees within bayheads are domina ted by sweetbay, swamp bay, and loblolly bay. Depending on the location within the stat e, other species including pond pine, slash pine, blackgum, cypress, and Atlantic white ced ar can occur as scatte red individuals, but bay trees dominate the canopy and characte rize the community. Understory and gound cover species may include dahoon holly, wax myrtle, fetterbush, greenbriar, royal fern, cinnamon fern, and sphagnum moss.

17. Cypress Swamp : These regularly inundated wetla nds form a forested border along large rivers, creeks, and lakes, or occur in depr essions as circular domes or linear strands. These communities are strongly dominated by eith er bald cypress or pond cypress, with very low numbers of scattered black gum, red maple, and sweetbay. Understory and ground cover are usually sparse due to frequent flooding but sometimes include such species as buttonbush, lizard's-ta il, and various ferns.

18

. Cypress/Pine/Cabbage Palm : This community includes cypr ess, pine and/or cabbage palm in combinations in which none of the species achieves dominance. This assemblage forms a transition between moist upland and hydric sites.

19. Mixed Wetland Forest : This category includes mixed wetland forest communities
in which neither hardwoods nor conifers ach ieve dominance. The mix can include6

hardwoods with pine or cypress and can re present a mixed hydric site or a transition between hardwoods and conifers on hydric/mesic sites.

20. Hardwood Swamp : These wooded wetland communities are composed of either pure stands of hardwoods, or occur as a mixture of hardwoods and cypress where
hardwoods achieve dominance. This asso ciation of wetland-adapted trees occurs throughout the state on organic soils and forms the forested floodplains of non-alluvial rivers, creeks, and broad lake basins. Tree species includ e a mixed overstory containing black gum, water tupelo, bald cypress, dahoon holly, red maple, swamp ash, cabbage palm, and sweetbay.

21. Hydric Hammock : Hydric hammocks occur on soils that are poorly drained or have high water tables. This asso ciation is a still-water we tland, flooded less frequently and for shorter periods of time than mixed ha rdwood and cypress swamps. Outcrops of limestone are common in the gulf coastal area. Typical plant species include laurel oak, live oak, cabbage palm, southern red cedar, and sweetgum. Canopy cl osure is typically 75-90%. The sub-canopy layer and ground laye r vegetation is highly variable between sites. Wax myrtle is the most frequent sh rub in hydric hammock. Other shrubs include yaupon, dahoon, and swamp dogwood. Ground cover may be absent or consist of a dense growth of ferns, sedges, grasses, and greenbriars. Sites are usually between mesic hammocks or pine flatwoods and river swam p, wet prairie, or marsh. This hammock type is found in a narrow band along parts of the Gulf coast and along the St. Johns river where they often extend to the edge of coastal salt marshes.

22. Bottomland Hardwood Forest : These wetland forests are composed of a diverse assortment of hydric hardwoods which occur on the rich alluvial soils of silt and clay deposited along several Pandhandle rivers incl uding the Apalachicola, Choctawhatchee, and Escambia. These communities are characterized by an overstory that includes water hickory, overcup oak, swamp chestnut oak, rive r birch, American sycamore, red maple, Florida elm, bald cypress, blue beech, and swamp ash.

Marine and Estuarine

23. Salt Marsh : These herbaceous and shrubby wetla nd communities occur statewide in brackish waters along protected low energy estuar ine shorelines of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The largest continuous areas of salt marsh occur north of th e range of mangroves, and border tidal creeks, bays and sounds. Sa lt marshes are sometimes interspersed within mangrove areas, and also occur as a transi tion zone between freshwater marshes and mangrove forests such as in the Ten Thous and Islands area along th e southwest Florida
coast. Plant distribution with in salt marshes is largely dependent on the degree of tidal inundation, and many large areas are completely dominated by one species. Generally, smooth cordgrass typically occupies the lowest elevations immediately adjacent to tidal creeks and pools, while black n eedlerush dominates less freque ntly inundated zones. The highest elevations form transi tional areas characterized by gla sswort, saltwort, saltgrass, sea oxeye daisy, marsh elder, and saltbush. Fo r the purposes of this project, cordgrass,7

needlerush, and transitional or high salt mars hes are collectively ma pped as this single category.

24. Mangrove Swamp : These dense, brackish water swamps occur along low-energy shorelines and in protected, tida lly influenced bays of southe rn Florida. This community is composed of freeze-intolerant tree species that are distributed south of a line from Cedar Key on the Gulf coast to St. Augustin e on the Atlantic co ast. These swamp communities are usually dominated by red, black, and white mangroves that progress in a sere from seaward to landward areas, respec tively, while buttonwood trees occur in areas above high tide. Openings and transitional areas in mangrove swamps sometimes contain glasswort, saltwort, and othe r salt marsh species. All three major species of mangroves are mapped as a single class with no effort made to differentiate these species into separate zones.

25. Scrub Mangrove : Areas sparsely vegetated w ith small, stunted mangroves (Keys only).

26. Tidal Flats : Areas composed of that portion of the shore environment protected from wave action and primarily composed of muds transported by tidal channels.

C. Aquatic

27. Open Water : This class is comprised of the open water areas of inland freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers and creeks, and the brackish and saline waters of estuaries, bays, tidal creeks, the Gulf of Mexic o, and the Atlantic Ocean.

D. Disturbed Communities

Transitional

28. Shrub and Brushland : This association includes a va riety of situations where natural upland community types have been recently disturbed through clear-cutting commercial pinelands, land clearing, or fi re, and are recovering through natural successional processes. This type could be characterized as an early condition of oldfield succession, and various shrubs, tree sa plings, and lesser amounts of grasses and herbs dominate the community. Common species include wax myrtle, saltbush, sumac, elderberry, saw palmetto, blackberry, gallb erry, fetterbush, staggerbush, broomsedge, dog fennel, together with oak, pine and other tree seedlings or saplings.

29. Grassland : These are upland communities where the predominant vegetative cover is very low growing grasses and forbs. Th is very early successional category includes all sites with herbaceous vegetation during the time period between bare ground, and the shrub and brush stage. It also includes areas that may be ma intained in th is stage through periodic mowing, such as along dikes or levees.8

30

. Bare soil/Clearcut : Areas of bare soil representing recent timber cutting operations, areas devoid of vegetation as a consequence of recent fires, natural ar eas of exposed bare soil (e.g., sandy areas within xeric communities) , or bare soil exposed due to vegetation
removal for unknown reasons.

Agriculture

31. Improved Pasture : Land that has been cleared, tille d, reseeded with specific grass types, and periodically improved with br ush control and fertilizer application.

32. Unimproved/Woodland Pasture : Cleared land with major stands of trees and brush where native grasses have been allowed to develop. Nor mally, unimproved pastures are not managed with brush control or fertilizer application.

33. Sugarcane : Agricultural lands planted to sugar cane.

34. Citrus : Agricultural lands planted to groves of citrus (e.g., oranges, grapefruit, lemons).

35. Row/Field Crops : Row crops are agricultural fields in which rows remain well defined even after crops have been harvested. T ypical row crops in Florida include corn, tomatoes, potatoes, cotton, and beans. Field crops are agricultural croplands not planted in rows. Typical field crops in Florida include ha y and grasses.

36. Other Agriculture : Agricultural lands other than pasture land, sugar cane fields, citrus groves, and croplands. Types of agricu ltural lands included in this category are peach orchards, pecan and avocado groves, nur series and vineyards, specialty farms, aquaculture, fallow cropland, and unidentified agricultural uses.

Exotic Plants

37. Exotic Plants : Upland and wetland areas dominate d by non-native trees that were planted or have escaped and invaded native plant communities. These exotics include melaleuca, Australian pine, Brazilian pepper, and eucalyptus. This class includes sites known to be vegetated by non-native but for which the actual species composition could
not be determined.

38. Australian Pine: Sites known to be dominated by Australian pine through field inspection.

39. Melaleuca : Sites known to be dominated by melaleuca through field inspection.

39. Brazilian Pepper : Sites known to be dominated by Brazilian pepper through field inspection.9

Urban

41. High Impact Urban : Unvegetated areas su ch as roads, residential and commercial buildings, parking lots, etc.

42. Low Impact Urban : Disturbed areas within urbanize d areas that may or may not be vegetated. Examples of land uses included in this category are lawns, golf courses, road shoulders, grassy areas surrounding places such as airports, park facilities, etc. Many secondary roads, such as forest ro ads, are included in this category.

Mining

43. Extractive : These areas encompass surface and subsurface mining operations. Areas included are sand, gravel and clay pits, phosphate mines, and limestone quarries. Industrial complexes were the ex tracted material is refined, pa ckaged or further processed may also be included in this category.10

Appendix 1 . Outline of plant communities for Landsat habitat mapping showing values from previous habitat map.

A. Upland Plant Communities 2003 1985-89
Class Number Class Number Coastal Uplands
1. Coastal strand ..............................................1 1
2. Sand/beach ..................................................2 22 Xeric Uplands
3. Xeric oak scrub ............................................3 6 4. Sand pine scrub............................................4 4
5. Sandhill ........................................................5 5 Mesic Uplands 6. Dry prairie....................................................6 2 7. Mixed hardwood-pine forest........................7 7
8. Hardwood hammock and forest...................8 8
9. Pineland........................................................9 3 10. Cabbage palm-live oak hammock..............10 8 11. Tropical hardwood hammock ....................11 9

B. Wetland Plant Communities

Palustrine 12. Freshwater marsh and wet prairie.............12 11 13. Sawgrass marsh.........................................13 11
14. Cattail marsh .............................................14 11 15. Shrub swamp.............................................15 15 16. Bay swamp................................................16 14 17. Cypress swamp .........................................17 12 18. Cypress/pine/cabbage palm ......................18 12
19. Mixed wetland forest ................................19 13 20. Hardwood swamp .....................................20 13 21. Hydric hammock.......................................21 8
22. Bottomland hardwood forest.....................22 17
Marine/Estuarine
23. Salt marsh..................................................23 10 24. Mangrove swamp......................................24 16 25. Scrub mangrove ........................................25 16
26. Tidal flats ..................................................26 10

C. Aquatic

27. Open water................................................27 1811

D. Disturbed

Transitional
28. Shrub and brushland .................................28 20
29. Grassland...................................................29 19
30. Bare soil/clearcut ......................................30 22 Agriculture 31. Improved pasture ......................................31 19 32. Unimproved pasture..................................32 19 33. Sugarcane..................................................33 19
34. Citrus.........................................................34 19 35. Row/field crops.........................................35 19 36. Other agriculture .......................................36 19
Exotic Plants 37. Exotic plants..............................................37 21 38. Australian pine..........................................38 21
39. Melaleuca..................................................39 21 40. Brazilian pepper........................................40 21
Urban 41. High impact urban.....................................41 22 42. Low impact urban .....................................42 22 Mining
43. Extractive ..................................................43 2212

Appendix 2 . Class values, class names, and red/green/b lue values used for the color palette for the 2003 vegetation and land cover data set.

Class
Value Class Name Red Green Blue
1 Coastal strand 255 190 190
2 Sand/beach 201 195 255
3 Xeric oak scrub 255 0 0
4 Sand pine scrub 255 160 0
5 Sandhill 165 210 75
6 Dry prairie 255 200 255
7 Mixed hardwood-pine forest 0 85 1
8 Hardwood hammocks and forests 190 95 0
9 Pinelands 34 153 0
10 Cabbage palm-live oak hammock 76 230 0
11 Tropical hardwood hammock 255 100 255
12 Freshwater marsh and wet prairie 127 238 238
13 Sawgrass marsh 108 201 201
14 Cattail marsh 79 166 174
15 Shrub swamp 154 174 116
16 Bay swamp 20 20 180
17 Cypress swamp 162 22 32
18 Cypress/pine/cabbage palm 187 166 0
19 Mixed wetland forest 154 130 87
20 Hardwood swamp 210 177 119
21 Hydric hammock 99 84 56
22 Bottomland hardwood forest 255 100 110
23 Salt marsh 27 154 198
24 Mangrove swamp 131 131 45
25 Scrub mangrove 97 96 33
26 Tidal flats 0 81 137
27 Open water 0 0 0
28 Shrub and brushland 165 165 165
29 Grassland 255 255 50
30 Bare soil/clearcut 214 219 185
31 Improved pasture 255 251 195
32 Unimproved pasture 255 204 160
33 Sugarcane 255 255 50
34 Citrus 209 255 115
35 Row and field crops 255 255 50
36 Other agriculture 255 255 50
37 Exotic plants 110 60 130
38 Australian pine 110 60 130
39 Melaleuca 110 60 130
40 Brazilian pepper 110 60 130
41 High impact urban 255 255 255
42 Low impact urban 255 255 255
43 Extractive 202 0 22013

Appendix 3 . Common and scientific names of plants appearing in the text.

Common Name Scientific Name Red maple Acer rubrum Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus

. Wiregrass Aristida stricta Black mangrove Avicennia germinans Carpet grass Axonopus spp. Saltbush Baccharis halimifolia
Saltwort Batis maritime
Tar flower Befaria racemosa
River birch Betula nigra Beggar ticks Bidens spp. Sea oxeye daisy Borrichia frutescens
Water shield Brasenia schreberi
Gumbo-limbo Bursera simaruba Beautyberry Callicarpa americana
Blue beech Carpinus caroliniana Water hickory Carya aquatica Scrub hickory Carya floridana Pignut hickory Carya glabra Mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa Partridge pea Cassia chamaecrista Australian pine Casuarina sp. Buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis Rosemary Ceratiola ericoides
Atlantic white cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides Cocoplum Chrysobalanus icaco Sawgrass Cladium jamaicense Sweet pepper bush Clethra alnifolia
Black titi Cliftonia monophylla Pigeon plum Coccoloba diversifolia Sea grape Coccoloba uvifera
Buttonwood Conocarpus erectus Rosemary Conradina spp American dogwood Cornus florida Swamp dogwood Cornus foemina Swamp cyrilla Cyrilla racemiflora
Bustic Dipholis salicifolia Saltgrass Distichlis spicata Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Spike rush Eleocharis spp. Eucalyptus Eucalyptis robusta Tropical ironwood Eugenia confusa Dogfennel Eupatorium capillifolium14

American beech Fagus grandifolia Strangler fig Ficus aurea
White ash Fraxinus americana Swamp ash Fraxinus caroliniana Milk peas Galactia spp. Loblolly bay Gordonia lasianthus Lignum-vitae Guaiacum sanctum
Manchineel Hippomane mancinella Dahoon holly Ilex cassin e Large gallberry Ilex coriacea Gallberry Ilex glabra Myrtle-leaf holly Ilex myr tifolia American holly Ilex opa ca Scrub holly Ilex opa ca var. arenicola Yaupon holly Ilex vomitor ia
Railroad vine Ipomoea pes-caprae Beach morning glory Ipomoea stolonifera
Marsh elder I va frutescens
Black needlerush Juncus roem erianus
Southern red cedar Juniperus virginiana White mangrove Laguncularia racemosa
Duckweed Lemna spp. Dog-hobble Leucothoe axillaris Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Rusty lyonia Lyonia ferruginea
Primrose willow Ludwigia peruviana
Fetterbush Lyonia lucida Staggerbush Lyonia spp. Bahama lysiloma Lysiloma latisiliquum Southern magnolia Magnolia gr andiflora Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana
Mastic Mastichodendron foetidissimum
Melaleuca Melaleuca quinquenervia
Poisonwood Metop ium toxiferum Mulberry Morus rubra Wax myrtle Myrica cer ifera
Lotus Nelumbo lutea Spatterdock Nuphar spp. Water lily Nymphaea spp. Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica Blackgum Nyssa sylva tica var. sylvatica
Lancewood Ocotea coriacea
Cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea Royal fern Osmunda regalis Hop hornbeam Ostrya virginiana Sourgum Oxydendron arboreum15

Maidencane Panicum hemitomon Red bay Persea borbonia Swamp bay Persea palustris Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata Slash pine Pinus elliottii Longleaf Pine Pinus palustris
Sand Pine Pinus clausa Spruce pine Pinus glabra Pond pine Pinus serotina Loblolly pine Pinus taeda Jamaica dogwood Piscidia piscipula American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Pickerel weed Pontederia cordata Scrub plum Prunus geniculata
White oak Quercus alb a Bluejack oak Quercus incana Chapman’s oak Quercus cha pmanii
Southern red oak Quercus falcata
Sand live oak Quercus geminata
Laurel oak Quercus lau rifolia Turkey oak Quercus laevis Overcup oak Quercus lyr ata Sand post oak Quercus margaretta Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii Myrtle oak Quercus myrtifo lia
Water oak Quercus nigra
Runner oak Quercus pumila
Shumard oak Quercus shu mardii
Live oak Quercus virginiana Red mangrove Rhizophora mangle
Sumac Rhus spp

. Blackberry Rubus spp. Cabbage palm Sabal palmetto
Arrowhead Sagittar ia spp. Glasswort Salicornia spp. Florida willow Salix floridana Elderberry Sambucus canadensis
Lizards-tail Saururus cernuus Brazilian pepper Schinus terebinthifolius
Bulrush Scirpus spp. Saw palmetto Serenoa repens
Greenbriar Smilax spp. Cordgrass Spartina spp. Sphagnum moss Sphagnum spp. A queen’s delight Stilling ia sylvatica ssp. tenuis16

West Indies mahogany (mahogany) Swietenia mahagoni Pond cypress Taxodium ascendens Bald cypress Taxodium distichum Fire flag Thalia geniculata Thatch palm Thrinax spp. Basswood Tilia Americana
Cattail Typha spp. Florida elm Ulmus americana
Sea oats Uniola paniculata Blueberry Vaccinium darrowii Spanish bayonet Yucca aloifolia