1

Filed 2/14/22 P. v. Jenkins CA3

Opinion following transfer from Supreme Court

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Sacramento)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

IRVIN DASHAWN JENKINS,

Defendant and Appellant.

C085180

(Super. Ct. No. 16FE008258)

OPINION ON TRANSFER

A jury convicted defendant Irvin Dashawn Jenkins of robbery and carjacking 

stemming from an incident at an oil change shop. Defendant appeals, arguing the trial 

court erred in excluding expert testimony on the percentage of “false”

1

identifications in 

cases where the defendant was exonerated by DNA evidence, instructional error, 

improper exclusion of defendant’s statement to sheriff’s deputies, prosecutorial 

misconduct, and ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant also argues this matter 

1 Defendant uses the term false in reference to erroneous identifications.
2

must be remanded to permit the trial court to consider whether it should exercise 

discretion to strike or dismiss the prior serious felony conviction enhancement imposed 

under Penal Code section 667, subdivision (a), a discretion afforded by Senate Bill 

No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.), enacted after defendant’s sentencing. He further

contends that, due to changes enacted by Senate Bill No. 136 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.), the 

court should strike the one-year enhancement imposed pursuant to Penal Code section 

667.5 subdivision (b), for a prior prison term. 

In our prior unpublished opinion we affirmed defendant’s convictions, struck the 

one-year prior prison term enhancement imposed pursuant to Penal Code section 667.5, 

subdivision (b), and remanded in light of Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) to 

permit the trial court to consider whether to strike or dismiss defendant’s prior serious 

felony conviction. The California Supreme Court granted review and ordered briefing 

deferred pending its decision in People v. Lemcke (2021) 11 Cal.5th 644 (Lemcke).

After the California Supreme Court issued its decision in Lemcke, it transferred 

this matter back to us with directions to vacate our decision and reconsider the cause in 

light of Lemcke. We conclude Lemcke does not change the result and reissue our prior 

opinion affirming the judgment, with modest revisions.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

An information charged defendant with carjacking and robbery. (Pen. Code,

§§ 215, subd. (a), 211.)2 The information also alleged defendant personally used a 

dangerous or deadly weapon, a pellet gun, in the commission of the crimes (§ 12022, 

subd. (b)(1)) and defendant suffered a prior strike, based on a 1999 robbery (§§ 667, 

subd. (d), 1170.12, subd. (b)). Allegations pursuant to section 667, subdivision (a), and 

section 667.5, subdivision (b), were also alleged.

2 All undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
3

A jury trial followed. The following evidence was introduced at trial.

The Incident

One morning in April 2016 Ronnie Rogers, a petroleum salesman, visited one of 

his accounts, Green Rider Oil Change. Rogers went into the shop to speak with the 

owner, Victor Lu.

As the pair spoke, an African-American male, later identified as defendant, walked 

into the shop. Rogers stood a few feet away. Defendant held a firearm in each hand. 

One was black and they appeared real.

Defendant banged the guns together and they made a sound that Lu believed was 

the sound of metal. Defendant told Rogers and Lu to give him their keys. Rogers 

complied immediately; Lu complied at Rogers’s urging. Rogers then turned and ran out 

of the oil change shop, hopped over a fence, and into a neighboring bank.

911 Call

Rogers asked a bank security guard to call 911. The guard called at 9:27 a.m. 

Rogers told the 911 operator that the intruder was African-American, between five foot 

seven and five foot eight inches tall, 22 to 25 years old, with short hair. He wore dark 

clothing and carried a “back pack like a red back pack.”

Rogers ran back to the oil change shop and saw defendant unlocking Rogers’s

truck. Rogers yelled that the police were on their way. Defendant took off in the truck; 

Rogers did not see anyone else around the truck.

Rogers called his wife. He had left his phone in the truck and his wife was able to 

track the truck’s location through the phone. Rogers gave the 911 operator the location 

of the truck, which was parked about a mile away from the oil change shop. The truck 

was parked in front of a chain link fence.
4

Response

A dispatch alerted Deputy Darren Anderson to the truck’s location. Anderson saw 

the truck within approximately 10 minutes of the theft. Anderson watched the truck from 

a nearby corner while he waited for backup. He saw no one around the truck.

About 10 minutes later, when backup arrived, Anderson and two other deputies 

approached the truck. When they opened the truck door, officers found defendant curled 

in a ball on the driver’s side floor. Defendant wore two T-shirts, one grey and one white. 

Over the t-shirts was a long-sleeve gray shirt with red stripes. Defendant wore dark 

colored pants and checkered or plaid boxer shorts.

Items Recovered from Truck

In the front seat officers found a backpack containing defendant’s California 

identification card, defendant’s prescription medication, defendant’s utility bill, and 

Rogers’s wallet. The backpack also contained various tools: an adjustable wrench, a 

small screwdriver, a Swiss Army knife, pliers, snips, a file, and a lug nut tool.

The officers also found a pair of glasses with no lenses matching those described 

by Rogers. They found a brown hat on the driver’s seat. Lu identified it as similar to the 

hat worn by the perpetrator.

The truck also contained two sets of keys and two guns. Under the dashboard was 

a silver and black handgun, later determined to be an airsoft BB gun. Officers also found 

a black airsoft BB gun. Rogers identified the guns as those used in the robbery. The 

guns yielded no usable fingerprints.

Identifications 

Prior to conducting field showups, officers interviewed Lu and Rodgers. Lu told a 

deputy that the robber’s pants were baggy and he wore boxer shorts with a blue, black, 

and white pattern.
5

A deputy took Rogers for a field showup. Rogers identified defendant as the 

robber, recognizing his face and his red shirt. Rogers stated he was 100 percent certain 

defendant was the robber.

Lu also participated in a field showup. During the robbery, Lu said, he focused on 

the gun not the robber’s face. Lu could not identify defendant, but stated he wore the 

same clothing as the robber. Lu recognized the boxer shorts and belt buckle defendant 

wore.

At trial, Lu identified a photograph of defendant’s clothing as looking similar to 

the pattern on the robber’s boxer shorts. Lu stated he did not believe there was enough 

time between the robbery and the field showup for the robber to have changed 

underwear. Lu testified the robber had a backpack, wore a grayish black hat, and wore 

glasses without lenses.

Defense

Defendant presented testimony by Dr. Geoffrey Loftus, an expert on human 

perception and memory. Dr. Loftus testified regarding the effects of the aftermath of the 

crime on a witness’s recollection of the crime itself. He also discussed the correlation 

between the duration of an event and one’s memory of it and cross-racial identification. 

According to Dr. Loftus, stress and the presence of a weapon can reduce the accuracy of 

an eyewitness’s identification. An eyewitness’s confidence in an identification’s 

accuracy does not necessarily correlate with the actual accuracy of the identification. In 

addition, field showups are intrinsically unreliable.

Defendant testified in his own defense. He was homeless. The day of the robbery, 

he was walking to a smoke shop when an acquaintance named Smitty pulled up in a pickup truck. Smitty, also homeless, said he borrowed the truck from a friend’s uncle.
6

Smitty asked if defendant had any drugs. Defendant said he had marijuana and 

methamphetamine. Smitty told defendant to get in the truck and he would get money for 

the drugs. The duo took several hits of methamphetamine.

Smitty drove to a cul-de-sac and, after he parked, told defendant he was going to 

get money from a house across the street. He left the keys to the truck inside.

As defendant waited in the truck, he saw a patrol car go by with its siren on. 

Afraid of being caught with drugs in the truck, defendant slid to the floor in front of the 

driver’s seat and hid. Defendant did not touch the guns retrieved from the truck, nor had 

he ever seen Rogers or Lu prior to the field showups.

At the time of trial, defendant was 39 years old. He suffered felony convictions 

for crimes of moral turpitude in 1999, 2003, 2007, and 2011. 

Deputy Anderson testified that the homeless often refer to one another by street 

names and know one another only through drug use. They also carry important 

paperwork with them.

Verdict and Sentencing

The jury convicted defendant on both counts. The jury found the armed with a 

weapon allegation to be untrue as to the carjacking offense.

Trial on the special allegations was bifurcated. Following a separate trial, the jury 

found defendant’s 1999 robbery conviction qualified as a strike. The jury found the 

section 667, subdivision (a), allegation and the section 667.5 subdivision (b), allegation 

true.

The court sentenced defendant to: 18 years for count one, the upper nine-year term 

doubled based on the strike; plus two years for count two, one third the middle term, 

doubled for the strike; five years for the section 667, subdivision (a), allegation; and one 

year for the section 667.5, subdivision (b), allegation. Defendant filed a timely notice of 

appeal.
7

DISCUSSION

I

Exclusion of Expert Testimony 

Defendant argues the court denied him a fair trial when it precluded his expert, Dr. 

Loftus, from testifying about false identifications in cases where DNA evidence 

exonerates a defendant.

Background

Prior to Dr. Loftus’s testimony, the court requested an offer of proof regarding the 

proposed testimony. The defense stated, among other things, Dr. Loftus would testify 

about statistical research on false identifications. Specifically, research revealing that 

witnesses made false positive identifications in 70 percent of cases where a defendant is 

exonerated by DNA evidence.

The court excluded Dr. Loftus’s testimony on statistical studies, determining the 

evidence was irrelevant. The court also found the evidence inadmissible under Evidence 

Code section 352, as more prejudicial than probative.

The court stated it, as well as the greater legal community, was familiar with Dr. 

Loftus’s work. Dr. Loftus’s studies revealed the fallibility of eyewitness identification 

and supplied part of the basis for the jury instruction on the factors a jury should consider 

in determining the reliability of an eyewitness identification. These factors, the court 

observed, are relevant for law enforcement to improve their procedures and to inform 

juries about what is proper for them to consider in deliberations.

However, the court found: “It is exactly the prosecutor fal[l]acy to present to this 

jury that a percentage of eyewitness identifications are incorrect, whether they are 

incorrect, shown to be incorrect because of further scientific studies, or DNA 

exonerations, or recantations is not relevant. The fact that we could go into the specifics 

of what those false identifications entailed, such as whether it was a lineup, whether there 
8

were two identifications identifying witnesses, whether there [was] voice ID, or asking a 

suspect to [ ]dress as the true criminal, simply takes us down a [section] 352 road of 

giving the jury more information about the reliability in those other cases, and I would 

exclude Dr. Loftus’s testimony as irrelevant, and even if not irrelevant, that it is so 

potentially confusing and misleading to the jury that its prejudicial effect far outweighs 

its probative value. 

“The comparison to DUI analysis is inept because that reverse extrapolation, I 

think they call it, has to do with an expert identifying a margin of error in the science. 

Dr. Loftus certainly can and properly should present to this jury factors of identification, 

and the Cal Crim instruction is a good template for that examination, but he will not be 

permitted to testify about the percentage of incorrect eyewitness identifications.”

The court allowed Dr. Loftus to testify as to other factors affecting identification. 

Dr. Loftus testified that duration, distance, lighting, the witness’s attention, focus on a 

weapon, and stress can affect a witness’s memory and identification. Dr. Loftus further 

testified on cross-racial identification and the relationship between a witness’s confidence 

in the identification and the accuracy of that identification.

Discussion

A person with special knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education in a 

particular field may qualify as an expert witness at trial. (Evid. Code, § 720.) However, 

an expert may offer his or her opinion only if it is related to a subject that is sufficiently 

beyond common experience that the opinion of an expert would assist the trier of fact. 

(Evid. Code, § 801, subd. (a).)

The trial court possesses wide discretion to admit or exclude expert testimony. 

(People v. Curl (2009) 46 Cal.4th 339, 359.) We will not reverse the trial court’s ruling 

on expert testimony unless we find a manifest abuse of discretion. (People v. Lee (2011) 

51 Cal.4th 620, 643.)
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In addition, a trial court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is 

substantially outweighed by the probability that the admission will necessitate undue 

consumption of time or create a substantial danger of undue prejudice, confusing the 

issues, or misleading the jury. (Evid. Code, § 352.) On appeal, we presume the trial 

court’s evidentiary ruling is correct and the defendant bears the burden of demonstrating 

error. (People v. Giordano (2007) 42 Cal.4th 644, 666.)

Here, the trial court considered defendant’s request to allow Dr. Loftus to testify 

concerning evidence of false identifications in 70 percent of cases where a defendant has 

been exonerated of a crime based on DNA evidence. The court found such testimony 

irrelevant to defendant’s case. In addition, the court determined that any possible 

relevance of such testimony would be outweighed by the time required to explain the 

evidence and the evidence’s penchant to confuse the jury.

Defendant disagrees, citing People v. McDonald (1984) 37 Cal.3d 351

(McDonald). In McDonald, a defendant was charged with shooting a victim during a 

robbery. No circumstantial evidence linked the defendant to the crime. Seven witnesses 

who saw the crime from varying distances provided equivocal identifications of the 

defendant as the assailant. (Id. at pp. 355-358.) The defendant presented testimony by 

several witnesses who stated he was in another city the day of the killing and supported 

their testimony with postcards and phone bills. (Id. at p. 360.)

The Supreme Court reversed the defendant’s murder conviction, citing the trial 

court’s exclusion of expert testimony at trial. The defense expert would have informed 

“the jury of various psychological factors that may affect the reliability of eyewitness 

identification and to ‘help to counter some common misconceptions’ about the process.” 

(McDonald, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 361.) Among the factors the defense expert would 

have testified to were: “[T]he observer’s state of mind, his expectations, his focus of 

attention at the time, the suddenness of the incident, the stressfulness of the situation, and 

the differences in the race and/or age of the observer and the observed.” (Ibid.)
10

In contrast to McDonald, the trial court in the present case allowed Dr. Loftus to 

testify about the various factors affecting memory and identification. The court carefully 

considered the proffered testimony about Dr. Loftus’s specific studies and determined 

they were not relevant and more prejudicial than probative. We find no error.

Defendant also contends the prosecution opened the door to admit Dr. Loftus’s

testimony regarding false identification during cross-examination.

During direct examination, Dr. Loftus testified that field showups are inherently 

unreliable. During cross-examination the prosecutor asked: 

“Q: And your testimony is that in field show-ups are unreliable?

“A: Yeah.

“Q: And, but in-field show-ups are used every day in law enforcement agencies in 

California, you know that?

“A: They sure are.”

Defense counsel objected, arguing the prosecution had opened the door to admit 

testimony by Dr. Loftus regarding false identification testimony by insinuating that field 

showups are reliable since they are used regularly. Defense counsel wanted to question 

Dr. Loftus as to the reason he believed such identifications are unreliable and the 

scientific basis for that belief. The court denied the request, stating it would mislead the 

jury.

Defendant argues the trial court’s ruling “was an abuse of discretion and patently 

absurd.” We disagree. The trial court simply exercised its discretion under Evidence 

Code section 352 to weigh the prejudicial effect of the proffered evidence against its 

probative value.

3

3 Defendant also claims the court’s exclusion of Dr. Loftus’s testimony on false 

identification violated his constitutional right to present a defense. However, when
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“ ‘We review the trial court's ultimate ruling for an abuse of discretion [citations], 

reversing only if “ ‘the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or 

patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” [Citation.]’ 

[Citation.]” (People v. Jackson (2016) 1 Cal.5th 269, 321.) Here, defendant was 

permitted to introduce some but not all of the testimony he wished to offer on the 

accuracy of field showups. The trial court did not abuse its discretion. 

II

Instructional Error

Background

The court instructed the jury utilizing CALCRIM No. 315: 

“You’ve heard eyewitness testimony identifying Mr. Jenkins. As with any other 

witness, you must decide whether an eyewitness gave truthful and accurate testimony. 

“In evaluating identification testimony, consider the following questions: 

“Did the witness know or have contact with Mr. Jenkins before the event?

“How well could the witness see the perpetrator?

“What were the circumstances affecting the witness’s ability to observe, such as 

lighting, weather conditions, obstructions, distance, and duration of observation?

“How closely was the witness paying attention?

“Was the witness under stress when he made the observation?

“Did the witness give a description, and how does that description compare to Mr. 

Jenkins?

“How much time passed between the event and the time when the witness 

identified Mr. Jenkins?

“Was the witness asked to pick the perpetrator out of a group?

evidence is properly excluded under Evidence Code section 352 the defendant’s 

constitutional rights are not violated. (People v. Mills (2010) 48 Cal.4th 158, 196.) 
12

“Did the witness ever fail to identify Mr. Jenkins?

“Did the witness ever change his mind about the identification?

“How certain was the witness when he made the identification?

“Are the witness and Mr. Jenkins of different races?

“Was the witness able to identify Mr. Jenkins in a photographic or physical 

lineup?

“Are there other factors relevant to eyewitness identification?

“The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that it was Mr. 

Jenkins who committed the crime. If the People have not met this burden, you must find 

Mr. Jenkins not guilty.”

The jurors were also instructed that “[p]eople sometimes honestly . . . make 

mistakes about what they remember” and the jurors were responsible for “judg[ing] the 

credibility or believability of the witnesses.”

Discussion

We concluded in our prior opinion that instructing the jury with the standard 

CALCRIM No. 315 instruction did not violate defendant’s due process rights; our 

Supreme Court had rejected a similar challenge to a similarly worded instruction in

People v. Ward (2005) 36 Cal.4th 186. We also rejected defendant’s claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel for failing to object to CALCRIM No. 315, because—in light of 

People v. Ward—counsel had a valid tactical reason for not objecting. (People v. 

Mendoza Tello (1997) 15 Cal.4th 264, 266.) 

The California Supreme Court subsequently granted review and later transferred 

this matter back to us with directions to vacate our prior opinion and reconsider the cause 

in light of its decision in Lemcke, which involved a similar challenge to CALCRIM 

No. 315. 
13

In Lemcke, our Supreme Court rejected a claim that CALCRIM No. 315’s

instruction that the jury “consider an eyewitness’s level of certainty when evaluating an 

identification” violated a defendant’s due process rights. (Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at 

pp. 646-647, 653-661.) But recognizing the instruction has “the potential to mislead 

jurors,” given the “near unanimity in the empirical research that ‘ “under most 

circumstances, witness confidence or certainty is not a good indicator of identification 

accuracy,” ’ ” (id. at p. 665) the court exercised its supervisory powers to direct trial 

courts to omit the certainty factor from CALCRIM No. 315 (unless the defendant 

requests otherwise), pending reevaluation of the factor by the Judicial Council. (Lemcke, 

supra, at pp. 647-648, 669.) 

Following transfer the parties filed supplemental briefs. In supplemental briefing, 

defendant argues “the certainty instruction misled and confused the jury,” and “[t]he 

circumstances in Lemcke are distinguishable from this case.” Defendant emphasizes that 

the trial court here “limited the testimony of the expert about the unreliability of in-field 

show-ups,” thereby “markedly curtail[ing] the defense from fully challenging Rogers’[s] 

ability to make an accurate identification.”

The People argue Lemcke does not change the result in this case, as there was no 

due process violation.

Defendant did not object to this instruction at trial. “Failure to object to 

instructional error forfeits the issue on appeal unless the error affects defendant’s 

substantial rights. [Citations.] The question is whether the error resulted in a miscarriage 

of justice under People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818.” (People v. Anderson (2007) 

152 Cal.App.4th 919, 927.)

We conclude there was no miscarriage of justice, because “listing the witness’s 

level of certainty as one of 15 factors the jury should consider when evaluating 

eyewitness identification did not render [defendant’s] trial fundamentally unfair or 

otherwise amount to a due process violation.” (Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 661.)
14

As the court held in Lemcke, the challenged portion of the instruction does not 

expressly equate certainty with accuracy. (Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 657.) Even if 

the instruction were susceptible to such an interpretation, defendant—like the defendant 

in Lemcke—presented expert testimony challenging that interpretation. (Id. at pp. 657-

658.) That the trial court may have limited the expert’s testimony about the unreliability 

of field showups does not clearly diminish a key similarity between this case and Lemcke: 

expert witness testimony attacked the evidentiary value of eyewitness identification of 

defendant. (See id. at p. 647 [“We reject [defendant’s] due process claims. . . . Although 

the language [of CALCRIM No. 315] may prompt jurors to conclude that a confident 

identification is more likely to be accurate, [defendant] was permitted to call an . . . 

expert who explained the limited circumstances when certainty and accuracy are 

positively correlated”].)

Moreover, the jury instructions as a whole made clear that the challenged portion 

of CALCRIM No. 315 did not lower the prosecution’s burden of proof. (Lemcke, supra, 

11 Cal.5th at p. 658.) As in Lemcke: “[T]he instruction on eyewitness identification 

evidence reiterated that . . . with respect to [defendant’s] identity” the prosecution had the 

burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that it was defendant who committed the 

crimes (ibid.); the jury here was instructed that “[p]eople sometimes honestly . . . make 

mistakes about what they remember” and that the jurors were responsible for “judg[ing] 

the credibility or believability of the witnesses” (ibid.); and, defendant had a full and fair 

opportunity to cross-examine the victims regarding their identifications. (Id. at p. 660.) 

Under these circumstances, the certainty instruction did not violate defendant’s due 

process rights or otherwise render his trial fundamentally unfair. (Id. at p. 661.)

While we agree with defendant that the instant case differs from Lemcke in some

respects, those differences do not favor defendant’s effort to obtain a reversal of his 

convictions. In Lemcke, “the conviction was based almost entirely on the testimony of a 

[1] single witness who [2] expressed certainty in her identification and [3] had no prior 
15

relationship with the defendant.” (Lemcke, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 666, italics added.) 

That scenario was “particular[ly] concern[ing]” to our Supreme Court, because the 

challenged instruction “d[id] nothing to disabuse jurors of the common misconception”

that “a certain identification is more likely to be accurate.” (Ibid.) Here, by contrast, 

defendant’s convictions were based on the testimony of two witnesses, one of whom did 

not identify defendant, but stated he wore the same underwear as the robber. This is a 

less concerning scenario than the one in Lemcke.

III

Exclusion of Evidence

Defendant challenges the court’s exclusion of evidence of his statement to officers 

regarding Smitty. The court’s ruling, defendant argues, deprived him of the right to 

present a defense.

Background

During trial, the prosecutor moved to preclude defense counsel from introducing 

defendant’s testimony that he told officers that Smitty drove the truck. The prosecutor 

argued defendant’s statement was hearsay and inadmissible under Evidence Code 

sections 791, 1220, or 1236.

Defense counsel sought to ask Deputy Anderson whether there was another 

suspect involved in the investigation. He explained that he was not seeking the answer 

for the truth of the matter, “but rather for the effect on the listener. What the officer did, 

how he responded, the fact he wasn’t aware of that, then that effect wouldn’t be there if 

he was never told, then I don’t know if it would be calling for hearsay if he was never 

told.” The court explained that it “sustained the objection on the basis [of] the officer’s 

state of mind, what he looked for or didn’t look for is not relevant. What’s relevant is 

what he did, not what his motivation was, not what his state of mind was . . . his state of 

mind is not relevant.”
16

During closing argument, the prosecutor argued that Smitty was imaginary and 

there was no evidence of his existence besides defendant’s testimony. Defense counsel 

objected, arguing defendant’s testimony was supported by defendant’s statement to 

officers. The prosecutor, defense counsel asserted, opened the door to evidence of 

Smitty’s existence beyond defendant’s own words and that his statement to officers 

should be admitted. The court denied the request.

Discussion

Though the trial court seemed to premise its ruling on the state of mind exception 

to the hearsay ruling, it is not clear that defendant sought to bring his questioning within 

that exception and, on appeal, he expressly eschews any such intent. According to 

defendant, “Nobody argued that the statement was admissible as a state of mind 

exception to the hearsay rule under Evidence Code 1250, except respondent.” On this 

point we concur with both parties that the state of mind exception does not apply. 

Defendant argues instead that the statement was not hearsay at all. It was not offered for 

the truth of the matter but “for the effect on the listener, what the officer did, how he 

responded.”

Not quite. Defendant seeks to use his hearsay statement to show the officers 

engaged in no investigation regarding Smitty and that, therefore, their investigation was 

insufficient. According to defendant, defendant’s statement was needed to “show how 

the investigation unfolded, and to show that the police failed to look for the other man. 

Without this evidence, the jury was left to wonder why, if defendant’s testimony was 

true, why he did not tell the police immediately. Moreover, because this evidence was 

not admitted, the defendant was unable to show that the police investigation was 

shoddy.”

But defendant’s statement about Smitty does not explain why the officers did no 

investigation regarding Smitty, and thus it is not admissible for the purpose of showing 
17

the officers’ conduct after hearing defendant’s statement. As for the prosecutor 

purportedly opening the door by arguing Smitty was a fictitious person, admitting 

defendant’s statement to the officers for the purpose of showing that they did no 

investigation regarding Smitty does not rebut that argument made by the prosecutor. As 

for showing the investigation was shoddy or incomplete because the officers did not 

investigate, this would only be the case if defendant’s statement was true and Smitty 

actually existed. Thus, if admitted to show the police investigation was deficient, the 

statement must be taken for the truth of what was asserted therein for the statement to 

have relevance. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining the evidence 

was not relevant. Were it relevant for the reasons suggested by defendant it would be 

inadmissible hearsay.

Nor was defendant’s statement to the police regarding Smitty admissible under 

Evidence Code section 791 as a prior consistent statement, the alternative grounds 

asserted by defendant. Evidence Code section 791 permits the admission of a prior 

consistent statement made before an asserted motive for fabrication has arisen. Case law, 

cited by defendant, recognizes there can be multiple motives to fabricate, and a statement 

made when there is an initial motive to fabricate may nonetheless be admissible as a 

consistent statement with respect to a later statement attributable to a separate and 

unrelated motive to fabricate. (People v. Jones (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1084.) Defendant’s 

efforts to bring his case within this principle is to no avail. He makes the remarkable 

claim that “If appellant was telling the truth, he had no motive to lie when he was first 

detained.” To the contrary, he had every motive to lie when found curled in a ball on the 

floor of a stolen truck. The same motive persisted throughout the criminal trial. The trial 

court did not err. 
18

IV

Prosecutorial Misconduct

In a related argument, defendant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct 

during rebuttal argument when he stated there was no evidence other than defendant’s 

own testimony as to the existence of an “imaginary Smitty.” The statement was improper 

based on the trial court’s exclusion of evidence that defendant told sheriff’s deputies 

about Smitty when they found him in the stolen pick-up. This misconduct deprived 

defendant of a fair trial.

Background

During rebuttal closing argument, the prosecutor argued defendant lied when he 

testified Smitty committed the crimes. The prosecutorshowed a Power Point slide 

entitled “Imaginary Smitty” purporting to summarize the deficiencies in the evidence, 

which included the line: “Any evidence that Smitty carjacked and robbed besides 

Jenkins[’s] own statement? No.”

The prosecutor argued: “So let’s talk about his testimony. Sounds like an 

imaginary Smitty to me. Does he have a first name for Mr. Smitty? No. Last name for 

Smitty? No. An address for Mr. Smitty? No. any way to contact Mr. Smitty? No. 

Smitty wear the glasses with no lenses found on the driver’s seat? No. Did he wear the 

hat that was found on the driver’s seat that was -- the person that carjacked had robbed 

these two victims had on? No. What was he wearing that day? I don’t know, just some 

dark clothing. How about the back pack? He says bag first, then says backpack. Well, 

he said it was first red, and then I said are you sure of that? Then he says black. Then he 

said, ‘oh, red and black.’ That’s really how you know when someone is lying, when they 

go red, black, okay, red and black. It’s pretty ridiculous his story. Was Smitty wearing a 

similar shirt to him? No. Was he wearing checkerboard blue, black and white 

underwear?”
19

Defense counsel objected that the prosecutor had misstated the testimony. The 

court overruled the objection and instructed the jury that they were to judge the evidence 

presented.

The prosecutorthen argued: “So he doesn’t know what Smitty was wearing. Any 

evidence that Smitty carjacked and robbed besides Mr. Jenkins’ own self-serving 

statement? Is there anything you can hang your hat on to say, yeah, I think he’s -- yeah. 

No, no, no. Nothing.”

After the jury began deliberations, defense counsel objected that the slide and 

argument were both improper. Defendant’s testimony was supported by his prior 

statement to officers, which the trial court excluded. In addition, defense counsel argued 

the prosecutor’s argument opened the door to allowing defendant’s statement to officers 

into evidence.

The trial court responded: “[M]y radar kind of went up about it because we had 

talked at length about it, but [the prosecutor’s] argument was that story was bogus, 

whether it was told from the stand of at the scene. He was not saying it had been recently 

fabricated, and the recent fabrication is the thing that makes a prior statement 

admissible.” The prosecutor explained his comments: “What I was implying, there’s 

nothing to support what [defendant] said, not that when I say other evidence I meant, 

other evidence besides what comes out of his mouth. And the statement prior [to officers 

at the time he was apprehended] came out of his mouth. It’s not like it was some other 

evidence that the Court excluded.”

Defense counsel asked to reopen his case and introduce evidence that defendant 

told a deputy about Smitty after defendant was apprehended. The trial court denied the 

request.
20

Discussion

A prosecutor’s conduct violates the federal Constitution when it comprises a 

pattern of conduct so egregious that it infects the trial with such unfairness as to deny a 

defendant due process. Prosecutorial conduct that does not render a criminal trial 

fundamentally unfair is prosecutorial misconduct under state law only if it involves the 

use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the 

jury. (People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 427 (Bryant); People 

v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 841.) It is misconduct for a prosecutor to misstate the 

law during argument, misstate or mischaracterize the evidence, or assert facts not in 

evidence. (People v. Whalen (2013) 56 Cal.4th 1, 77; People v. Davis (2005) 36 Cal.4th 

510, 550; People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 1026.) 

When prosecutorial misconduct is based on the prosecution’s comments in front of 

the jury, we consider whether there is a reasonable likelihood the jury construed or 

applied any of the complained-of remarks in an objectionable fashion. (Bryant, supra, 

60 Cal.4th at p. 427.) We review the challenged statements within the context of the 

record and argument as a whole. (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1203.) In 

addition, we do not lightly infer that the jury drew the most, rather than the least, 

damaging meaning from the prosecution’s statements. (People v. Shazier (2014) 

60 Cal.4th 109, 144.)

Our review of the record reveals no prosecutorial misconduct. The prosecutor

argued defendant’s testimony about Smitty was not credible. The prosecutor did not 

argue that defendant never told the deputies about Smitty. The prosecutor did not, as 

defendant claims, imply “that [defendant’s] trial testimony was recently fabricated, which 

he knew was not true.” Nothing in the prosecution’s comments supports this assertion. 

We find no misconduct.
21

V

Supplemental Briefing

In supplemental briefing, defendant contends, in light of the passage of 

Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.), which became effective after sentencing, 

that this matter must be remanded to permit the trial court to consider whether it should 

exercise the discretion afforded by Senate Bill No. 1393 to strike or dismiss the prior 

serious felony conviction enhancement imposed under section 667, subdivision (a)(1). 

(Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1-2.) The People concede defendant is entitled to the benefit of 

Senate Bill No. 1393 but assert remand is unwarranted in light of defendant’s extensive 

criminal history and the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion to strike defendant’s 

strike prior. These circumstances suggest that the trial court would not exercise its 

discretion to strike the enhancement, but we are compelled to remand absent a clear 

indication that it would not. (See People v. Billingsley (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 1076, 

1081.) Lacking such a clear indication we shall remand and permit the trial court to 

decide. 

Finally, defendant contends the court should strike the one-year enhancement 

imposed pursuant to section 667.5 subdivision (b), for a prior prison term. Though 

proper at the time of defendant’s sentencing, Senate Bill No. 136 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) 

was thereafter enacted to require that the prior prison term be served “for a sexually 

violent offense as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 6600 of the Welfare and 

Institutions Code.” (Stats. 2019, ch. 590, § 1.) The People acknowledge that the 

amendment applies retroactively to defendant and requires that the prior prison term 

enhancement be stricken because his prior conviction does not qualify as a sexually 

violent offense.
22

DISPOSITION

The matter is remanded to the trial court for resentencing. The prior prison term 

enhancement imposed pursuant to section 667.5, subdivision (b) is stricken. The trial 

court shall consider whether to strike or dismiss defendant’s prior serious felony 

conviction and to exercise whatever additional sentencing discretion is available to it. 

The trial court is directed to prepare an amended abstract of judgment and forward a copy 

to the appropriate entities. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.

 /s/

RAYE, P. J.

We concur:

 /s/

DUARTE, J.

 /s/

MURRAY, J.*

* Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Third Appellate District, 

assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California 

Constitution.