Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial, Cambridge, England

unfortunately had all too often been
found to be poorly designed, poorly
constructed and ‘lacking provision
for maintenance) was expressly for-
bidden by the military services. The
permanent graphic record takes the
‘orm of military maps, usually large
murals, amplified by descriptive
texts in English as well as in the lan-
guage of the country in which the
cemetery is located. The historical
data for these maps were prepared
by the American Battle Monuments
Commission, The maps themselves
were rendered by experienced art-
ists in tasteful presentation using
various media: layered marbles,
fresco, bronze relief, mosaic con-
crete or ceramics. Another feature of
interest at each memorial is the two
sets of “key-maps”: “The War
Against Germany” and “The War
Against Japan.” Each set consists of
three maps, each covering about
one-third of the period of our par-
ticipation in the war. By these key-

26

maps any major battle may be re-
lated to the others in time and space.

With each architect, an American
landscape architect, an American
sculptor and an American muralist
or painter usually collaborated.
Their combined talents produced
the beauty and dignity of the memo-
rials, all of which are dedicated to
the memory of the achievements of
those who ‘served and of the sacri-
fices of those who died. The con-
struction of the cemeteries and me-
morials and the execution of most of
the works of art, were performed by
local contractors and artists under the
supervision of the Commission.

At each cemetery there is a visitors’
building or room, with comfortable
furnishings. Here visitors may learn
the rave locations (or inscriptions of
the Missing) at any of the overseas
cemeteries.

Each grave in the overseas ceme-
teries is marked by a headstone of
white marble — a Star of David for

Brittany American Cemetery,

those of Jewish faith, a Latin cross
for others. Each headstone bears the
deceased’s name, rank, service, or-
ganization, date of death and state
or territory from which he entered
the military service.

In the World War I cemeteries,
headstones of the Unknowns, i.e.,
those remains which could not be
identified, bear the inscription:

HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN
AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO
GOD.

In the World War II cemeteries, the
inscription reads:

HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY A COM-
RADE IN ARMS KNOWN BUT TO GOD.

Tablets of the Missing (which also
include the names of those whose
remains could not be identified and
those lost or buried at sea) give name,
rank, organization and state; the cir-
cumstances under which death
occurred often precluded the possibil-
ity of determining the exact date.

St. James, Manche, France

These cemeteries are open every
day of the year. Photography is
permitted without special authori-
zation, except when it is to be used
for commercial purposes — in such
cases, permission must be obtained
from the Commission.

Unlike National cemeteries under
jurisdiction of the Department of Vet-
erans’ Affairs, there can be no fur-
ther burials in the American military
cemeteries overseas except of those
remains which may, in the future, be
found on the battlefields. Essentially
these graves with their memorials
constitute inviolable shrines.

In addition to the eight World War I
cemeteries, the fourteen World War II
cemeteries, eleven World War I
monuments and two tablets, and
the two World War II markers (Casa-
blanca, Morocco and Papua, New
Guinea), the American Battle Monu-
ments Commission’s program of
commemoration includes the follow-

ing:

27


2
3
—
3
3
s
3
=
=
8
3
8
&
—
2
=
a

Throughout the next month and a
half, the stronger enemy air and
ground forces hammered away at the
Allies in central and southern
Tunisia. To reduce the effects of these
attacks, U.S. units were dispersed
throughout their area as were units
of the French XIX Corps to the north.

Meanwhile, by early February the
Afrika Korps had retreated across
Libya and reached the Mareth Line, a
series of old French fortifications in
southern Tunisia. There it began to
prepare a defense against the
approaching British Eighth Army,
whose pursuit had been slowed by
major logistical problems.

Before the British Eighth Army ar-
rived in strength, the German Fifth
Panzer Army and the Afrika Korps
launched a heavy armored assault
against the widely-dispersed U.S. II
Corps. In a series of sharp actions,
the enemy forced a withdrawal,
broke through the mountains near
the Kasserine Pass into the valley
beyond and achieved spectacular
success. They were not halted until
22 February when combined Ameri-
can and British armored and infantry
units and the U.S. 9th Division Artil-
lery, which had been rushed to the

scene from as far away as Oran,
arrived in the nick of time to stem the
assault.

Two more enemy attacks were re-
pulsed, one in the north, the other
against the British Eighth Army, of
which only a few of its units had
arrived. From that point onward, the
initiative passed to the Allies. As the
reorganized U.S. II Corps threatened
the Mareth Line from the flank and
rear, the British Eighth Army
attacked frontally. Success was
achieved when New Zealand and
British troops outflanked the Afrika
Korps’ position and drove north-
ward. During the same March
period, the Allies gained control of
the air. By mid-April, the enemy had
been driven northward and was con-
fined to a small area in northeast
Tunisia consisting of Bizerte, Tunis
and the Cape Bon Peninsula.

In preparation for the final Allied
attacks, the U.S. II Corps was moved
north opposite Bizerte. The British
First Army’s main effort was to be
made in the center by the British 5
and 9 Corps, the latter corps having
been organized when reinforce-
ments were transferred from the Brit-
ish Eighth Army. On 19 April, the

Entrance to the Memorial


THE AMERICAN
BATTLE MONUMENTS
COMMISSION

ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS MARCH 1923

HERE. RESTS IN HONORED GLORY
A COMRADE IN ARMS
KNOWN BUT TO GOD

UNITED STATES OFFICE MEDITERRANEAN OFFICE

American Battle Monuments Commission Street Address:
Court House Plaza II Via V. Veneto, 119/A
Suite 500 00187 Rome, Italy
2300 Clarendon Boulevard Mailing Address:
Arlington, VA 22201 American Battle Monuments Commission
Telephone: (703) 696-6897 American Embassy
(703) 696-6896 PSC 59, Box 11
FAX: (703) 696-6666 APO AE 09624
Telephone: (011-39) 06-4824-157
06-4890-3685 (from U.S.)
06-4824-154 (within Italy)
FAX: (011-39) 6-487-1624

EUROPEAN OFFICE PHILIPPINE OFFICE

| Street Address: Street Address:
68, rue du 19 Janvier Manila American Cemetery
92380 - Garches, France and Memorial
{ Mailing Address: McKinley Road, Global City
American Battle Monuments Commission _ Taguig, Philippines
American Embassy - Paris Mailing Address:
PSC 116 Manila American Cemetery
APO AE 09777 PSC 513, Box 5
Telephone: (011-33) 1-4701-1976 (from U.S. FPO AP 96515-1800
and other countries) Telephone: (011-632) 844-0212 (from U.S.)
33-0-1-4701-1976 (within France) 844-0212 (from Metro-Manila)
FAX: (011-33)1-4741-1979 FAX: (011-632) 812-4717

Decorated Gravesite of a World War II “Unknown”

34 35


18

— 9

“Honor” at the Tablets of the Missing

ETERNAL LIFE AND THEY SHALL NEVER
PERISH. ¥3%x The wall behind the
altar is of polished Rosso Porfirico
marble from near Udine in north-
eastern Italy.

Facing the door, on the wing wall
projecting from the right, is the
sculpture SACRIFICE carved in Italian
Bianco Caldo stone, designed by
Henry Kreis and executed by Pietro
Bibolotti. Below and to its left is this
inscription from Shelley's ode
“Adonais”: “HE HAS OUTSOARED THE
SHADOW OF OUR NIGHT.”

To the left of the altar are the
United States national flag and Chris-
tian and Jewish chapel flags. Project-
ing from the east wall above the pews
are the flags of combat arms, viz.:
Infantry, Field Artillery, Navy Infan-
try Battalion, Air Corps and Armor.
Beneath the flags is this prayer:
ALMIGHTY GOD, RECEIVE THESE THY
HEROIC SERVANTS INTO THY KINGDOM.

The ceiling is of Moroccan cedar;
the pews and prie-dieu are of wal-
nut. Three flower boxes of teakwood,

with bronze appurtenances, are
located under the west windows of
the chapel.

North of the chapel, down a flight
of steps from the cloister, is the
memorial garden with its pool; the
plants include latana, poinciana,
pink geraniums and a Jerusalem
thorn tree (Parkinsonia aculeata).
Beyond is the graves area.

THE GRAVES AREA

The 2,833 headstones in the rectan-
gular graves area are divided into
nine plots designated A toI. They are
arranged in rectangular lines harmo-
nizing with the rectangular composi-
tion of the cemetery and memorial.
The 2,841 burials in the cemetery
include 240 Unknowns.

These Dead who gave their lives in
their Country’s service came from all
of the States except Hawaii and from
the District of Columbia; a few came
from foreign countries. Among the
headstones is one which marks the

Dia?
Roman Mosaic donated by President Bourguiba

19


12

Map — American and Allied Forces in North Africa

1942-1943

Map — Military Operations in Southern Tunisia

mall. At the head of the steps leading
to the mall, and at the right (north) is
the Visitors’ Building, built of
Roman travertine marble imported
from Italy; west of it is the flagpole.

On the south side of the mall are
the Tablets of the Missing; at its far
(west) end is the memorial chapel.
North of the mall is the graves area
which it overlooks. South of the
highway is an additional area used
for service purposes.

THE TABLETS OF THE MISSING

The Tablets of the Missing consist of a
wall 364 feet long, of local Nahli lime-
stone, with local Gathouna limestone
copings. Built into it are panels of
Trani limestone imported from Italy
on which are inscribed the names and
particulars of 3,724 of the Missing:

United States Army and

Army Air Forces!..
United States Navy ..
United States Coast Guard . 14

These men gave their lives in the ser-
vice of their Country; but their
remains either were not identified or
they were lost or buried at sea in the
waters surrounding the African con-
tinent. They include men from all of
the States except Hawaii and from
the District of Columbia.

Without confirmed information to
the contrary, a War Department Ad-
ministrative Review Board estab-
lished the official date of death of
those commemorated on the Tablets
of the Missing as one year and a day
from the date on which the individ-

1 It will be recalled that during World War II
the Air Forces still formed part of the United
States Army.

13


British Eighth Army began to attack
in the south, but made little gain at
great cost. Three days later the British
First Army’s main attack was
launched and was met by a vigorous
defense. In the center, very little
progress was being made. However,
the U.S. II Corps in the north and the
French XIX Corps further south were
making substantial gains.

At this time two additional divi-
sions were transferred from the Brit-
ish Eighth Army to strengthen the
First Army’s British 5 and 9 Corps.
Utilizing the reinforcements, the
attack resumed on 4 May, preceded
by a devastating air bombardment.
Little could be done to counter the
bombardment as the enemy had
withdrawn almost all its aircraft to
Sicily. The U.S. II Corps captured
Bizerte on 7 May and the British 5
and 9 Corps drove down to the Med-
jerda River to capture Tunis that
same day. On 9 May, the enemy in
the U.S. II Corps area capitulated. By

13 May 1943, over one quarter of a
million Axis troops had been taken
prisoner.

THE SITE

The cemetery site covers 27 acres of
the plateau lying between the Medi-
terranean and the Bay of Tunis, both
of which are a mile or so distant. It is
located near the site of the ancient
Carthaginian city destroyed by the
Romans in 146 B.C. and lies over part
of the site of Roman Carthage. Some
200 yards to the east are remnants of
Roman houses and streets — the
entire region thereabouts contains
vestiges of the Roman city as well as
some remains of the Carthaginian
era.

After the end of World War II a
survey made jointly by representa-
tives of the Secretary of War and the
American Battle Monuments Com-
mission revealed that all of the sites
of the temporary cemeteries estab-

a Ex E 3

Cloister with Stone of Remembrance

10

Fountain at Oasis in Graves Area

GENERAL LAYOUT

lished in North Africa during the war
had major disadvantages. The pres-
ent site was established in 1948. It
lies in the sector of the British First
Army which liberated the Tunis area
in May 1943. Construction of the
cemetery and memorial was com-
pleted in 1960.

Here rest 2,841 of our Military
Dead, representing 39 percent of the
burials which were originally made
in North Africa and in Iran. A high
proportion of these gave their lives in
the landings in, and occupation of,
Morocco and Algeria and in subse-
quent fighting which culminated in
the liberation of Tunisia. Others died
as a result of accident or sickness in
these and other parts of North Africa,
or while serving in the Persian Gulf
Command in Iran.

ARCHITECTS

Architects for the cemetery and
memorial were Moore and Hutchins
of New York City, New York. The
landscape architect was Bryan J.
Lynch also of New York.

The main entrance from the eucalyp-
tus-bordered highway is at the
southeast corner of the cemetery. To
the right of the entrance is one of the
superintendents’ houses; beyond is
the oval forecourt. Beneath the green
plot in the center of the forecourt is
the reservoir which stores the water
for the cemetery needs, as well as the
pumps which operate the high pres-
sure sprinkling system. All of the
water comes from the municipal
supply for which the storage area is
located some miles to the south of the
city of Tunis. Down the hill and
beyond the forecourt is the utilities
area.

In the forecourt are rows of euca-
lyptus and ornamental India laurel
fig (Ficus nitida) trees; the beds in-
clude Pittosporum tobira, scarlet
hibiscus, Lantana camara, English
ivy, Cassia floribunda, orangeberry
pittosporum and other shrubs and
vines.

Extending to the left (west) of the
forecourt and parking area is the

11


2007

Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial, Seine, France


and French, of which this is the Eng-
lish version:

ON 8 NOVEMBER 1942, IN A MAJOR
OPERATION COVERED BY NAVAL GUN-
FIRE AND AIRCRAFT, UNITED STATES
AND BRITISH TROOPS WERE LANDED
SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THREE WIDELY
SEPARATED AREAS ON THE SHORES OF
NORTH AFRICA. THE AMERICAN WEST-
ERN NAVAL TASK FORCE, SAILING FROM
THE UNITED STATES, LANDED AMERI-
CAN TROOPS AT FEDALA, MEHDIA AND
SAFI FOR THE ASSAULT ON CASA-
BLANCA. OTHER AMERICAN UNITS ES-
CORTED FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM BY
THE BRITISH CENTER NAVAL TASK FORCE
WENT ASHORE NEAR ORAN AND IN TWO
DAYS OCCUPIED THAT CITY. SHIPS OF
THE BRITISH EASTERN NAVAL TASK
FORCE, COMING ALSO FROM THE BRIT-
ISH ISLES, LANDED UNITED STATES AND
BRITISH TROOPS NEAR ALGIERS WHICH
WAS OCCUPIED THAT DAY. FOLLOWING
THE LANDINGS, THE ALLIED NAVAL
FORCES KEPT THE SEA LANES OPEN FOR
AN UNINTERRUPTED FLOW OF SUPPLIES
AND ALSO PROVIDED FIRE SUPPORT TO
THE TROOPS ASHORE. ON 11 NOVEMBER
AN ARMISTICE PROCLAMATION ENDED
VICHY FRENCH RESISTANCE THROUGH-
OUT ALGERIA AND MOROCCO.

THE ALLIED FORCES THEN TURNED
EASTWARD TOWARD TUNISIA INTO
WHICH AXIS TROOPS WERE STEADILY
STREAMING. MOVING RAPIDLY, AMERI-
CAN AND BRITISH UNITS ADVANCED
ACROSS THE FRONTIER TOWARD TUNIS.
STRONG RESISTANCE, COUPLED WITH
UNFAVORABLE WEATHER AND DIF-
HICULT SUPPLY CONDITIONS, CHECKED
THIS ADVANCE JUST 16 MILES FROM ITS
GOAL, DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF DE-
CEMBER A COUNTEROFFENSIVE IN THE
TEBOURBA-CHOUIGUI AREA PUSHED
BACK THE ALLIED LINE BETWEEN JEFNA
AND MEDJEZ EL BAB.

IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE LANDINGS,
ALLIED AIR UNITS HAD OCCUPIED EXIST-
ING NORTH AFRICA BASES AND HAD
AIDED THE EASTWARD ADVANCE, BUT
LACK OF SUITABLE FORWARD AIRFIELDS

16

AND SHORTAGES OF PERSONNEL AND
AIRCRAFT HAMPERED THEIR OPERA-
TIONS.

DURING DECEMBER AND JANUARY
AXIS FORCES, WHICH HAD BEEN
STRONGLY REINFORCED BY SEA AND
AIR, WERE AGGRESSIVE IN CENTRAL AND
SOUTHERN TUNISIA. IN MID-FEBRUARY
THEY LAUNCHED A PINCERS ATTACK
AIMED AT EL KEF WHICH PENETRATED
UNITED STATES II CORPS POSITION,
PUSHED THROUGH A PASS NORTHWEST
OF KASSERINE BUT WAS HALTED ON 22
FEBRUARY BEFORE THALA. ONE MONTH
LATER THE BRITISH EIGHTH ARMY
TURNED THE WESTERN FLANK OF THE
MARETH LINE AND DROVE THE ENEMY
NORTHWARD TO ENFIDAVILLE. THE
FRENCH XIX CORPS HELD FAST IN ITS
MOUNTAIN POSITIONS NEAR MAKTAR.

BY MARCH 1943 THE ALLIES HAD
GAINED CONTROL OF THE SKIES OVER
AFRICA. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN OPENED
IN NORTHWEST TUNISIA ON 22 APRIL
1943. THE UNITED STATES Il CORPS, NOW
ON THE ALLIED LEFT FLANK, PUSHED
EASTWARD, REDUCING SUCCESSIVE
DEFENSIVE POSITIONS IN DIFFICULT
HILLY TERRAIN, LIBERATING MATEUR,
FERRYVILLE AND BIZERTE. MEANWHILE
THE BRITISH 5 AND 9 CORPS WERE EN-
GAGED IN A DETERMINED ASSAULT
DOWN THE MEDJERDA RIVER WHICH
CULMINATED IN FREEING THE CITY OF
TUNIS. IN THE II CORPS AREA THE ENEMY
CAPITULATED ON 9 MAY. BY 13 MAY,
DENIED ESCAPE BY ALLIED MASTERY OF
THE SEA AND AIR, ONE QUARTER OF A
MILLION AXIS TROOPS THEN REMAINING
IN TUNISIA BECAME PRISONERS OF WAR.

On this wall also are the two series
of key maps — “The War Against
Germany” and “The War Against
Japan.”

As indicated by the texts, the map
on the east wall records in greater
detail the operations in central and
southern Tunisia, while the one on
the opposite (west) wall covers the
final stages in northern Tunisia.

The map on the west pylon por-
trays most of Africa, the Mediterra-
nean and the Middle East. It records
the air ferry routes across Africa as
well as the operations of the Persian
Gulf Command.

The descriptive text for this map,
also in English, French and Arabic, is
on the face of the corresponding east
pylon. The English text follows:

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, WHILE
CONTRIBUTING ITS LAND, SEA, AND AIR
FORCES TO THE PROSECUTION OF
WORLD WAR II, ALSO AIDED ITS MANY
ALLIES BY FURNISHING MILITARY
EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES. ITEMS OF
ALL KINDS WERE CARRIED BY VAST
FLEETS OF STEAMSHIPS TO EVERY AVAIL-
ABLE PORT. IN THIS EFFORT ALSO AIR-
(CRAFT WERE FERRIED FROM THE UNITED
STATES ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
AND CENTRAL AFRICA TO CAIRO,
KARACHI AND BASRA.

THROUGH THE PERSIAN GULF COM-
MAND AREA, THE UNITED STATES DE-

LIVERED, FROM 1942 TO 1945, NEARLY
44/2 MILLION TONS OF SUPPLIES TO THE
U.S.S.R. THESE INCLUDED 4,874 AIR-
CRAFT OF WHICH 995 WERE FLOWN IN;
OVER 160,000 TANKS, ARMORED CARS
AND TRUCKS; 140,000 TONS OF GUNS,
AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES; 550,000
TONS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS;
950,000 TONS OF FOOD; AND 1,000,000
TONS OF METAL AND METAL PRODUCTS.
THE UNITED STATES ALSO FURNISHED
TO THE U.S.S.R., THROUGH OTHER
PORTS, MORE THAN 13 MILLION TONS OF
ADDITIONAL SUPPLIES.

THE CHAPEL

The bronze doors and the windows
of the chapel were fabricated by the
Morris Singer Company of London,
England. At the far end of the chapel,
which is lighted by the tall window
on the right and a row of lower win-
dows on the left is the altar of white
Carrara marble, with this inscription
from St. John X:28: I GIVE UNTO THEM

Oasis with Cemetery and Memorial in Background

17


North Africa American Cemetery
and Memorial

+41

The American Battle Monuments Commission


NORMANDY

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After World War I, the American

ese burial
Battle Monuments Commission

and cooperating with American citi-

COLMA

sites; controlling as to design and
materials, providing regulations for
and supervising erection of all mon-
uments, memorials, buildings and
other structures in permanent
United States cemetery memorials
on foreign soil; and controlling the
design of U.S. private monuments

22

zens, states, municipalities, or asso-
ciations desiring to erect war memo-
rials outside the continental limits of
the United States. It is not responsi-
ble for construction, maintenance or
operation of cemeteries in the con-
tinental United States or its terri-
tories and possessions.

erected a memorial chapel in each of
the eight military cemeteries over-
seas already established by the War
Department, as well as twelve
monuments and two bronze tablets
on the battlefields and elsewhere, to
record the achievements of our

@ WORLD Wan n CEMETERIES
fH WORLD wan | CEMETERIES
3M WORLD WAR | MONUMENTS
3 WORLD WAR II MONUMENTS

inde 2.
SWITZERLAND

gantry ay
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Armed Forces. In 1934, the World
War I overseas cemeteries were
transferred to the Commission by Ex-
ecutive Order.

The names and locations of these
World War I cemetery memorials,
the number of burials and the
number of missing recorded at their
memorials are:

23


Interior of Visitors’ Building

tomb of seven Americans whose
identity is unknown; also two adja-
cent headstones mark the graves of
four men whose names are known
but whose remains could not be
separately identified; a bronze tablet
between these graves records their
names. Also in this cemetery, in
four instances, two brothers are
buried side by side.

In the burial area are four foun-
tains and pools of Roman travertine,
which with their surrounding vege-
tation of rosemary, oleander, and
pink geraniums form small and wel-
come oases in this frequently hot
climate.

The paths are lined either by India
laurel fig (Ficus nitida) or California
pepper trees (Schinus molle). The
border massifs contain a wide
variety of trees and shrubs in which
oleanders and hibiscus are pre-
dominant.

VISITORS’ BUILDING

On the west facade of the Visitors’
Building is this inscription taken
from General Eisenhower's dedica-
tion of the Golden Book now en-
shrined in St. Paul’s Cathedral in
London:

20

HERE WE AND ALL WHO SHALL HERE-
AFTER LIVE IN FREEDOM WILL BE RE-
MINDED THAT TO THESE MEN AND THEIR
COMRADES WE OWE A DEBT TO BE PAID
WITH GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF
THEIR SACRIFICE AND WITH THE HIGH
RESOLVE THAT THE CAUSE FOR WHICH
THEY DIED SHALL LIVE.

Within the Visitors’ Building is a
Roman mosaic discovered in the
region and donated in 1959 by Presi-
dent Bourguiba of Tunisia to Am-
bassador G. Lewis Jones, who in turn
presented it to the cemetery.

PLANTINGS

The grass in the cemetery is kikuyu
(Pennisetum clandestinum). It can sus-
tain the heat of this region with min-
imum water.

The entire graves and memorial
areas are surrounded beyond the
inner walls by massifs of trees and
shrubbery in which these predomi-
nate: pyramidal cypress (C. pyrami-
dalis), aleppo pine (P. halepensis),
eucalyptus (E. gomocephala), casso-
wary (Casuarina tenuissima), Moreton
Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla), golden-
wattle acacia (Acacia pycnantha), as
well as weaver’s broom (Spartium
junceum) and some 3,000 oleanders.

St. Mihiel American Cemetery, Thiaucourt, France

AMERICAN MEMORIALS
and
OVERSEAS MILITARY
CEMETERIES

The AMERICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS
CoMMISSION was created by act of
Congress in March 1923 to erect and
maintain memorials in the United
States and foreign countries where
the United States Armed Forces have
served since 6 April 1917, and to con-
trol as to design and provide regula-
tions for the erection of monuments,

markers and memorials in foreign
countries by other United States citi-
zens and organizations, public or
private. It was later given responsi-

ility for establishing or taking over
from the Armed Forces permanent
burial grounds in foreign countries
and designing, constructing, operat-
ing and maintaining permanent

21


ual was placed in Missing in Action
status.

At each end of the Tablets is this

inscription:
HERE ARE RECORDED THE NAMES OF
AMERICANS WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN
THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY AND
WHO SLEEP IN UNKNOWN GRAVES
1941-45 x INTO THY HANDS O LORD.

Near the foot of the steps leading
down from the forecourt is a pool and
figure of HONOR about to bestow a
laurel branch upon those who gave
their lives. The figure’s pedestal
bears this inscription:

HONOR TO THEM THAT TROD THE PATH
OF HONOR.

Along the wall are two other sculp-
tured figures: MEMORY and RECOL-
LECTION, the latter holding a book
with the inscription PRO PATRIA.
Between these figures are oak leaf

14

Map — Military Operations in Northern Tunisia

‘-

wreaths within which are engraved
the names of battles on land, sea and
in the air, in which the American
forces participated: ORAN, CASA-
BLANCA, ALGIERS, KASSERINE, EL
GUETTAR, SIDI NSIR, BIZERTE, SICILY,
PLOESTI. All of this sculpture is of
Bianco Caldo stone from near Foggia,
Italy; it was designed by Henry Kreis
of Essex, Connecticut, and executed
by Pietro Bibolotti, Pietrasanta, Italy.

Planted in front of the Tablets of
the Missing are rows of India laurel
fig trees (Ficus nitida) in beds of Eng-
lish ivy. On the north side of the ter-
race are rows of holly oaks (Quercus
ilex) and potted pink geraniums
adjacent to beds of ivy.

THE MEMORIAL

The memorial consists of the Court of
Honor and the chapel. The Court of

Map — Air Transport and Supplies to Russia

Honor is in the form of a cloister.
Within it is a large rectangular stone
of remembrance of black Diorite
d’Anzola quarried in northwest Italy;
this inscription, adapted from Eccle-
siasticus XLIV, is worked into the
design of the mosaic panel surround-
ing the base:

SOME THERE BE WHICH HAVE NO SEPUL-
CHRE. THEIR NAME LIVETH FOR EVER-
MORE.

The rectangular pylons of the
cloister are of San Gottardo limestone
from the vicinity of Vicenza in Italy;
the main part of the structure of the
memorial is faced with Roman trav-
ertine. The pavement is of Sienite
della Balma granite from northwest
Italy. In the southwest corner is a
Russian olive tree (Elaeagnus angusti-
folia). On the west wall of the cloister
facing the mall is this inscription,

with translations in French and
Arabic:
1941-1945

IN PROUD REMEMBRANCE OF THE
ACHIEVEMENTS OF HER SONS AND IN
HUMBLE TRIBUTE TO THEIR SACRIFICES
THIS MEMORIAL HAS BEEN ERECTED BY
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

At the south end of the cloister are
the maps. These are of ceramic, de-
signed and fabricated by Paul D.
Holleman of Roxbury, Massachu-
setts, from information supplied by
the American Battle Monuments
Commission.

The large map on the end (south)
wall records the military operations
of the American forces and those of
the Allies in Morocco, Algeria and
Tunisia from the initial “Torch”
landings on 8 November 1942 to the
Axis surrender on 13 May 1943. The
descriptive text is in English, Arabic

15


“Memory” at the Tablets of the Missing

U.S. naval forces neutralized the
shore batteries and sank several
French warships. By 1500 hours,
Fedala had fallen. The U.S. 3d Divi-
sion then closed on Casablanca
where it met strong resistance, until
on 11 November upon orders from
Algiers, the French surrendered.

Further to the south, the 47th
Regimental Combat Team of the U.S.
9th Infantry Division and the Com-
bat Command B of the U.S. 2d
Armored Division established a
bridgehead at Safi, against heavy
ground and air resistance. When
U.S. carrier planes joined the attack,
Combat Command B drove north-
ward toward Casablanca, halting
only when it was informed that re-
sistance had ceased. To the north, the
60th Regimental Combat Team of the
U.S. 9th Division captured the Port
Lyautey airfield late on 10 Novem-
ber, with the support of naval and
armored units.

When the British Center and East-
ern Naval Task Forces coming from

the United Kingdom passed through
the Straits of Gibraltar, their pres-
ence was immediately reported to
the enemy by spies. As the British
Eighth Army had won a great victory
at El Alamein just a few days before
and now was pursuing the Afrika
Korps westward toward Libya and
Tunisia, the enemy assumed falsely
that the task forces were en route to
block the retreat of the Afrika Korps.

Although the war and troop ships
of the British Center Naval Task
Force were British, the assault troops
at Oran, as in French Morocco, were
entirely American. Landing on both
sides of the city, the U.S. 1st Infantry
Division, elements of the U.S. 1st
Armored Division and a battalion of
Rangers met only sporadic resistance
as they came ashore. Quickly, the
infantry advanced toward the city
while the armored units seized the
airfields, where a U.S. parachute
battalion had previously been
dropped nearby. The French capitu-
lated at 1230 hours on 10 November.

The landing at Algiers from the
ships of the British Eastern Naval
Task Force encountered the least re-
sistance. Debarking on both sides of
the city, the force consisted of the
U.S. 34th Infantry Division, the 39th
Regimental Combat Team of the U.S.
9th Infantry Division, British Com-
mandos and elements of the British
78 Infantry Division. Opposition
ended that same day, as orders from
Algiers were issued to cease all hos-
tilities in North Africa.

Meanwhile, the race for Tunisia
had begun. Anticipating that the
Allies next would move into Tunisia
to seize the Tunis—Bizerte area, the
enemy began moving troops as rap-
idly as possible into northern Tunisia
by sea and air, even though fighting
was still in progress at Oran and in
French Morocco. The following day,
the floating reserve of the British
Eastern Naval Task Force, a brigade
group of the British 78 Division, was
dispatched eastward to the port of
Bougie, in the first step of the Allied
advance toward Tunisia. That eve-
ning, German and Italian forces
moved into southern France as Italy
prepared to seize Corsica.

At this stage of the war, it was clear
to almost all Frenchmen that the
future of France depended upon
whether or not it joined with the
Allies. Among the first to take this
action was the French army com-
mander in Tunisia. Although his
forces were greatly outnumbered by
the enemy, he slowly withdrew them
into the mountains to establish con-
tact with Allied troops moving east-
ward. As the number of troops on
each side gradually strengthened,
both the Allies and the Axis launched
a series of attacks on Tunisia with
indifferent success. By advent of the
winter rains, it was clear that the Brit-
ish First Army and its attached
French and American units were
unable to oust the stronger German
Fifth Panzer Army from Tunisia. A
major factor was the enemy’s superi-
ority of air power.

In January 1943, the U.S. II Corps
began arriving in southern Tunisia
with some additional troops. At that
time, the British First Army was or-
ganized from north to south into
three corps; the British 5 Corps in the
north, the French XIX Corps in the
center, the U.S. II Corps in the south.

Pa

Tablets of the Missing with Statue of “Honor” in foreground


SURESNES

At the Suresnes Cemetery Memorial,
senior representatives of the French
and United States governments pay
homage to our military Dead on
ceremonial occasions. Accordingly, 24
Unknown Dead of World War II were
buried in this World War I cemetery,
and two loggias were added to its
chapel by the Commission, thereby
converting it into a shrine commemo-
rating our Dead of both wars.

EAST COAST MEMORIAL

To commemorate those 4,609 Ameri-
can servicemen, 6,185 seamen of the
United States Merchant Marines and
the 529 seamen of the U.S. Army
Transport Service who, in or above
the waters off the coast of North and
South America, but outside the terri-
torial limits of the United States, gave
their lives in the service of their coun-
try, the Commission erected a memo-
rial in Battery Park, New York City,
upon which their names and particu-
Jars are inscribed.

WEST COAST MEMORIAL
Similarly, the names and particulars
of those 412 Americans who gave
their lives in the service of their coun-
off the west coast of the Americas
but outside the territorial limits of
the United States, are recorded at the
memorial erected by the Commis-
sion at the Presidio of San Francisco.

HONOLULU MEMORIAL

Although the National Memorial
Cemetery of the Pacific at Honolulu
is administered by the Department
of Veterans’ Affairs, the erican
Battle Monuments Commission con-
structed a memorial therein, incor-
porating the features of the memo-
rials in its overseas cemeteries. The
names of 18,096 Missing of World
War II who gave their lives in the
Pacific areas (except the Southwest
and the Palua Islands which are
commemorated at the Manila Ceme-

28

tery Memorial) are recorded here as
well as 8,200 Missing of the Korean
War and 2,504 Missing from the
Vietnam War.

SAIPAN MONUMENT is situated
near the beach overlooking Tanapag
Harbor on the Island of Saipan,
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands. It is part of an
American memorial park commem-
orating the American and Marianas
Dead in the Marianas Campaign of
World War II. The monument honors
specifically the 24,000 American
marines and soldiers who died re-
capturing the volcanic islands of Sai-
pan, Tinian and Guam during the
period of 15 June 1944-11 August
1944.

It is a twelve-foot rectangular obe-
lisk of rose granite in a landscaped
area of local flora. Inscribed upon the
monument are these words: “THIS
MEMORIAL HAS BEEN ERECTED BY THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN HUMBLE
TRIBUTE TO THE SONS WHO PAID THE
ULTIMATE SACRIFICE FOR LIBERATION
OF THE MARIANAS 1941-1945.”

The GUADALCANAL AMERI-
CAN MEMORIAL is located on
Skyline Drive overlooking the town
of Honiara, Guadalcanal, Solomon
Islands. It honors those American
and Allied servicemen who lost their
lives during the Guadalcanal Cam-
Pal of World War II (7 August
942-9 February 1943). The Memo-
rial consists of a suitably inscribed
central pylon four feet square rising
24 feet above its base. Four radiating
directional walls point toward major
battle sites. Descriptions of the pattles
are inscribed on the walls. Both the
walls and the pylon are constructed
of Red Calca granite.

CABANATUAN MEMORIAL is lo-
cated 85 miles north of Manila, approxi-
mately 5 miles south of the city of
Cabanatuan, Luzon, Republic of the
Philippines. It marks the site of the

Honolulu Memorial (WW II, Korea and Vietnam), National Memorial Cemetary of the Pacific,
Honolulu, Hawaii

Japanese Cabanatuan Prisoner of War
Camp where approximately 20,000
American servicemen and _ civilians
were held captive from 1942 to 1945,
after the fall of the Philippine Islands
during World War IL The memorial
also honors the heroic sacrifices made
by Filipino servicemen and civilians
ina mutual quest for honor, freedom
and peace.

The memorial consists of a 90-foot
concrete base in the center of which
rests a marble altar. It is surrounded
on three sides by a fence of steel rods
and on the fourth by a Wall of Honor
upon which are inscribed the names
of the approximately. 3,000 Ameri-
cans who lost their lives while being
held captive.

Co-located on the site are the West
Point Monument, which pays hom-
age to the 170 American and 6 Fili-
pino graduates of the U.S. Military
Academy who lost their lives during
the defense of the Philippines or
while prisoner of war at Cabanatuan
and the Defenders of Bataan and Cor-
regidor (a Filipino veterans organiza-
tion) memorial which salutes their
American fallen comrades.

POINTE DU HOC MONUMENT

Following World War II, the French
erected a monument at Pointe du
Hoc on the right flank of Omaha
Beach, overlooking the English
Channel honoring the elements of
the 2nd Ranger Battalion under the
command of LTC James Rudder who
scaled the cliff, seized the position,
and defended it against German
counterattacks at a high cost of lives.
The monument consists of a simple
pylon on top of a concrete bunker at

e edge of the cliff and appropriate
inscriptions at its base in French and
English. It was officially turned over
to the American government for
operation and maintenance in per-
petuity on 11 January 1979.

UTAH BEACH MONUMENT

The Utah Beach Monument is located
at the termination of Highway
N-13D, approximately 3 kilometers
northeast of Sainte-Marie-du-Mont
(Manche), France. This monument
commemorates the achivements of
the American Forces of the VII Corps
who fought in the liberation of the

29


memorial area and one along the
east. The south wall contains two
battle maps with appropriate inscrip-
tions. Inscribed upon the reverse face
of the east wall is Gen. Pershing’s
tribute to the officers and men of the
AEF: “IN THEIR DEVOTION, THEIR
VALOR, AND IN THE LOYAL FULFILL-
MENT OF THEIR OBLIGATIONS, THE
OFFICERS AND MEN OF THE AMERICAN
EXPEDITIONARY FORCES HAVE LEFT A
HERITAGE OF WHICH THOSE WHO FOL-
LOW MAY EVER BE PROUD.”

The WORLD WAR II MEMORIAL,
rominently located on the
ational Mall in Washington,

DC between the Lincoln

Memorial and the Washington

Monument, honors a_ nation

united in a just and common

cause.

It is the first memorial dedi-
cated to the more than 400,000
Americans who gave their lives
for freedom, the 16 million who
served in uniform, and all who
contributed to the war effort on
the home front.

Symbolic of the defining event
of the 20th century, the memorial
is a testiment to the spirit, sacri-
fice and commitment of the
American people.

To learn more, visit our web-
site at www.abmc.gov

KOREAN WAR

VETERANS MEMORIAL

The Korean War Veterans Memorial,
located on the National Mall in
Washington, DC, was dedicated on
27 July 1995. The Memorial com-
memorates the sacrifices of the 5.8
million Americans who served dur-
ing the three-year period of the
Korean War. The war was one of the
most hard fought in our history.
During its relatively short duration,
25 June 1950-27 July 1953, 33,700

32

Americans were killed in action;
8,200 of those killed in action were
classified as missing in action (and
presumed dead), or lost or buried at
sea. An additional 103,000 Ameri-
cans were wounded during the con-
flict. An integral part of the
Memorial is the Korean War Honor
Roll, an interactive automated data-
base, containing the names of those
US. military personnel who died
world-wide during the war.

MEXICO CITY
NATIONAL CEMETERY

The Mexico City National Cemetery
is at 31 Virginia Fabregas, Colonia
San Rafael, about 2 miles west of the
Metropolitan Cathedral and about
one mile north of the U.S. Embassy.
This cemetery was established in
1851 and contains a small monument
over the grave of 750 of our unidenti-
fied Dead of the War of 1847. In this
one acre area there are 813 remains of
Americans and others in wall crypts.
Care of the cemetery was transferred
from the Department of the Army to
this Commission on 16 July 1947.
This cemetery was closed to burials
in 1923.

COROZAL AMERICAN
CEMETERY, COROZAL,
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA

The Corozal American Cemetery is
located approximately three miles
north of Panama City, just off Gail-
lard Highway between the Corozal
Railroad Station and Fort Clayton. To
reach the cemetery, follow Gaillard
Highway north from Panama City,
turn right on Rybicki Road, and pro-
ceed about one-half mile to the ceme-
tery. Taxi and bus service to the cem-
etery are available from Panama City.
There are 5,336 Dead interred here.
In agreement with the Republic of
Panama, care and maintenance of
the cemetery in papennty was as-
sumed by the Commission on 1
October 1979.

SERVICES TO THE PUBLIC
Upon request, and without cost, the
following information and services
are provided to family members
and friends of those interred or com-
memorated at ABMC’s cemeteries
and memorials:
¢ name, location and general infor-
mation about the cemetery, monu-
ment or memorial;
¢ plot, row and grave number and, if
applicable, memorialization site;
authorization for issuance of fee-
free passports for members of the
immediate family traveling over-
seas specifically to visit am ABMC
grave or memorialization site;

°a photograph of grave and/or
memorialization sites affixed to a
large color lithograph of the ap-

ropriate cemetery and memorial;

best route and modes of travel in-

country to cemetery or memorial
site;

* general information about accom-
modations in the vicinity of the
cemetery or memorial;

arrangement for floral decoration
of a grave or memorialization
site. (Weather permitting, a color
photograph of the floral decora-
tion in place is provided to the
donor),

Corozal American Cemetery, Corozal, Republic of Panama

33


Overall View of Graves Area

During these hours a staff member
is on duty in the Visitors’ Building to
answer questions and to escort rela-
tives to grave and memorial sites.

HISTORY

Prior to entry into World War II, the
United States adopted a strategic
policy regarding how it would con-
duct combat operations should it be
forced into war against the Axis
powers (Germany and Italy) and
Japan at the same time. The policy
was to defeat the stronger enemy in
Europe first, while simultaneously
maintaining a vigorous defensive
posture against Japan. It was not
altered by the Japanese surprise
attack at Pearl Harbor on 7 December
1941.

The basic plan of action advocated
by U.S. war planners was to concen-
trate forces, supplies and materiel in
the British Isles, and after a period of

training, to launch a powerful am-
phibious assault across the English
Channel in the summer of 1943.
Although the German advance
against Moscow had been stopped in
December 1941 and the enemy had
been forced backward by a strong
Russian winter offensive, the Ger-
mans again began advancing rapidly
in 1942. The Crimea was overrun,
Sevastopol was captured and Ger-
man forces were moving against Sta-
lingrad on the Volga River. Even
greater advances were being made in
the Caucasus Mountains to the
southeast.

Matters also were going badly for
the British in the Mediterranean area
along the coast of North Africa in
Libya and Egypt, the area known as
the Western Desert. There, where
the fighting had been seesawing
back and forth for nearly two years,
the combined German-Italian force
known as the Afrika Korps had
forced the British Eighth Army back

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MEMORIAL

Location of Cemetery Features

further into Egypt, and was closer to
Alexandria than ever before. Addi-
tional Axis advances in Egypt and
the Caucasus posed a threat to the
entire Middle East.

The Allies sorely needed an offen-
sive operation that would lessen the
pressure on the British Eighth Army
in Egypt. The only operation that
could be undertaken with a reason-
able chance of success was an assault
in French Morocco and Algiers in
northwest Africa. It had the advan-
tage of getting American forces into
action in 1942, although it would
probably delay the cross-Channel
assault planned for 1943.

The Allies hoped that French
forces defending northwest Africa,
which were operating under the con-
trol of the portion of France which
had not been occupied by the Ger-
mans after the armistice of 1940,

might welcome them or offer only
token resistance. Some of these
forces were loyal to Vichy, France;
others were sympathetic to the Allied
cause.

The invasion plan of northwest
Africa provided for three naval task
forces to land before dawn on 8
November 1942 in three widely sepa-
rated areas. The U.S. Western Naval
Task Force, composed entirely of
American ships sailing from the
United States at the height of the
Battle of the Atlantic against German
submarines, arrived unsuspected
and undetected. Its landings in
French Morocco encountered the
strongest resistance of any of the
landing forces. In the center, the U.S.
3d Infantry Division landing at
Fedala near Casablanca, found both
army and naval forces opposing it.
As it fought its way inland, fire from


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North Africa

American
Cemetery
and

Memorial

LOCATION

North Africa American Cemetery
and Memorial is situated 10 miles
northeast of the city of Tunis,
Tunisia, and 5 miles northeast of its
airport (El Aouina). It may be
reached by taxicab from the city or
the airport. There is an electric com-
muter train from Tunis — the nearest
stop is at Amilcar station, from
which the cemetery is only two or
three hundred yards distant. Hotels
are available in Tunis, Carthage,

“af
ate
“eH

Tereree
Cn

Amilcar and Gammarth. The
weather is likely to be quite hot dur-
ing the summer months and cold on
occasion during the winter.

HOURS

The cemetery is open daily to the
public between the hours of 9:00 am
and 5:00 pm. (The cemetery is
closed on January 1 and December
25. It is open on all other U.S. and
host country holidays.)

Cemetery Entrance


World War T

Aisne-Mame, Belleau, France .
Brookwood, England ;
Flanders Field, Waregem, Belgium .
Meuse-Argonne, Romagne, France .
Oise-Aisne, Fere-en-Tardenois, France
St. Mihiel, Thiaucourt, France ....-.+ ++
Somme, Bony, France :
Suresnes (See WW Il also), France

Totals

World War I monuments erected
by the Commission are located at or
near: Audenarde and Kemmel,
Belgium; Bellicourt, Brest, Cantigny,
Chateau-Thierry, Montfaucon,
Montsec, Sommepy, and Tours,
France; Gibraltar and Washington,
DC. World War | tablets are at
Chaumont and Souilly, France.

By the end of World War II, several
hundred temporary cemeteries had
been established by the American
Graves Registration Service of the
United States Army. During the
years 1947 to 1954 that Service, com-
plying with the expressed wishes of
the next of kin, and by authority of
law, repatriated the remains of some
172,000 recovered bodies. The re-
mainder were given final interment
in the permanent military cemeteries
on foreign soil, in private cemeteries
overseas and in the national cemeter-
ies in Honolulu, Sitka, Alaska and

Burials Missing

Known Unknown — Commemorated
2,039 250 1,060
427 4 563
347 21 43
13,760 486 954
5,415 597 24}
4,036 17 284
1,706 138 333
1,535 6 974
29,265 1,656 4452

Puerto Rico (which are now admin-
istered by the National Cemetery
Administration, Department of
Veterans’ Affairs). As was the case
after World War I, some remains
were left in isolated graves outside
of the cemeteries by request of the
families who then became responsi-
ble for their maintenance.

Fourteen sites in foreign countries
were selected as permanent ceme-
teries in 1947 by the Secretary of the
Army and the American Battle
Monuments Commission in con-
cert. Their locations reflect the prog-
ress of the military operations and
were selected with consideration of
their accessibility, aspect, prospect,
drainage and other practical factors.
The World War II cemeteries with
number of burials, including Un-
knowns, and the numbers of Miss-
ing recorded at their memorials and
at three separate memorials on
United States soil are:

Burials Missing

World War IT Known Unknown — Commemorated
Ardennes, Neupre (Newville-en-Condroz), Belgium .. 4,537 792 462
Brittany, St. James, France rs 4313 7 498
Cambridge, England - 3,788 24 5,127
Epinal, France . 5,186 69 424
Florence, Italy ..... 4,189 213, 1409
Henri-Chapelle, Belgium . 7,898 94 450
Lorraine, St. Avold, France . re 10,338 151 444
Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembour; 4,975 101 371
Manila, Republic of the Philippines . : 13,462 3,740 36,282
Netherlands, Margraten, Holland . 8,195 106 1,722
Normandy, St. Laurent-sur-Mer, France . 9,080 307 1,557
North Africa, Carthage, Tunisia 2,601 240 3,724
Rhone, Draguignan, France 799 62 294
Sicily-Rome, Nettuno, Italy 7371 490 3,095
Suresnes (See WW Ialso), France . _ 24 _

24

East Coast Memorial, New York City, New York ... -

Honolulu Memorial, Honolulu, Hawaii

‘West Coast Memorial, San Francisco, California
Totals 0.0... cee cece ean bene eee eee

= 4,609
= 18,096
412

86,732 6510 78,976

World War II cemeteries maintained by the National Cemetery Administration,

Department of Veterans’ Affairs

National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific ...

Honolulu, Hawaii .........

Puerto Rico ..-
Sitka, Alaska

Other Missing in Action Commemorated by ABMC

Korean War, Honolulu Memorial,
Honolulu, Hawaii -. .
Vietnam War, Honolulu Memorial,

Honolulu, Hawaii ........2 260565565

Use of the permanent cemetery
sites on foreign soil was granted in
perpetuity by the host government
to the United States free of cost, rent
and taxation. The temporary ceme-
tery sites not selected as permanent
cemeteries reverted to the land-
owners.

In 1947, an outstanding American
architect was selected to design each
of the World War II cemeteries, con-
ceiving its grave plots, a chapel and
battle map exhibit as complementary
elements of an integral memorial to
the services and sacrifices of the
American Armed Services who
fought in the particular region. Upon
approval of their general schemes by

ie Commission and by agreement
with the Secretary of the Army, the
architects’ plans of the grave plots
were followed by the American
Graves Registration Service in mak-
ing the permanent burials of those
remains which by decision of the
next of kin were to be interred over-
seas. The timely cooperation be-
tween these two agencies contrib-
uted appreciably to the coherence of
the development of the cemetery
designs.

Beginning in the latter half of 1949,
the permanent interments havin
been virtually completed, the Worl
War II overseas cemeteries were pro-

tessively transferred for con-
struction and maintenance to the
American Battle Monuments Com-
mission by Presidential Executive

ipeggs's (See

11,597 2,079 Honolulu
Memorial)

i) =
67 5 =

= 8,200
= = 2,504

Order. Thereupon, the remaining
portions of the architects’ designs
were carried out, step by step —
grading; installation of a system of
reinforced concrete beams on piles to
maintain the levels and alignments
of the headstones; fabrication and
installation of the headstones; con-
struction of water supply and distri-
bution systems, utilities buildings,
roads and paths; plantings; and erec-
tion of the memorials, visitors’ build-
ings and flagpoles.

For design of the various memo-
rials, no specific limitations were
imposed upon the architects other
than budgeted cost and a require-
ment that each was to embody these
features:

A small devotional chapel;

inscription of the names and
particulars of the Missing in the
region;

a graphic record, in permanent
form, of the services of our troops
(WW I only; however, Oise-Aisne,
Meuse-Argonne and St. Mihiel
WWI American Cemeteries also
have battle maps).

These requirements have been in-
terpreted in a wide and interesting
variety of forms.

An important motive for the con-
struction of the memorials is the im-
plied undertaking by our Govern-
ment to record by monuments the
achievements of our Armed Ser-
vices, since the erection of memo-
rials by the troops (which in the past

25


30

Rhone American Cemetery and Memorial, Draguignan, Var, France

Cotentin Peninsula from 6 June to 1
July 1944. It consists of a red granite
obelisk surrounded by a small, de-
veloped park overlooking the his-
toric sand dunes of Utah Beach, one
of the two American landing beaches
during the Normandy Invasion of 6
June 1944.

Three memorials in Washington,
DC were also established by the
Commission, but are now ad-
ministered by the National Park
Service.

AUSTRIA gut) HUNGARY

ren

YUGOSLAVIA

sieey
@_ won.o was u cemerenses
es rena eon oars
3 cms nctuborers

so mes

masta Sy

The AMERICAN EXPEDITION-
ARY FORCES MEMORIAL, lo-
cated on Penn. Ave. between 14th
and 15th Streets, NW in Wash. DC,
commemorates the two million
American military personnel and
their CinC, Gen. John J. Pershing,
who made up the AEF of WWI.

It consists of a stone plaza 52 ft. by
75 ft., an 8 ft. statue of Gen. Pershing
on a stone pedestal, a stone bench
facing the statue and two 10 ft. high
walls, one along the south side of the

31

‘Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery, Romagne, Meuse, France