Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 16, 2019.

In The 

Fourteenth Court of Appeals 

NO. 14-19-00062-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF L.C.L. AND M.E.M., CHILDREN 

On Appeal from the 315th District Court 

Harris County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 2016-03785J 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Appellant F.L. (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s final decree terminating 

her parental rights with respect to her children L.C.L. (“Lorenzo”) and M.E.M. 

(“Melissa”).1

 The trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights on predicate 

grounds of endangerment and failure to comply with the service plan for 

reunification. See generally Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O). 

The trial court further found that termination of Mother’s rights was in the children’s 

 

1 Lorenzo and Melissa are pseudonyms. Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 

9.8, we use fictitious names to identify the minors and other family members involved in this case. 

See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8. 
2

best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(2). In six issues, Mother 

contends (1) the trial court erred in failing to file findings of fact and conclusions of 

law; (2) the trial court violated Mother’s equal protection rights under the Texas and 

United States constitutions; (3) the trial court erred in admitting evidence in violation 

of the Texas and United States constitutions; and (4) the evidence is legally and 

factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings of endangerment, failure to 

follow a family service plan, and that termination is in the best interest of the 

children. We affirm. 

BACKGROUND

I. Pretrial Proceedings 

A. Pretrial Removal Affidavit 

On March 22, 2016, the Department received a referral alleging neglectful 

supervision of Lorenzo, Melissa, and their older sister A.M. (“Andrea”). The report 

stated that all three children were found home alone. Electricity to the home had 

been inoperable for three days. None of the children knew where Mother was. The 

referral noted that Mother “sleeps all day” and had been absent from the home 

overnight at least twice. The report further noted that “there is food all over the floor 

and by the front door.” The children were described as “very skinny.” At the time of 

the removal Andrea was fifteen years old, Lorenzo was five, and Melissa was four. 

Over the course of a three-month investigation Mother and the children 

moved. When the investigator located the family, Mother reported that she was from 

Honduras and had lived in the United States for five years. Mother had five children, 

the three who lived with her, and two others who lived in Honduras. Mother 

submitted to a drug screening at the Department’s request. Urine analysis was 

negative for all substances. A hair follicle analysis was positive for cocaine. 
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The investigator met Mother at her home and explained that due to the positive 

drug test Mother would need to place the children outside the home. The investigator 

provided Mother with a child caregiver resource form to be filled out with names of 

potential caregivers. Mother never completed the form for possible placement 

options. 

B. Department History

One year earlier, on January 17, 2015, the Department received a referral that 

the three children had been left home unsupervised while Mother was at work. The 

family was living in a trailer with a front door that could not be secured. The trailer 

had no running water. The case was closed with a disposition of “ruled out.” 

Four months after the first referral, on April 24, 2015, the Department 

received a referral in which Andrea stated that she did not want to return home to 

Mother. It was reported that Mother was abusive toward the children and had 

withdrawn Lorenzo from school because “they have threatened to take her to truancy 

court.” It was also reported that Mother had threatened to take the younger children 

to Honduras to live with Melissa’s father, who was described as a “known drug 

addict.” It was also reported that Mother frequented clubs and may have been 

working as a prostitute. A concern was noted about domestic violence “with the 

mother’s husband who lives in McAllen.” 

C. Criminal History

Five years before the referral in the current case, in 2011, Mother was 

convicted of misdemeanor driving while intoxicated and received nine months’ 

probation. 

The Department requested emergency custody due to Mother’s positive drug 

test and leaving the children alone. 
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D. Family Service Plan

The Department was named temporary managing conservator and a family 

service plan was put in place with the goal of returning the children to Mother. The 

trial court incorporated the plan into an order of the court and required Mother to: 

 Complete a psychosocial assessment conducted by the 

Children’s Crisis Care Center and follow all recommendations 

made by the evaluator;

 Provide her caseworker with a signed release of confidential 

information;

 Attend, actively participate in, and successfully complete six- to 

eight-week parenting classes with Parenting Partnership;

 Participate in domestic violence classes through Aid to Victims 

of Domestic Abuse and present certificate of completion to the 

caseworker no later than 30 days from the last class;

 Demonstrate an understanding of the adverse effects of substance 

abuse on herself and her children;

 After referral by the caseworker for substance abuse services, 

Mother is responsible for completing a substance-abuse 

assessment and completing all recommendations;

 Complete random urine drug tests throughout the duration of the 

case;

 Maintain suitable housing that is clean, stable, and free from 

safety hazards for a period of six consecutive months;

 Address and work on a realistic education and/or job skill plan, 

budget and future plans to care and protect her children;

 Actively participate in all permanency conferences, court 

hearings, family visits and activities that are centered for her 

children;

 Visit her children at the Department office twice per month; and

 Abstain from engaging in criminal conduct.
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E. Abandonment of Termination Petition for Andrea

While the case was pending the trial court signed a partial nonsuit reflecting 

the Department’s abandonment of its termination grounds as to Andrea. Testimony 

at trial reflected that Andrea was the respondent in a parental termination case for 

her own child. Trial proceeded on Mother’s rights to Melissa and Lorenzo. 

II. Trial

Victoria Palmer, the caseworker, testified that the children were placed in 

foster care that was meeting their physical and emotional needs. The foster family 

was willing to adopt the children. 

Palmer testified that of the services Mother was required to complete she 

completed a substance abuse assessment, a psychosocial evaluation, and parenting 

classes. Mother was “very infrequent” with drug testing and failed to submit to 

several tests. Mother did not maintain stable housing or stable employment. Mother 

did not attend domestic violence classes or complete the recommendations from her 

psychosocial evaluation. The recommendations from the psychosocial evaluation 

included individual therapy. The recommendations from the substance-abuse 

assessment included individual and group substance-abuse counseling. Despite the 

Department’s efforts to arrange service providers, Mother did not attend individual 

therapy or substance-abuse counseling. 

Mother’s drug screening results were admitted into evidence without 

objection. Those results showed positive results for cocaine in the hair follicle on 

May 26, 2016, October 21, 2016, November 4, 2016, November 2, 2017, November 

8, 2017, and February 9, 2018. Due to Mother’s continued positive drug test results 

Mother was unable to provide the children with a safe and stable environment. 

Therefore, the Department stopped permitting visits with the children in May 2018. 
6

Palmer testified that Mother’s drug use and failure to provide a safe environment 

endangered the children’s physical health and safety. 

In testifying to Mother’s positive drug tests Palmer noted that the amounts 

registered in Mother’s hair fluctuated. The tests did not show a decline in use over 

the two-year period the case was pending. To Palmer’s knowledge, Mother had not 

attended substance-abuse treatment. Palmer spoke with Mother about the importance 

of completing the family service plan. Palmer attempted to visit Mother at the 

address Mother provided but Mother was never available when Palmer visited. 

At the time the children were removed Lorenzo was six years old but was not 

enrolled in school. As a result, Lorenzo had to repeat first grade twice. Palmer 

testified that at the time of trial both children were in a home that met all of their 

needs and both children had expressed desires to stay in the foster home and to be 

adopted by the foster parents. 

Mother expressed to her attorney that she did not want to testify. Mother rested 

after the Department’s last witness. However, counsel for Melissa’s alleged father 

called Mother to testify. 

On cross-examination Mother testified that she had not used cocaine for five 

to six months before trial. Despite claiming she had not used cocaine since May 

2018, Mother admitted that she did not appear for requested drug tests in June, July, 

August, or September of 2018, the four months immediately before trial. Mother 

was aware that a refusal to appear for a drug test would be considered a positive 

result. Mother had tested positive for cocaine at the May 2018 test. Despite positive 

drug tests in March and April 2018 Mother denied using cocaine. Mother admitted 

using cocaine once per month, sometimes once every two months. 

As excuses for not completing the services in the family service plan Mother 
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testified that she did not fully understand the services that were required. Mother 

said she sought clarification from the caseworker, but the caseworker did not 

respond to her messages. Mother further did not understand when she appeared at 

court hearings what services she was being asked to complete. Mother did not visit 

her children due to transportation and work issues. 

Mother testified that she had been living in the same apartment for 

approximately ten months. Mother was working for a shipping company making 

about $2,000 per month. Mother was attending school to obtain her General 

Equivalency Diploma. Mother denied that the home from which the children were 

removed lacked electricity. 

Mother testified that her relationship with her caseworker was “bad” because 

she and the caseworker did not speak the same language. Mother used her mobile 

phone to translate the caseworker’s messages. Mother testified that when she asked 

to see her children the caseworker did not answer her messages. Mother testified that 

she asked for a caseworker who spoke her language. A copy of a text message 

conversation between Palmer and Mother was admitted into evidence. Mother 

testified the following messages were exchanged in May 2018, approximately five 

months before trial began: 

Caseworker: At this we are not setting up visitation. 

Mother: Why. You gave them to adoption or what? 

Caseworker: No they haven’t been adopted. 

Mother: Then? You know I haven’t seen them. 

Caseworker: We aren’t doing visitation because you haven’t done 

enough on your service plan, you haven’t gone to drug test when we 

request you, and the goal is unrelated adoption. 

Mother: Every time you send me to do my test I go so I don’t know 

what you talking about. I’m done with my service plan. 
8

Mother: I need to see my children you have to teach them it is a 

long time without seeing them. You are a bad person because you have 

not shown me since January. 

In the middle of Mother’s testimony trial was recessed for one month. When trial 

resumed Mother testified that she had begun attending classes to address substance 

abuse. Mother testified that she regretted not taking the case seriously from the 

beginning. 

The trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights on the predicate grounds 

of endangerment and failure to follow a service plan. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 

161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O). 

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

The involuntary termination of parental rights implicates fundamental 

constitutional rights. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985); In re D.R.A., 

374 S.W.3d 528, 531 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). Because of 

the severity and permanency of terminating the parental relationship, Texas requires 

clear and convincing evidence to support such an order. See generally Tex. Fam. 

Code Ann. § 161.001; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 265–66 (Tex. 2002). 

Mother challenges on appeal the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence 

supporting the trial court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 

Texas Family Code section 161.001(b). Section 161.001(b) permits the termination 

of a parent-child relationship if the trial court finds by clear and convincing evidence 

that (1) one or more predicate acts enumerated in section 161.001(b)(1) was 

committed, and (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. “Clear and 

convincing evidence” means “the measure or degree of proof that will produce in 

the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations 

sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 
9

at 264. 

Reviewing Mother’s legal sufficiency challenge under the clear-andconvincing evidentiary standard, we “should look at all the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have 

formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 

336, 344 (Tex. 2009). We assume that the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor 

of its finding if a reasonable fact finder could do so, and we disregard all evidence 

that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved. In re G.M.G., 444 S.W.3d 46, 

52 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.). 

In reviewing termination findings for factual sufficiency of the evidence, we 

consider and weigh all the evidence, including disputed or conflicting evidence. In 

re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence 

that a reasonable fact finder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so 

significant that a fact finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or 

conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. We give due deference to 

the fact finder’s findings and we do not substitute our judgment for that of the fact 

finder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d. 105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). 

ANALYSIS

Mother raises three issues that, if sustained, would result in rendition of 

judgment. Mother’s second, third, and fifth issues read as follows: 

II. Appellant’s 14th amendment and 5th amendment due process 

right to her fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and control 

of her children pursuant to Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000) and 

Art. 1 section 19 of the Texas constitution were violated when the 

District Court ordered the Termination of her parental rights without 

subjecting the State to prove its case by a “clear and convincing 

evidence” standard.

III. The Trial Court committed fundamental error by not following 
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the requirement established by Texas Family Code, § 161.001(b) that 

allows for termination of the parent-child relationship upon a “clear and 

convincing evidence” standard which places the burden of proof in the 

Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. 

V. The Trial Court committed fundamental error when it terminated 

Appellant’s “parental rights” pursuant to Texas Family Code, § 

161.001(b)(1),(D),(E),(O) without legally and factually sufficient 

evidence as required by In re G. M., 596 S. W. 2d 846 (Tex. 1980) and 

In the Interest of J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex. 2002). 

We construe issues two, three, and five as challenges to the legal and factual 

sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s findings on the predicate 

grounds for termination and the trial court’s finding that termination is in the best 

interest of the children. If disposition of an issue would result in a rendition of 

judgment, we consider that issue before addressing any issues that would result only 

in remand for a new trial. Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of Am. v. Pool, 124 S.W.3d 188, 

201 (Tex. 2003); In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 359 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2014, pet. denied). 

I. Predicate Termination Findings

The trial court made predicate termination findings pursuant to Texas Family 

Code section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and (O). Under section 161.001(b)(1), parental 

rights may be terminated if the fact finder finds by clear and convincing evidence 

that the parent has (inter alia): 

(D) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in 

conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional 

well-being of the child; 

(E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who 

engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional wellbeing of the child; 

. . . [or]

(O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that 
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specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain 

the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary 

managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective 

Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal 

from the parent under Chapter 262 for abuse or neglect of the child[.] 

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), & (O). 

Courts have long recognized that due process “guarantees more than fair 

process” and “provides heightened protection against government interference with 

certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.” Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 

65 (2000). One of the most fundamental liberty interests recognized is the interest 

of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children. See id. 530 U.S. at 65–

66 (“[T]he custody, care and nurture of the child reside first in the parents, whose 

primary function and freedom include preparation for obligations the state can 

neither supply nor hinder.”).

In parental termination cases, due process mandates a clear and convincing 

evidence standard of proof. See In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2014). “Due 

process compels this heightened standard because terminating the parent-child 

relationship imposes permanent, irrevocable consequences.” In re J.A.J., 243 

S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007). 

Only one predicate finding under section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary to 

support a judgment of termination when there also is a finding that termination is in 

the children’s best interest. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). Due 

process requires, however, that when a parent has raised the issue of insufficiency 

of the evidence to support the trial court’s findings under section 161.001(b)(1)(D) 

or (E) of the Family Code, an appellate court must address at least one of those 

endangerment findings to ensure a meaningful appeal. In re N.G., — S.W.3d — No. 

18-0508, 2019 WL 2147263, at *3 (Tex. May 17, 2019). Due process and due course 
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of law requirements also mandate that an appellate court detail its analysis for an 

appeal of parental termination rights under section 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) of the 

Family Code. Id. at *4. Following the supreme court’s mandate, we address the trial 

court’s endangerment finding under subsection 161.001(b)(1)(E).

Under subsection (E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that the 

endangerment of the child’s physical and emotional well-being was the direct result 

of the parent’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or failure to act. In re J.T.G., 121 

S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.); see also In re S.M.L., 171 

S.W.3d 472, 477 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Children are 

endangered when the environment creates a potential for danger of which the parent 

is aware but disregards. In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d at 477. Termination under 

subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission — the evidence 

must demonstrate a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the 

parent. In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874, 883 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, 

no pet.). 

While endangerment under subsection (E) often involves physical 

endangerment, the statute does not require that the conduct be directed at a child or 

that the child actually suffer physical injury; rather, the specific danger to the child’s 

well-being may be inferred from the parent’s misconduct alone. See In re S.R., 452 

S.W.3d at 360; see also Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 

(Tex. 1987) (“‘[E]ndanger’ means to expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize”). As a 

general rule, subjecting a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the 

child’s physical and emotional well-being. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345. This 

satisfies this subsection’s requirement of endangering the emotional well-being of 

the child. 

A parent’s decision to engage in illegal drug use during the pendency of a 
13

termination suit may support a finding that the parent engaged in conduct that 

endangered the child’s physical or emotional well-being. See In re A.H.A., No. 14-

12-00022-CV, 2012 WL 1474414, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 26, 

2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). “Additionally, a fact finder reasonably can infer that a 

parent’s failure to submit to court-ordered drug tests indicates the parent is avoiding 

testing because they were using illegal drugs.” In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 265 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.). Here, Mother asserts that the 

evidence does not support the finding that she endangered Lorenzo and Melissa. We 

disagree. 

The record establishes a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of 

conduct by Mother that endangered the children’s emotional and physical wellbeing. See In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d at 883; In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d at 477. Over 

the course of two years Mother tested positive for cocaine six times and failed to 

attend at least four additional drug screenings scheduled during the pendency of the 

underlying action, allowing the presumption that Mother continued to use illegal 

drugs. See In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d at 265. Continued illegal drug use after 

children’s removal is conduct that jeopardizes parental rights and may be considered 

as establishing an endangering course of conduct. In re A.A.Z., No. 14-17-00276-

CV, 2017 WL 3612259, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 22, 2017, pet. 

denied) (mem. op.). 

Mother argues in her appellate brief that evidence showing that she continued 

to use drugs while this case was pending is unreliable because “the record is devoid 

of any expert testimony about how these tests are conducted.” Mother cites no 

authority requiring expert testimony to allow a fact finder to infer cocaine use based 

on positive hair follicle drug test results, such as Mother’s, in parental termination 

cases. This court has considered this argument before and rejected it. See In re 
14

Z.N.M., No. 14-17-00650-CV, 2018 WL 358480, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] Jan. 11, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (rejecting the argument that an expert was 

necessary to interpret drug testing results); In re C.M.-L.G., No. 14-16-00921-CV, 

2017 WL 1719133, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 2, 2017, pet. 

denied) (mem. op.) (same). 

Each of the drug tests was admitted into evidence and the caseworker testified 

that the tests showed continual use of cocaine. A reasonable fact finder could find 

that an individual repeatedly testing positive for a controlled substance during a twoyear period did so because that individual continued using drugs during those two 

years. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court reasonably could have relied on the 

drug test results in terminating Mother’s parental rights under section 

161.001(b)(1)(E) without accompanying expert witness testimony. 

Mother further argues that she was impeded in her attempts to comply with 

the family service plan because she did not receive a copy of the plan written in 

Spanish and the caseworker would not communicate with her in Spanish or locate a 

translator. We disagree that inability to comply with an agency’s family service plan 

renders termination impossible. While it is true that in many cases failure to comply 

with a family service plan is cited as evidence favoring termination, the converse is 

not always true. See In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 848 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (affirming termination despite belated parental attempts to 

better their parenting abilities). “There are limits to what government programs can 

do. The elements of a safe, stable, and happy childhood cannot all be reduced to a 

checklist in a service plan.” In re M.G.D., 108 S.W.3d 508, 514 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). A reasonable fact finder could have credited 

Mother’s obstacles to completion of the service plan and still found sufficient 

evidence of endangerment to terminate Mother’s parental rights. 
15

When viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, the 

evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s determination that 

termination of Mother’s parental rights was justified under section 161.001(b)(1)(E) 

of the Family Code. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344. Further, in view of the 

entire record, we conclude the disputed evidence is not so significant as to prevent 

the trial court from forming a firm belief or conviction that termination was 

warranted under section 161.001(b)(1)(E). See id. at 345. The evidence therefore 

was factually sufficient to support the trial court’s section 161.001(b)(1)(E) finding. 

See id. 

Because we conclude the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support 

the trial court’s finding pursuant to Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(E), we need 

not address Mother’s issues challenging the other bases for termination of her 

parental rights under section 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (O). See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 

at 362 (“Only one predicate finding under section [161.001(b)(1)] is necessary to 

support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in 

the child’s best interest.”). We overrule Mother’s issue challenging the trial court’s 

finding of endangerment under subsection (E) and do not address Mother’s issues 

challenging endangerment under subsection (D) or her failure to comply with the 

family service plan under subsection (O). 

II. Best Interest of the Children 

Mother also challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to 

support the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights is in the 

children’s best interest. 

 The fact finder may consider the following factors to determine the best 

interest of the children: (1) the desires of the children; (2) the present and future 

physical and emotional needs of the children; (3) the present and future emotional 
16

and physical danger to the children; (4) the parental abilities of the persons seeking 

custody; (5) the programs available to assist those persons seeking custody in 

promoting the best interest of the children; (6) the plans for the children by the 

individuals or agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed 

placement; (8) acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parentchild relationship is not appropriate; and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or 

omissions. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976); see also Tex. 

Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(b) (Supp.) (listing factors to consider in evaluating 

parents’ willingness and ability to provide the children with a safe environment); In 

re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d at 266. 

Courts apply a strong presumption that the best interest of the children is

served by keeping the children with their natural parents and the burden is on the 

Department to rebut that presumption. In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d at 531. Prompt and 

permanent placement in a safe environment is also presumed to be in the children’s 

best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(a). 

Multiple factors support the trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s 

parental rights is in the children’s best interest. 

A. Desires of the Children

The children were eight and six years old at the time of trial. Palmer testified 

that both children were in the same foster home and the foster parents were meeting 

all of the children’s physical and emotional needs. The foster parents were willing 

to adopt both children. According to Palmer both children wanted to stay in the foster 

home and had expressed desires to be adopted by their foster parents. 

This factor supports the trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s 

rights is in the children’s best interest. 
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B. Present and Future Physical and Emotional Needs of the Children

Our analysis of the present and future physical and emotional needs of the 

children focuses on the children’s innate need for permanence. See In re D.R.A., 374 

S.W.3d at 533. The goal of establishing a stable, permanent home for children is a 

compelling government interest. See id. 

The record reflects that at the time of removal the children were not in a safe 

stable home. A pattern of illegal drug use by the parent suggests that the parent is 

“not willing and able to provide the child with a safe environment—a primary 

consideration in determining the child’s best interest.” In re A.C., 394 S.W.3d 633, 

642 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.); see In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 

at 266 (“A parent’s drug use supports a finding that termination is in the best interest 

of the child.”). Mother’s history of drug use and her unwillingness to seek treatment 

for her use is relevant to physical danger to the children. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 

372 (listing current and future physical danger to child as factor relevant to bestinterest determination); In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d at 266 (“Mother’s history of drug 

abuse bespeaks a course of conduct that the fact finder reasonably could conclude 

endangers [the child’s] well-being.”); see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(b)(8) 

(considering whether children’s family has history of substance abuse). 

This evidence also weighs against Mother under the eighth, eleventh, and 

twelfth statutory factors, which consider whether Mother has a history of substance 

abuse, whether Mother is willing and able to effect positive environmental and 

personal changes within a reasonable period of time, and whether Mother 

demonstrates adequate parenting skills. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(8), (11), 

(12). 

This factor supports the trial court’s best-interest finding. 
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C. Acts or Omissions of the Parent that May Indicate the Existing 

Parent-Child Relationship is Not Appropriate

Mother’s inability to provide a safe home or enroll Lorenzo in school also 

support the trial court’s best interest determination. See In re M.R., 243 S.W.3d 807, 

821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.); see also In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d at 366 

(the fact finder may infer from past conduct endangering the children’s well-being 

that similar conduct will recur if the children are returned to the parent). 

The record shows that Mother tested positive for several drug tests and failed 

to complete at least four scheduled drug screenings during the pendency of the 

underlying suit to terminate parental rights. Additionally, Mother did not take 

advantage of opportunities and services provided by the Department to treat her 

substance abuse. This factor weighs in favor of the trial court’s best-interest finding. 

D. Parental Abilities of Those Seeking Custody, and Stability of the 

Home or Proposed Placement

The factors concerning the parental abilities of those seeking custody, and the 

stability of the home or proposed placement compare the Department’s plans and 

proposed placement of the children with the plans and home of the parent seeking to 

avoid termination. See In re D.R.A., 374 S.W.3d at 535. 

Palmer testified that both children are in the same foster home with parents 

that are meeting their physical and emotional needs. The foster parents are willing 

to adopt both children and the children have expressed desires to stay with the foster 

parents and be adopted by them. 

On the other hand, the record does not contain any evidence suggesting that 

Mother would be able to provide a long-term safe and stable environment. This 

consideration strongly supports the trial court’s best interest determination. 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment for our legal 
19

sufficiency analysis and all the evidence equally for our factual sufficiency analysis, 

we conclude that a reasonable fact finder could have formed a firm belief or 

conviction that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the children’s best 

interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(2). We overrule Mother’s challenge 

to this finding. 

Having determined that Mother is not entitled to rendition of judgment based 

on legally-insufficient evidence, we turn to Mother’s complaints that, if sustained, 

would result in remand for a new trial. 

III. Finding of Fact and Conclusions of Law 

In her first issue on appeal, Mother contends reversal of the trial court’s order 

is required because the trial court failed to file findings of fact and conclusions of 

law. When the circumstances of a case require an appellant to guess the reason the 

court ruled as it did, harm in the failure to file findings of fact may exist. In re 

J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 848–49 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). 

In a termination case such as this, the parent does not have to guess the reasons 

for the trial court’s termination order because they are clearly stated in the order. In 

re D.H., No. 2-05-179-CV, 2006 WL 133523, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 

19, 2006, no pet.) (mem.op.). A trial court generally must file findings of fact 

separately rather than recite them in the trial court’s judgment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 

299a; In re A.A.M., No. 14-05-00740-CV, 2007 WL 1558701, at *3, n.3 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 31, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.). But, Texas Rule of 

Civil Procedure 306, entitled “Recitation of Judgment,” requires that the trial court 

state in its final termination order the specific grounds for termination. See Tex. R. 

Civ. P. 306. In today’s case, the trial court recited in its Final Order that the grounds 

for termination were the trial court’s findings by clear and convincing evidence that 

Mother engaged in the conduct described in subsections (D), (E), and (O) of section 
20

161.001(b)(1) and based on the court’s finding that termination of Mother’s parental 

rights was in the children’s best interest. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b); Tex. R. 

Civ. P. 306. Because trial courts must recite the specific grounds for termination in 

their final termination orders, parties properly may assert appellate complaints 

against these grounds, and an appellate court has the power to grant appropriate 

appellate relief if, for example, the appellate court concludes that the trial evidence 

is legally insufficient to support a finding that was a ground for termination of the 

appellant’s parental rights. See Tex. Fam. Code § 161.001(b); Tex. R. Civ. P. 306; 

In re P.W., — S.W.3d — No. 14-18-01070-CV, 2019 WL 2352443 at *4 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 4, 2019, no pet. h.); In re C.M.C., 554 S.W.3d 164, 

173 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2018, no pet.).

Mother contends she cannot know upon what facts the trial court relied. 

However, as this court held in In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d at 848–49, because a 

complete reporter’s record was filed, Mother was able to fully brief, and we were 

able to fully review, whether the judgment is supported by legally and factually 

sufficient evidence. See also Roberson v. Robinson, 768 S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex. 

1989) (holding that, when reporter’s record is filed, trial court’s findings may be 

challenged on both legal and factual sufficiency grounds). Therefore, the record 

affirmatively shows that Mother was not harmed by the trial court’s failure to file 

findings of fact and conclusions of law. We overrule Mother’s first issue. 

IV. Citizenship Status

In Mother’s fourth issue she argues that the trial court violated her rights to 

equal protection under the 14th amendment to the United States Constitution and 

Article 1, section 3a of the Texas Constitution when the trial court “terminated 

[Mother’s] parent-child relationship after testimony by a case worker of the 

[Department] that a parent would be unfit if the parents’ country of origin was not 
21

the United States.” Mother raised this issue in her motion for new trial by asserting 

that the trial court “impermissibly considered testimony about [Mother]’s legal 

immigration status to terminate her parental rights.” 

We first note that the record does not reflect evidence, or even mention, of 

Mother’s immigration status during the trial. There were two alleged fathers of the 

children who did not appear at trial but were represented by counsel. On crossexamination, counsel for Lorenzo’s alleged father asked the caseworker the 

following: 

Q. And Mr. [M.] did not do anything to bring his children – or his 

child into care, did he?

A. No[t] to my knowledge, no. 

Q. And would it be your opinion that if he is found to be the father 

of his child, that he should have an opportunity to parent this child? 

[Objection overruled] 

A. I believe there are concerns with citizenship status. 

***** 

THE COURT: What kind of concerns? 

THE CASEWORKER: Mr. [M.] is not of American status and the 

children were born here, so. 

[“Nonresponsive” objection sustained] 

A. Based on his completion of the family plan, I don’t know 

anything about this individual and his life in Honduras. It’s possible. 

In subsequent cross-examination, counsel asked Palmer the following: 

Q. Is it your knowledge that if a parent is not a citizen of the United 

States that they won’t have the ability to parent their children if the 

children are – were born in the United States, is that –

A. No. 

Q. Okay. So, that wouldn’t be a deterrent; is that what you’re 

stating?
22

A. If reunification was possible with Mr. [M.], I’d have to staff that 

with my supervisor because I don’t know how cross borders work when 

one’s – they’re of different citizenship statuses. I don’t know what 

works. 

The record does not reflect Mother’s immigration status and does not reflect that the 

trial court considered her “country of origin” in making its findings. 

The Equal Protection Clause provides that no state shall “deny to any person 

within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws,” which is essentially a 

directive that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike. U.S. Const. 

amend. XIV, § 1; City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439 

(1985). The same requirements are applied under the Texas Constitution as under 

the United States Constitution. Reid v. Rolling Fork Pub. Util. Dist., 979 F.2d 1084, 

1089 (5th Cir.1992); Rose v. Doctors Hosp., 801 S.W.2d 841, 846 (Tex.1990). To 

assert an equal-protection claim, however, a party must establish that the challenged 

statute resulted in her being treated differently than other similarly situated parties. 

In re J.M.C., 109 S.W.3d 591, 597 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.); Sanders 

v. Palunsky, 36 S.W.3d 222, 225 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.). 

Immigration status, standing alone, is not probative of a parent’s fitness to be 

a parent to her children so as to deny her joint managing conservatorship. See 

Turrubiartes v. Olvera, 539 S.W.3d 524, 529 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, 

pet. denied) (citing TXI Transp. Co. v. Hughes, 306 S.W.3d 230, 241–42 (Tex. 2010) 

(immigration status was collateral matter “not relevant to proving a material issue in 

the case”)). However, Mother has presented no evidence that her immigration status 

was considered by any representative of the Department or the trial court during the 

pendency of the parental termination case. 

In addition to the testimony about the immigration status of one of the alleged 

fathers Mother argues that her ability to complete the service plan was hampered by 
23

her inability to communicate with the caseworker in Spanish. The record contains a 

copy of Mother’s family service plan written in English. The record does not contain 

a service plan written in Spanish. The record reflects, however, that each time 

Mother appeared in court a Spanish-language interpreter was employed to interpret 

the proceedings. Mother claims that she was unable to complete her service plan due 

to her inability to communicate effectively with the caseworker. Mother 

demonstrated that she understood the tasks required by the service plan because she 

completed some of them. Mother admitted into evidence an English-language text 

message exchange between her and the caseworker in which they discussed 

visitation. As the finder of fact and sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses, the 

trial court was free to believe that Mother was able to effectively communicate with 

the caseworker, and disregard any or all of Mother’s self-serving testimony. See In 

re S.A.H., 420 S.W.3d 911, 927 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.).

We overrule Mother’s fourth issue.

IV. Admission of Drug Screening Evidence 

In Mother’s sixth issue she contends the trial court committed fundamental 

error by allowing evidence of her drug screening results in violation of the Fourth 

and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article 1, section 9 of 

the Texas Constitution. Mother argues that evidence of her drug screening results 

should have been excluded because the Department did not produce a warrant or 

reasonable suspicion to request that she take a drug test. 

At trial the Department called the custodian of records for the Texas Alcohol 

and Drug Testing Service who testified that the drug test results were records made 

in the ordinary course of business by a person with personal knowledge of the 

information. The custodian of records further testified that the records were made at 

the time the specimens were collected. The Department introduced the results into 
24

evidence, Mother’s attorney reviewed them, and stated that he had no objection. By 

failing to object to the drug test results Mother failed to preserve this issue for 

review. 

To preserve a complaint for appellate review, an appellant must show (1) she 

made the complaint to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion, and 

(2) the trial court ruled on the request or refused to rule on the request and appellant 

objected to the refusal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); In re A.L.H., 515 S.W.3d 60, 82 

(Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. denied). Mother did not object to the 

admission of the drug test results. To the contrary, her lawyer affirmatively said he 

had no objection to the admission of the results. Accordingly, Mother has not 

preserved error regarding admission of the drug screening evidence. See In re W.T., 

III, No. 14-17-00136-CV, 2017 WL 3567786, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] Aug. 17, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). 

Even if Mother preserved error at trial, the evidence is not subject to exclusion 

under the United States or Texas Constitutions. The United States Supreme Court 

has repeatedly declined to extend the exclusionary rule to proceedings other than 

criminal trials. Pennsylvania Bd. of Prob. & Parole v. Scott, 524 U.S. 357, 363 

(1998) (declining to apply rule in parole-revocation hearing); United States v. Leon, 

468 U.S. 897, 909 (1984); INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032, 1050 (1984) 

(declining to apply rule in civil-deportation proceeding); United States v. Janis, 428 

U.S. 433, 447 (1976) (declining to apply rule in civil-tax proceeding); United States 

v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 343–46, 349–50 (1974) (declining to apply rule in grandjury proceeding). The exclusionary rule has been described as “a judicially created 

remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its 

deterrent effect, rather than a personal constitutional right of the party aggrieved.” 

Calandra, 414 U.S. at 348.
25

The Texas Supreme Court has likewise declined to extend the exclusionary 

rule beyond criminal trials. State v. One (1) 2004 Lincoln Navigator, 494 S.W.3d 

690, 694 (Tex. 2016) (“Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution and Article I, section 9 of the Texas Constitution prohibit unreasonable 

searches and seizures and require the exclusion of evidence obtained in violation of 

that prohibition in criminal trials.”) (emphasis added). 

Mother further argues that the trial court should not have admitted evidence 

of the drug screening results because she was not given Miranda warnings before 

she submitted to a drug test. In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966), the 

United States Supreme Court held that “the prosecution may not use statements, 

whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the 

defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure 

the privilege against self-incrimination.” The Court defined “custodial 

interrogation” as “questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person 

has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any 

significant way.” Id. There is no evidence that Mother was taken into custody before 

submitting to drug screening or that she was deprived of her freedom of action in 

any significant way. Therefore, the Department was not required to issue Miranda

warnings to Mother before asking her to submit to a drug test. 

The trial court did not err in admitting evidence of Mother’s drug test results 

in this civil proceeding. See One (1) 2004 Lincoln Navigator, 494 S.W.3d at 694.

We overrule Mother’s sixth issue. 

CONCLUSION 

The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s 

predicate termination finding under section 161.001(b)(1)(E) and the finding that 

termination was in the best interest of the children. We overrule Mother’s challenges 
26

to the sufficiency of the evidence, the failure to file findings of fact and conclusions 

of law, and Mother’s evidentiary challenges. We affirm the trial court’s “Final 

Decree of Termination.” 

 

 /s/ Ken Wise

 Justice 

Panel consists of Justices Wise, Jewell, and Hassan (Hassan, J., dissenting opinion 

to follow).