Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-23-00305-CR

EX PARTE Juan Jose SANTIAGO VILLALOBOS

Original Proceeding1

PER CURIAM

Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Irene Rios, Justice

Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: August 30, 2023

PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED WITHOUT 

PREJUDICE IN PART

Relator is a noncitizen who was arrested under Operation Lone Star, processed, and 

released on bond. After his bonded release, relator was removed from the country. Following his 

removal, relator filed an application for writ of habeas corpus. He sought the issuance of a habeas 

writ, an evidentiary hearing, and dismissal of his underlying charges because, he alleges, the 

charges violate equal protection principles. The trial court denied relator’s habeas application, 

without issuing a writ or holding a hearing. Relator filed this mandamus proceeding arguing the 

trial court erred by denying his application for writ of habeas corpus without issuing the habeas 

writ or holding a hearing.

1 This proceeding arises out of Cause No. 31576, styled State of Texas v. Juan Jose Santiago Villalobos, pending in 

the County Court, Maverick County, Texas, the Honorable Susan D. Reed presiding.
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For mandamus relief to be available in a criminal case, a relator “must show that he has no 

adequate remedy at law to redress his alleged harm” and “that what he seeks to compel is a 

ministerial act, not involving a discretionary or judicial decision.” See State ex rel. Young v. Sixth 

Jud. Dist. Ct. App. at Texarkana, 236 S.W.3d 207, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (orig. proceeding); 

see also In re City of Lubbock, 666 S.W.3d 546, 554 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023) (orig. proceeding) 

(“Mandamus relief is available for a novel issue or one of first impression with uncontested facts 

when the law points to but one clear result.”). 

MOOTNESS

We first address whether this proceeding is moot. The State argues that because the trial 

court issued a ruling on relator’s habeas application, his mandamus petition is moot. See In re 

Bonilla, 424 S.W.3d 528, 534 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (orig. proceeding) (holding mandamus 

petition was moot where relator received relief sought). 

The trial court’s order is comprised of several options to choose from depending on the 

trial court’s ruling and whether the ruling is one on the merits. Here, the trial court chose the 

following: 

The Court having considered [the Application] is of the opinion same should be: 

 X the Application is denied without issuing the writ. 

The trial court did not select the following options: 

 the Application is granted, an order issuing the writ and hearing to be 

held . 

 the Application is granted with an order issuing the writ, and the merits 

will be heard by submission of evidence under the following schedule. . . . 

We hold this mandamus proceeding is not moot as to relator’s request for the issuance of 

a writ or to the trial court holding an evidentiary hearing. The trial court’s order specifically states 

the trial court based its ruling on relator’s application. It is apparent from the trial court’s order 
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that relator did not receive the issuance of a writ or the evidentiary hearing he sought. Instead, the 

order shows the trial court affirmatively rejected the issuance of a writ, holding an evidentiary 

hearing, or the submission of written evidence by refusing selections corresponding with these 

actions. Additionally, the mandamus record does not show that the trial court issued a writ or held 

an evidentiary hearing, and the State does not assert otherwise.

The trial court’s order and record also do not suggest that the trial court ruled on the merits 

of relator’s equal protection claim. If the trial court ruled on the merits of relator’s habeas 

application, then the proper remedy is to appeal the order denying relator’s habeas application—

not to seek mandamus review. See Ex parte Villanueva, 252 S.W.3d 391, 395 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2008) (“[A]n appeal may be prosecuted when a judge issues a ruling on the merits.”); Ex parte 

Sifuentes, 639 S.W.3d 842, 846 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2022, pet. ref’d) (citation omitted) (“If 

the record shows that the trial court heard evidence and addressed the merits, the result is 

appealable.”). Here, there is no indication the trial court ruled on the merits of relator’s equal 

protection claim. Instead, the trial court’s order indicates that relator’s habeas application was 

denied without the development or consideration of an evidentiary record. Because the trial court 

did not issue a writ or rule on the merits of relator’s habeas application, relator did not receive the 

relief he sought from the trial court, and there remains a live controversy. Cf. Winkler v. State, 252 

S.W.2d 944 (Tex. Crim. App. 1952) (holding case moot where there ceased to be live controversy).

HABEAS CLAIM

Next, relator contends mandamus is proper to direct the trial court to issue a writ and to 

rule on the merits of his equal protection claim. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.15 (upon 

receiving an application for writ of habeas corpus, a trial court shall issue the writ “unless it be 

manifest from the petition itself, or some documents annexed to it, that the party is entitled to no 

relief whatever.”). If relator’s underlying habeas claim is cognizable, he may be entitled to relief. 
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See id.; Click v. State, 39 S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex. Crim. App. 1931) (“Where one entitled to a writ of 

habeas corpus makes proper application for it to the proper court having jurisdiction, said 

application conforming to all the statutory requirements and probable cause being shown, the writ 

of habeas corpus cannot be denied to the relator, for it then becomes a constitutional right.”). 

On June 21, 2023, we issued an opinion holding that a selective-prosecution equal 

protection claim is cognizable in a pre-trial application for writ of habeas corpus. See Ex parte 

Aparicio, No. 04-22-00632-CR, 2023 WL 4095939, at *11 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 21, 

2023, pet. filed) (en banc). Relator asserts a similar claim here. In light of our recent decision, we 

believe the trial court should have an opportunity to reconsider its decision—not to issue the habeas 

writ or hold an evidentiary hearing—on relator’s habeas application. See id.; see also Ex parte 

Lizcano, No. WR-68,348-03, 2018 WL 2717035, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. June 6, 2018) (per 

curiam) (not designated for publication) (remanding case to trial court, in light of new authority, 

“to allow it the opportunity to develop evidence, make new or additional findings of fact and 

conclusions of law, and make a new recommendation” to the Court of Criminal Appeals); accord 

In re Van Waters & Rogers Inc., 988 S.W.2d 740, 741 (Tex. 1998) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) 

(denying mandamus relief in order to allow trial court to reconsider decision in light of new 

precedent); accord In re Cent. Or. Truck Co., Inc., 644 S.W.3d 668, 671 (Tex. 2022) (orig. 

proceeding) (per curiam). Therefore, we deny the petition for writ of mandamus without prejudice 

to relator’s seeking relief, if necessary, after the trial court has had an opportunity to reconsider its 

ruling. 

Finally, relator filed a motion to urge the trial court to conduct a hearing on his application 

for writ of habeas corpus prior to his in-person setting on April 4, 2023, or in the alternative, to 
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continue his in-person setting. Because April 4, 2023 has passed, relator’s complaint about his 

required in-person attendance at the pretrial hearing is moot.

PER CURIAM

DO NOT PUBLISH