Filed: January 13, 1998

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 95-4018

(CA-92-219-AM)

Tony Albert Mackall,

Petitioner - Appellant,

versus

Ronald J. Angelone, etc., et al.,

Respondents - Appellees.

ORDER

The Court amends its opinion filed December 18, 1997, as

follows:

On page 4, second full paragraph, line 1 -- the phrase "still

represented by counsel," is deleted.

On page 5, first paragraph, lines 13 and 14 -- the words

"attorneys" "were" are corrected to read "attorney" "was."

On page 7, first paragraph, lines 3 and 4 -- the words "attorneys" "were themselves" are corrected to read "attorney" "was

himself."

For the Court - By Direction

/s/ Patricia S. Connor
Clerk
PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

TONY ALBERT MACKALL,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

RONALD J. ANGELONE, Director,

Virginia Department of Corrections;

No. 95-4018

SAMUEL V. PRUETT, Warden,

Mecklenburg State Correctional

Facility; COMMONWEALTH OF

VIRGINIA,

Respondents-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.

Claude M. Hilton, Chief District Judge.

(CA-92-219-AM)

Argued: September 30, 1997

Decided: December 18, 1997

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, RUSSELL, WIDENER,

MURNAGHAN, WILKINS, NIEMEYER, HAMILTON, LUTTIG,

WILLIAMS, MICHAEL, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and

BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Wilkins wrote the majority

opinion, in which Chief Judge Wilkinson and Judges Russell, Widener, Niemeyer, Hamilton, Luttig, Williams, Michael, and Motz

joined. Senior Judge Butzner wrote a dissenting opinion, in which

Judge Murnaghan joined.

_________________________________________________________________
COUNSEL

ARGUED: Joseph N. Bowman, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant.

Donald Richard Curry, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Donald R. Lee,

VIRGINIA CAPITAL REPRESENTATION RESOURCE CENTER,

Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant. James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney

General, Pamela A. Rumpz, Assistant Attorney General, OFFICE OF

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

WILKINS, Circuit Judge:

Tony Albert Mackall appeals a decision of the district court denying his petition for a writ of habeas corpus,1 which challenged his Virginia conviction for capital murder and resulting death sentence. See

28 U.S.C.A. § 2254 (West 1994).2 Mackall's request for a certificate

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1 Mackall named the Commonwealth of Virginia; Edward W. Murray,

then Director of the Virginia Department of Corrections; and Charles E.

Thompson, then Warden of the Mecklenburg Correctional Facility where

Mackall is incarcerated, as Respondents in his petition. Subsequently,

Ronald J. Angelone became the Director of the Virginia Department of

Corrections and Samuel V. Pruett became Warden at Mecklenburg Correctional Facility. For ease of reference, we refer to Respondents collectively as "the Commonwealth" throughout this opinion.

2 Because Mackall's petition for a writ of habeas corpus was filed on

January 2, 1992, prior to the April 24, 1996 enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) of 1996, Pub. L. No.

104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, amendments to 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254 effected by

§ 106 of the AEDPA do not govern our resolution of this appeal. See

Lindh v. Murphy, 117 S. Ct. 2059, 2067 (1997). We have not yet decided

whether the provisions contained in § 107 of the AEDPA apply to petitioners who filed state habeas proceedings after July 1, 1992. See Bennett

v. Angelone, 92 F.3d 1336, 1342 (4th Cir.) (holding that prior to July 1,

1992 Virginia had not satisfied the statutory opt-in requirements and that

the provisions of § 107 do not apply to indigent Virginia prisoners seeking federal habeas relief from capital sentences when the Virginia courts

 2
of probable cause to appeal is granted because at least one judge on

the panel concludes that Mackall "has made a substantial showing of

the denial of a constitutional right." 4th Cir. R. 22(a).3 We conclude

that the district court correctly held that Mackall was not entitled to

habeas relief.4

_________________________________________________________________

finally decided their state habeas petition prior to that date; noting that

it was undecided whether the procedures established by the Commonwealth for the appointment, compensation, and payment of reasonable

litigation expenses and competent counsel satisfied the statutory opt-in

requirements after that date), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 503 (1996). Mackall's first state habeas proceeding was finally decided by the Virginia

courts October 18, 1989; but, his second habeas petition was filed on

August 20, 1993 and finally denied on April 12, 1994. We need not consider the applicability of the provisions of § 107 of the AEDPA in light

of the procedural morass presented by the facts at hand because we conclude that habeas relief is inappropriate under the more lenient standards

in effect prior to the AEDPA amendments. See O'Dell v. Netherland, 95

F.3d 1214, 1255 n.36 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc), aff'd, 117 S. Ct. 1969

(1997).

3 There has been no argument concerning whether Mackall should be

granted a certificate of probable cause to appeal, as he requested, or a

certificate of appealability. We need not address that question here, however, because the certificate would be granted based on the conclusion

that Mackall made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional

right irrespective of which type of certificate technically should be issued

under these circumstances. Compare Lozada v. Deeds, 498 U.S. 430,

431-32 (1991) (per curiam) (explaining that to warrant the grant of a certificate of probable cause to appeal, a habeas petitioner must "make a

substantial showing of the denial of [a] federal right" and that to satisfy

this showing, the petitioner "must demonstrate that the issues are debatable among jurists of reason; that a court could resolve the issues [in a

different manner]; or that the questions are adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further" (alterations in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted)), with Murphy v. Netherland, 116 F.3d 97, 101 (4th Cir.)

(denying certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C.A. § 2253 (West

Supp. 1997) in habeas corpus action seeking relief from death sentence

when petitioner failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 26 (1997).

4 A panel of this court earlier held that the decision of the district court

should be affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further

proceedings. See Mackall v. Murray, 109 F.3d 957, 964 (4th Cir. 1997).

A majority of the judges in active service subsequently voted to consider

this appeal en banc, and accordingly, the panel decision was vacated.

 3
I.

On the night of December 9, 1986, Mackall robbed a service station in Prince William County, Virginia and murdered the cashier on

duty, Mary E. Dahn, by shooting her in the head. Mackall subsequently was convicted of capital murder in the commission of a robbery while armed with a dangerous weapon and was sentenced to

death on the basis that he posed "a continuing serious threat to society."5

Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-264.2 (Michie 1995). The Supreme Court of

Virginia affirmed on direct appeal, and the United States Supreme

Court denied certiorari. See Mackall v. Commonwealth, 372 S.E.2d

759 (Va. 1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 925 (1989).

In March 1989, Mackall filed his

first petition for postconviction relief, asserting the following: (1) a

pretrial lineup and an in-court identification were unnecessarily suggestive; (2) the trial court improperly refused to permit defense counsel to inquire into the views of the venire on the death penalty; (3) the

trial court improperly excluded the mitigating testimony of Patricia

Hollingsworth; and (4) trial counsel should have been permitted to

withdraw due to a conflict of interest. This petition was neither signed

nor verified by Mackall and did not raise any claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel. The state habeas court denied the petition, concluding that the first of Mackall's claims was defaulted under Slayton

v. Parrigan, 205 S.E.2d 680, 682 (Va. 1974) (holding that issues not

properly raised at trial and on direct appeal will not be considered on

state collateral postconviction review) and that the remaining claims

were barred by Hawks v. Cox, 175 S.E.2d 271, 274 (Va. 1970) (precluding, absent changed circumstances, consideration in state habeas

proceedings of claims previously considered on their merits). Mackall

did not seek review of this ruling.

Acting pro se, Mackall filed this action on January 2, 1992, seeking

habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254. The district

court appointed counsel and granted counsel's subsequent request to

hold the federal proceedings in abeyance to permit Mackall to exhaust

_________________________________________________________________

5 Mackall was also convicted of robbery and a firearm offense and was

sentenced to life and two years imprisonment respectively on those

counts.

 4
numerous claims that had not been pursued on direct appeal or in his

first state habeas petition. Mackall then, for a second time, petitioned

the Virginia courts for postconviction relief. Among the claims Mackall advanced in this second state petition were arguments that he

received ineffective assistance of counsel during trial and on direct

appeal. The state habeas court denied relief, concluding that because

Mackall had not raised these claims in his first habeas petition, they

were barred pursuant to Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-654(B)(2) (Michie

1992). Mackall petitioned the Supreme Court of Virginia for review,

raising five assignments of error: (1) the state habeas court erred in

failing to conduct an evidentiary hearing; (2) he possessed a right to

effective assistance of counsel in the first forum in which he could

raise his federal constitutional claims; (3) the attorney who represented him during his first state habeas proceeding was ineffective,

and this ineffectiveness constituted cause for failing to raise the

claims that were omitted from the first state habeas petition; (4) the

new claims raised in his second state habeas petition were not

defaulted because the state habeas court lacked jurisdiction to consider the first petition since that petition was neither signed nor verified; and (5) the new claims raised in his second state habeas petition

were not defaulted by his failure to seek appellate review of the denial

of the first habeas petition. The Supreme Court of Virginia denied

review:

Applying the mandate of Code § 8.01-654(B)(2) and the

rule of Slayton v. Parrigan to the assignments of error Nos.

4 and 5, and finding no merit in the appellant's other assignments of error, the Court refuses the petition for appeal.

J.A. 1762 (citation omitted).

Returning to district court, Mackall pressed numerous claims,

including the three that he pursues here--that he received constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel during trial and on direct

appeal in violation of the Sixth Amendment; that the trial court

improperly excluded mitigating evidence in violation of the Eighth

and Fourteenth Amendments; and that the refusal of the state trial

court to permit defense counsel to question the venire concerning

their views of the death penalty violated the Sixth and Fourteenth

 5
Amendments. The district court rejected each of these claims, and

Mackall appeals.

II.

Absent cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice,

a federal habeas court may not review constitutional claims when a

state court has declined to consider their merits on the basis of an adequate and independent state procedural rule. See Harris v. Reed, 489

U.S. 255, 262 (1989). The Supreme Court of Virginia expressly relied

on the procedural default rule set forth in Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-

654(B)(2) in refusing during Mackall's second state habeas corpus

proceedings to consider his claims that he received constitutionally

ineffective assistance of counsel during trial and on direct appeal.6

And, we have held on numerous occasions that the procedural default

rule set forth in § 8.01-654(B)(2) constitutes an adequate and independent state-law ground for decision. See, e.g., Pope v. Netherland,

113 F.3d 1364, 1372 (4th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 66 U.S.L.W. 3177

(U.S. Aug. 19, 1997) (No. 97-5343); Gray v. Netherland, 99 F.3d

158, 163 (4th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1102 (1997).

Accordingly, we may not consider these claims on their merits unless

Mackall can demonstrate that cause and prejudice exist to excuse the

default or that the failure of the court to consider the claims would

amount to a fundamental miscarriage of justice. See Coleman v.

Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991).

Mackall maintains that cause and prejudice exist7 to excuse his fail-

_________________________________________________________________

6 Mackall maintains that his trial counsel erred in failing to challenge

witness identifications of him as the murderer, to cross-examine an identifying witness and a jailhouse informant, to point out that an identifying

witness had given a statement that the perpetrator wore a mask, and to

object to irrelevant testimony, the prosecutor's closing argument, and

cross-examination of an expert outside the scope of direct examination.

7 Mackall does not assert, and has not demonstrated, that a constitutional error probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually

factually innocent. See Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 323-27 (1995). Further, Mackall has not presented "clear and convincing evidence that but

for a constitutional error, no reasonable juror would have found the petitioner eligible for the death penalty," and thus he has not demonstrated

 6
ure to raise the claims that counsel representing him during trial and

on direct appeal were constitutionally ineffective. He asserts that the

attorney representing him during his first habeas corpus proceeding

was himself constitutionally ineffective in failing to raise the earlier ineffectiveness of counsel. In other words, Mackall contends that

because he received constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel

during his first state habeas corpus proceeding, this court should

excuse his failure to raise the claims of ineffective assistance of trial

and appellate counsel and address those claims on their merits.

If attorney error amounts to constitutionally ineffective assistance

of counsel under the standard established in Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668 (1984),8 the Sixth Amendment dictates that the attorney's error must be imputed to the state. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at

754. Consequently, when attorney error amounts to constitutionally

ineffective assistance of counsel, it may provide the cause necessary

to excuse a procedural default. See id. at 752-54; Murray v. Carrier,

477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986). In order to constitute constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, however, a constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel must first exist. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at

752.9

_________________________________________________________________

that he is "actually innocent of the death penalty." Id. at 323 (emphasis

& internal quotation marks omitted). Consequently, Mackall has not

established a fundamental miscarriage of justice to excuse his default of

these claims.

8 A defendant is deprived of the assistance of counsel guaranteed by the

Constitution when counsel's performance falls "below an objective standard of reasonableness" and "there is a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694.

9 Generally, "a claim of ineffective assistance [must] be presented to

the state courts as an independent claim before it may be used to establish cause for a procedural default." Murray, 477 U.S. at 489; see Pruett

v. Thompson, 996 F.2d 1560, 1570 (4th Cir. 1993). This is so because

allowing a petitioner to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel

for the first time on federal habeas review in order to show cause for a

procedural default would place the federal habeas court "in the anomalous position of adjudicating an unexhausted constitutional claim for

 7
In Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 555 (1987), the Supreme

Court categorically rejected an argument that "prisoners have a constitutional right to counsel when mounting collateral attacks upon

their convictions." The Finley Court was reviewing a decision of the

Pennsylvania Superior Court, which reversed the dismissal of a petition for postconviction relief after appointed counsel moved to withdraw on the basis that no nonfrivolous grounds for such relief existed.

See id. at 553-54. The Pennsylvania Superior Court had ruled that the

procedures specified in Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967),10

must be followed when counsel appointed to represent a petitioner

pursuing collateral relief from a state conviction determines that no

nonfrivolous issues exist and seeks to withdraw. See id. at 554.

The Finley Court emphatically disagreed with the conclusion of the

state court. The Supreme Court observed that the procedures set forth

in Anders were designed to protect the constitutional right to counsel

on direct appeal that the Court recognized in Douglas v. California,

372 U.S. 353 (1963) (holding that the denial of counsel to an indigent

defendant on a first appeal as of right violated a "constitutional

requirement of substantial equality and fair process" mandated by the

Fourteenth Amendment). See Finley, 481 U.S. at 554. The Court

ruled, however, that the reasoning in Douglas did not compel the conclusion that because the state had created an avenue for collateral

review of a conviction, the Fourteenth Amendment mandated that the

state provide effective assistance of counsel--as protected by the procedures prescribed in Anders--to allow an indigent petitioner to pur-

_________________________________________________________________

which state court review might still be available" in contravention of

"[t]he principle of comity that underlies the exhaustion doctrine."

Murray, 477 U.S. at 489. Mackall has satisfied this requirement by presenting his claims of ineffective assistance of habeas counsel to the state

court.

10 Anders requires that appointed counsel who seeks to withdraw

because no nonfrivolous issues exist for review must submit a brief referencing anything in the record that arguably could support an appeal; a

copy of that brief must be furnished to the defendant; and after providing

the defendant with an opportunity to respond, the reviewing court must

conduct an independent and complete examination of the proceedings to

determine if further review is merited. See Anders, 386 U.S. at 744.

 8
sue it. See id. at 554-55. Furthermore, the Court explained, Anders did

not establish a constitutional rule that appointed attorneys in all proceedings must follow the specified procedures, but"established a prophylactic framework" applicable only when a defendant possesses a

constitutional right to counsel. Id. The Court set forth its holding in

unmistakably plain language: "We have never held that prisoners

have a constitutional right to counsel when mounting collateral

attacks upon their convictions, and we decline to so hold today. Our

cases establish that the right to appointed counsel extends to the first

appeal of right, and no further." Id. at 555 (emphasis added) (citation

omitted).

A plurality of the Court applied this holding in a capital setting in

Murray v. Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1 (1989). There, Chief Justice Rehnquist, joined by Justices White, O'Connor, and Scalia, rejected a

claim by Virginia death row inmates that the Fourteenth Amendment

required that counsel be appointed to permit them to pursue postconviction relief from their capital convictions and sentences. See id. at

3-13. The plurality reiterated the reasoning in Finley:

"Postconviction relief is even further removed from the

criminal trial than is discretionary direct review[for which

the Court had rejected a constitutional right to counsel in

Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974)]. It is not part of the

criminal proceeding itself, and it is in fact considered to be

civil in nature.... States have no obligation to provide this

avenue of relief, and when they do, the fundamental fairness

mandated by the Due Process Clause does not require that

the state supply a lawyer as well."

Giarratano, 492 U.S. at 8 (second alteration in original) (citations

omitted) (quoting Finley, 481 U.S. at 556-57). And, the plurality

found this reasoning to apply equally in capital and noncapital settings. See id. at 8-10.11

_________________________________________________________________

11 Justice Kennedy concurred in the judgment, reasoning that the constitutional requirement of meaningful access to the courts was not violated by the Virginia scheme. See Giarratano, 492 U.S. at 14-15

(Kennedy, J., concurring in the judgment).

 9
Most recently, in Coleman v. Thompson, the Court addressed a

claim by Coleman--who was seeking federal habeas relief from his

state capital conviction and sentence--that he could demonstrate

cause to excuse a procedural default based on ineffective assistance

of counsel. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 752. Coleman's attorney had

failed to timely file an appeal from the denial of a state petition for

collateral relief, resulting in the dismissal of the appeal based on a

state procedural rule. See id. at 727-28. This procedural rule constituted an adequate and independent state ground for denying relief on

the claims raised in the state petition and hence foreclosed federal

review of those claims absent cause and prejudice or a miscarriage of

justice. See id. at 740-44. Coleman argued that cause existed to

excuse his default because his attorney had been constitutionally ineffective in failing to note a timely appeal. See id. at 752. The Court,

however, rejected Coleman's claim. See id. at 752-57. It explained

that Carrier required that in order to constitute cause, attorney error

must amount to constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel and

that this standard could not be satisfied in the absence of a constitutional right to counsel. See id. at 752 (citing Carrier, 477 U.S. at 487-

88). And, relying on Finley, the Court stated in unequivocal terms:

 Applying the Carrier rule as stated, this case is at an end.

There is no constitutional right to an attorney in state postconviction proceedings. Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S.

551 (1987); Murray v. Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1 (1989)

(applying the rule to capital cases). Consequently, a petitioner cannot claim constitutionally ineffective assistance of

counsel in such proceedings.

Coleman, 501 U.S. at 752. Thus, the Court held that cause based on

the attorney's failure to file a timely appeal from the denial of state

habeas relief had not been demonstrated because"counsel's ineffectiveness will constitute cause only if it is an independent constitutional violation[, and] Finley and Giarratano established that there is

no right to counsel in state collateral proceedings." Id. at 755.

The Court then turned to consider expressly Coleman's argument.

He maintained that because the applicable Virginia law prohibited

him from raising claims of ineffective assistance of trial or appellate

counsel during his direct appeal, state habeas proceedings were the

 10
first opportunity that he had to present those issues and that, as a

result, he should possess a constitutional right to effective assistance

of counsel to pursue those claims on collateral review under the reasoning of Douglas. See id. Addressing this argument, the Court wrote:

For Coleman to prevail, ... there must be an exception to the

rule of Finley and Giarratano in those cases where state collateral review is the first place a prisoner can present a challenge to his conviction. We need not answer this question

broadly, however, for one state court has addressed Coleman's claims: the state habeas trial court. The effectiveness

of Coleman's counsel before that court is not at issue here.

Coleman contends that it was the ineffectiveness of his

counsel during the appeal from that determination that constitutes cause to excuse his default. We thus need to decide

only whether Coleman had a constitutional right to counsel

on appeal from the state habeas trial court judgment. We

conclude that he did not.

Id. The Court explained that Douglas "established that an indigent

criminal defendant has a right to appointed counsel in his first appeal

as of right in state court" because the "`equality demanded by the

Fourteenth Amendment'" dictates that when "`the merits of the one

and only appeal an indigent has as of right are decided without benefit

of counsel, ... an unconstitutional line has been drawn between rich

and poor.'" Id. at 755-56 (quoting Douglas, 372 U.S. at 357-58)

(emphasis omitted). Thus, the Court refused to accept Coleman's

assertion that he was entitled to effective assistance of counsel on his

appeal from the denial of his state habeas petition, reasoning that he

had "had his one and only appeal, if that is what a state collateral proceeding may be considered" when the state habeas court considered

his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 756 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

Here, Mackall squarely presents the issue purportedly reserved in

Coleman. He argues that he possessed a constitutional right to the

effective assistance of counsel in his first state habeas corpus proceeding in order to raise his claims of ineffective assistance of trial and

appellate counsel. He correctly observes that under Virginia law

claims of ineffective assistance of neither trial nor appellate counsel

 11
can be raised on direct appeal.12 See id. at 755. Because he was unable

to present his allegations of constitutional error on direct appeal, the

first opportunity made available by the Commonwealth for the presentation of his ineffective assistance of counsel claims was his initial

state habeas proceeding; thus, Mackall contends, the first state habeas

proceeding is analogous to the one and only appeal of right in which

a right to counsel was held to exist in Douglas. Hence, Mackall continues, he possessed a constitutional right to counsel in the first state

habeas proceeding to raise claims of constitutionally ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel that he could not raise on direct

appeal. We cannot agree.

It is true that in Coleman the Supreme Court rejected on narrow

grounds the argument that a petitioner possesses a right to effective

assistance of counsel in state postconviction relief proceedings to pursue constitutional claims that could not be raised during the direct

appeal and is said to have purported to leave unanswered the question

presented here. Nevertheless, we cannot accept Mackall's contention

that Coleman recognizes a loophole and that he possesses a right to

effective assistance of counsel to pursue in his state collateral proceedings a claim of ineffective assistance of trial or appellate counsel.

The Coleman Court did not adopt an exception to Finley; it merely

rejected Coleman's argument that the Court should create such an

exception on the facts presented. And, critically, the rule for which

Mackall argues here is directly contrary to the explicit holding of

Finley that no constitutional right to counsel exists in collateral

review. Cf. id. at 755 ("Finley and Giarratano established that there

is no right to counsel in state collateral proceedings."). As an inferior

_________________________________________________________________

12 A statutory exception to this general rule was in effect during the

time of Mackall's direct appeal. See Va. Code Ann. § 19.2-317.1

(repealed 1990). Pursuant to that provision, a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel could be presented on direct appeal "if all matters

relating to such issue [were] fully contained within the record of the

trial." Id. It is undisputed that Mackall's allegations of ineffective assistance are not among the extremely limited type that could satisfy this

standard. See generally, e.g., Dowell v. Commonwealth, 351 S.E.2d 915,

919 (Va. Ct. App. 1987) (considering on direct appeal claim of ineffective assistance of counsel due to conflict of interest arising from counsel's representation of multiple codefendants).

 12
appellate court, we are not at liberty to disregard this controlling

authority. See Agostini v. Felton, 117 S. Ct. 1997, 2017 (1997) (reaffirming that "if a precedent of this Court has direct application in a

case, yet appears to rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions, the Court of Appeals should follow the case which directly controls, leaving to [the Supreme] Court the prerogative of overruling its

own decisions" (internal quotation marks omitted)). Thus, we are

bound by the holding in Finley.13 

Because Mackall has no right to effective assistance of counsel in

his state habeas proceedings, he cannot demonstrate cause to excuse

the procedural default of his claims that his trial and appellate counsel

were constitutionally ineffective. Consequently, federal habeas review

of those claims is barred.

III.

Mackall next contends that the state trial court violated the Eighth

and Fourteenth Amendments by limiting testimony he sought to introduce in mitigation during the sentencing phase of his trial. During

cross-examination of prosecution witness Patricia Hollingsworth,

Mackall's former probation officer, Mackall sought to elicit testimony

that he had asked to be incarcerated for a prior offense in Morgantown, West Virginia rather than Lorton Reformatory in Virginia

because he had many friends at Lorton and "had been hanging around

with the wrong group." J.A. 1157. Further, during presentation of his

case in mitigation, Mackall sought to develop the basis for Dr. Carol

Rayburn's opinion that Mackall's mental functioning was impaired

and to elicit Mackall's self-reports to her that he had experienced hallucinations. Additionally, Mackall attempted to have Terry Hollar, a

nurse from the local jail, testify that he had admitted prior drug use

to her. The state trial court sustained prosecution objections to these

lines of testimony.

_________________________________________________________________

13 We note that each of the courts of appeals that has been asked to

adopt the exception alluded to in Coleman has similarly rejected that

invitation. See Hill v. Jones, 81 F.3d 1015, 1024-26 (11th Cir. 1996),

cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 967 (1997); Bonin v. Calderon, 77 F.3d 1155,

1159-60 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 980 (1996); Nolan v.

Armontrout, 973 F.2d 615, 616-17 (8th Cir. 1992).

 13
Mackall alleged error based on each of these trial court rulings to

the Supreme Court of Virginia during his direct appeal, asserting that

the exclusions violated state law. However, Mackall did not base his

claims of error on a constitutional right to admit mitigating testimony

or contend that the refusal of the trial court to admit this testimony

rendered his sentencing proceeding fundamentally unfair. Thus, Mackall failed to exhaust the claims he now seeks to raise. See Duncan

v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 366 (1995) (per curiam) (holding that argument to state supreme court that an evidentiary ruling by trial court

violated state law was insufficient to exhaust claim that the ruling

constituted a violation of a federal constitutional right, and rejecting

the argument that similarity of claims is adequate to exhaust);

Matthews v. Evatt, 105 F.3d 907, 911 (4th Cir.) (explaining that in

order for federal claim to be exhausted, its substance must be presented to the highest state court), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 102 (1997);

Mallory v. Smith, 27 F.3d 991, 994 (4th Cir. 1994) (noting that

exhaustion requires that petitioner do more than apprise state court of

the facts; he must "explain how those alleged events establish a violation of his constitutional rights"); id. at 995 (explaining that exhaustion requires "more than scatter[ing] some makeshift needles in the

haystack of the state court record" (internal quotation marks omitted)). Because presentation of these claims to the state court at this

juncture would be fruitless, they properly are considered to be procedurally barred. See George v. Angelone, 100 F.3d 353, 363 (4th Cir.

1996) ("A claim that has not been presented to the highest state court

nevertheless may be treated as exhausted if it is clear that the claim

would be procedurally defaulted under state law if the petitioner

attempted to raise it at this juncture."), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 854

(1997). And, because Mackall does not maintain that this default may

be excused by cause and prejudice or a miscarriage of justice, we hold

these allegations of constitutional error to be procedurally defaulted.

IV.

Mackall's sole undefaulted claim is that the state trial court violated the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments by refusing to question

prospective jurors concerning their views on the death penalty. We

disagree.

The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments "guarantee[ ] a defendant

on trial for his life the right to an impartial jury." Morgan v. Illinois,

 14
504 U.S. 719, 728 (1992). And, "`the proper standard for determining

when a prospective juror may be excluded for cause because of his

or her views on capital punishment ... is whether the juror's views

would "prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties

as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath."'" Id.

(quoting Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424 (1985)) (alteration in

original). "[A] juror who in no case would vote for capital punishment, regardless of his or her instructions, is not an impartial juror

and must be removed for cause." Id. Likewise, a juror "who will automatically vote for the death penalty in every case will fail in good

faith to consider the evidence of aggravating and mitigating circumstances as the instructions require him to do;" such a juror is not

impartial and should be removed for cause. Id. at 729. A corollary of

the right to an impartial jury is the requirement of a voir dire sufficient to permit identification of unqualified jurors because without an

adequate voir dire, a trial judge will not be able to remove unqualified

jurors and the defendant will not be able to exercise challenges for

cause. See id. at 729-30. Thus, a capital defendant must be allowed

on voir dire to ascertain whether prospective jurors are unalterably in

favor of the death penalty in every case, regardless of the circumstances, rendering them unable to perform their duties in accordance

with the law. See id. at 735-36. Questions directed simply to whether

a juror can be fair, or follow the law, are insufficient. See id. 734-36.

Although the state trial court declined Mackall's request to ask prospective jurors their views on the death penalty, it did ask prospective

jurors the following questions relating to the death penalty:

Do you have any opinion such as to prevent any of you from

convicting anyone of an offense punishable with death?

....

 If you were to find the defendant guilty of capital murder,

is there any juror who could never vote to impose the death

penalty or would refuse to even consider its imposition in

this case?

....

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 ...If you were to sit as a juror in this case and the jury

were to convict the defendant of capital murder, would you

also be able to consider voting for a sentence less than

death?

J.A. 500-01. These questions focus on the relevant circumstance of

whether a prospective juror entertains opinions on capital punishment

that would prevent or substantially impair the performance of his

duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath and

are adequate to identify those who would automatically vote for the

death penalty. Consequently, we conclude that the voir dire conducted

by the state trial court did not violate Mackall's Sixth or Fourteenth

Amendment rights.

V.

In sum, we conclude that Mackall has not demonstrated cause to

excuse his procedural default of both his claim that he received ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel and his claim that the

state trial court violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments by

excluding certain testimony during the sentencing phase of his trial.

We also hold that the state trial court did not violate the Sixth or Fourteenth Amendments by refusing to inquire into the prospective jurors'

views of the death penalty. Accordingly, we affirm.

AFFIRMED

BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge, with whom Judge Murnaghan

joins, dissenting:

The Supreme Court of Virginia, for good and sufficient reasons,

will not decide on direct appeal whether counsel was constitutionally

ineffective during trial and direct appeal. This appeal raises the following question, which was recognized and reserved in Coleman v.

Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 755 (1991). Did Mackall have a right to the

assistance of competent counsel to pursue the issue of allegedly

incompetent counsel in his state habeas corpus proceeding? Sound

precedent suggests an affirmative answer.

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The Sixth Amendment guarantees a person charged with a felony

a right to counsel at trial. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 336-

45 (1963).

The right to counsel extends to the first appeal (sometimes called

a direct appeal). Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353, 355-58 (1963).

Counsel must be competent. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.

668, 684-87 (1984).

Therefore, to give effect to the foregoing precedent, Mackall had

a right to pursue his Sixth Amendment guarantee of competent counsel during trial and appeal in his state habeas corpus proceeding with

the assistance of competent counsel. Although a prisoner is not constitutionally entitled to counsel in a collateral proceeding, the exception to this general rule, which Mackall seeks, is in reality a direct

attack on the competency of his trial and appellate counsel in the only

forum available to him--a habeas corpus proceeding. For this limited

purpose Mackall is entitled to the assistance of competent counsel.

Because Mackall challenges the competency of his trial and appellate counsel and of his first habeas counsel, I would vacate the judgment denying the writ and remand the case to the district court. The

district court should conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine the

competency of Mackall's first habeas counsel. If this counsel was

competent, the district court should reinstate the judgment denying

the writ. If the first habeas counsel was incompetent, the district court

should determine whether Mackall's trial and appellate counsel were

incompetent. If his trial and appellate counsel were competent, the

district court should reinstate the judgment denying the writ. If his

counsel were incompetent, the district court should grant the writ with

an appropriate proviso for a new trial. In all other respects, I would

affirm the judgment of the district court.

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