PRESENT: All the Justices

VIRGINIA EDUCATION ASSOCIATION, ET AL.

 OPINION BY

v. Record No. 161017 JUSTICE CLEO E. POWELL

 August 31, 2017 

BRIAN C. DAVISON

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

 

v. Record No. 161025 

 

BRIAN C. DAVISON

LOUDOUN COUNTY SCHOOL BOARD

v. Record No. 161031 

BRIAN C. DAVISON

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND

Melvin R. Hughes, Judge Designate

The Virginia Department of Education (“VDOE”) appeals from the judgment of the 

Circuit Court of the City of Richmond (“circuit court”) directing it to produce student growth 

percentile (“SGP”) data for certain Loudoun County Public School students under the Virginia 

Freedom of Information Act, Code § 2.2-3700 et seq. (“VFOIA”). The Loudoun County School 

Board (“School Board”) and the Virginia Education Association (“VEA”) sought to intervene in 

the matter.1

 The circuit court permitted the School Board to intervene limited to the issue of 

 1

 The Virginia School Board Association and the Virginia Association of School 

Superintendents also filed motions to intervene. They did not appeal. 
2

whether Code § 22.1-295.1(C) applied to preclude disclosure of the requested information.2 The 

circuit court denied the motion to intervene filed by the VEA. These appeals followed. 

I. BACKGROUND

The facts of the case are not in dispute. Brian C. Davison (“Davison”) contacted 

Loudoun County Public Schools requesting Standards of Learning (“SOL”) test results for 

students in the County’s schools. Davison was informed that VDOE was the custodian of the 

information he sought and was advised to submit his request to VDOE. 

 Davison thereafter sent a VFOIA request to VDOE for the English and math assessment 

SGP aggregated score results for Loudoun County Public Schools sorted by teacher and by 

school over the past five years along with an explanation of the methodology used to calculate 

the assessment scores. In response to his request, VDOE indicated that score results do not 

include information for individual teachers. Davison provided VDOE with a link to its own 

website where an exemplar “Annotated Division Report” showed that VDOE had in fact 

compiled SGP results by teacher and school in the past. 

 VDOE next responded that, despite the exemplar on the website, no such reports existed 

and that “the records that you are requesting only exist in a database that contains information 

directly related to students, they are considered scholastic records, which are exempt from 

disclosure under Va. Code Section 2.2-3705.4.” Davison responded that, based on publicly 

available information, he believed that VDOE could produce summary reports that did not 

include student identifying information. VDOE acknowledged that such reports did exist at one 

 2

 The School Board also sought to intervene to raise the personnel exemption under Code 

§ 2.2-3705.1(1); the personal information exemption under Code § 2.2-3705.1(10), as defined in 

Code § 2.2-3801; and the scholastic records exemption under Code § 2.2-3705.1(4). We do not 

reach these issues because of the disposition we make regarding confidentiality of personnel 

records under Code § 22.1-295.1(C). 
3

time, but were no longer produced and again asserted that they were exempt from disclosure 

under VFOIA.

 On October 2, 2014, Davison filed a verified petition for a writ of mandamus requesting 

that the circuit court require VDOE to produce the SGP data. Davison also requested an award 

of attorney’s fees, costs, and statutory civil damages for willful violation of VFOIA.

3

 VDOE 

responded to the petition by demurrer. The circuit court overruled the demurrer and held an ore 

tenus hearing. The principal issue covered by the testimony and argument of the parties was 

whether the information Davison sought was subject to the exemption in Code § 2.2-3705.4 for 

“scholastic records” and the corresponding federal law protecting student privacy. See 20 U.S.C. 

§ 1232g. 

 In an opinion letter dated January 9, 2015, the circuit court found that the VFOIA 

exemption and federal protections did not apply. In its ruling, the circuit court noted that the 

section VDOE relied on covered a number of exemptions related to scholastic records. The 

circuit court noted further that the “issue seem[ed] to be confined to whether the information 

sought contains ‘information concerning identifiable individuals.’” Specifically, the court noted 

that VDOE admitted that its database could produce reports with the information Davison 

requested without disclosing any student identifying information. Moreover, because the 

information in such reports was available in other forms, the court rejected VDOE’s contention 

that it was being required to “creat[e] . . . a new public record” in order to respond to the request. 

The circuit court ordered that the writ of mandamus should issue. 

 3

 Davison named two VDOE employees as defendants for this claim. This issue is not 

before the Court on appeal. 
4

 On February 6, 2015, the VEA filed a motion to intervene in the mandamus proceeding. 

On February 11, 2015, the School Board also sought to intervene. The circuit court denied the 

motions to intervene finding that, as private entities, they were not subject to an action to enforce 

VFOIA and, thus, had no standing to intervene. However, the circuit court stated that it would 

grant the School Board’s motion to intervene for the limited purpose of asserting an exemption 

for “aggregate teacher performance indicators or other data” as being confidential portions of 

teachers’ personnel files as defined in Code § 22.1-295.1(C).4 The circuit court further indicated 

that it would grant a motion to rehear filed by VDOE raising the same issue.

On rehearing, the circuit court entered three orders denying VDOE’s demurrer, denying

the motions of the various education associations to intervene, and entering final judgment for 

Davison and against VDOE and “the Intervenor Loudoun County School Board on its motion to 

intervene previously granted.” The circuit court found “in favor of [Davison] on the remaining 

issue: whether Va. Code Ann. § 22.1-295.1 precludes disclosure of teacher identifying 

information as and under the term ‘teacher performance indicator’ and whether such disclosure 

shall be made under the [c]ourt’s prior ruling on January 9, 2015.” Responding to the School 

Board’s argument that the data sought was exempt as personnel records under Code § 22.1-

295.1(C), the circuit court ruled: 

While the evidence revealed that student growth percentiles can be 

used for multiple purposes, including teacher evaluation, on 

balance considering the testimony and evidence the student growth 

percentiles have not been used as a teacher performance indicator 

by Loudoun County Public Schools. 

 4 The circuit court ordered the production of disaggregated data, with redaction of 

identifying student information, but no redaction of identifying teacher information. Therefore, 

VDOE and the Intervenors sought rehearing and intervention. 
5

 The circuit court directed VDOE to “produce and provide nonexempt fields of 

information maintained in its database, excising exempt fields of information in accordance with 

law pursuant to Va. Code Ann. § 2.2-3704(G).” The circuit court also awarded Davison $35,000 

in attorney’s fees and costs against VDOE.

The VDOE, the VEA, and the School Board each filed notices of appeal from the April 

12, 2016 final order. VDOE filed a motion “to stay” enforcement of the circuit court’s order 

pending appeal. The School Board filed a motion “to suspend” the court’s final order. On May 

13, 2016, the circuit court entered an order purporting to both “suspend” the final order and 

“stay” its enforcement effective May 4, 2016. 

 On May 18, 2016, the circuit court entered an “amended” final order nunc pro tunc to 

April 12, 2016, in which it assigned joint liability for the award of attorney’s fees and costs to 

VDOE and the School Board and also denied the civil damages sought by Davison against the 

VDOE employees. The School Board filed a second notice of appeal on May 18, 2016, in which 

it specifically objected to the entry of the amended final order. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Code § 22.1-295.1(C) 

 On issues of statutory interpretation, we review the circuit court’s decision de novo. 

Fitzgerald v. Loudoun Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 289 Va. 499, 504, 771 S.E.2d 858, 860 (2015). 

“VFOIA requires ‘public records’ to be ‘open to inspection and copying by any citizens of the 

Commonwealth during the regular office hours of the custodian of such records.’” The Daily 

Press, LLC v. Office of the Exec. Sec’y of the Sup. Ct. of Va., 293 Va. 551, 557, 800 S.E.2d 822, 

824 (2017) (quoting Code § 2.2-3704(A)). 
6

 At the time of the underlying proceedings, Code § 22.1-295.15 provided: 

A. Personnel files of all school board employees may be produced 

and maintained in digital or paper format. 

B. Information determined to be unfounded after a reasonable 

administrative review shall not be maintained in any employee 

personnel file, but may be retained in a separate sealed file by the 

administration if such information alleges civil or criminal 

offenses. Any dispute over such unfounded information exclusive 

of opinions retained in the personnel file, or in a separate sealed 

file, notwithstanding the provisions of the Government Data 

Collection and Dissemination Practices Act (§ 2.2-3800 et seq.), 

shall be settled through the employee grievance procedure as 

provided in §§ 22.1-306 and 22.1-308 through 22.1-314. 

C. Teacher performance indicators, or other data used by the local 

school board to judge the performance or quality of a teacher, 

maintained in a teacher’s personnel file or otherwise shall be 

confidential but may be disclosed (i) pursuant to court order, (ii) 

for the purposes of a grievance proceeding involving the teacher, 

or (iii) as otherwise required by state or federal law. Nothing in 

this subsection shall be construed to prohibit the release or to limit 

the availability of nonidentifying, aggregate teacher performance 

indicators or other data. 

 In requiring VDOE to produce the SGP data, the circuit court found: “While the 

evidence revealed that student growth percentiles can be used for multiple purposes, including 

teacher evaluation, on balance considering the testimony and evidence the student growth 

percentiles have not been used as a teacher performance indicator by Loudoun County Public 

Schools.” VDOE and the School Board argue that this finding is erroneous because the SGP 

data remains a teacher performance indicator regardless of whether it was used in teacher 

evaluations. Davison responds that the circuit court did not err because the SGPs are not teacher 

performance indicators. The indicators, he argues, must actually be used to evaluate teachers to 

qualify for confidentiality and here they were not used to evaluate Loudoun’s teachers.

 5

 The statute was amended, effective July 1, 2016, and contains revisions to subsection C. 

See 2016 Acts ch. 390. 
7

1. SGP Data as a Teacher Performance Indicator

As a threshold matter, the Court must determine whether SGP data constitutes teacher 

performance indicators. Article VIII, Section 2 of the Virginia Constitution requires VDOE to 

determine standards of quality for Virginia’s public school divisions, subject to revision by the 

General Assembly. Seven Standards of Quality are codified in Title 22.1, Chapter 13.2. 

Standard 5, Quality of classroom instruction and educational leadership, requires, in part: 

Consistent with the finding that leadership is essential for the 

advancement of public education in the Commonwealth, teacher, 

principal, and superintendent evaluations shall be consistent with 

the performance standards included in the Guidelines for Uniform 

Performance Standards and Evaluation Criteria for Teachers, 

Principals, and Superintendents. Evaluations shall include student 

academic progress as a significant component and an overall 

summative rating. Teacher evaluations shall include regular 

observation and evidence that instruction is aligned with the 

school’s curriculum. Evaluations shall include identification of 

areas of individual strengths and weaknesses and recommendations 

for appropriate professional activities.

Code § 22.1-253.13:5(B) (emphasis added). 

 VDOE adopted “Guidelines for Uniform Performance Standards and Evaluation Criteria 

for Teachers” effective July 1, 2012. The Guidelines define seven different Performance 

Standards to use when evaluating teachers. The Performance Standards are “examples of 

observable, tangible behavior that indicate the degree to which teachers are meeting each 

teaching standard.” “Performance standards define the criteria expected when teachers perform 

their major duties.” Performance Standard 7: Student Academic Progress states that “[t]he work 

of the teacher results in acceptable, measurable, and appropriate student academic progress.” 

 Student academic progress under Standard 7 is measured in part by SGPs. “The Virginia 

teacher evaluation system includes the documentation of student growth as indicated within 

Standard 7 and recommends that the evidence of progress be reviewed and considered 
8

throughout the year.” The SGPs contain a student identifier, school division, school name, year, 

grade, level, subject, teacher license number, SOL scaled score, SOL performance level, SGP 

number, and SGP level, listed by student. 

 The Guidelines recommend that “[a]t least 20 percent of the teacher evaluation (half of 

the student academic progress measure) is comprised of student growth percentiles as provided 

from the [VDOE] when the data are available and can be used appropriately.” Before SGPs can 

be used as an evaluation tool, they must be validated, which includes ensuring that the identified 

teacher who administered the test from which the percentile was calculated actually taught the 

identified student attached to that score. 

 In 2014, Loudoun County Public Schools revised its Licensed Employee Evaluation 

Procedures to bring them into alignment with the Guidelines. Teacher evaluations are to include 

a “body of evidence to determine student academic progress” for Guidelines Standard 7. SGPs 

are listed as student academic progress data to be used in defining student progress for teacher 

evaluations under Standard 7. The teacher evaluation forms “represent[] a formal summary of 

the educator’s performance. All seven standards must be addressed on the evaluation form.” A 

copy of the completed evaluation form is contained in each teacher’s personnel file. 

SGPs are frequently referenced as indicators of student academic progress for evaluating 

teacher performance both in the Guidelines and the Loudoun County Public School’s evaluation 

procedures handbook. Based on the evidence presented to the circuit court, the Court finds, as a 

matter of law, that SGPs are teacher performance indicators.

2. Confidentiality of Teacher Performance Indicators

Having determined that SGPs are teacher performance indicators, the Court must 

determine whether they are confidential under Code § 22.1-295.1(C) even if they are not used in 
9

teacher evaluations. The Court has not previously interpreted Code § 22.1-295.1(C), which 

states, in pertinent part, “[t]eacher performance indicators, or other data used by the local school 

board to judge the performance or quality of a teacher, maintained in a teacher’s personnel file or 

otherwise shall be confidential.” VDOE and the School Board argue that the express and plain 

language of the statute coupled with the legislative intent indicate that SGPs as teacher 

performance indicators are confidential. Specifically, they argue that the placement of the 

commas in subsection C supports their argument that SGPs, whether used or not, are part of a 

teacher’s confidential personnel file. Even if, as the circuit court found, the SGPs were not used 

by Loudoun County for their previous teacher evaluations, the VDOE argues that it clearly 

expects, as do teachers, that the SGPs may be used in teacher evaluations as they are teacher 

performance indicators. Davison responds that the statute requires that the teacher performance 

indicators or other data must be used in teacher evaluations to be confidential. 

 “‘When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of 

that language. Furthermore, we must give effect to the legislature's intention as expressed by the 

language used unless a literal interpretation of the language would result in a manifest 

absurdity.’” Butler v. Fairfax Cnty. Sch. Bd., 291 Va. 32, 37, 780 S.E.2d 277, 280 (2015) 

(quoting Payne v. Fairfax Cnty. Sch. Bd., 288 Va. 432, 436, 764 S.E.2d 40, 43 (2014)). 

 A statute is ambiguous if the text can be understood in more than 

one way or refers to two or more things simultaneously[,] or when 

the language is difficult to comprehend, is of doubtful import, or 

lacks clearness or definiteness. An absurd result describes 

situations in which the law would be internally inconsistent or 

otherwise incapable of operation.

Id. (quoting Covel v. Town of Vienna, 280 Va. 151, 158, 694 S.E.2d 609, 614 (2010)).

 Code § 22.1-295.1(C) is not ambiguous. Davison argues that, in order to be confidential, 

the teacher performance indicators must actually be used. However, his construction of the 
10

statute “contravenes the rule of the last antecedent.” Butler, 291 Va. at 37, 780 S.E.2d at 280. 

“Under that rule, referential and qualifying words and phrases, where no contrary intention 

appears, refer solely to the last antecedent. The last antecedent is the last word, phrase, or clause 

that can be made an antecedent without impairing the meaning of the sentence.” Id. (quoting 

Newberry Station Homeowners Ass’n v. Board of Supervisors, 285 Va. 604, 615, 740 S.E.2d 

548, 554 (2013) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted)). See also Scott v. 

Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 384 & n.2, 789 S.E.2d 608, 609 & n.2 (2016) (“An ‘antecedent’ is 

defined as a ‘preceding thing,’ or ‘any group of words replaced or referred to by a substitute.’” 

(citations omitted)). 

Similarly, as the VDOE and the School Board argued, grammatical rules regarding 

comma use support its interpretation. Applying the rule of the last antecedent to Code § 22.1-

295.1(C), we conclude that the phrase “used by the local school board” refers solely to the phrase 

“other data” and not to the phrase “teacher performance indicators.” Read through that prism, it 

is only the “other data” that must be used by the local school board in order for it to be held 

confidential. Actual use does not apply to teacher performance indicators. 

Generally, phrases separated by a comma and the disjunctive “or,” 

are independent. See, e.g., Ruben v. Secretary of HHS, 22 Cl. Ct. 

264, 266 (1991) (finding that, the word “or” connects two parts of 

a sentence, “‘but disconnects their meaning’” (quoting G. Curme, 

A Grammar of the English Language, Syntax 166 (1986))); 

Quindlen v. Prudential Ins. Co., 482 F.2d 876, 878 (5th Cir. 1973) 

(noting disjunctive results in alternatives, which must be treated 

separately); United States v. Erdos, 474 F.2d 157, 160 (4th Cir. 

1973) (finding that limiting phrase in statute is independent of and 

does not modify two earlier phrases because the limiting phrase is 

separated from the first two by a comma and the disjunctive “or”); 

United States v. Riely, 169 F.2d 542, 543 (4th Cir. 1948) 

(interpreting the use of a comma and the disjunctive “or” as 

implying two separate and independent phrases in a Virginia 

statute authorizing payment of dividends by corporation “out of net 

earnings, or out of its net assets in excess of its capital”).
11

Smoot v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 495, 501, 559 S.E.2d 409, 412 (2002). 

 Accordingly, the phrase “or other data used by the local school board” is independent of 

and does not modify “teacher performance indicators.” Applying these rules of grammar to 

Code § 22.1-295.1(C), we find that the word “used” refers solely to “other data” and not to 

“teacher performance indicators.” The information in the SGPs are teacher performance 

indicators and disclose identifiable teacher information, including teacher names and license 

numbers. We find that the SGPs requested by Davison are confidential pursuant to Code § 22.1-

295.1(C). Therefore, the circuit court erred in ordering the production of these documents 

containing teachers’ identifiable information.6

III. ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS

VDOE argues that the circuit court erred in awarding $35,000 in attorney’s fees and costs 

to Davison under Code § 2.2-3713(D). The School Board argues that the circuit court erred in 

amending its final order to require the School Board share in the attorney’s fees and costs 

awarded to Davison. Davison responds that the circuit court did not err and both parties are 

responsible for the award of fees and costs. 

 Code § 2.2-3713(D) allows a reasonable award of attorney’s fees and costs “from the 

public body” where the rights and privileges of the statute are denied and the petitioner 

substantially prevails in an action to compel compliance. VDOE is the public body and 

custodian of the records, therefore, it was error for the circuit court to order that the School 

Board share in the attorney’s fees and costs. As the determination of reasonable fees “rests 

within the sound discretion of the trial court,” we remand the issue of attorney’s fees for 

 6 Because we hold that the circuit court erred in finding SGPs were not teacher 

performance indicators, the remaining issues argued by the School Board and the VEA regarding 

intervention are moot. 
12

determination in light of the holding in favor of the VDOE on this appeal. Ulloa v. QSP, Inc., 

271 Va. 72, 82, 624 S.E.2d 43, 49 (2006). The circuit court must reconsider whether to award

attorneys’ fees and, if so, the appropriate amount. 

IV. CONCLUSION

 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further 

proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

Reversed and remanded.