A resident’s Guide 

for CreAtinG sAfe And 

WAlkAble Communities

Prepared for the Federal Highway Administration February 2008

FHWA-SA-07-016
N

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the 

interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ 

names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of this document.
1. Report No.

FHWA-SA-07-016

2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

5. Report Date

February 2008

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)

Laura Sandt, Robert Schneider, Dan Nabors, Libby Thomas, Colleen Mitchell, 

and RJ Eldridge.

8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc.

8300 Boone Blvd., Suite 700

Vienna, VA 22182

10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)

11. Contract or Grant No.

DTFH61-05-00024

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

Federal Highway Administration Office of Safety

1200 New Jersey Ave., SE

Washington, D.C. 20590

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Final Guide; 2006 to 2008

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

The contract manager for this report was Tamara Redmon (FHWA Office of Safety). Toole Design Group, University 

of North Carolina’s Highway Safety Research Center (UNC-HSRC), and PerformTech were subcontractors. Robert 

Schneider (Toole Design Group) was the Principal Investigator. John Fegan (FHWA), Gabe Rousseau (FHWA), Paula 

Bawer (NHTSA), and other FHWA and NHTSA staff reviewed the guide and provided valuable feedback. Michael 

Daul (UNC-HSRC) performed the document design and layout. 

The project team gratefully acknowledges the input provided by the technical working group over the course of this 

project. These individuals include: 

· Tony Asion, El Pueblo Public Safety Program, Raleigh, North Carolina

Matthew Amster-Burton, Seattle Pedestrian Advisory Board, Seattle, Washington

Erin Breen, Las Vegas Safety Action, La Vegas, Nevada

Lois Chaplin, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Peter Flucke, WE BIKE, etc., Green Bay, Wisconsin

Nancy-Anne Potts, Fairfield Neighborhood Association, Durham, North Carolina

Dr. Sheila Sarkar, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California

Linda Woodbury, City of San Diego Disability Services, San Diego, California

·

·

·

·

·

·

·

Images were provided by Toole Design, UNC-HSRC, Michael Ronkin, Dan Burden, American Public Works Association, 

The Manual On Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Council of Governments, 

Kevin Kluzak, Portland Transport, Active Living By Design, Jeff Parenti, and Dan Nabors.

16. Abstract

This guide is intended to assist residents, parents, community association members, and others in getting involved in 

making communities safer for pedestrians. The guide includes facts, ideas, and resources to help residents learn about 

traffic problems that affect pedestrians and find ways to help address these problems and promote pedestrian safety. The 

guide includes information on identifying problems, taking action to address pedestrian concerns, finding solutions to 

improve pedestrian safety, and resources to get additional information.

17. Key Words:

Pedestrian, safety, education, enforcement, engineering, 

community action, local partnerships, walkable

18. Distribution Statement

No restrictions. This document is available to the public 

through the National Technical Information Service, 

Springfield, Virginia 22161.

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified

21. No. of Pages

76

22. Price

About this Guide

People need walkable communities where sidewalks, trails, and street 

crossings are safe, accessible, and comfortable for people of all ability 

levels. Pedestrian-friendly communities have many benefits, including:

• Safer environments for walking and bicycling, which means you 

are less likely to be in a traffic collision or get injured. 

• Better access to more places, providing more choices in how you can 

get to your destinations so you don’t have to rely on having a car. 

• More opportunities to be physically active, which can improve 

your health and overall quality of life.

• Opportunities for everyone, which includes a walking environment that accommodates people with disabilities. 

It takes the commitment and involvement of many people to build 

and maintain places that are safe and friendly for walking. This 

guide is designed to be used by anyone looking for ways to improve the walkability of their neighborhood, whether they are just 

beginning to learn about pedestrian safety or are already part of an 

established community safety group. Residents can make a difference by raising awareness of pedestrian safety issues and pushing 

for change.

This guide provides examples from other communities working to 

improve pedestrian safety. It includes information, ideas, and resources to help residents learn about issues that affect walking conditions; find ways to address or prevent these problems; and promote 

pedestrian safety. The Resource Sheets at the end of the guide contain fact sheets, worksheets, and sample materials—these materials 

can be adapted to meet the needs of your community, or distributed 

to others working to improve pedestrian safety. The guide provides a 

thorough introduction to pedestrian safety and includes many references to other resources and materials for those interested in more 

in-depth information. 

Keep in mind that pedestrian safety improvements often happen in 

stages. Even minor changes take time and may require effort from 

various individuals or agencies. This guide is a starting point and 

will help you be more efficient and effective, but patience and followthrough are crucial to your success.

Definition:

A walkable community is 

one where it is easy and 

safe to walk to goods and 

services (i.e., grocery stores, 

post offices, health clinics, 

etc.). Walkable communities 

encourage pedestrian activity, expand transportation 

options, and have safe and 

inviting streets that serve 

people with different ranges 

of mobility.

Walkable communities are safe 

and accessible for everyone.

Resource Sheet 1: 

Pedestrian Safety Improvement Activities provides a 

checklist of activities to guide 

you through your role as an 

active participant in efforts to 

improve pedestrian safety in 

your community.
The guide is organized into five key sections to lead you through your efforts to improve pedestrian safety in 

your community. Depending on the needs of your community, you can start with any of the sections below. 

H

This section will help you figure out where there are walkability issues in your community. 

W

This section discusses the different groups and individuals that can help you improve 

walkability in your neighborhood. 

H

This section describes different fixes for improving walking in your community. 

I

This section includes a glossary of commonly used terms, frequently asked questions, 

and references for other sources of information.

R

This section includes detailed fact sheets, ways to take action, and sample materials 

that can be used to generate ideas and improve the walkability of your community. 
Table Of Contents

Chapter 1: How can I identify problems with walking conditions in my neighborhood? 1

Types of Pedestrian Problems 1

 Poor walking accommodations 2

 Unsafe driver behaviors or traffic characteristics 2

 Unsafe pedestrian behaviors 3

 Poor conditions at schools 3

 Poor conditions at bus stops 3

Ways to Assess Pedestrian Problems 4

 Use a walkability checklist 4

 Talk with other community members 4

 Find out what is already being done 4

 Examine pedestrian collision and injury data 5

 Use bus stop checklists 5

Linking Problems to Solutions 5

Chapter 2: Who can help me make my neighborhood a safer place to walk? 7

Step 1: Determine the Scale of the Issue 7

Step 2: Build Awareness and Community Support 7

 Community Success Story 1: Community Involvement 8

 Community Success Story 2: Networking and Building Partnerships 9

Step 3: Identify the Department or Agency Responsible for Making Improvements 10

Step 4: Contact Agency Representatives and Present Your Case 11

Step 5: Build Support for Long-Term Change 11

 Build support with local government staff 11

 Community Success Story 3: Agencies and Community Create Action Plan 12

 Community Success Story 4: Community Action and Fundraising 13

 Build support with local residents and community groups 14

 Build support with elected officials 15

 Community Success Story 5: Comprehensive Pedestrian Safety Campaign 16

C

Engineering 18

 Typical engineering improvements 19

 Maintenance of pedestrian accommodations 20

 Community Success Story 6: Solutions for Pedestrian Safety 20

 Improving access to transit stops (including school bus stops) 21
 Community Success Story 7: Walking School Bus Program 21

Education 22

Enforcement 24

 Pedestrian safety laws 24

 Community Success Story 8: Pedestrian Safety Education 24

 Strategies for local law enforcement 25

 Strategies for community members 26

 Community Success Story 9: Oakland Pedestrian Safety Project 27

Encouragement 27

 Community Success Story 10: Get Active Orlando Encouragement Program 28

C

Definition of Key Terms 29

Frequently Asked Questions 30

Links and References 34

Resource Materials 39

Resource Sheet 1: Pedestrian Safety Improvement Activities 41

Resource Sheet 2: Ten Reasons to Support Walking 43

Resource Sheet 3: Identifying Pedestrian Safety Concerns Using a Walkability Audit 45

Resource Sheet 4: Local Sources of Information and Materials 47

Resource Sheet 5: Anticipating Concerns 49

Resource Sheet 6: Ten Things Your Pedestrian Group Can Do 51

Resource Sheet 7: Engineering Solutions to Improve Pedestrian Safety 53

Resource Sheet 8: Safety Tips for Pedestrians and Drivers 63

Resource Sheet 9: Strategies for Pedestrian Safety Education and Public Awareness 65

Resource Sheet 10: Enforcement Contact Worksheet 67

Resource Sheet 11: Sample “Warning” Letter to Drivers 69
You may be afraid to cross a street to walk to a nearby store, nervous 

for your children to ride their bikes in your neighborhood, or face 

obstacles when traveling using a wheelchair or stroller. If you have 

concerns but are unsure what the problems are, the information in 

this section can help you identify and describe them. 

To be able to walk safely in their community, pedestrians need: 

• A safe space to walk — This includes 1) a smooth, unobstructed 

walking surface at least wide enough for two wheelchairs to pass 

each other, 2) a sidewalk or path that is separated from traffic, 

and 3) safe street crossings with appropriate crosswalks, signs, and 

signals. In places with slow speeds or very little traffic, a paved 

shoulder or the roadway itself may be safe enough for walking. 

Regardless of where the walkway is, it must be safe for all pedestrians, including children and those with disabilities.

• The ability to see or detect traffic — Pedestrians should also be 

able to be seen by oncoming vehicles, both day and night.

• Access to sidewalks and crossings — This may include having 

well-designed curb ramps to ease changes in elevation/grade.

• Enough time to cross streets — Pedestrians should have time to 

cross at intersections and crossings with or without pedestrian signals. If there are no signals at the crossing, there must be adequate 

gaps in traffic to safely cross.

• Signs and markings designating the pedestrian route — This 

includes crosswalk markings, pedestrian way-finding signs, and 

pedestrian detour signs in construction areas. These signs should 

be understandable to those with limited English language skills.

• Continuous facilities — The pedestrian network should be free 

from gaps, obstructions, and abrupt changes in direction or width.

Understanding and properly identifying issues that can cause pedestrian safety problems is an important part of finding a solution. If 

the problem is not accurately identified, the wrong solution may be 

applied and the problem could continue. Some typical problems that 

affect pedestrian safety include:

Section topicS:

• Types of Pedestrian 

Problems

• Ways to Assess Pedestrian 

Problems

• Linking Problems to 

Solutions

Resource Sheet 2: Ten 

Reasons to Support Walking 

describes why it is important 

to improve pedestrian safety 

and encourage walking in 

your community. 

Some communities lack sidewalks, curb ramps, and other 

pedestrian facilities, making 

it difficult for people to travel 

safely and easily on foot.
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

Poor walking accommodations

1. No place to walk—There are not enough sidewalks, paths, or 

trails. Existing sidewalks and trails do not connect to schools, 

transit stations, parks, churches, etc. Dirt paths or desire lines

show that more sidewalks or paths are needed. 

2. Narrow sidewalks—Sidewalks are not wide enough for people to 

walk comfortably or pass each other.

3. Poor walking surfaces—Sidewalk surfaces are uneven, broken, 

or covered with debris.

4. Blocked pathways—Sidewalks and paths are blocked by barriers 

such as vehicles, trash cans, vegetation, snow, utility poles, mail 

boxes, benches, etc.

5. No buffer—There is not enough space between the sidewalk 

and the roadway, or this space lacks trees or landscaping to make 

pedestrians feel comfortable.

6. Difficult street crossings—There are long crossing distances 

and wide intersections that allow cars to turn at higher speeds. 

There are intersections with no pedestrian signals, curb ramps, or 

median crossing islands.

7. Poor connectivity—There are many dead-end streets, few available roadway crossings, and indirect pedestrian paths.

8. Insufficient pedestrian lighting—There are not enough streetlights to help pedestrians and drivers see each other at night.

9. Poor guidance—There are not enough signs to help pedestrians 

find important destinations or know where to walk or cross safely 

in construction areas. 

10. Conflicts with bicyclists—Bicyclists riding on the sidewalk 

(possibly because they do not feel safe in the street) may cause 

conflicts with people walking.

Unsafe driver behaviors or traffic characteristics

1. Drivers do not yield to pedestrians—Drivers do not stop or 

yield to pedestrians crossing the roadway.

2. Speed—Drivers drive too fast through neighborhoods, around 

schools, or near other places where people are walking. 

3. Too much cut-though traffic—Drivers take short cuts through 

neighborhoods to avoid traffic on major streets.

Definition:

Pedestrian desire lines are 

preferred walking paths, and 

are often the shortest or most 

convenient path between 

two points. They can typically 

be found by the presence of 

worn paths (or “goat trails”) 

through grass, and may indicate the need for a sidewalk.

For More Information: 

See the Frequently Asked 

Questions in Chapter 4 to 

learn how high motor vehicle 

speeds put pedestrians at risk. 
Chapter 1: How can I identify problems with walking conditions in my neighborhood?

4. Drivers run red lights—Red light or stop sign runners endanger 

pedestrians and bicyclists.

5. Illegal passing—Drivers pass other vehicles stopped at crosswalks for pedestrians or pass stopped school buses.

6. Drunk or distracted drivers—Drivers are more distracted than 

ever by cell phones, passengers, and other activities. 

Unsafe pedestrian behaviors

1. Pedestrians cross the road without looking—Pedestrians do not 

look in all directions before crossing the street.

2. Pedestrians dart into the road—Pedestrians attempt to cross the 

street when traffic is approaching. 

3. Pedestrians cross the road at unsafe locations—Pedestrians try 

to cross between cars at traffic lights and between intersections 

with traffic signals.

4. Pedestrians do not obey traffic signals—Pedestrians cross 

against pedestrian signals.

5. Distracted pedestrians—As with drivers, pedestrians can be 

distracted by cell phones, iPods, etc.

Poor conditions at schools

The issues listed above apply to schools as well; just be sure that you 

also consider the limitations of children walking near and at the 

school (e.g., height and ability to see cars, mental development, and 

skills in judging traffic and making decisions). Additionally, you may 

want to consider the school pick-up and drop-off zones—these are 

places with a lot of potential conflict between children walking and 

buses and cars. 

Poor conditions at bus stops

Many bus stops are located in places that are difficult to reach by foot. 

Some pedestrian concerns that might be found at bus stops include:

1. Street crossings near the stop are dangerous—Crossings may be 

inconvenient or there are no obvious places to cross. 

2.The sidewalk is blocked—The bus shelter, seating, or other barriers block the sidewalk.

Driver not looking for and 

yielding to pedestrians at a 

driveway.

For More Information: 

See the Frequently Asked 

Questions in Chapter 4 to 

learn about the safety needs 

of pedestrians of different 

ages and abilities.

For More Information: 

To learn more about pedestrian safety around schools, visit 

http://www.saferoutesinfo.org/

guide/dropoff_pickup/index.cfm.
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

3. Seating/waiting area is too close to vehicle lanes—There is not 

enough room for pedestrians to safely wait.

4.There are no sidewalks—No sidewalks or curb ramps lead to the 

bus stop.

5. People walking near the stop take risks—These may include 

crossing the street in front of the bus or running across the street 

to catch a bus.

6.There is insufficient lighting—The bus stop and nearby street 

crossings are too dark.

Wa

You might begin by taking photographs, videotaping, or simply writing down the problems you observe—this can be useful when trying 

to describe your concerns to decision makers, local government staff, 

community members, and other interested people. Below are some 

other ways that you can assess and document pedestrian safety problems in your community:

Use a walkability checklist

Tour your neighborhood and assess its safety for pedestrians. Community members often partner with specialists to develop more pedestrian friendly environments. Residents, public works and planning 

staff, advocates, and elected officials can collaborate to identify the 

problems and develop a plan to address them.

Talk with other community members

This may be one of the best ways to help identify safety problems in 

your community and at the same time build a network of involved citizens who are willing to help you address your concerns. You can speak 

with neighborhood residents and community groups, your local pedestrian advisory board (PAB), local public health and injury prevention 

leaders, emergency services professionals, and law enforcement officers. 

Find out what is already being done

Your town/city/county may already have a pedestrian plan or other 

transportation plan to address problems in your neighborhood. If not, 

they need to hear from you! Talk to your local planning, transportation, or public works department or pedestrian advocacy group to see 

if there is a list of pedestrian projects or resident concerns. 

Download a walkability 

checklist at 

http://www.walkinginfo.org/

library/details.cfm?id=12.

Resource Sheet 3: 

Identifying Pedestrian 

Safety Concerns Using a 

Walkability Audit lists additional resources you can use 

to evaluate pedestrian conditions around communities, 

schools, and transit stops.
Chapter 1: How can I identify problems with walking conditions in my neighborhood? 

Examine pedestrian collision and injury data

These data are sometimes available through your state or local department of transportation (DOT) and can be a way to determine if an area 

has a history of pedestrian safety problems. You can request that the 

local transportation agency review collision data. 

Use bus stop checklists to assess pedestrian safety concerns 

related to bus stops

A checklist was developed by Easter Seals Project Action as part 

of the Toolkit for the Assessment of Bus Stop Accessibility and Safety. More 

information can be found at http://projectaction.easterseals.com/site/

PageServer?pagename=ESPA_BusStopToolkit or by calling 800-659-

6428 (voice) or 202-347-7385 (telecommunications device for the deaf).

For More Information: 

PEDSAFE: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection 

System (http://www.walkinginfo.org/pedsafe) describes many aspects of pedestrian crashes and how to prevent them.

Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) is a database of statistics 

on injuries and deaths from vehicle accidents 

(http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov).

Refer to the Pedestrian Safety Guide for Transit Agencies

(http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/ped/ped_transguide/) for 

details about how to address concerns related to transit stops.

L

Once you’ve identified and documented the pedestrian problems in 

your community, you can start to discuss potential solutions and next 

steps to take to address your concerns. The next few sections will 

help you identify who to contact and will give you ideas for potential 

pedestrian safety improvements. 

Remember that the best solutions usually use a combination of 

approaches—engineering, education, enforcement, and other 

ways—to be effective and long lasting.

Community members can use 

checklists to assess the safety 

of their walking environment.

Chapter 2: Who can help me make my 

neighborhood a safer place to walk?

Once you have identified and assessed a problem, it is time to take 

action. This section provides a step-by-step plan of action for addressing pedestrian problems in your community. The steps should 

be followed from beginning to end, but you may have already completed some of these in identifying the pedestrian safety issues you 

want to address.

S

The scale of the problem you have identified can help you determine 

which groups or individuals need to be involved. If it is a relatively 

simple problem (e.g., a missing stop sign), then you may be able to resolve the issue by alerting your department of transportation (DOT), 

engineering department, or other local agency. Larger issues that require more complicated and/or expensive solutions may require more 

community and political support. 

S

Depending on the types of problems you’ve identified and how they 

affect other residents, you will likely want to talk with others in your 

community before taking steps to contact local agencies or other 

authorities. Find people with common concerns and build support for 

your projects. This can help you:

• Exchange ideas with other concerned residents and identify additional pedestrian safety issues. Discuss ways the community can 

help improve conditions for pedestrians.

• Build the support, energy, and power needed to address the 

problems.

• Make other residents aware of pedestrian safety issues and how 

they can help make the community more walkable.

• Learn from others who have undertaken similar projects and gain 

knowledge from past experience. Some of the skill sets you need 

to bring about improvements may already exist within your neighborhood or community.

Reach out to the broader community quickly and efficiently by networking with other established community groups. These could include: 

Section topicS:

•Step 1: Determine the Scale 

of the Issue

•Step 2: Build Awareness and 

Community Support

•Step 3: Identify the Department or Agency Responsible 

for Making Improvements

•Step 4: Contact Agency 

Representatives and Present 

Your Case

•Step 5: Build Support for 

Long-Term Change

Community members can 

meet and talk about pedestrian issues with other residents 

to build support for change.
 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

• Health/fitness or walking groups, bicycling groups, and 

advocates, such as the American Heart Association (http://www.

americanheart.org), “Walking for Fitness” program at the Mayo 

Clinic (http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/walking/SM00101), 

Safe Kids national safety group (http://www.usa.safekids.org/

wtw/), America Walks (http://www.americawalks.org/)—a national coalition of local walking advocacy groups with links to local 

organizations around the country—or the League of American 

Bicyclists (http://www.bikeleague.org/).

• Service-oriented groups, such as the Boys and Girls Club, senior 

centers, and YMCA, or providers of services for people with disabilities, including local chapters of the Center for Independent 

Living (http://www.cilberkeley.org).

• Business and civic groups, such as the chamber of commerce or 

civic organizations such as the Rotary Club, Lions Club, etc.

Community Success Story 1: Community Involvement During The Planning Process 

Norfolk, Virginia

In the Five Points area of Norfolk, Virginia, the Civic League of Presidents (a community advocacy 

group) formed a partnership to improve a busy street as part of the city’s “Commercial Corridors 

Program.” A high school, middle school, elementary school, and community center are located 

along this corridor. The partnership undertook a planning study to look at the design of the street 

and revitalize the area for commercial development. 

Rather than impose a plan on the residents, the group conducted in-depth community meetings and surveys to find out what 

the residents wanted their community to look like. In order to 

develop an identity for the area, more than 10 community meetings and focus groups were conducted throughout the process, 

including a “pancake dinner” to draw participants. Each meeting routinely drew between 40 and 50 residents. 

Residents identified top priorities for the project. The community 

voted a “pilot star” to be the recurring community symbol for 

bus shelters, light poles, etc. Residents were most concerned 

about having a safe outdoor space to exercise and teach their children to ride bikes, a continuous 

and accessible sidewalk system, and improved lighting. In response to these concerns, Norfolk is 

in the process of developing a local trail system that loops around the high school and community 

center, providing a safe and useful space for jogging, biking, and other recreation. 

For more information, contact Kevin Kluzak at 757-664-4698 or kevin.kluzak@norfolk.gov.
Chapter 2: Who can help me make my neighborhood a safer place to walk?

• School, neighborhood, and cultural groups, such as parent/

teacher groups or safety committees, neighborhood and/or homeowner associations, local colleges and universities with community health programs, or cultural community organizations such 

as Latino or Native American organizations.

The Links and References section in Chapter 4 contains descriptions 

and contact information for many different organizations that may 

be able to help you address safety concerns in your community. You 

may want to research other groups and organizations to identify ones 

that share similar interests, and may provide resources and support for 

your efforts. Someone in your community may already have helpful 

knowledge and contacts. After you have figured out which groups to 

contact, try sending an email or a letter to provide background information and request an opportunity to make a presentation or join the 

group’s meeting.

Community Success Story 2: Networking and Building Partnerships 

Portland, Oregon

At the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) in Portland, Oregon, a forward-thinking manager brought together 

a diverse coalition of community groups to form a Community 

and School Traffic Safety Partnership. Included in the partnership are members representing school boards, neighborhood 

associations, businesses, nonprofits, advocacy groups, insurance providers, enforcement agencies, and bike and pedestrian advocacy groups. 

The coalition implements a wide variety of programs, such as an interactive 30-minute sidewalk 

pedestrian presentation. Another innovative program is the crosswalk enforcement action program, where ODOT partners with law enforcement officers to monitor intersections, enforce driver 

yielding, and provide informational pamphlets to drivers and pedestrians.

All of the partner organizations play an active role in improving pedestrian safety. For example, 

various senior centers work closely with representatives from ODOT to address problem areas 

and to develop localized pedestrian maps for use by members and residents. The maps show 

points of interest such as transit stops, benches, water fountains, curb cuts, etc., and designate 

a prioritized route to frequent destinations. Suggestions for revision are solicited from residents, 

a bilingual explanation of signals is included, and the maps are distributed at the senior center 

and to local Meals on Wheels partners.

For more information, contact Sharon White at 503-823-7100 or sharon.white@pdxtrans.org.
10 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

S

It is important to figure out which department or agency is responsible for maintaining the roads in your community. In the U.S., some 

roads are controlled and maintained by the state (roads with state 

route numbers), while others are under the jurisdiction of counties, 

cities, or towns. Still others are privately owned and maintained. 

Your local planning or transportation department should be able to 

tell you who owns and maintains the road in question.

Decisions about roadway improvements and programs on public 

streets are made by the agencies that have jurisdiction over them. 

Below are descriptions of the typical roles of agencies to help you 

determine who may be responsible for addressing the pedestrian 

safety concerns you’ve identified on your roadways. 

• Local transportation agencies—Your local transportation 

agency (could be called public works, transportation, traffic, or 

street department or a public utility district [PUD]) is usually 

responsible for maintaining and operating local public streets and 

trails and developing plans for improvements. 

• Regional transportation agencies/metropolitan planning 

agencies (MPOs)—Regional transportation agencies and 

MPOs represent one or more communities in a geographical 

region. These groups are typically responsible for developing and 

implementing long-term transportation plans, programs, and 

projects for the region. 

• State departments of transportation—State departments of 

transportation (or highway departments) are often responsible for 

planning/designing, constructing, and monitoring improvements 

on state roadways (including sidewalks, crosswalks, and signals). 

Often these state roadways pass through local communities. 

• Transit agencies—Transit agencies are responsible for providing 

bus service to the local community. The agency plans bus routes, 

operates service, selects preferred locations for bus stops, and 

maintains the stops. The agency must work with the owner of the 

roadway (often a state or local agency or private entity) to install 

the bus stops and any associated amenities.

Resource Sheet 4: 

Local Sources of Information Worksheet will help you 

identify and organize sources 

of information within your 

community. 

Possible Questions to Ask 

Public Agencies: 

•Who is responsible for the 

road I’m concerned about?

•Are other authorities involved (for example, transit, 

utility, law enforcement, or 

emergency medical service 

providers)?

•Who are the responsible 

staff within the agency that 

can address my concern?

•Does the agency have a 

pedestrian coordinator?

•What is the agency’s public 

involvement process (for 

example, is it during the 

project planning phase, 

through pedestrian/bicycle 

coordinators or advisory 

boards, at public meetings, 

through email/phone)?

•Does the agency have a 

pedestrian plan in place?

•Are there any policies related to pedestrian facilities 

and safety?
Chapter 2: Who can help me make my neighborhood a safer place to walk? 11

S

Developing a relationship with transportation professionals will help 

ensure they understand the issues and have the information needed 

to make informed decisions. All public agencies in charge of roadway 

improvements have a public process that will allow you to participate 

in the decision-making at some level. Here are a few tips to ensure that 

your efforts are effective:

• Make contact in person or via phone, even if you send a letter or email.

• Be brief, rational, reasonable, and to the point. Offer to provide the 

documentation or evidence you have collected related to the problem.

• Ask for specific actions or state a specific problem—what is the 

concern, and how do you think it could be handled?

• Consider scheduling a brief walking tour to illustrate your 

points. Try to schedule your walk during a time when the 

problems are evident. 

• Listen carefully to their concerns and issues and try to find 

common ground.

• Follow up. Be persistent.

S

Obtaining long-term commitments from key players to make a community safer for walking requires that pedestrian safety be a priority within the transportation planning and decision-making system. 

There are three parties that can influence community change: local 

government staff, residents or community groups, and elected officials. To have a good chance of improving safety, two or three of the 

parties need to support and work for change. 

Build support with local government staff

You and other community members can help prioritize pedestrian 

safety in transportation planning by asking your transportation professionals and community leaders to:

• Establish a pedestrian advisory committee or board (PAC or 

PAB) if there isn’t one already.

• Create a position for a dedicated pedestrian coordinator.

• Include pedestrians in the master transportation planning process.

If your neighborhood association wants to make pedestrian 

crossings safer on a roadway, 

you could work closely with 

local transportation planning and engineering staff to 

get approval for appropriate 

engineering, education, and 

enforcement treatments. You 

can then work with staff to 

help educate elected officials 

on the benefits of these types 

of improvements and show 

your support for them. Your 

neighborhood association 

could also convince elected 

officials of the need to improve 

the safety of pedestrian crossings on the roadway; elected 

officials would then ask staff to 

come up with specific solutions 

to make the crossing safer.

Residents can talk with elected 

officials and pedestrian advisory 

board members about safety 

concerns.
12 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

• Conduct periodic walking tours with town staff, community 

members, elected officials, etc.

• Collect data on pedestrian accommodations (e.g., sidewalk, crossing, or 

lighting inventories) and usage (e.g., pedestrian and bicyclist counts).

• Develop a pedestrian plan, complete with a vision, measurable 

goals and objectives (for pedestrian safety, access, etc.), strategies 

for meeting those goals, and dedicated funding and staff.

• Establish performance measures for safety, usage, pedestrian accommodations, and other programs—these act like a report card 

for how well the agency is meeting its goals and objectives.

Community Success Story 3: Agencies Work with Community Members to Create Action Plan 

Charleston, South Carolina

In 2003, in response to community pressure to improve conditions for bicyclists and pedestrians, the Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Council of Governments (BCDCOG)—the region’s 

MPO—submitted a successful proposal for funding to the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s 

Active Living by Design Program. The $200,000 grant funded the creation of a regional bicycle 

and pedestrian action plan as well as a partnership to promote health and active living. 

The partnership included a bicycle and pedestrian 

advocacy group, the South Carolina Department of 

Health and Environmental Control, the South Carolina Department of Transportation, the Medical 

University of South Carolina, and several healthcare organizations. The action plan contained 

three main goals: 1) to implement a Safe Routes 

to School program, 2) to implement “complete 

streets” policies to make roads accessible for all 

users, and 3) to begin community intervention programs to improve bicycling and walking conditions. 

These goals were accomplished through an organized framework that outlined specific actions and 

performance measures for each of these goals. 

The community was involved during the planning process. During the creation of the long-range 

transportation plan, the BCDCOG distributed a survey asking local residents how much they would 

spend on different transportation infrastructure elements if given just $100. On average, respondents allocated $24 for pedestrian and bicycle improvements, in contrast to the existing allocation of 

$0.05 for every $100 spent currently. The agency took steps towards narrowing this discrepancy by 

allocating $30 million for pedestrian and bicycle improvements over the next 21 years.

For more information, visit the BCDCOG Web site at http://www.bcdcog.com/.
Chapter 2: Who can help me make my neighborhood a safer place to walk? 13

• Assess existing ordinances and policies related to pedestrians and 

ensure they support walking.

• Establish procedures for performing roadway maintenance, installing sidewalks, and identifying and addressing pedestrian problems.

• Train agency transportation planners and traffic engineers in 

pedestrian planning and design.

• Develop partnerships and improved communication between 

agencies responsible for pedestrian infrastructure, including roadway maintenance crews, traffic signal operators, roadway designers and planners, and transit planners and operators.

• Encourage projects and programs that can support and promote 

safe walking and safe walking environments.

Resource Sheet 5: 

Anticipating Concerns will 

help you prepare for potential 

concerns expressed by local 

transportation agency staff 

members. 

Community Success Story 4: Community Action and Fundraising 

Portland, Oregon

A determined community member in Portland, Oregon, 

took the lead to support pedestrian safety after a local 

resident was killed crossing a street at night in the rain. 

As the new co-chair of the transportation committee for 

her all-volunteer neighborhood association, she had the 

idea to create bright fluorescent yellow umbrellas marked 

with pedestrian crossing symbols and transparent sections 

to look through. With this innovative design, pedestrians 

could stay dry in the rainy climate and act as their own 

moving pedestrian crossing sign at the same time.

She contacted the owner of a local umbrella company 

who was eager to work with her and agreed to put the new 

product in their catalog. To get funding for the project, she 

submitted grants to two main sources: the City’s Office of Neighborhood Involvement, and a local 

grant program set up to offset the inconvenience caused by a nearby waste transfer station.

In addition, she contacted the city council with specific requests: the installation of painted crosswalks at every intersection in the neighborhood, an in-street pedestrian crossing sign, and traffic 

calming. The Portland Department of Transportation (PDOT) granted the requests. The City also 

conducted active crosswalk enforcement to deter crosswalk violations. 

PDOT continues to work with community members and neighborhood organizations to hold safety 

fairs, where the umbrellas are sold at a reduced cost. PDOT also purchased umbrellas to distribute to older pedestrians at senior centers and food distribution centers. 

For more information, visit http://portlandtransport.com/archives/2007/02/proactive_pedes.html.
14 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

For More Information: 

There are several examples of successful pedestrian coalitions that 

have brought together a wide range of people to improve conditions for walking:

•Feet First Seattle 

(http://www.feetfirst.info/aboutus)

•Walk Boston 

(http://www.walkboston.org/)

•Vermont Bicycle and Pedestrian Coalition 

(http://www.vtbikeped.org/)

Tips for starting or joining an advocacy organization can be found 

at http://www.walkinginfo.org and http://www.americawalks.org.

Build support with local residents and community groups

• Join or form a pedestrian coalition—Joining or forming a 

coalition of groups with similar interests can strengthen your 

likelihood of success in working with city staff and elected officials to make pedestrian improvements. Partners in the coalition may include: 

• Law enforcement officials, including officers and members of the judiciary. 

• Health industry, including doctors, nurses, dieticians, and 

health educators.

• People in transportation and development, including engineers, planners, and developers.

• Parents, senior citizens, schools, parks, and recreation 

departments.

• Area residents and neighborhood associations.

• Local business leaders.

• Look for state or national organizations—These can provide 

you or your community with support. For national advocacy 

group contact materials, see the Links and References section in 

Chapter 4.

• Look for existing coalitions in your area—Visit the Links and 

References section in Chapter 4 to find coalitions and alliances 

related to walking. 

• Join or speak with your local pedestrian advisory board —Most 

medium to large communities will have a pedestrian advisory board 

Resource Sheet 6: 

Ten Things Your Pedestrian 

Group Can Do can help you 

organize and advocate for 

pedestrians. 

Speak with other residents and 

organizations to share interests 

and build partnerships.
Chapter 2: Who can help me make my neighborhood a safer place to walk? 15

or committee (PAB or PAC). Members of community boards/

committees can be:

• Partners for advocacy efforts.

• Liaisons to local planning and engineering officials.

• A good resource for finding out what is going on in your 

local community. 

Many communities also have separate disability advisory boards, or 

sub-groups within the PAB concerned with issues related to young 

pedestrians, older pedestrians, and people with disabilities. You can 

usually find the contacts for your local PAB through your city, town, 

or county Web site or phone directory. If your area does not have a 

PAB, then you can work with your local elected officials to create a 

PAB through an official action or resolution. 

Build support with elected officials

Elected leaders (such as city council members, county commissions, 

board of supervisors, or school board trustees) can be targets for advocating safer pedestrian facilities. You can: 

• Write or call a member or the chairperson and discuss the issues 

one-on-one.

• Request time at the next meeting of elected officials to speak 

about pedestrian safety.

• Prepare a brief presentation or handout that includes images 

that demonstrate your key points. For example, if you are explaining to the school board that the school pick up and drop off area is 

chaotic, provide photos that support your assertion. 

• Invite officials on a walking tour to experience the conditions 

that you are trying to improve. This is often a very effective 

method of getting elected officials to recognize pedestrian concerns and participate in the improvement process.

For More Information: 

See an example pedestrian safety initiative by a public official in 

Montgomery County, Maryland: http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/

cittmpl.asp?url=/Content/PIO/news/pedestriansafety/index.asp.

For More Information: 

The Federal Highway 

Administration (FHWA) 

guide, How to Develop a 

Pedestrian Safety Action Plan

(http://www.walkinginfo.org/

library/details.cfm?id=229) 

has information on the benefits and responsibilities of PABs 

and guidance on how to create and run an effective PAB. 

For More Information: 

See the Frequently Asked 

Questions in Chapter 4 to 

learn more about how you 

can advocate for change and 

influence pedestrian safety 

decisions.

Invite officials on a walking tour 

to experience the conditions you 

seek to improve.
16 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

Community Success Story 5: Comprehensive Pedestrian Safety Campaign

Burlington, Vermont

The Burlington Department of Public Works is one partner in a long-term effort to institutionalize 

pedestrian safety in Burlington’s community. In 2006, they launched an annual pedestrian safety 

campaign, based on materials in the Federal Highway Administration’s Pedestrian Safety Campaign Planner (http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_program/pedcampaign/index.htm). The campaign 

included engineering, education, and enforcement components. 

For the engineering component, the town worked to:

• Develop a multi-modal transportation improvement plan.

• Plan, develop, and construct an inter-modal 

transit facility in downtown Burlington to improve 

pedestrian access to transit.

• Improve circulation and access around the waterfront for all modes, with particular emphasis on 

enhancing the safety and convenience of pedestrian travel. 

• Facilitate the development of pedestrian improvements in key locations.

On the enforcement side, the Department worked with the mayor and police department to distribute educational materials to violators, with specific information targeted at motorists, cyclists, 

and pedestrians. Extra enforcement in the downtown area focused on bicycle- and pedestrianrelated violations.

For the education component, public service announcements were broadcast over radio and television and displayed on safety slides at the downtown cinema. The Department of Public Works 

collaborated with the mayor, police department, and local advocacy organizations to develop 

press releases and hold press conferences highlighting safety initiatives, using the media to spread 

the message. Additionally, safety coupons were designed and distributed for discounts on reflective clothing and other safety products. For more information, visit: 

http://www.dpw.ci.burlington.vt.us/transportation/bikewalk/safety/.
17

Chapter 3: How can the safety of my 

neighborhood be improved?

It is not always necessary for community members to come up with a 

solution to the problems they’ve identified; typically, local agency professionals will be aware of several possible options. However, the following 

information will help build your vocabulary and understanding of the 

type of solutions that may be available to help improve pedestrian conditions in your neighborhood. This information will also help you more 

effectively communicate and collaborate with agencies and other groups.

Pedestrian transportation improvements are often described in terms 

of the Four Es: 

1. Engineering—Physical changes to infrastructure (i.e., streets, 

sidewalks, traffic signals, signs, etc.) that affect the operation and 

movement of traffic and pedestrians.

2.Education—Includes strategies that aim to educate pedestrians, 

drivers, or other groups in order to motivate a change in behavior.

3. Enforcement—Community-based or law-agency-based measures to enforce laws and regulations related to pedestrians.

4. Encouragement—Efforts to promote walking and increase the 

level of walking in a community.

A combination of transportation improvements (e.g., making engineering changes as well as implementing education and enforcement 

campaigns) applied in the same area will likely be more successful at 

resolving pedestrian problems than only using one approach. 

Not every solution described in this section will be appropriate for your 

particular situation; you should discuss these with your local transportation agency and other partners (pedestrian advocates, health professionals, law enforcement officials, elected officials, etc.) to determine 

which solution—or set of solutions—will best meet the needs of your 

community. Use these questions to guide your discussion:

• Can you change policies affecting the safety of pedestrians? How? 

• What is the range of improvement options that might be considered in this situation? (Even if you’ve already developed a list of 

solutions, there might be others you haven’t considered.)

• What is our community’s policy or guideline about installing or 

implementing these measures?

Section topicS:

•Engineering

•Education

•Enforcement

•Encouragement

Well-designed streets and 

crossings can help make 

walking safe and enjoyable.
18 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

• Do we have an ongoing procedure for installing and maintaining 

this improvement?

• Are there alternatives that should be considered?

• How much of the budget is set aside for pedestrian programs and 

improvements in my community? Can it be increased? 

• Is there a neighborhood advisory group that advises the department about traffic and pedestrian issues? If not, can you 

form one?

• Who else might share my concern?

Collaborating with neighbors, groups, agencies, and elected officials; 

sharing research and information; respecting other’s perspectives; and 

seeking creative solutions can help you find reasonable solutions to 

pedestrian safety issues.

E

This section provides you with a list and definition of basic engineering solutions that may be used to improve pedestrian safety and accessibility in your community. These treatments range from constructing 

a sidewalk (to improve safety along the street), to adding median 

islands and installing pedestrian countdown signals (to improve 

safety while crossing the street). Any challenges related to design or 

implementation of each potential solution, in addition to the associated costs, should be considered. You should try to talk to people with 

transportation engineering expertise (for example, professionals with 

your local transportation department) so you can develop a better 

understanding of these approaches. 

For More Information: 

•The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) guide PEDSAFE: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure Selection System

(http://www.walkinginfo.org/pedsafe) provides detailed descriptions 

of a range of treatments that may be used to improve pedestrian 

safety, in addition to cost information and other considerations.

•The Institute of Transportation Engineers’ (ITE) Web site and CD-ROM 

contain a public information video, It’s Your Street: Making Traffic 

Improvements in your Neighborhood (http://216.12.138.81/default.asp), 

illustrating how a community worked together to reclaim their neighborhood from speeding cars and commuter cut-throughs.

•Chapter 5 of the FHWA guide, How to Develop a Pedestrian Safety 

Action Plan (http://www.walkinginfo.org/library/details.cfm?id=229) 

describes improvements and provides information on costs. 

Resource Sheet 7: 

Engineering Solutions to 

Improve Pedestrian Safety 

describes several potential 

engineering solutions and lists 

common concerns that your 

local agency or other residents may have.

Buffers can help separate 

pedestrians from motor 

vehicles and improve safety.
Chapter 3: How can the safety of my neighborhood be improved? 19

Photos and more information about each of the improvements listed 

below can be found in the resources sheets, and comprehensive lists 

of engineering solutions can be found online (see sidebar for more 

information). 

Typical engineering improvements

• Sidewalk—A paved walkway that allows pedestrians to walk 

along the roadway without interference from traffic.

• Buffer or planting strip—A zone separating pedestrians on sidewalks from moving vehicles on the road.

• Marked crosswalk—Areas on the street (delineated by paint, 

brick, etc.) indicating to pedestrians where they should cross 

the road.

• Curb ramp or curb cut—A ramp providing a smooth transition 

between sidewalk and street.

• Raised medians and crossing islands—The median is the area 

between opposing lanes of traffic. These provide pedestrians with 

a safe place to wait while crossing a street.

• Curb extension—An extension of the sidewalk into the street 

that reduces the distance pedestrians must cross.

• Traffic sign—An official device that gives a specific message, 

either by words or symbols, to the public. Examples are “stop,” 

“yield,” etc. 

• Traffic signal—A visual signal to control the flow of traffic. Pedestrian signals let pedestrians know when they have priority and 

warn drivers to stop/yield for pedestrians.

• Traffic calming—Physical changes to a street to encourage drivers to drive slowly or to discourage cut-through traffic.

• Road diet—Narrowing or eliminating travel lanes on a roadway 

to make more room for pedestrians and bicyclists.

• Overpasses/underpasses—A street crossing separating pedestrians from motor vehicle traffic (i.e., bridge or tunnel).

• Street lighting—This illuminates the roadway and intersections 

to help motorists see other motor vehicles and pedestrians crossing the roadway.

• Temporary walkways—These provide pedestrians with designated routes along a construction site when sidewalks and other 

pedestrian travel ways have been closed.

For More Information: 

Most states have adopted 

a traffic calming guide, so 

look for one on your state 

department of transportation 

(DOT) Web site. Two resources about traffic calming 

for communities include:

•TransAlt’s Streets for People

(http://www.transalt.org/

resources/streets4people):

a how-to manual for people 

to bring traffic calming to 

their neighborhood.

•ITE Traffic Calming for 

Communities Web site 

(http://www.ite.org/traffic/

index.html): a clearinghouse 

of traffic calming information.

Raised medians can make it 

safer and easier for pedestrians to cross wide streets.
20 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

For More Information: 

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that states and 

local governments have a plan (often called a transition plan) for 

upgrading existing facilities that do not meet the minimum requirements detailed by the U.S. Access Board. For more information, 

contact the U.S. Access Board: (http://www.access-board.gov), 800-

872-2253 (voice), or 800-993-2822 (telecommunications device 

for the deaf).

Maintenance of pedestrian accommodations

Pedestrian accommodations, such as sidewalks, bus stops, lighting, and signals, need to be maintained. Neighbors can assist with 

landscaping maintenance on private property near sidewalks, as well 

as with snow and debris removal. Some communities have partnered 

with local businesses to develop an “Adopt a Bus Shelter” program, 

where businesses assist with maintaining the bus stops and clearing 

snow along the nearby pedestrian paths. The local transportation 

agency may have (or could establish) a sidewalk maintenance and 

Community Success Story 6: Planning and Engineering Solutions for Pedestrian Safety 

Cambridge, Massachusetts

In 2000, Cambridge unveiled its pedestrian plan, an 

effort toward removing the city from the list of metropolitan areas not meeting the federal Clean Air Act requirements. Recognizing that the automobile is the greatest 

single source of air, water, and land pollution and that 

the majority of trips in Cambridge are short trips most 

easily replaced by walking, the City undertook a plan to 

improve the walking environment. In addition to many innovative education campaigns, the City performed roadway redesign, sidewalk improvements and 

repairs, signal improvements, traffic calming projects, and installed crosswalks, lighting, and street 

furniture in priority spots across town.

Additionally, Cambridge developed a questionnaire to elicit residents’ opinions of traffic-calming 

projects after their completion. Responses were used to improve future projects. Sidewalk maintenance has improved in the city, largely due to greater enforcement of local ordinances. The City 

requires property owners, for instance, to keep sidewalks clear of snow and ice and to trim vegetation; such early prevention reduces repair costs in the long run.

For more information, visit http://www.ci.cambridge.ma.us/cdd/et/ped/index.html.
Chapter 3: How can the safety of my neighborhood be improved? 21

improvement program. The program could include a periodic inventory of sidewalk conditions and responsibility for maintenance. Contact your local agency to determine if such a program exists, or where 

residents can go to request maintenance of pedestrian infrastructure.

Improving access to transit stops (including school bus stops) 

An important destination for many pedestrians is the transit stop. 

Transit stops need to be safe and accessible for people of all abilities. 

Common transit concerns are:

• There is no safe crossing to get to the bus stop.

• There is no curb ramp or wheelchair access to the bus stop.

• There is no sidewalk or path to easily get to the stop.

Community Success Story 7: Safe Route to School Walking School Bus Program

Sacramento, California

At Natomas Park Elementary School in Sacramento, 

California, parents organize the “walking school bus,” 

which includes five routes based on where children live, 

and a schedule for each stop. In order to participate, 

parents register their children ahead of time.

Walk leaders include parents and employees from a 

local business. Each volunteer must have a background 

check prior to participation. Training for volunteers is 

provided by the parent leader and includes first aid, 

CPR, and pedestrian safety. While walking, volunteers 

wear safety vests and carry first aid kits. 

To recognize the walkers’ achievements, parent volunteers track the total number of miles walked 

during the school year and announce it at a year-end assembly. 

About 50 children participate, and many more children are now seen walking to school. Organizers have recently expanded the activity to include remote sites where parents can drop off their 

children, and adult volunteers walk with the children the rest of the way to school.

Walking school buses are one of many ways in which parents and community members can participate in local Safe Routes to School Programs (SRTS). Most programs involve a variety of activities, including engineering improvements, education, enforcement, and encouragement. For other 

examples and models of SRTS activities, visit the National Center for Safe Routes to School Online 

Guide at http://www.saferoutesinfo.org/guide/case_studies/index.cfm.
22 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

The location of a bus stop (e.g., if it comes before or after an intersection or is in the middle of the block) plays an important 

part in how safe and convenient it will be for bus riders to access. 

Transit agencies and school districts often choose bus stop locations based on where it is safe for the bus to stop, but they may not 

consider where pedestrians can walk safely and easily. To further 

complicate matters, road agencies—not transit agencies or school 

districts—usually have the responsibility of providing pedestrian 

accommodations near and at bus stops.

Many transit access problems can be addressed by the methods described in the previous section. In some cases, the transit agency or 

school district may need to review and modify their policies related to 

bus stop locations to ensure that pedestrian safety is adequately incorporated into the decision process. In either case, partnerships between 

community members, road agencies, and transit authorities or school 

districts are crucial in identifying concerns and working to improve 

conditions. If you have concerns about the bus stops in your community, contact your local road agency to find out who has jurisdiction over 

the roadway and pedestrian infrastructure in that area. You could also 

call the local transit agency or school district and encourage them to 

work more closely with the responsible road agency to make the needed 

improvements. School buses are often operated by school districts, individual schools, or contractors providing school bus service. Contact the 

school to find out who is providing service and who to call.

E

Education and public awareness strategies can be used to:

• Provide information to help motivate a change in specific behavior.

• Teach safety skills that can reduce the risk of injury.

• Raise awareness about particular pedestrian issues.

• Encourage people to think about attitudes and behaviors and 

make informed choices.

Education and public awareness initiatives must be sustained, concentrated efforts that target a specific community problem. A short 

or one-time effort will probably not have lasting results. To be more 

effective, education efforts should be combined with engineering 

changes as well as law enforcement.

Education begins at home—start by learning how you can be a safer 

pedestrian and driver, and how you can better enable your children, 

Resource Sheet 8: 

Safety Tips for Pedestrians 

and Drivers provides a list of 

useful personal safety tips.

Graphic from FHWA’s 

Pedestrian Safety Campaign 

Planner.

Example yard sign campaign.
Chapter 3: How can the safety of my neighborhood be improved? 23

family, and friends to be safe on the road. To expand education and 

public awareness efforts to the broader community, here are some 

activities to improve pedestrian safety that you can join or start:

• Yard sign campaigns—Slow down yard sign campaigns (such as 

Keep Kids Alive Drive 25®) allow residents with concerns about 

speeding in their community to help remind drivers to slow down 

and stop for pedestrians. Neighborhood leaders, safety advocates, 

and law enforcement officials work in partnership to identify 

problem areas, recruit residents to post yard signs, organize distribution of yard signs, garner media attention, and evaluate the 

effectiveness of the campaign. 

• Pace car campaigns—Neighborhood pace car programs aim to 

make neighborhoods safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and drivers. 

Resident pace car drivers agree to drive courteously, at or below 

the speed limit, and follow other traffic laws. Programs usually 

require interested residents to register as a pace car driver, sign a 

pledge to abide by the rules, and display a sticker on their vehicle. 

• School-based education programs—There are many people 

who can support your efforts to implement pedestrian safety 

training in schools. They can provide a history of what has been 

done, a description of current policies and practices, and help 

identify improvements to be made. 

For More Information: 

Visit the National Center for Safe Routes to School Web site 

(http://www.saferoutesinfo.org/) or call 866-610-SRTS for more 

information about educating children, parents, and teachers 

about pedestrian issues and starting a Safe Routes to School 

program in your area.

For developing education programs within your schools, consider 

contacting the superintendent of public instruction, the state or school 

PTA president, the school nurse, the governor’s traffic safety representative, or the district superintendent. Other venues, such as parks 

and recreation programs, after-school programs, and churches may 

also provide opportunities for both pedestrian and bicycle safety education. Some questions to ask include:

1. Is pedestrian education a routine part of health and safety objectives for children in schools? 

2.If not, what steps can be taken to ensure that schools implement 

school-based training on a continuing basis? 

Resource Sheet 9: 

Strategies for Pedestrian 

Safety Education and 

Public Awareness describes 

what types of education activities may be taking place in 

your community and how you 

can get involved.

Sample educational brochures 

in English and Spanish for 

pedestrians.
24 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

For More Information: 

•Visit http://www.walkinginfo.org or call 877-925-5245 for tips on 

implementing an education program. 

•FHWA’s Planning a Pedestrian Safety Campaign Web site 

(http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/local_program/pedcampaign/index.htm) 

contains downloadable posters, brochures, public service announcements, press releases, and other materials for English and 

Spanish-speaking audiences.

E

Pedestrian safety laws

An important first step in enforcement is to find out your state’s laws 

related to pedestrian safety and where they apply (e.g., city, county, or 

specific roadway). 

Community Success Story 8: Pedestrian Safety Education

San Diego County, California

Developers of a child pedestrian safety training program in San Diego County targeted a bilingual, 

low-income school where the majority of the children walked to school. Studies have shown that firstgeneration low income school children are at a much higher risk of pedestrian injuries and fatalities.

The presentations were done bilingually, using still images 

and video footage from their own neighborhood to make the 

lessons more relevant and concrete. Students were asked to 

identify the unsafe behaviors depicted and to suggest safer 

alternatives. For example, they were shown an image (at right) 

of children in dark clothing walking across an intersection 

where a car had already begun to turn into and were asked 

questions such as: were the children very visible to the car, 

and should the children have walked into the street?

Other topics covered included stopping distances of vehicles in the rain, at different speeds and 

for large trucks; mid-block crossings; facing traffic while walking; running; turning vehicles and 

more. In a survey conducted two weeks later, it was found that the children were largely able to 

retain the information presented earlier. However, many students responded that they felt their 

parents, the Safety Patrol, or their siblings were responsible for their safety, and also that “cars will 

always stop for kids.” Thus, it was determined that there was a greater need to emphasize to the 

children that they were the ones responsible for their own safety in future training materials.

For more information, contact Sheila Sarker at shsarkar@ucsd.edu.
Chapter 3: How can the safety of my neighborhood be improved? 25

All states have a Web site where they post their laws pertaining to pedestrians and bicyclists. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) produced a compilation of state pedestrian laws, 

available at http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/bike/ 

resourceguide/index.html. You can also contact your state’s department of transportation or read your state’s Motor Vehicle Code for a 

list of statewide pedestrian statutes. 

There are federal laws that regulate what pedestrian accommodations must be provided and how accommodations are designed. The 

Americans with Disabilities Act mandates that disabled persons have 

full access to public infrastructure in the United States. This means that 

newly constructed public streets must have proper curb ramps, sidewalks, 

driveways, and tactile warning strips at street crossings. 

For More Information: 

Many state departments of transportation have a bureau or division 

of bicycle and pedestrian transportation Web site that lists all of the 

pedestrian-related laws for the state. For some examples, visit:

• North Carolina DOT Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation 

(http://www.ncdot.org/transit/bicycle/laws/laws_pedlaws.html).

• Florida DOT Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Program 

(http://www.dot.state.fl.us/Safety/ped_bike/laws/ped_bike_pedLaws.htm).

• Washington DOT Walking in Washington 

(http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/walk/Laws.htm).

Strategies for local law enforcement

There are a number of strategies that your local law enforcement agency can undertake to enforce laws that will improve pedestrian safety. 

You should discuss these with law enforcement professionals to see 

which are feasible in your community:

• Traffic complaint hotline — An agency establishes a central hotline phone number or Web site to receive traffic complaints. 

• Pedestrian safety enforcement operations — Also called pedestrian decoys, these are well-prepared and coordinated operations 

designed to warn motorists that the yield-to-pedestrian laws will 

be enforced at targeted locations. 

• Photo enforcement — In states where automated photo speed 

enforcement is permissible, it can be used to concentrate speed 

enforcement in specific areas with high volumes of pedestrian 

crossings, such as school zones. 

Resource Sheet 10: 

Enforcement Contact 

Worksheet can be used to 

help guide your discussion 

when contacting your local 

law enforcement agency. 

For More Information: 

For technical assistance 

regarding the ADA, visit the 

ADA homepage at 

http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/.

Law enforcement officers can 

help ensure that pedestrians, 

bicyclists, and motorists abide 

by traffic laws.
26 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

• High visibility enforcement—Local agencies can help to 

improve driver and pedestrian safety by publicizing enforcement efforts and conducting the enforcement where people will 

see it. Local news outlets often carry stories on these types 

of efforts. Highly publicized enforcement (of even low-level 

enforcement) targeted towards a specific behavior is likely to be 

most effective. 

• Progressive ticketing —Progressive ticketing is a method for 

introducing ticketing through a three-stage process, to first 

educate, then warn, then ticket offenders. Issuing warnings 

allows police to contact up to 20 times as many noncompliant motorists or pedestrians than the writing of citations does. 

In addition, the high frequency of stops ensures not only that 

many people directly make contact with law enforcement, but 

also that many others witness these stops and are prompted to 

obey the rules.

• Double fines in school zones and other special interest 

areas—Strict enforcement of speed laws in school zones and 

other special interest districts or areas is one law enforcement 

tool that can improve safety for pedestrians as well as motorists. A zero tolerance policy for speeders in these zones and an 

increase in fines for drivers who violate the posted speed limit 

are potential approaches.

Strategies for community members

You and other community members can also help improve driver and 

pedestrian behaviors to improve safety in several ways.

• Neighborhood speed watch—Radar speed units are loaned to 

residents who are trained by police to collect speed data and vehicle descriptions. The local agency follows up and sends the vehicle 

owners a letter asking for voluntary compliance. This measure can 

educate neighbors about the issue (e.g., speeders often live in the 

neighborhood) and help boost support for long-term solutions, 

such as traffic calming. 

• Radar speed trailers and active speed monitors—Radar speed 

trailers can be used and supplemented with motor officer enforcement to educate people and help boost support for longterm solutions.

• Adult school crossing guards—Adult crossing guards can play a 

key role in promoting safe driver and pedestrian behavior at crosswalks near schools. Adult school crossing guards can be parent 

Resource Sheet 11: 

Sample “Warning” Letter 

to Drivers is a sample letter 

for drivers that can be distributed by law enforcement officers as part of an education 

or enforcement campaign. 

Radar speed trailers can 

supplement motor officer 

enforcement of safe speeds.

Progressive ticketing can be 

an effective way to alert road 

users to pedestrian-related 

laws and safety concerns.
Chapter 3: How can the safety of my neighborhood be improved? 27

Community Success Story 9: Enforcement Component of the Oakland Pedestrian Safety Project

Oakland, California

During the late 1990s, Oakland had the second highest rate of pedestrian fatalities among 

California cities. The Oakland Pedestrian Safety Project was formed to prevent pedestrian deaths 

and injuries. Along with several education initiatives, the City committed to greater enforcement 

efforts. Community members and city staff worked side by side with the police department to send 

the message that pedestrians have the right-of-way at intersections. Television coverage of the efforts helped spread this message to a larger audience. Today, aggressive pedestrian right-of-way 

enforcement occurs at a minimum of 20 locations annually, with an average of 30 citations issued 

per location to motorists violating the right-of-way of a pedestrian. 

For more information, visit http://www.oaklandnet.com/government/opsp.html.

volunteers, school staff, or paid personnel. Annual classroom and 

field training, as well as special uniforms or equipment to increase 

visibility, are recommended (and in some locations required). 

E

When it comes to walking, there is safety in numbers. More people 

walking makes it safer for all pedestrians because drivers are more likely 

to expect pedestrians. By encouraging more walking in your community, you can gather support to make additional pedestrian improvements 

as well as foster a safer and close-knit walking community. 

Two ideas for promoting walking in your community:

1. Get involved in Safe Routes to School Programs—Get children, 

parents, school officials, and teachers to participate in Safe Routes 

to School programs and other school-based walking events.

2. Start a Walk to Work or “Car Free” Day—This can start with 

the people you live and work with or can include the broader 

community.

Safe Routes to School programs can help encourage 

children and others to walk 

more often.
28 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

Community Success Story 10: Get Active Orlando Encouragement Program 

Orlando, Florida

The Get Active Orlando program—funded by Active Living By 

Design—aims to encourage and facilitate walking and biking in 

the downtown area. The program’s vision is to establish downtown Orlando and its adjacent neighborhoods as an “Active 

Living District,” with residents, employees, and visitors routinely 

making active choices in an environment that encourages safe 

physical activity. The program is supported by a broad coalition 

of local agencies, health services, and advocacy groups which maintains a strong partnership with 

local neighborhood association leaders, sending a representative to every association meeting. 

Through this personal contact and regular newsletters of current events, residents voice concerns 

and have questions answered.

Funding efforts have led to $25,000 of gas tax revenue reserved for installing bikeways around the 

city, and a state grant with matching local funds provides for trails, sidewalk improvements, bike 

parking, urban gardens, senior walking groups, and more. Community programs such as hip hop 

and golf classes have also been implemented in response to resident interest. Regular communication between all the partners maintains the strong, long-term partnership that drives the initiatives. 

The Get Active Orlando partnership plans to develop and implement a campaign that focuses on 

the importance of daily active living and is developing a “Point of Choice” campaign that educates people on their options for active traveling. For more information, visit 

http://www.activeliving.org/node/291.
29

Chapter 4: I need more information!

This section of the guide is designed to provide you with essential 

information on pedestrian issues as well as references for finding additional details. You will find definitions to commonly used terms and 

answers to frequent questions, as well as a summary of other useful 

sources for pedestrian safety information.

Section topicS:

•Definition of Key Terms

•Frequently Asked Questions

•Links and References

D

The following is some important, basic terminology that you may hear 

transportation professionals and pedestrian advocates use in relation 

to pedestrians and pedestrian accommodations:

Public right-of-way (ROW)

The strip of land on which infrastructure such as highways, railroads, 

or power lines are built. The right-of-way includes the area where 

sidewalks are built and traffic signs are posted. Obtaining the ROW 

to build a sidewalk is often a significant challenge.

Shared-use path or trail

A shared-use path (sometimes called multi-use or off-street paths or 

trails) can be used by pedestrians, bicyclists, inline skaters, and others. 

It typically is physically separated (usually on a separate right-of-way) 

from motor vehicle traffic by an open space or barrier.

Sidewalk easement

A sidewalk easement is a limited right to use another’s land for the 

purpose of constructing, altering, relocating, extending, maintaining, 

or using a public sidewalk. Sidewalk easements are often established 

in contracts between town agencies and private property owners in a 

cooperative effort to provide space for pedestrians.

Unmarked crosswalk

An unmarked crosswalk is the portion of a roadway included within 

the extension or connection of imaginary boundary lines of sidewalks 

at intersections. It is legal to cross at unmarked crosswalks at intersections (unless a restriction is posted), but many drivers, pedestrians, 

and even law enforcement officers may not know this.
30 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

Street connectivity

Streets that are not well connected can limit people’s abilities to travel in the 

most direct path, increase distances to destinations, require larger intersections to move vehicular traffic, increase a pedestrian’s exposure to vehicles 

(which increases the risk of being hit), and can discourage walking.

When a town or developer proposes a new plan or development project, 

you can attend public hearings, ask questions about street design and connectivity, and provide inputs that can influence the developer or town officials to improve connectivity for pedestrians. Find out about new proposals by regularly monitoring your community’s schedule for public hearings.

For existing communities with poor connectivity, you can request that 

the town build sidewalks/paths or purchase sidewalk easements between 

cul-de-sacs to better connect the pedestrian network (see image), or work 

with neighbors to allow and ultimately develop informal paths/trails. 

Accessibility

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 requires that all 

facilities covered by the law be “accessible” to people with all abilities. 

“Accessible” designs are covered by the ADA Accessibility Guidelines 

(ADAAG). The term “accessible” is often used to describe environments that meet these standards.

FRequently ASked queStionS

There are a number of questions that frequently arise when discussing 

pedestrian transportation and safety issues. This section is intended to 

help you become more knowledgeable about these issues.

What are the functions of streets?

People have a right to safe streets that are able to serve multiple purposes, including:

• Connecting places within cities and providing access to destinations.

• Providing the surface and structure to support a variety of travel modes, 

including walking, bicycling, transit, driving, emergency services, etc.

• Providing space for utilities and other underground infrastructure.

• Creating a sense of place and opportunities for community interaction by being a venue for parties, fairs, parades, and community 

celebrations, or by simply being a place where neighbors stop to chat.

High connectivity for cars and 

pedestrians.

Low connectivity for cars and 

pedestrians.

Low connectivity for cars; high 

connectivity for pedestrians.

For More Information: 

The ADAAG are available at 

http://www.access-board.gov/

adaag/html/adaag.htm.
Chapter 4: I need more information! 31

How does driver speed relate to pedestrian-motorist collisions?

Nationally, there are around 5,000 pedestrian fatalities and about 

64,000 injuries every year. These fatalities occur in urban, suburban, 

and rural areas and affect people of all age, race/ethnicity, and physical 

ability. There are a number of contributing factors to each pedestrian 

collision, but one of the most important issues related to pedestrian 

injuries and deaths is driver speed. The faster a driver is traveling, the 

more difficult it is to stop, and the greater the chance of a pedestrian’s 

death if he or she is hit by the vehicle (see images below).

Source: 

Traffic Safety Facts: Pedestrians, National Highway 

Traffic Safety Administration, 

National Center for Statistics 

and Analysis, Washington, 

D.C., 2006.

Source: 

Killing Speed and Saving 

Lives, United Kingdom 

Department of Transportation, London, 1987.
32 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

Do different people have different safety needs?

Yes, pedestrians have various levels of physical and mental abilities that 

affect their ability to walk safely in certain conditions. For example:

• Children may have more difficulty seeing (and being seen by) 

drivers of all types of vehicles, and often have trouble deciding when and where it is safe to cross the street. They also have 

trouble with peripheral vision and gauging speed.

• Older pedestrians may have reduced motor skills that limit their 

ability to walk at certain speeds or turn their heads, so they may 

need more time to cross a street. They also may have trouble getting oriented and understanding traffic signs, so they may need 

more information on how to get around safely. 

• Recent immigrants (often with little understanding of English, 

traffic laws, or roadway culture) may not understand the traffic and pedestrian signals that indicate when to walk or have the 

experience as to how to safely interact with drivers.

• People with disabilities (e.g., people using wheelchairs, crutches, 

canes, or those with visual or mental impairments) may be more 

affected by surface irregularities in the pavement, changes in slope 

or elevation/grade, and width restrictions.

Meeting the needs of more 

vulnerable people, such as 

children and pedestrians with 

disabilities, can make the 

walking environment safer 

for everyone.

How can I influence decisions to make the roadways in my 

community safer for pedestrians?

You can influence your transportation providers and decision-makers by advocating for change. Advocating for change is no small task 

for one person to do alone; you will be more successful if you work 

with others and have a strong network of support. Advocates promote 

bicycling and walking in a wide variety of ways, including:

• Influencing policy—Speaking and working with local elected 

officials and transportation agencies can help you to inform others 

of policy needs and work to change or develop new policies.

• Reviewing plans—This takes some expertise. If no one in your organization is qualified, seek the help of a professional engineer, transportation planner, or local pedestrian advisory board (PAB) member.

• Holding events—Events (such as community walks or bike rides, 

neighborhood walk audits, health days or fairs) bring attention to 

bicycling and walking. In many cases, the event also raises funds 

that can be used for advocacy efforts or education campaigns. You 

can partner with national organizations or create your own event.

For More Information: 

The Building Support section 

in Chapter 2 provides more 

detailed information on successfully influencing decisions 

to make roadways safer for 

pedestrians.
Chapter 4: I need more information! 33

• Educating others—You can use campaigns and work with the 

media to convey pedestrian-related messages and information. 

This can be done to target a specific group or people (such as local 

elected leaders) or a broad audience (such as all drivers and pedestrians in a community). See the section on Education and Public 

Awareness in Chapter 3 for more details. 

• Identifying problems and weaknesses—Document issues in 

the pedestrian transportation environment and the development 

process. See the section on Identifying Problems in Chapter 2 for 

more information.

Who is my state highway traffic safety representative and 

what do they do?

The Governor’s Highway Safety Association (GHSA) is an association of state-level highway traffic safety representatives that work 

to change the behavior of drivers and other road users (including 

pedestrians and bicyclists) to reduce motor vehicle-related deaths 

and injuries. You can find your state highway safety office online at 

http://www.naghsr.org/html/links/highwaysafetywebsites.html or 

call the GHSA at 202-789-0942.

Who is my state bicycle and pedestrian coordinator and what 

do they do?

Your state bicycle and pedestrian coordinator is a good person to contact for local information about pedestrian safety statistics and ongoing 

state and local pedestrian programs (or links to others with this information). Your representative should be able to answer questions related 

to pedestrian issues and direct you to appropriate contacts in your state 

or community. Find your state pedestrian and bicycle coordinator by 

visiting the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Web site (http://cms.transportation.org/

?siteid=59&pageid=852) or by calling the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center assistance line at 877-925-5245. Some cities and counties 

also have a local pedestrian and bicycle coordinator. Find out by contacting 

your local department of transportation (DOT) or public works.

For More Information: 

For other frequently asked questions, visit the Iowa State University 

Center for Transportation Research and Education Web site at 

http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/tsinfo/index.htm (or call 515-294-

8103). The Center has a Traffic and Safety Informational Series that 

provides clear, concise, and consistent answers to 25 common traffic and safety questions.

Residents can influence roadway decisions by working with 

local agencies to review plans, 

identify concerns, and educate 

others on pedestrian needs.
34 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

L

National pedestrian and bicycle clearinghouses

Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC)

The Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (initiated and funded 

by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration) hosts several Web sites (http://www.pedbikeinfo.org, 

http://www.walkinginfo.org, http://www.bicyclinginfo.org, and 

http://www.pedbikeimages.org) that contain comprehensive information on walking and bicycling issues, and resources for community 

members and professionals to improve conditions for walking and biking.

http://www.pedbikeinfo.org or 877-925-5245

Active Living by Design (ALBD)

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Active Living by Design 

(ALBD) program has become a model for establishing community 

partnerships for active living. The ALBD Resource Center 

(http://www.activelivingresources.org/index.php) provides technical 

assistance to create active communities.

http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/index.php?id=4 

or 919-843-ALBD (2523)

National Center for Bicycling and Walking (NCBW)

The National Center for Bicycling and Walking provides bicycle 

and pedestrian advocates and professionals, transportation engineers and planners, public health specialists, and others with easy 

access to the information, training, tools, and experts they need to 

foster active living through community design.

http://www.bikewalk.org or 301-656-4220

National Center for Safe Routes to School (NCSRTS)

The National Center for Safe Routes to School aims to assist communities in developing successful Safe Routes programs and strategies. The Center offers information on how to start and sustain a Safe 

Routes to School program, case studies of successful programs, as well 

as many other resources.

http://www.saferoutesinfo.org or 866-610-SRTS
Chapter 4: I need more information! 35

National transportation agencies

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Pedestrian and 

Bicycle Program

The Federal Highway Administration is charged with administering 

federal funds for transportation improvements, and providing technical assistance to localities implementing pedestrian and bicycle 

projects and programs. Three Offices in FHWA address pedestrian 

and bicyclist safety. The Office of Safety and the Office of Safety 

Research work together to develop tools and technologies to reduce 

the number of pedestrians and bicyclists killed and injured on our 

nation’s roadways. The Pedestrian and Bicycle Program of FHWA’s 

Office of Human and Natural Environment promotes bicycle and 

pedestrian transportation accessibility, use, and safety. The FHWA 

Pedestrian and Bicycle Program issues guidance and is responsible 

for overseeing that requirements in legislation are understood and 

met by the states and other implementing agencies.

http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/ped/index.htm 

or 202-366-4077

http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pedbike/index.htm 

or 202-493-3319

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/ 

or 202-366-8044

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s mission is to 

save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce economic costs due to road 

traffic crashes through education, research, safety standards, and 

enforcement activity. The agency collects and publishes state and national crash data, including data on pedestrian and bicycle crashes. 

NHTSA administers funding to support programs developed and 

implemented by state traffic safety offices. They also distribute to the 

general public free educational information and publications focused 

on many areas of traffic safety, including bicycling, walking, and 

driving. NHTSA usually communicates through the traffic safety 

offices rather than directly with neighborhood residents. 

http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov or 888-327-4236
36 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

National coalitions and alliances

America Walks

America Walks is a national coalition of local advocacy groups dedicated to promoting walkable communities and helping communities 

form advocacy groups. America Walks provides a support network for 

local pedestrian advocacy groups. The group offers advice about how 

to get started and how to be effective with public officials and engineering and design professionals.

http://www.americawalks.org or 617-367-1170

Thunderhead Alliance

Thunderhead Alliance is a national coalition of state and local bicycle and pedestrian advocacy organizations. The group’s mission is 

to create, strengthen and unite state and local bicycle and pedestrian 

advocacy organizations. 

http://www.thunderheadalliance.org or 928-541-9841

Safe Communities

Safe Communities, a project of the National Highway Traffic Safety 

Administration, is a national organization dedicated to creating local 

community coalitions to prevent motor vehicle injuries, the leading 

cause of death for each age group from five through 27. As Safe Communities emphasizes, expanded partnerships with representatives of 

the business community, health community, and government agencies 

are an important step in creating community involvement to seek solutions. To find out if there is a Safe Communities Coalition in your 

community, contact your State Office of Traffic Safety.

http://www.nhtsa.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/

menuitem.404f848a3e46fc67ba8e5f8dcba046a0 

or 888-327-4236

Safe Kids

By working at a national level through grassroots community coalitions, Safe Kids, a campaign that aims to prevent the number one 

killer of children—unintentional injury—educates adults and children alike, provides safety devices to families in need, works to pass 

and strengthen laws to empower families and communities, and to 

protect children ages 14 and under. 

http://www.usa.safekids.org or 202-662-0600
Chapter 4: I need more information! 37

Keep Kids Alive Drive 25®

A nonprofit organization founded in the summer of 1998, the Keep 

Kids Alive Drive 25® is a safety campaign targeting observance of 

the residential speed limit. In most towns and cities throughout the 

US, the residential speed limit is 25 mph. Thus the slogan, Keep 

Kids Alive Drive 25®. The campaign goal is to unite neighborhoods 

and communities throughout the US with a consistent message 

about safe driving.

http://www.keepkidsalivedrive25.org or 402-334-1391

Partnership for a Walkable America (PWA)

The goals of the Partnership for a Walkable America are to improve 

the conditions for walking in America and to increase the number of 

Americans who walk regularly. Members include national governmental agencies and nonprofit organizations concerned about three 

main areas: health, safety, and the environment. 

http://www.walkableamerica.org or 877-925-5245

Other safety organizations

National Safety Council (NSC)

The National Safety Council is a nonprofit, nongovernmental, international public service organization dedicated to protecting life 

and promoting health. NSC is a membership organization; members 

include more than 48,000 businesses, labor organizations, schools, 

public agencies, private groups, and individuals.

http://www.nsc.org or 630-285-1121

Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA)

This nonprofit association represents the highway safety offices of states 

and territories. These offices work to change the behavior of drivers and 

other road users in order to reduce motor vehicle-related deaths and 

injuries, including those related to pedestrians and bicyclists. GHSA 

provides a collective voice for the states in working with Congress and 

federal agencies to address the nation’s highway safety challenges.

http://www.ghsa.org or 202-789-0942
38 A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities

Pedestrian-related documents and research

Citizen’s Quick Reference Guide to Transportation Decision-Making

This guide provides information on how transportation decisions are 

made at the local, state, and national levels.

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/citizen/

FHWA Hispanic Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety

This Web site includes links to research, materials to convey safety 

messages to Hispanics, and a marketing plan for communicating issues related to Hispanic pedestrian safety.

http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/PED_BIKE/ped_bike_hsp.htm

PEDSAFE: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure 

Selection System

PEDSAFE provides practitioners with a list of possible engineering, 

education, or enforcement treatments to improve pedestrian safety 

and/or mobility based on user input about a specific location.

http://www.walkinginfo.org/pedsafe/

BIKESAFE: Bicycle Countermeasure Selection System

BIKESAFE is intended to provide practitioners with the latest 

information available for improving the safety and mobility of those 

who bicycle.

http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/bikesafe/

How to Develop a Pedestrian Safety Action Plan

This is a comprehensive guide to provide a framework for state and local agencies to develop and implement a pedestrian safety action plan 

tailored to their specific problems and needs.

http://www.walkinginfo.org/library/details.cfm?id=229
Resource Materials

39

This section includes more detailed fact sheets, specific ways to take action, and sample 

materials that can be used to generate ideas and improve the walkability of your community. 

Resource Materials Table Of Contents

Resource Sheet 1: Pedestrian Safety Improvement Activities 41

Resource Sheet 2: Ten Reasons to Support Walking 43

Resource Sheet 3: Identifying Pedestrian Safety Concerns Using a Walkability Audit 45

Resource Sheet 4: Local Sources of Information and Materials 47

Resource Sheet 5: Anticipating Concerns 49

Resource Sheet 6: Ten Things Your Pedestrian Group Can Do 51

Resource Sheet 7: Engineering Solutions to Improve Pedestrian Safety 53

Resource Sheet 8: Safety Tips for Pedestrians and Drivers 63

Resource Sheet 9: Strategies for Pedestrian Safety Education and Public Awareness 65

Resource Sheet 10: Enforcement Contact Worksheet 67

Resource Sheet 11: Sample “Warning” Letter to Drivers 69

A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 41

Resource Sheet 1:

Pedestrian Safety Improvement Activities

This checklist shows the processes and activities that can be followed to improve pedestrian safety in your 

community. Use this checklist to guide you through your role as an active participant in efforts to improve 

pedestrian safety. 

I

Document common problems with photos, video, or written descriptions.

C

Speak one-on-one with the people in your neighborhood to identify shared interests and address pedestrian safety concerns.

Collaborate with other established community groups.

I

Determine the agency/organization(s) most responsible for making improvements to address specific 

problems in your community.

Identify staff contacts for pedestrian safety issues at these organizations.

Anticipate agency concerns and prepare responses.

C

Contact the agency to express your concerns, provide evidence, and discuss how problems could be addressed.

Follow up at a later date and record your progress.

B

Join or speak with your local pedestrian advisory board (PAB).

Join or form a pedestrian coalition.

Contact local elected leaders.

C

Learn about engineering treatments and prepare questions related to problems in your community.

Talk with transportation staff about possible measures to improve pedestrian safety.
42

E

Participate in a pedestrian safety campaign.

Distribute fliers with pedestrian safety tips to community residents. 

Develop education programs within your schools, parks and recreation programs, after-school programs, 

and churches.

Get involved in Safe Routes to Schools program activities.

C

Understand your state laws that apply to pedestrian safety; create a summary and distribute it to community members.

Contact your local law enforcement agencies, public health/injury prevention professionals, or traffic 

safety organizations to find out what is being done and what could be done in terms of enforcement.

Start or participate in a community-based enforcement program.

E

Start or participate in a Walk to Work or “Car Free” day or week event.

Organize walking groups in your community.

Walk whenever you can: to work, to run errands, to go to the park or to transit.

Resource Sheet 1: Pedestrian Safety Improvement Activities 
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 43

Resource Sheet 2:

Ten Reasons to Support Walking

W

1. We’re all pedestrians—Whether for recreation or practical purposes, most people make several trips 

a day on foot, even if it’s only a block or so from a parked car to the entrance of a building.

2. It will make the road safer—Making streets safer for pedestrians, the most vulnerable road user, 

usually makes the roads safer for everyone, including bicyclists and drivers.

3. Many cannot or choose not to drive—Non-drivers include people who choose not to drive; children; 

adolescents; people with physical, visual, and mental disabilities; people with financial constraints; 

people who are temporarily disabled; and many older adults.

4. It’s cheaper to walk—There are many costs associated with driving (e.g., cost of vehicle, gas, insurance, annual inspection and registration, maintenance, parking fees, traffic violation fees, etc.), but 

virtually none with walking. Additionally, walking can save money by improving health and reducing 

health care costs. 

5. It’s good for business—Providing pedestrian access to retailers and commercial centers provides 

economic benefits and can promote tourism and further economic development.

6. Other modes depend on walking—To get from places to their cars, bicycles, buses, or trains, people 

need to be able to walk. 

7. Walking is good for the environment—Unlike driving, walking does not contribute to air, noise, or 

water pollution.

8. Walking can reduce the demand for existing and new roadways—Many streets carry more traffic 

than they were designed to handle, resulting in gridlock, wasted time and energy, and pollution. 

Providing opportunities to walk can help get more people out of frustrating traffic congestion.

9. Walking can improve people’s health—Regular walking can aid in weight loss; lower blood pressure; improve cholesterol, blood sugar, immune system function, and insulin dynamics; prevent boneloss; reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and other chronic diseases; and improve mood 

and mental performance.

10. Walking improves the quality of our lives—Walking provides intangible personal benefits (such as 

a sense of independence and freedom of choice), as well as social benefits (such as opportunities to interact with others and build community closeness and trust) that enrich the lives of children, families, 

and neighbors.

Source: Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, http://www.walkinginfo.org.

A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 45

Resource Sheet 3:

Identifying Pedestrian Safety Concerns Using a

Walkability Audit

A walkability audit is an evaluation of the walking environment, used to identify concerns for pedestrians 

related to safety, access, comfort, and convenience. 

Informal audits can be performed by any individual or community group. More formal audits (i.e., those that 

follow a standardized set of audit procedures) can also be conducted; these are usually performed by a multidisciplinary team of trained professionals, including engineers, planners, transportation researchers, pedestrian and bicycle specialists, and others.

The audit tools listed below can help you identify and document concerns, and better advocate for change in 

your neighborhood. 

E

P

• Evaluate a neighborhood’s walkability and identify both immediate answers and long-term solutions to a 

neighborhood’s problems.

• http://www.walkinginfo.org/pdf/walkingchecklist.pdf

Active community environments (Aces) Community Assessment

• Assess the health of a community and identify ways to increase opportunities for physical activity in the 

community.

• http://www.eatsmartmovemorenc.com/programs_tools/community/aces.html

Active independent Aging Walkability Checklist

• Determine the “walkability” of an area for older pedestrians.

• http://www.falls-chutes.com/guide/english/resources/handouts/pdf/WalkabilityChecklist.pdf

F

• Evaluate the safety of various aspects of the walking environment.

• http://www.walkinginfo.org/library/details.cfm?id=3955
46

K

• Assess the safety and walkability of neighborhoods—urban, suburban, or rural—and other locations 

within a community.

• http://panaonline.org/programs/khz/actionkits/hrak/phase3/

A Checklist for Accessible Sidewalks and Street Crossings

• Highlight Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provisions for new construction.

• http://www.access-board.gov/prowac/guide/PROWGuide.htm#apndxchklst

E

F

• Examine the safety of biking and walking conditions at schools.

• http://www.dcp.ufl.edu/centers/trafficsafetyed/html_safe-ways.html

C

• Identify barriers to walking to school and observe behaviors.

• http://www.cawalktoschool.com

M

• Perform a broad assessment of infrastructure, operations, and attitudes.

• http://drusilla.hsrc.unc.edu/cms/downloads/SR2S_Guidebook_1.pdf

E

E

• Evaluate pedestrian access features and connections, assess passenger comfort amenities, evaluate safety 

and security features, and document information features.

• http://projectaction.easterseals.com/site/PageServer?pagename=ESPA_BusStopToolkit

Arlington Bus Stop Assessment

• Describe location, surroundings, landing area, connections, amenities, seating, safety, and information 

provided at bus stops. 

• http://www.nctr.usf.edu/pdf/473-13.pdf 

Resource Sheet 3: Identifying Pedestrian Safety Concerns Using a Walkability Audit
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 47

Resource Sheet 4:

Local Sources of Information and Materials

Use this sheet to organize contact information for people and agencies in your community who are involved 

in pedestrian issues.

L

Name/Contact info

Resources 

L

Name/Contact info

Resources

L

Name/Contact info

Resources

L

Name/Contact info

Resources

L

Name/Contact info

Resources

L

Name/Contact info

Resources

P

Name/Contact info

Resources
48

S

Name/Contact info

Resources

R

Name/Contact info

Resources

L

Name/Contact info

Resources

O

Resource Sheet 4: Local Sources of Information and Materials

Adapted from Streets For People, Too!, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 49

Resource Sheet 5:

Anticipating Concerns 

Your local transportation department or agency may face a variety of challenges when it comes to pedestrian 

safety issues in your community. Anticipating these challenges and knowing how to respond may help you to 

build a better dialog and be more successful in advocating for change.

P

One common concern of agencies is: “We don’t have the money or budget to make pedestrian improvements.” Having an idea of how a pedestrian improvement project can be funded can help you overcome this 

potential roadblock.

Generally, local governments have capital improvement plans (CIPs) that include the major roadway, sidewalk, and other infrastructure improvements the community plans to complete. Items included in the CIP 

tend to be fairly expensive and/or large scale and are planned years in advance.

Smaller, less expensive construction and improvement projects may not be placed in a CIP, but could be 

considered on an as-needed basis. 

Listed below are common funding sources that can support pedestrian improvements:

• Federal transportation funds for surface transportation improvements.

• Federal non-transportation funds for projects such as trails or community based-projects.

• State transportation funds for pedestrian projects and programs.

• State non-transportation funds for limited pedestrian activities.

• Local funds such as local tax revenue, special bonds, or capital improvement budgets.

• Private sector funds from sources such as local nonprofit organizations, environmental land trust groups, 

local bicycling and outdoor recreation stores.

• Corporate and business community funds from sources such as insurance companies, banks, and chain stores.

• Foundations.

An innovative approach to funding pedestrian safety improvements is to break a large project into small pieces 

or phases that can be “purchased” by the public. Civic organizations (such as Lions Club), youth groups (such 

as YMCA or Girl Scouts), health and safety organizations, or even church groups might be willing to partner 

with you to help raise community funds. Also, contact your local chamber of commerce to identify ways in 

which the corporate and business community might be able to participate in funding support. Be sure to publicize the participation of any group that supports you.

Also, state offices of traffic (or highway) safety, sometimes referred to as governors’ offices of traffic safety can 

provide you with more information about funding opportunities for programs to improve traffic safety and 

education (see the Frequently Asked Questions section in Chapter 4).
50

P

Many agencies identify and prioritize pedestrian safety concerns (and locations where improvements will be 

made) by analyzing the pedestrian-motorist collision (or crash) data. While crashes are one way to determine pedestrian problems, just because a collision has not recently occurred does not mean that there is not 

a problem. By providing evidence of your concern (e.g., photos, videos, witnesses) you will be more likely to 

convince officials to investigate the site and/or open up communication with the affected residents. In some 

cases, you may have to recognize that there are other more pressing concerns that need to be addressed before 

the agency can focus attention on your community’s issue.

P

Sometimes, pedestrian improvements (such as changes in signal timing to allow more time for pedestrians to 

cross roads) may increase the delay experienced by other road users, such as bicyclists, transit riders, and automobile drivers. Transportation agencies with a focus and priority on safety will usually tolerate increases in 

delay to other road users, so long as there is a clear safety benefit. But, there are many transportation agencies 

that still place a higher priority on driver efficiency. Effectively communicating pedestrian issues to agencies 

and agency officials regularly may encourage a more balanced approach to transportation engineering and 

planning, thus ensuring all modes, including pedestrians, are adequately considered in the process.

P

Transportation agencies may fear making an improvement in one location if they think they would then be 

required to make it everywhere, which may incur excessive costs. One way to avoid this concern is to work 

with agencies to help them establish clear guidelines that describe when an improvement is appropriate, a 

method for prioritizing projects, and/or how such improvements might be funded.

Resource Sheet 5: Anticipating Concerns
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 51

Resource Sheet 6:

Ten Things Your Pedestrian Group Can Do

1. Each member should commit a certain percentage of your energies to pedestrian issues. Do not be 

overwhelmed. An hour a week, every week, could make a great difference, especially multiplied by 

each member of your group.

2. Organize educational seminars in your neighborhood for interest groups to discuss pedestrian issues. 

Ask other organizations to provide you with programs and guidance.

3. Let your local planning and engineering staff and elected officials know that your organization exists 

and get on their mailing list for transportation-related matters, including meeting announcements and 

agendas.

4. Write letters to city, county, state and federal officials about your pedestrian concerns and offer suggestions for ways to address them. Or try writing to the editor of your local newspaper.

5. Write to a television or radio station and request programs about pedestrian issues. Prepare a two-minute statement about being a pedestrian and call it in to a local radio or television talk show.

6. Arrange or attend demonstrations for pedestrian rights. Get a large group of people together to walk, 

carry signs, or distribute materials with pedestrian slogans and information. At least a week before 

you demonstrate, send a press release to the local media describing the event. Invite television news 

teams to join you.

7. Attend government hearings to express opinions about pedestrian issues and legislation.

8. Become campaign workers for a ballot measure or bill that affects pedestrians. Campaign for a politician who actively supports pedestrian goals.

9. Ask members to become experts on one aspect of being a pedestrian and become a resource for others. 

Offer your members as speakers to groups.

10. Walk whenever you can and get others to walk with you.

Adapted from an article by Nancy Christie, Board Member, Willamette Pedestrian Coalition, published in Walk 

Tall: A Citizen’s Guide to Walkable Communities, Rodale Press, Pedestrian Federation of America, 1995.

A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 53

Resource Sheet 7:

Engineering Solutions to Improve 

Pedestrian Safety

The following provides a sample of engineering solutions that can be used to improve conditions for pedestrians walking along the street and for pedestrians crossing the street.

S

P

• Provides safe places to walk, run, skate, and play.

Agency considerations

• May be difficult or expensive to provide sidewalks because of 

topography, structures, limited right-of-way, etc.

• Some community groups may oppose the construction of sidewalks.

C

Q: Will sidewalks increase crime? 

A: More pedestrian activity usually reduces street crime by providing more “eyes on the street.”

Q: Will sidewalks decrease property values?

A: “Walkable” neighborhoods often have higher property values because homes in locations where residents can safely walk to schools and other nearby destinations are desirable.

Q: Do we have to cut down trees to create space for sidewalks?

A: Sidewalks can often be constructed without damaging trees by building around significant trees or 

narrowing/removing traffic lanes to provide space for sidewalks.

Sidewalk

B

P

• Makes walking along the roadway more comfortable.

• Provides space for utilities, trees, grass, benches, piled snow, or leaves.

• Bike lanes and on-street parking may also act as buffers. Buffer
54

Agency considerations

• May be difficult or expensive to provide buffer space because of topography, limited right-of-way space, 

the need to move existing curbs, etc.

• Maintenance for landscaped buffers may be costly.

C

Q: Will adding buffer space mean the sidewalk will be located closer to houses or businesses?

A: Buffer space can be added by removing or narrowing roadway travel lanes in established neighborhoods, or by moving the sidewalk further from the roadway. 

Ma

P

• Warns motorists of the potential presence of pedestrians or/ bicyclists.

Agency considerations

• High-visibility pavement markings may help drivers anticipate pedestrians better than textured pavement, but they can be used together.

• Marking a crosswalk alone may not create a safer crossing for pedestrians 

due to motor vehicle speeds, visibility, or number of travel lanes. 

Resource Sheet 7: Engineering Solutions to Improve Pedestrian Safety

C

Q: Will adding a marked crosswalk to an intersection make it safer?

A: A marked crosswalk does not ensure a safe crossing. Signs, signals, lighting improvements, or 

traffic calming devices may also be needed, in combination with marked crosswalks, to improve 

pedestrian safety.

Wide marked crosswalk

C

P

• Makes facilities more accessible to all pedestrians, including people 

using wheelchairs or other assistive devices, strollers, or bicycles.

Agency considerations

• Agencies may want to follow a transition plan to bring facilities up to 

current Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards. Curb ramps
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 55

C

Q: I see many types of curb ramps in my neighborhood. What type is the most effective?

A: The ADA Accessibility Guidelines describe required design elements for curb ramps such as landing 

space, specific width and slope, and tactile warning strips (bumps). Consult your local transportation 

or public works department for more information.

Q: Where are curb ramps required?

A: Curb ramps are required wherever there is a pedestrian crossing.

Ra

P

• Simplifies street crossings by allowing pedestrians to cross one direction of traffic at a time.

Agency considerations

• May be difficult or expensive due to construction costs, limited rightof-way, etc.

• Landscaped medians may limit the ability of drivers to see pedestrians trying to cross.

• Maintenance concerns, especially in areas with snowfall.

C

Q: Do raised medians make it more difficult for cars to use driveways or access buildings?

A: A raised median will not affect right turns in and out of driveways or side streets. Left turns would 

be redirected to a major crossing, which reduces potential conflicts and increases safety for drivers 

and pedestrians.

Q: What would warn motorists of a person wanting to cross?

A: Signs, pavement markings, and sometimes flashing beacons alert motorists of a pedestrian waiting to cross. 

Raised median

C

P

• Improves ability of pedestrians and motorists to see each other.

• Helps slow turning vehicles at intersection corners.

Curb extension
56

Agency considerations

• May reduce bike lane width.

• Can be designed with mountable curbs for emergency vehicle access.

• Appropriate for intersections or midblock crossings.

C

Q: Won’t curb extensions eliminate on-street parking?

A: Curb extensions do not typically affect on-street parking, as parking is not permitted at corners.

Q: Why aren’t these installed at every crossing?

A: Curb extensions are most effective on streets with on-street parking. They are not an alternative for 

streets with high-speed traffic or without on-street parking because drivers would not expect sudden 

changes in the roadway width. 

T

P

The two types of signs affecting pedestrian safety are:

• Regulatory signs: direct motor vehicles and pedestrians; are typically 

white. Examples include: stop, no turn on red, etc.

• Warning signs: warn drivers to yield for pedestrians; are typically 

fluorescent yellow. Includes devices such as pedestrian warning signs, 

yield here to pedestrian signs, in-street pedestrian crossing signs, 

school advance warning signs, etc. 

Agency considerations

• Local laws and ordinances must be followed.

• Right-turn-on-red restrictions can help pedestrians avoid conflicts 

with turning vehicles. Agencies must consider the impacts on 

vehicular traffic. 

• An engineering study must often be conducted before installing 

signs. Posting too many signs can sometimes desensitize motorists to 

the signs. 

Resource Sheet 7: Engineering Solutions to Improve Pedestrian Safety

Regulatory sign

Warning sign

In-street pedestrian crossing sign
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 57

C

Q: Motorists don’t obey signs in my neighborhood. How are placing these signs going to help? 

A: In some cases, simply installing a sign is not enough to change driver behavior or improve pedestrian 

safety. Signs should be used in conjunction with enforcement and other improvements that physically 

change the roadway environment.

Q: I don’t see why a sign in my neighborhood is needed. What should I do?

A: Talk to your local transportation agency or department of public works to find out if the sign is 

needed. Sometimes a sign may not have been moved as conditions change. Typical examples of 

this are school warning signs and bus stop warning signs. School zones and school bus stops are 

determined by the school district and may change without immediate knowledge of the local 

transportation agency.

T

P

• Includes devices such as traffic signals, pedestrian signals, and countdown signals.

Agency considerations

• Effect on traffic operations of changing signal timing.

• Amount of time pedestrians need to cross the street (and what types of 

pedestrians are crossing, such as children or older pedestrians).

• Necessity of push buttons and accessible location.

C

Q: How can a traffic signal improve pedestrian safety?

A: Having more time to cross a street, giving pedestrians a head-start, or timing a signal so vehicles 

cannot turn while pedestrians are crossing the road can all improve pedestrian safety. Consult you 

local transportation or public works department to see if improvements at particular intersections 

are possible.

Q: Why do I have to press the push button: won’t I get a walk signal anyway?

A: On some streets pedestrians may have to push the button to get a signal that gives them enough time 

to cross the street. Talk with your traffic engineer about the pros and cons of having a push button to 

activate the signal versus automatically including the walk signal.

Pedestrian countdown signal
58

T

P

• Improves safety for pedestrians as well as drivers. 

Agency considerations

• Street type—usually applied only to minor streets.

• Potential effect on nearby streets—installing traffic-calming on one 

street may divert more traffic to other residential streets. 

• Some traffic-calming devices may limit emergency vehicle access.

C

Q: Why can’t we just install stop signs at every intersection to slow 

traffic?

A: Residents often believe that stop signs are the best way to reduce 

traffic speeds. Using too many stop signs can breed disrespect for 

signs among drivers and lead to increased running of stop signs 

and higher speeds between stops. Certain conditions must be 

met before stop signs should be added as an effective solution for 

controlling traffic. For a summary of traffic studies conducted on 

this topic visit:

http://www.ci.troy.mi.us/TrafficEngineering/Multiway.htm.

Q: Won’t installing speed humps slow down traffic?

A: You may first think of a speed hump when thinking about slowing down traffic. Consideration must, however, be given to the 

impact on: 

• Noise level

• Emergency vehicle, school bus, and transit service access

• Bicycle access

Resource Sheet 7: Engineering Solutions to Improve Pedestrian Safety

Chicane

Raised crosswalk

Speed hump

Traffic circle
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 59

R

P

• Reduces motor vehicle speed.

• Provides more space for pedestrian and bicycle facilities.

Agency considerations

• The road must adequately accommodate traffic flow.

• Extra lanes can be converted to bike lanes, on-street parking, a raised 

median, or buffers. 

• A road diet may divert traffic to a nearby street or neighborhood. 

C

Q: Won’t this cause more traffic congestion?

A: A road diet can’t be applied to every street. Road diets are most 

effective where streets have been “overbuilt” to meet existing 

traffic volume. When applied appropriately, traffic will remain 

relatively unchanged. 

Street before road diet

Street after road diet

O

P

• Provides a safer street crossing for pedestrians and bicyclists when an 

on-street crossing is not possible.

Agency considerations

• Both overpasses and underpasses are typically very costly.

• Most effective in areas where topography enables more direct pedestrian paths.

• Crossing level area may have right-of-way issues because of ADA 

requirements for gradual ramps.

• Must consider security and lighting of separate pedestrian route.

Pedestrian overpass

Pedestrian underpass
60

C

Q: Why aren’t overpasses or underpasses always used for dangerous street crossings?

A: Overpasses and underpasses are not the right solution for every dangerous crossing. Sometimes it is 

better to make the pedestrian crossing safer at the roadway level. If overpasses/underpasses require 

pedestrians to walk out of their way, the crossing is often not used. To ensure pedestrians use an overpass or underpass, it must provide an easy and direct path to key destinations. 

Q: Aren’t underpasses unsafe?

A: Residents sometimes voice concerns about the security of an underpass. Design elements can be considered to make them more secure: 1) underpasses should be straight to eliminate hiding places and so 

pedestrians can see the “light at the end of the tunnel”; 2) they should be as short as possible and open 

so pedestrians don’t feel trapped; 3) they should be well-lit.

S

P

• Makes streets more secure and inviting for pedestrians at night. 

Agency considerations

• Challenges and costs to install and maintain lighting. Potential rightof-way constraints or environmental factors.

• Lighting should be consistent and free of dark spots.

C

Q: Will lighting increase pedestrian activity?

A: Lighting may help pedestrians feel safer and more secure, which may mean more people will walk. 

More “eyes on the street” can help deter criminal activity.

Q: Will new lighting destroy the character of our neighborhood? 

A: Some residents may be concerned about lighting and its impact on the nature of the neighborhood. 

There are many options for lighting design including height, direction, and luminosity that can be 

tailored to fit the community. 

Resource Sheet 7: Engineering Solutions to Improve Pedestrian Safety

Overhead street lighting
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 61

T

P

• Provide appropriate signs and facilities (such as stable curb ramps or 

sheltered pathways) during construction to maintain pedestrian access. 

Agency considerations

• Agencies may favor a shorter construction schedule over providing more 

convenient paths to minimize costs and impacts on the community.

• Available (or lack of) right-of-way may affect location of alternate paths.

• Paths may change frequently because of construction activities.

C

Q: I have to walk through a construction zone every day and 

it changes almost as frequently. How can I anticipate my 

walking route? 

A: Construction firms are required to submit traffic control plans 

that specify how they will maintain pedestrian and motor vehicle 

access. These will be on file with your local transportation agency or department of public works. 

Q: What do all these signs in construction zones mean?

A: Construction signs usually warn motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians of changes in the street environment. All signs must be prominently displayed in advance of the hazard.

A stable, temporary curb ramp

Temporary signage to direct pedestrians 

to proper crossings

A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 63

Resource Sheet 8:

Safety Tips for Pedestrians and Drivers

Sa

M

• Wear retroreflective materials and bright/light colored clothing. 

Many people are unaware that they are virtually invisible to drivers at 

night. Clothing with retroreflective materials (such as vests for runners/bikers) can make you visible from up to 500 feet away.

• Carry a flashlight when walking at night. Don’t wear headphones. 

Use extreme caution when crossing the street—assume that drivers 

cannot see you.

• Stand clear of buses, hedges, parked cars, or other obstacles so drivers can see you. 

Avoid dangerous behaviors

• Always walk on the sidewalk; if there is no sidewalk, walk facing traffic. 

• Be aware of the dangers of drinking and walking—walking while 

impaired increases your chance of being struck. 

• Watch for cars reversing in parking lots and near on-street parking 

spaces.

L

• Cross streets at marked crosswalks or intersections if possible.

• Obey traffic signals such as walk/don’t walk signals.

• Don’t rely solely on pedestrian signals; look left, right, behind you, 

and left again before crossing a street or stepping into traffic. 

• Watch for turning vehicles; make sure the driver sees you and will stop. 

• Look across all lanes you must cross and make sure each lane is clear 

before proceeding.

Look for cars at driveways and parking lots.

Look in all directions before crossing streets.

Look for cars before stepping out near 

parked vehicles.
64

Sa

W

• Scan the road and the sides of the road ahead for potential pedestrians.

• Before making a turn, look in all directions for pedestrians crossing.

• Don’t drive distracted or after consuming alcohol or other drugs.

• For maximum visibility, keep your windshield clean and headlights on. 

Y

• Stop or yield to pedestrians at crosswalks, whether marked or unmarked. 

• Stop or yield to pedestrians when making right or left turns at intersections. 

• Do not block or park in crosswalks. 

D

• Never pass/overtake a vehicle that is stopped for pedestrians. 

• Obey speed limits and come to a complete stop at stop signs.

• Always be prepared to stop for pedestrians, especially in residential 

areas and near schools. 

Resource Sheet 8: Safety Tips for Pedestrians and Drivers

Yield to pedestrians at crosswalks 

and intersections.

Be prepared to stop for pedestrians, 

especially in neighborhoods.

Look for pedestrians at all times and don’t 

drive distracted.
A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 65

Resource Sheet 9:

Strategies for Pedestrian Safety Education and 

Public Awareness

There are major differences in the walking abilities, behavioral patterns, and learning capacities of different road users. Because of this, educational measures need to be tailored to specific audiences and to the 

behaviors they seek to modify. The following table provides a brief overview of audiences, key messages, 

and educational strategies that many professionals and community groups use to educate the public about 

pedestrian safety. Talk with your local injury prevention group, pedestrian/bicycle coordinator, public 

health agency, or school administrator to see what activities are taking place in your community and how 

you can be involved.

Audience important messages potential strategies

Child pedestrians Pedestrian safety skills tailored to their level of development and personal safety 

(e.g., stranger danger)

• 

• 

• 

Hold a school assembly, health fair, or have 

classroom or physical education lessons.

Get parents involved.

Offer structured skills practice.

College age pedestrians Reasons to walk or bike, 

tips for walking safely 

around campus and town

• 

• 

Partner with campus offices, organizations, 

or student groups.

Take advantage of campus life and university 

events to distribute information.

• Give incentives.

Alcohol consumers Recognize that heavy 

drinking increases the risk 

of a crash, whether you are 

walking or driving.

• 

• 

Initiate public awareness campaigns.

Work with law enforcement officers, engineers, and public health professionals to 

address alcohol-related issues.

Adult and older 

pedestrians

Threats associated with 

each age group and ways to 

improve personal safety and 

law abidance

• 

• 

Initiate campaigns to targeted settings/ 

situations.

Contact and work with established organizations, such as AARP or a senior center, 

which may already have a strong network 

with the pedestrian community.

Drivers Safe driving practices near 

pedestrians

• Plug into local media — have driver safety 

awareness campaigns on TV and in newspapers, host a commute-time radio talk series 

on pedestrian safety issues, or develop an ad 

campaign to be displayed on billboards, in 

parking garages, or in other places most visible to drivers.

• Couple education with enforcement.

A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 67

Resource Sheet 10:

Enforcement Contact Worksheet

L

City Chief of Police

Head of Traffic Section

Key Patrol Officer 

When developing a relationship with your local law enforcement agency, here are a few questions to ask:

1. Who are the contacts in the department who are interested in pedestrian safety or are working on 

pedestrian issues?

2. What enforcement measures are currently in place to protect pedestrians? What are needed? 

3. Is the departmental budget and number of traffic patrols adequate to allow for emphasis enforcement 

of pedestrian safety issues?

S

Speeding

Jaywalking

Not yielding at crosswalks

Other

Police department policy and training process related to enforcement of pedestrian laws:

Ways that pedestrian concerns could be better addressed:

Adapted from Streets For People, Too!, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington.

A Resident’s Guide for Creating Safe and Walkable Communities 69

Resource Sheet 11:

Sample “Warning” Letter to Drivers

Dear (driver):

You have received the enclosed written materials because your vehicle was seen traveling through the 

(insert name of community) neighborhood along (insert street location) on (insert date). The car was also 

observed failing to stop for pedestrians in a crosswalk [or speeding]. The purpose of this letter is to make 

you aware that (insert name of community), along with several other neighborhoods, is participating in a 

special program to help make streets safer for people who walk.

Extra traffic police have been assigned to (insert name of community) to ticket drivers who fail to stop for 

pedestrians or who speed through this community. The intent of this message is to help you avoid a hefty 

(insert dollar amount) fine as well as to reduce the number of tragic pedestrian injuries and deaths that occur in (insert name of community) each year. At best, about (insert percent of drivers who stop at crosswalks for pedestrians, usually 20 percent or less) of (insert community) drivers will stop for a pedestrian 

attempting to use a crosswalk. Please read the enclosed materials (insert information about the law) and 

familiarize yourself with the crosswalk law and your obligation as a driver. Pass the word along to your 

friends and family that (insert name of community) is not a good place to pass up pedestrians trying to 

cross the street. Thank you for your attention to this message and to people who are walking.

Drive safely!

(name of pedestrian safety coalition chair or law enforcement representative)

Remember...Drivers are walkers too!

Adapted from Streets For People, Too!, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington.

Recyclable FHWA-SA-07-016