MA rraR or DI— 

In DEPORTATION Proceedings 

A-11875663 

Decided by Board August 2,1961 

Expatriation—Section 349(a)(3), 1952 act—Volunntary service in Rebel Army 

of Cuba after January 1, 1959. 

(1) Native-born United States citizen who served in We Reno. Army ut Cuba 

subsequent to January 1, 1959, is held to have expatriated under the provisions of section 349(a) (3) of the Act upon evidence establishing that he 

voluntarily joined the rebel forces in Cuba in January 1958, that he went 

back to the United States in December 1958, and that he voluntarily returned to Cuba in January 1959 and resumed his military rank (Captain) 

and duties without protest. 

(2) Service In the Rebel Army of Cuba after January 1, 1959, the date on 

which Castro came to power, constitutes service in the arn—.,c1 forces of a. 

foreign state as defined in section 349(a) (3) of the Act. 

CHARGES : 

Order : Act of 1952—Section 241(a) (1) [8 U.S.C. 1251(a) (1)1—No immigrant visa. 

Act of 1952—Section 241(a) (1) [8 U.S.C. 1251(a) (1)1—Convicted of 

crime involving moral turpitude, to wit, carnal knowledge and 

abuse. 

BEFORE THE BOARD 

DISCUSSION: The case comes forward on appeal from the orderof the special inquiry officer dated May 31, 1961, finding the respondent to be an alien and directing his deportation on the charges 

contained in the order to show cause. 

The respondent was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on August 1, 

1921, last entered the United States at the port of El Paso, Texas, 

on or about July 22, 1960, and was admitted upon his claim that 

he was a citizen of the United States_ The rpsponclent was, of 

course, a citizen of the United States at birth.' The primary question to be resolved is whether the respondent, as result of conduct 

subsequent to his birth, expatriated himself under the provisions of 

section 349(a) (3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 

1U.S. Constitution, Fourteenth Amendment, and section 1992, U.S. Revised 

Statutes. 

452 
1481 (a)(3)), which provides for loss of nationality by a native or 

naturalized citizen after the effective date of the Act by: 

entering, or serving in, the armed forces of a foreign state unless, prior to 

such entry or service, such entry or service is specifically authorized in writing by the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense * • *. 

It has been established that the respondent was a citizen of the 

United States at birth. The Government, therefore, has the burden 

of proving that the respondent subsequently becalm:, expatriated. 

The burden is a heavy one; the proof to establish loss of citizenship must be clear, unequivocal and convincing? Likewise, the 

burden is upon the Government to establish that the expatriatory 

act was performed voluntarily.' The contentions raised by brief 

and oral argument on the issue of alienage raise the following 

quections: 

(1) Did the respondent serve voluntarily in the Rebel Army 

of Cuba after January 2, 1959? 

(2) Did service in the Rebel Army of Cuba constitute service 

in the armed forces of a foreign State within the meaning 

of section 319(a) (3) ? 

The record establishes that respondent went to Cuba in January 

1958 to join the revolutionary forces of Castro against the existing 

Batista regime. The motivation which prompted the respondent to 

join the Castro regime does not appear to us to be material. Starting as a private he rose to rank of Captain in July 1958. He testified that he returned to the United States in November or December 1958 for medical treatment. However, after Batista had been 

deposed, and the respondent knew the actual fighting had ceased, 

the respondent returned to Havana about January 5, 1959, allegedly 

for a reunion with comrades, in arms with whom he had fought 

during the revolution. There is some inconsistency in the testimony 

of the respondent regarding his own thoughts as to his status upon 

his return to Cuba, but it is established by the record that respondent returned to one of the leaders of the revolutionary forces in 

whose home he slept in La Cabana, a military fortress in Havana, 

and who, on the next day, took him to general quarters and assigned 

him to take over the corps of guards and the security of the Rebel 

Army at La Cabana, with the rank of Captain, supervising the 

guards at the tribunalc of the revolutionary forces in executing 

the orders of the tribunals. He remained at La Cabana until May 

1959, when the executions of persons condemned to death by the 

revolutionary tribunals ceased, and acknowledged that during that 

2Nishikawa v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 129; Gonzales v. Landon, 350 U.S. 920; 

Baumgartner v. United States, 322 U.S. 665; Schiteiderman v. United States, 

320 U.S. 118. 

3 Nishikawa v. Dulles, supra; Perez v. Brownett, 306 U.S. 44; Matter of C8-317. 

453 
period he was a member of the Rebel Army and the men under his 

command were likewise members. About June 1959 he was transferred to various installations, men under him performing chiefly 

guard duty, although for one month during July 1959 gave instructions in the use of weapons at a military police school and 

again at Principe Prison, Havana, from March 1960 until he left 

Cuba in May 1960. 

It has been established that during the period of his service the 

respondent retained his military rank of Captain, wore the insignia, 

issued commands to men under his jurisdiction and was himself 

subject to official orders of his commanding officer or chief of staff, 

and was paid by the Chief of Staff of the Rebel Army. He was 

holder of an identity card issued by the Director of Personnel of 

the itebel Army on August 17, 1959, identifying him as a Captain 

of the Rebel Army. Several witnesses testified to the effect that the 

respondent wore a uniform, olive-green in color, and that the men 

under his command in the firing squad wore the same uniform without the insignia of Captain (three chevrons) which the respondent 

wore. He vouched for the truth and correctness of a magazine 

article covering his military activities subsequent to January 1959. 

Although the respondent has claimed that his service in the 

Cuban army after January 1959 was involuntary, it is to be remembered that the respondent's original act of joining the Cuban revolutionary forces was voluntary and that he was in the United States 

at the time the Batista regime was overthrown and the actual fighting had ceased. There is no showing that his return to Cuba in 

January 1959 was other than voluntary, for it is manifest that he 

could have remained in the United States without fear of punishment or retribution from the Rebel Army of Cuba. There is some 

indication that the respondent's return to Cuba in January 1959 

was motivated by 1 - -pect of sharing in the land distribution 

of the agrarian re—tai program promised by Castro. However, 

when he returned, it does not appear that he was impressed into 

service or compelled to return to service. The respondent, it is to 

be remembered, was a volunteer foreigner and his case differs from 

those persons who were conscripted into service. 4On the other 

hand, he sought out his commander, was cordially received, and was 

continued in the rank of Captain with complete willingness and 

without any protest either to the commanding officer or to the 

American Consul. After voluntarily returning to Cuba and continuing in his military rank and duties since January 1959 without 

protest, his present claim of duress does not appear credible. 

Having established his return to military service in the Rebel Army 

4 Nishikawa v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 129 (1958); Podea v. Acheson, 170 F.2d 306 

(C.A. 2, 1950). 

454 
in January 1959 was voluntary and of respondent's own free will, 

a discussion as to respondent's difficulty in thereafter obtaining his 

release from milit a ry service would appear to be academic. It is 

believed that the evidence establishes conclusively the voluntari ess 

of the respondent's service in the Cuban•revolutionary armed forces 

after January 6, 1959. 

The next question to be resolved is whether the Rebel Army after 

the fall of the Batista regime subsequent to January 1, 1959, when 

Castro took over the reins of the Cuban Government, constituted 

the armed forces of a foreign state within the meaning of section 

349(a) (3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Prior to the 

fall of Batista and the then duly constituted Government of Cuba, 

it is not doubted that the Rebel Army was merely a revolutionary 

force and had no official or legal status. However, after January 1, 

1959, Castro, by decree published in the Official Gazette of Cuba on 

January 2, 1959, wee appointed the Commanding Chief of the Air, 

Sea and Land Forces of Cuba. Law #13 promulgated on January 13, 1959, temporarily suspended the Organic Law relating to 

the organization of what had previously constituted the regular 

Cuban Army, pending a reorganization of the armed forces. The 

fundamental law of Cuba setting up the organization and the new 

government became effective on February 7, 1959. Article 126 assigned to the President of the Republic, assisted by the Council of 

Ministers, the function of directing the Armed Forcer of the Republic as their supreme head. Law #100 enacted February 23, 1959, 

created certain nonmilitary departments in the Rebel Army and 

assigned them to the Ministry of Defense. Law #600 of October 16, 

1959, created a new Minister of Revolutionary Armed Forces (in 

lieu of the former Ministry of Defense) and placed all the armed 

forces of the country under its jurisdiction. This law dissolved the 

previously existing regular Cuban Army, Navy, National Police and 

Joint Chiefs of Staff and provided for the preparation of a new 

Organic Law within 60 days. However, the Rebel Army never disappeared but its continued existence as the armed forces of Cuba 

after Castro had taken over was explicitly recognized in Article 6 

of Law #600 which stated that "members of the Rebel An and 

other persons at present rendering real and effective service in any 

of the Armed Forces of the Nation, shall retain their mil:dal 

sta tus." 

The Service produced a witness, Dr. J—A--M—, a former practicing attorney and public defender in Cuba, as an expert on Cuban 

law to testify as to the effect of these various provisions of law set 

out above. His qualifications were not disputed. This witness testified that although Law #13 temporarily suspended the Organic 

Law relating to the army, it did not dissolve the army itself nor 

455 
was Article 3 of Law #600 necessary to give the Rebel Army legal 

sanction; that law merely provided for the administrative organization of the Rebel Army and did not relate to the creation or existence 

of the Rebel Army as a military force of Cuba; and even without 

such a law, the Minister of the Revolutionary Armed Forces was 

empowered to issue decrees providing for the organiz'ation of the 

Rebel Army. 

The Immigration and Nationality Act does not define the term 

"armed forces" as used in section 349(a) (3). The legislative history 

relating to loss of citizenship by serving in foreign military forces 5 

comments that before enactment of the Nationality Act, entry into 

or service in the armed forces of a foreign state would not, of itself, 

cause loss of citizenship but that under the Nationality Act loss of 

citizenship occurred under certain circumstances, such as the possession or acquisition of the nationality of the state for which he was 

serving. The report referred to the modification of the general 

rule of expatriation by entering foreign service by certain Executive Agreements which permitted foreign service without expatriation. It also made reference to the holding that service in the 

reserve forces in a foreign state would expatriate if the obligations 

thereby incurred were the same rs those in active service if nationality of the foreign state was acquired. The Subcommittee commented that the provisions covering loss of nationality through service in the armed forces of a foreign country should be uniform and 

should not be dependent upon foreign law, and was therefore recommending changes in the subsection relating to expatriation by service in foreign military forces. In the report to accompany S. 5550, 

which became the Immigration and Nationality Act,° in connection 

with the provision of the Nationality Act of 1940 which caused loss 

of nationality by entering or serving in the armed forces of a foreign 

state unless expressly authorized to do so by the laws of the United 

States, the report pointed out that the new bill requires, in lieu of 

general authorization, that a specific authorization in writing must 

be made by the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense 

before a national of the United States may enter or serve in the 

armed forces of a foreign state without losing his status as a national 

of the United States. The legislative history, therefore, discloses an 

intent on the part of Congress to broaden the expatriatory consequences of service in the armed forces of a foreign state. 

There is no doubt in the testimony of witnesses and from reference 

to the various Cuban laws, previously referred to, that after Castro 

came into power in January 1959 the Rebel Army constituted the 

only effective military establishment in Cuba, that it was, de facto, 

enate Report No. 1515 (81st Cong., 2d Sess., p. 749). 

6Senate Report No. 1137 (82d Cong., 2d Sess., p. 4G t. 

456 
the exclusive armed force prior to the passage of laws which directed the absorption of the remnants of the former Cuban army in a 

subordinate or subservient role until the final dissolution of the 

former regular army in October 1959, 'We agree with the conclusion of the special inquiry officer that the assignment of certain 

nonmilitary duties to the Rebel Army did not negate its status as a 

military force. Cases cited by counsel limiting the term "aimed 

forces" under prior law are distinguishable since they involve reserve or training units rather than active military components, and 

there is no dispute that respondent was actually serving in the active 

part of the Cuban military armed force. The unreported Matter 

of F—A--F—, A-11884065, cited by counsel, in which proceedings 

were terminated by the special inquiry officer on May 14, 1961, is 

not a binding precedent and the issue, there appeared to be whether 

that respondent was an officer of the Rebel Army after January 1959. 

In this case, the testimony of the respondent and of witnesses clearly 

demonstrates that, respondent served voluntarily in active service in 

the armed forces of a foreign state. Voluntary foreign military 

service having been proved, the element of intent as a factor in 

expatriation is not critical.? Expatriation of the respondent pursuant to section 349(a) (3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

has been established by clear, convincing and unequivocal evidence. 

Alienage having been established, consideration of the deportability of this respondent on the charges set forth in the order to show 

cause is in order. At the time of his last entry the respondent intended to remain in the United States indefinitely although not in 

possession of an immigrant visa or any document in lieu thereof. It 

is the performance of expatriatory acts which results in loss of nationality, not the time of the adjudication thereof. 8The respondent 

has admitted that he was put on notice as to the effect of his conduct 

by the service of a certificate of loss of nationality upon him by the 

consular officer at Havana. True, such certificate is not conclusive 

on the issue of loss of nationality, but the respondent cannot now 

plead ignorance or surprise and should have resorted to established 

procedures for seeking a final determination on the issue of loss of 

nationality. Although the respondent testified that he was in contact with the American Consul in Havana, there is no indication that 

he sought to avail himself of the procedure act forth in sections 

360(a) and (c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act for a determination of his citizenship status. The case appears to be distinguishable from the capes of naturalized citizens who subsequently 

were denaturalized and to whom the relation back doctrine as to 

7 MacKenzie v. Rare, 239 U.S. 299; Savorganit v. Umited Suites, 338 U.S. 

491: Perez a, Brownell, $99 U.S. 44. 

- Section 355 of the Immigration and Nationality Act. 

457 
documentary requirements has been held inapplicable. 9The first 

charge in the order to show cause is sustained. 

The record establishes that the respondent was convicted_ on November 14, 1951, on his plea of guilt in the Municipal Court, City 

of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, of the offense of carnal knowledge and 

abuse of a female, 16 years of age, contrary to section 5 0.17 of the 

statutes and was sentenced on January 11, 1952, to an indeterminate 

sentence of one to four years. Section 340.47, Wisconsin Statutes, 

provides: "Any person over eighteen years of age who shall unlawfully and carnally know and abuse any female under the age of 

eighteen years shall be punished by imprisonment in the State Prison 

for not more than 35 years nor less than one year ; or by a fine not 

exceeding $200 * * *." This crime has been likened to statutory rape 

and involves moral turpitude.° 

Counsel does not dispute that respondent has been convicted of a 

crime involving moral turpitude. However, counsel coniends that 

respondent was not a member of an excludable class at the time of 

his last entry by virtue of such conviction because section 212(a) (9) 

of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a) (9)) 

applies to "aliens" who have been convicted of such a crime and the 

respondent's conviction occurred :n 1952 when he was a citizen of 

the United States and prior to the occurrence of any of the allegedly 

expatriating acts. The same contention was raised in Matter of S — , 

5-678, and was rejected, it being held that the respondent's conviction of crime involving moral turpitude was precedent to his 

excludability and the adjudication of his status as an alien was a 

necessary further condition to the requirements of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act. 1 ' 

Counsel has raised constitutional objections to the provisions of 

section 349(a) (3) upon the record, but recognizes that such constitutional objections cannot be entertained at the administrative level. 

We have read the record and believe that respondent was accorded 

a fair hearing and due process and that the• special inquiry officer 

permitted counsel for the respondent wide leeway in raising objections and expressing himself upon the record. We see no evidence 

of prejudgment upon the part of the special inquiry officer. We 

Matter of 147—, 5--759. The holding in the case of Podea v. ichevon, 179 

F.2d 306, cited by counsel, was that the plaintiff's ninitary service wan undo], 

duress and did not result in expatrialion. 

1O Pin0 V. biieolls, 215 F.2d 237, rev. on other grounds, 349 U.S. 901; Bendel 

v. Nagle, 17 F2d 719; Matter of R—, 3-562. 

Reliance was placed upon United States ex rod. Eichenlaub v. Shaughnessy, 

338 U.S. 521, and the decision in Mangaoang v. Boyd, 205 F.2d 533, cert. den. 

346 U.S. 876, was held to be not controlling for the reasons set forth on page 

555 of that decision ; see also Matter of B—, 5-405, footnote 4. 

458 
are not prepared to disturb the finding of the special inquiry officer 

who had an opportunity to observe the demeanor and deportment 

Of the respondent and the witnesses on the issue of credibility. After 

a careful consideration of the record, we concur with the finding of 

the special inquiry officer as to alienage and deportability. 

ORDER: It is ordered that the appeal be and the same is hereby 

dismissed. 

459