J-A04041-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

JOHN DUGAN 

Appellant

v.

JOSEPH A. GRECO

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1924 EDA 2019

Appeal from the Order Entered June 6, 2019

In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Civil Division at No(s): 

2019-00302-DI

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STRASSBURGER, J.*, and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED MARCH 09, 2020

John Dugan appeals from the order (i) granting Joseph A. Greco’s

petition for declaratory relief that Greco and Dugan had not entered into a 

common law marriage prior to its abolition by the Pennsylvania legislature in 

20051 and (ii) dismissing Dugan’s complaint seeking a divorce from Greco. 

We affirm.

We adopt the trial court’s accurate description of the factual background 

of this case:

[Dugan] and [Greco] testified that they met online and had their 

first date May 16, 1998. They lived together from November 1998 

to March 2018. The relationship ended in June 2018. [Dugan] is 

currently a manager of a retail store. He previously worked at a 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 See 23 Pa.C.S. § 1103, as amended by Act of Nov. 23, 2004, P.L. 954, No. 

144.
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medical research facility. [Greco] is a medical doctor affiliated 

with a local hospital and medical system.

In August 1998, [Dugan] and [Greco] vacationed together in 

Cancun, Mexico. While shopping at a flea market, [Dugan]

purchased a silver ring for himself. [Greco] admired it and then 

bought himself a similar one the same day. Both rings have a 

braided design, but they are not identical. The parties wore the 

rings on their respective right hands. The evening after 

purchasing the rings, they had dinner and returned to their hotel 

room. Their respective recollections as to events that evening 

differ slightly, but they did not exchange rings nor discuss 

marriage. In fact, neither has any recollection of what they may 

have discussed. During that trip to Mexico they did not have a 

marriage or commitment ceremony, nor did they at any later time.

[Greco] testified the rings purchased in Mexico were not a symbol 

of a marriage. When he looked at his ring it was to remind him of 

[Dugan], not that they were married[.] (N.T.[,] 4/1/19, at 42). 

[Dugan] testified that his ring was a symbol of togetherness. “It 

was braided so we were intertwined.” ([Id.] at 71). He put the

ring on his right hand. “I remember saying we’ll put them on our 

right hand because we are not – we’re different, we are not 

recognized by this, you know, by the state or by law as, you know, 

same sex couples at that point. And, yes, we were not married, 

but we were different, and I said we’ll put it on that hand because 

we are different and that lets everybody know we are different.”

([Id.]).

In November of 1998, [Dugan] moved to [Greco’s] house in King 

of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Each year they celebrated their 

anniversary on May 16 – the date of their first meeting. [Dugan]

stated that the parties always celebrated the day they met, May 

16 “[b]ecause we weren’t married legally. I mean, I always felt 

like we were a couple, we were together, we were a partnership. 

Marriage is a certificate.” ([Id.] at 75). “Because we were not 

recognized and we were different. You know, we had a 

partnership. We had a commitment to each other. And we 

weren’t like a quote, unquote, heterosexual couple.” ([Id.] at 

76). 

In 1999, they purchased property in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. 

They hired an architect and built a house on the property (“2 Fox 

Run”), and moved in around 2000-2001[.] ([Id.] at 50). [Dugan]

testified that [Greco] paid for the house although he did contribute 
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to the cost with money from his 401k[.] ([Id.] at 85). [Dugan]

was not a co-borrower on the mortgage because he had bad 

credit.

[Greco] purchased vehicles for the couple. Both of their names 

are on the title for a Ford F-150. They also owned a Chevy. ([Id.]

at 108-110, Exhibits P-15, P-16). Both are listed on each other’s 

car insurance. [Greco] testified: “I’ve helped [Dugan] purchase 

a vehicle and my name had to be on it because he couldn’t afford 

it on his own. . . I continued to repeatedly help [Dugan] out 

financially because he needed help and I paid for the insurance.”

([Id.] at 46).

When the parties were together 15 years (2013), [Greco]

purchased rings for both of them from Tiffany & Company. The 

rings are inscribed with their initials and the date that they met 

(5/16) with the symbol for “infinity” engraved after the date. They 

wore the rings on their respective right hands.

In 2014, the parties purchased property for [Greco’s] parents 

located at 122 Potters Pond Drive, Phoenixville. On the deed, 

[Dugan] and [Greco], as grantees, took title in “tenancy with the 

right of survivorship[.]” ([Exhibit] D-1 ). [Greco] testified that 

“we combined the incomes.” ([Id.] at 20). Around this time, 

[Greco] acquired the house next to 2 Fox Run (“1 Fox Run”). The 

house had been owned by an elderly couple whom [Greco] (a 

physician) treated at their house until their deaths. ([Id.] at 123). 

[Greco] is the sole titled owner of 2 Fox Run and 1 Fox Run.

In 2015, [Dugan] experienced significant work-related stress. In 

addition he lost several of family members, most notably, his 

mother. After his mother’s death, [Dugan] helped to draft her 

obituary. In it, each of his sisters-in-law were identified as “wife 

of” the brother to whom she was married. [Greco] was named

after [Dugan], but no relationship was identified. (N.T., at 116).

[Greco] encouraged [Dugan] to quit his job at the research 

facility, which he did. When [Dugan] did not obtain COBRA health 

insurance, [Greco] designated [Dugan] as his domestic partner 

for health insurance with [Greco’s] employer. [Greco] testified 

that if the parties were married [which had become legal by that 

date], he would have produced a marriage certificate to designate 

[Dugan] as his spouse to receive the insurance benefits. Since 

they weren’t married, [Greco] had to show that they lived

together and were domestic partners. As part of the 

documentation needed to show their domestic partnership, 
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[Greco] added [Dugan’s] name to a savings account[.] ([Id.] at 

50, 111-112[; Exhibit] P-17). [Dugan] was on [Greco’s] health 

insurance from January 2016 to January 2019[.] ([Id.] at 114).

The parties did not participate in a commitment or marriage 

ceremony, either before or after the legalization of same-sex 

unions [in Pennsylvania]. [Greco] testified that he wanted to get 

married. He had several discussions with [Dugan] about getting 

married (before and after [legalization]), but [Dugan] did not want 

to be married[.] ([Id.] at 28-29). [Dugan] stated: “I didn’t feel

that we needed a certificate because we had been married – we 

had been living together as a married couple. We had been – you 

know, it was a partnership. We were committed. We were 

definitely on a rocky road, but I didn’t think that a certificate was 

going to help us in any way. . . So having a certificate of marriage, 

I didn’t see how it was going to fix it. Yes, it would have given us

more rights under the law, but how was that going to fix it?”

([Id.] at 120-121). When asked if [Greco] had ever said to him 

that they didn’t need to get married because they already were, 

[Greco] testified that [Dugan] never expressed such sentiments 

to him. “Man, if he had said that I would have had a whole 

different conversation and I would have been a – I mean – no he 

didn’t. . . .That seemed to be a logical thing you would say if you 

thought you didn’t need to be married because you were married, 

you’d say it at that time[.”] ([Id.] at 29).

The parties separated in June 2018[.]

Trial Court Opinion at 1-5 (footnote omitted)

Dugan filed the divorce complaint on January 9, 2019. On January 29, 

2019, Greco filed the petition for declaratory judgment. Hearings were 

conducted by the trial court on April 1 and 11, 2019. On June 6, 2019, the 

trial court filed an order granting Greco’s petition for declaratory relief and 
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dismissing Dugan’s divorce complaint along with a supporting opinion. Dugan 

filed a timely notice of appeal of the trial court’s order.

2

Dugan presents the following issues for our review:

1. Whether the trial court committed an error of law by applying 

a rigid application of the law and by failing to examine all evidence 

under the retrospective lens of the unconstitutional and hostile 

laws in effect at the time of Mr. Dugan and Dr. Greco’s marriage?

2. Whether the trial court committed an error of law by failing to 

find that John Dugan met the requirements for establishing a 

common law marriage prior to 2005 in Cancun, Mexico in August 

1998?

3. Whether the trial court erred by requiring direct testimony as 

to the precise words of the marriage contract, contrary to legal 

precedent and without giving proper weight to overwhelming 

evidence consistent with the honorable intentions of the parties?

a. Whether the Trial Court Erred by Applying an Arbitrary 

Standard and Requiring the Use of Words Such as “Spouse”

and “Husband” in Order to Establish “Reputation of

Marriage” in 1998 When Marriage was Illegal for Same-Sex

Couples?

b. Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider the 

circumstances of the unconstitutional laws existing at the

time of the creation of Mr. Dugan and Dr. Greco’s marriage

(1998) when examining and weighing the evidence of

cohabitation and reputation of marriage?

4. Whether the trial court committed an error of law by opining 

that Mr. Dugan and Dr. Greco’s identification as “domestic

partners” on a policy of insurance precluded their meeting the 

legal requirements of establishing a common law marriage?

____________________________________________

2 Dugan filed his statements of errors complained of on appeal on July 30, 

2019. On August 26, 2019, the trial court entered a statement in lieu of 

opinion, in which it indicated that it was relying on the reasons stated in its 

June 6, 2019 opinion.
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5. Whether the trial court committed an error of law by allowing 

testimony, over objection, of the parties failing to obtain a 

marriage certificate or engage in a marriage ceremony following 

the legalization of same sex marriage when the same standard 

would be inapplicable to heterosexual couples whom always had 

the opportunity to obtain a marriage certificate and/or participate 

in a marriage ceremony?

Dugan’s Brief at 4-8 (trial court answers and suggested answers omitted).

“The proper procedure for obtaining legal recognition of a common law 

marriage is the filing of a declaratory judgment action.” In re Estate of 

Carter, 159 A.3d 970, 974 (Pa. Super. 2017); see also 23 Pa.C.S. § 3306.3 

Our standard of review in a declaratory judgment action is 

limited to determining whether the trial court clearly abused its 

discretion or committed an error of law. If the trial court’s 

determination is supported by the record, we may not substitute 

our own judgment for that of the trial court. The application of 

the law, however, is always subject to our review.

Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 974 (citation omitted).

Dugan first argues that the trial court erred by applying the law in 

Pennsylvania relating to common law marriage to Dugan and Greco without 

taking into account that same-sex marriage was illegal for the large majority 

____________________________________________

3 Section 3306 of the Divorce Code provides that:

When the validity of a marriage is denied or doubted, either or both of 

the parties to the marriage may bring an action for a declaratory 

judgment seeking a declaration of the validity or invalidity of the 

marriage and, upon proof of the validity or invalidity of the marriage, 

the marriage shall be declared valid or invalid by decree of the court 

and, unless reversed upon appeal, the declaration shall be conclusive 

upon all persons concerned.

23 Pa.C.S. § 3306.
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of their relationship. Dugan states that he “is not asking for the law to apply 

differently to him,” but rather that the trial court should have, but failed to, 

“account for the inherent differences between heterosexual couples and samesex couples and acknowledge the legal hostility same-sex couples faced” prior 

to the legalization of same-sex marriage. Dugan’s Brief at 33. Thus, Dugan 

asserts that the trial court erred by requiring proof that the couple used terms 

like “husband,” “spouse,” and “marriage” when referring to their union or 

partnership, rather than the term they did employ, “forever partners.” Id. at 

32-33.

Pennsylvania has historically recognized two types of marriage,

ceremonial and common law. Staudenmayer v. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d 

1016, 1019 (Pa. 1998); Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 974. “A ceremonial 

marriage is a wedding or marriage performed by a religious or civil authority 

with the usual or customary ceremony or formalities.” Staudenmayer, 714 

A.2d at 1019. A common law marriage, by contrast, “can only be created by 

an exchange of words in the present tense, spoken with the specific purpose” 

of establishing a marital relationship. Id. at 1020; see also In re Estate of 

Tito, 150 A.3d 464, 468 (Pa. Super. 2016). In 2004, the General Assembly 

amended the Domestic Relations Code abolishing common law marriage, but 

the legislature provided that common law marriages lawfully entered into on 

or before January 1, 2005 would continue to be recognized. See 23 Pa.C.S. 

§ 1103; Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 974 & n.1.
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“Even before it was abolished in 2005, common law marriage was 

generally disfavored in Pennsylvania,” and a party alleging the existence of a 

common law marriage bears a “heavy” burden. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at

1020 (citation omitted); Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 978. There are two 

ways in which a party can prove the existence of a common law marriage. 

Generally, the party alleging the common law marriage must show by clear 

and convincing evidence that the couple came to an “express agreement” –

or verba in praesenti – “uttered with a view and for the purpose of 

establishing” the marital relationship. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020-21

(citation omitted). Pennsylvania law also provides for a rebuttable 

presumption of a common law marriage that may be raised where the 

proponent of the marriage demonstrates (i) constant cohabitation by the 

parties and (ii) a reputation of marriage “which is not partial or divided but is 

broad and general.” Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020-21 (citation omitted); 

see also Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 979. However, this rebuttable 

presumption is “is one of necessity to be applied only in cases . . . [where 

there is an] inability to present direct testimony regarding the exchange of

verba in praesenti.” Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1021 (citation omitted).

When Dugan and Greco began dating in 1998, Pennsylvania law did not 

recognize same-sex marriages. See generally Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d 

at 975-77 (describing history of Pennsylvania marriage laws as it pertains to 

same-sex couples). In fact, following the enactment of the federal Defense of 

Marriage Act in 1996, the General Assembly amended the Marriage Law that 
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same year to define marriage as a “civil contract by which one man and one 

woman take each other for husband and wife” and providing that “[a] 

marriage between persons of the same sex which was entered into in another 

state or foreign jurisdiction, even if valid where entered into, shall be void in”

Pennsylvania. 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 1102, 1704; see also Estate of Carter, 159 

A.3d at 975. In 2013, however, the United States Supreme Court’s decision 

in United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744 (2013), set off a “tectonic shift 

in the law regarding same-sex marriage.” Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 975 

(citation omitted). In Windsor, the High Court struck down the Defense of 

Marriage Act as violating “basic due process and equal protection principles 

applicable to the Federal Government” through the Fifth Amendment of the 

United States Constitution. 570 U.S. at 769. The following year, in 

Whitewood v. Wolf, 992 F.Supp.2d 410 (M.D. Pa. 2014), the United States 

District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania ruled that Pennsylvania’s 

restriction on marriage to opposite-sex partners was unconstitutional under 

the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. 

Id. at 421-31. The District Court held that “same-sex couples who seek to 

marry in Pennsylvania may do so, and already married same-sex couples will 

be recognized as such in the Commonwealth.” Id. at 431. Finally, in 2015, 

the U.S. Supreme Court issued Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S.Ct. 2584 

(2015), which struck down all state laws restricting marriage to opposite-sex 

partners as violative of the “fundament right to marry” embodied in the 

Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 2604-05.
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In Estate of Carter, this Court addressed for the first time after 

Obergefell the right of same-sex couple to form a common law marriage. In 

that case, two men, Michael Hunter and Stephen Carter, met in February 1996 

and ten months later, Hunter asked Carter to marry him and gave him a ring. 

159 A.3d at 972. Carter agreed, and two months later, Carter gave Hunter a 

ring. Id. The couple celebrated the date of the second ring exchange for the 

next 16 years until Carter’s sudden death in 2013. Id. at 972-73. Hunter 

filed an unopposed petition seeking a declaration of a common law marriage, 

which the trial court denied, reasoning that it was legally impossible for samesex couples to enter into a common law marriage before common law 

marriage was abolished by the legislature in 2005. Id. at 973. On appeal to 

this Court, we reversed. We observed that “Windsor, Whitewood, and 

Obergefell teach that same-sex couples have precisely the same capacity to 

enter marriage contracts as do opposite-sex couples, and a court today may 

not rely on the now-invalidated provisions of the Marriage Law to deny that 

constitutional reality.” Id. at 977. Thus, we held that “because opposite-sex 

couples in Pennsylvania are permitted to establish, through a declaratory 

judgment action, the existence of a common law marriage prior to January 1, 

2005, same-sex couples must have that same right.” Id. at 977-78 (internal 

citation omitted). 

We explained in Estate of Carter that the long-standing precedent 

establishes that a “common law marriage contract does not require any 

specific form of words” and that there is no requirement that there be direct 
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testimony of the “precise words of the marriage contract.” Id. at 979

(citations omitted); see also Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020. 

Furthermore, we noted that “context matters” in addressing the evidence that 

is required to prove that a common law marriage was formed. Estate of 

Carter, 159 A.3d at 980. However, while we noted the lack of formality in the 

creation of a common law marriages, we did not hold in Estate of Carter that 

a different standard or burden of proof applies to same-sex couples but 

instead that same-sex couples can enjoy the right to marry “on the same 

terms and conditions as opposite-sex couples.” Id. at 977 (quoting 

Obergefell, 135 S.Ct. at 2605). Rather, we explicitly rejected the argument 

“that same-sex couples should have a lesser burden in proving common law 

marriage than do opposite-sex couples.” Id. at 980 n.10 (emphasis in 

original). As we explained, “[t]he lesson of Windsor, Whitewood, and 

Obergefell, as applied in this context, is that same-sex couples not only have 

the same right to prove a common law marriage as do opposite-sex couples, 

but also the same burden of proof.” Id. 

Thus, same-sex couples have “precisely the same capacity” in 

Pennsylvania to enter into a common law marriage as opposite-sex couples. 

Id. at 977. In other words, they must prove that they formed a common law 

marriage on or before January 1, 2005, the date that the legislature abolished 

common law marriage for all Pennsylvanians, regardless of their sexual 

orientation. 23 Pa.C.S. § 1103; Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 974-75. 

Testimony is not required as to the precise words used, nor is there a 
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requirement that the putative married couple uttered specific words, such as 

“husband” or “spouse,” or a formal declaration of marriage. Staudenmayer, 

714 A.2d at 1020; Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 979. Moreover, “context 

matters” in common law marriage cases, and therefore a court may not 

discount that a party alleging that a same-sex common law marriage was 

formed on or before January 1, 2005 would not have had that right to have 

that union recognized as legal at that time. Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 

980. Nevertheless, we reject any insinuation that the recognition of the equal 

right among same-sex couples to marry as recognized in Windsor and 

Obergefell and extended by Estate of Carter to common law marriage in 

this state afforded any favored status under the law to same-sex partners 

asserting a common law marriage compared to their opposite-sex peers. 

Indeed, to afford same-sex couples with a preferred status with respect to 

common law marriages would enact the same equal protection violation that 

Windsor and Obergefell sought to address.

With this recitation of the legal landscape in mind, we turn to Dugan’s 

challenge to the merits of the trial court’s decision. Dugan first argues that 

the trial court erred by not finding that a common law marriage was 

established in August 1998 when Dugan and Greco each purchased braided 

silver rings for themselves and each subsequently wore their rings on their 

right hands. Dugan argues that the purchase of these rings established their 

present intent to form a union as a “forever partnership,” which continued 

over the next 20 years. Dugan’s Brief at 25. 
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In its opinion, the trial court found that there was no evidence of an 

exchange of words between Dugan and Greco expressing a present intent to 

form a common law marriage during their Cancun trip in August 1998 or at 

any other point prior to the abolition of common law marriage on January 1, 

2005. Trial Court Opinion at 7, 9-10, 13-14. As the trial court explained, 

neither Dugan nor Greco offered testimony that, after they purchased the 

rings, they had any discussion regarding a present intent to marry or the 

meaning of each wearing the rings. Id. at 7 (“[Dugan’s and Greco’s] 

testimony as to words of present intent was not contradictory; it was 

consistent in that it was non-existent.”). In the absence of evidence of a 

present intent to form a common law marriage prior to 2005, the trial court 

concluded that Dugan had not met the “heavy” burden of showing the 

existence of a common law marriage by clear and convincing evidence. Id.

at 9-10, 13-14 (citing Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020-21). 

Upon review, we conclude that there was substantial evidence to 

support the trial court’s conclusion that no words were exchanged regarding 

a present intent to marry, and, as such, there was no mutual consent to form 

such a union. Both Dugan and Greco testified as to their respective purchase 

of silver rings during their August 1998 vacation in Mexico and wearing those 

rings on their right hands as a symbol of their relationship. N.T., 4/1/19, at 

27-28, 42, 44, 65, 78. However, neither Dugan nor Greco testified regarding 

any conversation that occurred at the time regarding an intent to marry. 

Dugan testified that they each purchased their own rings, took a photograph 
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of their hands with the rings on, and listened to music at their hotel room that 

night, but he stated on several occasions that he did not recall discussing with 

Greco the meaning of the purchase of the rings. Id. at 64-71, 125, 129. 

Dugan testified that he told Greco that they would wear their rings on their 

right hands because they were “different” and it would symbolize that they 

could not legally form a union at that time, but he did not testify whether 

Greco responded in any way to these statements. Id. at 71. Greco testified 

that the pair did not put the rings on the other’s finger and they did not 

celebrate the purchase of the rings as a symbol of their marriage. Id. at 40-

42. 

Dugan further argues that the trial court erred by requiring testimony 

of specific words exchanged during their August 1998 vacation when their 

purchase of rings very clearly provides evidence of their formation of a marital 

relationship. As evidence that the couple formed a common law marriage 

during their August 1998 vacation by buying similar rings, Dugan cites to the 

testimony of a coworker and friend of Greco that after he returned from the 

Mexico trip she saw a ring on his hand and Greco told her “[w]e did it” and 

that they had “exchanged rings.” Id. at 135. The friend explained that she 

“figured” that Greco’s comment meant that “they had gotten married.” Id. at 

136. Dugan also notes his testimony regarding a conversation with Greco’s 

mother at Thanksgiving dinner in 1998 where she saw the couple’s rings, 

asked “does this mean what I think it does?,” and Greco responded “yes.” Id.

at 78, 80. 
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While it is true that no formal set of words must be exchanged between 

common law spouses and “the exchange of rings is [seen by courts as] 

particularly strong evidence of” the intent to marry, see Estate of Carter, 

159 A.3d at 979, 981, our Supreme Court has unambiguously held that a 

common law marriage “can only be created by an exchange of words in the 

present tense” expressing the intent to marry. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 

1020. Estate of Carter did not alter this requirement. Rather, as we 

explained in that case, “[t]he requirement of ‘words in the present tense’ is 

designed to ensure the existence of a present intent to marry, like the present 

intent established in a formal wedding ceremony, rather than a plan to marry 

in the future or a claim to have wed in the past.” Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d 

at 979. What is essential is “proof of an agreement to enter into the legal 

relationship of marriage at the present time” so long as each party to the 

marriage contract “so understood the relation into which they were about to 

enter, and their words, fairly interpreted, show that they then and there 

mutually consented to it.” Id. at 979-80 (citations and emphasis omitted); 

see also Estate of Tito, 150 A.3d at 469. 

As the trial court recognized, the record in this case is devoid of evidence 

regarding a conversation prior to January 1, 2005 where the parties 

exchanged words indicating a present intent to marry. Furthermore, while it 

is clear that Dugan and Greco attached significance to the wearing of their 

rings, this evidence falls short of showing that they had a present intent to 

marry in August 1998 and is equally consistent with a decision by Dugan and 
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Greco to be in an exclusive relationship or to be engaged to be married at 

some point in the future. Unlike in Estate of Carter, the couple did not 

“exchange” rings but rather each bought their own similar, but not identical, 

ring. Moreover, Dugan and Greco celebrated May 16th, their first date, as 

their anniversary in the following years, rather than the date of the purchase 

of the rings during their Mexico vacation. Compare Estate of Carter, 159 

A.3d at 972-73, 981 (holding that Carter’s proposal with a ring, Hunter’s 

completion of the ring exchange two months later, and the parties’ celebration 

of the date of the presentation of the second ring as their anniversary 

corroborated the testimony of an exchange of words showing a present intent 

to marry). Accordingly, the trial court properly ruled that Dugan did not meet 

his “heavy” burden of establishing an exchange of words establishing a 

present intent to marry on or before January 1, 2005. Staudenmayer, 714 

A.2d at 1020.

Dugan presents several additional arguments in this appeal related to 

the couple’s reputation for marriage and cohabitation. First, he argues that, 

because both parties to the putative marriage provided contradictory 

testimony, the court should have found that a common law marriage existed 

based upon their reputation for marriage and constant cohabitation during 

their 20-year relationship. Dugan also contends that, when the trial court 

addressed his argument that he and Greco had a reputation as a married 

couple, the court improperly cited to the facts that the couple did not use the

terms “husband” and “spouse” to refer to each other and that Greco named
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Dugan as his “domestic partner” rather than his “spouse” on a health 

insurance form in 2015. See Trial Court Opinion at 8, 10. Finally, Dugan 

contends that the trial court erred by allowing testimony at the hearing 

regarding whether Dugan and Greco considered entering into a ceremonial 

marriage after the legalization of same-sex marriage.

These arguments misapprehend the legal standard for establishing a 

common law marriage. As stated above, Pennsylvania law allows for a 

rebuttable presumption in favor of a common law marriage in cases where 

there is constant cohabitation by the parties and a reputation for marriage. 

Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1020-21 (citation omitted); see also Carter, 

159 A.3d at 979. However, that rebuttable presumption is only applicable 

where the parties to the putative marriage are unavailable to testify regarding 

the exchange of words expressing their present intent to marry.4 

Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1021; Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 980 n.9; 

Perrotti v. Meredith, 868 A.2d 1240, 1244-45 (Pa. Super. 2005). Thus, our 

Supreme Court has explained that 

if a putative spouse who is able to testify and fails to prove, by 

clear and convincing evidence, the establishment of the marriage 

contract through the exchange of verba in praesenti, then that 

party has not met its “heavy” burden to prove a common law 

____________________________________________

4 The rebuttable presumption most often applies in cases where one of the 

parties to the putative marriage is deceased and the other party seeks the 

surviving spouse’s share of the deceased’s estate, but the Dead Man’s Act, 42 

Pa.C.S. § 5930, prohibits the surviving party from testifying regarding the 

agreement to marry. Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1021.
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marriage, since he or she does not enjoy any presumption based 

on evidence of constant cohabitation and reputation of marriage.

Staudenmayer, 714 A.2d at 1021.

In the present case, both Dugan and Greco are living and each offered 

testimony on the issue of whether they exchanged words in the present tense 

expressing an intent to marry prior to January 1, 2005. Therefore, the 

evidence Dugan offered to show that the couple cohabitated and had a 

reputation of marriage throughout their 20-year relationship cannot satisfy his 

burden of proof to establish a common law marriage. Staudenmayer, 714 

A.2d at 1021; Estate of Carter, 159 A.3d at 980 n.9 (where surviving spouse 

testifies regarding the exchange of words, the rebuttable presumption is 

inapplicable); Perrotti, 868 A.2d at 1244 (where both parties to putative 

common law marriage testify yet neither party asserts that an exchange of 

words occurred, the proponent of the marriage could not “rehabilitate her 

failure to prove verba in praesenti, no matter how weighty or compelling that 

evidence” may have been (citation omitted)).

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion or commit an 

error of law in determining that Dugan and Greco did not form a common law 

marriage on or before January 1, 2005. As such, Dugan is entitled to no relief 

on appeal. 

Order affirmed. 

Judge Strassburger files a concurring memorandum. 

 Judge Colins joins the concurring memorandum.
J-A04041-20

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/9/2020