AiLaamga 

.:.?T,;? , i -r. .. 

DEPIRRIRNT OF TBK F:tPTEKtCFB 

mTED bTXTES GEOWICAL SURVEY 

* CHARLES U. WAm, Uramn 

. . - , 

. . 

-n* ,, 4 

: .>. , '. * ; .* i+.&%i , 

._ _- 

A. Laamga 

* 8mh{cDaip i.*.+ '?T m(fmw1H 

DEPIRRIRNT OF TBK F:tPTEKtCFB 

UNITED bTXTES GEOWICAL SURVEY s . .- --a- * CHARLES U. WA~, Uramn 

. . . - d,%-~. . 

9 7 + :L PENINSULA, ALASKA 

.%,. 

'6 --. - *' - WASHLNGTON, 

- ,'h& QOVERNM RMT PRIWTIRO @FFIQE 

4 #Ydf :;;, -1806 

-=-' : .: -, , qg$- 

- *,. 

F '..C 

CONTENTS. 

utter of transmlttnl, --,,,, -,,-- - -- - - - -- - -- -- ------- ---------- ------ - - Inmoction -----,------,.----------------------------------

Gaqritphy -------------.--.,--*-------.*---*-,-------------,-,--,- 

Uhoru Ilnr -----,,---,,,.....-,,.---.------------------,--- 

Dcninnge 

iReli~P 

Genernl p.~o!ogy-------- 

Intrm?!irtirbrt . . -- .------,------. - . .--+---- ---------,-----+----- 

3Jetn1norpl1ir ~~IPS -,----------, + 

Goirr~tl ~tnteturnt --+-------,-----+.,--+.-,--.----.I--------.. 

Urblotoa~ 

T.l~urntm~m -------------------,--.--.-,----.-----------

Stn~rlurr 

AkT -----,,_---_----- - -,--+------- -- --. .---,.*, ------ .----. 

Unmet11181rirpIW wlfnlm~ts - ------- - - ---- - - ------- A@ ---.*-----------------------L----+-------.-----r----. 

Ign@Oll~ r~'k~-. - --- . -- -- - . ----- - ----- - - - ----. --- - - -- -- - - - --- Grnernl ntntrb~n~~~t--- ----- .- ---------- ------------------- --- - -- I:mnlti*l ;lnd :1umI11tm1 graltnlnr rock~ --_+------,----,----- --- .\fr 

At~Rwif~~ .------,-------.--.------,---,-----------,,--,--

RnRRltR -----,--..----------,-~--,----,--------

.\Re ---------*------------------------------------------ 

Dgumic hlatory--,,--,,-,--,,-,-+------_---------,-,------------ 

SnrFirlnl d~1mttu----------+---+---- 

General utoterurllt - - ---------- -,---- 

Strenrr~ nrwl hut-la grnrul~ , , -- --- - --. --- -, ------- ---- - ------ -- Mnrine nlid rlrer trrrnrm 

Glacln1 rlemltR ,-,------..--,-----+--------,--------

Residnnl ~;oll----,---.-,------------,-,,_-~---,---++--------- 

Grolllld 1ce-----------------------------.--_-*-2-------,---- 

hJn~amalh~n --,.,---,--------------- 

DePelopment or topom~~l~y ------- ----+-. -+_, -----+LA------------ 

lntrodnction -,--- ---- -----_--. 

Kngrnk Plntenn---------,---_-,_---------++--~-------------- 

Terraces ------------------------,---.-----,_--,-----L--,---, 

I~slands -- ----------- - - -- ------. - ., ,-,, --- -- --- -,- ----- - Later mlo$lc bIsto~ -------------- ,---. -----. ,,----,-----,----

Emnornic ~wlqqWatlcru of gold fielfL ---------------,---_-,-----,,,,----,-------+ 

Gmvaphy 

8 
ICconom Ic gealogy4ntlnued PaSe. 

Hlatory ---,--,--,---,----, ,_- ------ - --------, 49 

Dewription of the creeks ----,I-----4----,-----------,-------,- 61 

Inmachuk basin---,-.,--,-,-,,------,-I,--~----------- 52 

Hannuu 62 

Cunilfngholn Creek ,--,,--.--,,---------------------53 b 

(Tolllns Creek--------------------------~--4 - 64 

Old Glory Creek-,,--,,----,-----------,---------,,-.------ 5$ 

Ne Glch !Mi 

American CW----,-----------,------------------, M 

Pfllnell Itlver----,,---------------,---,----------,--,,-, 61 

Perry Creek-+----------------,--,---,---,---+--,,-,-,-- tks 

rnluachnk Eiver----_,-------------------~~------+------ &S 

Kfwnlik Mln--,---,,-,----------------------,-------,---,,, 60 

Candle Creek 4iO 

Backlaud River hsln -------------,-,,-, - ------------------ W 

Bear Creek------------------------------,,-_---- tB 

Knpnlr bnsin-+---d----L-------------+------------------,-- ~4 

Dixie Cc#k------------------------------+-------+------ W 

Alder Rcbach---------------+------+---------------------- 65 

Sanr~ of thegold------L-----,-----------,-----------L----+--~--- &i 

Burnnlaq ------,------------,------+--------------- lit; 

Cm1 ----. 67 

Gen~ral condftim..------------------,------------------------------- fH 

Trails -- -- ----,--- - --- -- -- - - -- ,- -----+ k8 

Mail service---,--------------------------.---------------------, 'TO 

lkm~tomfc condItlou8 --.-------+------------ 70 

Climde ------,------,L----,-----------L------- 71 

Natives 70 

Fish and ?'I 

Timber and 17egetadon--- - - + ---+ ------- ----- ------- ----- - ---- - ---- T8 

Index -,,-------,---,--,,---I,,--------------------+-4- 81 
P~nln~uln ------------------,,-,-------4-,-----d------------- 

IV. A, " Hrl~lirt Monunl~nm" 10 rnll~n t~nrtll n? Klw~lIk hlo~intaiti, 

dur to wentherlllf: 8. Emalon f~ntnrp~ In mnnltc fwnr .~RW 

lnvn dow betwwn tllr forks of Kuzltrtn IL1wr -,-,-,-,,,,--, 

VIT. A, Fissnre In rmiit 111rn~ In4tw~~n the fnrl;~ of Kuxltrln Rlvrr, 

mum by tlr~~IiikI~~~: ot the hnlrlalml s~~rfnrr nft~r tl~r ~ltoltefi 

IWVR Iwlom Llnql Ilnwtrl niit Prr~~n cith~r side: R, Recytit lnvn 

flnw fwtweett tltr tcwlir II~ ~IIP lirrzltrin ----LL--- - ----------- t'll1. ,I, TAnvn riin 011 thr lowar trii~~nrl~r~k: H. Terrrrwl mnbitea ennt 

ol Kl~vnlllc Rlv~r-,---,,_,-,,-,--+------~-~-----~-~-----+-- 

IX. A, Rlulcl~l~ nn Hnnnam Crwk ; R. " Hut Sprtnm " an ul,pim Inmnctiuk Rlwr -----------------------._,--u-*--L------------ 

X. A, Nolmu Golcl~: 3. .\utcm~nbtle Imtlt-r IIR~I~ fir thnwlrr Im7,en 

fl~~vlrls nlr Inlnnrhuk Rlr~r --,--,- ---,-,,,,----- - --+--------- 

XT, A, nntt~ atr ~IIP 1nu-m lnrnnrl~i~li for dl~wtln~ thpRtr~n~t~ front 

il* Iacul: It. I'nnlp tan lnwrr In~n~irhnl? ---,-,--------L--- ---- X1I. A, ;Stnlct$l~ an Sninnrhnk Ittvrr: R, (:nadlP, on Klwt~nlfk Rlver 

nt moutl~ of C'tlt~rlle C'rwk ---------,-,---- ,,---,--,-,I----- 

XIII. A, 'lilvn lrttllll\ 4111 1 '1111t11~ I'w+k : R, T3~wH.h t-lain1 nn CnmIte 

Creek, allowing 12 1~1 of Iw nhore tb~ ~MVCI -,----,-------- 

XIV. A, Boiler for tllr~wlng fiweu wncels on Cnntll~ Creek ; R. WtntPr nibtn# nil It~t~bnrhnk Rlivr -------,---,,,-,,---------,-,+-- 

Fro. I. Preceinrt nlnii nP K~at~jrl I'r~lliiaziln. shntrln~ the rmwtltng o&# -- 2. Dlnmnmrnotlr ukPtc-li nlldilrvE11g the ormmr.p nC IRVR flow~ tn Rnme 

of the ~'all~yn nonlh of I<otzeh~ So~~nd ---,,,-,,,-,,-------

LETTER OF TRANSYTTTAL. 

DEPA~ENT OF TIIE T~oB, 

UA~ STATES GEOWOXGAL SUR~Y, 

n'aahingtm, D. C., May b,fNd. 

SIR: I have the lk~nor to s-r~brnit her~witll the manuscript and iIlustr~tions of a repod entitled " The Fairhaven Gold Placers. Semnrd 

Peninsula, Alaska," by Mr. Fred H. Moffit, asistant geologist, and to 

mornmend its publicution a3 a bull&in. 

This manuscript is bawd on a p10gic and topographic reconnrtissnre survey, made during! th summer of 1903, of an important 

placer-gold distrid in the northeastern part of Scwurd Peninsula. 

Tha report is accompanied by n r~connaissancfl map by Mr. D. C. 

FVithempoon, topogmpher, under rrh~ directions the field operation~ were carrid out* 

Surveys were begr~e in Semard Peninsula in 1899, mn after the 

dimvery of the rich placew of Nome, and, in Pim of the great 

economic importance of the field, have heen extended as rapidIy as 

the nppropriution~l pern~itted. It was early recognized thnt here, as 

elsewhere in Alaska. it wodd IE better to obtain general topographic 

nnd geologic mults, to be in~mdint~ly nvai lshle to the mining puhl ic. 

thnn to attempt exhaustit-e mrreys and studies of mil areas This 

h~s hen the guiding poIicy in formulnting ~ncl executing the plans 

As n ws~tlt, there have kn issued a numlwr of pnblimtions (including reconnaissance maps) which, though on17 of n preLirninarg character, hm been, because of their timelinem, of much value to the 

mining public. 

lfvith the appearance of the following report this first epoch in the 

surveys will have closed, for tl~ere wiU be available complete monnaissnnce reports and maps of the entire Seward Peninsula. Thm 

general reprtu and maps slm~tld be followed by more detailed surveys; thew have heen begun, and it is purposed to carry them forward as rapidly as circumstances will permit. En taking np areas 

for detailed invatigations the attempt will be made to study first 

those of greatest economic interest. 

Very respectfully, 

AL~ E BROO~, 

Geologiet im Ohnrgs of Di&m A ZaaJeara, Miwa1 Reemm. 

Won. CHARLES D. WA~~T, 

Dimdm Unii?ea! Stat e8 GeoEogicaZ Suwq. 

7 

THE FAIRRAYEN GOLD PLACERS, SEWARD 

YENlNS/SI,A, ALASKA. 

The presence of rxtensiv~ ~nhl rlepnsits in the prels of Seward 

P~nina~ln wns first il~finilelp rltttrrlni~t~d ill 1898. 111 thn five pears 

thn t 11n rr pn~fiecl sinr~ 1 Elr I~rginn ing of act Eve rninillg 011 ,4nvjl Creek 

nnd tllr, discovery of gold in the s~ntln of the Nonw Iwsch the valw of 

the prnrlrrction of Seword Peninsnln hns ~morlnterl to Inore th~n thm 

times the originul pllrchaw prire of the Territory nf :Ilaska, and 

the nnmlwr of its white inhnhitnnts has inrrensed from less than n 

 PI! to btwre,~~ thm nnd fnltr thnnsand rl~lring thr! winter, nnrl .wr- 

~~ktl t iniw tll~t ntin~lwr 41111~ii1g tlw SIIILIIIWY, 

Tho invmtiptinnb 11f tlls I Jilitrtl 4tntes Geological Sl~rvcy on Sewnrtl iE~ninsnlii WP.W IWRIII~ ill 1899 1!v Mr. 11lfw~I TI. Bmks ~nd Mr. 

Franlr C. Srllrntl~r, m110 hnd spa] t th~ silrnrnpr in indepndent reconnaissenw work ia willely sep:t~.ott~l regions of the Alaskan interior 

and hod mct at. St. hfi~hn~l nft~r tlesrrndi~l~ tlw I'lrlron nn their 

wag out from tlrafi~lal of ~vorlc. Tllq\' WPM nttractd by the reports 

of wonderfi~l discoveries mntlt! hp prcmp~ctnrs at Non~e anrl determined to spc,nd the In* few tlups of the wr~so~~ in tile new camp, thr 

hiH~ of which wero alrwrly partly co~awl 1y the early wintcr snows. 

Their report, toptller with 11 topncaphic map 1~y Mr. D. C. Wither- 

 pao on, covering 11 smnll awn of nhut 200 ymre miIes, wns rnaclo 

matly ~nd pnbli3hihcd ns qnirklp as powisiM~, in nrd~r that it might b, of 

awk9istRnco to prospectom nt the opening nf the following seasonma 

The irrlportnrlcc of the gold delmsits led to more extended invest+ 

gation during the next summer, thm parties being organized for tho 

prrrpm. Mr. l3rook.s was placed- in chnrg~ of the geologic work 

entl Mr. R. C. Rarnnrd in charge of the topographic wo~lc in the . . 

*4chrnder. Frank C., end Rroaka, SlfN H., Prellmlnarg Report on the Cape Home 

0ald RegIoa, Alaska, I?. R. 1:eol. R~lrveT, IPnO. 

9 
Nome +on, Mr. Bmb being assisted by Mr. Arthur J. Collier and 

Mr. George R. Richardson. Jn tho Norton Bay region the stndp of 

tho gology was made by Mr. Walter C. Mendenhall, who mas 

assigned to the party in eharp of Mr. W. J. Peters, topoffrapher. 

The report on the senson's work includes a description of thr placer- - 

gold deposits and main featurm of the geology, a djscuwion of the 

rleveloprnent of the physiographic character, nnrl a topographic mnp 

of most of the muthrrn pnrt, of Sewad P~ninsnla. 

In extension of this work during the next summer, 1001, a geologic 

reconnaissance of the northweqtern pnrt of the peninsula completed by Mr. Collier, nnnd the area was mapped 'by Mr. T. G, Gerdine, 

topoppllrr in charge of tho party. Tn thr latter park of the same 

slunmer Mr. Mcndenhall made rr brief invo~t~igation of the mom 

proniinrtlt geologic fea- in the vicinity of Point Blossom and 

Spafarief Ray, in the southeastern part of Rotzebue Bound. The 

lahrs of this seamn completed the topo~lrapf~ic mapping of approximately three-fourths of the pninsnla. So work in the rtmn mas 

-. ~tnderhlren by t,he Survey in IPO.2. bt~t the increming irnport~nce of 

the gold production of t,ha Kome regon and the pssihle vnluc of the 

little-hewn tin deposits of the yorlc region, as well as the development of n vaIuable gold field math of Rohhlle Sotind, led to the 

continuance of geologic nntl topographic work in 1908. It !\-as desired to mm more clebiled information concerning the occurrence 

of the val~rahle metals, to e4t~blish more d~finitely the relations of 

the geologic formations, and especially to complctP t.he topographic 

mapping of the peninsula. With the% objects in view two paeies 

were sent into tile field; one, in chnrp of Mr. Collier, rrith JXr, 

Frank L. He= SS ~wistant, continncd the investigation of the western 

and northern areas; the other, in charge of Mr. D. C. Witherspoon, 

topographer, undertook the work of exhrtding the mapping in the 

northeastern part of tho peninsula, including most of the Pnirhaven 

mining precinct and nlso portions of the Godhope, Kugruk, and 

Koyuk precincts (See map of mining precinds, @. 1.) 

To the last-mentioned party the writer was assigned, with instructions to make R geologic ~econn~issance oftho nrru rnappd and t.~ 

visit tbe creeks and study the pvel deposits whem gold mas being 

mined. The party included, in addition to tho= mentioned: C. E. 

Rill, field assistant ; S. TI'. Johnson, packer ; n. llT. Witherspoon, 

assistant packer; John Aldridge, A. G. Hill, I. D. Stuver, and S. D. 

Mathem, camp hands. 

- Rmh, All& n. ; Rlchardslon, Georse B. ; Colller, Arthut J., and Mendenhall, Walter 

C., R-nnalanencea In the Cape Nome nnd Norton Bay wlonq Almka, En 1900, Tr. 8. 

Oml. 8urvcy. 1901. 

'Colllrr. ArPt111r J.. Becoanals~ance of the noetba~lrtrrn pwttoa ot bward Psnlnsuln, 

kla#ka : Prof. Pnwr U. B. Ueol. Boraeg No. 2, 1002. 
The two immediate objects which it was expmhd h mmplish 

were the completion of the topographic map of the peninsultc and the 

promring of informa tion conrerning the plucer-gold deposits discovered in 1901 on Candle Creek and the tributaries of Inmuchuk find 

Buckland rivers ; and, i11 addition, the hopc wns entertained that Ratn, 

which would throw light. on the origin nnrl snurc~ nf the gold and m 

the structural relations of fh~ goI(I-lwnrialg rocks moulrl be obtained. 

The newssnry qniptn~nt nf 1.3 pnclr 110mrs nnrl psovisions for 

three months err w1rtm1 in Settttl~ nncl shipp~tl, part to Nomr, the 

rrrnainder 20 Tcll~r. J3otl1 pnrtie nswn~l~lcrl in Senttle and sailed 

on the steamship Ccltt8nnitll d ilne R? reaclung Nome 011 J~lne 16, 

Fm. 1.-Prrrlact man nf Rrarrrlt P~nlnsuln, showlnc thr rvrnrrllng OWW. 

Some time was consum~d in msncking tlre prnviiiions nnd braking 

in the hnms to the n-ork of ct~rqing them. In order to wve the mimals and to pmvent tloulhs trips, reshipm~nts ~FPIY! marla at. Nomo 

~~nd provisions sent to T~llrr, on I'orl Clarenre, and Ito Ihring ~nd 

lCiwaIik, on Kotzebt~e Som~tl, \r.llctv tly could Iw rencherl later in 

t hr senson. The previous ~\-i~iter had I-wen a long one; deep snows 

wern not yet melted on the north side of the hills, and A further 

delay in heginning th~ overhd joarn~y was caused by tardiness of 

the spring wason nnd consequent scarcity of good grass for tho horns. 

On Jtlr~e 51 the p~ck train was writ nartll \{+it11 hap and onts, in 

care of dive mm, who made a cache nenr thr? hend of Dorothy Cmk, 

in Xome: Riwr Valloy, and return~d to crimp three days Inter. On 

Jme 27 the Nome camp was abandoned nnd all, wit11 the k~ception 
of Mr. Witherspoon, mmed out on the trail which led north along 

Nome River and Salmon Lake to Kuzitrin River. The 65-mile ~narcl~ 

fmm Nome to Lneq Landing was not completed till July 8, for the 

horns were not yet accustomed to the work nnd it was n-ry 

during t,h~t part of the journey to make double trips with provisions 

for t8he men and fed for the 'horns. At Kusitrin River high WR~PIand quiclrsnnd made crmsing snlnewhat difficult, nncl wh~n a forcling 

place conlrl not be fai~nrl tltr! pnclzs wem lwnt~l nvcr to the north 

sl:hn~, nrlcl the horses mnda to wim the stream. 

At Idnnea Landing tho party wns divicletl, Mr. C. E. Hill and th~ 

writer, wit11 two men, pushing east, to tie up wit11 triangul~tion pints 

establid~ed by the. topograpllem in 1900 and to begin t,Ile work of 

mapping, nntI the others going down the ICuxitrin to Marys Igloo 

with eight horses to meet Ms. Witherspoon, who mas expectetl ta 

have rtnnrhed Teller hy Eloat and to have come np the river wit,h that 

part of the outfit writ aro~md from Nnme. Mr. Witherspoon did not 

WRC~ 'r~ller ~nntil Jldp 12, !wing r~nable tr, erll~r Port Clmrence till 

nfter the ice meItad, since the sbirface of tIint inlttrld basin is not 

disturbed by the stor~na on Bering Sen, rind tho thick ice is not 

broken II~ nnd given nn opport~tnj ty to flo~t away, as js the case along 

Nom~ IRIIL'II. hlr. n'i thrmpmn joined the srnall~r party at Eldorado 

Creek on ,Jlilg 40, nnrl th~? following day wnt back one man with 

I~omes to wcurr that pnrt of the supplies which he had been obliged to 

lesv~ at Tdnw l~lnding. 

Two tlnps Int~r, nt 13errp Creek, a plan of operat,ions for the first 

part nf the smson 1111villg hen rl~finitely rlecid~d nn, the ppnrtp WRS 

npin rlividetl, RII~ for tlip rernaintler of the seasnn, with the ercpption 

nf nnt? or two dnys, the warlr wns carried on from separate cnrnps, 

Mr. Hill, willl: two Inen and four horns, advfiitacd the tapograplric 

~\.nrk northwan? dong tho divide htw~n S11ishrnsre-f Inbt nntl Gd- 

 hap^ Rny, thenm wistmfird thm~ipll the rli&iet. djacent to Rntzehl~s 

Soanrl RS fnr ns Kiwalik. The main party carrid the topographic 

nn(l penlogic mapping errstward, scm the upper Cottonn.mil and 

nnrtli of t11c Aswa Ears, to Pinnell River, making dctol~rs to north or 

muth HS tl~~wi~~dition~nf the morkq~~irerl. ,It Cottonmoor1 Creek, 

Ilowevt?r, the writer spt a few days in mamining the placer 

deposits of the upper Inmnchuk, Hannum Creek, and KPESOTI Gttllch. 

joining Mr. llTitherspoon again on Aupist 1 at the mmtt11 of Old 

Glory CmB. Since the interests of the different brmches of work 

now lny in separak regions, Mr. Witherspoon proceded south and 

rnst ~KI the upper drainage basin of Rupk River, while the writer 

wrnainecl a week longer to examine the pld gravels on Old Glory, 

I'inn~I1 River? and I~~mnchuk River, th~n moved east tn thp Knptk, where t.he con1 mine on Chiago Creek was visited, and 

finally started sonth to join the main party. This mas not found till 
August 13. near the rno~~tll of Independence Creek ; tho work of the 

topopph~s Irnd been int~rfercd with by smoko from burning ' 

hlnilrn. ant1 tl~~y ltntl not Ien aLho to move northwnrd us rrtpidly 

ss ]lad kn expeckad. From the Kngrnk the pnrtp went cast, agnin 

- ~mss the liertrl of Canrlle Cmk, thm southwan1 to Kiwalilr hlni~nfain. 411 little snow fell on ,iugust 3, unrl cold uighta with thirl ico 

pave further warning af the appnach of winter. 3111ch work atill 

~~mained to be dam. Traveling nlrnost dirertlg past, the party 

cmswd Kilwulik River ant? then tnrned toward Candle. where it 

expctcd to mn~w the mpidly failing provisions fromi the sllpplp 

wl~ipp~rl ta Kiwalik ~nd to meet the Hi11 par@-, whirl1 wau coming 

~a~t~~rril along the sonnd. Candle was rearhecl Sptemhr 2. md 

IIiEl nrrived threcr days later. Four drt~ were spent alt Cnndlc in 

visiting t,he creek claims, rertmnging the packs, and laying out the 

~vorlr ior the mmnining few-weeks of the -son. Opl September 7 

all hands moved PRF~ ~nrl remained together till Sept~mber 9, when 

~,IIA pnrtim w~)nr~fed for the last rime, Hill ping dircctlg past towad 

nrroblantl Rivtar. the mt trawling solrthead ttwarrl I3wr Cwk, a 

tributary of tlw Ruckland. on which wme'gold mas being mined. ft 

was hopcd IhnC Tlill's party, after spnding a few clays on thc north 

enrl .of tl~r Tiimlik-Brrrkl~nd divide. mnld mow rlrlickJp to thc 

rlppcr pnrt nf the Koy~lr \'~llep, mnp the men hrtwwn Kopk and 

Iiuzitrin rivrm, and ~IIQII ntzlrn to Xom~ by mny of the S~lmorlake 

11ntl Nomc Rircr trail kfnm the wint~r wenth~r bgan. Mr. WitherS~II wished to mrhpl~te th~ foppph?~ 01 the ?;lime divide IES fnr 

south as Iioyilk River, then nww thc Darby Mnintnins to the vnllep 

of Fish Riv~r, and reach Nome by sny of Cot~rrcil. 

I3.r ,Septembrr 13, when Englc Crwk wna renched. bnd weathcr was 

bpcwrninp pret-dent; thc cold nights JVPN! rapidly killillg thc grltrn ryia 

which our Iloms mere rnt i~rly rlrpcndnnt for frod, nnd R f~tlJ of 

several indlcs of mox on Scptcrnl~s 1 P w~r~rctlho pnrty th~t wnrlr 

must smn \w given up onti~~ly. Tltt~ Knyl~lc Vnllcy W~R crowel \\-\.it !I 

dificulty. for t h~ Rat, w~t, lnnila of tho Imttom were intarwctm? by oltF. 

abandoned stream chann~1.q nnd d~eply Il~ciwcld by oxistin~ w~trt- 

~011~'s; one horse mas killed cm the mtty nnd tl~ itheru nTcrgb in snclr 

a weakenel rol~dition fmm lack of fmtl that it wns not io~lnd pribl~ to mow mom than 5 or fl miles n tll~g. and 011 Soptcrnhr 21 it wan 

reluctantly decided to give up tho (rip ncross thc mollnhins, to 

lighten the prcks of everything that could IH! ~purcd, i~nd to rcttnrt~ 

tcl 1Gw~Iik througl~ a fi~miIiar country rnthrr tl~nn tn nttempt an 

~~ntrnvelctl trail known to be difirult except in winter. The 60 

mil- to Cltntll~ wns covered in five d~yg, find after dispming of the 

homa and camp furniture ~t public nuetion the party psoceeded 

clown the rivpr 1)y boat fo Kiwmlik, to await the; arrival of a sttl~mer 

already ovcrdue. Kiwalik was reached on the evening of September 
14 FAIRHAVEN BOLD PLACERS OF 8EWABD PENTNRULA. IevLI- 345. 

26, and four days later transportation to Nome was secured on the 

steamship Saidie. The trip around the coast, khrouglx Bering Stmi t, 

was accornp1ished in three days, u, short stop bsiilg mode at Teller, 

find Xome was reached on October 3, where the Hill party had arrived 

the day previous. At Some the; remaining horses were sold, and 

after a rough ten-day voyage on the stex~nship VuEeneiu the party 

reached Seattle m Octoh~ 16, having accomplished the principal 

objects for which it mas wnt.. 

An area of 8,400 square miles was mapped on a wale of 1: 180,000 

nnd the topograplly slretcbed with n contour interval of 200 feet. 

This mnp, here published on n sci~le of 1 :%50,000, includes a11 the 

drainage of C;odhope. Inn~acln~k. linguk. and Riwnlik rivers RS 

we11 AS the headwaters of ICoynk nnd ICttzitrin rivers, the western 

tributaries of Buckland River. and the drainage into the western side 

of Kotzebr~e Sol~nd. This work was hsd on points estalnIished by 

topographers of the Unitad States Gecllogic~l Survey in 1800, and 

the horizontal nncl mrtical control was pstended from tlicse points 

into the field of warlt by trisngttlation and vertical angles, supplemented by the bamm~ter. 

The gealogist visited all the gold-producing crocks of the region, 

except Rear Creek: and made a geologic ~.ecomlaiwanc~ of the area 

traversed. A continuous trnversr was kel-rt by p~cirlg and conlpaes 

bearings, mnd thc! topography along tlrtl mutc; was sketched in wit11 the 

:lid of the barometer. Thc geologic dstn collected during this traverse have been transfed to the. topographer's map and are given 

in this report. 

GEOQRAPHYT. 

"She region which forms the snbject of this paper occllpics t,he 

northeastern portion of Sen--ard P~l~insnla (Pls. I, 31, arid 111) and 

comprises a little more than o~l~-qunrter ofits total srpa, or about 

7,500 square miles. It includes the ~vl~olt! of tho Fairhaven rniniug 

precinct except that portion lying to the east of Buckland River, 

the ea&m portions of the Gdhope and ICugmk precincts, and 

the nortbern portioi~ of the Koyrtk precinct (see precinct map, 

fig. 1, p. 11). It is limited OII the west hy the north-sonth ridge 

extending from Baldy Mountain to Reril Mo~rntain, and on the 

east by Buckland River. Its nortllern boundary is ;Formed by tl~r 

Arctic Ocean aud Iiotzebne Sound. and it ssknds soutlzwnrd to 

the Bendelehn Mountains and lower Koynk River. Expressed in 

mother way, it may be said that nearly a11 the district is included, 

in an east-west direction, between meridians 161° and 164" 30', ~nd 

in a north-mth direction, btween parallels 65" 15' and the Arctic 

Circle, which crosses the northward projection of the peninsula - 

just wut,h of Cape Espnberg. If the northerly lowlands west of 

Goodhope Bay be neglected, the area is roughly a rectangle with its 

long dimension extending from east to west. 

Show Fine-The shore line from Cape Espenberg to Elephant, 

Point has a length of slightly over 100 miles. broken at several 

places, notably at the mo~~thu of Kuguk and Riw~ljk rivers, h;p 

shallow bays or lagoons marly cut off from the sound by low sand 

spits. Along the west side of Goodhope Bay the bordering lands 

for many miles inland are flat and low, bat the southern shore is 

succession of low headlands and plains, which mark the extension 

of the north-south ridges a11cI interwning vaIleys of the interior. 

The barrier beaches ant1 inclosed In,goa~ls. rhiclt form so noticeable 

a feature of the Arctic shore line. are not prevent on the Kotzebue 

mast. 

Kotzebue Sound was cijscocerd by Otto voi~ ICotmbrre in 1818, 

mcl since that time has been frqrte~ttlg visited by vessels sailing the 

Arctic Ocean, since it. aflorrls protection ngainst all storms, excepting 

those from the northwest. The sound Ilns an average ctepth of 

about 6 fathoms, the shallowest n-aters being found along the east 

and west shores. At present the two small steamers which mahe 

regular trips with maiI and freight toucll at Deering, at the mouth 

of hachuk River, at Riwalilt, on Spnfarief Bay, and at Point 

Blomq on the east side of the sound; carp is occasionally landed 

at other points dong the beach. At high tide small vessels may 

enter behind the sand spit on which Riwalik is built, but must do 

so with mre. for at lm water eren Iight. dories may be caught on 

the mud hanks of the I~IIOII. 

Drainago.-The drainage of the region, ns will l-re seen from the 

map, is not simple, part of it reaching Bering Sea by various ways 

and part the Arctic Ocean. The waters flow northward into Kotmbue Sound from considerably more than haIf the mapped area. 

The 3outhern pwh is dminecl by the two Iargest ~ive~s of Seward 

Peninsula: the Huzitsin, with its lrtrge northern branch, the Xoxapa@, flows westw~rd to Imuruk basin, and thus to the ma; heading 

against the Kuzitrin on the east is the KO&, which flows to the 

southeast; and reaches Xorton Bay at the extreme eastern limit of 

the peninsula. In a general way the streams nutking np the Arctic 

drainage have north-south direction, the smaller ones, especially, 

showing a paral1elisn1 rrhich is quite noticeable. The most important of thm stseams, named from west to east, are Goodhope, fnmchuk, Kugruk, Kiwalik, and Buckland rivers. 

The largest of these is the BucBland, the longest branch of which, 

huw ever, does not lie in the peninsulet . Rngru k River has a length of 

aImost 60 miles, Goodhope end Riwalik rirers about 50 miles, and 

the Imachuk nearly 30 miles, The present streams mupy shaUow 

valleys which lie but a few hzuidred feet blow the general level of 
an old dissected plain. The upper valleys am steep and namw, but 

bmadnn ~nd am covered with extensive gavel flats as tbey appmch 

the mn. Kugruk River, throughout a considcr!rable port8ion of its 

lower ctpurm, occt~piw a level valley, frequonlly RFI n~licll as n mile or 

two in width, traverved by charnels through which the river once ran. 

Jn plncqs these old channels are nearly the whola width of t,he vdlcy 

from the present conrse. An interesting fact brought aut by the hpographic map is that the ridge from Midnight Mountain to Devil 

Mor~nlain is broken through by Ntlgnngalulctuk River, which has 

its source on the west, and flows eastward to Goodhope Bay. A similar 

caw iis mn east of Candle, wl~ere, the ~~nnainerl creek draining th43 

wcst side of the ridge betwen IEiwalik and nr~cklanrl rivcra follows 

north\rard aIong the lower slopes ~nd then turns anst to khe Ruckland. 

C)ne or two mall Tdres are Iotated in the level rogion fnrrn~ing the 

wntershed against which the Arctic nnd Bering wu drainage t~e.ads. 

Lnke.Trnnruk is the Inrpt of the. and covers an arw of &out 35 

~UHW miIes. ,4s will he. shown later, the.% lakes Rrc due te the ({emming of streams br lava flows. So nenrly Frrcl is the Inva-covered 

plain 011 which &.ha lakes li~, that the pmpctow. who rnrely cross the 

region excepting in winter, were pnemllq. i~na'bl~ to tell illto which 

of several streams the wrrters of L~ke Inlilruk are emptied. 

Relief.-As has kn stated. the district is incloserl on three sida 

by more or less cont.inu~o~s ridges. On the soztth RW the Rendeleben 

Mountains, which take their name from Bloant Rendelelxn (3,700 

feet), the highest point on the peninsulrt ensL of the Kigluaik or SRWtooth Mountains. On the wmt is thr hfidnigl~t Mmmtuin ridgqreac11- 

ing an clev~tion of 2,600 feet in Midnight Mntint~in itself. On the east 

is he high divide betweo~~ the liitvalik and Bncklend, which extends 

from Roy& River to Eschscholtz Bay. Rle ~rnoatll, rounded contours of t,he limestone and schist hills of th~ m&rn ridge ~rn in 

strong cuntrxst with t,he denply trenched valleys and sharp rid@ of - 

the eruptive Inass an the east, The highest elevntion of this watershed 

is shut 2,600 fwt, but the abrupt rise fmm the lowlands of the rivers 

g~es an appearancu of pabr height. The southwest and swthesst angles of the mctungle. formed by these three ridges are occupied 

by the valleys of Kuzitrin and Koyl~lr rivers. - *. 

Both af these rivem nre exmdingly crwked and are ma. times 

longer than the actual distance horn source to mouth. The floors of 

the two vtlIleys are hut slightly above sen level and are made up of 

extensive gral-el deposib, over which are mttered mres of small 

lakes and ponds. This flat land is well-nigh impassable in the ammer months, but affoMEs god traveling when frozen. 

Within the bo~tnrlaries of the rectangle described, the region of 

patest relief appeaw on the wwt of Kinwlik River and hds it9 

highest elevation in Kiwaldt Mountain (2,W feet), hm which point 
~iartllward khe ridges gradunlly become lo we^ as the munded hills 

bodering tho sound are neawtl. The A- Ears have an elevatiorl 

of almost 2,000 feet., althot~gh the twin mnes themdves we only 20CF 

fmt highcr than the pPai11 ahvp which they ~w. 

The northward pojebio~l of the pninwzla is tl. country of very 

10~1' relief. ant1 the cnastal plains honlering the ilrctic Om11 artd 

Goodhop BR~ HR broken OIIE?. by mounds of gravel or by lava masses 

like that of which D~vil 3iountain is cornpod. t\ depression of 

200 feet wnn1iI put 1111lrh the p~ter part of the area hlow the sea, 

making an island of the rnonntuin? ns it probably was at no rev digtrrnt time, 

Viewed as H WIII~IP. tlw ~~orthelll IJ~ITI. of Seward Peninsula ia 

characterized by gn~rnlow relief and n~orlotonous npparance. 

GENERAL GEOLOGY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

After fi ha~ty reeon~inisw 11t.r tl~rouph a 1 ittle-known or entirely 

new region, such as is t Ilr! g~~~~ter part of tire district of Alaska, th~ 

geologist fwls, on his: rtntnrn flom the field, that his notes are charnrterized chiefly Ily the Iarp, ~ntirnlwr of pltzzling questions which am 

nuggasted, rather thnn by th~ definite estaMishment of facts and their 

relationships. It follom~ tlmt the restllts are incompleteand unsetis 

factory, that many things art., RSWI-IIP~ without definite and 

that more detailed examination in th~ fnbrrc will pmbablp mdfy or 

rven cha~ip en t iwly solnil nf 111fi conclz~sions reached. This must nec- 

~s~rjly hp r;o fror~h the cllaractcr of the set~ntry, the short awn, and 

the varied conditions und~r which llvl work is mrried on. Much of the 

geulogist'~ time and sfrcngfll RTP hken 1~y rlnties entirely aside from 

the okwation of plagic phenomena. and, in any case, Ire lear~~s 

only such fads as may cl~nnce to appar near his mute of travel, 

thus missing oftentin~es the importnnt key l~lities nf IL regiwl. 

Ne~ertheles, in spite nf aH thw dificulties, he should be able, at 

the end of his field ~vnrk, in wt~Mish some peml conclusions and 

provide a hsis for fi~tum work which will hp nf real due. 

The rocks of tho wgion ~rdjamnt 20 kirrtwbt~e Sound on the west 

and sot~th are nlaile 111) in great purt c>f nlirawous, chIoritic, and 

graphitic schists, derived from wlirn~nts. Tnterstra tified with the 

schists are Ms of lirne~itot~e ofno great thickness: often containing 

srgillnceous matter and less frequ~ntly R, larp proportion of paphitic mahrial. Th.e limestones nre very 311h)rdinate in amount to 

the schists in which t.hey occzlr, and in many cases a schiststructure or a poorly clev~lnped clewage. 

The schists and thin limestones are underlain, at least in the western 
portion of the regon, by massive crystalline limestones, or by marbles 

which by a decrease in lime and increase of arpllaceaus matter grade 

vertically Into them. The marbles are white or bluish white in color 

and, like the thin-beaded limestones, frequently show a platy or schistose structure. Erosion of the overlying ~diments has brought the 

massire limestones to the surface in places, where they appnr as 

rounded hiIls in mall isolated areas samunded by schists. 

The sedimentaq deposits are intruded in a number of localities by 

stocks of granite and qnartz-diorite, with other relnhd eruptives, anti 

are almost entirely cut off dong the eastern border of the region by 

a great igneous mass camped chiefly of extrusive rnahrial, mostly 

aridesite, with a central core of gmnih. 

Zong after the de+tion of these dder ~dirncnts there was laid 

down upon them a wries of coal-bearing beds, which are foIded but 

not altered as are the mks cm which they lie, They re found in the 

valleys of Kiwalik nnd ICoyuk rirers, and are so limited in clistrihution that they might e~sily escape notice. 

The *dimentary and igneous rocks mere srlhjected to various movements, bnth vertical and horizontal, nnrE were exposed to ermive agencies dnring a ver;lr long pried, which was interrupted by a %rim (12 

recent lava flows affecting nearly the entip region, but more widely 

developed in the southern md central portion. These lavas are 

basaltic in character ~nd cowr many square wiles in tlw region of the 

upper Ruzitrin and Kopuk rivers. '60 the northward they are. chiefly 

observed along the ~;icIes of the valleys, where they have heen cult 

through by strenms and appear as n.alls or rims of loom blocks, They 

also occur RS residual buttes in PFPP~I loealit.ie, and are clmly amociated with the nndesites of the eastern past of the region 

The most widely extended of the plogic formations are gravels, 

whi rh cover the valleys of nll the streams nnd Zm extensive lowlands 

bordering the coast find the inland 1,asins. They are of local origin 

and contnin watermorn matefin1 derived from the rocks which they 

cover and nlso from the lavns whose later flows sometimes overlie 

them. 

The accompanying geologic nlnp (PI. JII) represents an area of 

about 7,500 square miles; nearly G,BW quare miles of this was inwstigfi&d during the SeHWR of 1905, nnd the remainder is bd on the 

previous work of MendenhaLZ and Collier. It is intended to show the - 

nrcal distribution and structural reIations of the diflerent formations 

ns accurately ag it was possible to establish them during the short 

*asan of work, but it should be borne in mind that in many points 

the boundaries arc! only approximate, since tho scarcity of outcrops, 

resulting from the moss-covere-d condition of much the larw pa^ of 

the regionl made it quite out of the question to trace them carefully 

even if time had permitted. 
IIOFFIT. 1 METAMORPHIC 8381328. 19 

In the following pap it is prop&, first, to describe the metumorpl~ic complex which comprises the csEdwt rocks of the region and, in 

~wnnectinn with this, the ycsanpr 01-ertping rrml-bnring beds: wand, to describe the igneous rocks which in sonw plnces werc injectat1 

into and in athers ponwd out over the w~limttlt~~ri~s; l~nd t,Iiirtl, to 

give mme account of the sarfieial cleporsits. wpmi~IIy the gold-1)etlring 

,mveIs? res~~ltlng from the action of n-ater nnd tIlc dccay of tho hd 

rock. 

The writer wishes to esprps his ind~btedness to Mr. Withnrsponn 

for specirnera mIleder? npar tha llrl~tl af IC~igrl~k Rivcr, nncl to Mr. 

J-lilP for geologic material from the Devil Moi~ntni~i ant1 Goodllopn 

J3uy regions, tasks n~hicl~ they kintlly conw~ltcrl to undertalco in addition to their regular topographic ~rcirlt 

METAMORPHIC SERtES, 

Under the hd of " M~tnmorpbic wrics " t~vc grorq~d tonther a 

number nf rock types of wirl~ly di rerent chal.actrr, tho rett ionship 

of which arc difFin11t to ~stal~lish clearly, and Shr. ages of which nlr in 

do~ibt,. They powpss the colnrnon charncteristics of having Imn it1 ~11 

cam greatly nl terecl from their ori~nal condition at the time of consolidation. Thc changes inelnde the folding of thc beds and the production of mondarp strnctnrw, nltch ar whistcsitp, cleuvagv, jointing. 

or faulting, reslrlting from prrssuw ntld tllc varions Inovenletlts of tile 

r~k mass; thp recry~;tn1Iizrrtion af the tninernl constituents and th~ 

CIPVCIO~IIIC~~ of nrw minera Is: thi* infiltration of rloartz, giving the 

nilmeroits v~i~ls, sEsinp~. nntl IPFIM~~ of that rnitleral whiclr src! w, 

fmqnent in the oahcrnps nt~tl re so illiportant in some placas k~~ttsc 

of th~ir gold content ; the pertlliaril iw of 4ruutuw rluo to the intrusion of larp ma- of ignmna rock, and all~er Pvs noticeable featun*. 

'rho *rips incIotles rnnqqire ~mtl thin-lwlded ctystnlIinc liniestanps 

nrld ~nnrl>!rs, Imndrd b1~rk ~nrl pp sln'tes. sncl n vnriety of schistosc 

mcks. IrttI1 ml irncr~ ts1.j. ar~tl i~glroos, nmonE \\-lrici~ nrua rnivs~was, 

pnphitic, qnnrtrxiw, chloritic.. frf(lspath ic. ~trrl nrnphilwlitic phaws. 

The failnrt. to muw fwil remains from the much-ultererl sediments 

t~nd the pmnm of Rn cstunaiw Iuvn ahwt over almost tho entire celltrn1 nrea make the snbdivisiiln af tllc wllistr, i~ clifficuIt task thnt cna 

k accomplishetl sr~~sft~lly only nftrr n nmre cietniled study of the 

region. The occurrence of tlnb mctnmorphic series in tho Norton Bay 

mgion on the. wuth side of the peninsula was rlescrikl by Mendenhnll in l9Mp who ~lso givw solnr nrcount of the series ns it appeaw 

a.wcncndent~nll, Wmtter C., A Reronaafesanm of the Cape N~me nud Norton Bay Reglolre, 

Maska, 1n 1900, P. 9, Geol. Burvey, 1N01, Fir. 189-204. 
90 ErAIRRXVEN OOLD PLACERS OF SEWARD PENLNBCTLA. leu~t,. 247. 

on tlit! north sirla of *.he peninsula, in the neighborhood of Dt~ritlg, 

Kiwnlilr, and Point, l3losmm.a 

The metamorphic cornples hem described wenpies practically th~ 

entire rnnpp~d nrea wst of the Kiw~lik, except when, it is intn~ded by 

granalttr igneer~s rocks, which for the most part t~re ~~ndterd, or in 

covered by IRVR flo~vs. For convenience in description the metumorphie roclrs are separated into two divisions, the first tmting af the 

schistose vnrieties, Ihe ~conil of tllosr trhid~ thr main i~rr ~nassive? 

yet do nt tima ,poswss the schistos ~t~m~ctur in n lcss degree. 

The shistrse roclcd nre dislril~ulcd over w th~~ch greater urea than 

ltre the other rnembt-rs of the mnttc~tlorpllic wries The outcrops rlrr! 

 no st. often found in vtllleys, wliorcl tllc strea~ns have CII~ through the 

Isva s11-S and exposed t lw oltler rocks h?~~entli, hut at times they sppear lrhorp (111: pr~~rrh lev~l of the luvn flow, on the higher pasts of thc 

lorn dome-like hilts wl~ich charactrrizc t,lla topogmpliy, in wme places 

making known their pmnce in tho higher elevutio~ls by the striking 

monrtnwnt-like form.; which they Hmme on weathering (PI. IV, A). 

Blonnment Mountain, wwt of Glacier Creek, affords one of the bwt 

~xarnpl~s of this pccalinritp. Viewed from a distance, the brolcen 

contoilr of the rid@ is strongly contrasted with the more even and 

rcgdar lims of thr. Elills to the west and norkh, where for some reason 

thtrne irrvgular .forms we not developed. They are most pruh~bly 

dnr, tb the prewnm of two spstems of vertiml joint planes, wh ich prmitted the weathering ngencies to attack the rocks more qili~lcly 

along such placs oaf wertknm and to penetrate more deoply Hkt~n 

rliigb t abherw ise have hn possible. 

Tha whistose rocks comprise R variety of typ~ of diflerent nplEat-- 

nncn allti different mineral compositio~t, brtt for the most-part tlwy art! 

t~ndoubkdly of sedimentary origin, this heing shown by the prewnce 

of frequent thin-bedded limestones and graphitic phkw nnd by 

c~cc~sional quartzites. Mimceoas schish are the prevailing ones, 11r1t 

with them appear siliceous and graphitic vnristionq man rarely 

feldsputhic, amphibolitic. and granr?tifcroi~s types. TIw P~IICP of 

intruded greenstone is very much Icss common than is t.he cn.w in the 

western portion of the peninsnla, where thr! strnctur~l relation?; are 

~sily recognized and the mctaniorphism hns not, in the majority af 

cases, been so pb as to cIe.*roy tho original fenturn of the mks. 

h pnssing ~nstward from the Rugtrk River region, one nntes x 

transition from the massive limestonps forming the north-south ridge 

in which I-larri~, hnie shncls, tl~rough lirnwto~~es of a schistose cllnraar and ~~lcareous .whist,q to the mica-schistnr in the neighborhood - 

Mtnd~~bsll, Wafter C., neconnal~am from Fort Hnmllri to Koaebne Sound, Alatllra : 

m1. Paper U. $. Om!. Bumep No. 10, 1902. pp. S&-36. 
;I "hC+I\' Ml;Nl.lV:EI!T; ' I, MltF'i NI?CT4 I;F K:VVALIK MI?VNTi+-h, CUE 

10 WEATHERING 

of EIdorado Creek. Thm scl~ists are fmquen tly graphitic and often 

cslcnreous, In the r-icini tv of Ihnnaat Creek b~nded sI~tes are seen, 

and on Finnell River manv qunrtzw Ms occrzr, with nn occasionnE 

henvy bed of quartzite. Schists with n silvery luster and satin-like 

fwl are common in the vicinity of Candle Creek. Garmetifernus 

v~rieties fire Iptis common in the mcsteni rind rmtr~l part of the die 

trick tlmn in the north~rn. Sfigl~ly silicooua or qnartzose schists 

cover a conside.rabIr. arcn lmtw.ct*n Mirlnighi Mountain and Devil 

Mo~intdn snd south of C;oorlhop~ Rny, nw w~ll ns to the north nnd 

east a£ Spsfarief Hay. These wflists arc at times graphitic. 

An nnas~ul pha.~ of the metan~orphic rocks appenrs in Biwalik 

Mo~mtain and in the edjnwnt hills, \vhich are mnde up of n schistase granite er gneiss with occasionnl d~rlc hiatitic variations. These 

gneims, which cover nn awn of ahnut I5 or 20 sqllnre miI~s nnd 

include the high& el~vatinnn in the c~iitrnl pnrt of the region 

represented by the map, form 11 striking f~ntrrrc? of the lanclscap 

t)ecause of R black lichen BW~~IVIIPI'C 1)rm111 on t11en1, whicll mntrasts strongly with the wlljt~ a~~teropg nf the lirn~ston~, often ensbling them to IP djstingui~he(1 fit 11 distancl~ from the neighboring 

dirnentary schists. The arigi~rnl pnitr! from which the gt~csim 

are derived has hen m alten-d by the rnov~.lnenEs that taolr 2,l:iw in 

it that its true character \vna nt first sotnewhat in do~bt, but %as 

brought out rnwe clearly l)y the microwope. 

The gneisses are followed on the nclrll~ 2~ mica-*hies jntprstratifid with mmsional beds of white marldc, which contain neeill~s of 

Iwautiftrl pee11 tremolite. Schists ant1 lim~stones ltppenr in thc. vnl. 

IRSS both to the east rind to the smith, hilt no contacts mcw wen, nnd 

their exact rel~tionsto the @nit8 could not 'tw cdefini tdy sl~own. 'rh~! 

latter pml~ably~ he long^ to n =rim of intrtlsion~ ttt111 t wpw ~virlespma~l 

in the peninsula and have grently nltcrerl: tnnny of the older 

formations. 

Similar gneisses are widely developed ~11th of the upper part of 

the KoOpk, ant1 from the dew of ~If~ratintl it W~IR prol~nlslr thnt 

they nnnd the Biwdik Jlo-rlnt~in aren rnng be of similrr np, and thnt 

Imth are nldw khan thr I<iw-t13 ik-R~tcklenrl pmni tm, as wi 11 h~ dlowll 

Ider. Tn weathering, tlie peiws hwk into hrgc angulnr bloclte, 

rnrering the, tops and K~~CS ~af thr hills with a p~ttt mass nf dPbris 

difficaI t to traverse on foot :~nrI totnUg irnpnssl~hlr! wit11 110~~1. 

Limestones are of much nlm lirnit~d distrib~~tion in tlrt! emtorn 

part of ,%ward Peninsuln tlmn is the CRW tl~ lvestcrn portion, 

where they are widely d~reIo~setI s~~rl cnk-er 1nllli-y MqIIRrC III~~AI~ of 

rauntr;~. They nppenr ns great maw5 of white cryptnllinc limcstann 

or marble, oh with rt platy structure, and as black, gay, bluish- 
gray. nad sometimes ~hitc cwtalline Ids in the %hi* When 

impure they may grnd~ into mlmmt~s or pphitic schists or siliceo~ls limestones. Thin-betided lirnestonm arc interstmtifid with the 

schists. hut present no featam of spwial interest, and thcir mnrwnce in the placer districts will Ilr r~frrred to later. 

As has be11 stater1 previously, the ntessive lirn~ston- of the Hnrtis 

Dome region pass by m gmdun1 Imnsition intm rnirn~wus whists east 

of Elrlori~rlrt Cmrrlr. Tllc change is not entirely n nniform one. since 

Iirnestonc lwils and schi~tfi fmqlr~ntl~ n?tern~te, hrt the dwmsp. of 

the limp fmm thp west tou'nrcl 111(* mfit RO~~CPAII~P nnd giom eritlenw of ellnnping conditions of wdimer~tation nt ihr tirncl thm mcks 

were bin^ rlepitd. 

Sorth~ast uf thr AM Enm is nn ~rea of ~hC)llt 95 quam miles, ' 

made up elliefly of white marbles rnt~t-11 sh~eted ~ntl mrnetirnes schisI-, which nppr as srnmtll, mtmdwl rlomos, hare of moss, nnd 

lhprrforp nj7nnlinp pml footing: to the traveler. 11ong radiating 

~le~cll~s of trrrnolitr nrp not ~~tncornmnn, b11t othermiso tho lim~dons 

is pnerwlly nlrnos$ pup. 

,lf~~~ic;i\-~ lim&on.rs mur in a ride muthenst of Riwalik Mountain 

nntl to the south of it in thr arm nnrth of Koyuk River. Other locnliti~ RW foirnd just nnrth of the big knd in Kopuk River and in mmr 

of the h~ndlnnds along thp qhort! of liotzebrre Sound. which ere the 

northmnrd cont innat ions of nort h-math ridp. Mack graphitic vnrietfw am not uncommon, qmiatly in the fnmachuk and Godhope 

River region. 

~F~PThc rliffiailties ~ri~ing in the attempt to mtnbliah the rplntionships 

Iwt\vwn the varioils rnrmhm ~vhich hme twn inclndd in the 

mcta~norphic wries hnve hen prerinl~sly enurn~rmtwl nRn rtd only 

Irc! rrf~rriitl ttr here; chief among them are th~ thin hut widply 

ext~ntlrrl lnvn flows nrld the almost univeml covering of moss, whir11 

llidw the nldw rnclrs, However, mfieient reliable ohs~m tinns m-ew 

mndc to intlirnte some of the chief stmctnn~l ferltums. 

A ronrlpnrison of these observations shows that, thr strike of tho 

hls avpr th~ whole of the mappd nrea is prevnilingly north nnd 

wllrh or R little mest of north. Overtt~rnod folds nre not infrqnent, 

hlrt nre not the peml structural feature. Tn th~ western portinn 

the rrkrt-erl dip% ~wrll,qe hhetwwn 2b0 nnd 30°, but nn increase in 

the jnrlination of thp hwls is noticed as onc. gm toward the east, 

w thst in the mstern portion the dips uvcrnp nearly 50'. Eastwet. strikm are occasinliallp met, and the dips in s~ch CRWS &PA 

usuallp Ion*. The obscrvrttinns indicntt. thnt tho prevnjling 

~tructnml fe~tr~rp ofth~ region consists of n wries of open folds, 

whose rses pitch at low angles either to the north or to t,he swith, 
MOPFIT. STRUCTUXE OF PRT AHORPHTO SERTEB. 23 

und that rt pdud increase. in the intensity of &he forces producing 

folding took place toward the eastern portion of the area, but was 

not sufSlcient to produce a genernl orertnrning. 

The stmctt~ral charstcteristics jnst described are modified at times 

by the occurrence of an elongated. dome-like or canoeshaped 

arrangement. of the beds, which int~rru~trr the regularity of tho 

awn folding and proclirees a seeming confusion of strikes and dips. 

This peculiarity was noticed in the vicinity of the massive limestones which appear to underlie the schists and to have been thrust 

up through them. +I most si~ggestire feature in connection with the 

occurrence of these limestones is the presence, in n nllmber of caw, 

of granitic intrusions in their midst, and it is believed that the 

dome structuw may I.M due, in some instmces at least, to the intrusion into the limestones of the pnite mass, which made room for 

ihlf by an upwad displacement of the overlying strata. The 

erosion of the upper part of the dorue has removed the schists, and 

in mme cases enough of the limestones to reveal the central mite 

cora Such structural features have been observed by Brooks in 

the southern part of the peninsula. 

The beds are at times displaced by faults to an extent not known; 

most of the examples observed were in less metamorphosed Iowlities 

of the sedimentary ds; this, however, is probably due to the fact 

that in such places faults are more easily distinguished. Faulting 

wasl noticed in the banded slates on Hamum Creek. Considerable 

disturbance of this kind has also taken place in the neighborhood 

of Trail and Cottonwow1 cr~elrs. producing much confusion of 

strikes,, Secondary quartz i~; widely distributed, appenring as veinlets, lenses, nnd small irregular masses, sometime9 developed in the 

cleavage planes and sometimes cutting them st verious angles, 

and as Iarge veins the presence of which is made known by the 

broken, angzllar pieces strewn over the hillside or distributed along 

the stream channels. In the majority of instances these large veins 

consist wholly of massive white or bluish quartz, but in some cases 

they are slightly shined with iron oxide and show some pyrite. 

The quartz veins will lw referred to again in the discussion of the 

economic geology of this region. 

AOE. 

In the kbsence of evidence based on the finding of organic remains, 

it is irnpossih?e to make any definito statement concerning the age of 

the schists and limestones of the metnmorphicl series. This lack is 

due chiefly to the alteration of the sediments during the process of 

metamorphism, which destroyed the greater part of whatever fossil 

remains may have been pmnt, but partly to insufficient time for 
making a ayhaticl %arch for those which may have esclrped 

destruction. 

In the southern pact of the paninmtla the metamorphic complex 

was dirided by Brmks: in ascending order, into the Kigluaik, the 

Kuzitrin, and the Nome wries. Of thegn the Kigluaik and Kuzitrjn wem hlioved to h of Paleozoic age ~nd older; the Nome %rim 

to be partly Mesozoic, pnrtlg P~leozoic. The probability of an 

11nconfomit.y betwoen the Nome mries and the underlying rmks was 

also suggested. 

Later field work in the nort,hweshrn portion of the peninsula mabled Mr. Collier r, to subdivide Mr. Broolw's Noma wriea into t,he 

Fort Clarence. limestone ltnd the Kupk group. The lower of these, 

the Port Clarenm limhna, was definitely detemincd to be of Ordovician a@. ~vhile on th~ k4s of paleontologir evidence tha XCugl~k 

prot~p was p1~wd in the Silurian. The Port Clarence limestoae is 

typically o mnkiioo mag limestone, pmhblp 9.000 feet t,hick, which 

covers s 1nrp awn in the wcsterfi pert of the peninsula. The 

Kupk group cornprism intemtrrrtifierl lirncstoncs, mica-whish, nnd 

pphitic wtlists; it doe not incll~cle; nnp pat thickn~sq of pure 

1 irnestonea, and contains intrusive masses of schistm greenstones. 

Rugruk fmilir gnther~d by Mr. CoIlier on Harris Cmk clltring tlw 

last summer were determined by Mr. Schuchert tcr bc of Nieparnn 

age, or the middle third of the Silurian. Silurian fossils were slso 

obtained from Baldy Mountain, a few milw w~~thtr~st of TTarris 

Creek. Ohseivations taken by ,both Mr. Collicr anrl th~ mrit~r wem 

to indicate t8hnt the limestones of fhm lo~llliti~s dip trai(1~r the w11 ists 

lying to the eastward and, by increaw in the argilluw.eorzn matter 

and decrease of lime, gx~rade into them. Tt ~hoi~l<l F~P state~l tl~t~f 

sills and dikes of schistow greenstones, '1vhic11 \VPW follnd by Gallier 

to be well developed in the Kugrtlk River region, do not appear here, 

and slm that the transition hrn limeshne ta SC~~R~R is not an nninterlpted one, but consists in a series nf alterlral~ limes ton^ and mhid 

Ms of varial~le thichiesa, in which the l imestonm hmmc mare and 

more impure and at last form only a very unimynrtnnt clement in the 

mck exposures. It follows, themfore, that the ssllifit,~ of tho Eldorado 

Creek district are of rlliddla Silurian or I~itmr ap, ant1 that the underlying massive limestoneta mentionert ahovr sh0111d probably h correlated with the Harris Cwk nntl Rnldy Mn~mlai~ limestonw. No 

Mesomic mrks aw known on S~wartt Pe~~insuln, for, in the light 

of more mnt investipttiam, those localities which were bntatively 

amigned to the Memxoic ~tw now known to belong lower down in 

the 

- 

time mle. 

- 

Brooks. Alfred H., Becoanalasanfe In the Cam Noma and Norton by Regions. AlmM, 

In IMU, 11. R, Gwl. Rurvep. 1901. I* 27. 

*Collier, Arthur J., reronnalaaaacc la the wrtbmstem porU0p d tlPnRatd PenIwub, 

Alaskr : Rof. Papa U. 0. t3col. f3amey No. ?. 1902. p 18. 
UNMETAMORPHOSED SEDIMENTS. 

Sandy and shaly sediments jnterbedded with thin lirnestontts were 

noticed at several localities in the vall'e!. of ICagruk Riv~r, especially 

in the vicinity of Chicago Creek, where they are associated with 

alepaits of lignitic coal. Thesr beds am folded and much joinkd, 

hut have not heen nltereii to the same degree ns have the neighboring 

schists Th~j h~vc the snmp north-sonth strilm nnd high dips common in the highly met~rnocpllic mcks, nnd, when weathered, their 

filtered su~facens present RR appearance very similar to that which 

would have resr~ltnd had the^ been burned. Sudl outcrops were 

noticed on Ktagruk River nenr the motrth of Chicago C.reek and for 

several milm to the santh, aIso on Cllicago Creek onp-half mile ~lmve 

the Rugrulc. A rntther imperfect cle:lvap was obwrved nt; one 

Iwality, where the diflerer~re' in st~ilte. of cleavrtp. and l~rlrlinfr 

ltrnounted to more than 30'. The smrch for fossils was unsucmssful, 

nnd there is n posqihility thnt tl~r,~ Iwds nlay he lml po~tions of the 

old sediments which, for mnre relson, emp~d, to a certain extent,, th~ 

general dterntian; however. in vicw of the! fact tht, similar drpasits 

are knarvn in other ptrrts of the pninsuln, it seems more probable 

th~t tlzey are younger than the schists and cqhltine limesto~~m. 

Owing to the scarcity of thth outcrops and the fact that the coal beds 

are not risible on the surface, it proved impossible tc~ determine the 

~vlntion htween them and the coal 11epits of Chicago Creek. Tho 

bed mek in t,he vicinitp of the slope ~vhich hrts hen driven into the 

coal is entimly covered by moss, and it mas nnt passihle to enter the 

mine owing to th~ rwing of n pert nf tho rmf nrnr tb~ cntranc~. 

Other sn~aller coal deposits are found on French Creek, in the 

~tpper valley of the K~rpuIz: thmo, however, WPP, not visitPd. A 

f~~rther dec;cription of coal will be found on page 67 of this paper. 

Unaltered sediments consisting of sandstnnq conglomeratas, ~nd 

rlap sh.hptIps WPM! fn11ni1 11y M~nrlrmhsll in tIw snnth~rn pnrtjon of the 

peninsula, on thc TCoyolc nnd al~o on the Tnl)ntalik, whew t,Il~y corltsin coal Ms nnd i~npr~fe~t casts of plant. stenw,a ~nd mere ~vfc?fi"ptl 

hy him to thc. T~rtin~. Tllpy nrp foI11~11 9n0, filtho~~gh well ilidurated, do not, lrpsist ~rmiorl 113 HIICCPII~~UII~ ns ;:lo t.11~: schists. TIIRP 

appear to have hem deposited in snlnIl hasins in the alder rock, 

Extensive deposik consisting cl~i~fly of marine sand.hnes, ~ntl 

hh-water deposits containing plrtnt remains, are Imown along the 

lower Yukon as far upward as MeIoxi River and along the Koyukali 

aa far as Rettles. Associated with t.11- deposits are beds of biturnin0 Mendenhall, Walter C.. Beconnnlssnnce In the Cape Name snd Norton Bey Rwlonn. 

Ale~kn, la lQW, U. E!. Qeol. Rurvw, 1PIh. p. 2n5. 
ow ml. Dnctor Dall pve the nanlc " S~llato " to the iiarldstones of 

the lower 't'ttlcon ant1 considcretl them to IH of Mmne nge. More 

mnt study by Collier. I)FISP~ 011 fwil ~letermir~ntions hy Doctor 

Rnemlton, hna, howe~.rr, shown that the Sul~to sandstone. and the 

imh-water deposits as well, nm nf uppr Cretaceorls age. The marine beds \vcnk laid tIown during nn invnsion of the spa in a pat arm 

cxtendirrg inlnnd along tl~~ VAIIPYS of ih~ I'nkon nnd Kqvukuk. as 

indirnt PCI shvc, and nre unconformable to the lmderlying rocks. 

Th9.m i.; now no ~xrsitive evidence to sl~ow that sny of the ~ditncnts 

of this " Hnltaa *' SP~~PFI, as it is called by Collier, hlong in Ihr Tpr- 

 ti^^, nIthonph in the light of the present imperfect knowIcdp it 

wot~ld h 11nxnfn to assume that they do not. Lignite beds, nssssucintcd 

with ~anrlstonen, shitlrs, xcld conglc~merates, were cliscovewd l~y Licnt. 

lTolln C. Cnntwell on KowaIc River about 75 milw above th~ mouth, 

nntl werr rcfcrlwl hy Tloctor Da11 to the Renai group of the T~wer 

Trrt ing.* 

Tlw i~~vt~stig~tions of known ~Uaskan ma1 depits made by DaII, 

13moka, ~ntl Cbllier hnre shown that the majority of them occur either 

ill the tlpppr Crefitccwzrs or in the SCenai pup of the Tertiarg, which 

Int-ter s('~n3 to ha~e hepn laid down in mthrr iwlnteil basins. chl~fly 

nInng H continental margin, and newr lo have forrncd n continuous 

deposit over the territo~." 

It appears, th~mforc, FIR^ in view of the fscts premntd the coal 

. deposits of the T<II~I~ TTalley, expo4 in Chicago and Fmnch cfeeks, 

mny hlong eit,her in the upper part of the Cretnceous or in the lower 

part of thc Tertiary. and that wi tllottt the erirfcnm of orpnic mmajns 

it, i4 not possible to d~termine cl~linitely to ~hich of the two they 

~hould lw referred. 

It wemn fairly certain also that these k1s wew laid down at the 

same timr ns the similar one m the Royuk and Tobutelik. and thnt 

they mnrk n sllbmerpnce that did not take plam in the western portion of the peninsula, since no cormpnding depits are known then 

IGNEOU8 ROCKS. 

The igneous mks of tho region reprented an the geologic map 

fimompnnying thir pnper may, for convenience in d~scription, Iw 

diridrrl into two pntlrnl clnswrr. The first includes two groups of 

miller siliceous rorlrs : ,mnw lar intrusircs, comprising gmaites end 

qoartx-dinritcs. wit11 which fire included cldp relatd types inter- 

. hll, K. H., Rmrt Da cml and llgatte el AInska : Sewatmtb Am. Bept. C. S. GmE. 

AUP*P.V, pt. 1. IIIRA. p. RlR. 

nrmkm, AlrM I'I,. The ma1 ?emom or Alaska : TKentfe Ann. Rept U. 8. hol. 

stlrvf=y, l>l. 3, lM2. p. 637. 
.I /.'E:," :> ;* ; , . :. , -.>v r ., , ,!t #, F,(-, ,.T ( oj >- ,7(,,,% ,- Fir- FP '.3 '1.r PI~ 

mediate in mineralogic composition between the t.wo; and mrfaae 

ofltlsives, consisting of sndesit~ hn~ing a composition simil~r to thntZ 

of the diorit~s. The econrl clam is composed of more basic extrusbe 

rncks, including diabtlrse and basalt. 

The granite, diorites, and nnd~sites occur more extensively in the 

earn part of the district than elspwhere. Tlw basic rocks, on the 

otlwr hand, sre widespread nnd rkppear throrlghout the entire nrpa. 

&11rch the larger p~rt of tJ1~ greatly C~~SSPC~.~ mass which fnms-the 

rlivide htrvexn tht- dminag~s of Kivalik and Ruckland rivem, and 

contains the highest etevotions of the northeastern part, of the peninsula, is made ap of light-cclored pnular rocks ant1 rrndasites, nsm- 

~irrted, especially toward the nlrter pnrtions of the nren. with bnsaIts 

and diabasp?. Dikm end sill% of peen st on^, sllclr ns are men in tho 

western portion of the peninsula northmerst of Xome, were not 

obsend in this region. If ~ach p,nstan~s nts pwnt in the area 

imrnediately south of Kotxel~r~e Sound they nrc prohablp RQ pea tly 

altered that many nf their original $lrcnlinrities lrave !wen lost, ant? 

they are not now readily distinpishablc from the including schistsedimentar;r rocks. Sltered peenstones nre present, but so far as 

observed hy the wrihr the^ do not hww the form of sills or dikes and 

appear meher as pat irrepkr masses or stocks. 

Under this head are mnsidrd a IIIII~I~~ nf di ffewnt rock tpp, 

which am classed together not onl~ he* of their Iike origin, hilt 

also kuw of their similar rippnmnw nnrl clw nwocintiorl in the 

field. They comprise granite, quartz-dinrites. nnrl intermediate 

formfi which may properly IF clamd with the n~cmxonites. 

The granites of the mntral portion of the mgion ham nlrefid~v been 

referred to in connection with the d~scription nf il~c mamivp. rwstalline limestones. 'he? do not gQnernllj nppnr as outcrops in RTI * 

~rndisturbed condition, hnt in the form of Ituw hlwks, frq~entlp of 

considerable size. which nrr irrepilarly lwtlnderl lky plane surfam 

and cover the area in which they oecur with A mass of r1Gbris thrown 

downint~legrcatestcanfosion. (PI. JV,R,ntttl Pl.'lr,il.) Thebest 

exumplw of this occurrence n-ere seen, in the Aws Ears region. Xonr 

the center of the limestone rnnrvs is n smnll gmrlite em&, about onrnhalf a square mile, forming n Iel+~l st>rstch Iwt~reen the Itigher lmoha 

of limestone on the w~st and tho east. A\ coating of h~utifnl blne 

fluorite was observed on a joint fnce in prn~iit~ fmm this locnlity. The 

Asses Eaw themset~e (PI. V. RE nrc two conical heap of great; 

granite blocks, rising nearly 100 fe~t. RIX)I-e thr bench on which t8hey 

appear to rest. Their levat ti on, nearly 2,000 feet, and their unusual 

form make them n conspieuwln landmark ; they were: seen €ram the 
sound by Kotmbue in 1816, and were given their present namp 

hcnuse their " summit is in the farm of two awes' earn.'' ,in Rrea of 

Inore than one-half a quare mile is h~re strewn with pnitt! Islwk~; ; 

the mk iq py md has a striking appearance Iwcraw of its porphpritic chnm~ter. Twinned cvtals of orthmlase f~ldspnr n$ to 3 

inrh~s in great&, dinmete nnd one-half to thrrr-fnl~rtl~s nf nn 

inrll thick nre not. at nFE jnfkquent. Thc. dnrk mineml is lnrply 

hornblende. Qu~rtz tlnd plagiocl~se feldspr nw 111w prewtit. Immediately to the west of the .4sw Earn is n 111112 of lirn&o~tr. On 

the eas the upper slopes of the Pinnell River rlrninap Imsin Zw~in, 

and no outcmps were wn, but the granite mas tsppe~m to 1w nenr 

the boundary of the limestone and whist, 

On the rrd side of Kugruk Riv~r. near its ji~ndion with Indapdence Creek, a second firen nf lipht,-rnlol.wl pr~tllar rock form3 an 

elevated mass reaching a point some 1.P" fert ahvc! ws 1~~1 and 

extending in a north-smth clirection for n'l n~tt (E tltilru (In 110th t hc 

east and west sides lim~stonm nrc folrntl, b~t. whet her or not. thcl mipti ve mas forms the core of a lirnwtonc. don^^ tile n-rit~r dill not determine The rock is of a Hgbt-py color arul 11na no rwn grni ~r of nwdium coarseness. While not cl iffcring g~~ttl?~ il upparnllrm fm tl~e 

true granites: it has a mewhrtb llnlike 111irlertl1 con~pmitinn, reslrlti~~p 

from the lprp.sen~~ of a cxlnsidcr~~blc amotm t of pln~urlsw b~ldupnr in 

ddition to the orthoclaw, the two hing pmwnt in aht qua1 qnantities, or with the pIagioclagt! slightly predaminnting. In thin mtion 

the microscope SIIOII-5 plagioelu~l*, orthw111~(~, l~ornl~lrnd~, q~rnrtz, and 

biotite; titanite, apatitq 11rrrE mnp~tjte nrp nl\rays prcwnt. On thr 

basis of the proportioilnte nn~oun t w of plnpior.lns~ nnrl ort hnrlnw tit in 

rock is clawed wit,h tho mon~tlllit~~. 

The ~niscroscopic durly of thr silic~orls sclli~to~ rocks of Kiwnlik 

Mo~rntttin and the neighboring hills, nlno nf 130t.ato Cmk, Ilas led to 

the cnncluion that they film nre hi~hly t~lt~~d grnnit~l.i, Tlir hnnrl 

specimens show a ligll t-colored, wcchamidsl, sc11i~to.w rock, of t,rn 

sliglltly shined wit11 irrln oxirla. 111 tlw cn~t~r portion of t,I~a srrlt1 tl~tl 

disturljing forces aplrpertr to I~rtw hid grcl~trr nffwt than nAur tho trntral part, nlthor~gh tlie ~ntir~ mnsn in l~ighly nltcwd, lTnder tllr 

miclmp~ the mk ia svn to mtit~lj n ~EOPC q111~rtx than f~l~lspnr, wit11 

Ininor rltwutitim of ~n~rwnritr, Ijintite, apntit~, nnd zircon in grnins ~11. 

mwly in crps$ala; mndnry Irn~leik is rnthcr frquent. T~P wentltem1 o~ltrnbp pmnt the Finn>@ rll~~nwterlstir R~~PBIVI~CP: RS ~IEP other 

gmnitps m~ntimwl. 'The rnnnntnin is corrwtl wit11 II mnfw~d mm 

t3f anpllar l~loclcs rnl~irh ~xtencl down thc slopes like hup ~!tr~arns 

and are ewrywh~r~ rnvt~rPrl wit11 H tllirk gtnwtl~ of hl~ck lii-hens. 

In the wv~-tern pad. of the Hruhn tlrr gmnitm of 131c Hor Springs 

regiorr, in tile ridp extending northwart1 fmm )lidnight Motmtain to 
The dioritas present no unusual feattlres. They are newly always 

of a light-pyish color, and nre wmetimes prophgritic. The prevailing fclldspnr is plogioclnse wit11 zonal, structure. Sorne quartz 

is always prcsrnt, nnct thr rlurk min~ml is .iusualEp hornblende, llut 

at times biotib. In one or two instnnces a welldeveloped flow 

structurr was sepn in Ime blocks of thc rliorite whirh were CII~ Iy 

snlall gmnitic or aplitic dik~s. Inqply f~lrlspnr. 

Manzanitcp, int~rmetlitrte in composition hetween gm~tes and 

qnartz-rliorites, arc fyuent. Orthoclase and plsgiochse predomiIIA~P, while hornt.rfendr. I,icltitr, ~rld quartz are pmnt; also titmite? 

mapetib, apatite. and occasio11a11y zircon. All the gsnnlar rds 

of this wgioth finh abundant lp snpplietl wit11 tihnite, WI~ICII mily often 

1w cltnily wn in the b~nrl spimerl, zttid is very notiwable under th& 

microscope. 

J'i~w~cl au a ~vholr. the fenture of the p~kal~r socks which mmZ. 

st,mgly draws attention in the field is their porphyritic stn~cture 

anrI tj~eir chamct~ristit mwle of weathering. 

.I~P.-Tho np of the granz~lar socks has not. yet hen dehiteIy 

tli They aw evidently yn@r than the sedimentary formations into wIljch they are intruded ~ncl older than the ml-baring 

beds averlying the schists, The ptnit~s of the southern and western 

parts of t,Le pninsuln %-ere t~nta'tivelq plam? ill the Meazoic by 

Mendenhall and C,ollj~r in the lwlief that part of the metamorphic 

sediments wlurl~ they intnlded mere of that age. More recent in=- 

t,igation by Collier has sllown that there is as yet no evidence to indicntr that any of the metamorphic rmks of Sward Peninsula nre of 

lnbr age than lower CltrbD~lifemus lit3 has htlrthamore sI1o.rr.n the 

possibility, if not the probability, that the coal beds were laid down 

in Cretaceon~ tinir?: rather than Tertia~. 

Inasmuch RS thew granit~s are similar in their occui-renee to the 

granites and a~smiat~rl gr:tnulnr iwks of the nort.haster~ part of the 

peninsula, it seems prwbable tlmt tbej- are of approximately the smile 

nge, but it is evident from the facts l->r~.wnted that the range of time 

during which they map have hcn intruded is very pat, extending 

from the Carbonifera~~s tothe Crctaceolls or Tertiary, and that our 

preaent knowledge is not snfficient to fix their age definitely. 

Andesibs are abundant in the ICiwsIik-Bucklmd divide and arp 

probably the surface representatives of an igneorls rnngma corresponding in cornpositifin to the deepseated diorites and rnonzonihs. 

As already stated, they occupy, where okr~ed by the striter, a 

position intermediate between the basic rocks of the western side of 

the ridge and the central &acid ones, mcl form a large part of the 
Devil fifotrnlaitr, \yore ~sr~toinpcl IJ-v Collier" mjwrt~d to be 

similnr in pnoral type to tllc porphyritic biotite-pnites which mrlr 

+till fnrthcr wmt ttb. 13ar Monnt,nir~. 

'htming now to tho I~IIS~CPII sidr of ~JIP rnnpptxl ~re~l, it u.ill IF 

rrtt~~rnlwlrtrl Zlmt the hi~h r'irlp? betwcw 13nckliinil ~sld Kim~lik 

rinw Itas txr.n ~.efer~d to 11s II prtant, or.ilpt ivcl mmpfrx in \vhicl~ un. trt 

In! fmml repmntativw c~f 1111 tllc ~~IIC'OIIH IYIC~CS WCIlTFlng SOU^.^ of 

liolw*l~rzc Soirnd. This ritlp! @stend$ ftnriz Esul~~cl~olts l3ti.v sonth to 

lieyrtk Kf vrr, rtnd fort~w za Imanrlnry I ir~t* hrt wccn Scwnsrl PenirlsrzIa 

8111t3 f lie mriiallnnd of h lrl~lra on I llc r11.ct. In t,hu caltrnl III?~ ROU~!IL'P~E 

1)nrt of the rirlpl clnv~tiwln of rrlorr6 i (1~11 9,500 fwf i~rc? mt~rhecl. The 

wrif~r WHS 11~r IIIIF~? to sl t~ly H .';llvlit~~~ ~xlv~~tlil~p :ill ~EIC WH;V ~IVH~I f IIP 

lCiw~ljk to tEw I~r~c:klnr~cl. sirlcnr it w~hs tcu1 Il~tr* ill tl~cs SPHXO~ :I( tlln 

t,i111e of liis visit lo (110 IP~~OII : 1~1t. in utwing tllp rtltrin part of t11t-s 

uiess dr1111 Illc wi*stwttnl, 11 6tt-I- Ivnvill,n t llrn lligi~ly tllrt~t~~orphi~ IYW~S 

of the Ztiwrtlik Vt~llq~, apilrm III~**~H iimt wit11 I~Hs~c* mks of ~JIC I~~wltic 

atid rlit~bur;ia Iypcn, fr~lEnwc~tl II? r~nilr~itcn. nlrit!~ HR~ w-oll tlevulnpcrl 

1~11tl form1 H Itir~~ p~rt ~tf (11th ritlp-: li~l~tlly, in tE~rb ~'~i~trnl portio13 11f 

tho cornplcrx rind formirlg H corv 'I'm t thr! rvllnlr. RIV discnlltinuo~tn RWIW 

of more si 1 ic('o11~ FOC~CH. indllrliltg s litrnllwr c~f (FIfl~nvlt wrictiwgraniks. monxoni tea, ~ctld qr~~rt z-t liuritcs. I lrrrr~lhm(lr is th~ pwvailing dnrlz ~ninrml nf tllcs AYHII~~CS, 1~1t HZ ti~nt*~ I~iotit~ tukm its plaw. 

By a decrtww in the ariloztnt of qanrtz the priitt- npprorrch yenitcs 

in cclnqmsiticlr~, sllcll 1d111scs l)cing char~cttri~e~l it)?' tilt* UIIIIII(IRIICW 

~tnt? 111i-p him of orthwIuw crystals. wliich rlrr~nll?. show ('~1.14111tt1 

twinning nnrl Ilplve a mughly parah1 nrm~rgcm~nt, ~rltll tll~ wnnll 

iv~tcrverli~lg spnm filled with hornhIende. biut ilr, rind n ~rnrrll nrnrrti nt 

of qt~~rtz. Titanite is ~l~undsnt. 

AJI rrn~tsurll and highly interesting typ WRS .;cdmr~s\*erl in idlo mrmt 

southerly nrea of the grani~lar rocky. Thc I~nllcl ~pecinlcn show9 a 

CIn~k-~my rur.1; compri of nfil~nrlanl hsp. tr~l~t~lnr ft4rlnprtr crpk1.i with 11 srnnll amor~nt of clarfi pe~~igh. fir~p-plw irrrtl tilli ttg. 111 

t8hin section t.he mk is seen to consist nf Iarp r~ytals nf orthoclase 

frldspsr n*ith a microscopic intergm\\. t21 of pttntllr! plagimlnst! pl~~t**s, 

rmhdded in a groundmas of wgirinc, nu pit^. n~~lar~ite, nncl small 

scr~ttered plsgioclases. threw last -11a111c{l ~~tinr~rul:. fill spuc.t6< 

Iwtwcen the large orthoclase crystals, whicli HIT wry s~ltbrdinata in 

volume h the spgces mupied by the crystals thems~l~ps. Titanito 

and apatib are praw.nt, and H C~OIII~~ mlitic dmrnpition pmduet 

stpprs fit. times. Tl~c* mk cormponds very closely in appmncp 

and con,yr~itinn wit!) tlltn &q~.rlll.~ld pyrosene mnli,onit* which Lawson 

has 

--- 

dmi-ik(I from hldignc River in Ontario. - 

Colllcr. Arthur J.. k rcmnnalmnrr In thc nor?hweutern portlon of Bewnrd Prnfamla. 

Alaska: Vrof. Imaprr U. I. Utol. Burrey Nh I", 1802, p. 80. 


SI~WIT.~ ABDE)EBITES AND RABBLTS. 31 

wstemhed. They are of a dark-pp or greenish culor, and on an 

PXF~ surfam have a spotted appmnre, due to the alteration of 

the feldspur ph~nocrystn, Both hornblende and p-soxene varieties 

~vcrt! sen, thc lntt~r containing consicferable olivine in addition ta 

pyroxene and showing the wondtlry mineral, iddingsite. Alt~ntinn 

of pyroxene to homhlrndt.! was nlw nbscmt-d. The feldspar is R basic 

variety, laI)rn~10ri tc or wrnetirn~s anorthite. giving as aItemtion prmfncts chlaritc end epidnte. 

Andesite breccins wpm found at vario~rs localities. 

As to the ap of the anrlesites. it cnn only be said that they, tm, arc 

yoanpr thnn tho nztntamorphic rocks. but whether mrlier QT lntm 

than the granites is not yet known. 

Tho mcent IRV~ ffa\vs of the centrirl nlir.1 eastera portion of Sew~lrl 

Ptninsnln WOW lifit mentio~~crl in the reports of Menilc~!rlholl nnd 

Collier fnr Inno i and 1!101. nlthungh the plSewnm of such flow? wns 

pmvimsly Itt~own to prmpwtow, n-ho, prtsking outward from the 

Yome cnn~nt~y, ent~rrrl t bc revion ill +cnrcli of pliirvr gold. &. It is cviilcr~t from an esarn~nation of the rlifferent Imlities whew 

the lams appar that the flows did nat all tnlr~ plnc~ at tho same time 

and that those in the upper Kuzitrin 'IYnlley, d~scribed by Cdlier, 

nrc mare recent than those iewrring to Ihp rlortheast. Z*nc flows 

will therrfor~ tx spken of ss nldcr flntrs and more recent flows. A 

alnn~r rrt th~ map trill show tllr distrihntiun, and it. nm? only Iw 

~tIdd t1~nt thr! more recent prltptions am mnfined to thr wgion 

south elid mthwest of Ihqlw Trlmnlk. 

In color 111~ 18~11s HW rl:irk ~MT. pn, nr nearly black; they AW 

its1113214' rev mllolar nr PVPII spongy in app3ranrP. hnt at times compact find sithol~t th~ 1~my~mSfll~lnitlal mritiran Olttcmpn nf the older 

lams in phce arc not pIentiftz1. nnc2 tlr~ ~r1g-w nf t l~r ~l~wts. wlrere rut 

thmu~h IF the stwanls. R~P n~nrkrd IF turnbled I~t*:tp.i of hlorlrs 

resulting from the joint~rl rol~tmr~ar ~trttvt~rrr of the lnva. In a 

few pEaws th~y form ffnt-tapl>ntE IlilEs or nlrws from 20 to 50 feel 

high (PI. 1'1, -41 ). \*pry rnnspic.ilnirs ~*IIPFI \*ie.rrr.rl fmrn r didanm and 

~ridcnt Iy tlw mmains nf a 1111rtly rrwlet? shwt. .\gglomcrntes and - 

L3pccin.s w~re obwmetll at wvcl.:tl plinth. .\ stl~dy of tilr nltmemns - 

xprcimens collectwl shows tlt~rl~ trr lw n~iatlt* rrp nb dirrbitsw and hmlts, 

Imt h rich in olivine. In tltr Fn~~nlt.;. csprinll?., olivinc phenoc~sts 

arp abundant nnd vcr;r nrrticpnl~fr. rren in the hsntl spim~n. Id- - 

dingsib is not iinfreq~tclnt as an altrrntiot~ pdr~ct of thc nlirin-. 

That a mimion of o\~tbrclnks of ttw ~RVR hnfi taken plare is sham 

in R ntlm3ECr of plaws, IJII~ PP(>IIIIIII~ most plainly ir~ tIw mgian ahnt 

the head of Kuzitrin River, wl~ere positive ectidcnce is afforded in 
tho tm0rawd condition of the differnut flows, three disf.inct hnihes 

occt~rrinp in one Iwality, 

In this rcgion the ozltpuring of Iiquid rwk tmk place in not very 

distant time, for tlie ropy surf:^^ (PI. VI, J?) and irregular margin 

11m. st ill preserved, just as at tho time whet1 the molten stream ceawd 

to flow. Caverns or tnrmels, pdud by the cooling of tho smrfaee 

arlrl strbqunnt outflun- of the s?iIl liquid rnck ;beneath, me nnmerons. 

They show r height of 20 to 25 feet and a wjdth in some instanm as 

A'IT~I~ as 900 or 300 feet, but rrrwly have the roofs preserved to tile 

~)~wnt titnc., sinw tllr! weight wns tno great for an nrch of such width 

(1'1. VIL, ,E). Flattetretl lenticular sten~n cavities? 3 to 3 feet in 

grrntEst. cli~~nicter. IT sometimes exposed. uurl t lle uppr srrrfam of the 

stmet is mnrked Ere~r: lt~~rt tl~ere by snimjtlq irregt~lar elevatior~s prutluceti 11y the emla of stem aud the weIlittg 11p of the lava from 

Mow. 

11nlwri.11111 madificat.ions of the tlrainage were l~rought about. l?y 

the eslrmion of the lavtl, \\.hidl mpid the deprwsions nncl flowed 

~knvn tlta v~lley in l~road rivers of moftt.11 mck. At, t.irn~5 the cooling 

rrf the NI~VIIIIC~~~ font wall d~mnled Imck the flow and fod it 

over tl~e ]OW, mu~~tleil divides (1'1. VII, R) 1wtww11 the. wl~te~rurrtm 

into the ~)ext valley hymd, ur formed a lake which finally uverflowwl 

the c>bstn~ction ant1 ~vswned its original course, only to mpat the 

process a little farther on. 

111 this WHY islands of bare ground were left between the gwtt 

finger-like protrusions along the edge of the sheet. At the m111e time 

:i nhiftinp nf t,he .c~atercourses was broag-hl ahk. for n-hen nut of 

~uficient volume to fill it the lava occuped the lo\wst, part of the 

viilloy t~nd the waters wugl~t a new chxllnel parallel to tlw old ont: 

Jong t,he cdga of the hardened flow. A numller of lakes and ponds 

IL~FH) owe their existnm to the damming of strearils by lava, anlong 

which map he mentioned Lake Im~mk, the Iar,& body of fresh 

water on the peninsula. 

Okrmtions, nmde by OoJlier on h'oxupaga River sliomed thew 

lnm ~rcent lav~s overlying gravels whidl are cemented near the 

contact, by indurated clays and wntain pebbles of an older flo~v--cot~- 

vl~isive evidence that considemhle kime must hnvt: elapsed lxt.ween thc 

first, outbrealrs and the solidification of the 0ows just. descrikl. Tlw 

source from which the mat bttsalts of Koxapuga and 1C11zitrin 

riven were discharged lie3 to the southwest of Lake Imtrruk, this 

being shown by the mttered lava cones as well as by the direction of 

movement of the flows themselves. 

On the upper part of Koyuk River e similar lwlation of basalt5 

and gravels was observed by Mendenhall. He found on the tnmcated edges of the schkt.4 6 feet of gravd, made 11p of schist, vein 

quartz, and granite; this in turn was covered by an undisturbed hor- 
(1 I l8,'.~,lI:~. IN :?:.<:F.t,: I."" ,LqrL5 - OF.-ddF.FI. 1 +IF :IICK$ :SF ~r,lI,~~TF:lt~l F:.i.:P, 

CAU~ECI liY 7HE 17'hlKIF:G Or TdE HRRPENEI' SURFACE ATTEA TrE 

MOLT EN LAVA BELOW HAD FLOWED UUT FRDM EITHFR SIDE. 

irmnbl sheet of olivine-bnmlt, which liar1 twen hut little affected by 

the emirc nction of the stn.nln ~inm it came to TPS~, and wns therefore bliet.cd by him to kw of l'lrist occne ngr. 

So evidence of flow na recent na tho* brtween Soxapw and Rurit.rin ~ivers was seen h?* th~ writer ill Ihc country ~OWRC~ the northa! where the 1rvn.q have been s~~nlbje~t~l to weathering for a much 

loner time and have suR~d t~)rmponcIin~ly. In the refion south 

of Kotzebue Sound it is pro'hnhle th~t a drainagc spst~m cliflering 

very little from thc present one end rentainina n considerable hdv 

of prcls was invadd nntl partly fill4 by the haic ZHVRS, which 

former1 n Awt of no pst thicknm acrmq thc vall~ps. The pmnt 

strcarns then resumed their work RR~ cnt do\vn thro~~~h the thin lava 

shmt,, uncttverecf again the older channels. anti I~fthe conspicuou~ 

rim of lava now wen surmunrliap many of the \-alleys. Tn evidence 

of this nlmy bo mentioned the fact that the lavas in almost dl canppcnr well up on the sides of the nnrmrr mlleys, and that there is 

Ila indic~tinn that t11c.y err-r tv)rprwl the higher l~illa a2mr~ the vd- ' 

lop (Sec fig. 2 snd P1. VII3, A.) h one instance, at the west end 

Pm. 2.-Dln~rammatlc mketch 8howlar: rb* O~FUTF~DCC ot lava none in ~om~ fii tbe valleys 

rout11 d Kottebue Pwd. 

of the big bend of Kopllk River, the Invss appr at the water's edge; 

in all ot11e.r cases, HS far as ohrved by the writcr. tIley are abovc 

Ihc stmams, which at present occupy channels in the older metarnorphic schists and limwtonm. It sho~lld be stnted. honpver, thrct no 

rontnct of lams overlying gravels. s~ich as that de-wrilml hy Mendenhall and Collier, was o!wr\*d in tli~ reHon, since the pt quantity sf broken blocks. throwti down largely l~g the action of tllc frost, 

prevented n view of the hse of thcb flows. This condition also 

prevented any accurate determinntion of the thicknms of the hva, 

though two flat-top* hills of it south of the uppcr p~~t of CQC~ORwOOd Creek have an elevatinu of ti0 fcct above the pllliri on which they 

rest. In the one nearer the Cottonwood the haw is formed hp ~omc 8 

feet of agglomerate contuining hwidcw of hnsalt. Thi~ wlation of 

the law to the gravels is a ques%iorl of so~il~ i~it~~lrst, B~IICC, if fhtt 

~dwls here adwnced nre cmomwc't, it ig possibln that v~]unble plncer 

gravels map bc pmnt sorne~rt~ere lwnenth the lavas. 
34 VAIRBAVEN GOLD PLA CERG nP REWARD PENMBUCA. tsntz. 217. 

The hasalts and dinbaw of thr. nrea east of Kiwalik Rker RPP 

somewhtl t cli ff~rent in oceurrenre from those previous1;g daxrihrl, 

in t,h+lt they itrc fo1111d NL coi~siclernhl~ higher elevations and apparently nro not directly corlnected with those of thp, more western nmn. 

The hills f~cin~ Kiwnlilr Ri\*er on the east are lnrgely madr up of 

Irrvas is1 which thd rli~lhas~s predominate mer the Gosrtlts. Shpptpi) 

flows do not occur frcq uentlp, and under the microscope the rock is 

seen nt times to be mmewhst altered. Yrspctom report that thr. 

lams extend ns far ~nstward as Bucklnnd Riv~r., 

Age.-Thc ~vidence far the. age of the lavas. as found by Messsrs. 

Menclenhnll and Collier in the valleys of HoyuI;, Kneitrin, nnd Nosalsagn ri~*cfcrs, hrs already ken pmnted and will only h rrffirrecl to 

hrrc. The r~cent origin of the flows in lhnt region ig shown by 

tllrit stirfnce upprance, b?* the fad thnt they hare Iwen only'nlightly 

nflected hy frost, n7ater, etc., and, farther, In. the occurrence of flor~s 

owrlying unconsolidated pwb which differ in no wspect from tl~r 

gravel tlepsits of the Koyuk Valley rind the uppr fi~~zitrin lowlands. In both instances the! forrs am considered to h of Meistoceno or lakc l3li~ne age. It would wem. then. that tl~r titne wheri 

the volcanic disturbnnces ce-ised an be dete~min~l with 11 fr~ ir drgm 

of acctirrlcy. The age of the older flows, homewr, prewnts 11 ~,~wl)lenl 

whom mlution is more dificult lint1 has not, ~et hen mtisfndorily 

mr,hed. The lowest possible age limit k fix4 h:* t thc, coaI-I~i~rity 

beds, whose tip is nnwrtain. Thm cnn he littlc qi~estion thlt tl~. 

lava9 nearer ICotxebue Sound are older thnn thm on ihr? so~lth, and 

it is most probabh that the volcanic activity estendcd ovcr 11 mnsiclerable portion of the Pleistocene mt least, boginnillg t~ftclr tllr con1 

beds were foldod and eroded and ending only in cotnptlrnt ively recent 

geologic time. This is cerlainly the cnse if ih~ high lawis of the 

Iiiwalik-Ruckland watershed ever Iomed an cxhrided sheet aver 

that region nnd are to be connected with the lower flaws tn the westward, since they have hen subject to erosion for a vary lnng time. 

In this connection the lava Rows of th~ lower Yukon itntl of St. 

Michael Island are of intemst. Spurr htin dcscrihctl their occurrence near the mouth of the Royukuk a and hns shown thnt St. 

hiicl~ael IsIana is made up of interkdderl lnvn flonrs nnrl wnter-laic1 

materials consisting of clays and scorinceows IRY~. The cratrrs fro~u 

which the Iaws of the latter locality flowed am plainly st~omn. The 

flows themselves mr~ resictrlar, still retaining the orignal rinkled led 

or ropy surface. From data coll~ct~d by himwlf and others Spurr 

concluded that the Rows of St. Micha~l, which he held at thdt time 

to be nearly contemporaneous in ap 11-i th those of thc Ropkuk, may 

have begun in' the late Hiocen~ n nrl mntinrted into the early part of 

a 8purr. J. I3 . Geology ol the Toron gnld dlntrlrt, Atnqkn . Elghttmtb Ann. Rept C. s. 

Qwl. Bnrwg, pt. 3, 1888, pp. 214 et mq. 


the Pleistocene, n~~rl tllnt the ~sc'riod of patc5t ilctivity was postMioceoe. This mnclasion rnncerni~tg t Ire. Iir~yukr~k locdi t~. IV~S 

based on the s~~ppc~setl JIiuwnr r~p af tlip '* S ~;lrlatn " m~~d~tones and 

associated beds. T t Ili* iwl~warly 1~11 stnt~11. II{I\YPV(LI*. tli~l t the '' SnIato " sandstones ula no\t. Iznt>n-n to li:~rc IP~II rlepoit~rl i 11 Cretaceous 

time. w that the lower limit for the nge of ihe lnvns has rewdrrl in the 

time wale. 

it may further 1w mid that 111~11~ of tilt" is11111(1s nf Bering $ ea are 

built rip Inrgely of mwnt lsrt~s. nnrl that rnlc~nic ortivitp has 11y no 

means ~ntircly ceased, HS is seen in tlir fnn~wt in11 of the islands Bogoslof nnd I;rcwingk in 17% and 11183. r~spectivcly. 

DYNAMIC HISTORY. 

Two major periods of rfcft~rmation nrc rlow- rerecopiz~l as having 

occurlvd in Seward I'pnins~~ln, hot. the psact time of the rnarPernen ts 

nre still in donbt, 

fii the southern and wast~r~~ portions the oldest formatiuns H ffccf ct1 

by the cliF4tnrbing forms nrr of Sil~neinn or possibly nf pm-Siluriztn 

age. These formatinns sow appPar as schists :~nd alt~r~d limestones 

containing siIIs or interhdrled flows of geenstan~, Them is eridence to show that the peenutones are derived f~arll basic igneous 

rocks, part of which WPW intruded into the s~dirn~ntnric*fi trtre 

sills and the rernaind~r polld out 011 th~ SIIF~~CP nnrl snbsqucntly 

buried by the deposition of jTannger material upo13 tlicrn. Tn their 

present mmditio~l. Ilo~~cr~r. the distinction is oft~11 haw1 to make. 

In one pla-nt Cnpr hfountnin. in clle ~xtrein~ west~rn part of the 

peninsula-the Silurian wcliments are orertain Fly n mt~ll men of 

Iimestonea and interbedded scbis~s of dor~ htfill D~roniun or Carboniferous age, h~t tl~cre is no other erirlenm to inrlirat{* thnt any of the 

metamorphic roclrs of Sewad Pe~linsnln aw nnnpr tl~nn Silurian. 

This complex, bth sedimentary ant1 ign~oun in origin. was affected 

by the two movements n~en~innecl, mhicll nctcrl in wr?. d iff~r~at dirwtions. Onc prorlucpd a strnctnrr in wl~iclr tllr asps of fold; ext~nd 

in an east-wst direction, and is most plninl~~ cspre~wd in the oplift 

constituting the 1Cigluaik and B~ntl~lclwn rutrntainh. It ~r;~s nccolnpanied by intrilsions of granite. rnohtly ill thc form of sills. mhicli 

nre frryluent in these mowtnin mnsscs. Tl~ia enst-west strnctllre 

cornsponds in the direction nf its fofolcla with the nrain strrlctrrrnl 

lines of the whole of Irestern Alnsku 8tntI is Iletiercil to 11al.e be~n produmd bofore the deposition of the ml bds; that is, before Crcttkcaoris or lower Tertiary time. 

The wcond n~we~lient lrr~ll tcd in t lie prwludion of fol~ls alionr 

rrxes have a g~nera~liortl~-routl~ diwctio~~ :we1 ;I 17. the ~IOIHIII~IE~ strllrturd feature of thr norther11 portiw of the p~rinsul;~. This movement., which was probably sccompanied by grnnite intrusions also, 
was begun hfore the deposition of the eorrl bcds and continued for 

an inclrfinite priod r?ft~r t hcr were laid clown. 

Tunling now to tilt* r~orthrrnast~rn portdon of tile pni~n~Ia in pnrticuhr, tlw Sird r~cogni~~t)l~ lnnr~rncnt to aff& tht. othrs dimentary rocks app~ur-5 to hare Iwn the intrlrsinn of mrtnin ,mnite 

Inns.*. w11lc.h arp I~st reprwntccl in Iciwnlik 3Ionnfnin and its 

vicinity. Tbe evid~nw for this Habrne~lt is fo~~nd inthe highly 

altererl condition of these granite!+ HR COITI~H~C~ with otlwr pnular 

ert~ptive roclra of th~ region. F~wm the ~irnilnritp in appamnce and 

alteration of the liiwalik Mountain mags and th~ shrnwd granites 

south of Kopk River it is aligpsted tbat thew two may be of the 

same ap; in other ~vorrls, that tlmy narc lo fm connected with the older 

of the pat mountmin-making pchrinds. 

hft~r the uplift nf the Kiglllni k t~nd 12~nrlel~hFn mountains t.here 

h~n H *rim of movcmenls, t*nr,ving locoll y in their intensjw, which 

pr.e to ttw first pnit~ ilitn~~ions their nchistosc! cl~nrnctsr and initiated the ~nrth-i;onth folrling in thr olrl~r sedimentary wh. This 

r~loverncnt hrpn lwfur~ nnd WRS [lot wnlpleted till long ahr the 

rl~psition nf the cwal-Iwaring fonnatiori, since the coat Iwds ~nd 

thpir itrcompanying dim~ntf; overlie the older sediments unconfnrrllal~l~, hut with the =me strike, and are themelves strongly 

fnl(Ie(2. Thi~rn~\~~mentw~s pmbnblp ~tccnmpanied late in itshistory 

hy the intritslon sf the later pnite dikes found cutting the older 

 ills of the l3endelcbn Jiountains and of the pulut igneous rocks 

r)f tha Tii~~.nlik-Bur.klt~nd di~ide, which do not ~IIP whist,m 

struckrrc. of the Kiwnlik Blo~tntain nrPa and haw heheen nlterctl only 

through thc prmss of wentheritlp md whaterer fom pmclrlcd tlre 

joint structure. Reasons have already bwn given for eanwirlrring the 

htn~cture of the scllists and the Limetones as Zwinp conneckd in =me 

lvny with the presence of ~IIP pnular rorE;s It war nllown thnt 

the nxra of folds of the metamorphic sedimentap mks nrr prallel 

to the trend of the eri~ptire mass, and that in pinp fmm the \vwtPnl 

co the mstern bo~ders of the mapped nrra the ulnrcap?ir of fnlding 

increa-gn observation rrhich is mnfinncd 1y the cantlitions met 1))- 

Collier in the northwest~rn portion of thr peninsula, wIrer~ the northsouth folding, which has it.5 mz~xirnllnl tlsvclnpm~nt in tltc Harris 

Dome-5fidtlight Mountain region, gradndl rlecrulaes toward the 

west and finally dies out altogether. 

The uplift of the Darlby bfountsins irr thc muth~rn part of the 

peninsula and the extensive pcanite intrusions which accompanied 

it are a fnrthm cxpmion of thr wcontl prat period of dynamic 

activity. If the facts pr~wntd IIRVQ. be11 rorr~rtlp interpreted, this 

I:tst mmo~ement, hg~n in yrc~-Crr~tnnwrx or prtl-Trrt inry t in~e rind continued for an azlk~tcmn priml, 110s-i bly 1;n~infi interrupted for a time 

during the deposition of the younper sediments. It was followed by 
tiplift RI?~ R long erwiun j11f uri-al, tlurillp wllic.11 the then existirrg land 

rnwn WHR IW~IITU~l~nwt 10 n plain :1nr1 the clli~f featurea of the 

topogrnphy 8% wc w it now werp cl~ferrnineil. The Intest recorcla of 

dist~lrba~irr rtw fo~~nd in tf~~ lam flows nf thr wntrnl reginn n~~{t.tFw 

cvid~nccs of ~l~~l~tpl's ill ~lrvitfit~~ \\-Ili~11 :I~~IPBI- f 1) 1)~ poi~lg 011 at, tltv 

prcscrlt timt. I'l~t~rr. is nlw wrtwt~ for thinking tllr~t wlnp. slig1rt 

movemcnt ncting ill a r~ol-t 11-scrutll rIit.rr.tit>li fntrli plarv in psc-PI~islocen~ time nr~d rc*~~ltctl in (IIP hrm~ttion of thr I<nzitrin hasin, now 

filled with I'leiFtiwnc* gra~ rrl.;. 

In mnrlrrsion, it sl~o~iltl Ink snid tltot t,he d*marnic history of Swad 

Peninsula is not fi~llg ~~nrl~rst nod rind can not. IR uiltil more rt~tailerl 

investigation shall have greatly increased 011s knowledge of the facts; 

relating to it. 

BURFICIAL DEWSITS. 

Gravels and silts pm111ced by wen thwing of the kd rnck, brought 

about in great mmsure by the rl~strucii~~ power of frosts and the 

pinding of water currents, mukr up one of the most widely distrib- 

\it~rl geolapic formations to tw wen on the wlld~ pninsrlln. These 

deposits RW fonnd on all the dmms, forming the hronrl, fl nt bottom 

lnnd~ of t3.r~ larnr rivers and rarering tlrc floors of tlw nnrrov canpons cut by thc smaIIcr creeks. Far more ~xhnsivo still arc! tht! 

pras.elp, of the low-lying constnl plnins into which the vnlley flmrs 

mere and which Corm on^ of the most noticeable fatur~q of tltr: 

nortllern h~lf ofthe peninsula. 

In thc description of the genlog,~ of the southern part of Sen-ard 

fininsul~ the ~nrfrcinl d~pt>sits were di~~itl~lj info fo~lr gmupci. 

Brooks says:" " Thcl first pronp includes the <lcposits of the prewnt 

rivers, streams? ~nd sen l~nrhrn The =mnd pmip incl~rdes mnrine 

and river krr.ramtts and thc ronst~l plain sediments. third g-rorrp 

is made up of the glacial cl~po~itq, m-l~ich arp limited to a few mountnin 

ranges. ik a f011rtIl group we lrave tllr pound ice and the residual 

soil." 

The clrissification jnst pirlcn will be followed in this papr with 

a sing]@ chnngc. Since in tllr wginn studied Ith~ ,grot~ntl ic~ is of 

considerable ~xtrnt nnd is not ~~rr~arity mnnwterl with residual 

soils, the last-named group is dirid~d into two divisions, one inclnding the residunl soils. the otl\c~ tlw p~~ntl ice. 

From an econo~nir stnntlpoiat thc first two pups, and espeeiaIIy 

th~, fimt. are of gwafM int~wst. since it is in tliese that th~ known 

plar~r-gold delmits art! Irrcatetl: thr! thrc~ rrmnining ~wonps are of -- ------ a I3r~k.r~ kltwd El., R~unnl~nre In the Cnm XomP nnd Nnrtnn Clny TteEtnne. AlnRkn, 

in I~,I~.K c;~n~.st~~~.~nni.p. 12. 
Tltr r1~pmit.s of t lie pmnt stlrrlnl vnlleys nrt. mnrle 11p nf ma terinl 

whic.lb irt 1111 rrlws tlll~y in* wf~r~nl tn A Inr:li mllrrrn wittlitl tho prtwnt 

clrninnp Irt~sin n11d wr;l~it.l~ cnat~t~i~lr fmmn~~~ts. Iwth rtlaml nnrl finc, 

Irnttata.tm~ nnd nn~t~lar. rlcrivwl fmnl tllr rhrighl~>rirl~ mnntry rtwk. 

Tilt! d~pnsits nre withorrt nnp rrg~llar nrrn~~pn~rrtt. or they mag be 

mom or lcris rcfllli~rly stmtifi~d, Iwt it is not usunl for R Mrntum to I)A 

nmtinan~~s for my con~idrrl1lr1.c rlistnnw. ,\ bd of fine wilt or rnnck 

is nl~~*nps pre.wnt on tlip pnv~lr: wI3t.n not cut thtvl~agh by the streams, 

nnrl frrqurntlj- I twd of jw of mrinl>lc thi~kn-9, up to 20 fwt or more, 

is prewrlt ~tnrl~r thra silt. The ail8 ~ind moss ~npthcr umnrlllly haw n 

thicltn~s- of 2 to 3 fcvt; IMS often. n thiclma of S to 10 beet. 

Tri pnaarnl it nlny In: qniil 11mt the fn~pn~nts decrenw ill Rremge 

siars nnd i~nglil~ritp rind nrcl mom moothl?- worn in the Inrpr streams. 

m tht vanrln HIKE fitit' ro~lnrlwl grrrv~1.s ltrp tlrcrt? mow frgwntlp met 

with. Thig is Jtn~l)tlrw ;sdw to thr ptcr tlistance trac~l~d ~nd the 

lonpr prriorl thm11gl1 whir11 thc partirlcs hnw kn pnad togethcr 

fly tho I\-I~ ~PF ~~~rmnia. 

Tlir grnvcls nre oft.r~l nit~ch mmlifiwl in composition and disturbd 

in thrir rlrrfinpm~nt i~y tlrr slot~~!~inp off of muck and moss from 

thc lmrrks of tlrc stwnnln, IT slirlts from the hill slopes, and in the 

springtiolr Iy tllr ~)rtwilr~ of im ~RPWS, which finre an imprtant 

inltlu~~~rc* in ct~~tsing ~t~angw in the stwnnt rhanrl~ls ~nd in d~termining the p1.m wlr~m the (IGhria brnuglit down by the high wat~s of 

the spring tE~aw slrall IF dp~mitprl. 

Wrr ~*F:ITPJS of ~IIP fiwt gmi~p will hP mom fully dmibed in cunn~ctinn with the plncthr-polr l tlejwsi ts. 

T~F hnch prrda nf 1intz~Y HIP Sound, incl~~rling the gravels within 

rear\\ of wsvr act inn at prcwnt, show R p~t~r v~rieQ- of fragments 

tknn is, nsrlnI in tlie rusP nf nny clnp nf the stman d~posits, but,, ns 

far as ~t~wrv~d, the prcntcr pnrt of thc nlntrrinl mn b rrfcrmd to a 

warn within the inflil~ntr nf the ndjnccnt str~arns. Rcnch gravels 

are mrtect tlnd Inirl flown with prent~r rcgulrtriiy than is seen in 

the str~i1111 vnlleps. Much of thc bcncl~ mnterinl nlonp the south 

s1m-e is drrived from the hc~tllanb ~gninst wliich the waves now 

IIPZI~, h~t in the enst and southcnk? part uf thp soand the Fatem are 

working nn material bmugl~t down by several lare streams, as 

~onta k, IhmoIc, Selawik, Buckland, and Kiwalik rivcrs, which de1)04il. their loads in that vicinity. 
MARME AXD RIVER TERRACEB. 

The seaond group of deposits, \~liich includes marine and river 

terraces ~nd tlw coastnl plt~ili sediments, is most extensively represented in the flat la~lds bordering the Arctic Ocean and Kotmbue 

Sounrl on eith~r side of &I-il Mo11ntni11 ridge. This msfal plain 

occupies the entire Arctic slope beof the peninsula from Cape Princ~ 

of 'CVal~s to Cap Espcilhrg. At Cape Espenberg it turns to the 

south and includes the whole of the Goodl~opc Bay slope; on the 

mtj~ side of Goodhope Ray nnd Rotx<?bile Sotmd the plain extends 

inln~td along the lo11-er r.all~yn of the rjr-em, b~lt its contin~~jty js 

hrolren Ily the 11ort11-sonth rjtlps, wl~ose northw~rd extensions form 

the headlands along th~ 51101~. The grelatest width renched by tho 

co~stal plain, about 30 mil~s, is in thc va1le-y of Serpentine River, 

in which the deposits occupy an embayment, triangular in shape, 

bounded on the enst II-J the Midnight-Devil Mountain divide and 

011 the soudl by the wntershtrrl sapt~ritting the drainage into Bering 

Sea from tlmt into the ilrctic Ocedn. In 1901 Collier found that 

at its southern hundary this plain reached :in elevation of ahut 

200 feet ubove, sen Ievel and sloped gradually northward to the sea. 

Extellding from Bering Strait to n-]thin 85 miles of Cape Espenberg ip, n line of mud barriers inclosing n series of lagoons, the Itirgest of which is Shishmaref Inlet. These bprriers are broken through 

occasionally, affording outlets for the Arctic druinage. 

The Goodhope Day canstal plain. wl~irll has an average width of 

about 15 miles. Iaclcs the barrier lyeaclles find, coriqnently, the 

lagmns. The gar-cls which form t11~ l&iin nrp rnrely to be wen, 

since even in the ct~se of the largcr streams the &eep bank are composed entirely of the silts 1~11ich a,rPr the whole of the ler~lrtnds. 

Eastward from Goodliape River the ooaslnl plain gravels are continued into the river vnlleys, where they form narmw depo~its 

extendkg irdand for considernble diskances. Along the lower part 

of Kiwalilr River the raving of the brtnlcs in one or two lm~lities 

show well-stratified gravels, containing R lnrge xmount of fine materid, overli~in by mt~ck. Spafxrief Bay, into which ICiwalik River 

flows, is s~~rrotmderl Ily stwp b~nks of the coastal plain gravels, 

apparentIy laid down in a submerged so alley and since raised to their 

present elevntion . The existence of elevated marine or rh-er terraces is not so well 

shown in Ule northeastern part of the pnins~tla as in the western 

and sou~th~~&tern. Well-developed benches \yere seen in only a few 

places, the best evidence a-f their former prmnce king found in the 

deposits of gravel n-hicli occur 11-ell up an the hills, above the present 

stream gri~vels. Tliey nrr Imon-n to the prospectors as wnsh gravel, 

and contain a much larger percentage of rounded quartz pebblss 
than do the stmm deposits. TITnsh grn~~nl wna orpmtl hy 11011..: 

put down to Iwd mk in Candle Creek lyullay nnd on Qld Glory ant1 

Perry creeks. Elevated gravel Iwnches nTPm won on mmcl of the 

~~pper trib~~tt-csies of the Rimalik rind an 01~1 Glory Cre~k nt nn nltiturla of nhut 500 or GO0 feet above *a level. 

The fact that Sa-ard Peninsub hns not been subjwterl mgionnl 

glaciation is now tno me31 established to require further proof. und it 

need only 6e shbd that all the evidenm pthercd during the field 

work of the last season only tends to confirtn thc concluaion~ r~nch~d 

by former miters; the absence of the characteristic depmits nnd of 

gIacial st&, and the frequent wm1rreoce of rock pinnztctcs projecting through residual soil, are noteworthy. 

Furthermore, no d~fiaite proof of local drciatian wtw for~nd, mch 

as is swn in the terminal moraines, with thcir kettle hales awl trnnsported hwlders, the broad U-sI1up.d vnlfeys, nnd the. gIac:ial ciqz~a 

of the Salmon Lake Valley ant1 the f\'iglunik Mountains. It was 

thought that such evidence of Pmal glaciation ~nigllt, hr rlivcovered in 

the high hills of the Kiwalik-Bucklnnil divide. r~nd in one nr two 

instances narrow valleys with steep sides and mund4 tmttotns wpm* 

noticed, but morainal deposikq did not appr, ~nd mny gl~ri~l iw 

which may have form~rlg mupied mch localitiw rntrst hare, ken 

of very limited extent. Yearly all the v~lleps nro noticon hlj* V-sht~pt I, 

very narrow, and t.heir smp sidw are strewn wit11 d6bris fmnl tlw 

upp slopes. 

KEBIDWAt MIL 

Residnal mila include the materials res~~Itlng from the weathering 

of ro& in place, and con-sequently the chnrneer nf sach mils depends 

on the composition of the rock. Owing to the prema of the mos 

the soiI on hd rock is rarely scen, excrpt, on th~ tops of ridpp, anti 

since the conditions for nbswrv~tion nre unfavors'bIe no spwinI athntion was given them. 

OROUND ICE. 

Rafmnm has previonsly been m~de to the ioa be& which were wn 

overlying the grave1 deposits of the cre~ks ~nrl rive.m. Such hd* 

were found in the bottoms of nearly all the vn31t-p where the working 

of placer gravels gave aan opportunity ta obwrve them or where the 

streams had recently cut a new channel t,hrnl~gh the. muck. Exposures of this kind an? not permanent, since the meliming of tho im 

front is followed bp s falling of the overlying m~rrk nnd mq ~vhich 

cover the ice and thus protect it from further th~wing. The iw 

varies in thiches from a foot to 20 feet. or more. Extensive ica 
WO~T.] GROUND 'ICE. 41 

beds may bc wen slong t110 lower portion of Inmwhulr River, on 

Candle CrceEt, nnd nlong Kiwalik River, On the Kiwalk, ice beds 

from 15 tn 20 feet thick were mn in several places ~t an elevation of 

300 feet above sen Icvel; the ice wns solid and clear, except an th~. 

surface, whew the wat~r from thc tundrn had covered it with a thin 

coating of mud. 

The best known nnd most extcnsivc? ice lwds of Seward PcnInm~ln 

are located at Eleptlnnt Point, E~~sclisclroltz Bay. They wem discovered by Kotzebtro in 181fi. nrltl I~nw sirrm kn visited by Beeehey? 

Dall, and others, by r~hom thrp hnr~ I)c~n d~wribecll. the most recent 

account being that of D~1l.a 

The ice hds-for thprp nppar to tw two ~t Elephant Point, nnr? 

above the other-are owrtein I>y clay, mntnininp the mrnains of 

Pleistocene ~t~ummals, nnaF covered 1)s n pot? growth of dwnrf 

birches and herbage. 

The greatat depth of frosl. on Se\\*srd Pr?ninsuls is not known. 

Near Rome the frozen grar~ls. ill O~IP or two CB.-3, IIBVB been pfi.wd 

at .t depth of about 90 fect, while other shafts nf grenter depth did 

not reach t,haamal gronnd. On Chimp Crmk. ncur Kuptl; Rivw, 

a depth mnsidetnblg greater mas wscl~ctl ~vithoat diwovering th~ 

limit of tlw fmt, which *ems to rlep~nd Inrffcly on the eficiency of 

the drainage. 

MhI MAWAN REMATPI'%. 

Teeth and portions of insks of the msalnloth nrp forrnd in tho vnlley deposits and on the pvel hnrs of tlw strenms, Thc writer doe% 

not know of any discovery of n complete skeleton in the r~girjn, 

although reports of that kind nre often henrd, nnd tho remains arr 

XJ numerous RS to lead one to expect that n whole one may pos~ilhy 

be found. The remains are harrn on rill the Inrpr strcnms; ihey 

are usually contained in the muck overlying the gravels, nnd mro 

ex& by the cutting of stmrns and the mving of the bank. In 

this way the sereral portions of a skeleton are midply scatterotl and the 

finding of all the rnembecs, is m~de Gore difin~lt. In some cases it 

may Ixt that the animals mere mired in hogs where now found, hut it 

is alsa posible that the wrnains hare l~en washed to their present 

location in the muck fmm some other point. Infrecluently portions 

of n sk~leton ere exposed on th~ s~lrface: such n case mas seen by 

members of the Survey part? during the summer in the Goodhope 

RR?~ region, where two large tusks, bnd17 rlecayed, were only partly 

mnceatd hy the moss. ;2 large pair of tusks was on exhibitirn~ 

nt TCiwnlik &iring the early part of the senson. Teeth nnd a considerable portion nf R skol~ton n+em fo~ind by pmspctom on Inmxnnll. IV. n.. Pml nml Iimltta of Alaska . Seventeenth Ann. Rept. U. 13. Geol. Survey.. 

pt. 1, JRM, pp. 860-865. 
42 FArrrHhVEN GOLD PLACERS OF 8EWARD lbENLNBULA. I nlltl.. 547. 

chuk River, and portions of tusks were picked tip by the writer on 

Rnplc River. Prospwtors report numerolls renloins on the Buckland, of both the mammoth and the musk ox. 

Elephant Point, on E*l~scholtx Bay, was so named from the 

abundance af rnaminotlr remains contained in the cl~ytps which overlie 

tho ground ice. Eight species of mammals from the days have bmm 

reported by Dall: 

In the enrlp part of the =son two LRplanderg? prospecting on . 

Quartz Creek, n tributary to Ir'iwalik River, unmv~red the sku11 of 

n musk ox, which lay near M rock heath 8 feet of gravels. ,4 

~inlilitr sk~lU wns found on Bear Creek, 18 tributary to Bucklnnd 

River. 

DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHY. 

The 9t11dy of the general surfi~r~ feRtures of Alaska has led to the 

recognition of four vre.11-ma rked ppphic provincs: which, 

narnccl fmni gout11 to north, am ns follow^: The Pacific rno~mtain 

system, including the nirrnemlls nenrlj- pnmll~1 motmhin ranges 

adjacent to the Pacific dong the whole scmtlrern coast of Alaska; the 

central plrtteaa rcginn, a broad wntrol zone whose axis is follomed by 

Ynkun Rirer ant1 which includes the drainnge of the greater part of 

,4lnskn 11nd the Yt~kw Territo~: the Roclty Mountain system, inuludiag srv~snl mni~ntain mnps snd forming thc wedward continuation of the Rocky 3Tountnins of thp IJnit~d Sfstes and Canadn ; 

and, fintllly. tl~e .Ir~tic slap s~gion, incl~trling the greater piwt of 

Alaslrfi nod h of thr Jntitrldc of I'np T,ish~rrnc., OF, morp ncr~imtely~ 

nll the wgio~ RWII OF the Kmlcy Motlntnins. 

Sel~arrl P~ninsuln lim in the, nortliern pnrt of what is probrbly the 

west continuntion of the mntwil plntcan region, which mny be 

descril~d nx n rolli~lg 11planrl dcpplg rli~*r~rted I1.ynumerorrs wntrrcaums, whost! %at-topped, int~rstream amw stand at one pnernl 

level nnrI mark the nlt-facr! of an ancient plain now elevntccl: in itq 

east~rn portion to R height of RD~IP 3,500 f~rt above sca 1~~1, nnrl, in 

Alaslra, sloping pntly west townrd Rering Sen. 

In that portion of the peninmla 5tndic.d hy tho writer three prominent tapopxphic fentams are strongly marked: First, tho hrontltap@. rouniled hills. remnants of n much-diswcfed plain that has 

ken partly ddroyec2 hy stream erosion and is well seen in thc 

eon hetween the Midnight Mountain rid@ nnd Kiwalik Rivw; 

sex;ond, the succession of finely developd rock torram, arb hnchm, - 

=Dall, IT. H., Coal antf IlmItes of AIasRn: Seventeenth Ann. Rept. U. R. GeoI, Srimey. 

pL l,lsr;ra, p. 85.4. b Brooks, AIfred H., The g~ogrnphy of Alaska: Prof. Paper U. B. Qeol, Butvey Ne. -. 
uorrl-t. 1 DEf FLOl'XEXT DP TOPtKtKAI'EIY. 43 

that twrllr on a!iiny of the alopcu arid oh11 fonn the tops: of the 

rnouataias uf thr liiw~l i k-nc~rkl~ld watershed ; third, the lowland 

plains, the g~~rrtuxt exta~uion of which appears in the vicinity of 

IkviI Mor~ntk~in nnd Kttxitrin River, hut \\-Iiich are also well deveIowl in tile rt~ll~~-s of nll tllr Inrp ril-PW. lTesh of the region bere 

rlcsvriherl, ill hiv nortl~rvest. part chi' tlbrl p?llitl~llI~, Colli~r hns collected 

evidenm for. frll~t. cml,rn,l ts nP tvrt.eiolt, 1rl1ir41 11 lt~rlr prriotls of rnolr or 

less stability illrri rig fi gtb~icb~wl III<IV~IIIPII~ OF ~llllift, lnodified by minor 

movetnents of ~P~HW~OI~. Tlit* ol<lwt of tllesc is seeti iri the flattened 

tops of Ear Ma~iutain, Midnigllt Rloun tt~in, i~nrl the mountain mass 

surrounding tl~c headmn ten of Xl~luk Rivw and scpra~nting the 

pemistetit remnnnta of tin nncirrlt plnin, now nlmost compl~tely 

tiestroyod, which Calf icr IIIIR CIIIIC~~ tl~a Nlilltk l'latea~~. This peneplain, if restored, wot~ld have urr dcvntion varying from 2,000 to 

2800 feat Eridonc~ for tho .qcr:ond pcriorl of crosion is afforded by 

hr! K~lfir~tk I'lnfcnu. 11 we1 I-mnrkrd platenu snrfnw npp~sring at a 

vnriahlu intcrv~l of fronl 400 to 1.000 fwt below the Nulnk PIR~AXU. 

Tt is (leeply i~lcisctl Iry rcb~tntlrrl rllln;r.olls, n~irl ~tands nt an fiverap 

elevntion of elmut 1,000 fret uhve wn level. During the third 

period the York %'1aknu W:IPI forll~rtl nf8 nn interval of allout 700 feet 

I~low the Kugrttk IJlntme. This is bhe yotrngwt nnd most perfecl of 

rill the mlc-floorptl platea~ts, but is sreri 0111y in the western part. of 

the peninsula. Tho ln~t cpacll of carmion is mpresentetl I)? the 

gravcl-covcr~d lowlnnrfs thnt I~rder tl~r spti rind the Inrgc rirers. Of 

t,he four great movctncnts recognized by Collicr, two, ut Ict~st, wffcctrti 

the nortl~enstern part of tllc ~xv~inmln-t hc ~~io~*cmcnt tllnl. ga YC! riw 

to the Kugrr~k PInten~r nnd tllc anc tlrnt pmdacetl the Lowlnnd Plains, 

A glance at the, =tion on the gdogic map mill give a better 

idea of this plain that1 WOP(J< enn. 'I'E\r wrtioll rlxtr~~(Is f1mm H sl:21osi 

distanm south of Midnight &lounbirt ~nst\~*unl to Ilucklnnrl Rivcr. 

I'ronl CantFte Creclc \vestwart1 the srlrfnw of the plain is slwlv~i to 

have m elevation of fmnt 1,000 to 1.400 fwt, inkrruptecl RC i~~tcrvnls 

bj brontl, flat rdleys ocVupicti ly tt.!lr~li .;trrilll~s. nmf nt one point I?y 

the deep, narrow cnnyon of tF~e Sotrtll I*'ork of Grmlhopc Jtivrr. Thjs 

plain slopes gently to tlw north. liut its reguli~ri ty is orodi fi~rl, as Ir~q 

already kn said. by the vn1lej.s cclf ICIIZ~~~~II nrrtl lioy~rk rivew, which 

have, ent down the southn--tern and wuZhenhti~~-il ports of tho area. 

That the pmnt stmama hare carried on t l~vir wo~k of rcclncing this 

plateau for a very long pried of time is plnirlly sIiown by the rnundr.ci 

contours of the bills and I)y the dltlrncter of the tpa.allcys, tho main 

strenrns having cut the latt~r nnnirly 1,o scAtl level throughout n considerrlWs portion of Itheir I~ngtll, Itmnving nnrrow, V-shaped valktys 

to be seen only on the smaller credrs. 
'WRRACEa 

As the traveler approachm the mvuntefn region between Riwdik 

nnd R~irklnnd rivers from the west he is strongly irnprrd Sy two 

fcbat~~rrb.; of thr! topopphy, (n) the dwplp rnt rnllryv nntl nnrlumw 

rid- of tho centml rnngs, (h) the ma-like tops of mnny of the Inrpr 

mo~~zitnias nncl the Iwa~itif~~llg cub hnch~4 n?llich giw tlhc slnp car 

thw th~ nppenrancp rtof flights af giinnt steps leading up to ~lcrat~~l 

platfornm. One of the mckt notimhlc exampl~s of ssuh a flak-topped 

mountain is found st t,he head of Kiwalilc Hivc!r in the southeast part 

of the rnappd awn, Stmding on the broad, lel-el tap of the ridp 

wmc? 12 or 13 miles to the nottheash, ana = this mountain appamntlp 

wholly rut off from th~ nmin pnrt of the ridge- on the north, thus 

brinpinp. out its pecl11iar form nll the more strikingly. Its summit, 

which ~.enchw nn rlrration of nearly 2,000 feet? is perfectly flat and 

covers nn am of wveral mm, while its northern sIope shows n sucmion of at last eight bench- Unlike the structure seen in the low 

mews to the w&, thee benche were cut in massive granites and 

andcsitrg, nnnd only in cxmptional cases could they be consiclcred as 

due to sntxmsivt! flows of igneous rock 

The gmnibe maws southwest of Bear Creek and south of Hunter 

Cmk rlrr fine exarnpl~,~ of the same feah (PL 1'111, B), ns is nlw 

the Kiwnlik Mountain area. The tops of these mountains am all perf~ctly ant, un~i benches va~ing from 10 to 100 feet in height are found 

on thir si.Edas. Year Hrrnt~r Creek the slopes of one ridp show at lenst 

12 lwnrhcs nt diffcmnt, levels. Mi-. Withempom in his topopphic 

worl; found t,I~nt rt giwn bench could often b tmd fmm onc locality to another, but the contour interval wfis too rea at to permit nny 

~xltpndwl corre11lti011 of levels. The writer was not able to visit 

pmnnlly thc lnrge fl at-topped mountain 12 milea east of Kiwmlik, 

l111t from its nppearnnce has no dot~bt that its mritaur is the mtrlt of 

~JIP slma cnnses which produced thc other occurrences just d~smilwd. 

The snme festnres nre seen on every hand within the area of tl~c mnin 

tna*;.;, and rire too eride~lt to be readily miswzed by nnp ohwrr~s. The 

flmn of the benches nrc usually covered with rlcl)ris, which is nllprlEar 

or mundcd, nnd is probably duo to wan thering rather than to grinding by water carrents. The edges of the benches are made up of 

anpl~r hlocb hp the action of the frost OTI the bd rd, 

now nnlp ocmio~~nllp risible. The blocks apppnr not to have Imn 

moved an? considemblc distance, but simply to have tumbled down 

tlnrl formd n tnIils nIong the hnt of the rock wnl1, which they now 

wncenl in ne~rlp all rT1)WLAhps. 

tTnder this head nrc considered the low, marshy lands which nre 

fmtnd Imrderfng the so~tntI rind the trnnk stmms Aa I~aa kn 
MUWLT. I LATRR UEOL~ lnru HISTORY. 45 

stater1 by ColIicr, they mark the 1nte.qt period of erosion and deposition, and art! mada up of uncotlmlidtlted graveb nnd sands laid down 

in water and afterwunls raiwrl sligl~tlj~ IIJMI'P sea ler~el. In general 

they da not reach n grentur t.levation thnn 200 feet, alt,hoough exceptions nre ta bc noted. Tllc greni, nrea of lowlmd in the Devil Mountain region, previously rlrt;cribd, is laproduced in a less depe in 

the country ktw~en Kiw~lik tl~lil tho Buckland and along the & 

fiide of Kotzr~hua Sound; ibc last, nntnerl, howe.ver, art: not, incIuded 

in the map and their dmript,ion tlws not belong to this paper. 

Along the lower Kiwalik thc flats hive r total width from east to 

west of 14 or 15 mils and omtzpy nn ernhylnent in the land mas 

still represented by the sbnllow Inpmn loratcd in its mtml portion. 

On the: Ruckland the lowlands h~vc a rnaximllm width of 8 miles. 

In the Kilxitrin region the lowlands have a wid tl~ of aver 10 milm, 

while in Koyuk Valley they extend inland RIOEI~ the river for n rlist~llce of 60 milas, with a breadth of 1 to 2 miles in the upyr portiorr, 

hut spreading out for i~ width of 8 miles an the mst sidr of Sorlon 

Bay. These valley lowlands givc evidcnce of Imp-continued rrodon 

daring a time when the land stmd at n higher elevntion than at pment, and in which the trllnk strettms. ufter cutting theis dlanncls 

elmost to sea level, had carried rln for some time the work of witloning the valleys, thus pducing the broad sock floors on which the 

gravels were later depoeitd. 

LATER GEOLOGIC HI STORY. 

As recognized by Brmb: the Iater geologic history of .Uaska may 

be briefly stated as follows: The lower C~rtnceata. mnrked hy an 

eph of mountain building. wns followed b~ ,r urndual deprcswion 

of the land surface and by deposition. partly in the open ocean, partly 

in embayments of the ocean, and partly in f~sh water, which continued to the close of the Eocene. This depression was probahly 

interrupted hy frequent minor movements of elevation and was terrninnted hp nn uplift whose time is not definitely known, but it is 

hlievtd to have bagun in Iafe Ewene or early Miocene time. This 

up!ift appears to have ken widespread and to have given to Alaska 

approxirnrttelp its ppesent contour, at the same time being accornpanid by morlntein-building forces which produced the great mountnin systems already outlined in Zow relief and now forming two of 

the four geographic provinces named above. Active denudation wrcs 

~nitiated by this uplift and was continued thughont a long period 

of stability in which the streams finally duced the land mass to a 

nenrly level wtrfnce, now roprescnted by the Yukon Platean. 

Another uplift of d ifiewntinl chnract~r ra~alted in tl~e elev~tion of -- - -- 

.Brooks, blfd H., The geography or Alaska : Prof. Paper U. I. Geol. Survey No. -, 
Chis JI~U~C~II tc) wmrthing Iiko its pment posilion and the develop- 

~ncnt of the Yukon rlrnin~~ge sy~trm ns wc Srr it now. Sownrd Peninst~ln litln iti tki- extmn~r zvwtern pnlt of this plut~uu arm, h11t in the 

ahnee of in fornlntion cor~wrning the rlevclop111c*r11 of I he lvpopphp 

in the i~~t~rvr.ai ng trrritory it wms ~tnsnfta? if not impossi t>lo, (n 

nttelnpt 1111,~ tnmlatio~l IWL~WFP~ difl~rtlr~t. It-v~Is irh this rvgion nnd 

other prtious of ill:~sk:ke to the cnstwnrrl wher~ g~vlogic rwcrr~nnissanm 11-ork hns hen carricrl on. 

With tll~ psil)I~ ~s~eption of flip cod-bnring forrnntians on the 

Kagrttk rntl tlie sinliltlr fol.nlntiotl9 .:ol ~IIP Koy~k. wllirh nrr cr)nsfrl- 

~rcd by 31endenhall to h of pmhal~lt- Tertinry np. nn 3liwxoic rocks 

nr* now known to In! pent 011 tIlr peniirsl~la. If she apparent 

nlmnr~ nf si1~11 detm?;its ir to lw interpt~twl: HS i~itiirat illp IIIP t*lr.rrttion 

of the land ~1mre *ien Irml clnring thnt time. th~n tht. psid thto~~gE\ 

whir11 tlk~ n'~iltll~~ill~ flpll~ic~s Rtmw prmitlt~l to crhlltil~ile their \~-ork 

of cl~hmnd~tin~l ~vns vi-I-y prrnt~t. ant1 onp is r~hlr to ontl~rs$tlad wnahwh~t beftcr the pmsihility nt w rwt nn nnlonnt of rmion ns mwt 

]lave ttntccn ~hrire sina* rile tlelstaitio~~ of tlw knc11~11 1's lrozoic mks nf 

tlie penir~sl~lr~. It shmrlrl lw mrn~rnhrrd. htr~vt.\-rr. t lla i tnort, d~tai l~rl 

invmtigntion may revc~l the, pwwnce of Jf~soxoir mcks now nnmgrriz~cl, or tlin t s~lch rloposith r~~np possibly I~n\v. IH.~*II laitl tlo~vn anrf 

subqumtlg rcmov(bcl. 

Aside Croni the qtlostion of thc time prid nerewry for its acmnplishnletlt, t l~e fact lrrnnins thnt, tlm northern pnrt of Sewad PalinSUIR was reCl11~ed to n ncnrly lev01 plnin I~cforo the rlcvelopment of the 

pr~wnt tnpopnplly rind that this plnin iiscllf 11-ns Itltrr' sui)jcctctl to 

rhangm of cl~ratiott nnd to a trncmnl of tE~r activitioa of crnsivo 

nmnt s which I~nve gmnt ly modif cd its originil l r.11:lrat:t~r ~nrl rct111c~Z 

it to its pmnt state. Evcn the most rtlccnt cllangw are not wholly 

rl~r. for it is rlifici~lk to tlntlcrslmd how tIi~ hi~h rrxk hmehas in Zhr! 

c~t~rn mountain nwn mcrld haw hen pres~rvrd in almost prfwt 

condition thro~l~ho~rt n vriorl in which tfw Kzigrak Ylntmt~, 1,000 

fwt lower tlown, wns king cstensiv~lp d iswtrrl and pnrtly mrnar~rl. 

One hesitntm, in the R~RIIW of confirming ~vi(lenm, to stla* ns R 

~ihlc ~xpl~n~tion n depmmion of the rrltirr rrpion, nmnllnting to 

2,t;W let, ~inm the fnrrnation of I~P hm~d VHPIP~ in thc IClr~rltk 

Plaka~~, ewn though there nrc intlimtians nf the pmncc of thr sra 

in lTery recent time ~t nn cle~ation of POO fwt in thts virinitp of Sonte, 

and elvn thotrgh th~ York Plateall, which is m114iilemd tn h e! mla- 

~ivcEy young f~nt~~re in tilt? tl~v~Foprncnt of thc tnpn,mphy, sometimes 

reaclles An c~1~raiion nf 7FK1 f~el. 

The ~nllqv lomlfind nntl mastal-plain tlrpr~its wtrch Inid down dming a minor perid nf depmian, which mtnrderl for n timc, AR~ may 

filive int~rrnpted aliog~ll~er, thc pmws nf ~IPCR~I cutting on the 

Huguk Platenu. It is prahnble that i be gmt-PIS clc*yosited nt this 
LMFI~T. &0(JATION OF GOLD mD. 47 

time have no very pent. thieknes. and that th~ cded dges of tho 

rmb which thq cover form flmw not differing in their major fentura from thp. forms of tho gravel plains ahore them. 

This prim1 of dcpmion and deposition was folIomed in turn by 

I rcele~~utioa, which nllowd the creelrs and rivers to reYunle their 

labr nf ~~tltrciny: th~ lnnd to n cornlnml level with the seH. The 

uplifting mov~a~t~nt is Iwlie~pd, from evidence collected in numerous 

plum and Ity several obrwrs, to 1w still in props. 

LOCATION OF GOLD FIELD. 

Tho placer gold fidd whose valuahl~ deposits are now to bc 

described is located in that portion of S~mxr.(l Peninsula which lies to 

She: sonth of the enstern c?rtr.nsion of Kdzel>~~le Sound. It is about 40 

~nile~ long nnrl 20 miles wide, with its longer dimensions parallel to 

tho CORE~ line. This arm forn~s tha ~11sterr1 orti ti on of llle F~irl~aven 

mining pmcinct, the wcnrrling oiliicc; of which is lucaied at Candle, un 

Riwalik River, Dwring, ut the m01it11 nf Tnmactluk River, and 

Kiwnlik, at Ilze ~nf rnnm lo Spilfnri~f Bny, am thr rl~ief djstrjbi~ting 

poinh for provi~iorls and supplies intended for th~ camps on the 

upper parts of tllcse stwmrrrs, ns well RS fur thws on Bear Cmk, s 

tributary t,o Rucklnnd River. 

The region oflorv few ltttmctiolls otl~t-r lll~ti i(Ilc! gold to the prospector; low rnosq-cor~red Flill.;. natural l~rcrrlitlg places for mosquitms and llleck flies, srrrrolmd hirn on wery sidta; trnvcIing, dific~rlt 

on f be higher pm~nd, is nlnlnst irnpible owr th~ lowlmds bordering the sountl, nnd tbr? only frr~l far conking ca heating is that 

afforded by the 3m n.illow~, sratterd nlong thr Imttama of the vaUe~ 

The cob line forming t 11e nortllcrri Iwt~nrlery of the fi~ld is btrt 30 

miles muth of the Arctic Circl~, nnd in c:onsr.qucncPI of its position 

the region is subject in sutnmpr timv to mrtcll clamp weather and in 

rvintcr to severe cold wit11 strong minds, ti~on* trying to tho traveler 

than the lower tempcmtams hut quieter ntrno*pllcr~ of the intgrior. 

The awn containing all the gold-pmtlucing .qtrc*nlns lie Iwtwm~i the 

me hllndred and sixty-first nnd onp 111~11drtvl ~niE sixty-third mericiinns of west longit.nde, and mithin 20 miles of the ronst, the only 

exception being Bear Creek, whicll is at nenrly twice that distance, 

For the prpaee of giving. a clcawr iden nf the platfir-goltl digtsict, 

a more detailed description of tlu pagmpllp, mpccin lly of t,hnt8 part 

referring to the drainag~, in llrlu gi vcli. 

The greater part of tho region of the gold-bearing gravels prc-sen& 

a topography intsrmediate in relief between the l~va plains of t11~ 
Lake Jrnur~tk vicinity and the ntgpT munt~ east a£ Kiwalik Kver. 

Ur~rncrn~~s srn~ll stwarns cutting their way into a much-disected 

plain Ilnv~ ~srocluwtl rr sacm~ion of hrn~d. mundd hills, awmging 

from GOf) to ROO fwt nh~w m lerrel, the monotonous appearancp of 

~vhich is 1)rokcn to tho wnth and Ito the east by hi~her pints, reaching in mme instancrs an elevation nf from 1,500 to 2.M fwt or mom. 

Tfrm of tb~ five principnl streams tI~at ernpt,y into the southern part 

elf fintmh~tt? Sounrl rrow the gold field. On the web Inmachuk 

Rir~r, with its nortlwm trihut~ry, Ktlnnum Creek, heads against Trail 

Cmk nnd thc headwntcrs of Gotdhope Rivcr. It follows n meander- 

 in^ nort I~~nsfcrIy ~011~4, fint f hrougtl a ha-rimmed vaEIey and then 

scm the constal pInin, till it ret~ch~q the sound at Dwring. Its 

largest hrnnrh, Finncll River, rim n few miles northeast of tako 

Irntrak, in the firn~ll pondr of the Isvel lava-covered area, north of 

thc. Rendcklwn hfnltntnins, ~nd joins- the Inmachuk at the new minir~g crrmp, lIrcon1. Its hrpr fribl~t&ries on the wwt, Old Glory, 

P~rry, Ji~nn, wed Mupct creeks, drain the area east and north of th(! 

hss~n Enrs. 

Kngr~ik River, nlm called Swan River, which cmsw the central 

pnrt i~f tho gold fieldt rises in Lake Irnuruk, follows a northea.sterlp 

ilin7ction for HIIOII~ 15 miles, and then flon-s north to within 9 nr 10 

tvhil~?~ of 111~ COILR~,, where it bends sharply westward and mntinuw to 

tho wnst fur fi milm to th~ " hI~~ffs,'' whae its former northerly mum 

is wsurn~tl nad hnlrl ta tlla wiound, The valley of the Rupk, ASPcinlly in tho lower part, is s brond, flat plain, a mile or two in width. 

 lagoon^ ~ncl old ah~ndoned chanrie'Js, fill4 wikh wster, hut no lonpr 

con~~ertclrf with thr* 111ain channel e.xwpt in time af freshet. are freqnpnt, so that, trnvrling is O~XL slow ~nrl rfificult. Thr Kagrak is 

IRF~CP thrill the Inn~achulc or t,he Kiwalik and nt tho same time much 

Im)rt3 cmokctl, It has H. atirnlwr of triI)~~t~ries of mnsidembla siw, 

Ilut no arlr of th~m up to the prex~nt time is of much impomnce ns rs 

gold pm11iwr. The ]rug& nf th~m t.rihr~tnrie~ is 'ITarle Creek, which 

rnmw in nn the west siclc and joins th~ river nenr the cent~r of the 

hig knd. Reindeer, Montann, Minn, and lndepndence 

rtreks RIT the larger r;t.renma coming in on the east. MI have kn 

atakecl. hut, little prmpect~d. 

Kiwalik River. s2ill farther cad,. is the third river CMIS- the 

golrl field. It empties into Spafariel BR~ and drains the western 

slop of thc ~nrptirr mas wt~tll~est of Candle, aq well as the high 

hills to the math. (If the nurnproar tributaries .of the Kiwalik, Canrllc Crwk is hy fsr tho mmt irnportmt from an economic standpoint, 

It flows in fsr~m the wuthwest und joins the main river at Candle: 

ahat !, milw frot~~ tlw cmmt. 'I"11r ot11i.r large tribntitries on the R-est. 

are StanF~y~ Glacitlr, Dornt., ar\tl (;old Run creekq; on t.he mt, Hunter and Qtztcrtz crwks. 


The most easterly, as well as the lerg~st, of the rivclcrs emptying into 

Rotzebue Sound from the south is tht? Ruckland. Tt lies, perhaps, 

somewhat oatside of the gold field proper, hut is included in the same 

recording district and should he mentioned, since one of its tributaries, Bear Creek, has been a small producer during the mn of 1903. 

,U of these streams have gentle padienk in thcir lower stretches, 

and meander widely over the Eow lands near tlm mast, producing ban 

and mnd fiats which often crnbamss even ihe light& of the small 

boats used in freighting supplies to the mining amps. 

HISTORY. 

The fid gnqmting in the Kotmbue pld field wns dons in the 

latter part of the season of 1900 by William T. Fee ("Mism~~ri Bill"), 

who diwvered gold on Old Glory Cmk in the fnll of that year. 

Mr. Fee seema to have prospectad nll the streams hending up toward 

the east side af the Ases Ears, hut did no staking, owing to the failurn 

of his supplies and the consequent necessity of returning to Nome as 

quickly as possible. Old Glory was staked on Septemhr 21 of the 

same year by William I-I, Davis and Je~~ie Pinnell. Thm days later, 

on Septeinber 24, goId was discovered on Hannum Creck, a tributary 

of Inmachuk River, by Z. E. Xi'mter ~nd Fred Smdstrum, who stsked 

the creek on that day. 

No work was done on the gravels in the fall of 1900, owing to the 

shortness of provisions and the latensss of tho s&smion. Snow was 

already falling, and tha prospectors retwncd to Xome, the noarest 

recording place to this then unknown region, to register their claims 

and prepare, far active work during the following season. Their reports on the region caused considwnble excitement nrnong the mincm 

wintering in Rome, and some time in the early months of 1901 lli. V. 

Perry crd the country on the snow with a dog tarti and staked 

the creek now hown by his name, Perry Creek. 

With the opening of spring R considerable rush of proeptom to 

thc new field took place, nnd n large nurnbr of claims were staked on 

nearly all the neighboring creeks, both to the west and to the csd, 

The fink locations on the Tnmachuk proper were made by Messrs. 

Apple- and Perry on Discovery, at " Hot Springp " (PI. TX, R 1, 

24 miles ahve the mouth of the Hannum. Yery little work nsida 

from the lmtion of ~Iaims mas donc! in tho Inrnechuk Valley durirrfi 

1901, for in the latter part of the season the news of rcry rich finds OIL 

Candle Creek drew many men sway and notably retarded tho dovelopment of the properties. This condition continued during the wason 

of 1902, but the summer of 1903 witnesed a revival of intermt in lthe 

lnn~achuk and its tributitri~s, and n still further incrcase in the dcvelopment in 1904 is certain. 

Bull. 2474% la4 
Candle Crwk wan strkd ah~t~t .luly 23, IWI. b~ Mars, Enm 

Thomns. Alcxnnd~s Pn tterwn. Robrk S~chneider, and nlankmship, 

nnd II~ to the prrspnt ti111r has prndnd a much pater ~mol~nt of 

pld Ihnn nny of the abher stmnrns of this field. Although Mr. 

Dl~nk~nsl~ip rr~s prnl~ablp the tint miner to drive stak~s on CmndEe 

Cwk, Mmm. Thnrnrw, Puttemon, and Schneide~ .rr~rt( the fiM to 

anhr tlln r~gion and macln the original discnr~y of gold on .rump 

Crwk, n rsrtirtll trihr~tnry which Corns in frnm thr wrqt nnd join3 

Cnnrlle Gmk nhnC 14 trliles ahvc Kiwmlik Riv~r. Thrw four mcn 

xtnkrtF clnirrrs on tho most promising portions nf the m~in strcnrn nncl 

one clnirn ~nch an thr lower ends of the t rihubrics, t.hr~s ~cqttiring 

right to I r-onsid~mble arno~mb of pound, pert of which has prowd 

to lm of much value. 

N~wa nf the strike qmad quickly and wn'nH fallowetl by n ~tamprde 

of minsm in tha IatE faI1, so that the entire crock wns mnn tnken lip 

and scow of men with mckem htlsi~d t,horn.wlr~cs in clenr~jng ant the 

richm and more wnrlily worked port ions of tho ~~nvola. As high ns 

an oanrp. of gold pr (lily nus pnitl to shovclew on mnH efltims. 

During th.hn sunitlwr of 1902 mining waq eumicd nn viproasly on 

nearly nll thc claims kwtwwn Potato Cwlc nnd Kiwnlilr IEi~~er, with 

the rmrlt tlmt a lnrp part of tht! channel. IIU* lwcn worked over in a 

hastg mttnner, and most of the easily obtninrrl gold has been t~kell out. 

As td natnrnt conqoencc! of this fnct, t he wason of 1903 ahoweil a very 

]age dc~mnse in tl~c n~irnbr af men on the rmk, not over 125 hP,ing 

actually e~lffirgpd in mining opPrntinna at any orlr limp. Maav of 

thm who tnnk pert in fh~ stnrnprtle of 1901 RR~ 19Q2 hnf c since gone 

bark tn the cnrli~r-forrntl d ic~inkm of the Itlrnncl~l~k region, whilp not, 

n, few hava turned thcir nttention ta the lwnch rlairns of Candle in the 

belief that them mnp contain ~oZd deposits n.q vnlurMe as those found 

on the cwek. 

C~ndlo Cmk i~ mid to hrtre wived its name from the: fact that 

in the springtime, wlwn the pmpwtom fiM *W the stream, the willow twip ulong its llanks wPre mrtr~d with a thick mating of ice, 

rind nlgg~.st~rl t lla nnrllc !monstt of tllcir msemblanrt. to candl~ 

Rpar ('reek, in sittlnt~d H~XIII~ 40 miles solitbeast of Candle, 

waq fimt atltk~cl und r~eerdrd in Aug~ist, IWf. 13~ R. L IIowie, his 

Tendnc~q, ~nd Andww hrr, I~tt the nn tires say that the dream hnd 

hn staked the ppruriaas ypnr hy Thmas, Pattern, and Sn~id~r, the 

tlismvemrx of pld on dlmp Crrrk. If such VRS the case, no rerorrl 

of the locations w~s filerl. Mining opemtions on this stwarn hnve 

kn pmsecabrl untl~r prent disrrdvantagw, owing to the difficnlty of 

obtaining snppliw csnd the high cost of fmighting. BuckZnnd Riwr, 

I-IIW of its frequ~nt ~~nd I)am and cmk~d rhttnnels, is nut a prnctimhlc mate. and frripht charges over the 40 milw of t.r~ndra from 

Candle to Bear Creek hnve never been lw than 20 cents per pound. 
Tho total pdurtion af tht Kot?~,huc gold fielcl fnr the three years 

during which mining opcmtions Ilnt-P 'twn cnrrierl on is pmhbly not 

far from 915.000, Of this ~rnotrnt Cnndlc Cmk done hns turnod 

out over three-fourths. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE CREEKS. 

The gold field immdintelp ~011th of TCotee!)r~e Sound is diridd 

naturally into thm minor firlds. cl~fined by thc wntcrsl~~ls qnrating 

thc chinage hsins of Inrnnchak. Rrrgruk. nnrI ICinwlik rivers. Tlre 

ntmamq in the Tnmnchuk Hirvr Valley, inel~rcling th~ .wuth fmk, or 

Pinn~ll Itivcr, which r~p to the ~)r~st*nt tirnc. it~r~ !wen plil procl~~mr~, 

am few in nz~mlwr and as yrt only partly de~*clopd. Old Glop ani? 

Wnnn~im cmks, with two or thm small tributnri~s, me the chief onIW~~~CFI t.he Inmachr~k and the Inw~r pnrt af Pinrl~ll Rirer that merit 

sp~cial attention at this mritinr. 1I:vrn from1 tllcw, ~lt h011gh seveml 

cltlims ham hen worked skadily from th~ opn in~ of the region, the 

n~~tput; i~ not. l~rge, sinc~ thc. p~rvclg haw not lwcn worked systematicnlly and many p~apsrtim mcm ~ntircrg cIewrtc.tl by thcir owners at 

th~ time of the gentPst fixcit~rnrat nt Cnnd b. 

The members of tho liafin~k dminnp qst~m pivc evidcnw, I)?. 

occn~ianal ditches and hwps of wnslml grnrcl, of some work in the 

past;, but while one or t11.o of them I~ave pmd~ierl' R mnll 

~rnount of gold, they have not yet sllnwn the prcwbnrc of grnrpf dew 

its of s~lflicicnt VR~UQ to (otrsrrntlt the ~spnditurc of n11ic11 ti111~ or 

mony in their dr\-~Iopn,nlel~t. ID zllc strtill~c.rn part nf tltr rnllrj-, 

hnwe\rer, grnvels mew Ifling pmpted d~lring t1te ?RA~ snmtner 

( 1!303) with solno sncmss. TIN* MI-vls atlr or1 I)i?ric Cmk, \rbir-Ei 

fluws into htlependenw Cmk, the Inrgc mstcrn hmnclr of tllc 

Kugruk. 

.A pt number of clainls have kn staked nnd mrdd on tho 

various streams composing thc drwinagc systcnl uf Kiwnlik Ilirrr, 

nnd the same is trne in a 1-q degree of part of the T3tlrkl~nd trihutari~s Very few of thest! clajnln, Iwm-~rer, with thc cxccption of 

those on Candle and Rear creeks, llnv~ r.wired ntty fiirthrr nttcntioa 

~IIR~PYC~. dtholtgh it n-as idttlwt rnt irely thmug31 r~port n frrrn~ I hir 

part, of the r~fiott tl~t tli~ Jintxcb~~t~ gtdd litllils IJI~~HIIII~ I<II~)IYII f 11 11~ 

outsidr wurhl. 

An at.tFazpC has hn nlac1~ to sllow ort ~IIP proE4)gic' ~uup tllp ~list~riImtion of the pwls which are prr~luciop or Irnw prndumrl ~:olrl In 

mmercinl quantities and alsn of thw which fir(' kllnwr~ to carry 

gold, hr~t not in mrfficient arnnrrrlt to Sa of vnlucl 111itl~r pmgcnt rnndiLions It. should fitrth~r hc aid thnt cdow, nnd prrhnps PI~PII larpr 

qunntities of gold, have k~t founrl on nlnny of the ~ireanw fw~iiil~s 
tilow indicated, the metal being widely distributed throughout the 

crystalline schists. 

In the following no re detailed account of the pld-baring gravels 

the streams are described from west to east, the order in which they 

were visibd by t,he writer, and altliough an effort was made to obtain 

full information concerning development during th~ latter part of 

the season, from mine.w coming into Komc for the winter or on the 

way to tlie States, it is possible that mno of the facts brought out 

by the s~~rnrnt.,r's woslr were not secured. The writm wishes to express 

his indebtcclnsss to the mmy prospectors,, tou numerous Go ment.ionj 

individually, from whom Ile has mceiwd mlusble information~~dl 

aid or whose generous haspitality he has enjoyed. 

INBtnCHKJK BASm. 

Hamu112 CT~&.-Hannum Crwlr joins Inmltchnk River 24 mileswest of Record. The stream, which .his about 9 rnilaq long, occupies a 

deep cnnyon-lie vaIle;y, which ill a feu. places e-qands for stretches 

of half n mila or less into a level Aoor 600 to 800 feet in width, These 

level pjaces are usually wet a1lc1 tIific111t to traverse bemuse nf the 

moss, The valley is cut into a ,series of whish and shctles interstratified with occasional thin limestont? beds, and is surrounded by 

a capping of lava of no gre& thickness. The schists and slates of 

the valley slow are generally covered hy the debris from the overlying lava, so t.hat outcrops are not plentiful rind the structure, is 

difficult to determino. Where exposed the whlsts nre generally mined 

with quartz. 

l'he lava itself is rnroly found in plam, but its pwsenco is shown 

whew the wrltt!rc~ur~~~ have cut throumh the flow, by I~exps of angl- F lar blocks and munilcrl gravelly rleposlts which mnrlr the location of 

former autcrops and rover its contact with the underlying schists and 

lhhnes. 

The gravels covesing the valley floor are made up principnUy of 

schist and pebbles of q~rartz-vein stuff, togother with smaller amounts 

of lirn~shne and la,va, Scath~d lava bowlders of considerable size, 

found at various places along the channel of the stream, am at times 

t,roublesome ta the shovelers. In the few places where bed rock was 

exposed the gravels showed a thickness nf from 2 to 6 feet, and all, 

with the exception of those in the cl~amel, were covered by 12 tr, 18 

inches of moss, No ice beds, or " glaciers," as the minm call them, 

were exposed at tho time of the writer's Fisii,, and no gravels which 

required thawing mere being worlrecl, since, as yet, little attention had 

been given to deposits other than those of the stream channel. 

Tho gold is unevenly distribut~d over the bed roclr, and on only 

one claim had anything ljke a continuous pay strealt been exposed. 

Here the valuable gravel depsib had a t,hickness of from 6 inchm 
to 4 feet ant1 a \\7i.rltlt :ipl)n);lching 100 fwt. Ifn rxtehsioll to thr 

adjoining properties ~hre et~tl Iwlo~r lmtl riot twrt dea~nrlstrntrd. 

&sides the pld, the heavy concrntrn t~ from tllp s\II'I('P ~K)?CP?I R~IOW 

R larp n~~mher of rounded nnd polishrrl ~I~JPFI of h~~l~~ltitr or " iron 

s%ones," mme pyrih, nnd it small qanntity of plmn. which is pmbnhty derived from the limestrrrre R~I n-vst rlf C'irnninglu~n~ Cmdi, n nrl 

tvill be referred to ngin. Rlnrk snrld is nnt fofintl with tlie gold, 

since magnetite occurs in vrr:\. stnn l l qiiu ntity ; tlic rt~ttgnet t1iwlrl.r~ 

only ocmsionrlly sn1a11 pic~s in tl~r tnili~ip froin t lwb RIIIEVP I)I)XCS. 

'' Gray sand " or finely pound pysi tc tlppcnrs censtnntly III the pan, 

anti larger pieces tp to 2 or IIIOIV. inchcx in rl inmct:tcr nrt- not illfrqucnl. 

The best pld vallres nrc tskt~~ from th~ hptl rock. which is ust~nllp 

R blue clay res111 ting frotn Ilir rlerornpmi tinn af the unilerlginp 

schists. The pltl is I~cncy nnrl hlnck nnil is snid to assay about $13 

to Hie ounce whm clcanwl. St1ggt.t~ worfl~ $2.50 are not uncommnn, 

but no very lnrp oncs hnw y~t lrc~l fol~nd. 

Not more than 8 or !I of tlic! 45 claims which have ken staked on 

Henn~lm Creek, and extend from the mouth of thr stream nt So. 

110 blow 1)iscmmerp to the mnrce at So. 35 nhnve Disrt)rcry, wrw 

being worked at any time duri 11.g the sollson of 1909. No rI~.vclopm~nt 

work of conquence (1'1. LS, 11) has kn ttnderhken hlow Jlisc:ovrry nt t tm muot h of Callins Creek nor ahre tlw mouili af C'ttnnink 

hnm Cmk. Ret.wmt~ Ihw points the gold is coarser, and tllr\ ptlo 

of abn r~trrnrn si~flicicnl io pn~lithe a* nf htl-twk drnins, so that 

pnrnps nre not rprluid. Toward the mouth of FIannam Creek the 

~riulc rlecn-a-R rlrltic~aMy aud the gold I~zcomr.s ii11r.r nnrE hrightcr 

in cbnmcter. It, appcnrs to hare trareIed wmt- riistuncr! and is ~llort! 

diffic~llt to mvt, than the heavier pltf almrc. ;tltllni~~h thrw is mid 

to b sufficient water nt all times of tlro year for ~luicing purposes, 

the work w fnr done ran hard?* b considfwd suffiricrlt in tl~ltermine 

the future of the meek. During the waiwn of 1303 a large part 

of the supplies for thm wnrkinp was lanrld on tb~ knch at the 

mouth of Rex Creek atid brorrght sonth over the divide hy pack 

IIOPIF~ or wagon, a method which llns prnved mom satisfactory th~n 

that of crrrr~ing Ithe freight to the mouth of tlic Hnnnum in small 

hat.% since the usc of llohrs is 4.i I I nectmra t~ fmm t hnt point onward 

and, furthermore, tlie ~haIlo~r.~ of tlin Inn~ach~~k offer diffic~~lties to 

the lightest bonts. 

Cvnninghom CTP~~*.-The Inrpt tributary to Hannum Creek is . 

Cunningham Creek, a short cmk. a little more than 2 miles long, 

which joins the larg~r strennl ntxlut 7 rnilm from its mouth Like 

Hannu~n Creek it flo\~rr over a schist kc1 twk. The valley is nmrow 

and V-ahaped and its ddcs nre c~pperl thlw~rgh riluch of their Icngth 

by the shntkmd oetemps of the Inra flow so widely developed in thjs 

region. The pvels are whist and vein qua-, with s small percent- 
qp of li'jnestclne 8t the lower end. Tlicr Cunn~nglwm @trl is l~tlrst.1~ 

than that of Fhnanm Cmk, but never Iwn fa~~ntl in large 

amonnt. One thousand two h~mdretl dollars is said to hnvc been 

wnshed orrt just above the mouth of the stream in 1401. 

Tbl.ee-fn~~Pthq of tl rnile bow the rnorrtl~ of C~mningltnm Q*rrb 

:r small tril91ltery wllrd I-hrry CMck comes in from a Iirr~~.c;tnno a.m 

cln tlln ITPS~, TT~PP~? a ~mpect hole was snnk Iwfl rwk at n lit,t,le dist*nw from the strmm rind disclwetl a vein of gnlci1*:11~ in lirnm%onc. 

little srllist llppenrs in the stremm rleposih, which conuist chi~.fly of 

Iimestone. tlntl it sepms probable that the galena found in dIle sluice 

Imxw on Ka~~nurn Creek may come from this m~rrc~. 

(?o!fi!ini~ ('~ek.-Cn) li ns Creek j joina Hann urn Greek at Diwvery, 

but has not yet, hen much prospected, ltlthough thc discoverers of 

Hannum Creek fol~nd their first calom on it and collrse gold ia known 

lo occur there, 

Old t;llory Creek.-Tho presence of valuable gald fields souih of 

liotr&br~e; Sound was fimt demonstrated, as has been previously stated, 

on the creelr now known as Olrl Glory. This stream tukes its rise 

ill tlic limsshne nrcn northwest of the, Asws Earn, follows an enstnorth~nst direction for a distance of nearly ti miles, and reachm Pin11cll Hive.r 11 mile3 south of the new mining camp of Rmrd. -The 

IIIWRP 4 ~nil~s of this cmam is dimly &cms the beddi and cleavage 

uf the schists, which ncmr to the. east of the limestone area just mentioned. No cont~ct of the linlerjtono anti schist was seen, but tlre 

hlrncl~ry wparating tht. two formations Fim htwm one-half and 

threc-fottrthl.1 of a ~tlilr: fo the west of Xelson Gnlch. The= schists 

RTR fit times slightly graphitic nnd are intcstlxtifi~d with waqional 

limcstclnc beds. LRVU rims are present along the lorwr portions of 

tbc vaIIey, tu t nrc not so conspicuoirs as they are on the dreams pre- 

~+iousl,r tnentioned. 

Qrrartx Irn*. and stringers Rppr in all the schist outcrops, and 

nng111ar hloclts of rein qunrtz str~wn along the hilltops bve now and 

tllrrt f 11rnis11ptl locations for qt~artz-led@ clnirna The cleavage dips 

quitc. cnnvtantly towarcl the northcast, w that th~ mnters, in carving 

colt the vnllrp, impinged againd, tlrc npturned edges of the helined 

whist S!II~S. wllicll r~cted like the riffles in n sIttiec box in mnmtratiag - 

the gold. This relut inn of stream course to cl~avage may account also 

fur thc penuo of the broad, roanded basins, or " pot holes," as they 

are cnllrd by the miners, which nccilr in the hed rock of the channel 

~nd nrr? EI SDU~ of mmc tlificulty in tho opention of mining. Tt 

izboulrl ba ssnirl that the tcm " pot hole " is not tlsed in this connection 

by thc men on Old Glory wit11 its unalal significance-implying a 

ronndrcl holp with consjdcrable depth relntive to the diarnet~r-hut is 

understood lo mean n dcpwssisn ir~ the lwd rock mitlr diameter very 

much grentcr than depth. The nveragn crom section of the volley is a 
bmd V, Wming narrower *nd canyon-like in t,ha limestone hills 

of its upper end, but mirfeni~~g o~rt as it np1)ranchc.q T'it~n~ll: River. 

A vertical section of the gravels tvns riiffict~lt to obtrtin, sinm the 

few holes which had ken put down tn hncl rwlr wpm mndc allring 

the winter time and cald in when the spring thaws came. Bordering the channel of the stwarn nnd estentlizig for a short rlistanm 

on either side there is nsrrally a bed of ire, reaching at vsrjons points 

a thickness of 4 feet, whid~ 01-erlies the grnt-~l n11d i~1 cnv~md with 

moss. Ry the thawing of the ice edge nearer the, channel ~nd the 

conyl~en~ falling in of the orerlying turf, and by the slipping of 

lar~r nlnssps of debris the siclev of the valley down over the 

icc, n n~ixtiiro of rock, gravel, and vegetable mutter has been pmduced, 

which bllo miners call "sllda" In the only place n7berc work hks Imn 

done-that is, in the chnnnel of the stream-the gra~~els are compmd of fino schist with quarts and limestone, the schist bing mom 

conspicnous than eith~r ef the other two mn~ltituentii. T1!e C~LBFacter of tho gravels is modified in th~ her course of the stream 

the presenw of pebbles and bon-lders of Isra from the hilltops 

IVashcd pnvels fire found wen rip on the slopes of the vdey and 

differ rnnrk~dlp from tll~ lit.mau~ deposits, owing to the larger percentap of quartz prl~bles wi~icl~ they contain. 

Fairly \irell-dcfined prar~l fwlnches ace ,wn in the valley near Nelson Gulch and a slwrt distance below. ht~t their presence is not RO 

easily cl~tcrmined lowcr down, where, if ever developed, the ice and 

stream haw 110th lrtllpecl to Ernom them. 

Tn a few iirlstances thc former rJ~anaeI eviden*tly had it position 

somewhat difaerent from thnt occupi~rl by the strearrl at present. 

One interesting pim nf ~virIcnce t~nding to edahlish this fact is 

an oId haver rIa111 11 short distntim north of the present stream bed, 

which was uncovered prosp~~tors whilo making a crosscut to 

determine the location, of the fo1.111er channel. This darn was deeply 

buried under a mnss of clebrih, tlw ct~t sllowing II thickne~ of nearly 

10 feet of slide, muck, nnrl partly docayed vrgegetable matter, omrlying hnp wnily gm~rels. 

Both pyrite and hematite, " ircm stonra," nre found in the. sluice 

boxes. The pyrite freqt~ently retnins its crystnlljnc form, while t.he 

hematite is worn smooth and well roandctl hy tlln nction of the matpr. 

Some of thew hematite p~l~bles art! probt~bly dcrivrd from tl~c alterntion of pyrite, for hhe pieces, whe~l broken, occuslonally show fine 

yellow particles of that mineral. As awys showing tin are 

reported, a careful examinnti011 of tailinp from tl~c shire boxes - 

was made at two or three places hem work was king mrried on, 

to establish, if pmsible, the truth of this report. Konc? was found, 

but later information mas rewived from Dr. CnbelI Whitehead, of 

the Alaslra Banking and Safe Deposit Company? that same 27 ounces 
of metallic tin wecr ol~trtined from gold bronght to the hank frorn 

Old Glory Gtwk, tlie metal occtrrring in the form of fine cassiterite 

grains, which, hemnw of their weight, remained in the pan with 

the gold. 

The gold from Old Glory is heavy and black ; it occurs irregularly 

on bed rock along the channel, but wt no place on the stream rnn n 

well-definer1 pay streak h shorn. The smaller "pot holes" are mid 

to be quite rich and to camp the best valncss on tho rim, the I~rgpr 

brisins returning a smaller profit to the miners. Thew pot Iioles nm 

more difficult to worlc than are the other gravels, since it is necessary 

ta shut out the water hm the main channel ant1 to keep the lloles 

pumped out, and sucli work is not quirdl where R kl-rock drain can 

tm uwd, as is generally the case. Drains and ditchw for sluicing pmposes are ocasionallp made by simply removing the rnm and allowing the water to melt its own ch~nnel through the ice bed beneath. 

Ditches constructed in this manner may, ho~~~ver, be hard ta mntm1 

and requirs close watching to avoid their breaking out and musing the 

Em of valuable time or doing other damage to the workinks, There 

is plenty of water for the reqttjrenlen ts of the sluice hxes at dl times 

with the exception of u week or two at the end of a season during 

which there has kn lm than the usual amount of rain. -9 water 

right of 500 miner's inches for hydranlic-mining purposes has bepn 

st.aked at. the mouth of the creek with the intention of carrying the 

water down to the cEaims on tho Inmachulr. 

Practimlly no dev~Iopm~nt work was done on: the stream during 

the summer of 1901, but nt the opening of the following season 

ground mas prepared fur sluicing at n nurnkr of places, and nearly 

the whole of the channel on two claims was washed out. Little pld 

has been found on old Glov above Nelson Gulch, as might naturally 

be expected from the nearness of the limestone boundary to the west,, 

sinm no evidence has yet ken found in this part of the region to ahow 

that gold occu~ originsllg in the masbe Jirnestones. The total production of the stream is not great, probably not over $30.000, of 

which much the larger part was taken from a single locality just 

below Nelmn Gulch. 

ATe7amt Gulch.-This small gulch (Pl. 5, A) bnwly thm-quartam 

of R mi10 long, leads down from a broad, low mrlclle in the divide 

htween Old ("xory and the Inmachuk, and is of jntcrest since it is 

probabIy an important factor in the origin of the rich ground just 

blow its mot~th on OId Glorp. Schist cmps out occnsionally along 

tho banks of the shallow depression, thror~glz which, in the springtime, a small stream flows, and on either sid~ of tho I~wer end of the 

gulch the well-developed gravel terraces havo been staked as bench 

claims, but ham not yet been prospected to determine their value. 


momm. I NEL80B GULOB AND AKKRICAN CREEK. 57 

A cllt through the prels on f he east side of the galcl~ rind 300 to 

400 fcet from jts mouth afforded the fnllo~~ing %tin11 : 

PFCPh a: YeIm C~fch. Inmachtrk basin. AlasPs. 

Muck ,,------.------------------------------lU Inrl~e~. 

Hlrir rlny .-.-------__----_--_----------__ .-. -11) Inr21r~ tn 1 fnt. 

Red rFny ,,-,. --- -.-------. ------ . -. -2 fwt. 

Green lsb mvePs -- -- --- - - . . _ - - - - --- - ---- --- -2 to tnc& 

Schist bed rock, 

The uncompleted cut just rpferred to wenled to indicate plminly 

the presence of a farrn~r channrl nb wmP distance to the east of the 

present waterconrsc. 

Not much slt~icing has h~n* done an Selsott Gulch since the early 

part of t,hc seawn (1!)03), awing tn thr warcitp of water. It was 

expected, however, that this diffcalty wtnlltl \w remowd by the rompIetion of a ditch more thnn a mile loil~ which wsn king ilug to 

lwing water from a higher Ic\.t*l an Old (;lory, 

The gold is brighter than that of Old Cilory, is rough and tingllar, 

nnd aontrtins consider~blt? quartz. nml evitlcn t lv hir a not trnvtll~rl far 

from ih original mum. With the magnet *. fpw gains af Maclt 

sand mnp be found amiated with a much larger nrnoirnt of r;yrite 

~nd mtne raby sand. P;nt mud^ gold tuns Iwvi~ tnlrcn nnt, Iwt tllr 

valuable gravels found just below the rnontl~ of thr plrll ndd int~rest to thp pihle rc.suIts of fllt~~re ~I~~elopin~nt. 

Amerr'mn Pmek.-Xrn~rican Creek is tlte lnrgest tributary of Old 

Glory, nncI hcnt1~ trp towarrl the north side nf tl~p ~lssr.s T*hrs. The 

gold is brighter thnn the othw gold aE the vicinity. llt~t hrts ncwr 

hen found in quantity to encournp thc provctor much, and in conwquencc there was little or n0 work on the cwck Inst. scam11 (1908). 

Since them is gd anthoritj- for the occnrmnce of tin ere in the 

' gravels of Old I+lary, it i~ snggcst~cl that X~tiericnn Cmk nil rhw 

trib~taries of Pinnell River which appronch the granite areas of the 

Asws Ears nsid~hrhootl rnty lw fnvomMe localiti- in which to 

prospect for th~t ore. 

Pinma River.-The ea&rn branch af the ImacE~uk. known us 

Pinnell River, is about 12 rnilcs long and. with its tributari~Pe,rry, 

June, and Magnet cmeks-dseins the arm east of the Asses Earn. 

Prospecting on the upper pnrt of Pinn~lE nnd aim ;on June; and Magnet creeks has been attend4 with rfifirultiw nrisinp from the presence of quant,ities of lam blocks in the stream bed. The only ground 

on Pinnell River which, at the time of this writing., 1111s hen prodnctiw of any ralues.Iies below the mouth of Old Crlory ; the amount 

taken out is am& 
A ml~tcr right fnr 1,500 inches was staked on the Pin~~ell nt thr 

mouth of Olrl Glory, ~ncl, with the 500 inches to be taken from Olc 

Glorv, ~vorrld malce n tottll of 2,000 inches, which it was expectec 

mollld IF nmilnMc for sluicing on the Imachuk. 

PLJ~ I.'~e~&.-Perry Cmk is 6 miles long and joins the Pinnell f 

nlilev nljnve tlw mou t ll of Q1cl Glory. Some fine, bright pId has her 

fot~ad on it, 1111gpt5 \vorth 10 and 15 cents king found in gravel: 

trvemgillg abortt 3 ceats to the pan. Perry Creek, like Old Glory, ha: 

wash ~arrl comprl chidfly of quartz pebbles well up on the side 

of tile onrmw vnllep, nt an rdevntion of 400 or 500 feet, but no sectior 

to bed mck has been expd. The searcity of w~ter in the mk ai 

swme .set~sons of the yew nnd the dificulty of securing any other supply wouZd be a pat. disadvantage in the working of these.high 

~av~ls if t21q shorlld ewr be shown to carry important values in 

mld. 

f n rnrn~lr trk River.-The prohbiliQ that val~rable gold-bring 

gnvels might be p~vsent on Tnmachak River did not begin lm be 

nppmcinteil till the winter of 1902-3 and the following sumer. 

Il'ork tias confined chiefly to the smaller streams, the broad, 

fliht mllep of the mnin river appears to haw heen less attractive to 

rniners t Iian the mom easily worked pvels of the tributaries, whew 

fewpr men and a sirtaller outfit could h employed. Development 

operations m far have, therefore, ibeen largely in the nature of 

prospecting: 

The river rises in the limestone cxlnnky of the divide separating 

the Inrnachuk drainap from that of the rodh hope, follows rr northeasterly course for about 12 mires, thmugll a valley of varying width, 

till it rencl~es the flats hrdering Rotzebue Sound, and from that 

pint onward meanders widely over the IowIands in the mme genera1 

direction, thus greatly increasing the distRnce to be tmved hfore 

reaching the sea 

The 11pper valley is narmw md steep as far down as thp mouth of 

Hannurn Creek, where a series of gravel flats begins, which continues 

thronghont tbe lower part of the river. 'Il'11er~ well developed thwe 

flnts beve tl width of from 400 to 500 feet, inmasing below thc month 

of the Pinnell to more than a quarter of a mile in places. 

Schist, with interbeiided limestones of no pat thicknes, forms thc 

bed raclr and is capped along the whola v~lley with the ever-present 

lava flow, which, near Record, has a thicknew of les than 50 fwt and 

lies about 300 feet abow the stream. This black, level tine of broken 

lava bloclcs is ta rt geologist the most ~nspicuou~ feature of the 

topography of the region. The sides and bottom of the valley offer 

a poor road for foot travelers and u still worn one for horns; consequently boats are generally employed in the summer time for transporting supplies frm the coast to the camps. ' 


The Innud~ttk g~xv~ls :IIV of t hc M~HV rllari~r-ter as tho* anltvady 

described 011 Hnnnltrn ~nd 4 IF41 Ctlory r*~ur*ks: srl~ist forrils the pttter 

pnbp arrd is amwintm1 with p~hbl(3 of qlrnrtx, I~tvn, nncll lirneshna Sand nattrally is more notimnl)lt! fhnn on the skpr rrndes 

of the small~r rreeks. hnthnih thc mms tlw gr~ve'C1 is inv~rinhlg 

frozen 1lnt1 often 01-rrlnin I? rlrl ict* Id, nenxwitnz it~ji t hc. ttw of wnle 

method af thawing Iwfow nriy t*xc~vat ion ran 2w ~trarlr. 

T~P following sectirjn was k~nsure!l fi short tlisfn~~w llow PfnneIl 

Ri~er : 

H~ptiwn ON Iwma~nak Itivrr hrlotc PttttaeIh Rizrcr, cil~~kft. 

Feet. 

MU& C --_-----.--.-----------.------------I.--.--.--.----- r 

FIne ma\-el and nand (" clllrkeo feet1 ") - -. -, . --- -,,, .. ,,,,, 14 

Wash owl with tlnairtz --------------- ------------ 4-5 

Ggbt sand nnd gmrvl, ~nostly quartz ---.-.. ---- - -- 3 

Pny ~tmk nf few incl~px on twl rack of Ilnwl cln y. 

Three mil= belm another section wns ohtnjnetl : 

PWt. 

Muck 3 

Ban@ cl~-_--__------ --_.-----,---------------+--.----+- 8 

Gravel, mnshtency of ~chl~t. yuortr., i111rl 1linwton~-,- . ,, . . ,. . 41 

Schtst bed rwlt. 

A section of somewhat dilfermt cl~amct~r mag measureit near 

Washington Creek : 

Muck _----.--.--------------------.--,-------3 

Flne gravel I" chicken fwl" ). ai tb 3n~n ~ddll~s--- - - -, .-,- -, 8 

Schist b-ed rack. 

In general, if. ypey be mid that on the lwnch~.; C11e moss nntl muck 

averages fmm 2 to 7 feet and overli~s grnv~ls of varieble tllicknfirj, 

which is in places as much as fi feet. The chamcnr of the "bed 

rock " changes, as the underlying schist or limtsstonp is covered 

wit11 clay or is hw. Systemntic =arch on the part of SOI~C, and dcvelopment work on the part of othem, hare sho117n thc prosene in a 

numhr of places of a \wll-rlerelopecl pay streak. 01)e pan of 890.30 

was taken from n hole thawed down to Iwd rock early in trhe last mson, and up to that time WRS the lar,pst single pnn Imown on tlw 

creek. The bottom of the hole yieIdd $lGl. 2"np news of thin riel1 

find stimulated the w~~h for gold to a nlnrked ETP~M?, mpecinll y an 

the knch claims, and has added much to a Imowledp of t IIP p~rrl 

deposits. Pans of $7, $9.95, $11.90, nnd tl six-pan bucket of $34 

were wded out near the month of the Pinnell. BeJow the Pimell, 
60 FAIREATEX GOLD PLACERS OF SEW ARD IqHTNBULA. [BULL. 341. 

]war Ibshinfinn Creek, a &foot hd of gravel averaging 15 cents to 

the pan, RR~ still farther dawn n gravel bed yielding from 10 rvnts 

R t the top to $1.10 on bed rock, have been sligl~tly worked. 

The gold is hea~ and black; it appeara to be very litmtjla worn, und 

nuggets haring a value of several dollars are not uncommon. At 

rimt.~ it contains some qt~artz, ~nd occasionally is seen in the form of 

fine veinlets in bmkrn pieces of hematite. Awociated wit11 tlw pkl 

is n larp quantity of rounded hematite pebbles or 'L iron stones " and 

Fome pyrite, which is finlcr than the hematite and only partly wmovnble in the sluice boxes In ccasesmhew the bd rock is limestone it 

is urnally necPssaq to throw into the boxes at. Feast a fmt< of the top 

rock in onler to make sum that all the valuss are obtained. 

'l'hawcrs hnvc been ad more ertensirelg on the Imachak than on 

any of tho other streams of the field. with the rwolt, thnt in two places 

the flats of tllc vallcy have ken cmd by tl wries of holes from 15 to 

80 fwt npart and from 14 to 20 fwt deep. In s number of places 

scrim of holes extencling part way arms the, valley hare been sunk. 

T~RWQIY of vario~~s patterns arp ~rnployd ffnf the purpose, the mmt 

novel one being a small biler fmm Rn nutnrnohile (PI. & R), 

which ror~l(l IR~ mareadily cartid t~y t wn rrlcn, and proved very strcw~sful for prospecting pzlm Mrlw nf the pa* with which it coultl 

tw n~ov~d anrt its qriick st~~ninp rhamct~r. This tder burnished 

steam for two 4-foot pints, making tan wttinp each dnp, and uwd 

oil is fuel. Owing an the larapl quantity of watpt in the rivers, dnms 

(PI. XI, A,) and ditch- of consitlemthle and strength are 

reqt~ir~d for diverting the stwnm \\.lien the cllatlncl pru~cls t~m 

slnid, ant1 am dificult to keep in order h-mr~w of tile seepap 

thro~lgh the tmderlying sands and gmvelr, for none of the darns are 

wit down to bed rock. Pumps (PI. XI, R) nrc! nlso ncmsary to 

kmp tllc wnrkings clcanrrtl of wnt~r. Thc ti* of the how scraper 

(M. XTT, A) in stripping and in wrnoring tailinga from the duice 

Iwxes has proved ~trrromictal in th~ Inrp ~rorkinp, nnd will prc~hably bp more widely ext~ndwl in tlre fnt urr. 'Thart? is an ahundnnt 

supply of water in thc river for RII mq~lirernmts under pmnt methods of mining, but the claim for 2,000 irlch~s fmm Pinn~ll Itiver snd 

OId Glory at the mouth of thr 1st t~r str~nm proiwtrtbly cxtigprates thc 

qaantity thnt can 't>e n\>hin~d at that pint tli~ring wma w;*ll,sons Tf 

llyrlrn\llic methods Rre introduwrl, thrb ~so of ~l~ratow would bt: mquired for the treatment of gravcls on thr! low~r Inmachuk. 

KIWAWK RABIN. 

Ganrl7.e Creek.-This best known of all the gold-pdacing stmms 

nf the liotzebuc field has given rise to tho largest mining camp in 

the northern part of Seward Peninmla, and has j.Ie1ded more than 

thm times a~ much as the combined output of a11 the other creeks. 
' .,. 8: ' ,: PI; :1:t,4,\ UUK c , E?2 

From headwaters to a~oz~th, a dist~llce of tfi miles, everp foot of the 

gmr~nd has kn s+tnkPcl, thoagh not proslwrt~d. nnd *me 66 claims 

have been recorded ot Candlc (PI. XII, B). the mding office for 

the Fnirhsr-en mining prcciuct. Thr low, rounded, barren hSI1s and 

wet lowlands adjacent to Kiwalik River and Its trihhries on the 

west mould seem to the ordinav trnreler n most unpromising place 

in which to expct rich gt~IrE dcpasits, nnc? tIlere nre certainly no 

other indrtccin~nts oArtwF 1)y the wgion tc~ th~ p~rrspctor. Candle 

Creek heads in tErc rnrtin divide lxtwacn the north and mtith drainages 

of t.hc pet~i~~st~ls. It follo11-n 11 must! ilearly north-northeast tlncl joins 

Kiwalik River rt Cnnrlle, G miIw abv~ Ihp I~enrl of Spafarid Bay 

and 9 miles mtth of the natlcl pit 011 wllicll the town of Riwalik is 

situated. The stmm occupies s broad, sl~allow valley with sides 

sloping so gently that tvntcr clrws not drain oft as readily a,s in +;he 

other valleys of the field, anrl iri mIiquence trt~reling is more dificult. The lava rim is not so et,r~~pieioun bcrc ns on 1nmachuk and 

Kugruk rivers, but its prewncrr i nmdc Irnowtn by fraplents in the 

gravel and on the hill filopea and by orcttsio~lnl outcrops. Expaqures 

of the schist Rae rare, exc~;pt whem llncov~rcd by the auners, Thin 

limestone heds are not ur~~~sud in thc whi~ts, nnd a slnnll nwa of Lightcolored gnciswid rock is fourid on Pntntn Creek. Schist (often mnrsc 

and angular, at times finely divided) forms rn~~cli the larpr part of 

the gravels in the channel, Qnurtz-vein str~ff with some lin~estone 

makes up the ntmainder. An ico hd of variablr? thicknm, which 

measurn ~1)out I2 fmt near Palrhmn Grwk nnd ext~ntls to the w& 

of the stream channel several hundred fwt, overlies the pv~ls in 

the lmttorn nf the valley. Tile tcn(lmt:y of ibe tld~ris (m tho slop 

of either side of the valley to s1icIe down toward the cmk is sllown 

by the bulging up of tho clay frori~ Zlir t~lttctnl of the catq and by tlw 

cl~sing in of the sid~ In conqtlenctr nf this tendency the gravpls 

nro ~rsually much disturbed a11cl there is no uniformity in the sections. 

At the mwth of Pattemn Cmk there are from fi to 8 feet of gsal-01 

and slide resting on a blue-clay bed rock; at IVillow Cr~elc the grnvcla 

measure from 5 tn 8 feet ; on n Sencll claim hlo~\* Fnttemon Cmrlr the 

,opspeIs &re not so thick4 OF 5 feet of fine schist, '' chicken feed,'' is; 

covarcd by 10 or 12 feet of ice and 2 fat of muck; on n bench claim 

ttearly 1,000 feet west of Candle Creek R 33-foot, holc put down wjt,h 

a thawer gave t.he fallowing section : 

Rsclkm wr GandIe Creek, Alan&* 

M. 

Muck ,-------u-----__--.-_.--.-------.---_--.-_,,---_--,,, S 

Sllde consieting of yeilomlsh nnd reddish quartz nand Mth 

" cblrken fwd " (finely gronnd whist)-,-- -,-,-.,,.-------- 28 

Band 3 

flravel with rounded qua& pebbleer-- - -- - -- -- --- - ,---- -------- I 

Bed rack, ycllowLh clay with piecea of lava. 
To the south anoth~r hole a flowlecl R mncl wtion : 

R&iun near Oondle Creek, Alwka. 

Feet. 

Tuvf and ~llde----------+--------------------------,.,----- fI-8 

Grnvel wltb Rntrie mundd qonrtz mhhlrw mchlng R dlametw 

of fi Inchm------------------,,,-,.--.-,.., _--------,--- 4-5 

Bed rock. n yellowish gravelly clny wlth nrimlnr pSnw of 133va. 

No pay streak is known on CandIo Cmk, and the gold is, as the 

miners say, " spotted " or irrrgofurly rlislril~~~tcd on the lled. The 

presence of rich gr~rels just hclow tho nrtlulhs rlf th~. t,rihut,arj~s from 

the west leads to the genrrnl llplipf Rtnnng tho rninctx that the gold 

mes from the country WHS~ of Cnndln Clr~lrk~ and in consequence 

only an that side have the bench clai~ns rpcri\~cd much ~ttention. 

The best pay is said to come fmnl tbc high pnrk of the rim and 

from the upper 4 inches of tho blue-clay Fwrl rock. Thc gold in tho 

clay is not ssrad, owing to its finenaw rind thr dif5crllt-y nf scpnr~ting 

it. One, of the most s~lccessf\~l claim ownem told th~ writnr that, 

where gra17t.l~ are not workcd on n Inrge %file. prohnhly not over 70 

per cent of f he total valua are recovered, owing to tlrtt cnrde methods 

r*mployed. The gnld ir nsualIy flnttenPtE anrl tdack, w thnt wh~n 

rleaning oat, the box= minem are often wen hiring r nnggct to make 

sum that jt is goold and not One of the " iron FL~OI)CS." QunPtz is nt 

time embedded-in the larger nuggets, and gold is ohi;emerl now ~rmd 

I hen in the form of fine veinlets t h rough the 'L iron ntons'Vnr! ringpt weighing $P,2.10 and a second weighing S3ci have taken from 

Ilre cmk. 

Rlack snnd is 1in1tntnl-n in the denn II~: pyrite and n fern small 

piews of rrltjle which occasionally have lmn rllista ken by the rninsw 

for till om sre the Fwa~ minernls nwciat~l with the gold ; it is not 

ronsidcmd n fmvornble sign when the iron stnnes fnil. 

Relichle ~stimtlteq of the quantity of gold prmlucerl on the, cwk 

sinca its rlimvery in 1901 are not easily: wcuwd, sinm many rninera 

am reticent nhut making Rnp statements of the pt.orluction of their 

rlaims, brtt it is pmbable thnt the amount is nnt far from d'325,flMF. 

From IPillow Creck ta within one-half mile of Candle, a distance of nc~rly R miles, almost the c11ti1.c dlannd has hcn worlto,d 

trver ly a newow rut ZIVP,~H~~II,~ Fj or 0 fwt in width, and the lniwc! 

t1nsil.y 111nl cltmply mined plrl Iias 3mn taken out, in mnseqnenw of 

which tl~c ~n in~m now twlirvc that the future of the crotsk depends oil 

the: valut! of its bc~~dl claims (PI. Xm, B). TJp to the pre~ntime 

only one of tllese has lw~n shown to possess gravels of suflicient valne 

to pay for rrmoving t,hhr! ov~dping moss and slide by the methoclw now 

ernploycrl. None of the dozen or more holes thawed down during 

Ihn wlsnn of 1903 fxi Iwl tn tlisrlns~ goId in qnantities up to 25 cents 

pr pnn, but Ircdr of water and high cost of coal are diwurag- 


ing to the prospector. The ~miveml IIW of tlrc China pump (PI. 

AXHI, A) 011 the cmk claims is a ne-ry msult of the low pde of 

the stream, which does uot permit the ~r~inrr to~mploy a IE~-mck 

drain for ke~ping the pits rlv. The pumps arc lts\~nlIy driven by 

hand, nnd rq~rirc the spn-ices of one or two fxtm mcn in addition to 

the uausl form. Jn one rn4~ a small psolin~ endn~ replocrd th~ 

men at the pump: in nnother rnse a steam engine was ttsed tu st~pply 

water for the s111ire hxm nnd to clear the pit. 

The onE? other nrncf~ in* emplnyetE on the c.recIr am thc boil~rs (PI. 

XIY, A) used in thaminp ffw Iwti~h gravels. Tl~eese or,rdinnriIp supply stmm to four point% nt at)nlrt GO pounds pressure, nntl nrc fiml 

with harlled from Chicwpl Vrwk. on Knpnk Ril-er. or more 

pertlllg with WeIlington coal deliverecl at kiwalik, from whirh 

point if is brought to C~ndlc hy 81 smdl hat bnd then freightkt to the 

crrrnpn. During the summer csf 1 003 tlw cost of Vellington coal laid 

clown on the cluims was $83 n tan, that of thc native ma1 $40. Thn 

native coal is brought o~~r 411~ snow in the winter time and is 

widely nwd in cooking and for hertting plrrposes, but on account of 

it% inferior charwcter and the larp prrcentape of ice which it contains whm fimf mind, is less desirablt. for hailm use than Wellington 

mnl even when the tliffe~pnm iia wst is mneidewrl, Di~ring the escitement of the fimt season. wh~n Preryone n.11~ ~ntleavoring to make 

the mwt of the time lef3 before winter shol~ld stop the worl;. t,he rocker 

mas awd pnemllp on the creek. nnti is now ~rnployed nt timempcially ha testing bench grfivels while l he l~r~l~s ztr~ being thawed 

down. 

V'ork (a1 thin crmk !INS ken cnrrird on t~ndrr Inany diffic~~ltiw. 

Although more ansily rwrhed than rnllrly of the ot11c.r .Uask:t;an fields, 

the short season, cornbin~d with the high fwipht ratw i111r1 p~t cost 

of fuel and supplies, has hnrl thp effect of ret:trding ronsidc~xhly the 

development of the mgion. In addition to the.w rlisnrlvnnt~~ps the 

cost of n~ining is increnw? the Ion* pde of t11~ strcnni and the 

necessary 11s of th~ punlp, ant1 on some clninis I]? lnelr af water 

for sIuicing during n larp pnsl c~f e wsmn nlrearly tnn nllort. 

mhi1.e gold is edently pr~snt on mme of the bench-, i11e 

question of a water supply wit11 sufficient heail and volzz~u~ for tlir? 

~mpPo?ment of some economicnl metl~od of working the. gravels is a 

seriorrs one. 

BUCRL.\h'Il Ul\T!R n.\HTN. 

Rear Creek.-Bear Creek. the most easterly of thp pld-prdncing 

~trr~~ms in the Fairhaven miniup pwinrt. i!: trihntar~ to tllc mc4crn 

Pork of Rlrrklnnd River. Bp the orerlntid tmil. follow-erl in cnrrying provisjnns and tmls to the cnmps. the diwtanre fnm C~ltdle to 

the llend of near Creek is about 40 rnilm; to the first gold cligginp 
the distance irs 6 or 8 mites more. This tmil is the one afm& always 

foIlowd by the prvctors. From itq headwaters on tho wwmt to the 

pint whelv it joins the. Bueklanrl on the mist the meek follows n 

che1 about 17 miles long: Its mume descrik s semicircle with 

the convex side turned toward the muth, thus inclosing on the north 

a ma11 area of hilly 6ounfry drained by three amall trihutarics, one of 

which is the chief gold prodncer of the repiom This stream? Sherdon 

Creek, and Crib Creek, on the south, are tha only tributaries of interest 

at present. 

The llpper part of Bear Cmk and also tho smdl creeks flowing into 

it ftwm the west have cut deep, narrow vullwjrs in the barn eruptive 

complex of granites, andesites, and luvas forming the divide hetwcen 

the drainages of Riwalik and BuckIand rivers, but toward the east, in 

the lower course of the stream, the valley broadens and its slopes are 

covered with a goor1 ewth of spm~ce timber. Mica-schi~t is said not 

te he fonnd on the creek, althuugh mica dm appear in the sands and 

gravels, which are compowd largely of eruptive rnnterial, and on 

some of the bench claims reach a thickness a€ 20 feet, with everd 

feet of muck overlying. In plaws on the creek a considerable quantity of n heavy, red, cherty rock remains in the boxes with the pPd 

and is a source of some annoyanm to the miner. This is especially 

true on Czrb Cwelr. On Sherdon and Thar creeks the gold is mostly 

on bed melr, differing in this respect from that on Ctrb Creek, whcm it 

is found throughout the whole thickness of the 2 feet of stream 

pvel; on the other hand, goId from Bcar and Cnlt creeks is light 

nnd flaky, while that from Sherdon is heavy. All the gold is bright 

yellow in color, ast.;aping$19.10 to thp ounce. little L'white imn" 

pyrito is p~cient, and also roan abundance of blaclr sand, which is 

cntirely mmoved by the magnet. The greatest tmuble In duicing. is 

given hy the red rock, hause it is very heavy and sticks in the rifles 

of the sIuice boxes. 

During the season of 1903 abut 40. men were at work on Bear Creek 

nad ia tribotaries, lrnt not all of them suded in making waps, 

since, with the high cost of freighting (20 cents per pound from 

Candle), only the richest p~e1.s hive ken profitable. The total 

output of the creek is said to be nhnt $10,000. 

fixit Creek,-The v~rious stmrns whieh empw into Kugruk 

River were prospected to a greater or less extent during the summer 

of 1901-2 withotit offering much encouragement in return for the 

labor expended. As a rem~lt of this,practically nothing was done on 

any of tlw strcarna belonging to the Kugruk drainage system during 

the season of 1903, with the exception of Dixie bk, s tributary to 


atawrr.1 BOURCF OP TAX GOLD. 65 

Tndependence Creek, where twrr lner~ have n-orked the gmster part of 

the summer and report p~1 wages. 

AIdpr Renrh-Them still remains to h described one other occtlrrena of pl J ill the Kotz~b~~e field--that of the. beach sands near 

,\lder Crcvk-abut nlidwaj hetween Riwalik and the month of 

linmk lti~er. This loenlity was visited by Mr. Mralter C. Bfend~n11~11- in 1901, anrl the foltorving description is quoted from his mport." 

" B~cach diggin@ of Iillritv~l rxtent hnve Fmn carried on neRr the 

mouth of Altlrr Cwk. snd arp reported to yi~ld $8 or $10 per clay to 

the man. 'J'hc gold hew is fine and is evidently derived immediately 

from thc clnrlr-gray whirrtw tlrnt fon~r th~ bluffs Zmck of the beach. 

13ed mk is reached ot ~t distonm of nboirt R foot under the shingle of 

the hearh, and thc gold is tr~ken from its, st~rf~w. Some threads of 

wire gold NIT wen urnorig tho wrrshings.!' The output for Ithe yeam 

1902 ~nd 1003 vaFt ubni~t rf;?.L,W. 

SOURCE OF THE OOLD. 

There can hc littls do~tbt thnt tlrt? p,1<1 of .\ltlcr bath. Candle 

Crrek, and the Tllnlaclllrk rcmgion llns 11atl wry tnrtrh the same histov 

HS that held to lw! iri~r. for the atller rl~~mits of 5rward P~ninsulathat it is of local oridn ~ritl is R mnwntr~f ion fmnr mn ori~nal sap 

ply widely diwrnit~ntecf in sn~rrlI qaartz rcirlw r~nd strinprs and impregnated zones of flip lxd mk. This is shorrn hg both the character 

~ind the occurrencc of the gold itself. 

Hqe as elsewhere t hp gohl plncrw nnrr of limitwl ~xtnt~tnd img- 

~rl~r distribufion, SO thnt. ~vhilil wme crcrks IIHVP Imn srtppli~d with 

rich rl~~its pielding Inrp mmtl~nis tn thr miner, utherj in the irntnediate vicinity have dzotvr-n t~tr roltl IV~R~PVP~. or fit III& 01111' 11 trut~. 

Ko deposits such as f hose north of Lkrtclr Cmk near Sorne, which 

lwlmg to an older ~lminap sgd~rn illan tl~c 11~.9~nt O~IO ltnd have 

Iwn '& high lwncll depits " Brooks. nrp known h b~ prcsmt 

in the Kotehur field, althou~l~ it is hy no mwltls ccrtt~in thnt nona n~rthh 

cxist 

The finding of nugpts with attaclld or EIIC~~I~R~ q~~nrtx or 

whist and the identity of the goltl-twnring ~PIIVPIIR with tllv nut.- 

cmp nhirh are now wn nt many point* nlni~~ kho vnll~gs makn it 

v~ry pmh~ahle that the g111rh rlrlmsits lll~vr* tllc-irm sonrt.c iri tllv r.t)cks 

of tht* (Irai~lngv Ilwirl it1 \vl'l1i~l1 t IIC ot~wltf sf IVHII~S ~imv fl(~t~. Tllr 

pwls parrying vula~s anm 11 11 clrriveil fro111 tll~ 11v-w thrri~lp of rtwlr.: 

that Elavn tmn athjwterl to iutens~ prrnssrrrc3. llcrl t, nnd otiwr jr,fli~- 

ences of srlch a nntzlm us to change entirely th~ir ori~nnl chntvctrr 

and to fill them with an intrimte network of small qi~nrfz \*pins nncl 

--- --- a .Udenhnlt, Walter C.. Rmnnuiacranw hm Fort Hnmlla tn Kotwhne Bound. AlaaLm: 

IMP. P1LpPr 11. 8. OW. RUPPPS Xn. 10, 1W2. p 51. 

allll. '247-4 ~r 
1~11~~2:, known in holnr! caw to 'IN gold O~llring. The concentration 

of the heavirr and nwrc indes(rr~rtible metnl, dtic to the action of 

surfilce ~~+attarr; on thr. vast anmo~int of matcrial dprived from the 

demrttptsition nf thrsr PI [A-baring schists, arnnunting to a vertical 

thicknrss of hundmrltl nrirl powil~ly tho~~snzlds of f~t, has, witho~rt 

III~ICFL ~101ll>t, aivrl~ riw to the rich pdtl rlrpnaits now fotind in tho 

pmvnl~. So conshrlt is th~ nssncintion of t hc gold with the schists 

that the pm~pwtors nlfnn~ ta spnd time in the wnrch for ~ld wbrre 

xl~iat is not for~nd. It in a fnrt worthy of note. that up to this time 

t11pm is hll t OI~O al~rif~rn!~~ q~~nrtr. win on t hr pninsnla that is pmving itself to bc n mint.. Mr. Hrmks says: " I~P chief ramn why mom 

rich vtiins HW not fot~nrl in tht* nyian is IWCI~USP much of the gold 

wan rritlrty rlix4erninnt~rl in smn11 qunrtx strillgws rind in impregnatpc1 zancs of the Iwtl rtnhr. It in not drriverl fmtn a rnother lodo, 

tltt in tho conm nf Ihp derrtr~~rtinn of the bctl mk thp gold tlrrta 

widely dimrninat~l in srn~ll wins wns conmt~trnted in wade nnd 

grnvels," ,I 

It is Fnrther prnbn~~~e that th~ gold in nearly every m.sa h~8 tmvcltrd hut n rcxlatively hhnrt distnnw from its original source. Tho 

magl~, unn-om nppnmn*; tbc R~WR~ of nny Inrp nrnonnt of fine, 

i~ri~lif ihlry goltl ; tlie murt.ence of wim gold in one instance, nnd 

th~ ptrm'nce of mnsid~rable quartz in the nr~gpts all go to establish 

this r.onelrlsion, 

SUMMARY. 

The pmv~Es of the placnr-gold field wnth of Kot7Rbue Sonnd hrvs 

yieldetl rlmt~t 915,000 in the th ymm bginning with, the distvlvery of p)ld in 1902 and ending with the wnwn of 1903. 

The cl~i~f pducing streams, in the order ,of their natput during 

thm pnrrj, am Candle Creek and Tnrnachrlk Rir~r. Candle Cmlc 

pnrels am the rich~h? that have pet hwn discorered in this field and 

1un.e hn the mas% vigomuslp exploitwt, m-ith the result that ahut 

three-forlrths of the total ontp~rt of the region, has come from this 

one stream. In the Inmnchuk region gold has been forlnd in gre~tr 

c& aamonnt on the hmachnk itself. but has also hen obtained from 

mvcr~ I of Zhc tributaries, especial lr Old C;lory and Hannllm cmk 

I:~~nningl~arn Cmk, ET~lson Gulrh, hrn~rican Cmk, nrid Pinnell 

Jti17er EIIIV~ pd~lmd still rmraller quantities. In additinn to there 

localities Bear Creelc, a tributary of Rockland Rircr, and Alder 

Beach, nmrlg 10 mil^ west of KimaIik, hare s smalI goEd outprrt, 

amounting in a11 to over $20,OCMl, about qunllp divided htwe~n the 

two. 

The gold-boaring gavels, with t,he exception of thm on Besr 

Creek, arc! of lml origin and are derived from the dwmposit.ion of 

* Brmk~, AMMI H., RwonnnlasRnce In the Cnpp Nnmp nnd Xorinn Buy Fl%oaUl AImh, 

la 1900, U. B. Geol. Bnrvey. InOl. p, 142, 
htoerrr. I COAL. 67 

schists, through which the guId is diseminaied in fine stringew and 

veins of qua&, The mncentration of the heavy metal has been 

bmnght adou t by the action of water currents, which have wparted 

it from s vast amount of rock material and deposited it where now 

found. 

COAL. 

Coal has been reported from a number of localities on Seward Peninsula, but, although present in workabTe quantities in a few places, 

has never yet been of such a quality as to replam the importad coals. 

At the point where Ri1gm1k Ri~er makes the big bend to the west, it is 

joined by a sn~all stream known as Chicago. or Granite, Creek, which 

drains the area toward the northeast, and at one time was regarded as 

a favorable locality fw gold prospecting. Placer and bench claims 

mere located on the creek, and not a little work WRS done. While 

esnmining the gravels of the lower part of the channel, small pieces of 

coal were found by some of the prospectors, who traced them their 

wrrrce at a point on the stream a mile northeast of the mouth, and 

located the ground for rni~ling purposes. During the last winter these 

men, Mews. Peterson, R,aast, and Nelson, drove a slope into the 

deposit for a distance of nearly 200 fwt, and tcmk out ma1 which was 

used on the creek more or 1- last summer (1003). A crosscut of 

CO feet was made in the deposit without discovering the walls, and , 

the owners believe that the coal, which is of lignitic character with 

now and then a bright-gellawish spot of amber, occupies a basinshaped depre~sion in the co~~ntry rock. The entrance Go the slope is 

always co~ered with a coating of ice, and AS far as exposed the coal is 

frozen solid, a condition that pro-rw to be a great objection ta its use, 

since fox god results it rni~st be allowed to stand and thaw during 

the snmmer. The coaI checks and crumbles badly after being mined, 

but burns mgily, with s bright fiame, and leaves rt small an~ount of 

white ad, like wd ashan Prospectors regard two tons of it as qua1 

to about one ton of I%'dlington coal, a ratio alw expmd by the difference in costb 

Coal is frequently seen in the gravels of Ru~plr River ahva micap Creek, and a second bed n-as discorered on French Creek, one of 

the smaller streams of th upper Rugruk drainage. This bed has 

never yet been prospected. but is reported to be smaller than the one 

jlrst, described. 

As to the future value of these beds it is di&ult to form any ideea, 

but under the present muditions it seems that there may be a limited 

demand for the coal in spite of its inferior quality as long as gravels 

are being worked on the near-by creeks. For cooking puqmses it is 

superior to wood, and it can Ix hauled over the snow in winter with 

little difficulty, but as a stearn coal it has not been very suc~e~.sful. 

a The tollowlu annlyals of Chlcam Creek con1 was mnde In the labornto of the Gw 

lo cal gurvep : %IXA carbon, 93.58: volnflle c~ml~n~tible matter, 38.15; mxture, 24.93; as$, 3.85 ; sulphur, 0.88. 
The cnrnps of thc pld field dmiW nhve may be reached from 

Nome c.ither by overland trail or by the water ror~te through Bering 

Strait and the rtrctic Ocean intro Kntzebne Sound. Both routes are 

used, and en& has certain advantsgos of its own not. posszlssed by the 

other. Rotzebue Sound was frqaerltlp visitad by veswls loq before 

the diacovary of gold on the creeks, and this method, all things considered, is at.iI1 the mast practicable way by which mine13 can obtain 

provisiww ~ncl the otl~er necwsmy mppliaq. 

The distance from Nome to the town of Gwalik, measured in a 

direct* line htween the two plscos, is very nearly 150 miles, but the 

distaner ~ctt~allg tmred in going overland from one place to the 

other is mn~irlertlhly greater thsn this,owing tu the indirectne~q of the 

trnils thro11gl:h a region mmetimes mountainous and always wet. A 

dislu~ler of u~ore thzltl 300 miles must be traveled when thc sea m~te 

is chmn, but the time required is less and the diffic~~lties ofthe mmuntry joz~meq. are tlvoidecl. This method is, of necewity, nsed 

only daring the wrnrner months, since throughout the grenter part 

of the yenr im puts an end to all navigation. The open *awn begins 

ahlit the middle of July, when *.he ioe of the sound melts, its pmtected pition pmrmting it from hing msched nnd broken 

earlier in the year I?p the stonns of the outside sea. Nsvigtition 

closes agttin abut October 10, when the last boats leave Deering and 

liiwalik to nroid the pibilitp of bsi frozen ill for the winkr. 

However, there is gnncrally a week or more of gmd weather after 

that date. Dwring and Zwalilr may thus he frquentip rwhed 

by water during three months in the ymr, sinm the two small Meamcr~ running bet,afeen Nome and Hatzebue Sotlnd make wguIar trip 

twice each month with mail and freight. 

The overland trds are used by tlie miners who wish to take in 

supplies over the mow or who desire ta he on the cmk early in the 

season, and ~lsn by the men who carry the mails after thp. closing of 

navigation. Of the two principal t,rails, that uwcl by the mail carriers is the more direct, but is not much tr~veled in summer. It 

starts from Council, ~rxends Fish River to 8 small trjbutarg just 

north of Mosquito Creek, crosses over the dividr to lhnt,h Vnlnlley, 

on the head of "l'ubr~tulik River, nnd reache8 bile Koyuk by wsy of 

a narmw mountain ~WB abo~~t 1,200 feet almve SRL I~.~e\.el, and Timhr Creek. Ahr croxsing Royuk 12ivt?r nnd Big 13ar Creek this 

trail continues up First Chanm Creek and over R law divide to the 

head of GoId Run, thence northward along KiwaIik River to Candle. 

The northem half of the trnil is not diflicult; for pack homes in the 

summer time if the traveler keeps on the ridps, where the moss 

is not so widely g~wpd and the harder pound ntrards better footing. 
The second rate reaches hnm Landing by way of Nome River and 

Salmon Lake trail from Nome or by way of Teller and Marys Igloo. 

A wagon road leads from Lanes Landing to Quartz Creek. From 

Quartz Creek one travels northeast around the lowlands of Ihxitrin 

and Noxapga rivers to Tllrner Creek, and thence along a lnm rr~nnded 

ridge to Allrora nnil Eldoratlo rmlcs. At Eldorsdo Creek the trail 

tnms eastward, crosws tllr hend of Placer and Espe.r.ranxa creeks to 

(;mdhope River, and tllen follows the Cottnnwmd to Tmil Creek, 

which heads against, the Tnmachuk. 

With hom the northvard cletaur from Turner Creek is necessary 

in order to avoid the lava-covered and nearly impassable country 

along the en4 fork of the Soxtlpae. This trail is the one usually 

followed by prospectors: starting from Nome in summer or in the 

springtime; after the melting uf the snow has put an end to the use 

of sleds, and, while perhaps somewhat longer than the trail from 

Council, does not cross as much rough ground. 

The water rou ta, when conditio~ls ~rmit its use, is so much quicker 

and easier that it is to be preferrerl by ~IIOSB who wish tr, go into the 

country themselv~q or u-ho have freight; to be taken in. One great 

abjection to it lies in the lateness of the season when the first boats 

enter the sound, since conditions on the creeks are favorable for some 

work before thedrniddle of July. 

There is still a third route from the south to the north side of , 

Seward Peninsulrt, which, however, is rarely used. Starting from 

Norton Ray at the mouth of Koyuk River, the trail foIlows the stream 

t,o the northward about 15 miles, then ascends the east fork and crosses 

over the divide to the head of the west fork of Buckland River. This 

furnishes a comparativelg easy method of reaching Bear Creak from 

Norton Bay, but is not n practicable mad to Kiwalik or Inmachuk 

rivem. As has already been stated, the Buckland dm not afford a 

favorable means of reaching Bear Creek from the north. The overland trip from Candle to Bear Creek cnn be made with pack horses 

in from twentg-four h tmenty-six hours, while on the other hand it 

required in one case sixtwn days of hard work to take a boat load 

of supplies up Buckland River from ICiwaLik to Cub Creek, a small 

tributary of the Bear. Throughout Seward Peninsula winter is the 

chosen time for traveling aud for freighting supplies where boats 

can not be used, and, as a result of this, the trails are Q~SCUF~~Y marked 

or more often do not show at all in summer. Some bad stretches jn 

. the more frequently tm~7~rsed roads near Lanes Landing are marlred 

with flap, which indicate the less difficult crossing plrrms, but farther 

toward tha mst the traveler is nsually mder fhe nmj ty of choosing 

his own trail and must rely on his own experience and judgment in 

doing so, 
70 FAIMAIEN QOLD FbACEB8 OF 8EW ARD FJCFZIMBULA, l8ut.t. 247. 

MAIL SERVICE. 

The ease with which Defing, Kiwalik, and Cape BIomm, the 

towns on the shorn of ICotzebue Sound, can h reached by bat during 

part of the year ha! proved greatly to their advantage in the matter 

of commttnicntion with the outside worM. 

After the opening of nnripation in the spring the miners of the 

Kotzel)~ie fi~l(1 wwit-t* mail rcgulnrlp twice a month as long as the 

sound is op-n, hut from tlie closing in of the ice until the ground is 

covered with snow suit,nl>le for slrdding no rnrtil is receired on the 

m.ka In the minter just paswd, 18024, it wiw not until after the 

1st of Jnnuarg that the condition of the ground permitted tho regular 

maiL service to be wsume,d &gain and letters to be delivered every fiftmn days by carriers who crossed the mow-covered kills with dog 

team. Two men are employed in this work; they carry only firstclass mail matter, and throaghont t.ho winter each of them makes one 

rnonthly round trip ns fur 11orth as Point Blossom. Mail sewice is 

again inhrrupted for a short time by the spring thaw and disappearance of the mow, t,hus making in all! four months of t,he year during 

which comm~~nication with the rest of the world is nearly snspendd. 

ECONOMIC CONDTTIONS. 

The Katzebue field, like the Noma field, psessw one great advantage over many of the other Alaskan gold regions in that the 

aflards a less expensive means of transportfition than must nemwrily 

be employed in the new and undeveloped pnds of a conntry remote 

from railroads, large rive=, or pd trnils. 

While the absence of timk and nn<lerbn~sh removes ono of the 

greatest dificnltie encountered in the us of pack horses, that method 

of carrying height has never hen looked on with favor kanw of 

the scarcity of homes and the peal expenso of keepina them thmugh 

the long winter of a county where no feed is raid. Gwd ~RS is 

found in all the valleys and may bc expected in nbnndanw fmni about 

July 1 till the early frosts in the middle of September. After Sepwmber 20 it is not safe to depend an pss alone foe foeding how, 

and if they are ta h used either e~rlier than July 1 or later than September 20 hay and oats sshould be provided. So high is the cost of 

these that some men owning horns have preferred to send them OIIC ta 

Seattle and bring them in again in the spring rather than to buy feed. 

Not infrequently men who have wintered in Nome or have spent the 

time in work on the creeks carry in their summer outfits ovcr the maw 

with dogs just before the spring break-up, a plan which at that season of the year is no more expensive than steamslllp tran~lportation 

later on. 

The absence of timber is rt serious problem when congiderwl from 

tha ~tandpoint of fuel supply, for it will be only a short time till 
ECONOMIC GOND~O~S. 71 

the scanty growth of willows along the strenrns mill be exhn~ated. 

Even RQW R gd percentage of the Inrpr ones havr? bee11 cul. Candle is somewhat more fwtunatc dlnn tl~p ramps to the west, in that HVem1 of the stmrns in the IippPr part of Kin~lilr Vnllep sw lined with 

a spam p\\-th of spmce. ~\--hicl~ fr~r?iishw ~nnt~riel for bnilding as 

well as for foe!. T~P tww .;IT cut in win trr or spring nnd are floated 

down the rivcr on the lligh wnt~r fro111 (he ~ntmltitq snow. 

At the head of I<t~gr~~lt Rivp~.. 11I*. slnnll r;rl~t tcarrt? xprlrce trees nre 

found, fmm which wmP ~votnl Ims h~n put for 11.w ml the claims or 

has hen 11n11lrd hy slrrls ns; fnr r~s the. Innlachi~k. The ncd of plenty 

of good f clel is tho grcnter wh~n the frozen chnrncter of the gravel is 

considered, since withaz~t ITR~P.~ or the propr Imntion of ground 

for the use of w~ter when thrm is nn abundant supply nt hnnrl, there 

remains no way of loowning the ~I-PI other than by thuwiag. A1 

deposits when covered with moss arc froam, but the depth of tlrc frost. 

is not noup known, although the slop in the con1 on Chicago Cmk 

is said .to have reached a depth of nearly 100 feet below the sllrf~ce 

without finding thnw~d ground. One af the ptest dificultics 

under which the pr-tor works in this region is the shortness of the 

season. Very little ran be done on any of the claims before JtlIy 15, 

and in some instances men coming in fmnl the o~~tside by boat have 

been unabIe to enter the sound till later than that dnfe. In the summer just over, procticully t~ll sluicing was end4 l~y September SO, nnd 

few men remained on tho creek- ~xmpt thw who mvre expecting to 

~jmhr there anand tnlre oul n tlrrrnp lo 'tz n-nshed wit11 tho water from 

rndting snows in Urt! spring. Tt would therefore mm tl~ai at the 

outsido not nlore tlinn tn-o ~~tzcl one-half or three mo~lths of 1~athe.r 

suitable far sluicing can Zwl rspected, nnd that this nmuunl should la 

lookecl for only in n tl~ost fnvorabIr: Flenson. Candl~ Creek litborn 

~lntXer the additional disnrlcnntage of low grade and nrnr~ll mter 

supply, which has to this tim~ prohibited the llsc of economicnl 

metbda of mining rlependihg on hcnct or abundant water. On tho 

t;ricwsf ul solution of this 111~ohlen1 tvi 11 depend the f atr~re de~elo11- 

ment of tho Cnndle bench cltlims in cnw the?. prore to be of value. 

CLIMATE. 

The climate of Beward Peninsula, owing to the inflnenw of t,he 

.&tic Ocean on the north and of Bering .%a on tt~l~ south, is not, wlbject to the extmmeg of ttrmperature met with in the inhrior. For 

the same reason, however. clondp and vet meather ill gnlmmer en<? 

mows in winter are mom freqtr~nt. 

A almmary of the wr?* in~prfect meteorologic rrmrds kept at 

varin~~s points on the pninsuln wfis made bp Collier in 1901: which 

a nmaka, AllM H- : Rlfbnduon. l:~.oruv R. : I'nlllrr. Arthur. nnd Ilcndrahnlt. Wnlter 

C,. Rwonnatmaaces En the c'n11e. Xolith~ r~rld Slmrlnn lr8r Replnns. Ata~ka, la HblW. IT. R. 

Gml. SIIPFP~. 19U1, p, It<\. 
72 FAIRHAVEN UOLO PLACERS OF BEWARD PENINSULA. [WLL '2.(rr 

given tlke mtlsimnrrl ri*curtlerl ternpmh for Kotzebue &llnd n~i 

81" F. RII~ the minimum as 43" F. The mnajmam tpmprattlm 

Irnown tr, tllo writer in 1903 was R1° F. This mns therved in ,711ne 

o t Nonw nnd may have heen infinend by radiation from the beech 

f;nnds. I)aring thc remainder of Ihc %awn thc t,h~rrnornet~r ~~rwl in 

tnking ohs~r\~~tions did riot renrh a highri- point than d5" F. TIlc* 

stlmmer is warn1 enong1:ll to bc? m~ufori~l~le, I~rlt sn short thut. Rnrnvrlrifts ofte11 ~wmnin from one wi11t4hr to 111tl IIFX~ on the pmtmxbd 

sides of strep hills. Vegetnblss w11id1 n~nt inrp quickly mtxy Iw! pm 

with proper care, and. it1 fact, were wen itlb n f~w pl~ces. The last 

summer was drier tha~t is trsual in the K~t~wb~~n Saund rwgion, 1~1t 

there mas suflicient \YR~CI for sliiicinp purposes on most of the cmk 

claims. The work of the flarr~y part<y wna int~rfered with very 

little h~ miLl or by ttny rlimatic wntlitian till the early frosts came, 

~tltho~rgh for wvcral days in August smoke from burning tundra 

made topographic n~pping almost impo~sibls. It mny not b earJlp known that the A\lnyka r~inlinnl code, c:hapt~r 3, ~c~ctinn fil, 

makes th~ starting of tnnilm fir- ttn of lens^ punishable by imprisonment for tlrrer months to ontk pcnr or tq n fine of from $50 to $500. 

The lest f~w weeks of (IIP PllmrnPr *asnn, inclliding the end of 

September and the first of October, nre often the most pleasant of 

thc yPar, tlie n ir king clmr nnrl inviprnting and, ht nf all, the mosquitoes no lonpr nnnoying on@; only tho% who have experienced 

these pcgts in 4tl~skn rsn ~pprcci~tc the diwumfort mused by them. 

In somo seasons thr mld ctxnes quickly after such II period of fine 

weather, the sound fills with slnsh iw, end the rivers may be cover& 

wit11 thickl did im in R night. Ternperntures aq lon- as -50" F. map 

be wnrllcd Tor a f~w days in winbr, birt the cold is not repriled as 

especiullg 1111cclmfortn ble unless accornpaniecl b~ high winds At 

SLICII tirnes jt is oxcccdingly danpmu~x to h out, and the experiend 

prospector who is so ~nfort~unatc as to be caught out mmls into the 

fur sleaping bag, from which he never' parts while traveling, mils 

his dop around him, and wuits f~r the storm to ma%, even if it 

rrquirr.; WVP~HI dmys. JVinter is t,h~ traveling wamn throug11r)at 

Alaska, and i~ especially so in the Kotzebua country, wherc the sonnrl 

is opcn (luring only three months out nf the twdve. Thp nccompnnying bbl~ of tmperat,~~res which was kept by Mr. Hill, gives ohrva- 

$ions taken three tirncs a day. It mas nttempted to take thew 

readings at rejplnr hours, but this was not always possible on accor~nt 

of the mnrlitions of f he work, and the diflerences in time may be as 

math as two houm in some cases. It mas considered best to give tho 

readings as they were taken and without any attempt to make out 

deilp or monthly avemges, which do not convey much informntion 

whrm observntions me not kept at fixed &&ions and at definite horrre. 
TrtrLlwrnt~tw~ (ah @ flmfhl Xnmy ]nrrl~ in Rrrmrrl PmimrrEn in I:#'.:. -- --. - 

I Pbes. I ma. 

- - -- ,I_ --- 

-- - - -- - 

I I 1 ~d~t~. 

A.M. 1 W. P.M. --- -. 

I 

.- 

' F. F. , F. 

I dnne 22 * 65 

~nm~ .............. .;~nn~?t 61 AI w ...... (~nir. 

I Dn. 

1 dnw ?3 fl? . fl4 2 . Dn. 

June 24 (I? ...... 45 1 E. D". 

J~me2.5 01 141 ........ .W , 

! Da. 

Jnn~ 26 81 Da. 

Clottdy. 

De. 

.n~ina.m. 

Fair. 

Partly rlntldy. 

Clwdy. 

I dune 27 , 48 ~..... W. 

DryCreek *.-.......... ,.Turn% 481. ..... 

NomeRiver ............ lJnne29 1?' M SU ...... ., 

July 8 48 45 

Jme 30 56 I 53 

Salmon Lake. .......... Jnly I . 42 fiS 

.Tnlg 9 , 51 68 

45 SE. 1hrt1yclmdy. 

Kmzmmepm River .._. JnIy 4 . 

la 

41 

41 

4 

SW. 

W. 

SF.. 

4 milmmnth nf Cntton- Jnlp 6 

wml m1 home. I 

, .Tnly 6 

$78 52 

JJ ' 58 / 50 

July 7 4$ i. ..... I mils nmth of Oottan- Jaly 8 54 ....... ~vml rnnd l~oa~e. ! L~PR hnrlln~. ........ Jplg 9 .M 69 4.9 ....*.... Plrrtlp clondy. 

CoRaaDoms. ......... 'July10 

JdgIl 

I Dall Creek ...-......... 1 Jdg 13 

17 12: 521 S. Mr. 

46 58: S. :Cloudy. 

10 49 44 1 NW. . Rrtin. 

Jnly 13 J8 45l Nw.! bo. I &~ms e~k ........... Jnly 14 49 , 47 IR w. ~lmay. 

,Jalp 1.7 

Tumm CtPek ......... -1 Jnly $6 

Anm CRek .......... I drily 1': 

, Jnlg IP 

ndomln Crack ......... Jnlg 19 

.7nlg 20 

GI 681 49 SE. ;Fait. I 58 , 57 3 ME. Cloudy. 

L3 .M 49 ....... Fair. 

1 48 4!3 4 . -. Da. 

M 4.7 mW. Fq and dmda 

60 .................- .; Fair, 

July21 R? W %?ImW., h. 

Rrm Clmlr... ......... . fi* ,..... 'Dn. 

'J~~B (11 60 ........ 'wn~,. 

adhope Rim.. ...... Jnlr ?4 &f 69 ' RO -...... Shorn. 

mmhtk. --....... 'July 251 (10' 12: 5~ ...-.. !FW. 

!Jolg ?n: U 

Jnly ?:I 64 

............ I:.: ..... !F.i, 

---.--a 51 #.--.+--. lhb. 

~nlym ns E, ~ak. 

July 9 3 hf 3 99E, Cloadsaudtaie. 
74 FAIRHAPEN GOLD PLACERS OF SEWARD PEXmSaLA. I'LL 247. 

:I! Caditimm33. 

I 'r 

Godhope River -.___._. Jnly 30 M 

Eawh Creek ...... ..I Jnlg 31 44 53 

Fair. 

Fj sh River ............. Ang. 

Butte Creek ............ Ang. 5 58 61 

NugnngalnKtak River-- 

South Fork of Nngnag- Ang. 8 52 02 &I Fair. 

al-k River. , Ang. 9 91 ...... Do. 

DaPfl MonnWaira ....... 

W8etol DeM Maontab. 

Eaet of Slate Mountain . 

1 mile met of Slah 

Monntain. 

Humlmldt Riv~r ........ 

Goodhope River .-,_ ....

CrippleRiver. .......... 

CIiEord Creek .......... Reindeer Creek ......... 

Hanuurn Creek. ...... -, 

Sollivsn Crsek ......... 

Inmachnh River .._. .-.. 

Deering ......_--.,--__. 

Kngmk River .......-.. 

willaw Creek .......... 

Ghicago Creek .-.-,_-_. 

Knnehaha Creek ...... 

Riwalik ................ 

Ang. 10 

Ang. 11 

Ang.12 

Ang.13 

Ang. 14 

Ang. IS 

Aug. 18 

Ang.17 

Ang. 18 

Ang* I9 

AUK. 20 

Ang. 21 

Ang. 22 

Aug. 29 

Ang, 24 

Ang. 2-5 

Aog. 26 

Ang. 21 

Bug. 28 

Bug. 29 

AUK. 30 

Bug. 31 

Sept. 2 Do. 

Sept. 4 

69 

59 

44 

50 

50 

48 

53 

50 

45 

48 

42 

4'1 

38 

46 

88 

41 

41 

47 

44 

iid 

49 

38 

64 

50 

5711 

52 

64 

-58 

49 

,50 

47 

55 

54 

81 

49 

51 

51 

53 

48 1 

St 

45 

48 

...... 

41 

........ Cloudy and 

mob. 

ENE. Do. 

E. Rain. 

........ Clmdy. 

E9E. 1 Rrun. 

53. ( Clondy. 

NE. 

....... Do. 

NNW. 

N. I 

RE 1 M 

48 1 42 I 

50 1 48 

44 1 41 

NNE. 

........ 

...... 

........ 

... .. 

........ 

... 

NNE. 

........ 

+--. .... 

BE. 

W. 

50 

443 

50 

W 

55 

Cloudy. 

Fair. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

130. 

Cloudy. 

Fair. 

Clondy. 

Dm 

Pertly clondy, 

42 

45 

50 

47 

68 
It rnny tw af fntcmt to consider R little more ~lady the results 

hem given in cvnnwtion with oIw~\'atio~~~ nmdc Ily Stzrvey parties hi 

prcvious yeam In l!W tlit. n~~rnbr of minp days in the northwest 

p~rt of tlw penin.;111~ rlarin~ the nlontlw of .TII~!-, Aug~sZ, and Sptt*ml~r mart R~Y-III~ 3:. In l?)rll I he nzll~~lrer of rainy days in the northwwt part of tl~r pninstrl~ ~It~rit~g f Iw sanlt. months was 36. In contmst with thw two m.n~(\s nrc to 1w noted the 21 dnys of rnin 

rxt~ricnd in 1003. Tt is tht~s srvrt thnt in so fnr as the number of 

rninp rlnyn is mnr~rnrcl tllr scnson wns rlrier thrtn the two previou~ 

wens tl~lrirlg which Snrvt-y pnrtirs hnve kt1 at work in Soward 

amdlttona 

Pboe. .. 

! - -- 

! 

1-F. ,*F. "P. 

Candle LA-------.__--.-- Sept. 

8? 53 

.................. 

Wind. 

---- I 

....... 

SlSE. 

WW. 

9. 

WE, 

BqW. 

....... 

....... 

........ 

Nmr Bncbd Rim--. Sept. 10 1 44 

Sept. 11 1 53 

BmchBnckland River- Sept. te 44 

1 Sept. 13 ! 15 

Wiutbcr. 

---- -. - 

Clondy, 

Fair. 

anndy. 

Qonds ant1 rein. 

Pertly clondy. 

Clnndy. 

bin. 

DO. 

Do. 

IPalr. 

Do. 

Snow. 

Fair. 

i Do. 

48 

...... 

48 

30 

...... 

40 

45 

45 

47 

45 

48 

43 

& 

50 

sept. ta m I Bpt. 15 ' 46 

1 Klwalik Rtva ......... Sept. 1% , B 

81 

35 

35 

27 

' Sept. 17 : 42 

~l---~~+./~~? 

4.5 

64 

5 

........ 

....... 

N. 

-.---.-. 

Weat of Kiaalik MomC~in. 

Rnynk River- .......... 

54 

42 

Bept. 21 

Wt., 

%5 

21 

Sspt. 18 1 33 

,70 40 

I--------, 

Do. 

54' 22 

Noxrrpa* River ........ 

B~pt. 19 

8ept.W 

34 

ID 

&,It. 2-5 

Elept. %? 

Sept.24 

29 1 A? 38 1 5. t Do. 

2'7 

34 

TJelt crmk ............ I 

........ I 

a. ........ 

43 . .... ---.I clondy. 

Canyon CreRb .......... Sept. 29 ' W M 43 ' S. 

Elrlomdo Rivet ,._. --.. spt. 30 44 44 , 42 8. Rsin. 

New aml lo .... ......, &t. 1 1 40 4 4 42 -....... Do. 

Nmns ................. Ort. 3 I 43 45 I 

I I I* ----- Do. 
I'cninni~lti. In carlsquence oI this fact the topographic work wns 

interfered with less hg rnin rtnd more 11s smoke fiwm tundra fires Lhan 

wotllcl pnemlly be aapxkl in a given season. Comparatively little 

cxrmphint was heard, howel*er, of F?C'RW~~ of water in the creeks. 

NATIVES. 

The nntircs of the Komk River and Kotzobne Sound region wm 

da4crilml Ey Lieut, C. CrntwelL a in his sm~~nt of the explomtion of 

the Knrrnk (or ICob~lk) in 1884 and f P85: find tllc opportnnitics for 

nhservntion on the part of the writer do not enable him to atltl anything to that (1esr:ription. 

Thw met by the Snrvey party after lmving Nome Paere living on 

the mast of Rotz*l~ne Sound in the ncighlmrhd of the larger rivers, 

to which they come in tlre spring to trade, to hunt tho %al, and to 

catch the salmon. which is dried and fomnls a most iniportant art.icle 

of food in summer and minter. 'She lar-pst oatire villnp was nmr 

the mission nnd school at Deering. "ct liimalik, also, there were n 

number of families, nnd R few wcw mn nt Candle. By the end sf 

September, when the p~rty wns nt lii~*alilr, Inany of the natives had 

left the coast for their mink homes and nthrm were on the point of 

doing so. In cconserlllence not cv~m an npproximatn estimate of their 

nurnb~r ut these plnces could be made. Howover, it is not law. 

Natives have kn emplope~1 by thc miners, in s fow instances to 

shovel into the ~lnice hxos, bitt apparently the experiment did not 

mlt very satisfactorily and only one nr two wem soen on the 

mks during the summer. be for^ the coming of the prospector, 

when the trnder OF whaler mas the only visitor, the F. J$ k' imo wk4 

dependent v~ty larg~ly on thr resources of thc rountry far his fd 

and clothing. The were furnisll~l in part Ily tlla cnribou, but this 

source was wpplemented in various ways; in winter he mared tht! 

ptarmigan and Arctic ham ; in spring nnd mrIy snmmer he killed the 

.%I and rralms; lnbr Ile caught ancl dried fiuh for winter rise and 

buntdlforvand duck With theodventof theminerheIearned 

new ways of living; his requimrnents were increased and he is becoming more and more depndent on the white man. Far flour and other 

formq of white man's food he trades skins, fish, and the native coat 

(parka) or boots (muklub), In snmmw most of the men md 

mang of the women war the whit@. man's clothing, hut this is given 

lzp for, or supplemented by, the warmpr skin garments in winter. 

At pmwnt the rsllrnmcr ho~~se is ordinarily n tmt, such as is ud by the 

pro.spedor; in winter tho coast is deserted and the winter house is 

built in some localit,y where game, especially - ptarmigan, is plentifnL 

8 Cmtwell, L!eet, J. C., Crulea or tba u8mm In the Arctfc &in, 1884 snd 1886. 
srowr~.] F188 AND GAME. 77 

These nre caupht by plunlitig wiliown in the snow and placi~lg 

snares in such rr pitiorl thnt tlw birds mast spring them they 

pick the hds from the twig. The introrlrrctinn of thn reind&,r hp 

the Government wrns to IF e vcry wiw plnrr, since it fumish~s fwd 

nnd clothing as well as n means af tr~vel. und sinrt! the game 011 

which the native is largely ckpnrlsr~t ia ~vntin~rallymrninfi. scarcer 

owing to the white m~nh pmnw n~~tl ttal in~praverr~~nt in the 

weapons wd in hunting. Like ttlc dwr, tl~rb wnl fr~rnishcs clothing 

as well as food; large rlun~llitiw of tile oil am uwl, while tmots, the 

coverings for hts, r~nd rtlany otlnr RF~~C~PS mntlt~ fmm the skins. 

The nstire is not qr~arrelwmr exwpt when under the influence 

nf alcoholic drink, for whirh 11e has a great fonclntl~q ~.;RIE~ for which 

IN will exchange any of his pmeions Its mlr is strictly forbidden 

hy the Gov~rnrnent, !HIE ZIw ~~~fnrwt~~cnt of the law ia difficult, and is 

not always succxsfully accomplishwl. 

FISH AND GAME. 

hrge game is now almost ~stinct on the pninsuln; n few cnrihon, 

not more than 12 or 15, wew ol~rved E)y memtwrs of the party in the 

course of the field work, 3 of which were w11 in the upper part of 

the Hojwk Valley, the othew in the Devil Mountnin lvgicla. Th~t 

caribou were plentiful al orlc tinw is evident from thc grcnt nnm? 

ber of antlers sc~ttered over the ltundrn and the heaps of hrw neur 

old, deserted native jglms or lla~~rs. In passing irorn one faling 

ground to aaotl~er they follon-ed pcnnarlent rncll-beaten trails along 

the crests of tho ridp9, whcrr trrr\.cling \\-as to be had anrl 

n better opportunily rnm aflordwl to detect nny danger at a distance. Beuw nrc ru~vly .wn in tElr Kidunik Mountait~s, but art! mid 

to be rather numerous in Ihc wocrcld co~~ntry ofRllckland River Valley; it is not ~~nusunl for thr j~coyctor to find them fishing in the 

sllalltm watem on sand bars. Tlw flr?sh is enten in the early spring, 

hut is too strong to b pI nft~r the 641 Ilegin to run in the st~.eatl~n. 

The ~Zrctic ham nnd md fox nm ]lot pIentifu1, but skins of the la tt~r 

iiw! offed for ~IP by Ihp naliveses Skins of m~lskmt and of a kind 

nf ground quimll RTP! rrwl 1)y f11e n~ti1.e ill making clothing; the 

fled1 is nlm mtm. C;m? dltclrs, sandhi11 cranes, and swans wem 

spell fqu~ntly, while the Pwr presrr~t ptumip many tirna furnisherl orlr party with fresh mmt in place of the nsua1 hmn, 'Die 

" ~w pairtuw 'kuth of Pinnell River is \yell known to tho pm 

pecton of that re~on, and the nurnerorls ponds art? covered wit.h thou- 

~nds of young poese in A"tupu& Greyling and hut were mngbt in 

many of the stmrpms; mirnon mem mn in the Iqr rivers rend may 

be obteined from f ~IP nativfss. who spear them or catch them in nets. 
78 FAIRHAYEN 1H)LD J'LACIIELq OP SEWARD PEXINLN8ULA. teCL~ 247. 

TIMBER AND VEGETATION. 

Timbered land is ronfined entimlp to t hc. eastern part of Sewad 

Penins~rla. On the srmihern sirlr of the Rendelel~n Maenhim scattered sprucr: tms were .wn Ily Brmks in the valley of the Niukluk a.~ far west as Lihlly River, which riws on the west side of Mount 

Bendelehn, while considerable lirnlwr was found lower down in the 

valley as fiir ns C3olr1fnin 13;ay. Hnstwartl spruce grows along all thc 

streams. On the rloctIlrrn sido of t,he B~nrlplahcn Mountains spruce 

is found in the v~llg of tho Koynlr acst to the vicinity of Timber 

Crcek on the ~011th nnd to the tributaries heading toward Kitralik 

Morrritain on the nnrtl~. Scatterccl trees of small aize \rere seen oo 

IndepcrirIencs Cmek, nnd pod timher wns found on Big Bar Creek, 

First Cll.nnr.e Cr~ck, nnd (>nlrF Km1. 'rhe ~oursc of Rim-alik Rivrr 

and its lnrp trihutarias, Hunter ~nd Quartz creeks, may be rendily 

tram1 a1 a distancc Ily the Ilnrrw I~antl of spruce timber lining the 

hanIm. This timhr has been of pent va11ie to prospectors on Gundle 

Creek, 1~0th RR fia~l nntl ns rnatcrinI for building, so that many of the 

cat~ills nt Cnndls nrc bvilt of Iop cot in tIlc orirly spring and flonted 

clown thc: riecr an the Zligli water. From this brief dmriptioo it 

will In? wn that spruw ~xt~ntls considerably farther west on the 

wuth side of thc Bcndelelwn 3Iountnins than it doe on tlw ~lurth, 

and that t hc tilnbcr limit is farther to tire mc4 in the mtml thatl in 

the const regions. Large qrlim logs are riot infquently expwd in 

the muck n~td gravel of the vaIleys and suggwt the posibilitp t,hat 

thodistribntion of timlxr wasoncemuclzg~eatcr than nt pmwnt. It 

shonld hc! borne in mind, however, that th~ logs may have hn derivctl from very distant source and hare kn brought to tl~air pwscnt resting phce by water at a time when the land stood oonsid~rubly 

lower wit11 mfcrenrc lo the sea. 

In point nf size cottnnwds would b next in importance to spruce, 

hut these nm not widely distributed snd are to lx found only along a 

few of the streams. The greatest numhr mere seen near the Cattonwood mad houw on the Kn~zpmepa, or Pilgrim, River. A fen? 

wep obwrved on Cottonwood Cmk at the head of Goodhope Rieer 

and in one M two other localities. 

As R wle, the n~iIlms, which are found clm to the. &reams in 

nearly all the valleys. do not have a height gtwrta than G or 8 fwt, 

althottgh certain of them reach a size almost as pt as the cottonwoods and are regarded by some of the pr~fi~~ctom 8% marlring 

stream channels which have not varied mmh in position for a lnn~ 

time. Vqlile this is true to a certain estent, it is also probahlc! that 

the character of the mil and the species of willows have rntich to (10 

with the size of the tree. These willows, of which there is a great 
YOW~T.' TIMBER AND VEQETATtON. 79 

wrrietp, from tiny shrt~lx of %)r '.3 ~IICFICS to tl-ew !\-it11 11 l~cight of 20 

fmt, are the only fael sttpply in thc grcatrs part of the pninsula 

~nd have made piible the ~~plortltio~~ nf the pld-twaring gravels. 

I'l'inter mows haw weighted then1 with R IoarZ peter thnn the^ 

cnr~ld bear, and it is the usual cxprience to find ihc! tn~nks FO gnnrlr*tl 

and twisted as to cans some trnnble in taking r park train throng11 

t Iwm. 

Alders are much less abundant than willamg but oftcn fornl considerable thickets 

Ir;o attempt was made to stad? the flora of fh~ muntry Ifrnvct7i~fI. 

me Io\~lanrls and hill slops. nt timtar the 31ilI tops alsn, nrt. rclrc*md 

with the moss and grass which charnct~rizc the tnndms of the Arctic 

regions Daring tl-ie wanoer 11ttrnt 11s 11o rlifiir~ilty \TIIS caxlwriencetl 

in finding good feed for thr 11o1ws. for gm>s \vss plrntifwl' in the 

valleys. The writer *as told that some attempts had kn ml~dc to 

mt and cure hay for feed nnd thus llrnid tho cnornloun exprnw of 

keeping how% through the winter. but till1 the ~ttcrnpt~ wrrta not 

very rszrccesful, sinm the pr~sscs llnvr no churlcc to mt~tllr~r in the 

~hort wnson and do not nflortl nutch nourishnront nftm caring. SRvera1 rarieties of brrics, rspcirilly tlw nlnrnl~ lrlr~elwrry rind kho 

salmon hrry, nre wry ~~blindllnt ~ttld Iurnisll a most nprrrable nddition to the somewhat monotono~~s fnrc with which onti is ohlipcl to 

content himself in this rc~ion. T~P v~~rictp and abundntlce of flowem 

in the ~arly part of the witson is very sllrprisirifi to olln ~lccu~tomod to 

think of Alnskn only ar R mId, barren waste covered with snow and 

mcpt by Arctic winds 

A. l9nu@* 

tl~~~~klnnrl.Iiirr-~~llllk dlvld~. laration Am nl mckn ,-----------,----- 23 24 , 11nrl nltllrtct~ nl----. - 1% 

klankn. mnlr of --,--------.-.-. .- I4 rwkn of. . .. .-.--. - .-. 2V. 30 

to~urnpblc divlulons 11f------ 4" ~%acklnr~d Itlver, imnln nr. mid In-- t:344 

Aldar Bench dlp~lnpn. locntlnn nntl ~'u!\#rnend rbnractQr ot - .-- .- dB 

charncter nf, and dc- I n.1~ uu ,,,-,-------------

,, 45 

vrl~~~~rnciit on - - . - - - - - IKb d 0 - . . 11 

1 t -- - 1 lpngth mnfl 3mntbw a[ ----,-,, 18 

Aldera, erls&nca of ,-,---------.- i?) 

Aldrldge, John, rnentlon of-, ----- 10 1 C'. 

Amrrlcnn Creek. lncatlon 01 rind 

pl'ospwtn on -------. 67 

produetlon on--------+-,---- 08 

n on -- 57 

Andemlte, murrcnnr and rharncter 

i~t Po-27. $0 -31 

Applegmtt?, - , lwntlonn by-,-, 4W 

Aamr ~RPI. nltlt~d~ of ---------,- 17 

gr~nlte nenr, vim ~f,- ----,-- ?U 

rocks n~~r ---------,,,,, 22.27-28 

alewn of ,,,,,,,,,-,-----,,- 20 

hutornol~lls boller, we of ,=,,-----, 511 

R. 

Rnldp Mountnln, laalls ionad on-- 24 

l*nruard, E. C.. mark of ------ .--++ V-10 

Itnrr. Andrew. lmtlona --.,-- 50 

Rnsalt, mctlmnce and rharsettt or ---------,---- t'T.3145 

flee m1m Javk 

TCpmr Cmk, dlmpcm 01 plU MI 8 

lmtlon and rhrmclcr of. nd 

d~veloprnrotn nu--, .-, hl-tcl 

Pd4#ct!on on +--------- - .--- 5!. e6 

hnrhcs, mmlrnne nnd d~urarlrr 

C'ulrlnrr, wlnlcr. vlcw of -+.--------- M 

Cnndlc.nntIvmat ---.--+--,,-,--, TO 

I 0 n - *- el r R t - - -- 13 

llmhrr UPIF -----.---,-----,- 7s 

~IPWQI _-.,_-------.--,----- 00 

Cmndlr r'rrck. knrh rlulrn on. rlcw 

of - . .- gZ 

rortrse rnal charnrtcr of. mad dc 

uelnpment w - -- -- IA, M-M 

m on -- -- -- -- It 

Qlmvpry at .---.---.---- 49-PI 

EmUF.~11CRU -------- .. +------ 41 

In -- . -- -- GO 

pM11rt Ion ot ------- --- 51. a? 43, flQ 

w~wn frbr name nt ,---- -.--- 541 

k D .. 21 

Crntwll, 1. t'.. ma1 dlmwted II~-- 211 

nn natlvr*_- --------------.- ;I! 

Cap Xfmntaln. mkm at +--------- 35 

Cuslrlt. dry of 541 

E'lllngo Crwk. rrml tn~rn. mt nl--- a;:+ 

C-IIUB on - ----- .- - ----..- 12,25,2IL 

Inrmft~Hrmn nn ---,-._---_-- 12 

lurntlon orf m3 dc*elnpmmta 

or -------,------ 44, GZ-tK7 1 on -.--L-.---._-__-_ (FT 

lbadtlcbpn Mounhlns. hhw of-- 87-30 

Inrallon ud nllltr16e of ---,,-- Ili 

n*rrltr. cxlRtcnr.~ of .-.--------.-- i 

Illanl~aahlp. -- , lontloas by-- I* 

k t .. . 25 

Cltmatr, rhnmrtrr nf --. -- .----.-- It -itl 

I. n a .. 00 

mrt nl-- --.-------.---- - It:! 

noltowlol I~llad. Iwmatlon of 35 firwlnpuwnt nf --- --------_- 017 

Hrotbkr. Altd H.. lctttr (II tmns- mrurwn~-p of -------.- 18. 5!&2U, 117 

mlttd by ------------ urc rrr --_-,----,,-,------.-- tIJ 

Pnlnr nt li7 

ConstnI vlnln. rhmtlcter of ------_- 39 

C0113~r. .4 J,, rnmlrtloss by ------- 217 

on hlah bmeh wlta ,--,,,, 5 1 frmllm mth~w~ by ---,---, -- 24 

on m~lnmorphlc mk* -------- 24 on lm~It_- _------,---,---St 

na mtrflclnl depcw!tfl--------,- 37 I on cllmutr 71-72 

work ot --------------------+ %lo on trmlou emhu ,,--,,------ 43 

MI. 2474 81 
Mil. w. IT., on ma1 ,,-------,-,,- 20 

on gound ire --,---------,--, 41 

on rnamrn~llan semalna ------- 4:! 

w Nulnto rrondatone--- 2fl 

hrby Monntalns, hlatory of,------ IS37 

hvla W. 11.. InmHonn by --,------ 49 

Ih!rl~g. curnrn~tnimtlun with -----, 16 

IocmtIon of ----,---__-,.--.-- 16.47 

nntfv*~ el ----- --. .. ----- 7R 

nupplh nhlpped to --.-------- 11 

Detornintlon. iwrlorla OF --.-------, 8537 

lwpepnslrs, snmclal, p.rDnpR of .------ 37-38 

Nvll Moilntmln, chltrnctrr of -,--,- 17 

lowlandu npnr -,-.----,.----. 45 

I>lahnrr~. orci1rrenre end chnmctcr 

or ,,,-------.-.---- 27 

frlorltc, orcilvrenw and chnrnctev 

of-- - ?0-07,30 

nixre {'rwk, d~%+PI~prnentu on- _-- .-_ 1!4-05 

~olrl on -------------.------- 51 

IroKr, llmP of ---- .-------. 1----- 70 

Ikrnra, ot!rlliarpnrc of 23 

llnrntl~y C'rrek. rnclie on ,-------,- 11 

1 tnlnnm rrf Rewnrd Pmlnnuln----, IS10 

hw. 

Cnllier-Continued. 

on folding ---- 80 

on prnnlte -------------,----- PQ. 30 

on lavn -------,--I---------- 32-34 

on lowlands -----------,----- 44-45 

on nirtnmnrphle mcka ,------- 30 

on Berpentlne Rlvar depoailtsl--- 39 

on Kewurd Penlnsnlnsh rocks ---- 3 

work of ---------------,----- lU,lR 

Colllna c'reek, Iocation ot and prwmta on ------------ 64 

Correlation, dtfflri~lttm of -----+--- 17,22 

Cdttonwood Creek. intilting on ----- 23 

lava at $3 

vlew at -------------,--- HO 

Cottonwood% existence nf--------- 7H 

Cmka. dmrfptlon of ------------- 61-flZ 

~llb Creek, @Id on --------------- fl.l 

Cu~~irtghnm Creek. Iorntfon and 

character of, and devflo~~nt* on ------- 53-li4 

~uctlooot --,------,------ W 

D. 

Rldor~do Crwk, rendexeoiiar at----_ 12 

rncka on ltnd ncnr --------- 20-21, 24 

Elephant I'oint, gvolind Ire at----- 41 

ehore lInr betwoen Cnps Espentwr~ nnd ------------ 16 

EapeaWtg, Caoc. show line Iwheen 

Rlepl~nntI'olntmd-- 16 

-Re. 

Fhh. exEflteafe of ,,,--,,,-,,,,--- 77 

Flowers. nbnndance of -,---,---,,, 79 

l~'olda, nrrurrpore of ---,-,--,,,, 22-23.2: 

nrlgSn cbf -,+,--+-, 3L38 

Foasila, clpstrunlon of --,--,-,,,,- 23 

i~lltn~a to nbtrln -,+-,-, t9,25 

Fontel-. Z. E.. Jrxotlom by -,,,,,--- 49 

1rPfghtlnP. rmt ul--,-,,,,,,,---- ZO-nl 

dlffltl>lt!e~ 0f ,,,,----,,,,- BR, F ,-TO 

rnctl~~wls of -,-,,,,,-,-------- M,Tu 

Pwnrh PlVpnk, ml nn - -- --- 26, M,R? 

I"11el. acnrclty of ,,-+,,,,,,,-,,--, 71 

0. 

nnlenn, ocrli rrenm of ,,,,,,,,,,,-, 68 

(I,,,, extermlnutloa ol----------- $7 

C;*o~raphy of ~nld Rclrl. nccouat of,, 4740 

Gealn~tc mclions. RRC Bettiwar, 

~rtrldylc, 

dml~glcal Surrey. U, 9.. iavmtkntlonn fly -----,"-.--- D-10 

(4rolo~y nf Rrw~lrd Penlnr~~ln------ 15-47 

Ilmlouv. economlr, of Rcm~rd PenPn!rh*~en prwlnct, mappln~ ot---- 10 

Fenltn, wttrwnm a? ---- .--_------ 23 

E'pr. \V. Th, dlnr-nrerlea Iq --------- 4n 

Vlnda. Inw, loc~ttloun ot ------- h9-RO, 62 

Pltes, punlehment for atartlnp of-,- 72 

lll~tlla -d-+---,+----- 47-47 

l;rrOlnc, 1'. (J., work of -,---------- 1II . r:I~clntlon, ntmtncze of 40 

Gnclaq, crcurrmce of ----,------.- 21 

flold dcpoaltu, lorntlnu of -,,------, 47 

productlam of ----------,- --- 51 

enttrce of ------------------+- 65-87 

(:old Reld. dlvEsFno~ of -----,------ 51 

Emprrpliy of 47-48 

hlrrtorg of -------------,--,--. 49-51 

luratlon. ~rrea.nad chrracter at- 47 

fbmlhop? Any, plnla oT, cchrsctet 

of ------------------ 30 

ahore of 15 

C:dhow prwlnct. mnpplng of----- 10 

I:MHltioym Rlvcr, lengttr of -----+--- 16 

Granlte, agp pf --------------.--- , 30 

croslor! of. vlew of ----------- 20 

wrltrrcnwmd chnractm of- 1R. !Bk30 

terrncr of, view ot 84 

Granite Creek. Rce Cltlmtgt~ Cwk. 

Orm. ertatence sf -----L,------- 70.7R 

C:ravpl#,deposltlrm apd Fbmter of- 57-40 

occurrence of ---------------- 18 

rr-lnrlonofln~a~nd ---------- 33 

ptcld of RA 

Grrtvels, wash, character of --,----- 39-40 

Drewlnglr Island. formation of----- 35 

Ranaum Creek, dIsropery ot aold on- 49 

fnnltirw w -------------- ---- 23 

loc~tlon and chararter of, nna dpvelopmeotsl on -+--- fi?-i53 

p~auctton on 51. OA 

rocka near ----------,----21 

a2ulclng on, vlm or -------,--, 4I1 

nnrria Creek. fmIIa band on -,+--- 24 

TInrrta Tlorne, lornzlon of ----.----- rocks of -,-,-----,-,----

-- 22 
mw. ' 

a- Crek, lmtlan at and pm- 1 

pwt6 on --,-,------ 31 

F. ~.-utrrk of 141 

IIltl. A Q.. mtnflon of 10 

HII1. C. E, actnowledgmenta to---- 19 

temp?mtum records b~ ------- ;R 

work or -------------- ----.--- 1O-14 

Atstory. dynamle. al Sewad I'en10- 

aula -------,-------- 3537 

libtorp, geolodc. of Bcrrard Penln- 

- puts ---,,----------- ItFr47 

Ho- use or 71) 

Hut Bprtn~ wid at ------- ------- 49 

v!cw ni -------------,------- 48 

Hmle, R. L., ~mttolta by -,------- 50 

Hydraulic mining, prepnratlOn0 for- ZU. 34 

J. 

Ice, ground, *ptb of------------+ 41 

nccurrene and character of- 4041.g1 

Imeous POCLR. 9cc Rocks, I~-n@nirs. 

Imuruk, Lnke, ravn st------------ 81-w 

locatloo and cbnrocret of----- 1u 

Inmachnk Rlvw, badn Of. rloid h-- sl-vfl 

calrlns on, vlew of ---- ,.------ 'I4 

co!~ree and cbnmi-ter of ------- 4R 

dam on, vtcw of -----,------- " 

findfl -,------,-----+------ fin-rur 

wld On ----,----,---- -- ----- 11, 12 

dlamvery nI ------ ------A 49 

mound ~m on -,------,------- 41 

Investl~tlan on -,----,---,--- 

1-h of -,-----,,----, ------ 15 

Inmtton and chamrter of, and 

dcvetopmcnt* On ----- pductlon on ---,----,------- 51.W 

piimp on. dew of -----, ------- $8 

nlulclnp on. .vlala ot tm 

Intrnslu~ rwks. nmlmnce of ----+- 1FI 

ln*-tlplfons on stward hnfnaula- 9-14 

lro5 nxlde. OCCII~P~IIPP nt --------- fi3. RO 

ItSaernrr of rrarveys of 1D09----,- 11-11 

J. 

~ohrrma. 8. w.. mmtlva of-- ----,- la 

Jnmp Umk, dlscotery of mid om-,- W 

ft, 

Kaltag Wrs, mmlatlon of -----,- 26 

Kwal jrmnp, ftlrmre nf tn--. t'R 

Fil~lonlK >fmntnInn. hlrlory or---- 

l<lclr~alk wrlre. nrcurrrnrr of ----.- ?4 

Klwallk, mmmanl-tlnn wlth----,- 15 

lwnt1nn of -- --- - ---, - - +- - --- f 5.4 f 

t n - 76 

* 

Klmllt Rl~rr. bash at. pkl la- SE.*tI-Kl 

roune 11nd rhmrartrr n? ------- 15. 4H 

flat. nu ----------.---,-+-- -- 4; 

~fun11~ trmm nmr. Vk+ or--- 34 

ud I on -- I1 

I r .+ -- 34 

Knnrvlron. F. 11.. fall drt.crmlnohnnm .-,.,-------. ?O 

Kotwlnlr mld Acid, ~mductloo ni .- 51 

Jiotwl)ur Ztwin~. rommrinlntlon with f 5 

try of - -- 15 

Invrutlmtlnn nt -----+-------- 10 

1nw1 Ilnwa muth d, dln~mm 

n)inuvin~ -----,------ 31 

w I -- -- -- 22 

Kowak Rlv~r. cvil nP- -------,-- -- NO 

Knyuk pmlncf, rnnppla~ at --.--,- 111 

Koyuk Itlver. roriw, Imflh, nbd 

cbaractrr of ,-----,,, 1&18 

& on . - -- 43 

~avlt on ------------,---.--,- 82-a$ 

rwkn on -----------,-- 9, 22, ?nu 2tt 

Knyl~kuR River, tr~a~ on-,.-------- :lrdfi 

,,,m ,,, -+------------_ ._--- .~n 

KII~IIL gmllp, chnraffer and nip nf- 24 

liu~ruk I'lnteot~. locntlnn und thnrncmr nf ------------* 48 

Ku~rlrk pmlnct. mapplnlf of ,,.---- 10 

Ii#l~l'Uk Rlvrr, lmsln ot wld In- fi1, M-flfi 

rourns nnd rhnrnrtPr of------- 48 

rc~lon of, MC~R of-, ,,---,-,,- 241 

rmk~ fin ----------------- *-- rfi, 2u 

Kuzltrln Rlvc~, hmhn of, 30rm1atCon 

01 ---.----- ,,-- --,- 37 

charncter of --,,-----,,--.,,- fO 

mnd l tlonm on--, -,---,--,,- 12 

or 01 -- - -- tti 

flnt~ on rn 

I 0 1 I - 31 

Iavn In. tvlewn nf + -------- 30,32 

fi?lrltpln rprlpn, wllr-w of---,,- 24 

t 

ram t~ndlm~. trip la ----,,--,-- $2 

lava. BPP nI ----.----,--,----- RllT), 34 

Row or, dnlamm rltend hy--- a". ax DCC~~WU(P (11 --,--,-,-- IR, n, :$r45 

dlnprurn uborln* -,,---,-- 33 

rehtlnn nt mrrt nnd --,----, 33 

I t n:! 

rl~rrr nt ----,---------_,- S1).ST,al 

Ia-m, h. r.. on 51allm~ Elver 

k -- .. 20 

Llmtfmt. tud cbaractrr 

of -+-------- 17-la, 2l-!i2 

auypllw mhtppad to ,,-----,--- I1 

Klwmllk-Rt~Alarrd dfvldc, lmth 

nnrlaltlturlecrl----. -- lil 

mLlr nt -. .---,-_ .---- ----- %fa 

Klwultk Mouur*la. sttttrrdc of- ---,- lhri 

bnchrs at,,--,,---..,------- 44 

M. 

Mall&pro+ldwIott, ,,,,-,--,--,- 70 

lfmrnuula wmalm oL ,---,,,,,, 414" 

Mammothn, wmalnr of ,---,-,,-,- 41-42 

Jlap of Alaska-----,--------,---- 11 

*La of ad war----,---- PI. T2.2R i ot &ward Pm!nrmlr. Ihnrls# 

scblnt monuwntu near, wh of- rn 1 mn P - li 
INDEX. 

page. 

Map, geofaglc, aI prt or &ward Pe 

nlasoln ------------- 18 

rrpnmprmlby 18 

dlntrlbutlon of pld shown on-- 81-J3 

I I 1.4 

Mnp. tnpncralihlc, of part of mrd 

I'QIIEu~u~u 10 

ur part of Reward I'r!nl~ula, 

making (11 12-11 

hlury~ I~loo, rmdezvouu at -------- 14 

Alnth~wr, H, rl., mtnllon ot ------- 10 

Mi~nd~nhnll, \V. C.. un Alder Beach 

rll~ln~ (ij 

on bnunit -------------------- 31 

on con1 --------------------- 4tl 

on ~ranlte ------------------- Ilu 

on l~lvn 32.31 

OD metnrnorphlc mb -------- lw!n no n~dlmeots XD 

work OP 10, in 

Mwazolc mk5, nonmurmnce of-- 24,Jfl 

Atotumorpblc rcks. Ree Rocks, metaS'am. 

Perry, H. V., laration8 by ------.-- 49 

Perr~r Creek, dlmovery or mid on ,. -111 

Iwntlon and rhnractrr of, and 

prospects on ---,----- bR 

Peters. 2\: f., a-cjlnk r#l--,,,.,. IV 

PPtemn, - , coal found Iiy . .-- O7 

MnnelI,Je~nt~,loc~tlonaby +,.++,- 49 

Irnnell Hlver. rnllr~o and rhr~~rrt~r 

01 -----,,,---,-,-+-- ~a,a~ 

gold om ,,,,,,,,,--,,,+-.,, ., 12 

l~ycknullc mlnlag on ,,,------- 5% 

lnvpntlfltlon en --+,--------,- 12 

Ior~tlnnoLandp~tnon--- 57 

prml\~ctimr~ nn- 51, fit; 

mrRs nrnr ,,--,,,--,,,,----A- ?I 

I'olnt Bloa~l>m. enmrnnnlcntlon with- 15 

invmtlyatlon nt 10 

Iwntlun uf ,,,---,-,-,------15 

I%rt Clnrencc Ilmearme, chnrncter 

snd AP* of .---------- 24 

I'ntatn Cr@kek. mkn on ------------ 2R.tlt 

I'ot holm. charnetfir of---. -------- GI. 58 

work of ----------------+---- 11-14 

Stonurnme nountdra. chnracter atL- 2II 

llusk rrx. remnIns of ---,---------- 41-42 

Ralaa, prrrnlence of ---,---------YE--78 

nerow, cnl. SR 

Iwntlon or ---------,---48.62.54 

N. 

Nntlvm cond!ttm of --,---------- 7677 

Narlgsllw, npnlag ad elm of--- RR 

Netsou. -., coal Cound la --------- rl7 

Nelaon (Jolrh. locntlon nnd ebnrerttr of. ant1 zlevslop 

menb on --_--------- 5rc:r; 

P~uctTon onn -------------,, 08 

vlew In 50 

Nlammn awbs. mwnrp of ---,,, 

mocpbie. 

Wldnlght Mottntnlo, locution r~nd rl. 

tttrrde of ------------ 18 

lllnlng preclnet~, mag of --,------- 11 

hloflt. F. H.. awlaoment of 10 

Lilchardmn, G. B., work of 10 

I~OCRC~, lla~ uc aa 

ttocks, ago of 23-ZJ 

strlkrot --------- ---------- 22 

Il!l'llTLllrA Of -,,--- - - Yd-23 

ttmkn, ihmen~~a, chsracter, ~~i!~rcenm, 

and n~ oC ------- 18,Zn-86 

Rmka. metamurphlc, cbnracter sod 

occrrrrencc of 17-24 

Itocks. nchlntm, cbatacter and nc- currenw of ---- - :YL?l 

Precinrta mlnla~, mnp of --+----- 11 

I'umy. I'hlnn. ~Ira o* ------------- 6% 

Pamper, LIW of Wn65 

n. 

Nomc, dlumr~rg of gold nl-----,--- IIwSts. sedimentary, character and 

rend~nvonrr at --------,,------ 11.14 

24 I occurrence nr -----+,- If-24l 

Nome serles, tll~3~J0nm of ---,---,,- 24 I(Qn& - coal found by ----- 01 

Noxapagdh ItLvPr, mckn on-- .------ 52 I 

Nugn~igr~lrrk tlik Rlver, coltme or,--- Id 

NuInto RmnrEntone, aEe of ---,-----,, 215 

Niilt~k I'ttttcu~~, insmalns nt --------, 44 

0. 

Old (Jlr~ry Ill'ook, d1llrrmw.y OF gold 

nn ,,---------------, 10 

mvel arm ----,,,,-, ..-------- 40 

hFtlratltlrn mlDItlE on ---------- 50 

Invesllflaltnn nn ------,------- 12 

IncRtlon and rbarwter of. and 

ds~elopmcnts on ----- 54-57 

pmdnctlon oL ---- - ---,,-- R1,68, Be 

rendesvatra nu ,,,-,,,,--,----- 12 

ttn from 65-66 

Ordo~lclnn mkn. accamnce of---- 24 

P. 

Pahn. Alexander, loratloas b-- 50 

I'rltrmn Cwk. gravel at --------- 61 

Ii. 

St. Michael Island. Inva of -,------ 31 

Nnndetrum, Fred. loc-~tlrms by --,-- ID 

PchIstm, ooccurreoee ar -----------,- 17 

wea'therlng of, view of -,-LA--- 2'0 

fihoeider, RoCtt. locstfous by ----- fifl 

Kchntder, I$. C.. work of -,-----+,-. 9 

Brrapem, home. lfse a? -,,,,,---,- IU) 

spas on^, length and ~hmStte~ of-M, 71 

ktion, geologic, on Candle Creek-- fll4! 

on Inmnchuk Rlver -,-,,,...-, 6P 

on Nelrroo (3o!ch ,---,,,-,---- b7 

Pedlmeotnry mcks. Re8 Roclre, &trnentarg. 

Eerpeutlne River, Bspoarttn ot 85 

Beward Penlnsiilu, rllnmvery of mid on---- B 

geomaphy of -,-.,,---,,,,,--- 14-17 

~ro~lc map or part of ,-,---- I8 

pnlnzy of ---,,-,,,,-------+- 17-47 
l'mge- 

&nard F%?ntnwla-Contlnued. 

.pEd an fl 

Invmttgatlwu on 9-14 

mapoi --------------------- - If 

preehct map of --,----------.. 11. 

mcka of ---------------17-35 

tormmphlc map of pnrt of---- 141 

Bherdon Creek. mid on R4 

Shlshrnaref Inlet, loeatlan of 30 

Rllt. deposition nC ----,-----,----- :LC 

RllIlrltiu rwkR, OCC-fe of --,---- 24, :Is 

Rlolcln~, vler of ----------------- 4R. ttO 

Roil. r4-aldilal, character nt -------- 411 

Spoiarl~f Bay, banks ot ------,,--. 39 

Invcstlgntlon at -------------- 11) 

Bpruce, cxl~tentw or 7U 

Rpiwr. J. E.. on lava ---.--L----- 84-35 ,,., tk o TO - ., 

Structure of meka ------------,-,- 22-23 

Utnver, 1. D., mentlan at ,-+,,-,,,- 30 

T. 

Tellerq condttlonn at ,,,-,,---,---- 12 

mpplles shipped to 11 

Ternperaturen, record0 of ----,,,--. 7%18 

Tendneas, Louln, rnuatlooa by ------ 60 

Terraces, grave\. oecflrrear* of-,-,- :lfl4U 

Thawel; vbw of ,,,,,,,,,,---,,--- 414 

ram. 

'Fhnwer, ImprovllrPd. vlea of -,,---, Gfl 

ThnwetR i~se of --,-,,-.,--,-.-,,- (UF, 83 

Thnrnne, Enm ilocatlann 18 ,.,---, 51) 

Tlrnber. rharnttrr or--------,----- 78-70 

w~wlt)' of .,---------------- 70-71 

Tin. uccltrtenw of -------+----- 10.66-87 

To~~raphy. character nf -,----. IR, 4543 

'ball ('rwk, fntrltlnl: on -,-,,,,,.,. 23 

Tl'nlh, Inrnllon nnrl character of--, O344, 

IIR-tI!L 

'Pt~b~~tullk nlver. mrke on ,,-,.,,,, 25. 24 

IV. 

W~nihw, cnndltlan n( 19 

Wtrlteh~d. ratell, Informatloa from- 66 

Wlllow IXtek. ~rnvel nI +,--,-_-__.. Ot 

Wll lose, pxinlenrp nt -- -- _ ,- - ----_ 7U-i'n 

WLtherupmn, D. W., meatlon of --.- tl! 

\VItbempooa, TI. C'., ~cknowld~. 

mcntRto -----------, 

an bcnchm ---,-,,--+ 44 

work 01 ------,,-,,,,-,--,- v-10,12 

Y. 

York F~II~@Ru, Imatlon and chamctlrr 

nf ..-,,.-------,--,, It 

Yotk relon, tln depmlh nf ---,+--, 10 

Yukon IIl~er, rocka on -------,--,, 2E 

I 

'~fdfz 't~f ~-~~.~~~~ruslR*r~~rplvu!~a.r~m~W8g

'Id 1 ' d'l ez mr 

'1i.Wm*3 11 'A K9'm-w a~+gn~ plr. &IF.% mw ~1' mId@p xuorl an JQ waasfflmmoxg a0t B 

yd 7. '44 MI '7x61 -axawn ;~lnjl 1~11~ dq 'qsqv lualsrrJqtna 10 d2lo1oeB aq 

lo qmev hotanpor~rrl uv q11 H 'wqwslv 'lJ1JIPlp nlllwrn IIWIIIFJI~~ ilql 110 unda krmlq[a~d 'fad 

'ld I "dd g) 'mi *plomw~ 'S '.w icl '0140 'alfluslvwnb llpr.) ~ui u porn ~p mag aqA '8m B 

1 I1."'l*J"lrrO) ntd 9 '.dd% m1 

'dars~ *fbq tpftqarn pzsm pnm mnnlimld JO uo!~nrlpl-rp ~)v* uuott.1~ I=~%IW% aqj '11 B 

l-lmu fO 100) 

gd M "ad P3 '1M1 'qV '1 '5 iq '1-3 jfllO WSWua* JlFl Iv .-WL purr mlWJtOa3 

~aldg ql lo pus <;rmasarn ]so* ram& uaqlmli pum roualrtr muawn alfl JU TI*!! ma pm 110 wt R 

YI~ g! "qld FC ,[&it 

.omusr~q 7 .a Iq mp~op.1 'qlliupmb aawrl(g aqi jo lmpM a!aw-h1 stn !i<l u~or1.u v mr 8 

yd vt 'dd '1m1 11wd'H *r.<q %alS pn(l~.l ur ufnpltrll.r ju tmimqp1qp puu a.~r.*Un.vm 'mf a '1d 1 "'14 BF 'lml W'.W '11 'dl 5'1 'RllOrf*P I1H -1 El W?I 

'uld I[ "dd 001 nOa1 'p19 3 'J 1 Jrl 'p1-n a1au.t uw all1 urtuj rqxu Pnn*lIRI nn 

maz n mlll(mpul 'mqntl.,~ .r\ .L iq 'rrxal 10 qqm~ 1-1 I-~MIU!~ UIH a41 irrt JITU~U~ w;gt -dd tt t -mt .rauurrrf .I -r Sq 'nn s(rnua.1 aql pm r.Cq I Ir) .lqdu~m!lq~g wt. & 

-44 it "'id q-gl 

MI .11t~u ..% 7 pm -n '.u .19 mrrolc '~~rrm Bowm amrmarc ane*,110- Ar-lm-n A 

i'qrn* 10 

6? 'Nd 16 'm wnr*d 'II 'N iq mrw rn .n)w.nv uy nduur! IIarn-lwllW mr 8 

.dd R '91161 'aolm!,a anqvy iq .-R ~a1~41~ I--o pw.11 Il.vrutm;rst(p nll& *t61 R 

I614 ' 411 

pm rsg~ nagd- n -m 69 '.tqmlna!q pm q-!A P PI* 1-1 d.9 *uol~ Wu j~ laqrm~ 'rtr a I qmls to Inn+ yrl t t "lid :.I; *IF&! '.ll(tl.~ 

'3'1 Irl rlnW~.+ m1 pm 'orno ".rmbl-w ju pi.rll qmw mot~wlt~(q aw Jtb iqfiw~a~iw~ +qilf 

I-" p llyr! 'dl! ml 'Wt 'J.'lml% 'S 'N LtI 

tlgl.mputnl qtw '?I "0% ;I 'y .H KT am11 jm neq.l*jrlrl jar n~dalh jo uplto pull .~~rlra~ 'w A 

4 .qawp ltM>I ,U!d s ',*Id Vt -,wt YltT!.* Aapw .<fl 4wlo~ltl[ 

'rta.4~ nrarom pm p-9 -laq r1qM II~ ~mf*u .Ilrbllr.rl.la)f Wnnlu traru Irr wqlirllrl 'ttl R 

-.~mm~) m~nsm 'v ~I~BR 

-4w 

.Clddnww,$i=shi :qallna=a !&-a ~ffno!m~ard=dd) 'fionol qa!lim go su!t 

qaldrnnrr arll La mu% I[! pnchm.C~jy ayl pum y ~~p.y n! ~~tpiyoj RW H! ~dwd R!~J, 

'wyotla -ib~d ~!r~darJnrph~ 'a :H.'alRM I)~I~IN~.*[J~I,) '(1!J~MI~ JWRM 'K ?~r10!7 

-8Rgmnn! ~gtI~~%~p.lt[ IaranJF) '11: :q&& jo 61!lnn7) '7 !scqBrn Bu!~lrnr~1 *)1 !.Mw 

-JWR ~qir~ 'r !uagd~~ '1 :~.11m~0~ 'H ianoam[~am# '9 :X~ldwnoa$) ILg !u:I!RX~~ 

puv .h~Rynaq3 '3 :.<3i~puaqu ptm XqtlwSwad '(1 :.Clic~lgnnnlmI pun ~!JR 

-nr;rl~.C~ '3 iSSop8 aa!)dt~w 'a :iiiioloaS s!~uoaw~,~ 'v :myncl ;Itl~motloj nql u! 

pclgF(a uaaq aojwaql anwq Laq~ -;k'Crrl s! ImnwR! r.qwnt1 (aim R~I puw 'slnnlqn~ 

lo .ila!rsn s 30 lsar~ wadad h~d~in~wa~s,~~ pua 'au!la(lnfl 'KI~R~ 1mo!wajnld R~J, 

.rtn!jm!ldds 

no pwq 7 Lmn qq qa1dmm %p@ nqn=Ts v 'ear8 p)nr(u?u?p m amqo aql !rroq 

-myqnd 30 1~03 IS p1w WB 8 ptm 'Z pwtmn -3 aqj '~~~111 m!lnj--sgrs)g 

wrtrfl eq7 10 ~IY 3!401aa3 (g) 'jcwsaql maatiR alrumfaa puw YO?p]dr)~wl~ [~a!rilj 

jo W[~V 3!qdm3do& (1) %~adw~ UO!J~!JJ~ lrun illdrln~-~qw.~~ (9) 'wm-uc~n~w]r 

1ua11!11; (g) 'mtqqfng (t) *ar;ulsd ~~uotmajoq (c) G~l(ilar%(ol~n~ (x) 'q~tnl;r~ 

[muu~ (1) JO VYUO.~ .ia.uns (g1!8olo;ly) wmg pnl?ull ayl je muo~~'m!fqnd (num a[(& 
PP2 Rem~lmnm d tbc nwthwutcm pmtlon d PMwuml PmSnmt, hlut., A. J. Cnnlw. 

l@R 70 pp. 11 pb 

fF 10. Rw0n-m Imm lrnrl Anmlln O Kotrabm RolrnA. Alnalu. by ag of MI, K*nlrU, Allm. 

and Kowak rtvcra, hy W. C. Ymdcah~ll. tpm. pp.. Io plr. 

W U Clara of the Vnltd Stmtea endof the YimMppl Rlver, by H~lnrlrh Rler. Im aPB pp.,9 pllc 

FP 12 klqy of zhe Olnbc Fuppcr dhrlct. Arisrnh, by t. L. Rammr. 1W. 1I#l pp,. T7 plk 

B 2l2. Oil fiplda of the Te-butrlana riulr r,mnial PIda, by I'. W. Amvr* rnd WiI11mn Kcomaly. 

Em. L74 pp., 11 ph. 

13 TM. (XlntrIbutionm to ecrjnomlc mlo~p, 1901; P. hmmq C. %. Hhycn, mk&h In rhm. I%=. 449pp. 

PP16. The rnlneml mmmnw d the Mmnt Wnmll dbMrt, Alarkq hy W. 6, Ud*nh*tl and 

P. C. Whmder. ISK4. :I pp., 10 pL 

Bn%. CbI rtwwrwr of the Y~rkon, Ahka. by A. J. miller. 19m. n~.,5ptr. 

B 219. The ore rlepdtn ol T13naqmh. h'vr nda (pwHmlnary rcpl)n,, hs J. A. Spurt. IWJ. dl pp. 1 pl. 

PP !#I. A mnnalwnnn in nonlt~rn Atarlra. In 1WIWH, by P, P. Krhmdrr. Im. In pp.. I6 plr. 

PP 21. OwIwy ilnd rrrc depoplln ul the Rt-hee qnntlrnnple, Mrnsrn. lay P. I.. Vanmrnt,. 1ADI. IdApl~, 

29 P~R. 

B ZB. 0-m d-b of the Ilnlted Ptrtm, by (E. I. AdMIl #nd othm. 1w. Ib pp., 21 plr. 

PP Zd. Zirrr' and led dspnlt* nf rloxrhern Arknnrm;, by u, I. Admu. 1W. 118 pp., 2T pJn 

PP2k Ccppot Jepmila of the lh~rnpmant dlatrlet, H'prnIn~-('trlotnrIn, hy A. C. FIp-neer. 1W. 

1m' pp.. Z pl9. 

B !Z&, b~ntrlbotiotrm to ecrmomln m9~~. IsOB: R. F. Ibomonm, C. W. Hay* plofflnn fn rhnrp. 

IW. rm pp., 1 pl. 

IT!& Bm~om!' wmlwm d the nmthm Black Bllla, J. D. lwln~, with rantrlbntfonm hp P, P. 

Emmom ktld T. A. Jwr, )r. 1 W. 2% pp.. 20 4tla. 

PPE', h ~~ologfral xeronnalmtrre scm tho I3ltfrrrotrr ltnnm nnrl ClparwW? Moimtnlnm In Mnotam 1h116 Id~ho, hy Wlrldemar tlndgffi~. 11w. 12.1 l)p.+ 15 pb. 

Bm. !I'In dl.ma)h of rha Pork rlaclon, AIwka, by A. d, ColHer. IM4. 01 pp., 7 !In. 

5% The FOFPU~~IIA itkcm hintrlrt, Xlnukl~. by ly:. Hr. Wfl~ht. 1W. PIX., 10 piu. 

Bm. Economir: ~eolo~p of tho lnla qlrnllmwle, Kanluur. 11y 0. I. Ad~bmlr, Ei'mrnur Haworth, and 

W. R. Cmnc. t904. A pp., 11 plr 

B B8. Cernel~l n~nterInI~ mud Irldtrrt~ of the UalteR Rtrrtu, by I!.C, tckel. lWld - pp., 15 plm. 

BW. Zlnn aud lend dqmnoAllo nf noxrhrentern IllEnolu, by R. Fmtrr Rmll~. 3W, M prr., fi pln. 

B 247. Thc Fntrhartbn nirlrl ~llw~n. Ycwnrrl Peninmilh, Ataah, t~y F. 11. Moml, im. WI pp , 14 pln 

RRRIEB B, DWdXfPT~PR OEOUXIY, 

B 3. OlmmRtlonu on the jnnctlolt hRGwoPn tho lEARtem wndlrtnna nnd the Kcwwnntv sml~n on 

KriWWnaW l'olnt, Mkr r~r~arlnr, by R. I). ImfnR artrl T, 1'. r'hnlsibrrtln. IW5, lY4 p~., 

37 ~11~~ 

B 88. Nowon ~eoloag 01 northern Caliiornla, by J. A. Dlllor. 1%. 23 pv. (nutot *mlr.l 

B 89. The upprr bcavhea and deltna or (?Ida1 Lakn A~ul.n, by Wswvn Ilpllrm. 1W7. 88 pp., 1 pl. 

(Ont nf stask.) 

B 40. Chan- In drrr mum in Wlahlngton Tpwltory tino u, glac!ntlcm. by IURly WtlIIn. 1A97. 

la pp., 4 pla. (Out of atnrk.) 

B 4fk Tbe prcsent condltlon ol ItnnwIRdg% of thsgwlolry of Turm, hg. R. T. R111. IM, M pp. (Ont 

or stnck.) 

B ha. The ~wlouy 01 Nnntwket, by N. R. Bhder. 1Wg. 64 pp., 10 pln. (Out of rtaek.) 

B 57. A geolwI"u1 monnnlrsence In muthw~ Kan~o, by RoMrl, Rnny. IPCWI. 4A pp., 2 pk 

B *. The ~Lsvinl bollnrlary In wtatern Pri~nnylvlmla, Ohlo, Kmturlty, InPInnn, and Illlnob. bg G. P. 

Wright, rlth IntraluPlinn hp T, [' I'hnmhprllr,. Imt. 112 pp.. A p1u. (Olrt of mtwt.) 

B67. The wlntionn of the Imp I)$ !he Sewark ryMWm In the NI*W Jrmy eon, by K. If. DntWn. 

1W. W TIP. (Ililt of ntOPk.1 

B 1DL [flachilr~n 01 the I'etlownml~tr Valley north ol tba bsk, by W. H. Wd, 1898. 41 pp., I pln. 

B IIIR. A gcolorical rwonnabrrmrc 111 cmfnl Wuhin-n, hy I. C. Rmll. 1IWIS. !OR pp., 12 pl~. 

(011t rrl ~twk.) 

B 119. A aeolo~ira1 In nnrthwd W~famlrq. 0, I+. Rlllrldp, IW. 72 pp.. I pln 

B In. The gwloa,' of tho Fon Rllry MIFltnm Rcsrrntlon and rrdnlrg, Ernmu, by Robn nar. 15%. XI p~, R lbla 

B 144- The moraines of tbc Mlmotlr! Cd-n ma their mttPlldint d~pdm, by J. R W. llRBR ?I 

pp., 21 PI*. 

B 1%- The momnu of mmthrutem Ponth mloer and thele mttrnknt dw*, by J. C.. Tdd. 

1m. 171 w. n p~t 

B SW. The mlog?. of Wem atrbhiu County. Ywwtg, by 8. K. Emam. IM. 1m pp., 9 pl*, 

B la Cmtrru to the @mot YW, bl H. 8. W- md R. d. Om. lm. a2 pp., 14 plr 
ADf ERT18RMENT. 

WXm. md rrkr reswrcw ot the PaWlck and mhcn Hole qnd& fn 

WyomlwaW Weslem Nebmkn. Py G. I. .4dnmn 1W2. Wpp., 11 plr. 

B I*. Wm md xatrt mmw 01 the Sneke River Plrlnlnf Idabo, by I. C. R-11. lPDL IPP 

pp.. -S PI*. 

PP I. Pnllmlonry repdon the Kstchikan rninin~ dhrict. Almk wlth an Intm3uctury aketcb 

nf t bc gmlqn of muthem A ImW b~ A. R. Rrmh lW4. 120 pp.. 2 plr. 

pP2 RmnniiJ+mnrt~ o( Ihc northwestrm won of Sew~rl Penlm~ln. Alsskn. by A. J. ralller. 

tW2. 31 pp.. I1 pb. 

TP$. Cknlw mtl p~mphy of Crater lake Hatiml Rrlr, h? J. R. Dtller and II. B. Rrtrm. 

IWC. 1 ri'F pp.. 19 pb. 

PP 10. Rcrc>nnrtmce lmm Port Runtin 14) Kokbue kmd, Alaska, by ruy d Mil. Kantrtl, Allen, 

nnrl Knrnk river*, b!' K. C. >lcndcnhnll. 1902. 6R pp.. 10 pls. 

PP I#. Ctayr 01 the Unil~l BhW nl thc NlmiBtppi River, by Ileinrich HIM 1IXIB. 298 pp., Q plu. 

PP 1% lirntw ul Ibrn Glnh- rnpprdlntrict, hrlmnn, by F. L Rnnsome. Im, 1M pp., 5 FIR. 

I'P 13. Pdnn~ morlfflcntlrmu Ira snrrhmd~rn (rhio and adJarvnl. partn 01 1VM I'lrRinla snd Kenl!Ivk~, by W. [:. TMhL IWA. I!\ ppa ti ph. 

B I~rlptlrv Recrlmy nl Nrunrla crtitl~ nl the iorttrth VmElrl antl m~ljacmt wnlm or Wffnrni~, hy .l. I.:. sprlrr. IWn T.ll pp.. R PIP. 

R 2m. clonlnw 01 A~illnr). Jlounmtn, Vcsm~mt. IIY R. A. ml~. I-. IP pp., 7 pla. 

\W 78, Wl[r~~lnary wpnrr. on erk-drn 1ucins In wurhw*tem Id~ho und snnEb~Mtem Or-, by 

1. 4' ILumll. 1m. bl pp.,? pis. 

pp In. Minnrnl rrnburceu nl tha Mount Wnn~ell dktrlct, Allilks, by W. C. Ment3enb.11 md F. C. 

Rctird~n~r, 1Wl. 71 pp.. 10 pla, 

PP I?. Prnlln~lr~nry report on tho gmrl~y nltd water rerourceo Of Nebtrskm wW of tha one bnntlred orld 1l)lrd mfrlrllan. hy N 31. I>artnn. 1W W pp.. pb. 

B 217. Notru on tho wlnny of lnitrhwmttm Idaho ~nfl snilthrw!Rm Ore(mn, by I. F. Mma1l. leOg 

m lip., In pr*. 

R 218. Thv orn fl~p~~ltr 01 Tnnophh, Srrnda (pwl5minary wpm), by J. R Spurn. 19nS. 81 pp., 1 pl. 

PP 213~ X recni~nr!wnnc In northern Alnrkr In 1W1, by P. C. Whdrr. 1IIIH. 13app.. 16 plu. 

1'P 21. Tho gonlwy nnfl urp Rrlmlvl fli ihc Rlrbcw qidmn~lc. Arima. IT Y. L UnlorDk 

\m ]up , '79 PI*. 

WB 80. at-olwyat~rl w&r rapurn d pr(, of the lower 3.m- Rlwr Vmllc?. Bollth hkam by J. K 

Tdrl nnrl 0. M. Hall. 1W. I7 pp., 21 pl* 

PP Tha mlpper dc@R or thr h.hfamprnent Rlslrlcr. Wgmolw, b~ A. C. 1PDI. 107 p, 

2 p1m. 

PP 2& Ecnttornlo remma of aorlhern UIwk ell1u. by J. b. Iwlq. dth chaptm by % F, lhmma 

~lnd T. A. Jw, Jr. IW. ZZ! pp.. 2a FIR 

PP W, Qeoloplml mnnn.kmrr wma than R!tt~tmd briar mnd the Wter Zaonnt*im in Montana md ldsl~cr. Iry Walrlrmar Llnd#r~r~ IW I= m.. IS plr. 

PF 81. Pn+llmlnagl wprt nn rllp amlm cur 4 he Arbwhklc an11 Wlrhilr mmWm In Indh Tedlor> rind OkSuhmn, Ivy J .4. TdR. w141t mn a~tpnrllx rm reprted om depadt* In Ihc lVlchlm 

3lo!inh$nm+ 1b> 15. P-. bin Ima. 97 pp . M plB S. .i ~wln~l~ul n~wnulmn(-r nr.m I he Ilw~lr RLII#W nur I~P hrty-nfnth pmllllrl, by G, 0. 

Prn~th UII~ T. c. rdkirti~ 1m4 Irn vp., 4 pr-. 

R S% The Pan tiplar p1.t.r.r rli-lrlct. Alrrka, by r. W. Keht IWU. SLI pp.. lopla 

Born. Ignm~? mrlual the lllrhmnl Mnunblrn ?-lonrenn. 1)). 1, 2'. Plmn. 19Y. DM pp.. 7 pln 

R ZR Fmnnrntc Rmltq\ nf Ihr Infa qu!rulrsrq?lr. kmnra\, hp Ci. I. Adam. Elamtna Ilawonh, rfl 

W. R r-hnrb. I-. Kt pp.. 1 p1 

PP82 Gruln~p and undrrRwlnd atcr nrrirrrn of the mtnl Gwnt Pldm. by N. H. Damrn. IBM. 

- j-p., 72 plm. 

R'8 Ma Cantrlbution* tn hplrdo(n 04 rmun tlrtlrd mfs 1%~: W. G. lalkr. ~lwr( In cbw. 

1% - pp., lcpla. 

B ZEL Qeolqn of he A11tk.m lrmIlef Mmn the Uoodc uhl tht KInderbook. by T. Keb hie. 

1m. fa pp.. 3 PI-. I 

PPM. The Dekvnr~ bbc ul the hkr MIt.lll*.n {;I.fIcr nf the Wlscm~ln rt.lpa alglnchrlcm and em 

fmtd phwwsrnPQk hy W. I.. hldm. 1m. 1% pp., 15 p1~. 

PP S, Geolw~ nI 1hc I**- Ruin h r*rutheulPm Matne. by C. 0. Rmlth md Darid Whim tw. 

10i pp.. 6 pla 

B W q'ment mrteridrd Lndudm d Ba United Bum. by E. G. Aehel. 1PoJ. - pp., 16 plu. 

B 246. Zinc and lead demduof norrhwrncrn fllirwh, hy A. fmr Bin. JW. 66 m., 6plm. 

BH7. The Fdrhsven mld pWn. Scrnnl hlnmtln, Aluhby F. El. MWt. 1906. Wpp., 14 pla. 

Chmpmdenca mbDald ba add- to 

TUE Ihnarroa, 

lrnm~n STAT^ GBOUMICAL Rmvm, 

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