DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIGli

BULLETIN

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 198

SERIES A, ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, 15

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1902

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

THE

BEREA GEIT OIL SAND

CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO

W. T. GKRISWOLD

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1902

CONTENTS.,

Page.

Letter of transmittal...................................................... 9

Introduction............................................................. 11

Petroleum ............................................................. '.. 12

Character and origin ................................................. 12

Oil in Pennsylvania .................................................. 12

Relation of oil pools to geologic structure .............................. 13 . Mode of accumulation of oil and gas................................... 14

The factors in the problem............................................ 16

The Cadiz quadrangle oil field ............................................ 16

Location and topography .................:....... .................... 16

Areal geology and stratigraphy........................................ 17

Method of constructing contour map of the oil sand ._ ....:................. 19

Relation of productive territory to structure in the Cadiz quadrangle ........ 20

Description of structure............................................... 20

Smithfield pool ...................................................... 21

Bloomfield anticline.....................:............................ 21

Salem area....................'....................................... 22

Piney Fork test wells.................................................. 22

Bricker pool......................................................... 22

Southern extension of main anticline .................................. 22

Snyder pool ......................................................... 23

Northern extension of main anticline.................................. 23

Amsterdam pool ............................... ...................... 24

Use of the structure map.................................................. 24

Wells and bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle ........................... 25

Index ...--..-_.......-_--_-_.--.--------_-.---.._.-_._____...._......... 43

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Pago.

PLATE I. Contour map of the Berea grit oil sand, Cadiz quadrangle, Ohio.... 20 

FJG. 1. Ideal section showing method of accumulation of oil and gas......... ]5

7

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

^ Washington, D. C. 'June 7, 

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a 

paper on the Berea grit oil sand in the Cadiz quadrangle, Ohio, by 

W. T. Griswold, with recommendation that it be published as a Bulletin, in the economic series.

I believe that this paper marks a distinct advance in the methods of 

studying oil fields and of determining and delineating the structure of 

the oil-bearing formations. While it affords an exceptionally favorable opportunity for subjecting the anticlinal theory of oil and gas 

accumulation to a rigid test, its primary object is to furnish practical 

information to the well driller. If the data contained in the paper 

are properly used in the field, a saving in expense of development 

will be effected amounting to man}r times the cost of the work done 

by the Survey.

Very respectfully, C. WILLARD HAYES,

Geologist in Charge of Geology. 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Director United States Geological Survey.

9

THE BEREA GRIT OIL SAND IN THE CADIZ 

QUADRANGLE, OHIO.

By W. T. GEISWOLD.

INTRODUCTION.

The anticlinal theory of the accumulation of oil and gas is now 

generally accepted. Through the investigations of Edward Orton, 

I. C. White, and other geologists working in the great Appalachian 

oil field, it has been placed on a substantial basis, and has been subjected to the supreme test of prediction. Important practical developments, both in the extension of known fields and in the discovery 

of new productive territory, have followed its application. In a large 

part of the Appalachian oil field, however, the geologic structure 

makes it extremely difficult to determine the localities where oil and 

gas should accumulate in accordance with the theory. To an extent 

not general^ realized the flexures of the strata are irregular and discontinuous, and the development of one oil pool affords little, if any, 

assistance in locating others on the same or adjacent anticlines. In a 

region characterized by such irregular structures, only instrumental 

work of a high degree of refinement will serve to locate the axes of 

the flexures and the exact form of their slopes. The first essential in 

such work is an accurate topographic base map, such as has not been 

in existence for any part of this field until very recently.

In connection with the topographic mapping of the Cadiz quadrangle, 

in eastern Ohio, an exceptionally favorable opportunity was afforded 

for working out the details of structure and subjecting the anticlinal 

theory to a. rigid test. The quadrangle contains several oil pools of 

considerable productiveness, and there is reason to believe that there 

are others equally valuable, but as yet undiscovered. The location of 

prospect wells has hitherto been determined largely by guesswork, 

and this is an extremely expensive method. The main object of the 

present report is, therefore, to afford some practical guidance to the 

driller in locating such prospect wells. As will be pointed out more 

fully later, correct location with reference to the flexures of the strata 

is only one of several conditions essential for a productive oil or gas

.11
12 BEREA GRIT OIL SAND IK CADIZ 'QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 188.

well. The other factors are porosity of the reservoir rock and degree 

of water saturation, and their importance has not been sufficiently 

recognized heretofore. While these can be absolutely determined 

only by the expensive method of drilling, an exact solution can not be 

reached until they are determined. A careful study of all existing 

data derived from wells already drilled in the region will throw light 

upon the structure and will enable some forecast to be made concerning the probable condition of the oil sand in a given locality where no 

drilling has been done. It is fully realized that all predictions in 

regard to oil and gas are of uncertain value, but it is believed that 

those here made are conservative, and that they will at least prevent 

much useless expenditure.

PETROLEUM.

Character and origin. There has been much discussion, and different theories have been advanced, concerning the genes-i; of petroleum. 

A review of these discussions would occupy much space; it is sufficient to make a simple statement of those conclusions which have been 

reached from the consideration of established facts and which are 

accepted by a majority of the leading geologists.

Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, belonging chiefly 

to the paraffin series, which are designated under the general formula, 

CnH2n+2 . It varies in color from pale straw yellow through reddish 

and dark brown to black. The specific gravity or density varies 

from 0.777 to 0.907, or from 50° to 16° of the Baume. scale. It. is 

probably derived from organic matter, both animal and vegetable, 

contained in the shales and limestones of the Silurian and later ages.

o

Oil in Pennsylvania. With the discovery of oil in western Penny

Sylvania, on Oil Creek, a new industry opened. The earlier developments were confined to the lower lands along the streams, and for some 

time the higher or hill land was not considered available as oil territory. In a short time it was found that the elevation of the surface 

of the ground had little or no relation to the oil supplies beneath. It 

wa.s noticed, however, that the productive territoiy followed lines 

running in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction, with a bearing of about 45° from true nortn. This gave rise to the 45°-line 

theory, and a great deal of prospecting was done by extending exploration from a developed pool on a bearing of 45° to the northeast or 

southwest. As development proceeded toward the south the bearing 

lines of productive territory gradually changed until, instead of a 45° 

line, a bearing of 22° from true north or south seemed to lead to the 

most profitable extensions.

With the development of the natural-gas industry, Mr. W. A. Earsman and other operators noticed that the most productive wells were
ORMWOLD.] RELATION OF-"OIL POOLS TO GEOLOGIC 8TBUCTUBE. 13

located upon or near the lines of anticlinal arches. This important 

deduction has been expounded and developed by Prof. 1. C. White, of 

Morgantown, W. Va., who has published his conclusions, and has successfully located both gas and oil wells by means of the so-called anticlinal theory. 4|

Relation of oil pools to geologic structure. Petroleum, being of less 

specific gravity than the saline waters found in the porous strata 

beneath the surface, is undoubtedly affected by the slope of the rocks 

in which it is contained, and tends to collect along lines of nearly 

equal elevation which parallel the folds of the strata. With this fact 

in mind, it becomes very easy to account for the 45° and 22° lines 

which occupied so prominent a place in the early development of the 

Pennsylvania field. The Appalachian oil field occupies the western 

flanks of the Appalachian Mountains, the axes of its minor folds having 

a general parallelism with the folds of that mountain system. Where 

oil was first discovered these folds have a nearly northeast-southwest 

direction, but in extending southwest their divergence from true 

north and south became less, as does that of the major folds of the 

mountains themselves.

In looking over maps of the oil and gas producing territory, notably 

those published by the geological surveys of Pennsylvania and West 

Virginia, and comparing them with maps showing the geologic structure, the gas and oil producing belts and folds are seen to have the same 

general direction. But there are some notable exceptions to this 

general statement, if the published information as to the direction of 

the structure axes is correct. The mapping of the structural lines, 

however, has been but meagerly and imperfectly clone. The minor 

anticlinal arches have been represented as extending for long distances 

in straight parallel lines. More detailed work will probably show 

that their axes are not straight and parallel, but meander with more 

or less irregularity. This is indicated by the recent work of Marias 

R. Campbell in Armstrong and Butler counties, Pennsylvania, where 

the Bradys Bend anticline, instead of continuing in a northeast-southwest direction, makes a sharp bend due west and passes out of Armstrong into Butler County/*

It may be assumed in general, therefore, that the minor anticlines 

do not have anything like the regularity shown on most of the maps 

now published. They are probably curved and irregular, even much 

more so than are the larger folds which occur in the mountainous belt 

to the east. Hence, it would be unsafe to consider any seeming discrepancy between the lines of oil development and the axes of the anticlinal arches as now published as evidence against a theory until very 

careful geologic work has been done to actually locate the folds.

aEng. and Min. Jour., February 15,1902.
14 BEKEA GKRIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADKANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198.

Mode of accumulation of oil and gas. The slope or dip of the oilbearing formations can have an influence on the accumulation of oil 

and gas only through the differences in specific gravity between these 

two substances and the water and air with which the}'- come in contact. Gravity, acting in the manner to be explained below, is the 

force that has caused the segregation and collection of oil and gas in 

economic quantities.

The thick shales which constitute an important part of the sedimentary rocks of the oil and gas territory are probably to be looked 

upon as the source of the oil and gas. These two hydrocarbons, forming in veiy small quantities over a large territory, have been forced 

out of the shale into an adjacent porous stratum whenever such porous 

formation lies in juxtaposition to the oil-bearing shale. These porous 

strata are saturated with water, and from the nature of their formation 

must have been so at the time of their original deposition. The porous 

strata usually consist of sandstone, but in some cases they are composed of limestones which have been under conditions of crystallization 

that give the rock an open structure.

Assuming a bubble of gas and a drop of oil to have been forced from 

the underlying shale into a porous sandstone already saturated with 

water, the natural course of the two particles, owing to their lesser 

specific gravity, will be to force their way up through the sand rock 

until a roof or impervious stratum is reached, and here to remain if 

the cap or cover to the porous stratum is perfectly level. If, however, the cap rock has a slope, there will be a tendency for the hydrocarbons to creep along, always up the slope of the stratum, until a 

reverse or counter dip is met, at which point an accumulation will be 

formed, the gas occupying the highest points, with the oil directly 

beneath it and resting upon the water.

In assuming the existence of a continuously porous stratum entirely 

filled by water, we are not entirely supported by fact. The sand 

rocks are of all degrees of porosity, a single bed frequently varying 

from a coarse conglomerate, with good-sized pebbles having large 

spaces between tiheui through which any fluid may flow with but little 

friction, to the finest grained sandstones, through which the passage of 

a liquid is slow and difficult. At other points the sand grains may be 

cemented together by lime, iron oxide, or silica into sandstones that 

are practically impervious to fluids. These differences in the reservoir strata may at any time cause results entirely at variance with the 

conditions to be expected from the anticlinal theory.

Although these sedimentary beds must have been completely saturated with water when first deposited, they are not always so at 

present. Some porous beds are freely saturated through their whole 

extent; others are saturated only in the lower portions of the folds, 

while the portions which occupy anticlines are almost entirely free
GEISWOLD.] MODE OF ACCUMULATION OF OIL AND GAS. 15

from water. This condition of complete or partial saturation of the 

porous rocks becomes of the greatest importance in the application of 

the anticlinal theory to the accumulation of oil. The natural gas, by 

reason of its less specific gravity than water, oil, or air, will continue 

to rise in a porous- rock until stopped b}^ an impervious cover. The 

oil, on the other hand, can continue upward only so long as it has the 

water upon which to climb, and must, therefore, stop at the water line, 

although this may be but part way up a decided slope. The accompanying sketch, representing an imaginary section through folded 

strata of petroleum-bearing shale and a porous sandstone capped with 

an impervious limestone, shows the theoretical method of accumulation 

of the hydrocarbons.

FIG. 1. Ideal section showing method of accumulation of oil and gas.

The oil and gas, entering the sand rock all along its base, work their 

way to the roof A, and gradually creep along to the right to the bend 

or crest of the terrace at B, where the strata become so nearly-level 

that the horizontal tendency of the oil particles is not sufficient to 

overcome the friction through the sand, while the gas, having more 

buoyancy, and therefore more force of lateral motion, moves on, 

leaving the accumulation of oil, unaccompanied by much gas, at the 

break represented at B. The hydrocarbons entering between C and E 

gradually work upward until a dome, or anticline, is reached at D, 

which completely captures both gas and oil. From E to G the tendency is to work toward G, but the higher portion of the sand rock is 

not completely saturated Avith water, und the oil can move only to the
16 BEKEA GKIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198.

upper surface of the water, while the gas passes on to the highest 

attainable point, leaving what may be a considerable distance between 

the accumulations of gas and oil.

In the second sketch the same forces have acted, forming an accumulation at H. At I the sand rock has become impervious, and an 

obstruction is formed that nullifies all calculations from the geologic 

structure, for it is evident that the oil and gas accumulations will take 

place at the bottom of the barrier opposed to its movement, though it 

be near the bottom of a decided slope.

The factors in the problem. It is evident, therefore, that three important unknown factors affect the accumulation of oil, in addition to the 

fundamental conditions of a petroleum-yielding shale in juxtaposition 

to a porous stratum suitably capped with an impervious layer.

First and most important is the internal condition of the sand, which 

must be such as to allow the passage of the fluid between its particles. 

Second is the amount of water in the porous stratum, a knowledge of 

which is necessary for determining at what point with reference to the 

structure the accumulation of oil may be expected. Third is the geologic structure, or the slopes of the porous stratum. If the strata have 

a gradual and regular slope over a considerable area, the probabilities 

are that there have been no accumulations of oil of economic value, but 

that the supply which has entered the porous stratum is eventy distributed along its upper surface.

The first two factors, relating to the porosity of the rock and the 

degree of saturation, can be determined only by the expensive method 

of the drill. The third, however, in certain localities may be to a great 

extent elucidated by careful geologic work. It is evident that if the 

cap of the oil-bearing formation formed the present land surface, so

that its slopes with its high and low points could be seen, the most 

probable locations for the collection of oil and gas could be readily 

selected. This condition is represented in the accompanying map of 

the Cadiz quadrangle. The surface drainage and the culture, with the 

Government land-surve}^ lines, are represented as a base, upon which 

are shown, by means of 10-foot contours in red, the position, slopes, 

and grades of the top of the cap of the Berea grit oil sand. The present land surface with its hills and valleys is entirely disregarded, and 

the surface represented by the contours is that which the region would 

have if all the rocks above the Berea grit were completely removed.

THE CADIZ QUADRANGLE OIL FIELDS.

Location and topography. The Cadiz quadrangle, Ohio, is bounded 

by parallels 40° 15' and 40° 30', and by meridians 80° 45' and 81° 00'. 

It includes parts of Jefferson, Harrison, and Carroll counties, Cadiz 

being the principal town. Near the western side of .the quadrangle is a
GRISWOLD.I AREAL GEOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY. 17

north-south ridge which divides the waters flowing directly into the 

Ohio River from those flowing west and south and finally entering the 

Ohio at Marietta. The streams have cut their channels into the easily 

eroded formations to a depth of nearly 300 feet, leaving a confused 

mass of hills and valleys, with very little or no level land. The hill 

slopes are seldom too steep for farming, and the country is in a high 

state of cultivation. The many beds of limestone disintegrate readily, 

forming arable land of excellent quality.

Areal geology and stratigraphy. The geologic section exposed by 

the stream erosion includes about 150 feet of the Upper Productive 

Coal Measures (Monongahela) and 300 to 400 feet of the Lower Barren Measures (Conemaugh). The Pittsburg coal (No. 8), the bottom 

of which is the dividing line between these two formations, outcrops 

near the bottom of the deepest valleys in the southeast corner of the 

quadrangle. Here is obtained a section above the Pittsburg coal 

nearly 300 feet in thickness. Toward the northwest the Pittsburg 

coal rises until, at a point a few miles south of the northern border of 

the quadrangle, it is found only upon the summits of the highest 

ridges. Here is obtained a section below the Pittsburg bed fully 300 

feet in thickness. In this vertical distance of 600 or 700 feet are found 

a number of strata that can be easily recognized whenever seen in 

outcrop, and may be used as guide horizons in determining the geologic structure.

The upper surface of the workable coal in the Pittsburg bed is taken 

as the datum plane from which the vertical distance, above or below, 

is calculated to other horizons, in all cases the top of the stratum mentioned being taken.

The Pittsburg bed has a thickness of about 4i feet of workable coal, 

and above this is a thin bed of fire clay, followed by \\ feet of impure 

coal, or coal blossom.

In ascending order from the Pittsburg bed the following easily recognizable strata are found: (1) a hard, dark-blue limestone, lying but 

a few feet above the Pittsburg coal, and called " Upper 8 limestone;" 

(2) a thin bed of coal, rarely over 6 inches, occurring in the shale and 

known as the " Pittsburg rider vein;" (3) a coal bed with a thickness 

of from 8 to 16 inches, known as "Meigs Creek coal;" (4) an 8-inch 

bed of cream-white limestone, intersected by thin seams of crystallized 

calcite, here referred to as " Meigs Creek white limestone."

Below the Pittsburg coal are found (1) a bed of limestone very similar to that above, here called "Lower Pittsburg lime;" (2) a bed of 

coal less than 1 foot in thickness, and called " No. 7 b;" (3) the Ames 

limestone, from 2 to 4 feet in thickness, of a greenish color, and carrying a great number of crinoidal stems; (4) the Ames coal, often 

found directly beneath the Ames limestone; (5) a bed of coal from 1 

to 3 feet in thickness, called u No. 7 a."

Bull. 198 02 2
18 BEREA GRIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198.

In selecting the measurements for determining the vertical distance 

between these different strata, only those were used which were 

obtained where the formations were known to be lying nearly level, 

or where the horizontal distance between the two outcrops was small. 

In cases where two outcrops of the same bed could be obtained and 

the outcrop of another stratum was found approximately halfway 

horizontally between the two, an average of the elevations of the two 

outcrops of the one bed above the other was used in order to eliminate 

the error from dip of the strata.

The most useful beds for plotting the geologic structure have been 

the Meigs Creek coal, the Pittsburg coal, and the Ames limestone. 

The other strata have not always been found in their expected positions, and the number of good comparisons between them and the 

Pittsburg coal have been fewer, so that their true position is not considered so well established.

The following tables give the determined vertical distance between 

the top of the workable coal of the Pittsburg bed and the top of the 

various coals and limestones mentioned above:

Vertical distance from Pittsburg coal to top of Meigs Creek white lime.

Feet. 

Church at Bloomfield .............................................. I.;...... 132

One and a half miles south of Smithfield .................................... 119

On Smithfield and Cadiz road near Piney Fork............................... 113

On Cadiz and York road near Hurford Creek................................. Ill

Vertical distance from Pittsburg coal, to top of Meigs Creek coal.

At the town of Bloomfield .................................................. 99

On hill between two Mclntyre creeks, north of Smithfield .................... 92

One and.a half miles southwest of Smithfield................................. 94

On Smithfield and Cadiz road near Piney Fork............................... 97

On Cadiz and York road near Hurford Creek ................................ 94

On farm road near north line of township 10, range 4 ......................... 93

Vertical distance from Pittsburg coal to top of Pittsburg rider vein.

On Cadiz and York road near Hurford Creek ................................ 26

On Cadiz and Unionvale pike near Cadiz .................................... 24

On road near north line of township 10, range 4.............................. 21

On ridge east of Amsterdam................................................. 26

Vertical distance from Pittsburg coal to Upper No. 8 limestone.

On Cadiz and Unionvale pike near Cadiz .................................... 12

On ridge east of Amsterdam ................................................ 19

Vertical distance from Pittsburg coal to Lower No. 8 limestone.

On Cadiz and Unionvale pike near Cadiz .................................... 7

On ridge east of Amsterdam, west summit.................................... 11

On ridge east of Amsterdam, east summit...............................I..-. 9
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING- THE CONTOUR MAP. 19

Vertical distance from Pittsburg coal to coal. No. 7 b. 

Feet. 

OirCadiz and Unionvale pike near Cadiz..................................... 134

On Cadiz and Hopedale road near Greenough................................ 127

Vertical distance from Pittsburg coal to top of Ames limestone.

From ridge south of Opossum Hollow into Opossum Hollow.................. 218

From ridge north of Opossum Hollow to Skelley road........ .. .............. 213

On road from Bloonifield to Bloomfield station............................... 221

On ridge south of Amsterdam............................................... 220

On road from East Springfield to Shane post-office, via Town Fork............ 217

Near Carmen station ....................................................... 205

Near Richmond............................................................ 230

METHOD OF CONSTBUCT1NG THE CONTOUR MAP OF THE

OIL SAND.

From the permanent bench marks established, spirit-level lines were 

run over nearly every road and up a great many hollows, establishing 

the true elevation of about five hundred outcrops of recognizable geologic horizons. By then adding to or subtracting from each elevation 

thus determined an amount equal to the vertical distance between the 

particular bed located and the Pittsburg coal, the elevation of the Pittsburg coal at these points was obtained. These points were then plotted 

and there was thus prepared a map having marked upon it the elevation 

of the key horizon, the Pittsburg coal, at 500 points. By connecting 

th. points of ^ualelevatio" a contour map showing the folds of this 

key horizon was made, the accuracj^oi-ui/s ii'i«,p ^^^..jj.^ .r *u^ 

number of elevations obtained and their even distribution over the 

quadrangle.

The vertical distance from the Pittsburg coal to the Berea grit at 

each test well was obtained by comparing the elevation of the mouth 

of the well with the elevation of the Pittsburg coal at that point and 

adding this difference of elevation to, or subtracting it from, the distance from the mouth of the well to the Berea grit as given by the 

well record. This distance from the Pittsburg coal to the Berea grit 

was found to vary, but with a quite remarkable regularity. The true 

position of each test well was then plotted and the vertical distance 

between the Pittsburg coal and the Berea grit marked upon the map. 

The positions of the different test wells were connected by straight 

fines and these lines were divided so that each subdivision represented 

the horizontal distance in which the vertical distance from the Pittsburg coal to the Berea grit decreased 5 feet. The points of equidistance from coal to sand were then connected and a drawing was built 

up called the convergence sheet. This shows by a series of lines the 

points of equal distance between the Pittsburg coal and the Berea grit.

The convergence sheet was then placed over the plot showing elevations of the key horizon, and it showed at once the amount that should
20 BEREA GRIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198.

be subtracted from the elevation of the Pittsburg coal to determine 

the elevation of the Berea sand at any point. The elevation of the 

Berea sand at every point where. it was determined was then marked 

on the map and the points of equal elevation were again connected, 

resulting in a contour map of the oil-bearing sand (PI. I). fl The map 

was drawn in 10-foot contours, as this seems the most desirable interval for the use of the oil operator, though it is hardly to be expected 

that the drill will always find this degree of accuracy in the work.

Jn making such a map in the manner above outlined it is evident 

that there are several sources of error which can not be entirely provided against. Thus, a bend or change of dip may occur at a point 

at which there is no outcrop of any. one of the guide horizons. 

The difference of elevation having been determined at two points, the 

slope of the oil sand between them is represented as uniform, while, 

in fact, it may be horizontal for a part of the distance and have a steep 

dip for the remainder. The records of test wells, although carefully 

taken at the time of the drilling, can sometimes be procured only from 

the memory of the driller, and the only check upor^ their correctness 

is from the resulting appearance of the divergence sheet. Again, a 

sudden change in the rate of divergence between the key horizon and 

the oil sand may occur where no test well has been drilled, in which 

case the divergence sheet will show an erroneous uniformity. All of 

these conditions probably do happen, making the map more generalized 

than the contour interval wonlrl -« J-'-->. -_ ->» 

 ine true elevation of the tojTof the sand, although very desirable 

to know, is not absolutely necessary to the usefulness of the map. If 

there is an error of 20 to 30 feet in the elevation of the sand the 

probable maximum error there will be the same or nearly the same 

error in the elevation of adjacent portions of the bed, and the relative 

dip or slope between the two places will be approximately as represented upon the map. Since this is the really important feature of 

the map, the errors in absolute elevation, due to the causes above 

enumerated, are less serious than they might at first sight appear.

RELATION OF PRODUCTIVE TERRITORY TO STRUCTURE 

IN THE CADIZ QUADRANGLE.

description of the structure. The accompanying contour map of 

the Berea oil sand shows a system of parallel folds, forming elongated 

domes and canoe-shaped basins, with an indication of cross folding 

about at right angles to the principal system. The most prominent 

feature is the main anticlinal arch, which extends from near the southwest corner of the quadrangle in a northeasterly direction, passing 

just east of the town of Salem, where it attains its greatest height.

«As the key horizon map and the convergence sheet represent merely steps in the process of making the map of the oil sand, it is not deemed necessary to publish them.
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO

, w#'

BULLETIN No.198 PL.

Topographic base from surveys of the 

U.S.Geological Survey.Chas.D.Waicott,Director, 

in cooperation with the State of Ohio.G.K.Nash.Governor

CONTOUR MAP OF THE BEREA GRIT OIL SAND

ByW.T. Griswold

Scale E miles
RELATION TO STRUCTURE. 21

Thence it swings to a more easterly direction and rapidly falls away 

before reaching Richmond. The corresponding syncline parallels this 

fold on the western side, but is interrupted by two cross anticlines, 

one near the line of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis 

Railroad, the other very nearly agreeing with the location of the ridge 

road from East Springfield north toward Bergholtz. It thus forms a 

canoe-shaped basin whose lowest point is but a short distance east of 

the town of Jefferson, and part of another basin which extends almost 

due east and west, its center line being very near the location of the 

middle ridge. To the east of the main anticline the sand descends in 

terraces or steps to the eastern limit of the quadrangle, the crests 

of the terraces extending in lines parallel to the main anticlinal folds. 

Over this slope the intersection of the cross folds has the effect of 

obliterating the terrace for some distance and throwing its steep slope 

farther toward the east after passing the secondary fold.

No long and steep slopes exist in the quadrangle. The slope is 

steepest on the face of the terraces, where it seldom amounts to 100 

feet to the mile. This lack of decided slope for a considerable distance 

is unfavorable to the probable accumulation of a large pool of oil, 

since no large area of oil-producing territory has been drained into 

a single continuous reservoir.

Smithfieldpool. The southern half of the quadrangle has been very 

generally prospected for oil. In the southeast corner, near the town 

of Srnithfield, two producing wells (Nos. 189 and 190) have been found 

pn the farm of Mr. Charles Galbraith. These two producers have 

been nearly encircled by test wells in hopes of extending this pool, but 

with unfavorable results. The two producing wells seem to be upon 

a nearly level terrace and in what appears to be a most unlikely place 

for the accumulation of oil, from the indication of the contour map. 

To the southeast of the producing wells only one coal outcrop was 

leveled to. Well No. 193 found the sand 20 feet lower than would be 

expected from this outcrop. It is possible, therefore, that the sand 

descends faster in the southeast corner than is represented on the map. 

From this it would seem that the most favorable direction for prospecting is to the southeast of the producing wells.

Bloomfield anticline, Passing north from Smithfield over the 

Mclntyre creeks the sand is found to rise rapidly, until it culminates in a nose jutting out at right angles to the direction of general 

folding, with its highest point in sec. 10, and extending southeasterly 

to east of the colored settlement near Mclntyre Creek. This would 

seem to indicate a favorable point for oil accumulation, and it is 

probable that if good sand be found on the sides of this secondary 

anticline it will be saturated with oil, the most probable location being 

in a northeasterly line through sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 3, and sees. 32 and 

33, T. 6 N., R. 2, with a favorable chance for small wells on the west
. V' 

22 BEEEA GEIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADEAtfGLE, OHIO. [Bur,,l98.

side of the fold in sees. 2 and 8, T. 9,R. 3. Four test wells have been 

drilled that may be considered as having a bearing upon this possible 

oil territory. Well No. 195, on the farm of William Cope, is rumored, 

though no positive information was obtained, to have found very poor 

or no sand. Well No. 217, on the farm of J. Dodds, found very poor 

sand, with but little water and slight show of oil. Well No. 218, on 

Joshua Moore's farm, found the Berea grit to consist from top to bottom of lime formation, incapable of holding any large amount of fluid. 

Well No. 196, at Southerland's mill, found very good sand, with indications of .oil. After shooting this well a number of barrels of oil 

were bailed out. Wells Nos. 195 and 21T from their locations could 

not have been expected to be large producers, but had they made a 

show of salt water would have very much improved the chance of 

good producing territory on the anticline. Well No. 196 seems to 

have made a better show than was to be expected, and is apt to suggest the idea that the impervious sand extends for a considerable distance down the side of the anticline. Well No. 218 proves nothing 

except that poor sand exists at the point where the well was drilled. 

With the evidence of these wells taken into consideration, this area 

must be regarded as having favorable structure, but with strong 

probabilities of finding poor sand.

Salem area. On the eastern side of the main anticline, north of the 

secondary fold above mentioned, no noticeable features are shown, and 

a selection of the most favorable territory would be very hard to make, 

though a test well in the south part of sec. 20 or 26 would have a fair 

show of success, and if a failure, would furnish valuable data as to 

the probability of an oil pool in that locality.

Piney Fork test wells. To the west of Smithfield, on and near the 

Piney Fork of Short Creek, four test wells have been drilled. Well 

No. 182, on the farm of Alexander S,. Thompson, gave a fair show of 

oil. This well is shown by the map to be at the crest of a small terrace. The other wells, Nos. 181,183, and 240, were simply dry holes.

Bricker pool. From this locality westward no favorable territory 

is shown until reaching the producing area on the main anticline northeast of the town of Cadiz. Here the Bricker pool was opened up 

in sec. 30 by well No. 49, which started at 150 barrels. The sand at 

this pool is very favorable, and it has furnished a number of wells that 

started at over 100 barrels per day. This pool is not giving evidence 

of long life. The productive territory has been definitely limited by 

four gas wells on the west, three dry holes on the north, also three 

dry holes on the south, with a strong salt-water well, No. 57, on the 

east.

Southern extension of main anticline. Beyond the three dry holes 

on the Rife farm, the southern extension of the eastern slope of the
GRI&WOI.D.J RELATION TO STRUCTURE. 23

anticline has been tested only by well No. 13, on the Porter farm. 

This well found 3 feet of good sand, with good show of oil and large 

amounts of salt water. The map represents this well as located too 

far down the slope of the anticline. Its results, however, give evidence for the probability of producing territory in the northeast quarter of sec. 28 and the southeast quarter of sec. 29.

The area west of the anticline may all be considered as favorable 

territory for small wells. Although not shown on the map, it is 

known that a strong syncline parallels the line of the anticline just off 

the western edge of the quadrangle, and encounters the cross anticline 

at the Jewett .oil field, which field covers a considerable area with 

small-producing wells.

Snyder pool, On the eastern side of the main anticline, 2 miles 

northeast of the Bricker pool, what is known as the Snyder field has 

been developed during the last j^ear. The sand here is not so favorable as at the Bricker pool, but a number of 30- and 40-barrel wells 

have been found.

Northern extension of the main anticline. North and northeast of 

the Snyder pool six wells have been sunk in the attempt to find other 

pools by an extension of the alignment of the Bricker and Snyder 

pools, with uniformly unfavorable results.. With the information 

shown by the contour map, these results would, not have been unexpected. It is here that the influence of the cross anticline has come 

in, and the terrace face has been moved over to the east of the town 

of Hopedale, where it again takes up its northeasterly direction, and 

is in fact the extension of the Bricker and Snyder.pool terrace. Two 

test wells have been drilled at the southeast end of this terrace. The 

first well, No. 203, found sand, with a show of oil, and led to the drilU 

ing of the second well, No. 204, with the intention of striking the 

sand full)7 10 feet higher than in\the first well. This they failed to do, 

finding the sand only 2 feet higher in the second well than in the first. 

This slightly increased elevation showed veiy favorably in the oil 

indications, and the well was put to pumping, resulting in from 1£ to 

2 barrels a day.

Wells Nos. 205 and 206 were small producers, but not from the 

Berea grit sand, since they were sunk only to the Cow Run sand. 

Other wells near Nos. 205 and 206 were drilled to the Berea grit, and 

were unproductive. Their location and records have not been procured. The result of well No. 202, in sec. 28, was not learned. Well 

No. 201, in sec. 23, is reported as a gas well.

From the structure and indications of test wells already drilled, a 

very favorable line for finding oil seems to exist in a northeasterly 

direction from the southeast quarter of sec. 3, toward the town of 

Unionport.
24 BEEEA GEIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADBANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198 

Amsterdam pool. The accumulation from the canoe-shaped basin 

on the western side of the main anticline has been discovered in part 

at Amsterdam. v

The sand at the Amsterdam wells is of such a poor quality that it 

probably would have been reported as all lime had it not been oilproducing. The wells are small, but will probably improve when spots ^ 

of better sand are found. The limits of this field have been determined 

across the dip of the sand by a salt-water well, No. 205, and a gas well ^ 

in sec. 19, not located on the map. The lateral extensions along the * 

strike are as yet not defined by test wells. The indications are that 

the extensions will be to the southwest in a diagonal line through sec. 

30, and to the east in an almost due east line through the south half of 

sec. 7.

USE OF THE STRUCTURE MAP.

* 

To obtain the most valuable result from the use of the map of the

oil sand, it is necessary to know the true elevation of the mouth of a + 

contemplated well. For this purpose the elevations of the surface at 

a great many intersections of roads and other spots have been printed 

on the map. The letters "B M" have been prefixed to two hundred v 

of these elevations, and beneath each has been placed one of the numbers of the consecutive series appearing in the first column of the 

bench-mark descriptions on pages 34 to 42. These bench marks have V 

been so distributed that it is hoped any point may be reached by not 

over 1 mile of leveling.

After obtaining the true elevation of the mouth of the proposed * 

well, add to it the elevation of the oil sand, as shown by the contour 

map, at the point where the well is to be drilled, disregarding the

minus sign, The sum will be equal to the depth of well required to v

reach the top of the sand, and by increasing this amount by 40 to 60 

feet the total depth of well will be found. By subtracting 350 feet 

from the computed distance from mouth to top of Berea sand, a very * 

close estimate can be made of the casing required to extend through 

the Big Indian sand.
WELLS AND BENCH MARKS IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO.

List of wells in the Cudiz quadrangle.

Number 

on 

map.

1

2

3

4

8

9

10

11

12

13

15

17

18

19

20

21

Farm.

C.M.Hogg ............

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

J. & J. W. Rife .........

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

Tp.

10

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

R.

5

4

4

4

4

* 4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Sec.

35

35

34

28

OJ.

0 A

O4

34

22

22

17

29

 29

29

OA

30

30

30

Owner.

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

Wilson & Pratt .............

Ohio Oil Co.. ...............

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

Number.

1

2

1

1

3

2

2

1

3

Elevation of 

mouth.

Feet. 

1,151

1,075

1,063

1,034

1,022

1,144

1,107

1,213

1,036

1,133

1,186

1,220

1,156

1,177

1,130

1,196

Distance 

from 

mouth to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet. 

1,414

1,431

1,345

1,317

1,572

1,423

1,477

1,498

1,440

1,460

1,410

1,479

Elevation of 

cap of 

sand.

Feet.a 

-263

-311

-295

-359

-290

-291

-278

-284

-283

-280

-283

Thickness of 

sand.

Feet. 

50

50

59

31

53

26

Elevation of 

Pittsburg 

coal.

Feet. ' 

1,180

1,185

1,185

1,145

1,192

1,194

1,203

1,201

1.205

Distance 

from 

Pittsburg 

coal to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet. 

1,443

1,496

1,480

1,504

1,482

1,485

1,481

1,484

1,488

Remarks.

Cadiz.

ural; after shooting no oil.

Do.

Small show. Good sand;

some oil, with large quantity of salt water.

Do.

extended 35 feet.

Do.

Do.

H

tei

g!zt 

Q

a Minus sign indicates distance below sea level.

fcO
List of wells in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued. fcO

Number 

on 

map.

91

f>e

27

OQ

29

on

01

qo

qq

34

OR

36

»7

qo

QQ

40

41

42

43

44

Farm.

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do..................

.....do'.............-...

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

Tp.

9

9

g

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

R.

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Sec.

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

on

on

qn

30

3ft

3ft

30

3ft

on

3ft

30

Owner.

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do..... ................

,. ...do.. ....................

.....do......................

.....do......................

......do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

Number.

5

7

2

1

3

 4

6

6

8

9

3

12

10

16

14

13

15

20

17

19

18

Elevation of 

mouth.

Feet. 

1,179

1,124

1,159

1,072

1,114

1,135

1,193

1,135

1,120

1,114

1405

J.,097

1,037

1,135

1,032

1,156

1,178

1, 151

1,205

1,198

1,187

Distance 

from 

mouth to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet. 

1,463

1,408

1,452

1,368

1,402

1, 417

Elevation of 

cap of 

sand.

Feet.a 

-284

-284

-292

-296

-288

-282

-285

-303

-280

-288

-289

-308

-303

 290

 307

 294

 301

Thickness of 

sand.

Feet.

33

Elevation of 

Pittsburg 

coal.

Feet.

1,203

1,187

Distance 

from 

Pittsburg 

ccal to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet.

1,487

1,481

Remarks.

140 barrels.

Strong gas.

Records of National Oil Co.

do not give top of sand cap ; 

17 feet was subtracted 

from record of top of pay 

sand for elevation of cap 

rock.

*.

Qt II

N. 

£>

Q

4 *
45

4fi

47

48

49

50

51

5?

53

54

55

56

57

58 

*59

60

61

62 

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71n

73

74

75

76

77

78

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

Emmit Thompson. .... 

J.S. Black.............

B.Robb....... .........

John B. Thompson .... 

W. Beadle.............

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do...................

.....do.................

.....do............ ....

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

99999999

10

10

1099

9 99

10

10 

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

. 4.

4-4

-444444444444444444444

.444444444

so

so

30

30

30

30

30

914

?5

25

?5

30

?4

36

18

?4

1!)

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

19

?0

90

?0

?0

on 20

 >o

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....dO....................:.

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

Ohio Oil Co ................

National Oil Co. ............

.....do......................

National Oil Co. ............

National Oil Co. ............

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

35

. 1

. . 4

. 1

11221

<k1

-

132124331149

. 528

1,037

1,086

1,069

. 1,096

1,099

1, 195

1,085

1,023

1,-150

1,011

1,029

1,062

1,185

1,092

1,190

1,092

1,123

1,205

1,225

1,178

1,215

1,162

1,196

1,208

1,224

 1,480

1,326

1,368

1 QQr»

1,493

1,470

1,483

1,425

1,455

1,470

1,480

 °91

301

 285

 297

OAO

°68

 357

"AC

 308

o no

 268

-263

-259

-262

-257

1,180

1 f)(\Q

n 10Q

1 

J 194

1,211

1,476

1,495

i ?vin

1,473

Drv.

Do.

. Do.

Dry.

O f"

a Minus sign indicates distance below sea level. fcO
List of wells in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued. fcO

GO

Number 

on 

map.

79

SO

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

Farm.

\VT*I Oroskpv

.....do.................

F.B.Cole..............

F.B. Cole.... ..........

.....do.................

F.B.Cole..............

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do........... .....

.....do.................

F.B.Cole..............

.....do.................

.....do.................

Tp.

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

R.

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Sec.

20

20

14

13

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

. 20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

Owner.

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do...... ...............

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

Ohio Oil Co. ................

Number.

1

3

3

 7

2

1

6

5

3

1

2

1

2

3

Elevation of 

mouth.

Feet. 

1, 202

1,163

1,184

1,206

1,230

1,212

1,218

1,224

1,125

1,078

1,075

1,126

1,217

1,157

1,214

1,159

1.123

Distance 

from 

mouth to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet. 

1,475

1,455-

1,449

1,470

1,464

1,487

1,470

1,487

1,382

1,476

Elevation of 

cap of 

sand.

Feet.a 

-273

-292

-265

-258

-257

-258

-263

-257

-259

-242

-251

Thickness of 

sand.

Feet.

Elevation of 

Pittsburg 

coal.

Feet.

1,211

1,213

1,213

1,213

1 91 ^

k

1,233

Distance 

from 

Pittsburg 

coal to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet.

1,476

1,471

1,470

1,471

1,476

1,470

1,475

Remarks.

Do.

Q

» i i

H

O t-i f1

o

>- 

o I. 

M

,© 

t*

O

>-( 

O
10fi

107

1 no

109

110

111 m

113

114

115

116

117

lis

119

120

121 I 1??

1?3

1?4

19s*

i?fi

197

1?8

1?9

130

TOT

100

1 *W

134

13ft

13fi

1OQ

139

J.Brindle..............

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

. 10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

4

* 4444

4. 44444444444

4. 444

28

28

28

28

34

34

28

34

OA

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

14

34

34

34

34

^4

S4

34

.....do...................... 1

.....do...................... 1

.....do...................... 2

OhioOil Co.. ...............' 1

OhioOilCo.. ............... 3

.....do...................... 2

OhioOilCo................. 5

.....do...................... 6

.....do...................... 5

.....do...................... 4

.....do...................... 11

.....do...................... 3

.....do...................... 12

1,086

1,075

1,198

1,234

1,198

1,081

1,165

1,180

1,975

1,285

1,193

1,158

1,124

1,352

1,410

1,410

1,444

1,414

1,443

1,296

1,295

1,400

1,394

1,500

1,510

1,409

1,365

1,334

-212

-210

-216

-214

-235

-214

-225

-225

 216

-207

-210

3

It

Gas \veii.

'Minus sign indicates distance below sea level. to

co
List of wells in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

Number 

on 

map.

141

342

143

145

146

148

149

i w

151

1 ^9

1 f^Q

1^4

155

1 P^£

J57

358

1 KQ

160

161

163

165

166

Farm.

.....do.................

T M Lee

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.:...............

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

Tp.

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

.10

R.

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

" 4

4

4

4

Sec.

34

34

34

34

35

qtqc

35

qc

qp:

qe

,'qtc

qsc

qc

q^

35

0 =

qK

35

35

. 35

Owner.

Ohio Oil Co.................

,

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do ......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do.......... ............

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....ffo. ......~.... ..........

.....do,.... ...................

Ohio Oil Co.................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

Number.

1

10

1

4

2

1

2

6

4

3

4

5

1

3

5

4

1

Elevation of 

mouth.

feet. 

1,201

1,218

1,237

1,212

1,162

1,051

1,034

1,033

1,038

1,096

1,030

1,199

1,148

1,125

1,082

Distance 

from 

mouth to 

cap of 

sand.

feet. 

1,408

1,432

1,417

1,448

1,426

1,390

1,364

1,239

1,236

1,227

1,232

1,409

1,354

1,336

1,288

Elevation of 

cap of 

sand.

Feet. a 

-207

 214

-211

-214

-202

-205

-203

-197

-210

-206

-211

-206

Thickness of 

sand.

Feet.

39

36

34

40

40

41

Elevation of 

Pittsburg 

coal.

Feet.

....^....

«

1,240

*.

Distance 

from 

Pittsburg 

coal to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet.

1, 452

Remarks.

OS

o

bo
167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

.....do.................

W.Vermillion.........

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

W.S.Blackburn.......

9

. 9988888888888899

444333333333333233

35

353

28

29

29

11

10

10

10

10

10

10

36

17

23

.....do......................

C. Galbreth .................

.....do......................

.....do......................

12213

1,036

1,072

979

991

988

1,039

1,033

1,234

1,091

1,069

1,094

1,002

1,073

1,053

985

918

1,067

918

1,240

1,269

1,588

1,446

1,582

1,764

1,628

1,610

1,634

1,655

1,551

1 654

1,432

1,380

1.221

-197

-455

c/iq

_ 530

 537

 541

-540

541

-549

-581

-514

-313

-303

55

47

43

1,099

1,068

1,091

1,026

1,025

1,024

1,023

1,023

1,023

1,021

1,062

. 1,197

1.203

1,539

1,546

.......... (

1,569

1,564

1,563

1 >ifi4

1,570

1,576

1,510

1.506

Gas.

Do.

Dry. 

Some oil.

Full record.

a Minus sign indicates distance below sea level. CO
List of wells in Cadiz quadrangle Continued. 05

Number 

on 

map.

201

202

203

204

205

206

' 207

208

209

210

211

212

91 Q

214

215

216

217

218

O-IQ

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

Farm.

T.M.Reed.............

A. Lone ...............

Tp.

9

9

9

9

10

10

11

11

11

10

9

9

10

11

11

12

R.

3

3

4

0

3

3

4

4

Sec.

23

28

2

2

12

18

26

25

01

8

18

35

21

3

6

18

13

Owner.

Ohio Oil Co.................

W. C. Kennedy & Co. .......

Number.

2

Elevation of 

mouth.

Feet. 

939

1,038

1,110

1,152

998

987

1,025

1,071

1,152

1,118

1,190

911

1,108

1,121

1,070

880

1,228

933

898

961

945

933

Distance 

from 

mouth to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet. 

1,199

1,344

1,390

1,430

1,182

1,368

1,191

1,460

1,526

1,472

1,085

995

1,167

1.109

Elevation of 

cap of 

sand.

Feet.a 

-260

-306

-280

-278

-157

-219

-280

-292

-405

-402

-205

- 97

 206

 172

Thickness of 

sand.

Feet.

40

Elevation of 

Pittsburg 

coal.

Feet. 

 1,221

1,197

1,210

1,212

1,308

1,273

1,238

1, 238

1,228

1,201

1,122

1,150

1,250

1,277

Distance 

from 

Pittsburg 

coal to 

cap of 

sand.

Feet. 

1,481

1,603

1,490

1,490

1,465

1,457

1,508

1,493

1,527

1,552

1,455

1,483

Remarks.

Do.

Gas.

-v -v
OOQ

229

231

OQO

ooo

9^d

OQ^

236

237

OQQ

.....do.................

.....do.................

.....do.................

M.&J.Hess ...........

11

12

12

12

12

11

ll

11

12

12

4

4

4

4

4

24

19

19

19

19

3

28

22

31

32

.....do......................

.....do......................

H.N. R.O.I. Co. ............

.....do......................

.....do......................

.....do......................

Wallace & Co...............

.....do......................

2

' 1

1

2

3

1

1,070

993

953

1,040

1,016

1,087

1 0^9

1,052

1,135

1,177

1,163

1,114

 1, 196

1,164

1,268

1 °09

1,257

1,277

-170

-161

-156

-149

-181

-205

-100

1,316

1,333

1 989 '

1,514

1,466

sa Minus sign indicates distance below sea level.

w

,0

Q

os 

os
34 I3EREA GRIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198.

List of bench marks- in the Cadiz quadrangle. 

[Numbers and elevations of permanent bench marks in heavy-faced type.]

No. on 

map. Elevation. Description.

9

10

11

15

16

17

18

19

Feet. 

1,280.10

1,056. 00

1, 201. 00

998. 05

971.40

938.60

925.60

1,083.40

1,171.70

1,211.70

1,256.30

1,264.18

1,228. 65

1,222.40

1, 263. 60

1,243.70

1, 209.10

1,198. 90

1,116.00

Aluminum tablet sunk in west end in first landing of stone step

at north entrance to Cadiz court-house. 

B. M. cut in top of guard wall of stone arch bridge on Cadiz and

Unionvale pike, 1 mile east of Cadiz. 

B. M. painted on floor of coal wharf near brick house on Craig

farm. 

B. M. painted on top of bridge No. 192 B of Wheeling and Lake

Erie R. R. 

Copper tablet sunk in northwest bridge seat of bridge No. 193 A

of Wheeling and Lake Erie R. R., one-half mile south of

Unionvale. 

B. M. painted on northwest wall of wagon bridge near Jobe

Station on Wheeling and Lake Erie R. R. 

B. M. cut in top stone of northeast abutment of Wheeling and

Lake Erie R. R. bridge at Hurford Station. 

B. M. painted on south rail of bridge on Cadiz and Bricker road,

1 mile east of Cadiz. 

Floor of small bridge at intersection of roads near the residence

of Samuel Thompson. 

B. M. painted on bottom rail of fence at forks of roads near

Bricker oil field. 

B. M. painted on fence post at summit by large oak tree on

road from Bricker oil field to Craig schoolhouse.

B. M. painted on fence rail on west side of road at summit near 

red house.

Top of highest rail of Cadiz Branch R. R. at street crossing at 

north end of Cadiz.

Top of south rail of Cadiz Branch R. R. at Looftsboroughs' 

crossing.

Top of west rail of Cadiz Branch R. R. opposite Crawford station.

Top of rail at road crossing over Cadiz Branch, eight-tenths of a 

mile south of Limestone Station.

B. M. top of railroad spike driven in top of post on east side of 

Cadiz Branch at road crossing one and eight-tenths miles 

south of Falk Station. Elevation of west rail at road crossing, 1,211.90.

Road crossing over Cadiz Branch at tunnel where Wheeling 

and Lake Erie R. R. passes under.

Road crossing over Wheeling and Lake Erie R. R. one-half 

mile north of Greenough Station,

_i
GRISWOLD.] BENCH MAEKS IN THE QUADRANGLE.

List of bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

35

No. on 

map. Elevation. Description.

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

Feet. 

1, 093.30

1,063.10

1,013.50

1,181.70

1,018.40

1,053. 00

1, 212.00

1,079. 25

1,048.00

1,099.27

1, 225. 58

1,009.55

1,036.01

1,053.93

1,111.93

1,072.00

958.20

990.2

1,019.1

1,071.2

1,064. 80

Top of rail opposite Greenough Station on Wheeling and Lake

Erie R. R. 

Road crossing over Wheeling and Lake Erie R. R. one-half

mile south of Greenough. 

B. M. painted on base of W heeling and Lake Erie R. R. trestle

bridge "192 A." 

B. M. on stone at southwest corner of culvert at crossroads in

Snyder oil field. 

B. M. painted on northwest post of bridge over stream flowing

south near white house on hill.

B. M. on top of south rail of bridge over stream near crossroads. 

B. M. painted on west end of culvert at forks of roads from

Hopedale to Millers Station and Cadi/- Junction. Marked

1222. Elevation doubtful. MadebyWetzelfromParman,1209.3. 

Floor of bridge over headwaters of Cross Creek on road from

Hopedale to Talks. 

Floor of bridge over headwaters of Cross Creek on road from

Hopedale to Cadiz Junction. 

Copper tablet sunk in top stone of north side wall of turntable

at Cadiz Junction. 

Top of rail on Cadiz Branch R. R. at road crossing at Falk

Station. 

B. M. painted on floor of bridge No. 184, Wheeling and Lake

Erie R. R. 

B. M. cut on northwest wall of overhead bridge of Wheeling and

Lake Erie R. R. under Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and

St. Louis R. R. 

B. M. of Pennsylvania R. R. on bridge No. 73. Elevation by

Pennsylvania R. R., 1052.79. 

B. M. painted on top of bolt on southeast corner of overhead

bridge of Wheeling and Lake Erie R. R. 

Floor of bridge by oil well in Jewett field. 

Floor of bridge over Hurford Creek, one and a half miles

north of Hurford Station. 

B. M. painted on rock at forks of road. 

B. M. painted on iron bridge over Hurford Creek at crossroads

near schoolhouse. 

Elevation of ground at junction of roads on Hurford Creek, by

house. 

Center of grass plot at junction of roads by church.
36 BEEEA GRIT OIL SAND IN" CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198. 

List of bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

No. on 

map. Elevation. Description.

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

60

61

62

Feet. 

1,096. 5

1,117.4

1, 262.00

1,018. 70

1,156. 90

1, 245. 22

1,189.60

973.00

1,008. 50

1,035. 3

1,240.08

1,255. 00

1, 260. 30

1,169. 2

1,018. 40

1,092. 30

991. 60

1,127.00

1,177. 60

1, 231. 00

1,233.30

1,120. 30

Floor of bridge with stream flowing east one mile south of 

Hopedale.

Floor at the southwest corner of bridge at the south end of 

Hopedale.

Ground at intersection of roads in sec. 1, T. IN., R. 4.

Coping of east abutment of wood truss bridge over Piney Fork 

Creek.

B. M. painted on stone at southwest corner of crossroads York.

Ground at forks of roads, three-quarters of a mile north of York.

B. M. on stake at foot of guideboard, Smithfield, Mount Pleasant, and Portland.

Southwest corner of abutment of bridge over Piney Fork Creek 

at Southerland's mill.

B. M. painted on southeast abutment of iron bridge one mile 

south of Smithfield.

B. M. painted on southeast wing wall of iron bridge seventenths of a mile south of Smithfield.

Aluminum tablet sunk into the northwest water table of brick 

schoolhouse at Smithfield, marked 1240, Steubenville.

Ground in center of road at entrance to cemetery at north end 

of Smithfield.

Ground at junction of roads near schoolhouse No. 9. Guideboard; 5 miles to Bloornfield.

B. M. on rock east side of road by white house 3 miles north of

Smithfield 011 Smithfield-Bloomfield road. 

B. M. painted on northwest wing wall of bridge over Big Mclntyre Creek on Smithfield-Bloomfield road. 

Ground opposite watering trough at brown house on hill north

of Big Mclntyre Creek. 

Northeast abutment of bridge over. Piney Forks Creek on

Smithfield-Cadiz road.

Ground on summit of hill in front of white house. 

Ground at foot of guidepost at forks of roads 1$ miles west of

Smithfield. 

Foot of guidepost at forks of road three-fourths of a mile west

of Smithfield. 

B. M. on west end of culvert 1 mile east of Smithfield on ridge

road. 

Ground in center of road in front of house in pines on road

north from Smithfield.

T
CRTS WOLD.] BENCH MARKS IN THE QUADRANGLE.

List of bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle -Continued.

37

No. on 

map. Elevation. Description.

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

Feet. 

829.14

837.12

845.50

844.29

865. 79

1,298.26

1, 222. 92

1,196.07

1,180. 00

969. 00

920.50

1,184. 50

1,222.00

1,245. 00

1,276. 00

1,087.40

993.80

995. 33

1,030. 80

853.00

R. R. B. M. on northeast coping stone of arch bridge No. 53

over Cross Creek, 300 feet east of Reeds Station. 

R. R. B. M. on northeast coping stone arch bridge over Cross

Creek 900 feet west of Reeds Station. 

R. R. B. M. on northeast coping stone of bridge No. 55. 

Copper tablet sunk in northeast coping stone of bridge No. 56

of Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis R. R. over

Cross Creek. Marked 844 Steubenville. 

B. M. cut on top stone of northwest wing wall of iron wagon

bridge at Skelley Station.

Aluminum tablet sunk in northwest water table of school house

at Blooinfield. Marked 1298 Steubenville. 

Ground at intersection of roads one-half mile northeast of

Bloonifield.

Ground at intersection of roads 1£ miles northeast of Bloomfield. 

Ground at intersection of road to Skelley and ridge road south

of railroad. 

B. M. painted on northwest corner of wing wall of bridge

abutment over Big Mclntyre Creek at Tunnel Mill schoolhouse. 

B. M. painted on northwest corner of abutment of bridge over

Mclntyre Creek at Southerlands Mill. 

Ground at crossroads 1 mile from Southerlands Mill toward

Bloomfield. 

B. M. painted on root of oak tree in triangular grass plot at

intersection of roads. 

B. M. painted on west end of box culvert at cross roads to New

Alexander and Bloomfield. 

Ground at foot of guidepost at forks of road 1£ miles east of

Bloomfield Bloonifield-Loftus road. 

Floor of bridge on road from Skelley to Opossum Hollow. 

B. M. painted on stone by gate to low white house in Opossum

Hollow. 

B. M. painted on rock by gate to yellow house in Opossum

Hollow. 

Ground at cross roads three-fourths mile southwest of Reeds

Station. 

Ground at bend in road east of stream crossing in Opossum

Hollow.
38 BEREA GRIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198. 

List of bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

No. on 

map. Elevation. Description.

83

84.

85

86

87

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

Feet.

1,174. 00 

1,246.70

1,226. 60

1,124.57

1,136. 87

1, 251.90

1,271.70

1, 294. 60

1, 352. 94

1, 224. 60

1, 235. 60

1,108.90

1,150. 30

888.73

900. 41 

912.54 

926. 54 

937.10 

953. 95- 

961. 99 

976.31

978.86

983.83

876.23

Junction of roads south of Opossum Hollow.

Ground at summit in short turn of road southwest of Loftus

crossing.

Ground at intersection of roads south of Loftus crossing. 

B. M. on step to white church near schoolhouse near Slab Bun. 

Ground at foot of post opposite lane in negro settlement. 

Ground at road turning south from mud pike one-half mile

west of Bloomfield. 

B. M. on stepping in front of house at intersection of mud pike

and road to Unionport.

Ground in center of road in front of white house. 

Ground under Hopedale triangulation signal. 

B. M. on white lirnerock 300 feet south of Memorial Church. 

B. M. on root of tree at intersection of roads 2 miles southwest

of Bloomfield.

B. M. marked on stone at end of sluice at intersection of roads. 

B. M. cut on log at mail box at intersection of roads. 

B. M. cut on southwest coping stone of bridge No. 58 of Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis B. B. over Cross

Creek nine-tenths mile west of Skelley Station. 

B. B. B. M. northeast coping stone bridge No. 59, at west end of

tunnel No. 7,1 mile west of Skelley. 

B. M. on northwest wing wall of wagon bridge at Bloomfield

Station. 

B. B. B. M. on northeast coping of stone bridge No. 61, at east

of tunnel No. 8. 

B. B. B. M. on northeast coping of bridge No. 62, six-tenths

mile west of Bloomfield. 

B. B. B. M. on northeast coping stone of bridge No. 64, 1 mile

west of Bloomfield. 

B. B. B. M. on northeast coping stone of bridge No. 65, 1 mile

west of Bloomfield. 

Aluminum tablet sunk in northeast coping stone of bridge over

Cross Creek, 1,200 feet west of Unionport Station. Marked

976 Steubenville. 

B. B. B. M. on northeast coping stone of bridge No. 67, west of

Unionport. 

B. B. B. M. on northeast coping stone of bridge No. 68,1£ miles

west of Unionport. 

Floor of bridge over stream near Willow Grove schoolhouse,

one-half mile north of Skelley Station.
GRiswom] BENCH MARKS IN THE QUADRANGLE.

. List of bench metrics in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

No. on 

map. Elevation. Description.

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

Feet. 

1, 223. 78

1, 206. 37

1, 241. 60

1,163. 49

i.tss.ss

1,276.70

1, 287. 93

1,302. 49

904. 00

1,190.90

1, 041. 58

872.33

914.15

1,137. 34

1,140. 26

1, 086.00

1,058. 00

1,057. 00

1,160. 70

1,126. 43

962. 70

997.00

1,045. 70

1, 272. 70

B. M. painted on rock 60 feet north of brick house west side

Skelley-Kichrnond road. 

B. M. painted on. rock at entrance to cemetery, Skelley-Richmond road, 3£ miles north of Skelley. 

Ground on summit at entrance to house 1 mile south of Richmond. 

B. M. painted on southwest abutment of bridge, Skelly-Richmond road, one-half mile south of Richmond. 

Aluminum tablet sunk in stone step of brick schoolhouse at the

south end of Richmond, marked 1286 Steubenville. 

Ground at intersection of roads at Fairfield. 

B. M. marked on east end of cuh/ert at road north one-half mile

west of Fairfield. 

B. M. painted on nail in bridge at road south from pike 3£

miles west of Richmond. 

Elevation of bridge at Reeds Mills. New bridge since B. M.

made; elevation thought to be about the same. 

Ground in center of road opposite yellow house on road between

Reeds Mills and Richmond. 

Floor of bridge over stream. 

B. M. painted on floor of bridge over small stream near old

mill on Town Fork. 

Floor of bridge over Town Fork on road from Richmond to

Shane post-office. 

Floor of bridge on Richmond and Steubenville pike 1£ miles

east of Richmond.

Intersection of roads on ridge between Richmond and Bloomfield station. 

Floor of bridge on small stream on Richmond-Salem road 2

miles from Richmond.

Floor of bridge on Richmond-Salem road 3 miles from Richmond.

Floor of bridge on Richmond-Salem road 1 mile east of Salem. 

Ground at intersection of roads 1 mile east of Salem. 

Ground at intersection of roads one-half mile south of Salem. 

Floor of bridge over large stream on Unionport and Richmond

road.

Floor of small wooden bridge on Carman Hopedale road. 

B. M. on stump in front of barn on Carmen Hopedale road. 

Ground at intersection of mud pike and road to Carman.
40 BEBEA GRIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHI<X [BULL. 198. 

lAst of bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

No. on 

map.

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

Elevation.

Feet.

1, 221. 27

1, 292. 00

1,251.00

1, 314. 30

1, 206. 40

1, 178. 50

1, 013. 90

1, 218. 80

1, 289. 10

1, 169. 37

1, 094. 20

1, 079. 54

1, 046. 53

1, 034. 27

1, 031. 34

1,032.49

1, 183. 48

1,208.60

1,139.45

1,271.49

1,112.80

1,076.68

Description.

Ground at foot of post holding sign for sale of coal at intersection of mud pike and county line road.

Ground at foot of fence post at northeast corner of intersection

of mud pike and ridge road to Unionport.

B. M. painted on culvert at private 1'oad to west from ridge

road from mud pike to Unionport.

Middle of road at summit on ridge road to Unionport.

Middle of roads at forks on hill south of Unionport.

B. M. on stump at forks of section-line road and Bloomfield and

Unionport road.

Floor of bridge on Bloomfield and Unionport road.

Ground in road in front of white house on hill south of Unionport.

B. M. cut in southeast curbstone at corner of streets in center

of town of Jefferson.

B. M. painted on southeast corner stone of bridge one-half mile

south of Jefferson toward Jewett.

Floor of small bridge by old sawmill 1§ miles south of Jefferson toward Jewett.

B. M. painted on northeast corner of stone bridge 2 miles south

of Jefferson toward Jewett.

B. M. painted on rock covering spring at crossroads near schoolhouse 2£ miles south of Jefferson toward Jewett.

B. M. painted on northwest corner of stone bridge 2T8TF miles

south of Jefferson toward Jewett.

Floor of bridge near flour mill at intersection of roads 3 miles

south of Jefferson toward Jewett.

B. M. painted on rock at intersection of roads 1 mile from Jewett toward Jefferson.

Ground at intersection of roads over tunnel on Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis R. R. west of Cadiz Junction.

Top of section stone in crossroads by brick church.

Floor of small bridge on Jefferson-Cadiz Junction road 1 mile

south of Jefferson.

B. M. painted on stone at forks of roads from Jefferson to

Cadiz Junction and Millers station.

B. M. painted on top of watering trough opposite house 1£

miles east of Jefferson on Jefferson and Millers station road.

B. M. painted on northwest corner of bridge at road north 2

miles east of Jefferson.

c~

f
GBISWOLD.J BENCH MARKS IN THE QUADRANGLE.

List of bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

41

No. on 

map.

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

Elevation.

Feet.

1, 055. 58

1,041.55

1, 252. 00

1, 022. 27

1, 086. 54

1,331.08

1, 337. 00

.1, 215. 21

1, 309. 00

1, 302. 00

1, 277. 00

1, 062. 38

1,152.82

1, 154. 77

. 1,008,00

1, 228. 87

879. 56

1, 148. 00

1,046.17

905.45

933. 90.

Description.

B. M. painted on bridge.

B. M. on top of stepping-stone in front of brown house near

crossroads.

B. M. painted on stone at southwest corner of schoolhouse at

road intersection 1 mile north of Millers station.

R. R. B. M. on northeast corner of bridge No. 71, Pittsburg,

Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis E. E., 600 feet west of Millers station.

'

B. M. painted on bridge in woods on road from Richmond to

Shane post-office at foot of first hill from Richmond.

Aluminum tablet sunk in southeast corner foundation stone of

public school building at East Springfield, marked 1331,

Steubenville.

Ground on summit at road to right from Ridge road, 1 mile

north of East Springfield.

Floor of small bridge on Ridge road 1$ miles north of East

Springfield.

Ground in middle of road opposite church, one-third of a mile

south of Circle Green post-office.

Ground in middle of road opposite Circle Green post-office.

Ground on summit of road by schoolhouse on North Ridge road.

Floor of bridge over stream on road from Circle Green post-office

to Middle Ridge.

Floor of bridge over small stream near schoolhouse on Middle

Ridge road.

Ground at intersection of roads on ridge north of Hildebrand

Creek.

Floor of iron bridge over town fork of Yellow Creek.

Ground at crossroads near church, 1£ miles northeast of stone

post-office.

Floor of bridge over Hildebrand Creek.

Floor of bridge over Wolf Creek eight-tenths of a mile north-

, west of East Springfield.

B. M. painted on bridge 1^ miles northwest of East Springfield.

Copper tablet sunk into southwest wing wall of iron bridge

over Yellow Creek, 2 miles north of Amsterdam.

Floor of iron bridge on Main street in the town of Amsterdam.
42 BEEEA GRIT OIL SAND IN CADIZ QUADRANGLE, OHIO. [BULL. 198. 

List of bench marks in the Cadiz quadrangle Continued.

No. on 

map. Elevation. Description.

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

Feet. 

1,275.96

1, 307. 00

1,291. 47

1,159.56

1,144.07

1, 365. 60

1, 241. 57

1, 260.00

1,254.00

963. 97

965.83

984.00

1,002. 00

1,246. 72

1,046.49

1,024.31

1,334.07

1,051. 39

1,122.54

1,065. 23

1,251.10

1,075.96

1,255.50

1,235.47

Aluminum tablet sunk into top foundation stone on north side 

of schoolhouse 3 miles south of Amsterdam on AmsterdamJefferson Ridge road.

Ground at foot of guideboard at forks of road 3$ miles south of 

Amsterdam.

Ground in road where private road west leaves 4 miles south 

of Amsterdam.

B. M. painted on small bridge 5 miles south of Amsterdam.

B. M. painted on northeast wing wall of bridge at foot of hill 

east of Jefferson.

B. M. on top of marking stone under Jefferson triangulation 

signal.

Ground at road to west from Jefferson-Kilgore road 1£ miles 

north of Jefferson.

Ground at summit opposite large oak tree on Jefferson-Kilgore 

road 3 miles north of Jefferson.

Ground at summit near private road to east.

Floor of iron bridge 1 mile south of Amsterdam on KilgoreAmsterdain road.

Floor of wooden bridge south of blacksmith shop.

Floor of iron bridge on Amsterdam and Jefferson Valley road 

l£ miles south of Amsterdam.

B. M. painted on bridge over small stream 2 miles south of 

Amsterdam.

Ground at summit near intersection of roads on section lines.

B. M. painted on stone arch bridge 1£ miles north of Kilgore.

Top rail of iron bridge near schoolhouse at intersection of roads 

north of Kilgore.

Ground at foot of post with flag at cemetery on top of hill.

B. M. painted on stone at private road to right.

Floor of bridge three-fourths of a mile east of Kilgore KilgoreAmsterdam road.

Floor of bridge on county line road short distance south of 

Salem.

Ground in road at short turn to left on Salem to Millers Station road, 1 mile from Salem.

Floor of bridge on Salem-Miller road.

Ground at intersection of roads.

B. M. painted on pump bed at schoolhouse.
INDEX.

Page. 

Amsterdam pool, development of.......... 24

Anticlinal theory of oil and gas accumulation, establishment of.................... 11

statement of............................ 12-17

Bench marks, list of...:.................... 36-42

Bloomfield anticline, wells drilled above.. 22 

Bricker pool, wells reaching............... 22

Cadiz, wells near........................... 22

Contour map of oil sand, method of constructing ................................. 19-20

Hayes, C. W., letter of transmittal by...... 9

Hopedale, wells near....................... 23

Mclntyre Creek, wells near................ 21

Map (contour) of oil sand, method of constructing .................................. 19-20

Map (structure), method of using.......... 24

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil fields of the Cadiz quadrangle, geology 

of......................................... 17-19

Page. 

Oil fields of the Cadi/, quadrangle, location

of....................................... 16-17

Pennsylvania, oil in........................ 12-13

Petroleum, character of.................... 12

occurrence of .......................... 12-16

origin of................................ 12

relation of pools of, to geologic structure .................................. 13

Piney Fork of Short Creek, wells drilled 

near...................................... 22

Salem, possible oil pool near............... 22

Short Creek, wells drilled on Piney Fork

of....................................... 22

Smithfield, wells near...................... 22

Snyder pool, developments of.............. 23

Southerland's mill, well at..... ........... 22

Structure map, method of using ........... 24

Unionport, oil indications near............ 23

Wells, list of.............................;.. 25-33

43

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