DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIKECTOK

BULLETIN 366

TESTS OF COAL AND BRIQUETS

AS FUEL FOR

HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS

BY

D. T. BANDALL

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction................................................................ 5

Fuels tested............................................................... 6

Equipment of plants....................................................... 8

St. Louis plant......................................................... 8

Urbana plant......................................................... 10

Method of conducting tests................................................... 13

Tests at St. Louis...................................................... 13

Tests at Urbana........................................................ 15

Data and results of tests.................................................... 16

Results at St. Louis................................................... 17

Results at Urbana..................................................... 25

Deductions from test data.................................................. 32

Summary of results......................................................... 41

Conclusions....................'............................................ 42

Cost of heat from central plants.............................................. 42

Survey publications on fuel testing.......................................... 43

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.. 

PLATE I. House-heating boiler plant at Urbana, 111.......................... 10

II. Load regulator at house-heating boiler plant at Urbana, 111......... 12

III. Relative value of fuels for house-heating boilers .................. 40

FIG. 1. Elevation of house-heating boiler plant at St. Louis, Mo.............. 8

2. Plan of house-heating boiler plant at St. Louis, Mo................... 9

TESTS OF COAL AND BRIQUETS AS FUEL FOR HOUSEHEATING BOILERS.

By D. T. RANDALL.

INTRODUCTION.

In carrying out its general plan of determining more efficient 

and more economical methods of utilizing the fuel resources of the 

United States, in order to prevent unnecessary waste and thus 

conserve the .available supply, the United States Geological Survey 

has made a series of experiments on the combustion of fuel in househeating boilers. As it was realized that steam boilers of the ordinary 

types used for heating private houses are. often installed and operated 

under conditions unfavorable to fuel economy and smoke prevention, 

these experiments were made with briquets, raw coal, and washed 

coal, so as to determine what is to be expected of these fuels in a 

representative house-heating plant, properly installed and operated.

Briquetted coal had been frequently tested in the hand-fired 

furnaces under the Heine boilers in the Survey fuel-testing plant at 

St. Louis. The results were so satisfactory as regards economy and 

smokelessness that it was decided to conduct a series of tests to 

determine the value of this fuel for. domestic heating purposes. 

Beginning in October, 1906, a number of evaporation tests were made 

on the house-heating boiler installed to heat the buildings occupied 

by the structural-materials laboratory, both briquets and coal being 

used. After these tests were well under way, it was thought advisable to conduct some additional tests under conditions more constant 

than could be maintained at this plant. A carload of .briquets was 

shipped to the University of Illinois engineering experiment station 

at Urbana, Ilh, where two house-heating boilers of a size commonly 

used in residences were available. This equipment permitted more 

uniform conditions of pressure and capacity, making the results 

more valuable for comparison. Tests were made with this fuel 

at Urbana in June and July, 1907. The present paper is an account 

of both series of tests, and includes also details of tests made at 

Urbana on three standard fuels in the spring of 1908.

Perhaps the most important result obtained is that showing the 

relative value of different fuels for domestic purposes. From Table 

16. on page 39, it is possible by comparison to arrive at the probable 

value of any fuel in any part of the country. The figures in the table

5
6 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

show that with a sectional boiler the effectiveness of different fuels 

depends on the number of thermal units they contain. This means 

that if all fuels cost the same, the cheapest would be the one containing the largest number of thermal units. One basis for ascertaining the relative value of different fuels lies in the cost of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water. If, for example, at a certain place 

anthracite costs $8 a ton and Pocahontas bituminous coal $4, the 

cost of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water with anthracite would 

be 52 cents' and with the bituminous coal 23.68 cents. This shows 

that a saving of about $4 a ton for the same amount of work done 

would be effected by purchasing the bituminous coal.

The data obtained in the tests show that as the percentage .of the 

rated capacity developed by the furnace increases the percentage of 

efficiency increases; also that high capacities Were not obtained with 

the good coals, nor were the low capacities the result of burning 

poor coals.

A comparison of results on coal and on briquets shows no advantage in the briquets over coal of a size larger than screened nut. 

Briquetting good bituminous coal would be justified only when slack 

is used for material. The briquets tested gave much smoke, which 

was due to the pitch used as a binder.

The results indicate that coals containing the higher percentages of 

fixed carbon give the least smoke and are the most economical.

While these tests were going on a general inquiry was being made 

into the question of central heating plants. The results obtained in 

this inquiry, when compared with the results of the tests on househeating boilers, show that such plants are economical for the householder and that they solve a part of the smoke problem in the cities. 

A brief summary of the results of this investigation is given on page 41.

All the results here recorded were calculated and checked by H. W.

Weeks, who also compiled the tables and assisted in the preparation 

of this report. The observations on the tests at St. Louis were made 

by M. E. Baxter. The tests at Urbana were made under the direction 

of Prof. L. P. Breckenridge, director of the engineering experiment 

station and consulting engineer on steaming tests of the United 

States Geological Survey the briquet tests by C. S. McGovney, 

assisted by A. B. Cook, Perry Barker, and S. B. Flagg, and the tests 

 on standard fuels by J. M. Snodgrass.

FUELS TESTED.

At St. Louis 58 tests were made 11 with raw coal and 47 with 

briquetted coal having a binder of pitch.

At Urbana 24 tests on briquets were made 12 on each of the two 

boilers. In 18 of these tests round briquets manufactured on the 

Renfrew machine of the Geological Survey were used; the other
FUELS TESTED.

6 tests were conducted with square briquets made on the Survey's 

English machine. The square briquets were broken in half before 

firing. The percentage of pitch in the briquets ranged from 7 to 8.5. 

The briquets were manufactured at the fuel-testing plant. The 

round briquets were 3£ inches in diameter and 2 inches thick, and the 

square briquets were 4| by 6f by 2£ inches. Details of the manufacture are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1. Coal and binders used in briquets tested at Urbana.

Coal.

Field designation.

Arkansas No. 13. .... 

Illinois: 

No. 7 E .........

No. 90..........

No. 12BW...... 

N0.29AW......

No. 29 B ........ 

No. 30 W ........

No. 31.... .......

Do..........

 No. 33...........

Indiana: 

No.lB..........

No. 5B.. ........

No.6B..........

Do..........

Indian Territory: 

No.2B.... ......

Do..........

Kansas: 

No.2B.... ...... 

Do..........

Pennsylvania: 

No. 18. ..........

Do..........

No. 19...........

No. 20...........

No. 20 W ........

No. 22...........

Do.......... 

Pennsylvania No. 15 

(one-fourth). 

Rhode Island No. 1 

(three-fourths). 

Pennsylvania No. 18 

(one-fourth). 

Miscellaneous No. 9 

(three-fourths). 

Pennsylvania No. 18 

(one-half). 

Rhode Island No. 1 

(one-half). 

Pennsylvania No. 18 

(three-fourths). 

Miscellaneous No. 9 

(one-fourth). 

Pennsylvania No. 18 

(one-half). 

Miscellaneous No. 9 

(one-half). 

Virginia No. 5 B.....

Locality.

Near Collinsville.. 

Near Staunton .... 

Bush.............

.....do............ 

Shiloh. ...........

.....do............

Mildred...........

.....do............

.....do............

Yale.............. 

.....do............

J^Gvicr

Lloydell. .........

.....do............

.....do............

Huff..............

.....do............

Lloydell ..........

Lloydell..........

Lloydell..........

Lloydell..........

10 miles west of 

Blacksburg.

County.

Franklin......

Williamson. '..

.....do........ 

St. Clair...... 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Allegheny.....

Cambria...... 

.....do........

Westinoreland 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Providence.... 

Cambria. .....

Cambria. ..... 

Providence.... 

Cambria. .....

Montgomery..

Shape of 

briquet.

Round.. 

...do....

...do....

Square. . 

Round.. 

...do.... 

...do.... 

...do....

Square.. 

Bound..

...do....

...do....

...do....

Square..

Round. 

Square.

Round. 

Square. 

Round. 

...do....

...do.... 

Square. .

Round.. 

Square.. 

Round.. 

...do....

Square. . 

iRound . .

k.do.... 

>..do.... 

y..do....

...do....

..do....

Binder. « 

Percentage 

used.

' 7

8 

9 

6.25 

7 

7 

8.5 

8 

7 

8

8.5 '9 

8.5

7

8 

8

7 

7 

8 

8

8 

f 7

"!

6

8 

7 

6

6.25 

8 

8 

8

8 

7

Flowing 

point.

°F. 

140.0

143.6 

143.6 

143.6 

143.6 

143.6 

143. 6 

143.6 

161.0 

143.6

161.6 

143 6 

143.6 

143.6

186.8 

172. 4

143.6 

143.6 

143.6 

143.6

143.6 

143.6 

114.8 

143.6 

161. 6 

161.6 

161.6 

161. 6

143.6 

143.6 

156. 2 

143. 6

143.6 

143.6

Oils by 

distillation 

up to 

743° F.

Perct. 

34.44

25.76 

25.76 

39.05 

39.05 

39.05 

25.76 

25. 76 

28.98 

25.76

28.98 

25.76 

25. 76 

25.76

24.70 

20.00

39.05 

39.05 

25.76 

39.05

25.76 

25.76 

5.76 

25.76 

28.98 

28.98 

28.98 

28.98

39.05 

25.76 

25.47 

25. 76

25. 76 

39.05

Extraction 

analysis: 

Pitch extracted 

(sample as 

received) 

by CS2.

Per cent.

95.20

96.90 

96.90 

99.66 

99.66 

99.66 

96.90 

96.90 

89.31 

96.90

89.31 

96.90 

96.90 

96.90

85.57 

99.60

99.66 

99.66 

96.90 

99.66

96.90 

96.90 

100.00 

96.90 

89.31 

89.31 

89.31 

89.31

99.66 

96.90 

90.56 

96.90

96.90 

99.66

« Water-gas pitch except where otherwise noted. l> Wax tailings.
8 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOlLEES.

The chemical properties of these fuels are shown in Table 4 

(pp. 25-31).

Several months after the briquet tests at Urbana 18 tests were 

made with the same boilers on three standard fuels anthracite, 

coke, and Pocahontas bituminous coal. The results of these tests 

are also recorded in Table 4.

EQUIPMENT OF PLANTS.

ST. LOUIS PLANT.

The boiler on which the tests were made at St. Louis is a sectional 

steam boiler containing seven separate sections; it is 66 inches long 

and stands on a foundation 47 by 63 inches. The grate measures 36 

by 54| inches. The boiler has three 5-inch steam outlets at the

FIG. 1. Elevation of house-heating boiler plant at St. Louis, Mo.

top of the sections, and is rated to take care of 3,150 square feet of 

radiating surface. The elevation and plan of the St. Louis plant 

are shown in figs. 1 and 2.

The boiler furnished steam to two buildings, supplying the necessary amount through two of the three outlets. The front outlet was 

not in use and was capped over. This boiler is made so that feed 

water may be supplied to every other section, entering at the base 

of the section on both sides, just above the grate level. There are 

six return inlets, but in this installation only the rear two were used. 

The piping was so arranged that during a test period all of the con-, 

densed steam was returned to the weigh tank, then allowed to discharge into a supply tank, from which it was forced into the boiler
EQUIPMENT OP PLANTS. 9

by a hand' pump. The temperature of the water entering the boiler 

ranged from 100° to 150° F. ; but usually averaged 140°. During a 

test all the water, entered through one of the rear inlets.

In a sectional boiler as usually, installed the steam as it is taken 

from the sections is first drawn into a collecting drum, so that in 

case of a sudden demand for steam, water will not be carried into 

the heating pipes. There was not enough head room for the installation of such a drum at the St. Louis plant, and the steam was drawn

RETURN FROM _hr" 

METAL PAVILION

CHAIN TO CHECK D.RAF1 

AUTOMATIC REGULATOR

FIG. 2. Plan of house-heating boiler plant at St. Louis, Mo.

directly from two sections. Drainpipes connected with the bottom 

of the steam pipes, as shown in fig. 1, carried moisture back to 

the boiler. No readings of moisture in the steam were taken, and 

therefore, in calculating water evaporated, the boiler was credited 

with slightly more work than it performed.

An automatic damper regulator was used to control the draft through

the fire, so that a nearly constant steam pressure might be carried.

This regulator was connected directly to the lower check and, by an

arrangement of pulleys, to the check in the flue. All the exposed

58979 Bull. 366 08 2
10 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILEBS.

surface of the boiler except the front was lagged with about an inch 

of plastic asbestos covering.

In the first 30 tests the draft was supplied by a stack 32.4 feet high 

above the grate. In these tests both natural and induced draft wereused. In the last 28 tests the stack was raised to a height of 44.8 

feet above the grate level. This height always furnished the required 

draft. .

URBANA PLANT.

The two house-heating boilers in the experiment station at Urbana 

will be designated in this report as boiler A and boiler B. Both 

boilers are standard types supplied for use with either water or 

steam heating systems, except that in boilers of the type of boiler A 

a double section is usually substituted for the single intermediate 

section when used for water heating.

.The general arrangement of the plant is shown in PI. I. The 

boilers are set independently and each is provided with similar load 

regulators, return feed systems, and stacks. The flow is so arranged 

that the. steam may be discharged to the atmosphere through an 

exhaust head above the roof of the building or into heating coils at 

the rear of the boilers. The coils contain 1,000 square feet of radiating surface, and are arranged in six sections, any number of which 

may be cut out and the amount of radiation changed in proportion. 

They constitute, with the overhead discharge pipes, the regular heating 

system of the experiment-station laboratory.

Boiler A is built up of four cast-iron sections the base and grate 

section, the fire pot, the intermediate circulation section, and the 

dome. The water space surrounds the fire pot, and is continued into 

the intermediate and dome sections through three nipples. The 

principal dimensions and proportions of this boiler are given below:

Details of boiler A. 

Rated capacity, radiating surface...........................square feet.. 800

Height over all...................................................feet.. 5£

Floor space ...............................................square feet.. 9

Size of fire door.................................................inches.. 8£ by 15

Height of fire door above grate.....................................do.... 14

Fuelcapacity to center of fire door..............................pounds.. . 290

Kind of grate...................................................... Plain rocking.

Width of grate................................................ .inches.. 28

Length of grate........ '. .........................................do.... 28

Area of grate surface...................................... .square feet.. 4. 28

Area of air space.................................................do.... . 2.15

Ratio of air space to grate surface..............................per cent.. 50

Mean height of furnace..........................................inches.. 22. 5

Height of chimney above grate.....................................feet.. 39

Sectional area of chimney...................................square feet.. 1. 07

Area of flue connecting to chimney.................................do.... 0. 55

Length of flue connecting to chimney...............................feet.. 14

Least flue area in boiler......................................square feet.. 0. 67
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

HOUSE-HEATING BOILER PLANT AT URBAIMA, I
EQUIPMENT OF PLANTS. .11

Ratio of smallest flue area to grate surface.......................per cent.. 15. 5

Kind of draft.......................:................................... Natural.

Direct water-heating surface................................square feet-.. 18. 8

Indirect water-heating surface.....................................do.... 20. 7

Superheating surface ............. .......'........................ .do.... 4.2

Total heating surface.............................................do.... 43. 7

Ratio of direct-heating surface to total......................... .per cent.. 43

Ratio of total heating surface to grate surface............................. 10. 2 to 1

Total water and steam space.................................cubic feet.. 7. 38

Steam space ......................................................do.... 3. 07

Water space ....................... -............................. .do.... 4. 31

Area of external boiler surface in contact with water or steam.. .square feet.. 37. 88

Smoke outlet above grate.........................................feet.. 4.17

Diameter of flue.................... I.......................... inches.. 14

Boiler B represents a common type of sectional construction in 

which the base or grate portion and the water-heating portion are 

built up of interchangeable cast-iron sections, the water legs or 

sections being connected by means of external circulation drums OP 

headers. The following details apply to this boiler as now installed:

Details of boiler B.

Rated capacity, radiating surface............................square feet.. 1,075

Height over all....................................................feet.. 5|

Floor space................................................square feet.. 25

Size of fire door................................................inches.. 9 by 15

Height of fire door (bottom) above grate............................do.... 10

Fuel capacity to center of fire door.............................pounds.. 370

Kind of grate...................................................... Patent rocker.

Width of grate..................................................inches.. 18

Length of grate...................................................do.... 48

Area of grate surface......................'................. .square feet.. 6

Area of air space..................................................do.... 3

Ratio of air space to grate surface..............................per cent.. 50

Mean height of furnace.........................................inches.. 22

Height of chimney above grate....................................feet.. 39

Sectional area of chimney.................... 1..............square feet.. 1. 07

Area of flue connecting to chimney...............................do.... 0. 55

Length of flue connecting to chimney.............................. .feet.. 12$

Least flue area in boiler....................................square feet.. 0. 495

Ratio of smallest flue area to grate surface.......................per cent.. 8. 23

Kind of draft........................................................... Natural.

Direct water-heating surface................................square feet.. 21. 89

Indirect water-heating surface.. ................................... .do.... 53. 98

Superheating surface .............................................do.... None.

Total heating surface............................:................do.... 75. 87

Ratio of direct-heating surface to total.......................... per cent.: 28. 9

Ratio of total heating surface to grate surface............................ 12. 6 to 1

Total water and steam space................................ .cubic feet.. 11.16

Steam space .............................. J......................do.... 3. 28

Water space .....................................................do.... 7. 88

Area of external boiler surface in contact with water or steam. .square feet.. 103. 27

Smoke outlet above grate.......................................... .feet.. 3

Diameter of flue................................................inches.. 14
12 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILEKS.

The equipment of these small boilers for experiments necessitated 

an especially devised method of supplying feed water and of controlling the load demand.

As the condensation return had to be intercepted for the purpose 

of weighing or measuring the feed water, the usual method of returning the condensed steam by gravity could not be used and other means 

had to be provided for forcing the water back into the boiler. A 

number of methods might have been used provided care was taken 

to insure steady feeding. The decision to adopt the system by 

which the feed water is forced from the measuring tanks into the 

boiler with compressed air was influenced to some degree by the 

temporary necessity of procuring condensation water from the heating coils. As all of the apparatus is located on the same level, this 

system has proved convenient and satisfactory.

The tanks used are ordinary galvanized-iron range tanks. One 

supply tank, with a capacity of 54 gallons, is connected directly in the 

return from the heating coils. The inlet pipe is at the bottom and 

the outlet at the top, so that the tank is always filled with hot water. 

The measuring tanks, or feed tanks, one for each boiler, have a 

capacity of 35 gallons .each and are fitted with gage glasses and scales 

graduated to read pounds direct, correction being made for varying 

temperatures. An overflow pipe, with valve, placed at the top of the 

scale, allows filling the tank with a definite charge of water.

These tanks, as stated above, are connected with the compressedair system and during feeding are under pressure sufficient to force 

the water into the boilers, a ^-inch needle valve near the boiler allowing close regulation of the feed. The heating system is under 3 to 5 

pounds pressure, so that the measuring tanks are rapidly filled by 

simply opening a valve leading to the supply tank. The air pressure 

and boiler are cut off and the overflow is opened during charging.

Facility of controlling the rate of combustion is important when 

comparative studies of fuels are to be made. However, as these 

small heating boilers are designed to regulate themselves, under control of their automatic damper regulators, the rate of combustion 

may be kept fairly even by keeping the rate of evaporation constant. 

This has been accomplished at Urbana by the use of a pressure' regulator, by which a steady flow of steam is discharged from a constantpressure receiver through a suitable orifice into the atmosphere, provision being made for varying the load to suit the specific demand of 

the test. The receivers perform the duties of separators and are thus 

used to replace the usual steam calorimeter; for this reason the receivers and pipes are heavily lagged with 1 inch of hair felt laid next to 

the iron and above this 1 inch of magnesia pipe covering.

PL II shows one of the . load regulators with its covering removed.. The steam from the boiler passes through the pressure regu-
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 366 PL.

- ^ P- -^ &£-*

dHL-ft*.

lyfi^Hm^i!/

LOAD REGULATOR AT HOUSE-HEATING BOILER PLANT AT URBANA, ILL. 

See text for explanation of reference letters.
.METHOD OF CONDUCTING TESTS. 13

lator A into a 3-inch pipe which extends through the top of the 

receiver and nearly to the reducing tee at the bottom. Here the 

direction of the steam is changed and the entrained moisture separated, the dry steam passing up and out through the valve F to the 

exhaust main J, through an orifice plate in the 2-inch union G, the 

pipe J being open to the atmosphere. Pressure in the receiver is 

indicated by a mercury manometer at C, and another manometer 

(not shown) gives the back pressure in the pipe J, which is always 

under a slight pressure due to friction. The latter manometer is used 

to assist in adjusting the difference of pressure on the orifice. No 

attempt is made to compute the evaporation in this manner. The 

moisture separated from the steam collects in the 3-inch trap pipe D, 

the amount being indicated in pounds and fractions on the gage 

glass. Some moisture originally in the steam is of course evaporated 

in passing the reducing valve, consequently corrections of computed

results for quality of steam and conversion to equivalent evaporation 

from and at 212° are made on the basis of the mean pressure maintained in the receiver usually about 2 pounds.

Variation in load is obtained by the introduction of suitable orifices. The by-pass valve E allows changes to be made during operation, the orifices simply taking the place of a gasket in the union.

METHOD OF CONDUCTING TESTS.

f

TESTS AT ST. LOUIS.

The tests on the structural-materials laboratory boiler ajt St. Louis 

were made as nearly as possible under the actual running conditions 

of the average house-heating boiler plant. Steam was supplied to 

two buildings for heating, and consequently the load varied with the 

weather conditions the temperature of the outside air and the velocity of the wind. On only a few of the tests was the heating load so 

light that steam was turned into the atmosphere.

Most of the tests covered a period of about eight hours; during this 

time the operator tried to maintain a steam pressure of about 3 

pounds.

The alternate method, as prescribed by the American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers code for making boiler trials, was used in starting and stopping the tests. The boiler was installed in so small a 

room that the standard method of starting and stopping was not practicable. Each test was started with a fire about 4 inches thick. 

This thickness was gradually increased to a maximum of 12 to 18 

inches, depending on the kind of coal burned and on the judgment 

of the operator as to the best thickness for good combustion. To 

start a test with a 4-inch fuel bed required that the boiler should be 

fired with the same kind of coal as was used on the test for about
14 TESTS OF FUEL IN" HOTJSE-HEATING BOILEES.

four hours before beginning the test. In building up the fire and in 

burning it down for a close light firing was used. At other times 

during the tests the charges of coal were considerably greater. Coal 

was fired whenever the heat requirements demanded it, usually at a 

time when the fire had burned down and the steam pressure had 

dropped. The fresh coal was spread over the entire fuel bed. The 

fire seldom required any attention, and it was never poked unless a 

coal in burning caked badly. On the tests the fire was cleaned only 

just before starting and stopping, excep.t in two or three tests when 

there was an unusually large accumulation of clinker upon the grate.

Readings were taken of draft, temperature, and steam pressure 

every thirty minutes. Smoke readings were taken as soon after coal 

was fired as other observations would permit, and at intervals thereafter until the volatile matter had distilled and no smoke was given 

off from the stack.

Owing to the many duties of the observer there was difficulty in 

procuring and analyzing representative samples of flue gas, but the 

results are considered of sufficient accuracy to indicate certain general relations between the air supply and the performance of the 

boiler. All gas samples analyzed showed some CO. This was to be 

expected, for the combustion was never complete on any of the tests, 

as could be seen by watching the top of the stack.

Smoke observations showed black smoke, comparable with the 

Ringelmann charts, at the times of firing and for several minutes 

afterwards, gradually turning to gray. This is of interest, owing to 

the fact that the gases resulting from the combustion of briquets at 

the Urbana station were as a rule of dirty yellowish color, and not 

comparable with the usual standards.

All briquets were fired whole. Shortly after they were fired the 

tar distilled and condensed on the boiler surface, forming a covering 

over the flue passages. When the fire was allowed to burn freely the 

coating on the flues ignited. In many tests this happened two or 

three times during an eight-hour run, and increased the temperature 

in the flue to a maximum of 1,500° F. On this account a. thermocouple was used to take the temperature of the stack gases.

The flue passages were not brushed during the tests with briquets, 

as the burning of the tar effectually cleaned the boiler surfaces. In 

some tests the tar coating without doubt greatly lowered the efficiency 

of the boiler. It will be noted that the coal burned raw gave better 

results than when briquetted.

The furnace door was opened only at times of firing. On a few 

special briquet tests an attempt was made to reduce the smoke after 

firings by opening the slide draft in the furnace door, but either there 

was not enough air or it was admitted at the wrong point, for no
METHOD OF CONDUCTING TESTS. 15

appreciable reduction of smoke resulted. No attempt was made to 

introduce air over the fire in the regular series of tests.

The analyses of the fuel burned and of the refuse were made at the 

chemical laboratory of the fuel-testing plant.

TESTS AT URBANA.

The plan for the tests at Urbana was as follows: (1) The load to 

be maintained between 60 and 70 per cent of the builders' rated 

capacity; (2) the load to be uniform throughout the test; (3) a steam 

pressure of 2 pounds to be carried on the heating system; (4) a definite charge of coal to be supplied at each firing; (5) each test to be 

of approximately eight hours' duration.

The standard method of starting and stopping the tests, as prescribed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, was used. 

A steam pressure of 5 pounds was maintained in the boiler for thirty 

to forty minutes before starting. At the start the ashes and the 

partly burned coal were rapidly removed and a weighed amount of 

wood was ignited; this operation required about three minutes, during 

which the steam pressure dropped from 5 pounds to 1 pound. As 

soon as the wood was lighted a signal was given to start the test and 

readings of 'time, water level, and pressures were taken. As soon as 

the wood was burning well a charge of about 25 pounds of coal was fired. 

In eight to ten minutes, when the coal was well ignited, the rest of a 

75-pound car of coal was fired. The fire was not touched during the 

remainder of the test, except at times when the steam pressure fell 

below 5 pounds. When this occurred the fire was poked and raked 

arid another 75-pound firing was made.

The following readings were taken every fifteen minutes: Height 

of'water in boiler, height of water in tank, temperature of feed water, 

boiler-room temperature, steam pressure, pressure beyond reducing 

valve, back pressure in separator, height of water in separator, and 

drafts in ash pit, over the fire, and in the flue.

The air supply was taken, entirely through the ash-pit door. On 

some of the tests it might have been advisable to admit a part of the 

air used for combustion continuously over the fire through the furnace 

door, or it might have been possible to increase the over-all efficiency 

of the boiler by admitting air over the fire for a few minutes after each 

firing by cracking the furnace door; but as such a procedure is not 

commercially practicable, no attempt was made to prove its effect.

As the duration of the trials was to be approximately eight hours, 

just enough coal was put on, at the last firing to keep up 5 pounds 

steam pressure until time to close the test. When the steam pressure 

dropped below 5 pounds on the last firing, the grate was dumped andthe unburned coal was rapidly placed in a can having a tight-fitting
16 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

cover which prevented further combustion. This unburned fuel 

removed at the close of the test, known as the residual fuel, was 

weighed separately from the ash that accumulated during the test. 

The ash and refuse from the coal were completely removed before the 

grates were dumped to clean them of the residual fuel. Just as the 

grates were dumped the final readings of time, water level, and pressures were taken.

The boiler flues were blown after the close of every test, so that the 

heat developed had an equal chance on the heating surface at the 

start of each test; however, on some of the trials more soot was 

formed than on others and the heating surface on these trials was 

therefore much less effective at 'the close than at the start.

The chemical analyses were made at the University of Illinois 

laboratory.

DATA AND RESULTS.

The principal items of the tables were calculated as indicated in the 

following formulas:

21.1. Coal+0.4Xwood

21 2 Tt 21 i_refuseXper cent carbonX14,600

item 46

23. Item 21.1 X(lOO-moisture) 

23 1 Item 23 re^use Xper cent carbonX14,600

item 45 

23 2 Item 23 i_asn XPer cent carbonX14,600

43.

44. 

46. 

47.

49.' 

50. 

51. 

52.

53. 

54.

55. 

55.1.

item 45 

Item 23.1

time 

Item 43

grate 

Item 45 X (100 moisture) 

Separated water

item 49 

Water fed 

Item 49Xitem 48 

From Kent's Pocket Book 

Item 50 X item 51 

Item 52

time 

Item 53

heat surface 

Item 53

0.3 

Item 55-f-surface

56. 

57. 

58. 

59. 

60. 

61. 

62. 

64. 

65.

Item 55

rating 

Item 55

item 21.2 

Item 52

item 23.2 

Item 21.2X100

time X item 55 

Item 43X100

item 55 

Item 58 vQft con

item 45 

Item 57 vQft ^fin

item 46 

Item 63Xitem 59 item

2,000 20 

Item 63X100 100

2,000 X item 57 2 X item

59

57
DATA AND RESULTS. 17

RESULTS AT ST. LOUIS.

The results of the tests at St. Louis are given in Table 2. 

TABLE 2. Tests of fuel in house-heating boiler at St. Louis.

6

X

w

1

45 

58 

59 '48 

39 

13 

52 

53 

54 

55 

9 

12 

33 

34 

44 

43 

37 

36 

38 

10 

11 

1 

40 

21 

22 

23 

20 

2 

3 

4 

5 

28 

29 

30 

31 

46 

24 

25 

32 

15 

26 

27 

41 

42 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

47

56

57 

35

49 

50

51

7 

8

Designation of fuel.

.....do........................

Illinois No. 7 E.. .............

Illinois No. 9 C................

Illinois No. 12 B\V ............

Illinois No. 19 E..............

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

Illinois No. 29 AW............

Illinois No. 29 B... ...........

Illinois No. 31.................

.....do........................

.....do........................

Illinois No. 33.... .............

Indian Territory No. 2 B W. . .

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

....do.. ......................

....do........................

....do........................

....do........................

Pennsylvania No. 15 (one-half) 

and Rhode Island No. 1 

(one-half). 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (onefourth) and Miscellaneous 

No. 9 (three-fourths). 

.....do........................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) 

and Rhode Island No. 1 

(one-half). 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (three- 

. fourths) and Miscellaneous 

No. 9 (one-fourth) 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) 

and Miscellaneous No. 9 

(one-half).

.....do........................

Description of fuel.

.....do....................

.....do....................

Briquets, square, slack. . . .

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

Briquets, round, slack.....

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

Briquets, square, slack; . . . 

Briquets, round, slack..... 

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

Briquets, round, slack..... 

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

....do....................

Coal, run of mine. ........

Briquets, square. ......... 

....do....................

....do....................

....do....................

....do....................

....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do.................... 

.....do....................

.....do....................

.....do....................

Duration oftrial (hours).

1

8.33 

7.92 

8.00 

8.00 

8.30 

8.25 

7.80 

8.25 

8.06 

7.83 

7.88 

7.20 

7.83 

8.08 

8.33 

7.83 

8.33 

8.41 

7.88 

7.92 

7.87 

8.00 

8.25 

8.00 

7.50 

8.00 

7.88 

7.66 

7.83 

7.82 

8.13 

8.00 

8.00 

7.70 

8.00 

8.13 

8.00 

8.00 

6.58 

7.50 

8.00 

ft 00 

7.81 

5.20 

7.83 

8.08 

8.00 

8.05 

7.58 

8.23

8.16

7.00 

5.60

8.23 

7.83

8.00 

8.00 

7.80

Average pressures.

Steam inpressure boiler (gage).

10

2.2 

1.9 

1.9 

1.7 

1.7 

3.8 

2.4 

2.3 

2.1 

1.3 

3.4 

2.2 

2.7 

2.9 

1.8 

2.2 

2.4 

2.7 

2.8 

3.3 

4.3 

4.1 

2.5 

2.9 

3.2 

3.6 

2.2 

3.4 

3.1 

3.2 

2.0 

3.9 

4.6 

3.3 

3.4 

2.1 

3.0 

3.1 

3.0 

3.4 

3.4 

3.3 

3.3 

2.9 

3.7 

3.5 

1.6 

2.4 

3.8 

2.0

1.6

2.2 

3.2

3.0 

2.2

2.5 

3.6 

4.8

Barometer (pounds inch). per square

11.1

14.39 

14.36 

14.45 

14.45 

14.54 

14.39 

14.56 

14.41 

14.30 

14.35 

 14. 46 

14.51 

14.37 

14.34 

14.40 

14.34 

14.60 

14.20 

'14.64 

14.59 

14.51 

14.46 

14.36 

14.65 

14.55 

14.51 

14.52 

14.68 

14.40 

14.54 

14.59 

14.37 

14.44 

14.51 

14.60 

14.40 

14.55 

14.41 

14.33 

14.43 

14.48 

14.40 

14.30 

14.32 

14.46 

14.28 

14.36 

14.36 

14.55 

14.51

14.38

14.47 

14.31

14.45 

14.40

14.46 

14.46 

14. 35

Draft (inch of 

water).

Between damper and boiler.

12

0.34 

.33 

.36 

.33 

.36 

.21 

.31 

.35 

.32 

.30 

.24 

.23 

.29 

.28 

.36 

.32 

.35 

.34 

.35 

.25 

.22 

.22 

.36 

.28 

.23 

.23 

.25 

.24 

.21 

.25 

.26 

.18 

.18 

.22 

.29 

.36 

.22 

.22 

.27 

.23 

.23 

.22 

.32 

.33 

.22 

.21 

.23 

.23 

.23 

.34

.34

.36 

.29

.30 

.34

.33 

.24 

.19

Over fire.

13

0.07 

.07 

.05 

.06 

.07 

.06 

.03 

.05 

.03 

.03 

.10 

.08 

.13 

.10 

.07 

.08 

.13 

.13 

.09 

.12 

.05 

.05 

.09 

.12 

.11 

.11 

.13 

.04 

.07 

.08 

.10 

.09 

.07 

.11 

.12 

.03 

.10 

.13 

.11 

.11

 12 

..11 

.07 

.09 

.11 

.09 

.09 

.12 

.10 

.07

.04

.07 

.10

.06 

.07

.04 

.12 

.09

In ashpit.

13.1

0.04 

.03 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.05 

.03 

.04 

.02 

.02 

.06 

.07 

.10 

.06 

.04 

.05 

.07 

.08 

' .06

""."64 

.03 

.06 

.09 

.10 

.10 

.09 

.03 

.05 

.06 

.05 

.08. 

.06 

.10 

.10 

.01 

.09

~.'07 

.10

" "."06 

.08 

.08 

.08 

.07 

.11 

.07 

.03

.02

.04 

.07

.04 

.04

.02 

.10 

.07

58979 Bull. 366 08-
18 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILEKS.

TABLE 2. Tests of fuel in house-heating boiler at St. Louis Continued.

6

fc

a 

h

45 

58 

59 

48 

39 

13 

52 

53 

54 

55 

9 

12 

33 

34 

44 

43 

37 

36 

38 

10 

11 

1 

40 

21 

22 

23 

20 

2 

3 

4 

5 

28 

29 

30 

31 

46 

24 

25 

32 

15 

26 

27 

41 

42 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

47

56

57 

35

49

50

51

7 

8

Designation of fuel.

Arkansas No. 13.....................

lllinoisNo.l. ........... .. ..

.....do..............................

Illinois No. 7 E. ....................

Illinois No. 9 C.. ............... ...

Illinois No. 12BVV.................

Illinois No. 19 E....................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Illinois No. 29 AW .................

Illinois No. 29 B ....................

Illinois No. 31 ......................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Illinois No. 33 ......................

Indiana No. IB....................

Indian Territory No. 2 BW.........

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do...................;..........

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Pennsylvania No. 19. ...............

.....do..............................

Pennsylvania No. 20 W ............

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Pennsylvania No. 15 (one-half) and 

Rhode Island No. 1 (one-half) ..... 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-fourth) 

and Miscellaneous No. 9 (three-

.....do..............................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and 

Rhode Island No. 1 (one-hajf) ..... 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (three-fourths) 

and Miscellaneous No. 9 (onePennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and 

miscellaneous No. 9 (one-half) .... 

.....do..............................

Average temperatures (°F.).

External ai.

14

50 

64 

46 

45 

58 

69 

59 

66 

62 

72 

 31 

46 

80 

82 

51 

50 

57 

63 

45 

33 

42 

40 

48 

31 

30 

41 

32 

32 

57 

27 

18 

46 

54 

42 

58 

44 

43 

42 

86 

55 

44 

52 

48 

45 

48 

63

47 

46 

47

45

50 

53

84

47

47 

49 

37 

45

Boiler room.

15

81 

88 

73 

77 

83 

92 

88 

88 

85 

93 

70 

79 

91 

96 

82 

81 

91 

90 

82 

71 

76 

72 

84 

74 

80 

73 

71 

70 

83 

69 

67 

81 

85 

83 

81 

80 

78 

74 

96 '85 

77 

85 

84 

76 

78

79 

.77 

81

77

80 

83

99

79

80 

79

72 

77

Feed waterin 

tank. weigh 

16

145 

121 

126 

141 

137 

143 

138 

128 

135 

123 

149 

147 

106 

101 

138 

146 

120 

103 

140 

150 

158 

145 

135 

150 

146 

143 

144 

151 

149 

139 

154 

140 

144 

146 

146 

133 

144 

145 

112 

142 

145 

141 

-146 

134 

141 

138 

140 

140 

144

147

126 

125

102

142

140 

139 

157 

155

Gases escaping boiler. from 

17

695 

710 

720 

650 

855

600 

720 

635 

' 850

570 

400 

795 

600 

815 

730 

715

665

550 

685

675

570 

620

665

800 

730

705

550

630 

620

-o

o

& 

-o

£ . *

3 "3

9 

fe

21

777 

854 

874 

965 

871 

666 

817 

927 

811 

764 

750 

735 

' 813 

836 

968 

974 

1,104 

929 

815 

736 

737 

667 

800 

652 

560 

650 

520 

1,159 

769 

819 

1,036 

580 

652 

525 

550 

653 

550 

550 

541 

' 456 

525 

550 

594 

388 

550 

538 

553 

551 

492

652

644 

652

489

648

646 

651 

712 

613

fuel (pounds). Dry 

23

765 

739 

756 

907 

824 

613 

757 

859 

752 

708 

658 

688 

738 

759 

901 

882 

1,056 

890 

768 

720 

721 

648 

772 

628 

540 

626 

511 

1,031 

684 

729 

922 

 537 

604 

500 

524 

636 

539 

530 

532 

447 

493 

516 

587 

383 

538 

526 

533 

531 

.483

647

637 

645

482

636

638 

643 

'680 

585

Total fuellrd dry minus fuel equivalent dryto the carbonash in

(pounds).

23.2

731 

706 

728 

874 

789 

587 

727 

'827 

725 

685 

648 

671 

725 

743 

880 

761 

1,037 

 868 

750 

086 

700

743 

612 

534 

611 

502 

986 

651 

695 

898 

531 

598 

496 

516 

610 

527 

518 

527 

438 

484 

508 

577 

374 

520 

515 

503 

504 

459

616

606 

613

475

609

596 

598 

639 

549

refuse Totalashnd 

(pounds). from ashpit 

24

137 

151 

128 

237 

195 

98 

114 

122 

104 

87 

68 

106 

112 

139 

144 

333 

120 

134 

144 

100 

126 

113 

172 

73 

28 

67 

34 

258 

189 

193 

136 

37 

34 

31 

68 

110 

47 

47 

41 

27 

55 

48 

56 

53 

117 

72 

92 

84 

97

112

112 

117

46

130

133 

142 

154 

134
DATA AND KESULTS. 19 

TABLE 2. Tests of fuel in house-heating boiler at St. Louis Continued.

d 

fc

0)

H

45 

58 

59 

48 

39 

13 

52 

53 

54 

55 

9 

12 

33 

34 

44 

43 

37 

36 

38 

10 

11 

1 

40 

21 

22 

23 

20 

2 

3 

4 

5 

28 

29 

30 

31 

46 

24 

25 

32 

15 

26 

27 

41 

42 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

47

56

57 

35

49 

50

51

7 

8

Designation of fuel.

.....do.........................

Illinois No. 7 E ...............

Illinois No. 9 C................

Illinois No. 12 BW .'...........

. Illinois No. 19 E . .............

.....do...... ................... 

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

Illinois No. 29 AW............

Illinois No. 29 B ..............

Illinois No. 31. ................

.....do.........................

.....do.............:...........

Illinois No. 33. ................

Indiana No. 6 B ..............

Indian Territory No. 2BW.... 

Indian Territory No. 2 B ......

.....do.........................

Maryland No. 2 ...............

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do......................... 

Missouri No. 10. ............... 

.....do.........................

.....do......................... 

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do......................... 

.....do.........................

.....do.........................

.....do......................... 

.....do.........................

.....do......................... 

.....do......................... 

Pennsylvania No. 15 (one-half) 

and Rhode Island No. 1 (onehalf).. ...................... 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (onefourth) and Miscellaneous 

No. 9 (three-fourths) ........

....do.........................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) 

and Rhode Island No. 1 

(one-half) ...................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (threefourths) and Miscellaneous 

No. 9 (one-fourth). . .........

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) 

and Miscellaneous No. 9 (onehalf)........................

.....do.........................

Virginia No. 5 B. .............

Proximate analysis of fuel 

as fired (per cent).

d : 

O

fl

a 

o

 a

0>

X

E

26

68.30 

41.39 

41.39 

40.34 

47.63 

49.47 

51.22 

51.22 

51.22 

51.22 

43.99 

44.21 

43.90 

43.90 

42.85 

40. 75 

44.78 

48.91 

43.16 

54.51 

51.31 

46.78 

47.58 

68.54 

68.54 

68.54 

71.25 

38.67 

38.67 

38.67 

38.67 

64.61 

64.61 

69.14 

69.14 

62.80 

71.55 

71.88 

55.24 

57.20 

64.38 

64.38 

67.74 

67.74 

55.12 

55.12 

54.27 

54.27 

57.96

69.71

69.24 

69.24

70.34 

69.52

69.67 

69.67 

65.93 

65.93

1 

a

e

_CD

4J

03 

1

27

15. 11 

33.15 

33.15 

30.09 

33.55 

31.55 

31.00 

31.00 

31.00 

31.00 

37.16 

37.44 

33.03 

33.03 

35.21 

28.25 

36.21 

35.74 

37:83 

35.86 

34.60 

31.67 

29.09 

21.14 

21.14 

21.14 

18.69 

32.24 

32.24 

32.24 

32.24 

19. 45 

19.45 

18.43 

18.43 

24.23 

16.71 

16.46 

33.50 

31.71 

19.23 

19.23 

20.58 

20.58 

32.11 

32.11 

30.57 

30.57 

29.45

15.96

15.87 

15.87

16.39 

15.05

13.73 

13.73 

14.28 

14.28

8

D+3

'o

%

28

1.49 

13.49 

13.49 

6.06 

5.43 

7.93 

7.33 

7.33 

7.33 

7.33 

12.29 

6.42 

9.17 

9.17 

6.98 

9.47 

4.34 

4.20 

5.72 

2.19 

2.15 

2.78 

3.47 

3.63 

3.63 

3.63 

1.69 

11.03 

11.03 

11.03 

11.03 

7.43 

7.43 

4.71 

4.71 

2.55 

1.96 

3.56 

1.75 

2.03 

6.16 

6.16 

1.23 

1.23 

2.21 

2.21 

3.55 

3.55 

1.77

.74

1.06 

1.06

1.34 

1.83

1.30 

1.30 

4.52 

4.52

4

29

15.10 

11.97 

11.97 

23.51 

13.39 

11.05 

10.45 

10.45 

10/45 

10.45 

6.56 

11.93 

13.90 

13.90 

14.96 

21.53 

14.67 

11.15 

13.29 

7.44 

11.94 

18.77 

19.86 

6.69 

6.69 

6.69 

8.37 

18.06 

18.06 

18.06 

18.06 

8.51 

8.51 

7.72 

7.72 

10.42 

9.82 

8.10 

9.51 

9.06 

10.23 

10.23 

10.45 

10.45 

10.56 

10.56 

11.61 

11.61 

10.82

13. 59

13.83 

13.83

11.93 

13.60

15.30. 

15.30 

15. 27 

15.27

Ultimate analysis of dry fuel (per 

cent).

d

2 3 

o

30

75.05 

64.88 

64.88 

59.48 

68.44 

71.14

72. 22 

67.10 

66. 14 

66.14 

66.75 

60.07 

65.26 

70.47 

66.48 

75.69 

71.96 

66.00 

63.78 

82.41 

82.41 

82. 41 

80.80 

80.80 

81.77 

81.77 

78.65

~75.'<)i'

"78." is" 

78.13 

79.20 

79.20 

75.72 

75.72 

75.93 

75.93

77.47

76.03 

70.03

77.79 

77.21

70.93 

70.93 

76.18 

76.18

d

0)

8

K 

W

31

3.84 

4.45 

4.45 

3.54 

4.44 

4.39

'4.' 92" 

4.59 

4.33 

4.33 

4.85 

3.93 

4.58 

4.85 

4.76 

4.84 

4.56 

4.35 

4.01 

4.74 

4.74

4; 74

4.44 

4.44 

4.40 

4.40 

4.36

"4.'52"

"4." 26" 

4.20 

4.56 

4.56 

4.52 

4.52 

4.58 

4.58

3.05

2.81 

2.81

Si 46 

3.12

2.81 

2.81 

3.67 

3.67

§ S> t>> K 

0

32

1.81 

10.71 

10.71 

5.70 

8.30 

8.90

io.'as'

10.30 

8.93 

8.93 

7.33 

9.47 

10.84 

7.53 

8.42 

8.76 

8.09 

4.90 

5.92 

3.40 

3.40 

3.40

2.88 

2.88 

3.22 

3.22 

3.38

"i.'ie" 

"i'ss"

2.83 

1.52 

1.52 

6.41 

6.41 

5.10 

5.10

2.66

4.92 

4.92

4.74 

3.48

8.80 

8.80 

2.52 

2.52

ri

a

8

55

33

1.35 

1.03 

1.03 

.83 

.94 

1.12

"LOT"

1.00 

1.01 

1.01 

.93 

1.03 

1.20 

..94 

1.07 

1.53 

1.45 

.96 

1.03 

1.62 

1.62 

1.62

1.16 

1.16 

1.26 

1.26 

.88

"i."35"

"i.'oij"

1.09 

1.12 

1.12 

1.39 

1.39 

1.24 

1.24

.49

.81 

.81

.53 

.70

.75 

.75 

.81 

.81

3

a 

3 "3 

w

34

2.62 

5.09 

5.09 

5.42 

3.72 

2.45 

2.76 

2.76 

2.76

2.70 

4.06 

4.26 

4.29 

4.29 

4.06 

1.72 

2.78 

4.57 

5.17 

1.57 

1.74 

4.48 

4.69 

.89 

.89 

,89 

.92 

4.18 

4.18

4.18 

4.18

1.53 

1.53 

1.25 

1.25 

2.04 

1.91 

1.76 

1.38 

1.15 

2.85 

2.85 

3.02 

3.02 

1.16 

1.16 

1.11 

1.11 

.90

2.64

1.45 

1.45

1.39 

1.64

1.21 

1.21 

.83 

,83

4» 

<

85

15.3* 

13.84

13.84:

25. 03. 

14. 16. 

12. Ott

"7." 48 

12.75 

15.30 

15. 30 

16. 08 

23.78 

15.34 

11.64 

14. 10 

7.61 

12.20 

19.31. 

20.57 

6.94 

6.94 

6.94

......

9.19 

9.19 

8.10 

8.10 

10.69

"9." 68

"16." 90 

10.90 

10.58 

10.58 

10.80 

10.80 

12.04 

12.04

13.69,

13. 98 

13. 98.

12. 09- 

13.85

15.50 

15.50 

15. 9» 

15.99
20 TESTS OP FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

TABLE 2. Tests of fuel in house-heating boiler at St. Louis Continued.

No. Test 

45 .58 

 59 

48 39 

13 -52 

53 

54 55 

9 

12 

.33 

34 44 

43 

37 

36 

38 

.10 

11 

1 

40 

21 

22 

23 

20 

2 

3 

4 

5 

28 

29 

30 

31 

46 

24 

25 

32 

15 

26 

27 

41 

42 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

47

56

57 

35

49

.50

.51 

7 

8

Designation of fuel.

.....do................................

Illinois No. 7 E .....................

Illinois No. 9 C .........:...........

Illinois No. 12 BW .................

Illinois No. 19 E ....................

.....dO...........................:..

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Illinois No. 29 AW .................

Illinois No. 29 B ....................

Illinois No. 31 ......................

.....da..............................

.....do..............................

IlUnoisNo.33......................

.....do..............................

....:do............. .................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

-....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Pcrmsvlv&niji J^Q 19

.....do.......:.....................

.....do.............................

.....do..............................

Pennsylvania No. 15 (one-half) and 

Rhode Island No. 1 (one-half) 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-fourth) 

and Miscellaneous No. 9 (three-

.....do..............................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and 

Rhode Island No. 1 (one-half). . . . 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (three-fourths) 

and Miscellaneous No. 9 (onePennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and 

Miscellaneous No. 9 (one-half). . . . 

.....do.............................

Analysis of ash 

and refuse (per 

cent).

a

!o

37

22.06 

18.40 

18.40 

10.02 

15.00 

23.85 

22.05 

22.05 

22.05 

22.05 

13.95 

13.56 

9.47 

9.47 

11.97 

26.85 

13.13 

14.79 

10.48 

32.11 

15.05

13.53 

22.64 

22.64 

22.64 

27.30 

13.89 

13.89 

13.89 

13.89 

16.64 

16.64 

12.02 

12.02 

22.54 

25.38 

25.38 

10.44 

31.05 

15.53 

15.53 

17.04 

17.04 

15.01 

15.01 

30.83 

30.83 

22.96

24.55

24.20 

24.20

13.89

. 19. 30

28.05 

28.05 

24.07 

24.07

tj

CS

E 

>>

1

a 

W

38

77.94 

81.60 

81.60 

89.98 

85.00 

76.15 

77.95 

77.95 

77.95 

77.95 

86.05 

86.44 

90.53 

90.53 

88.03 

73,15 

86.87 

85.21 

89.52 

67.89 

84.95

86.47 

77.36 

77.36 

77.36 

72.70 

86.11 

86.11 

86.11 

86.11 

83.36 

83.36 

87.98 

87.98 

77.46 

74.62 

74.62 

- 89. 56 

68.95 

84.47 84.47' 

82.96 

82.96 

84.99 

84.99 

69.17 

69.17 

77.04

75.45

75.80 

75.80

86.11

80.70

71.95 

71.95 

75.93 

75.93

Fuel per hour (pounds).

 d 

2

<a

<

43

93 

108 

109 

121 

105 

81 

105 

112 

101 

98 

95 

102 

104 

103 

116 

124 

133 

110 

103 

93 

94 

83 

97 

82 

75 

81 

66 

151 

98 

105 

127 

73 

82 

68 

69 

80 

69 

69 

82 

61 

66 

69 

76 

.75 

70 

67 

69 

68 

65

79

79 

93

86

79

83 

81 

89 

79

6

ft

43.1

92 

93 

95 

113 

99 

74 

97 

104 

93 

90 

84 

96 

94 

94 

108 

113 

127 

106 

97 

91 

92 

81 

94 

79 

71 

78 

65 

135 

87 

93 

113 

67 

76 

65 

66 

78 

67 

66 

81 

60 

62 

65 

75 

74 

69 65 

67 

66 

64

79

78 

92

85

77

81 

80 

85 

75

Burned per 

square foot of 

grate surface. 

rA

^2<rt

44.1

6.89 

8.00 

8.08 

8.96 

7.78 

6.00 

7.78 

8.30 

7.48 

7.26 

7.04 

7.56 

7.70 

7.63 

8.59 

9.19 

9.86 

8.15 

7.63 

6.89 

6.96 

6.15 

7.18 

6.08 

5.56 

6.00 

4.89 

11.20 

7.26 

7.78 

9.41 

5.41 

6.07 

5.04 

5.11 

5.93 

5.11 

5.11 

6.08 

4.52 

4.89 

5.11 

5.63 

5.56 

5.18 

4.96 

5.11 

5.04 

4.82

5.85

5.85 

6.89

6.37

5.85

6.15 

6.00 

6.59 

5.87

£

ft

44

6.81 

6.89 

7.04 

8.37 

7.33 

5.48 

7.18 

7.70 6.89' 

6.67 

6.22 

7.11 

6.96 

6.96 

8.00 

8.38 

9.41 

7.85 

7.18 

6.74 

6.82 

6.00 

6.96 

5.85 

5.26 

5.78 

4.82 

10.00 

6.44 

6.89 

8.37 

4.97 

5.63 

4.81 

4.89 

5.78 

4.97 

4.89 

6.00 

4.44 

4.59 

4.82 

5.56 

5.48 

5.11 

4.82 

4.96 

4.89 

4.74

5.85

5.78 

6.82

6.30

5.70

6.00 

5.92 

6.30 

5.56

British thermal 

units per 

pound of fuel.

!>i

ft

45

13,112 

12, 178 

12, 178 

10,667 

12,385 

12,958 

12,411 

12,411 

12,411 

12,411 

13,306 

12,562 

12,024 

12,024 

11,995 

10j782 

11,907 

12,970 

12,557 

13,865 

13, 196 

12, 132 

11,855 

14,694 

14,694 

14,694 

14, 473 

11,588 

11,588 

11,588 

11,588 

14,408 

14,408 

14,559 

14. 559 

14,038

14,096

14,377 

13,889 

13,996 

14,064 

14,064 

14,069 

14,069 

13,867 

13,867 

13,764 

13,764 

13,812

12,887

12,857 

12,857

13,569

13,431

12,955 

12,'955 

13,136 

13, 136

i

W 

to

 <

46

12,917 

10,535 

10,535 

10,021 

11,713 

11,930 

11,501 

11,501 

11,501 

11,501 

11,671 

11,756 

10,921 

10,921 

11,158 

9,761 

11,390 

12,425 

11,839 

13,561 

12,912 

11,795 

11,444 

14,161 

14,161 

14, 161 

14,229 

10,310 

10,310 

10,310 

10,310 

13,338 

13,338 

13,873 

13,873 

13,680 

13,820 

13,865 

13,646 

13,712 

13, 198 

13,198 

13,896 

13,896 

13,561 

13,561 

13,275 

13,275 

13,568

12,793

12,721 

12,721

 13,387

13,185

12,787 

12,787 

12,542 

12,542
DATA AND RESULTS. 21

TABLE 2. Tests of fuel in house-heating boiler at St. Louis Continued.

1No. Test

45 

58 

59 

48 

39 

13 

52 

53 

54 

55 

9 

12 

33 

34 

44 

43 

37 

36 

38 

10 

11 

1 

40 

21 

22 

23 

20 

2 

3 

4 

5 

28 

29 

30 

31 

46 

24 

25 

32 

15 

26 

27 

41 

42 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

47

56

57 

35

49 

50

51 

7 

8

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 1.....................

.....do............................

Illinois No.7E..... ..............

Illinois No. 9 C...................

Illinois No. 12 BW......... .......

Illinois No. 19E....... ...........

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Illinois No 29 AW

Illinois No. 29 B..................

Illinois No. 31....................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Illinois No. 33....................

Indian Territory No. 2 BW.......

Indian Territory No. 2 B .........

.....do............................

.....do............................

...^o... ......................... 

...TTao............................

.....do... ........................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Pennsylvania No. 20 W .........

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Pennsylvania No. 15 (one-half) 

and Rhode Island No. 1 (onehalf )............................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-fourth) 

and miscellaneous No. 9 (threefourths) ....................

.....do............................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) 

and Rhode Island No. 1 (onehalf )............................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (threefourths) and miscellaneous No. 

9 (one-fourth) .............

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) 

and miscellaneous No. 9 (onehalf )............................

.....do............................

Virginia No. 5 B .................

.....do.......................

Water (pounds).

j§ 'o

JO

o

 o

<1)

fe

49

4,186 

3,422 

3,809 

3,708 

3,786 

3,188 

3,625 

4,482 

'3,325 

3,959 

4,900 

4,134 

3,960 

4; 292 

4,248 

3,805 

4,915 

4,523 

3,962 

4,866 

5,411 

3,433 

4,023 

4,895 

4,188 

4,260 

4,079 

5,152 

3,824 

4,036 

5,415 

3,720 

4,879 

4,404 

4,095 

4,343 

4,209 

4,113 

3,142 

3,239 

4,069 

3,829 

4,416 

2,703 

3,473 

3,531 

3,457 

3,627 

3,844

3,993

4,173 

3,698

3,118 

4,308

3,860 

3,928 

5,353 

4,270

fr« s-a

!§Bh fJ°S

t> W<~}

w

52

4,487 

3,754 

4,159 

3,989 

4,089 

3,430 

3,914 

4,880 

3,599 

4,334 

5,239 

4,423 

4,407 

4,801 

4,585 

4,075 

5,399 

5,048 

4,272 

5,198 

5,739 

3,686 

4,357 

5,224 

4,489 

4,581 

4,377 

5,498 

4,087 

4,356 

5,755 

4,014 

5,246 

4,722 

4,393 

4,710 

4,520 

4,413 

3,480 

3,487 

4,367 

4,126 

4,735 

2,931 

3,743 

3,816 

3,723 

3,909 

4,132

4,273

4,555 

4,042

3,485 

4,636

4,158 

4,237 

5,078 

4,544

evaporation. Factor of

x 51

1. 0720 

1. 0970 

1. 0919 

1. 0759 

1. 0800 

1.0758 

1. 0798 

1.0902 

1.0825 

1. 0946 

1.0692 

1. 0700 

1. 1130 

1. 1187 

1. 0794 

1. 0710 

1.0985 

1. 1161 

1. 0782 

1. 0682 

1. 0606 

1. 0737 

1. 0829 

1. 0673 

1. 0719 

1. 0754 

1. 0731 

1. 0671 

1. 0688 

1.0792 

1.0627 

1. 0790 

1. 0752 

1. 0723 

1.0728 

1. 0845 

1. 0740 

1. 0729 

1. 1076 

1.0765 

1. 0733 

1. 0775 

1. 0723 

1. 0844 

1. 0776 

1.0807 

1. 0769 

1. 0777 

1. 0748

1.0700

1.0915 

1. 0929

1. 1177 

1.0761

1. 0773 

1. 0787 

1.0608 

1.0642

Equivalent evaporation hour andfrom at212°per 

F. (pounds).

53

539 

474 

520 

499 

493 

416 

502 

592 

4,47- 

554 

665 

615 

563 

594 

550 

521 

648 

600 

542 

656 

729 

461 

528 

653 

599 

573 

556 

718 

522 

557 

708 

502 

656 

613 

549 

579 

565 

552 

529 

465 

546 

516 

606 

564 

478 

472 

465 

486 

545

519

558 

577

616 

563

531 

530 

710 

583

developed. Horsepower 

53.1

15.6 

13.7 

15.1 

14.5 

14.3 

12.1 

14.6 

17.2 

13.0 

16.1 

19.3 

17.8 

16.3 

17.2 

15.9 

15.1 

18.8 

17.4 

15.7 

19.0 

21.1 

13.4 

15.3 

18.9 

17.4 

16.6 

16.1 

20.8 

15.1 

16.1 

20.5 

14.6 

19.0 

17.8 

15.9 

16.8 

16.4 

16.0 

15.3 

13.5 

15.8 

15.0 

17.6 

16.3 

13.9 

13.7 

13.5 

14.1 

15.8

15.0

16.2 

16.7

17.9 

16.3

15.4 

15.4 

20.6 

16.9

Equivalent evaporation hour andfrom 212°atper F. squarefootof water pr 

heating surface (pounds).

54

3.39 

2.98 

3.27 

3.14 

3.10 

2.62 

3.16 

3.73 

2.81 

3.49 

4.18 

3.87 

3.54 

3.74 

3.46 

3.28 

4.08 

3.77 

3.41 

4.13 

4.58 

2.90 

3.32 

4.11 

3.77 

3.60 

3.50 

4.52 

3.28 

3.50 

4.45 

3.16 

4.13 

3.86 

3.45 

3.64 

3.55 

3.47 

3.33 

2.92 

3.43 

3.25 

3.81 

3.55 

3.01 

2.97 

2.92 

3.06 

3.43

3.26

3.51 

3.03

3.87 

3.54

3.34 

3.33 

4.47 

3.67

load carried Mean (square feet surface). of radiating 

55

1,797 

1,580 

1,733 

1,663 

1,643 

1,387 

1,673 

1,973 

1,490 

1,847 

2,217 

2,050 

1,877 

1,980 

1,833 

1,737 

2,160 

2,000 

1,807 

2,187 

2; 430 

1,537 

1,760 

2,177 

1,997 

1,910 

1,853 

2.393 

1,740 

1,857 

2,360 

1,673 

2, 187 

2,043 

1.830 

1.930 

1,883 

1,840 

1,763 

1,550 

1,820 

1,720 

2,020 

1,880 

1,593 

1,573 

1,550 

1,620 

1,817

1,730

1,860 

1,923

2,053 

1,877

1,770 

1,767 

2,367 

1,943

Percentage of builder's 

rated cpacity developed.

5fi'

»7.0 

50.2 

55.0 

52.8- 

52.2 

44.0 

53.1 

62.6 

47. J 

58.7 

70.4 

65.1 

59.6 

G2.9 

58.2 

55.2 

68. S 

63.5 

57.4 

69.4 

77.2 

48. 8 

55.9 

"69.1 

63.4 

60.6 

58.8 

76.0 

55.2 

59.0 

. 74.9 

53.1 

69.4 

64.9 

5&1 

61.3 

59.8 

58.4 

56.0 

49.2 

57.8 

54.6 

64.2 

59.7 

50.6 

49.9 

49.2 

51.4 

57.7

54.9

59.1 

61.0

65.2 

59.6

56.2 

56.1 

75.1 

61.6
22 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

TABLE 2. Tests of fuel in house-heating boiler at St. Louis Continued.

&

1fcH

45 

^58 

59 

48 

59 

13 

52 

53 

54 

55 

9 

12 

33 

54 

44 

43 

37 

36 

38 

10 

11 

1 

40 

21 

22 

23 

20 

2 

3 

4 

5 

28 

29 

30 

31 

40 

24 

25 

32 

15 

26 

27 

41 

42 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

47

56

57 

35

49

50

51 

7 

8

Designation of fuel.

Arkansas No. 13...... ....

Illinois No. 1. ........ .....do..............:................

Illinois No. 7 E....... .......

Illinois No. 90.......

Illinois No. 12 BW ..................

Illinois No. 19 E...... ........ .

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

Illinois No. 29 AW...: ...

Illinois No. 29 B ..............:......

Illinois No. 31 ...:...................

.....do...............................

.....do............................ ..

Illinois No. 33. ......................

Indiana No. IB.....................

Indiana No. 6 B.......... ...... .

Indian Territory No. 2 BW. . ........

Indian Territory No. 2 B ............

Kansas No. 2 B. .....................

.....do...............................

Maryland No. 2...........;....... ..

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

Missouri No. 10. .....................

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

.....do............. ..........

.....do................ . .

.....do.....................:.....i...

.....do...............................

.....do...............................

Pennsylvania No. 20.................

.....do...................;..........

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.... .do..... ............. ~..........

Pennsylvania No. 15 (one-half) and 

Rhode Island No. 1 (one-half) .... 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one fourth) 

and miscellaneous No. 9 (three-

.... .do. .............................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and 

Rhode Island No. 1 (one-half) .... 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (three-fourths) 

and miscellaneous No. 9 (onePennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and 

miscellaneous No. 9 (one-half).!.. 

.....do. .............................

.....do................ ..............

Economic results (pounds).

Equivalent evaporation from and 

at 212° F. per 

pound of fuel.

As fired.

57

5.77 

4.40 

4.76 

4.13 

4.09 

5.15 

4.79 

5.27 

4.44 

5.67 

6.98 

6.02 

5.42 

5.74 

4.74 

4.19 

4.89 

5.44 

5.24 

7.06 

7.79 

5.53 

5.45 

8.02 

8.02 

7.05 

8.42 

4.75 

. 5.31 

5.32 

5.55 

6.92 

8.05 

9.00 

7.99 

7.21 

8.22 

8.02 

6.43 

7.64 

8.32 

7.50 

7.97 

7.56 

6.81 

7.10 

6.74 

7.09 

,8.40

6.55

7.08 

6.20

7.13

'7.16

6.44 

6.51 

7.98 

7.42

Dry.

58

6.14 

5.32 

5.71 

4.56 

5.18 

5.84 

5.39 

5.91 

4.97 

6.33 

8.08 

6.59 

6.08 

6.46 

5.21 

5.36 

5.21 

5.82 

5.70 

7.58 

8.20 

5.69 

5.86 

8.54 

8.41 

7.50 

8.72 

5.58 

6.28 

6.27 

6.41 

7.56 

8.78 

9.52 

8.52 

7.72 

8.58 

8.52 

6.60 

7.96 

9.02 

8. 12 

8.21 

7.84 

7.20 

7.41 

7.41 

7.76 

9.00

6.94

7.52 

6.60

7.34

7.61

6.98 

7.09 

8.89 

8.28

Fuel per hour per 

100 square feet 

of radiating surface (mean load 

carried during 

test).

As fired.

59

5.18 

6.84 

6.29 

7.28 

6.39 

5.84 

6.28 

5.68 

6.78 

5.30 

4.29> 

4.98 

5.54 

5.20 

6.33 

7.14 

6.16 

5.50 

5.70 

4.25 

3.87 

5.40 

5.51 

3.77 

3.76 

4.24 

3.56 

6.31 

5.63 

5.66 

5.38 

4.37 

3.75 

3.33 

3.77 

4.14 

3.67 

3.75 

4.65 

3.94 

3.63 

4.01 

3.76 

3.99 

4.40 

4.26 

4.45 

4.20 

3.58

4.57

4.25 

4.84

4.19

4.21

4.69 

4.59 

3.76 

4.07

Dry.

60

5.12 

5.89 

5.48 

6.80 

6.02 

5.34 

5.80 

5.27 

6.24 

4.87 

3.79 

4.68 

5.00 

4.75 

5.89 

6.50 

5.88 

5.30 

5.37 

4.16 

3.79 

5.27 

5.34 

3.63 

3.55 

4.08 

3.51 

5.64 

5.00 

5.01 

4.79 

4.01 

3.48 

3.18 

3.61 

4.04 

3.56 

3.59 

4.60 

3.87 

3.41 

3.78 

3.71 

3.94 

4.33 

4.13 

4.32 

'4.07 

3.52

4.57

4.19 

4.79

. 4.14

4.10

4.57 

4.53 

3.59 

3.86

Efficiency (per 

cent).

Boiler 

and 

furnace 

(dry fuel 

basis).

61

45.22 

42.19 

45.28 

41.28 

40.39 

43.52 

41.94 

45.99 

38.67 

49.25 

58.64 

50.66 

48.83 

51.88 

41.94 

48.01 

42.25 

43.33 

43.84 

52.79 

60.01 

45.29 

47.74 

56.13 

55.27 

49.29 

58.18 

46.50 

52.34 

52.25 

53.42 

50.67 

58.85 

63.15 

56.51 

52.71 

58.78 

57.23 

45.89 

54.92 

61.94 

55.76 

56.35 

53.81 

50.14 

51.60 

51.99 

54.45 

62.93

52.01

56.48 

. 49.57

52.24

54.72

52.03 

52.85 

65.36 

60.87

Plant 

(fuel as 

fired 

basis).

62

43.14 

40.33 

43.63 

39.80 

38.67 

41.69 

40.22 

44.25 

37.28 

47.61 

57.75 

49.45 

47.93 

50.76 

41.02 

41.45 

41.46 

42.28 

42.74 

50.28 

58.26 

4"5.28 

45.99 

54.69 

54.69 

48.08 

57.15 

44.49 

49.74 

49.83 

51.98 

50.10 

58.28 

62.65 

55.62 

50.90 

57.44 

55.86 

45.50 

53.81 

60.88 

54.88 

55.39 

52.54 

48.50 

50.56 

49.03 

51.58 

59.79

49.44

53.75 

47.07

51.43

52.44

48.64 

49.16 

61.44 

57.13
DATA AND RESULTS. 

TABLE 2. Tests of fuel in house-heating boiler at St. Louis Continued.

23

Test No. A

45 

58 

59 

48 

39 

13 

52 

53 

54 

55 

9 

12 

33 

34 

44 

43 

37 

36 

38 

10 

11 

1 

40 

21 

22 

23 

20 

2 

3 

4 

5 

28 

29 

30 

31 

46 

24 

25 

32 

15 

26 

27 

41 

42 

16 

17 

18 

19 

14 

47

56

57 

35

49 

50

51

7 

8

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 1................ ..........

.....do................................

Illinois No. 7 E. .......................

Illinois No. 9 C. .......................

Illinois No. 12 BW ....................

Illinois No. 19 E. .....................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

Illinois No. 29 AW ....................

Illinois No. 29 B ......................

Illinois No. 31. ........................

.....do................................

.....do................................

Illinois No. 33. ........................

Indian Territory No. 2 B.. ............

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do................................

.....do.................................

.....do................................

Pennsylvania No. 15 (one-half) and

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-fourth) and 

Miscellaneous No. 9 (three-fourths) . . 

.....do................................

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and

Pennsylvania No. 18 (three-fourths) 

and Miscellaneous No. 9 (one-fourth) . 

Pennsylvania No. 18 (one-half) and

.....do...............................:

Virginia No. 5 B ......................

Fuel at $1 per 2,000 

pounds.

33! b o is $% * l w §

O bjQ-^ .

t-SaS1 

1.2 §JS $l*%

S si U<S °5 a^

!$& §

64

0. 2590 

.3420 

.3150 

.3640 

.3200 

.2420 

.3140 

.2840 

.3390 

.2650 

.2150 

. .2490 

..2770 

.2600 

.3170 

.3570 

.3080 

.2750 

.2850 

.2130 

.1940 

.2700 

.2760 

.1890 

.1880 

.2120 

.1780 

.3160 

.2820 

.2830 

.2690 

.2190 

.1880 

.1670 

.1890 

.2070 

.1840 

.1880 

. 2330 

.1970 

.1820 

.2010 

.1880 

.2000 

.2200 

.2130 

.2230 

.2100 

.1790

.2290

.2130 

.2420

.2100 

.2110

.2350 

.2300 

. .1880 

.2040

Mg 

5l

St! as 

ggo«_ °s^ si?,- 

sis 

III

65

8.67 

11.36 

10.50 

12.10 

10.65 

9.71 

10.44 

9.49 

11.25 

8.82 

7.16 

8.31 

9.23 

8.71 

10.55 

11.93 

10.22 

9.19 

9.54 

7.08 

6.42 

9.04 

9.18 

6.24 

6.24 

7.09 

5.94 

10.52 

9.42 

9.40 

9.01 

7.23 

6.21 

5.56 

6.26 

6.94 

6.08 

6.24 

7.78 

6.54 

6.01 

6.67 

6,27 

6.61 

7.34 

7.04 

7.42 

7.05 

5.96

7.64

7.06 

8.06

7.01 

6.98

7.77 

7.68 

6.27 

6.74

Thickness fir(inches). of 

69

'8-16 

'8-14 

8-16

4-12

8rl6

8-16 6-14

8-16 

6-18 

4-16 

4-14 8-14

6-18

4-12

4-16 6-18

4-18

8-18 8-16

4-12

8-16 

10-18

fired Average fuel ateachamount of

firing (pounds). 

70

155 

171 

175 

161 

145 

74 

163 

155 

162 

153 

62 

67 

163 

167 

161 

162 

158 

155 

163 

74 

67 

56 

160 

93 

140 

163 

65 

116 

55 

55 

65 

145 

163 

131 

138 

103 

138 

138 

135 

41 

131 

138 

148 

129 

61 

60 

69 

138 

62

163

161 

163

163 

162

162 

163 

65 

123

Average interval between firings 

(hours).

71

1.66 

1.58 

l.GO 

1.33 

1.36 

.92 

1.56 

1.37 

1.61 

1.56 

.66 

.65 

1.56 

1.61 

1.39 

1.30 

1.19 

1.40 

1.58 

.79 

.71 

.66 

1.65 

1.14 

1.32 

2.00 

 .98 

.77 

.56 

.52 

.51 

2.00 

2.00 

1.92 

2.00 

2.03 

2.00 

2.00 

1.64 

.68 

2.00 

2.00 

1.96 

1.73 

.87 

.89 

,1.00 

2.01 

.95

2.06

2.04 

1.75

1.88 

2.06

1.96 

2.00 

.73 

1.56

Clinkers (pr inrefuse cent).

 15 

38 

38 

19 

28 

0 

0 

20 

21 

0 

0 

26 

13 

24 

46 

14 

48 

34 

47 

0 

0 

44 

33 

0 

0 

0 

0 

29 

38 

29 

30 

0 

0 

0 

0 

20 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0

24

24 

25

0 

16

0 

0 

0 

0

 4-3

So

I 

<o g

X

8

5

77

30.3 

25.7 

41.2 

40.3 

32.6 

24.1 

37.1 

30.3 

32.5 

31.5 

19.2 

34.6 

22.7 

23.7 

29.1 

32.8 

28.5 

32.2 

32.3 

30.4 

25.2 

22.6 

26.4 

14.4

10.7 

1.4 

41.6 

51.4 

30.6 

41.1 

12.7 

14.2 

25.5 

30.8 

26.7 

7.2 

9.2 

45.7 

14.2 

16.6 

17.7 

29.7

25.1 

26.7 

23.3 

22.9 

16.1

29.9

32.2 

31.4

19.3

28.9 

32.6 

16.7 

39.5
24 TESTS OP FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

Analyses of flue gas for C02 , 02 , and CO were made with the following results:

TABLE 3. Average percentage of C02, 0?, and CO from 53 tests made on fuel in househeating boiler at St. Louis.

Test 

. No.

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

CO2.

10.1

10.9

10.22

9.74

7.57

9.26

6.96

7.0

5.8

6.8

6.8

7.2

8.0

7.13

8.6

8.0

7.5

6.8

7.0

7.6

5.8

7.5

7.4

7.4

6.5

7.0

02.

6.35 5.4"

7.56

8.44

10.0

8.30

11.35

10.68

11.30

11.3

10.26

9.85

8.77

9.83

7.25

6.58

7.40

11.84

11.60

10.35

12.81

10.75

10.76

10.63

10.40

10.35

CO.

0.40

1.02

1.7

.34

.68

.44

.20

.52

.18

.56

.43

.65

.84

.53

.51

1.62

l;28

.24

.11

.28

.05

.46

.34

.13

.30

.15

Test 

No.

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

CO2 .

7.2

7.8

7.9

12.1

9.3

8.75

8.2

6.7

7.1

6.8

7.6

13.3

10.3

9.2

8.3

8.1

8.6

9.4

8.75

9.8

9.7

12.5

9.8

9.9

9.3

9.7

02 .

10.9

9.80

8.3

4.3

6.8

5.45

8.86

10.8

9.8

11.4

9.4

4.3

6.75

9.25

9.8

9.80

9.3

9.0

7.65

6.65

6.5

4.0

7.10

7.90

8.1

7.4

CO.

0.1

.10

.96

.75

.55

1.0

.53

.20

.25

.4

.4

.6

.65

.15

..6

.60

.15

.60

1.50

1.0

.6

.75

.40

.25

.45

1.2
DATA AND EESULTS. 25

RESULTS AT URBANA.

The results of tests made atUrbana are given in the following table: 

TAULE 4. Tests of fuel in house-heating boilers at Urbana.

TESTS ON BRIQUETS.

Test No.

136 

137 

152 

153 

154 

155 

142 

143 

144 

145 

158 

159 

140 

141 

146 

147 

148 

149 

138 

139 

156

157' 

150 

151

Boiler.

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A

B 

A 

B

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 7 E

.....do...............

Illinois No. 9 C ......

.....do...............

Illinois No. 30 W..... 

.....do...............

Illinois No. 31........

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do............... 

Illinois No. 33 .......

.....do...............

.....do...............

Indiana No. 6 B......

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do............... 

Missouri No. 10...... 

.....do...............

Pen nsylvania No. 

20 W. 

.....do............... 

Pennsylvania No. 22. 

.....do...............

Shape of 

briquets.

Round.. 

...do.... 

...do....

...do....

...do.... 

...do....

...do....

...do....

Square.. 

...do.... 

Round.. 

...do....

...do....

...do....

...do....

...do....

Square. . 

...do.... 

Round.. 

...do....

...do....

...do.... 

Square.. 

...do....

Date.

June 19.... 

...do...... 

June 28.... 

...do......

June29.... 

...do......

June 22... 

...do......

June 24.... 

...do...... 

July 2.....

June 21 ... 

...do......

...do......

June 26.... 

...do...... 

June 20.... 

...do......

Julyl.....

...do...... 

June 27.... 

...do......

Duration of(hours). test 

1

8. 02 

7.38 

7.78 

8.02 

7.97 

7.50 

7.35 

6.85 

7.93 

7.52 

7.97 

8.15 

7.97 

7.47 

8.05 

8.00 

8.08 

8.25 

7.95 

7.67

9.17

8.02 

8.13 

8.45

Average pressure.

Steam 

(gage).

1 

o

n

10

4.25 

4.98 

6.39 

5.04 

7.04 

3.60 

6.69 

5.22 

5.61 

6.02 

6.78 

5.34 

6.12 

5.30 

6.32 

3.76 

6.59 

5.44 

5.68 

4.44

6.11

5.40 

5.72 

6.09

1

«

11

1.87 

1.58 

2.02 

1.71 

2.06 

1.32 

2.05 

1.67 

1.94 

1.70 

2.05 

1.71 

2.08 

1.68 

1.97 

1.46 

2.07 

1.74 

1.97 

1.86

2.00

1.60 

2.02 

1.86

Draft (inch 

of water).

to

a

ft'

12

0.15 

.16 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.13 

.15 

.15 

.17 

.22 

.15 

.18 

.15 

.18 

.15 

.19 

.17 

.17 

.14 

.20

.14

.14

.18 

.15

1*H 

P

6

18

0.10 

.06 

.12 

.06 

.12 

.03 

.11 

.05 

.10 

.04 

.12 

.05 

.12 

.04 

.11 

.02 

.13 

.05 

.10 

.05

.12

.07 

.14 

.06

Average temperature (°F).

 3M

 a

e s *

w

14

"74" 

74 

82 

82

75

75

78

78 

77 

77

83

83 

74 

74

|

I*

0) 'o

«

15

"79"

79 

83 

83

"si"

81

82 

82 

83 

83

88

88 

79 

79

_g 

Xi* a

£$ 

Ifl ^ M 

'S

1*

0

ft

16

148.9 

158.0 

164.5 

168.3 

159.9 

161.6 

151.3 

153.7 

150.8 

144.5 

165.1 

166.0 

152.3 

157.0 

169.1 

173.4 

155.8 

156.6 

163.1 

162.7 

167.2

169.7 

157.5 

165.4

TESTS ON STANDARD FUELS.

16?,

163

166 

167

170

186 

187

17S

180

185

181 

182

17?

173

174 

175

J76

177

A

B

A 

B

A

A 

B

A

A

B

B 

A

A

B

A 

B

A

B

.....do...............

.....do............... 

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do............... 

.....do...............

Coke.................

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do............... 

.....do...............

Pocahontas..........

.....do...............

.....do............... 

.....do...............

.....do...............

.....do...............

Feb. 24....

...do......

Mar. 2,3.. 

...do......

Mar. 9, 10.

May 4, 5...

Apr. 11....

Apr. 7....

Apr. 7.... 

Apr. 17,18.

Mar. 17....

...do......

Mar. 21, 22 

...do......

Mar. 23, 24

...do......

8.77

8.00

16.55 

17.52

24.05

23.15 

26.00

8.43

15.83

15.55

14.92

9fi 93

10.07

12.65

17.03 

16. 05

OK 10

25.93

6.0

4.5

6.0 

5.5

6.5

7.0 

5.0

7.0

5.5

^ z

5.5

<; z

6.0

5.0

4.5

>; <;

5.5

5.5

2.0

2.0

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0 

2.0

2.0

2.0

9 ft

2.0 .

9 ft

2.0

2.0

1.5 

2.0

9 ft

9 n

0.13

.12

.15 

.08

.14

.21 

.12

.13

.12

.10

.12 

.10

.17

.12

.16

10

1ft

10

0.10

05

.11 

.05

.11

.12 

.07

..08

.10

OR

.07 

no

.12

,09

.12 

.07

is ',08

83

8?

85 

85

79

76 

76

69

80

79

80

7Q

84

83

83

83

fin

80

173

175

174 

174

175

180 

179

168

177

147

174 

177

165

157

172 

172

177

174
26 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILEES.

TABLE 4. Tests of fuel in house-heating boilers at Urbana Continued. 

TESTS ON BRIQUETS.

No. Test 

136 

137 

152 

153 

154 

155 

142 

143 

144 

145 

158 

159 

140 

141 

146 

147 

148 

149 

138 

139 

156 

157 

150 

151

Boiler.

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 7 E. ..'.......

.....do...................

Illinois No. 9 C..........

.....do...................

Illinois No. 30 W ........

.....do...................

Illinois No. 31..:......:.

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

Illinois No. 33...........

.....do...................

.....do.........:.........

Indiana No. 6 B .........

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

Missouri No. 10..........

.....do...................

Pennsylvania No. 20 W. .

Pennsylvania No. 22. .... 

.....do...................

Fuel as fired-(pounds).

-d 

o 

o

£

20

6.0 

6.2 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

6.0 

10.0 

7.5 

7.2 

10.0 

10.5 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

10.0 

6.0 

6.0 

10.0 

11.0 

10.0 

10.0

-J3

v>

& 'G 

ffl

21

372 

335 

275 

375 

255 

300. 

265 

275 

275 

300 

260 

340 

275 

300 

265 

340 

265 

340 

300 

375 

225 

225 

225 

276

 d

|

' 3 

a

42<5

3

 c&

W

21.1

374.4 

337.5 

279.0 

379.0 

259.0 

304.0 

267.4 

279.0 

278.0 

302.9 

'264. 0 

344.2 

279.0 

304.0 

269.0 

344.0 

269.0 

344.0 

302.4 

377.4 

229.0 

229.4 

229.0 

280.0

 o 

1

*!

rd i

QJ rtt

f

3

21.2

340.5 

318.9 

266.2 

363.0 

251.1 

280.5 

253.9 

269.3 

267.8 

288.9 

254.6 

326.8 

268.7 

291.8 

261.4 

318.6 

253.2 

326.3 

282.5 

360.2 

214.6 

.217.4 

209.2 

252.5

Dry fuel (pounds).

13

CD 

£

 a

-J-9

.£

23

347.9 

313.6 

259.8 

352.9 

242.6 

284.7 

241.9 

252.4 

254.5 

277.3 

247.5 

322.7 

260.0 

283.3 

255.3 

326.5 

255.8 

327.1 

282.6 

352.6 

221.8 

225.2 

220.7 

269.9

2 

£1

 O.-J

|SI

8

23.1

316.4 

296.3 

247.8 

338.0 

235.2 

262.7 

229.7 

243.6 

245.2 

264.4 

238.6 

306.3 

250.4 

271.9 

248.1 

302.4 

240.8 

310.3 

264.0 

336.5 

207.8 

210.6 

201.6 

243.4

T3 A

* 5 S *>

gs .

so

O-rjfl 

0 S g

.blfl

 Sfcq ill <

23.2

307.4 

 272. 8 

245.2 

325.8 

233.9 

256.9 

224.0 

232.6 

236.1 

249.7 

235.8 

301.4 

240.6 

261.4 

244.2 

297.2 

238.8 

303.5 

247. 5 

322.7 

202.7 

201.9 

196.7 

236.0

from and Totalash refuse 

(pounds). ashpit 

24

34.0 

76.0 

26.0 

51.0 

13.0 

23.0 

27.0 

45.0 

35.5 

42.5 

24.0 

34.5 

32.5 

43.0 

23.0 

33.5 

21. "0 

38.5 

57.0 

62.5 

17.2 

22.0 

20.0 

25.0

removed Residual fuel

(pounds).

25

82.5 

34.0 

27.0 

23.5 

14.2 

27.7 

24.0 

14.0 

16.0 

20.5 

19.0 

26.5 

16.0 

15.5 

17.5 

. 33.0 

31.5 

26.5 

27.0 

32.0 

16.0 

14.7 

24.0 

38.0

TESTS ON STANDARD FUELS.

162

163

166

167

170

186

187

178

ISO

185

181

18fl

172

173

174

175

176

177

A

B

A

B

A

A

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

A

B

A

B

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

Coke....................

.....do.... ...............

.....do...................

.....do...................

..../do...... .............

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

25

30

25

30

25

ft)

30

20

20

25

?5

20

15

?0

15

20

15

20

275

315

450

525

600

fiflO

735

225

375

420

420

600

225

315

375

420

600

630

285

327

460

537

610

610

747

233

383

430

430

608

231

323

381

428

606

638

221

226

390

452

543

*>w

'MR

217

366

401

396

580

217

303

369

406

595

621

274

314

443

517

584

coc

716

219

36S

414

410

567

226

317

373

419

594

625

212

217

376

435

520

511

610

204

348

386

378

540

213

297

361

398

584

608

206

207

365

414

506

4QK

587

201

346

382

373

537

204

278

352

377

564

581

11

15

25

39

38

4ft

47

7

10

10

16

27

14

 28

18

32

36

45

' 79

115

91

106

01

103

147

28

38

53

52

43

21

32

24

33

29

27
DATA AND RESULTS. 27

TABLE 4. Tests of fuel in house-heating boilers at Urbana Continued.

TESTS ON BRIQUETS.

d

fc

4J>

3

f

136 

137 152' 

153 

154 

155 

142 

143 

144 

145 

158 

159 

140 

141 

146 

147 

148 

149 

138 

139 

156 

157 

150 

151

Boiler.

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No.7E.. .................

.....dO...................;........

Illinois No. 90. ..................

.....do............................

Illinois No. 30 W .................

.....do............................

Illinois No. 31 ....................

.....do..................... ......

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Indiana No. IB..................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Proximate analysis of fuel as 

fired (per cent)."

Fixed carbon. '

26

Volatile matter.

27

Moisture..

28

7.07

7.07

6.89

6.89

6.34

6.34

9.53

9.53

8.40

8.40

0.26

6.26

6.80

6.80

5.08

5.08

4.91

4.91

6.50

6.56

3.10

3.10

3.01

3.01

f\ 

%

29

Ash inultimate analysis 

of dry fuel (per cent).

35

27.43 

27.43 

14.09 

14.69 

8.35 

8.35 

16.81 

16.81 

16.76 

10.70 

13.67 

13.67 

14.11 

14.11 

12.27 

12.27 

13.51 

13.51 

21.57 

21.57 

7.98 

7.98 

9.08 

9.68

Analysis of 

residual fuel 

(per cent).

d

1o

37

20.50 

35.34 

35. 87. 

51.44 

40.47 

71.34 

40.71 

50.39 

40.16 

49.72 

40.06 

53.09 

50.81 

62.24 

35.80 

63.04 

40.29 

53.58 

51.85 

37.98 

85.21 

76.78 

74.34 

65.23

>> 

W

38

73:50 

64.66 

64.13 

48.56 

53.53 

28.66 

59.29 

49.61 

53.84 

50.28 

59.94 

46.91 

49.19 

37.70 

04.20 

30.90 

59.71 

40.42 

48.15 

02.02 

14.79 

23. 22 

25.66 

34.77

TESTS ON STANDARD FUELS.

16?,

163

166

167

170

186

187

178

180

185

181

18?

17?

173

174

175

176

177

A

B

A

B

A

A

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

A

B

A

B

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Coke.............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do.............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do.......................... .

.....do.......................... .

.....do............................

77.30

77.30

77.54

77.54

76.99

79.85

79.85

81.35

82.61

85.20

82.61

80.79

73.36

73.36

73.32

73.32

73.32

73.32

7.04

7.04

7.06

7.06

7.00

4.27

4.27

2.78

2.82

1.73

2.82

2.76

19.50

19.50

19.49

19.49

19.49

19.49

3.94

3.94

.3.64

3.64

4.33

4.-13

4.13

6.12

4.67

3.71

4.67

6.76

1.97

1.97

2.02

2.02

2.02

2.02

11.72

11.72

11.76

11.76

11.68

11.75

11.75

9.75

9.90

9.36

; 9.90

9.69

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.17

5.17

70.50

76.65

66.82

70.18

64. 11

65.01

65.13

46.71

38.11

47.17

54.55

54.06

65.71

63.06

50.36

66.18

07 i c

63.69

29.50

23.35

33. 18

29.82

35. 89

34.99

34.87

53.29

61.89

52.83

45.45

45.94

34.29

36.94

49.64

33.82

R9 S<;

36.31

Moisture only determined except in standard tests.
28 TESTS OP FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILEBS.

TABLE 4. Tests of fuel in house-heating boilers at Urbana Continued. 

TESTS ON BRIQUETS.

Test No.

136 

137 

152 

153 

154 

155 

142 

143 

144 

145 

158 

159 

140 

141 

146 

147 

148 

149 

138 

139 

156 

157 

150 

151

Boiler.

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 7 E................... .

.....do..............................

Illinois No. 9 C. ....................

.....do..............................

Illinois No. 30 W. ..................

.....do..............................

Illinois No. 31 ......................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do.........:....................

Illinois No. 33. .....................

.....do..............................

.....do........................'......

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.'....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Ash (per cent).

a

!o

40

18.30 

21.47 

8.23 

19.44 

9.32 

22.77 

17.01 

19.50 

20.30 

27.41 

10.26 

12.38 

25.57 

20.85 

14.58 

13.47 

7.87 

14.94 

21.87 

16.64 

28.87 

38,61 

23.17 

27.70

1 ' 

a

6 

>> a4^

tH

03 W

41

81.70 

78.53 

91.77 

80.56 

90. 68 

77.23 

82.99 

80.50 

79.70 

72.59 

89.74 

87. 62 

74.43 

79.15 

85.42 

86. 53 

12.13 

85.06 

78.13 

83.36 

71. 13 

61.39 

76.83 

72.30

Dry fuel per 

hour (pounds).

 a 

1

43

36.72 

40. 13 

31.84 

42.16 

29.52 

35.03 

31.25 

35.56 

30.90 

35. 17. 

29.95 

37.58 

31.43 

36.42 

30. 82 

37. 81 

29.78 

37.61 

33.21 

43.89 

22.67 

26.26 

24.79 

28.80

II 

§1D a » & g

goS

PM

44

8.58 

6.69 

7.43 

7.03 

6.90 

5.84 

7.30 

5.93 

7.22 

5.86 

7.00 

6.26 

7.34 

6.07 

7.20 

6.30 

6.96 

6.27 

7.76 

7.32 

5.30 

4.38 

5.79 

4.80

British thermal 

units, per 

pound of fuel.

tA

Q

45

10, 142 

10, 142 

11,845 

11,845 

13, 134 

13, 134 

11, 685 

11,685 

11,574 

11,574 

12,573 

12, 573 

12, 379 

12, 379 

12, 617 

12, 617 

12, 319 

12,319 

11, 012 

11,012 

14, 262 

14,262 

13,646 

13, 646

 d 

2<B

<

46

9,425 

9,425 

11,029 

11, 029 

12, 301 

12,301 

10,571 

10, 571 

10, 595 

10, 595 

11,786 

11, 786 

11,537 

11,537 

11,976 

11,976 

11, 714 

11,714 

10, 290 

10, 290 

13,811 

13,811. 

13, 153 

13, 153

I

1

^

.9§. 

£

3

'o

X

47

1.02 

.61 

.99 

.90 

 .82 

1.11 

.83 

.66 

1.09 .72' 

.95 

.89 

.85 

.69 

.90 

.93 

.76- 

.81 .9a

.65 

.98 

.78 

1.08 

.80

TESTS ON STANDARD FUELS.

1f\9

163

166

167

170

186

187

17ft

185

181

182

172

173

174

175

176

177

A

B

A

B

A

A

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

A

B

A

B

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do................ .

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do...................:..........

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do.............................

.....do..............................

46.07

62.98

38.45

49.26

34.52

36.76

44.78

34.66

18.89

38.66

29.45

9.61

67.91

70.31

50.10

66.53

57.11

62.78

53.93

37.02

61.55

50.74

65.48

63 24

55.22

65.34

81.11

A1 34

70.55

90.39

32.09

29.69

49.90

33.47

42.89

37.22

24.2

27.1

22.7

24.8

21.6

99 1

23.5

24.0

22.0

24.8

25.0

21.0

21.1

23.5

21.2

24.8

23.2

23.4

5.65

4.52

5.31

4.14

r. OK

5.16

3.92

5.60

5.10

d 13

4.20

4.90

4 Q3

3.91

4.96

4.13

5.42

3.90

13,216

13, 218

13, 218

13,218

I 1? 917

13 179

13) 179

12,805

12,804

13,028

12,804

12,805 i <; r\r>x.

15, 055

15,055

15,055

15,055

15,055

12,698

12, 698

12, 737

19 737

19 fi4<i

12,635

12, 635

12, 021

12,206

12, 545

12, 206

11,939

14, 758

14, 758

14, 751

14,751

14,751

14, 751

0.9&

.68

.93-

.61

1.10

.88

1.05

1.04

.82

.78

1.08

1 00

.69

1.07

.95

1.03

.77
DATA AND BESULTS.

TABLE 4. Tests of fuel in house-heating boilers at Urbana Continued. 

TESTS ON BRIQUETS.

29

0

fc

1EH

136 

137 

152 

153 

154 

155 

142 

143 

144 

145 

158 

159 

140 

141 

146 

147 

148 

149 

138 

139 

156 

157 

150 

151

Boiler.

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B

Designation of fuel .

Illinois No. 7 E... ............

.....do........................

Illinois No.9C...... ..........

.....do........................

Illinois No. 30 W... ...........

.....do........................

Illinois No. 31.................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

Illinois No. 33.................

.....do........................

.....do .......................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

Pennsylvania No. 20 W .......

.....do........................

.....do........................

Factor forcorrection, quality 

of steam.

48

0.9905 

.9943 

.9907 

.9914 

.9923 

.9895 

.9923 

.9938 

.9900 

.9933 

.9910 

.9916 

.9920 

.9935 

.9914 

.9911 

.9929 

.9923 

.9912 

.9939 

.9907 

.9926 

.9899 

.9924

Water (pounds).

Fed toboiler.

49

1,292 

1,386 

1,215 

1,589 

1,302 

1,234 

1,147 

1,346 

1,228 

1,457 

1,270 

1,515 

1,216 

1,281 

1,270 

1,420 

1,299 

1,669 

1,243 

1,557 

1,377 

1,555 

1,264 

1,689

Corrected forquality 

of steam.

50

1,280 

1,377 

1,204 

1,575 

1,292 1,221' 

1,138 

1,337 

1,216 

1,447 

1,259 

.1,502 

1,206 

1,273 

1,259 

1,407 

1,289 

1,655 

1,232 

1,546 

1,364 

1,543 

1,251 

1,676

Evaporated dryinto from steam andt

212° F.

52

1,366 

1,457 

1,206 

1,650 

1,365 

1,287 

1,212 

1,421 

1,296 

1,552 

1,323 

1,577 

1,285 

1.350 

l',320 

1,466 

1,368 

1,754 

1,297 

1,630 

1,431 

1,614 

1,325 

1,761

Factor ofevaporation.

51

1. 0677 

1. 0580 

1.0517 

1.0477 

1. 0566 

1.0542 

1. 0655 

1. OG26 

1.0660 

1.0722 

1. 0512 

1. 0497 

1. 0650 

1. 0592 

1. 0469 

1. 0420 

1. 0609 

1. 0598 

1.0532 

1.0534 

1. 0489 

1.0460 

1. 0590 

1.0506

Water per'hour 

(pounds).

Equivalent evapora- from tinandt 

212° F.

53

158.5 

 197. 3 

162.7 

205.8 

171.3 

171.6 

165.0 

207.5 

163.5 

206. 7 

166. 0 

' 193. 5 

161.3 

180.7 

164.0 

183.3 

169.2 

212.5 

163.2 

212.5 

150.1 

201.3 

163.0 

208.4

Equivalent evapora- tion frmand212° atF. footofsquare pe water-heatingsurface.

54

3.63 

2.69 

3.72 

2.80 

3.92 

2.34 

3.78 

2.83 

3.74 

2.82 

3.80 

2.64 

3.09 

2.47 

3.75 

2.50 

3.87 

2.90 

3.74 

2.90 

3.57 

2.74 

3.73 

2.84

Horsepower developed.

4.59 

5.72 

4.72 

5.97 

4.97 

4.97 

4.78 

6.01 

4.74 

5.99 

4.81 

5.61 

4.68 

5.24 

4.76' 

5.31 

4.91 

6.16 

4.73 

6.16 

4.53 

5.84 

4.73 

6.04

TESTS ON STANDARD FUELS.

16?,

163

1fi6

167

170

186

1S7

178

180

185

181

18?

17?,

173

174

175

176

177

A

B

A

B

A

A

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

A

B

A

B

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do...................;....

.....do........................

.....do........................

.....do.....................:..

.....do........................

0. 9911

.9937

.9914

.9944

.9913

.9898

.9918

.9904

.9904

. 9926

.9928

9900

.9908

.9937

.9901

.9912

.9905

.9929

1,348

1,577

2,518

3,432

3,700

3,568

4,960

1,387

2,393

3,012

2,954

4,047

1,423

2,372

2,460

3,286

3,963

5,261

1,336

1,567

2,496

3,413

3,668

3,532

4,919

1,374

2,370

2,990

2,934

d f¥>7

1,410

2,357

2,436

3,257

3,925

5,224

1,393

1,631

2,601

3,556

3,817

3,6.58

5,099

1,440

2,462

3,199

3,057

4,162

1,481

2,497

2,542

3,400

4,077

5,442

1. 0428

1. 0407

1. 0419

1. 0418

1. 0407

1. 0356

1. 0366

1. 0481

1.0387

1. 0700

1. 0418

1. 0387

1.0501

1. 0595

1. 0435

1. 0439

1. 0387

1.0418

159

204

157

9ft3

159

T58

196

171

1 ^fi

205

1 Vt

147

197

149

212

1fi9

91ft

3. 64

2.69

3.59

2.67

9 fid

3.62

2.58

3 91

3

C7

2.72

2.70

3.63

3.36

9 fin

3.41

2.79

3 71

2.77
30 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

TABLE 4. Tests of fuel in house-heating boilers at Urbana Continued. 

TESTS ON BRIQUETS.

6

fc

4-3

8

EH

136 

137 

152 

153 

154 

155 

142 

143 

144 

145 

158 

159 

140 

141 

146 

147 

148 

149 

138 

139 

156 

157 

150 

151

Boiler.

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 7 E.. ................

.....do............................

Illinois No.9C.. ............I....

.....do............................

Illinois No. SOW. ................

.....do............................

Illinois No. 31 ...................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Illinois No. 33....................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Pennsylvania No. 20 W . .........

Mean load 

carried.

*Vo

to 

a

1

!«r. o o.2

43

a> 

 S 

«

S 

p 0< 

W

55

528 

658 

542 

686 

571 

572 

550 

692 

. 545 

689 

553 

645 

538 

602 

547 

611 

564 

708 

544 

708 

520 

671 

543 

695

1| 9 w

tf W> .2 a o'-S

*'3 c3 03

°2

sis

g*3

c3g-° 

g^o 

w

55.1

566 

761 

580 

789 

609 

675 

588 

795 

583 

792 

591 

748 

576 

706 

585 

714 

602 

812 

582 

812 

558 

774 

581 

798

builder's ratedcpacity of Percentage 

(per cent). developed 

56

66.0 

61.2 

67.8 

63.8 

71.4 

53.2 

68.8 

64.3 

> 68.2 

64.1 

69.2 

60.0 

67.2 

56.0 

68.3 

56.8 

70.5 

65.8 

68.0 

65.9 

65.0 

62.4 

67.9 

64.6

Economic results (pounds).

Equivalent 

evaporation 

from and at 

212° F. per 

pound of fuel.

w 

CB . 

T5

1*

PH

57

4.01 

4.57 

4.76 

4.55 

5.44 

4.59 

4.77 

5.28 

4.84 

5.37 

. 5.20 

4.83 

4.78 

4.63 

5.05 

4.60 

5.40 

5.38 

4.59 

4.53 

6.67 

7.42 

6.33 

6.97

"013 3 0) *" S

fr§ «8

58

4.44 

5.34 

5.16 

5.06 

5.84 

5.01 

5.41 

6.11 

5.49 

6.22 

5.61 

5.23 

5.34 

5.16 

5.41 

4.93 

5.73 

5.78 

5.24 

5.05 

7.06 

7.99 

6.74 

7.46

Fuel per hour 

per 100 square 

feet of radiating surface 

(mean load 

carried during test).

 o 

£ <a

CO <

59

7.48 

6.57 

6.31 

6.60 

5.52 

6.54 

6.28 

5.68 

6.19 

.5.58 

5.77 

6.22 

6.27 

6.49 

5.94 

6.52 

5.55 

5.58 

6.53 

6.63 

4.50 

4.04 

4.73 

4.30

fr

ft

60

6.95 

6.10 

5.87 

6.15 

5.17 

6.12 

5.68 

5.14 

5.67 

5.10 

5.41 

5.83 

5.85 

6.05 

5.64 

6.19 

' 5.28 

5.31 

6.10 

6.20 

4.36 

3.91 

4.56 

4.15

TESTS ON STANDARD FUELS.

16?!

163

Ififi

167

170

186

187

178

180

185

181

18?

17?

173

174

175

176

177

A

B

A

B

A

A

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

A

B

A

B

Anthracite .......................

.....do.................. .

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

Coke.............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

.....do............................

530

680

523

677

530

527

653

570

520

687

683

530

490

657

497

707

540

700

66.3

fiq o

65.4

63.0

66.3

65.9

60.7

. 71.3

65.0

63.9

63.5

66.3

61.3

61.1

62.1

65.8

67.5

65.1

6

QA

7 22

6.67

7.86

7.03

6.86.

8.02

6.64

6.73

7.98

7.72

7.18

6.82

8.24

6.89

8.37

6.85

8.76

6

H/J

7 ftft

7.13

8.59

7.54

7.39

8.69

7.16

7.12

8.37

8.19

7.75

7.26

8.98

7.22

9.02

7.23

9.37

4 1 ^

4.51

3.81

4.26

4.37

3.75

4.52

4.45

3.75

3.89

4.17

4.40

3.65

4.36

3.58

4.38

3.42

3 QQ

4.34

 3.66

4.08

4.19

3.60

4.21

4.23

3.61

3.66

3.96

4.31

3.58

4.27

3.51

4.30

3.34
DATA AND KESULTS. 31

TABLE 4. Tests of fuel in house-heating boilers at Urbana Continued.

TESTS ON BRIQUETS.

140

I

136 

137 

152 

153 

154 

155 

142 

143 

144 

145 

158 

159 

140 

141 

146 

147 

148 

149 

138 

139 

156 

157 

150 

151

Boiler.

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 7 E.. ........

.....do...................

.....do...................

Illinois No. 30 W........

.....do...................

Illinois No. 31............

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

Illinois No. 33............

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

Pennsylvania No. 20 W. . 

....Ao.... ...............

Pennsylvania No. 22. .... 

.....do...................

Efficiency, 

(percent).

§^ %3

ll

11 ** . O) >> 7S *- o'a W~

61

42.28 

50. 85 

42.07 

' 41.26 

42. 94 

36.84 

44.72

50.50 

45.81 

51.90 

43.09 

40.17 

41.66 

40.26 

41.41 

37.74 

44.92 

- 45. 31 

45.90 

44.29 

47.81 

54. 11 

47.70 

52.80

73

2<aa^ 3 a

^-^t 38ft

1 

(^

62

41.09 

46.83 

41.69 

39.84 

42.71 

36.04 

43.58

48.24 

44.12 

48.95 

42.01 

39.58 

40.02 

38.76 

40.73 

37.10 

44.52 

44.36 

43.08 

42.52 

46.64 

51.89 

46. 48 

51.18

Cost, in cents, 100 per square of radiating feet surface per 

hour (mean load carried 

during test).a

64

0.374 

.328 

.316 

.330 

.276 

.327 

.314 

.284 

.310 

.279 

.289 

.311 

.314 

.325 

.297 

.326 

.278 

.279 

.327 

.332 

.225 

.202 

.237 

.215

Cost, in cents, of evaporating 1,000 po.unds of water from

and 212°atF.o

65

12.47 

10.94 

10.50 

10.99 

9.19 

10.89 

10.48 

9.47 

10.33 

9.31 

9.62 

10.35 

10.46 

10.80 

9.90 

10.87 

9.26 

9.29 

10.89 

11.04 

7.50 

6.74 

7.90 

7.17

Average fired amount offuel

each firing at (pounds).

70

75 

45 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75 

75

Average 

interval 

(hours) 

S,

.9

k4 <B

a

 8 

w

71

1.53 

1.04 

2.13 

1.76 

2.40 

1.74 

2.31 

2.13 

2.52 

2.01 

2.61 

1.91 

2.21 

1.94 

2.54 

1.89 

2.73 

2.14 

1.91 

1.42 

3.25 

3.12 

3.44 

2.51

 STS 

Srt

B 00 ' 3 d

o'C w> oj-^ a

fsl

0; W M

«

72

1.02 

.76 

2.13 

1.77 

2.40 

1.74 

2.31 

2.13 

2.52 

2.01 

2.61 

1.91 

2.21 

1.94 

2.54 

1.89 

2.81 

2.14 

1.91 

1.46 

3.25 

3.13 

3.44 

2.52

Maximum interval ofmain- taining 2 poundsr more without steam at-pressure 

tention (hours).

73

2.00 

1.77 

2.22 

2.22 

2.55 

2.37 

2.38 

2.73 

2.60 

2.25 

2.83 

2.62 

2.22 

2.05 

3.03 

2.48 

3.62 

1.83 

2.00 

1.67 

3.60 

3.35 

3.68 

2.17

TESTS ON STANDARD FUELS.

16?

163

166

167

170

186

187

178

180

185

181

182

172

174

175

176

177

A

B

A

B

A

A

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

A

B

A

B

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

.....do...................

49.40

57. 58

52.10

62.76

55.09

54.16

63.68

54.00

53.71

62.50

61.77

58.45

46.57

57.60

46.31

57.86

46.38

60.11

47.91

54.91

50.58

59.60

53.69

52.43

61.30

53.34

53.25

61.44

61.08

58.08

44.63

53.92

45.11

54.80

44.84

57.35

0.238

.208

.226

.191

.213

.219

.188

.226

.223

.188

.195

.209

.220

.183

.218

.179

.219

.171

7.94

6.92

7.50

6.36

7.11

7.29

6.23

7.53

7.43

6.27

6.48

6.96

7.33

6.07

7.26

5.97

7.30

5.71

75

105

75

105

75

75

105

75

75

105

105

75

75

105

75

105

75

305

2.24

1 73

9, 62

3.27

2,98

2.82

3.55

2, 53

3.12

3.81

3,71

3.26

2.95

3.53

3.08

3.83

3.12

4.24

4.39

4.00

5.52

4.38

3.00

11.6

8.67

0

0

3.11

3.73

0

1.26

1.05

.85

1.23

.74

1.13

3.17

4.55

3.43

3.67

3.45

3.00

4.67

1.70

3.00

3.33

3.33

3.00

1.87

2.63

2.00

3.60

1.20

2.82

a Based on fuel at $1 per 2,000 pounds.
32 TESTS OP FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILEKS.

Table 5 shows the amount and character of soot formed on flues 

of boilers A and B as determined and recorded at end of test.

TABLE 5. Amount and character of soot formed on flues of boilers A and B in briquet

tests at Urbana.

Tost No.

136

137

152

153

154

155 

142

143

144

145

158

159

Boiler.

A

B

A

 B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Soot measurements.

Heavy; ^ to & inch thick.

Do.

Light and fluffy; $ inch thick.

Light and fluffy; J inch thick; 

choked draft entirely off. 

Heavy.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Very little.

Flaky; i inch thick.

Test 

No.

140

141

146

147

148 

149 

138

139

156

157

150

151

Boiler.

A

B

A

B

A 

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Soot measurements.

 Heavy; J inch thick.

Heavy; J to i inch thick.

Heavy; large amount.

Large amount; choked draft entirely off.

 i^ to J inch thick. 

Heavv; large amount. 

Very little.

Do.

Fine and heavy; small amount.

Very little.

^ inch thick or less.

Do.

Owing to the fact that the character of the soot was so variable, 

it is difficult to draw any conclusion on comparative thickness 

deposited. Table 5 shows that there was a great variation in the 

amount formed. It is noticeable that in several of the tests a great 

deal of soot lodged in the flues, and that in two the flues were filled, 

choking the draft entirely. More difficulty was experienced with 

soot on boiler B than on boiler A.

The smoke observations for the tests made at Urbana are not 

reported in this table owing to the uncertainty as to their comparative accuracy. The readings were extremely difficult to make, 

owing largely to the peculiar color of the smoke. Smoke of about a 

shade between Ringelmann Nos. 1 and 2 (20 to 40 per cent black) 

from briquets made with pitch binder is of a dirty yellowish color, 

and though it is far more offensive than No. 4 smoke (80 per cent 

black) from raw or washed coal, it would probably be of about the 

same gravimetric density. In all the briquet tests the stack smoked 

badly for three-quarters of an hour after firing. About one hour after 

firing the stack became almost clean, remaining so until another 

charge was fired.

DEDUCTIONS FROM TEST DATA.

Table 6 is a compilation of nine different items from the St. Louis 

tests (exclusive of tests on mixed coals and one on Arkansas No. 13) 

averaged on the percentage of volatile matter in the combustible as a 

base. These results emphasize the difficulty of burning high-volatile 

coal in the fire pot of the average house-heating boiler, which has 

either inefficient or insufficient combustion space. The volatile matter varied over a wide range. The proximate analyses of fuel as 

fired showed that the lowest percentage of volatile matter was 14, in 

a Virginia <joal, and the highest 38, in an Indiana coal. The efficiency
DEDUCTIONS tfROM TEST DATA. 33

decreased regularly and decidedly as the volatile matter increased. 

The drop in efficiency was undoubtedly hastened by clinker formation, 

the percentage of clinker increasing with increase in sulphur values. 

Both the color and the analyses of the gases of combustion indicated 

lessening completeness of combustion as the percentage of volatile 

matter increased. The table shows that the volatile matter was 

neither an index of the C02 in the flue gas nor of the rated capacity 

developed, but this was to be expected, for each coal was made to 

carry the load required by weather conditions and was not burned at 

its highest possible rate of combustion.

TABLE 6. Average of results from 50 tests, based on percentage of volatile matter in the

combustible.

Number 

of tests 

averaged.

4

12

7

1-1

16

Volatile 

matter 

in the combustible.

Per cent.

18.30

22.71

34. 70

38.79

44.46

Sulphur in " 

dry coal.

Per cent.

1.33

1.74

1.23

2.64

4.35

Ash in 

dry coal.

Per cent.

8.00

8.94

11.27

15.02

14.57

EfficiencyPer cent.

60.56

56.33

54.11

47.19

47.19

Clinker.

Per cent.

0

0

2.9

12.0

30.4

Black 

smoke.

Perct.

18.2

18.0

22.1

30.8

32.9

Percentage of 

rated 

capacity developed.

63.7

61.1

52.8

57.1

61.3

COjin 

dry flue 

gases.

Per cent.

8.7

7.3

7.4

8.7

9.1

COin 

dry flue 

gases.

Per cent.

0.44

.50

.55

.62

.74

Table 7 was derived by averaging the efficiency obtained in 52 of 

the St. Louis tests on the percentage of rated capacity developed as 

a base, the manner in which coals were grouped in getting the average points being shown in Table 8. A study of Table 7 shows that 

as the capacity increased the percentage of efficiency increased. 

The high capacities were not obtained with the. good coals nor were 

the low capacities a result of burning poor coal. This relation of 

efficiency and capacity might be expected when it is remembered 

that to burn sufficient coal to develop high capacity the available 

draft must be used, giving more air for the combustion of the coal.

TABLE 7. Relation between percentage of rated capacity developed and efficiency.

Group VI. ...................................."......................

Group VII. .........................................................

Number 

of tests 

averaged 

for each 

point.

1

3

12

20

9

5

2

Percentage 

of rated 

capacity 

developed.

44

48

53

CO

64

69

76

Efficiency.

Per cent. 

43.5

48.5

47.8

CO C

53.3

53.7

62.7
34 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILEES. 

TABLE 8. Grouping of coals in forming Table!.

Group III......

GROUP IV.....

Test 

No.

13

54 

15

18 

58 

59 

48 

39 

52 

43 

28

2V 

16 

50

19

47

45 

55 

24 

25 

44 

38

40 

23 

20 

31 

46

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 12 BW.

Illinois No. 19 E.

Pennsylvania No. 22. 

Illinois No. 1. 

Do. 

Illinois No. 7 E. 

Illinois No. 9 C. 

Illinois No. 19 E. 

Illinois No. 33. 

Pennsylvania No. 18.

Pennsylvania No. 20. 

Pennsylvania No. 22. 

Pennsylvania No. 19 and 

Miscellaneous No. 9. 

Pennsylvania No. 22. 

Pennsylvania No. 15 and

Arkansas No. 13. 

Illinois No. 19 E. 

Pennsylvania No. 18. 

Do. 

Illinois No. 31'. 

Indiana No. 6 B.

Maryland No. 2. 

Do. 

Pennsylvania No. 18. 

Do.

Group IV Con.

Group VII.....

Test 

No.

v>

26 

42

49

14 

56

57 

17 

5.1

53 

12 

34 

36 

22

30 

41 

35

8 

9 

10

21

29 

37

n

Designation of fuel.

Pennsylvania No. 20.

Pennsylvania No. 18 and 

Miscellaneous No. 9. 

Pennsylvania No. 22. 

Pennsylvania No. 18 and 

Miscellaneous No. 9. 

Do. 

Pennsylvania No. 22. 

Pennsylvania No. 19 and

Miscellaneous No. 9. * 

Illinois No. 19 E. ' 

Illinois No. 29 B. 

Illinois No. 31. 

Indiana No. 5 B. 

Maryland No. 2.

Pennsylvania No. 20 W. 

Pennsylvania No. 18 and 

Rhode Island No. 1. 

Virginia No. 5 B. 

Illinois No. 29 AW. 

Indian Territory No. 2 B.

Maryland No. 2. 

Pennsylvania No. 18. 

Indiana No. 1 B. 

Indian Territory No. 2 BW. 

Virginia No. 5 B. 

i . . When the boiler is run at low capacities the lower check draft is 

closed a large part of the time and, although this is effective in 

reducing the rate of combustion, the coal that burns is consumed 

with a very small air supply, resulting in a loss of combustible gases 

and making both the boiler and the furnace inefficient. Table 9, 

based on 52 of the St. Louis tests, shows the loss in efficiency when 

running with a diminished air supply. This table was obtained by 

averaging the percentage of CO in the flue gas and the efficiencies 

on the percentage of C02 in the flue gas as a base, the manner in 

which the coals were grouped to determine the average points being 

shown in Table 10. Table 9 shows that as the C02 increased the CO 

values became higher, but not with regularity, probably owing to 

differences in the character of the fuels. However, the low CO 

averages appear with the low C02 averages, and vice versa. This 

is sufficient proof that the combustion becomes less complete with 

a reduction of the air supply, resulting in higher values of CO2 . It 

is noticeable that at all times there was a harmful amount of CO 

present. The table demonstrates that with only one exception the 

boiler efficiency decreased with increase of C02; so that when the 

value of. 13.3 per cent C02 had been reached the efficiency had dropped 

to 45.0, its lowest point. That high C02 in the flue gas is not necessarily an indication of high economy was pointed out in Bulletin 

325.°

A study of four hundred steaming tests: Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Survey No. 325,1907, p. 27.
DEDUCTIONS FROM TEST DATA. 35

It is important to note that in the tests showing the lowest C03 

the most air entered the furnace, the coal was more nearly burned, 

and the highest boiler efficiency was obtained. The table shows 

that the efficiency was higher with low CO valw. s and accompanying 

excess of air than with reverse conditions. In a J the tests there was 

not sufficient air used.

TABLE 9. Relation between C02 and CO in,flue gas and efficiency.

Group VI. .............................................

Group VII .............................................

Group VIII. . ...........................................

Number of 

tests averaged.

2

6

17

9

11

4

2

1

C02in flue 

gas.

Per cent. 

5.8

6.7

7.4

&4

9.6

10.4

12.3

13.3

CO in flue 

gas.

Per cent. 

0.12

.36

.42

.82

.54

.94

.75

.60

Boiler efficiency.

Per cent. 

55.3

53.6

53.4

49.3

48.2

59.4

45.8

45.2

TABLE 10. Grouping of coals in forming Table 9.

Group I........

Group II.......

Group III......

Test 

No.

f .15 

\ 27

. 41

16

17

43

31

24

( 42

18

14

35

13

34

44

36 

11

23

20

28

29

30

25

32 

I, 26

Designation of fuel.

Pennsylvania No. 19. 

Pennsylvania No. 20.

Pennsylvania No. 20 W.

Pennsylvania No. 22.

Do.

Illinois No. 33.

Pennsylvania No. 18.

Do.

Pennsylvania No. 20 W.

Pennsylvania No. 22.

Do.

Pennsylvania No. 18 and

Rhode Island No. 1.

Illinois No. 12 BW.

Illinois No. 31.

Do.

Indiana No. 5 B. 

Indian Territory No. 2 BW.

Maryland No. 2.

Do.

Pennsylvania No. 18.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Pennsylvania No. 19. 

Pennsylvania No. 20.

Group IV......

Group V.......

Group VI......

Group VII.....

Group VIII....

Test 

No.

19 

49

50

48

39

52

40

21

22

47

56

57

51

58

59

53

54

12

38

10

7

8 

9

46

/ 55 

i 37

45

Designation of fuel.

Pennsylvania No. 22. 

Pennsylvania No. 18 and

Miscellaneous No. 9.

Pennsylvania No. 19 and

Miscellaneous No. 9.

Illinois No. 7 E.

Illinois No. 9 C.

Illinois No. 19 E.

Kansas No. 2 B.

Maryland No. 2.

Do.

Pennsylvania No. 15 and

Rhode Island No. 1.

Pennsylvania No. 18 and

Miscellaneous No. 9.

Do.

Pennsylvania No. 19 and 

Miscellaneous No. 9.

Illinois No. 1.

Do.

Illinois No. 19 E.

Do.

Illinois No. 29 B.

Indiana No. 6 B.

Indian Territory No. 2 B. 

Virginia No. 5 B.

Do. 

Illinois No. 29 AW.

Pennsylvania No. 18.

Illinois No. 19 E. 

Indiana No. 1 B.

Arkansas No. 13.

Table 11 gives the average results of the tests at Urbana on three 

different kinds of standard fuel. Boiler B, a sectional boiler, shows a 

decided gain in efficiency when burning the same fuel over boiler A, 

a vertical boiler of the usual type. As the percentage of volatile 

matter in the combustible increases from 3.30 to 20.99, the efficiency 

of boiler A drops about 9 per cent, but that of boiler B drops only
36 TESTS OP FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

about 3.5 per cent. This shows not only that boiler A is much less 

efficient than boiler B, but also that it is entirely unfitted for highvolatile coals.

TABLE 11. Average results of tests on standard fuels at Urbana.

BOILER A.

Kind of fuel.

Coke

Length 

of test 

(hours).

16.83

16.46

17.41

British 

thermal 

units per 

pound of 

dry fuel.

12,805

13, 208

15,055

Efficiency 

(dry-fuel 

basis).

55.39

52.20

46.42

Cost of

evaporating 

1,000 

pounds 

water 

from and

at 212° F.

(cents).o

7.31

7.52

7.30

C02 in 

dry flue 

gases (per 

cent).

4.9

4.1

5.1

CO in 

dry flue 

gases (per 

cent).

0.38

1.70

.47

Flue temperature 

(° F.).

651 *y?Q

607

Per' cent

. of 

volatile 

matter 

in the 

combustible.

3

OA

Q qc

9ft QQ

BOILER B.

PnVp 15.24

17.17

18.21

12,916

13,205

15, 055

' 62. 14

61.34

 58.52

6.38

6.50

5.92

13.2

9.2

8.2

0.25

.66

.35

480

519

520

9 fi

7.2(

20. 9£

« Based on fuel at $1 per 2,000 pounds.

Table 12, compiled from four tests made on an Illinois coal raw, 

three tests on an Illinois coal briquetted, and three tests on a Maryland coal briquetted, shows the relation between capacity and efficiency of the three fuels.

TABLE 12. Relation between rated capacity developed and efficiency with three different

fuels.

Designation of fuel.

Illinois No. 31 (briquets). ..............................................

Maryland No. 2 (briquets) .............................................

Test 

No.

53 

55

52 

54 

34 

33

44 

21 

22

23

Percentage 

of rated 

capacity 

developed.

62.6 

58.7

53.1 

47.3 

62.9 

59.6

58.2 

69.1 

63.4

60.6

Efficiency.

Per cent. 

45.99 

49.25

41.94 

38.67 

51.88 

48.83

41.94 

56.13

KC 97

49.29

Table 13 gives three heat balances on the house-heating boiler and 

one on a 210-horsepower hand-fired Heine boiler, determined at the 

fuel-testing plant at St. Louis. Test 39 was taken because it was a 

low-efficiency test with a high average flue-gas temperature; test 31 

was a high-efficiency test with a low flue-gas temperature; and 

test 56 was a high-efficiency test with a high flue-gas temperature. 

The test on the high-pressure boiler was added for comparison of the
DEDUCTIONS FEOM TEST DATA.

results obtained when burning coal in a small boiler and a reasonably 

large one. This test gave a higher efficiency than may be expected 

of the average commercial plant; it shows, however, what may be 

accomplished in the large plant as compared with the small one. 

The three loss items which differ the most are the loss up the stack, 

loss due to incomplete combustion of carbon, and radiation and 

unaccounted-for loss. These items must be higher on the househeating boiler owing to the higher flue-gas temperature and poorer 

combustion. The high flue-gas temperature is due to inefficient 

heating surface, either poorly arranged or made inefficient by the 

soot and other products of incomplete combustion. Bulletins describing the work of the fuel-testing plant have called attention to the fact 

that the CO loss was indicative only of the true loss due to incomplete 

combustion and might not be nearly so large as the unknown loss. 

In the tests of Table 13, as the CO loss increases both the unaccountedfor loss and the loss up the stack increase; this corroborates former 

work of the Survey on high-pressure boilers and emphasizes the 

importance of constructing furnaces so that the fuel may be burned 

with a sufficient amount of air, properly distributed.

TABLE 13. Heat balances, or distribution of the heating values of the combustibles from

boiler tests.

Test No .......................................

Total heat value of 1 pound of combustible, 

British thermal unit. .......................

Loss due to 

Moisture in coal .................. j>. ........

Moisture formed by burning of hydrogen. . . Heat carried away in dry chimney gases.. .

Radiation unaccounted for .................

I

39.

111. No. 9 C.

14.428.

Per cent. 

40.39

.65

4.53 

25.91 

5.75

22.77

100.00

louse-heating.

31.

Pa. No. 18.

15,842.

Per cent. 

56.51

.43

. 3.43 

22.82 

2.51

14.30

100.00

56.

Pa. No. 18

No. 9.

14,947.

Per cent. 

56.48

.11

2.72 

24.93 

2.35

13.41

100.00

Power plant.

56.

W. Va. No. 11.

15,934.

Per cent. 

71.21

.46

3.24 

19.37 

.33

5.39

100.00

Table 14 was derived by averaging the percentage of clinker in 

refuse and of black smoke on the percentage of C02 in flue gas as a 

base. Although it shows, with but one exception, that the C02 

increases as the clinker in the refuse increases, the reader must not 

infer that the reduced air supply was entirely the result of clinker 

formation. It is true that when clinker forms on the grate there 

is more difficulty in drawing air through the fuel bed than when 

coal burns to a free ash; however, on these tests the lower check
38 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

draft was open only from a quarter to half the time, so that during 

the major portion of each test the coal was burned with reduced air 

supply. It is interesting to note from this table and from Table 6 

that the smoke increased in density as the percentage of clinker in 

the refuse increased.

TABLE 14. Relation between C02 in flue gas, clinker in refuse, and smoke.

Number of

tests averaged for each

point.

2

6

16

8

11

4

2

CO2 in flue 

' gas.

Per cent.

5.8

6.7

7.4

8.4

9.6

10.4

12.3

Clinker in 

refuse.

Per cent.

0.0

2.3

6.5

12.0

240

5.0

24.0

Black smoke.

Per cent.

16.0

26.4

20. .6

25.3

, 32.1

25.5

30.0

Table 15, determined by averaging results on percentage of clinker 

in the refuse as a base, shows that the percentage of sulphur in dry 

coal followed closely the percentage of clinker in the refuse that is, 

most of the low sulphur values were found in Group I and the high 

sulphur values in Groups V and VI.

TABLE 15. Relation between clinker in refuse, efficiency, and sulphur.

" '

Group III. .....................................................

Group IV.. ......................................

Group V .......................................................

Number

of tests

averaged 

for each

group.

32

2

4

' 9

6

4

Clinker

in 

refuse.

Per cent.

0

14

10

. 26

35

46

1?flR

ciency.

Per cent.

548

48.4

40 7

48 7

47.4

43.3

Sulphur

in dry 

coal.

Per cent.

1.67

2.96

o 07

o 91

463

4.12

Table 16 gives the relative values of several fuels for heating purposes. The results were obtained by evaporative tests on househeating-boilers of the two different types sectional and vertical. 

These tests were made at Urbana on boilers A and B. The chemical 

analysis, British thermal unit determination, and efficiency of the 

boiler are given for each fuel. The figures under relative fuel values 

show that with a sectional boiler the effectiveness of different fuels 

is in proportion to the number of thermal units they contain; thus, 

if all fuels were sold at the same price the cheapest would be the one 

containing the largest number of thermal units.
DEDUCTIONS FEOM TEST DATA. 39 

TABLE 16. Relative, values of fuels for use in house-heating boilers.

Kind of fuel.

SECTIONAL BOILER.

Do.......................................

Coke.........................................

Do..................'...............-.....

VERTICAL BOILER.

Coke. ........................................

Kind of fuel.

SECTIONAL BOILER.

Do..............

Illinois..............

Do..............

VERTICAL BOILER.

Kind of fuel.

SECTIONAL BOILER.

Do..............

Do..............

VERTICAL BOILER.

Coke................

No. of 

tests 

made.

3 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

2

3 

3 

3

Coal as fired.

Moisture.

Perct. 

2.00 

1.69 

2.75 1.90' 

4.19 

3.90 

7.33 

13.49

5.85 

2.00 

4.01

Volatile 

matter.

Perct. 

19.49 

18.69 

16.58 

30.58 

2.28 

6.12 

31.00 

33.15

2.79 

19.49 

6.33

Fixed 

carbon.

Perct. 

73.33 

71.25 

71.71 

57.58 

83.91 

78.23 

51.22 

41.39

81.58 

73.33 

77.92

Ash.

Perct. 

5.17 

8.37 

8.96 

9.94 

9.63 

11.74 

10.45 

11.97

9.78 

5.17 

11.73

British 

thermal 

units.

14, 753 

14,229 

13,842 

13, 640 

12,376 

12,690 

11,501 

10,535

12,055 

14, 753 

12,679

Efficiency 

of 

boiler 

and 

grate.

Perct.

55 

57 

57 

57 

61 

59 

42 

42

55 

45 

51

Cost (in cents) of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° F. with price 

of fuel ranging from $1 to $10 per ton of 2,000 pounds.

SI.

5.92 

5.94 

6.16 

6.25 

6.38 

6.50 

10.00 

10.93

7.19 

7.30 

7.46

$2.

11.84 

11.88 

12.32 

12.50 

12.76 

 13. 00 

20.00 

21.86

14.38 

14.60 

14.92

$3.

17.76 

17.82 

18.48 

18.75 

19.14 

19.50 

30.00 

32.79

21.57 

21.90 

22.38

84.

23.68 

23.76 

24.64 

25. 00 

25.52 

26.00 

40.00 

43.72

28.76 

28.20 

29.84

$5.

29.60 

29.70 

30.80 

31.25 

31.90 

32.50 

50.00 

54.65

35.95 

36.50 

37.30

$6.

35.52 

35.65 

36.96 

37.50 

38.28 

39.00 

60.00 

65.58

43.14 

43.80 

44.76

87.

41.44 

41.58 

43.12 

43.75 

44. 56 

45.50 

70.00 

76.51

50.33 

51.10 

52.22

$8.

47.36 

47.52 

49.28 

50.00 

51.04 

52.00 

80.00 

87.44

57.52 

58.40 

59.68

89.

53.28 

53.46 

55.44 

56.25 

57.42 

58.50 

90.00 

98.37

64.71 

65.70 

67.14

810.

59.20 

59.40 

61.60 

62.50 

63.80 

65.00 

100.00 

109.30

71.90 

73.00 

74.60

Relative values of fuels (determined by evaporative tests) with price varying from 

SI to $10 per ton of 2,000 pounds for Pocahontas coal.

81.

$1.00 

.997 

.961 

.947 

.928 

.911 

.592 

.542

.985 

'LOO 

1.022

$2.

$2.00 

1.994 

1.922 

1.894 

1.856 

1.822 

1.184 

1.084

1.970 

2.00 

2.044

$3.

$3.00 

2.991 

2.883 

2.841 

2.784 

2.733 

1.776 

1.626

2.955 

3.00 

3.066

$4.

$4.00 

3.988 

3.844 

3.788 

3.712 

3.644 

2.368 

2.168

3.940 

4.00 

4.088

$5.

$5.00 

4.985 

4.805 

4.735 

4.640 

4.555 

2.960 

2.710

4.925 

5.00 

5.110

86.

86.00 

5.982 

5.766 

5.682 

5.568 

5.466 

3.552 

3.252

5.910 

6.00 

6.132

87.

$7.00 

6.979 

6.727 

6.629 

6.496 

6.377 

4.144 

3.794

6.895 

7.00 

7.154

 88.

88.00 

7.976 

 7.688 

7.576 

7.424 

7.288 

4.736 

4.336

7.880 

8.00 

8.176

$9.

$9.00 

8.973 

8.649 

8.523 

8.352 

8.199 

5.328 

4. 878-

8.865 

9.00 

9.198

810.

$10. 00 

9.970 

9.610 

9.470 

9.280 

9.110 

5.920 

5.420

9.850 

10.00 

10. 220
40' TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

A part of this table is figured on the cost of evaporating 1,000 

pounds of water. Different fuels may be compared on this basis; 

for example, at a locality where anthracite costs $8 a ton and coke 

$6, the cost of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water with anthracite 

in a sectional boiler would be 52 cents and with coke 38.28 cents. 

This means that at such a locality the same amount of work could 

be accomplished at a saving of about $2 a ton by using coke instead 

of anthracite. Similar comparisons of other fuels may be made 

from this table.

The last part of this table offers another method for determining 

the comparative values of fuel at any given locality. For instance, 

if at a certain place Pocahontas coal costs $5 a ton, anthracite is actually worth $4.56, coke $4.64, good Illinois coal $2.96, and Pennsylvania coal $4.80. If anthracite sells at this same place for $8, it is a 

luxury by $3.44 a ton over Pocahontas, which, on the other hand, 

may not be the cheapest available fuel in that market. If good Pennsylvania coal can be purchased for $3.50 a ton, or good Illinois coal 

for $2.50, they offer a saving of $1.30 and $0.46, respectively, over 

the cost of Pocahontas at this particular locality. The relatively 

higher price of anthracite may be offset in public opinion by the fact 

that the coal is cleaner and burns without smoke.

At another place, should anthracite cost $8.20 a ton, Pocahontas 

coal would be worth $9 a ton, good Pennsylvania coal $8.65, coke 

$8.35, and good Illinois coal $5.33. If any of the four last-named 

fuels cost less than the amounts stated, they would be just that 

much cheaper than anthracite coal.

A more convenient way of determining the comparative cheapness 

of different fuels is by means of a diagram like that forming PI. Ill, 

in which the cost of anthracite coal is taken as a standard and the

values of three other fuels based on the results of tests are referred

to it. Suppose a man wishes to know the relative values of Illinois 

and Pocahontas coals in a locality where anthracite can be had for 

$5 per ton. Placing a straightedge on the $5 horizontal line, he 

notes the point of intersection with the line showing the value of 

Illinois coal and the point at which a perpendicular from this point 

of intersection strikes the base and finds that with anthracite at $5 

a good Illinois coal is worth $3.25. In the same way he finds that 

Pocahontas coal is worth $5.47, At another locality, where anthracite can be had for $6, Illinois coal, as shown by the diagram, is worth 

$3.90, Pocahontas coal $6.58, and coke $6.12.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 366 PL. Ill

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RELATIVE VALUE IN DOLLARS

RELATIVE VALUE OF FUELS FOR HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.
TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS. 41 

SUMMARY OF RESULTS.

The briquets and coal burned in the tests at St. Louis came from 

eleven States and Territories. There were 58 tests 11 on raw coals, 

34 on round briquets, and 13 on square briquets. Most of the tests 

were run for about eight hours at an average steam pressure of 2 to 3 

pounds. The charge of fuel at each firing ranged from 55 to 175 

pounds. The interval between firings varied considerably; in some 

tests coal was fired every half hour and in others every two hours. 

The average efficiency in all the tests was 51.48 per cent; it ranged, 

from 38.67 per cent on an Illinois coal to 65.36 per cent on a Virginia 

coal. The average percentage of builder's rated capacity developed 

was 59.2; it ranged from 44 per cent on an Illinois coal to 77.2 per 

cent on an Indian Territory coal. The lowest boiler horsepower 

developed was 12.1 and the highest 20.6. With the cost of fuel 

assumed at $1 per 2,000 pounds, the cost of evaporating 1,000 pounds 

of water from and at 212° F. ranged from 5.56 cents for a briquetted 

Pennsylvania coal to 11.93 cents for a briquetted Illinois coal. Most 

of the briquets, whether made from eastern or western coal, smoked 

badly for several minutes after firing. Of the coals tested raw, six 

were western and five eastern. The high-volatile western coals 

smoked badly, but the eastern coals made comparatively little smoke.

An average capacity of 65 per cent was carried on all the 24 briquet 

tests at Urbana, the range being from 53.2 to 71.4 per cent. To carry 

only 65 per cent of the rated radiating surface, the draft through the 

fire was wholly or very nearly cut off for half to three-quarters of the 

time. The boiler horsepower developed on boiler A ranged from 

4.52 to 4.96 and on boiler B from 4:97 to 6.16. The average efficiency 

of the boiler and furnace, figured on a dry-coal basis, was 44.85 per 

cent for the 24 tests. A comparison of eight tests on briquets, of 

which four were made on large briquets and four on small briquets, 

shows that the large briquets invariably gave an appreciably higher 

efficiency, indicating that the size of the coal burned is an important 

factor. With the cost of fuel assumed at SI per 2,000 pounds, the 

cost of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° F. ranged 

from 6.74 cents on a Pennsylvania briquet test to 12.47 cents on an 

Illinois test. The briquets started readily from a wood fire and 

burned well, but owing to the difficulty of obtaining complete combustion, the average efficiency from an eight-hour test was low. The 

formation of soot in the flues of boiler B was more troublesome and 

affected the economy more than in boiler A. So much soot was 

formed from partial combustion of the briquets in both boilers that 

the flues were blown after every test. In two tests the flues of boiler 

B were completely stopped up at the end of the eight-hour run.
42 . TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

CONCLUSIONS.

On comparing the results of tests on the cqal and briquets there 

seems to be no advantage in the briquets over coal of a suitable size 

for house-heating boilers. Briquetting a good bituminous coal 

would be justified only when slack is used for material and the gain 

from briquetting would lie almost entirely in the more favorable size 

of the fuel. This gain would be less for coals that coke readily than 

for noncoking coals or for coking coals that are not suitable for 

domestic purposes in the form of slack. Briquets made from such 

coal burn fairly well, as they allow the air to pass up through the fuel 

bed.

The experiments showed that the pitch binders used are not suitable for a furnace working at the low temperatures common in a 

house-heating boiler, as they volatilized and in most cases escaped 

unburned or were deposited on the surface of the boiler. In the St. 

Louis tests this coating burned off once or twice a day, causing a high 

temperature in the flue and, as a consequence, danger from fire. 

There was a similar deposit of tarry matter on the boilers at Urbana, 

but it did not ignite, probably because owing to the more perfect control of the conditions the fire did not get hot enough. This deposit 

reduced the efficiency of the boiler. Briquets with binders that do 

not volatilize so readily would probably show superior results.

The briquets tested gave off much smoke, owing to the nature of the 

material used as a binder, and for this reason also such briquets are 

unsuited for domestic use.

The results of these tests indicate that coals containing the higher 

percentages of fixed carbon give the least smoke and the best results 

for economy.

COST OF HEAT FROM CENTRAL PLANTS.

In the course of an investigation into the causes that contribute to 

the smoke nuisance of cities, outlined in Bulletin 334, inquiries were 

sent to all the known commercial steam or hot-water heating plants 

of the United States. This was done because the substitution of 

large units equipped for burning coal in the most economical manner 

in the place of small units of less efficient design offers one way of 

reducing the total quantity of smoke given off in burning a certain 

amount of coal and in addition is a possible factor in conserving the 

nation's fuel supplies. Inquiries were sent to 150 plants and replies 

were received from 57. The information gathered from these replies 

is to be published in detail in a bulletin now in preparation. Of the 

plants that answered. 41 gave figures showing the price of heat to the 

consumer either per square foot of radiating surface or per 1,000
SUKVEY PUBLICATIONS ON FUEL TESTING. 43

pounds of condensed steam. The figures are presented in the following table:

TABLE 17. Price of heat from central heating plants.

State.

Illinois............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Dor. ..........

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Steam.

 Per 

square 

foot.

Cents. 

65 

24

25

28 

25 

22.5

Per 1,000 

pounds.

Cents.

.........

50 

60 

50

Hot water.

Per square 

foot.

Cents.

15 

17.5 

15 

20 

20 

18 

15.5 

12.5 

15 

17 

18 

20 

15

State.

Montana ...........

Do............

Do...........'.

Do............

Do............

Ohio..............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Do............

Pennsylvania.....

Do............

Do............

Do............

Steam.

Per 

square 

foot.

Cents.

60

25

34 

33.3

Per 1,000 

pounds.

Cents.

50 

50 

42.5

48 

60 

40

50

40

66

Hot water. 

Per square 

foot.

Cents. 

25

e

15 

15 

20 

17.5

25 

25

On a comparison of the figures showing the rate per 1,000 pounds 

of condensed steam with those of cost for evaporating 1,000 pounds 

of water given in Table 16 (p. 39), it becomes evident that considering all the factors concerned in the production of heat on the premises, 

such as cost of plant, depreciation, repairs, cost of fuel and labor, and 

the elimination of all discomfort from dust, ashes, or smoke, the householder is fortunate who can purchase heat from a central station at 

a reasonable price.

SURVEY PUBLICATIONS ON FUEL TESTING.

The following publications, except those to which a price is affixed, 

can be obtained free by applying to the Director, Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. The priced publications can be purchased from 

the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, 

Washington, D. C.

BULLETIN 261. Preliminary report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the 

United States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in St. Louis, 

Mo., 1904; E. W. Parker, J. A. Holmes, M. R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1905. 

172pp. 10 cents.

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 48. Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the 

United States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 

Mo., 1904; E.W. Parker, J.A. Holmes, M.R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1906. 

In three parts. 1492 pp., 13 pis. $1.50.
44 TESTS OF FUEL IN HOUSE-HEATING BOILERS.

BULLETIN 290. Preliminary report on the operations of the fuel-testing plant of the 

United States Geological Survey at St. Louis, Mo., 1905, by J. A. Holmes. 1906. 

240pp. 20 cents.

BULLETIN 323. Experimental work conducted in the chemical laboratory of the 

United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., January 1,1905, to July 31,1906, 

byN. W. Lord. 1907. 49pp.

BULLETIN 325. A study of four hundred steaming tests, made at the fuel-testing 

plant, St. Louis, Mo., 1904, 1905, and 1906, by L. P. Breckenridge. 1907. 196 pp.

BULLETIN 332. Report of the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., 

January 1, 1906, to June 30, 1907; J. A. Holmes, in charge. 1908. 299 pp.

 BULLETIN 334. The burning of coal without smoke in boiler plants; a preliminary 

report, by D. T. Randall. 1908. 26pp.

BULLETIN 336. Washing and coking tests of coal and cupola tests of coke, by Richard Moldenke, A. W. Belden, and G. R. Delamater, 1908. 76 pp.

BULLETIN 339. The purchase of coal under Government and commercial specifications on the basis of its heating value, with analyses of coal delivered under Government contracts, by D. T. Randall. 1908. 27 pp.

BULLETIN 343. Binders for coal briquets, by J. E. Mills. 1908. 56 pp.

BULLETIN 363. Comparative tests of run-of-mine and briquetted coal on locomotives, by W. F. M. Goss. 1908. 57 pp.

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