# Environmental Protection 

# Agency
40 

# CFR Part 52

. 

## State 

# lrnplementation 

# mans; General Preamb:e for 

# the Implementation of Tie 1 

# of the 

# Clean Air Act 

# Amendments of 1990; 

## Supplemental; 

# Proposed Rule

### 18070 

### ~sderal Register 

# / Vol. 57, 

### No. 82 

# / Tuesday. April 28. 1992 

# / Proposed Rules

ENVIRONMENTAL PFiOTECTiON ~\'O=averagevehicle occupancy "Procedures for the Reparation AGENCY BACCl-best available control measures Emissions Inventories lorCarbon ~~CT=best available control technology and Recurson of Ozone. Volume 

### 40 

### CFR Part 52 CAA =CleanAirAct ISQ/C41-016. US En\ironmental M=CleanAir Act Amendments Agency. OmceofAir Quality Plr 

### lFRL-4127-1 

### I CARB=California Air Resources Board Standards. Research Triangie Parjk. 

### ?iCklay CMS=continuous emissicn monitoring



### . 

### State Implenentat!on Plans; General system 'Procedures for the Repa:atior. of 

### preamblefor the 

### lmple~tatl~n of CO'carbOn Emissions Inventories forCarbon klonoxi& 

### Title 

### Iof the 

### CleanAir Act CPM-condensible particulate matter and Precursors of Orone. Volume 

### U: Emissios CfC=control technique guideline 

### Amendments of 1990; 

### Supplemental DOI=Depar?menl 

### oftheIntefior Inventory Requirements for Photochemical

, Air Quality SimulaUonModels.- f3A-1~1c AGENCY: 

### Environmental Protection DOT=Depclrtment ofTransportation 91-014. U.S. Envinnniental Protection 

### Agency (EPA). ' 

### . . EICMA=Empirical Kinetic hfodeling

. Agency. Office of Alr Quality Plaruliq and ACTION: 

### General Preamble for future Approach Standards. Research Triangle Park. NC%fay ERC=emission reduction credits 

## 1m. proposed rulemakings: Appendices- ~~~=emp~oyer k~fUp0flalion coordinator



### . -mission inventov RquiremeHI.:s 

### lor SUMHARY: f 

### he EPA published a General m'Emission Trading Slatemen' Ozone Statehnplementalion Plans.' EPAFIP= Federal lmplemen~ation %an 

### Preamb!e for t!e Impleaentation of title nlv~p=~,,d~~,,l hfotorvekicie 

### Control ISO/~-Q~-OI~ U.S. Environmental Protection 

### I of the Clean Air Act Amendments of program 

### . Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning ad 

### 1990on April 16.1992 (57

## FR 13.198)-This m=Feder~l Register Standards. Research Triangle Park. SC. 

### document describes EPA's preliminary GVWR =Gross Vehicle Weight Rating March 1991. "Emission Inventory Requirements for 

### views on how EPA should interpret HC= hydrocarbons CarbonMonoxide State 1nplemez:ation 

### various provisions 

### oftitle 

### I of:the Clean llhl=inspection and maintenance Plans." EP.4-1501t9141. US. 

### AirAct Amendments of 1990. primarily IPP=invento~ preparation plan Environmental Protection Agency. Office of 

### those concerning SlaleklPkfhenlation Air Quality Planning and Standards. 

### plan [SIP] revisions required for Research Triangle Park. NChiarch 1991. 

### nanattainment areas. It senves as MSA/C~isA=metm~olitan statistical anal Air 

### Poilutant

### In,.entory Sfanagement consolidated metmpolitan rtalbtiularea System (SASfs] ,O 

### and 

### advance notice of how EPA generally sMQS=mtiona! ambient air 

### intends. in subsequent rulemakings. to standards Manual." US. EnvironmentalR~ection 

### take action on SIP submissions. NAS= National Academy of Sciences Agency. Officeof Air Quality Plariing and



### The appendices to the General NG=Nitrogen dioxide Standards. Research TriangleParkKorth Carolina. Sia~h 1991. flpwaa4e, 

### Reamble were inadvertently omitted. NO1'ni'mgen 'Example Emission Inventory <I NSPS=new source performance standard 

### The appendices contain important Documentation forPost-387 Oroce ~ta, 

# j! support ~ateria!~ tht

### are referenced ~~~~~~~r~$~$~~~~eif Implementation Plans (SIP$).' 

### D.A-ISO/L 

### throughout the General Preamble. PSI)= prevention of significant deterioration 

### ma-U.S. hvironmental Protection Agency. 

### Therefore. this notice. containing the psi =pounds per square inch Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 

### aforementioned appendices. serves as a RAG\l=rcasonably available control Research Triang!c Park 

### SC Oc:ober 1969. 

### supplemefit to the General Preamble and measures 

# - "Procedures for Estimating and Appiying 

### should be considered assuch. RACT=reasonably 

### available control Rule Effectiveness in Post-1987 Base Year FOR FURTHER INFORMAnON CONTACT: technology Emission Inventories for Ozone aad Carbon 

### Mr. Brock Nicholson. Chief. Policy ~~~=rcasonable'further progress hfonoxidrSlateImplementation Plans." U.S. RTA=rural transport area Environmental Protection Agenc. Office of 

### Development Section. OzoneICO RVP=Reid vapor pressure Air Quality Planning and Standads. 

### Programs Branch at 

### (919) SCAQSID =South Coast Air Qcality Research Triangle Park. SC. june 1989. 

### 5317. for issues related to ozone or Xlanagcment District Quality Assurance/Inve~ta~ Revirw 

### carbon monoxide: Mr. Eric Ginsburg at SO,=sulfur dioxide Guidance 

### (919)541-0877, SuIfur Dioxide/ SIP=State implementation pian 

### Particulate Matter P;og:ams Branch TCM= transportation ccntrol nieasures "Quality Review Guide!ir,es for Past-196: 

### (hD15]. for issues related to sulfur TS~=~~~~I pariicula..e S:ate Implementation Plan [SIP]azse Yea: 

### dioxide. particula:e matter. or lead; bfr.. VOC=volatileo~anic com~ols:d Emission Inventories [Draft)." C.S. VhlT=vehicle miles trave!cd Environmental Protection Agenc::. Office 3: 

### Gary McCutchen at (913)

### 541-5592. Air Quality Planning and Star.dard2. 

### Permits Programs Srazch (MD-15). for Appendix B-Bibliography and Ci:ed Research Tridnale Park. NC. Fcbriap IW. 

### issues related to new source review. References [Final version to be comp!eted in AU~USI 

### U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. To obtain copies of Or\QPS documents. 

### 1wl.l Research Triangle Park. North Caro!ina contact the EPA Libraq. (919)W1-&314: "Guidance for the Preparation oiQuality 

### 27711: b(s. Paula Van Lare at (20212% (FTS) 629-5514. For OhIS publice:ions. please Assurance Plans for QlCO SIPEnission 

### 3450 

### for issues related to mobile contact Mark Wolcott. (313) mag: ()-Ts) In\'entories." EPA-150/4-e803. U.S. 

### sources. 401 M 

### Street. SM'. Washington. 3744"9. Environmental Protec!ion Agency. OfEce of 

### DC 204N. SIPInventory GuidancelRequirenents Air Quality Planning and Standads. Research Triangle Park. NC. Ilrce-.ber 1%. ADDRESSES: 

### The appendices are also in "Roccdures for Preparing Ezissions 

### Air Docket A-91-35. at 401

### Sf

### Stree:. Projections." EPA-43;+914~. U.S. General Invenioq Guidance 

### SW. Washington. DC. Environmental Protection Aaency. Office of "Procedures for Emissior. lnven!o~ Air Quality Pl~nning and S:nnc!ards. Preparation." U.S. Environmental Dated: April 21.1992. Research Tritlngle Park

### KC.july 1991. Agency; Office of Air Quality Pljnn Michael Sbapim.



### . "Procedures for Emission 1nven:ory Standards. Research Triangle Pa&. 

## s Acting Assis:onl,4cn,cis"o:or forAiiond Preparation. Volumc 1V: hlobile Sources." a. "Volume 1: Emission lnvento? Rodi~ tion. EPA4501441-026d. U.S. Environnental Fundamentals." EPA450/+814'5a. Protection Agency. Office of Mobile Sources. September 1981. Appendix 

## AIIOSS~ ' Ann Arbor. MI. July 

### 1m.(also listed below b. "Volume 11: Point Sourtes." D.\450:;- ACT= alternative control technique under General Invent09 Guidance). 81426b. September 1981.

## -. ' 

## Federal Register 

# 1 Vol. 57, 

## No. 82 

# 1 Tuesday. April 28. 

### 1992 

# 1 Proposed Rules 18071

YotumeIlk Area Gums." EPA~&/& "Letter fromWilliam Reilly to h1emor;lndum fromjoaeph Tilrvart aid 8:4zSC 

### Sqhnber RepresentaSre 

### fohn Din& In Response lo Robert Bauman concerning modeling Sowc~~.~ 

## ~~3501 queslbna and GAO 

# m" April 10. I&. gvidelina aC&uing PSl-10. datedjuly 3s. Citations 

### md ~uida&forLead 1990. bf-(ion ocl 

### A~~~~~ Memorandum from William Laxton 

### sepkder 3881. Director. TtcCica1Suppoef Division to P-"hpth 

### Lud .kn~km=tption *=IU 

### Regimalfir ~~~.l~i~~ ~i~~~ 

### -he and Emhsionfadon/Modek 

# - .
. . -p&onaI ~omputer Venion ofLbe

# -

. US' RotectiOn Agency. -n DiodeDesign Value Calculatks."



## . ResearchTriaogle 

# . . Park.

### NCJuly 1983. 

### Saier Development ofan

.

### .. 18.



### . Biogenic

### E~~OIU 1n-t~ Sp~tem 

### ypC-

. . 

# sw for 

### tub- h!emonndum 

### From CraigJ. bhrr.'-hterid

. -. 

### . . BUS) With Um'i&id&- EPA-IU)/m-

. 4501s~ 

### April ZOra



### . . . . . Policy on Stack Heighl Regulatory Actions." 017. 

### US Envtoamtnhl RotdonAgtncy.'



### .. 

# w&e Serie* 

# Supknluy

. April 22 1988.



### . ;'. Offie

### ofAkQwlity 

### Planningad Shndardr 'Cuidh fk 

### Lmplcmentation Piam- Memotaodurn from Gcmld AEmison



### . Rmuch

### Trkde Park.NCJdy1991.

. EPA-4SO/2=8-03R Awt 1978. 

# -
. Director. O.4QPS. to Reg!onaI 

### Air Division 7 - WICT*~ 

### Chi& &MOBILE( ('Slobik Sou=


## . DimtomTransmittalof Reissued OAQPS 

### ( hi- 

### M&dLwEpEP\-AA-- hiodwCaw

# ' :.

. 

### =S hiicy.' 

### hfdrch

## a.1988.


## . 

# . 01.

### US &~vj-&nt.l Proteclion Agency.

. "UA! ~pplications'~uidance." hfay 1991. MemomedumfromJohnSeitrDirector. 

## I - Oflice of 

### Mobile-AM Arbor. MI. "User's Guide for the Urban Airshed Stationary Source Compliance Division to 

# 1 Febp,wy.l989. (Revised version of MO- Mod& VoL 4." EPA-W-. 

### 1% Regional 

### Air Division Directom. and 

### cbcumenbkicmtobecompleted in July 1990. ' .'

.

## . . .

.. . "lmplementalion of Rule Effectiveness lsSq

..... 

# . .-:.. '. 

## - -Guidance on Air Quality Models Studies." Mad 31.1988. Surfae knpoundment hfodeling Syrtem.

. [R+*ifed)-- mA-45012-18027~ july 1986. Memorandun from Craig Potter. Thomas ! Ynherim

### Rocedu+es

### for Air Adam. and Francis Biake to Regional ?.ir lShlS1 

### Vcnion+o EPA-OSOi Models: -9a. 

### USEnvironmental Protection Division Directors. "Review of State 5.

. Ofti ofAir QualityPlanning and hp'err.e*ation- 450/4-85-006. July ImphCntation Ram andRevisions for Standards. 

### hsswchTriangle 

### Park. KC 1985. EnforCeabilityandtcgal Sufficiency." September 199Q

. 

## . New source Review Guidance - Septetnbu2f 198;. 

# \ ackpmd Document lo; S~ace

. ' "Naw Sour&Review Prevention'of hlemomndum hornGerald Emison 

### ! Impoundment WelingSysttm (SMSI 

### ' Significant&kri-tion and~~~~tai~~~t ' Director;OAQPS. toDavid Kec. I)irrctor. Air



# . . Versioau). EPA4X)/4404I9b." US.

, . Area Guidance Notebook" January1988. hianagement Division. Region V. "Need for a 

## ( Envir-aid Protection Agency. W~ce of '&a% WAEopManual forNeiSource Short-Term BACfAlalycis for the Promd 

### i Air Quality Pbdng and Standards. Review [SSR) Prograa" December 1990. Willias kZimmer Power Plant." Pr'ouz-ber Rtseenh Triangk Park NCSeptember 1990. MisceUams&idance 24.1986. i 

## . -AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Memorandum from Richard Rhoadr Classifition Codes (SCC1) and Emission "Criteria for Assess* the Role of Director CPDD. to Divisicn Directom. Regions Lirting 

### forCriteria US. Transport of ~ne/P~cu~son in Ozone I-X. 

### "Growth Restrictions in Secondary Nonattalnment Areas.- US. Enviro~~en:ai 

### K~QS ~onnttainment A~~~~- october 3. 

### "irccmen* Rotution 'geocy' Offie RotedonAgency. Research Triangle Pa& 19a. Planning and Standards. NCEPA-450/4-91-015). Park NCSe~embei 1989.



### . ..~~f~~~~~~, cuidance forStageII hle~oiandum fiom R. Strelow to RYs *Conpihtlaof Air Pollutart Enission vekicle ~~f~~li~~ control kograms.- Region I-X. 'Guidance for Ddennining Facion. 

### volume^ 

### I end 

### II andits December 1991. Acceptability of SIP Regulations in Pior.- supplements. FourthEdition." .AP42. US. 'Getting Started onT1t1e1." U.S. Attainment Areas." Eecember 9.1978 En$~onmental R?tcction &mq. Officeof EnvimrATenlalprotection 

### A~~~~~, OAQPS. Fderal Register Citations .%r Quality firming and Standards. Research Triangle Park. 

### NC. AprJ 19. 4 

## m 3372.A?~I 4. 

## lm.

. ~esearch ~riartgle Park PicSptember 1985. "Issues Relating to VCC Regulations. 44 

### FR ,3375. April 4.193. Citations and Guidance forSIP Corrections Cutpoinls. Deficiencies. and Deviations.:' 4-1 

### FR 5373; Spteaber17.1979. Clarification loAppendix Dof NovenSer 24. 44 

## rn 53769. Se3tenber i7.IT9. 'cuidanr' Domen' forCoaection 

### " Pan 1987 FR [Blue Book revised jacuar, 11.1000). 4

### FR ~~~~~~b~~ 1- 1979. D SlPs for Nonattainnect Asas." EP.I 6.S. Eii~~ffin;r.e;ltal koteclion Agency. Office 45 

## rn 526x. ,qCgcs;;. OCceof Air Quality Planning ar.d Standards. of ~i~ ~~~li~~ planningand Star.dards. Reseanh Triangle Pak 

### NC. Januap27.1984. AQ~. 

### M~~ 25. 1988 46 FR 718L Januar;3.1981. 46 

### FR XE. 1anca.-j Z i981. Ci!ations snd Guidance for PSI-10 "b:tm~ls:

### Can Coaters. 45R [Decercber 51 

## rn 4jalr ~~~~~b~~ 4. 'Assessnent cf the Controllabiiity of 8.19@).

### + T~alers." EPA-I~/=e 51 

### FR 4331:. D~~~I.~~ 4.1~3~ CondendibPaiticulate Ma(ter." J3'.4m/f3- !D~~~c~~~idanc13tage II vapo; 51 

### FR 438:- Decer~ber 4.1986. 90-75. October 1990.



### . 52 

### FR 29283. Au~ust 7.1937. .Recovery System for Control of Veticie 52

### FR 4SON. Novenbe: 14.1987. ''P;oceducs fwLtimaYng 

### Probability of RefceYw Eoissior~ at Gasoline Dis~eying 345m Sq:ember :gm. Fionattainnent of a Phf-10 N-UQSUsing F~~~~~~~~.. 

### Volme November Total wendedParticulate of PSI-10 Data.- 5J 

### FR 612January 9.1969. EP.4450ikS&Ol7. December 1966. Biemoranda 55 rnmX973. Iuly 30.1W. 'pxf-:~ SP Development Guide!ine.". June ' hfernorandm from 'William Laxtoa 55 

### FR 41% Octaber 121990. 1S63. Direc!or. Tecknical Support Division.lo 55 

### FX X:i. October 1: 1~.

'Conlrol of Open Fugitive Dust Sources." Regonal Air Division Directors. "Guidance 53 

### FR 4m. Oeober 31.1950 ~?~+~/~~September 1988. for DeterminingSigcificanl Stationary 56 

### FR j4SO. Febmary 11.1991. "Guidance Document forResidential Wood. Sources ofCarbon Monoxide. hiay 13.1991. 56 FR 1llCl.March 15. i991. Combustion Enission Control Measures.- Xlemorandum from 

### 1ck.n Seih. O.AQPS to 56 

### FR lm4. April 12. iw. PA--lj0/2-89-015. September 1989. 

## - Air Dir-ision Director. Regions I-X 'Sew 56 FR ZXCZS. %fay 2:. 199. ' 'Prescribed 

### Fire Smoke Management SO.J~X Review lYsR)Rogram Transi!ional 58 

### FR tZ7. Jcce 13.1991. Guide."

# - No. 1279. Febmary 1985. Cuidocce." htarch 11.1991.

. 56 FR'ZGO. ]une 14. ;991. "Prescibed Fue Plan Guide.' NFES KO. Menorandurn from John Calcagni and 58 

### FR 31151. Ju!~ 9.19l. 1933.August 1986,

, 

## - .- , : 

# a William bxtof~. ?r.t&m'Guidance on - 56 

### FR 31154.ju:j 19.1391. Emission limits and StackTest.!4ethods for 56 

### FR 3763.August 8.1991. ita:ioka?d Chidan& for .SG 1r.clusia in PM-10 SF'S.:' December 24,1943. 56 FR 43593. September 3. i991. 'St3 Guideline.' EPA-QSO/-A~- hlemmndam

### froinRobert Bauma;l and 56 

### FX 5453. October ZL1S91.



## . 'SC& G6dehe:Appendices." EPA~w/z- Rich Biondi to,.\ir B~nq Chiefs. 

# '%.a SF 56 FR 566%. November 6. IW. 89-019. October 

### 19m. 

## . .

. . Deficiemy Ch~Mist~.Novernber~8,1990. 56 FR 58656.h'overnber 21. I=.


### .

## Federal Register 

# '/ V

Code ofFederal Regulations Citations

. 40 

### CFR

### saa 10CFR 5(19 Appendix 

### H. 40CFRso.9.. 40 CFR CFRrt 51. io

### CFR Part 51~~~tddix 

### h.I 40 CFR 

### Part 51Appendix S. 10CFR 51.106(0]. ' ' 40 CFR 51110(~](1). . . 40

## CFR 51117. 40 CFR 51.16!i.

. . 

### 40

### CFR 51.la



### . 

## - 40 CFR 51%0 (Subpart R). 40CFRPart52 40cFRsz1a -. . 10cFRSza: ' ' , 

## - ...



### . : 40CFR522.1.-

. . ' 40

### CFRPart 55. 40 

### CFR Part 58.

. . 40

### CFR Parl60. 40 CFR Part 60 Subpart Da. 40CFR Parl 81.

. . Appellate Court Citatiocs



### Alabcmo Power C4mpany v. 

### Cost!e. 638 ' F3d 323.38061.404-05 (D.C Cir. 19806

# -

NRDC v. 

### T,4omas. 08 F2d 1Z4. 

### (DL Cir. 1988). 

### Ccrt denied. 109S.Ct 2-19 (1988).



### Delaney v. &PA. 898 Fld087.136 Cong.



### . RecSl697l (October27.1990). Hause of Representatives Reports



### . '

H.R. Rep. No. 4W,l&t Congress. 2nd Session. pt 1at 204. 239.24% 257,258267. 268, and 381. Appendix ~l-Aivai!able Fugitive Dust Control Sleasures 

### Wekgmund

The available control measuros listed below apply to all fugitive dust sources except those to which only available control technology is app!icable (i.e, process fugitive dust associated with siationaij sources). Fugi:ire dust is particulate matter suspended in the sir either by rnccl;~nical disturbance of the surface rmterial or by wind action blowing across the sur5ce. hlechanical dis!urSance includes resuspension of particles Iron vehicles traveling over road:vays, parking lots. and other opcn zreas. Wind action includes c'ust blown off i2adequa:ely stabilked opeil areas. The quantity of fugitive dust e~issicos is dependec! upon severrl faciors such as the size of the scarce. emission rate. and control efiicicncy.The Environmental Protection Ageocqy's

### (EP.41 policy is to reduce fugitive aus! emissions. wi!h an emphasis on preventing, ratter than mitigating. them. For exarn~ie. past ef!ods to control emissions from paved roads Eave usual!y relied on stxet cleaning to reduce silt loading-The



### . new approach would put a higher priority on measures to prevent silt fromgelling on the road s=face. Mitigztive rneaagres shoo!d be reserved for those areas/situations where pzeventi~n is cot feasible.Tecfinical guidance on fugiti..,e dus: control neasurcs is fomd In 

### Conlmlof Open

### FugitiveDusl Sources [EPA450/3-8~8 September. 19E8). 

### List ofA 

### ~~iloble Control,%Jeas3res 1.Pave. vegetate. or chenica!ly stabilize access points where unpaved trqlfic surfzces adjoin paved roads. 

## '01. 57. 

## No. 82 

# / Tuesday, April 28. 

### 1992'/ 

## Proposed Rules

tRequi~ dust control plans for (September 1989). 

### GuidanceDocuzcntfor construction or land dea~g projects. 

### Residential 

### WoodCombustionEmissicn 3. Require haul 

### tmdu tobe covered. Confml.~suns Nothing 

### in this docunent 4. Provide for traffic rerouting or npid prevents 

### a State implementation plan 

### (SIP) in dean up of temporary (and not readi!y 

### a moderate WIO nonottalnmmt area from ~revmbble) 80- of dust on ~avd roads coaltining control measures mom stringent (wateremrion nmoR rnudldirt canyotit than RACM. areas. 

### material spikskid control sand]. Delineate who is tespoprible fordeanup. 

### of A~dfable Conbfdf.fmsufes 5. Requirepaving. chemically ctabilii. or 

### tkbblirh

### ur tpidt curt.ilment otherwire rtabiligpermanent unpaved pm 

### &dudln~ A milmat plaaa haul roads. and paw orstaging areas a1 eommrmicationr-tegy bimplunent he

. cornmem'al. municipal, orinduftrialfacilities. ' plan: a

# 8weua~e phn(cg, 4u[inaield 6. Develop traffic dudion 

## lam for

. . swey.opacify Mggu): and edolsement ' unpaved roads. 

### UK of speedbumps. low pmvkiom i,,cluw procedurr* peoaMer. speedlimits. etc. benmuageuse ofother and acmpuonr). 

### A volunt.ry 

### -m will (paved] roads. be deemed masonable if the ama.
.. -

7. Limit use ofrecreational vehicles on ' demonstrates atiainment open land [e-g, confine opeatioru to specific 2 

### a public i~orma~on pmgram areas. require use permits. outrightban]. to infonn and educate dtizeru about stove

8. Require imprbved material specification 

### proper uld fdrand reduc:ion of usage ofskid control mainteDancr geneal health 

### risb 

### ofwood sand or salt [eg.. require use ofcoarse. nonfriable material during snow and ice smoke,new technology

### stoves. and . 

## -
_ -- 

# -. alternatives to wood heatinn. season]. 3Encouage improved pe>ormance of

9. Require curbing and pave or slzbilize 

### woodburningdevices (chemically or with vegetation) shoulders of paved mads. -Establishing a pmpmto identify. through

10. Pare or chemically stabilize uzpaved roads.

11.Pave. vegetate. or chemically stabilize unpaved parking areas.

12Establish dust control measure^ for . material storage piles.

13. Provide for storm water hicage to prevent water erosion onto paved rcads.

14.Require vegetation. chemical stabilization. or other abatement of wind ero.'ible soi!. including lands subjected to water mining, abandoned farms. ani abandoned construction sites.

IS. Rely upon the soil conservakn requi:ements (e.g.. conservation pla-s. c~nservation reserve) of the Food Secxity Act to reduce emissions from agricultural operations. Appendix (2-Available Raidendal Wood Conbus:ion Control Measures

Wood smoke from residential wood stoves and fireplaces is a sis~ificant 

### sea= of 

### P.M10 pollution in some areas in t$e wes:zm United States that 

### do not attain the psI-10 ambie~t air quality standards. For example. in sone mountain communities.a:nospheilc in\-ersionscan trap wood snoke ?~r'.iculates inTva!leps and cause Phf-10 concensaLions to reach levels weU in excess of t;i~ s:andards. The 

### U.S.WA's new source perfoimance standard (53 FR 5360. February 26.1988) is a longterm strategy designed to iiriprove-the pericrmance of wood buminn devices 

# -~ nationwide. The EPA b&cves that this rtandard alone. though. may not result 

### in .attainxent of he PM-10 airquality standards in areas affected by wood smoke. Addiconal a~ailable cont-ol measures are listed below. They are intended to (11reduce eraissions fro& current stoves Gough izspections. education. and shifting to cleaner stoves or fuel: (2)curtail the use ofwood stoves or fireplaces during advene meteorological conditions; and (31limit futuregrowth in emissioni. Additional guidance on these measures is contained in EPA450/3-8MS opadty observation. defidencies

### in stove operation and maintenan- (Under such a .prvgramadvice and assistance shouldbe provided to the identified households to help reduce visible emissions

### from lheir devices.) -Providing voluntary dryneu ceiication

programs for dealen andlor ma&. free or inexpensive wood moisture checks available to burnen.

. -Evaluating and encouraging. as 

## -

appropriata. the accelerated changeover existing devic~ to new source performance standard or other dean 

# bf

baingnew or existing technol- stoves [e.g, hybrid designs. pellet stoves]by such approaches as subsidized stovepurchases tax cedits. or other incentives. 4. Provide inducements that wouid le~d :o redactions in the stove and fireplace population (or use] by: -Slowirig the growth of woodburning

devices in new housing units by 

### texts. installation permit fees. or other disincentives. -Encouraging a reduction 

### in ke~ur.5e; ol woodburning devices [i-e.. remcecg or disabling the devices) through tax cxdi!3 or other incentives. -Discouraging the resale of used s:a.res

through taxes. fees. or o&er disincentkes. -Discouraging the availability oi free (cr

very inexpensive) firewood by incroasicg cutting fees or limiting the ccttiq season. Appendix C3-hsuibed 

### Burning Control Measures 

### Packgmund

Prescribed burning. inclouding silvicultural and agriculturalburning. is a contributor to PM-10 nonattainment in some regions. L.1 many cases, well-established moice management approaches are not beicg followed. resulring in avoidable air quali problem. The 

### EPA has been workingclo~!~ with the National Wildfii Coordinating Group [NWCG) to develop appropriate

# I I - 

## ~edetal Register 

# / .Yola. 57. 

## No.82 

# / .Tuesday,. April 28. 

### 1992 

# ./ Proposed ~ules
-. . 

### . 

## 18093
I 

### . . . 

### . guld?ne. objective istoestablirh smoke ' 

### Bum PIanning.Authoriurtion. ond

. .. . . rules and &latidn;.should bdekctedin rnrnagement (SM) p-ms 

### In these areas 

### . . 

### Administmtion ; : 

### . -' 

### . . . . such a manner that aU prbvisioru of he SM ich constitute kasonably available control 

# n, smoke aanagenie;ltb-m should ' p~ are enforceableby the State Lhrough earun? [RAcM]2.bd Hue papulauon

. provide 

### i 

### p-a (eg: k!ephone UU-~) 

### for i18 Slateimplementaha plan CcnmUy. - ' cxpoa~to smoke from pre?aibed

### bdng.' requeskemluting mlu"b memonndum?.of undentanding ?h?uld



## .. . 

# ';"

whlle auuringthi! 

### &- aanasment and grantingapproval forbums. ~ppmval of

, utilized to dedy spcdfy wofing ' 

### . . 

### goah 

## inmet



### . . 

# -

.. 

### . 

## . a 

### bum.rhould be

### lpdon anevaletionof

. nlafiodrhlpiamong agcncier.

. .



# -

.. 

### . . . 

## . States 'hould a& ed~~io~ from the ahhds upadty/upability to disprme



### . 

# &&& CC-PACT for prescribed bm In8 maper

## bl balances



### . e-om on a11pyab.Ie bum dayjithatthe


## . Sta- 

## -. .. .

## . ... . .. , .. 

### -. . aahd .Magiicultq& and 

### 0th

# . .... 

### . . -cumulativeemiuiona from aU bum

### and. ,.. . . ..., L7 

### . .. 

## :.

. .... 

### ....



### .. 

## . burning objectivei with .Irg@ty 

### p?b hnd 

# - other.1orrnis @the ilrrhed 

### will nbt 

### uuse or 

### .. 

### ; i3ackg~~d~,.;'~,:~:



## :.-

-
.

### . ;- ,-: 

## ....

## ,,: ; 

### . 

# . .-.



## . . .objcaiwabyutUidGa.r&okem-sement .iontributetoV~O~L~ON ofthip~-10


## . .. 

## -.kr for

# ae ,&,,d,ti;rie in 

### . : 

# - it pmpa'ardejamed Ipthe

# vm-2

...:- :*.: .NMQS 

### The approval to,

### bu+?p a

### bum'&F

# .aing the clyan,* 

## M(~~~1 

# swIuuy

... 

### :r PrescribedFire Smoke,Mamgement Guide .- 

### -: ibould bepqultably divided among aU 

# '.:.: ,.l.<;:,r 

## iehuj4 that 

### re.nable available 

# :.

.. Q. 

## - (NFES~~.'~m.Febiri.~ 19851and the



### . 

### :,-

## ::.. categorip ofb-em r6quG~'appro~~ to

... .*logy 

### IRAcr) beapplld 

### t6 

### exirHw 

## +.


# .. Rtr* 

### Fm 

## Pi;nwide

### (NFESNa1939. burn wblle accommodating the "inantiv-a' ..:- ,Mtionay noMttainment amasln ' 

## -

. 

# - Auguet 1986).publ!caUo~.of the .hi= 

# .,. :.:. rpedfied ekwhekInthis policy. ; 

### : '. 

# ..:

# .. :; ln(b)(3) 

### of A,.~

# *, in - 

## - i 

## -. . ..

### ... 

### ..- , 

### .... .... 

### ... . . :- 

# -. [Idaho] Iitemgincy Fe-enter. 

### :-.

. . ' 

### .'


# . : 

### .-. -. 

## -. ~be'i* 

### .of i 

### SMprogramrbould reflect 

### r

. 

### &quiremen& QuolIifico'tions 

### for 

### :L

. 

### BUmei -.:. -.:. .L :. 

## ' 19n.Congmr specified that nonattainment ' *


## -.

, 

## - 

# ;.

, , . 

### . \ 

## -. . . , ...

# - areaplam were to"require. *.

.. ' the spekific&ndiUoy andrequirements of a .- . ...-. 

## . 'reatonable furtherprogress 

### '.' ~.lncluding 

# - -localar6a.Zxirtlng prom may be : 

## ..-. - Voluntary hiningL?imoke management: rrduction la 

### emisslamfrom

.adqiuate 

# h.eiiij asenand in other carer .: techniques ?hould be'?n?onably ivaihble 

### In thearea 

### as may obtllined

.

. - may prollderbails

# for developing a refined

.. for blimen:The prqsram should include

. ' 

# . hug,, the adoptloh 

### ata of

. p-m Snibke enagement should

# - .:

. .-- ... incentives forburnem who'complete ihe 

### available

### control l&nology.- encowage th(.~perativeeffortaof lqL

. voluntaQ'.hi+ng k-8.. priority forapprnval

. ~h~ 

### RACTwas 

### wuld in



### . . Stat&FederaL.andpriva!e !and managers. : 1. t0.b- ._ on



### .'burn



### . 

## _ ..... . 

### . 

## . . . 

### . . . for areas that were 

### designated nonattaiment

' &pbasil +Id 

### b. on andydbgbum;.



### . public ~d~&tj~~ ond~vamness



### .. .. for total suspended particulate m<er.Now,



### . . under an'ertablirhed planning procar. 

## '
a 

### F~~ 

## tbepurpo;( 

### of

## w1oSIP 

### develop me^^ Information p&mi on the natuk of aid 

### In =!jon l*(cl(ll Of 

### the clean AirAd, 

### as ' the 

### term

# pn-w burning indudenill

### open reason; for smoke management should be amended by the aeanAirAct iimendment6



### . periodically presentid to the public (e-g- . '. of 1990(Nonattaieent Plan hvisions-In burdng ofkgetauvt inalter. This indudes



### . , 

### both pla~~ignilion~~~d pred~ Mtunl



### .

### ,public service

. ;. announ~lts. ".

. 

### . : : -, . .,.. nkyspapcr

, J 

### . . : 

### .

# :

... 

## : hemb

nonattainment Con~u areaagain plans wquires *vide that for "* ' 

### ' '

. . fire.'Nolhlng in dSMprogram corutituting


## . . . . . . .? ; .. 

### . suchductlonsin emissions from existing 

### RACM 18intended to 1.duencevegetation

. . . 

### SurveiIIanceand Enforcement

. sounes in the (nonattainment)area asmay or

# fie suppression practices so The SM program rhould rely .dnroutine '



### . be obtained through the adoption. at a

. 

### thepotential PM-10 monitoring. and/or modeling



### . . 'minimum of masonably available control 

### that natural 

### resO'!rces Or public



### .. 

### =lety

. supplementedby periodic visual assessments technology.'Thus. 

### RACT is now required for of the effectivencss of the dispersion

. Phi-10 nonattainment area SIPS. : ' 

### The it is a evaluation,program.The existing Phi-10 - The EPA recommends that the RACT for a 

### SNprogram apply in lhose 

### moderate PM-10 monitoring network should be evaluated for particular source continues to be determined nonattainment arear where it hasbeen


## . its ability to provide information on the on a case-bycase basis considering 

### the 

# I

. Or effectiveness of the SM program as applied to technological and economic feasibility of other analysis. that prescribed burning can or buming in and 

### near the. reducing emissioris from that source (through 

### does contribute violations

### of !he P"-10 - nonattainmenl area. The network sh&ld be process change3 or add-on control 

### i national ambient air quality standards modified as appropriate. The prognm should technology). The following technological and (NAAQS).The 

### SM program should apply also provide a process fordocumenting and economic parameters should be considered in lo 

### areas Ihe area if followingup on public complaints and should deternining RACT fora particular souxe. it is shown that prescribed burning outside of pro~,je forand 

### levy fines against bunerr the nonattainment area can or does who violate any of its mandatory 

### TechnologicclFeasibility contribute to NAAQS violations. The requirements. The technological feasibility of applying an prescribed burning control mcasures emission reduction method to a particular

. reasonably may be limited only to the 

### Emission Inc.en!oriesondEmission E[forfs source should consider L+~ sourceqs process season(s)when high ambient P.U-10


## . * Slates should develop and main:ain an and operating procedures. raw 

### mate ria!^.

- concentrations occur. if il can be shown'thal emission inventory for prescribed burning physical plant layout. and any other the annual PM-10 NAAQS is not violated. and all burns should be categorized as to environmental impacts such aswater 

### See H.R. Rep. No. 490. lOlsl Cong- 2d Sess. their purpose. Documentation ofthe size. pollution. waste disposal. and energy 288-269 (1990). date. purpose. and emission reduction requirements. The process. operating

Source categories (e.g.. burning of measures used should be subinitted following procedures. and raw materials used by a

.. 

## . fencelines. ditch banks. small brush piles. each large bum. Emission reduction souice can affect the feasibility of - rmaU pmcn'bed natural burns. garden plots) techniques (e.g, mass Ignition. rapid iop-up] implementing process changes that reduce may not be reasonably controlled where their should be encouraged and incentives (e.g, emissions and the releaion of add-on 

# ! impact is de minimis based on consideration p.ority for approval to bum on -burn dayss.) emission control equipment. The operation of of their collective influence on PM-10 should be offered fordemonstrated emission and longevity of control equipment can be emissions. their duration reason. and reduction efforts. including the use of

. significantly influenced by the raw materials proximity to potentially affected populations. ' alternatives to burning. provided that such



### . used and the process to which it is applied.

An SM program should consist of at least incentives can be utilized without The feasibility of modifying processes or the following componenls: compromisingresource management applying control equipment is also influenced I objectives. by the physical layout of the particular plant. 

### Dispenion Evwluolion

. 

### . The space available in which to implement As a minimum. the program should use Sfole 

### Ovenighl

. . such changes may limit the choices and hill ational Weather Service forecasts or other The relatknship of the Slate air pollution

. . also affect the costs ofcontrol.



### . meteorological analyses to determine when

. agency with other State agencies to which

. Reducing air emissions may not justify meteorological conditions are favorable or - management ofthe SM program may have

. adversely affecting other resources by unfavorable fordispersion and hqsport of been delegated will need to be determined on 

### . increasing pollution ofbodies bf water. 

# I/

. m... burndays. no b days).



### . a stat&~-stalebasis. Nevertheless. State creating additional solid waste disposal

### 1m71 

## Fedztal Register 

## / VoL 57, 

## No. 82 

## / Tuesday. April 

### 28. 1992 

## / Proposed Rules .
pmblems or creating excessive enen3Y dele-ed by evidence Lhat other wurces in E?A expects that numemus issues -adzq demr.ds. (.+ otherwise availablePSf-20 a s~~category have 

### in f~c! applied t.5e L5e 1390henhen& will arise. 

# mr control technology may not be :earonable ii contml technology 13quuticn memorandum setsforlh the Agmcj's 

### Fosi l~e other envimnc.end LmpacU cannot The capital costs. muslued ~OS~S. and on moat important 

### ofthese tranfihn reasonably be miligsted.) For adJnic ccst effectiveness of anemission reduction


## . bun bolving lbe 

### NSZ p-m purposes. a State say consider a Phi-10 tec!!ology Add 

### be considered in This guidance document doanot mnmlmeas- technolcgically infeasible

### If. determining Itseconomicfeasibility.n.e 

### rupcnde exis* Stok mgulatioar 

### or cotridering the availabi:ity [and tort) of OAOFSControl Cost Manual. Fourth EdiYor, approved sateimplementation play. mitigative adverse 

### impacts ofthat control on EPA--I50/3-W4Mt. 1anuar)r1990. describer J+,,~~~~, wnecarer 1: 

### alh qn 

# sratts other pollution media. L5e control would no4 

### ~4- for

### determining the= cork 

### The loimplemcnl rheb

### NSR progr;rmr mPzrCT ~n

Leslate's reasoned judgmenl provide a above should 

### be determined lo: all mMirlenl ,,$* 

# won, of ;Oso get environmental benefit. 

### In many Wtances. tee??nolqiaUy feasible eaiuionreduction, 

### appliable hdiakly Sowever. 

### P%IO control technologies have option& and with the requiremenu that t?uu 

### dimb hwn energy 

### mddamdbdva effectr 

### state^ may give substantial weigh to cast -, 

### fmmlbese.pmvidma 

### Nmette!ns. on her mda.but

### rc& clfecla and 

### rha as! effectivenessineva\ua~ng Ihe economic 

### policks out fn 

### chlr 

## mw;am--

, oftheir nitigauon amalsa knowa and have feasibility oran emissfon rdudion bee3 borne by owners of exlrting mum in technology. The cost effectivecess of a memorandum areintended roielyas guidazce
numerow ares. Such welkstablished technology is its annualized cost (Slyear) 

### and 

### do Wment linal A8mc~ adverse efiectr lbeir costs arcnomal divided by the arnout of PM-lo emission They an judfdal !or and zrsunrd to 

### be reawnable ar.d shoc!d reduclion [i.e, tons/year) which fields a cost "y 

### are nOtLntmded.r.cr nol in zorl cases. justify xmnuse 

### of the 

### P.% Per amount of emission reduction (~JtonJ. upo"-lo matezY 10con~ol techao[ogy.ne costs of p~venting Cost effectiveness provides a value for eae! 

### e*orceable by party 

### in litigadon l*iL! adverse water. solid wasle and energy emission reduction opnon that is comparabl& Ihe Unit& Slates.Th EPA ofids

### may impacts G.ll a!= influence the economic with other options and other facilities. decide memorandrun :o fo!low orto

thead guidena variance pm%ic?d with in

:he

:!is feasibility of~5e 

### p.~o contm] tdno1ogy. 

### If a company contends that it camo! Xternaiive a?proa&es to rcduciag he technology that a~pwn 10be R4CT fa: guidance. Lased on an analysis 3fspecific emissions ofparticulate matter fndudingpsf- that soweOrgroup of 10~~1. the claim c-mstanaThe Agency nay ch~zce 10

### are dims6ed in ~~(rol Techniques for should be supported with such idoncation as &is guidaneat anytime without ~usic Psrticulete Emisrions from Stationary the impact on: notice. Souaxe+-Volume 1(EPA+S0/341-C05a] and 1.Fxed acd variable pdiclioncosts IS/ TheRqiil OEccs should sadthis Volume ii (EiJA-1~0/3-B1-005b). September unit). guidance document to their Stata. Ques!icns fie design operation and maic~emnce 2. Product sapply and demand elasticity. ' 

### Stata 

### and appllcanb c0n-d~ of general particulate matter control systems 3. Product prices [cost absorption vs. cost ' 'pedfic issues should& directed such asmechanical collecton. eleurostatic pass-through). to the appropriate EPA Regional OEa. If

. pr-tipitatorr. fabric filters. and wet scr~bbers 4. Expected costs incurred by competitors. YOU haye any ge-1 quationaplease
are discaued In Volume

### I.The collection 5. Company profi!~. and contact 

### Mr. Michael Sewell of the Sew eficieccy of each sys:em is discussed as a 6. 

### employ men^ Sou- Review Section at

### FIS 8-S o f.~nction of particle size. Information is ale0 ua company wctends that available (9%) ,.. 541-0813. presented repding enemand control technology is not affoeable and .4:tachment environmental considerations and proccdum wocld lead to dosing Lhe facli~j. the costs 01 Addressees fsr esiina:ing costs of ~aiticulatc nailer closcre should be considered. Cosure ma:, c~ntrol equipment. The exissicn iac~i costs for demolition docation. Direc:or. Ai:. Rsticides. and Toxic; character.stics and antro! tcchaolcpies sevcranu: pay. etc. hfanageaentDivision. Reaio;~

### L 

### :V.azd a;piicabla to specific so'yte mtegorias are Appendix 

### D 

## v1 disc~ssed in Volume 

### IL Sexzdary Direc:or. Air and Waste hfanqenent envimnmental in:pacts are also discussed. United Slates Eiivironmer.!si Rotection Division. Region I1

Additional solrrces of inZorrnatien cn Agency. Office of Air Queiiiy ?!acnicg and Direor. Air ?.fanagenen( Divisiaz zeg;..-.rc con!ml tei!!noloaj arebackgmund Stsndard3. Research Triangz Pa&. Sorth 111 and IX jzformalion docurncnts fcr new socrcc. Crrcilina 27711. Dli~c:~:. ?.ir azd Rzdiation Di\:sic.-, 3~3,: pe:iom.ance st=ndardsand Identific3lior,. >[arch 11.1ggl. 

### V Assessrr.cc1. acd Control oiFugitive 

### .~!encrcr;dcm Oirectcr. Air and T=xic~ Civisicn. Xqic-5 Fanicu1a:a hissions. Er"AW/W(i.c"?2, 

### V11. VI!I. and X A~;:Is! IS^. Subiec~: Ne:u Source Review [I;SP,: Eogra~ I,:, In sixcicsi3nces. c;n!rcl technologics Transitional Guida;~ce. 

### 1. Gltigni more 

### zo8.m cr 

### nicre adve:~ced than tksse F:cm: Ichn 

### S. Seitz. Direc:cr. Cikeof Air 

### R. Canp3e:l described in the 2ocuments reiercnced may Qca!ity Planning and S:ancards IM& iV.L3x:c.l e:tist. 12 wch wses. t!e S:aie's LAG



### . 101. 

### E. !i!iis azalysis for 3 saurce sboald rcnei2er .~cch Tn: Addiessees. 

### 1. Rzszic a-;ai!able tec1:~clogy. The Ciean Air Act Amesb~ests 

### ci 1% 

### L '~Vega~n [199(!Aaeildments) make noxeroas cfiacgcs LVei;o,d E;.cnon~:'c Fi-csib;lif.v to ~!e NSR requirements oi the prevention of 

## xSR Coztac:s Ecccomic Seasibi!ily ncsiden the cest of sisniRcant deleriora~icn (ED)zod reducing caissiohs and hediffererce in nonattainment area prog:ans. i5e iW Cornctions to Ofiginal Docunez;: TWO ccs:s bctween Beparticular source and other Amrndaents walenew and expanded errors in thc docxnent as issued cr: >fa=? ;I. similar sosaesthat have imp!eaented ona attainment areas. extend EDcovemae 10 1991have been corrected in this m;y. 

### C;1 erzissicn reduction. discussed above. i3A current Class I area boundaries. and mandate FzS? 2 0.l ~!e lasf !ine. 

### "CFC lf2- i~char.;r?a ~~sunes that i: is reasonable for similsr a FSD exeription for cer!ain haza;joul air 10 c=rrecdyrecd "CFC llJ". On FZ~ 

### s iz szcrces to ha: similar casts of emissicn pc1:utanls. TieEnvironment Protection i:em 4. [hecite "Section 1;2(b)" is char;'& 

### :o reduc:lons. Econcniic feasi5i:i:y rests very Agency (EPA)intends to 7ropose by c;nc:ly read "Section 173(b)". 1i::le on t!!e abi:i:y ofa ~jrti~;113r ~0urc-e !O Septembe: of this year a rqclatory package Sew Source Revier, (NCRJTrar.sitional "afford" to reduce ernissior,~ to the level of that will implement these and other changes G~iJar.~~ sirniiar scurces. Less e!ficient sources wauld 10 the NSR provisions. Final adcption of be rew3,ded by having to bear lcwcr these revised mgulations is projected fcr Toxi- ondP.'alionol Emissions SXJ.:~~., gi.;en high consideration. Ralber. economic Passage ofthe 1990Amendments and ezirsion costs if aflordability were Augusl199)92 

### Ln the interim period betweon Eaz='d~~s.4ir po//ulan~s (hrESH42Sjisces I. Seclion 112Hazardous Air Pnllvter.!~ ere feasibilityforFACT purposes is largclj. adoption of ~!e Agency's finalreylatio~:~. SO Lor.gm Co~sidered Regdaletl hl!c~aa:senacment of the 1990A;r.er.dments IXovember 15.1W1. For Federal PSD cemit 

## Federal Register 

# / V

Under Prevention ofSignificant Deterioration (ED). but 

### NESHAPS Still Apply. Under the

### i~n Amendments to the Clean Air Ad[Act) and regulations issued thereunder. the requirements of the Act apply to all 'major" new sources and "major" 'modifications. f.e, thore excedirig certain annual tonnage thmholds (see '10

### CFR Sm(b)[t)[i)and (b)(2)(i)). Typically. new sources and modificatiom become subject to 

### PSO because they exceed the spedfied ' tonnage threshold for a criteria pollutant. i.e, a pollutant for which a national ambient air quality rtandard [NAAQS)has been established under section 109 of the Act Once a new sow ormodification is subject to PSD. the PSD requirements appfy to every pollutant subject to.regulation under the Act that is emitted in 'significant" quantities (or. in the case of a major modificatiom for which there is a significant net emissions increase) (see 40 CFR sm(b)(n) and (i)(2)).Under he 197iAmendments. best available control technology (BACT) and other PSD requirements apply not only to emissions of uiteria pollutants but also to emissions of pollutanb regulated under other provjsions of the AcL such assection 111 or 112This regulatory structure was altered by the 1990 Amendments.

Title 

### 111 of the 19WAmendments added a new section 112(b)(6) that exdudes the Eazardous airpollutants listed in section 

### . 112(b)(l) of the nvised Act (aswell asany pollutants that may be added to the list) from the PSD (and other] requirements of Part C. Thus. becauee they an on the initial Title 

### 111 hazardous air pollutants list. the following pollutants. which had been regulated under PSD because they were covered by the section 112

### NESHAFS or section 111new source performance standards (NSPS) program. are now exempt from Federal PSD applicability:

Arsenic Asbestos Benzene (lncludirigbenzene from gasolice] Beryllium Hydrogen sulfide (H:S) Mercury Radionuclides [includicaradon ~nd pc!oniun) Vinyl chloride The Title 

### I11 exerr.p:ion applies tc final Faderel ED pem.it (i.e.. those issued in liaa! form and !o: which admi2is::ative appeals. if as?. ccder 40 CFR 124.19have been exkaus:d) issued oc oia2er :he date of applica:ior~ now under review by eithhr an 

### EPA Regicnal Office or a delegated State. PSD ~e-nit requirements do not app!y to the pollutants ~xempted by Tit!e 

### 111. For Federal ED permits containing PSD requirements for the pollrtants exempted by Title 

### I11 issued on or after November 15.19. the perinittee nay request a revision (e.8.. removal of a BACT limit for benzene) to their PSD perrnit to reflect the Title 

### LII exemption from Federal .EDapplicability.

Note that pursuant to sec!ion 116azd the preservation clause in section 112(d)(7) of the amended Act. States with anapproved 

### PSD program may conlrnue to regulate the Titlc 

### I11 hazardous air pollutants now eiempted from

## '01. 57, 

## No. 82 

# / Tuesday. April 28. 1992 

# / Proposed Rules 18075
Federal PSD by section 11qb)[6) if the State When evaluating control technolog!es and PSD regulations provide an independent their associated emissions limits. c~mbustion basis to do

### so. There Staterules would practices. and related pennit terms and remain in effect unless a State 

### revised them conditions in a BACT proposal the applicant lo provide-rimilarexemptions. Addilionally. must wnsider &een~ironmentol impacts of theTitle

### UI pollutants continue lo be subject all pollutants not regulated by ED. Once a to anyother applicable Stateand Federal project 

### fs subjed to BAmdue to the rules: the exdusion only br Part C rules. emission ofnonexempted pollutants. the Fi~lly. section 112(q)retains existing BACT analysis should thereforeconsider all 

### NESHAPS regulations by s~dbkg that any pollutants. indudingTitle 

### UI hazardous air atandadunder section 112in +?fiect prior to



### . pollutantr subject to 

### ED. in the date of enactment of the 1990 determining which control slratcgy is best. Amendments shallremain 

### in force and effect after ruc! dateunIeu modified asprovided 

### PSD Clos~ 

### I Boundaty Issues in the amended section. Therefore. the 1. PSD ~pplicability Coreragc"Chir.gesas requirements of '10

### CFR 61.05 to 61DB. 

### . Class 

### I Area Boundaries Change Lqdudingprewnstruction ~ermitting requiremenu, for new and modified sources , *tions 162(a)and 1Wa) ofbe anended subject to existing NESHAPS are Act specify that 

### the ofareas ' still applicable. designated as Class 

### 1 must now con!o:m to



### In summary..the pollutants cumntly allboundary changes at suc! parks and regulated under the as ofb~ad 1991that wilderness areas made si~ce August 7.19;; are still subject to Federal 

### ED review and and any changes that may occur in the future. permitting requiremenb are: The EPA does not believe that Congzess

Carbon monoxide intended to create the turmoil which would Nitrogen oxides occur if this redesignation required the Sulfur dioxide modification of permits issued between Particulate matter and PH-lo August 7.1927 and November IS. 1990. or the Orone (volatile organic compocnds) resubmission and reevaluation of complete Lead (elemental) 

## enn nit applications submitted prior to Fluorides e~ctinent of the 1MAmendments. Thus. for Sulfuric acid mist this reason application; considered compleie Total reduced sulfurcompounds [including prior to November lS.1990 &~uldbe 

### Has) processed assubmitted without reaard to the CFCs 11.12 113.114.115 new Class 

### I area bouzdaries. Exceptions to klalons 

## lime 1301.2402 this general policy are in the area or Slunicipal waste combus:or [\{WC]acid increment consumplion and air qua!iiy gases. LIWC metals and BIWC or,anics re!ated values [inc!udicg risibi1i:y). as 2 Hazardous Air Pol1u:ants that are discussed below. Regulated as One Compcnent of a hlorc For an applicant who submit:ed a compie:e Geceral Pollutant Under Other bvisions of PSD application prior to Noember ?5.1W. il the Clean Air Act are Still Regulated. all other PSD requirezenb are met. a pe.mi:

Any hazardous air pollu!ants listed in ma:; be issued based on the Class i azalysi; section 11?(b)(1)which arerega1r:ed as as submitted in the applica:ion uclrss thc of a 

### more genenl pollurant listed reviewing authority En&. on a czse-bv-case undersection 108 

### of the are subiect basis. that aaditicnal andlysis is reeded lrcn to PSD aspart ofthe more genemi pol!utant. the applicant lo addyss sus?ec!ed a68'ersc despite L+e exemption in Tille I!1. For i..r,pac:s or incezezt conscnpticn jxob1err.s 

### volatile wrr.fou,rfs 

## [-Joc-~) leeto the expanded boux!a;ies cf ~3e Claas (a tern which includes benzene. *:inyl 

### I areas. Xnj' existing increxenl vio!a:ions in chloride. methanol. toluene. me!k:;l e:hr.l the new bouadaries or Class 

### I areas =us: be );?tDnc. azd thousands of con?ounds) remedied t!iou?h a 

### Si? revision pzrzaanl :O a;e stil! regulated asVOC's (bvt nst as 40 CFR 51.1E6(a)[3]. indiridCel pcllutants such as berZeze. The FS3 a~plications no! coniide:rd uderthe,PSDregulatiocs beca~ze these cornp:ete bzfare Soce-ber 15. :SO7;s: pcfiutantsare ozone preccrsors. fictbecause tocsl6er the insact ofboB esisticj soc;rces tkey are air toxics. Also. pa..ticuia:es ax! tke cerv or mccified sccrce 0: :.'.? C12ss i (i~cludin~ lead compounds 2nd asjcslos)are areas as de:ined bg !he 1990A~c.-.Lrr;entz. stil: redulated aspartic~lat~~ (bc:h ?&I-10 Thus. hecomplete application ncs: ccnsider acd par:iculate matter) ur..der tie 

### SD the inpacts on the en:ire Class 1ares base5 rcgulatic?~. Lead compounds are exempt upon the boundaries in existence of tke date from Federal PSD by Title 

### 111. but :he of submiital oia conplete appiica:lor:

. as ele;nental lead portion or lead cnpounds(as before. if a Class 

### I bcundarj changes before tested for in 40 

### CFR part 60. appecdix -4. the permit is issued. the reviewing acthori:~ Method 121is still considered a c:i!eria may find. on a case-by-casebasis. :hat ~ollutant subject to the lead r\'.l\QS and still additional ana!ysis is needed iron tha regulated under PSD. a2plicant to address suspected 2dverse

3. Toxic Effectof Unreg~lat~d Pcllutanls impacts or increment consurzptioc ~roblexs S:ill Considered in BACT Analysis. due to expacded Class 

### I Area bouzdaiies.

Based on the remand decision on June3. 

### ,VSR Nocollc;,,menl 1986by the EPA Administrator in :\.or:h CountyResoone RecoveryA~~~~,~~~~ (PSD 1.h?iR Cons'hction Permi: ~equirerr.enls iz Appeal NO.85-2). the impact on enissions

## or h'onaflainmenl Areas other psllulanls. including unreg~!~t~d In many States. the existing approved Part pollutants. must be taken into account in D permit program.by its terms covers all de!e.mining BACT for a regulate6 pollutant. dcsignated conattainment areas in 15: Slslc.

## 18076 Federal Register 

# / Vol. 57.-

## No. 82

# -/ Tuesday. April 28, lS92 

# I Proposed .Rules

.- 

## ... . .

. . . . so a Part 

### D permit program will automatically Tide 1provisions-In addition. 

### EP.4 nonattainment TheEPA published a list of apply to 

### le new andu;anded 

### . ' encourages any State having adequate

. - LhueFM-10 areasin a 

### Federal Regist& nonattainment areas which a= established auhority formrly implementaticn of the NSR notie(see 55 

### FR 45799. October

## n. 1 waderprovisions of 

### Tide 

### I of the I990

. C- to do80 atroan as pmible. aha52

### FR t9383.August 7.1483). The Amendment.. 

### Thus,until new 

### Nkc are .- ' 

### lfStaiu

### fail to mbmit lo 

### EPA the new NSR 

### pb& topubli& a notice 

### h.h F&l adopted 

### for these new 

### arexpanded pamilpmeammlnfornonattainrnent areas ~cgist-usling these prrar as~onatlainm~nc nomttainment areas, States 

### .houldappl~ the 

## - by the deadlints in the avded ActEPA in fie -fut- but they ahdy mquirernents of thSr existingappmvd

### Part

. intends to Impose n0nattaia.t coruided nonathinmurt areas

### or of

. ' 

### D pmit 

### program. However. in o,therStat-;



### . areas lFederal implementation plan 

### (FLP),

. 

### '~~~~~k 1990.



### . .. . 

## .. 

## .-. 

### D my 

### b~? limited 10 rp#ifid -bodying SU~ ~ulremmb. CU-~Y. ' 

### . Si&rly. the l990

## ~rneddmen~ orpand by areas and

### doer not apply

### tonew 

### or expanded 

# - EPAintends 

### to pmpose revised %R . 

### . . opention of low 

### iomc COand

### mooc

. 

### .. areas. 

### In these cases. Statemust Implemmt



### . rcylalions at 10(TR part 52 that would



### . nonnttahcnt 

### arras 

### ~d~~.

. . a transitional permitting 

### pmpm.unUltheir implcmcnt lhenew nlle

### I NSR nquimnenb

. 

### hnges didnot became 

## aw uistiqPart 

### Dprogram 

### are revised 

### to meet 

## '. under-a 

### FLP in a Stateif that State'? 

### revised



### . but 

### *u on ~~b~ 

## & Lhe requirements oftbc 1990Amcndmen(r 

# :.

... NSR ruleato ImplementTitle

### I arenot


### . tpedfip

### arerrfollowr :,i::2di. 

## . .. end otpanded to averalldonatti,@nent



### . .

# : submitted in approvablefonn to EPA and -. 

## . areas in 

### he ~tote;'~thensise,'both the goals .made effective widin the Strteby the '. -: 

### SectionlWd)(4)(A)(iv) of Lhe'Gended ofpart Dand hngms*. intent 

### t!eating 

### ".

. dadha established by the 1990 .;. :
. ': ' 

### . ... '. Ad providu 

### tbaf exqtion new or expanded-nonattainmcnt areaswill .'.

.Amendmenk - -.

# - " - 

### . . 

## .'



### . - 

### .-'

' '. 

# - '. exphbed below ozone and 

### CO 

### -- be frurtratec -< 

## -
. . .. 

## . .. .. The area designation In &led 

### on the date '. ' ~~~~ta~s~tedwi~ ' Th! 

### EPA fegulatbns alreadyprovide for - of

### penkit 

### issuanceby the =viewing agency.- metropalitan tta

### C1.ticalareasWA) and Lhese new or exponded designated

. . ': 

# - . determines which regulations 

# mn C or Part 

## : .ed-lidated mebopolibn statistical areas nonattainment areasbecaure 

### the Emission . . D) apply to'hatbermi~ In other words. 

### he
.

## - [CMSA) which areclassifid ai~ous. Offset Interpretations Ruling (10

### CFR part 51.

, PSD permit regulations apply to pcllutants for 

# - severe. or'exlrrme forozone'or as serictcs appendix S] gov- permits to,w.stmct %. whic! the area is designated as attainment or for are autormticalb-wto



### . between he date ofdesignation 

### end the date unclasslfiable. and lhe MRnonattahrnent indudelhe entire XSA

### or ChtS.4This an Part 

### D plan it made applicable pernit regulations apply to 

### pollutant^ for

. ; . expansionbecameeffective by-tiar: of to the new nonettalnment ;U, 

### CFR

. which the area is designated nonattain-t 

## - law 45 daysafker eriactmqt,dctt the 5=4(k)). Until a State's mw Part 

### b plan is

. ' [see 40 

### CFR 51f68(i) (3) and (5); and 10 (3~ : covernor submitted a hotia this approved by EPA. if a Slate wishes lo issue a Sm(i) [3)and (51). Under hew mlations, a 

### . deadlineof the state's fntent to 

### Keir a pedifor a major stationtry source or major 

### PSD pemit for a pollutent wriotbe iszd

. ..modificationof the expaZded 

### balmb~cs modification 

### in a new or a;ral?ded

. 

### .: 

### h an area L!at 

### is designated nona%inment - ' pmuant to the

### proce8k ~l-forth in designated nonattainment area. 

### thc State


## . :

. for $atwllutantFor the situation where,a

. 

### . sectioiik07(d)[4)[~~v). So i[a Sbte did ~t should comply with lc requirernecta of .'

. rource receives a PSD or other permit prior to

# - .provide this notice.+e nonattaicment appendix S Among other 

### things eppendix S ' the date the area is designated as boundaxin of all ierio& 

### swcsand requires a major sourer seeking to locate in a nonattainment. lhe permit remainsin effect exbeme ckone.nonattainment arras nonattainm~nt area to (I) meet the lowest ' aslong asthe so- commencer .- State and 

### d ierioiis 

### CO are'as h!be achievable emission rate forsuch source. (2) constr~ciion within 

## :a months aiter the date



### .. expanded to indude the entVke LEA c proi+deoffsets from existing sources in the of nonatbinment designation of the area. CMSA on December 30.1990. 

### lf a Stat 

## arcs;and (3)show that the oketawill
. ' does not discontinue construction for more provide timely notice. le Administrator

,

,- provide a positive net air quality benefit (see 

### than 18munlh* and ccmple~es umtruction has uplo 14montbr from ebctnmt.to 40 

### CFR part 51. appendix S. section

### NA). within a reasonable time [see 40 CFR 52-24 (g) resolve lhe Slate's challenge. Until EPA



## .fie EPA believes that 

### in order to cany out and 

### [k)]-Although the PSD regidations promulgates a resolution of the Slate's

the intent of appcndix S. oEfsets should be provide forexteruion of these deadliqes. no challenge. the old boundaries rekain in required for souriesin all categories a?d in extension would be appropriate where the

. cffect. all should be cs!culated on a tons ares has been dmignated asnonattaisle~t ~~~~~t forthese two caM where ;.,ew or per year beyis (see40 

### CFIZ part 51. appendix followingpem-it issuance. Acc=rdinglif any expanded baundaries have been c-ea!ed 

### S. section 1V.C). 

# . ofthese construction provisiom arr no! met. oparJtion oflaw. nonattainment 

### ara Of ccune, neither appenda Snor the the PSD Permit or oberpermjt 

## ma no; be changm will not be conridered ei?ectir.e exizting NSR rules incorporate the P;SR ' extended. and the row subid :o the the &anger are pmmulgated by EP* changes mandated by Titie 

### I 

### d the 1990 nonattainmmt provisions] mest cb:ain 3 to most new areas or expansions cf P.mccdments such 

### a lower source 

# . corattainment pem't prior to ccinmzcing .pre,.ious~y-~~signated nonattainmr.t area applicability thresholds. ir.creased emissions [or continuing) construction. this wi!l occur 240 days after enacmen (5i.e oliset ratios. new defitior~ of major The 1990Amendments c~ate =me sew sec!ion lC7(d](.(;(A] (i] and 

### [ii)) 

# Newly-

, s:a:ionary source. and (for ozone and expanded nona!tainmei..t areas by created ozone and CO ncaatlaker.~ areis noasttainment a~as) requirements for

. cperation of law. Other nonat!ainment area will be parl of a deaiFJIed nilwen oxides (NOx) contnl and NOx

. ,chogges are expected isthe Sta:es and E9.4 nonattainment area for pwses a: i-d emissions offsets. Howeve:. the 1993 complete the designation process prescribed time ofpromulgation Amendmects require Sta:er, to subnit to EPA in mended section 107(d). Becam of theee new NSR permit program rules for ozone provisicns. the dates areas switc! from 2. SOtus of Corsb~ction Bans nonattaiment areasby NcvernberlS. 1992:

. attzinment to nonattrtlnment for NSR Pcnoant to section 110(n][7]. an enisticg for a:-10 nonatkinmen! areasby June30. p'uposes vary by pollutan~ However. except cons'mction ban that was imposed Cue LL:? 1992: and formost carbon monoxide [CO] for the ~-.wJi~~ta.nces where thehendments absence of approved Part DNSa rdes nonattainment areas no later than 3yean create Changes by operation oflaw. the new remains in eFect 

### until a revised b:s S3 i: from the dateof the nonattainment designations and expanded b~ndaries will approve.d Existing constr~ction 

### hrs designation. The E?A interprets L!is 2s an not be e5ective forNSR p?lrposmuntil 

### EPA - imposed due !o disapproval ~fp.~~? SU:-- expression of congressionel intent not to promulgates the changes. The promulgations dioxide 

### NAAQS attainment plans also 'mandate that States adhere to the more' wi!l be arnounccd in the Federal R+!er. remain in effect A Federal Reer notice stringent Title 1NSR requiremeats in Corigress created new Pbt-10 will be published soon axnouncir.g ~\e s:a:us nor.a!tainrnent areas during the time provided nonattainme.71areas through designations of conshctionbans in general and a1 for Stale implementation plan (SIP) that brame effectiveupon enactment of the lifting specific bans where developrnen~ Thus. for 

### NSR permitting 1990Amendments on NouemkIS. 1990(see Should a construction ban

until the States. asrequidby the Act. adopt vioiatioxu ofthe Phi-10 NAAQS had purposes in nonattainment areas. the new secuon 107(d)(4IIBl). Specifically.Congress - area designated asnonattainmen~ ad ~?e 

### KSR requirements in Title 1are not in effect designated Group 

### I areas and areas where area racks an appmved Part 

### D 

### Ns rule. &e State should meet the requirements 

### of-^ NSR pzrmit program rules 20 implement the occurred prior to january 1.1989 as . part 51. appendix S. in issuing pemita to

## Federal Register 

# / Val. 57, 

## No. 82 

# / Tuesday. April 28, 

### 1992 

# / Proposed Rules



## . 18077 najor new sources or major modifications prior to the adoption ~f SSR rules meeting the requirements of the 1990Amendments. 3. Federal Implementation Plans Remain in mect

The NSR penmtting prcgmm in an existing FIP remains in effect until a SIPis approved or a revised 

### FIP Ir adopted. 4. Use of ~eviousl;-~~pia~ed Growth Al!owanqs IsPmhibited

Section 1?3(bj invalidates growth allowances in existing SIP'S 

### in areas that received 

### a SIPcallprior 

### to enactment of the 1990Amendments. or that receive one thereafter. For NSR permi9 issued on or after November 1% 1990..~ren'ously-approved growth allowances cannot be used in these areas. Construction pemits cannot be issued in SIP-call areas under existing EPAappmved Psrt D programs to the extent that such permits rely on previously-approved growth allowances. Case-byxase emission offsets must 

### be obtained for any such permits, and other existing Part 

### D requirements must be met. 5. Exirting NSR Permitting Rules ContjnueTO Apply In the Northeast Ozone Transport Region (NOTR)

Tne 199aAmendments establish a single ozone transport region compiised of the Statesof Connecticut. Delaware. Maine. Maryland Massachusetts. New Hampshire. XeSu jersey. New Yo*. Pennsylvania. Rhode Islacd Vermont. and the OlSAthat includes the District of Columbia and part of the State of Viqinia. For this transport reaion. including all attainment areas within its boundaries. new eection 1M(b](2]specifies doc.~ment."One type of "CTG document" is a CTG: a CTCis a technical document that sets fort! a presumptive level of RACT contmls for a source category. TheAct provides that 

### EPA must 

### issue e!even CfC's by November 15,1993. 

### In addition the Act specifically requires the Agency to prepare CTC's for aerospace coatings and ship building and repair within the sametinefame. \

This document is not a technical 

### CTC.but ather

### a second type of

### CK;document* 

# , document that lists the eleven 

### CK;'s 

### EPA anticipates

### publ!shing in accordance with section 183(a)and establishes time tables for submittal ofRACf rules forsources that are not ultimately coveml by a 

### CTG issued by h'ovember 15.1993. The

### EPA believes that it 

## - is necessary to issue this document at this

time so that States will be able to determine which sources and source categories fit within the RACf rule submittal requirement for sources that 

### EP.4 expects to be covered by a postsnactment CTC. IT. List of Eleven CTT;'s The EPA plans to issue the followingCTC's in accordance with section 183[a].



## . I. Synthetic oganic chemical

manufacturing industry (SOC\II) distillation:

2 SOCMI reactors 3. Wood furniture: 4. Plastic parts coating (business machines]: 5. Plastic parts coating (other;: 6. Offset lithography: 7. Industrial wastewater: 8. Autobody refinishing: 9. SOChfI batch processing: 10. Volatile oganic liquid storage tar-!s: and

11. Clean up soivents. those foi which neither a pre-iinact-nentCTG nor a postsnactment CTC doclslr.et.t tad been issued

The EPA's obligation to issue the elevea 

### CfC's does not ripen until h'ove=3er 15. 1993. and 

### EPA does not antidpate issuing all 

# - of these CfCsbefore November IS. 1992 Thmfore.to the extent EPA doer cot isrce a CTG document before November IS. 1992 Stateswould be required to submit nonCTG 

### RACTrulesTor scumsthat could 

### in the future be covered by a 

### CfC.In addition at the time the 

### CK;docu~.ent was issued, the State could then be required lo submit 

### a new rule. consistent with the 

### CK;d-ent. thereby duplicating its eadier effort

In order to relieve the States from being required to duplicate rules and to relieve sources from potentially being subject to two different requirements within a short period. EPA is issuing this

### CTC document to retain the sharp distinction between the L! different groups in rubparappb (A). (B]. . and (C).If a State believ~ that one of the eleven CTG's listed in%ion !Iwill cover a particular major source. the State should follow the timing provisions of Section IV. below for submittal of a rule applicable to that source.The State should identify those sources in its November 15.19&? R+CT


## . submittal. 

### IV. Time Table

The EPA is establishing the follou-ing general tine table for States to submit R+CT rules for sources thet it identifies in a November 15.1992 submittal asbeing a source covered by a post-enactment CTG document.

[II on h'ovenber 15.1992 the State must that any stationery source that emits or has the potential to emit at least 50 tons per year oiVOCs shall be considered a major stationary source and subject to the requirements which wou!d be applicable to major stationarjsources if the area were classifled as a m~derate ozone rionat!ainment area Por XSi( purposes. the requirenents.of section iM(b](2] are not in effect in a State until the State 

### submits a new or revised SIP that includes the requirements (or 

### EPA imposes a FiP impiercecting those reqcirements]. A State in the NOT3 has until Ncvenber 15.1997 to subriit to EPA the new oirevised Pu'Sii rules addressing the new reqcirements. Appecdix E I.I:~!.~duc:ion

The EPA is issuing this CTG document under section 18qb)of the Clean Air Act. as emendedUnder section 182(b).Sta!es must develop RACT mlea for sources "covered by 

# - a CiGdocument issued by the Administrator between November 15. IS90 and the date of atiaiment!" The State must submi: these RXCT rules "within the period set forth by tke Administrator in iss~inn the relevant CTG Ur.de: section 18?(b](?).Stales cust adopt RICTrdes for three general giocps of sources: (A)Those cover4by a pcstenact!r.er.t CiCdocument: (b]those covered by a pre-enactrxent CTG: (c] "all othe: major 3tatiocary source3 of VCC's." Sec:ion 1S?[b)(2)also establishes the tiniq for State submittzi zed source Implerr.er.:arion of RIG rdes for these three grocps. For sources covered by a post-enac:r?.entCTG dccunen:. the State must rabcit KICTrules within L!e per;od establitihed isthe relevant CTG docucent For the other two aroups. the Ac: provides specific dates for s?tornittal. h'ovecber :5. IS92and implece:tation. no la!er <>anMsy 31.1W5.

Alone. subparagraphs (A]. (2)ecd (C) seem to se! forth 5irw distinct groups cfsources. However. hesubmittal dates under the second ~o~ion of the provision patentially could blur the line between these three groups if =A does not issce before November 15.1991 a CTG docueent cove5r4 all sources for which it plans to issue a CTG under section 183(a). At that tiae. S:ates would need to subrcit RICT rules for all other ma]or stationav sourcessubmit a list of major stationary soxcesthat it anticipates will be rubject to oze of the CTG's listed 

### in Section 11. whi& ETA plans to issue by h'oveaber 15.1993.

(2)For those major sources on tke list submitted by ~!e.State in the 1992 s:'cmii!al that are cot covered by a CTG that F.4 has issued by November 15. 1993. the S;a:e must submit a MCTru!e by November 1:. 193.1 that requires impiementation of R3.C by hlay 15.1995.

(3)For sourcea covered by a CTG issued under section 183(a]and [or which CeState has not by the date oieuch issuanc?. adopted an apprcvabie RACT ru!e. *e State must submit a RACT rule in accomazce wit5 the tiae schedule set forth in tie relevant CTG.

(4) For sources subject to a 

### RAG mle that the State adopted and EPA approved under section 182(b](2] prior to EPA's issuance of en epplicable CTG. EPA will work wit!! i-.e State to deternine whether the existkg rule should be revised owe

### a CTG has been issued that would apply to that source. IFR Doc 92-9266 Filed 4-27-92: 8:45 ezj BllUMC CODE CSS&Y;U