' ....... ,··· ,., 

.;· ;"' 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

CRYSTAL RIDGE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, ) 

a Washington nonprofit corporation; J. ABULTZ, an ) 

individual; LAURIE AND WILSON AMARAL, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; CRAIG ARNO, an individual; CARON ) 

BEAR, an individual; DAVID A. BENNETT, an ) 

individual; GLORIA BLADES, an individual; DUANE ) No. 89533-3 

AND GWEN BOWMAN, husband and wife and the ) 

marital community thereof; THOMAS AND CYNDY ) En Bane 

BOYER, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; JEFF AND KERI BROWN, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) Filed __ F_EB_1_2_2_01_5 _ 

thereof; DON COLEMAN, an individual; DON ) 

DACHENHAUSEN Ill and DAWN MONCALIERI; ) 

ANH-VIET AND LISA DANG, husband and wife, ) 

and the marital community thereof; BRAD AND ) 

JULIE DELUCA, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; BELARMINO DIAZ, an ) 

individual; GARY J. AND JOHANN J. FELT; ) 

NICHOLAS AND MYUNG FIX, husband and wife, ) 

and the marital community thereof; BARRY AND ) 

BONNIE FRETWELL, husband and wife, and the ) 

marital community thereof; TATSUICHIRO ) 

FURUKAWA, an individual; J. CHRIS AND ) 

MARGARET GAZEY, husband and wife, and the ) 

marital community thereof; PHILLAND ANNE ) 

MARIE HASTINGS, husband and wife, and the ) 

marital community thereof; JEROME J. AND LINDA ) 

L. HODGES, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; RAYMOND AND PAM ) 

HUTCHINSON, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; STEVE L. AND MANTI L. ) 

JOLLENSTEN, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; PETER AND BEVERLY ) 

JOHNSON, husband and wife, and the marital ) 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n et at. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

community thereof; JAMES R. AND MAILLE A. ) 

KESSENICH, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; BRIAN AND KRISTI KING, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; JOHN AND VICKI KLEIN, husband and ) 

wife, and the marital community thereof; CORRIE ) 

KRAP, an individual; JOHN AND DEBBIE LAMB, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; RICHARD R. AND JANET E. LARSON, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; JEFF LONGAKER, an individual; ROBERT ) 

AND LYNNE LUCKEY, husband and wife, and the ) 

marital community thereof; TOM MCKEY, an ) 

individual; PHYLLIS M. AND WAYNE MURPHY, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; MICHAEL A. MEYER, an individual; ) 

BRUCE AND KATHERINE NGYUEN, husband and ) 

wife, and the marital community thereof; ) 

CLIFFORD AND KATHLEEN O'CONNELL, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; JAZ JANG AND CHOON PARK; STEVEN ) 

J. PFISTER, an individual; RUSSELLAND ) 

PAULINE PORTER, husband and wife, and the ) 

marital community thereof; LARRY AND JANICE ) 

RENDAHL, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; DIANE AND PAUL ROBERTS, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; CRAID AND KAREN RENFROW, husband ) 

and wife, and the marital community thereof; ) 

MARGARET ROMANO, an individual, AARON AND ) 

SHAUNA RUCKMAN, husband and wife, and the ) 

marital community thereof; FAYE N. SCANNELL, ) 

an individual, BEN AND JACLYN SETTER, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; STEVEN RUBENSTEIN AND MARIANNE ) 

SHAW; JOHN AND KARIN SHIPMAN, husband ) 

and wife, and the marital community thereof; ) 

MICHELE SINKULA, an individual; DONALD AND ) 

MARILYN SIDES, husband and wife, and the ) 

marital community thereof; JOHN SMITH, an ) 

individual; RICHARD F. AND NORMA S. SMITH, ) 

husband and wife, and the marital community ) 

thereof; SCOTT AND SHARI TRAIL, husband and ) 

wife, and the marital community thereof; JOHN ) 

TRAXLER, an individual; DEAN AND MARIE ) 

2 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

VAUGHAN, husband and wife, and the marital ) 

community thereof; DIANE WING, an individual; ) 

KENNETH AND LEA WOOD, husband and wife, ) 

and the marital community thereof; MARIA K. ) 

WYATT, an individual, ) 

) 

Respondents, ) 

) 

v. ) 

) 

CITY OF BOTHELL, a municipal ) 

corporation, ) 

) 

Petitioner. ) 

) 

WIGGINS, J.-We must decide whether the city of Bothell assumed 

responsibility for maintaining a drainage pipe installed in Crystal Ridge, a residential 

subdivision in Snohomish County. Crystal Ridge was developed from two residential 

plats that Snohomish County approved in 1987. The area became incorporated into 

the city of Bothell (City) in 1992. One of the plats contained a drainage easement 

within a tract owned by the Crystal Ridge Homeowners Association (HOA). The plat 

dedicated that drainage easement to Snohomish County. Ordinarily, approval of a plat 

by a county constitutes acceptance by the county of any easements dedicated therein. 

The City, however, argues that the disputed drainage pipe is outside the scope of the 

drainage easement that the City inherited from Snohomish County. 

We disagree and hold that the only reasonable interpretation of the Crystal 

Ridge plat is that Snohomish County-and therefore the City-assumed responsibility 

for maintaining the drainage pipe. We therefore affirm the trial court's grant of 

summary judgment in favor of respondents. 

3 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n et a/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

FACTS 

In 1987, Snohomish County approved development of two residential plats 

collectively called Crystal Ridge. At the time, the area encompassing Crystal Ridge 

was part of unincorporated Snohomish County (County). In 1992, five years after the 

Crystal Ridge plats were approved, the area became incorporated into the City. 

Naturally occurring wet soil conditions posed a substantial challenge to the 

development of Crystal Ridge. In his decision approving the Crystal Ridge plats, the 

County's hearing examiner, John E. Galt, noted three potential sources for the 

saturated soil in his findings: (1) "subsurface water," or groundwater, that "has been 

stored in porous soil layers upslope of the site," (2) "septic tank drainfields in the 

development upslope," and (3) "leakage from storm drains or water lines." Decision 

of Hr'g Exam'r at 3. To alleviate these wet soil conditions, consulting geotechnical 

engineer Dr. Gordon Denby stated in his report to the hearing examiner that "an 

interceptor trench or trenches along the west property line would be necessary in 

order to intercept the groundwater flow and dewater the site so that residential 

construction could occur." /d. The trench would have to be "as much as 12 feet deep 

in order to accomplish the desired purpose." /d. The hearing examiner included the 

following conclusion in his decision: 

The most critical issue involved in the instant proposal is subsurface and 

surface drainage. The simple reality is that this site is not your typical 

piece of property and that typical drainage standards would probably not 

adequately protect the public use and interest. ... The recommendations 

4 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n et a/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

made by [Dr. Denby] should be made mandatory conditions of project 

approval. 

/d. at 7. 

To this end, the hearing examiner required the developer to install an 

underground pipe to intercept and divert water away from the site. The interceptor 

pipe was placed 11 feet underground in an area labeled "Tract 999" on the plat. 

Groundwater captured by the interceptor pipe was directed to a pond on adjacent 

private property. 

The recorded plat showed that Tract 999 would be owned by the HOA subject 

to an easement described as a "25' sanitary sewer (A.W.D.) and drainage easement." 

The plat further provided that "drainage easements designated on this plat are hereby 

reserved for and granted to Snohomish County for the right of ingress and egress for 

the purpose of maintaining and operating stormwater facilities." Tract 999 contained 

two buried pipes located in the same trench: a sewer pipe belonging to the Alderwood 

Water District (the "A.W.D." referenced in the above-quoted description of Tract 999) 

and the interceptor pipe. 

In 2010, the HOA and several individual homeowners (respondents) sued the 

City, alleging that the interceptor pipe had failed and damaged several properties 

within the development. 1 Respondents moved for summary judgment, seeking a 

declaratory judgment that the City, as successor to the County, was responsible for 

maintaining the interceptor pipe. The City filed a cross motion for summary judgment, 

1 Respondents also asserted claims of negligence, inverse condemnation, trespass, and 

nuisance, but none of these claims are at issue in this appeal. 

5 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n et at. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

seeking a declaratory judgment that the HOA was responsible for the interceptor pipe. 

The trial court denied the City's motion and granted summary judgment in favor of 

respondents. The trial court then certified the issue to the Court of Appeals, which 

affirmed the trial court's ruling in favor of respondents. Crystal Ridge Homeowners 

Ass'n v. City of Bothell, noted at 175 Wn. App. 1047, 2013 WL 3872223. 

ANALYSIS 

Dedications of land to public entities like the County and the City are controlled 

by chapter 58.17 RCW (subdivision act), which governs plats, subdivisions, and 

dedications. The legislature enacted the current iteration of the subdivision act in 

1969.2 The act's express purpose is, among other things: 

to regulate the subdivision of land and to promote the public health, 

safety and general welfare in accordance with standards established by 

the state to prevent the overcrowding of land; ... to promote effective 

use of land; to promote safe and convenient travel by the public on 

streets and highways; ... to facilitate adequate provision for water, 

sewerage, parks and recreation areas, sites for schools and 

schoolgrounds and other public requirements; . . . to provide for the 

expeditious review and approval of proposed subdivisions which 

conform to zoning standards and local plans and policies; [and] to 

adequately provide for the housing and commercial needs of the citizens 

of the state .... 

RCW 58.17.010 (emphasis added). 

The subdivision act also sets forth the requirements for a statutory dedication: 

"Dedication" is the deliberate appropriation of land by an owner for any 

general and public uses, reserving to himself or herself no other rights 

than such as are compatible with the full exercise and enjoyment of the 

public uses to which the property has been devoted. The intention to 

dedicate shall be evidenced by the owner by the presentment for filing 

of a final plat or short plat showing the dedication thereon; and, the 

2 See LAWS OF 1969, 1st Ex. Sess., ch. 271. 

6 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

acceptance by the public shall be evidenced by the approval of such plat 

for filing by the appropriate governmental unit. 

RCW 58.17.020(3). 

The parties do not dispute that such a statutory dedication of Tract 999's 

drainage easement occurred, 3 nor do they dispute that the County accepted this 

dedication. 4 Rather, the dispute centers on two issues: the scope of the drainage 

easement and the associated dedication, and whether interpreting the easement to 

include the interceptor pipe would run afoul of the restrictions on the use of public 

funds contained in article VIII, section 7 of the Washington Constitution. We decline 

to reach the latter argument because the City failed to raise it prior to filing its petition 

for review. 

The remaining issue, whether the drainage easement includes the interceptor 

pipe, is essentially a matter of plat interpretation. Specifically, the City argues that the 

interceptor pipe does not fall within the scope of the drainage easement and that the 

interceptor pipe therefore was not dedicated to the County. Consequently, the City 

claims neither the County nor the City ever accepted responsibility for maintaining the 

3 Because a statutory dedication occurred, we need not address the common-law-dedication 

argument presented in the City's petition for review. Indeed, respondents never asserted 

common-law dedication before the trial court. The City first set up this straw man before the Court 

of Appeals, which properly dismissed it by noting that "this argument rests on the City's premise 

that there was no statutory dedication .... " Crystal Ridge, 2013 WL 3872223, at *5. 

4 Here, acceptance of the Crystal Ridge plats is evidenced by the signatures that appear on the 

plats. Specifically, the plat for Crystal Ridge's Division 2, which includes Tract 999, bears the 

signatures of Snohomish County's Director of Public Works, Director of Department of Planning 

and Community Development, and County Council Chairman. Each of those officials certified that 

they reviewed and approved the plat. The plat further bears the signature of the County Auditor, 

certifying that the plat had been filed, and the County Treasurer, certifying that property taxes had 

been paid. 

7 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

interceptor pipe. We disagree and hold that the County-and therefore the Cityassumed responsibility for maintaining the interceptor pipe as part of Tract 999's 

drainage easement. 

I. Plat Interpretation 

A "plat" is "[a] map describing a piece of land and its features, such as 

boundaries, lots, roads, and easements." BLACK's LAW DICTIONARY 1337 (1Oth ed. 

2014). In construing easements in a plat, the dedicator's intent controls. Roeder Co. 

v. Burlington N., Inc. 105 Wn.2d 269, 273, 714 P.2d 1170 (1986). We determine intent 

from the marks and lines on the plat itself. /d. If the plat is ambiguous as to the 

dedicator's intent, courts may consider surrounding circumstances, id., including 

extrinsic evidence. Rainier View Court Homeowners Ass'n v. Zenker, 157 Wn. App. 

710, 720, 238 P.3d 1217 (201 0). Here, no ambiguity surrounds the easement in 

question. Moreover, even if we were to read the plat as ambiguous and consider 

extrinsic evidence, the City's attempts to disclaim responsibility for the interceptor pipe 

would fail. 

A. Intrinsic Evidence 

The intrinsic evidence unambiguously demonstrates that the drainage 

easement contained on the plat includes the interceptor pipe. The plat shows that 

Tract 999 contains a "25' sanitary sewer (A.W.D.) and drainage easement." Three of 

the plat's four pages include the following text in bolded letters: "Drainage easements 

designated on this plat are hereby reserved for and granted to Snohomish County for 

8 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

the right of ingress and egress for the purpose of maintaining and operating 

stormwater facilities." This comports with the general rule that the burden of 

maintaining an easement lies with the holder of that easement rather than the owner 

of the servient property. E.g., Camus v. Culpepper, noted at 157 Wn. App. 1046, 2010 

WL 3420379, at *5 ("Generally, the duty to maintain an easement is on the owner of 

the dominant estate."). 5 Because the County assumed responsibility for maintaining 

the Tract 999 drainage easement, it necessarily follows that if the interceptor pipe falls 

within the scope of that easement, the City-as successor in interest of the Countyhas responsibility for maintaining the interceptor pipe. 6 

The parties in this case do not dispute that the interceptor pipe is buried in Tract 

999 or that the pipe serves the purpose of drainage. Although no pipes appear on the 

face of the plat, the record establishes that the drainage easement contains only two 

5 See also 25 AM. JUR. 2o Easements and Licenses§ 72 (2014) ("Whether by agreement or a 

common-law right or duty, the owner of an easement must keep it in repair. The owner of the 

servient tenement ordinarily is under no duty to maintain or repair it, in the absence of an 

agreement imposing such a duty." (footnotes omitted)). 

6 The dissent asserts that the drainage easement merely granted the County a right of access. 

Dissent at 5. Neither party has ever advanced this argument. The City has argued that the 

dedication does not include the interceptor pipe at all because the pipe is not a stormwater facility; 

it has not advanced an alternative argument that the easement does cover the interceptor pipe 

but that the easement bestowed only a limited right of access with no attendant maintenance 

duties. The intent of the dedicator controls the scope of the easement, and the record contains 

no support for the argument that the dedicator intended (or even contemplated) that any entity 

other than the County would maintain the pipe. Certainly, nothing in the record suggests that the 

plat's drafters intended for the HOA to assume responsibility for maintaining the pipe, as the City 

argues. What would be the point of granting the County a drainage easement in Tract 999 for the 

purpose of maintenance without expecting the County to maintain the only drainage facility inside 

the tract? None. 

9 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

pipes: the interceptor pipe and the AI derwood Water District sanitary sewer pipe. 7 

Because the plat expressly dedicated the only other pipe within the easement-the 

sanitary sewer pipe-to the Alderwood .Water District rather than the County, the 

interceptor pipe is the only drainage facility located within Tract 999 that could possibly 

have been dedicated to the County. Consequently, the only reasonable construction 

of the "drainage easement" shown in Tract 999 on the face of the plat is that the 

easement includes the interceptor pipe. The words and markings on the plat 

document thus establish that the dedicator intended to convey responsibility for the 

interceptor pipe to the County. 

The City seizes on two words in the plat-"stormwater facilities"-to argue that 

the plat drew a distinction between "stormwater facilities" and "groundwater facilities." 

According to the City, the County assumed responsibility for maintaining only 

"stormwater facilities" while maintenance of "groundwater facilities" remained the duty 

of the HOA. We will not read the City's proposed distinction into the Crystal Ridge plat. 

Nothing in the plat indicates that the HOA reserved the right to maintain groundwater 

facilities, and a stormwater/groundwater distinction appears neither in the plat nor in 

the contemporaneous documents in the appellate record. We will not read a distinction 

into the plat where the record is completely devoid of evidence suggesting that the 

7 The City argued before the Court of Appeals that they had not "heard" of the interceptor pipe 

prior to 2008. This is untrue. The hearing examiner required the construction of the pipe in his 

1984 decision, which the Examiner sent not only to multiple county officials and agencies, but 

also to the City itself. Similarly, we reject the City's attempts to attach significance to the pipe's 

absence from the face of the recorded plat. As noted above, the plat does not depict any pipes at 

all in Tract 999 or in any of the other drainage and sewage easements that appear on the plat. 

Regardless, the hearing examiner's decision, combined with the plat's clear dedication of the 

Tract 999 drainage easement to the County, sufficed to place the City on notice of its responsibility 

for maintaining the pipe. 

10 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

plat's drafters contemplated the distinction. Cf. Hollis v. Garwa/1, Inc., 137 Wn.2d 683, 

696-97, 974 P.2d 836 (1999) (rejecting a party's interpretation of a restrictive covenant 

contained in a plat because adopting the interpretation "would require this court to 

redraft or add to the language of the covenant"). 

B. Extrinsic Evidence 

Even assuming for the sake of argument, however, that the plat is ambiguous 

regarding whether the easement includes "groundwater" facilities, the extrinsic 

evidence contradicts the City's argument. The Snohomish County Code (SCC) at the 

time of the dedication specifically provided that drainage facilities "shall" be dedicated 

to the county where private maintenance would be inadequate. Here, the engineers' 

unrefuted declarations confirm that private maintenance of such a pipe would likely 

be inadequate and undesirable. Indeed, Theodore Trepanier, one of the engineers 

who worked on the platting of Crystal Ridge, stated in his declaration: 

Based on my personal knowledge, during the years that Crystal 

Ridge Division No. 2 was built and accepted, the County wanted to have 

control of all the retention/detention systems and their accompanying 

drainage structures .... The easements were required by the County so 

that it had the unquestionable ability to perform maintenance and repairs 

on these types of facilities)81 

Given the likely inadequacy of private maintenance, adopting the City's narrow 

construction of the easement would defeat the subdivision act's express goals of 

8 The City strongly objects to this portion of the declaration, arguing that the court cannot rely on 

a declaration by a third party to divine the county's intent as to this particular project in 1987. We 

disagree for the reasons stated by the trial court during its oral ruling on summary judgment: 

"[Trepanier] can't testify as to the internal intent of the county, but he can certainly testify as to 

what was the observable policy and actions of the county. No one's come in and said no, we never 

did that, et cetera, and it stands unrebutted." 

11 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n et at. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

"facilitat[ing] adequate provision for water [and] sewerage" and "promot[ing] the public 

health, safety and general welfare." RCW 58.17.01 0. We therefore decline to give the 

scope of the easement the unduly narrow construction proposed by the City. 9 

The City's disclaimer of the interceptor pipe as a groundwater facility also fails 

for practical reasons. The record shows that the interceptor pipe was not designed to 

drain solely groundwater or stormwater, nor did it exist in a vacuum that permitted it 

to collect only "groundwater" without "stormwater." Dr. Denby, the supervising 

geotechnical engineer who surveyed the property in 1984, testified that the purpose 

of the pipe was to drain both groundwater and stormwater runoff from west of the 

development. The hearing examiner's decision recognized that the "most critical issue 

involved in the instant proposal is subsurface and surface drainage." Decision of Hr'g 

Exam'r at 7 (emphasis added). 

Geotechnical reports adopted by the hearing examiner likewise recognize that 

the drainage issues stemmed not only from groundwater, but also from infiltrating 

9 Moreover, the sec itself contemplated a broad construction of "storm and surface water": 

"Storm and Surface Water Management Facilities and Features", as used in this 

chapter, shall mean any facility, improvement, development, property or interest 

therein, made, constructed, or acquired for purpose of controlling, or protecting life 

or property from, any storm, waste, flood or surplus waters wherever located within 

the county, and shall include but not be limited to the improvements and authority 

described in RCW 86.12.020 and Chapters 86.13 and 86.15 RCW. 

Former SCC 25.02.080 (1983) (emphasis added). The emphasized text above illustrates the 

breadth of the meaning of "stormwater" in the SCC. A "surplus" is "the amount that remains 

when use or need is satisfied." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2301 (2002). 

If this provision were meant to apply only to "surface water" as opposed to "groundwater," then 

it would not have to include the additional references to "storm," "surplus," and other waters 

"wherever located." Under the SCC, then, a pipe that controls excess water qualifies as a 

stormwater facility wherever that water is located, including underground. 

12 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n et a/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

rainwater and leaking municipal storm drains from upslope properties. In making 

recommendations to the developer, the supervising geotechnical engineer referred to 

an "efficient comprehensive drainage system" to deal with wet site conditions from all 

sources. Thus, regardless of whether one can conceptually distinguish "stormwater" 

from "groundwater," the fact remains that the disputed interceptor pipe would be 

collecting both, and the City fails to cite any evidence in the record showing that any 

of the individuals involved in the initial development of Crystal Ridge contemplated 

such a distinction. 

C. Drainage Disclosure 

The "Drainage Disclosure" dated November 9, 1987 does not alter this result. 

That document requires subsequent owners of the individual lots in Crystal Ridge to 

be notified that "[s]ubstantial surface and subsurface drainage controls have been 

necessary in the development of the subject property and that special and/or 

extraordinary drainage controls may be necessary on individual lots." The City urges 

us to read this disclosure as warning subsequent Crystal Ridge homeowners that 

they were responsible, as members of the HOA, for maintaining the interceptor pipe 

in Tract 999. This is incorrect. The disclosure notifies individual future homeowners 

that they may have to take extraordinary drainage precautions on their own lots to 

supplement existing drainage facilities, not that they were responsible for maintaining 

drainage facilities that had already been placed. As with the original plat, adopting the 

City's interpretation of the disclosure document would both run counter to the 

13 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

document's plain meaning and read Tract 999's drainage easement out of the Crystal 

Ridge plat. 10 

D. The Snohomish County Code 

The City also notes that the relevant portions of the sec list several 

prerequisites that must be met before the County accepts responsibility for 

maintaining a drainage system and that those requirements were never met at Crystal 

Ridge. But the sec also mandates additional steps if the County is not going to 

maintain a drainage system, 11 and the record contains no evidence suggesting that 

those requirements were met either. Thus, the fact that additional requirements 

appear in the sec is not helpful in determining the issue before us. 

E. Conclusion on Plat Interpretation 

The County accepted, via the signatures of several of its public officials 

including the director of public works, that "drainage easements designated on this 

plat are hereby reserved for and granted to Snohomish County for the right of ingress 

and egress for the purpose of maintaining and operating stormwater facilities." 

Regardless of whether we limit our inquiry to the contents of the plat or examine 

10 The City's interpretation of the drainage disclosure also runs counter to RCW 58.17 .165, which 

provides that dedications "shown on the face of the plat shall be considered to all intents and 

purposes as a quitclaim deed .... "The developer of Crystal Ridge thus quitclaimed maintenance 

rights to the easement contained within Tract 999, and the drainage disclosure that does not 

purport to alter the parties' rights and responsibilities cannot suffice to undo that quitclaim. 

11 Specifically, the former sec required the developer applicant to make arrangements with the 

property owners for assumption of maintenance within two years and the county director of the 

department of public works must have approved those arrangements. Former sec 24.28.080 

(1983). 

14 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta!. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

extrinsic evidence, the only reasonable interpretation of the plat is that the drainage 

easement in Tract 999 includes the interceptor pipe. 12 

II. The Washington Constitution 

The City argues that were it required to maintain the interceptor pipe, the 

resulting expenditure would constitute the gifting of public money to private parties in 

violation of article VIII, section 7 of the Washington Constitution. We will not reach the 

merits of this argument because the City failed to raise it prior to filing its petition for 

review. The City did not mention article VIII, section 7 in its cross motion for summary 

judgment before the superior court. Indeed, aside from a single passing remark in its 

opening Court of Appeals brief, the City never once raised this issue before either the 

superior court or the Court of Appeals. This court generally does not consider issues, 

12 The Washington State Association of Municipal Attorneys (WSAMA) filed an amicus brief 

warning of a parade of horribles that would follow if we affirm the Court of Appeals decision. 

According to WSAMA, if the City "becomes responsible for a groundwater facility over which 

neither it nor Snohomish County had direct knowledge and did not expressly accept-just 

because it exists-that same thing could happen to any county, city or town." Amicus Br. of 

WSAMA in Supp. of City of Bothell at 1-2. 

These concerns are misplaced. The City is not responsible for maintaining the interceptor 

pipe "just because it exists;" they are responsible for maintaining it because that is the only 

reasonable interpretation of the disputed plat. The plat clearly shows a drainage easement within 

Tract 999, and the record contains no indication that Tract 999 contains any drainage facility of 

any type aside from the interceptor pipe and the A.W. D. sanitary sewer pipe. If we were to exclude 

the interceptor pipe from the scope of the easement, we would effectively be reading the "drainage 

easement" out of the plat. Moreover, the City-as successor in interest to the County-did have 

knowledge of the interceptor pipe through the record before the hearing examiner. Finally, our 

holding is narrower than WSAMA fears. We do not hold that plats cannot distinguish between 

stormwater and groundwater facilities; we simply hold that this particular plat did not make that 

distinction and that reading such a distinction into this plat would be inappropriate under the 

particular circumstances of this case. 

15 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

even constitutional ones, raised first in a petition for review, State v. Benn, 161 Wn.2d 

256, 262 n.1, 165 P.3d 1232 (2007), and we decline to do so now. 

Before it sought review with this court, the City's only reference to article VIII, 

section 7 appeared in the section of its Court of Appeals brief discussing whether a 

common-law dedication of the pipe occurred. The City argued that because it never 

accepted a common-law dedication of the pipe, the City never assumed responsibility 

for the pipe's maintenance. The City referenced article VIII, section 7 not as part of an 

independent argument, but only as support for its assertion that because the 

interceptor pipe benefited private parties, the City could never have accepted a 

dedication of the pipe under common law. 13 In this context, the City's offhand remark 

cannot reasonably be construed as raising the issue before the Court of Appealsand indeed, the Court of Appeals did not address article VIII, section 7 in its opinion. 

'"[N]aked castings into the constitutional sea are not sufficient to command 

judicial consideration and discussion."' In re Rosier, 105 Wn.2d 606, 616, 717 P.2d 

1353 (1986) (quoting United States v. Phillips, 433 F.2d 1364, 1366 (8th Cir. 1970)). 

Because the City failed to raise this issue below, we decline to address it now. 14 

13 As noted above, the City's common-law-dedication argument was itself a non sequitur; 

respondents never raised common-law dedication because the drainage easement satisfied the 

statutory dedication requirements. 

14 The court grants in part and denies in part the City's "Motion to Strike Portions of Respondents' 

Supplemental Brief and New Document Attached as an Exhibit to Respondents' Supplemental 

Brief." The motion is granted with respect to striking Exhibit A and references to it in respondents' 

supplemental brief, as respondents provided no justification for failing to submit this document to 

the trial court so that it would be part of the record on appeal. The motion is denied in all other 

respects. The City challenges several statements that it characterizes as "factual assertions that 

are not supported by any citation to the record." But viewed in context, each of the challenged 

statements is either a proper inference or argument based on factual assertions that respondents 

did, in fact, support with citations to the record. 

16 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n et at. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

CONCLUSION 

For the reasons stated above, we agree with the superior court and the Court 

of Appeals that the City is responsible for maintaining the interceptor pipe. We 

therefore affirm. 

We construe the City's second motion to strike, challenging portions of respondents' 

answer to the City's first motion to strike, as a reply in support of its first motion to strike. The 

challenged portions of the respondents' answer played no role in our determination of the merits 

of this case, and we need not address it. To the extent the second motion to strike is considered 

pending, it is denied. 

17 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass'n eta/. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

WE CONCUR. 

/ 

~~t-.g· 

18 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'n et al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

No. 89533-3 

GORDON McCLOUD, J. ( dissenting)-The developer here dedicated a 25-

foot easement to Snohomish County (County) "for the right of ingress and egress 

for the purpose of maintaining and operating stormwater facilities." Clerk's Papers 

(CP) at 46-48 (emphasis omitted). The city of Bothell (City) accepted this 

dedication, along with its obligations. CP at 45. The question that we must 

resolve here is the scope of this dedication "of ingress and egress": specifically, 

whether or not this dedication included an obligation to maintain the interceptor 

pipe that the hearing examiner in 1984 required the developer to install 11 feet 

underground as a condition of development. 

The majority concludes as a matter of law that the scope of this dedication to 

the City includes the obligation to maintain the interceptor pipe. I agree with the 

majority that the plat language unambiguously gives the City access to whatever 

the easement contains. But I disagree with the majority's conclusion that the plat 

language and undisputed evidence unambiguously demonstrate that the developer 

1 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'n et al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

intended to impose a duty on the City to maintain the interceptor pipe at issue and 

that that is what the City accepted. Instead, neither the plat nor any other evidence 

shows that the City at any time affirmatively assumed a duty to maintain this pipe, 

and I find no basis to infer such a duty. I would therefore reverse. I respectfully 

dissent. 

l. STANDARDOFREVIEW 

We review a summary judgment order de novo. LaCoursiere v. Camwest 

Dev., Inc., 181 Wn.2d 734, 740, 339 P.3d 963 (2014). Summary judgment is 

appropriate when, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving 

party and drawing all reasonable inferences in that party's favor, no genuine issue 

of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law. Id. 

II. RULES GOVERNING CONTRACT AND PLAT INTERPRETATION 

A statutory dedication operates by way of grant. Kiely v. Graves, 173 

Wn.2d 926, 932, 271 P.3d 226 (2012). A dedication of an easement occurs when 

the grant specifies the dedication for a particular purpose. Id. In Washington, 

RCW 58.08.015 governs a statutory dedication. This provision states, 

Every donation or grant to the public, or to any individual or 

individuals, religious society or societies, or to any corporation or 

body politic, marked or noted as such on the plat of the town, or 

wherein such donation or grant may have been made, shall be 

2 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'n et al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

considered, to all intents and purposes, as a quitclaim deed to the said 

donee or donees, grantee or grantees, for his, her or their use, for the 

purposes intended by the donor or donors, grantor or grantors, as 

aforesaid. 

RCW 58.08.015. 

Matters of plat interpretation depend on the donor's intent. See Roeder Co. 

v. Burlington N, Inc., 105 Wn.2d 269, 273, 714 P.2d 1170 (1986). The court 

generally determines donor's intent from the face of the dedication; Washington 

courts do not consider extrinsic evidence to determine donor intent if a plat's plain 

language is unambiguous. Sunnyside Valley Irrig. Dist. v. Dickie, 149 Wn.2d 873, 

880, 73 P.3d 369 (2003) (citing Zobrist v. Culp, 95 Wn.2d 556, 560, 627 P.2d 1308 

(1981)). If the plat's language is ambiguous, however, then the court may consider 

extrinsic evidence to ascertain the parties' intent at the time that they executed the 

plat: "If ambiguity exists, extrinsic evidence is allowed to show the intentions of 

the original parties, the circumstances of the property when the easement was 

conveyed, and the practical interpretation given the parties' prior conduct or 

admissions." Id. (citing City of Seattle v. Nazarenus, 60 Wn.2d 657, 665, 374 P.2d 

1014 (1962)). 

III. THE PLAT'S PLAIN LANGUAGE IMPOSES No DUTY To MAINTAIN THE 

INTERCEPTOR PIPE 

3 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net a!. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

The homeowners sought a declaratory judgment that based on the recorded 

plat's plain language, the City, "'upon annexing the area of the Crystal Ridge 

development from Snohomish County, assumed responsibility for inspecting and 

maintaining the drainage system, including the interceptor trench between the 

Brentwood Heights and Crystal Ridge developments."' CP at 637, 837. They 

prevailed in the trial court and on appeal. Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'n v. City 

of Bothell, noted at 175 Wn. App. 1047 (2013). 

The majority affirms, reasoning that "no ambiguity surrounds the easement 

in question," majority at 8, and holding t}:lat "the only reasonable interpretation of 

the Crystal Ridge plat is that the County-and therefore the City-assumed 

responsibility for maintaining the drainage pipe." Majority at 3. The heart of the 

majority's analysis is "[b ]ecause the County assumed responsibility for 

maintaining the Tract 999 drainage easement, it necessarily follows that if the 

interceptor pipe falls within the scope of that easement, the City-as successor in 

interest of the County-has responsibility for maintaining the interceptor pipe." 

Majority at 9. 

I agree with the majority's premises but not with its conclusion. To be sure, 

there is no dispute that the interceptor pipe is located within the 25-foot easement. 

CP at 324. And, surely, the plat states, "'DRAINAGE EASEMENTS 

4 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'n et al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

DESIGNATED ON TI-IIS PLAT ARE HEREBY RESERVED FOR AND 

GRANTED TO SNOHOMISH COUNTY FOR THE RIGHT OF INGRESS AND 

EGRESS FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAINTAINING AND OPERATING 

STORMWATER FACILITIES.'" CP at 640. 

But all that this language unambiguously shows is that when the City 

accepted the dedication, it received "the right of ingress and egress," meaning the 

right to access stormwater facilities located within all the easements on the plat. 

"Ingress and egress" is followed by the language "for the purpose of maintaining 

and operating stormwater facilities." That latter phrase is descriptive, not 

prescriptive; that is, it describes the scope of the City's right but imposes no 

additional duty. "'[W]hen the intention of the owner to dedicate is clear, manifest, 

and unequivocal, ... it becomes effective for that purpose."' City of Spokane v. 

Catholic Bishop of Spokane, 33 Wn.2d 496, 503, 206 P.2d 277 (1949) (quoting 

Corning v. Aldo, 185 Wash. 570, 576, 55 P.2d 1093 (1936)). Although the holder 

of the easement-the City-has a duty to maintain the easement, its duty applies 

only to maintaining the easement for the purpose for which it was granted. Thus, 

because the easement addresses only access, the City's duty, based on the plat's 

plain language, extends only to maintaining a right of access. The plat on its own 

does not unambiguously place a duty to maintain that interceptor pipe on the City. 

5 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

Instead, it is silent about the duty to maintain that pipe. Therefore, summary 

judgment in favor of the homeowners based on the plat language was improper. 

The majority seems to assume that access would be irrelevant if the City did 

not also have a duty to maintain. Majority at 9. That might be true. But it does 

not necessarily follow that we can therefore infer from the plat itself, as opposed to 

some other source, the duty to maintain. Instead, as discussed in Part IV below, 

there were specific steps that the law prescribes to impose such a duty-steps that 

no party took. 

IV. THE UNDISPUTED EVIDENCE SUPPORTS SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN 

FAVOR OF THE CITY, NOT THE HOMEOWNERS 

Because the plat language does not unambiguously answer the question of 

whether the donor intended to convey, and the County intended to accept, the duty 

to maintain the interceptor pipe, we may consider extrinsic evidence about "the 

intentions of the original parties, the circumstances of the property when the 

easement was conveyed, and the practical interpretation given the parties' prior 

conduct or admissions." Sunnyside Valley, 149 Wn.2d at 880 (citing Nazarenus, 

60 Wn.2d at 665). 

The City points to the following evidence extrinsic to the plat to try to show 

that the homeowners, not the City, are responsible for maintaining the interceptor 

p1pe: 

6 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

[T]he trench is not defined as a public system in the City's (or the 

County's) codes, rules and regulations; the City has never in the past 

maintained this private structure/system (nor did the County when the 

Property was under Snohomish County's jurisdiction); nor would it 

benefit the public to do so as the interceptor trench only aids private 

property. 

CP at 315. We address each in turn. 

To support its first contention, the City points to the plat's language and 

argues that "the interceptor trench does not meet the definition of 'storm water 

facility' under any applicable code or regulation." CP at 324. But this argument 

depends on reading the plat's language to impose on the City an obligation to 

maintain "stormwater facilities." As discussed above, the plat's language imposes 

no duty to maintain. Thus, this argument is not sufficient to support summary 

judgment in the City's favor. 

To support the City's second argument, that it never maintained or inspected 

the pipe, the City cites the "Drainage Disclosure" and also the requirements in the 

former Snohomish County Code (SCC) for assuming responsibility for maintaining 

the interceptor pipe. 1 CP at 326-31, 333. 

1 The City also cites the County's "1979 Drainage Procedures Manual," 

which cites the SCC. CP at 329-30. 

7 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

I agree with the majority that the "Drainage Disclosure" imposes no duty on 

the homeowners to maintain the interceptor pipe. Majority at 13. But I disagree 

with the majority's application ofthe sec. 

Both state law and the SCC contain requirements for a dedication. See 

RCW 58.17.020(3); former SCC 24.28.040 (1983). We apply the ordinances and 

law in effect at the time that a party files an application for a preliminary plat.2 

HJS Dev., Inc. v. Pierce County, 148 Wn.2d 451, 483, 61 P.3d 1141 (2003) (citing 

Friends of the Law v. King County, 123 Wn.2d 518, 522, 869 P.2d 1056 (1994)). 

As this court stated in HJS Development, local governments are "solely responsible 

for preliminary plat and final plat approvals, and may adopt regulations or 

condition such approvals to mitigate problems caused by a development." Id. at 

481 & n.127, 61 P.3d 1141 (2003). Local governments may supplement state 

platting laws for the public health, safety, and welfare. 3 Id. at 481 n.128. 

As the majority explains, the parties do not dispute that the County accepted 

a statutory dedication of the easement. Majority at 7. I agree with the majority 

2 Accordingly, the City's argument in its cross motion for summary 

judgment that "under the City's current codes, the interceptor trench is not the kind 

of pipe that the City would take over for maintenance responsibility" is not helpful. 

CP at 338. 

3 The parties do not challenge the former SCC's requirements for plat 

dedication. 

8 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'n eta!. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

that no evidence shows that the County, at the time of dedication, fulfilled either 

the requirements to accept responsibility to maintain the interceptor pipe or the 

requirements to decline responsibility to maintain .the pipe. Majority at 14; see 

former sec 24.28.040, .080 (1983). And, as discussed above, the recorded plat 

does not show that the City accepted the pipe as its property as part of the 

dedication-it accepted only a right of access. None of the evidence extrinsic to 

the plat that the City cites demonstrates conclusively that it intended, or did not 

intend, to accept responsibility for maintaining the pipe as part of the dedication. 

The majority cites former SCC 24.28.040 and Trepainer's declaration to 

conclude that because private maintenance of the pipe "would likely be inadequate 

and undesirable," the drainage facilities were dedicated to the County. Majority at 

10-11. Once again, I agree with the majority's premise-here, that the City 

submitted evidence showing that private maintenance would be a bad policy-but 

not with its conclusion that we can therefore infer a dedication to the City from a 

silent plat. 

The majority's analysis of this issue turns on the notion that former SCC 

24.28.040 requires County maintenance where private maintenance would likely 

be inadequate. Former SCC 24.28.040 does say that, but only as an introduction to 

9 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

the mandatory prerequisites to the County undertaking that responsibility. Former 

sec 24.28.040, in its entirety, states, 

Drainage Facilities shall be dedicated to the County where the 

Director determines that such facilities either are appropriately a part 

of a county maintained regional system or are unlikely to be 

adequately maintained privately. 

The County shall assume the operation and maintenance 

responsibility of retention/detention or other drainage conveyance 

systems and drainage treatment/abatement facilities proposed for 

county maintenance in an approved detailed drainage plan after the 

expiration of the two (2) year maintenance period if: 

(1) All of the requirements of Chapter 24.20 have been fully 

complied with; and 

(2) The facilities have been inspected and approved by the 

Director after two (2) years of operation in accordance with the 

Procedures Manual; and 

(3) All necessary easements entitling the County to properly 

operate and maintain the facility have been conveyed to the County 

and recorded with the Snohomish County Auditor; and 

( 4) The applicant has supplied to the County an accounting 

of maintenance expenses for the permanent drainage facilities up to 

the end of the two year period. 

( 5) The applicant pays the County an Operation and 

Maintenance assessment based on a ten (10) year prorated cost to 

operate and maintain the permanent drainage facilities constructed by 

the applicant. 

CP at 687. 

We apply the same rules of statutory construction "to municipal ordinances 

[that we apply] to state statutes." World Wide Video, Inc. v. City of Tukwila, 117 

Wn.2d 382, 392, 816 P.2d 18 (1991) (quoting City of Spokane v. Fischer, 110 

Wn.2d 541, 542, 754 P.2d 1241 (1988)). To interpret a statutory provision's plain 

10 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'n et al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

meaning, we look to the provision's text, in addition to "the context of the statute 

in which that provision is found, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a 

whole." Christensen v. Ellsworth, 162 Wn.2d 365, 373, 173 P.3d 228 (2007) 

(quoting Dep't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9-12,43 P.3d 

4 (2002)). 

The majority focuses on the first paragraph of former SCC 24.28.040 to the 

exclusion of the rest of the provision. That first paragraph on its own, however, 

lacks operative force. A complete reading of SCC 24.28.040(1) through (5) shows 

that the prerequisites to accepting a dedication are mandatory-the County 

assumes that responsibility only "if' those prerequisites are met. And they all must 

be met-all but number five are joined with the conjunction "and." As stated 

above, no evidence shows that the City met five, or even four, of the prerequisites 

to assuming the responsibility to operate and maintain the drainage pipe. When we 

read former sec 24.28.040 in its entirety, the fact that the homeowners could not 

adequately maintain the interceptor pipe, on its own, does not support summary 

judgment in favor of the homeowners. 

For the City's third argument, that the pipe aids only private property 

owners, the City cites a 1977 City ordinance stating, "'The City will not assume 

responsibility for maintenance of retention/detention facilities on private 

11 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

property."' CP at 337, 567 (emphasis omitted). But, as the City acknowledges, the 

pipe is not a retention/detention facility and this ordinance does not address 

drainage facilities. CP at 337. Therefore, it provides no support for summary 

judgment in the City's favor. 

In Kiely, we explained that absent of intent an dedicate a particular property 

interest, we would not imply meaning from the face of the plat: 

Because solid lines separate the alley from the properties, it is possible 

the Powers intended to convey to the public the alley as an entirely 

distinct property interest. ... Yet, the plat neither assigns meaning to 

the solid lines, nor includes anything but solid lines on the entire plat. 

Moreover, the Graves fail to direct the court as to how the plat lines 

should be interpreted. Absent such argument, we decline to imply 

meaning into the plat's use of lines. 

173 Wn.2d at 934-35. 

Here, the face of the plat shows no intent to dedicate a property interest in 

the contents of the drainage easement to the County or the City for maintenance 

purposes. And none of the evidence presented clearly leads us to interpret the plat 

to impose a duty on the City to maintain the interceptor pipe. The extrinsic 

evidence presented relies primarily on the plat's reference to "storm water 

facilities" as opposed to "groundwater facilities." This evidence is unconvincing 

because the plat's plain language indicates that the easement's scope does not 

include the duty to maintain the pipe. And the County met neither of the SCC's 

12 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

requirements to accept or not to accept responsibility. Absent evidence 

demonstrating that the dedication included the duty to maintain the easement's 

contents, this court should decline to imply such meaning. Thus, summary 

judgment in favor of the homeowners was improper; instead, summary judgment 

in the City's favor was appropriate. 

V. CONCLUSION 

As matter of law, absent an express dedication to maintain the contents of 

the drainage easement-or any other action by the municipality to accept the duty 

to maintain the contents-we cannot impose a duty on the City to operate and 

maintain what is inside the drainage easement. Because the trial court should have 

denied the homeowners' motion for summary judgment and granted the City's 

motion for summary judgment, I would reverse the Court of Appeals. I therefore 

respectfully dissent. 

13 
Crystal Ridge Homeowners Ass 'net al. v. City of Bothell, No. 89533-3 

(Gordon McCloud, J., Dissenting) 

14