J-A02043-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JOSHUA KABE GREEN 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 110 WDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 10, 2020

In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-42-CR-0000622-2018

BEFORE: OLSON, J., MURRAY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED: JANUARY 21, 2022

Joshua Kabe Green (Green) appeals from the judgment of sentence 

imposed in the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County (trial court) 

following his jury conviction of indecent assault of a person less than 13 years 

of age, corruption of a minor, indecent exposure and terroristic threats.1 

Green challenges the trial court’s implementation of protocols to reduce the 

spread of the novel coronavirus disease (“Covid-19”) and claims that the 

evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction. We affirm.

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3126(a)(7), 6301(a)(1)(ii), 3127(a), 2706(a)(1).
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I.

This case stems from Green’s sexual abuse of J.S. when she was 12-

years old, over a period of approximately one year in 2016 while they lived in 

the same home and he served a parental role. J.S. is the biological niece of 

Green’s wife, (Mother) who is raising J.S. and J.S.’s older brother (Brother)2

as her children.

Prior to Green’s August 2020 jury trial, defense counsel filed objections 

to the trial court’s use of Covid-19 procedures including partially remote voir 

dire and face masking requirements. Arguing that these protocols deprived 

him of a fair trial, Green requested a stay until the proceedings could take 

place without these measures. The trial court denied his request, as the 

county was in a state of judicial emergency due to an increase in infection 

rates and the protocols complied with applicable government safety measures. 

Jury selection was conducted using both remote technology and in-person 

panels and Green’s jury trial was held in the courtroom using face masks.

J.S. was 16-years old at the time of trial and she testified that during 

the relevant time period she was living with Mother, Brother and Green, who 

she called “Dad.” (N.T. Trial, 8/18/20, at 53). J.S. and Green spent a great 

deal of time together alone “just hanging out” at night. (See id.). She 

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2 Because J.S.’s brother shares her initials, we refer to him as Brother for ease 

of reference. We also note that Green and Mother were legally married at the 

time of trial, although Mother had filed for divorce.
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described one summer night while Mother and Brother were asleep when 

Green “sat me on the counter . . . and he was a little close so I just got up.” 

(Id. at 54). Green sat in a chair and J.S. sat in his lap because there were no 

other chairs, and he put his hands down the back of her clothing. Green had

“a purplish-pinkish toy on his finger and it was like vibrating” and he touched 

her vagina with it and asked, “Does that feel good?” (Id. at 55, 58). J.S. ran 

to Mother’s room and told her that Green “touched me.” (Id. at 63). Green 

immediately came upstairs and asked J.S. if she had a bad dream. Mother

told J.S. that she could sleep in her room and she and Green went downstairs.

J.S. further testified that she frequently saw Green’s penis because he 

would urinate into bottles in front of her. Green asked J.S. to help with his 

“medical problem/bladder issue” and had her put condoms on his penis “like 

once a day” for about a year. (Id. at 60, 62, 69). J.S. testified that she did 

not tell Mother about the vibrating object or the condoms until Green no longer 

resided with them. J.S. also explained that when she first disclosed the 

incident to Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC) personnel in 2017, she identified 

Brother as the perpetrator “because mom told me she was scared and she 

begged me for days that I would tell them that it was my brother.” (Id. at 

65).

On cross-examination, J.S. acknowledged that at the preliminary 

hearing, she testified that she put a condom on Green’s penis approximately 

four times. (See id. at 70). She explained the discrepancy in her trial 
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testimony by stating that she “was really nervous” at that time of the previous 

hearing and “I’m older now and I can talk more about it.” (Id.).

Mother testified that Green played a parental role in J.S.’s life for three 

years and he had a close relationship with her. Mother stated that on or about

August 3, 2016, at about 3:30 a.m., J.S. ran into her bedroom and jumped in 

her bed as she “was frantic looking and she was just crying her eyes out” and 

said “[dad] touched me.” (Id. at 89-90). Green came upstairs within seconds

to see what the commotion was before he returned downstairs. J.S. “said that 

she was sitting on his lap and they were talking and he took his hand and he 

reached under her shorts but like on top of her underwear and rubbed her 

down there and she tried to get up and he kind of held her down a little bit.” 

(Id. at 90). Mother “believed [J.S.] because of the way she was crying and 

very emotional. I felt the negative energy in the air.” (Id. at 91). When 

Mother confronted Green, he “instantly turned white as a ghost” and denied 

the allegation. (Id. at 93). Mother indicated that she did not believe him and 

would go to the police and “he lunged at me . . . [and] grabbed me like by the 

base of my head up against the wall. He called me a f-ing b-word and said 

that [J.S.] was a liar. . . [He said] I will put a bullet in your head and then 

my own and then where would your kids be.” (Id.). Because Mother was 

scared, she complied with Green’s instruction to tell J.S. that she was lying 

about the incident and that she did not believe her. Green continued to live 

with them until Mother asked him to leave in July 2017.
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In November 2017, while J.S. and Brother were residing with a different 

family member instead of with Mother, the incident with Green became the 

subject of a CAC investigation. Mother testified that she “begged [J.S.] to 

drop the [Green] statement and put blame on her brother because I was so 

scared of [Green] threatening my life.” (Id. at 96). J.S. later shared 

additional information about the incident with Mother and described the 

vibrating object Green had placed on her, which Mother immediately 

recognized as a sex toy ring Green had for his penis. J.S. also disclosed the 

condoms and Green’s purported “medical condition” in September 2018, at 

which point Mother and J.S. met with CAC and the police.

Brenda Manno was qualified as an expert witness in the field of sexual 

abuse evaluation of victim behaviors. She opined regarding delayed 

disclosures that less than 25% of victims immediately report abuse, and she 

explained that children are often concerned about the ramifications of 

disclosure. Ms. Manno also testified that in cases where a mother or motherfigure of a child doesn’t fully support or take immediate action to protect the 

child, the recantation rate for a child retracting some of the allegations can be 

as high as 50%.

At the conclusion of trial,3the jury convicted Green of the abovementioned offenses. On December 10, 2020, the trial court sentenced Green 

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3 The defense did not call any witnesses.
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to an aggregate term of 18 months to 4 years of incarceration. Green timely 

appealed and he and the trial court complied with Rule 1925. See Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(a)-(b).

II.

On appeal, Green challenges the trial court’s implementation of Covid19 protocols including masking requirements and claims that the court’s 

modified jury selection procedures violated his federal and state constitutional 

rights to a fair and impartial jury and due process. He maintains that the 

court should have granted his request for a stay pending resolution of the 

pandemic. Additionally, Green challenges the sufficiency of the evidence 

supporting his conviction because J.S. and Mother were dishonest with

government authorities regarding the incident and delayed reporting it.

A.

We first address Green’s challenge to the trial court’s use of Covid-19 

protocols during voir dire and his jury trial. According to Green, the modified 

voir dire process and use of face masks deprived counsel of the opportunity 

to adequately assess the composition of the jury and fully observe the jurors’ 

mannerisms and demeanor, rendering the entire process defective. Green 

also takes issue with the court’s use of four staggered jury panels in light of 

Pa.R.Crim.P. 631, which he claims “suggests that all jurors should be present, 

at one time, for jury selection.” (Green’s Brief, at 57).
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“The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee a defendant the right 

to, inter alia, an impartial jury, and this right extends to both the guilt and 

sentencing phases of trial.” Commonwealth v. Le, 208 A.3d 960, 972 (Pa. 

2019) (citation omitted).

Voir dire plays a critical function in assuring the criminal 

defendant that his right to an impartial jury will be honored. 

Without an adequate voir dire, the trial judge’s responsibility to 

remove prospective jurors who will not be able impartially to 

follow the court’s instructions and evaluate the evidence cannot 

be fulfilled. While this Court has explained that the scope of voir

dire is within the sound discretion of the trial court, the 

United States Supreme Court has stated that the exercise 

of the trial court’s discretion . . . is subject to the essential 

demands of fairness. Moreover, ‘the purpose of voir dire is 

solely to ensure the empaneling of a competent, fair, 

impartial, and unprejudiced jury capable of following the 

instructions of the trial court.’ Commonwealth v. Knight, 

241 A.3d 620, 640 (Pa. 2020). . . . Voir dire is not to be utilized 

as a tool for the attorneys to ascertain the effectiveness of 

potential trial strategies.

Commonwealth v. Delmonico, 251 A.3d 829, 838–39 (Pa. Super. 2021),

appeal denied, 2021 WL 4983055 (Pa. 2021) (some citations and quotation 

marks omitted; emphasis added).

In Delmonico, the defendant contended that the trial court’s masking 

and social distancing requirements during voir dire violated his right to an 

impartial jury, as well as notions of due process because he was unable to 

fully examine the prospective jurors’ conduct and demeanor in determining 

their fitness to serve. We rejected the defendant’s claim of inadequacy in the 

proceedings and noted the court’s protocols were not arbitrary and were 

instead “reasonably imposed [in accordance] with governing safety measures 
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employed by federal and state agencies, as well as our Supreme Court’s 

emergency judicial orders.” Id. at 842. We also determined that “masking 

and social distancing of the prospective jurors did not interfere with the sole

purpose of voir dire: the ‘empaneling of a competent, fair, impartial, and 

unprejudiced jury capable of following the instructions of the trial court.’” Id.

(quoting Knight, supra at 640; emphasis added).

Likewise, the record in the instant case reflects that emergency health 

circumstances dictated that the trial court implement appropriate safety 

measures for the benefit of prospective jurors, the parties and court personnel 

in order to continue to move forward with the criminal trial. Although Green 

has raised general allegations of unfairness in the form of the proceedings, he 

has not demonstrated any actual prejudice or explained how the outcome of 

his trial would have been impacted if he had been fully able to view the juror’s 

faces or if voir dire had been conducted in a single in-person session. Instead, 

the record shows that the court implemented procedures that have since 

become routinely used as a means of lessening the spread of Covid-19 

infection in public spaces. To the extent that Green claims entitlement to a 

stay “pending resolution” of the pandemic, we point out that the pandemic is 
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still ongoing approximately a year-and-a-half after his jury trial. Green’s 

claims challenging the trial court’s Covid-19 protocols merit no relief.4

B.

Green next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his 

convictions for incent assault, corruption of a minor, indecent exposure and 

terroristic threats5 by pointing to J.S. and Mother’s initial dishonesty to 

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4 With regard to Green’s contention that Rule 631 suggests that all jurors 

should be present at one time for jury selection, the language of the Rule 

contains no such express requirement. To the contrary, the Rule

contemplates that prospective jurors may be examined individually, outside 

of the presence of one another. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 631, 1(a), 2(b).

5 “A person is guilty of indecent assault if the person has indecent contact with 

the complainant, causes the complainant to have indecent contact with the 

person, or intentionally causes the complainant to come into contact with 

seminal fluid, urine or feces for the purpose of arousing sexual desire in the 

person or the complainant and . . . the complainant is less than 13 years of 

age[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(7).

Corruption of a Minor is defined, in relevant part, as: “Whoever, being of the 

age of 18 years and upwards, by any course of conduct in violation of Chapter 

31 (relating to sexual offenses) corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any 

minor less than 18 years of age, or who aids, abets, entices or encourages 

any such minor in the commission of an offense under Chapter 31 commits a 

felony of the third degree.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 6301(a)(1)(ii).

“A person commits indecent exposure if that person exposes his or her genitals 

in any public place or any place where there are present other persons under 

circumstances in which he or she knows or should know that this conduct is 

likely to offend, affront or alarm.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 3127(a).

A defendant commits the offense of terroristic threats “if the person

communicates, either directly or indirectly, a threat to: (1) commit any crime 

of violence with intent to terrorize another.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1).
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authorities in naming Brother as the perpetrator. Green does not dispute any 

specific element(s) of the crimes, but rather makes an argument based on 

credibility by emphasizing the discrepancy between J.S.’s preliminary hearing 

and trial testimony regarding the number of instances she placed a condom 

on Green’s penis, i.e., four times versus once a day for about a year.

6

 

Although Green acknowledges that the jury is charged with making credibility 

determinations, he maintains that no reasonable juror could have resolved the 

credibility issues in this case in favor of J.S. and Mother.

It is well-settled that the uncorroborated testimony of a sexual assault 

victim, if believed by the trier of fact, is sufficient to convict a defendant. See

Commonwealth v. Charlton, 902 A.2d 554, 562 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal 

denied, 911 A.2d 933 (Pa. 2006). At trial, J.S. and Mother testified 

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6

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must 

determine whether the evidence admitted at trial and all 

reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, were sufficient 

to prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. 

The facts and circumstances established by the Commonwealth 

need not preclude every possibility of innocence. It is within the 

province of the fact-finder to determine the weight to 

accord each witness’ testimony and to believe all, part or 

none of the evidence. The Commonwealth may sustain its 

burden by proving every element of the crime by means of wholly 

circumstantial evidence. As an appellate court, we may not reweight the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the 

fact-finder.

Commonwealth v. Snyder, 251 A.3d 782, 787–88 (Pa. Super. 2021) 

(citation omitted; emphasis added).
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consistently with one another regarding the details of the incident where

Green placed the vibrating penis ring on J.S.’s vagina and to his pattern of 

asking her for assistance with his “medical condition” involving condoms on 

his penis. Furthermore, to the extent Green points to inconsistencies between 

J.S.’s preliminary hearing and trial testimony, we note that defense counsel 

thoroughly cross-examined J.S. on this issue and she explained her 

nervousness at the earlier hearing. The jury was free to consider any conflicts

in J.S.’s testimony and assess the overall credibility of her trial testimony.

Insofar as Green takes issue with the reporting delay and the initial

accusation against Brother rather than him, the Commonwealth’s expert

testified generally that it is common for child sexual abuse victims to delay 

reporting, and that recantation of allegations occurs at a very high rate in 

instances when the mother-figure does not immediately believe or support the 

child. Here, the testimony reflects that Mother was initially vocal against 

naming Green because he threatened to “put a bullet in her head” and she 

was frightened for her well-being and that of her niece and nephew. Based 

on the foregoing, we conclude that Green’s sufficiency of the evidence claim 

fails.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/21/2022