Final Report: 

The Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NH3 and Other 

Emissions from 2000-2001 Model Year Vehicles 

CRC Project No. E-60 

Prepared for: 

Coordinating Research Council 

3650 Mansell Road, Suite 140 

Alpharetta, GA 30022 

and 

CONCAWE 

(the oil companies’ european organization 

 for environment, health, and safety) 

Submitted: 

May 2003 

Thomas D. Durbin, Principal Investigator 

J. Wayne Miller, Co-Investigator 

John T. Pisano 

Theodore Younglove 

Claudia G. Sauer 

Sam H. Rhee 

Tao Huai 

College of Engineering-Center for 

Environmental Research and Technology 

University of California 

Riverside, CA 92521 

(909) 781-5797 

(909) 781-5790 fax 

Gervase I. MacKay, Collaborator 

UNISEARCH Associates Inc. 

96 Bradwick Drive 

Concord, Ontario, Canada, L4K 1K8 

02-VE-59971-E60-04
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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Table of Contents 

Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... vi 

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 

2. Experimental Procedures ..................................................................................... 2 

 2.1 Test Vehicles............................................................................................... 2 

 2.2 Fuels and Lubricants ................................................................................... 2 

 2.3 Catalyst and Oxygen Sensor Aging ............................................................ 3 

 2.4 Test Sequence.............................................................................................. 3 

2.5 Vehicle Emissions Measurements............................................................... 5 

2.6 Statistical Analysis ...................................................................................... 9 

3. Results .................................................................................................................. 12 

 3.1 FTP Emissions Results.............................................................................. 12 

3.2 US06 Emissions Results ........................................................................... 34 

3.3 European Vehicle Emissions Results........................................................ 46 

4. Summary and Conclusions.............................................................................. 54 

5. Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 56 

6. References ............................................................................................................ 57 

Appendices 

Appendix A. Properties of the Test Fuel 

Appendix B. Description of Catalyst Aging 

Appendix C. Sulfur Removal Protocol 

Appendix D. Processing of the TDL Signal 

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Appendix F. FTP Statistical Analysis Results 

Appendix G. THC Emissions Results 

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Appendix I. US06 Statistical Analysis Results 

Appendix J. Detailed NEDC Emission Results 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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List of Figures 

Figure 1. Flowchart for CRC Project No. E-60.............................................................................. 4 

Figure 2. Configuration of the TDL Sampling System ................................................................. 7 

Figure 3. Comparison of FTIR and TDL NH3 Measurements .................................................... 10 

Figure 4. Fleet Average FTP Emissions ...................................................................................... 15 

Figure 5. FTP Individual Vehicle NH3 Emissions ...................................................................... 16 

Figure 6. NH3 Interaction Plot for Vehicle by Catalyst Effects................................................... 17 

Figure 7. NH3 Emissions by Bag ................................................................................................. 18 

Figure 8. Real-Time NH3 Emissions over the FTP for a ULEV Light-Duty Truck .................... 19 

Figure 9. FTP Individual Vehicle NMHC Emissions .................................................................. 21 

Figure 10. NMHC Emissions by Bag .......................................................................................... 22 

Figure 11. FTP Individual Vehicle CO Emissions....................................................................... 24 

Figure 12. CO Emissions by Bag................................................................................................. 25 

Figure 13. FTP Individual Vehicle NOx Emissions ..................................................................... 27 

Figure 14. NOx Emissions by Bag ............................................................................................... 28 

Figure 15. FTP Individual Vehicle N2O Emissions .................................................................... 31 

Figure 16. N2O Emissions by Bag ............................................................................................... 32 

Figure 17. Real-Time N2O Emissions over the FTP for a ULEV Light-Duty Truck .................. 33 

Figure 18. Fleet Average US06 Emissions .................................................................................. 35 

Figure 19. Real-Time NH3 Emissions over the US06 for a ULEV Light-Duty Truck................ 36 

Figure 20. US06 Individual Vehicle NH3 Emissions................................................................... 37 

Figure 21. US06 Individual Vehicle NMHC Emissions.............................................................. 39 

Figure 22. US06 Individual Vehicle CO Emissions .................................................................... 41 

Figure 23. US06 Individual Vehicle NOx Emissions................................................................... 43 

Figure 24. US06 Individual Vehicle N2O Emissions................................................................... 45 

Figure 25. Renault Megane NEDC Emissions Results................................................................ 47 

Figure 26. VW Bora NEDC Emissions Results........................................................................... 48 

Figure 27. Renault Megane ECE Emissions Results ................................................................... 49 

Figure 28. VW Bora ECE Emissions Results ............................................................................. 50 

Figure 29. Renault Megane EUDC Emissions Results................................................................ 51 

Figure 30. VW Bora EUDC Emissions Results........................................................................... 52 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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List of Tables 

Table 1. Description of Test Vehicles ........................................................................................... 2 

Table 2. FTP NH3 Emissions Results........................................................................................... 12 

Table 3. FTP NH3 Emissions Results for Individual Bags ......................................................... 13 

Table 4. FTP NMHC Emissions Results ..................................................................................... 20 

Table 5. FTP NMHC Emissions Results for Individual Bags ..................................................... 20 

Table 6. FTP CO Emissions Results ........................................................................................... 23 

Table 7. FTP CO Emissions Results for Individual Bags ........................................................... 23 

Table 8. FTP NOx Emissions Results........................................................................................... 26 

Table 9. FTP NOx Emissions Results for Individual Bags ......................................................... 26 

Table 10. FTP N2O Emissions Results ........................................................................................ 29 

Table 11. FTP N2O Emissions Results for Individual Bags ....................................................... 30 

Table 12. US06 NH3 Emissions Results ...................................................................................... 34 

Table 13. US06 NMHC Emissions Results ................................................................................. 38 

Table 14. US06 CO Emissions Results ....................................................................................... 40 

Table 15. US06 NOx Emissions Results ..................................................................................... 42 

Table 16. US06 N2O Emissions Results ..................................................................................... 44 

Table 17. FTP Emissions Results Including European Vehicles................................................. 53 

Table 18. US06 Emissions Results Including European Vehicles............................................... 53 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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List of Appendices 

Appendix A. Properties of the Test Fuel ..................................................................................... 62 

Appendix B. Description of Catalyst Aging ............................................................................... 63 

Appendix C. Sulfur Removal Protocol ........................................................................................ 65 

Appendix D. Processing of the TDL Signal................................................................................. 66 

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results .............................................................................. 69 

Appendix F. FTP Statistical Analysis Results ............................................................................. 83 

Appendix G. THC Emissions Results.......................................................................................... 91 

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emissions Results .......................................................................... 92 

Appendix I. US06 Statistical Analysis Results ........................................................................... 106 

Appendix J. Detailed NEDC Emissions Results........................................................................ 107 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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Disclaimer 

This report was prepared by the University of California-Riverside, College of EngineeringCenter for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) as an account of work 

sponsored by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) and CONCAWE. Neither the CRC, 

members of the CRC, CONCAWE, CE-CERT, nor any person acting on their behalf: (1) makes 

any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, apparatus, method, 

or process disclosed in this report, or (2) assumes any liabilities with respect to use of, inability 

to use, or damages resulting from the use or inability to use, any information, apparatus, method, 

or process disclosed in this report. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

vi 

Executive Summary 

The reduction of fuel sulfur levels in gasoline is considered to be an important factor in attaining 

present and future vehicle emissions standards and air quality goals. Numerous studies have 

shown that sulfur reduces the efficiency of the catalytic converter and increases regulated 

emissions. Although catalysts reduce most emissions, some pollutants, such as ammonia (NH3), 

can be formed over the catalyst surface. Since NH3 is primarily formed on the catalyst surface, it 

has been suggested that sulfur could inhibit NH3 formation on the catalyst by inhibiting reaction 

sites for NH3 formation, leading to increases in NH3 emissions as fuel sulfur levels are 

decreased. 

To date, information about the effects on fuel sulfur on emissions such as NH3 is very limited, 

especially for low emission vehicles representative of present and future vehicle technologies. 

For this study, the emissions impact of fuel sulfur and catalyst age was evaluated for 14 vehicles. 

The 14 vehicles included 12 California-certified Low-Emission Vehicles (LEV) to Super-UltraLow-Emission Vehicles (SULEV) vehicles and 2 European vehicles certified to Euro 3 

standards. Each vehicle was evaluated with 3 fuels (5, 30, and 150 ppmw sulfur) and using asreceived and aged catalysts. Vehicles were tested on each fuel/catalyst configuration over the 

Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and US06 test cycles. The two European vehicles were also tested 

over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) on each of the fuel/catalyst configurations. For 

the primary analyses, the European vehicles were excluded from the data set since the European 

vehicles are certified to different limits and procedures. 

In addition to making measurements of bag and modal regulated emissions, a tunable diode laser 

(TDL) was developed and successfully used to measure engine-out and tailpipe NH3 in real-time. 

The TDL offers both the detection limits and the response time necessary to investigate low-level 

concentrations of NH3 in vehicle exhaust. Additionally, the TDL has the important advantage 

that it can make measurements in-situ using raw exhaust gases. The combination of these 

advantages allows the measurement of highly time-resolved NH3 emissions with sensitivity 

levels of better than 0.5 ppmv at two standard deviations, or minimum detection limits of 

roughly 0.5 mg/mi. 

For the California-certified vehicles, NH3 emissions over the FTP were generally lower than 

those of the regulated emissions. Fleet average FTP NH3 emissions averaged between 14 and 21 

mg/mi depending on the fuel/catalyst combination. Five of the test vehicles had NH3 emissions 

below 5 mg/mi for most of the test configurations. Only 4 vehicles had NH3 emissions over 20 

mg/mi when averaged over all test configurations. Measurements of engine-out NH3 emissions 

indicated that NH3 emissions were formed primarily over the catalyst. The highest FTP NH3

emissions were found during bag 1 of the FTP after catalyst light-off. NH3 emissions over the 

US06 were considerably higher than those found for the FTP and were comparable with or 

greater than those of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) over the 

US06. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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Fuel sulfur effects on fleet average NH3 were found to be statistically significant over the US06 

cycle but not over the FTP. Fleet average NH3 emissions over the US06 for the 150 ppm fuel 

were 27% higher than those for the 5 ppm and 12% higher than those for the 30 ppm fuel. 

Catalyst aging effects on NH3 emissions were found to be statistically significant for both the 

FTP and US06 cycles for NH3 emissions, with higher emissions for the aged catalyst. Fleet 

average NH3 emissions were 50% higher for the aged catalysts over the FTP and 17% higher for 

the aged catalysts over the US06. The interaction between vehicle and catalyst age effects was 

found to be statistically significant, however, for both the FTP and US06 cycles. 

For the FTP, fleet average NOx emissions were higher at a statistically significant level for the 

150 ppm fuel compared with both the 5 and 30 ppm sulfur fuels, although the interaction 

between vehicle and fuel effects was also statistically significant. For fleet average NMHC, 

emissions were higher at statistically significant levels for the 150 ppm fuel compared with the 

30 ppm fuel, although the magnitude of this fuel effect was small. 

The effects of catalyst age were found to be statistically significant for fleet average CO 

emissions, with higher emissions observed for the aged catalysts. 

Similar to NH3, the N2O emissions over the FTP were generally lower than those of the regulated 

pollutants. The results showed there was a statistically significant increase in N2O emissions for 

150 ppm fuel compared to both the 30 and 5 ppm fuels. This trend is consistent with previous 

studies that have shown that higher N2O emissions are generally observed for higher sulfur fuels. 

The highest N2O emissions for the FTP were found in bag 1, as the catalyst was warming up to 

operational temperatures. 

The effects of fuel sulfur on both fleet average NMHC and NOx emissions were found to be 

statistically significant over the US06 cycle, although the interaction between vehicle and fuel 

effects was statistically significant for NMHC. A pair-wise comparison showed that fuels with 5, 

30 and 150 ppm sulfur were all different from one another at a statistically significant level for 

both NOx and NMHC emissions over the US06 cycle. The magnitude of the fuel sulfur effects 

over the US06 for NMHC and NOx was also found to be relatively larger than that found for the 

FTP cycle. For fleet average CO emissions over the US06 cycle, only the differences between 

the 5 and 150 ppm fuels were found to be statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. 

Catalyst effects over the US06 were found to be statistically significant for fleet average NMHC, 

CO, and NOx emissions, with higher emissions for the aged catalyst. The vehicle by catalyst 

interaction was statistically significant, however, for both NMHC and CO emissions. 

Fleet average N2O emissions over the US06 were lower than those obtained over the FTP. N2O 

emissions showed trends of higher emissions with increasing fuel sulfur level. Pair-wise 

comparisons showed that the 5, 30 and 150 ppm fuels were all different from each other for N2O 

emissions over the US06 cycle at a statistically significant level. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

viii 

European Vehicle Results 

Overall, the fleet average FTP and US06 results with the inclusion of the European vehicles were 

very similar to those obtained with just the California-certified vehicles. Over the NEDC cycle, 

CO, NOx and NH3 for the Renault Megane were all found to be higher for the tests conducted on 

the aged catalyst in comparison with the as-received catalyst. For the VW Bora, fuel sulfur and 

catalyst effects generally did not have a significant impact on emissions over the NEDC cycle. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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1. Introduction 

The reduction of fuel sulfur levels in gasoline is considered to be an important factor in attaining 

future emissions standards and air quality goals. The impact of gasoline sulfur levels has been 

the subject of numerous studies over the years, and it is well documented that higher sulfur 

reduces the efficiency of the catalytic converter, resulting in increases in regulated emissions [1-

14]. Some of these studies show the effects to be more pronounced, on a percentage basis, for the 

more advanced ULEV and LEV vehicles [6]. 

Although catalysts provide reductions for most emissions, from studies as early as the 1970s it 

was known that other emissions, such as ammonia (NH3), can be formed over the catalyst 

surface [15,16]. Recently, there has been increased interest in NH3 emissions since NH3 is 

known to be an important precursor to the formation of secondary particulate matter (PM) and 

since studies have indicated that NH3 emission levels may be greater than originally thought [17-

19]. One of the important issues regarding NH3 emissions is the potential effect of changing fuel 

sulfur levels on the NH3 emissions found in the tailpipe exhaust. In some early studies, it was 

suggested that sulfur could inhibit NH3 formation on the catalyst by deactivating reaction sites 

for NH3 formation [20-22]. Some initial chassis dynamometer emissions results were also 

consistent with these conclusions, showing higher NH3 emissions for fuels with lower fuel sulfur 

levels, but for a limited number of tests and only one vehicle [23]. In a more recent study of 10 

late model vehicles, NH3 emissions did not show any consistent trends as a function of fuel 

sulfur level over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), but showed lower emissions for higher sulfur 

levels over the US06 [24]. Other chassis dynamometer measurements on two vehicles, however, 

showed that decreasing fuel sulfur content resulted in lower NH3 emissions for one vehicle and 

had little effect on NH3 emissions for the second vehicle [25]. To better understand how reduced 

fuel sulfur levels will affect future NH3 emissions inventories, it was important to conduct a 

more comprehensive study and utilize more advanced experimental techniques capable of 

measuring the low NH3 emission levels found in late model vehicles. 

The objective of this project was to evaluate the impact of different fuel sulfur levels on NH3

emissions, as well as regulated and N2O emissions for a fleet of present and future technology 

gasoline vehicles. For this project, 12 vehicles certified to California’s Low Emission Vehicle 

(LEV) requirements and 2 European vehicles certified to Euro 3 standards were tested on fuels 

with nominal sulfur levels of 5, 30, and 150 ppmw. The fleet was designed to represent some of 

the latest technology vehicles currently available in the market. Each vehicle was tested with the 

as-received catalyst and an aged catalyst. The vehicles were tested using the FTP and US06 

cycles. The European vehicles were also tested over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). 

NH3 emissions were measured using a novel approach, tunable diode laser (TDL) spectroscopy. 

The TDL offers the detection limits and the response time necessary to investigate low-level 

concentrations of exhaust gases as well as the ability to make in-situ measurements of raw 

exhaust gases. The results of this study are discussed in the following report. 

 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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2. Experimental Procedures 

2.1 Test Vehicles 

A total of 14 vehicles were recruited and tested for this study. This included 4 low-emission 

vehicle (LEV), 6 ultra-low-emission vehicle (ULEV) and 2 super-ultra-low-emission vehicle 

(SULEV) California-certified vehicles and 2 European vehicles certified to Euro 3 standards 

[26]. The LEV and ULEV vehicles were recruited from a combination of different rental car 

agencies and private parties. The 2 SULEV vehicles were obtained on loan from a major 

automobile manufacturer. The European vehicles were obtained on loan from CONCAWE. 

Table 1 describes the vehicles and shows whether each is certified over the US06. It should be 

noted that vehicles 5-7 and 10-12 in Table 1 were also used in a separate program to investigate 

the effects of lubricant sulfur levels and other properties on emissions [27]. Prior to entering the 

program, all vehicles were inspected using a standard checklist to ensure that they were in sound 

mechanical and operational condition. 

Table 1. Description of Test Vehicles 

# MY OEM Model Certification US06 

Certified

Engine 

Size 

Mileage Engine Family 

1 2001 Ford Taurus LEV No 3.0 L 23,553 1FMXV03.0VF9 

2 2001 Chevrolet Cavalier LEV No 2.4 L 22,482 1GMXV02.4022 

3 2001 Chevrolet Silverado LEV No 5.3 L 8,380 1GMXA05.3183 

4 2000 Jeep Grand Cherokee LEV No 4.7 L 29,571 YCRXT0287231 

5 2001 Buick LeSabre ULEV Yes 3.8 L 20,164 1GMXV03.8044 

6 2001 Dodge Neon ULEV No 2.0 L 18,634 1CRXV0122V40 

7 2001 Toyota Camry ULEV Yes 2.2 L 22,055 1TYXV02.2JJA 

8 2001 Chrysler Sebring ULEV No 2.4 L 19,677 1CRXV0148V40 

9 2001 Acura CL ULEV No 3.2 L 20,523 1HNXV03.2K88 

10 2001 Ford Windstar ULEV No 3.8 L 21,261 1FMXT03.82J* 

11 2000 Honda Accord SULEV No 2.3 L 11,958 YHNXV02.3NL5 

12 2001 Nissan Sentra CA SULEV Yes 1.8 L 6,592 1NSXV01.852A 

13 2000 VW Bora Euro 3 No 2.0 L 6,741 APK026895 

14 2001 Renault Megane** Euro 3 No 2.0 L 5,493 C006106F5RD740

* = 5 or 6, L = liter, ** equipped with a stoichiometric direct–injection gasoline engine 

2.2 Fuels and Lubricants 

The test matrix for this program involved 3 test fuels with nominal sulfur levels of 5 ppm, 30 

ppm, and 150 ppm. The base fuel for these tests was an in-use California Phase 2 gasoline 

obtained from Chevron with a 5 ppm sulfur level. The properties of this fuel included 14.0 vol% 

aromatics, and Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) of 6.7 pounds per square inch (psi), and no 

oxygenates. A more detailed listing of the fuel properties is provided in Appendix A. The 

nominal 30 ppm and 150 ppm fuels were obtained by doping the base fuel with a threecomponent sulfur mixture including dimethyl disulfide, thiophene, and benzothiophene. This 

mixture has been used in previous studies of fuel sulfur effects [28]. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

3 

A specially formulated zero-sulfur lubricant was used in this test program to ensure the effects of 

sulfur from the lubricant would be negligible. This oil had a synthetic base containing ashless, 

zero-sulfur antiwear and antioxidant additives. The effect of varying oil sulfur levels on 

regulated emissions was investigated in a separate study using the same zero-sulfur oil as the 

baseline oil [27]. 

2.3 Catalyst and Oxygen Sensor Aging 

For this program, each vehicle was tested using the original as-received catalyst and a bench 

aged catalyst system. All catalyst aging was conducted at the Southwest Research Institute 

(SwRI) in San Antonio, TX. The catalyst systems were obtained new from local dealerships for 

each of the California-certified vehicles, and were supplied by CONCAWE on a similar basis for 

the European vehicles. This included the underfloor catalyst(s), any close-coupled catalyst(s), 

and pre- and post-catalyst oxygen sensors. The catalyst systems were aged for 90 hours (120,000 

mile equivalent) using the Rapid Aging Test-A (RAT-A) protocol [29]. Catalysts were 

configured for the SwRI aging cell at CE-CERT prior to shipment. All catalysts were aged in 

pairs using a single engine with the RAT-A temperature profile maintained for each catalyst. The 

aged catalysts for 6 of the test vehicles were used in a companion program to investigate oil 

sulfur effects [27]. All catalyst systems were aged using a specially formulated ultra-low 0.2 

ppmw sulfur gasoline and a zero-sulfur oil [27]. The aging protocol is discussed in greater detail 

in Appendix B. 

2.4 Test Sequence 

A flow chart for the E-60 project is provided in Figure 1 and is outlined briefly below. 

Prior to testing on any of the fuel/catalyst combinations, a sequence including an oil change to 

the low-sulfur oil and a multiple drain and fill for the fuel was conducted. The multiple drain and 

fill procedure was used for the fuel to ensure the in-use fuel in the vehicle’s tank at the time it 

was received was fully purged from the system [30]. After completion of the drain and fill 

sequence, a cycle to remove residual sulfur from the catalyst was run, consisting of 10 wide-open 

throttle (WOT) events. This cycle is described in greater detail in Appendix C. 

The vehicles were conditioned on each test fuel over a period of approximately 10 back-to-back 

LA4 cycles. This driving was conducted on the surface streets near the Bourns College of 

Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT) facility. The route 

was designed to have similar driving conditions to the LA4 including a number of stops and 

similar speed ranges. After completing the 10 LA4 equivalents on the road, a final LA4 was 

conducted on the dynamometer. The vehicle was then soaked for a period of 12-36 hours prior to 

running the emissions test sequence. 

The test cycles for this project were the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and US06 cycles for the 

California-certified vehicles. The test cycles were run in duplicate with a third test conducted if 

the emissions between the two FTPs differed by more than the following criteria: HC 33%, NOx 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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No 

No 

No 

Yes

Repeat for Phase 2 

Aged cat. 

Has 5 ppm

(nominal) S test

fuel been run?

Has 30 ppm

(nominal) S test

fuel been run?

Has 150 ppm

(nominal) S test

fuel been run? 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Have 2 valid

FTPs been run

and pass QC? 

Drain and 80% fill with 

desired test fuel 

Run 10 back-to-back LA4s (on-road)

12 – 36 hour soak 

Run with canister 

in as-received state

Run FTP 

(record tailpipe & engineout emissions, NH3 before 

and after cat., F/A, and 3WC 

temperature)

Run US06 

(record tailpipe & engineout emissions, NH3 before 

and after cat., F/A, and 3WC 

temperature) 

No

Collect a fuel sample 

before first test on fuel 

Run 1 LA4 on Dyno

Drain and 40% fill with 

desired test fuel 

Run at idle for 2 minutes

Run 10-WOT cycles with 

3WC temp > 700C and lambda < 0.9 

Drive 10 miles

Run at idle for 2 minutes 

Drain and 40% fill with 

5 ppm sulfur fuel 

Start 

Test Phase 1 – As rec’d cat. 

Test Phase 2 – Aged cat. 

Drain and fill with 

low sulfur oil

Drain and fill with 4 gallons of 

 5 ppm (nominal) CaPh 2 fuel 

Drive 10 miles 

Drain and fill with 4 gallons 

of 5 ppm CaPh 2 fuel 

Drain and fill with 4 gallons of 

5 ppm CaPh 2 fuel

Figure 1. Flow Chart for CRC Project No. E-60 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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29%, and CO 70%. The European vehicles were tested over a similar test sequence, although the 

NEDC cycle was run in place of the FTP cycle and was followed by the US06. Following the 

NEDC test sequence, duplicate FTPs were also run on the European vehicles at each test matrix 

point, with a third test run where the testing criteria were exceeded. For 3 of the 168 FTP test 

sequences and 3 of the 12 NEDC test sequences, triplicate tests were not conducted for vehicles 

exceeding the test criteria. This was due in part to logistical and other reasons, including the need 

to return vehicles to their owners. Although these specific paired sequences may have slightly 

more variability than other pairs, these differences did not have any significant impacts on the 

overall results. 

For each vehicle, the fuels were tested in order of ascending fuel sulfur level, moving 

sequentially from the 5 ppm level to the 30 ppm level to the 150 ppm sulfur level. This test 

sequence minimized the possibility of sulfur carry-over from one test to the next. Keeping repeat 

tests to the minimum necessary to produce reliable results, allowed the maximum number of test 

vehicles to be evaluated. Although the procedure does not incorporate true long term repeat tests, 

or randomization of test fuel order, the fact that each fuel was tested on a number of vehicles 

allows consistent trends to be identified. The statistical analyses of the data should be evaluated 

bearing these factors in mind. 

The vehicles were tested on both the as-received and aged catalysts. In each case, tests on all 

fuels were completed before changing the catalyst configuration. The order in which the catalyst 

configurations were tested was determined in part by the logistics of the project. The 6 vehicles 

tested in the E-61 program were already configured with the aged catalyst and hence were tested 

on the aged catalysts first [27]. The two European vehicles were also tested on the aged catalyst 

first so they were configured for return shipment following testing. The remaining vehicles were 

tested with the as-received catalyst first followed by the aged catalyst. 

2.5 Vehicle Emissions Measurements 

2.5.1 Regulated Pollutants 

All tests were conducted in CE-CERT’s Vehicle Emissions Research Laboratory (VERL) 

equipped with a Burke E. Porter 48-inch single-roll electric dynamometer. For these tests, 

standard bag measurements were obtained for total hydrocarbons (THC), non-methane 

hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide 

(CO2). Modal tailpipe and engine-out measurements were also taken for THC, NMHC, NOx, CO, 

and CO2. Bag measurements were conducted with a Pierburg AMA-4000 bench while the preand post-catalyst emissions were made with a Pierburg AMA-2000 emissions bench. Both the 

AMA-4000 and the AMA-2000 emission benches incorporate a separate methane (CH4) analyzer 

for the determination of the NMHC. 

2.5.2 NH3 Tunable Diode Laser Measurements 

The primary NH3 measurements were made for both engine-out and tailpipe emissions on a realtime basis using a tunable diode laser infrared absorption spectrometer (TDL). The TDL 

provides significant advantages over other methodologies in quantifying low levels of NH3 from 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

6 

vehicle exhaust. Previous studies have used techniques such as citric acid coated filters [31] or 

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy [23] typically through a dilution tunnel. While 

these techniques provide some information about the integrated NH3 emissions from vehicles, 

the adsorption/desorption of NH3 to and from surfaces in the lines transferring to the tunnel and 

the dilution tunnel itself complicate these measurements. The dilution process itself also reduces 

the NH3 concentration levels in the tunnel, making it difficult to measure NH3 from vehicles with 

low emission rates. 

An important step in reducing the adsorption/desorption effects for NH3 is measurement in the 

raw exhaust. Both citric acid coated filters and FTIR have disadvantages in this regard. Citric 

acid coated filters can be used to determine integrated concentrations from the raw exhaust, but 

over transient cycles, these concentration levels can not be correlated with the exhaust flow rate 

to enable determination of the mass emission rate. FTIR can be used for raw exhaust 

measurements, but to obtain comparable detection limits, the FTIR requires a considerably larger 

sample cell. With the large sample cell and corresponding longer sample residence time, it again 

becomes more difficult to obtain an accurate concentration vs. time profile that can be correlated 

with the exhaust flow. This is further illustrated in Section 2.5.3. 

TDL has already been applied to measurements of vehicle exhaust for the measurement of other 

infrared absorbing gases such as CO, CO2, and formaldehyde (HCHO) [32-33]. The distinction 

here is that the other measurements were done via extraction and dilution into a multi-path 

reflective cell at mid-infrared wavelengths, whereas the system constructed and developed for 

this project employed measurements of the raw exhaust, without modification, in the near 

infrared wavelength region. TDL spectroscopy offers the specificity, sensitivity and response 

time necessary to investigate low-level concentrations of exhaust gases. Additionally, the TDL 

has the important advantage that it can make measurements in-situ using raw exhaust gases [34]. 

The combination of these advantages in the configuration described below allowed the 

measurement of highly time-resolved engine-out and tailpipe NH3 emissions with sensitivity 

levels at two standard deviations of better than 0.5 ppmv, or minimum detection limits of 

roughly 0.5 mg/mi. 

The TDL optics were installed in conjunction with the existing exhaust sampling lines for 

measuring raw pre- and post-catalyst emissions. This was done by installing a short 2-meter 

section into the sample line, basically making the TDL sampling system a part of the line. Figure 

2 is a picture of the installation. The 2-meter sections were fabricated using 1-inch inner diameter 

stainless steel tubes that were electroplated with a Ni alloy to passivate the surface. The 

corresponding sampling cell volume is approximately 1 liter. The sampling system was heated at 

temperatures between 120 and 130°C to prevent condensation or adsorption in the sampling 

lines. With a constant sampling rate of 20 liters per minute (lpm), this sampling configuration 

has a residence time for the sample gas in the cell of just over 2 seconds. Sealed quartz windows 

were placed at diametrically opposed ends of the section. 

The optical system was configured in a monostatic mode with a transmitting/receiving assembly 

on one side and a retroreflector on the other side. This was done to enhance sensitivity by 

doubling the effective optical pathlength of the 2-meter section to 4-meters. With the 4-meter 

pathlength, the signal noise at two times the standard deviation was found to be better than 0.5 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

7 

ppmv for a 2-second averaging time. The transmitter/receiver assembly contained a variable 

focal length grin lens with a perforated, off-axis parabolic mirror (OAP) as the collector. The 

laser beam was sent via fiber optic cable (FC-APC 9 micrometer) that connected to the lens 

assembly. The divergent beam was then slightly focused so that it was 0.5-inch in diameter when 

hitting the surface of the retroreflector and continued to expand to 1-inch when returning to the 

collecting OAP. The beam traveled through the optical center of the OAP where there was a 

small 1/8-inch diameter perforation. The GaAS detector was placed at the focal point of the OAP 

and received the raw modulated signal. The subsequent output was returned to the controller via 

coaxial cable and analyzed employing signal processing techniques. 

 

Figure 2. Configuration of the TDL Sampling System 

The single mode laser light for the TDL was created by running an electrical current through a 

diode crystal to create light with a specific wavelength in the near infrared spectral region. For 

NH3, a GaAs diode laser was used to optimize the radiation to a wavelength near 1.512 μm. The 

GaAs laser can be operated at room temperature. The TDL system employed for the study was a 

UNISEARCH Associates LasIR. The instrument was configured with a three-way optical beam 

splitter that sent 45% of the total laser energy to each of the two channels, allowing for the 

measurement of both engine-out and tailpipe emissions at these levels. The 10% third channel 

was used to locate and lock the emission wavelength of the laser by passing it through a small 

cell that contains a high concentration of the target gas (NH3). 

An important characteristic of the tunable diode laser is that the wavelength at which it emits 

changes very slightly over a small spectral range (1 nm) with the electric current passing through 

it. This makes it possible to scan across the entire selected absorption line of the target gas as 

well as the region where the target gas does not absorb. By scanning the absorption feature prior 

to the target gas absorption, deviations in overall laser intensity can be measured, providing 

enhanced sensitivity. The TDL performs each such scan in a period of 1/60th of a second. Two-
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

8 

tone FM modulation techniques were used to filter out any stray signals and to improve the 

signal-to-noise resolution. More details on the signal processing for the TDL can be found in 

Appendix D. 

Verification of the TDL accuracy was done using calibration gas levels between 10 and 150 

ppmv. A calibration curve is provided in Appendix D. Although some calibration gases are 

certified from the producer with accuracies of better than ±5%, it has been suggested that 

accuracies of <10% are difficult to achieve with NH3 [35]. The calibration gas used for most of 

the verification tests and daily testing calibrations was certified with an accuracy of ±10%. The 

TDL readings were compared with measurements obtained from citric acid-coated filters at 

various positions in the sampling train. The results showed agreement within 10% for an NH3

calibration gas level of 150 ppm, as shown in Appendix D. Daily test calibrations were 

conducted in-situ by injecting the calibration gas into the raw exhaust stream under idle 

conditions. 

In calibrating the TDL measurements, it was also important to evaluate temperature and pressure 

effects. This is primarily important for the more aggressive portions of driving cycles such as the 

US06 where pressures and temperatures can increase in the sampling lines. At higher pressures 

and temperatures, the TDL lineshape can broaden, affecting the measured intensity. Since the 

sample cell is of a fixed volume, pressure and temperature also can affect the number of 

molecules in the sampling cell, which in turn can affect the measured intensity. Plots of the 

pressure and temperature dependence of the TDL signal over a full range of conditions are 

provided in Appendix D. 

The dual channel capability of the TDL allowed the measurement of engine-out and tailpipe 

emissions simultaneously. The TDL was configured to provide data once every 2 seconds for 

both the engine-out and tailpipe emissions. For each channel, data were integrated over a 2-

second dwell time, with sampling alternating between engine-out and tailpipe measurements 

each second. Second-by-second NH3 concentrations were obtained from the 2-second TDL 

readings using a linear extrapolation. The concentrations were then converted into mass 

emissions rates by multiplying by the density of NH3 and the time-aligned exhaust flow rate. 

Similar procedures have been used previously in analysis of second-by-second data for regulated 

pollutants for the development of CE-CERT’s Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model 

(CMEM) [36]. The exhaust flow rate was determined on a second-by-second basis using the CO2

tracer method. Temperature and pressure corrections were applied to the TDL data based on 

second-by-second measurements made in the sampling cell. 

2.5.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements 

A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) system was also used to measure NH3 and N2O emissions. 

This instrument samples through the dilution tunnel. The instrument collects one set of values 

every 3 seconds. The absorption cell for the FTIR has a volume of approximately 5 liters and a 

residence time of approximately 10 seconds. Other pollutants such as formaldehyde, 

acetaldehyde, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene are also available with the FTIR, but the detection 

limits for these compounds exceed the diluted concentration levels for the vehicles tested in this 

program. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

9 

A comparison of real-time measurements made using the FTIR and TDL instruments is 

presented in Figure 3 for bag 1 of an FTP. To compensate for the 3-second sampling time for the 

FTIR, a 3-second average was applied to the data. The results show that the FTIR measurements 

are considerably broader than the TDL measurements. Typically, the FTIR measurements 

underestimate the maximum NH3 emission rates but have an extended tail after the peak in NH3

emissions. It should be noted the NH3 mass emission rates for these two measurements were very 

similar at 88 mg/mi for the TDL and 84 mg/mi for the FTIR. 

The observed differences in Figure 3 can be attributed to the longer residence time in the FTIR 

sampling cell as well as adsorption/desorption effects that occur as the sample travels through the 

dilution tunnel. A well-mixed cell model can be used to mathematically adjust for the differences 

in the residence times for the two instruments [37]. The FTIR measurements become sharper 

when the well-mixed cell model is used, but they are still more diffuse than those of the TDL 

signal and exhibit a tail. Overall, the comparisons between the TDL and FTIR are reasonably 

good. Some differences can be attributed to differences in the sampling methodologies. For 

lower-emitting vehicles (i.e., below 10 mg/mi), the FTIR was typically found to underestimate 

the NH3 concentration since the peak NH3 emissions could not be measured as accurately and the 

emission levels in the tail region fell below the detection limits. For cycles with aggressive 

driving segments near the end of the test, such as the US06, an additional problem occurs in that 

the tail cannot be fully quantified prior to the conclusion of the test cycle. It should be noted that 

since the FTIR is designed to make measurements from the dilution tunnel, the transfer tube was 

wrapped with a heating pad that was maintained at a temperature of 120oC. This helps to 

minimize the loss of ammonia in the transfer tube between the exhaust pipe and the dilution 

tunnel. 

2.6 Statistical Analysis 

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed for each pollutant to determine the 

statistical significance of fuel sulfur and catalyst age effects and any corresponding interactions 

between the design test variables (vehicle, fuel, and catalyst age). The data were analyzed using 

the average data values for repeat tests on each vehicle/fuel/catalyst combination. The analysis 

approach used was a 3-way ANOVA using fuel sulfur level and catalyst age as fixed effects and 

vehicles as a random effect. The ANOVA analyses were conducted using a PC/SAS system from 

SAS Institute, Inc. 

The ANOVA analyses were run using up to four different data set versions. The primary 

conclusions from the statistical analyses were based on a data set using the natural logarithm of 

the arithmetic averages for each vehicle/fuel/catalyst combination. For this data set only the 

California-certified vehicles were used since the European vehicles are certified over the NEDC, 

as opposed to the FTP. Separate analyses were also conducted using the entire fleet including the 

European vehicles. From a statistical point of view, analyses using the logarithmic transform of 

the data were used since previous studies have shown that emissions variance is relatively 

constant as a percentage of the emission level. In other words, vehicles with higher emission 

levels will tend to have a higher variability on an absolute basis than those with lower emissions 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 3. Comparison of FTIR and TDL 

NH3 Measurements

0123456789

10

0 100 200 300 400 500

Time (sec)

NH

3 Emissions (mg)

0102030405060708090

Velocity (mph)Velocity

FTIR - NH3TDL -NH3
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

11 

levels. Taking the logarithm of the data helps to provide a more constant variability across the 

range of the data set. For this data set, outlier tests were also removed based on the HawkinsPerold test. A similar technique was used in previous Auto/Oil Air Quality Research Programs 

where similar data sets were investigated [38]. The Hawkins-Perold test was applied to run sets 

where triplet or quadruplet data were obtained. Using the Hawkins-Perold test, an entire FTP test 

was rejected as an outlier if at least two of the three composite emissions, i.e., NMHC, CO, and 

NOx, for that test fell outside the limits specified by the Hawkins-Perold two-sided test at the 

probability of p=0.10. This methodology is described in greater detail in ref. 38. On the basis of 

the Hawkins-Perold test, only 2 FTP and 2 US06 tests were found to be outliers for 2 or more 

regulated emissions. 

The ANOVA analyses were also run using different data sets to ensure the conclusions were 

consistent. Other data sets examined included a data set using the arithmetic averages for each 

vehicle/fuel/catalyst combination with the outliers removed, a data set using the arithmetic 

averages with outliers not removed, and a data set using the natural logarithm of the arithmetic 

averages with outliers not removed. In most cases, statistically significant effects observed for 

the base analysis case were also found for the other analysis cases. 

 

The statistical significance of the fuel effects between the 5, 30, and 150 ppm fuel sulfur levels 

was also examined using pair-wise difference comparisons. The pair-wise comparisons were 

conducted using a least squares means test with a Tukey adjustment. Pair-wise comparisons that 

were statistically significant at the 90% confidence level (p=0.10) are included as well as those 

that were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p=0.05). Instances where 

comparisons are only statistically significant at the 90% confidence level are noted in the text. 

In cases where statistically significant interactions were found between different factors, such as 

vehicle and catalyst, some additional analyses were conducted. In particular, statistically 

significant interactions between factors such as vehicle and catalyst indicate that the catalyst 

effects can differ for different vehicles. In such cases, interaction plots were developed showing 

the catalyst/fuel effects for each of the individual vehicles, as discussed further below. For cases 

where specific vehicles showed different trends than those of other vehicles, additional ANOVA 

analyses were sometimes conducted with those vehicles eliminated to determine the sensitivity 

of the analysis to that particular vehicle. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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3. Results 

3.1 FTP Emissions Results 

The fleet average FTP results for NH3, NMHC, CO, NOx and N2O are presented in Figure 4. 

This Figure shows the average emission results on each fuel/catalyst combination for each of the 

12 California-certified test vehicles. As discussed in section 2.6, the main results and analyses 

are presented using only the California-certified fleet, since the California-certified and European 

vehicles are not certified to the same standard. Some additional analyses with the European 

vehicles included are also provided in Section 3.3.2. The averages in Figure 4 and throughout the 

results section also exclude tests determined to be outliers by the Hawkins-Perold test. In Figure 

4, the CO emissions are divided by 10 to allow the changes for all emissions to be more clearly 

presented. The TDL NH3 measurements were used for all analysis of NH3 emissions since these 

measurements are more representative of the actual tailpipe NH3 emissions, as discussed in 

Section 2.5. The error bars in Figure 4 and other figures presenting fleet average results represent 

half of the least significant difference, as determined from the statistical analysis. More complete 

test results are provided in Appendix E. Complete ANOVA analysis results are provided in 

Appendix F for the FTP. 

3.1.1 FTP NH3 Emissions 

The FTP NH3 emissions results are presented in Table 2 for each of the test fuels and the two 

catalyst configurations. The individual vehicle results for NH3 emissions are presented in Figure 

5. NH3 emissions over the FTP were generally lower than those of the regulated pollutants. Fleet 

average FTP NH3 emissions averaged between 14 and 21 mg/mi depending on the fuel/catalyst 

combination. Five of the test vehicles had NH3 emissions below 5 mg/mi for most of the test 

configurations, although NH3 emissions for some of these vehicles were slightly higher for the 

150 ppm fuel sulfur with aged catalyst configuration. Only 4 vehicles had NH3 emissions over 20 

mg/mi when averaged over all test configurations. 

Table 2. FTP NH3 Emissions Results (mg/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 16 OE 14* 

30 16 Aged 21* 

150 19 

 *: Statistically significant catalyst differences. 

The NH3 emissions for the aged catalysts were found to be 50% higher than those for the asreceived catalysts. The difference in NH3 emissions for the different catalysts was found to be 

statistically significant (p=0.0212). The vehicle by catalyst interaction was also statistically 

significant at the 90% confidence level, indicating that there were differences in catalyst age 

effects for different vehicles. To examine the vehicle by catalyst interaction, an interaction plot 

of catalyst effects vs. vehicle was developed. The interaction plot is presented in Figure 6 and 

shows the paired catalyst results for each of the individual vehicles. The interaction plots show 

that for most vehicles the emissions on the as-received catalyst were either similar to or higher 

than those for the aged catalyst. For vehicles that are relatively insensitive to catalyst age, some 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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tests and vehicles could have slightly higher emissions for the as-received catalysts due to 

variability between test runs. Thus, the vehicle by catalyst interaction can be attributed to a 

subset of vehicles in the fleet whose NH3 emissions were relatively insensitive to catalyst age or 

showed a reverse effect. Of these vehicles, the Jeep showed the most significant deviation from 

the expected trend of higher emissions for the aged catalyst. To evaluate the sensitivity of the 

ANOVA analyses to the results for the Jeep, an additional ANOVA was conducted with the Jeep 

results excluded. Interestingly, with the removal of the Jeep, the vehicle by catalyst interaction 

was no longer statistically significant (p=0.1672), while the catalyst effect remained statistically 

significant (p=0.0021). 

Fuel effects were not found to be statistically significant over the fleet for NH3 emissions. This is 

in contrast with some previous studies that have shown NH3 emissions can have a tendency to 

decrease with increasing fuel sulfur levels [20-23]. More recent studies have shown fuel sulfur to 

have mixed effects on NH3 emissions over the FTP or other similar cycles, however [24,25]. 

Since the FTP is composed of individual segments of driving comprising cold start conditions 

(bag 1), hot stabilized driving (bag 2), and hot start driving (bag 3), separate analyses were 

conducted for each of the individual bags to examine the differences in driving on fuel sulfur and 

catalyst effects. NH3 emissions for individual FTP bags are presented in Figure 7. Interestingly, 

NH3 emissions are highest for bag 1, similar to other emissions. A plot of real-time NH3

emissions, as shown in Figure 8, indicates that the peak in NH3 emissions does not occur prior to 

catalyst light-off, but rather immediately after catalyst light-off. The real-time NH3 emissions 

plot also shows that NH3 emissions are transient in nature, with emission peaks corresponding to 

periods of acceleration. 

In general, the data for all three bags show higher emissions for the aged catalysts, similar to the 

trends observed for the weighted emissions. The average NH3 results for individual bags for the 

three test fuels and two catalyst configurations are presented in Table 3. Statistically significant 

catalyst effects were found for bags 1 and 2, but not for bag 3. The vehicle by catalyst interaction 

was also found to be statistically significant at the 90% confidence level for bag 1. Fuel sulfur 

effects were not found to be statistically significant for any of the FTP bags. 

Table 3. FTP NH3 Emissions for Individual Bags (mg/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 

5 37 12 9 OE 32* 10* 8 

30 34 13 10 Aged 40* 17* 14 

150 38 14 14 

 *: Statistically significant catalyst differences. 

Measurements of engine-out NH3 emissions were consistent with the idea that NH3 emissions are 

formed primarily over the catalyst. Engine-out emissions profiles for a number of vehicles did 

show a few small peaks, on the order of 2-5 ppm, but the contribution of the peaks was typically 

below 1 mg/mi. The Toyota Camry did show some higher peaks in NH3 emissions, but these 

generally occurred during deceleration. The engine-out mass emission rates for the Toyota were 

around 5 mg/mi or less. It is possible that NH3 could build up on surfaces in and around the 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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closed coupled catalyst during other portions of the cycle and subsequently degas during 

deceleration. It is also possible that some other catalytic surface may be upstream of the closed 

coupled catalyst. Higher NH3 emissions were also observed for the Dodge Neon, which had 

engine-out emissions in the range of 3 to 14 mg/mi. In order to better understand the nature of 

the engine out emissions observed for the Toyota Camry or Dodge Neon further experimentation 

would be required. In general, it can be concluded that for most vehicles NH3 is not formed in 

appreciable amounts during the combustion process. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 4. Fleet Average FTP Emissions

Values are the average of all vehicle/fuel combination for the 12 U.S. vehicles at condition 

Error bars represent half of the least significant difference
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 5. FTP Individual Vehicle NH

3 Emissions 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

17 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 6. NH

3 Interaction Plot for Vehicle by Catalyst Effects

Values are the average of all fuel combinations at the condition
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 7. NH

3 Emissions by Bag

Values are the average of all vehicle/fuel combination for the 12 U.S. vehicles at condition 

Error bars represent half of the least significant difference
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

19 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 8. Real-Time NH3 Emissions 

over the FTP for a ULEV Light-Duty Truck

02468

1012

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time (sec)

NH

3 Emissions (mg/s)

010203040506070

Velocity (mph) Velocity

TDL-NH3
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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3.1.2 FTP NMHC Emissions 

FTP NMHC emissions results are presented in Table 4 for each of the test fuels and the two 

catalyst configurations. Similar results for THC are also provided in Appendix G. Average 

NMHC emissions for each vehicle at each of the fuel/catalyst test matrix points are presented in 

Figure 9. Although a statistically significant difference was observed between the fleet average 

NMHC emissions for the 150 ppm sulfur fuel compared with the 30 ppm fuel, the magnitude of 

this difference was small. The effects of catalyst age were not statistically significant for the 

fleet. 

Table 4. FTP NMHC Emissions Results (g/mi) 

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 0.044 OE 0.043 

30 0.042c Aged 0.044 

150 0.045b

 b: Statistically significant difference from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant difference from 150 ppm; 

 

A comparison of NMHC emissions for the different bags is presented in Figure 10. The bag 1 

NMHC emissions are divided by 20 to allow the results for all three bags to be presented on the 

same plot. Table 5 presents the average FTP NMHC emissions by bag for the three test fuels and 

two catalyst configurations. Some statistically significant fuel differences were found for bag 2 

between the 5 and 150 ppm fuels and for bag 3 at the 90% confidence level between the 30 and 

150 ppm fuels, but these differences were relatively small in magnitude. Catalyst effects were 

only found to be statistically significant for bag 3, although again the difference was small on an 

absolute basis. The vehicle by fuel and vehicle by catalyst interactions were both statistically 

significant for the bag 3 results. 

Table 5. FTP NMHC Emissions Results for Individual Bags (g/mi) 

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 

5 0.189 0.004c 0.009 OE 0.185 0.005 0.009* 

30 0.180 0.004 0.009c Aged 0.188 0.004 0.011* 

150 0.190 0.005a 0.012b 

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 *: Statistically significant difference between catalysts. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 9. FTP Individual Vehicle NMHC Emissions

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

22 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 10. NMHC Emissions by Bag 

Values are the average of all vehicle/fuel combination for the 12 U.S. vehicles at condition 

Error bars represent half of the least significant difference
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

23 

3.1.3 FTP CO Emissions 

FTP CO emissions are presented in Table 6 for each of the test fuels and the two catalyst 

configurations. The FTP CO emissions for individual vehicles are shown in Figure 11. 

Table 6. FTP CO Emissions Results (g/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 0.654 OE 0.626* 

30 0.639 Aged 0.702* 

150 0.699 

 *: Statistically significant differences between catalysts. 

On a fleet average basis, CO emissions were approximately 12% higher for the tests conducted 

on the aged catalysts than on the as-received catalysts. The ANOVA analyses showed that the 

effects of catalyst age on CO emissions were statistically significant. Fuel effects on CO 

emissions were not found to be statistically significant for the fleet average. 

The results of FTP CO emissions for individual bags are presented in Figure 12 and in Table 7. 

In Figure 12, bag 1 CO emissions are divided by a factor of 20. ANOVA analyses showed that 

statistically significant catalyst effects were found for bags 1 and 3, although the vehicle by 

catalyst interaction was found to be statistically significant at the 90% confidence level for bag 1. 

Fuel differences were only found to be statistically significant for bag 2 between the 5 and 150 

ppm fuels. It should be noted in Figure 12 that the steep increase in emissions for the 150 ppmaged configuration for bag 3 CO emissions is due in part to high bag 3 emissions for the Buick 

LeSabre on this test configuration. 

Table 7. FTP CO Emissions Results for Individual Bags (g/mi) 

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 

5 2.890 0.070c

 0.065 OE 2.758* 0.075 0.056* 

30 2.818 0.079 0.053 Aged 3.042* 0.085 0.100* 

150 2.992 0.091a

 0.115 

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

*: Statistically significant differences between catalysts. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 11. FTP Individual Vehicle CO Emissions 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

25 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 12. CO Emissions by Bag

Values are the average of all vehicle/fuel combination for the 12 U.S. vehicles at condition 

Error bars represent half of the least significant difference
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

26 

3.1.4 FTP NOx Emissions 

FTP NOx emissions are presented in Table 8 for each of the test fuels and the two catalyst 

configurations. Individual vehicle results for FTP NOx are presented in Figure 13. Fleet average 

NOx emissions showed an increase in emissions with increasing fuel sulfur level, as shown in 

Figure 4 and Table 8. Pair-wise tests comparing the three fuel sulfur levels indicated that 

statistically significant differences were found between the 150 ppm fuel and the 5 ppm fuel. 

Statistically significant differences for NOx emissions were also found between the 150 and 30 

ppm fuels, but only at the 90% confidence level. Fleet average NOx emissions for the 150 ppm 

fuel were 45% higher than those for the 5 ppm fuel and 29% higher than those for the 30 ppm 

fuel. A statistically significant vehicle by fuel interaction was found, however, indicating some 

difference in the sensitivity of individual vehicles to fuel sulfur level. The effect of catalyst age 

on fleet average NOx emissions was not statistically significant. 

Table 8. FTP NOx Emissions Results (g/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 0.049c OE 0.053 

30 0.055c Aged 0.064 

150 0.071a,b

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 

Fleet average NOx emissions for the individual bags are presented in Figure 14. For this Figure, 

bag 2 NOx emissions were multiplied by a factor of 5 to allow all of the bags to be presented in 

the same plot. The results of FTP NOx emissions for individual bags are presented in Table 9 for 

the three test fuels and two catalyst configurations. For fuel effects, the statistical analysis for the 

individual bags was similar to the results for the weighted emissions, with statistically significant 

fuel effects, but also statistically significant vehicle by fuel interactions. Statistically significant 

differences in NOx emissions between the 5 and 150 ppm were found for all three bags. The 

differences between the 150 and 30 ppm fuels for bag 2 were also statistically significant, but 

only at the 90% confidence level. A statistically significant vehicle by fuel interaction was found 

for bags 1 and 2. Catalyst effects were not statistically significant for the individual bags, 

consistent with the FTP weighted results. 

Table 9. FTP NOx Emissions Results for Individual Bags (g/mi) 

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 

5 0.120c 0.016c 0.057c OE 0.131 0.014 0.068 

30 0.126 0.019c 0.070 Aged 0.129 0.029 0.081 

150 0.143a 0.029a,b 0.095a 

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 13. FTP Individual Vehicle NO

x Emissions 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

28 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 14. NO

x Emissions by Bag 

Values are the average of all vehicle/fuel combination for the 12 U.S. vehicles at condition 

Error bars represent half of the least significant difference
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

29 

3.1.5 FTP N2O Emissions 

The individual vehicle results for N2O are presented in Figure 15. Similar to NH3, the N2O 

emissions over the FTP were generally lower than those of the regulated pollutants. Only three 

vehicles had N2O emissions over 10 mg/mi averaged for most of the test configurations. Several 

other vehicles also had N2O emissions over 10 mg/mi, but only for tests conducted on 150 ppm 

fuel. It is worth noting that no N2O emissions are available for the Renault for the aged 

catalyst/30 ppm fuel configuration due to a problem with the FTIR at the time of the test. 

FTP N2O emissions are presented in Table 10 for the three fuel sulfur levels and the two catalyst 

configurations. The results show an increase in N2O emissions with increasing fuel sulfur level 

that was statistically significant. Pair-wise comparisons showed that the N2O emissions for the 

150 ppm fuel were higher at a statistically significant level compared to the 30 and 5 ppm fuels. 

This is trend is consistent with previous studies that have shown that higher N2O emissions are 

generally observed for higher sulfur fuels [24,25]. Statistically significant differences in N2O 

emissions were not found between the as-received and the aged catalyst. 

Table 10. FTP N2O Emissions Results (mg/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 6c OE 9 

30 7c Aged 11 

150 17a,b

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 

N2O emissions for individual FTP bags are presented in Figure 16. N2O emissions were found to 

be the highest for bag 1 followed by bag 3 of the FTP. Although N2O is considered to be a by 

product of reactions on the catalyst, previous studies have shown that N2O it is more readily 

formed at intermediate temperatures in the range of ~250°C-450°C [39-43]. Since such 

temperatures are typically found when the catalyst is warming up to operational temperatures, it 

is not surprising that N2O emissions are highest during bags 1 and 3, which include a start-up 

component. A plot of real-time N2O emissions is provided in Figure 17. Consistent with the 

results for the weighted FTP, statistically significant fuel effects were found for bags 1 and 3. 

Pair-wise comparisons showed that for N2O emissions the 150 ppm fuel was higher at a 

statistically significant level compared to the 5 and 30 ppm fuels for bags 1 and 3, although the 

vehicle by fuel interaction was statistically significant for bag 3. Fuel effects for bag 2 were 

statistically significant between the 30 and 150 ppm fuels, but only at the 90% confidence level. 

Statistically significant catalyst effects on N2O emissions were only found for bag 3. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

30 

Table 11. FTP N2O Emissions for Individual Bags (mg/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 

5 14c

 1 7c OE 18 5 12* 

30 16c

 2c 10c Aged 19 4 16* 

150 27a,b 10b

 24a,b 

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 *: Statistically significant differences between catalysts. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

31 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 15. FTP Individual Vehicle N

2O Emissions 

Values are the average of all tests at condition
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

32 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 16. N

2O Emissions by Bag

Values are the average of all vehicle/fuel combination for the 12 U.S. vehicles at condition 

Error bars represent half of the least significant difference
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

33 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 17. Real-Time N2O Emissions 

over the FTP for a ULEV Light-Duty Truck

0.0001.0002.0003.0004.0005.0006.000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Time (sec)

N

2O Emissions (mg/s)

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.00

Velocity (mph)Velocity

N2O Emissions
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

34 

3.2 US06 Emissions Results 

The fleet average US06 emissions for NH3, NMHC, CO, NOx, and N2O are presented in Figure 

18. This Figure shows the average emission results on each fuel/catalyst combination for each of 

the 12 California-certified test vehicles. These averages exclude tests determined to be outliers 

by the Hawkins-Perold test. The CO emissions are divided by 50 to allow the details for the other 

emissions to be more clearly seen in the figure. More complete test results for the US06 are 

provided in Appendix H. Complete ANOVA analysis results are provided in Appendix I for the 

US06. It is worth noting that of the test vehicles, only the Buick LeSabre, Toyota Camry, and 

Nissan Sentra were certified over the US06 cycle. 

3.2.1 US06 NH3 Emissions 

As shown in Figure 18, NH3 emissions over the US06 were considerably higher than those found 

for the FTP and showed slightly higher fleet averages for the tests conducted with higher fuel 

sulfur levels and aged catalysts. The fleet average results for NH3 emissions by fuel and by 

catalyst for all test configurations are presented in Table 12. The higher NH3 emissions over the 

US06 cycle can primarily be attributed to higher emissions during periods of aggressive 

acceleration. This is shown in Figure 19, which shows a plot of NH3 vs. time for the US06 for 

one of the test vehicles. 

Table 12. US06 NH3 Emissions Results (mg/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 74c OE 77* 

30 83c Aged 90* 

150 94a,b

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

*: Statistically significant catalyst differences at 90% confidence level. 

ANOVA analyses showed that the fuel effects were statistically significant. Pair-wise tests 

showed that the differences between NH3 emissions for the 150 ppm fuel compared with both the 

30 and 5 ppm fuels were statistically significant. Fleet average NH3 emissions for the 150 ppm 

fuel were 27% higher than those for the 5 ppm fuel and 12% higher than those for the 30 ppm 

fuel. The individual vehicle results are presented in Figure 20 for US06 NH3 emissions. It is 

interesting to note that in a previous study of fuel sulfur effects in our laboratory on NH3

emissions over the US06, it was found that a majority of the vehicles showed an opposite trend 

of decreasing NH3 emissions with a higher sulfur fuel [24]. In the previous study, however, at a 

number of the test matrix points only single tests were performed. The vehicle conditioning for 

that study was also less rigorous than that used in the present work. 

NH3 emissions for the aged catalysts were 17% higher than those for the as-received catalysts. 

The effects of catalyst age were statistically significant, although at only the 90% confidence 

level. The vehicle by catalyst interaction was also statistically significant, indicating that the 

effects of catalyst age differed between vehicles, as shown in Figure 20. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

35 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 18. Fleet Average US06 Emissions 

Values are the average of all vehicle/fuel combination for the 12 U.S. vehicles at condition 

Error bars represent half of the least significant difference
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

36 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 19. Real-Time NH3 Emissions 

over the US06 for a ULEV Light-Duty Truck

05

101520253035404550

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time (sec)

NH

3 Emissions (mg/s)

0102030405060708090

Velocity (mph)

VelocityTDL-NH3
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

37 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 20. US06 Individual Vehicle NH

3 Emissions 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

38 

3.2.2 US06 NMHC Emissions 

US06 fleet average NMHC emissions are presented in Table 13 for the three test fuels and two 

catalysts. The individual vehicle data for the US06 NMHC emissions are presented in Figure 21. 

NMHC emissions over the US06 showed more consistent trends for fuel sulfur level and catalyst 

age. NMHC emissions were found to increase with increasing fuel sulfur levels. Overall, the fuel 

sulfur trends were stronger over the US06 cycle compared to the FTP. Fleet average NMHC 

emissions were found to increase by 64% from the 5 to 30 ppm fuels and by 178% from the 5 to 

150 ppm fuels. NMHC emissions for tests conducted on the aged catalyst were approximately 

22% higher than those for the as-received catalyst. 

ANOVA analyses showed that fuel sulfur effects were statistically significant, although a 

statistically significant vehicle by fuel interaction was also found. Pair-wise comparisons showed 

that the 5, 30 and 150 ppm fuels were all different from each other for NMHC emissions over the 

US06 cycle at a statistically significant level. Catalyst effects were also statistically significant at 

the 90% confidence level, although the vehicle by catalyst interaction was statistically 

significant. 

Table 13. US06 NMHC Emissions Results (g/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 0.014b,c OE 0.023* 

30 0.023a,c Aged 0.028* 

150 0.039a,b

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 *: Statistically significant differences between catalysts. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

39 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 21. US06 Individual Vehicle NMHC Emissions

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

40 

3.2.3 US06 CO Emissions 

US06 CO emission results are shown in Table 14 for the three test fuels and the two catalyst 

configurations. The individual vehicle results for CO are presented in Figure 22. CO emissions 

for the aged catalysts were approximately 21% higher for the tests conducted on the aged 

catalysts compared with the as-received catalysts. ANOVA analyses indicate that the differences 

between catalysts were statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. A statistically 

significant vehicle by catalyst interaction was also found, however, indicating some differences 

in the effect of catalyst age for different vehicles. Fuel sulfur level effects were statistically 

significant at the 90% confidence level between only the 5 and 150 ppm fuels. 

Table 14. US06 CO Emissions Results (g/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 4.999c OE 4.796* 

30 5.310 Aged 5.789* 

150 5.568a

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

*: Statistically significant differences between catalysts. 

 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

41 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 22. US06 Individual Vehicle CO Emissions

Values are the average of all tests at condition
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

42 

3.2.4 US06 NOx Emissions 

Fuel effects on NOx emissions over the US06 were relatively strong as shown in Figure 18 and 

Table 15. The individual vehicle data for the US06 NOx emissions are presented in Figure 23. 

Fleet average NOx emissions compared with the 5 ppm fuel were 79% higher for the 30 ppm fuel 

and 243% higher for the 150 ppm fuel. The ANOVA analysis results showed that fuel effects 

were statistically significant. Pair-wise comparisons showed that the 5, 30, and 150 ppm fuels 

were all different from each other at a statistically significant level. 

Table 15. US06 NOx Emissions Results (g/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 0.042b,c OE 0.071* 

30 0.075a,c Aged 0.102* 

150 0.144a,b

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 *: Statistically significant differences between catalysts. 

The fleet average NOx emissions for the aged catalysts were 44% higher than those for the asreceived catalysts for the US06. These catalyst age effects were found to be statistically 

significant. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

43 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 23. US06 Individual Vehicle NO

x Emissions

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

44 

3.2.4 US06 N2O Emissions 

US06 N2O emission results are presented in Table 16 for the three fuels and the two catalyst 

configurations. The individual vehicle results are presented in Figure 24 for US06 N2O 

emissions. N2O emissions over the US06 were lower than those obtained over the FTP. This is 

not surprising since N2O is more readily formed at intermediate catalyst temperatures, as 

opposed to the higher temperatures observed over the US06 cycle. The ANOVA analysis results 

showed that fuel effects were statistically significant for N2O emissions over the US06, while 

catalyst effects were not. Pair-wise comparisons showed that the 5, 30 and 150 ppm fuels were 

all different from each other for N2O emissions over the US06 cycle at a statistically significant 

level. The absolute difference between the 5 and 30 ppm fuels was relatively small, however. 

Table 16. US06 N2O Emissions Results (g/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

5 0.001b,c OE 0.004 

30 0.003a,c Aged 0.006 

150 0.011a,b

 a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 

 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

45 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 24. US06 Individual Vehicle N

2O Emissions

Values are the average of all tests at condition
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

46 

3.3 European Vehicle Emissions Results 

3.3.1 NEDC Emissions Results 

The NEDC results for the VW Bora and Renault Megane are presented in Figures 25 and 26, 

respectively, for NMHC, CO, NOx, and NH3. Complete NEDC results are provided in Appendix 

J. For these graphs, the CO emissions for the Renault are divided by 5, the CO emissions for the 

VW Bora are divided by 10, and the NH3 emissions for the VW Bora are multiplied by 5 to 

allow the features for all emissions to be presented in the Figures. In comparison with the other 

cycles used in this project, the NEDC cycle is more similar to the FTP in that it includes a cold 

start test portion and is not as aggressive as the US06 cycle. 

For the Renault Megane, CO, NOx and NH3 were all found to be higher for the tests conducted 

on the aged catalyst in comparison with the as-received catalyst. NH3 emissions also showed a 

trend of lower emissions with decreasing fuel sulfur level for the Renault over the NEDC. It is 

worth noting that a similar trend in NH3 emissions was also observed for the aged catalyst over 

the FTP (see Figure 5). For the VW Bora, fuel sulfur and catalyst effects generally did not have a 

significant impact on emissions over the NEDC cycle, although it was found that NOx emissions 

for the tests on the aged catalyst with the 5 and 30 ppm fuel were slightly higher than those for 

the as-received catalysts. 

The emissions results for the ECE and EUDC (Extra Urban Driving Cycle) segments of the 

NEDC cycle are presented in Figures 27-30 for the VW Bora and the Renault Megane. The ECE 

portion of the cycle is the first part that includes four iterations of the ECE driving trace and a 

cold start. Since the cold start is the largest component of the overall emission rate, a majority of 

the emissions are generated during the ECE portion of the cycle. The trends for the ECE cycle 

are similar to those found for the total NEDC emissions. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

47 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 25. Renault Megane NEDC Emissions Results 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

48 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 26. VW Bora NEDC Emissions Results 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

49 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 27. Renault Megane ECE Emissions Results 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

50 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 28. VW Bora ECE Emissions Results 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

51 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 29. Renault Megane EUDC Emissions Results 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

52 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Figure 30. VW Bora EUDC Emissions Results 

Values are the average of all tests at condition 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

53 

3.3.2 FTP and US06 Emissions Including European Vehicles 

Since the European vehicles were excluded from the averages and statistical analyses discussed 

above, some additional analysis was done with these vehicles included. The results in Tables 17 

and 18 show the FTP and US06 emissions for the NMHC, CO, NOx, NH3, and N2O with the 

European vehicles included. Overall, the results with the inclusion of the European vehicles were 

very similar to those obtained with just the U.S. vehicles. Statistical analyses for the results were 

also similar for the cases where the European vehicles were excluded or included, as shown in 

Appendices F and I. It is worth noting that over the FTP and US06, the European vehicles 

generally fell within the range of emission levels found for the remaining vehicles in the fleet. 

Table 17. FTP Emissions Results Including the European Vehicles (g/mi)

Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

 NMHC CO NOx NH3 N2O NMHC CO NOx NH3 N2O 

5 0.049 0.639 0.053c

 0.016 0.005c OE 0.048 0.610* 0.055 0.013* 0.009 

30 0.048c

 0.629 0.059c 0.016 0.007c Aged 0.050 0.691* 0.067 0.020* 0.010 

150 0.052b

 0.682 0.072a,b 0.018 0.016a,b 

Table 18. US06 Emissions Results Including the European Vehicles (g/mi)

Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

 NMHC CO NOx NH3 N2O NMHC CO NOx NH3 N2O 

5 0.013b,c 4.564 0.043b,c 0.068c

 0.001b,c OE 0.022* 4.229* 0.066* 0.071 0.003

30 0.021a,c 4.676 0.072a,c 0.076c

 0.003a,c Aged 0.027* 5.233* 0.100* 0.082 0.006

150 0.038a,b 4.953 0.134a,b 0.086a,b 0.010a,b 

a: Statistically significant different from 5 ppm; 

 b: Statistically significant different from 30 ppm; 

 c: Statistically significant different from 150 ppm; 

 *:Statistically significant differences between catalysts. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

54 

4. Summary and Conclusions 

For this study, the emissions impact of fuel sulfur and catalyst age was evaluated for 14 vehicles. 

The 14 vehicles included 12 California-certified LEV to SULEV vehicles and 2 European 

vehicles. Each vehicle was evaluated using 3 fuels (5, 30, and 150 ppm sulfur) and using the asreceived and aged catalysts. Vehicles were tested on each fuel/catalyst configuration over the 

FTP and US06 test cycles. The two European vehicles were also tested over the NEDC cycle on 

each of the fuel/catalyst configurations. It should be noted that for the primary analyses, the 

European vehicles were excluded from the data set since the European vehicles are certified to 

different limits and procedures. 

A tunable diode laser was developed and successfully used to measure engine-out and tailpipe 

NH3 in real-time. The TDL offers both the detection limits and the response time necessary to 

investigate low-level concentrations of exhaust gases. Additionally, the TDL has the important 

advantage in that it can make measurements in-situ using raw exhaust gases. The combination of 

these advantages allows the measurement of highly time-resolved NH3 emissions with sensitivity 

levels of better than 0.5 ppmv at two standard deviations, or minimum detection limits of 

roughly 0.5 mg/mi. 

The major results of this study are: 

NH3 Emissions for the FTP and US06 

• For the California-certified vehicles, NH3 emissions over the FTP were generally lower than 

those of the regulated emissions. Fleet average FTP NH3 emissions averaged between 14 and 

21 mg/mi depending on the fuel/catalyst combination. Five of the test vehicles had NH3

emissions below 5 mg/mi for most of the test configurations. Only 4 vehicles had NH3

emissions over 20 mg/mi when averaged over all test configurations. The highest NH3

emissions were found during bag 1 of the FTP after catalyst light-off. 

• NH3 emissions over the US06 were considerably higher than those found for the FTP with 

levels comparable with or greater than US06 emissions of other regulated emissions such as 

NMHC and NOx. 

• Measurements of engine-out NH3 emissions indicated that NH3 emissions were formed 

primarily over the catalyst. 

• Fuel sulfur content did not affect fleet average NH3 emissions over the FTP. Over the US06 

cycle, on the other hand, fuel sulfur effects were found to be statistically significant with 

higher fleet average NH3 emissions observed for increasing fuel sulfur level. Fleet average 

NH3 emissions over the US06 for the 150 ppm fuel were 27% higher than those for the 5 

ppm and 12% higher than those for the 30 ppm fuel. 

• Catalyst aging effects on NH3 emissions were found to be statistically significant for the FTP 

and for the US06, with higher emissions for the aged catalysts. Fleet average NH3 emissions 

were 50% higher for the aged catalysts over the FTP and 17% higher for the aged catalysts 

over the US06. A statistically significant vehicle by catalyst interaction was found, however, 

for both the FTP and US06 cycles. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

55 

Regulated and N2O Emissions for the FTP 

• For the FTP, fleet average NOx emissions were higher at a statistically significant level for 

the 150 ppm fuel compared with both the 5 and 30 ppm sulfur fuels, although the vehicle by 

fuel interaction was also statistically significant. For fleet average NMHC, emissions were 

higher at statistically significant levels for the 150 ppm fuel compared with the 30 ppm fuel, 

although the magnitude of this fuel effect was small. 

• The effects of catalyst age were found to be statistically significant for fleet average CO 

emissions, with higher emissions observed for the aged catalysts. 

• Similar to NH3, the N2O emissions over the FTP were generally lower than those of the 

regulated pollutants. The results showed there was a statistically significant increase in N2O 

emissions for the 150 ppm fuel compared to both the 30 and 5 ppm fuels. This trend is 

consistent with previous studies that have shown that higher N2O emissions are generally 

observed for higher sulfur fuels. The highest N2O emissions for the FTP were found in bag 1, 

as the catalyst is warming up to operational temperatures. 

Regulated and N2O Emissions for the US06 

• The effects of fuel sulfur on both fleet average NMHC and NOx emissions were found to be 

statistically significant over the US06 cycle, although a statistically significant vehicle by 

fuel interaction was also found for NMHC. A pair-wise comparison showed that fuels with 5, 

30 and 150 ppm sulfur were all different from one another at a statistically significant level 

for both fleet average NOx and NMHC emissions over the US06 cycle. The magnitude of the 

fuel sulfur effects over the US06 for NMHC and NOx was also found to be larger on a 

relative basis than those found for the FTP cycle. For fleet average CO emissions, only the 

fuel effects between the 5 and 150 ppm fuels were found to be statistically significant at the 

90% confidence limits. 

• Catalyst effects over the US06 were found to be statistically significant for fleet average 

NMHC, CO, and NOx emissions, with higher emissions for the aged catalyst. The vehicle by 

catalyst interaction was statistically significant, however, for both NMHC and CO emissions. 

• Fleet average N2O emissions over the US06 were lower than those obtained over the FTP. 

N2O emissions showed trends of higher emissions with increasing fuel sulfur level. Pair-wise 

comparisons showed that the 5, 30 and 150 ppm fuels were all different from each other for 

N2O emissions over the US06 cycle at a statistically significant level. 

Emission Results for the European Vehicles 

• Overall, the fleet average FTP and US06 results with the inclusion of the European vehicles 

were very similar to those obtained with just the U.S. vehicles.

• Over the NEDC cycle, CO, NOx and NH3 for the Renault Megane were all found to be higher 

for the tests conducted on the aged catalyst in comparison with the as-received catalyst. For 

the VW Bora, fuel sulfur and catalyst effects generally did not have a significant impact on 

emissions over the NEDC cycle. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

56 

5.0 Acknowledgments 

The authors acknowledge the contribution and support of the following individuals during the 

course of this project. Dave Martis, Joseph Calhoun, Ross Rettig, Joe Gil, and Joe Valdez of the 

Vehicle Emissions Research Laboratory (CE-CERT) performed the emissions testing on the 

vehicles. We thank David Karecki of UNISEARCH Associates, Inc. for his assistance in the 

verification of the TDL instrument. We thank Honda Research and Development America, Inc., 

and CONCAWE for providing test vehicles for this program. We thank the Coordinating 

Research Council and CONCAWE for their financial support of this program under CRC 

contract E-60. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

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Estimates of the Emission Rates of Ammonia from Light-Duty Vehicles using Standard 

Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles. Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1475-1482. 

24 Huai, T.; Durbin, T.D.; Rhee, S.H.; Miller, J.W.; and Norbeck, J.M. (2002) The Impact of 

Gasoline Fuel Sulfur Levels on NH3 and N2O Emissions. Proceedings of the 12th CRC OnRoad Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA, April. 

25 Baronick, J.; Heller, B.; Lach, G.; and Ramacher, B. (2000) Impact of Sulfur in Gasoline 

on Nitrous Oxide and Other Exhaust Gas Components. SAE Technical Paper No. 2000-01-

0857. 

26. DIRECTIVE 98/69/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL 

of 13 October 1998 relating to measures to be taken against pollution by emissions from 

motor vehicles and amending Council Directive 70/220/EEC. 

27. Durbin, T.D.; Miller, J.W.; Pisano, J.T.; Sauer, C.; Rhee, S.H.; and Huai, T. (2002) Impact 

of Engine Oil Properties on Emissions. Final Report for the Coordinating Research Council 

Project E-61, by the University of California at Riverside’s Bourns College of Engineering 

– Center for Environmental Research and Technology, August. 

28. Kopp, V.R.; Furey, R.L., Cooper, J.H.; McNally, M.J.; Doerr, D.G.; and Schubert, A.J. 

(1995) Test Fuel Blending and Analysis for Phase II Follow-Up Programs: The Auto/Oil 

Air Quality Improvement Research Program SAE Technical Paper 952506. Society of 

Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. 

29. Sims, G.S., and Johri, S. (1988) Catalyst Performance Study Using Taguchi Methods. SAE 

Technical Paper 881589. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. 

30. Shoffner, B. (2001) A Vehicle Fuel Tank Flush Effectiveness Evaluation Program. Final 

Report by the Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, for the Coordinating 

Research Council under contract no. CM-138-01/1, August. 

31. Graham, L. (1999) Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions from In-Use Light-Duty 

Gasoline Motor Vehicles. Report #99-67, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

60 

32. Mackay, G.I.; Nadler, S.D.; Karecki, D.R.; Schiff, H.I.; Butler, J.W.; Gierczak, C.A.; and 

Jesion, G. (1994) Dynamometer Intercomparison of Automobile Exhaust Gas CO/CO2

Ratios and Temperature Between On-Board Measurements and a Remote Sensing Near 

Infrared Diode Laser System. UNISEARCH Interim Report 1b to the Coordinating 

Research Council and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Contract VE-8-2 

August. 

33. Chanda, A.; Mackay, G.I.; Karecki, D.R.; and Schiff, H.I. (1999) Measurement of 

Automotive Exhaust Using the LASIR Tunable Diode Laser Spectrometer System. 

Proceedings from the SPIE International Symposium, Jul 19-23, 1999, Denver, Colorado. 

34. Bartone, M.; Broek, S.; Fuller, A.; and Pisano, J.T. (2000) Measurement of HF in a High 

Temperature Environment During the Recycling of Spent Potliner Using the Vortec 

Cyclone Melting System. Proceedings from the Air and Waste Management Association 

Annual Conference, June 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah. 

35. Marrin, J., (2001) Personal communication. Scott-Marrin Gases, Riverside, CA. 

36. Barth, M.; An, F.; Younglove, T.; Scora, G.; Levine, C.; Ross, M.; and Wenzel, T. (2000) 

Development of a Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model. Final Report by the University 

of California’s College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and 

Technology, Riverside, CA for the National Cooperative Highway Research Program 

under contract NCHRP 25-11. 

37. Truex, T.J.; Collins, J.F.; Jetter, J.J.; Knight, B.; Hayashi, T.; Kishi, N.; and Suzuki, N. 

(2000) Measurement of Ambient Roadway and Vehicle Exhaust Emissions-An Assessment 

of Instrument Capability and Initial On-Road Test Results with an Advanced Low 

Emission Vehicle. SAE Technical Paper No. 2000-01-1142, Society of Automotive 

Engineers, Warrendale, PA. 

38. Painter, L.J., and Rutherford, J.A. (1992) Statistical Design and Analysis Methods for the 

Auto/Oil Air Quality Research Program. SAE Technical Paper No. 920319, Society of 

Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. 

39. Pingent, M., and De Soete, G. (1989) Nitrous Oxide N2O in Engine Exhaust Gases - A first 

Appraisal of Catalyst Impact. SAE Technical Paper No. 890492. 

40. Jobson, E.; Smedler, G.; Malmberg, P.; Bernler, H.; Hjortsberg, O.; Gotterg, I.; and Rosen, 

A. (1994) Nitrous Oxide Formation over Three-way Catalysts. SAE Technical Paper No. 

940926. 

41. Odaka, M.; Koike, N.; and Suzuki, H. (1998) Deterioration Effect of Three-way Catalyst 

on Nitrous Oxide Emission. SAE Technical Paper No. 980676. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

61 

42. Koike, N.; Odaka, M.; and Suzuki, H. (1999) Reduction of N2O from Automobiles 

Equipped with Three-Way Catalyst – Analysis of N2O Increase Due to Catalyst 

Deactiviation. SAE Technical Paper No. 1999-01-1081. 

43. Hirano, H.; Yamada, T.; Tanaka, K.I.; Siera, J.; Cobden, P.; and Nieuwenhuys, B.E. (1992) 

Mechanisms of the Various Nitric Oxide Reduction Reactions on a Platinum-rhodium 

(100) Alloy single Crystal. Surface Science. 292, 97-112. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

62 

Appendix A. Properties of the Test Fuel. 

Property Value Method 

API Gravity 66.3 @ 60/60 D1298 

Density 0.712 x 103 kg/m3 @ 15.6°C 

RVP 6.7 psi Mini RVP 

Base Sulfur 5 ppmw Antek Sulfur 

Benzene 0.1 wt % 

Aromatics 14.0 vol. % D1319 

Olefins 0.5 vol. % D1319 

T50 214.3°F/101.3°C D86 

T90 243.6°F/117.6°C D86 

Sulfur doping levels: 

Nominal 30 ppmw: 1st batch 30 ppmw and 2nd batch 31.6 ppmw 

Nominal 150 ppmw: 1st batch 144 ppmw and 2nd batch 145 ppmw 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

63 

Appendix B. Description of Catalyst Aging. 

Catalyst aging was conducted on catalytic systems (including pre- and post oxygen sensors) for 

the 14 test vehicles associated with the E-60 project. In total, 8 catalyst pairs were aged for a 

period of 90 hours (generic 120K miles) using the RAT-A cycle. The aging was conducted using 

a synthetic low-sulfur oil with a 0.01% sulfur content and an ultra-low sulfur gasoline with a 0.2 

ppmw sulfur level. Catalyst aging was conducted at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). 

The steps for the RAT-A aging cycle are summarized below and described in greater detail in 

ref. 29. The more general steps used in the catalyst aging process are also provided below. 

RAT-A Aging Protocol. 

Step Description

1 Duration=40 seconds. Stoichiometric, closed loop exhaust conditions (A/F=14.3). 

Catalyst inlet temperature ~ 800°C. 

2 Duration= 6 seconds. Open loop, fuel injector pulse width same as used in Step 3. 

3 Duration=10 seconds. Open loop, fuel injection pulse width increased from Step 1 to 

achieve 2.9 percent CO at catalyst inlet with secondary air source supplying additional air 

to achieve an oxygen concentration of 3.0 percent at the catalyst inlet. Typical catalyst 

bed temperature= 975 - 1020°C (catalyst bed temperature measured one inch downstream 

of catalyst front face). 

4 Duration=4 seconds. Fuel control returned to closed-loop (stoichiometric conditions). Air 

injection from Step 3 continues for duration (air injection point is located downstream of 

oxygen sensor used to control the engine). 

General Steps of Catalyst Aging Procedure Including Configuration for Testing 

Step Description

1 CE-CERT provided SwRI with 8 sets of catalyst systems to age (i.e., 8 pair of catalysts). 

Each catalyst was fabricated to make inlet and outlet inline, with 2.5" marmon flanges on 

inlet and outlet. 

2 SwRI installed thermocouples in the first catalyst substrate, and installed on test stand (no 

fabrication or modification included). 

3 The engine oil was drained and synthetic lubricating oil with low-sulfur (Lube 1 

identified in the oil matrix) was used. 

4 The RAT-A aging cycle was set up and cycle specifications were verified. If more than 

one converter was in a system, then setup was performed on the first catalyst only. Flows 

were adjusted to provide equal flows through each of the two catalyst systems being 

simultaneously aged. Aging was conducted with an ultra-low sulfur gasoline provided by 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

64 

CRC. Raw exhaust concentrations were monitored at the start of the aging (zero hours). 

5 After 24 hours of aging, the exhaust conditions were verified to insure correct and stable 

operating conditions. 

6 After 48 hours of aging, the exhaust conditions were verified and the test parts were 

rotated between the banks of the engine. 

7 After 72 hours of aging, the exhaust conditions were verified to insure correct and stable 

operating conditions. 

8 After 90 hours of aging, a final emissions verification was made and the parts were 

removed from the test stand. 

9 Steps 3 through 8 were repeated for the next seven (7) sets of catalysts. 

10 The catalysts were labeled and repackaged for return to CE-CERT. 

 

 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

65 

Appendix C. Sulfur Removal Protocol. 

This procedure is designed to cause the vehicle to transiently run rich at high catalyst 

temperature, to remove accumulated sulfur from the catalyst, via hydrogen sulfide formation. 

The drive trace is shown below the descriptive protocol. The catalyst inlet temperature and the 

exhaust A/F ratio must be monitored during this procedure. It is required to demonstrate that the 

catalyst inlet temperature must exceed 700°C during the WOT accelerations and that rich fuel/air 

mixtures are achieved during WOT. If these parameters are not achieved, increased loading on 

the dynamometer should be added for this protocol (but not during the emissions test). 

1. Drive the vehicle from idle to 55 mph and hold speed for 5 minutes (to bring catalyst to full 

working temperature). 

2. Reduce vehicle speed to 30 mph and hold speed for one minute. 

3. Accelerate at WOT (wide-open throttle) for a minimum of 5 seconds, to achieve a speed in 

excess of 70 mph. Continue WOT above 70 mph, if necessary to achieve 5-second 

acceleration duration. Hold the peak speed for 15 seconds and then decelerate to 30 mph. 

4. Maintain 30 mph for one minute. 

5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to achieve 5 WOT excursions. 

6. One sulfur removal cycle has been completed. 

7. Repeat steps 1 to 5 for the second sulfur removal cycle. 

8. The protocol is complete if the necessary parameters have been achieved. 

WOT Acceleration must exceed 5 seconds duration, extended 

by peak speed greater than 70 mph.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25

Test Time, minutes

Vehicle Speed, mph

Monitor Catalyst inlet Temperature and Exhause A/F Ratio 

Demonstrate that Cat. In. Temp > 700C 

and A/F Ratio goes rich.

WOT Acceleration must exceed 5 seconds duration, extended 

by peak speed greater than 70 mph.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25

Test Time, minutes

Vehicle Speed, mph

Monitor Catalyst inlet Temperature and Exhause A/F Ratio 

Demonstrate that Cat. In. Temp > 700C 

and A/F Ratio goes rich.
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

66 

Appendix D. Processing of the TDL Signal. 

a) A current ramp divided into 64 bits is applied to 

the GaAs laser to vary the wavelength of 

emission. 

b) An additional sinusoidal modulation is 

delivered to the diode. The modulation signal is 

frequency doubled and the output amplified. The 

detected signal is therefore the second derivative 

of the absorption signal. 

c) A quadratic equation is applied to the second 

derivative signal. The signal is smoothed and the 

ramp function is taken out via a deconvolution 

procedure. 

d) A stored calibration spectrum is compared to 

each of the exhaust spectra bit by bit. 

e) Linear regression of exhaust spectrum versus 

calibration spectrum. The exhaust concentration 

is obtained by multi-plying the concentration of 

the calibration spectrum with the regression slope. 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

67 

Appendix D. Cont. 

TDL Pressure and Temperature Effects. 

The following graphs show the temperature and pressure dependence of the NH3 absorption 

feature intensity for the TDL. The effects were incorporated into the calculations of the NH3

mass emission rates. 

Temperature Dependence 

of the NH3 Absorption Feature Intensity

y = -1.02E-03x + 1.15

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

90 100 110 120 130 140 150

Temperature (oC)

Relative Intensity

Pressure Dependence 

of the NH3 Absorption Feature Intensity

y = 6.61E-07x2 - 2.04E-03x + 2.32

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150

Pressure (mbar)

Relative Intensity
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

68 

Appendix D. Cont. 

Results for Comparison Tests between TDL and Citric Acid Coated Filters 

Recoveries for Injection of 150 ppm of calibration gas for 45 seconds at 20 lpm 

TDL 

Citric Acid 

Coated Filters Sampling Location 

1590 μg 1700 μg In front of Sampling Line 

1590 μg 1640 μg 

Behind Pre-Filter in 

Sampling Line 

1590 μg 1690 μg 

Immediately after TDL 

sampling system 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

69 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0204010 OE 5 0.191 0.003 0.014 0.045 2.305 0.001 0.000 0.479 0.088 0.000 0.051 0.032 450.2 462.5 385.0 438.6 0.004 0.004 -0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.010 0.004

Ford I0204014 OE 5 0.182 0.005 0.013 0.044 2.289 0.004 0.000 0.477 0.092 0.000 0.057 0.035 447.0 456.9 389.3 436.2 0.005 0.003 -0.001 0.002 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Taurus average 0.045 0.478 0.034 437.4 0.002 0.000 0.004

stdev 0.001 0.001 0.002 1.680 0.001 N/A N/AI0204020 OE 30 0.196 0.004 0.011 0.046 2.691 0.000 0.000 0.558 0.095 0.001 0.049 0.034 457.1 461.4 380.2 438.2 0.003 0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.018 0.000 0.006 0.005I0204024 OE 30 0.183 0.007 0.012 0.045 2.334 0.006 0.000 0.486 0.101 0.001 0.078 0.043 442.3 454.2 375.3 430.1 -0.001 0.002 -0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.012 0.007average 0.045 0.522 0.039 434.1 0.001 0.000 0.006stdev 0.001 0.051 0.006 5.735 0.000 0.000 0.001I0204033 OE 150 0.170 0.003 0.011 0.040 2.477 0.001 0.000 0.514 0.092 0.000 0.083 0.042 441.2 459.3 377.0 432.9 0.001 0.003 -0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.019 0.010I0204036 OE 150 0.179 0.011 0.011 0.046 1.933 0.030 0.000 0.416 0.103 0.005 0.099 0.051 441.6 450.5 382.0 429.8 0.001 0.003 -0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.001 0.020 0.011average 0.043 0.465 0.047 431.4 0.001 0.000 0.010stdev 0.004 0.069 0.006 2.166 0.001 0.000 0.000I0204048 Aged 5 0.204 0.005 0.014 0.049 2.596 0.002 0.000 0.538 0.090 0.001 0.054 0.034 447.6 450.7 378.7 430.3 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.007 0.005I0204050 Aged 5 0.177 0.005 0.018 0.044 2.350 0.000 0.000 0.487 0.120 0.000 0.040 0.036 443.7 448.3 376.6 427.7 0.006 0.005 -0.002 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.004 0.004average 0.046 0.513 0.035 429.0 0.003 0.000 0.005stdev 0.003 0.036 0.001 1.865 0.000 0.000 0.001I0204057 Aged 30 0.182 0.006 0.016 0.045 2.958 0.000 0.000 0.613 0.105 0.000 0.076 0.043 447.0 456.4 378.8 433.2 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.009 0.006I0204059 Aged 30 0.165 0.003 0.013 0.039 2.597 0.000 0.000 0.537 0.092 0.000 0.023 0.025 455.6 452.9 378.0 432.8 0.003 0.003 -0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.003 0.004I0204063 Aged 30 0.203 0.012 0.014 0.052 2.361 0.016 0.000 0.498 0.107 0.004 0.027 0.040 442.4 457.4 377.5 432.3 0.005 0.003 -0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.008 0.006average 0.046 0.549 0.036 432.8 0.002 0.000 0.005stdev 0.006 0.058 0.010 0.406 0.001 0.000 0.001I0204068 Aged 150 0.182 0.010 0.014 0.047 2.300 0.010 0.000 0.482 0.123 0.001 0.076 0.047 449.0 459.5 381.5 435.9 0.004 0.002 -0.005 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.000 0.017 0.009I0204074 Aged 150 0.177 0.010 0.015 0.046 1.998 0.021 0.000 0.425 0.137 0.001 0.087 0.053 437.5 453.5 379.0 429.7 0.003 0.004 -0.004 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.001 0.020 0.011average 0.046 0.454 0.050 432.8 0.001 0.000 0.010stdev 0.001 0.040 0.004 4.354 0.001 0.000 0.001

TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

70 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0206012 OE 5 0.322 0.002 0.012 0.071 4.731 0.042 0.089 1.027 0.337 0.048 0.139 0.133 354.2 360.7 294.3 341.1 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.001 0.005

Chevy I0206016 OE 5 0.191 0.002 0.013 0.044 4.930 0.012 0.104 1.059 0.191 0.038 0.059 0.076 351.6 358.5 293.6 339.2 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.000 0.004

Cavalier I0206017 OE 5 0.166 0.002 0.007 0.037 4.039 0.039 0.064 0.875 0.187 0.059 0.034 0.079 351.0 358.0 294.1 339.2 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.004

average 0.051 0.987 0.096 339.8 0.001 0.000 0.005stdev 0.018 0.098 0.032 1.1 0.001 0.000 0.001I0206024 OE 30 0.179 0.002 0.011 0.041 3.840 0.030 0.092 0.838 0.209 0.033 0.058 0.076 358.9 358.2 296.3 341.3 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.001 0.006I0206029 OE 30 0.190 0.002 0.004 0.042 4.178 0.063 0.061 0.916 0.167 0.043 0.041 0.068 354.1 356.1 294.3 338.7 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.004average 0.041 0.877 0.072 340.0 0.001 0.000 0.005stdev 0.000 0.055 0.006 1.9 0.001 0.000 0.001I0206057 OE 150 0.248 0.003 0.020 0.058 5.555 0.053 0.130 1.215 0.196 0.052 0.079 0.089 353.9 358.4 294.6 339.9 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.025 0.003 0.007 0.008I0206058 OE 150 0.190 0.003 0.023 0.047 4.871 0.044 0.186 1.084 0.139 0.038 0.087 0.072 354.0 358.9 300.0 341.7 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

average 0.053 1.150 0.081 340.8 0.002 0.000 0.008

stdev 0.008 0.093 0.012 1.3 0.001 N/A N/AI0206068 Aged 5 0.235 0.003 0.015 0.054 5.200 0.070 0.111 1.145 0.120 0.029 0.043 0.052 344.2 342.8 287.5 327.9 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.001 0.005I0207003 Aged 5 0.172 0.002 0.014 0.041 4.384 0.068 0.137 0.982 0.104 0.036 0.025 0.047 351.4 355.9 291.3 337.2 0.008 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.002 0.002 0.005

average 0.047 1.064 0.050 332.5 0.002 0.000 0.005

stdev 0.010 0.115 0.004 6.6 0.000 0.000 0.000I0207009 Aged 30 0.224 0.003 0.006 0.050 5.318 0.064 0.087 1.161 0.123 0.030 0.026 0.048 352.5 355.5 291.4 337.2 0.015 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.001 0.001 0.004I0207017 Aged 30 0.202 0.003 0.009 0.046 4.641 0.089 0.087 1.033 0.109 0.033 0.037 0.050 349.5 349.5 287.0 332.3 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.023 0.000 0.002 0.005

average 0.048 1.097 0.049 334.7 0.002 0.000 0.005

stdev 0.003 0.091 0.001 3.5 0.002 0.000 0.001I0207021 Aged 150 0.397 0.004 0.011 0.087 5.361 0.037 0.123 1.165 0.193 0.036 0.026 0.066 351.1 355.0 287.6 335.6 0.008 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.001 0.005I0207024 Aged 150 0.189 0.003 0.010 0.043 4.331 0.077 0.122 0.974 0.107 0.026 0.038 0.046 348.2 351.1 285.2 332.3 0.008 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.023 0.000 0.003 0.006average 0.065 1.070 0.056 334.0 0.003 0.000 0.005stdev 0.031 0.135 0.014 2.3 0.000 0.000 0.001

NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi) TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

71 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0207038 OE 5 0.340 0.011 0.024 0.083 4.585 0.232 0.172 1.118 0.255 0.010 0.126 0.093 539.0 561.4 475.8 533.2 0.059 0.026 0.007 0.028 0.032 0.043 0.009 0.031 0.026 0.000 0.013 0.009

Chevy I0207040 OE 5 0.272 0.010 0.023 0.068 4.388 0.225 0.167 1.073 0.309 0.018 0.149 0.115 535.1 560.5 476.1 532.0 0.026 0.029 0.011 0.023 0.005 0.033 0.008 0.020 0.024 0.000 0.010 0.008

Silverado

I0207043 OE 30 0.296 0.012 0.026 0.075 4.455 0.228 0.189 1.094 0.273 0.010 0.217 0.121 533.8 564.6 472.9 533.0 0.032 0.028 0.018 0.026 0.003 0.029 0.011stdev 0.011 0.032 0.016 0.9 0.003 0.008 0.001average 0.075 1.096 0.104 532.6 0.026 0.026 0.008

0.018 0.027 0.000 0.018 0.010

I0207044 OE 30 0.265 0.012 0.023 0.068 4.217 0.282 0.177 1.069 0.372 0.010 0.181 0.132 542.8 565.7 474.5 535.9 0.036 0.038 0.013 0.031 0.020 0.065 0.015 0.042 0.034 0.000 0.013 0.011I0207046 OE 150 0.392 0.013 0.028 0.096 4.594 0.256 0.141 1.124 0.294 0.012 0.111 0.098 540.4 570.0 476.6 538.2 0.048 0.035 0.012 0.031 0.037 0.054 0.01stdev 0.005 0.018 0.008 2.0 0.003 0.016 0.000average 0.072 1.082 0.127 534.5 0.028 0.030 0.011

0 0.038 0.033 0.001 0.012 0.010

I0207047 OE 150 0.554 0.013 0.030 0.130 7.482 0.106 0.140 1.645 0.245 0.107 0.193 0.159 578.5 645.6 492.4 589.6 0.103 0.014 0.018 0.033 0.056 0.028 0.011 0.029 0.054 0.002 0.017 0.017I0207050 OE 150 0.263 0.015 0.032 0.071 3.867 0.169 0.151 0.931 0.416 0.017 0.150 0.136 540.8 572.2 480.7 540.6 0.043 0.015 0.025 0.024 0.006 0.028 0.014 0.020 0.032 0.000 0.014 0.011I0208001 Aged 5 0.550 0.011 0.036 0.130 5.449 0.353 0.276 1.389 0.223 0.008 0.065 0.068 531.5 559.7 469.4 529.0 0.131 0.111 0.061 0.101 0.105 0.161 0.06stdev 0.030 0.369 0.031 29.0 0.005 0.009 0.004average 0.099 1.233 0.131 556.1 0.029 0.029 0.013

5 0.123 0.033 0.000 0.008 0.009

I0208003 Aged 5 0.370 0.010 0.033 0.091 5.490 0.282 0.292 1.365 0.354 0.008 0.077 0.099 530.5 556.9 471.0 527.8 0.092 0.099 0.073 0.091 0.065 0.116 0.067 0.092 0.035 0.000 0.011 0.010I0208007 Aged 5 0.306 0.010 0.032 0.077 4.837 0.241 0.269 1.202 0.387 0.019 0.123 0.124 534.6 558.6 467.7 528.7 0.081 0.073 0.054 0.069 0.056 0.089 0.044 0.070 0.032 0.001 0.017 0.012I0208008 Aged 30 0.331 0.007 0.030 0.081 5.071 0.305 0.236 1.274 0.364 0.016 0.123 0.118 530.4 554.5 466.3 525.3 0.097 0.111 0.068 0.096 0.086 0.137 0.0stdev 0.027 0.102 0.028 0.6 0.016 0.027 0.001average 0.099 1.319 0.097 528.5 0.087 0.095 0.010

57 0.104 0.037 0.001 0.018 0.013

I0208009 Aged 30 0.492 0.011 0.032 0.117 7.246 0.232 0.244 1.743 0.397 0.030 0.122 0.135 570.3 675.4 479.5 597.1 0.127 0.095 0.081 0.098 0.089 0.110 0.064 0.092 0.057 0.001 0.020 0.019I0208012 Aged 30 0.329 0.010 0.032 0.082 5.135 0.233 0.228 1.248 0.369 0.021 0.119 0.120 531.0 557.1 469.4 527.6 0.073 0.061 0.054 0.061 0.040 0.071 0.035 0.055 0.027 0.000 0.015 0.010I0208013 Aged 150 0.397 0.015 0.051 0.104 5.921 0.271 0.439 1.489 0.327 0.039 0.216 0.147 529.5 557.0 467.6 526.7 0.119 0.055 0.077 0.074 0.071 0.099 0.stdev 0.020 0.279 0.009 40.8 0.021 0.026 0.004average 0.093 1.422 0.124 550.0 0.085 0.084 0.014

058 0.082 0.043 0.004 0.043 0.023

I0208014 Aged 150 0.385 0.013 0.039 0.097 6.373 0.202 0.316 1.513 0.385 0.032 0.152 0.138 533.5 554.2 466.3 525.7 0.092 0.040 0.059 0.056 0.055 0.076 0.042 0.062 0.040 0.001 0.022 0.015stdev 0.005 0.017 0.006 0.7 0.013 0.014 0.006average 0.101 1.501 0.143 526.2 0.065 0.072 0.019

TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

72 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2000 I0206005 OE 5 0.346 0.003 0.013 0.077 6.040 0.033 0.069 1.289 0.145 0.009 0.008 0.037 566.2 611.7 507.6 573.7 0.133 0.010 0.011 0.036 0.140 0.046 0.015 0.057 0.023 0.000 0.008 0.007

Jeep I0206014 OE 5 0.397 0.004 0.011 0.087 8.039 0.000 0.038 1.679 0.112 0.038 0.007 0.045 565.1 613.4 505.7 573.8 0.185 0.008 0.015 0.047 0.200 0.034 0.009 0.062 0.026 0.022 0.008 0.019

Grand average 0.082 1.484 0.041 573.8 0.041 0.059 0.013

Cherokee stdev 0.007 0.276 0.006 0.1 0.008 0.003 0.009

I0206022 OE 30 0.352 0.005 0.013 0.079 4.776 0.022 0.019 1.005 0.194 0.050 0.160 0.110 572.4 617.9 511.2 579.1 0.051 0.004 0.046 0.025 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.035 0.017 0.057 0.032

I0206025 OE 30 0.359 0.004 0.010 0.079 6.234 0.027 0.019 1.310 0.164 0.044 0.138 0.095 573.2 616.7 508.3 577.9 0.091 0.008 0.032 0.032 0.093 0.033 0.000 0.036 0.032 0.022 0.053 0.033I0206031 OE 150 0.427 0.015 0.013 0.100 9.940 0.395 0.034 2.269 0.239 0.194 0.442 0.271 587.0 622.8 522.2 587.9 0.121 0.033 0.014 0.046 0.084 0.072 0.00stdev 0.000 0.216 0.011 0.9 0.004 0.024 0.001average 0.079 1.158 0.103 578.5 0.029 0.019 0.032

0 0.055 0.131 0.165 0.200 0.167

I0206048 OE 150 0.363 0.012 0.021 0.087 7.873 0.033 0.495 1.785 0.185 0.086 0.012 0.086 555.5 594.8 503.4 561.6 0.176 0.018 0.116 0.078 0.152 0.055 0.070 0.079 0.059 0.104 0.024 0.072I0206056 OE 150 0.381 0.010 0.022 0.090 8.983 0.160 0.582 2.105 0.136 0.022 0.009 0.042 566.3 608.0 520.5 575.3 0.197 0.032 0.226 0.120 0.233 0.099 0.123 0.133 0.074 0.057 0.031 0.053I0207002 Aged 5 0.244 0.006 0.015 0.058 4.961 0.014 0.112 1.065 0.169 0.188 0.182 0.182 541.4 587.5 487.0 550.3 0.035 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.00stdev 0.007 0.246 0.122 13.1 0.037 0.040 0.061average 0.092 2.053 0.133 574.9 0.081 0.089 0.098

0 0.000 0.032 0.021 0.029 0.025

I0207006 Aged 5 0.311 0.005 0.013 0.071 7.116 0.018 0.101 1.512 0.093 0.120 0.155 0.124 545.0 585.6 483.2 549.1 0.113 0.006 0.008 0.029 0.063 0.016 0.006 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.024 0.018I0207014 Aged 5 0.288 0.005 0.015 0.066 6.331 0.014 0.047 1.332 0.124 0.175 0.265 0.189 541.0 575.3 479.5 541.9 0.082 0.004 0.000 0.019 0.031 0.003 0.000 0.008 0.020 0.018 0.034 0.023I0207022 Aged 30 0.363 0.005 0.012 0.081 8.285 0.036 0.055 1.751 0.155 0.165 0.177 0.166 546.2 584.9 482.6 548.8 0.096 0.031 0.002 0.036 0.057 0.041 0.0stdev 0.007 0.225 0.036 4.6 0.010 0.011 0.004average 0.065 1.303 0.165 547.1 0.019 0.010 0.022

00 0.033 0.024 0.022 0.051 0.030

I0207025 Aged 30 0.275 0.007 0.014 0.065 6.206 0.015 0.057 1.311 0.113 0.253 0.203 0.210 524.5 561.5 463.0 526.7 0.077 0.003 0.003 0.018 0.026 0.005 0.000 0.008 0.024 0.022 0.039 0.027I0207035 Aged 150 0.283 0.005 0.012 0.065 5.516 0.018 0.040 1.163 0.304 0.318 0.427 0.345 554.2 595.6 490.1 558.1 0.037 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.001 0.000 0.stdev 0.012 0.311 0.031 15.6 0.013 0.017 0.003average 0.073 1.531 0.188 537.8 0.027 0.020 0.029

000 0.000 0.085 0.091 0.176 0.113

I0207037 Aged 150 0.306 0.006 0.014 0.070 6.489 0.016 0.081 1.375 0.181 0.340 0.352 0.310 553.4 594.2 490.3 557.2 0.077 0.003 0.004 0.019 0.038 0.007 0.000 0.012 0.063 0.078 0.139 0.092stdev 0.004 0.150 0.025 0.6 0.006 0.008 0.015average 0.067 1.269 0.328 557.6 0.014 0.006 0.102

TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

73 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

 Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0203016 OE 5 0.119 0.003 0.004 0.027 2.428 0.046 0.027 0.535 0.160 0.008 0.080 0.059 452.8 453.5 365.5 429.2 0.002 0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.004 0.002

Buick I0203020 OE 5 0.115 0.003 0.003 0.026 2.642 0.030 0.010 0.566 0.135 0.005 0.068 0.050 443.8 452.4 367.9 427.4 0.007 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.006 0.002

LeSabre average 0.027 0.551 0.055 428.3 0.002 0.000 0.002

stdev 0.001 0.022 0.006 1.253 0.001 0.000 0.000I0203031 OE 30 0.102 0.002 0.003 0.023 2.617 0.040 0.030 0.572 0.189 0.008 0.095 0.069 449.7 444.5 358.7 422.0 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.006 0.002I0203040 OE 30 0.120 0.003 0.004 0.028 2.516 0.056 0.008 0.553 0.147 0.007 0.085 0.057 446.7 443.9 356.6 420.5 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.006 0.002average 0.026 0.563 0.063 421.3 0.001 0.000 0.002stdev 0.004 0.013 0.008 1.068 0.000 0.000 0.000I0203048 OE 150 0.107 0.004 0.006 0.026 2.306 0.024 0.023 0.498 0.177 0.005 0.102 0.067 446.5 447.3 367.0 425.1 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.012 0.004I0203051 OE 150 0.111 0.002 0.005 0.025 3.349 0.051 0.010 0.725 0.165 0.004 0.087 0.060 445.7 443.7 360.9 421.3 0.003 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.008 0.003average 0.026 0.612 0.064 423.2 0.002 0.000 0.004stdev 0.000 0.161 0.005 2.655 0.001 0.000 0.001I0202051 Aged 5 0.116 0.004 0.008 0.028 2.350 0.022 0.082 0.521 0.170 0.003 0.084 0.060 442.3 443.2 363.2 421.0 0.010 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.008 0.004I0202054 Aged 5 0.126 0.002 0.008 0.029 3.325 0.032 0.132 0.743 0.166 0.003 0.080 0.058 446.6 449.9 365.5 426.0 0.008 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.007 0.004average 0.029 0.632 0.059 423.5 0.005 0.000 0.004stdev 0.001 0.157 0.001 3.536 0.001 0.000 0.000I0202063 Aged 30 0.135 0.004 0.009 0.033 3.382 0.009 0.126 0.741 0.122 0.003 0.088 0.051 442.1 442.8 360.3 420.0 0.001 0.000 -0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.007 0.003I0203002 Aged 30 0.119 0.003 0.008 0.028 3.061 0.014 0.111 0.673 0.187 0.004 0.085 0.064 443.9 441.6 359.9 419.6 0.010 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.007 0.000 0.007 0.003average 0.030 0.707 0.058 419.8 0.002 0.000 0.003stdev 0.003 0.048 0.009 0.257 0.003 0.000 0.000I0203006 Aged 150 0.124 0.005 0.016 0.033 3.584 0.236 0.929 1.121 0.197 0.009 0.111 0.076 445.2 449.7 368.2 426.4 0.013 0.010 0.030 0.016 0.008 0.010 0.018 0.012 0.024 0.001 0.039 0.016I0203009 Aged 150 0.155 0.004 0.009 0.037 4.540 0.087 0.295 1.067 0.108 0.003 0.129 0.059 483.3 507.3 396.3 471.8 0.020 0.005 0.012 0.010 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.003 N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage 0.035 1.094 0.068 449.1 0.013 0.007 0.016stdev 0.003 0.038 0.012 32.149 0.004 0.006 N/A

TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

74 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

 Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0203021 OE 5 0.365 0.003 0.003 0.078 4.907 0.063 0.001 1.051 0.035 0.000 0.018 0.012 329.2 335.9 285.2 320.6 0.094 0.016 0.001 0.028 0.062 0.014 0.000 0.020 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000

Dodge I0203024 OE 5 0.296 0.003 0.002 0.063 3.655 0.024 0.000 0.771 0.029 0.001 0.020 0.012 328.1 335.1 285.2 319.9 0.077 0.012 0.000 0.023 0.043 0.011 0.000 0.015 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.001

Neon average 0.071 0.911 0.012 320.2 0.025 0.018 0.001

stdev 0.010 0.198 0.000 0.501 0.004 0.004 0.000I0203046 OE 30 0.333 0.002 0.002 0.071 4.136 0.023 0.000 0.870 0.041 0.003 0.018 0.015 329.0 337.8 286.8 322.0 0.097 0.011 -0.001 0.025 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AI0203050 OE 30 0.370 0.002 0.002 0.078 4.528 0.012 0.000 0.947 0.039 0.006 0.013 0.015 330.8 338.1 285.1 322.0 0.077 0.006 -0.002 0.018 0.058 0.008 0.000 0.016 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.001average 0.075 0.909 0.015 322.0 0.022 0.016 0.001stdev 0.005 0.054 0.000 0.011 0.005 N/A N/AI0203030 OE 150 0.349 0.002 0.003 0.074 4.014 0.065 0.063 0.883 0.047 0.004 0.014 0.016 326.7 331.6 280.8 316.6 0.100 0.026 0.007 0.036 0.077 0.024 0.005 0.030 0.010 0.001 0.006 0.004I0203034 OE 150 0.232 0.003 0.003 0.050 2.492 0.028 0.053 0.546 0.098 0.009 0.023 0.031 323.4 334.2 281.3 317.4 0.013 0.012 0.003 0.010 0.002 0.004 0.000 0.002 0.013 0.001 0.008 0.005I0203039 OE 150 0.278 0.002 0.004 0.060 2.964 0.088 0.090 0.685 0.067 0.015 0.034 0.031 326.9 335.5 285.8 320.1 0.037 0.020 0.003 0.019 0.023 0.015 0.002 0.013 0.014 0.004 0.010 0.008average 0.061 0.705 0.026 318.0 0.022 0.015 0.006stdev 0.012 0.169 0.009 1.792 0.013 0.014 0.002I0202043 Aged 5 0.341 0.004 0.006 0.074 4.327 0.030 0.002 0.915 0.020 0.004 0.009 0.009 335.5 341.1 289.2 325.6 0.068 0.016 0.003 0.023 0.039 0.012 0.000 0.014 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000I0202046 Aged 5 0.314 0.003 0.003 0.067 3.722 0.045 0.029 0.805 0.033 0.003 0.002 0.009 333.1 337.3 285.0 322.1 0.066 0.016 0.008 0.024 0.043 0.015 0.003 0.018 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.002average 0.071 0.860 0.009 323.9 0.024 0.016 0.001stdev 0.005 0.078 0.000 2.534 0.001 0.002 0.001I0202050 Aged 30 0.288 0.004 0.004 0.063 2.990 0.051 0.001 0.648 0.030 0.002 0.039 0.018 327.3 335.2 283.0 319.2 0.055 0.018 0.001 0.021 0.052 0.011 0.000 0.016 0.020 0.021 0.014 0.019I0202053 Aged 30 0.235 0.003 0.003 0.051 2.878 0.026 0.001 0.610 0.023 0.024 0.044 0.029 324.9 331.8 283.7 317.1 0.057 0.010 0.001 0.017 0.044 0.006 0.000 0.012 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.001average 0.057 0.629 0.024 318.2 0.019 0.014 0.010stdev 0.008 0.027 0.008 1.474 0.003 0.003 0.013I0202062 Aged 150 0.359 0.001 0.005 0.076 4.696 0.035 0.045 1.006 0.044 0.007 0.018 0.018 330.7 337.5 285.0 321.7 0.080 0.016 0.007 0.027 0.054 0.018 0.002 0.021 0.009 0.001 0.006 0.004I0203001 Aged 150 0.285 0.004 0.004 0.062 3.040 0.029 0.025 0.654 0.080 0.003 0.033 0.027 329.1 334.8 284.4 319.7 0.040 0.020 0.006 0.020 0.019 0.011 0.004 0.011 0.011 0.001 0.005 0.004I0203008 Aged 150 0.274 0.002 0.004 0.059 3.407 0.062 0.069 0.759 0.075 0.016 0.030 0.032 328.8 335.9 282.8 319.8 0.062 0.029 0.010 0.031 0.050 0.029 0.008 0.027 0.017 0.003 0.005 0.006average 0.066 0.806 0.026 320.4 0.026 0.020 0.005

NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi) TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

75 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0203007 OE 5 0.184 0.002 0.008 0.041 2.373 0.014 0.050 0.513 0.164 0.010 0.093 0.065 392.5 369.3 313.4 358.7 0.018 0.009 0.006 0.010 0.006 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.024 0.001 0.023 0.012

Toyota I0203010 OE 5 0.171 0.003 0.009 0.039 2.179 0.018 0.033 0.470 0.162 0.009 0.070 0.058 393.3 369.2 310.7 358.1 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.037 0.001 0.020 0.014

Camry average 0.040 0.492 0.062 358.4 0.010 0.002 0.013

stdev 0.001 0.030 0.005 0.4 0.001 0.001 0.001I0203017 OE 30 0.152 0.003 0.009 0.036 1.924 0.013 0.074 0.426 0.143 0.009 0.068 0.053 373.4 340.8 299.5 336.2 0.019 0.010 0.001 0.009 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.029 0.001 0.020 0.012I0203022 OE 30 0.139 0.003 0.008 0.033 1.685 0.021 0.048 0.373 0.155 0.008 0.083 0.059 386.3 369.2 312.7 357.2 0.011 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.032 0.000 0.020 0.012I0203026 OE 30 0.157 0.002 0.011 0.037 1.954 0.018 0.097 0.441 0.155 0.010 0.077 0.058 385.4 364.3 311.4 354.1 0.011 0.006 0.011 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.035 0.001 0.018 0.013average 0.035 0.413 0.057 349.2 0.008 0.000 0.012stdev 0.002 0.036 0.003 11.3 0.001 0.001 0.000I0203041 OE 150 0.155 0.003 0.011 0.037 2.039 0.037 0.118 0.474 0.206 0.026 0.114 0.088 388.6 367.1 310.4 356.0 0.015 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.056 0.008 0.037 0.026I0203045 OE 150 0.154 0.002 0.011 0.036 2.089 0.009 0.099 0.465 0.200 0.010 0.082 0.069 385.1 366.3 309.7 354.6 0.017 0.002 0.001 0.005 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage 0.037 0.470 0.079 355.3 0.005 0.000 0.026stdev 0.001 0.006 0.013 1.0 0.000 N/A N/AI0201046 Aged 5 0.200 0.004 0.010 0.046 2.762 0.016 0.034 0.591 0.135 0.013 0.109 0.065 395.6 376.1 314.5 363.2 0.035 0.004 0.027 0.017 0.028 0.005 0.000 0.008 0.023 0.001 0.019 0.010I0202001 Aged 5 0.123 0.003 0.011 0.030 1.719 0.015 0.073 0.384 0.174 0.006 0.079 0.061 385.6 375.0 316.0 361.0 0.013 0.008 0.018 0.012 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.003 0.026 0.000 0.019 0.011I0202008 Aged 5 0.133 0.002 0.008 0.031 2.075 0.014 0.043 0.450 0.101 0.009 0.080 0.048 389.3 372.1 313.8 359.6 0.023 0.005 0.015 0.011 0.006 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.026 0.000 0.018 0.010average 0.036 0.475 0.058 361.3 0.013 0.004 0.010stdev 0.009 0.106 0.009 1.8 0.003 0.004 0.000I0202016 Aged 30 0.164 0.004 0.011 0.039 2.565 0.016 0.045 0.553 0.141 0.010 0.084 0.058 386.8 372.3 314.7 359.5 0.033 0.008 0.011 0.014 0.007 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.027 0.004 0.022 0.014I0202018 Aged 30 0.161 0.002 0.008 0.037 1.974 0.020 0.021 0.425 0.148 0.012 0.079 0.059 405.8 383.6 318.5 370.3 0.027 0.008 0.005 0.011 0.006 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.031 0.002 0.019 0.012average 0.038 0.489 0.059 364.9 0.012 0.003 0.013stdev 0.002 0.091 0.001 7.7 0.002 0.000 0.001I0202036 Aged 150 0.172 0.003 0.014 0.041 3.366 0.025 0.110 0.741 0.166 0.017 0.099 0.070 399.9 374.5 315.0 363.4 0.019 0.001 0.008 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.045 0.007 0.038 0.023I0202037 Aged 150 0.128 0.002 0.010 0.030 1.712 0.011 0.056 0.377 0.189 0.008 0.087 0.068 385.7 370.4 313.9 358.0 0.017 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.063 0.001 0.029 0.021I0202057 Aged 150 0.116 0.003 0.013 0.029 1.381 0.011 0.088 0.316 0.181 0.019 0.091 0.073 377.3 365.8 311.1 353.1 0.020 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.072 0.008 0.037 0.029average 0.033 0.478 0.070 358.2 0.007 0.000 0.025stdev 0.007 0.230 0.003 5.1 0.001 0.000 0.004

NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi) TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

76 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0205020 OE 5 0.134 0.003 0.004 0.030 1.243 0.013 0.000 0.265 0.107 0.003 0.015 0.028 417.3 436.4 362.8 412.2 0.005 0.001 0.008 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.001

Chrysler I0205023 OE 5 0.145 0.003 0.003 0.033 1.248 0.005 0.000 0.262 0.154 0.002 0.008 0.035 413.1 431.4 359.4 407.8 0.004 0.002 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.001

Sebring average 0.032 0.264 0.032 410.0 0.005 0.000 0.001

stdev 0.002 0.002 0.005 3.094 0.002 0.000 0.000I0205027 OE 30 0.143 0.003 0.003 0.032 1.737 0.328 0.000 0.530 0.074 0.000 0.027 0.023 408.3 428.0 359.0 404.9 0.027 0.044 0.004 0.030 0.005 0.048 0.000 0.026 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.002I0205031 OE 30 0.129 0.003 0.003 0.029 1.467 0.156 0.000 0.385 0.096 0.001 0.027 0.028 407.6 431.8 360.2 407.1 0.010 0.016 0.020 0.016 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.002 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.002average 0.031 0.458 0.026 406.0 0.023 0.014 0.002stdev 0.002 0.103 0.004 1.540 0.010 0.017 0.000I0205039 OE 150 0.155 0.007 0.003 0.036 1.889 0.510 0.000 0.656 0.101 0.044 0.086 0.067 408.0 425.6 359.5 403.8 0.014 0.030 -0.002 0.018 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AI0205040 OE 150 0.148 0.003 0.002 0.033 1.324 0.123 0.000 0.338 0.164 0.001 0.083 0.057 412.4 437.8 361.9 411.7 0.006 0.014 -0.001 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.004 0.005I0205044 OE 150 0.149 0.006 0.002 0.035 1.416 0.296 0.000 0.447 0.106 0.010 0.032 0.036 417.6 440.2 362.2 414.1 0.006 0.025 0.001 0.015 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.006 0.005 0.008average 0.035 0.480 0.053 409.8 0.014 0.000 0.006stdev 0.002 0.162 0.016 5.400 0.005 0.000 0.002I0205051 Aged 5 0.130 0.004 0.004 0.030 1.827 0.143 0.000 0.453 0.059 0.000 0.030 0.021 413.4 432.4 358.6 408.2 0.038 0.033 0.024 0.031 0.018 0.028 0.000 0.018 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.001I0205054 Aged 5 0.136 0.002 0.003 0.030 1.753 0.253 0.000 0.495 0.057 0.000 0.008 0.014 410.9 429.3 357.1 405.6 0.023 0.033 0.007 0.024 0.001 0.024 0.000 0.013 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.001I0205060 Aged 5 0.122 0.003 0.004 0.028 1.184 0.122 0.000 0.309 0.065 0.000 0.034 0.023 416.2 444.5 365.0 416.8 0.011 0.010 -0.003 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.001average 0.029 0.419 0.019 410.2 0.021 0.010 0.001stdev 0.001 0.098 0.005 5.856 0.013 0.009 0.000I0205065 Aged 30 0.122 0.004 0.004 0.028 1.996 0.182 0.000 0.508 0.065 0.001 0.039 0.024 404.5 424.0 354.9 400.9 0.018 0.023 -0.003 0.015 0.000 0.014 0.000 0.007 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.002I0205066 Aged 30 0.123 0.003 0.002 0.028 1.444 0.101 0.000 0.352 0.088 0.000 0.017 0.023 414.6 438.8 360.1 412.2 0.010 0.010 0.007 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.002average 0.028 0.430 0.024 406.5 0.012 0.004 0.002stdev 0.001 0.110 0.001 7.931 0.004 0.005 0.000

I0206004 Aged 150 0.120 0.003 0.002 0.027 1.202 0.080 0.000 0.290 0.101 0.013 0.115 0.059 415.4 438.5 363.0 413.0 0.012 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.006 0.013 0.010I0206011 Aged 150 0.138 0.003 0.003 0.031 1.399 0.061 0.000 0.322 0.088 0.002 0.095 0.045 405.7 425.9 356.1 402.5 0.007 0.006 -0.003 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.001 0.005 0.004I0206015 Aged 150 0.138 0.002 0.003 0.030 1.359 0.070 0.000 0.318 0.102 0.001 0.029 0.030 405.3 426.3 354.1 402.0 0.005 0.012 0.006 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.000 0.002 0.003

average 0.029 0.310 0.045 405.9 0.006 0.000 0.006stdev 0.002 0.017 0.015 6.177 0.003 0.000 0.004

NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi) TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

77 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

 Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0205061 OE 5 0.172 0.003 0.006 0.039 2.373 0.057 0.000 0.521 0.059 0.030 0.105 0.057 431.4 429.1 352.6 408.6 0.078 0.003 -0.001 0.017 0.053 0.007 0.000 0.015 0.007 0.000 0.008 0.004

Acura I0206010 OE 5 0.141 0.004 0.007 0.033 1.746 0.049 0.000 0.387 0.053 0.011 0.058 0.032 417.6 421.5 346.0 399.9 0.047 0.005 0.005 0.013 0.020 0.001 0.000 0.005 0.008 0.000 0.005 0.003

3.2 CL I0206013 OE 5 0.161 0.003 0.006 0.037 1.984 0.024 0.000 0.423 0.063 0.036 0.107 0.061 427.9 427.8 347.2 405.7 0.069 0.002 -0.002 0.015 0.047 0.007 0.000 0.013 0.004 0.000 0.010 0.003

I0206023 OE 30 0.134 0.003 0.006 0.031 1.296 0.042 0.008 0.292 0.070 0.037 0.149 0.075 420.7 420.8 343.1 399.4 0.041 0.004 0.000 0.011 0.020 0.004 0.000stdev 0.003 0.069 0.016 4.4 0.002 0.006 0.000average 0.036 0.444 0.050 404.7 0.015 0.011 0.003

0.006 0.005 0.000 0.010 0.004

I0206027 OE 30 0.140 0.002 0.005 0.031 1.279 0.058 0.012 0.298 0.106 0.031 0.059 0.054 426.9 426.6 347.3 404.9 0.026 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.000 0.008 0.004I0206049 OE 150 0.146 0.004 0.006 0.034 1.695 0.078 0.011 0.394 0.065 0.010 0.131 0.055 418.4 416.4 338.2 395.3 0.029 0.004 0.000 0.008 0.010 0.003 0.00stdev 0.000 0.004 0.015 3.9 0.002 0.003 0.000average 0.031 0.295 0.065 402.1 0.009 0.004 0.004

0 0.004 0.010 0.000 0.015 0.006

I0206055 OE 150 0.146 0.004 0.007 0.034 1.619 0.131 0.014 0.407 0.061 0.023 0.113 0.055 419.9 422.6 343.9 400.5 0.054 0.017 0.000 0.020 0.027 0.012 0.000 0.012 0.008 0.000 0.024 0.008I0206064 Aged 5 0.180 0.002 0.011 0.041 3.149 0.113 0.054 0.726 0.097 0.031 0.112 0.067 429.7 430.0 357.5 410.0 0.039 0.011 0.002 0.014 0.027 0.019 0.00stdev 0.000 0.009 0.000 3.6 0.009 0.006 0.002average 0.034 0.401 0.055 397.9 0.014 0.008 0.007

1 0.016 0.014 0.000 0.018 0.008

I0206069 Aged 5 0.173 0.002 0.012 0.040 3.025 0.185 0.040 0.733 0.061 0.035 0.096 0.057 428.3 428.2 350.9 407.0 0.032 0.014 0.000 0.014 0.022 0.027 0.000 0.018 0.006 0.000 0.018 0.006I0207005 Aged 30 0.222 0.002 0.011 0.050 3.748 0.212 0.017 0.889 0.054 0.011 0.201 0.072 415.4 416.0 341.3 395.4 0.103 0.031 0.000 0.037 0.077 0.056 0.0stdev 0.001 0.005 0.007 2.1 0.000 0.002 0.001average 0.041 0.730 0.062 408.5 0.014 0.017 0.008

02 0.046 0.007 0.000 0.021 0.007

I0207007 Aged 30 0.179 0.003 0.009 0.041 2.638 0.050 0.011 0.575 0.070 0.018 0.162 0.068 414.2 417.2 339.4 395.2 0.059 0.006 0.000 0.015 0.043 0.015 0.000 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.017 0.006I0207015 Aged 150 0.190 0.003 0.009 0.043 3.196 0.062 0.013 0.697 0.065 0.014 0.215 0.080 411.1 410.9 340.7 391.7 0.098 0.005 0.000 0.023 0.077 0.017 0.stdev 0.006 0.222 0.003 0.1 0.015 0.020 0.001average 0.046 0.732 0.070 395.3 0.026 0.031 0.007

000 0.025 0.011 0.000 0.019 0.007

I0207016 Aged 150 0.186 0.003 0.009 0.043 3.005 0.056 0.013 0.655 0.074 0.033 0.078 0.054 405.4 416.0 339.4 392.8 0.068 0.005 0.001 0.017 0.031 0.006 0.000 0.010 0.015 0.001 0.016 0.008I0207020 Aged 150 0.177 0.005 0.012 0.043 2.492 0.139 0.011 0.592 0.061 0.023 0.271 0.099 408.5 414.0 339.6 392.4 0.052 0.016 0.001 0.019 0.035 0.025 0.000 0.021 0.011 0.000 0.029 0.010stdev 0.000 0.053 0.023 0.6 0.003 0.008 0.002average 0.043 0.648 0.078 392.3 0.020 0.018 0.009

NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi) TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

78 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0202024 OE 5 0.140 0.004 0.006 0.033 2.134 0.041 0.038 0.474 0.107 0.000 0.073 0.042 484.1 489.0 414.4 467.5 0.045 0.004 0.006 0.013 0.042 0.005 0.000 0.011 0.015 0.000 0.006 0.005

Ford I0202029 OE 5 0.131 0.005 0.006 0.031 1.968 0.030 0.032 0.433 0.124 0.000 0.018 0.031 479.2 485.2 407.7 462.6 0.035 0.011 0.010 0.016 0.019 0.010 0.001 0.009 0.021 0.000 0.002 0.005

Windstar average 0.032 0.454 0.037 465.1 0.014 0.010 0.005

stdev 0.001 0.029 0.008 3.4 0.002 0.001 0.000I0202047 OE 30 0.140 0.008 0.010 0.036 1.843 0.040 0.022 0.409 0.114 0.000 0.044 0.036 498.5 505.4 414.9 479.1 0.025 0.015 0.007 0.015 0.005 0.012 0.000 0.007 0.022 0.000 0.004 0.006I0202049 OE 30 0.119 0.009 0.008 0.032 1.620 0.028 0.046 0.363 0.174 0.001 0.013 0.040 469.4 485.5 409.3 461.2 0.031 0.014 0.036 0.023 0.008 0.012 0.022 0.014 0.027 0.000 0.001 0.006average 0.034 0.386 0.038 470.1 0.019 0.011 0.006stdev 0.003 0.033 0.003 12.7 0.006 0.005 0.000I0202056 OE 150 0.132 0.011 0.021 0.039 1.863 0.083 0.170 0.475 0.158 0.013 0.109 0.070 481.9 488.7 412.7 466.4 0.070 0.048 0.020 0.045 0.064 0.060 0.015 0.048 0.043 0.009 0.028 0.021I0202058 OE 150 0.121 0.008 0.009 0.032 1.790 0.066 0.051 0.420 0.150 0.003 0.082 0.055 470.5 481.9 407.6 459.1 0.040 0.035 0.013 0.030 0.053 0.052 0.013 0.041 0.030 0.001 0.009 0.009average 0.035 0.448 0.063 462.8 0.037 0.045 0.015stdev 0.005 0.039 0.011 5.174 0.010 0.005 0.008I0201036 Aged 5 0.136 0.003 0.008 0.032 2.055 0.065 0.180 0.509 0.172 0.001 0.023 0.042 470.4 485.4 412.2 462.1 0.088 0.028 0.057 0.049 0.084 0.038 0.060 0.054 0.029 0.000 0.004 0.007I0201041 Aged 5 0.136 0.006 0.011 0.034 1.852 0.065 0.317 0.505 0.181 0.001 0.047 0.051 485.3 494.0 416.8 470.9 0.096 0.038 0.074 0.060 0.085 0.053 0.075 0.066 0.023 0.000 0.004 0.006average 0.033 0.507 0.047 466.5 0.054 0.060 0.006stdev 0.002 0.003 0.006 6.2 0.008 0.009 0.001I0201045 Aged 30 0.170 0.004 0.008 0.040 2.614 0.050 0.128 0.604 0.176 0.002 0.028 0.045 490.4 493.3 414.0 470.9 0.105 0.027 0.057 0.051 0.101 0.042 0.060 0.059 0.031 0.000 0.003 0.007I0202002 Aged 30 0.147 0.004 0.009 0.035 2.432 0.063 0.187 0.589 0.205 0.001 0.019 0.048 481.8 486.7 412.3 465.2 0.122 0.039 0.079 0.067 0.154 0.058 0.091 0.087 0.026 0.000 0.003 0.006average 0.037 0.597 0.047 468.0 0.059 0.073 0.007stdev 0.003 0.011 0.002 4.0 0.011 0.020 0.001I0202009 Aged 150 0.158 0.008 0.020 0.042 2.361 0.158 0.453 0.697 0.218 0.025 0.137 0.096 483.4 492.4 412.5 468.5 0.113 0.061 0.057 0.071 0.126 0.074 0.055 0.079 0.050 0.010 0.037 0.026I0202011 Aged 150 0.155 0.005 0.013 0.038 2.381 0.073 0.287 0.611 0.202 0.002 0.039 0.054 479.1 485.5 412.1 464.0 0.124 0.050 0.101 0.079 0.112 0.063 0.099 0.083 0.026 0.000 0.008 0.008I0202014 Aged 150 0.141 0.010 0.014 0.038 2.454 0.131 0.255 0.648 0.224 0.016 0.064 0.072 472.7 481.7 411.3 460.4 0.123 0.070 0.056 0.077 0.091 0.079 0.052 0.074 N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage 0.040 0.652 0.074 464.3 0.076 0.079 0.017stdev 0.002 0.043 0.021 4.0 0.005 0.005 0.013

NMHC (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) TDL-NH3 (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

79 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2000 I0204042 OE 5 0.082 0.001 0.002 0.018 0.333 0.164 0.089 0.178 0.065 0.000 0.020 0.019 368.6 353.2 302.5 342.5 0.008 0.003 -0.002 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.003 0.002

Honda I0204045 OE 5 0.101 0.009 0.007 0.028 0.271 0.153 0.090 0.160 0.069 0.000 0.013 0.018 368.5 354.9 305.2 344.1 0.004 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.002 0.001

Accord I0204051 OE 5 0.097 0.003 0.004 0.023 0.302 0.127 0.123 0.162 0.075 0.000 0.030 0.024 372.7 356.8 307.5 346.5 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.006 0.003

average 0.023 0.167 0.020 344.4 0.002 0.000 0.002stdev 0.005 0.010 0.003 2.0 0.000 0.000 0.001I0204056 OE 30 0.077 0.001 0.001 0.017 0.284 0.152 0.038 0.148 0.064 0.000 0.020 0.019 365.5 356.2 303.5 343.6 0.008 0.004 -0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.001I0204060 OE 30 0.077 0.006 0.006 0.021 0.305 0.126 0.049 0.142 0.066 0.000 0.009 0.016 369.3 358.0 307.3 346.4 0.001 0.000 -0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.001 0.001average 0.019 0.145 0.018 345.0 0.002 0.000 0.001stdev 0.003 0.004 0.002 1.974 0.003 0.000 0.000I0204069 OE 150 0.074 0.002 0.003 0.017 0.240 0.113 0.013 0.112 0.063 0.000 0.013 0.017 368.4 356.5 306.1 345.2 0.002 0.004 -0.001 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.001 0.001I0204075 OE 150 0.089 0.003 0.004 0.021 0.201 0.076 0.001 0.081 0.073 0.000 0.032 0.024 373.3 358.9 305.9 347.3 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.002I0205007 OE 150 0.085 0.004 0.004 0.021 0.259 0.108 0.003 0.111 0.070 0.001 0.015 0.019 365.2 357.2 305.4 344.7 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.002average 0.020 0.101 0.020 345.7 0.003 0.000 0.002stdev 0.002 0.018 0.004 1.416 0.001 0.000 0.000I0204011 Aged 5 0.066 0.003 0.004 0.016 0.293 0.199 0.083 0.187 0.061 0.001 0.020 0.019 373.0 356.0 306.2 345.8 0.009 0.005 0.000 0.004 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AI0204015 Aged 5 0.073 0.001 0.004 0.017 0.311 0.198 0.087 0.191 0.077 0.000 0.027 0.023 372.3 352.9 305.3 343.8 0.001 0.004 -0.001 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.001average 0.016 0.189 0.021 344.8 0.003 0.001 0.001stdev 0.001 0.003 0.003 1.420 0.002 N/A N/AI0204019 Aged 30 0.061 0.003 0.006 0.016 0.291 0.198 0.060 0.180 0.073 0.000 0.029 0.023 376.6 358.4 308.1 348.3 0.010 0.014 0.004 0.009 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.002I0204023 Aged 30 0.069 0.002 0.004 0.016 0.346 0.165 0.088 0.181 0.075 0.000 0.019 0.021 368.7 354.1 305.8 343.9 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.001average 0.016 0.181 0.022 346.1 0.006 0.003 0.002stdev 0.000 0.001 0.001 3.161 0.004 0.003 0.001I0204028 Aged 150 0.070 0.002 0.005 0.017 0.356 0.134 0.059 0.159 0.069 0.000 0.025 0.021 367.6 355.7 304.8 344.2 0.015 0.018 0.009 0.015 0.005 0.018 0.001 0.011 0.005 0.000 0.005 0.002I0204029 Aged 150 0.068 0.001 0.005 0.016 0.274 0.099 0.020 0.113 0.070 0.000 0.028 0.022 366.1 356.8 305.8 344.7 0.006 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.006 0.003average 0.016 0.136 0.022 344.5 0.013 0.005 0.002stdev 0.001 0.033 0.001 0.402 0.003 0.008 0.000

TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

80 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0205062 OE 5 0.102 0.002 0.002 0.023 0.951 0.000 0.000 0.197 0.025 0.000 0.007 0.007 360.1 331.9 298.8 328.6 0.006 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.002

Nissan I0205064 OE 5 0.034 0.001 0.002 0.008 0.670 0.000 0.000 0.139 0.016 0.000 0.009 0.006 358.1 332.2 299.5 328.6 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000

Sentra I0205069 OE 5 0.039 0.002 0.002 0.010 0.884 0.000 0.000 0.183 0.024 0.000 0.006 0.007 353.0 328.9 296.4 325.0 0.010 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.001

average 0.014 0.173 0.007 327.4 0.003 0.000 0.001stdev 0.008 0.030 0.001 2.1 0.001 0.000 0.001I0206032 OE 30 0.030 0.001 0.002 0.007 0.519 0.015 0.014 0.119 0.013 0.001 0.006 0.005 352.9 327.5 298.7 324.9 0.008 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001I0206062 OE 30 0.049 0.002 0.002 0.012 1.181 0.028 0.015 0.263 0.013 0.000 0.004 0.004 354.1 332.7 303.3 329.1 0.009 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001I0206067 OE 30 0.025 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.624 0.020 0.027 0.147 0.055 0.000 0.005 0.013 357.6 330.5 304.6 329.0 0.011 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.000 0.000 0.002average 0.009 0.176 0.007 327.6 0.003 0.000 0.001stdev 0.003 0.076 0.005 2.4 0.001 0.000 0.001I0207004 OE 150 0.073 0.001 0.001 0.016 0.491 0.014 0.027 0.116 0.016 0.000 0.005 0.005 351.3 321.9 292.2 319.8 0.011 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.002I0207039 OE 150 0.039 0.001 0.001 0.009 0.804 0.017 0.026 0.183 0.018 0.000 0.007 0.006 353.6 328.2 300.8 325.9 0.011 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.001 0.000 0.002I0207041 OE 150 0.032 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.649 0.014 0.016 0.146 0.027 0.000 0.006 0.007 354.4 330.0 297.8 326.2 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.002average 0.011 0.148 0.006 324.0 0.003 0.000 0.002stdev 0.004 0.034 0.001 3.6 0.000 0.000 0.000I0205021 Aged 5 0.054 0.002 0.003 0.013 1.019 0.031 0.024 0.234 0.005 0.000 0.004 0.002 358.5 334.0 301.2 330.0 0.009 0.000 0.001 0.002 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AI0205022 Aged 5 0.032 0.002 0.001 0.008 0.650 0.029 0.010 0.152 0.060 0.000 0.007 0.014 355.0 330.3 298.7 326.7 0.010 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000I0205026 Aged 5 0.042 0.002 0.002 0.011 0.671 0.034 0.039 0.167 0.024 0.000 0.008 0.007 356.0 330.7 298.2 327.0 0.005 0.001 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001average 0.011 0.184 0.008 327.9 0.002 0.000 0.000stdev 0.003 0.044 0.006 1.8 0.001 N/A N/AI0205029 Aged 30 0.075 0.001 0.002 0.017 0.596 0.037 0.013 0.146 0.017 0.000 0.011 0.007 363.3 336.3 301.0 332.2 0.013 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000I0205035 Aged 30 0.041 0.002 0.003 0.010 0.778 0.031 0.017 0.182 0.025 0.000 0.005 0.006 355.3 330.0 300.7 327.1 0.006 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.001I0205045 Aged 30 0.041 0.002 0.003 0.010 0.634 0.034 0.027 0.156 0.047 0.000 0.011 0.013 357.6 330.2 293.3 325.7 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000average 0.012 0.161 0.009 328.3 0.002 0.000 0.001stdev 0.004 0.019 0.004 3.4 0.002 0.000 0.000I0205049 Aged 150 0.087 0.002 0.002 0.020 1.421 0.087 0.070 0.359 0.011 0.000 0.005 0.004 356.0 330.5 296.0 326.3 0.031 0.004 0.004 0.010 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.001I0205050 Aged 150 0.051 0.002 0.002 0.012 1.268 0.039 0.014 0.287 0.027 0.000 0.007 0.007 353.1 329.4 295.1 324.9 0.021 0.003 0.003 0.006 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AI0205055 Aged 150 0.047 0.002 0.002 0.011 1.097 0.050 0.045 0.266 0.026 0.000 0.005 0.007 354.9 327.9 296.1 324.8 0.013 0.008 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001average 0.014 0.304 0.006 325.3 0.008 0.002 0.001stdev 0.005 0.049 0.002 0.9 0.002 0.001 0.000

TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH 3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

81 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2000 I0204046 OE 5 0.449 0.004 0.003 0.096 2.723 0.194 0.076 0.685 0.490 0.007 0.016 0.110 297.4 319.0 274.0 302.4 0.016 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.005

VW I0204053 OE 5 0.492 0.002 0.002 0.103 3.815 0.225 0.069 0.943 0.284 0.020 0.020 0.075 299.4 319.5 275.6 303.3 0.031 0.002 0.001 0.008 0.020 0.005 0.000 0.007 0.034 0.000 0.001 0.007

Bora I0204055 OE 5 0.398 0.003 0.002 0.084 2.935 0.163 0.098 0.719 0.402 0.007 0.048 0.100 301.2 324.9 277.4 306.9 0.010 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.047 0.000 0.002 0.010

average 0.094 0.782 0.095 304.2 0.005 0.002 0.007stdev 0.010 0.140 0.018 2.4 0.002 0.004 0.003I0204070 OE 30 0.572 0.004 0.003 0.121 3.920 0.245 0.124 0.973 0.283 0.009 0.045 0.076 301.7 330.3 280.1 310.6 0.048 0.008 0.002 0.014 0.015 0.012 0.000 0.009 0.033 0.000 0.002 0.007I0204076 OE 30 0.504 0.004 0.003 0.107 2.936 0.195 0.067 0.727 0.317 0.004 0.031 0.076 304.7 340.2 278.1 315.9 0.024 0.005 0.001 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.037 0.000 0.001 0.008average 0.114 0.850 0.076 313.2 0.011 0.005 0.008stdev 0.010 0.174 0.000 3.7 0.005 0.01 0.000I0205025 OE 150 0.559 0.003 0.002 0.118 3.260 0.205 0.067 0.799 0.286 0.002 0.034 0.069 295.7 323.3 273.5 303.9 0.026 0.006 -0.001 0.008 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.036 0.000 0.002 0.008I0205030 OE 150 0.446 0.003 0.003 0.095 2.839 0.286 0.070 0.756 0.400 0.006 0.053 0.101 306.1 337.0 280.8 315.2 0.009 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.036 0.000 0.003 0.008I0205034 OE 150 0.587 0.004 0.003 0.125 3.181 0.221 0.066 0.791 0.244 0.008 0.015 0.059 318.5 344.6 293.9 325.2 0.015 0.004 0.001 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.000 0.006average 0.112 0.782 0.076 314.8 0.006 0.000 0.007stdev 0.016 0.023 0.022 10.7 0.002 0.001 0.001I0202059 Aged 5 0.545 0.003 0.005 0.116 3.587 0.318 0.145 0.935 0.365 0.028 0.145 0.130 301.2 325.6 281.8 308.5 0.043 0.009 0.002 0.014 0.034 0.013 0.001 0.014 0.029 0.000 0.009 0.009I0202061 Aged 5 0.558 0.002 0.015 0.121 3.253 0.204 0.083 0.803 0.374 0.030 0.139 0.131 301.6 324.9 280.5 307.9 0.033 0.005 0.003 0.010 0.020 0.005 0.000 0.007 0.024 0.000 0.009 0.007average 0.119 0.869 0.131 308.2 0.012 0.010 0.008stdev 0.004 0.093 0.001 0.5 0.003 0.005 0.001I0203029 Aged 30 0.489 0.004 0.004 0.105 3.583 0.161 0.088 0.849 0.468 0.043 0.118 0.152 301.2 328.5 280.1 309.5 0.020 0.006 0.002 0.008 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.033 0.000 0.008 0.009I0203043 Aged 30 0.506 0.003 0.004 0.108 3.994 0.220 0.040 0.953 0.447 0.045 0.105 0.145 300.4 322.1 277.3 305.3 0.037 0.003 -0.002 0.009 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage 0.107 0.901 0.149 307.4 0.008 0.003 0.009stdev 0.002 0.074 0.005 3.0 0.001 N/A N/AI0203068 Aged 150 0.518 0.003 0.005 0.110 4.342 0.097 0.061 0.966 0.522 0.052 0.102 0.163 294.4 318.4 276.9 302.0 0.031 0.003 0.001 0.008 0.008 0.005 0.000 0.004 0.035 0.001 0.007 0.010I0204002 Aged 150 0.524 0.003 0.004 0.111 3.721 0.115 0.062 0.848 0.460 0.013 0.098 0.129 297.5 324.8 278.0 306.3 0.027 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.036 0.000 0.007 0.009average 0.111 0.907 0.146 304.2 0.008 0.002 0.010stdev 0.001 0.083 0.024 3.0 0.000 0.003 0.000

TDL-NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH3 (g/mi) FTIR - N2O (g/mi) NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

82 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix E. Detailed FTP Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Cat. Fuel S bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd bag 1 bag 2 bag 3 Wgtd

2001 I0204039 OE 5 0.228 0.002 0.003 0.049 1.146 0.020 0.030 0.256 0.023 0.035 0.040 0.034 303.3 292.6 263.1 286.7 0.022 0.003 -0.001 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.004 0.002

Renault I0204040 OE 5 0.208 0.003 0.003 0.045 0.824 0.015 0.038 0.189 0.025 0.030 0.029 0.029 297.7 298.1 260.1 287.6 0.025 0.004 0.002 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.003

Megane I0205041 OE 5 0.220 0.003 0.003 0.048 0.930 0.035 0.047 0.223 0.028 0.038 0.054 0.040 313.6 318.0 276.2 305.8 0.016 0.003 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.002

I0205046 OE 5 0.231 0.003 0.005 0.051 1.050 0.002 0.023 0.225 0.029 0.042 0.056 0.043 305.2 289.8 261.7 285.3 0.015 0.001 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.001 0.007 0.004average 0.048 0.223 0.037 291.3 0.005 0.000 0.002stdev 0.002 0.027 0.006 9.67 0.002 0.001 0.001I0204064 OE 30 0.215 0.003 0.004 0.047 0.858 0.006 0.028 0.189 0.031 0.036 0.088 0.049 298.9 300.6 263.3 290.0 0.019 0.001 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.002 0.008 0.004I0204067 OE 30 0.227 0.004 0.004 0.050 1.124 0.011 0.031 0.247 0.025 0.028 0.068 0.039 299.0 299.0 264.4 289.5 0.021 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.008 0.003I0205052 OE 30 0.250 0.003 0.004 0.054 0.914 0.008 0.023 0.200 0.031 0.029 0.149 0.062 298.1 290.5 256.7 282.8 0.034 0.004 0.000 0.009 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.010 0.003I0205056 OE 30 0.226 0.003 0.004 0.050 0.980 0.014 0.034 0.220 0.050 0.030 0.055 0.041 298.0 293.9 261.0 285.7 0.037 0.003 0.001 0.009 0.004 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.007 0.003average 0.050 0.214 0.048 287.0 0.007 0.001 0.003stdev 0.003 0.025 0.010 3.389 0.003 0.000 0.001I0205002 OE 150 0.324 0.005 0.004 0.071 1.172 0.014 0.023 0.257 0.048 0.031 0.067 0.044 327.9 315.6 278.7 308.0 0.022 0.005 0.001 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.006 0.003I0205008 OE 150 0.267 0.003 0.005 0.058 0.877 0.008 0.026 0.193 0.031 0.034 0.120 0.057 301.6 291.1 263.6 285.7 0.024 0.002 0.001 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.015 0.005average 0.065 0.225 0.051 296.9 0.007 0.000 0.004stdev 0.009 0.045 0.009 15.782 0.001 0.000 0.001I0203023 Aged 5 0.247 0.003 0.008 0.055 1.369 0.038 0.139 0.341 0.028 0.028 0.050 0.034 301.4 309.8 263.9 295.5 0.052 0.008 0.026 0.022 0.037 0.021 0.021 0.025 0.007 0.002 0.004 0.004I0203025 Aged 5 0.277 0.004 0.007 0.061 1.342 0.051 0.080 0.327 0.024 0.032 0.042 0.033 304.9 302.5 268.9 293.8 0.054 0.011 0.012 0.021 0.033 0.019 0.009 0.019 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.002average 0.058 0.334 0.034 294.6 0.021 0.022 0.003stdev 0.004 0.010 0.001 1.206 0.001 0.004 0.001I0203044 Aged 30 0.255 0.002 0.007 0.056 1.194 0.040 0.091 0.294 0.047 0.031 0.056 0.041 306.4 297.8 266.2 290.9 0.051 0.008 0.013 0.018 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AI0203049 Aged 30 0.256 0.003 0.010 0.057 1.211 0.028 0.203 0.321 0.042 0.049 0.043 0.046 305.3 293.2 263.3 287.5 0.039 0.006 0.018 0.016 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage 0.057 0.308 0.044 289.2 0.017 N/A N/Astdev 0.001 0.019 0.004 2.414 0.002 N/A N/AI0203067 Aged 150 0.293 0.003 0.017 0.067 1.435 0.027 0.167 0.358 0.048 0.034 0.073 0.048 311.1 301.9 264.6 293.6 0.025 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.011 0.001 0.011 0.006I0204003 Aged 150 0.260 0.002 0.029 0.063 1.486 0.054 0.259 0.407 0.023 0.022 0.044 0.028 295.5 290.6 262.3 283.9 0.037 0.005 0.007 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.000 0.007 0.005I0204008 Aged 150 0.356 0.004 0.035 0.085 1.700 0.025 0.354 0.462 0.049 0.031 0.036 0.036 301.4 292.7 262.6 286.2 0.035 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.004 0.006 0.000 0.004 0.017 0.000 0.008 0.006average 0.072 0.409 0.037 287.9 0.011 0.004 0.005stdev 0.012 0.052 0.010 5.1 0.003 0.002 0.001

NMHC (g/mi) CO (g/mi) NOx (g/mi) CO2 (g/mi) TDL-NH 3 (g/mi) FTIR - NH 3 (g/mi) FTIR - N 2O (g/mi)
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

83 

Appendix F. FTP Statistical Analysis Results 

Statistical Analysis for FTP Emissions Results Excluding the European Vehicles 

 NMHC THC CO NOx NH3 N2O 

 p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value

Vehicle 0.0107 0.0110 0.0110 0.0135 0.0146 0.0140

Catalyst age 0.5630 0.1137 0.0256 0.4406 0.0212 0.2463

Fuel sulfur level 0.0329 <0.0001 0.7118 0.0024 0.4059 <0.0001

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0350 0.0234 0.1185 0.0195 0.0738 0.0732

Vehicle*Fuel - - - 0.0074 0.3845 0.1179

No 

outliers 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0806 0.0427 0.8674 0.8163 0.8973 0.8220

Vehicle 0.0106 0.0109 0.0110 0.0134 0.0145 0.0139

Catalyst age 0.5746 0.1154 0.0266 0.4521 0.0211 0.2455

Fuel sulfur level 0.0361 <0.0001 0.6758 0.0021 0.4053 <0.0001

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0382 0.0246 0.1189 0.0190 0.0701 0.0694

Vehicle*Fuel - - - 0.0069 0.3865 0.1097

Logarithmic 

All Data 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0847 0.0513 0.8238 0.8306 0.8801 0.7269

Vehicle 0.0118 0.0128 0.0119 0.0465 0.0710 0.0513

Catalyst age 0.6483 0.1906 0.1112 0.3897 0.2680 0.0456

Fuel sulfur level 0.0794 0.0011 0.2698 0.0200 0.3819 0.0649

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0281 0.0208 0.1191 0.0137 0.0175 0.4376

Vehicle*Fuel 0.2930 0.2453 - 0.0060 - 0.0006

No 

outliers 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.5901 0.4431 0.6693 0.1670 0.4370 0.8133

Vehicle 0.0115 0.0125 0.0118 0.0456 0.0710 0.0513

Catalyst age 0.6711 0.1912 0.1125 0.4009 0.2664 0.0454

Fuel sulfur level 0.0774 0.0010 0.2117 0.0173 0.3960 0.0633

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0384 0.0230 0.1172 0.0135 0.0174 0.3737

Vehicle*Fuel 0.3921 0.2522 - 0.0053 - 0.0006

Arithmetic 

All Data 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.6289 0.5653 0.4472 0.2277 0.3809 0.9253

“-” = no interaction 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

84 

Appendix F. Cont. 

Statistical Analysis Results for Individual Bags 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 1 NH3 Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0126 0.0329 

Catalyst age 0.0069 0.3622 

Fuel sulfur level 0.5945 0.5747 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0640 0.0225 

Vehicle*Fuel - - 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.4928 0.2612 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 2 NH3 Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0136 0.0468 

Catalyst age 0.0272 0.1391 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0944 0.6818 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.4086 0.0282 

Vehicle*Fuel - 0.1106 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.4966 0.1696 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 3 NH3 Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0665 0.2855 

Catalyst age 0.4439 0.4746 

Fuel sulfur level 0.2115 0.3010 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0368 0.0213 

Vehicle*Fuel - 0.4883 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0652 0.5246 

“-” = no interaction
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

85 

Appendix F. Cont. 

Statistical Analysis Results for Individual Bags 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 1 NMHC Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0107 0.0119 

Catalyst age 0.6337 0.7521 

Fuel sulfur level 0.1054 0.2070 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0398 0.0296 

Vehicle*Fuel - - 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0418 0.3909 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 2 NMHC Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0160 0.0137 

Catalyst age 0.9052 0.5188 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0260 0.0063 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0985 - 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.2235 - 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.5167 0.6605 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 3 NMHC Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0124 0.0137 

Catalyst age 0.0085 0.0537 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0555 0.0101 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0379 0.0439 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0229 0.0684 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.4006 0.4996 

“-” = no interaction
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

86 

Appendix F. Cont. 

Statistical Analysis Results for Individual Bags 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 1 THC Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0107 0.0119 

Catalyst age 0.3867 0.5316 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0468 0.1290 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0326 0.0273 

Vehicle*Fuel - - 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0263 0.3606 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 2 THC Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0182 0.0302 

Catalyst age 0.2814 0.0905 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0220 0.0008 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0257 0.0192 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0628 0.0064 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.3977 0.8519 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 3 THC Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0117 0.0189 

Catalyst age 0.0019 0.0231 

Fuel sulfur level <0.0001 <0.0001 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0235 0.0185 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.1107 0.0927 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.5961 0.7134 

“-” = no interaction
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

87 

Appendix F. Cont. 

Statistical Analysis Results for Individual Bags 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 1 CO Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0103 0.0111 

Catalyst age 0.0328 0.1222 

Fuel sulfur level 0.7357 0.4895 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0770 0.1192 

Vehicle*Fuel - - 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.3054 0.4137 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 2 CO Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0142 0.0145 

Catalyst age 0.2814 0.3814 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0220 0.2912 

Vehicle*Catalyst - - 

Vehicle*Fuel - - 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.3977 0.1359 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 3 CO Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0537 0.1155 

Catalyst age 0.0347 0.1442 

Fuel sulfur level 0.1152 0.0198 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.2595 0.0772 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.2006 - 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.4500 0.7390 

“-” = no interaction
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

88 

Appendix F. Cont. 

Statistical Analysis Results for Individual Bags 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 1 NOx Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0119 0.0123 

Catalyst age 0.6204 0.8133 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0388 0.0092 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0486 0.0399 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0362 0.1748 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.3813 0.5020 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 2 NOx Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0185 0.1175 

Catalyst age 0.2879 0.3597 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0227 0.1860 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0690 0.0114 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0117 0.0034 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.6881 0.3407 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 3 NOx Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0174 0.0416 

Catalyst age 0.4861 0.3840 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0051 0.0037 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.1277 0.0297 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.2567 0.1038 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.9962 0.3066 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

89 

Appendix F. Cont. 

FTP Statistical Analysis Results 

Statistical Analysis Results for Individual Bags 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 1 N2O Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0168 0.0242 

Catalyst age 0.4536 0.4581 

Fuel sulfur level <0.0001 0.0040 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0230 0.0534 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.1115 0.0010 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.7401 0.4845 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 2 N2O Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0316 0.0741 

Catalyst age 0.3929 0.8716 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0571 0.2488 

Vehicle*Catalyst - - 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.2634 0.0007 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.5663 0.1469 

ANOVA Analyses for FTP Bag 3 N2O Emissions 

 No Outliers 

 logarithm arithmetic 

 p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0205 0.0398 

Catalyst age 0.0357 0.0994 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0002 0.0219 

Vehicle*Catalyst - 0.3254 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0457 0.0050 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.8808 0.2035 

“-” = no interaction
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

90 

Appendix F. cont. 

Statistical Analysis Results for FTP Emissions Including the European Vehicles 

 NMHC THC CO NOx NH3 N2O 

 p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0060 0.0062 0.0065 0.0083 0.0090 0.0087 

Catalyst age 0.3715 0.0574 0.0084 0.3217 0.0072 0.1698 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0135 <0.0001 0.5905 0.0021 0.6112 <0.0001 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0346 0.0206 0.0740 0.0115 0.0610 0.0607 

Vehicle*Fuel - - - 0.0041 0.4070 0.0545 

No 

outliers 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.3309 0.1714 0.8407 0.6832 0.9087 0.8609 

Vehicle 0.0060 0.0061 0.0064 0.0083 0.0090 0.0087 

Catalyst age 0.3794 0.0581 0.0088 0.3304 0.0072 0.1682 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0129 <0.0001 0.5476 0.0018 0.6104 <0.0001 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0376 0.0217 0.0742 0.0112 0.0612 0.0567 

Vehicle*Fuel - - - 0.0037 0.4095 0.0496 

Logarithmic 

All 

Data 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.3238 0.1998 0.8527 0.6727 0.8962 0.7717 

Vehicle 0.0063 0.0069 0.0069 0.0328 0.0529 0.0389 

Catalyst age 0.3890 0.0883 0.0514 0.2540 0.2016 0.0259 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0281 0.0003 0.2356 0.0182 0.5259 0.0602 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0394 0.0197 0.1026 0.0083 0.0113 - 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.4631 0.2727 - 0.0040 - 0.0002 

No 

outliers 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.8967 0.7086 0.7487 0.1674 0.3483 0.7893 

Vehicle 0.0062 0.0068 0.0068 0.0323 0.0528 0.0389 

Catalyst age 0.4008 0.0874 0.0516 0.2621 0.2010 0.0253 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0230 0.0002 0.1811 0.0158 0.5408 0.0587 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0500 0.0226 0.1021 0.0081 0.0112 - 

Vehicle*Fuel - 0.2985 - 0.0034 - 0.0002 

Arithmetic 

All 

Data 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.9351 0.9720 0.5413 0.2183 0.3101 0.9053 

“-” = no interaction
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

91 

Appendix G. THC Emissions Results 

FTP THC Emissions Results (g/mi) 

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

European 

Excluded 

European 

Included 

European 

Excluded 

European 

 Included 

5 0.053 0.058 OE 0.052 0.058 

30 0.052 0.058 Aged 0.057 0.064 

150 0.059 0.066 

 

FTP THC Emissions Results for Individual Bags (g/mi) 

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 Bag 1 Bag 2 Bag 3 

5 0.219 0.007 0.016 OE 0.213 0.007 0.016 

30 0.210 0.008 0.016 Aged 0.221 0.010 0.022 

150 0.223 0.012 0.024 

 

US06 THC Emissions Results (g/mi)

 Fuel Averages Catalyst Averages 

European 

Excluded 

European 

Included 

European 

Excluded 

European 

 Included 

5 0.024 0.023 OE 0.034 0.033 

30 0.037 0.035 Aged 0.046 0.044 

150 0.059 0.058 

 
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Ford Taurus SES I0204010 4/4/2002 23,680 OE 5 0.034 3.610 0.003 365.1 0.022 0.025 0.000

I0204014 4/5/2002 23,699 OE 5 0.033 2.870 0.004 360.2 0.020 N/A N/A

average 0.034 3.240 0.004 362.7 0.021 0.025 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.523 0.001 3.499 0.002 N/A N/A

I0204020 4/9/2002 23,801 OE 30 0.030 2.785 0.004 357.1 0.029 0.022 0.000I0204024 4/10/2002 23,820 OE 30 0.042 3.492 0.008 348.5 0.033 0.026 0.000

average 0.036 3.139 0.006 352.8 0.031 0.024 0.000

stdev 0.008 0.500 0.003 6.109 0.003 0.003 0.000

I0204033 4/12/2002 23,951 OE 150 0.059 4.515 0.000 351.6 0.040 0.032 0.003I0204036 4/16/2002 23,978 OE 150 0.055 4.209 0.025 355.7 0.039 0.029 0.005

average 0.057 4.362 0.013 353.7 0.040 0.031 0.004

stdev 0.003 0.216 0.018 2.907 0.001 0.002 0.002

I0204048 4/18/2002 24,154 Aged 5 0.031 2.680 0.000 359.2 0.035 0.025 0.000I0204050 4/19/2002 24,173 Aged 5 0.037 3.256 0.005 354.8 0.039 0.029 0.000

average 0.034 2.968 0.003 357.0 0.037 0.027 0.000

stdev 0.004 0.407 0.004 3.096 0.003 0.003 0.000

I0204057 4/23/2002 24,273 Aged 30 0.050 3.600 0.016 351.0 0.050 0.031 0.001I0204059 4/24/2002 24,322 Aged 30 0.070 5.532 0.010 357.8 0.044 0.032 0.001I0204063 4/25/2002 24,341 Aged 30 0.062 4.350 0.013 353.8 0.041 0.024 0.001

average 0.061 4.494 0.013 354.2 0.045 0.029 0.001

stdev 0.010 0.974 0.003 3.417 0.004 0.004 0.000

I0204068 4/26/2002 24,441 Aged 150 0.098 6.929 0.058 359.0 0.057 0.042 0.007I0204074 4/30/2002 24,468 Aged 150 0.081 4.400 0.074 351.7 0.062 0.041 0.009

average 0.090 5.665 0.066 355.4 0.060 0.042 0.008

stdev 0.012 1.788 0.011 5.150 0.004 0.001 0.002
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Chevy Cavalier I0206012 6/5/2002 22,613 OE 5 0.004 0.909 0.100 288.3 0.010 0.000 0.000

I0206016 6/62002 22,633 OE 5 0.004 1.554 0.058 284.8 0.025 0.016 0.000I0206017 6/7/2002 22,652 OE 5 0.005 1.073 0.067 287.1 0.008 0.002 0.000

average 0.004 1.179 0.075 286.7 0.014 0.006 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.335 0.022 1.8 0.009 0.008 0.000

I0206024 6/13/2002 22,760 OE 30 0.009 1.958 0.138 281.6 0.022 0.023 0.001I0206029 6/14/2002 22,779 OE 30 0.010 3.305 0.101 281.9 0.036 0.036 0.000

average 0.010 2.63 0.120 281.8 0.029 0.029 0.001

stdev 0.001 0.95 0.026 0.2 0.010 0.009 0.001

I0206057 6/25/2002 22,954 OE 150 0.016 2.613 0.130 291.7 0.037 0.035 0.004

I0206058 6/26/2002 22,973 OE 150 0.013 2.048 0.163 291.1 0.031 N/A N/A

average 0.015 2.33 0.147 291.4 0.034 0.035 0.004

stdev 0.002 0.40 0.023 0.5 0.004 N/A N/A

I0206068 6/28/2002 23,126 Aged 5 0.007 2.863 0.108 296.4 0.041 0.039 0.000

I0207003 7/2/2002 23,153 Aged 5 0.004 1.927 0.058 283.1 0.026 0.018 0.001

average 0.006 2.40 0.083 289.8 0.033 0.028 0.000

stdev 0.002 0.66 0.035 9.4 0.010 0.015 0.000

I0207009 7/3/2002 23,254 Aged 30 0.014 2.483 0.082 278.9 0.034 0.037 0.001

I0207017 7/10/2002 23,288 Aged 30 0.008 1.311 0.098 277.1 0.023 0.021 0.001

average 0.011 1.90 0.090 278.0 0.028 0.029 0.001

stdev 0.004 0.83 0.011 1.3 0.008 0.012 0.000

I0207021 7/11/2002 23,419 Aged 150 0.020 2.097 0.139 277.1 0.040 0.032 0.004

I0207024 7/12/2002 23,438 Aged 150 0.024 3.078 0.131 266.8 0.039 0.033 0.004

average 0.022 2.588 0.135 271.9 0.040 0.033 0.004

stdev 0.003 0.694 0.006 7.3 0.000 0.001 0.000
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

2001 Chevy Silverado I0207038 7/17/2002 8,507 OE 5 0.039 0.784 0.061 484.8 0.022 0.022 0.000

I0207040 7/18/2002 8,526 OE 5 0.043 0.949 0.067 490.5 0.034 0.031 0.000

average 0.041 0.867 0.064 487.7 0.028 0.027 0.000

stdev 0.003 0.12 0.004 4.1 0.008 0.006 0.000

I0207044 7/24/2002 8,653 OE 30 0.049 0.782 0.082 474.9 0.056 0.059 0.001I0207043 7/23/2002 8,634 OE 30 0.059 0.934 0.103 475.5 0.072 0.072 0.002

average 0.054 0.858 0.093 475.2 0.064 0.066 0.001

I0207050 7/30/2002 8,830 OE 150 0.072 1.109 0.151 481.8 0.137 0.121 0.006I0207047 7/26/2002 8,803 OE 150 0.071 1.130 0.144 482.6 0.127 0.124 0.006I0207046 7/25/2002 8,784 OE 150 0.073 1.164 0.143 477.3 0.130 0.133 0.006stdev 0.007 0.11 0.015 0.5 0.011 0.009 0.001

average 0.072 1.134 0.146 480.6 0.131 0.126 0.006

stdev 0.001 0.028 0.004 2.9 0.005 0.006 0.000

I0208007 8/6/2002 9,018 Aged 5 0.034 1.112 0.098 470.8 0.127 0.138 0.002I0208003 8/2/2002 8,991 Aged 5 0.034 1.190 0.086 474.3 0.116 0.138 0.001I0208001 8/1/2002 8,972 Aged 5 0.031 1.023 0.088 474.4 0.091 0.120 0.000

average 0.033 1.108 0.091 473.2 0.111 0.132 0.001

stdev 0.002 0.084 0.006 2.1 0.018 0.010 0.001

I0208012 8/13/2002 9,210 Aged 30 0.045 1.318 0.169 473.8 0.177 0.200 0.004I0208009 8/9/2002 9,153 Aged 30 0.046 1.227 0.168 472.4 0.196 0.218 0.008I0208008 8/8/2002 9,134 Aged 30 0.044 1.305 0.206 468.0 0.218 0.233 0.007

average 0.045 1.283 0.181 471.4 0.197 0.217 0.006

stdev 0.001 0.049 0.022 3.0 0.021 0.016 0.002

I0208014 8/15/2002 9,320 Aged 150 0.069 1.643 0.394 478.3 0.208 0.215 0.017I0208013 8/14/2002 9,301 Aged 150 0.076 1.575 0.418 471.5 0.225 0.217 0.026

average 0.073 1.609 0.406 474.9 0.216 0.216 0.021

stdev 0.005 0.05 0.017 4.8 0.012 0.001 0.007
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

95 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

 Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2000 Jeep I0206005 6/5/2002 29,704 OE 5 0.045 7.325 0.034 512.2 0.221 0.224 0.006Grand Cherokee I0206014 6/6/2002 29,723 OE 5 0.045 4.499 0.046 509.8 0.290 0.257 0.006

average 0.045 5.91 0.040 511.0 0.255 0.240 0.006

stdev 0.000 2.00 0.008 1.7 0.049 0.023 0.000

I0206022 6/13/2002 29,830 OE 30 0.053 11.328 0.09 525.2 0.167 0.160 0.017I0206025 6/14/2002 29,849 OE 30 0.047 4.337 0.097 523.2 0.296 0.265 0.014

average 0.050 7.83 0.094 524.2 0.231 0.212 0.015

stdev 0.004 4.94 0.005 1.4 0.092 0.074 0.002

I0206031 6/15/2002 29,979 OE 150 0.062 6.802 0.329 521.5 0.214 0.130 0.054I0206048 6/19/2002 30,005 OE 150 0.088 9.172 0.331 519.2 0.302 0.268 0.044I0206056 6/25/2002 30,057 OE 150 0.117 16.367 0.259 512.0 0.331 0.395 0.034

average 0.089 10.78 0.306 517.6 0.282 0.264 0.044

stdev 0.028 4.98 0.041 4.9 0.061 0.133 0.010

I0207002 7/2/2002 30,226 Aged 5 0.015 3.787 0.026 489.7 0.187 0.164 0.002I0207006 7/3/2002 30,245 Aged 5 0.014 3.588 0.013 486.8 0.136 0.139 0.003I0207014 7/10/2002 30,271 Aged 5 0.018 6.367 0.018 486.7 0.216 0.190 0.002average 0.016 4.581 0.019 487.7 0.162 0.152 0.002

stdev 0.002 1.550 0.007 1.7 0.036 0.018 0.000

I0207022 7/11/2002 30,372 Aged 30 0.056 1.751 0.166 483.4 0.203 0.197 0.019I0207025 7/12/2002 30,391 Aged 30 0.039 4.344 0.116 462.8 0.212 0.197 0.015

average 0.048 3.048 0.141 473.1 0.207 0.197 0.017

stdev 0.012 1.834 0.035 14.6 0.006 0.000 0.003

I0207035 7/16/2002 30,528 Aged 150 0.095 12.165 0.308 487.9 0.194 0.153 0.055I0207037 7/17/2002 30,547 Aged 150 0.099 12.143 0.300 491.4 0.210 0.185 0.044

average 0.097 12.15 0.304 489.7 0.202 0.169 0.050

stdev 0.003 0.02 0.006 2.4 0.011 0.023 0.007
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

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 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

 Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Buick LeSabre I0203016 3/8/2002 20,565 OE 5 0.004 0.210 0.014 344.0 0.011 0.000 0.000

I0203020 3/12/2002 20,593 OE 5 0.005 0.561 0.012 349.7 0.036 0.012 0.000

average 0.005 0.386 0.013 346.8 0.023 0.006 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.248 0.001 4.101 0.018 0.009 0.000

I0203031 3/14/2002 20,695 OE 30 0.006 0.258 0.030 340.2 0.031 0.021 0.003I0203040 3/19/2002 20,721 OE 30 0.007 0.245 0.020 340.1 0.021 0.016 0.001

average 0.007 0.252 0.025 340.2 0.026 0.018 0.002

stdev 0.001 0.009 0.007 0.078 0.007 0.003 0.001

I0203048 3/21/2002 20,824 OE 150 0.011 0.724 0.066 343.7 0.040 0.033 0.011I0203051 3/22/2002 20,843 OE 150 0.011 0.804 0.055 337.5 0.041 0.031 0.007

average 0.011 0.764 0.061 340.6 0.040 0.032 0.009

stdev 0.000 0.057 0.008 4.387 0.001 0.001 0.003

I0202051 2/22/2002 20,164 Aged 5 0.009 0.912 0.037 349.1 0.102 0.104 0.004I0202054 2/26/2002 20,190 Aged 5 0.009 1.709 0.099 355.0 0.100 0.099 0.005

average 0.009 1.311 0.068 352.0 0.101 0.102 0.005

stdev 0.000 0.564 0.044 4.172 0.001 0.003 0.001

I0202063 2/28/2002 20,292 Aged 30 0.011 1.118 0.084 347.0 0.068 0.069 0.011I0203002 3/1/2002 20,310 Aged 30 0.009 0.994 0.071 343.1 0.076 0.084 0.011

average 0.010 1.056 0.078 345.1 0.072 0.076 0.011

stdev 0.001 0.088 0.009 2.758 0.006 0.010 0.000

I0203006 3/5/2002 20,411 Aged 150 0.023 2.957 0.292 351.5 0.093 0.101 0.037I0203009 3/6/2002 20,430 Aged 150 0.021 2.901 0.284 362.9 0.100 0.109 N/A

average 0.022 2.929 0.288 357.2 0.097 0.105 0.037

stdev 0.001 0.040 0.006 8.025 0.005 0.006 N/A
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

97 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

2001 Dodge Neon I0203021 3/12/2002 19,067 OE 5 0.004 5.495 0.028 278.9 0.044 0.024 0.000

I0203024 3/13/2002 19,086 OE 5 0.002 3.842 0.038 275.6 0.025 0.014 0.000

I0203050 3/22/2002 19,398 OE 30I0203046 3/21/2002 19,378 OE 30 0.006 9.171 0.041 286.1 0.049 N/A N/Astdev 0.001 1.169 0.007 2.317 0.014 0.007 0.000average 0.003 4.669 0.033 277.2 0.034 0.019 0.000

0.004 4.879 0.047 281.9 0.030 0.017 0.000

I0203034 3/15/2002 19,206 OE 150I0203030 3/14/2002 19,187 OE 150 0.009 4.615 0.072 272.3 0.047 0.036 0.002stdev 0.001 3.035 0.004 2.945 0.013 N/A N/Aaverage 0.005 7.025 0.044 284.0 0.039 0.017 0.000

0.010 4.144 0.076 268.9 0.046 0.030 0.003

I0202046 2/21/2002 18,654 Aged 5I0202043 2/20/2002 18,634 Aged 5 0.009 8.182 0.049 287.8 0.048 0.036 0.000stdev 0.007 2.817 0.019 8.611 0.010 0.005 0.001average 0.013 6.000 0.085 275.5 0.052 0.035 0.003I0203039 3/19/2002 19,233 OE 150 0.021 9.241 0.106 285.2 0.064 0.039 0.003

0.006 7.111 0.028 284.8 0.034 0.019 0.000

I0202062 2/28/2002 18,875 Aged 150stdev 0.001 0.779 0.018 11.45 0.002 0.008 0.005average 0.010 7.817 0.069 288.0 0.029 0.025 0.003I0202053 2/26/2002 18,778 Aged 30 0.009 8.368 0.082 296.1 0.028 0.020 0.000I0202050 2/22/2002 18,752 Aged 30 0.010 7.266 0.056 279.9 0.030 0.031 0.007stdev 0.002 0.757 0.015 2.111 0.010 0.011 0.000average 0.008 7.647 0.039 286.3 0.041 0.028 0.000

0.038 9.373 0.088 286.2 0.045 0.046 0.001

I0203001 3/1/2002 18,895 Aged 150 0.019 5.957 0.050 277.6 0.035 0.022 0.001

I0203008 3/5/2002 18,922 Aged 150 0.040 10.873 0.091 286.8 0.074 0.063 0.000stdev 0.012 2.519 0.023 5.172 0.021 0.020 0.001average 0.032 8.734 0.076 283.5 0.051 0.044 0.001
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

98 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Toyota Camry I0203007 3/5/2002 22,946 OE 5 0.008 4.133 0.039 319.2 0.157 0.106 0.002

I0203010 3/6/2002 22,515 OE 5 0.009 5.548 0.032 317.1 0.178 0.124 0.001average 0.009 4.841 0.036 318.2 0.168 0.115 0.002

stdev 0.001 1.001 0.005 1.500 0.014 0.013 0.000I0203017 3/8/2002 22,614 OE 30 0.021 7.305 0.070 316.6 0.180 0.115 0.003

I0203022 3/12/2002 22,642 OE 30 0.027 8.081 0.072 319.4 0.179 0.113 0.003I0203026 3/13/2002 22,660 OE 30 0.020 6.996 0.083 309.7 0.144 0.094 0.005average 0.023 7.461 0.075 315.3 0.167 0.107 0.004

stdev 0.004 0.559 0.007 4.978 0.020 0.011 0.001I0203041 2/19/2002 22,779 OE 150 0.033 4.675 0.143 308.2 0.115 0.072 0.008

I0203045 2/20/2002 22,798 OE 150 0.032 4.933 0.121 304.2 0.114 N/A N/A

average 0.033 4.804 0.132 306.2 0.115 0.072 0.008

stdev 0.001 0.182 0.016 2.869 0.001 N/A N/A

I0201046 1/31/2002 22,055 Aged 5 0.020 9.259 0.054 331.2 0.179 0.172 0.002

I0202001 2/1/2002 22,074 Aged 5 0.009 4.844 0.027 315.9 0.077 0.074 0.000

I0202008 2/5/2002 22,100 Aged 5 0.009 3.897 0.034 317.8 0.098 0.097 0.001

average 0.013 6.000 0.038 321.6 0.118 0.114 0.001

stdev 0.006 2.862 0.014 8.353 0.054 0.051 0.001I0202016 2/7/2002 22,199 Aged 30 0.035 8.190 0.069 321.8 0.135 0.102 0.004

I0202018 2/8/2002 22,217 Aged 30 0.021 4.512 0.064 321.8 0.152 0.124 0.002average 0.028 6.351 0.067 321.8 0.144 0.113 0.003

stdev 0.010 2.601 0.004 0.014 0.012 0.015 0.002I0202036 2/14/2002 22,310 Aged 150 0.079 12.189 0.179 323.1 0.103 0.084 0.007

I0202037 2/15/2002 22,329 Aged 150 0.053 7.550 0.160 313.1 0.113 0.075 0.006I0202057 2/27/2002 22,355 Aged 150 0.053 9.054 0.152 310.2 0.107 0.081 0.008average 0.062 9.598 0.164 315.5 0.107 0.080 0.007

stdev 0.015 2.367 0.014 6.778 0.005 0.004 0.001
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

99 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Chrysler Sebring I0205020 5/8/2002 19,808 OE 5 0.012 21.78 0.017 376.6 0.114 0.144 0.000

I0205023 5/9/2002 19,827 OE 5 0.007 15.05 0.022 374.2 0.125 0.102 0.000

average 0.010 18.41 0.020 375.4 0.119 0.123 0.000

stdev 0.004 4.76 0.004 1.759 0.007 0.030 0.000

I0205027 5/10/2002 19,928 OE 30 0.019 17.26 0.064 371.9 0.141 0.140 0.000I0205031 5/14/2002 19,954 OE 30 0.016 16.74 0.067 373.0 0.135 0.130 0.000

average 0.018 17.00 0.066 372.4 0.138 0.135 0.000

stdev 0.002 0.37 0.002 0.801 0.004 0.007 0.000

I0205039 5/16/2002 20,087 OE 150 0.022 13.26 0.177 380.2 0.096 N/A N/A

I0205040 5/17/2002 20,106 OE 150 0.016 10.67 0.098 375.4 0.105 0.084 0.000

I0205044 5/21/2002 20,132 OE 150 0.025 13.81 0.086 376.5 0.134 0.108 0.000

average 0.021 12.58 0.120 377.4 0.112 0.096 0.000

stdev 0.005 1.68 0.049 2.506 0.020 0.017 0.000

I0205051 5/23/2002 20,275 Aged 5 0.018 22.82 0.078 377.9 0.136 0.120 0.000I0205054 5/24/2002 20,295 Aged 5 0.007 12.93 0.055 378.3 0.085 0.078 0.000I0205060 5/29/2002 20,321 Aged 5 0.010 14.06 0.035 380.5 0.069 0.074 0.000

average 0.012 16.60 0.056 378.9 0.097 0.090 0.000

stdev 0.006 5.41 0.022 1.376 0.035 0.025 0.000

I0205065 5/30/2002 20,421 Aged 30 0.022 16.62 0.124 367.9 0.077 0.107 0.000I0205066 5/31/2002 20,440 Aged 30 0.015 15.21 0.093 375.0 0.113 0.092 0.000

average 0.019 15.92 0.109 371.4 0.095 0.100 0.000

stdev 0.005 0.997 0.022 5.020 0.026 0.010 0.000

I0206004 6/4/2002 20,578 Aged 150 0.065 19.937 0.154 376.3 0.102 0.089 0.000I0206011 6/5/2002 20,597 Aged 150 0.035 12.668 0.162 368.6 0.137 0.135 0.000I0206015 6/6/2002 20,616 Aged 150 0.038 12.331 0.147 366.9 0.163 0.135 0.000

average 0.046 14.979 0.154 370.6 0.134 0.120 0.000

stdev 0.017 4.297 0.008 5.018 0.030 0.027 0.000
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

100 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

 Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Acura 3.2CL I0205061 5/29/2002 20,648 OE 5 0.006 7.487 0.106 346.6 0.079 0.072 0.000

I0206010 6/5/2002 20,715 OE 5 0.006 5.635 0.125 342.9 0.055 0.045 0.000I0206013 6/6/2002 20,734 OE 5 0.005 7.901 0.163 342.0 0.059 0.051 0.000

average 0.006 7.008 0.131 343.8 0.064 0.056 0.000

stdev 0.001 1.207 0.029 2.5 0.013 0.014 0.000

I0206023 6/13/2002 20,863 OE 30 0.023 8.067 0.039 332.8 0.067 0.058 0.000I0206027 6/14/2002 20,883 OE 30 0.024 8.094 0.096 338.0 0.111 0.088 0.000

average 0.024 8.08 0.068 335.4 0.089 0.073 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.02 0.040 3.7 0.031 0.021 0.000

I0206049 6/19/2002 21,017 OE 150 0.048 11.33 0.279 334.4 0.144 0.111 0.004I0206055 6/25/2002 21,071 OE 150 0.098 13.28 0.143 334.8 0.183 0.140 0.006

average 0.073 12.31 0.211 334.6 0.163 0.125 0.005

stdev 0.035 1.38 0.096 0.3 0.028 0.020 0.001

I0206064 6/27/2002 21,216 Aged 5 0.007 15.603 0.062 360.2 0.114 0.142 0.000I0206069 6/28/2002 21,236 Aged 5 0.005 11.983 0.043 348.0 0.087 0.121 0.000average 0.006 13.79 0.053 354.1 0.101 0.131 0.000

stdev 0.001 2.56 0.013 8.6 0.019 0.015 0.000

I0207005 7/2/2002 21,339 Aged 30 0.015 7.572 0.149 322.9 0.122 0.118 0.001I0207007 7/3/2002 21,359 Aged 30 0.017 7.049 0.247 324.6 0.080 0.086 0.002

average 0.016 7.31 0.198 323.7 0.101 0.102 0.002

stdev 0.001 0.37 0.069 1.2 0.030 0.023 0.001

I0207015 7/9/2002 21,493 Aged 150 0.071 8.184 0.085 330.1 0.113 0.096 0.008I0207016 7/10/2002 21,513 Aged 150 0.084 14.051 0.101 324.5 0.131 0.116 0.008I0207020 7/11/2002 21,533 Aged 150 0.081 12.823 0.13 319.9 0.102 0.097 0.009

average 0.079 11.686 0.105 324.8 0.115 0.103 0.008

stdev 0.007 3.094 0.023 5.1 0.015 0.011 0.001
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

101 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Ford Windstar I0202024 2/12/2002 21,675 OE 5 0.014 1.082 0.039 442.1 0.072 0.072 0.000

I0202029 2/13/2002 21,695 OE 5 0.013 0.865 0.038 445.9 0.066 0.072 0.000

average 0.014 0.974 0.039 444.0 0.069 0.072 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.153 0.001 2.658 0.004 0.000 0.000

I0202047 2/21/2002 21,790 OE 30 0.020 2.210 0.097 442.5 0.066 0.063 0.002I0202049 2/22/2002 21,810 OE 30 0.017 1.988 0.067 437.9 0.055 0.056 0.001

average 0.019 2.099 0.082 440.2 0.060 0.059 0.002

stdev 0.002 0.157 0.021 3.315 0.008 0.005 0.001

I0202056 2/26/2002 21,907 OE 150 0.024 1.609 0.172 439.7 0.078 0.082 0.012I0202058 2/27/2002 21,927 OE 150 0.024 1.812 0.129 431.5 0.077 0.088 0.007

average 0.024 1.711 0.151 435.6 0.077 0.085 0.010

stdev 0.000 0.144 0.030 5.761 0.001 0.004 0.004

I0201036 1/25/2002 21,261 Aged 5 0.017 7.535 0.067 449.9 0.129 0.145 0.001

I0201041 1/29/2002 21,287 Aged 5 0.024 8.295 0.082 458.4 0.152 0.185 0.001

average 0.021 7.915 0.075 454.1 0.140 0.165 0.001

stdev 0.005 0.537 0.011 6.000 0.016 0.029 0.000

I0201045 1/31/2002 21,383 Aged 30 0.038 9.504 0.188 448.7 0.162 0.189 0.007

I0202002 2/1/2002 21,402 Aged 30 0.037 11.771 0.118 446.4 0.134 0.162 0.004

average 0.038 10.638 0.153 447.5 0.148 0.176 0.006

stdev 0.001 1.603 0.049 1.626 0.019 0.020 0.002

I0202009 2/5/2002 21,498 Aged 150 0.027 2.661 0.340 445.5 0.097 0.101 0.022I0202011 2/6/2002 21,512 Aged 150 0.020 1.690 0.329 445.0 0.100 0.108 0.015I0202014 2/7/2002 21,536 Aged 150 0.027 3.457 0.276 440.0 0.121 0.117 N/A

average 0.025 2.603 0.315 443.5 0.106 0.109 0.019

stdev 0.004 0.885 0.034 3.013 0.013 0.008 0.005
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

102 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2000 Honda Accord EX I0204042 4/17/2002 12,361 OE 5 0.003 1.011 0.005 308.6 0.003 0.000 0.000

I0204045 4/18/2002 12,380 OE 5 0.006 0.524 0.006 315.3 0.000 0.000 0.000I0204051 4/19/2002 12,400 OE 5 0.004 1.402 0.006 313.5 0.009 0.000 0.000

average 0.004 0.979 0.006 312.5 0.004 0.000 0.000

stdev 0.002 0.440 0.001 3.454 0.004 0.000 0.000

I0204056 4/23/2002 12,508 OE 30 0.004 1.128 0.005 319.9 0.010 0.002 0.000I0204060 4/24/2002 12,528 OE 30 0.008 1.206 0.005 312.4 0.004 0.004 0.000

average 0.006 1.167 0.005 316.1 0.007 0.003 0.000

stdev 0.003 0.055 0.000 5.301 0.004 0.002 0.000

I0204069 4/26/200 12,659 OE 150 0.004 1.893 0.012 311.2 0.014 0.009 0.001I0204075 4/30/200 12,686 OE 150 0.004 0.248 0.010 310.0 0.001 0.000 0.000I0205007 5/2/2002 12,712 OE 150 0.004 0.253 0.008 309.4 0.005 0.000 0.000

average 0.004 0.798 0.010 310.2 0.007 0.003 0.000

stdev 0.000 0.948 0.002 0.885 0.006 0.005 0.000

I0204011 4/4/2002 11,958 Aged 5 0.003 0.922 0.012 313.8 0.005 N/A N/A

I0204015 4/5/2002 11,977 Aged 5 0.003 0.340 0.004 307.7 -0.001 0.000 0.000

average 0.003 0.631 0.008 310.7 0.002 0.000 0.000

stdev 0.000 0.412 0.006 4.277 0.004 N/A N/A

I0204019 4/9/2002 12,078 Aged 30 0.004 0.344 0.008 311.7 0.001 0.000 0.000

I0204023 4/10/2002 12,098 Aged 30 0.002 0.556 0.007 311.4 0.002 0.000 0.000

average 0.003 0.450 0.008 311.6 0.002 0.000 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.150 0.001 0.187 0.001 0.000 0.000

I0204028 4/11/2002 12,198 Aged 150 0.004 1.041 0.012 310.2 0.006 0.005 0.001I0204029 4/12/2002 12,217 Aged 150 0.002 1.404 0.011 315.5 0.018 0.012 0.000

average 0.003 1.223 0.012 312.9 0.012 0.009 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.257 0.001 3.783 0.008 0.005 0.001
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

103 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

 Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH3 FTIR -NH3 FTIR -N2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Nissan Sentra I0205062 5/29/2002 7,112 OE 5 0.002 3.492 0.002 326.6 0.004 0.005 0.000

I0205064 5/30/2002 7,113 OE 5 0.003 1.996 0.005 329.8 0.004 0.000 0.000I0205069 5/31/2002 7,132 OE 5 0.002 1.75 0.003 326.4 0.009 0.000 0.000

average 0.002 2.413 0.003 327.6 0.005 0.002 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.943 0.002 1.9 0.003 0.003 0.000

I0206032 6/15/2002 7,243 OE 30 0.002 3.726 0.004 329.6 0.028 0.023 0.000

I0206062 6/27/2002 7,291 OE 30 0.002 6.832 0.004 331.4 0.030 0.035 0.000I0206067 6/28/2002 7,345 OE 30 0.002 6.129 0.005 331.5 0.030 0.044 0.000

average 0.002 5.562 0.004 330.8 0.030 0.034 0.000

stdev 0.000 1.629 0.001 1.1 0.001 0.011 0.000

I0207004 7/2/2002 7,446 OE 150 0.002 3.878 0.005 310.9 0.024 0.013 0.000

I0207039 7/17/2002 7,472 OE 150 0.002 3.274 0.006 318.2 0.029 0.018 0.000

I0207041 7/19/2002 7,507 OE 150 0.002 4.513 0.009 317.3 0.031 0.015 0.000

average 0.002 3.888 0.007 315.4 0.028 0.015 0.000

stdev 0.000 0.620 0.002 4.0 0.004 0.002 0.000

I0205021 5/8/2002 6,592 Aged 5 0.003 3.846 0.002 329.5 0.019 N/A N/A

I0205022 5/9/2002 6,611 Aged 5 0.003 4.545 0.003 325.5 0.015 0.003 0.000

I0205026 5/10/2002 6,631 Aged 5 0.003 4.069 0.003 327.3 0.016 0.008 0.000

average 0.003 4.153 0.003 327.4 0.017 0.006 0.000

stdev 0.000 0.357 0.001 1.973 0.002 0.003 0.000

I0205029 5/14/2002 6,733 Aged 30 0.002 2.868 0.003 325.3 0.015 0.005 0.000

I0205035 5/15/2002 6,733 Aged 30 0.003 5.862 0.002 323.1 0.034 0.037 0.000I0205045 5/21/2002 6,810 Aged 30 0.003 3.482 0.005 319.4 0.021 0.010 0.000

average 0.003 4.071 0.003 322.6 0.023 0.017 0.000

stdev 0.001 1.581 0.002 2.985 0.010 0.017 0.000

I0205049 5/22/2002 6,911 Aged 150 0.002 3.712 0.019 321.7 0.031 0.022 0.000

I0205050 5/23/2002 6,930 Aged 150 0.002 4.101 0.014 321.1 0.039 N/A N/A

I0205055 5/24/2002 6,950 Aged 150 0.003 3.269 0.018 324.1 0.023 0.020 0.000

average 0.002 3.694 0.017 322.3 0.031 0.021 0.000

stdev 0.001 0.416 0.003 1.597 0.008 0.001 0.000
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

104 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH 3 FTIR -NH 3 FTIR -N 2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2000 VW Bora I0204021 4/9/2002 7,479 OE 5 0.012 0.878 0.026 293.2 0.025 0.029 0.000

I0204026 4/11/2002 7,516 OE 5 0.014 0.711 0.131 295.6 0.016 0.005 0.007

average 0.013 0.795 0.079 294.4 0.020 0.017 0.003

stdev 0.001 0.118 0.074 1.679 0.007 0.017 0.005

I0204071 4/26/2002 7,880 OE 30 0.020 1.039 0.082 295.4 0.056 0.055 0.008I0204076 4/30/2002 7,703 OE 30 0.015 0.630 0.008 271.8 0.031 0.027 0.000

average 0.018 0.835 0.045 283.6 0.044 0.041 0.004

stdev 0.004 0.289 0.052 16.68 0.018 0.020 0.006

I0205025 5/10/2002 7,918 OE 150 0.022 0.896 0.013 277.5 0.049 0.051 0.000

I0205030 5/14/2002 7,945 OE 150 0.028 0.570 0.020 273.1 0.050 0.043 0.000I0205034 5/15/2002 7,964 OE 150 0.027 0.661 0.008 275.8 0.055 0.049 0.000

average 0.026 0.709 0.014 275.5 0.051 0.048 0.000

stdev 0.003 0.168 0.006 2.203 0.003 0.004 0.000

I0202032 2/13/2002 6,863 Aged 5 0.007 1.374 0.041 303.7 0.010 0.007 0.000I0202055 2/26/2002 6,908 Aged 5 0.011 3.409 0.066 321.4 0.060 0.045 0.000

average 0.009 2.392 0.054 312.5 0.035 0.026 0.000

stdev 0.003 1.439 0.018 12.466 0.035 0.027 0.000

I0203028 3/13/2002 7,100 Aged 30 0.018 0.364 0.196 292.6 0.012 0.006 0.013I0203029 3/14/2002 7,108 Aged 30 0.006 0.600 0.052 275.0 0.020 0.020 0.000I0203047 3/21/2002 7,170 Aged 30 0.007 0.641 0.066 293.3 0.018 N/A N/A

I0203053 3/22/2002 7,185 Aged 30 0.006 0.642 0.052 290.3 0.017 0.021 0.000

average 0.009 0.562 0.092 287.8 0.016 0.016 0.004

stdev 0.006 0.133 0.070 8.654 0.003 0.008 0.007

I0203057 3/26/2002 7,288 Aged 150 0.064 2.473 0.171 301.3 0.070 0.072 0.018I0203061 3/27/2002 7,303 Aged 150 0.027 0.430 0.151 292.3 0.021 0.018 0.012I0203065 3/28/2002 7,318 Aged 150 0.026 0.463 0.180 292.6 0.020 0.014 0.012

average 0.039 1.122 0.167 295.4 0.037 0.035 0.014

stdev 0.022 1.170 0.015 5.098 0.029 0.032 0.003
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

105 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix H. Detailed US06 Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Catalyst Fuel NMHC CO NOX CO2 TDL - NH 3 FTIR -NH 3 FTIR -N 2O

US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06 US06

g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi g/mi

2001 Renault Megane I0204027 4/11/2002 6,192 OE 5 0.010 1.811 0.020 299.1 0.032 0.037 0.000

I0204031 4/12/2002 6,216 OE 5 0.008 0.734 0.017 297.9 0.018 0.014 0.000I0205041 5/17/2002 6,731 OE 5 0.006 0.838 0.055 281.4 0.024 0.018 0.000I0205046 5/21/2002 6,758 OE 5 0.004 0.825 0.024 273.2 0.018 0.008 0.000

average 0.007 1.052 0.029 287.9 0.023 0.019 0.000

stdev 0.003 0.508 0.018 12.708 0.007 0.013 0.000

I0205052 5/23/2002 6,860 OE 30 0.011 0.644 0.015 276.9 0.020 0.009 0.000I0205056 5/24/2002 6,911 OE 30 0.004 0.687 0.026 275.1 0.021 0.010 0.000

average 0.008 0.666 0.021 276.0 0.021 0.010 0.000

stdev 0.005 0.030 0.008 1.325 0.001 0.001 0.000

I0205002 5/1/2002 6,493 OE 150 0.030 1.047 0.044 277.8 0.035 0.021 0.000I0205008 5/2/2002 6,543 OE 150 0.014 0.792 0.026 275.4 0.031 0.016 0.000

average 0.022 0.920 0.035 276.6 0.033 0.019 0.000

stdev 0.011 0.180 0.013 1.739 0.003 0.004 0.000

I0203012 3/6/2002 5,638 Aged 5 0.007 4.007 0.027 297.5 0.062 0.067 0.000I0203015 3/8/2002 5,672 Aged 5 0.003 3.135 0.043 299.2 0.056 0.054 0.000

average 0.005 3.571 0.035 298.4 0.059 0.061 0.000

stdev 0.003 0.617 0.011 1.170 0.004 0.009 0.000

I0203052 3/22/2002 5,823 Aged 30 0.023 1.733 0.093 291.5 0.029 0.035 0.005I0203058 3/26/2002 5,861 Aged 30 0.022 0.832 0.051 299.3 0.023 0.029 0.004I0203063 3/28/2002 5,883 Aged 30 0.028 1.752 0.094 299.9 0.041 0.039 0.008

average 0.024 1.439 0.079 296.9 0.031 0.035 0.006

stdev 0.003 0.526 0.025 4.672 0.009 0.005 0.002

I0204009 4/4/2002 6,020 Aged 150 0.066 2.549 0.123 294.2 0.036 N/A N/A

I0204016 4/5/2002 6,028 Aged 150 0.028 2.155 0.089 292.4 0.014 N/A N/AI0204018 4/9/2002 6,051 Aged 150 0.031 2.198 0.077 289.5 0.036 0.029 0.003

average 0.042 2.301 0.096 292.0 0.029 0.029 0.003

stdev 0.021 0.216 0.024 2.350 0.012 N/A N/A
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

106 

Appendix I. US06 Statistical Analysis Results 

Statistical Analysis for US06 Emissions Results Excluding the European Vehicles 

 NMHC THC CO NOx NH3 N2O 

 p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0155 0.0136 0.0161 0.0130 0.0142 0.0177 

Catalyst age 0.0902 0.0069 0.0825 0.0222 0.0873 0.2419 

Fuel sulfur level <0.0001 <0.0001 0.0821 <0.0001 0.0043 <0.0001

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0290 0.0229 0.0384 0.1018 0.0446 0.2235 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0021 0.0018 0.2639 0.1713 0.2094 - 

Logarthmic 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.1778 0.2333 0.1568 0.3720 0.0443 0.1108 

Vehicle 0.0227 0.0196 0.0136 0.0588 0.0219 0.0940 

Catalyst age 0.0482 0.0092 0.0704 0.0498 0.3205 0.0877 

Fuel sulfur level 0.0001 <0.0001 0.6676 <0.0001 0.0465 0.0044 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.1550 0.0451 0.2367 0.1515 0.0206 0.0514 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0027 0.0029 0.1412 0.0670 0.0754 0.0013 

No 

Outliers 

Arithmetic 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0070 0.0087 0.3106 0.2015 0.9281 0.0438 

Statistical Analysis for US06 Emissions Results Including the European Vehicles 

 NMHC THC CO NOx NH3 N2O 

 p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value p-value 

Vehicle 0.0099 0.0087 0.0099 0.0085 0.0088 0.0116 

Catalyst age 0.0728 0.0103 0.0267 0.0043 0.1401 0.3766 

Fuel sulfur level <0.0001 <0.0001 0.2054 <0.0001 0.0012 <0.0001

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.0400 0.0253 0.0274 0.1507 0.0394 0.2589 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0029 0.0033 0.1202 0.1590 0.2250 - 

Logarthmic 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0954 0.2979 0.0398 0.0968 0.0581 0.0555 

Vehicle 0.0148 0.0127 0.0079 0.0461 0.0133 0.0768 

Catalyst age 0.0232 0.0058 0.0345 0.0159 0.3041 0.0379 

Fuel sulfur level <0.0001 <0.0001 0.7656 <0.0001 0.0425 0.0028 

Vehicle*Catalyst 0.1315 0.0339 0.2139 0.1540 0.0142 0.0609 

Vehicle*Fuel 0.0015 0.0018 0.1077 0.0495 0.0670 0.0007 

No 

Outliers 

Arithmetic 

Catalyst*Fuel 0.0011 0.0013 0.2030 0.0593 0.7954 0.0112 

“-” = no interaction
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

107 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix J. Detailed NEDC Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Cat. Fuel S ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC

ppm g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km

2000 VW Bora I0204021 4/9/2002 7,479 OE 5 0.367 0.002 0.136 2.504 0.098 0.981 0.135 0.001 0.050 269.9 149.2 193.5 0.023 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.000 0.002 0.015 0.000 0.004

I0204032 4/12/2002 7,524 OE 5 0.384 0.002 0.142 2.391 0.045 0.907 0.137 0.003 0.052 264.9 148.7 191.4 0.016 0.001 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.005I0204038 4/16/2002 7,538 OE 5 0.387 0.001 0.143 3.030 0.039 1.139 0.127 0.001 0.048 262.2 147.8 189.9 0.017 0.001 0.007 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.005I0205006 5/2/2002 7,760 OE 30 0.510 0.003 0.189 3.141 0.045 1.180 0.210 0.026 0.094 248.2 151.7 187.1 0.014 0.001 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.119 0.000 0.stdev 0.011 0.000 0.004 0.341 0.033 0.118 0.005 0.001 0.002 3.879 0.719 1.822 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000average 0.379 0.002 0.140 2.641 0.061 1.009 0.133 0.002 0.050 265.7 148.6 191.6 0.018 0.002 0.008 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.016 0.000 0.005

018

I0205014 5/7/2002 7,793 OE 30 0.440 0.002 0.163 3.248 0.059 1.230 0.132 0.001 0.049 274.4 146.2 193.2 0.017 0.001 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.048 0.000 0.007I0205019 5/8/2002 7,800 OE 30 0.360 0.001 0.133 2.383 0.049 0.909 0.134 0.006 0.053 266.4 148.3 191.8 0.013 0.001 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.061 0.000 0.009I0205037 5/16/2002 7,983 OE 150 0.405 0.002 0.150 2.782 0.088 1.078 0.150 0.003 0.057 268.5 155.0 196.7 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.000stdev 0.075 0.001 0.028 0.471 0.007 0.173 0.044 0.013 0.024 13.420 2.768 3.235 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.038 0.000 0.006average 0.437 0.002 0.162 2.924 0.051 1.106 0.159 0.011 0.065 263.0 148.7 190.7 0.015 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.076 0.000 0.011

0.006

I0205042 5/17/2002 7,990 OE 150 0.493 0.004 0.183 3.036 0.047 1.141 0.233 0.011 0.093 266.8 155.1 196.0 0.010 0.004 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.070 0.000 0.010I0202032 2/13/2002 6,863 aged 5 0.449 0.002 0.166 2.933 0.025 1.094 0.172 0.025 0.079 240.4 153.0 185.2 0.015 0.000 0.006 0.005 0.000 0.002 0.020 0.000stdev 0.055 0.001 0.020 0.179 0.021 0.057 0.043 0.005 0.019 0.987 3.758 2.132 0.000 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.003average 0.431 0.003 0.160 2.836 0.065 1.082 0.185 0.006 0.072 268.0 152.9 195.1 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.057 0.000 0.008I0205047 5/21/2002 8,004 OE 150 0.393 0.003 0.147 2.691 0.059 1.027 0.171 0.003 0.065 268.6 148.5 192.7 0.010 0.005 0.007 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

0.006

I0202055 2/26/2002 6,908 aged 5 0.429 0.002 0.160 2.904 0.019 1.081 0.206 0.007 0.080 266.0 150.4 193.0 0.017 0.000 0.006 0.006 0.000 0.002 0.026 0.000 0.008I0203053 3/22/2002 7,185 aged 30 0.458 0.002 0.169 3.270 0.017 1.211 0.205 0.048 0.105 262.5 148.5 190.3 0.018 0.000 0.007 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.027 0.00I0203047 3/21/2002 7,170 aged 30 0.454 0.002 0.168 2.925 0.025 1.089 0.177 0.017 0.076 261.7 148.3 189.9 0.016 0.001 0.006 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Astdev, km 0.014 0.000 0.005 0.020 0.004 0.009 0.024 0.012 0.001 18.10 1.833 5.543 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.001average, km 0.439 0.002 0.163 2.918 0.022 1.088 0.189 0.016 0.080 253.2 151.7 189.1 0.016 0.000 0.006 0.005 0.000 0.002 0.023 0.000 0.007

0 0.008

I0203056 3/26/2002 7,281 aged 150 0.419 0.005 0.157 3.070 0.054 1.163 0.182 0.006 0.071 265.8 148.9 191.9 0.019 0.002 0.008 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.032 0.0stdev, km 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.244 0.005 0.086 0.019 0.021 0.021 0.537 0.129 0.258 0.001 0.000 0.000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage, km 0.456 0.002 0.168 3.097 0.021 1.150 0.191 0.033 0.091 262.1 148.4 190.121 0.017 0.000 0.006 0.004 0.000 0.001 0.027 0.000 0.008

00 0.009

I0203064 3/28/2002 7,311 aged 150 0.480 0.003 0.178 3.031 0.020 1.125 0.180 0.014 0.075 260.8 149.1 190.1 0.013 0.001 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.026 0.000 0.008stdev, km 0.043 0.001 0.015 0.027 0.024 0.027 0.002 0.006 0.003 3.530 0.113 1.285 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.001average, km 0.449 0.004 0.167 3.050 0.037 1.144 0.181 0.010 0.073 263.3 149.0 191.0 0.016 0.001 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.029 0.000 0.008

FTIR - N2O FTIR - NH3 TDL-NH3 CO2 NOx CO NMHC
University of California, Riverside, CE-CERT CRC E-60: NH3

108 

 Emissions from Late Model Vehicles

Appendix J. Detailed NEDC Emission Results 

Vehicle Test Date Mileage Cat. Fuel S ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC ECE EUDC NEDC

ppm g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km g/km

2001 Renault Megane I0204027 4/11/2002 6,192 OE 5 0.167 0.003 0.063 0.544 0.022 0.213 0.012 0.020 0.017 258.8 153.5 192.1 0.012 0.003 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.001

I0205033 5/15/2002 6,717 OE 5 0.156 0.003 0.059 0.475 0.035 0.196 0.012 0.009 0.010 237.2 161.3 189.1 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.000 0.002 0.001 0.012 0.002 0.002I0205038 5/16/2002 6,724 OE 5 0.194 0.003 0.073 0.654 0.070 0.284 0.010 0.013 0.012 249.1 163.3 194.6 0.017 0.006 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.001I0204047 4/18/2002 6,336 OE 30 0.264 0.005 0.100 0.633 0.020 0.245 0.017 0.007 0.011 256.1 153.3 191.0 0.016 0.002 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0stdev, km 0.020 0.000 0.007 0.090 0.025 0.046 0.002 0.006 0.004 10.838 5.194 2.778 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.001average, km 0.172 0.003 0.065 0.558 0.042 0.231 0.011 0.014 0.013 248.4 159.3 191.9 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.008 0.001 0.002

.001

I0204052 4/19/2002 6,343 OE 30 0.166 0.002 0.062 0.592 0.026 0.234 0.012 0.025 0.020 254.7 152.9 190.3 0.010 0.004 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.001I0205009 5/3/2002 6,563 OE 150 0.171 0.004 0.065 0.607 0.020 0.236 0.015 0.010 0.012 240.4 151.8 184.3 0.008 0.002 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.000 0stdev 0.069 0.002 0.026 0.029 0.004 0.008 0.004 0.012 0.006 0.96 0.318 0.511 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000average 0.215 0.004 0.081 0.613 0.023 0.240 0.015 0.016 0.016 255.4 153.1 190.7 0.013 0.003 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.001

.004

I0203012 3/6/2002 5,638 aged 5 0.193 0.003 0.073 0.797 0.020 0.305 0.018 0.026 0.023 255.8 154.7 191.8 0.052 0.006 0.023 0.027 0.006 0.009 0.005 0.004 0stdev, km 0.006 0.000 0.003 0.033 0.007 0.017 0.004 0.002 0.000 13.24 0.854 4.332 0.002 0.001 0.001 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage, km 0.166 0.004 0.064 0.584 0.015 0.224 0.012 0.012 0.012 249.8 151.2 187.4 0.009 0.002 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.024 0.000 0.004I0205015 5/7/2002 6,570 OE 150 0.162 0.004 0.062 0.561 0.010 0.212 0.010 0.013 0.012 259.1 150.5 190.4 0.011 0.001 0.005 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

.002

I0203015 3/8/2002 5,672 aged 5 0.199 0.003 0.075 0.839 0.035 0.330 0.025 0.025 0.025 252.9 155.9 191.4 0.052 0.006 0.023 0.021 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.001 0.002I0203052 3/22/2002 5,823 aged 30 0.191 0.003 0.072 0.766 0.020 0.295 0.027 0.014 0.019 250.1 154.3 189.5 0.041 0.005 0.019 0.024 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.00stdev, km 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.030 0.010 0.018 0.005 0.001 0.001 2.05 0.793 0.233 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000average, km 0.196 0.003 0.074 0.818 0.028 0.317 0.021 0.025 0.024 254.4 155.3 191.6 0.052 0.006 0.023 0.024 0.005 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.002

3 0.003

I0203059 3/27/2002 5,869 aged 30 0.171 0.003 0.065 0.730 0.013 0.276 0.018 0.009 0.012 252.9 153.7 190.0 0.031 0.003 0.014 0.012 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.001 0.002I0203062 3/28/2002 5,876 aged 30 0.189 0.003 0.071 0.759 0.022 0.292 0.028 0.025 0.026 255.3 153.7 191.0 0.032 0.004 0.014 0.014 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.000 0.001I0204018 4/9/2002 6,051 aged 150 0.157 0.004 0.060 0.717 0.020 0.276 0.012 0.013 0.013 253.8 153.5 190.3 0.020 0.002 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.00I0204016 4/5/2002 6,028 aged 150 0.244 0.006 0.093 0.928 0.030 0.361 0.017 0.017 0.017 255.1 152.7 190.4 0.010 0.008 0.009 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Astdev, km 0.011 0.000 0.004 0.019 0.005 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.007 2.620 0.330 0.729 0.006 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001average, km 0.184 0.003 0.070 0.752 0.018 0.288 0.024 0.016 0.019 252.8 153.9 190.2 0.035 0.004 0.015 0.017 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.002 0.002

1 0.001

stdev, km 0.062 0.001 0.024 0.150 0.007 0.060 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.91 0.547 0.100 0.007 0.004 0.000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Aaverage, km 0.200 0.005 0.077 0.822 0.025 0.318 0.015 0.015 0.015 254.5 153.1 190.4 0.015 0.005 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.001 0.001

NMHC CO NOx CO2 TDL-NH3 FTIR - NH3 FTIR - N2O