Opinion filed November 12, 2021

In The

Eleventh Court of Appeals __________

No. 11-19-00404-CR

__________

RANDALL LEE NIX, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 42nd District Court

Coleman County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 3198

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Appellant, Randall Lee Nix, challenges his conviction for escape while 

arrested, a third-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.06(a), (c) (West 

2016). Appellant waived his right to a trial by jury, and the trial court found him 

guilty of the charged offense. Appellant pled true to two enhancement paragraphs,
2

and the trial court assessed punishment at thirty-five years in the Institutional 

Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. In his sole issue, Appellant 

contends that the evidence presented in this case was insufficient to establish that he 

committed the offense of felony escape. We agree. Because the evidence does not 

establish that Appellant was under arrest at the time he fled law enforcement, we 

reverse the conviction for felony escape and render a judgment of acquittal. 

Background

On September 29, 2018, Trooper Tyler Moses of the Texas Department of 

Public Safety was dispatched to a two-vehicle crash in Coleman County. Trooper 

Moses checked on the drivers of both vehicles. One driver was already in the 

ambulance being treated, and the other driver was Appellant. Two weeks later, on 

October 12, 2018, Trooper Moses completed a probable cause affidavit that resulted 

in an arrest warrant for Appellant. John Rhodes, Appellant’s parole officer for an 

unrelated matter, learned of the arrest warrant and asked Appellant to report to the 

Coleman County Courthouse on October 17, 2018. Appellant arrived for the 

meeting and Rhodes, who did not have authority to execute the arrest, escorted

Appellant to the sheriff’s office. After walking to the sheriff’s office, Rhodes told 

Appellant that both the sheriff’s office and the parole office had issued warrants for 

his arrest. 

At this point, Appellant retreated and took two or three steps out of the 

sheriff’s office and down the hall. Rhodes grabbed the back of Appellant’s jacket 

and asked him where he was going. Appellant responded that he was going outside 

to smoke. Rhodes advised Appellant that he would need to ask Deputy Sheriff 

Vickie Kemp for permission. Deputy Kemp told Appellant that he was in custody 

and could not go outside to smoke. Seconds later, Appellant “just bolted” and ran 
3

out the door down the hall and out of the courthouse.1 Rhodes and Sheriff Les 

Cogdill pursued Appellant, and Sheriff Cogdill caught up to him at the Coleman 

InterBank drive-through. The InterBank was visible from the windows of the 

courthouse, and Judge Robert Nash testified that he witnessed the chase and capture 

of Appellant from his office window. 

After Appellant was tackled to the ground, Sheriff Cogdill placed Appellant’s 

hands behind his back and began walking him back to the courthouse. Appellant 

did not fight or resist, and he submitted to being in the custody of Sheriff Cogdill as 

they walked back to the courthouse. At some point during the walk back, a patrol 

unit stopped and provided Sheriff Cogdill with handcuffs for Appellant. After he 

was returned to the sheriff’s office and, unlike his previous arrival, Appellant was 

placed in the booking room; the door to the hallway was closed; and Appellant was 

placed in leg shackles. From the moment Appellant was captured by Sheriff Cogdill, 

until he was presented to the justice of the peace, he was continuously under the 

sheriff’s control and was not free to leave. 

At the time of these events, the sheriff’s office was located on the first floor 

of the Coleman County Courthouse, with a doorway leading into the office from the 

courthouse hallway. A front desk faced the hallway door, and, facing this desk, 

1

The indictment alleged that Appellant “intentionally and knowingly escape [sic] from the custody 

of SHERIFF LES COGDILL who had RANDALL LEE NIX in his custody when the defendant was under 

arrest for the offense of Aggravated Assault with a Deadly Weapon, a felony, and a parole warrant.” When 

asked if he was “personally there” when the parole officer delivered Appellant to the Sheriff’s Department, 

Sheriff Les Cogdill testified: “I was there, but I was inside my office. So I didn’t ever see him once he 

came in.” The sheriff heard the conversation with Deputy Kemp, stood up from his desk, and by the time 

he got to the doorway, saw Appellant running down the hall. Accordingly, Appellant was never personally 

in the custody of Sheriff Cogdill. Therefore, it is the alleged custody and arrest by Deputy Kemp—and 

Appellant’s parole officer—that we examine here.
4

Sheriff Cogdill’s office was located to the right and the small booking room was

located to the left. 

Appellant’s sole issue on appeal is whether he was in custody, to the degree 

associated with an arrest, prior to his running away from the sheriff’s office and later 

being captured by Sheriff Cogdill. Appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient 

to prove he was in custody upon his initial arrival to the sheriff’s office and that,

because he was not, he could not have escaped from custody as alleged in the 

indictment and pursuant to Section 38.06 of the Texas Penal Code. 

Standard of Review

We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, regardless of 

whether it is framed as a legal or factual sufficiency challenge, under the standard of 

review set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Brooks v. State, 323 

S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Polk v. State, 337 S.W.3d 286, 288−89 

(Tex. App.—Eastland 2010, pet. ref’d). Under the Jackson standard, we review all 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any 

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the charged offense 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Zuniga v. State, 551 S.W.3d 

729, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2010). 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict requires that 

we consider all the evidence admitted at trial, including improperly admitted 

evidence. Winfrey v. State, 393 S.W.3d 763, 767 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Clayton v. 

State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). As such, we defer to the 

factfinder’s credibility and weight determinations because the factfinder is the sole 

judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight their testimony is to be afforded. 
5

Winfrey, 393 S.W.3d at 768; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899. The Jackson standard is 

deferential and accounts for the factfinder’s duty to resolve conflicts in the 

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from the facts. 

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Zuniga, 551 S.W.3d at 732; Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. 

We may not reevaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence to substitute our 

judgment for that of the factfinder. Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1999). Therefore, if the record supports conflicting inferences, we 

presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict, and we defer 

to that determination. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 

525−26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778.

Analysis - There Was No Escape Under Warner and Section 38.06

Sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as 

defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Herron v. State, 625 S.W.3d 144, 

152 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021). To prove the offense of escape, as provided by 

Section 38.06(a)(1) of the Texas Penal Code, the State must show that a person

(1) escaped (2) from custody (3) after having been arrested for, lawfully detained 

for, charged with, or convicted of an offense. PENAL § 38.06(a)(1); see Medford v. 

State, 13 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (citing Henderson v. State, 600 

S.W.2d 788, 789 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)). In Medford, the Texas Court of Criminal 

Appeals determined that a logical reading of the escape statute, when compared to 

the evading arrest statute, is that the legislature intended that an arrest must be 

complete before an individual can be charged with escape. Medford, 13 S.W.3d at 

772. The Penal Code does not define the term “arrest,” and Article 15.22 of the 

Code of Criminal Procedure only defines arrest as “being taken into custody.” 

Id. Thus, “[f]or purposes of the escape statute, an ‘arrest’ is complete when a 
6

person’s liberty of movement is successfully restricted or restrained.” Id. at 773. 

This may be achieved by “an officer’s physical force or the suspect’s submission to 

the officer’s authority” and the arrest is only complete if “a reasonable person in the 

suspect’s position would have understood the situation to constitute a restraint on 

freedom of movement of the degree which the law associates with formal arrest.” 

Id. (quoting United States v. Corrall-Franco, 848 F.2d 536, 400 (5th Cir. 1988)). 

In Medford, the defendant was stopped because an officer suspected the 

defendant was the subject of an arrest warrant. Medford, 13 S.W.3d at 771. During 

the investigatory search, the officer discovered drug paraphernalia and informed 

Medford that “he was under arrest and asked him to place his hands behind his back. 

As the officer grasped [Medford’s] left arm in order to place it in handcuffs, 

[Medford] broke free of the officer’s grip and fled.” Id. Medford was found guilty 

of escape. Id. The Third Court of Appeals, on remand and based on the guidance 

from the Court of Criminal Appeals in Medford, concluded that the evidence was 

legally insufficient to support an escape charge. See Medford v. State, 21 S.W.3d 

668 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). The court considered Medford’s prior 

criminal history as relevant under the reasonable person standard analysis. As a 

“reasonable person familiar with the distinction between an arrest and a temporary 

investigative detention,” Medford “would not have understood himself to be 

restrained to the degree the law associates with a formal arrest.” Id. at 670. Further, 

a reasonable person’s belief that he is not free to leave is not, alone, “enough to 

constitute ‘arrest’ or ‘custody’ under the escape statutes.” Id. Medford was not able 

to “escape” because his arrest was not completed, and because he was not in custody,

at the time he ran from officers. 
7

In Warner, the Court of Criminal Appeals reaffirmed its holding in Medford: 

that, for purposes of the escape statute, a person must have been “in custody”2 before 

he is able to escape. See Warner v. State, 257 S.W.3d 243, 247 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2008). Warner was identified as being a party to a domestic dispute and as having 

an open “blue” warrant for a parole violation. Id. at 244. When the sheriff’s 

department arrived at the location of the domestic dispute, the deputy stated he 

needed to speak with Warner. Id. Warner identified himself and walked to the patrol 

vehicle with the deputy. Id. The deputy backed Warner up against the vehicle, and 

when the deputy grasped Warner’s arms and told him he was under arrest, Warner 

struggled, broke free, and ran away. Id. During the struggle, the deputy kept his left 

hand on Warner’s wrist and reached for his handcuffs with his right hand. Id. At 

trial, Warner was convicted of escape. The Fourteenth Court of Appeals reversed

and acquitted Warner, and the Court of Criminal Appeals later affirmed this 

decision. Id. at 243, 247−48. “[T]he distinction the legislature has made between 

the offense of escape and the offenses of evading . . . and resisting arrest” cannot be 

ignored. Id. at 247. Appellant was not charged with evading or resisting arrest—

only the offense of escape. The escape statute applies to those circumstances where 

the officers have, at one point prior to the escape, successfully restrained or restricted 

a suspect to the point that it “amounted to an arrest.” Id. In order to constitute the 

2

In Medford and Warner, as in Appellant’s case, the core issue was whether a person is in custody 

by being under arrest. See Warner, 257 S.W.3d at 247. That is not always the case; a person can also be 

in custody under the escape statute while “lawfully detained for,” “charged with,” or “convicted of an 

offense”; while “in custody pursuant to a lawful order of a court”; while “detained in a secure detention 

facility”; or while “in the custody of a juvenile probation officer.” PENAL § 38.06(a); see Warner, 257 

S.W.3d at 247. The indictment in this case alleged that Appellant was in custody by being under arrest; no 

other manner of custody was alleged in the indictment. Therefore, this court’s decision is confined to

determining whether Appellant was in custody by arrest.
8

offense of escape, there must be evidence of one’s custody and arrest that exceed 

those of Warner.

The State cites several cases that are distinguishable from the facts presented 

in Appellant’s case. In Sample v. State, the defendant was frisked and placed in the 

back of a patrol vehicle following a traffic stop. Sample v. State, 292 S.W.3d 135, 

136 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). Officers discovered that 

Sample had open arrest warrants and, without opening the door to the patrol unit, 

rolled down the window and informed Sample he was under arrest. Id. Officers 

ordered Sample to face away and place his hands behind his back as they opened the 

patrol vehicle door; Sample seemingly complied and then, once the door was open, 

fled. Id. The Fourteenth Court of Appeals concluded that a reasonable jury could 

have found that Sample was successfully confined in the patrol vehicle when officers

informed him that he was under arrest, at which point a reasonable person would not 

have felt free to leave. Id. at 137. 

In Castillo v. State, the defendant was also confined in the backseat of a patrol 

vehicle. Castillo v. State, 404 S.W.3d 557, 560 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2010, pet. ref’d). The rear doors of the patrol unit could only be opened from the 

outside, and Castillo broke the window of the patrol unit and climbed out of it after 

watching officers discover a felony amount of marihuana. Id. at 561. Castillo was 

not expressly told he was under arrest, but the court held that his liberty of movement 

was “sufficiently restricted.” Id. at 563. The court also held that a reasonable person, 

in Castillo’s position, would “have understood the situation to constitute a restraint 

of freedom of movement to the degree which the law associates with formal arrest.” 

Id. Castillo had been taken back to the scene where officers observed a suspected 

drug transaction; he then observed officers discover marihuana packages that were 
9

like the one he had been holding; Castillo was in the locked patrol car; and his body 

language indicated that he was aware that officers had obtained enough evidence to 

arrest him. Id. 

Finally, the State points to Martinez v. State as factually analogous to this 

case. Martinez v. State, No. 07-03-0407-CR, 2005 WL 2548594 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo Oct. 12, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). In 

Martinez, the court held that the defendant was in custody within the meaning of the 

escape statute. Id. at *2. Martinez submitted to the arresting officer’s authority and 

the officer exercised physical control over Martinez. Id. Martinez allowed the 

officer to lead him from the house he was in and asked for permission before 

returning to the home to give his wallet to another. Only then, as the officer led 

Martinez to the patrol vehicle, did Martinez bolt. Id. at *1. 

The case before us is distinguishable from Martinez, Castillo, and Sample. 

Appellant was never in a patrol vehicle, and it is disputed whether he was even 

completely inside the sheriff’s office at the time his parole officer announced that he 

was delivering Appellant because of the open warrants. Appellant also did not 

initially ask for permission to leave (as in Martinez), he merely tried to leave. Being 

pulled on or stopped by his parole officer—who had no authority to arrest him—was 

not a show of submission to Deputy Kemp’s authority, even though she specifically 

told Appellant he was not free to leave. By remaining in or near the doorway to the 

sheriff’s office and then asking to leave more than once, Appellant did no more than 

bide his time before bolting out of the courthouse.

The testimony is conflicting as to exactly how much time had passed, but 

multiple witnesses stated that mere seconds passed between Appellant’s first attempt 

to leave and his successful flight from the courthouse. At no point before he fled
10

was Appellant ever restrained in the sheriff’s office, placed in handcuffs, or in 

shackles, nor was there an attempt by any law enforcement personnel to do so.

Appellant was never completely inside the sheriff’s office, was never solely under 

the control of the deputy or the sheriff, and had not submitted to their authority.

Appellant was not restrained; he was not told that he was under arrest; and no 

physical force or touching was used to restrain him by an officer who possessed the 

authority to arrest. 

Medford and Warner are instructive because Appellant may have seemingly 

complied to further his efforts to avoid arrest and because Appellant was familiar 

with law enforcement practices, having been arrested before, being taken to the 

threshold of the sheriff’s office, he “would not have understood himself to be 

restrained to the degree the law associates with a formal arrest.” Medford, 21 S.W.3d

at 670. Further, the case before us is more factually similar to Lerma v. State and 

Diggs v. State, both of which follow Medford and Warner with respect to making 

custody determinations for circumstances when an arrest has not been completed. 

See Lerma v. State, No.13-14-00180-CR, 2014 WL 6858856 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi–Edinburg Dec. 4, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); 

Diggs v. State, No. 10-07-00102-CR, 2008 WL 3112408 (Tex. App.—Waco Aug. 6, 

2008, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). 

In Lerma, following a bench trial, the trial court found Lerma guilty of escape 

under Section 38.06(a). See Lerma, 2014 WL 6858856, at *1. Appellant appealed 

contending that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. Id. The 

Thirteenth Court of Appeals reversed Appellant’s conviction and rendered a 

judgment of acquittal. Id. Lerma was reporting to his community supervision 

officer at his regularly scheduled appointment. Id. The supervision officer told 
11

Lerma that the sheriff’s office had issued a warrant for his arrest on a burglary 

offense and that deputies were on their way to pick him up. Id. Lerma said that he 

“needed a moment” and he thereafter fled the supervision officer’s office. Id. The 

community supervision officer was not a licensed peace officer and had no authority 

to arrest Lerma. Id. The State argued that Lerma was in the custody of the probation 

officer and was under arrest for a felony offense. Id. The Lerma court discussed in 

some detail Medford and Warner and stated: “In the present case, as in Medford and 

Warner, appellant was not in custody by being under arrest. Mere intent to make an 

arrest or an officer’s expression of such intent is insufficient.” Id. at *4. The court 

held that “[t]here must be custody or detention and submission to such arrest.” Id.

(quoting Medford, 13 S.W.3d at 772−73). The court further stated that “the 

uncontroverted evidence established that appellant’s liberty of movement was not 

successfully restricted or restrained, because [the community supervision officer] 

did not use physical force and appellant did not submit to her authority.” Id. The 

court then examined whether Lerma was “in custody” by some other circumstance 

as defined under Section 38.01(1)(A). The court concluded that other provisions of 

the statute were inapplicable and rendered a judgment of acquittal. Id. at *4–5.

In Diggs, a caseload assistant for a county Community Supervision and 

Corrections Department discovered an active warrant for Diggs’s arrest. Diggs, 

2008 WL 3112408, at *1. The sheriff’s office was contacted when Diggs reported 

for his next urine analysis. Id. When a deputy sheriff arrived to arrest Diggs, the 

caseload assistant led the deputy to a room to wait for Diggs. Id. When Diggs 

entered the room, the caseload assistant remained in the doorway with her left arm 

on the door facing while the deputy informed Diggs that he had a warrant, that Diggs 

was under arrest, and that the deputy was taking him into custody. Id. The deputy 
12

responded to Diggs’s inquiry that the warrant was for unlawful possession of a 

firearm by a felon. Id. The deputy instructed Diggs to turn around and place his 

hands on the wall, but Diggs placed his hands in his pockets and mentioned giving 

his money to a friend. Id. The deputy told Diggs that he would have to do that later, 

then grabbed Diggs’s arm and turned him to face the wall. Id. Diggs turned back 

around and placed his hands in his pockets. Id. The deputy again grabbed Diggs’s

arm and turned him around to face the wall. Id. Diggs began to lower his arms but,

according to the deputy, “finally submitted and left his arms on the wall.” Id. When 

the deputy bent down to place Diggs in leg restraints, Diggs pushed away from the 

wall, knocking the deputy backwards, and ran toward the door blocked by the 

caseload assistant. Id. He pushed her shoulder with his hand, and the caseload 

assistant tried to push Diggs away. Id. Diggs shoved her with both hands, causing 

her to fall against some file cabinets and knocking the cabinets out of place. Id. The 

deputy and the caseload assistant were unable to apprehend Diggs. Id. He was 

apprehended the next day and was subsequently charged with and convicted of 

escape, which Diggs appealed on the basis of legal insufficiency. Id. at *1–2. The 

State argued that the totality of the circumstances established custody and a 

completed arrest. Id. at *3. The Tenth Court of Appeals held that Diggs was merely 

in the process of being arrested and that the deputy was unable to complete the arrest 

by successfully restricting or restraining Diggs’s liberty of movement. Id. at *4. 

Accordingly, the court held that the evidence was legally insufficient to support 

Diggs’s escape conviction and it reversed and rendered a judgment of acquittal. Id.

Just as in Lerma and Diggs, this court is constrained to follow the Court of 

Criminal Appeals’ holding in Warner. Therefore, we hold that Appellant in this 

matter was merely in the process of being arrested and that the sheriff’s department 
13

was unable to complete the arrest by successfully restricting or restraining 

Appellant’s liberty of movement. Here, Appellant was not charged with evading or 

resisting arrest—only the offense of escape. Appellant was not under arrest at the 

time he ran from the courthouse. Appellant’s parole officer did not successfully 

restrain him and, in any event, had no authority to arrest Appellant. Additionally, 

Appellant had not submitted to Deputy Kemp’s authority, nor did Sheriff Cogdill 

ever have any control over Appellant. Under these circumstances, a reasonable 

person would not have felt restrained to the degree associated with an arrest. 

Accordingly, Appellant could not have committed the offense of escape. We sustain 

Appellant’s sole issue on appeal.

This Court’s Ruling

We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render a judgment of acquittal. 

W. BRUCE WILLIAMS

JUSTICE

November 12, 2021

Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J., 

Trotter, J., and Williams, J.