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1

The following analysis contains citations to both Petitioner’s criminal case and her § 2255

petition. As a result, all citations beginning with “Cr.” refer to documents from Petitioner’s criminal case

(Case No. CR02-375C); all citations beginning with “Cv.” refer to documents from Petitioner’s § 2255

petition (Case No. C05-1629-JCC).

ORDER – 1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON

AT SEATTLE

ANTONIA DENISE HICKS,

Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Respondent.

CASE NO. C05-1629 JCC

ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on Petitioner Antonia Denise Hicks’s motion to vacate, set

aside or correct her sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 (Cv. Dkt. No. 11), the Report and

Recommendation (“R&R”) of the Honorable Monica J. Benton, United States Magistrate Judge (Cv.

Dkt. No. 16), and Petitioner’s Objections to the R&R (Cv. Dkt. No. 17). The Court, having reviewed

these documents and the remaining record, finds that oral argument is not necessary and hereby ADOPTS

the R&R, VACATING Petitioner’s sentence for resentencing.

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26 ORDER – 2

I. BACKGROUND

Petitioner is currently incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary in Bryan, Texas. On October

31, 2002, a grand jury issued an indictment charging Petitioner with eight counts of wire fraud in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. (Cr. Dkt. No. 1.) On July 17, 2003, a jury in this Court found Petitioner

guilty on all counts for an embezzlement scheme in which she stole $1,981,000 from her former

employer, Vulcan, Inc. (Cr. Dkt. No. 73.) Following the verdict, Petitioner was sentenced to sixty-three

months in prison, followed by five years of supervised release. (Cr. Dkt. No. 79.) Petitioner brought an

appeal to the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed the District Court’s judgment. United States v. Hicks, 103

Fed. Appx. 208 (9thCir. 2004). 

After the disposition of her appeal, Petitioner filed this motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255

challenging her sentence on four grounds: (1) Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause violations; (2)

improper sentence length; (3) ineffective assistance of counsel; and (4) cumulative error. (Cv. Dkt. No.

1.) The Government filed a Response, and Petitioner filed a Reply. (Cv. Dkt. Nos. 7, 14.) On August 3,

2006, Magistrate Judge Monica J. Benton issued her R&R, to which Petitioner has filed Objections. (Cv.

Dkt. Nos. 16, 17.)

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews the record de novo when considering objections to a magistrate judge’s R&R.

See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). When a federal prisoner files a petition for post-conviction relief, the district

court must hold an evidentiary hearing on the prisoner’s claims “[u]nless the motion and the files and

records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255. A

court may deny an evidentiary hearing only where “the movant’s allegations, when viewed against the

record, do not state a claim for relief or are so palpably incredible or patently frivolous as to warrant

summary dismissal.” United States v. Schaflander, 743 F.2d 714, 717 (9th Cir. 1984).

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While Crawford was decided after Petitioner’s trial, in the Ninth Circuit, Crawford is applied

retroactively in the collateral review of convictions. Bockting v. Bayer, 399 F.3d 1010 (9th Cir. 2005)

(citing Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 307 (1989)). Bockting characterized the rule announced in

ORDER – 3

III. ANALYSIS

A. Confrontation Clause Claims

Petitioner first claims that her Confrontation Clause rights were violated at trial. (Cv. Dkt. No. 1,

8–13.) Petitioner alleges that she was either prevented or limited in her cross-examination of six

individuals at trial. The Court considers each of these allegations, the conclusions of the R&R and

Petitioner’s Objections in turn. 

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides

that “in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to . . . be confronted with the witnesses

against him.” U.S. CONST. AMEND. VI. In Crawford v. Washington, the Supreme Court held that

“[t]estimonial statements of witnesses absent from trial [should be] admitted only where the declarant is

unavailable, and only where the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine.” Crawford v.

Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59 (2004).

To determine whether evidence was admitted at trial in violation of the Confrontation Clause, a

court must examine whether the evidence was testimonial in nature. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 60. While

the Crawford court did not provide a concise or detailed definition of “testimonial,” it did, however,

supply three formulations that would comprise the core class of testimonial statements. Id. at 52–53. 

Evidence is testimonial in nature when it is formulated as statements that are: (1) ex parte in-court

testimony or its functional equivalent; (2) made extrajudicially and contained in formalized testimonial

materials; or (3) made under circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe

that the statement would be available for use at a later trial. Id. Thus, Petitioner has a legitimate claim

for relief if the Court admitted evidence conforming to one of the three Crawford formulations that

Petitioner did not have an opportunity to confront.2

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Crawford as a “new rule,” the application of which, according to the Teague doctrine, was “implicit in

the concept of ordered liberty.” Bockting, 399 F.3d. at 1012 (citing Teague, 489 U.S. at 311). Thus,

Petitioner’s Confrontation Clause claims are not procedurally barred, as the Government has argued, and

will be reviewed under the Crawford standard. (Cv. Dkt. No. 7, n. 4.)

ORDER – 4

1. Nathanial T. Brown

Petitioner argues that her Confrontation Clause rights were violated because she was not able to

cross-examine Nathaniel T. Brown, the Chief Financial Officer of Vulcan. (Cv. Dkt. No. 1 at 8–9.) Mr.

Brown made an Affidavit of Forgery which was turned over to police by Bank of America, Vulcan’s

bank. Police used the affidavit to establish probable cause for the purpose of obtaining a warrant to

search Petitioner’s house and computers and to seize personal property. This affidavit was not admitted

into evidence, and Mr. Brown did not testify at trial. Notwithstanding, Petitioner alleges that “Brown’s

statements were the foundation of the Government’s prosecution and were testified to by several

prosecution witnesses during Hicks’ trial.” (Cv. Dkt. No. 1 at 9.) 

A defendant has the right to confront statements admitted into evidence that were made

extrajudicially and are contained in formalized testimonial materials such as affidavits, depositions, prior

testimony, or confessions. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 52–53 (citing White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 365

(1992)). A defendant does not have a right to confront a witness upon whom police rely in obtaining

probable cause, especially when that witness does not testify at trial. See Pavlik v. United States, 951

F.2d 220, 224 (9th Cir. 1991); United States v. Brown, 322 F. Supp. 2d 101, 105 n.4 (D. Mass. 2004). 

Likewise, the Government is not required to call all of the witnesses to a crime to testify at trial because

confrontation rights are satisfied by a [petitioner’s] opportunity to subpoena and call witnesses in her own

case in chief. Pavlik, 322 F. Supp. 2d at 224.

At trial, the prosecution did not introduce the affidavit of Mr. Brown into evidence. Accordingly,

there was no evidentiary ruling made by the Court. While the affidavit would have fallen into the second

category of extrajudicial formalized testimonial evidence under Crawford if it had been admitted, a

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26 ORDER – 5

defendant only has the right to confront such evidence that is used against her at trial. Thus, Petitioner’s

confrontation rights were not violated.

2. Colleen Dunbar Romero

Petitioner argues that her Confrontation Clause rights were violated because the Court allegedly

prevented her from appropriately cross-examining Colleen Dunbar Romero, her former attorney. (Cv.

Dkt. No. 1 at 9.) During the cross-examination of Ms. Romero, Petitioner’s counsel was called to a

sidebar and alerted that his questions might open the door for the prosecution to inquire into privileged

attorney-client communication on redirect. (Cr. Dkt. No. 101-1 at I-6–I-7.) 

In such a situation, the Court will not find a violation of the Confrontation Clause unless a trial

judge limits relevant testimony in a way that prejudices the defendant or denies the jury sufficient

information to appraise the biases and motivations of witnesses. United States v. Bensimon, 172 F.3d

1121, 1128 (9th Cir. 1999). Contrary to Petitioner’s assertion, this Court did not limit counsel’s crossexamination. As noted in the R&R, “Petitioner’s decision not to ask further questions both after the

sidebar and on re-cross was based not on a lack of opportunity, but a strategic choice to protect

privileged information.” (Cv. Dkt. No. 16 at 5.) Thus, Petitioner’s confrontation rights were not

violated.

3. Terry Rooney

Petitioner’s next claim asserts that her Confrontation Clause rights were violated because Terry

Rooney, an employee of Bank of America, testified about an interstate phone call made in the course of a

Bank of America wire transfer to Petitioner’s bank account. Petitioner contends that because Ms.

Rooney was not a party to this telephone call her testimony was not sufficient to establish the purpose of

the telephone call (i.e. whether the call was made to effectuate the wire transfer of $50,000 from Bank of

America to Petitioner’s account). 

Ms. Rooney testified that, according to Bank of America’s business records, a telephone

conversation took place between two of her coworkers to approve the $50,000 transfer. Business

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26 ORDER – 6

records are not testimonial statements within the context of the Confrontation Clause. Crawford, 541

U.S. at 55. Ms. Rooney’s testimony was used simply to explain and verify the information contained in

the business records. This Court did not admit any testimonial evidence about the telephone call, and

accordingly, Petitioner’s confrontation rights were not violated. 

4. Vivian Van Deusen

Petitioner claims that her Confrontation Clause rights were violated because the Court allegedly

permitted testimonial statements from six non-testifying Vulcan employees to be made through the

testimony of Vivian Van Deusen, Vulcan’s Director of Finance. Ms. Van Deusen testified for the

Government about Vulcan’s wire transfer and record keeping practices. When asked by Petitioner’s

counsel on cross-examination to clarify who the “executive management” staff were at Vulcan, Ms. Van

Deusen mentioned the names of three of the six non-testifying employees. (Cr. Dkt. No. 102-2 at I-77–I159.) Here, neither the Government nor Ms. Van Dusen offered statements from the Vulcan employees

mentioned in the petition that could be considered “testimonial” under the Crawford standard. Thus, her

confrontation rights were not violated.

5. William Rupp’s Computer

Petitioner claims that her confrontation rights were violated because she was not able to crossexamine the computer that William Rupp, a Vulcan employee, used to demonstrate the process of email

alteration using Vulcan’s email software program. (Cv. Dkt. No. 1 at 12–13.) The Confrontation Clause

secures for a defendant an adequate opportunity to cross-examine adverse witnesses. See United States

v. Owens, 484 U.S. 554, 557 (1988). A computer is a machine and, as such, cannot be considered an

“adverse witness” that may provide testimony or be the subject of cross-examination. Petitioner was

afforded the opportunity to cross-examine Mr. Rupp to inquire about his knowledge of the functioning of

the machine while in court. 

Petitioner argues that Mr. Rupp was a biased witness and as such, she should have been allowed

to cross-examine a representative of the company who manufactured the computer to identify whether

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26 ORDER – 7

Mr. Rupp had modified the computer prior to his in-court demonstration. (Cv. Dkt. No. 1 at 12–13.) 

“[The Government] need not call a witness, equally available to both sides, merely because

cross-examination of such a witness might prove helpful to the defense[’s] case.” United States v. Snow,

521 F.2d 730, 736 (9th Cir. 1975). After cross-examination, Petitioner was able to call additional

witnesses to testify about either Mr. Rupp’s character or about the ease of modifying computers for

demonstrations. She did neither. Because Petitioner was not prevented from confronting testimonial

evidence by Mr. Rupp or from calling witnesses to impeach his testimony, her Confrontation Clause

rights were not violated. 

6. Theodore Miller

Petitioner’s last Confrontation Clause claim asserts that her rights were violated because she was

unable to cross-examine the federal agent who found two bank statements in her house during the search. 

(Cv. Dkt. No. 1 at 13.) FBI Agent Theodore Miller testified that two bank statements were found at

Petitioner’s residence that showed two wire transfers into the Bank of America account of Pacific NWT. 

Agent Miller testified that another agent, Stuart Filmore, was the actual agent who located the records.

The Government never offered statements from Special Agent Filmore at trial that would fit into

one of the three formulations of testimonial statements announced in Crawford. Agent Miller served as

the evidence custodian for the search of Petitioner’s residence. The Court properly admitted the bank

statements based on the testimony of Agent Miller. As noted in the R&R, “because Petitioner was able

to cross-examine Mr. Miller as to where the bank receipts were found, Petitioner’s confrontation rights

were not violated under Snow. Fillmore did not have to be called to testify.” (Cv. Dkt. No. 16 at 8.) 

The Court, likewise, agrees that Petitioner’s confrontation rights were not violated.

B. Petitioner’s Sentence Length

1. Ex Post Facto Clause Claim

Petitioner claims that her sentence of sixty-three months is excessive under the version of 18

U.S.C. § 1343 that was in effect at the time she committed her crimes. The Government asserts that

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26 ORDER – 8

Petitioner is procedurally barred from bringing this claim in her motion to vacate her sentence because

she never raised the claim at trial or on direct appeal, and that even if she had raised the argument below,

the sentence was proper. 

Claims not raised on direct appeal cannot be raised on collateral review unless the Petitioner can

show cause and prejudice. Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504 (2003). It is well-settled that

any new statute which makes the punishment for a crime more burdensome after its commission is

prohibited as ex post facto. Beazell v. Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 169–170. In July 2002, 18 U.S.C. § 1343

was amended, increasing the maximum sentence for a single count of wire fraud from five to twenty

years. 

Petitioner asserts that because her total sentence is longer than the five-year maximum for one

count of wire fraud, that the Court applied the new version of § 1343 in violation of the Ex Post Facto

Clause. Petitioner misconstrues the application of the statute to her case. She contends that no matter

how many counts of wire fraud she was charged with, her sentence cannot exceed the maximum term for

one single count. The maximum sentence detailed in either version of the statute pertains to sentencing

for a single count of wire fraud. Petitioner was convicted of eight counts. Thus, the maximum sentence

for Petitioner under the operative statute at the time of her sentencing could have been 40 years. 

Accordingly, Petitioner cannot establish that she was prejudiced by the sentence of sixty-three months,

and her claim is procedurally barred. 

2. Erroneous Judgment Form

As noted in the Government’s Answer and the R&R, this Court failed to indicate on the judgment

form, which was prepared and presented by the Government, that the sentence on one or more of the

eight counts was to run consecutive to the other counts. (Cv. Dkt. No. 7 at 14–15; Cv. Dkt. No. 16 at

9–10.) When a defendant is convicted on multiple counts of a crime, it is permissible for a total sentence

to exceed the statutory maximum for a single count. However, if the court wishes to so sentence, it must

provide a specific and express order to that effect. See United States v. Joetski, 952 F.2d 1090, 1098

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(9th Cir. 1991). Multiple terms of imprisonment imposed at the same time run concurrently unless the

court orders or the statute mandates that the terms are to run consecutively. 18 U.S.C. § 3584(a). 

Here, the Court intended for the multiple terms of imprisonment to run consecutively and for the

total time served to equal sixty-three months. The Government is ORDERED to provide a corrected

judgment form reflecting the sixty-three month sentence by November 30, 2006. 

C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim

Petitioner argues that there were fifteen separate instances where her counsel was ineffective. 

(Cv. Dkt. No. 1 at 19–32.) A petitioner cannot prevail on an ineffective assistance claim unless she

satisfies both prongs of the inquiry announced in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–90

(1984). First, a petitioner must establish that counsel’s performance was so deficient that it fell below an

“objective standard of reasonableness” under “prevailing professional norms.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at

687. In addition, she must demonstrate that such performance so prejudiced the trial that but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id.

As the R&R points out, none of Petitioner’s fifteen bases for her ineffective assistance claim

satisfactorily meets both the deficient performance and prejudice requirements of Strickland. Petitioner’s

Objections to the R&R do not address Judge Benton’s in-depth analysis of each basis. Rather than

scrutinizing each instance of alleged ineffective assistance of counsel, the Court ADOPTS the analysis

contained in the R&R and DENIES this claim.

D. Cumulative Error Claim

Petitioner’s final claim alleges that the multiple instances of error and deficient performance of

counsel throughout her trial and appeal, when taken cumulatively, amount to prejudicial error. (Cv. Dkt.

No. 1 at 32.) Courts have previously recognized that prejudice may result from the cumulative impact of

multiple deficiencies in counsel’s performance. See Harris by & Through Ramseyer v. Wood, 64 F.3d

1432, 1439 (9th Cir. 1995); Mak v. Blodgett, 970 F.2d 614, 622 (9th Cir. 1992). 

Consistent with the preceding discussion, this Court determines that Petitioner has established no

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26 ORDER – 10

error or deficient performance that could be considered cumulatively as a basis for setting aside her

sentence. Consequently, this claim is DENIED.

E. Evidentiary Hearing

As detailed above, the record in this case conclusively shows that Petitioner is not entitled to

relief. To the extent that Petitioner alleges a sentencing error that has merit, see supra Part B.2, this can

be easily cured through submission of a corrected judgment form and does not require further evidentiary

development. Thus Petitioner’s request for an evidentiary hearing is DENIED.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Court, having reviewed petitioner’s § 2255 motion, the Report and Recommendation of

Judge Monica J. Benton, United States Magistrate Judge, and the remaining record, does hereby find and

Order:

(1) The Court ADOPTS the Report and Recommendation; 

(2) Petitioner’s motion to vacate, set aside, or correct her sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255 (Cv. Dkt. No. 1) is GRANTED in part and her sentence is 0VACATED for

resentencing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3584;

(4) The Court ORDERS Respondent to provide the Court a corrected judgment form by

November 30, 2006;

(3) The Clerk is directed to send copies of this Order to Petitioner, to counsel for Respondent

and to the Hon. Monica J. Benton.

SO ORDERED this 17th day of November, 2006.

AJohn C. Coughenour

United States District Judge

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