Bulletin No. 206 . Series 0, Systematic Geology and Paleontology, 60 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY '

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIBECTQK

A STUDY

FAUNA OF THE HAMILTON FORMATION

OF THE CAYUGA LAKE SECTION

IN CENTRAL NEW YORK.

HERDMAN FITZGERALD CLELAND

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1903 

CON TE N T S.

Page.

Letter of transmittal, by Henry S. Williams __..-_-_._-----.-.------.---.. 7

Introduction, by Henry S. Williams.-----.--.-.-..---.----.-------------- 9

Preface-.-..-...-..-..-----..-...-. ...................................... .11

Chapter I. General description and general geology of Cayuga Lake region. 13

General description.____._._._._--.---___-_._._....__._.-__.___._---._ 13

General geology .... ............--.-----.._---...--..--.-.-..--.-... 14

The lake section.............-..-.....-....----.--....--_--.-..-.. 14

Hamilton formation ........ ....---..-._-...........-..---...... 14

Encrinal beds.--.-.._......-. ........'.......-..--......-....--.. 15

Concretionary layers......;...--...-.......-. .......-.-----.-.... 15

Jointing......................................................... 15

Tullyfold-.............................................. ----- .- 15

Chapter II. History of the Hamilton formation ........................... 17

McClure............".........-...............-......-................ 17

Eaton ..........................:..................................... 17

Werner .............................._............................:.. 17

Early attempts at correlation..___,..__.________.__._.._____._________ 17

Search for coal ..-....-.-.--...---..-. ..-----..---.--..-----...-.... 17

Conrad and Hall. ...... .............................................. 18

Verneuil's correlation._................:............................. 19

Renevier's correlation......... .-.--.....------.--.---.--.-...-....-.. 19

Williams's correlation ...................^....................... .... 19

South American Hamilton .................. ................... .... 19

Chapter III. Descriptions of the f ossiliferons zones .I.................... 20

. Hamilton-Onondaga (Corniferons) zone .-...- _-_._------_.-_--___.. 20

First LeiQrhynchus zone (Marcellus shale) ....... ................_.. 22

Second Leiorhynchiis zone ......................... .._.-..--.-.--.-.. 23

First Terebratnla zone (Basal limestone of Clarke) ....--....._....... 23

* Third Leiorhynchus zone _-....-.-.----..-......-.----..._----.-...--. 25

Michelinia zone (provisionally) .---.-.---..--......--.--.............. 25

Chonetes vicinus zone. -:-.......---.........-.....-.-. ..-.-_.-...-.--. 26

(Transition zone) .-............... _-.-...-.......-..-.-----..-.-..-... 26

First Cypricardellabellistriata-Athyris spiriferoides zone ..----...---. 26

Tellinopsis zone --.-.............---_-.-------.-.------.----.-.-.. ..... 26

Second Cypricardella ballistriata-Athyris spirif eroides zone............ 27

Second Terebratnla zone (Encrinal beds) ......... ......-.--.--.-.-.-. 27

Orthonota zone ...................... ........ ..^......^.............. 27

(Transition zone).............. -..--....--.-.. .-'.-..-.----..---.--.. 28

Chonetes zone .---....---.. ...-...---.-.--.-..-.-.-----.---........--. 28

First Ambocoalia zone ....................... ....:................... 28

Chonetes lepidus zone (rather barren shales) ..-.--...-..-....--.-...- 28

3
4 CONTENTS.

Chapter in, Description of the fossiliferous zones Continued. Page.

Second Ambocoelia zone......---.--...--..--...-.....---.-...--....... 29

Stropheodonta-Coralline zone. ....^................................... 29

Modiella pygmsea zone---------------------------_-_--------._------. 30

Ambocoelia praeumbona zone. ---------._---------_----.-.----.--..... 30

Orbiculoidea or modified Leiorhynclms zone--_--.------__------__-.-. 30

(Transition zone) ....'................................................ 31

SpiriferrAtrypa zone. .^............................................... 81

Cystodictyazone.------_-.-_-__----------_---..--_--.---.-----..'_-... 31

Explanation of diagrams on PL V ___________.._.____.__.__.__._.._____ 32

Chapter IV. Annotated list and classification of species found in the

Hamilton formation of the Cayuga Lake section........................ 35

Coelenterata........................ .------- --.....--.:....--.---._-.. 35

Anthozoa-Actinozoa -...--------.--..-.-.-............---........ 35

Echinodermata...............-.'.-_---.---------.--.......--..-.-.---- 38

Crinoidea -__._.________.-___.-__...___-___-_____....__---_______. "38

Vermes _._.._--_._.__________--_---__---_-_- __-_-_._--_l__--------.__ 39

Molluscoidea --...-.----------------._-. -._.--.-...---._---------.--- 39

Bryozoa._..._......'....--........-...................---.--..-.. 39

Brachiopoda.--.-- _--.----_-----_----.-:_-_-------..----_--_--.. 40

Mollusca _____.__..--__-__..-.----_--------_- ---_.._-_.._------.._._. 59

Pelecypoda...._........---.--...-..---....--.............--.----. 59

Gasteropoda.-... .......-,------.---..-----..-.---....--.....-... 73

Cephalopoda....... .....------------.---...............-......... 77

Arthropoda.........._...-............................-. ............. 79

Crustacea ___._______..__.-..-_--._.__._.__.....____.._ .......... .79

Plantse..... .......................'...........--... .....,............. 82

Chapter V. Comparison of the Cayuga Lake section with other sections of

the Hamilton formation. ______-.-.-._._.________________._______.______ 83

Basal limestone.--..-_---_-----.--------------_-...--.-_...-..-------.- 83

Encrinal beds -...-.........,---.--------..................-.--------- 84

Gasteropoda................-..-_-.----....................-------_-.. 85

Use of the terms '' upper'' and '' lower'' Hamilton faunas....----.-... 86

Explanation of diagram, fig. 3.:......... r ............................. 87

ChapterVI. Conclusions................................................. 89

Chapter VII. Bibliography of litei'ature used in preparation of this paper.. 92 

Appendix. Table showing vertical distribution of faunal zones, with their 

contained faunules, in the Hamilton formation of Cayuga Lake, New

York....... ......................-......'................-........-... 95

Index-.....:......--.---...---.........-----....-....----.---............ 107
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Geologic map of Cayuga Lake region_.--.....-..-..._---....... 14

II. Jointing in the Upper Hamilton shales at Shurger Glen (fall over

the Tully limestone) ......................................... 16

III. A, Tully limestone south of Shurger Glen; B, Encrinal beds showing dip to the south, south of Shurger Glen...--.--..-..---... 18

IV. Alternation of impure limestones and shales above the Onondaga

beds at Union Springs .......-... .--.-......---..---.---.---- 20

V. A, Diagram showing the relative abundance of Pelecypoda and 

Brachiopoda in the Cayuga Lake section; B, Diagram showing 

the relative abundance of individuals and species in the Cayuga 

Lake section....................'..............-.............. 32

FIG. 1. CayugaLake section..............'........,......----..---....... 14

2. Zones in Cayuga Lake section .................................... 21

3. Diagram showing the distribution of fossils of the Hamilton formation throughout New York State---.--...--.-...-.--_---_.._. 87

5

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

YALE UNIVERSITY,

New. Haven, Conn., June S3, 1902.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as a bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, the manuscript of a paper 

entitled A Study of the Fauna of the Hamilton Formation of the 

Cayuga Lake Section in Central New York, prepared at my suggestion 

by Herdman Fitzgerald Cleland.

Respectfully, yours, HENRY SHALER WILLIAMS,

Q-eologist and Paleontologist.

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Director of United States Q-eological Survey.

INTRODUCTION.

By HENRY SHALER WILLIAMS.

The following paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the fossil 

faunas of the Devonian of the United States. It was begun by Mr. 

Cleland as a piece of research work in the course of study for the 

doctorate degree at Yale University, and was used as a thesis in 

taking the degree of doctor of philosophy in June, 1900. During the 

summer of 1901 some additional work was put on it, based upon more 

extended field work. 

The value of the investigation consists chiefly in the statistics it 

furnishes as to the approximate composition of each of the successive 

faunules making up the total fauna occupying the Hamilton formation of central New York. In it account is given of the species 

obtained in a careful and full examination of every foot of the section from the top of the Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone to the base 

of the Tuily limestone, both of which are well marked in the Cayuga 

Lake section, thus constituting definite limits for the Hamilton formation of this particular region.

All the fossiliferous zones (seventy-six in number) were examined, 

and upon analysis of the faunules of each zone those which were so 

closely alike as to signify practically the same set of species, associated 

in the same biological equilibrium of relative abundance, were grouped 

together, constituting in all twenty-five separate faunules. These 

may property be described as the faunules of the twenty-five successive hemerae into which the Hamilton epoch of this section may be 

distinguished by its fossils. These faunules are associated with more 

or less definite changes in the character of the sediments in which 

they were buried. The separate divisions of the formation thus 

recognized by slight differences in faunal composition as well as in 

lithologic constitution may be called zones. The Hamilton formation, 

its fauna, and the particular section here studied are well known to 

paleontologists, so that the species can be easily recognized and 

listed. In making the collections special attention was given to the 

discovery of the relative abundance of the species found associated 

together in each rock stratum. Direction was given to collect the 

fossils as near as possible in the proportion of numbers presented by 

the natural occurrence in the rocks. Instead of attempting to dis-
10 INTRODUCTION. [BULL. 206.

cover rare species, the purpose was to let the preserved collection 

represent as perfectly as possible the natural proportion of association. The working up of the collection was made to express this 

natural proportion expressed by the species.

The identification of species is probably always affected more or 

-less by personal judgment. In order to make the statistics of the 

greatest relative value, therefore, no attempt was made to criticise 

these personal elements in the author; and while it is probable that 

another worker dealing with the same specimens would not reach 

absolutely identical listing of species, it is probable that the errors, if 

any, from inaccuracy of specific identification are so small relatively 

as to not disturb the statistical value of the facts recorded. Further 

and more exhaustive search, also, may be expected to considerably 

modify the statistics here given; but even this fact does not detract 

from the value of those here recorded. The more refined the analyses 

become the more perfect will be our knowledge of faunal compositions. The present investigation is a step in the direction of attaining the fullest possible perfection in recording faunal statistics, and 

in making these faunal analyses as perfect as they can be made, 

toward which end the contributions of many workers will be needed. 

With such statistics in hand we may hope to understand better the 

laws of evolution as affected by and related to the varying conditions 

of environment and time.

It will be noticed that the thickness of the Hamilton, as measured 

by Prosser in the Ithaca Avell, is 1,224 feet that is, between the top of 

the Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone and the base of the Tully limestone. The exact thickness was not determined by the author. The 

reason for this is that the great thickness and similarity in the character of the rock of Zones B and C made the accurate measurement of 

these zones impossible. This is shown in the section (fig. 2) by broken 

lines. Nevertheless it is believed that the discrepancy does not 

.affect the accuracy of the succession of the fossiliferous zones 

recorded in this paper. Attention is here called to the fact in order 

to show how difficult it is to make exact correlation for short distances when the sediments are of similar composition and structure 

and the general fauna is the same. For the purpose of ascertaining the exact thickness of each zone, a continuous section is necessary, but a long series of shorter sections, where the dip is slight, 

offers the advantage of a greater number of exposures of the rocks for 

the collection of the fossils. It is hoped that the present sample of 

what can be done in the way of an historical study of a fossil fauna 

may inspire other workers to make similar studies of the rocks in their 

own localities for comparison and demonstration of the geographical 

as well as the geological modifications of fossil faunas.
PREFACE.

The material for this study was collected during three months of 

the summer of 1899 and during May, 1901, from the Hamilton formation 

exposed along the east side of Lake Cayuga and the west side of 

Seneca Lake. Commencing at the Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone, 

an attempt was made to collect the complete faunule from each zone 

throughout the entire Hamilton formation up to the Tully limestone.

In the identification of the fossils the principle has been followed 

that unless absolutely necessary no new species or varieties should be 

described, but that all doubtful specimens should be referred to 

species already figured.

The writer is indebted to Prof. H. S. Williams for many helpful 

suggestions concerning methods of work.

11

A STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE HAMILTON FORMATION OF THE CAYUGA LAKE SECTION IN CENTRAL 

NEW YORK.

By HERDMAN FITZGERALD CLELAND.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND GENERAL GEOLOGY OF CAYUGA

LAKE REGION.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The region studied is about 70 miles west of the center of New 

York State, and extends across about one-third of the State from 

north to south, the center of the region being nearly in the center of 

the north-south line. Cayuga Lake, along the east side of which the 

material for this study was collected, is one of the so-called "finger 

lakes" of the State, and, with its outlet, forms the boundary between 

Seneca and Cayuga counties.

In the western two-thirds of the State the strata strike in an eastwest direction and dip to the south. Because of this southerly dip 

it is possible for one to see a large part of the Paleozoic section in a 

comparatively short distance in passing from north to south. The 

Cayuga Lake region itself embraces all of the formations between and 

including the Salina and the Ithaca.

This region is overlain by glacial drift, which hides the rock, except 

where worn away by erosion. Almost every stream that enters. the 

lake has cut a deep gorge through the drift and into the shale, making excellent exposures. The gorges thus formed often have banks 

of shale 100 feet or more in height. In all of these creeks there are 

from one to four falls, the highest of which are caused by four strata 

of limestone and the hard sandstones or flags of the Portage. A 

description of Shurger Glen, about 5 miles from the south end of the 

lake, will, in a general way, answer for all the streams flowing into 

the lake, the only difference being that the streams farther down the 

lake do not flow over the Tully limestone, Portage sandstone, etc.,

13
14 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

> Shurger G/en

' III

Lake Ridge

r'ng ferry

$Dean Creek

|H Great Gu(/y

Union Springs

FIG. 1, Cayxiga Lake section. 

A,Marcellusshale; B, Hamilton formation; b', limestone of zone D; 

b", Encrmai beds; C, Tully limestone; D, Genesee shale; E, Portage; F,Ithaca.

and consequently have fewer falls. In Shurger Glen there are four sets of falls. The 

first, nearest the lake, about 30 feet high, is 

caused by the Encrinal beds (limestone); the 

second, by a hard shale; the third, by the 

Tully limestone; and the fourth, by the 

Portage. In Paines Creek near Aurora the 

Tully and Portage have been eroded away, 

leaving the Encrinal and the hard calcareous shales of Zone D at Moonshine to form 

the fall. In the creeks at Farleys the upper 

hard limestone capping the Marcellus shale, 

Zone B, forms the falls.

GENERAL GEOLOGY.

The lake section. In traveling from the 

village of Cayuga to Ithaca one passes over 

and can collect from, (1) the Eurypterus beds 

(Ron dout limestone ouWaterlinie), (2) black 

gypsum (probably Rondout limestone), (3) 

Stromatopora beds (Manlius limestone 05 ), 

(4) Oriskany sandstone (this formation has 

a maximum thickness here of 4 feet 10 inches 

and thins out to nothing in less than a niile, 

leaving the Onondaga (Corniferous) in contact with the Lower Helderberg), (5) Onondaga limestone, (6) Marcellus shales, (7) 

Hamilton shales and impure limestones, (8) 

Tully limestone, (9) Genesee shale, (10) Portage shales and sandstones. (See fig. 1.)

For the purpose of this paper it will not 

be necessary to speak more fully of any of 

the formations mentioned above, with the 

exception of the Hamilton.

Hamilton formation. The description of 

the shales and limestones of the Hamilton 

formation is given in detail in the descrip-" 

tion of the different zones which make up 

this formation. In general it may be said 

that the Marcellus shales immediately above 

the Onondaga limestone (where they are very 

black and fine) alternate with eight or ten 

layers of impure limestone for a distance 

of 10 feet. The shale becomes harder and 

sandy toward the top and closes with a very 

hard, impure limestone. The Marcellus, ae

a Memoir New York Mus., Vol. Ill, No, 3, Oct., 1900, pp.8-9.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN No. 206 PL. I

Cayugan group J =5

-fGEOLOGIC MAP OF THE CAYUGA LAKE REGION
CLKLAND.] . GENEBAL GEOLOGY. 15

shown by a recent well boring, is 81 feet thick. Above this limestone 

are the shales of Zone C, several hundred feet thick, which are very 

soft, with occasionally a harder, more calcareous, or sandy layer, and 

several courses of concretions. The thick, impure limestone or hard 

calcareous shale, Zone D, which overlies the soft shales of Zone C, is 

very marked because of its hardness and richness in fossils. Immediately above this zone and in contact with it is a layer of shale 50 feet 

thick, as fine and black in the lower part as the Marcellus shale. 

Above this the calcareous Hamilton shales continue to the Encrinal, 

becoming somewhat harder as the Encrinal is approached.

Encrinal bed. The Encrinal is a crystalline limestone about 1£ 

feet thick. Above this the Upper Hamilton or Moscow shales extend 

to the Tully limestone. The Upper Hamilton shales vary greatly in 

hardness and faunal combination.

Concretionary layers. Concretions appear not far from the Encrinal 

beds. These concretionary layers are at first shaly, but in the Cayuga 

Lake section become progresssvely more calcareous as the Tully limestone is approached.

The persistence of the concretionary layers was observed for some 

distance. One course, which contained Leiorhynchus laura arid Orbiculoidea lodiensis media (Zone V), was observed .at Shurger Glen, 

Lake Ridge, and King Ferry, a distance of .12 miles. These concretions could not be identified in the Seneca Lake section. . The 

thin layer of limestone under the Tully, included in Zone Y, Avas 

noted at these places also. Both the limestone layers and the fossils 

of Zone Y were wanting in the Seneca Lake region. Zone H at King 

Ferry, containing small upright concretions, with a characteristic 

fauna, was found also in Paines Creek, 5 miles north. The extent of 

the Encrinal beds and hard calcareous shales of Zone D is spoken of 

in another place (pp. 82-83).

Jointing. The jointing of the rock in this whole region is exceptionally well developed. The joint planes have a direction of N. 20°- 

30° W. and S. 5°-15° E., and are almost vertical. (See PI. II.) 

This jointing accounts, in large measure, for the perpendicular faces 

of the falls and cliffs which are so noticeable in this region.

Tully fold. As one goes up the lake from Union Springs the general dip of the rock to the south is very noticeable, the different strata 

continuing for some distance and then disappearing under the lake. 

Using the Tully as a reference plane/' it was found that from King 

Ferry to Lake Ridge the strata descend about 45 feet to the mile. To 

the south the Tully limestone takes a horizontal position and remains 

a little above lake level for about 3 miles. It there rises into an arch 

over 6 miles long, with its highest point at least 235 feet above -the 

lake. From this point south the dip is very rapid, varying from a

"Dip of rocks in central New York, by S. G-. Williams: Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol XXVI, 

1883, pp. 303-305.
16 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 306.

maximum of 400 feet to the mile, the average being 110 feet. 

Vanuxem a noticed this fold, and explained it as an apparent but not 

a real fold, reasoning that since the strata dipped southward the bend 

of the lake to the east would cut into the strata and give the appearance of a fold. The direction and amount of dip of the strata are 

such that the'bend in the lake could not alone have produced such an 

arch, although it undoubtedly had some effect. The folds along 

Seneca Lake and the fault in the outlet of Keuka Lake, which are in 

a west-of-north direction from the Cayuga Lake arch, point to the 

explanation that this whole region suffered a lateral- pressure sufficient to crumple the strata, thus forming a long fold of which the arch 

at Cayuga Lake and the undulations in the strata at Seneca Lake are 

a part. The impure limestone of Zone D is so folded that the creek 

cuts through it twice before it reaches the fall at Moonshine. In Big 

Gully Creek the limestone which caps the Marcellus shales is cut 

through by the stream before it reaches the fall; it also makes a fold 

to the south, forming falls in two small streams.

The fact that the region is not faulted, that the. folds are easily 

seen, and that the creeks cut through the glacial drift into the shales, 

makes the collecting especially easy, and reduces to the minimum the 

liability to error in locating the horizons in different sections. The 

difficulties in the way of making accurate measurements with the 

instruments at hand were such that all measurements given are only 

approximate.

a Geology of New York. Survey of the third district, 1842.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURREY BULLETIN NO. 206 PL. II

JOINTING IN UPPER HAMILTON SHALE AT SHURGER GLEN. 

The stream falls over Tully limestone.
CHAPTER.II. 

HISTORY OF THE HAMILTON FORMATION.

McClure. The first American geologist, William McClure, published a geological map of the United States in the Transactions of 

the American Philosophical Society in 1809. In this map "he struck 

out the ground outline of geographical geology. " a The line separating the "Primitive rocks" from the "Floetz, or secondary," followed 

the Oneida and Mohawk rivers of New York to the Hudson River. 

All the country between the Allegheuies and a line running north 

and south through the western boundary of Arkansas, with the 

exception of a narrow strip along the Gulf of Mexico, is marked as 

Floetz, or secondary, and embraces, in a general way, the formations 

from the Silurian to the Pleistocene. 6

Eaton. Amos Eaton after, for that time, considerable travel and 

observation, published An Index to the Geology of the Northern 

States in 1820, and later, under the patronage of Stephen Van Rensellaer, made a geological survey of the district adjoining the Erie 

Canal. These observations he published in 1824. < ' 

Werner. These pioneers in geology were followers of Werner, who 

attempted to correlate the strata in America with those of Europe as 

described by the German geologist. As Werner depended entirely 

upon the lithological character of the strata for his correlations (the 

value of fossils in correlation not being known at that time) great confusion resulted.

.Early attempts at correlation. Since the Old Red sandstone of England is a conspicuous formation, both McClure and Eaton took it as a 

convenient reference plane. Eaton first correlated it with the Catskill 

sandstone (Devonian) and the Triassic sandstone of the Connecticut 

River. McClure considered the Red sandstone of the Medina group 

(Silurian) and the Triassic sandstone of the Connecticut River as the 

equivalent of the Old Red sandstone of Europe. In 1824 Eaton concluded that " the ' Old Red sandstone' rests on the Metalliferous graywacke [Utica and Hudson River group] and underlies the Millstone 

grit" [Oneida conglomerate of the Medina group]; that is, that the 

Old Red sandstone (Devonian) should be correlated with a portion of 

the Medina sandstone, thus placing the greater part of the Upper 

Silurian and the Devonian in the Carboniferous.

Search for coal. After the decision was reached that the Red sandstone of the Medina was equivalent to the Old Red-sandstone (Devo-

«Index to the Geology of the Northern States, by Amos Eaton, 1820, p. viii..

&Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. VI, 1809, pp. 411-428. C

c Geological and Agricultural Survey of the District adjoining the Erie Canal.

Bull. 206 03 2 17
18 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206.

nian) of England which underlies the coal, Eaton expected to find coal 

in some of the formations in the southern part of the State, and advised 

the people who lived south of the Medina sandstone to dig for coal 

wherever there were any indications. Baton's belief that what we now 

know to be the Devonian was Carboniferous was strengthened by the 

finding of thin layers of carbonaceous matter in what, from the localities mentioned, must have been the Marcellus and Genesee shales. 

This coal in very thin layers is occasionally found in these horizons. 

Because of this advice a great deal of money was wasted in a vain 

search for coal.

The different formations of the Devonian were not distinguished by 

Eaton. The "third graywacke" or "pyritiferous rocks" included 

all the formations above the Onondaga. His description of this 

"rock" as a calcareous or siliceous gray rock, with aluminous cement, 

either slaty or in blocks and rich in fossils, and the localities, the 

end of Cayuga Lake and the south shore of Lake Erie, between its 

eastern extension and Sturgeon Point, does not distinguish between 

the different formations. The Hamilton in the Cayuga Lake locality 

was not included, as is shown by the fact that the Tully was mistaken 

for the Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone.

Conrad and Hall. In 1837 Conrad gave as the object of the New 

York State survey the stratigraphical and economic study of the 

various rock formations. The attention of his assistants was directed 

to the "mineral and fossil contents" of the rock, as the fossils." serve 

to determine with much accuracy the geological age and character of 

the strata."

In 1838 Hall considered the rocks of western New York as belonging to the Devonian and Carboniferous. His reason for believing 

this, he says, rested chiefly on the study of the organic remains, especially of, the vertical distribution of the trilobite.*

Conrad, in the same report, concluded that the rocks of New York, 

with the exception of the Catskill, terminated with the Upper Ludlow 

rocks of Murchison [Upper Silurian].

In the section along the Genesee River, given in the same report, 

the shales between York and Mount Morris are marked as '' limestone 

shales." This was one of the first attempts to separate the rocks 

above the Onondaga (Corniferous) in New York State into finer 

divisions.

In the Fourth Annual Report, 1840, Hall compared the fossils from 

the New York strata with those of England and correlated the Catskill with the Old Red sandstone [Devonian] of England; the Chemung 

to Moscow shales [Upper Hamilton], inclusive, with the Upper Ludlow rocks [Upper Silurian]; and the Ludlowville [Lower Hamilton] 

and Marcellus shales with the Lower Ludlow rocks [Upper Silurian], 

and adopted the name Ludlowville to show this correlation.

' 3 < / a Second Ann. Rept. New York Geol. Survey, 1838, p. 291.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE1

A. TULLY LIMESTONE, SOUTH OF SHURGER GLEN.

B. ENCRINAL BED, SOUTH OF SHURGER GLEN, SHOWING DIP TO THE SOUTH.
CLELAND.] HISTOEY OF HAMILTON FOKMATION. 19

The report of 1841 placed the Hamilton (called Sherburn group arid 

shales near Apulia) and Marcellus (called Black shale) in the Ayinestry [Upper Silurian]. According to this correlation the "Lower Ludlow rock " closed with the Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone.

Verneuil's correlation. In his concluding remarks on Verneuil's 

Parallelism of the Paleozoic Deposits of America with those of 

Europe, 05 Hall says that the "line of demarcation between the 

Devonian and Silurian is at the base of the Upper Helderberg or at 

the bottom of the Schoharie grit. Verrieu.il proposed to unite the 

M'arcellus shale, Hamilton shale, Tully limestone, and Genesee shale 

in one division, and make the Portage and Chemung the second of 

this period. He correlated the Chemung, Portage, Genesee, Tully, 

and Hamilton with the formations of Eif el and Devonshire; the Marcellus with the shales of Wissenbach in Nassau.

Benevier's correlation. In the second edition, 1896, of the Tableau 

des Terrains Sedimentaires formes pendant des iEpoques de la Phase 

Organiqueedu Globe Terrestre, by Professor Renevier, the Marcellus 

and Hamilton are taken together and considered to have been deposited at the same time as the Tentaculites shales (lower part) of Thuringia and Bohemia, Wissenbacher slates, and the schists "a Phacops 

Potieri de Bretagne."

Williams''s correlation. The line separating the Meso- and EoDevonian in America was determined by Prof. H. S. Williams to be 

at the base of the Tully limestone. Previously the Tully had been 

included in the Meso-Devonian. The reason for this correlation is as 

follows: 6

The conclusions we draw from this study of the faunas of the Cuboides zone 

and the Tully limestone are that within narrow limits, geologically speaking, the 

point in the European time scale, represented by the beginning of the deposition 

of the Cuboides Schichten of Aix la Chapelle, etc., is represented in the New York 

sections by the Tully limestone, and, second, that the representative of the fauna 

of the Cuboides zone of Europe is seen in New York not only in the Tully limestone, but in the shaly strata for several hundred feet above. Therefore, if we 

wish to express precise correlation in our classification of American rocks, the 

line between Middle and Upper Devonian formations should be drawn at the base 

of the Tully limestone, to correspond with the usage of French, Belgian, German, 

and Russian geologists, who include Frasnein, Cuboides Schichten, and correlated 

zones in the Upper Devonian.

The Meso-Devonian must therefore be considered as.bounded above 

by the Tully and below by the Onondaga (Corniferous).

South American Hamilton. The sandstone of Erere in Brazil, a 

portion of the Huamampampa sandstone of Bolivia, and a portion of 

the formations of the Jachel River in central Argentina are correlated 

with the New York Hamilton. These correlations were determined 

chiefly by the presence of Vitulina pustulosa and Tropidoleptus 

carinatus.

a Am. Jour. Sci., 2d series, Vol. V, pp. 176-183, 356-370; Vol. VII, pp. 45-51, 218-231. 

& Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, Vol. 1,1890, pp. 481-500.
CHAPTER III. 

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FOSSILIFEROUS ZONES.

The Hamilton formation, including the Marcellus shales, is in this 

region, as shown by the Ithaca well section, 1,224 feet thick. 0* It is 

bounded above by the Tully and below by the Onondaga (Corniferous) 

limestone.

 The Cayuga.Lake section has been divided into twenty-five zones, 

each zone having been determined by its contained fauna. When, 

in working up the section, there seemed to be a change in the fauna 

or the character of the rock, a provisional division was made, the total 

number of such divisions being seventy-six. Later, in working up the 

material in the laboratory, it was found necessary to combine many 

of these divisions, reducing the number to twenty-five.

The name of each zone is the name of the group, genus, or species 

which seems especially characteristic of the faunule of that zone. 

The name chosen is not necessarily that of the most abundant species 

unless that species is, as far as our present knowledge goes, associated 

with a definite group of fossils. For example, the three Leiorhynchus 

zones have a faunal resemblance which can not be mistaken, although 

in the first Leiorhynchus zone Leiorhynchus limitare is the characteristic species, while in the other two zones the species is Leiorhynchus 

hum. It is also true, that Leiorhynchus- laura may be associated with 

an abundance of Orbiculoidea lodiensis media, as in Zone V. In the 

first and second Amboccdia umbonata zones a group of species occurs 

which is often found associated together when Amboccplia umbonata 

is abundant. In every zone the fauna is more or less modified by 

species from lower zones continuing on, and by local conditions, but 

the essential character of the fauna is determined by the environmental conditions.

A. HAMILTON-ONONDAGA (CORNIFEROUS) ZONE.

Stratigraphy. This faunule at Cayuga Lake was found in a layer 

2 inches thick, almost completely made up of poorly preserved fossils. 

The shale which held them together was composed of finely comminuted fossils, principally tentaculites. Between this zone and the 

Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone are eight or ten alternations of 

impure limestones and fine sooty shale, aggregating 12 feet (see

aProsser, Am. Geologist, Vol. VI, 1890, pp. 199-211. 

20
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

ALTERNATION OF IMPURE LIMESTONES AND SHALES ABOVE THE ONON

Zone A; 1, Goniatite bed; 2, impure limestones and shales; 3, Ono
CLELAND.] FOSSILIFEKOUS ZONES. 21

PL"IV): Two feet below this zone is a limestone layer (Goniatite 

limestone), which is purer than any of the layers between it and the

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FIG. 2 Zones in Cayuga Lake section.

Onondaga limestone. Below and above Zone A the shale is very rich 

in Styliola fissurella and Tentaculites.
22 FAUNA OP HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL.206.

Faunule. The faunule of this zone is a mixture of Onondaga and 

Hamilton species, of which Brachiopoda make up the greater part. 

It contains Chonetes mucronatus, Ambocadiaumbonata, Tropidoleptus 

carinatus, and other Hamilton species, together with Spirifer macrus, 

Anoplotheca Camilla, Chonetes lineatus, and Pliacops cristata var. 

pipa of the Onondaga. The absence of Chonetes coronatus and 

Tropidoleptus carinatus below this level (12 feet above the Onondaga) 

shows that the Hamilton must have been developed elsewhere for a 

long period of time before the deposition of this zone. The fauna is 

remarkable in that it is not a transition between the Onondaga and 

Marcellus, but between the Onondaga and Hamilton. Although all 

the' species mentioned, with the exception of Chonetes. coronatus, 

have been found in the Marcellus, they are not characteristic of that 

horizon, but most of them are the common fossils of richly fossiliferous Hamilton zones.

A faunule of similar composition was found in an impure limestone 

9 feet above the Onondaga limestone, at Livonia. This faunule contained Anoplotheca Camilla associated with Hamilton and Onondaga 

fossils. a

Locality. South of Union Springs, 12 feet above the Onondaga. 

Layer of gray shale 2 inches thick.

B. FIRST LEIORHYNCHUS ZONE (Marcellus shale).

Stratigraphy. In the first creek south of Great Gully Creek, in the 

bed of the stream near the mouth, and in the shale along the lake 

shore south of this, flattened spherical concretions occur, many being 

3 feet in horizontal and i^ feet in vertical diameter. No fossils were 

found in them.

The Marcellus shale, closes with a hard, impure limestone, 4^ feet 

thick, which is very noticeable in the creeks in this vicinity, since it 

forms falls wherever it occurs. It is important in this section, because 

it makes a distinct line between the shales of the first and second 

Leiorhynchus zones.

With the exception of 2 feet of bituminous shales immediately 

above Zone A, the Marcellus shales between Union Springs and Great 

Gully Creek are covered. It is impossible to make an accurate estimate of the thickness of this zone because of the folding of the strata 

in this region. At Union Springs the Onondaga is'folded, and at 

Great Gully Creek the limestone layer of the Marcellus is so folded 

that it forms two falls. This same stratum folds to the south, making the rise of ground south of Levanna. The well boring recently 

made at Ithaca. (1900) shows the fine black shale of the Marcellus to 

"be 81 feet thick. It is probable, therefore, that the total thickness is 

between 80 and 100 feet.

Faunule. The faunal combination of this zone does not differ 

materially from .that of the second and third Leiorhynchus zones with

aj. M. Clarke, Forty-seventh Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus., pp. 327-352.
CLELAND.] FOSSILIFEROUS ZONES. 23

the exception of the replacement of L. limitare by L. laura. In the 

lower portion of the zone the shale is extremely fine, and the abundance of Styliola and Tentaculites much greater than in the other 

Leiorhynchus zones. The shales become coarser and the fossils more 

abundant (with the exception of Tentaculites and Styliola) as Zone C 

is approached. The fauna of the upper portion is especially rich in 

Orthoceratites. About 2 feet below the limestone is a nodular layer 

extremely rich in Leiorhynchus limitare in an excellent state of 

preservation. The shale for 2£ feet below the limestone is very calcareous and coarse, but still contains L. limitare and its characteristic, 

fauna. 

A Leiorhynclius fauna has approximately the following composition:

Leiorhyndras -i laura'

(limitare.

t mucronafrus, 

Chonetes \ scitulus,

(lepidtis. 

(Orbiculoidea media). 

Strophalosia -trmicata.

Leiopoteria leevis. 

Nuculites

( oblongatus. 

Nucula corbuliformis. 

Styliola fissurella. 

Tentaculites. 

Phacops rana.

Lumilicardium fragile.

Locality. Near the mouth of the creeks between Levanna and 

E'arleys. The best exposure for the upper portion is in Great Gully 

Creek; for the lower, the quarries south of Union Springs.

C. SECOND LEIORHYNCHUS ZONE.

Stratigraphy. This zone is quite uniform in its lithological and 

faunal characters with the exception of one layer of dark calcareous 

shale about 15 feet above the Marcellus shale, which contains a greater 

number of Phacops rana and Ambocc&lia umbonata than is usual 

elsewhere in the section. As a rule the shale is fine and seldom contains more than eight or nine species to each 5 feet. Two courses of 

concretions occur 70 feet below Zone D. Occasionally a harder layer 

occurs; but, with the exception mentioned, the species do not change 

with this slight change in sedimentation. The lower and upper portions of this zone were worked more carefully than the middle portion.

Faunule. This zone, which is several hundred feet thick, is very 

poor in fossils. The faunnle is one which usually occurs in the fine 

shales of the Hamilton stage where the conditions were not favorable 

to a rich Hamilton faunule. The make-up of the fauna is given 

under Zone B. This same faunule- is reported from the Livonia 

section.

Localities. Paines Creek, south of Aurora, from Moonshine Falls 

to the lake; Deans Creek, north of Aurora, from Goulds Falls to the 

lake; Great Gully Creek, south of Union Spring, to the Marcellus 

shale. It is also finely developed in the Seneca Lake section.

D. FIRST TEREBRATULA ZONE (Basal limestone of Clarke).

Stratigraphy. Because of its hardness, compared with the soft 

shales above and below, this zone forms a fall in all of the creeks
24 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

where it appears. Moonshine Falls, on Paines Creek, and the fall in 

Deans Creek, on the farm of James Gould, are from 30 to 40 feet high. 

The rock is a hard calcareous shale, almost an impure limestone. 

The fauna as well as the lithological character separates this zone 

sharply from the shales above and below. It is 25 feet thick in Paines 

Creek.

Faunule. The genera of this section are not, by any means, the 

most common fossils in this zone; but since they are associated with 

a peculiar combination of species, both here and at Eighteenmile 

Creek, the name Terebratula has been used to designate that combination. The combination of species spoken of above is Cryptonella 

planirostris, C. rectirostris, Meristella liasldnsi, Eunella lincklceni, 

Spirifer divaricatus, Viiulina pustulosa, and in the Encrinal, in addition or by substitution, Centronella impressa.

This is the first and only zone in which Heliopliyllum lialli appeared 

in any numbers. The locality was, however, especially favorable for 

collecting, on account of the great area of the zone exposed by the 

folding of the strata and the consequent wearing away of the soft 

upper shales in several places by the action of the water. One specimen of H. confluens was obtained from the Encrinal beds at Black 

Rock, on. Paines Creek, and one specimen of H. halli from a doubtful locality in the Upper Hamilton. With these exceptions no specimens of this genus were found above or below Zone D. Vitulina 

pustulosa is common, and was found in the same abundance in the 

Encrinal beds, but not elsewhere in the section.

The shale of this zone is extremely f ossiliferous. The total number 

of species found was 84; of these, 32 are Pelecypoda, 33 Brachiopoda, 

4 Gasteropoda, 3 trilobites, 3 corals.

Localities. Paiues and Deans creeks on the east side of Cayuga 

Lake; Slate Rock Run on west side of Seneca Lake. D. F. Lincoln« 

reports it from Bentoiis Run, west side of Seneca Lake; north of 

Days Landing; Reeders Creek; West Fayette station; 1 mile west of 

West Bearytown; 1 mile southeast of Bearytown; Big Holknv Creek 

east of Romulus. Clarke reports it from Canandaigua Lake and Flint 

Creek.

NOTE. This zone is well exposed in Slate Rock Run on the west 

side of Seneca Lake. In this locality it is 15 feet thick and contains 

a faunule very similar to that of the Cayuga Lake region. The principal difference noted was the .greater abundance of cyathophylloid 

and Favosite corals. The common fossils of this zone in Slate Rock 

Run are:

Heliophyllum halli.

Cystophylurn americanum.

Favosites.

Chonetes nracronatus.

Eunella lincklaeni. 

Rhipidoinella vanuxemi. 

Crinoid stems. 

Stropheodonta inaequistriata.

"Ann. Kept. State Geol. New York, 1884.
CLELANJX] FOSSILIFEROUS ZONES. 25

E. THIRD LEIORHYNCHUS ZONE.

Faunule. Immediately above the calcareous shales of Zone D occur 

55 or 60 feet of very fine black shales which are extremely barren of 

fossils. This is especially true of the lower 25 feet, in which but ten 

species were found, the complete faunule being twenty-seven species. 

Styliola fissurella and. ostracods occur abundantly in thin layers, but 

in the body of the shale they are seldom seen. With few exceptions 

the ostracods and styliolse do not reappear in this section above this 

zone and never again in abundance.

The change of sedimentation from a firm calcareous to a fine black 

mud was evidently.a condition unfavorable to the rich faunule of 

Zone D, and either (1) it was replaced by migration of a faunule 

similar (recurrent) to that of the shales below Zone D or, what seems 

probable, (2) the species found in Zone E, which were inconspicuous in the faunule of Zone D, lived on while their less adaptable 

neighbors perished. The shales of this zone contain no brachiopods 

and only, three species of pelecypods and they are rare which are 

not found in Zone C. They contain one brachiopod and two pelecypods which are not found in Zone D. The faunule of this zone bears 

a strong resemblance to the "recurrent fauna" of Ontario County. a

Localities. Above and in contact with Zone D in Paines and Deans 

creeks, on Cayuga Lake, and in the Seneca Lake section.

NOTE. The shales of this zone are of this same character Avest of 

Seneca Lake. The resembauce to the Marcellus is so strong that Mr. 

Berlin H. Wright 6 called the shales of this zone in the Kashong Creek 

section "Marcellus." The lithological character and the faunule are 

both very much like that.of the Marcellus, with the exception of 

Leiorhynchus limitare, which the writer did not find in the Kashong 

section.

F. MICHELINIA ZONE (Provisionally).

Stratigraphy. This zone is not separated from the lower shales by 

any distinct line, the division being made by the abundance of the 

fossils and change in species. It terminates in a more calcareous 

layer 4 inches thick, in which Michelinia stylopora is common. The 

number of species is not great except by comparison with the zones 

above and below. Compared with E and G the species are in the 

ratio (E) 29: (F) 50: (G) 23. The thickness of the zones, in feet, is in 

the ratio (E) 55: (F) 5: (G) 18.

Faunule. The only common species are Tropidoleptus carinatus, 

Nucula corbuliformis, Cypricardella bellistriata, Michelinia stylopora, 

and crinoid stems. Gf-rammysia constricta, Ceratopora dichotoma, 

and Michelinia appear for the first time. Tropidoleptus carinatus is 

very common, but of small size.

Location. Paines Creek, 60 feet above Moonshine Falls. Five feet 

thick.

«J. M. Clarke, Ann. Kept. State Geol. New York, 1884, pp. .9-22. 

& Thirty-fifth Ann. Kept. New York State Mus., 1882, pp. 195-206.
26 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL.206.

G. CHONETES VICINUS ZONE.

Stratigraphy. This zone comprises the firm shales below the falls 

nearest the lake, at King Ferry, and the upper portion of the section 

on Paines Creek; 23 species; 18 feet thick.

Faunule. Chonetes vicinus, which appeared in Zone F, became 

very abundant and of large size in this zone. Tropidoleptus carinatus 

is common. Lunulicardium fragile and Cypricardella bellistriata are 

found occasionally. The shales are not so barren as the small number of species would indicate, although they are by no means rich in 

fossils.

Locality. King Ferry and Paines Creek.

NOTE. Later investigation shows that the name Chonetes vicinus 

does not express a faunal combination. The zone is a distinct one 

at King Ferry, but is an expression of peculiar local conditions rather 

than a normal faunule. This zone was not found in the Kashong 

Creek section.

H. TRANSITION ZONE.

This zone does not have a distinctive faunule and is probably a 

transition between Zones G and I. 

Locality. King Ferry, N. Y.

I. FIRST CYPRICARDELLA BELLISTRIATA-ATHYRIS SPIRIFEROIDES

ZONE.

Faunule. The abundance of Cypricardella bellistriata, Athyris 

spiriferoides, and Spirifer pennatus is characteristic of this faunule. 

The relative abundance of all of the species in the zone changes 

somewhat from the bottom to the top. Tropidoleptus is common in 

the lower third, rare in the middle, and common again in the upper 

third. Pholidostrophia iowaensis appears for the first time in the 

lower third and was not common elsewhere in the section.

Location. King Ferry, above the first falls; 47 feet thick.

NOTE. The faunule of the shale 25 feet below the Encrinal beds, 

19 feet thick in the Kashong Creek (Seneca Lake) section, bears a 

stronger resemblance to Zones I and K than to J, but the faunule as a 

whole has a different facies. It resembles I in the abundance of 

Tropidoleptus carinatus CA, Chonetes mucronatus CA (instead of 

C. vicinus}, and Spirifer pennatus. It differs in the scarcity of 

Cypricarddla l}ellistriata and A. spiriferoides- and in the abundance 

of Bryozoa and crinoicl stems. The 25 feet of shale immediately 

underlying the Encrinal is very poor in fossils, the faunal combination of which is not plain.

J. TELLINOPSIS ZONE.

Faunule. This faunule differs from that of Zones K and I in its 

paucity of spirifers, Athyris spiriferoides and Tropidoleptus carinatus
CLBLAND.] FOSSILIFEEOUS ZONES. 27

and in the abundance of Anibocodia umbonata, Tellinopsis subemarginata, and Modiomorpha. There is one thin layer of Amboccelia 

umbonata and Chonetes scitulus. The shale of Zone J is finer than 

that of Zone K and more fossiliferous.

Locality. King Ferry, 20 feet below the Encrinal beds; 10 feet 

thick.

K. SECOND CYPRICARDELLA BELLISTRIATA-ATHYRIS SPIRIFEROIDES ZONE.

Faunule. This faunuleis a recurrence of Zone I, with slight modifications. The numerous individuals of the upper third of Zone J are 

the characteristic fossils of K with the exception of Chonetes vicinus. 

Other species of Chonetes are common and balance the loss of 

C. vicinus. The abundant species of Zone I are most common in 

Zone K. This zone resembles Zone X of the Upper Hamilton, except 

that in Zone X Leiorhynchus laura continues from Zone V.

Locality. King Ferry, extending down from the Encrinal for 22 

feet.

L. SECOND TEREBRATULA ZONE (ENCRINAL BEDS).«

Stratigraphy. The Encrinal bed includes 8 feet of calcareous 

shales, impure limestone, and 1-J feet of crystalline limestone, with 

an abundance of crinoid stems in the upper part.

Faunule. Of the 47 species occurring in this bed, 14 are from the 

crystalline limestone. No fossils are abundant. Of the 7 species 

which are common 3 are distinctive; Vitulina pustulosa is found also 

in D; Centronella impressa occurs here for the first time and does not 

appear again; Eunella Uncklc&ni is found also in D and Y; Spirifer 

divaricatus, one fragment, is found in D; Nudeospira concinna is 

rarely found in the section, and Spirifer granulosus reappears here. 

(For discussion of Encrinal see Chapter V.)

Locality. This zone, called also the Encrinal bed, includes the 

crystalline Encrinal beds and impure limestone and shales, 8 feet in 

all, found in the creeks between Shurger Glen and Aurora.

M. ORTHONOTA ZONE.

Faunule. This zone differs decidedly from that above and below 

in the composition of its fauna. A glance at the accompanying table 

(PLY) will show the distinctness of this zone. The common Pelecypoda are Phthonia nodicostata, Orthonota undulata, Prothyris lanceolata, and Tellinopsis subemarginata.

Locality. Shurger Glen. A rather fine shale 1£ feet thick underlying a harder layer (Zone N) which forms a small falls 2£ feet high 

a short distance from the fall over the Encrinal.

"Including the genera of Section A; of. Schuchert: Bull. U. S. G-eol. Survey No. 87, p. 124.
28 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 306.

N. (TRANSITION ZONE.)

Zone N is a rather hard, limy layer, 6 inches thick, which forms the 

capping for a falls 2£ feet high. The faunule is not a distinct one. 

The abundance of Tropidoleptus carinatus places it with the zone 

which follows, while the fewness of Chonetes and abundance of crinoid stems and Bryozoa places it with the preceding faunule. It is 

lithologically distinct, but must be called a transition faunule.

0. CHONETES ZONE.

Faunule. The abundance of Chonetes mucronatus and C. scitulus 

is very noticeable. In a fine shale, 3 inches thick, is an abundance 

of Spirifer penncdus and Tropidoleptus carinatus. A hard, argillaceous, sandy layer above this is very rich in S. pennatus. This zone 

is not well marked, and is probably very local.

Locality. Shurger Glen. Coarse and rather sandy strata overlying 

the hard layer forming the small fall; 10 feet thick.

P. FIRST AMBOCCELIA ZONE.

Faunule. There is little difference between this zone and Zone R 

except that there is a greater abundance of individuals in the latter. 

Anibocodia umbonata and Phacops rana are abundant and Pholidops 

hamiltonicB and Chonetes mucronatus are common. Pelecypods, 

with the exception of Palce,oneilo constricta, are rare. The association 

of P. rana and A. umbonata is seen-in thin layers throughout the 

section. (See under A. umbonata, Chapter IV.)

Locality. Twenty feet above the Encrinal beds at Shurger Glen; 

5 feet thick.

Q. CHONETES LEPIDUS ZONE (rather barren shales).

Faunule. The 15 feet of thin shale of which this zone is composed 

is very barren both in individuals and in species, the upper 5 feet 

being extremely so. Only 16 species were found in the entire bed; 

of these 6 species are found in the upper 5 feet and 12 species in the 

lower 10 feet. In the upper 5 feet Chonetes lepidus and A. umbonata 

are the only common fossils. .

The conditions in this region during the deposition of these shales 

were very unfavorable to life. At first the fauna was rather large, 

but at last the two species mentioned above were almost the only ones 

that were able to survive. The conditions were not unlike those which 

existed during the deposition of the muds forming Zone E. The effect 

of the unfavorable environment is seen in the small size and numb"er 

of individuals.

Locality. Shurger Glen. Twenty-five feet above the Encrinal beds 

and 20 feet below the concretionary layer of Zone S.
CLBLAND.] FOSSILIFEKOUS ZONES. . 29 

R. SECOND AMBOCOBLIA ZONE.

Stratigraphy. This zone is bounded above by the StropheodontaCoralline zone and below by fine shale. It is a very marked zone in 

the Shiirger Glen section. Large blocks of shale which have fallen 

from the cliff are almost completely made up of Amboccelia umbonata, 

with many Phacops rana in an excellent state of preservation.

Faunule. Besides A. umbonata and P. rana, Pliolidops hamiltonice, 

and Palc&oneilo constricta are very common. Cfyonetes mucronaius is 

often found. A comparison of '' the fauna of the Spirifer consdbrinus 

fauna, Da" of Grabau* with, this zone shows -that (1) the relative 

position and (2) the faunule are the same. (See under Ambocudia 

umbonata. )

Locality. Shurger Glen and King Ferry, 40 feet above the Encrinal 

beds. Underlies the concretionary layer of Zone S. Twenty-five 

feet thick.

NOTE. A bed with a fauna of this same composition occurs in the 

Kashong section. The resemblance is so striking that it can not be 

mistaken. It is about 80 feet above the Encrinal beds in this section 

and but 40 feet at Shurger Glen. The zones of the two sections may 

be continuations of the same bed, but there is no evidence to that 

effect except the character of the faunule and the rock.

S. STROPHEODONTA CORALLINE ZONE.

Stratigraphy. This zone includes the lowest concretionary layer in 

which the concretions are of large size. The concretions are shaly, . but the shale in which they are embedded is rather more calcareous 

than usual. The fossils occur in three or four layers, about 2 or 3 

inches thick. In these thin f ossilif erous layers the shale weathers into 

a mud, leaving the fossils conspicuous. In the lower part of the zone 

occurs a very thin layer composed almost entirely of crinoid joints.

Faunule. The rarity of AmbocceMa umbonata and the abundance 

of Bryozoa and crindids, together with Stropheodonta incequistriata, 

S. concava, Khipidomella vanuxemi, and corals in considerable numbers, make this zone distinct from, that above and below.

Locality. Shurger Glen, 60'feet above the Encrinal beds. In a 

concretionary layer 10 feet thick.

NOTE. Thin layers containing this faunule commence 40 feet below 

the Tully at Kashong Creek (Seneca Lake), and occur frequently 

for-30 feet. The common fossils are:

Spirifer pennatus. 

Stropheodonta inaeqnistriata. 

Stropheodonta concava. 

Stropheodonta junia.

Atrypa reticularis. 

Streptelasma rectum. 

Amplexus sp. ? 

Crinoid stems.

This faunule responded very quickly to certain conditions, as is 

shown by its frequent occurrence in the Seneca and Cayuga lake sections. It. also has a very constant faunal combination.

a Sixteenth Ann. Rept. State Geol. New York, 1898, p. 319.
30 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BUI&. 206.

T. MODIELLA PYGMJEA ZONE.

Stratigraphy. The shale in this zone is compact and fairly uniform throughout. It is not very fossiliferous,. but by no means barren, except where thin layers of fine shale occur.

Faunule. This is distinctly a pelecypod zone in which small 

pelecypods, such as Nucula, Modiella, Pal&oneilo, and Tellinopsis are 

common. Leiopteria is frequently found near the center of the zone. 

The total number of species in the zone is large because of the occasional appearance of a number of rare species. The number of species 

of brachiopods are to those of pelecypods as 27 to 39. Of the brachiopods, Spirifer pennatus and AmbocceMa umbonata are found in all 

parts of the zone, sometimes being very common. Stropheodonta, 

Nucleospira, and Reticularia are absent. Nucula, Nuculites, Modiella, and Palceoneilo, which are rare in the lower zones, become common in this zone, though never abundant. The fauniile disappears 

with the appearance of Leiorhynchus laura and Orbiculoidea.

Locality. Shurger Glen, 40 feet below the Tully limestone. A 

Septaria layer is embedded in the upper few feet of this zone. The 

total thickness is 98 feet.

U. AMBOCCELIA PR^EUMBONA ZONE.

Faunule. This is a transition zone between T and V. It is characterized by the commonness of A. prc&umbona, which appeared a 

foot below this for the first time in this section, and in the reappearance of Spirifer tullius, which, until within a foot of this zone, was not 

present in the shale below for 20 feet. The faunal combination is not 

plain.

Locality. Shurger Glen. Underlies the concretionary layer of

ZoneV. Five feet thick.

NOTE. A bed in the Kashong (Seneca Lake) section contains the 

following species:

Ambocoelia prseumbona. 

Leiorhyuchus laura.

Orbiculoidea lodiensis media.Z 

Chonetes mucronatus.

This faunule is probably a continuation of that at Cayuga Lake.

V. ORBICULOIDEA OR MODIFIED LEIORHYNCHUS ZONE.

Leiorhynclius laura and Orbiculoidea lodiensis media in abundance 

in a fine shale make this a very distinct zone. It may be considered a 

Leiorhynchus zone with Orbiculoidea lodiensis media, modified by the 

addition of S. tullius and Amboccdia prceumbona. In the center of the 

zone, however, the faunule is, with the addition of 0. lodiensis media, an 

almost typical Leiorhynchus fauna. The Leiorhynchus laura and 

Orbiculoidea lodiensis media are very large and in an excellent state of
OIJBLAHD.] FOSSILIFEEOUS ZONES. 31

preservation in the concretionary layer, which is embedded in the 

fine shale of this zone. These concretions are over a foot in horizontal 

diameter.

Locality. Shurger .Glen, Salmon River, Lake Ridge, King Ferry, 

30 feet below the Tully limestone.

W. (TRANSITION ZONE.)

Faunule. The abundance of Rhipidomella vanuxemi and Phacops 

rana, which are rare in the next zone above, and the frequency with 

which Pholidops hamiltonice and Dalmanites boothi occur, present the 

appearance of a somewhat distinct faunule. However, Chonetes 

mucronatus, Leiorhynchus laura, Spirifer audaculus, Stropheodonta 

junia, and 8. perplana are common to both.

The faunule can not be taken as a part of either Zone V or Zone X, 

although it contains a number of species of each, nor can it be considered a separate zone. During its deposition the conditions permitted the migration of a Spirifer-Airy pa faunule, together with 

E. vanuxemi and P. rana, and at the same time were not unfavorable 

to some of the species of the Orbiculoidea faunule.

Locality. Shurger Glen. In a pyritiferous concretionary layer, 23 

feet below the Tully, 10 feet thick.

X. SPIRIFER-ATRYPA ZONE.

Faunule. Atrypa reticularis, Athyris spiriferoides, and Spirifer 

audaculus occur here in very great abundance. S. granulosus has a 

greater development than in any other portion of the section. Leiorhynchus laura is less abundant than in the zone below and is not 

found in the Cystodictya zone. Bryozoa, which were rare in Zone W, 

begin to be abundant and continue in great numbers to the Tully 

limestone.

Locality Shurger Glen. Nine feet below the Tully limestone.

Y. CYSTODICTYA ZONE.

Stratigraphy. The Hamilton stage closes with this zone, which 

includes an alternation of limestone and limy shales and a nodular 

layer. This condition is seen at Ludlowville, Lake Ridge, and King 

Ferry.

Faunule. The zone is rich in Bryozoa, especially Cystodictya incisurata, and crinoid stems. Tropidoleptus carinatus is the fossil most 

often seen in the upper portion. Spirifer pennatus and S. audaculus are very common, while S. marcyi is represented by wellpreserved specimens in the calcareous shales 5 feet below the Tully 

limestone. Pelecypods are very rare in the upper few feet. This, 

with a slight modification, is the same as the Cystodictya faunule of 

Grabau, which at Eightieenmile Creek occurs in the Lower Hamilton.
32 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOKMATION... [BULL. 206.

Locality. Slmrger Glen, Salmon Creek, Lake Ridge. In contact 

with the Tully limestone.

NOTE. The Hamilton formation in the Kashong Creek section, 

Seneca Lake, closes with a fine shale 7 feet thick, very much like the 

Genesee in appearance and very poor in fossils.

The f aunule of this zone is: . Amboccelia umbonata. Ostrocods. 

Pholidops hamiltoniae. Palaeoneilo constricta. 

Phacops rana. Tellinopsis subemarginata. 

Tropidoleptus carinatus.

EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAMS, PL. V.

Diagram'A. With the exception of Zone A, 2 inches thick, 12 feet 

above the Onondaga (Corniferous) limestone, which is very rich in 

individuals, the number of species of Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda is 

very uniform throughout the soft shales until Zone D is reached. A 

few feet of the Upper Marcellus shales are quite fossiliferous, but the 

number of species is not large. The concretionary layer of Zone C 

contains a faunule fairly rich in individuals, but poor in species.

As indicated by the angle, Zone D is sharply defined from the 

shales above and below by the great abundance of species and individuals as well as by the greater hardness of the rock. With the 

exception of a portion of Zone X, the lower 10 feet of Zone D contains 

more species of both Brachiopoda and Pelecypoda than the same number of feet in any other part of the section. In the lower portion of 

the zone the brachiopods and pelecypods are represented by an equal 

number of species. In the upper portion both decrease in the number of their species, but the lamellibranchs suffer the greater loss.

The most barren shales of the section above Zone D, both in individuals and in species, are the 5 feet of fine black shales immediately 

in contact with it. The black shales of this zone (E) are very 

noticeable.

Zone F, which is a coralline zone, is rich in species, especially of 

pelecypods. After reaching a low point in Zone G there is a rapid 

increase in pelecypods, the increase in brachiopods remaining almost 

uniform throughout Zone I, while the pelecypods reach a high point 

in the center of the zone, but fall below the Brachiopoda toward the 

upper portion.

The next noticeable change is in the Encrinal bed, Zone L, where 

the pelecypods are extremely rare, while the brachiopods have a rich 

development. The brachiopods gradually decrease in the number of 

species until Zone Q is reached^ where there is a greater paucity than 

in any other zone in the Upper Hamilton. The pelecypods become 

common in Zones O, M, and 1ST, but become rare in species in Zone Q. 

In the 35 feet above Zone Q there is an increase, which culminates in 

Zone S, the brachiopods being predominant. Above Zone S to Zone
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY fellLLEtlN NO. 206 PL. V

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.4. DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PELECYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA IN THE CAYUGA LAKE SECTION. 

K. DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF INDIVIDUALS AND SPECIES IN THE CAYUGA LAKE SECTION.
FOSSILIFEEOUS ZONES. 33

X, with one local exception, the number, both of pelecypods and of 

brachiopods, is quite uniform. In Zone X the pelecypods reach their 

greatest development in the section, the brachiopods also being well 

toward their highest point.

The impure limestones of the upper few feet, with which the Hamilton formation closed, seemed unfavorable for pelecypods, as was the 

case in the Encri-nal beds, and very favorable for brachiopods. From 

Zone X the pelecypods decrease and the brachiopods increase to the 

contact with the Tally limestone.

Diagram B. The abundance of individuals is represented only 

approximately, as there is no practical method of determining accurately the actual number of individuals to each 5 feet.

In the fine shales of the Marcellus are thin layers full of Styliola 

and Tentaculites (these are not represented in-the diagram). Above 

Zone A, which is very rich in individuals, the shale is almost barren 

as far up as it was exposed at this station (Union Springs), with the 

exception of Tentaculites and Styliola. For a few feet below the 

limestone with which the Marcellus closes there is an abundance of 

individuals of Leiorhynchus limitare and of Ortlioceratites. The 

shales above this limestone, Zone C, are almost barren in many places, 

but now and then a fossil is found. Occasionally a thin layer of fine 

shale a fraction of an inch thick contains Leiorhynchus laura or 

Strophalosia truncata in great numbers.

In Zone D the impure limestone which forms the capping of Moonshine Falls seemed richer in individuals than the lower shales of this 

zone. This may, however, have been due to the more favorable collecting because of the weathering out of the fossils. Above Zone D 

are a few feet of almost completely barren shales, Zone E; above 

these shales the remaining 30 feet of Zone E continues poor in individuals and species to Zone F. In Zone F there is a sadden increase 

in the number of species and individuals, which makes it a quite distinct zone. The number of individuals, however, did not increase in 

the same ratio as the species. From Zone G to the middle of Zone I 

there is a rather gradual increase in species and individuals. From 

this point the number of species decrease to the Encrinal beds, while 

the number of individuals vary. The species become abundant in 

the upper part of the Encrinal bed and decrease to-Zone Q, in which 

the shale is more barren, in species and individuals, than in any other 

zone in the Upper Hamilton.

The great abundance of individuals of the Zones P and R is shown. 

Zone R is, according to the diagram, the most fossiliferous zone (in 

individuals) in the section, although the number of species is by no 

means large.

From Zone S to Zone W there is a rather regular increase in the 

number of species, while the number of individuals is rather small. 

Zone S is rich in number of species as well as in abundance of indiBull. 206 03 3
34 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206.

viduals. Zone V, the Orbiculoidea zone, is separated from the other 

zones not only by its faunal combination, but in the fewness of its 

species; the number of individuals is not greatly different from that 

of the shale below. Zone X is the richest in species of any zone in 

the section. The abundance of individuals is great in proportion. 

Zone X was worked more thoroughly than any other except Zone Y 

a fact which will in a measure account for the large numbers of species and individuals in the collection. From this zone to the Tully 

limestone the total number of species becomes less.
CHAPTER IV.

ANNOTATED LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES FOUND IN 

THE HAMILTON FORMATION OF THE CAYUGA LAKE SECTION.

Snbkingdom

Class ANTHOZOA-ACTINOZOA.

The members of this class are, with a few exceptions, rare in the 

Caytiga Lake section. They are, however, of considerable importance 

since, when they are common, they are associated with a peculiar combination of species.

Subclass TETRACORALLA Haeokel. 

Family Z APIIRENTID M E. & H.

&eivus STREFTJCLA-SM!^ Hall.

1. Streptelasma rectum Hall. 

111. Dev. Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 19.

This is the commonest of the corals at Cayuga Lake. It is chiefly 

confined to the upper 150 feet of the section. When it occurs with 

Stropheodonta it has a definite faunule.

G-erius ZAIPHKEISTTIS Rafinesctxie.

2. Zaphrentis simplex Hall. 

111. Dev. Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 21. 

Four specimens of this species were found in ike.Cystodictyazone (Y).

G-en-us ^AJVEiP LEXUS Sowerby.

3. Amplexus sp. undet. 

HI. Dev. Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 3.

Next to Streptelasma in abundance is a species of Amplexus, found 

principally in the Modiella zone (T). It differs from the figures of 

A. hamMonicB and A. intermedius. The coral is very much ftexed and 

has a jointed appearance, the constrictions sometimes being very

marked.

35
36 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206. 

Family CYATHOPHYLLID M E. & H.

G-enus HKL.IOFIIYLII.TJM: Hall. ,

4. Heliophyllum halli E. & H. 

111. Dev. Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 23.

This species is restricted to Zone D, with the exception of a single 

specimen from a doubtful locality in the Upper Hamilton. A number of specimens were obtained, two of the largest of which measured 

220 and 270 mm. in length and 65 mm. in diameter. H. halli is very 

common in the ' ' Basal limestone " of Ontario County, and is confined 

to a narrow zone within a few feet of the Encrinal beds in the 

Eighteenmile Creek section.

This species is very common in the " Basal limestone" of the Seneca 

Lake section.

5. Heliophyllnm confluens Hall. 

El. Dev., Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 26.

A single specimen was found in this section in the Encrinal beds 

of Paines Creek. At Eighteenmile Creek H. confluens is also restricted 

to the Encrinal beds.

G-ervus IDirPHYFHYL.IjTJM: JL-onstlale.

6. Diphyphyllum archiaci Billings. 

Geol. Sur. Mich., vol. 3, 1873-1876, p. 126, pi. 47.

This species was found in Zone Y. A cross section showed the characteristic arrangement of the septa.

Subclass HEXACORAKLA Haeckel.

Suborder TABU LAX A E. & H. 

Family FAVOSITID^E E. & H.

G-emas in-A-A^O SITES ."Lamarck.

7. Favosites argus Hall. 

El. Dev. Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 13.

One specimen from Zone Y is probably of this species. . It is of very 

much the shape of fig. 2, pi. 13, of the "Devonian Fossils." The 

arrangement of the large and small cells can not be made out.

8. Favosites sp. undet.

Favosite corals from several zones were too imperfectly preserved 

for specific identification. They did not show any of the specific 

characters of F. argus.
CLKLAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 37

G-eriias MICHKLrNT-A. <le Kon i nek.

9. Michelinia stylopora Eaton. 

HI. Dev. Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 18.

This species is common in Zone F, but nowhere else in the section. 

At Eighteenmile Creek it is restricted to a few feet at the base of the 

Lower Hamilton. At Kashong Creek very large specimens of this 

species occur in a narrow bed 13 feet above the "upper fall" (above 

Encrinal). A few specimens were also found in the "Basal limestone " of Slate Rock Run.

G-enxis TR^CHYiPORA. E. & H. 

10. Trachypora (Dendropora) ornata Rominger.

Geol. Sur. Mich., vol. 3,1873-1876. p. 62, pis. 23-24.

A few well-marked fragments of this species were found in the 

Cystodictya zone (Y), and in the Encrinal band. This species is not 

uncommon in the shales forming the falls below the Encrmal in the 

Kashong Creek section.

Family AULOPORID^E Mcholson.

Gramas ATJIjOlPORA. Groldfuss.

11. Anlopora serpens Goldfuss. 

Geol; Sur. Mich., 1873-1876, p. 81, pi. 33. 

Two very imperfect fragments of this species were found.

GJ-emas CER^TOPOR-A. Grrabaia.

12. Ceratopora dichotoma Grabau. 

Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. His., vol. 23, 1899, p. 418, pi. 4.

This species, with well-marked characters, was found in Zones F and 

O. Excellent specimens also occur above the Encrinal at Kashong 

Creek.

Family SYRINGOPORIDJE E. & H.

GJ-emas SYRUsTGrOFORA. G-oldfuss.

13. Syringopora sp. undet. 

Geol. Sur. Mich., vol. 3, 1873-1876, p. 79.

A colony of this genus 10 or 12 feet long and. 5 to 8 inches in thickness occurs in the lower part of Zone D. The specific characters are 

not distinct enough to warrant a specific identification. The "Basal 

limestone" of the Slate Rock Run (Seneca Lake) contains many 

colonies of this coral.
38 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206. 

Family CHJETETID J3 E. & H.

G-emas CH-aSTE'rKS Fischer.

14. Chsetetes fructicosa Hall. 

111. Dev. Fos. Hall, 1876, pi. 38.

A few specimens of this species were obtained from the upper portion of the Upper and Lower Hamilton.

Other species of Chc&tetes were found, but were too imperfect to 

permit of definite identification.

S-ubkingdom

Class CRINOIDEA Miller.

With the exception of three poorly preserved specimens, the crinoids 

are represented by crinoid joints and a very few plates. No other 

class of Echinodermata was found.

Oeirus G^ANA.TOCRIIN'TJS Troost.

15. Granatocrinus (Pentremilis) leda Hall. 

Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1862, p. 149, pi. 1.

A complete but badly crushed specimen of this species was found 

in Zone 0. Radial plates were obtained from Zones T and I.

Genxis ^JSTCYROCRrNTJS Hall. 

16. Ancyrocrinus bulbosus Hall.

Fifteenth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1862, p. 90, pi. 1. 

A specimen of this species was found in Zone L.

G-emas IDICHOCRINUS Miinster. 

17. Dichocrinus sp. 1?

A body without arms, from Zone I, was doubtfully referred to this 

genus.

18. Crinoid stems and plates.

The centers of abundance of crinoids, as is shown by the stems, 

joints, and plates, are, in this section, in Zones D, F, L, M, N, S, and Y. 

For a faunal study a record of these crinoid remains is as important 

as the record of any other fossil.

Bryozoa flourished when the conditions were favorable to the 

development of crinoids. The only exception is Zone F.
CLELAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 39

S-ubkingdorn VERMES.

Suborder TUBICOLA.

Genus SPITiORJBIS Danclin.

19. Spirorbis angulatus Hall.

Fifteenth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 84.

A few casts of this tube were found on an Orthoceras in the upper 

Marcellus.

STibkingdom MOLLUSCOIDEA. 

Class BRYOZOA Ehrenberg.

A number of genera and species of Bryozoa not included in the 

following list were found. The great amount of time necessary to 

make accurate identifications, together with the imperfect condition 

of these fossils, made a more complete list impossible. The centers 

of abundance of this class are Zones D, L, S, and Y.

Order GYMNOL^MATA Allman.

Sxiborder CYCLOSTOTVTATA Buslc. 

Family DIASTOPORIDM Busk.

G-erms HK3DERBJL.LA. Hall. 

20. Hederella cauadensis Nicholson.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, 1887, p. 277, pi. 65. 

A mass of this parasitic bryozoan was found in Zone Y.

G-enus RBPT^IilA. Rolle. 

21. Eeptaria stolonifera Rolle.

G-. B. Simpson, Handbook N. A. Pal. Bry.. p. 599, pi. 25.

This species was found in the Marcellus shale incrusting an Orthoceras, and in Zone Y incrusting a goniatite. It is rare in this region.

Suborder CRYPTOSXOMAXA Vine, 

Family CYSTODICTYONIDJ2 Ulrich.

Gemas TJKNIOPOK,^ Nicholson.

22. Taeuiopora exigua Nicholson. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, 1887, p. 263, pi. 62.

A few specimens of this species were obtained from Zone Y. It is 

very rare here, and is so reported from Eighteeumile Creek.
40 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

Grernas CYSTODICTYA. TJlrich.

23. Cystodictya incisurata Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 6, 1887, p. 241, pi. 40.

This is by far the most abundant bryozoan in the section. In Zone 

Y almost every piece of shale contains a fragment. It is common in 

the "Stictopora zone" of Grabau at Eighteenmile Creek.

Family FENESTELLIDJE King.

G-erius JPOLYFOR-^ McCoy. 

24. Polypora multiplex Hall.

Kept. State Geol. N. Y., 1886, p. 66, pi. 11.

A specimen of this species showing the cellular face was found in 

Zone S. A great many specimens showing the noncellular face may 

be of this genus and species, but can not be positively identified as 

such.

25. Bryozoa, uridet. 

The distribution of Bryozoa is given under crinoid stems.

Class BRACHIOPODA.

The classification of Brachiopoda, as given by Schuchert in Bulletin No. 87 of the United States Geological Survey, is used throughout 

this paper.

Adjustment to environment. It was found in the study of the faunules of the Hamilton formation that the Brachiopoda were, as a rule, 

more closely adjusted to their environment than the Pelecypoda. 

This is shown in the greater definiteness.of the faunule combinations 

of the Brachiopoda and in the often sudden disappearance of every 

abundant species, and even genera, with an apparently slight change 

of sedimentation, and their equally sudden reappearance upon the 

substitution of favorable conditions. The table of faunal zones at 

the end of the paper makes further comment unnecessary.

Order ATRBMATA Beecher.

Superfamily LINGULACEA Waagen.

Family LINGULID^E Gray.

Gf-enns LINGrUXiA. Bruguiere.

26. Lingula delia Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 12, pi. 2.

Zone V (Orbiculoidea zone) contains excellent specimens of this 

species, fully 25 mm. in length and 16 mm. in width. It is rare in 

every part of the section, but is occasionally found between Zone D 

and Zone Y.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 41

27. Lingula densa Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 11, pi. 2.

A specimen from Zone T was more closely related to this than to 

any other species described by Hall. It measured 12 mm. in length 

and 8 mm. in width.

28. Lingula ligea Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 7, pi. 1.

Three specimens from Zones I, X, and Y, 4mm., 4 mm., 9 mm. in 

length and 2 mm., 2£ mm., and 5 mm. in width, respectively, were 

referred to this species.

G-enus DIGHSTOMXA. Hall. 

29. Dignomia alveata Hall.

(Lingula alveata) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 12, pi. 2.

One plainly marked specimen of this species was found in the 

Encrinal. The same species is reported from the upper portion of 

the Upper Hamilton at Livonia.

Order TELOTREMATA Beecher.

Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Schuchert.

Family RHYNCHONELLID^E Gray.

Genus C^M^ROXCECHIA. Hall and Clarke. 

30. Camarotoechia congregata Conrad.

(Rhynchonella congregata) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 341, pi. 54.

This species is very rare, being found in but four zones. The 

specimens are few and so poorly preserved that it is difficult to make 

a specific identification with certainty.

31. Camarotoechia dotis Hall. 

(Rhynchonella dotis) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867. p. 344, pi. 54A.

In the crystalline limestone of the Encrinal bed, Zone L, a number of specimens possessing the characteristics of this species were 

found.

32. Camarotoechia horsfordi Hall.

(Rhynchonella horsfordi) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 339, pi. 54. 

This species was found in the Encrinal bed and in Zone Y.

33. Camarotoechia prolifica Hall. , 

(Rhynchonellaprolifica) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 343, pi. 54A.

Specimens from five zones were referred to this species. The specimens are so crushed that the identification in some cases is doubtful.
42 FAUNA. OF- HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL 208.

34. Camarotoechia sappho Hall. 

(Rhynchonella sappho) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 340, pi. 54.

The specimens of this species were well preserved. They were 

found in the Encrinal bed, Zone D, and in the Cystodictya zone (Y).

G-enns HTSTPOTIIYRIS King. 

35. Hypothyris cuboides Sowerby.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 8, pt.'2, 1893, p. 200, pi. 60.

(Rhynchonella venustula} Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 346, pi. 54A.

Nodules almost completely made up of this species were found 

embedded in the shale on the contact with the Tully limestone. This 

species was of considerable importance in correlating the Tully limestone with the Upper Devonian of Europe. The occurrence of this 

species in the Hamilton shales at Cayuga Lake shows that, in this 

region at least, the migration took place while the muds^of the Hamilton formation were still soft, and that the conditions were very favorable for a rapid development.

G-ernas LEIO-RHYHSTCHTTS Hall.

This genus appeared to be well adapted to conditions unfavorable 

to all but a few species. In this section it is always found in greatest 

abundance where other species are rare. The fine muds of the first, 

second, and third Leiorliynchus and the Orbiculoidea zones were 

especially favorable for its development. The change of species of 

this genus between the Marcellus (L. limitare] and the Hamilton (L. 

laura) did not materially affect the faunules.

36. Leiorliynchus laura Billings. 

(L. multiGosta Hall) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 358, pi. 56.

This species attains its greatest size and abundance in the Orbiculoidea zone (V). In this zone one specimen from a concretion measured 28 mm. in length and 27 mm. in width. Another concretionary 

layer in the second Leiorhynchus zone (C) afforded large, perfect 

specimens. It is found throughout the section in thin layers of fine 

shale. These layers, which are a fraction of an inch thick, are occasionally almost entirely made up of flattened specimens. This is 

especially true of the first, second, and third Leiorhynchus zones. 

This species appears immediately above the limestone capping the. 

Marcellus shale. Although L. limitare is very abundant below this 

limestone, it does'not appear above it. Several doubtful specimens 

found in Zone E had somewhat the appearance of L. dubium Hall.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 413

37. Leiorhynchus limitare Vauuxem. 

(L. limitaris) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 356, pi. 56.

In the Cayuga Lake section this species is confined to the Marcellus 

shale. It is preserved in an almost perfect condition in the concretions underlying the falls in Great Gully Creek, near Parleys postoffice.

Superfamily TEREBRATULACEA Waagen. 

Family CENTRONELLID^E Hall and Clarke.

G-emzs CENTRONEILiIL.A. Billings.

38. Centronella impressa Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 402, pi. 61A.

A considerable number of specimens of this species preserved the 

exterior and interior of the dorsal and the exterior of the ventral 

valve. The average size is about 14 mm. in length and 11 mm. in 

width. This rare but strongly marked species is restricted to the 

Encrinal bed (Zone L) at Cayuga Lake, and is found only in the 

Encrinal at Eighteenrnile Creek.

Family TEREBRATULIDJE Gray.

Subfamily MEGALANTERIN^E Waagen.

G-erius CRYiP'rOIlSriEL.LA. Hall.

39. Cryptonella planirostris Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 395, pi. 61.

A single individual of this species was found in the upper portion 

of Zone D. At Eight.eenmile Creek it is found commonly in the 

Encrinal and rarely in two zones in the Lower Hamilton.

40. Cryptonella rectirostris Hall. 

Pal. -N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 394, pi. 61.

The specimens of this species are all somewhat flattened and bear 

a resemblance to Eunella lincklwni. They are, however, moi*e angular 

and the beak is not so much incurved as in E. hncklcBni, They are 

restricted to Zone D. At Eighteenmile Creek this species is found 

in a calcareous bed near the base of the Lower Hamilton, but nowhere 

else in that section.
44 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL.206.

Subfamily TEREBRATULIN^E Ball.

G-enuis ETJ]SrE!IL,IL,A. Hall and. Clarke.

41. Etmella lincklaeni Hall.

(Cryptonella lincklazni) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 397, pi. 60; vol. 8, pt. 2, 

p. 290.

This species is restricted to Zones D, L, and the upper portions of X 

and Y. The specimens are often exfoliated, but are not crushed and 

can readily be identified. It is not reported from Livonia or Eighteenmile Creek.

Family TEREBRATELLIDJE King.

Subfamily TROPIDOLEPTIIN^E Schuchert.

Germs rJ?R,O3?IIDOL,K]?TTJS Hall.

42. Tropidoleptus carinatus Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 407, pi. 62.

The characteristic fossil ranges from the Hamilton-Onondaga zone 

(A) to the contact of the Tully and Hamilton. In the Cayuga Lake 

section it seemed to thrive best in the calcareous sediments. Specimens from Zones Y, P, and K measured 25 mm. in length and 30 mm. 

in width, the average size being 20 by 25 mm.

The occurrence of T. carinatus in Zone A shows that the migration of this species must have taken place as early as, and probably 

during, the oscillation which closed Onondaga and began Marcellus 

time. The changes in level which ushered in the Marcellus must 

have been widespread, and it is probable that, at this time, the connection between North America and South America was such that a 

migration of species was permitted. Rathbun's sandstone of Maecuru 

and Curua, which contains Anoplotheca flabellites^ Vitulina pustulosa 

and Tropidoleptus carinatus, was correlated with the Marcellus and 

Onondaga because of the mixture of Onondaga and Hamilton species. 

Thus far V, pustulosa has not been found lower than Zone D, but, 

accepting Rathbun's correlation, it should be, and may yet, be found 

as low as T. carinatus, if the migration took place at this time.

The only variations noted are between the smaller specimens from 

the less calcareous shales, which are sometimes almost mucronate, 

and the large forms of the calcareous shales which are rounded on the 

cardinal angle. The fact that the young are always less rounded 

than the older ones indicates that in the finer shales the individuals 

did not reach maturity.

In eastern New York where the sediments remain of very much the 

same character throughout the Hamilton and Ithaca groups, T. cari-
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 45

natus extends into the Chemung. In western New York it disappears with the close of the Hamilton. This species, unlike its associate in South America, V. pustulosa, is found in Europe. In North 

America it has not been reported farther south than Jackson 

County, 111.

Superfamily SPIRIFERACEA Waagen. 

Family ATRYPID J2 Gill.

Subfamily ATRYPIN>E Waagen. 

Gremas .A/TRYIPA. Dalrnan.

43. Atrypa reticularis Linnaeus.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 316, pi. 51-53A.

This fossil is not by any means a common one in this section. It is 

abundant in the upper 25 feet below the Tully limestone and common 

in the Stroplieodonta-Gor&llme, zone (S). Elsewhere it is seldom seen. 

The specimens are of the usual form and surface markings.

Family SPIKIFERID^E King.

Subfamily SUESSIIN^E Waagen.

G-enus CYRTIISTA. Davidson.

44. Cyrtina hamiltonensis Hall. 

 Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 268, pis. 27 and 44.

This is a rare species throughout the section. It is occasionally 

found in Zone D, but elsewhere it is rare. At Eighteenmile Creek it 

is common in a few feet of shale near the top of the Lower Hamilton.

Subfamily TRIGONOTRETIN^: Schuchert.

G-ejaus SiPIRIFIDR. Sowerby.

45. Spirifer audaculus Conrad. 

(S. medialis) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 18G7, p. 227, pi. 38. .

The vertical distribution of this species is almost as uniform as that 

of S. pennatus. Hall says that it is an abundant species, coming next 

to 8. pennatus in the number of individuals. The greatest abundance of the species, in the Cayuga Lake section, is 20 or 25 feet 

below the Tully. It is wanting in.the second Leiorhynchus zone and 

very rare in the lower half of the Lower Hamilton. The form is very 

variable. It is impossible to.tell in poorly preserved individuals 

whether the specimens are S. audaculus or S. audaculus macronotus. 

At Eighteenmile Creek it has four zones of abundance, two near
46 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

the base of the Hamilton, one a foot below and one a foot above the 

Encrinal. In the intervening space between the zones of abundance 

the species is either very rare or wanting.

46. Spirifer audaculus macronotus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 231, pi. 38a.

This variety of S. audaculus is, in its extreme form, readily distinguished from S. audaculus, but the intermediate forms are difficult to 

determine. In this identification all doubtful forms were called S.

audaculus.

47. Spirifer divaricatus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 213, pi. 82.

This species was found only in the Encrinal bed (Zone L) and in 

Zone D. In the former it was not uncommon, but in the latter only 

one fragment was obtained. The markings of this fossil are so 

characteristic that there can be no doubt as to the identification. The 

bifurcating plications and fine imbricating, lamellose stride are seen 

in all the specimens. It is reported from the 17 feet of soft shales 

immediately overlying the Encrinal at Livonia, but has not been noted 

as occurring at Eighteenmile Creek.

S. divaricatus is an Onondaga species which was able to survive 

the conditions of the Hamilton. Hall and Clarke say that it is the only 

representative of this type of structure (arrangement of the plications) 

in the Hamilton faunas, but from the Upper Devonian onward the 

species multiply rapidly, becoming most abundant and varied in the 

different faunas of the Lower Carboniferous and continuing until the 

close of Paleozoic time.

48. Spirifer granulosus Conrad. 

(S. granulifera Hall) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 223, pi. 36; vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 39.

In this section the range of this species is from the first Terebratula 

zone (D) to the Tally limestone, a distance of over 400 feet. It is 

found commonly in but three zones, I, L, and X. At Eighteenmile 

Creek it is wanting in the shales above the Encrinal beds. In this section it is especially common above and including the Encrinal. This 

is one of a number of species which show how little one can depend 

on a single species in correlating the smaller divisions of a formation 

like the Hamilton. Species which are restricted to the Lower Hamilton at Eighteenmile Creek or Livonia are sometimes restricted to the 

Upper Hamilton in this section or are found throughout the section, 

or vice versa.

The characters of the species are quite uniform. The variety 

described by Hall as S. clintoni, but not recognized by Schuchert, 

was found in Zone T. The measurements are: 75 by 55 mm. for the 

largest and 35 by 20 mm. for the smallest specimens.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 47

49. Spirifer marcyi Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 226, pi. 37.

This spirifer is confined to the upper 15 feet of this section and is 

most common within 5 feet of the Tully. It is not reported as occurring below the Encrinal in any part of the State. The largest specimen measured 90 mm. in width and 30 mm. in length. No other 

spirifer found in this section is so well preserved and so striking. 

This fossil has not been found at Eighteenmile Creek. Clarke 

reports it in the upper 160 of the Hamilton of the Livonia salt shaft 

section. It is found in the upper 50 feet of the Upper Hamilton in 

the Kashong (Seneca Lake) section.

50. Spirifer pennatus Atwater. 

(S. mucronata) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 216, pi. 34.

No other species is found so commonly from Zone D to the Tully 

limestone as is this one. It is wanting only in the fine shales of 

Zone Q, the 1£ feet of crystalline Encrinal beds, and in Zone E. In 

the Eighteenmile Creek section it -is common below the Encrinal but 

extremely rare above.

S. pennatus, at Cayuga Lake, is variable in three particulars: (1) 

Gibbosity; (2) surface markings; (3) in the length of the mucronations. These variations are not progressive. A specimen which is 

gibbous is usually shorter and has fewer but stronger imbrications 

than the mucronate and flat kinds. There is no difficulty at any 

time in distinguishing the extremes of this species as developed at 

Cayuga Lake from Delthyris consobrina on the one hand and Spirifer audaculus on the other.

51. Spirifer tullius Hall. 

(S. tullia) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 218, pi. 35.

Spimfer tullius is not abundant in any part of the section nor has 

it a great vertical range. With the exception of five or six specimens, 

which were found immediately below the Encrinal beds, the species 

is confined to the Upper Hamilton.

The characteristic fine striations are usually distinct except in the 

Encrinal, where the shell has been exfoliated in working it out of the 

limestone. One of the largest specimens from Zone I measured 16 

mm. in width and 14 mm. in length. One specimen from Zone I 

measured 17 mm. in width and 13 or 14 mm. in length.

52. Spirifer macrus Hall. 

(S. macra) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 190, pi. 27.

This species was found only in Zone A, 12 feet above the Onondaga 

(Corniferous) limestone. It is associated with Onondaga and Hamilton fossils. (See -Zone A.)
48 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOKMATION. ' [BULL. 206.

G-enus 3DELTHYRIS Dalman. 

53. Delthyris cousobrina d'Orbigny.

(Spirifera ziczac) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 222, pi. 35.

Spirifer pennatus occasionally approaches this species in its form 

and surface markings, the imbricating lainellse being sometimes 

strongly arched and finer than normal. The number of plications of 

D. consobrina is, 'however, alwaj's less. In this section there is 

no difficulty in distinguishing between the extreme forms of the two 

species. This fossil is fairly common in Zones R and S, but is rare 

elsewhere in the section. At Eighteenmile Creek it is found only 

above the Encrinal, where it is restricted to two zones. It is not 

reported from Livonia.

54. Delthyris sculptilis Hall.

(Spirifera sculptilis) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 221, pi. 35.

This species is not uncommon in a weathered layer of the upper 

part of Zone D. It was not found elsewhere in the section. At 

Eighteenmile Creek it occurs only in the Encrinal. At Livonia it is 

found in two zones above the Encrinal.

G-eirus MA-RTIINT^ MicCoy.

55. Martinia subumbona Hall. 

(Spirifera subumbona) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 234, pi. 33.

A very few specimens of this species were found in Zone T. The 

surface markings could not be made out, but the general form was in 

accord with the descriptions. One specimen measured 15 mm. in 

length and 15 mm. in width.

G-erms AJyEBOCGEL,!^ Hall.

56. Ambocoelia preeumbona Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 262, pi. 44.

This species has a very limited vertical range in this section. It is 

found in Zone U as a center and a foot or two above and below. The 

specimens are rather smaller than the type specimens, but are quite 

characteristic. At Livonia it is restricted to the Upper Hamilton, 

and is common in but one zone, 48 feet thick, the lowest part of 

which is 17 feet above the Encrinal. It is rarely found above this. 

At Eighteenmile Creek it is restricted to the 3-^ feet at the top of the 

Upper Hamilton. It might be inferred from its occurrence in these 

three sections that it is a characteristic Upper Hamilton fossil. In 

the Kashong (Seneca Lake) section it is restricted to the upper portion of the Upper Hamilton. The fact that it has not been found 

east of Cayuga Lake or west of New York State indicates that it 

originated in this region.
CLELAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 49

57. Ambocoelia umbonata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 259, pi. 44.

The gregarious character of this species is well shown in a description in one of the old New York reports/' In speaking of the shale 

at Eighteenmile Creek, Hall says: "The lower part of this shale resting on the Encrinal beds is completely filled with a small Ortliis or 

Steneoesma (Ambocoelia umbonata) . This species so abounds that in 

some places there is scarcely enough shaly matter to cause the mass 

to cohere." In the second Ambocoelia zone (R), described elsewhere, 

A. umbonata has a remarkable development. Elsewhere in the section layers an inch or less in thickness were found which were almost 

completely made up of them. In actual numbers there are a great 

many more A. umbonata than any other fossil. It extends from Zone 

A to Zone Y. Its vertical range is equally great at Livonia and at 

Eighteenmile Creek. The absence of Tropidoleptus carinatus wherever A. umbonata flourishes, and vice versa, is noticeable both here and 

at Eighteenmile Creek. Pliacops rana is an associated fossil.

The variations of this species are principally confined to surface 

markings, although variation in size is common.

Dr. J. M. Clarke describes A. spinosa from the Livonia section: 6 

' ' Surface bearing faint traces of concentric lines and covered with 

numerous elongate depressions which were probably the bases of 

insertion of epidermal spines. " A number of individuals answering 

this description fairly well were found in Zone U, but were included 

with A. umbonata. Specimens covered with elongated pits resembling 

A. umbonatav&r. nana, c described by Grabau, have also been included 

with A. umbonata.

G-en.us RETICTJL.A.RlJk. McCoy.

58. Reticularia fimbriata Conrad.

(Spirifer fanbriata) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 214, pi. 33. 

In this section It. fimbriata extends from Zone D to Zone Y, but is 

never abundant. Aside from Zones D, 1ST, and Y it is very rare. At 

Livonia it is not reported lower than the Encrinal, while at Eighteenmile Creek it does not occur above the Encrinal.

Family ATHYRIDJE Phillips.

Subfamily HINDELLIN^E Schuehert.

G-eruas NTJCLKOSIPIRA. Hall.

59. Nucleospira concinha Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 279, pi. 45.

This is a rare species in all parts of the section, and although it 

occurs in the highest zone (Y) and in Zone D, it was found in but two

" Fifth Annual Report, Geol. Sur. N. Y., 1841, p. 164. 

>> Report N, Y. State Geol., vol. 1, 1893, p. 177, pi. 4. 

c Sixteenth Ann. Report State Geol: N, Y., 1898, p. 27?,

Bull. 206 03 4
50 FAUNA "OF HAMILTON FOKMATION. [BULL. 206.

other zones S and L. The specimens have either the surface markings preserved or the muscular scars distinct.

At Livonia it is reported as occurring only in a concretionary layer 

50 feet above the Encrinal. At Eighteenmile Creek it is very common 

in the upper foot of the Lower Hamilton.

G-erms .AJSTOIPll.OTHKCA. SancLberger.

60. Anoplotheca Camilla Hall. 

(Cceleospira Camilla) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 329, pi. 52.

This species was found at the base of the Marcellus, in Zone A, 

associated with Hamilton and Onondaga (Corniferous) species. Two 

individuals measured 6 -mm. and 5-^- mm. in length and 6 mm. and 5£ 

mm. in width, respectively.

A layer of limestone 9 feet above the Onondaga limestone, in the 

Livonia salt section, contained this same species associated with an 

even more characteristic Hamilton fauna, but it does not appear in 

the typical Hamilton faunules.

G-en/us VITTJJl.IlSrA. Hall.

61. Vitulina pustulosa Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 410, pi. 62.

In the Cayuga Lake section Vitulina pustulosa is restricted to the 

Encriual beds and Zone D, two rather thin zones over 150 feet apart, 

and to the Encrinal bed at Eighteenmile Creek. Prof. C. S. Prosser 

reports it as occurring in Schoharie County in the uppermost portion 

of the Hamilton, a and in what is apparently the Lower Hamilton, at 

Marshall Falls post-office in eastern Pennsylvania. 6

In South America this species occurs throughout, not only what is 

correlated with the Hamilton, but the entire Devonian. In Bolivia it 

is reported by Steinmann from the "Conularia Schichten," which he 

correlated with the Onondaga and Marcellus, and in the Huamampampa sandstone, which is correlated with and includes the Hamilton, 

the Upper Devonian, and perhaps the Lower Carboniferous. In 

Brazil it is found in the sandstone of Maecuru and Curua (Onondaga 

and Marcellus) and in the Erere sandstone .(Hamilton) of Rathbun. 

In middle Argentina, Kay ser found it in the ' ' Kalkig saiidig Banke " 

of "O. von Jachalthal" (Onondaga and Marcellus). In South Africa 

it was collected by Schenk in the Bokkenveld Mountains. At the 

present writing it has not been reported from Europe.

Two specimens from Zone D, at Cayuga Lake, measured 10 and 8 mm. 

in width, 8 and 6 mm. in length, and 4 and 3 mm. in thickness. Two 

specimens from the Encrinal measured 11 by 7 mm. and 11 by 10 mm.

aProsser, N. Y. Geol. Sin-., 1895. !' Bull. 120, U. S. G. S., p. 21.
CLBLAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 51

In the Cayuga Lake section this species in confined to two calcareous layers, Zones D and L. At Kashong Cr-eek it occurs in the fine 

shales underlying the Tully and in the fine black shales overlying

the " Basal limestone." i

Subfamily ATHYRIN^E Waagen.

G-errus ^kTHYJRIS McCoy.

62. Athyris spiriferoides Eaton.

Pal. N. Y, vol. 4, 1867, p. 285, pi. 46.

This fossil is very common from the lower part of Zone I, 80 feet 

below the Encrinal bed, to the top of Zone X. Below this zone it was 

found in Zone A and in Zone D; elsewhere it is very rare.

Subfamily MERISTELLIN./E Waagen.

G-eians DVEERISTKrjJL,^ Hall.

63. Meristella haskinsi Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 306, pi. 49.

Specimens 22 mm. long and 20 mm. wide were found in the Encrinal 

bed and in Zone D. A portion of the shell was preserved, showing 

the wrinkled concentric lines which are crowded in front. On the 

exfoliated surface the faint radiating lines can be seen. This species 

has not been reported east of Seneca Lake nor west of Thedford, 

Canada. It was found only in the Encrinal at Eighteenmile Creek. 

It occurs in the "Basal limestone" of Slate Rock River (Seneca Lake 

section).

Order NBOTREMATA Beecher.

Superfamily DISCINACEA Waagen.

Family DISCINTJD^E Gray.

G-enus ORJBICTJLOIDJLA. d'Orbigny.

64. Orbiculoidea doria Hall. 

(Discina doria) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 19, pi. 2.

i

Several specimens were referred to this species with some doubt. 

The specimens at hand have a more elevated apex and are smaller 

than is usual in 0. media. This species is restricted to one zone at 

Eighteenmile Greek.

65. Orbiculoidea humilis Hall. »

(Discina humilis) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 16, pi. 2.

A fragment of a large Orbiculoidea from" Zone J was referred to 

this species.
52 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

 66. Orbiculoidea lodiensis Vanuxem. 

(Distinct lodensis) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 22, pi. 2.

This species so closely resembles 0. media that it is difficult to distinguish between them. The faint radiating lines are seen in specimens from Zone T. It is a rare species at Eighteenmile Creek, and 

is found in but two zones.

67. Orbiculoidea lodiensis media Hall.

(Distinct lodensis) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 20, pi. 2.

This is a very common species in the Orbiculoidea zone (V). The 

concretionary layer, in which they are very large, abundant, and well 

preserved, was traced for a distance of 10 miles. Above and below 

this zone this fossil is found occasionally, but in no other zone in such 

abundance.

The Orbiculoidea, media bed of Grabau, 5 feet above the Encrinal, 

is the only lajrer in which it is reported as common at Eighteenmile 

Creek.

Superfamily CR AN I ACE A Waagen. 

Family CRANIID^ King.

GJ-enias CRANIEjIjIjA. Oehlert. 

68. Craniella hamiltoniee Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 27, pi. 3.

This is not an uncommon species in the upper part of Zone Y. 

Elsewhere in the section it is rarely found. It is a rare fossil at 

Eighteenmile Creek and Livonia.

G-ervcis PHOLHDOPS Hall.

69. Pholidops hamiltoniae Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 82, pi. 3.

This is a common fossil between Zones X and I, with the exception 

of the limestone of the Encrinal band. Below Zone I it was not 

found. The extremes in size are 3 mm. in length and 2 mm. in width 

for the smallest, and 4 mm. in length and 3 mm. in width for the 

largest, specimens. The vertical range at Eighteenmile Creek and 

Livonia is about the same as at the Cayuga Lake section, the center 

of abundance in those sections being in the upper part of the Lower 

Hamilton.

70. Pholidops oblata Hall. 

(P. oblata and linguloides) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 414, pi. 8.

The only specimen of this species, found in Zone L, showed the 

interior of the ventral (?) valve, but the muscular scars were oblit-
CLELAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 53

erated. Following Schuchert, P. linguloides and P. vblata will be 

considered as the same species. At Eighteenmile Creek it was found 

in the Encriual and in a zone 1 foot below. It was not reported from 

Livonia. Size 4£ mm. wide and 5£ mm. long.

Order PROTRBMATA Beecher.

Superfamily STROPHOMENACEA Schuchert.

Family BAFINESQUININ^E Schuchert.

GJ-enu.s STROFHEODOISfTA. Hall.

 71. Stropheodonta concava Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 96, pi. 16. 

This species is restricted to three narrow zones, X and Y, and S, in

the Upper Hamilton. The specimens are well preserved and show the

characteristic form and surface markings. Both full-grown and 

young individuals were collected. The immature specimens do hot 

possess the concavity of the mature individuals, but approach S. 

demissa in form. In both zones where S. concava is found,. Strepte-. 

lasma rectum is common.

At Eighteenmile Creek this species is rarely found below, and not 

above, a zone 6 inches thick a foot below the Encrinal. At Livonia 

it is common in three zones above, and including, the Encrinal, and 

rarely in two other zones. It is not reported from the Lower Hamilton.

Size 60 mm. in width and 55 mm. in length for the mature, and 

40 mm. in width and 30 mm. in length for the immature, forms.

72. Stropheodonta demissa Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4,1867, p. 101, pi. 17.

The only specimen of this species was found in Zone I. At 

Eighteenmile Creek, with few exceptions, it is restricted to 6 inches 

of shale in the Lower Hamilton within a foot of the Encrinal bed. 

It is reported as occurring only in the Encrinal at Livonia.

Size 30 mm. in width and 20 mm. in length.

73. Stropheodonta inaequistriata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 106, pi. 18.

This species is found in the upper 25 feet of the Hamilton, in Zone S, 

in the Encrinal bed, in Zone I, and, rarely, in Zone D. Between 

these zones it is rare. Little variation, except in size, is noticeable in 

the specimens from the different zones.

The width along the cardinal lines of the largest specimen was 

40 mm. and the length 28 mm. A smaller specimen measured 13 mm. 

in width and 10 mm. in length.

At Eighteenmile Creek arid Livonia it is common, but has very 

much the same vertical distribution.
54 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOBMATION. [BULL. 208.

74. Stropheodonta junia Hall. 

(Stropheodonta textilis) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 108, pi. 18.

This species is confined to the upper 35 feet of the Upper Hamilton, 

with the exception of a few specimens in Zone N. The specimens are 

large and well preserved. It is especially abundant at Lake Ridge 

in the calcareous shales immediately under the Tully limestone.

At Eighteenmile Creek it is rarely found, in a single zone, a foot 

below the Encrinal. It is reported as occurring quite commonly in 

the upper 200 feet of the Upper Hamilton at Livonia, but is not 

reported from the Lower Hamilton.

75. Stropheodonta perplana Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y.,vol'. 4, 1867, p. 98, pis. 11,12, 17, and 19.

This species is more abundant in this section than S. mc&quistriata 

with which it is usually associated. The largest individuals occur in 

the limestone concretions of the Upper Hamilton. At Eighteenmile 

Creek it is a common fossil, but is not as abundant as S. demissa, a 

species which is seldom seen in the Cayuga Lake section. S. perplana 

is found throughout the Hamilton of the Livonia section.

76. Stropheodonta perplana var.

A single specimen with long, mucronate points, but with the characters of the coarser varieties of S. perplana, will not be given a 

varietal name until more individuals are found. It is possible that 

the mucronations were due to some disease of the animal. The 

length of the shell along the hinge line is 42 mm., the width of the 

body 18 mm., and the length of the shell 14 mm.

GJ-enus iPHOLrDOSTIiOiPHlA Hall and Clarke.

77. Pholidostrophia iowaensis Owen,

(Stropheodonta nacrea Hall) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p, 104, pi-. 18.

With the exception of the lower part of Zone I, where it is common, 

this species is very rare in the Cayuga Lake section. It is found 

rarely in Zones N and Y.

At Eighteenmile Creek it is found in both the Upper and Lower 

Hamilton. At Livonia it is reported from the Encrinal and from two 

zones 65 and 90 feet above. At Kashong Creek it occurs both above 

and below the Encrinal beds, but never in abundance.

Subfamily ORTHOTHETIN^E Waagen.

Grernas ORT^IOTHGKTES Fisclier de "Waldlieiwa.

78. Orthothetes chemtmgensis var. arctistriatus Hall.

(Streptorhynchus chemungensis arctostriata) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867,- p. 71, 

pi. 9.

This variety, though seldom common, is found in almost every zone 

in the Upper Hamilton, and is not uncommon, with the exception of
CLELAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 55

Zone E, in the Lower Hamilton above Zone D. It is quite constant 

in its form and surface markings. At Eighteenmile Creek it is scattered throughout the section from, the lowest to the highest zone. It 

is rare above the Encrinal, but common in several zones below. At 

Livonia it is commoner above than below the Encrinal beds.

79. Orthothetes chemungensis var. perversus Hall.

(Streptorhynchus chemungensis perversus) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4,1867, p. 72, pi. 9.

This fossil was not found above and rarely below the Encrinal beds 

at Cayuga Lake. This variety is readily distinguished from 0. chemungensis arctistriatus by its larger form and surface markings. It is 

rare at Eighteenmile Creek, where it is found only below the Encrinal.

80. Orthothetes chemungensis var.

A variety of Orthothetes approaching Hall's type, StreptorhyncllUS 

pectinacea, was found in Zone A. All of the specimens are casts, or 

show only the interior of the shell. One very good specimen measures about 10 mm. in length, 15 mm. in width, and the cardinal area 

2 mm. high. In this specimen there are seventeen prominent striae, 

with from two to no weak striae b'etween. The surface is marked by 

very fine undulating concentric lines.

Family PRODTJCTID/E Gray.

Subfamily CHONETIN^E Waagen.

G-ernas CHOISTKTES Fischer de Waldheixn.

81. Chonetes coronatus Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 133, pi. 21.

A single specimen of dorsal valve of this species was found in Zone 

A, associated with Onondaga (Cornif erous) species. With the exception of this zone and Zone D, it was not found below Zone H. Between 

Zone H and T it has its greatest abundance. In the upper 10 feet of 

the Upper Hamilton it is extremely rare.

At Livonia it is reported from the Encrinal and above, but was not 

found in the Lower Hamilton. With the exception of the Encrinal 

and a foot of shale immediately below, this species is rare at Eighteenmile Creek.

82. Chonetes lepidus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 132, pi. 21.

This species is sometimes not easily distinguished from the young 

individuals of other species of Chonetes. Specimens from Zones X 

and Y possess a number of points of differences from the typical 

C. lepidus, but may be of this species. On page 133 of vol. 4, Pal. 

N. Y., Hall says that the original specimens designated as C. lepida
56 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [uuLL.206.

are very small, almost hemispheric shells. The striae are very strong, 

angular, etc. This description accords fairly well with the specimens 

in question.

At Eighteenmile Creek C. lepidus is the most common species of 

Chonetes in the Hamilton shale. "It is everywhere abundant, in 

some layers extremely so." a This species is not so common at Cayuga 

Lake as either C. scitulus, C. mucronatus, or C. vicinus. It is found 

in all the zones of the. Upper Hamilton with the exception of the 

Encrinal bed. In the Lower Hamilton it is not common in any zone 

and is entirely wanting in the lower half of Zone C.

83. Chonetes lineatus Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 121, pi. 20.

This Onondaga (Corniferous) species was found in Zone A, where 

it is very common. It was. associated with Anoplotheca Camilla, 

S. macrus, Chonetes coronatus, C. mucronatus, and Arriboccdia 

umbonata.

84. Chonetes mucronatus Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 124, pis. 20 and 21.

This species is very common in the lowest zone in the section, Zone 

A. It is met with rarely in Zone C, and is common in the first 

Terebratula zone. Above this to the Encrinal its place is taken by 

Chonetes vicinus. In the Upper Hamilton it is a very common and 

well-preserved fossil. C. mucronatus is not common at Eighteenmile Creek, "where it is nearly restricted to the lower Moscow shales." 

At Livonia it is not reported from the Upper Hamilton, but is found 

in the Lower Hamilton.

85. Chonetes scitulus Hall.

Pal.N. Y., vol. 4,1867, p. 130, pi. 21.

This species comes next to C. mucronatus in abundance in this section. It is rarely found in the first and second Leiorhynchus zones, 

but is common especially in the lower half of the Upper Hamilton.

At Livonia it is common throughout the Upper and Lower Hamilton, while at Eighteenmile Creek it is common in the Lower but rare 

in the Upper Hamilton.

86. Chonetes setigerus Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4/1867, p. 130, pi. 21. 

A single specimen of this species was found in Zone T.

87. Ohonetes vicinus Castelnau. 

(C. deflecta, Hall), Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 128, pi. 21.

King Ferry station is one of the type localities for this species. As 

developed here it is distinguished from C. mucronatus by its larger

a Tenth Annual Kept. State Geol. N. Y., 1898.
OLBLAHJX] ' CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 57

size and greater number and fineness of the strife. The average size 

is 7 mm. in length and 13 mm. in width. It is an exceptionally abundant species in the first 115 feet below the Encrinal It was not found 

above or below this zone.

At Eighteenmile Creek it is common in one zone 2 or 3 feet above 

the Encrinal, but is. rare in the Lower Hamilton. At Livonia it is 

found throughout the section, with the exception of the upper 160 

feet of the Upper Hamilton.

87a. Chonetes sp.

A specimen which could not be referred to any described species of 

Chonetes was found in Zone I. The size is 4 mm. in length and 7 

mm. in width." The stride are fine and round and number 32. The 

spaces between the striae have a reticulate appearance.

Subfamily PRODUCTIN^E Waagen. 

G-erms. FROIDTJCTELiLA. Hall.

88. Productella spinulicosta Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 160, pi. 23.

This is a widespread but not an abundant species in this section, 

being found in almost every zone from Zone D to the Tully limestone. 

It was found in the arenaceous shales of the Marcellus, but is wanting in the fine shales of Zone C, its place being taken by Strophalosia 

truncata. A specimen from Zone Y bears a strong resemblance to P. 

lachrymosa (Conrad) of the Cheinung and may be of that species. 

P. spinulicosta is an extremely variable species.

89. Productella navicella Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 156, pi. 23.

A few specimens from concretionary layers in the upper part of 

Zone C, about 65 feet below Zone D, in Dean Creek, were referred 

provisionally to this species. The arcuate form, small size, and the 

position of the spines accord well with the description given by Hall.

King.

90. Strophalosia truncata Hall. 

(Productella truncata) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 160, pi. 23.

This species was found in the Marcellus shales and continued up 

into the barren shales of Zone E. In one layer in Zone C, a fraction 

of an inch thick, it occurs in great abundance. At Eighteenmile 

Creek it is found in the Marcellus shales and rarely in the next zone 

above.
58 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206. 

Family ORTHIDJE Woodward.

G-enias RHIFrDOMlKIl.!^ Oelilert.

91. Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall. 

(Orthis vanuxemi) Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, pp. 40, 47, pi. 5.

This is a very common species in the Upper Hamilton in the Cayuga 

Lake section, but was found in only one zone in the Lower Hamilton. 

It has the same range at Livonia as at Cayuga Lake, except that it is 

not reported from the shales below the Encrinal.

At Eighteenmile Creek it is one of the commonest fossils in the 

Lower Hamilton and is found rarely, and in but one zone, above the 

Encrinal.

At Cayuga Lake, with the exception mentioned above, no rhipidomellas are found in the Lower Hamilton. This is true of the Livonia 

section with the exception* of R. lenticularis (?), which is reported as 

common in a mixed Onondaga (Corniferous) and -Hamilton faunule 

at the base of the Lower Hamilton.

92. Bhipidomella cyclas Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 53, pi. 7.

One specimen from Zone T was identified as this species. The striae 

are sharper and fewer and the hinge line longer than in the small 

forms of R. vanuxemi.

93. Bhipidomella penelope Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, 1867, p. 50, pi. 6.

. One specimen from Zone Y is referred to this species because of its

larger size. The surface markings were obliterated. It may prove to 

be a large individual of R. vanuxemi. 

This species is common at Kashong and Eighteenmile creeks.

Superfamily PENTAMERACEA Schuchert. 

Family PENTAMERID^ McCoy.

GJ-enus FK^r^MEKKLI^ Hall. 

93a. Pentamerella pavilionensia Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 4,1867, p. 377, pi. 58.

A few badly crushed specimens of this species were found in the 

lower portion of Zone D. It is not uncommon in the Encrinal beds 

of the Seneca Lake section.
CLELAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 59

Subkingdom MOLLUSCS. 

Class PELECYPODA Goldfuss.

The Pelecypoda" in this paper are classified according to Ball, as 

given in Eastman's translation of Zittel's "Text Book of Palsentology," 1900. Genera which are not mentioned in the text-book are 

placed with the most closely allied forms. Such additions are indicated by a question mark before each genus so referred."

Adjustment to environment. The Pelecypoda of the Hamilton 

seemed to be very much less closely adjusted to their environment 

than the Brachiopoda, as is shown by the fact that an apparently 

slight change of environment was sufficient to produce a great abundance or almost total extinction of certain genera of Brachiopoda, 

whereas the Pelecypoda often survived several changes of these 

brachiopod faunules and were never abundant.

Order PRIONODESMACBA Ball. 

Family SOLEMYACID^E Ball.

G-exrus iPHTHONI-A Hall.

94. Phthonia nodicostata Hall.

Pal. N. -Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 474, pi. 78. '

Two specimens of this species were found in Zone M. They measured 23 and 20 mm. in length.

95. Phthonia cylindrica Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 473, pi. 78.

A single individual of this species was found in each of three zones. 

Two of these measured 17 and 21 mm. in length, and 8 and 10 mm. in 

height, respectively.

96. Phthonia sectifrons Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 475, pi. 78.

A right valve of this species, with the surface markings well preserved, was found in Zone Y.

Family SOLENOPSIDJE Keumayr.

GJ-enms ORTHONOT-A. Conrad.

97. Orthonota carinata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1> 1885, p. 479, pi. 78.

This well-marked species was found rarely in two zones in the 

Upper and two in the Lower Hamilton.
60 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206.

98. Orthonota undulata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1/1885, p. 478, pi,. 78.

This species was found in both the Upper and Lower Hamilton. 

Five specimens measured 64, 62, 57, 40, and 27 mm. in length and 16, 

15, 15, 10, and 8 mm. in height, respectively.

99. Orthonota (1) parvula Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 482, pis. 65, 78.

This species is rare in every part of the section, but is found in 

a number of zones in both the Upper and Lower Hamilton above 

Zone D. At Livonia it was found in the upper 160 feet of the Hamilton and in one other zone above the Encrinal.

G-emas FROTH YRIS Meek.

100. Prothyris lanceolata Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 460, pi. 76.

This is a very rare species in this section. The largest specimen 

measured 25 inm. in length and 10 mm. in height, the smallest about 

10 mm. in length and 2£ mm. in height.

101. Prothyris truncata sp. nov.

Shell small, rectangulate, length more than twice the height. Basal 

margin nearly straight and truncate behind, cardinal line long, 

straight, essentially parallel to the basal margin. Anterior end limited from the body by a low, narrow fold. Valves almost flat. Beaks 

very inconspicuous. A well-marked diagonal ridge is situated 

slightly posterior to the beak. Shell marked by faint concentric 

strise, which are somewhat fasciculate along the basal margin.

Three specimens measured 13, 11, and 10 mm. in length, and 5, 3, 

and 3 mm., respectively, in height.

This species differs from P. lanceolata in its truncated posterior 

extremity and in the diagonal ridge; from P. planulata in the flatness 

of the valves and the absence of an angular umbonal slope.

Family GRAMMYSIIDJ5 Fischer.

102. Qrammysia constricta Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 377, pis. 59 and 78.

This species is rare throughout the section, and was not found below 

Zone D. The surface markings vary from almost continuous radiating lines to widely separated pustules, which can hardly be said to 

present a radiating appearance.
CLELANJD.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 61

103. Grammysia cuneata Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 383, pis. 62 and 93.

This species, like all species of Grammysia, is far from common in 

any portion of the section.

 i

104. Grammysia arcuata Conrad. '

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 373, pis. 61, 63, and.93.

Ten or 15 feet below the.Encrinal this species is quite common, elsewhere it is rare. Three valves (one of which measures fully 80 mm. 

in length) fro'm Zone Y answer the description of G-. subarcuata of the 

Chemung fairly well, but were included in Cr. arcuata.

105. Grammysia bisulcata Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 359, pis. 56 and 93.

A few specimens of this species were found in Zone G. It is reported 

from the upper 160 feet of the Upper Hamilton at Livonia.

G-ejixis KLYMKLLA. Hall.

106. Elymella fabalis Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 502, pi. 40.

Two valves from Zone Y are referred to this species. The anterior 

end is rather too long for E. fabalis , but. may be a variation.

107. Elymella nncnloides Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 503, pi. 40. 

A few specimens of this species were found in Zone X.

G-emas. G-JL.OSSITKS Hall.

108. Glossites subtennis Hall. 

Pal. N. Y.., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 495, pi. 40.

There is some doubt as to the correctness of the identification of the 

specimen referred to this species.

G-enus. TELLI^TOFSIS Hall. 

109. Tellinopsis subemarginata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 464. pi. 76.

This species is common in Zone X, the center of Zone T, Zone J, 

Zone G, and the lower portion of Zone D. It is never abundant and 

seldom common, but is found in almost all the zones in this section.

At Eighteenmile Creek a single specimen was found. It is reported 

from four zones in the Upper Hamilton of the Livonia section.

Two large specimens were 45 and 30 mm. long and 27 and 17 mm. wide.
62 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 306. 

Family CARDIOLID^E Neumayr.

G-emas I>^L3SrE!N"K^L Barran.de.

110. Fanenka lincklaeni Miller. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 420, pi. 69.

The specimen which was referred to this species is probably a new 

species. It differs from P. lincklceni in the broad concave plications, 

the almost flat interspaces, and the absence of intermediate radii. 

Both plications and interspaces are crossed by fine concentric lines. 

Found in Zone T.

111. Fanenka potens Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 422, pi. 69.

A very -imperfect specimen about 60 mm. in height is doubtfully 

referred to this species. It was found associated with Lunulicardium curium and L. ornata in Zone C.

112. Fanenka sp. iindet.

A small, well-preserved cast of a Panerika from Zone X does not 

answer the description given in the New York Paleontology. It is 

about 12 mm. high and of the same length. The plications number 

22 and reach the beak. Faint concentric lines can be seen. This 

specimen bears a resemblance to P. retusa, which is reported from 

Cayuga Lake. The plications of P. retusa, however, number 35, with 

narrow interspaces, while the size is 30 mm. in length and 31 mm. in 

height.

G-emas G-LYFTOC^KIDIA. Hall.

113. Glyptocardia speciosa Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 426, pis. 70 and 80.

This species is found occasionally in Zones T, F, and E; elsewhere 

in the section it is very rare or wanting. The largest specimen from 

Zone F measured 11 mm. in height. It is not reported from Eighteenmile Creek or Livonia.

Superfamily NUCULACBA. 

Family (?) CTENODONTIDJ2 Dall.

G-emas nSTUCTJX.ITKS Conrad.

114. Nuculites triqueter Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 326, pis. 47 and 93.

This species is common throughout the section, except wnere tne 

shales are calcareous, as in the Encrinal bed, Zone D and Zone G. 

The variations in form are not progressive. It is not uncommon at 

Livonia, but was not found above the Marcellus shale at Eighteenmile Creek.
OLELAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 63

115. Nuculites oblongatus Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 324, pi. 47.

What has been said regarding the distribution of N. "briqueter in 

the Cayuga Lake section is true of N. oblongatus. The conditions 

which were favorable to one were favorable to the other.

At Eighteenmile Creek it is rare in the only zone in which it occurs.

Family NUCULID^E Adams.

GJ-eirus 3SrTJCTJJLiA. Lamarck.

116. Nucula varicosa Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 319, pis. 46 and 93.

This is a very variable species, the extremes of which are often difficult to classify. It is one of the rarer nuculas.

117. Nucula randalli Hall. '

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1,1885, p. 315, pis. 45 and 93. 

A small Nucula from Zone I was referred doubtfully to this species.

118. Nucula lirata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 316, pis. 45 and 93.

This is a common species in the Upper but is not often found in the 

Lower Hamilton in this section. It is reported from two zones in the 

Upper Hamilton at Livonia. It does not occur at Eighteenmile Creek.

119. Nucula bellistriata Conrad.

.a

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 318, pi. 46.

This species is so closely related to N. varicosa that in some cases 

it is difficult to distinguish between them. It is not uncommon 

between Zone D and the Tully limestone, but is never abundant.

120. Nucula corbuliformis Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 319, pi. 46.

This is more common and has a greater vertical distribution than 

any other Nucula in the section. It is found throughout the Marcellus and Hamilton shales along Cayuga Lake. Unlike the Brachiopoda, 

it is present in almost every zone except those which are very calcareous, as the Encriual, and, although it is never exceptionally abundant in the aggregate, the number of individuals is very great.
64 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOBMATION. [BULL. 306. 

Family L'EDIDJE Adams.

Gi-erms JL.ID3D.A. Sdmmaclier.

121. Leda rostellata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 330, pi. 47.

This species is common in the Stropheodonta-CotallinQ zone, but is 

rare elsewhere in the section. It was not found in the Marcellus' 

shales or Zone C. It is not reported from Livonia or Eighteenmile 

Creek.

122. Leda brevirostris Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 329, pi. 47. 

Specimens from Zone Y were referred to this species.

PALJEONEILO Hall.

123. Palseoneilo constricta Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 333, pis. 48 and 51.

P. constricta is a common and sometimes an almost abundant 

species throughout the greater portion of the section above Zone T>. 

It was also found in the upper part of Zone C. Its greatest abundance 

is in Zone T.

124. Palseoneilo emarginata Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 338, pi. 50.

This strongly marked species is common in Zone W, in the lower 

part of Zone T, and in Zone I ; elsewhere in the section it is very rare.

125. Palaeoneilo plana Hall. 

Pal. N, Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 334, pi. 48.

This species was not found below Zone R. It is quite common in 

Zone W and in the upper part of Zone T.

126. Palaeoneilo maxima Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 335, pi. 48.

A single specimen from Zone Y was referred to this species. It 

measured 34 mm. in length by 19 mm. in height.

127. Palaeoneilo muta Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 337, pi. 49.

This species was found only in the Upper Hamilton, and then but 

rarely. Three specimens measured 19, 16, and 10 mm. in length and 

11, 8, and 5 mm. in height, respectively.
CLKLAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 65

128. Palaeoneilo fecunda Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1,1885, p. 336, pi. 49.

This is a rare species in this section. With the exception of a 

single specimen from Zone I, it is only found, and rarely, in the Upper

Hamilton.

129. Palaeoneilo tenuistriata Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 336, pis. 49 and 93.

This species is restricted to a narrow zone in the Upper Hamilton of 

which Zone W is the center. One specimen, which retains a portion 

of the shell, shows radiating lines apparently clue to the original 

color of the shell. Other specimens show faint radiating lines.

Family PARALLELODONTID^E Dall.

Greirus FARA-LLET^OIDON M!eek.

130. Parallelodon hamiltoniae Hall.

(Macrodon hamiltonioi) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 349, pi. 51. 

This species is quite common from Zone D to the Tully limestone. 

It was found in Zones B and C.

(?) G^enus SPHENOTUS Hall.

131. Sphenotus arcaeformis Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 395, pis. 65 and 66.

A small specimen of this species from Zone K measured 9 mm. in 

length and 4 mm. in height. The normal size is 26 to 32 mm. in 

length and 12 to 14 mm. in height.

132. Sphenotus cuneatus Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 396, pi. 65.

Four well-marked specimens of this species were found in Zone G. 

The specimens measured 19, 15, 16, and 6 .mm. in length and 9, 8, 8, 

and 4 mm., respectively, in height.

133. Sphenotus solenoides Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 398, pi. 45.

This is a rare species in this section. It was found in Zones D 

and L.

Superfamily PTERIACEA Dall.

Family PTERINEID^E Dall.

G-enus PTERIUSTEA G-olcifuss.

134. Pterinea flabella Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 93, pis. 14 and 15.

This species was not found in the Upper Hamilton and is very rare 

in the Lower Hamilton, being common in no zone. At Eighteenmile 

Creek it is found commonly a few feet below the En.crin.al beds, but 

is not reported above.

Bull. 206 03 5
66 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 208.

Family LUNULICARDIID^E Fischer.

GJ-enns LTJlSrTJLICA.RIDITJM: M/unster.

135. Lunulicardium fragile Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 434, pi. 71.

This species, with the exception of Zone D, is not uncommon 

between Zones A and G. Above Zone Gr it is rarely found. At 

Eighteenmile Creek it is reported from but one zone above the Marcellus shale. At Livonia it is a common fossil below the Encrinal, and 

is abundant in one zone of the Upper Hamilton.

186. Lunulicardium curtum Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 437, pi. 71. 

This occurs rarely in the shales of Zone C and the Marcellus.

137. Lunulicardium ornatum.Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 437, pi. 71. 

This species was found in the upper part of Zone C.

Family AMBONYCHIIDJE Miller.

G-enus PLETrHOMY'irEJl.TJS Hall.

138. Plethomytilus oviformis Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 255, pis. 31 and 87.

This species was found in Zones I, F, X, and Y. The specimens 

measured 62, 32, and 8 mm. in height, and 50, 26, and 6 mm. in length. 

At Eighteenmile Creek it is restricted to the upper Encrinal beds.

Hall. 

139. Mytilarca gibbosa Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 262, pis. 33 and 87.

The specimen which was referred provisionally to this species is 

about midway between M. gibbosa and M. simplex in -form. It measures 35 mm. in height and 24 mm. in length.

Gferms SJ^THBL,!^ Hall. 

140, Spathella typica Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 407, pi. 66.

This specimen is 28 mm. in length and 14 or 15 mm. in height. It is 

slightly crushed dorso-ventrally. The concentric Un.es. are strong, with 

occasional finer concentric ^r\s$ between,
CLELAND.] - CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 67 

Family CONGOARDIIDJS Nenrnayr.

G-enus CONOC^RJDITJM: BrOrm.

141. Conocardium normale Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 411, pi. 68.

A single specimen of this genus was found in Zone I. The surface 

markings on the posterior and the anterior expansion of the shell along 

the edge of the utnbonal ridge can be made out.

Family PTERIIDM Meek.

Subgenus ACTINOPTERIA Hall.

142. Actinopteria boydi Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1,1885, p. 113, pis. 19 and 84.

This is a rare fossil in this section. It is found occasionally in the 

limy shales of Zones Y and D.

. 143. Actinopteria decussata Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. Ill, pis. 17,48, 20, and 84. 

A few specimens of this species were found in the Upper Hamilton.

144. Actinopteria subdecussata Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 110, pis. 17 and 19. 

A single specimen was found in Zone T.

G-emas ILEIOiPXERI^ Hall.

145. Leiopteria greeni Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 160, pis. 20 and 88.

A single specimen of this species was found in Zone L. It measured 

38 mm. in height and 32 mm. along the hinge line.

146. Leiopteria Isevis Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. .1, 1885, p. 158, pis. 17 and 20.

This species is common in the Upper Marcellus, seldom found in 

Zone C, and occasionally in the shales above Zone D.

147. Leiopteria rannesquii Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p.' 161, pis. 15, 20. 

Specimens from Zones J and D belong to this species.

148. Leiopteria gabbi Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 169, pi. 88.

One individual of this species was found in Zone C. One from Zone 

T was referred to it with some doubt.
68 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206.

149. Leiopteria sayi Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 162, pi. 88.

This species is rather common in Zone T, but not elsewhere in the 

section. It is associated with L. Iczvis.

150. Leiopteria conradi Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 159, pis. 20 and 88.

A number of specimens from Zones D and T were of this species. 

A number of intermediate forms were included.

151. Leiopteria dekayi Hall. ,

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 164, pis. 19, 20, 88.

One specimen from Zone T was of this species. It was not perfect, 

but the obliqueness of the form, which is very characteristic of L. 

dekayi, is quite pronounced.

Family MYALINID^E Frech.

&emas MODHELLA. Hall.

152. Modiella pygmsea Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1. 1885, p. 514, pi. 76.

This species is found occasionally in Zone C and is one of the common fossils from Zone D to within a foot-of the Tully limestone. It 

reaches its greatest abundance in Zone T. It has very much the same 

habit as Nuculites oblongatus and N. triqueter. Although seldom common, it is almost always present except in very limy sediments.

Superfamily TRIGON.IACEA Bronn. 

Family TRIGONIIDJE Lamarck.

G-enxis SCHIZODTJS King,

153. Schizodus appressus Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 449, pi. 75. 

This is a rare species, but is not confined to any one zone.

154. Schizodus contractns Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 451, pi. 75.

Specimens of this species were found in the shales immediately 

under the Tully limestone and in Zone D. Between these zones it is 

wanting. One individual mea.suT^d 4 W,jn, W height and 7 mm. in 

length, ' *
cLEr<ANT>.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 69

Superfamily PECTINACEA Reeve. 

Family PECTINID.2E Lamarck.

G-emas J^VTECTJ JjOlPTCCnrKilSr MIcCoy.

155. Aviculopecten princeps Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 1, pis. 1, 5, 6, 24, and 81.

This species is from the upper and lower portions of the Upper 

Hamilton. It seemed to thrive best in calcareous sediments. One 

right valve had markings similar to those shown in pi. 81, fig. 10. It 

was found in six zones at Eighteenmile Creek.

156. Aviculopecten fasciculatus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1,1885,-p. 11, pis. 5 and 81.

One imperfect specimen from Zone D was doubtfully, referred to 

tlvis species.

157. Aviculopecten scabridus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 7, pi. 3.

A very much distorted specimen with the characteristic surface 

markings was found in Zone G.

Subgenus Pterineopecten Hall. 

158. Pterineopecten undosus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 72, pis. 2 and 82.

This species is restricted to the Upper Hamilton and the upper 50 

feet of the Lower Hamilton. It is nowhere common, and varies greatly 

in shape and surface markings.

159. Pterineopecten vertumnus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 71, pis. 5 and 83.

This species is found in three zones, only one specimen being found 

in each.

160 Pterineopecten intermedius Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 68, pis. 17 and 83.

This species is slightly commoner than the preceding species of 

Pterineopecten, and is found in a number of zones from Zone D to the 

Tully.

161. Pterineopecten hermes Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 64, pi. 17.

This is a well-marked but variable species, and when poorly preserved often resembles P. intermedius.
70 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [Buu,.aOB.

Submenus LYRIOPECTEN Hall.

162. Lyriopecten orbiculatns Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 42, pis. 4 and 82.

A specimen from Zone D was referred with considerable certainty 

to this genus and species.

Superfamily^MYTILACEA Ferussac. 

Family MODIOLOPSIDJ2 Fischer.

G-eivus MOIDIOMOIWPHA- Hall.

163. Modiomorpha subalata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 283, pis. 35 and 39.

This species is not uncommon in Zones J, F, and the upper part of C. 

Four specimens measured, respectively, 19, 21, 24, and 32 mm. in length 

and 11, 12, 15, and 18 inn. in height. It is a common species in the 

Lower Hamilton at Eighteenmile Creek.

164. Modiomorpha concentrica Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 275, pis. 34, 35, 36.

This is the commonest Modiomorpha at Cayuga Lake. It is distributed from Zone D to the uttermost zone in the Hamilton. It is 

common in Zones H, 0, T, and X. At Eighteenmile Creek it is common in the Encrinal and is found occasionally in the Lower, but does 

not occur in the Upper Hamilton.

165. Modiomorpha mytiloides Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 277, pis. 37 and 38.

This species is far from being common, but is found occasionally in 

Zone D and above. It is common in three zones above the Encrinal 

at Livonia, but it is not reported from Eighteenmile Creek.

166. Modiomorpha alta Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5. pt. 1, 1885, p. 278, pis. 37, 80.

Two small specimens from Zone X were referred to this species. 

A number of specimens which seem to be of a new species have been 

placed in this 'species. The measurements of these were 25, 18, 15, 

10, and 4 mm. in length and 16, 11, 11, 7, and 5 mm. in height.

G-errus G-ONIQmORA. Phillips. 

167. Ooniophora hamiltonensis Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 296, pi. 43.

This species is found rarely in eight zones, commencing with the 

first Terebratula zone (D), to the Tully limestone.
CLKLAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 71

168. Goniophora truncata Hall. 

Pal.- N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 298, pis. 42 and 44.

This well-marked species was found in Zones S and Y. Only one 

specimen was found in each zone and both were badly crushed.

169. Goniophora rugosa Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 297, pis. 42 and 43.

A few specimens of this species were found between Zone D and 

the Tully limestone. Two specimens measured 40 and 45 mm. in 

 length and 26 and 28 mm. in height, respectively.

170. Goniophora glaucus Hall.

Pal. K. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 299, pis. 43 and 44.

A single badly crushed specimen from Zone Y was referred to this 

species with doubt.

Order ANOMALODESMACEA Ball.

Superfamily ANATINACEA.Dall.

Family PHOLADELLID^E Miller.

G-enns IP HOUNDS 31 LA. Hall.

171. Pholadella radiata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 469, pis. 78 and 96.

This species was not found in the Marcellus shales nor in Zone C, 

but is scattered throughout the remainder of the section. It occurs 

frequently in the upper shales of the Lower Hamilton and is almost 

abundant in Zone 0.

Three specimens measured 25, 7 and 5 mm. in length and 13, 4, 

and 2 mm. in -height, respectively.

172. Pholadella parallela Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 470, pi. 78.

This well-marked species was found in Zone T. It is rare in this 

zone and was not obtained elsewhere in the section.

G-eirus CIMIT-A-RI-A. Hall. 

173. Cimitaria corrugata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 465, pi. 77.

This species was found in Zones Y and H, but was not seen elsewhere in the section.
72 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 200,

174. Cimitaria elongata Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 466, pi. 77.

Two specimens of this species were obtained from the Encrinal 

band at King Ferry.

Order TELEODESMACEA Dall. 

Superfamily CYPRICARDIACEA Dall. 

Family PLEUROPHORLD^E Dall. .

G-ernas CYFRIC^RDELLA Hall. 

175. Cypricardella bellistrjata Conrad.

(Microdon bettistriatus) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 308, pis. 42, 73, 74.

This species is common in the upper part of the Upper Hamilton 

and in the upper portion of the Lower Hamilton; in the latter it is 

almost abundant. Aside from these two zones the species is quite 

rare in this section.

- At Eighteenmile Creek it was not found above the Encrinal and, 

with the exception of one zone at the base of the Hamilton, is very 

rare throughout the section. One very large specimen from the 

Encrinal bed on Paines Creek measured 60 mm. in length and 38 

mm. in heiht.

G-enris CYIPRIC^RDINIA Hall.

176. Cypricardinia indenta Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 485, pis. 79 and 96.

This species is common in two zones, in Zone X and the middle 

third of Zone D.

Specimens measured 14, 9, and 7 mm. in length and 8, 5, and 4 mm. 

in height, respectively. It is a Lower Hamilton - fossil at Eighteenmile Creek.

Superfamily LUCINACEA Anton. 

Family LUCINLLVE Fleming.

G-enus IVkR^CYCiL^S Hall. 

177. Paracyclas tenuis Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 443, pis. 72 and 95.

This species is rather common in three zones of the Upper and in 

one zone of the upper part of the Lower Hamilton. It varies greatly 

in size and in the strength of its concentric stri£e, but is readily distinguished from the other species of this genus. It is not reported 

from Eighteenmile Creek or Livonia.
OAKLAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 73

178. Paracyclas lirata Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 1, 1885, p. 441, pis. 72 and 95.

Only two small valves of this species were found. They measured 

about 7$ mm. in height by 8 mm. in length.

Class GASTEROPODA.

The Gasteropoda were not found to be of much value in this faunal 

study. Thej'' are never common, but are found occasionally in almost 

all of the zones.

Subclass STREPTOISTEURA Spengel. 

Order ASPIDOBRANCHIA Schweigger.

Suborder RHIFIDOOLOSSA Trosctiel. 

, Family PLEUROTOMARIID^E d'Orbigny.

Grernas PLETIROTOIMA.!?.!^. cle France.

179. Pleurotomaria itys Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 76, pi. 20.

As with the other species of the genus, P. itys is not common in 

nor charactistic of any zone. It occurs throughout the section. At 

Eighteerimile Creek it is found only at the base of the Hamilton.

180. Pleurotomaria capillaria Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 77, pi. 20.

It is often difficult to distinguish the extremes of this species from 

the above unless the specimens are well preserved. Quite generally 

distributed throughout the section. Confined to the base of the 

Hamilton at Eighteenmile Creek.

181. Pleurotomaria trilix Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol.,5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 79, pi. 21. 

Found rarely in the Upper Hamilton at Cayuga Lake.

182. Pleurotomaria sulcomarginata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 69, pi. 19.

Two specimens of this species were obtained from the upper part 

of the Upper Hamilton, Zones W and T.

183. Pleurotomaria rotalia Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 71, pi. 19. 

Two specimens from Zone T were of this species.
74 . FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL.206.

184. Pleurotomaria rugnlata Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 75, pi. 20.

This species is met with, occasionally in Zone C, in the Marcellns 

shales, and in Zone D. The specimens are all very much crushed or 

in the form of molds, and the surface markings are indistinct.

Family BELLEROPHONTIDM McCoy.

G-emas BKHrLEROFHOlSr de HVEontfcxrt.

185. Bellerophon patulus Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 100, pis. 22 and 24.

This species is not uncommon in Zones X and N; elsewhere it is 

-rare. It was not found below Zone C. The specimens obtained were 

of the usual size, but badly crushed.

186. Bellerophon leda Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2,1879, p. 110, pi. 23.

This is the most common Bellerophon in the section. It is almost 

common in some of the thin layers of Zone C. It is common in the 

lower portion of the Lower Hamilton at Eighteenmile Creek.

187. Bellerophon lyra.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 113, pi. 23. 

Only a few specimens of this species were found in the section.

188. Bellerophon crenistria Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 116, pi. 25.

A few specimens of this species were obtained in six zones of the 

Upper and Lower Hamilton.

G-ervus CYRTOLITKS Conrad.

189. Cyrtolites mitella Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 123, pi. 25.

Only a few specimens of this species were obtained. None were 

found lower than Zone D.

Family EUOMPHALID^E de Koninck.

Gt-emas KTJOMPH.^JL.TJS Sowerby.

190. Euomphalus sp. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 54.

A single crushed specimen from Zone O was referred to this genus. 

The specific characters could not be made out.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 75

Order CTBNOBRANCHIATA Schweigger.

Suborder PLATYPODA.

Superfamily T^ENIOGLOSSA Bouvier.

Family CAPTJLIDJ5 Cuvier.

G^emas FLA.TYCERA.S Conrad. 

191. Platyceras conicum Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 3, pi. 1. 

A single large specimen was found in the Encrinal beds.

' 192. Platyceras erectum Hall

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 5, pi. 2.

This gastropod was found most commonly in the upper portion of 

the Encrinal and in the limestone of Zone Y. Elsewhere it is rare.

193. Platyceras bucculentum Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 10, pi. 3. 

Typical specimens of this species were found in Zones Y and S.

194. Platyceras carinatum Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 5, pi. 2.

Specimens having the - characteristic shape of this species were 

found in Zones W and Y.

G-enus iPJl-ATYOSTOiyEA. Conrad. 

195. Platyostoma lineata Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 21, pi. 10.

This species was found in a number of zones, but was not common 

in any. It possesses, in all cases, the characteristic surface markings.

196. Platyostoma varians Hall.

(Strophostylus) Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 31, pi. 11. 

A large specimen from Zone J and -eight smaller ones from Zone C 

were referred to this species with some doubt. The larger specimen 

is typical; the smaller ones are small, and may be of a new species.

Superfamily GYMNOGLOSSA. 

Family PYRAMIDELLIDJE Gray.

GJ-emas LOXONElMiA. Fhillips. 

197. Loxonema hamiltonise Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 45, pi. 13.

This species occurs throughout the entire section. It is often difficult, to distinguish it from L. delphicola when the specimens are 

imperfect. At Eighteenmile Creek this species and L. delphicola 

are restricted to the Upper Marcellus shales.
76 FAUKA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [HULL. 206. 

198. Loxonema delphicola Hall.

Pal. N. YM vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 47, pis. 13 and 14.

This species is frequently met with in the section above Zone D. 

It is commoner than L. liamiltonice. Very often the shell is surrounded by a "smooth, polished shale (slickensides)," as is figured 

by Hall in figs. 24 and 25 of the above report.

Superfamily PTENOGLOSSA Gray. 

Family SCALARIID M Broderip.

G-errus C^LLO^TEMI^L. Hall. 

199. Callonema imitator Hall and Whitfield. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 53, pi. 14.

. One specimen, 50 mm. in diameter, with the surface marked by 

strong elevated striae gently curving backward and increasing in 

strength from the apex to the last volution, was found in Zone N". 

The coil is rather loose.

Order OPISTHOBRANCHIA Milne-Edwards.

Suborder PTEROIPODA Cuvier.

Family CAVOLIIND/E Fischer. 

Subgenus STYLIOLA Lesueur.

200. Styliola fissurella Hall. 

Pal. N, Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 178, pi. 31A. -

It will be noticed. in the table of species that S. fissurella is very 

rare, almost wanting, in the Upper Hamilton; that between Zone D 

and the Encrinal, with the exception of the fine shales of Zone E, it is 

also very rare, and that in the fine shales of Zone C and in the Marcellus shales it is very common. In the lower portion of the Marcellus 

shales the Styliola is beautifully preserved in pyrite. It is very 

abundant in certain layers in the Marcellus shales. At Eighteenmile 

Creek it is very common in a number of zones of the Lower and is 

fairly common in the uppermost zone of the Upper Hamilton.

Suborder CONULARIDA Miller and Our ley. 

Family TENTACULITIDvE Walcptt.

G-emzs TENT^CTJLITES Sehlotheim. 

201. Tentaculites bellulns Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 169, pis. 31 and 31 A.

A specimen of this species was obtained from Zone X. In Zone A 

there are great numbers of Tentaculites, but in such a poor state of 

preservation that it is impossible to make a specific identification.
CL-ELAND.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 77 

Family TORELLELLID^E Holm.

Grerrus COLEOJL.US Hall. 

202. Coleolus tenuicinctum Hall. 

Pal. N. Y. ; vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 185, pis. 82.and 82A.

A number of very good specimens of this species were found in 

various parts of the section.

Family HYOLITHID^E Nicholson.

G-enus HYOLITHES Eichwald.

203. Hyolithes aclis Hall.

Pal, N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 197, pis. 32 and 32A. 

Although tills is a rare species at Cayuga Lake, in the aggregate 

the number found is quite large. The variations consist in the relative difference in length, width, and thickness. The measurements 

are 30, 30, 25 mm. in length and 9, 11, and 12 mm. in width. Two 

well-preserved operculse were found.

204. Hyolithes striatus Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 199, pi. 32. 

A specimen with well-marked longitudinal lines was found in Zone T.

G-errus CONULAJRIA. Miller.

205. Conularia undulata Conrad. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 208, pis. 33 and 34A.

A fragment of a large specimen of this species with very strong 

surface markings was found in Zone D. A fragment of a smaller 

individual was taken from Zone I.

Class CEPHALOPODA.

Subclass TETRABRANOHIATA Owen. 

Order NAUTILOIDEA.

Suborder ORTHOCHOANITES Hyatt.

Family ORTHOCERATID^E.

G-emxs O:RTKOC:E;:RA.S Breyniias

206. Orthoceras crotalum Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 296, pis. 42, 82, and 93.

This fossil is found occasionally throughout the section above Zone 

D. The test is often denuded, making the identification in some, 

qases uncertain.
78 . FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206.

207. Orthoceras caelamen Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 298, pis. 42, 43, 82, 113.

A few specimens with the characteristic surface marking were 

obtained from the Upper Hamilton shales.

208. Orthoceras nuntium Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 299,pis. 43 and 82.

This is a rare fossil in this section. Two specimens were found in 

the Upper Hamilton.

209. Orthoceras subulatum Hall.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2,1879, p. 283, pis. 38, 84, 86.

This species of Orthoceras is not uncommon along Cayuga Lake. 

A large number of distorted specimens of this genus were referred 

here with some doubt. One specimen showed the surface markings.

210. Orthoceras constrictum Vanuxem. 

Pal..N. Y., vol..5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 288, pis. 84, 85.

This is a rather rare species in this section, and is not reported west 

of Cayuga Lake.

211. Orthoceras exile Hall.

Pal. N°. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 290, pis. 39, 84, 85. 

A few specimens were doubtfully placed in this species.

212. Orthoceras marcellense Vanuxem. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 278, pis. 38, 83, and 113. 

A specimen from the Marcellus seems to be of this species. 

213. Orthoceras, sp. imdet.

This genus, as a whole, is common between Zones B and F, inclusive, and in Zone T. Elsewhere in the section this genus was rare.

Family 1ST AUTILLD J£.

Gremas N"A.TJTir,US Breyn. 

214. Nautilus liratus juvenis Hall. 

Pal. N.' Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 411, pi. 56.

James Hall describes this variety of N. liratus from an imperfect 

specimen and states that the determination is quite unsatisfactory. 

. Two fairly well-preserved specimens from the hard shales of the upper 

Marcellus are certainly distinct from N. liratus and answer to the 

description of N. liratus juvenis. The difference between these specimens and N. liratus, however, seems to be specific rather than varietal.

215. Nautilus, fragments.

A number of fragments of Nautilus found in various parts of the 

section were too imperfect for specific identification. '
CLELANU.] CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 79

Suborder CYRTOCHOANITES Hyatt. 

Family PHRAGMOCERATIDJ3.

G-eirus G-OMimOCKRAS Sowerby.

216. Gomphoceras, sp. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 318.

A single crushed specimen of this genus was found in Zone C. The 

markings were obliterated to such an extent that it was impossible to 

make a specific identification.

Order AMMONOIDEA.

Suborder EURYCAMPYLI Hyatt.

Family GLYPHIOCERATIDJL

G-eivus GrOZSri^/nXEIS cle Haan.

217. Goniatites discbidens Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 441, pis. 71, 74.

Casts of the test showing the fine, closely arranged striae, "raised at 

intervals in fascicles," were commoner than those showing the septa. 

This species was fairly common in Zone T. In Zone I a number of 

imperfect specimens which were either of this species or of G. uniangularis were quite frequently found. Elsewhere in the section 

they are very rare.

218. Goniatites uniangularis Conrad.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 5, pt. 2, 1879, p. 444, pis. 71, 74.

This species was very rare, but several well-preserved specimens 

were found. One almost "perfect small specimen from the lower 

shales of Zone C measured 15 mm. in diameter in the widest part. A 

large specimen measured 45 mm. in diameter.

S-ubkingdom

Class CRUSTACEA. 

subclass TRILOBITA:

Order OPISTHOPARIA Beecher. 

Family PROETIDJE Barrande.

Grerms iPROKTUS Steininger.

219. Proetus rowi Green. 

Pal. N, Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 119, pis. 21 and 23.

A portion of the cephalon with a crushed glabella and a perfect 

genal spine was referred, with some doubt, to this species,
80 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

220. Proetus microgemma Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 109, pi. 22.

An imperfect pygidium was referred with considerable certainty to 

this species.

221. Froetns macrocephalus Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 116, pis. 21 and 23.

A pygidiurn and thorax were found in Zone Y and a glabella in the 

Encrinal bed. The surface markings are quite plain.

G-enias HOMAJL-ONOTTJS Koenig.

222. Homalouotus dekayi Green. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 7, pis. 2,3,4,5.

This is quite a common fossil in the upper portion of the Encrinal 

band. A fragment of a pygidium was found in Zone Y and a portion 

of a cephalon in Zone D. At Eighteenmile Creek it is reported from 

the lower portion of the Lower Hamilton. In Kashong Creek it occurs 

rarely in the Upper Hamilton.

Order PROPARIA Beecher. 

Family PHACOPID^E Salter.

Grenus PHACOPS Emmrich. 

223. Phacops rana Green.

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 19, pis. 7, 8, 8A.

This is a common and sometimes an abundant species in this section. Above the Encrinal it occurs in almost every zone. Occasionally a complete specimen was found. It is usually associated with 

D, boothi and A. umbonata.

224. Phacops cristata var. pipa Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 18, pi. 8. 

A specimen of this variety was found in Zone A.

Grerms D^JLIVIANITES Emrririch.

225. Dalmanites boothi Green. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 42, pis. 16, 16A.

This species was found in the lowest portion of Zone C. It is common throughout the section from Zone D to the Tully, especially above 

the Encrinal.

At Eighteenmile Creek it is commonest below the Encrinal, while 

at Cayuga Lake the opposite is true.

226. Dalmanites boothi var. calliteles Green. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 45, pis. 16, 16A.

A few specimens of this variety/ were fqunA in. the upper portion of. 

the Upper Hamilton.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES. 81

Subclass EUORUSTAOEA Kingsley.

Superorder MALACOSTRACA Latreille.

Order PHYLLOCARIDA Packard.

Sxit>orcler Ceratioeariraa Clarlte. 

Family ECHINOCARIDJ^CJarke.

G-erins ECHINO CLARIS Whit-field.

227. Echinocaris punctata Hall. 

Pal. N. Y. r vol. 7, 1888, p. .166, pis. 27, 28, 29.

Five specimens of this species were found in the Cayuga Lake sec-. 

tiori, one in the Upper and four in the Lower Hamilton above Zone D.

IBeecher. 

228. Tropidocaris hamiltoniae Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, pi. 1 30.

A right valve of this species was found in Zone O. It measured 

10 mm. in length.

Suborder RHINOCARINA Clarke. 

Family RHINOCARDID M Clarke.

G-emas RHUSTOC^VRIS Cla,rk:e.

229. Rhinocaris sp. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. Iviii, pi. 31.

Two specimens of this genus, one Avitli both valves, the other with 

one valve of the carapace were found in the shale of Zone C along 

.Dean Creek. The preservation was too imperfect to permit of specific 

identification. /

G-envis MKSO'TBCYR^ Hall Urnl Clarice.

230. Mesothyra oceani Hall. 

Pal. N. Y., vol. 7, 1888, p. 187, pis. 33 and 34.

Two specimens of this genus were referred doubtfully to this species. Neither specimen is perfect enough to warrant a specific 

identification. The length of the carapace is 20 mm. and 45 mm., 

respectively.

231. Superorder OSTRACODA Latreille.

The various species and genera of this superorder seem to have 

been adapted to the same conditions of environment during the Hamilton stage. They are common in the fine shale of Zones B, C, and E.

Bull. 206 03 6
82 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. . [BULL. 206.

Sternberg. 

232. Lepidodendron gaspianum Dawson. 

Quar. Jour. Q-eol. Soc., 1859, vol. 15, p. 484.

A specimen of this plant with distinct imprints of the leaves was 

found in Zone C. 

Thanks is due Professor Penhallow for the identification.

233. Plant fragments.

Plants, usually in a poor state of preservation, were scattered 

throughout the section. Within a foot or two of the Tully limestone 

plant fragments were especially well preserved and abundant.

GJ-erms T^OnSTURTJS. 

234. Taonurus sp.? Fischer-Ooster.

This fucoid was very abundant in the upper portions of the Upper 

and Lower Hamilton.
CHAPTER V.

COMPARISON OF THE CAYUGA LAKE SECTION WITH OTHER 

SECTIONS OF THE HAMILTON FORMATION.

BASAL LIMESTONE.

The Basal limestones of Ontario County are described by J. M. 

Clarke, as follows: a

Within 10 feet of the top of the Marcellus shales, where the rocks still retain 

their characteristic color and diagnostic fossils, appear Spirifer mucronatus and 

Amboccelia umbonata of the Hamilton fauna, such Hamilton species increasing 

in number and the rocks becoming less and less bituminous until at the top of 10 

feet the bituminous character has disappeared and with it the Marcellus fauna. 

Overlying is a series of strata of limestone more or less impure and persisting 

throughout the county east and west.

Farther east the same strata become more shaly and lose many of 

the fossils of the richer western outcrop. Dr. D. F. Lincoln b accepted, 

the term "Basal Hamilton," proposed by J: M. Clarke, and the 

description of Hall in the report of the Fourth District c "a compact 

calcareous blue shale passing into an impure limestone." He says 

that it retains this character (of a coral reef) to some extent in Seneca 

County, displaying scattered fragments of Heliophyllum, Favosites, 

and other large corals which do not belong elsewhere in the region.

From the description given above and from its position in the section 

(see map PL I) it seems certain that ^the compact calcareous shales 

of Zone D should be correlated with the Basal Hamilton of Ontario 

and Seneca counties/* There is, however, considerable difference in 

the faunules. Although the corals are very much rarer in Zone D at 

Cayuga Lake compared with that stratum in the west, yet Heliopliyllum is common only in this stratum iu the Cayuga Lake section. This 

zone is characterized in Ontario County by a great abundance of 

Crustacea. The development of Crustacea in Zone D is by no means 

remarkable, only three species of trilobites being found, none of 

which were abundant..

"Report State Geol., New York, 1885. ~ ""." - ----- 

fclbicl., 1894. 

cl843.

d Since the above was written the author revisited the localities on Seneca Lake. There is no 

doubt as to the correctness of the correlation.

83
84 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

A comparison of the Basal Hamilton of Ontario County, Seneca 

County, and Zone D of Cayuga Lake shows a decrease in the amount 

of calcareous matter and in corals from west to east. It is probable 

that the region along Cayuga Lake was the edge of the reef, if such 

it can be called, and that the conditions were such that most of the 

species of corals and Crustacea which flourished so well in the west 

were represented in the Cayuga Lake region by an abundant brachipod and pelecyopod fauna, with here and there a large Heliophyllum 

halli and a colony of Syringopora.

This impure limestone layer, the Basal Hamilton, is, next to the 

Encrinal beds, the'most persistent stratum in the New York Hamilton, 

extending as it does for more than 40 miles from east to west.

I. P. Bishop, in the Geology of Erie County, mentions a a calcareous 

stratum in that county which he correlated provisionally with the 

Basal limestone of Clarke. The evidence for this correlation is so 

unsatisfactory that it must be disregarded.

ENCRINAL BEDS.

In comparing the faunules of the Encrinal beds with that of 

Eighteemnile Creek, it Avas found that of 8 lamellibranchs of the 

Eighteenuiile Creek Encrinal 4 are found in the Encrinal of the 

Cayuga Lake section, 2 are extremely rare, and 2 have been found 

nowhere in this, section. Of the 35 brachiopods, 13 were not found in 

the Encrinal of Cayuga Lake. But of that number 4 have not been 

found elsewhere in the section and 4 are extremely rare. Vitulina 

pustulosa, Centronella impressa, Meristella haskinsi, and Heliophyllum 

confluens are restricted to the Encrinal at Eighteenmile Creek. With 

the exception of V. pustulosa and M. haskinsi, which was found in 

the Encrinal and Zone D, these species are restricted to the Encrinal 

at Cayuga Lake. Grabau b finds the Encrinal at Eighteenmile Creek 

to be the equivalent of that at Livonia. The comparison of the fossils from that stratum, in the two places brings out the fact that only 

one species given in the Livonia list is wanting in the limestone at 

Eighteenmile Creek. James Hall c considered the Encrinal as a "persistent mass holding only one position in the group and continuous 

as far as Lake Erie. It is a convenient point of reference." It is 1-^ 

feet thick at Lake Erie, 2 feet at Livonia, 3 feet in Yates County, and 

1£ feet in Cayuga County.

Prof. C. S. Prosser,^ in discussing Professor Whitens correlation of 

a zone in eastern Pennsylvania which is as rich in corals and crinoids 

as the Tully, shows by the fossil content that the Genesee shales of 

White are Hamilton shales. The so-called Tully does not contain any

« Report State Geol. New York, 1895. 

b Report State Geol. New York, 1898. 

c Report Fourth District New York, 1843. 

d Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 120,1894, p. 74.
CT.ELAND.] COMPARISON OF SECTIONS OF THE HAMILTON. 85

characteristic Tally fossils, but contains only Hamilton species. He

says:

If a correlation of this zone with one of central and western New York were 

attempted, I would suggest the Encrinal limestone separating the fossiliferous 

argillaceous Ludlowville and Moscow shales. As the Pennsylvania horizon may 

be represented by any one of the several coral horizons in the Hamilton of New 

York or by an entirely different one, such a correlation of this zone is very hazardous without careftii comparison of the species and stratigraphy.

On the east shore of Skaneateles Lake, 2£ miles from .the head of the 

lake, is a bed of cyathophylloid and other genera of corals 5 feet thick, 

which are described by Luther/' Luther concludes, from its position 

and from the fact that it "abounds in cyathophylloid corals which 

characterize the Encrinal of the western counties," that it is probably 

the eastern extension of the Encrinal band. Since in Ontario, Seneca, 

.and Cayuga counties the most abundant coral faunas are in the 

Basal Hamilton, either this coral reef at Skaneateles Lake is (1) a 

continuation of the stratum called the "Basal Hamiton," which is 

several hundred feet above the Marcellus shales in the Cayuga Lake 

section, or (2) the Encrinal, or (3) the union of (1) and (2), or (4) a 

separate stratum. With the data now at hand Luther's supposition 

is as probable as any other.

Since the Encrinal is found in a number of localities between Lake 

Cayuga and Lake Erie, of the same lithological character, in relatively the same position in the shale, with a fauna which changes 

little in a distance of 125 miles, it should be considered as a continuous stratum. East of Cayuga Lake the correlation of the coral zones 

is yet to be worked out. However, conditions of sedimentation such 

as would produce a limestone stratum anywhere in the Middle Hamilton would be adapted to and contain what might be called a limestone fauna which would not differ materially from the fauna of the 

Encrinal; and whether this stratum were continuous or not, the same 

association of fossil would probably exist.

GASTEROPODA.

Gasteropoda predominate both in specific and in individual development in the lower shales of Ontario County. This is also the condition at Eighteenmile Creek, where only one gasteropod, Platyostoma Uneata, is found above the Encrinal, and that but rarely in one 

layer. In the Cayuga Lake section Gasteropoda are not common in 

any portion of the section, but are about as frequently met with above 

as below the Encrinal. They occur, however, rather more frequently, 

in proportion to the Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda, in the fine shales 

of Zone C.

' Report State G-eol. New York, 1895.
86 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FOEMATION. [BULL. 206.

USE OF TEEMS "UPPER" AND "LOWER" HAMILTON FAUNA.

The data at hand the fauimles of the Cayuga Lake, Eighteenmile Creek, and Livonia sections are sufficient to warrant some definite statement as to the propriety of the terms "an Upper Hamilton 

fauna" or "a Lower Hamilton fauna," used by some writers as signifying an ability to distinguish between them!

A comparison of the Cayuga Lake section with that of Eighteenmile 

Creek shows that the relative abundance of species and individuals in 

the Upper and Lower Hamilton of the two sections is reversed. At 

Cayuga Lake the number of species and individuals is greater above 

than below the Encririal beds, while the opposite is decidedly true of 

the Eighteenmile Creek section.

Spirifer granulosus is a rather common fossil above and below the 

Encrinal at Cayuga Lake, but is restricted to the Lower .Hamilton 

and the Encrinal at Eighteenmile Creek and to the Upper Hamilton 

at Livonia. Belicularia fimbriata, Tropidoleptus carinatus, and the 

lingulas are distributed in the three sections in the same manner as 

Spirifer granulosus.

Stropheodonta concava and S. junia are in the Lower Hamilton at 

Eighteenmile Creek, but are restricted to the Upper Hamilton at 

Caynga Lake and Livonia.

Only two species of Brachiopoda have been found, which are restricted to the. Upper Hamilton of the three sections, exclusive of the 

Encrinal Ambocodia prc&umbona and Spirifer marcyi. But it 

would not be remarkable if even these were found lower. Since these 

species have not been reported east of Cayuga Lake, they must of 

necessity have little use in stratigraphy. Ambocodia prczumbona 

has not been reported outside of New York State, and it may have 

originated in western New York after the Encrinal band was deposited.

Leiorhynchus limitare, Spirifer macrus, Anoplotheca Camilla, and 

Strophalosid truncata are species which have not been reported above 

the Encrinal beds. The first is a typical Marcellus fossil (reported 

by Clarke a in a " recurrent fauna " above the '' Basal limestone " in 

Ontario County); the second and third are typical Onondaga (Corniferous) species which have never been found above the Marcellus; 

only the fourth, Strophalosia truncata, is a species often found in the 

Hamilton. A comparison of the corals, pelecypods, and gasteropods 

brings the same results.

From the above it will be seen that the burden of evidence at present is against the supposition that it is possible, without the aid of 

stratigraphy, to distinguish between the Upper and Lower Hamilton 

fauna. However, the presence of Spirifer marcyi and Amboccdia 

prc&umbona and the absence of Strophalosia truncata in a fauna 

would be presumptive evidence of the Upper Hamilton.

« Kept. State Geol. New York, 1886.
CLBLAND.] COMPARISON OF SECTIONS OF THE HAMILTON. 87

EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM, FIG. 3.

The data from which this diagram was constructed were obtained 

from the New York Geological Reports, commencing with vol. 4,1867, 

Palaeontology of New York, together with the Peabody Museum 

collections from Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Genesee, and Erie 

counties used in the preparation of this paper. The distances are 

only approximate, some noted collecting locality being usually taken 

as a center. a

80 Sp.

60 Sp.

40 Sp.

20 Sp.

80 Sp.

60 Sp.

40 Sp.

20 Sp.

Fro. 3. Diagram showing the distribution of fossils of the Hamilton stage throughout NewYork State.

The curves from Onondaga County west are probably more nearly 

correct than those east, because of the exceptionally careful collections from Pompey, Cayuga Lake, Livonia, and Eighteenmile Creek. 

The faunal lists of Prof. C. S. Prosser a make the collections from the 

extreme eastern portion of the State fairly full.

As is readily seen, the center of abundance of Pelecypoda is in 

Onondaga County. From that point the decrease to the west is rapid. 

The decrease in the number of species of. Pelecypoda in the arenaceous shales east of Onondaga County would probably be less 

than represented were fuller collections to be had. That the eonditions in eastern New York were much less favorable to the development of brachiopods than of pelecypods is shown by the fact that the 

relative abundance of brachiopods to pelecypods in Schoharie County 

is 13:60, while at Lake Erie the ratio is 70:40.

The increasing abundance of species of brachiopods from east to 

west is very striking and uniform. The line showing the abundance 

of Gasteropoda varies less from east to west than the other classes. 

The data concerning the corals show a uniform increase between 

Cayuga and Erie counties.

'Fifteenth Ann. Eept. State Geol. New York, 1895.
88 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BUM, 206.

Two facts should be borne in mind in the consideration of the relative abundance of fossils when studied geographically, (1) the excellent opportunities for collecting in certain localities, as central and 

western New York, and the greater difficulty in others, as the eastern 

counties of New York, and (2) the fact that often in a formation the 

same time elapsed during the deposition of a few feet of sediment in 

one place that it took for the deposition of many times that thickness 

in another locality in the formation. The time required for the 

deposition of the 67 feet of sediment at Eighteenmile Creek, the 517 

feet at Livonia, the 1,100 feet at Cayuga Lake, and the great thickness of the eastern shales was the same. At any one time there may 

not have been a greater number of living shells in Erie County than 

in the central or eastern part of the State; the conditions were, however, more favorable for the development of brachiopods and corals 

than for pelecypods.

The change from east to west, not only in the relative number of 

species but in the species themselves, is spoken of by Hall a as follows: "So great is this change that if a collection of fossils from the 

Hamilton formation in the counties of Albany and Schoharie be compared with a collection from the same group in Genesee and Erie 

counties the number of species common to both would be less than 

has been sometimes indicated as passing from one geological formation 

to another."

a Preface to Pal. New York, vol. 4,1867.
CHAPTER VI. 

CONCLUSIONS.

In this investigation the following conclusions have been reached:

(1) There are a number of fossil faunules in the Hamilton formation 

which can be quite accurately defined. A glance at the diagrams PI. V, 

A arid J5, and the table (Appendix) shows the distinctness with which 

many of these faunules are marked off. On the present sea bottom 

it is possible, given the conditions of bottom, depth, temperature, etc., 

in any region, to state with considerable certainty the composition of 

the faunule. The boundary line between modern faunules is sometimes distinct, but often there is such a mixture of the two faunules 

at the boundary that it is impossible to state where the line should 

be drawn. In the vertical distribution of fossil faunules the same 

difficulty is encountered. Shales containing a mixture of faunules 

are not uncommon, but where uniform conditions prevailed for a considerable length of time a definite group-of species occurs. Occasionally the change was sudden, and the faunules are separated by a distinct line. Zone D is an excellent example of such a case; the shales 

above and below are almost barren of fossils, while Zone D is very 

fossiliferous. Occasionally a thin layer of fine shale is seen in the 

midst of a fossiliferous zone, or a thin layer rich in fossils in a barren 

zone.

(2) The difference between the composition of different faunules of 

the Hamilton formation is often more marked than between faunules 

of the same facies belonging to different formations. A study of living faunules leads one to expect such a condition, since in a short 

distance bathymetrically and geographically there is often a complete 

change in species.

(3) Migration of the organisms which lived during the Hamilton 

stage was undoubtedly accomplished in the same way as at present/' 

Such animals as Crustacea and Orthoceratites had considerable power 

of movement in the adult condition, but the common fossil animals, 

such as the brachiopods and pelecypods, were practically stationary 

when mature. The only meaiis of migration for such classes was 

during the free swimming stage. During this stage they were carried 

about by currents and to some extent moved by their own activity.

"See Parker mid Haswell, Text-Book of Zoology, and other Zoologies. Marine Bionomy. 

Graliuu.

89
90 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 206.

Zoologists cite many cases of the sudden appearance of species previously unknown to certain localities which were carried there during 

the free swimming stage by unusual conditions. These species often 

live but one year, and may not be seen again for years. Drifting 

timber and other means enable old and young of certain species to 

be carried long distances. The migration of the species making up 

the bulk of the Hamilton faunules undoubtedly took place, for the 

most part, during the free swimming stage.

(4) The repetition of faunas such as are found in a section like that 

of Cayuga Lake shows that there was an oscillation of similar conditions. It is probable that had the conditions remained uniform during the whole of the stage only one of these faunas would have occurred. 

The LeiorJiynchus zone is several hundred feet thick in this region. 

There is no objection .to the supposition that such a faunule would 

have lived on throughout the stage bad the conditions remained as 

they were during the deposition of that zone.

(5) An'' accidental" faunule is one which has been produced in a long 

period of time in a region where sedimentation has been very slight, 

but in which the conditions changed for short periods sufficiently to 

introduce a few species. In the aggregate the number of species of 

such a faunule may be great. A faunule of this character is very confusing, composed, as it is, of species from perhaps several faunules. . 

It was not unusual for a thousand or more feet of sediment to be 

deposited in one region, while in another, during the same period of 

time, only a few feet were laid down. It is consequently unsafe to 

say, because fossils are abundant in a few inches of shale, that the conditions were necessarily exceptionally favorable for the development 

of that faunule. It is not impossible that hundreds or even thousands 

of years may have elapsed during the deposition of such a zone. The 

comparison of the thickness of the Hamilton formation at Cayuga 

Lake with that at Eighteenmile Creek showed that while 1,100 feet of 

shales were deposited' in the Cayuga Lake region only 67 feet were 

deposited at Eighteenmile Creek.- On the other hand, that great 

length of time and little sedimentation are not necessary for the formation of all fossiliferous zones is evident from the peculiar and char- . 

acteristic faunules of these zones and the position of the fossils in the 

shale and limestone.

(6) In a section such as that of the Hamilton formation at Cayuga 

Lake, which represents in its formation between 1,846,150 and 26,153,840 

years/'if the statement "natura non saltum facet" "is granted, one 

should, with some confidence, expect to find many at least some-- 

evidences of evolution. A careful examination of the fossils of .all .,. 

the zones, from the lowest to the highest, failed to reveal any e,vqlu- . ; 

tional changes, with the possible exception of Am~bocodia prceunibQna, «,

"The first estimate is from Dana; the second is the maximum of Geikie. The Mesp-peyQuian .,. 

was osthmited as one-third the Devonian. . , .,
OLBLAND.] . CONCLUSIONS. 91

The species are as distinct or as variable in one portion of the section as in another. Species varied in shape, in size, and in surface 

markings, but these changes were not progressive. The conclusion 

must be that, so long as the conditions of sedimentation remain as 

uniform as they were in the section under consideration, the evolution 

of brachiopods, gastropods, and pelecypods either does not take place 

at all or takes place very seldom, and that it makes little difference 

how much time elapses so long as the conditions of environment 

remain unchanged.

(7) An analysis of the Hamilton faunas shows conclusively that 

there is little basis for the terms "an upper" and "a lower Ham.iltonian fauna" unless these terms are used to signify that it is possible 

in. isolated sections to state, from the composition of the fauna, whether 

the rock is above or below the Encrinal bed.
CHAPTER VII.

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OF THIS PAPER.

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CLKLANB.J ' BIBLIOGRAPHY. 93

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district of New York, 1837.

 Second, third, fourth, and fifth annual reports of the Geological Survey of 

the third district of New York, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841.

 Geology of New York, part 3,1842.

WHITEAVES, J. F. Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 5.

 Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, vol. 1, pt. 4. 

WILLIAMS, H. S. The cuboides zone and its fauna. Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 

vol. 1, 1890,
94 FAUNA OF HAMILTON FORMATION. [BULL. 306. -

WILLIAMS, H. S. Report of the subcommittee on the Upper Paleozoic (Devoiiic). 

. Am. Geol., vol. 2, 1888.

 On the southern Devonian formations. Am. Jour. Sci.. 4th series, vol. 3, 

1897.

 On the different types of the Devonian system in North America. Am. 

Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol..35, 1888.

 Geological Biology. An introduction to the geological history of organisms, 1895.

 Correlation papers. Devonian and Carboniferous, Bull. 80. U. S. Geological Survey, 1891.

 On a remarkable fauna at the base of the Chemung group in New York. 

Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 25,1883.

 A revision of the Cayuga Lake [New York] section of the Devonian. Am. 

Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 32, 1886.

 The making of the geological time scale. Jour. Geol., vol. 1. 1892.

 Southern Devonian formations. Am. Jour. Sci., 4th series, vol. 3,1897. 

WILLIAMS, S. G. The Tully limestone, its distribution and its known fossils. 

Sixth Ann. Rept. State Geol. New York, 1886.

 Dip of the rocks in Central New York. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 26, 

 1883.

 - A revision of the Cayuga Lake section of the Devonian. Proc. A. A. A. S.,

vol. 35. 

WBIGHT, B. H. Notes on the geology of Yates County, N. Y. Thirty-fifth Ann.

Bept. Reg. of the Univ. on the State Cab. of Nat. Hist., 1884.
APPENDIX. Table showing vertical distribution of faunal zones, with their contained faunules, in the Hamilton formation of Cayuga

Lake, Neiv York.

[A = abundant. C = common. Cr = fairly common. r = rare. R = very rare.].

ANTHOZOA-ACTINOZOA.

14. Chsatetes fructicosa ..................................

Marcellus.

-Onondaga Hamilton (Corniferous) zone.

A

First Leiorhy n cu s

zone.

B

Lower Hamilton. .

Second Leiorhynchus 

zone.

C

R

P,

First Terebratula 

(See text.) zone. 

D

r

Or

Third Leiorhynchus 

zone.

E

Michelinia zone.

F

R

Or

Chonetes vicinus zone.

G

(Transition )zone. 

H

First CypricardellaAthyris zone.

I

-R

R

R»

R

Tellinopsis zone.

J

R

Second CypricardellaAthyris zone.

K

Encrinal 

bed.

Second Trebratula 

zone.

L

 p

Upper Hamilton.

Orthonota ze.

M

(Transition zone.)

N

.Chonetes zone.

0

R

iN

.2

O

1 

<J 

03

S

p

Chonetes lepidus zone.

Q

i

Second Arnbocoalia 

zone.

R

Stropheodonta- Coralline zone.

S

A

R

Modiellapygmsea zone.

T

R

rv

R

Amboccelia prseumbona zone.

U

....

Orbiculoidea zone.

V

Cr

(Transition zone.)

W

Cr

C

Spirifer-Atrypa zone.

X

C

Cr 

R'

Cystodictya zone.

Y

B 

R 

R

R 

R 

R

R 

R

R

CD

C71
»

S**

2^ 

$

ft) ?&s

tf

 5**

2wws

-j^oD**

 3*

 5

> >

 *

O

:}

 ^

..)

 .

WS

S

»

WawaxX-O0W»W

!>?

'xO

 o

»'

»

9)

woUH

*1QWM+W

tr1 g*o^

<o

GO

>*a

<i ^

M-

*!

First Leior h y n c h u s 

zone.

Second Leiorhynchus 

zone.

First Terebratula 

zone. (See text.)

Third Leiorhynchus 

zone.

Michelinia zone.

Chonetes vicinus zone.

(Transition zone.)

First CypricardellaAthyris zone.

Tellinopsis zone.

Second CypricardellaAthyris zone.

Second Terebratula 

zone.

Orthonota zone.

(Transition zone.)

Chonetes zone.

First Amboccelia zone.

Chonetes lepidus zone.

Second Ambocoalia 

zone.

Stropheodonta-Coralline zone.

Modieilapygmaea zone.

.Amboccelia preeumbona zone.

Orbiculoidea zone.

(Transition zone.)

Spirifer-Atrypa zone.

Cystodictya zone.

01 ' O1W

M.

Encrinal bed.

a '

w cP

ef

ti!

-anna] Noiivj\Lia<M nomwvH 

j 96
o

os

I

31. C. dotis---.. ...... ----.-.------.-.--.-..---------.---

32. C. horsfordi.. ........................................

37. L. limitare... ........ ..............................

51. S.tulliTis.. .......... ...................................

62. Athyris spirif eroides ...... ....................... ...

64. Orbiculoidea doria ...-.--...--.. _ ..................

Or'

R

0

Or

rv

OA

0

Or

1

0

R

.

R

Or

R

 R,

R

R

Or

Or

Or

R

Or

Or

R

R

R

0

Or

Or

Or

R

0

Or

r ?

R

0

R

Or

R

R

I

'

R

Or

0

0

0

R, 1

R

OA

R

R

Or

 A

R

R

R

OA

R

Or

0

R

Or

Or

Or

Or

0

R

OA

.........I

r?

R

r?

R

C

Cr

C

R

R

Cr

0

Cr

R

Cr

- Cr

r

R

riA

r

Or

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Or

A

R

0

0

R

0

R

R

Or

0

R

A

Or

0

Or

Or

A A

0

To

R

0

R

Or

Or

R

Or

Or

R

Or

R

R

p»-

Or

Or

Or

R

R

R

0

Or

R

R

R

0

Or

0

0

A

r

R

R,

Or

Or

Or

R

OA

OA

Or

R

A

R'

R,

0

R

A

_£_

C

C

Or

R

R

A

 R,

R

R

R

Or

OA

Or

R

OA

R

Or

0

R

Or

R

Or
APPENDIX. Table showing vertical distribution of faunal zones, with their contained faunules, in the Hamilton formation of Cayuga

Lake, New York Continued.

CO

oc

BBACHIOPODA continued. 

78. Orthothetes chemungensis arctistriatus ............

81. Chonetes coronatus, ...... ...,..,....,- ,...,., .. 

Marcellus.

Hamilton-Quo dnag 

(Corniferous) zone.

A

R

R

Or

R

First Leiorhynchus 

zone.

B

----

Lower Hamilton.

Leiorhynchus Second 

zone.

C

R

 -

First Terebratula 

(See text.) zone. 

D

R 

R

R

0

Or

C V

Cr

Third Leiorhynchus 

zone.

E

....

Michelinia zone.

F

R

R

Chonetes vicinus zone.

G

zone.) (Transition 

H

R

C

Cypricardella- First 

Athyns zone.

I

Or

R

Or

C 

Cr

r

Tellinopsis zone.

J

R

R'

R

R

Cypricardella- Second 

Athyris zone.

K

Cr

R

Cr

Encrinal 

bed.

Second Terebratula 

zone.

L

R

R

Cr

C

Cr

Cr

Upper Hamilton.

Orthonota zne.

M

 -

R

(Transition zone.)

N

R

R

R

Cr

Chonetes zone.

O

R

Cr

R

R

Or

First Ambocoelia 

zone.

P

Cr

C

lepidus Chonetes zon.

Q

R

R

Ainboccelia Second 

zone.

R

R

CA

Stropheodonta-Coralline zone.

S

R

r

Or

0

Or

R*

C

Modiella pygmsea 

zone.

T

R

R

R 

C

R

r

Amboccelia prseumbona zone.

U

C

Orbiculoidea zone.

V

A

R

r

(Transition zone.)

W

R 

R

CA

r 

C 

R

Spirifer-Atrypa zone.

X

R 

R

Cr

r 

Cr 

Cr

R

R

Cystodictya zone.

Y

Cr

R

C

Cr 

r

R 

R

R
1

C. lineatus 

CJ

........ _____--._______._:_._'___ .

§3

C. mucronatus.................. 

c

c

 -

C

<

r

......_. ........

55

C. scitulus--..---.-- 

.

&

*

----------

05

to 

CO

CD 

a

a

F<

a

(5

<

 4

OH

*

C. vicinus __....._.._ .._.,...._....

co CO

d

&

X

OH

6

C

r.

Productella spinulicosta ................ ..

&

P. navicella 

K

.--..-..-----.....-.............-..... ...

X

C

PH

^

tf

Strophalosia truncata ..--.-..--.-.................

8

Rhipidomella vanuxemi 

PC

PC

__._____.___..

C5

§

>

K

O5

P5

s

d

"3 

c 

s

i. Pentamerella"pavilionensis 

PC

........ ...-.'_ ...

g

w^

PKL.BCYPOIJA. Phthonia iiodicostata. .--..... .

oS

P. cylindrica ........................

ro

P. sectifrons --..---..---.-..--....--. .

8

Orthonota carinata 

PC

&

...... ......... ..

fe

O. undulata 

c

P;

............-.-.....--....,-.

§

O. parvula. 

P£

£

P5

......................................

§

-

Prothyris lanceolata .-.-...---....-.............

s

P. truncata -.-.......--.-.----..........-.--........ d

Grammysia constricta 

PH

^

tf

...........................

0

G. cuneata 

C

M

C

....................

§

G. 

C

P3

^

fC

PH

«

arcuata ......--.-...---..-.- .-...

S

G. 

rbisulcata--- .----.-_--_.-_-_ ....__._._.______

8

Elymella fabalis --.-...---............

8

E. niiculoides ..---.---.------.--...--...

&

Glossites subtenuis ..-..-..------..............-....--

s

rTellinonsis subemareinata 

(V

c

c

PC

C.

<

..........................

g

Panenka linckteni ....................... .

s 3

PH

P

1 

C

en 

f£

£5

CO
W?n

ft)

ft)

ft) ft)

ft)

ft) 4

ft) ^

i

ft) O

ft) OQ

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ft) o . P » ^o

hjp

ft) o

w . *

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4 ft)

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ft) ^ 0

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ft) Oo

ft)

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ft)

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ft)

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First Leiorhynchus 

zone.

Second Leiorhynchus 

zone.

First Terebratula 

zone. (See text.)

Third Leoirhynchus 

zone.

Michelinia zone.

Chonetes vicinus zone.

(Transition zone.)

First CypricardellaAthyris zone.

Tellinopsis zone.

Second CypricardellaAthyris zone.

Second Terebratula 

zone.

Orthonota zone.

(Transition zone.)

Chonetes zone.

First Amboccelia zone.

Chonetes lepidus zone.

Second Amboccelia 

zone. '

S tr opheodonta - Coralline zone.

Modiellapygmsea zone.

Amboccelia praeum- 

> bona zone.

Orbiculoidea zone.

(Transition zone.)

Spirifer-Atrypa zone.

Cystpdictya zone.

Lower Hamilton.

Encrinal bed.

Upper Hamilton.

£2

3.

 90? -Tina] 50 GOT
134. Pterineaflabella.. ....................................

148. L. gabbi. ....... .......................................

154. S. contractus. -.........-..'....-....._..._.__..........

160. P. intermedius. ................... ....................

161. P. hermes ......................... ....................

162. Lyriopecten orbiculatus .............................

164. M. concentrica. ..-....-..--_-....-.---. -.---...._...-.

RR0

Or R

R, RRR

Or

 RRRR

Or

p' RRR

Or

R' RR

Or RR0R

RRR

Or

Or RRR

Or

r\ R

RR

R' R0

OrR

R«R

Or RR

Or

r'

Or R

R>R

Or

RRRRRRRRRRR

x

R

R*

r'

RRRR

Or

R

RR

0

R' RRr

RR

Or

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Or

R'

Or RR

PAR 5 Rr

Or'

R' R

Or RR

Or0R0

Or RRRRR

Or R

Or RR

Or

RRR

9

R

Or RRRR
APPENDIX. Table showing vertical distribution of faunal zones, ivith their contained faunules, in the Hamilton formation of Cayuga

Lake, New York Continued. O

to

PKT/KCYPOnA continued.

166 M. alta ................................................

168. G. truncata.................. ..........................

169. G.rugosa...... .............................I..........

172. P. parallela ...................I.......................

378. P. lirata. ..............................................

GASTKHOPOBA.

180. P. capillaria ...........................................

Marcellus.

Hamilton-Onondaga (Corniferous) zone.

A.

First Leiorhynchus 

zone.

B

.Lower Hamilton.

Second Leiorhynchus 

zone.

C

First Terebratula 

(See text.) zone. 

D

Or

R

R

Third Leiorhynchus 

zone.

E

Michelinia zone.

F

r

Cr

R

Chonetes vicinus zone.

G

Cr

(Transition zone.)

H

R

R

0"

CA

R

First CypricardellaAthyris zone.

I

RV

R

r

R

CA 

R

r

R

Tellinopsis zone.

J

0

R

R

.Second CypricardellaAthyris zone*

K

R

Cr

Cr

Encrinal 

bed.

Second Terebratula 

zone.

L

R

R

Upper Hamilton.

Orthonota zne.

M

R

(Transition zone.)

 N

R

Chonetes zone.

O

Or

C

R

R

R

First Amboccelia 

zone.

P

....

R"

Chonetes lepidus zone.

Q

R

r

Second Ambocoelia 

zone.

R

R

R

Cr

R

Stropheodonta Coral- - 

line zone.

S

R 

R

R'

R

Modiella zone. pygmsea 

T

R

R

r

R

R 

R 

R

r

Ambocoalia prteumbona ' zone.

U

....

R

r

Orbiculoidea zone.

V

R

....

R

(Transition zone.)

W

C 

r 

Cr

r

Spirifer-Atrypa zone.

X

r

R

R

R

R'

R

C 

C 

R

R

Cystodictya zone.

Y

R

Cr 

R

R
181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

187.

188

189.

190.

191.

192.

193;

194.

195. 

19G.

197.

198.

199.

200

201.

202.

203.

204.

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

211.

212.

213.

214.

P trilix...... .................... ............... ....... ~.

CEPHALOPODA.

Nautilus liratus .iuvenis .............................

R->

Or

Or R0C1 "'

Or

RR

Or RP

R'

Or

RRRR

Or R0R

r»0

RRR

R, RRR0

RR

R

RRRRr 9 R

Or RR

R»

R0

Or RRR

R, R

R*

ER

R RR

R?

R

Or

R

Or

Or

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RRRRRRRRR

R

RR

RR

RRRRR

T?,

R' RRRRRRrRRRRRR

R' R

Or R0

R

R»R

 RRR

RR

'R

Or RRRR

R"

RrRRRRr

Or RRRRRrR

Rrr

Or R
»

Ed

Ed»#

..»Q|

Ed

Edi

Ed i

Ed-oi*2oo

Ed

Ed Qo

* Ed

EdWo»

Ed

Ed

hj

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5

Ed

Ed

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Ed

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Ed

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"/ ^o94

Ed

R>^

bdO0

^'

Hd QKM

«HWF^^OV

£>

Ed

CO^

cl o^MH

(Corniferous) zone.

First Leiorhynchus 

zone.

Second Leiorhynchus 

zone.

First Terebratula 

zone. (See text.)

Third Leiorhyuchus 

zone.

Michelinia zone.

Chonetes vicious zone.

(Transition zone.)

First CypricardellaAthyris zone.

Tellinopsis zone.

Second Cypricardella. 

Athyris zone.

Second Terebratula 

zone.

Chonetes zone.

First Ambocoalia 

zone.

Second Amboccelia 

zone.

Stropheodonta-Coralline zone.

Modiella p y g m se a 

zone.

Amboccelia praeumbona zone.

Orbiculoidea zone.

(Transition zone.)

Spirif er-Atrypa zone.

'Cystodictya zone. 

IK13 4

JO i

. tr* o

CDwP_ B

Encrinal bed.a1i3

5-
PLANTS.

234. Taonurus...... .................................... ... .

R

Or

R

Or

R

R Tf,

0

R R

R o

R

r, 0 R

R

R R R Or

R R R

R

A

R

OA

hj " c

INDEX

Names in italic are synonyms; figures in black-face type are numbers of pages containing 

description or classification.

A. Page.

Actinopteria Hall.......;.................. 67

boydi Conrad.. ...................... 67,101

decussata Hall....................... 67,101

subdecussata Hall................... 67,101

Amboccelia Hall...... ............:....... 48-4!)

prteuinbona Hall................ 30,48,86,97

umbonata Conrad..................... 22,

23,27,28,29,30,32,49,83,97

Amboccelia zone, first, description of.... 28

Ambocoelia zone, second, description of.. 20 

Ambocoelia prteumbona zone, description

of.............--..-.-.--- -.- 30

Ambonychiidse Miller. ..................... 66

Ammonoidea ......------....-....-... T .--- . 79

Amplexus Sowerby....................... 35

sp. undet. .......................... 29,35,95

Anatinacea Dall.......................... 71-7'2

Ancyrocrinus Hall........................ 38

bulbosusHall. ........................ 38,90

Anomalodesmacea Dall.................. 71-72

Anoplotlieca Sandberger .....'............ ' 50

Camilla Hall..................... 22,50,86,97

flabellites............:................. '4.4

Anthozoa-Actinozoa.......--....----.. 35-38,95

Arthropoda....:........................... 79-81

Aspidobranchia Schweigger............. 73-74

Athyridse Phillips........................ 49-51

Athyrinse Waagen........................ 51

Athyris McCoy............................ 51

spiriferoides Eaton ............. 2P>, 31,51,97

AtrenmtaBeecher ....................... 40-41

Atrypa Dalman........................... 45

reticularis Linnteus ............ 29,31,45,97

Atrypidte Gill............................. 45

AtrypiiMe Waagen........................ 45

Aulopora Goldfuss........................ 37

serpens G-oldfuss...................... 37,95

Auloporidre Nicholson.................... 37

Aviculopecten McCoy....................'69-70

fasciculatus Hall..................... 69,101

princeps Conrad ..................... 69,10.1

scabridus Hall......................... 69,101

B..

Basal limestone, description of ........... 83-84

Bellerophon de Montfort................. 74

crenistria Hall ....................... 74,103

ledaHall.'............................. 74,103

lyra.....I............................. 74,103

patulus Hall.......................... 74,103

Bellerophontidee McCoy.................. 74.

Bibliography .............................. 92-94

Bishop, I. P., con elation by .............. 84

Page. 

Brachiopoda .................. 40-58,86,87,89,96

Bryozoa Ehrenberg ...:............... 39-40,96

sp. undet.............................. 40,96

C.

Callonema Hall............................ 76

imitator Hall and Whitfteld......... 7 6,103

Caruarotcechia Hall and Clarke.......... 41-42

congregataConrad.................... 41,97

dotis Hall.............................. 41,97

horsfordi Hall......................... 41,97

prolificaHall.......................... 41,97

sapphoHall.....:..................,... 42,97

Capulidte Cuvier.......................... 75

Cardiolidse Neuniayr..................... 62

Cavoliindte Fischer ........................ 76

Cayuga Lake region, general description .

of............................... 13-14

section of .............................. 14

comparison of, with other sections

of Hamilton formation........ 83-88

time represented in formation of. 90 

zones in, figure showing .............. 21

Centronella Billings ...... ................ 43

impressa Hall................... 87,43,84,97

Centronellidas Hall and Clarke............ 43

Cephalopoda...........................77-79,103

Ceratiocarina Clarke ..................... 81

Cera'topora Grabau....................... 37

dichotoma Grabau................. 25,37,95

Chaetetes Fischer.......................... 38

fructicosa Hall........................ 38,95

ChaetetidteE.&H.......................... 38

Chonetes Fischer deWaldheim....... 28, 55-57

coronatus Conrad..................... 55,98

deflecta Hall........................... 53

lepidusHall..................... 28,55-56,99

lineatus Conrad.................... 22,56,99

mucronatus Hall. 22,24,26,28,29,30,31,56,99 

scitulus Hall .................... 27,28,56,99

setiger.us Hall......................... 56,99

vicinus Castelnau ........... 26,27,56-57,99

sp...................................... 57,99

Chonetes zone, description of............. 28

Chonetes lepidus zone, description of .... 28

Chonetes vicinus zone, description of..... 26

Chonetinae Waagen ...................... 55-57

Cimitar ia Hall............................ 71-7 2

corrugata Conrad.................... 71,102

elongata Conrad ..................... 7-2,102

Clarke, J. M., citsd on locality of first

terebratiila zone .............. 24

description of Basal limestone by .... 83

quoted on Ambocoelia spinosa ........ 49

107
108 INDEX.

Page. 

Coal,search for............................ 17-18

Ccelenterata.............................. 35-38

Cceleospira Camilla ........................ ' 50

Coleolus Hall.............................. 77

tenuicinctumHall................... 77,103

Conocardiidae Neumayr .................. 67

Conocardium Bronn ........^.:........... 67

normale Hall....................., 67,101

Conrad, T. A., geological work by ........ 18

Conularia Miller........................... 77

undulate Conrad..................... 77,103

Conularida Miller and Gurley........... 76-77

Corals. - .'.--..... ------------------ 87

Corniferous zone. See Onondaga-Hamilton zone. 

Correlation, early attempts at............ 17

Craniacea Waagen....................... 52-53

CraniellaOehlert.-...................... 52-53

hamiltoniae Hall .............. ..... 52,08

Craniidse King __.... ...... _..... 52

Crinoidstems ............................. 24,29

Crinoid stems and plates................. 38,96

Crinoidea Miller.............. .- . 38,96

Crustacea......-.-...--. -. - 79-81,89,104

Cryptonella Hall ................--. ..-. 43

lincklceni Hall ......................... 44

planirostris Hall.................... 24,48,97

rectirostrisHall.................... 24,43,97

Cryptostomata Vine ...................... 39-40

Ctenobranchiata Schweigger............ 75-76

CtenodontidajDall , - -- - 62-63 

CyathophyllidaeE. &H................... 36

Cyathophylloid corals..................... 85

Cyclostoniata Busk........................ 39

Cypricardella Hall --....-.....-.....----.. 72

bellistriata Conrad ............ 25,26,72,102

Cypricardella bellistriata-Athyris Spiriferoides zone, first, description k 

of............................... 26

Cypricardella bellistriata-Athyris Spiriferoides zone, second, descrip- 

 tionof.... .................. 27

CypricardiaceaDall.. .................. 72

Cypricardinia Hall......................... 72

indenta Conrad ...................... 72,102

CyrtinaDavidson ......................... 45

hamiltonensis Hall...-...--.-......... 45,97

CyrtochoanitesHyatt.............-..--... 79

Cyrtolites Conrad--..... .... ........ 74

mitella Hall.......................... 74,103

Cystodictya Ulrich........................ 40

incisurata Hall..................... 81,40,96

Cystodictya zone, description of ....... 31-32

Cystodictyonidae Ulrich................... 39

Cystophyllum americanum.__.._. . . 24

D.

Dalmanites Emnirich..................... 80

boothi Green.......................... 31,80

var. calliteles Green ....-.....-.- 80,104

Delthyris Dalman. ..........'.. .......... 48

consobrina d'Orbigny ............. 4 , 48,97

sculptilisHall......................... 48,97

Diastoporidse Busk........... ............ 39

Dichocrinus Munster . .... ...... 38,96

sp.?..................................... 38

Page. 

Dignomia Hall............................. 41

alveataHall ........................... 41,96

Diphyphyllum Lonsdale.................. 36

archiaci Billings....................... 36,95

Discinadpria ..^........................... 51

humilis...................... ........... 51

lodensis ................................ 53

Discinacea Waagen ...................... 51-62

Discinidae Gray......... . ........... 51-52

E. 

Eaton, Amos, geological work of.......... 17,18

Echinocaridee Clarke...................... 81

Echinocaris Whitfleld. ................... 81

punctate Hall................'........ 81,104

Echinodermata............................ 38

Elymella Hall.............................. 61

fabaMsHall-.......................... 61,99

nuculoides Hall....................... 61,99

Encrinal beds, extent of ................... 15

faunules of, comparison of............ 84-85

Eucrustacea Kingsley..................... 81

Eunella Hall and Clarke .................. 44

lincklfeni Hall................ 24,27,43,44,97

Euomphalidae de Koninck ................ 74,

Euomphalus Sowerby .................... 74

sp..................................... 74,103

Eurycampyli Hyatt....................... 79

. F.

Faunal zones, table showing vertical distribution of, with their contained faunules-.............. 95-105

Favosites Lamarck .................... 24,36,83

argus Hall............................. 36,95

sp. undet.............................. 36,95

Favositidse E. & H........................ 36-37

Fenestellidae King..................... 40

Fossilif erous zones, descriptions of....... 20-34

figure showing..'....................... 21

Fossils of Hamilton stage throughout 

New York State, diagram 

showing distribution of....... 8T

G.

Gasteropoda................... 73-77,85,87,102

Glossites Hall............................... 61

subtenuisHall ......................... 61,99

Glyphioceratidae .......................... 79

Glyptocardia Hall......................... 62

speciosaHall......................... 62,100

Gomphoceras Sowerby.................... 79

sp... - .. .. ................ 79,104

Goniatites deHaan........................ 79

disc'oidousHall....................... 79,104

uniangularis Conrad................. 79,104

Goniophora Phillips...................... 70-71

glaucus Hall........... .. .. 71,102

hamiltonensis Hall................... 70,102

rugosa Conrad ....................... 71,102

truncate Hall........................ 71,102

GrammysiadeVerneuil.................. 60-61

arcuate Conrad ....................... 61,99

bisulcata Conrad ...................... 61,99

constricta Hall..................... 25,60,99

cuneata Hall.......... ............... 61,99

Grammysiidse Fischer.................... 60-61
INDEX. 109

Page. 

GranatocrinusTroost...................... 38

(Pentremilis) ledaHall............... 38,96

Oymnoglossa ............................. 75-76

GyinnolaemataAllinan. .................. 30-40

H.

Hall, James, geological work by.......... 18

quoted on Ambocoalia unibonata . __ 49 

quoted on Eiicrinal beds.............. 84

quoted on fossils of Hamilton formation ............................ 88

Hamilton fauna, use of terms "Upper"

and "Lower" ................. 86

Hamilton formation, conclusions relative

to fossil f aunules in ........... 89-91

extent and character of............... 14-15

f aunal zones in, table showing vertical 

distribution of, with their contained f aunules............... 95-105

history of.............................. 17-19

thickness of............................ 10,20

Hamilton stage, fossils of, diagram showing distribution of............. 87

Hamilton-Onondaga zone, description of. 20-22 

fannule of.............................. 22

HederellaHall ............................ 30

c"anadensis Nicholson................. 3ft, 98

HeliophyllurnHall.......................... 30,83

confluens Hall................... 24,36,84,95

halliE.&H..................... 24,30,84,95

HexacorallaHaeckel...........:......... 30-38

Hindellinse Schuchert.................... 49-51

Homalonotus Koenig...................... SO

dekayi Green.......................... 80,104

Hyolithes Eichwald....................... 77

aclisEall............................. 77,103

striatusHall ......................... 77,103

Hyolithidte Nicholson .................... 77

Hypothyris King.......................... 42

cuboides Sowerby..................'... 4*2,97

JJointing in the region..................... 15

K. 

King Ferry, concretionary layers at..... 15

L.

Lake Ridge, concretionary layers at..... 15

Leda Schuinacher .1...................... 61

brevirostrisHall..................... G4,100

rostellataConrad .................... 04,100

LedidseAdams............................ 04-05

Leiopteria Hall........................ 30,67-68

conradiHall.. 1................_.___.. 08,101

dekayiHall........................... 68,101

gabbiHall............................ 07,101

greeniHall........................... 67,101

Isevis Hall......,..................'... 07,101

raflnesquii Hall ....................... 07,101

.sayiHall............................. 08,101

LeiorhynchusHall....................... 42-43

dubiuni Hall........................... 42

laura Billings ............. 15,30,31,33,42,97

liinitare Vanuxein ........ 23,33,42,43,86,97

multicosta Hall.....!.................. 42

Leiorhynchus fauna, composition of...... 23

Page.

Leiorhynchus zone, first, description of .. 22-23 

Leiorhynchus zone, second, description of 23 

Leiorhynchus zone, third, description of. 25 

Lepidodendron Sternberg ................. 82

gaspianumDawson.................. 82,105

Limestone, Basal, description of .......... 83-84

Lincoln, D. F., cited on locality of first

terebratula zone............... 24

used term '' Basal Hamilton "......:.. 83

Lingula Bruguiere. ...............'........ 40-41

alveata............................!.... 41

deliaHall.............................. 40,96

densa Hall............................. 41,96

ligea Hall..........-.....:............... 41,96

Lingulacea Waagen...................... 40-41

Lingulidiu Gray ........'.................. 40-41

Literature, bibliography of............... 92-94

LoxonemaPhillips".._. ................. 75-76

delphicola Hall,................... 75,76,103

hamiltonise Hall...........:.......... 75,103

Lucinacea Anton ................'......... 72-73

LucinidsBFleming........................ 72-73

Lunulicardiidee Fischer................... 66

Lunulicardiuni Miinster .................. 06

curtum Hall.......................... 66,101

fragile Hall........................ 20,66,101

ornatum Hall ........................ 66,101

Lyolithes Eichwald..-......_.............. 77

Lyriopecten Hall ........................... 70

orbiculatusHull...................... 70,101

McClure, William, geological work by... 17 

Macrodon hamiltonitB..................... 65

Malacostraca Latreille.................... 81

Marcellus shale, description of........... 22-23

Martinia McCoy........................... 48

subumbona Hall....................... 48,97

MegalanteriiiEe Waagen .................. 43

MeristellaHall............................ 51

haskinsi Hall._...._....___.: -..... 24,51,84,97

Meristellhife Waagen ..................... 51

Mesothyra Hall and Clarke............... 81

oceaniHall ............................ 81,105

Michelinia de Koninck .................... 25,37

stylopora Eaton..._............. 25,37,95

Michelinia zone (provisional),description

of............................... 25

Microdon bellistriatus .................^... 72

Modiella Hall.............................. 30,68

pygmaea Conrad ...................... 08,101

Modiella pygnuea zone, description of..... 30

Modiolopsidse Fischer.................... 70-71

Modiomorpha Hall........................ 27,70

altaConrad .......................... 70,102

concentrica Conrad.................. 70,101

mytiloides Conrad................... 70,102

subalataConrad...................... 70,101

Mollusca.................................. 59-79

Molluscoidea.............................. 39-58

Myalinidse Frech.......................... 68

Mytilacea Ferussac....................... 70-71

Mytilarca Hall.............................. 66

gibbosa Hall.......................... 06,101

N. 

Nautilidse.................................. <8

Nautiloidea................................ 77-79
110 INDEX.

Nautilus Breyii.-....--.....--............. 78

fragments............................ 78,104

liratus juvenis Hall.................. 7 8,103

Neotremata Beecher...................... 51-53

Nucleospira Hall.......................... 49

concinnaHall...................... 27,49,97

Nucula Lamarck.......................... 30,63

bellistriata Conrad .................. 63,100

corbuliformis Hall ................ 25,63,100

lirata Conrad................'......... 63,100

randalliHall ......................... 63,100

varicosa Hall............__....__.._.. 63,100

Nuculacea ................................ 62-65

Nuculidas Adams.......................... 63

Nuculites Conrad ..................... 30,62-63

oblongatus Conrad................ 63,68,100

ti-iqueter Conrad.................. 62,68,100

O.

Onondaga-Harnilton zone................. 20-22

Ontario County, Basal limestones of, description of .................... 83

Opisthobranchia Milne-Edwards ........ 76-7 7

Opisthoparia Beecher ..:................. 79-80

Oi'biculoidea d'Orbigny............... 30,51-52

doriaHall ............................... 51,97

\ liumilis Hall............................ 51,98

lodiensis Vanuxem.................... 52,98

media Hall .................. 15,30,52,98

Orbiculoiclea or modified Leiorhynchus

zone, description of ........... 30-31

Orthidae Woodward....................... 58

Orthis vanuxemi ........................... 58

Orthoceras Breynius ..................... 77-78

cselanien Hall __..._..._..___..___ _._. 78,103 

constrictum Vanuxem..............1 78,103

crotalum Hall. _._._--..---_----_ _..-. 77,103

exile Hall............................. 78,103

ruarcellense Vanuxem............... 78,103

nuntiumHall ........................ 78,103

subulatum Hall ...................... 78,103

sp. undet ............................. 78,103

Orthoceratidae............................ 77-78

Orthoceratites...................;...... 23,33,89

Orthochoaiiites Hyatt.................... 77-78

Orthonota Conrad........................ 59-60

carinata Conrad ................... 59-60,99

(?) parvula Hall....................... 60,99

undulata Conrad................... 27,60,99

Orthonota zone, description of ........... . 27

Orthothetes Fischer de Waldheim ...... 54-55

chemungensis var. arctistriatus

Hall........................ 54-55,98

var. perversus Hall............... 65,98

var................................. 55,98

Orthothetinse Waagen ................... 54-55

Ostracoda Latreille...................... 81,105

Ostrocods.................................. 32

P. 

PaliBoneilo Hall ....................... 30,64-65

constricta Conrad .......... 28,29,32,64,100

einarginata Conrad.................. 64,100

fecunda Hall......................... 65,100

maxima Conrad........'.............- 64,100

muta Hall........................ i:.. 64,100

plana Hall.;.......................... 64,100

Page. 

Palaeoneilo tenuistriata Hall............ 64,100

Panenka Barrande........................ 62

lincklseni Miller....................... 62,9»

potens Hall ...'........................ 62,99

sp. undet.-....-...'.................... 62,99

Paracyclas Hall........................... 72-73

lirata Conrad ........................ 73,102

tenuisHall........................... 72,102

Paralleled on Meek............_..._....... 65

hamiltonise Hall..................... 65,101

Parallelodontidae Dall..................... 65

Pectinacea Reeve.......................... 69-70

Pectinidae Lamarck ...................... 69-70

Pelecypoda Goldf uss............ 59-7 3,87,89,99

Pentameracea Schuchert.................. 58

PentamerellaHall........................ 58

pavilionensis Hall .................... 58,99

Peiitameridse McCoy _._,__.._._._*_____.__ 68

Phacopidae Salter......................... 80

Phacops Emmrich ........................ 80

cristata var. pipa Hall............ 22,80,104

rana Green......... 23,28,29,31,32,49,80,104

Pholadella Hall...'......................... 71

parallela Hall .........__.......... 71,102

radiata Conrad....................... 71,102

Pholadellidaa Miller . _........._.__....... 71-72

Pholidops Hall............................ 62

hamiltoni£eHall..__....... 28,29,31,32,52,98

linyuloides ..............;.............. 52

oblata Hall............................ 52,98

Pholidostrophia Hall and Clarke. ....... 54

iowaensis Owen.................... 26,54,98

Phragmoceratidae ........................ 19

PhthoniaHall ............................. 59

cylindrica Hall ............I.......... 59,99

nodicostata Hall................... 27,59,99

sectif rons Conrad ..................... 59,99

Phyllocarida Packard..................... 81

Plant fragments......................... 82,105

Plantse..................................... 82

Platyceras Conrad ..........j............... 75

bucculentum Hall................... 75,103 .

carinatumHall...................... 75,103

conicum Hall........................ 75,103

erectum Hall........................ 75,103

Platyostoma Conrad ......................... 75

lineata Conrad.................... 85,75,103

varians Hall ......................... 75,103

Platypoda................................. 75-76

Plethomytilus Hall........................ 66

ovif ormis Conrad.................... 66,101

Pleurophoridse Dall....................... 72

Pleurotomaria de France ................ 73-74

capillaria Conrad.................... 73,102

itysHall............................... 73,102

rotalia Hall.......................... 73,103

rugulataHall........................ 74,103

sulcomarginata Conrad ............. '73,103

trilix Hall....................-.-..,.. 73,103

Pleurotomariidse d'Orbigny............. 73-74

Polypora McCoy........................... 40

multiplex Hall........................ 40,96

Prionodesmacea Dall..................... 59-71

Productella Hall .......................... 67

navicella Hall.......................... 57,99

spinulicosta Hall...................... 57,99

truncata ..............................'. 57
INDEX. Ill

Page. 

Productidfe Q-ray......................... 65-57

Productinte Waagen...................... 57

Proetidse Barrande....................... 79-80

Proetus Steininger....................... 79-80

ruacrocephalus Hall_...._..,__...... 80,104

rQicrogemma Hall................... 80,104

rowiGreen............... ......... 79,104

PropariaBeecher......__.-.-.............. 80

Prosser, C. S., ci ted on Vitulina pustiilosa. 50 

quoted on correlation by Professor

White.......................... 85

reference to faunal lists of............ 87

Prothyris Meek....;....................... 60

' lauceolataHall..................... 27,60,99

truncata sp. nov ...................... 60,99

ProtremataBeecher..................__ 53-68

Ptenoglossa Gray ......................... 76

Pteriacea Ball............................ 65-68

Pteriidte Meek............................ 67-68

Ptei'inea Goldfuss......................... 65

flabella Conrad ...................... 05,101

Pterineidee Ball........................... 65

Pterineopecteii Hall....................... 69

hennes Hall........................... 69,101

intermedius Hall.................... 69,101

undosusHall......................... 69,101

verturunusHall...................... 69,101

Pteropoda Cuvier.......................... 76

Pyrainidellidse Gray..................... 75-76

R.

Rafinesquininfe Schnchert............... 53-55

Renevier, correlation of................... 19

Reptaria Rolle............................. 39

stolonifera Rolle...................... 39,96

Reticularia McCoy......................... 49

flmbriata Conrad.................. 49,86,97

Rhinocardidse Clarke..................... 81

Rhinocariua Clarke....................... 81

Rhinocaris Clarko......................... 81

sp..................................... 81,105

Rhipidoglossa Troschel.................. 73-74

Rhipidomella Oehlert..................... 68

cyclas Hall............................ 58,99

penelope Hall......................... 58,99

vanuxenii Hall............... 24,29,31,58,99

Rhynchonella congregata .................. 41

dot-is. ................................... 41

hors/ordi. .............................. 41

sappho .---....-.....--.--.............. 42

venustula .............................. 42

prolifica................................ 41

Rhynchonellacea Schuchert....____...__ 41-43

Rhynchonellidpe Gray.................... 41-43

S.

Scalar iid£eBroderip....................... 76

Schizodus King............................ 68

appressusConrad.................... 68,101

contractus Hall...................... 68,101

Shurger Glen, concretionary layers at... 15 

Skaneateles Lake, coral bed near......... 85

Solemyacidae Dall......................... 69

Solenopsidte Neumayr................... 59-60

South American Hamilton, correlation of 19 

Spathella Hall............................. 66

typica Hall............................. 66

Page.

SphenotusHall.. .......................... 65-

amef ormis Hall ..................... 65,101

cuneatus Conrad..................... 65,101

solenoides Hall.... ................... 65,101

Spirifer Sowerby......... __ ............ 45-47

audaculus Conrad ........... 31, 45, 46, 47, 9T

macronotus Hall.... .............. 46, 9T

clintoni ................................ 46

consobrinus .......... .................. 29

divaricatus Hall ...........'..... 24,27,46,97

flmbriata. .............................. 49

granulifera Hall ...... _ .............. 46

gronulosus Conrad........... 27,31,46,86,97

macro, .................................. 47

rnacrus Hall... .................. 22,47,86,97

marcyi Hall.. ................... 31,47,86,97

medialis. ............................... 45

nvucronata. ............................ 47

niucronatus... ......................... 8&

pennatus Atwater.... ................ 26,28,

29,30,31,45,47,48,97

tullius Hall. ......................... 30, 47, 9T

Spirifer- Atrypa zone, description of..... 31

Spirifera sculptilis ......................... 48

subumbona. .............. ......=........ 48

ziczac .................................. 48

Spiriferacea Waagen. .................... 45-51

Spiriferidee King ......................... 45-4»

Spirorbis Daudin ....'...................... 39

angulatus Hall. ....................... 39,96

Streptelasma Hall........................ 35

rectum Hall.... .................... 29,35,95

Streptoneura Spengel. ................... 73-77

Streptorhynchus chemunyensis arctostriata. ............................ 54

chemungensis pcrversns ............... 55

pectinacea ............................. 55

Strophalosia King ...................'...... 57

truncata Hall .................... 33,57,86,99

Stropheodonta Hall ...................... 53-64

concava Hall.... _........___.... 29,53,86,98

demissa Conrad....................... 53,98

intequistriata Conrad .......... 24,29,53,98

junia Hall. .....!.. ........... 29,31,54,86,98

nacrea Hall ............................ 54

perplana Conrad... ................ 31,54,98

var .....-......-...-........---...- 54,98

.textilis ................................. 54

Stropheodonta-coralline zone, description

of............................... 29

Strophomenacea Schuchert .............. 53-68

StropJwstylus ......r . ...................... 75

Styliola Lesueur . ...................... 23,33,70

flssurella Hall.. ................... 21,76,103

Syringopora Goldfuss .................... 37 , 84

sp.undet .............................. 37,95

Syringoporidte E. & H ..................... 37

Suessiinse Waageu, ......................... 45

T. 

TabulataE. & H.... ............".......... 36-38

Tsenioglossa Bouvier . . .................... 75

Tteniopora Nicholson ..................... 39

exiguaNicholson...... ......... ...... 39,%

Taonurus.. ............................... 8-2,105

sp. ? Fischer-Ooster .................... 82
112 INDEX.

Page. 

TeleodesmaceaDall...................... 72-73

TellinopsisHall........................... 30,61

subemarginata Conrad......... 27,33,61,99

Tellinopsis zone, description of........... 26-27

Telotremata Beecher..................... 41-51'

Tentaculites Schlotheini ........... 21,23,33,76

bellulusHall......................... 76,103

Tentaculitidse Walcott.................... 76

Terebratellidae King ...................... 44-45

Terebratula zone, first, description of... 28-24 

Terebratula zone, second (Encrinalbeds),

description of.................. 27

Terebratulacea Waagen _.............. 43-46

Terebratulidse Gray ........ ......... 43-44

Terebratulinae Dall..............._...... 44

Tetrabranchiata Owen................... 77-79

Tetl'acoralla Haeckel..................... 35-36

Torellellidae Holm......................... 77

TrachyporaE. &H........................ 37

(Dendropora) ornata Roniinger...... 37,95

Trigoniacea Bronn ......................... 68

Trigoniidae Lamarck...................... 68

Trigouotretinse Schnchert-.............. 45-49

Trilobita... ............................ 79-80

Tropidocaris Beecher..................... 81

Page. 

Tropidocaris hamiltoniae Hall........... SI, 104

Tropidoleptiinse Schucliert.............. 44-45

Tropidoleptus Hall.................... '23,44-45

carinatus Conrad ..................... 19,22

25,26,28,32,44-45,86-97 

Tubicola................................... 39

Tully fold, extent and character of....... 15-16

V. 

Vermes.................................... 39,96

 Verneuil, correlation by .................. 19

Vitulina Hall.............................. 50

pxistulosa Hall...... 19,24,27,44,45,50,84,97

W.

Williams,H.S.,correlation by............ 19

introduction by ......................... 9-10

letterof transinittalby............:.. 7

Z. 

Zaphrentidse E> £ H ...................... 35

Zaphrentis Rafinesque._..........._...... 35

simplexHall........................... 35,95

Zones, fossiliferous, descriptions of....... 20-34

figure showing......................... 21

o