Contract Terms


Quality Assurance Through


Attributes Program


for


Printing and Binding


Prospective suppliers should carefully


read this publication as the


applicable attributes stated herein


become an integral part of


printing and binding contracts with


the U.S. Government Printing Office


when so cited in specifications.


This copy should be retained


for reference.


GPO Publication 310.1 

Effective May 1979 

(Revised August 2002) 
GPO Contract Terms


Quality Assurance Through Attributes Program


For Printing and Binding


Publication 310.1


is available as follows:


Prospective Bidders— 

* Free single copies are available from the GPO Central Office Bid Room and all Regional 

Printing Procurement Offices. 

* Bulk Copies are available from the Superintendent of Documents. 

U.S. Government Agency Personnel— 

* 	 Copies are available from your GPO Customer Services Representative or Regional Printing 

Procurement Office through your agency's printing officer. 

U.S. Government Printing Office Personnel— 

* Individual copies are available from the Quality Assurance Section. 

* Bulk copies are available from GPO Stores Division, Stock No. 51573–6. 

Comments and suggestions from users of Contract Terms, Pub. 310.1, are invited. All such correspondence should be addressed as follows: 

U.S. Government Printing Office 

North Capitol and H Sts., N.W. 

Chief, Quality Assurance Section 

Contract Management Branch 

Washington, DC 20401 

Questions of applicability to individual contracts should be addressed to the respective 

Contracting Officer. 
Table of Contents 


Page 

Foreword: QATAP—An Informational Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v


Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1


Determination of Product Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2


Determining Acceptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2


Categories of Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2


Tolerance Table for Printing Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


Tolerance Table for Paper Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


Government Furnished Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


Printing Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5


P–1. Hickies and Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5


P–2. Extraneous Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6


P–3. Moire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8


P–4. Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9


P–5. Text and Illustration Image Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11


P–6. Newton's Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14


P–7. Type Quality and Uniformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15


P–8. Halftone Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19


P–9. Solid or Screen Tints Color Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22


P–10. Process Color Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23


P–11. Rub Resistance of Printed Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25


Finishing Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27


F–1. Trim Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27


F–2. Misplacement and Misalignment of Cover Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29


F–3. Cover Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31


F–4. Folding Position and Skewness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32


F–5. Perfect-Bound Book Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34


F–6. Loose Cover, Pages, and Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36


F–7. Excess Glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37


F–8. Damaged Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38


F–9. Damaged Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40


F–10. Warpage of Case-Bound Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41


F–11. Damaged Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42


F–12. Missing Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44


F–13. Upside Down Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44


F–14. Upside Down Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44


F–15. Blank Pages—Other Than Specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44


F–16. Wrong Pagination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44


F–17. Loss of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44


F–18. A Serious Shift in Process Color Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44


Guide for Equitable Reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45


Appendix A—Discount Table for Critical Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45


Appendix B—Discount Table for Major Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47


Appendix C—Printing and Binding Problem Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51


The U.S. Government Printing Office


Quality Assurance Through Attributes Program (QATAP)


THIS FOREWORD IS NOT PART OF THE CONTRACT.


IT IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.


QATAP—An Informational Overview 

The quality of printing and binding contracted for by the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) is 

addressed in three GPO documents. 

First and foremost are the specifications for the specific contract being performed; these should be read 

and followed exactly. If there ever is a conflict between the specifications and the other two documents, 

the specifications take precedence. Next, GPO Contract Terms (Publication 310.2) is a part of every 

GPO contract by reference. Article 1 deals with quality requirements in a general manner. Third is 

QATAP, Printing and Binding, Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 310.1), which specifies the contractual 

requirements of the Quality Assurance Through Attributes Program (QATAP). Most contracts incorporate it by reference. 

The purposes of QATAP are: 

— to provide for the precise expression, prior to production, of quality requirements for printing and 

related products; and 

— to provide for the objective determination of conformity to these requirements once the product has 

been produced or received. 

The Quality Attributes 

QATAP is based on the use of quality attributes, which are measurable properties including tolerances


of a printed piece which define its compliance with requirements. Quality attributes vary with each


quality level.


The program has 30 attributes. Examples are trim size, measured in inches or centimeters; type density,


measured in percent reflectance; and hickies and spots, measured by size and number present. The


complete list of attributes is as follows:


P–l Hickies and Spots


P–2 Extraneous Marks 


P–3 Moire 


P–4 Register 


P–5 Text and Illustration Image Position


P–6 Newton's Ring


P–7 Type Quality and Uniformity


P–8 Halftone Match


P–9 Solid or Screen Tints Color Match


P–10 Process Color Match


P–11 Rub Resistance of Printed Image

vi 

F–l Trim Size


F–2 Misplacement and Misalignment of Cover Image


F–3 Cover Position


F–4 Folding Position and Skewness


F–5 Perfect-Bound Book Durability


F–6 Loose Cover, Pages, and Binding


F–7 Excess Glue


F–8 Damaged Pages


F–9 Damaged Edges


F–10 Warpage of Case-Bound Books (Cover and Text)


F–11 Damaged Covers


F–12 Missing Pages


F–13 Upside Down Cover


F–14 Upside Down Pages


F–15 Blank Pages (Other than Specified)


F–16 Wrong Pagination


F–17 Loss of Information


F–18 Serious Shift in Process Color


Paper (Subdivided into characteristics; e.g. color, opacity, smoothness.)


Evaluation Standards 

For all but four of the numbered attributes and some paper characteristics, evaluation is made on an 

absolute basis, with defects assessed on deviation from explicit or implicit nominal values, rather than 

on comparisons to a specified physical object called the specified standard. For example, if the trim 

size is specified as 8 by 10 inches, these are the nominal values from which deviations are measured. 

Tolerances specify how far the product may deviate from the nominal and still be acceptable. 

Specified standards are preidentified reference items (e.g., OK'd press sheets or furnished copy) with 

which sample items are compared to measure conformance for attributes P–7 through P–10 and some 

paper characteristics (e.g., paper color and formation). Another example, process color match (P–10) 

may be evaluated by comparing the printed illustration with an OK'd press sheet. In this instance the 

OK'd press sheet would have been listed in the job specifications as the specified standard for attribute P–10. 

Thus, the evaluation for attributes P–7 through P–10, and some paper characteristics are made relative 

to a specified standard while the other attributes and paper characteristics are evaluated on an absolute 

basis. 

Product Quality Levels (PQL's) 

For each attribute, QATAP indicates either a specified standard or a nominal value along with tolerances that specify the range of acceptability. In either case, any necessary measuring instruments are 

listed. 

Obviously, no single set of tolerances can apply to all products; for instance, tighter conformity is 

necessary on prestige products than on general information handouts or interoffice forms. Therefore, 

five Product Quality Levels (PQL's) have been established in QATAP, based primarily on the intended 

end use of the product. 
vii 

These levels range from Best Quality (Level I) through Functional Quality (Level V), allowing successively more deviation from design characteristics and furnished reproducibles. 

The PQL for each individual printing or binding job is selected by the customer agency, sometimes 

with GPO's assistance. The PQL is chosen based on the fidelity of reproduction required, the desired 

aesthetic appearance, and the intended durability of the final product. 

Listed below are brief, general descriptions of the five quality levels; the exact definition of each level 

consists of the tolerances and standards listed in QATAP Contract Terms, Printing and Binding, (GPO 

Pub. 310.1). 

Level I 

Descriptive Terms—Best quality, highest quality, tightest tolerances. 

Fidelity of Reproduction—The information transmitted requires maximum fidelity to the furnished 

reproducibles in detail, color, and resolution. 

Quality of Materials and Workmanship—These products typically involve the highest quality materials, reproducibles, production methods, and workmanship. Finishing must be held to the highest 

standards of accuracy, durability, and appearance. 

Typical Physical Description—At this level products are generally multicolor or process color work. 

Illustrations may be very fine line drawings, multicolor illustrations, or up to 300-line screen halftones. 

Examples of Tolerances—0.5 row of dots for multicolor halftone registration (see attribute P–4); one 

broken character per page for type quality (see P–7); and one-sixteenth of an inch for trim size (see 

F–l). 

Note:—The tolerance examples shown for each PQL are the starting points at which demerits are 

assigned for printing attributes and defects for finishing attributes. 

—As explained below, defects for printing attributes are based on demerits. 

— As explained below, defects for printing, finishing and paper attributes are counted 

toward an acceptable quality level, which is used to determine acceptance or rejection. 

— Some imperfections may by themselves render a product unacceptable. 

— This note applies to examples of tolerances at all levels. 

Examples—Art books, medical journals, and meat grading charts. 

Level II 

Descriptive Terms—Better quality, prestige quality, library quality. 

Fidelity of Reproduction—Close fidelity to furnished reproducibles is required. 

Quality of Materials and Workmanship—These products typically involve high quality materials, 

reproducibles, production methods, and workmanship. 
viii 

Typical Physical Description—Overall appearance is of primary importance. Products in this level 

generally have singlecolor or multicolor subject matter. Finishing must be held to high standards of 

accuracy, durability, and appearance. 

Examples of Tolerances—One row of dots for multicolor halftone registration (see attribute P–4); one 

broken character per page for type quality (see P–7); and three-thirtyseconds of an inch for trim size 

(see F–1). See note regarding tolerance examples in Level I. 

Examples—Yearbooks, recruiting materials, and illustrated professional papers. 

Level III 

Descriptive Terms—Good quality, above average quality. 

Fidelity of Reproduction—Illustrations must transmit precise information even though fidelity to 

minutest detail is not required. 

Quality of Materials and Workmanship—Typically involves above average quality materials, reproducibles, production methods, and workmanship. 

Typical Physical Description—Generally requires clean, sharp printing of single- or multi-color work 

(general process color work) and halftone reproductions up to 150-line screen. Finishing must be held 

to above average standards of accuracy, durability, and appearance. 

Examples of Tolerances—One row of dots for multicolor halftone registration (see attribute P–4); two 

broken characters per page for type quality (see P–7); and one-eighth of an inch for trim size (see F–1). 

See note regarding tolerance examples in Level I. 

Examples—Annual reports, general process color work, court decisions, budget reports, catalogs, textbooks. 

Level IV 

Descriptive Terms—Basic quality, informational quality, utility quality. 

Fidelity of Reproduction—Average fidelity and resolution to original copy or film is required. 

Quality of Materials and Workmanship—Requires average quality materials, reproducibles, production 

methods, and workmanship. 

Typical Physical Description—Products that provide general information, usually black and white or 

line color (nonprocess) and occasional halftone reproductions. Utility is important, as well as basic, 

clean appearance. Finishing must be of an accuracy, durability, and appearance that does not impair the 

function of the product. 

Examples of Tolerances—Multicolor halftone registration is not applicable (see attribute P–4); six


broken characters per page for type quality (see P–7); and three-sixteenths of an inch for trim size (see


F–1).


See note regarding tolerance examples in Level I.

ix 

Examples—Telephone directories, indexes, project reports (technical manuals without process color 

and with only occasional halftones). 

Level V 

Descriptive Terms—Functional quality, lowest usable quality, greatest tolerances. 

Fidelity of Reproduction—Considered of adequate quality provided there is no information loss. 

Quality of Materials and Workmanship—Considered of adequate quality provided there is no information loss and the finishing does not impair the function of the product. These products may be 

reproduced from any readable copy. 

Typical Physical Description—One color type and line work only. 

Examples of Tolerances—Multicolor halftone register is not applicable (see attribute P–4); broken 

characters are not applicable (see P–7); and greater than one-fourth inch for trim size (see F–1). 

See note regarding tolerance examples in Level I. 

Examples—Interoffice forms, line-only information handouts. 

Mixing Product Quality Levels 

The foregoing implies a unique PQL for each product. Actually, in some instances it may be desirable 

to mix quality levels. For example, a bound volume for which heavy use is anticipated may require 

Level II conformity to attributes related to life and durability, but only Level III conformity to attributes dealing with the quality of the printed image. 

Definition of Defects 

For each attribute and PQL, QATAP provides tolerances which are the allowable deviation from nominal values or specified standards. 

For some of the attributes (e.g., number of flexes to loosen a page), different amounts of deviation from 

the specified values have vastly different effects on the usability of the finished product. Thus, two 

different types of defects (major and critical) have been defined. 

The major defect, is based on a deviation from specifications or standards which normally would be 

noticed by the customer; e.g., excessively low type density. 

Critical defects are those which render a product extremely difficult to use, or even unusable; e.g., loss 

of information is always assessed as a critical defect. 

Thus, for attributes P–1 through P–11, F-18, and the paper attribute, QATAP assesses only major 

defects, except when loss of information occurs. For attributes F–1 through F–17, major or critical 

defects can be assessed. 

Inspection by Attributes 

Each attribute of each item inspected (individual book, pamphlet etc.) is classified as acceptable, defective at the major level, or defective at the critical level. Therefore, each item can have more than one 

defect. 

(See QATAP Contract Terms, for Printing and Binding (GPO Pub. 310.1). 
x 

Specifically, for each printing attribute, P–1 through P–11, demerits are assessed to each page measured. Then the item is assessed a major defect for that attribute if the average demerit level (ADL) per 

page for that attribute exceeds 4.0. 

If the ADL does not exceed 4.0, but if one or more pages is so obviously defective that it significantly 

impairs the quality of the entire copy, then a single major defect (Conspicuous Single Page Defect) will 

be assigned for that printing attribute. Examples are: a large hickey at the focal point of an illustration, 

P–1; a single page with extremely light (but legible) type, P–7; large ink or oil spots, P–1; large offcolor spots in process color illustrations, P–10. 

For the finishing attributes, F–1 through F–18, no ADL is used to determine defects, nor does the 

Conspicuous Single Page Defect provision apply. Instead, for each finishing attribute, the individual 

item is inspected and if necessary, assessed a major defect or a critical defect in accordance with the 

applicable tolerance table. 

QATAP provides for the evaluation of paper characteristics by inspection and testing in accordance 

with the standards in Part 2, Government Paper Specification Standards. Demerits are assessed for 

each characteristic that deviates from nominal values or specified standards. Then, if the sum of the 

demerits for that item is 31 or more, the item is assessed a major defect under QATAP. 

In summary, each individual item can be inspected for all applicable attributes and then assessed a 

specific number of major or critical defects; e.g., seven major defects and one critical defect. 

Acceptance Sampling 

There is an inherent variability in every group of manufactured items. One could inspect every item in 

the lot, but the cost would be prohibitive. 

Therefore, determining the acceptability of an entire job, which may contain thousands of individual 

items, is somewhat more complicated than the inspection of a single item as described above. 

One alternative to 100 percent inspection is a formal process called acceptance sampling which can be 

employed in many cases to determine the acceptability of an entire job. 

Acceptance sampling involves the use of statistics applied to the results of inspecting each item in a 

representative sample taken from an entire job or shipment, hereafter called a lot. ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4 

Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes (ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4 version in effect as 

of date of bid opening) prescribes the sample size appropriate for varying lot sizes under various 

circumstances. A full description of the acceptance sampling process is contained in Government 

Printing Office, Technical Report No. 27, Acceptance Sampling. 

Acceptable Quality Levels (AQL's) 

After selecting and inspecting a representative sample, the question is whether to accept or reject the 

entire lot based on those results. 

Under QATAP, a contractor is not allowed to knowingly ship any defective products. However, in many 

circumstances, a customer may tolerate a limited, predefined percentage of defective items in a ship-
xi 

ment that have not been caught by the contractor's quality system. It is the job of QATAP, Printing and 

Binding, Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 310.1) and ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4 Sampling Procedures and Tables 

for Inspection by Attributes, to define this risk. 

Therefore, in order to determine acceptance or rejection of the entire lot, an Acceptable Quality Level 

(AQL) must be established. The AQL specifies the maximum defects per 100 units (as a process average) considered satisfactory for that lot. 

The purpose of sampling and inspection is to determine statistically whether the AQL has been 

exceeded. Typical AQL's for Government contracts are 1.0 defects per 100 items for critical defects, 

and 6.5 defects per 100 items for total defects, i.e., major defects plus critical defects. 

Acceptability or Rejection of the Lot 

After sampling and inspection, the appropriate tables in publication ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4 Sampling 

Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes, are checked to determine for the sample size being 

used the number of defects that will render the lot acceptable or rejectable, i.e., the number of defects 

in the sample that correspond to the AQL. 

In a typical situation, a product that exceeds the AQL of 1.0 for critical defects or 6.5 for total defects 

is not deemed acceptable, and the Government has the option of having the lot replaced or the defects 

corrected, if possible. 

In a limited number of cases, where circumstances do not allow reprinting and use “as is” is necessary, 

QATAP provides the Government the option of accepting the lot with an equitable reduction in the 

contract price. QATAP, Printing and Binding, Contract Terms, provides discount tables to determine 

such reductions. 

Intent of QATAP 

While QATAP allows acceptance of a defective lot under an equitable reduction in contract price, in all 

cases it is the intent of the Government that all of the items meet the quality specified in the contract. 

Furthermore, the goal of QATAP is not only enforcement of quality standards through inspection, but 

also that contractors establish quality control systems that assure production of a product that meets the 

standards set forth in the contract. 

Referenced Documents 

Copies of the referenced documents can be obtained as follows: 

*GPO Contract Terms—(GPO Pub. 310.2) and 

*QATAP, Printing and Binding, Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 310.1) 

Free single copies are available to prospective bidders from the GPO Central Office Bid Room 

and all Regional Printing Procurement Offices. 

Bulk quantities are available from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402, 

telephone (202) 512–1800. 
xii 

*Government Paper Specification Standards 

Subscriptions are available from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402, telephone (202) 512–1800. 

*Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes (ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4) 

Copies of ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4 are available from the American National Standards Institute, 11 

West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036; telephone (212) 642–4900; fax (212) 302–1286. 

*Technical Report No. 26, The GPO Quality Attributes Program—An Update and Technical Report No. 

27, Acceptance Sampling 

Free single copies are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Quality Assurance 

Section (Stop PPSQ), Washington, DC 20401, telephone (202) 512–0542. 

Note: For all publications, U.S. Government agency personnel should contact their GPO customer service representative or regional printing procurement office through their agency's printing officer. 
xiii 

QATAP SUMMARY 

* There are 30 measurable attributes. 

* The attributes are evaluated against nominal values or specified standards. 

* There are five Product Quality Levels (PQL's), I-Best, through V-Functional. 

* For the printing attributes: 

Demerits are assigned if specified tolerances are exceeded. 

When an individual copy has an Average Demerit Level (ADL) of more than 4.0 (4 per 

page), the copy is assessed a major defect. 

When the ADL is 4.0 or less, if a conspicuous single page defect is present, a single major 

defect can be assessed to the appropriate printing attribute. 

* For the other attributes (excluding paper): 

Major and critical defects can be assessed. 

* 	For the paper attribute: 

Demerits are assessed in accordance with Government Paper Specification Standards. 

If the demerits equal 31 or more, a major defect is assessed. 

* Loss of Information for any reason is assessed a critical defect. 

* Total Defects are the sum of major and critical defects in the entire sample inspected. 

* 	The Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) is the maximum number of defects per 100 units the government will tolerate the risk of accepting at the contract price. 

A typical AQL is 1.0 for critical defects and 6.5 for total defects. 

* 	Acceptance Sampling, an alternative to inspecting every unit in the lot, can be used to determine if 

the entire lot meets the AQL. 

The appropriate sample size for determining a representative sample is derived by using 

ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4, Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes (version in 

effect as of date of bid opening). 

* If the defects exceed either or both AQL's: 

The government has the option of having the lot replaced or corrected if possible, or accepting 

the lot with an equitable reduction in the contract price. 

(END OF INFORMATIONAL FOREWORD)

xiv

xv


QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 1 

Quality Assurance Through Attributes Program 

(QATAP) 

1. DEFINITIONS 

1–1. Quality Attribute—A quality attribute is a property of a printed product which affects its quality. 

Examples are trim size, image position, type quality, and paper. 

1–2. Lot or Batch—A lot or batch is a quantity of copies of a publication from which a sample is 

drawn. A lot or batch consists of copies which are produced under essentially the same conditions and 

at essentially the same time. 

1–3. Critical Defect—A critical defect is a serious deviation from specifications. Critical defects are 

designated in the tolerance tables for finishing attributes. 

1–4. Major Defect—A major defect is a deviation from specifications which is less serious than a critical defect. Major defects are designated in the tolerance tables for printing attributes, finishing 

attributes and the paper attribute. 

1–5. Total Defects—Total defects are the sum of all critical and all major defects (e.g., 3 critical 

defects + 2 major defects = 5 total defects). 

1–6. Acceptable Quality Levels (AQL’s)—The AQL's are the maximum number of defects per 100 

copies that the Government will accept at the contract price. Unless otherwise specified, the AQL’s are 

1.0 for critical defects and 6.5 for total defects. 

1–7. Product Quality Levels (PQL’s)—The PQL’s specify the degree of quality required in the final 

product. QATAP contains five PQL’s ranging from Level I (Best) to Level V (Functional). Generally, 

tolerances for attributes vary with the PQL. 

1–8. Inspection Levels—The inspection levels are the means used to determine the relationship 

between the lot or batch size and the minimum sample size. Inspection Levels will be specified in 

accordance with page 9 of “ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4, Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by 

Attributes” (version in effect as of date of bid opening). Copies of ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4 are available 

from the American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036; telephone 

(212) 642–4900; fax (212) 302–1286. 

1–9. Specified Standards—The specified standards are the criteria on which printing attributes P–7, 

P–8, P–9, and P–10 are evaluated. For example, process color match (P–10) might be evaluated by 

comparing a printed illustration with an “OK’d press sheet.” In this example, the “OK’d press sheet" 

would be listed in the specifications as the specified standard for printing attribute P–10. 

Standards will be specified for the following attributes: 

P–7 Type Quality and Uniformity 


P–8 Halftone Match 


P–9 Solid or Screen Tints Color Match 


P–10 Process Color Match


1–10. Average Demerit Levels (ADL's)—ADL's are one of the means used to classify defects for printing attributes. 
2 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

1–11. Standard Viewing Conditions—Standard viewing conditions are those defined in ISO 

3664–2000, Viewing conditions—Graphic technology and photography. 

2. DETERMINATION OF PRODUCT QUALITY 

a. QATAP establishes attributes for quality and it defines tolerances for those attributes for five quality levels of printing. When attributes deviate from the allowable tolerances, the deviations will be 

classified as either major or critical defects pursuant to the applicable tolerance table. 

b. Attributes which are not identified as quality attributes under QATAP (e.g., stitching position) will 

be evaluated in accordance with the article entitled “Quality” in U.S. Government Printing Office 

Contract Terms (Pub. 310.2). 

3. DETERMINING ACCEPTABILITY—Because inspection of all copies of a publication is usually 

impractical, the Government will utilize statistical sampling to determine quality. When the 

Government determines that both the number of critical defects and the number of total defects in the 

lot or batch do not exceed their respective AQL’s, the lot or batch will be accepted at the contract price. 

ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4, Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes, will be used to make 

this determination. 

If the defects exceed either or both AQL’s, the Government will have the option of having the lot or 

batch replaced, having the defects corrected, or accepting the lot or batch with an equitable reduction 

in the contract price. The discount tables contained in Appendices A & B will be used as a guide by the 

Contracting Officer to determine reductions. Failure to agree to such reduction of price shall be a 

dispute concerning a question of fact within the meaning of the article entitled “Disputes” of GPO 

Contract Terms (Publication 310.2). In all cases it is the intent of the Government that the products 

meet the quality required in the specifications. 

4. CATEGORIES OF ATTRIBUTES—Quality attributes are divided into three categories which 

consist of printing attributes, finishing attributes, and the paper attribute. 

4–1. Printing Attributes—For each copy that is inspected, the Government will evaluate each applicable 

printing attribute by separately inspecting: 

a. outside covers (i.e., the spine and covers 1 & 4) 

b. text (i.e., pages and covers 2 & 3) 

ADL’s will be determined as follows: 

(i) 	 Outside covers will be inspected and evaluated as one unit. The unit will be assessed demerits (i.e., 4, 20, 100) pursuant to the demerit table for each printing attribute that deviates 

from specifications. The demerits which are assessed constitute the ADL for outside covers 

for that printing attribute for that copy. 

(ii)	 The text will be evaluated by inspecting pages (each page is an individual unit), cover 2, 

and cover 3 as individual units. Each unit will be assessed demerits (i.e., 4, 20, 100) 

pursuant to the demerit table for each printing attribute that deviates from specifications. 

The demerits which are assessed will be summed, and each sum will be divided by the 

number of individual units that were inspected for that printing attribute. The quotient 

constitutes the ADL for text for that printing attribute for that copy. 

(iii) In each copy the ADL’s for each printing attribute will be classified as follows: 
CATEGORIES OF ATTRIBUTES 3 

Tolerance Table for Printing Attributes 

Classification 

ADL’s of Defect 

4 or less for both outside covers and text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .None. 

More than 4 for either or both outside covers and text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Major. 

Conspicuous Single Page Defects—When one or more pages have been assessed demerits for a printing 

attribute but the ADL does not exceed 4, a single major defect will be assessed for that printing attribute if one or more pages is so conspicuously defective that it significantly impairs the quality of the 

entire copy. Examples include a large hickey at the focal point of an illustration, a single page with 

extremely light (but legible) type, large ink spots, large oil spots, and large off-color spots in illustrations. 

4–2. Finishing Attributes—The Government will evaluate finishing attributes by inspecting individual copies of publications. When each copy is inspected, each applicable finishing attribute that 

deviates from specifications will be classified as either a critical or major defect in accordance with the 

tolerance table for that attribute. 

4–3. Paper Attribute—The Government will evaluate the paper attribute by inspecting and testing 

paper characteristics in individual copies of publications. The paper characteristics will be tested in 

accordance with the current edition of “Government Paper Specification Standards” which is published 

by the Joint Committee on Printing. When each copy is inspected, paper that deviates from specifications will be assessed a major defect. 

Tolerance Table for the Paper Attribute 

Classification 

Sum of Demerits of Defect 

Less than 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .None. 

31 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Major. 

5. GOVERNMENT FURNISHED MATERIAL (GFM)—Defects will not be assessed for deviations 

from specifications which are caused by GFM if the contractor notifies the Government prior to 

production that the GFM is not satisfactory. 

P–1. HICKIES AND SPOTS 5 

Printing Attributes 

P–1. Hickies and Spots 

Definition: 	 Hickies and spots are small deformities, specks, or other imperfections on a page, 

cover, or spine, which result from the printing or reproduction process. 

Examples: Ink spatter, hickies caused by dirty blanket, spots due to paper picking. 

Instruments: 1. Visual evaluation 

2. Magnifier with scale graduated in increments of .1 mm or .005 inch 

Procedure: 1. 	 Evaluate hickies, off-color spots, and ink spots in accordance with the following 

table: 

Diameter Count 

lessthan1mm(.04in.).................................................................... 1


1 to but not including 2 mm (.08 in.) ................................................. 3


2 through 3 mm (.12 in.) ................................................................... 15


greater than 3 mm (.12 in) ................................................................ 45


Demerit Table for Hickies and/or Spots 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I	 5 to and including 14 counts .................................X


15 to and including 29 counts ................................ X


greater than 29 counts ..................................... X


Level II	 10 to and including 19 counts ................................X


20 to and including 39 counts ................................ X


greater than 39 counts ..................................... X


Level III	 20 to and including 29 counts ................................X


30 to and including 49 counts ................................ X


greater than 49 counts ..................................... X


Level IV	 30 to and including 39 counts ................................X


greater than 39 counts ..................................... X


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

6 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

P–2. Extraneous Marks 

Definitions and Examples: Extraneous marks are undesirable marks which are not hickies or spots. 

Examples are lines due to plate scratches, scumming, tinting, wheel marks, oil marks, and ink bleedthrough. Showthrough is not evaluated under this attribute. The two categories of deviations for 

extraneous marks are: 

Category 1: 	 These are marks which are readable on a densitometer and which cover an area meauring more than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) in their smallest dimension. Examples are scumming, set off, and smearing. 

Category 2:	 These are marks that do not fall in Category 1. Examples are roller marks, gear 

marks, lines due to scratches on negative or plate, and ink bleed-through. 

Category 2 marks are classified according to seriousness as follows: 

a. 	 Light Marks—Light marks are marks which are visible under standard viewing conditions and 

which slightly detract from the appearance of a page. Examples are visible marks measuring 

less than .010 square inch (6.5 square millimeters) in total area. 

b.	 Medium Marks—Medium marks are marks that moderately detract from the appearance of a 

page. Examples are visible marks measuring between .010 and .020 square inch (between 6.5 

and 12.9 square millimeters) in total area. 

c. 	 Heavy Marks—Heavy marks are marks that seriously detract from the appearance of a page. 

Examples are marks greater than .020 square inch (12.9 square millimeters) in total area. 

Marks caused by foreign matter such as oil will always be classified as heavy marks. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Reflection Densitometer 

3. Magnifier with scale graduated in increments of .005 inch (.1 millimeter) 

Procedures: 

Category 1 

a. Use a reflection densitometer with the filter giving the highest reading. 

b.	 Measure the three areas of greatest density in the mark. Compute the average and 

assign demerits on the average. 

Category 2 

a. Visually inspect the marks under standard viewing conditions. 

b. Classify the marks based on the above criteria. 

c. Measure area of mark only if there is a dispute regarding the classification. 
P–2. EXTRANEOUS MARKS 7 

Demerit Assessment 

Assess demerits on the more defective of the two categories. A maximum of 100 


demerits will be assessed per page.


Demerit Table for Extraneous Marks (Category 1) 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I	 Visible to but not including 0.01 density .........................X


0.01 through and including 0.02 density ......................... X


greater than 0.02 density .................................... X


Level II	 0.01 to but not including 0.02 density ..........................X


0.02 through and including 0.03 density ......................... X


greater than 0.03 density .................................... X


Level III	 0.02 to but not including 0.03 density ..........................X


0.03 through and including 0.04 density ......................... X


greater than 0.04 density .................................... X


Level IV	 0.03 to but not including 0.04 density ..........................X


0.04 through and including 0.05 density ......................... X


greater than 0.05 density .................................... X


Level V Not applicable to Level V ....................................


Demerit Table for Extraneous Marks (Category 2) 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I	 Light Marks .............................................. X


Medium Marks ............................................ X


Heavy Marks ............................................. X


Level II	 Light Marks ..............................................X


Medium Marks ............................................ X


Heavy Marks ............................................. X


Level III	 Light Marks ..............................................X


Medium Marks ............................................ X


Heavy Marks ............................................. X


Level IV	 Light Marks ..............................................X


Medium Marks ............................................X


Heavy Marks ............................................. X


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

8 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

P–3. Moire 

Definitions: 1. Moire is defined as objectionable patterns which are created when halftone screens 

are printed over one another at incorrect screen angles. Moire may also appear when 

rescreening a single color halftone or screening an original halftone which contains 

patterned objects (e.g., fabrics). 

2. Avoidable moire is moire that is due to poor production methods rather than the 

inherent limitations of the process (e.g., 15 degree yellow screen angle, rescreened 

halftones). 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Screen Angle Gauge 

Procedures: 1. Visually examine halftone under standard viewing conditions. 

2. 	 Determine the deviation of each color from the desired screen angle by means of a 

screen angle gauge. 

Demerit Table for Moire 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I Any avoidable moire ........................................ X


Level II	 Avoidable moire through and including .5 ̊ ........................ X


greater than .5 ̊ .......................................... X


Level III	 Avoidable moire through and including .5 ̊ ........................X


.5 ̊ through and including 1.0 ̊ ................................ X


greater than 1.0 ̊ ......................................... X


Level IV
 .5 ̊ to but not including 1.0 ̊ .................................X


1.0 ̊ through and including 1.5 ̊ ............................... X


greater than 1.5 ̊ ......................................... X


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

P–4. REGISTER 9 

P–4. Register 

Definition:	 Register is the alignment of two or more image components. The two categories of 

register are: 

1. Multicolor Halftone Register (Internal and/or Border) 

2. Linework Register (solid colors) 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Magnifier with scale graduated in increments of .1 mm or .005 inch 

Procedures: 1. 	 Multicolor Halftone Register (Internal and/or Border) Establish the measuring 

base by determining two colors in register within 0.5 row. Sum the rows of misregister for all colors. Enter the sum on the demerit table to assign demerits. If three 

or more colors are used and no two colors register within 1 row, assign 100 demerits to that page. If more than one illustration appears on a page, assess demerits 

only on the most defective illustration. A maximum of 100 demerits will be 

assessed per page. 

2. 	 Linework Register (Solid Colors and Specialty Screens) Establish the measuring 

base by determining two colors in register within 0.10 mm. Using a magnifier with 

a graduated scale, measure in millimeters the misregister for each color. Sum the 

measurements of misregister for all colors. Enter sum on the demerit table to assign 

demerits. If no two colors are in register within 0.10 mm, select as the measuring 

base the color which will result in the smallest number of demerits. 

Demerit Table for Multicolor Halftone Register 

Product Quality Demerits 

Levels 4 20 100 

Level I .5 to but not including 1 row .................................X 

1 through and including 2 rows ................................ X 

greater than 2 rows ........................................ X 

Level II 1 to but not including 2 rows .................................X 

2 through and including 3 rows ................................ X 

greater than 3 rows ........................................ X 

Level III 1 to but not including 2 rows .................................X 

2 through and including 4 rows ................................ X 

greater than 4 rows ........................................ X 

Level IV
 Not applicable to Level IV ....................................


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

10 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

Demerit Table for Solids and Linework 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 	 .10 mm (.004 in.) to but not including .20 mm (.008 in.) ............X


.20 mm (.008 in.) through and including .30 mm (.012 in.) ........... X


greater than .30 mm (.012 in.) ................................ X


Level II	 .10 mm (.004 in.) to but not including .20 mm (.008 in.) ............X


.20 mm (.008 in.) through and including .30 mm (.012 in.) ........... X


greater than .30 mm (.012 in.) ................................ X


Level III	 .20 mm (.008 in.) to but not including .30 mm (.012 in.) ............X


.30 mm (.012 in.) through and including .40 mm (.016 in.) ........... X


greater than .40 mm (.016 in.) ................................ X


Level IV	 .40 mm (.016 in.) to but not including .50 mm (.020 in.) ............X


.50 mm (.020 in.) through and including .60 mm (.024 in.) ........... X


greater than .60 mm (.024 in.) ................................ X


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

P–5. TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION IMAGE POSITION 11 

P–5. Text and Illustration Image Position 

Definitions: The two categories of deviations for image position are: 

1. 	 Misplacement —Misplacement is the linear displacement of the image between the 

specified and actual position. 

2. 	 Skewness—Skewness is the angular displacement of the image in relation to the 

edges of the page. 

Examples:	 Unintentional bleeds, incorrect placement of text, and improper alignment of two-page 

spreads. 

Instruments: 1. Visual 

2. Ruler graduated to 1/64 and .010 inches (or .1 mm) 

Procedures: 1. 	 Misplacement 

By means of a ruler, determine vertical and horizontal deviations of the printed 

image position from the specified position. Assess demerits on the greater deviation. 

2. Exceptions: 

a. 	 Image Bleeds 

If either a specified image bleed does not occur or an unspecified image bleed does 

occur, assess 100 demerits for Levels I, II and III and 20 demerits for Level IV. 

b.	 Facing Pages 

When the vertical deviations of facing pages are in opposite directions from the 

specified position, sum the measurements of the two deviations. Using the demerit 

table for misplacement, assess demerits based on the combination of the two pages. 

For example, in a level III book, one margin is 3/32 inch high and the facing page 

margin is 2/32 inch low. Assess a total of 20 demerits to the two pages combined 

based on the sum of 5/32 inch. 

c. 	 Saddle Stitched Publications 

Allowances will be made for normal trade practices for margins of saddle stitched 

publications. 

3. 	 Skewness 

Measure the distance from the printed image to the edge of the page at two points 

on the same edge, exactly five inches (127 millimeters) apart (see illustration). 

Calculate the difference in the two measurements (D1-D2) and assess demerits 

based on this difference. If a five-inch (127 millimeters) distance is not available, 

extend the edges of the copy and the image to five inches (127 millimeters). 

4. 	 Demerit Assessment 

Assess demerits for each category. A maximum of 200 demerits will be assessed 

per page. 
12 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

1. Demerit Table for Misplacement 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 	 1/32 in. (.8 mm) to but not including 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) .............X


1/16 in. (1.6 mm) through and including 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) ........... X


greater than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm.) ................................ X


Level II	 1/32 in. (.8 mm) to but not including 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) .............X


1/16 in. (1.6 mm) through and including 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) ........... X


greater than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) ................................ X


Level III	 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) to but not including 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) .............X


1/8 in. (3.2 mm) through and including 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) ........... X


greater than 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) ............................... X


Level IV
 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) to but not including 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) .............X


3/16 in. (4.8 mm) through and including 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) ............ X


greater than 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) ................................. X


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

P–5. TEXT AND ILLUSTRATION IMAGE POSITION 13 

2. Demerit Table for Skewness 

Demerits Product Quality (D1–D2 at 5” distance) Levels 4 20 100 

Level I .02 in. (.5 mm) to but not including .04 in. (1.0 mm) ...............X 

.04 in. (1.0 mm) through and including .09 in. (2.3 mm) ............. X 

greater than .09 in. (2.3 mm) ................................. X 

Level II .02 in. (.5 mm) to but not including .04 in. (1.0 mm) ...............X 

.04 in. (1.0 mm) through and including .09 in. (2.3 mm) ............. X 

greater than .09 in. (2.3 mm) ................................. X 

Level III .02 in. (.5 mm) to but not including .09 in. (2.3 mm) ...............X 

.09 in. (2.3 mm) through and including .18 in. (4.6 mm) ............. X 

greater than .18 in. (4.6 mm) ................................. X 

Level IV .04 in. (1.0mm) to but not including .09 in. (2.3 mm) ...............X 

.09 in. (2.3 mm) through and including .18 in. (4.6 mm) ............. X 

greater than .18 in. (4.6 mm) ................................. X 

Level V Not applicable to Level V .................................... 

Approximate Equivalent Degrees of Skewness 

Degrees


of


Skewness


.02 ....................................... 1/4 ̊


.04 ....................................... 1/2 ̊


.09 ....................................... 1 ̊


.13 ....................................... 1-1/2 ̊


.18 ....................................... 2 ̊


.26 ....................................... 3 ̊

14 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

P–6. Newton’s Rings 

Definition:	 Newton’s rings are irregular circles which are caused by interference (e.g., tape, dirt, 

etc.) with good contact or by poor contact printing technique. 

Examples: Printed halftones and screen tints that have a bleached and/or mottled appearance. 

Instruments: Visual 

Procedures: 1.	 Determine the presence of Newton’s rings in a single or multicolor halftone by 

making a visual comparison under standard viewing conditions between the original camera copy and the sample being inspected. 

2.	 Determine the presence of Newton’s rings in single color or multicolor screen tints 

by a visual examination of the sample under standard viewing conditions without 

the use of camera copy. 

Demerit Table for Newton’s Rings 

Product Quality Demerits 

Levels 4 20 100 

Level I Any visible Newton’s rings ................................... X 

Level II Any visible Newton’s rings ................................... X 

Level III Any visible Newton’s rings ................................... X 

Level IV Any visible Newton’s rings ................................... X 

Level V Not applicable to Level V .................................... 
P–7. TYPE QUALITY AND UNIFORMITY 15 

P–7. Type Quality and Uniformity 

Evaluation: Type will be evaluated in four ways: 

1. Minimum Type Density (maximum % reflectance). 

2.	 Variation in Type Density (% reflectance) between facing pages, within a page, or 

from an “OK’d press sheet.” 

3. Deviation in Type Dimension from the specified standard. 

4. Broken characters. 

Instruments: 1. Visual 

2. Print Contrast Meter (% reflectance convertible to density) 

3. 8x type size finder 

4. 50x microscope with reticle calibrated to .001" 

Procedures: 1. 	 Minimum Type Density (maximum % reflectance). 

Inspect each page visually to locate minimum type density (maximum % 

reflectance). 

Make dry readings of the three lightest characters with a print contrast meter. 

Compute the average of the readings and assess demerits based on it. 

2. 	 Variation in Type Density (% reflectance) between facing pages, within a page, or 

from an “OK’d press sheet.” 

Compare measurements for each individual page inspected against a % reflectance 

reading for its facing page, against each other for variation within a page, or against 

those of an “OK’d press sheet.” 

3. 	 Type Dimension 

Evaluate type dimension by comparing measurements of the finished publication 

with the specified standard. Use the 50x microscope or print contrast meter to 

measure type dimensions. Tolerances are based on the maximum deviation from 

the specified standard. 

4. 	 Broken Characters 

Count the number of broken characters on each page. 

5. 	 Demerit Assessment 

Assess demerits on all of the four categories. A maximum of 400 demerits will be 

assessed per page. 

These tolerances will also be used for the line widths and ink density of line illustrations. 

Exception:	 Evaluation 1 “Minimum Type Density (maximum % reflectance)” and evaluation 2 

“Variation in Type Density (% reflectance) between facing pages, within a page, or 

from an ‘OK’d press sheet” will not apply to type printed with colored ink (i.e., a type 

other than black). Instead, type printed with colored ink will be evaluated for visible 

density variation (1) between facing pages (2) within a page (3) between the page and 

the specified standard listed for attribute P–9 “Solids or Screen Tints Color Match.” 

Each page containing any of these variations will be assessed 100 demerits at Levels I 

and II, and 20 demerits at Levels III and IV. 
16 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

1. Demerit Table for Minimum Type Density or Maximum Percent Reflectance 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I Gloss Coated Paper


5% reflectance to 10% .................................X


11% reflectance to 15% ................................. X


16% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Matte Finish, Coated Paper


7% reflectance to 10% .................................X


11% reflectance to 15% ................................. X


16% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Level II Gloss Coated Paper


6% reflectance to 12% .................................X


13% reflectance to 17% ................................. X


18% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Matte Finish, Coated Paper


8% reflectance to 12% .................................X


13% reflectance to 17% ................................. X


18% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Uncoated Paper


11% reflectance to 13% .................................X


14% reflectance to 18% ................................. X


19% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Level III Gloss Coated Paper


7% reflectance to 13% .................................X


14% reflectance to 18% ................................. X


19% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Matte Finish, Coated Paper


9% reflectance to 13% ..................................X


14% reflectance to 18% ................................. X


19% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Uncoated Paper


13% reflectance to 14% .................................X


15% reflectance to 19% ................................. X


20% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Level IV Gloss Coated Paper


9% reflectance to 14% ..................................X


15% reflectance to 19% ................................. X


20% reflectance or greater ............................... X


Matte Finish, Coated Paper


11% reflectance to 14% .................................X


15% reflectance to 19% ................................. X


20% reflectance or greater ............................... X

P-7. TYPE QUALITY AND UNIFORMITY 17 

1. Demerit Table for Minimum Type Density or Maximum Percent Reflectance—Continued 

Product Quality Demerits 

Levels 4 20 100 

Uncoated Paper 

16% reflectance to 19% .................................X 

20% reflectance to 24% ................................. X 

25% reflectance or greater ............................... X 

Newsprint 

20% reflectance to 24% .................................X 

25% reflectance to 29% ................................. X 

30% reflectance or greater ............................... X 

Level V Not applicable to Level V ....................................


Equivalent Densities for Percent Reflectance 

Percent 

Reflectance Density Percent 

Reflectance Density Percent 

Reflectance Density 

2 1.70 12 .92 22 .66 

3 1.52 13 .89 23 .64 

4 1.40 14 .85 24 .62 

5 1.30 15 .82 25 .60 

6 1.22 16 .80 26 .59 

7 1.15 17 .77 27 .57 

8 1.10 18 .74 28 .55 

9 1.05 19 .72 29 .54 

10 1.00 20 .70 30 .52 

11 .96 21 .68 

2. Demerit Table for Percent Reflectance Variation 

Product Quality Demerits 

Levels (Between facing pages, within a page, or from an “Ok’d press sheet”) 4 20 100 

Level I 2% to but not including 3% reflectance ..........................X 

3% through and including 4% reflectance ........................ X 

greater than 4% reflectance .................................. X 

Level II & III 3% to but not including 4% reflectance ..........................X 

4% through and including 5% reflectance ........................ X 

greater than 5% reflectance .................................. X 

Level IV 4% to but not including 5% reflectance ..........................X 

5% through and including 6% reflectance ........................ X 

greater than 6% reflectance .................................. X 

Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

18 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

3. Demerit Table for Type Dimension* 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 	 .002 in. (.05 mm) to but not including .003 in. (.08 mm) ............X


.003 in. (.08 mm) through and including .004 in. (.10 mm) ........... X


greater than .004 in. (.10 mm) ................................ X


Level II	 .002 in (.05 mm) to but not including .003 in. (.08 mm) .............X


.003 in. (.08 mm) through and including .004 in. (.10 mm) ........... X


greater than .004 in. (.10 mm) ................................ X


Level III	 .003 in (.08 mm) to but not including .004 in. (.10 mm) .............X


.004 in. (.10 mm) through and including .005 in. (.13 mm) ........... X


greater than .005 in. (.13 mm) ................................ X


Level IV	 .004 in (.10 mm) to but not including .005 in. (.13 mm) .............X


.005 in. (.13 mm) through and including .006 in. (.15 mm) ........... X


greater than .006 in. (.15 mm) ................................ X


Level V Not applicable to Level V


*1 point equals 0.0138” (.351 mm)


4. Demerit Table for Broken Characters 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 


Level II


Level III


Level IV


Level V


1 to 2 broken characters ....................................X 

3 to 5 broken characters .................................... X 

greater than 5 characters .................................... X 

1 to 2 broken characters ....................................X 

3 to 5 broken characters .................................... X 

greater than 5 characters .................................... X 

2 to 3 broken characters ....................................X 

4 to 6 broken characters .................................... X 

greater than 6 characters .................................... X 

6 to 8 broken characters ....................................X 

greater than 8 characters .................................... X 

Not applicable to Level V ....................................

P–8. HALFTONE MATCH (SINGLE AND DOUBLE IMPRESSION) 19 

P–8. Halftone Match (Single and Double Impression) 

Definitions: 1.	 If the “Ok’d press sheet” is the specified standard, the halftone match is the density 

deviation between the “OK’d press sheet” and the reproduction in the highlights, 

middletones, and shadows. 

2. 	 When the “furnished negatives” are the specified standard, the tone reproduction 

curve is determined by the negative. However, the contractor is required to meet 

the minimum solid ink density and to maintain dot structure and two page spread 

requirements, allowing for normal dot gain from the “furnished negatives.’’ 

3. 	 When the “camera copy” is the specified standard, the solid ink density, dot structure, and two-page spread requirements shall apply to halftone match. Because 

proofs such as dyluxes and veloxes do not truly reflect the quality of the finished 

product, their “OK” by the ordering agency does not relieve the contractor from 

meeting these tolerances. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Reflection densitometer 

3. Magnifier 

Procedures: 1. All specified standards. 

a.	 Assess 20 demerits if highlight or shadow dot structure is not maintained in the 

reproduction and 100 demerits if detail is lost. However, normal dropout of 

extreme highlights is acceptable. 

Assess 20 demerits for excessive compression of highlights or shadows (e.g., 

midtone shifts). 

b.	 If a visible denisty shift occurs in a single illustration that occupies a two-page 

spread, for each page assess 100 demerits at Levels I and II, and 20 demerits at 

Levels III and IV. 

c. Make a densitometer reading in an area with solid ink density. 

(1) 	For single impression halftones, use the densitometer filter that indicates the 

highest total density. 

(2)	 For double impression black halftones, make comparative readings with the 

visual filter. 

(3)	 For two-color duotones, make comparative densitometer readings with the two 

filters that indicate the highest readings. 

d.	 Assess demerits only on the most defective of the three areas. Assess a maximum 

of 100 demerits per page for single color and double black halftones and 200 

demerits for two-color halftones. 
20 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

2. “OK’d Press Sheet’’ as the Specified Standard. 

a. Zero densitometer to the paper. 

b.	 Make comparative dry measurements between the “OK’d press sheet” and the 

reproduction in corresponding highlight and middletone areas. 

Demerit Table for Highlights


Highlight densities are measured from an area of not less than 0.15 density on the “OK’d press sheet.”


Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 	 ± .03 to but not including ± .04 ...............................X


± .04 through and including ± .05 .............................. X


greater than ± .05 ......................................... X


Level II	 ± .04 to but not including ± .05 ...............................X


± .05 through and including ± .06 .............................. X


greater than ± .06 ......................................... X


Level III	 ± .06 to but not including ± .07 ...............................X


± .07 through and including ± .08 .............................. X


greater than ± .08 ......................................... X


Level IV	 ± .07 to but not including ± .08 ...............................X


± .08 through and including ± .09 .............................. X


greater than ± .09 ......................................... X


Level V Not applicable to Level V ....................................


Demerit Table for Middletones 

Middletone densities are measured from an area between 0.45 to 0.60 on “OK’d press sheet.” 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 	 ± .10 to but not including ± .11 ...............................X


± .11 through and including ± .12 .............................. X


greater than ± .12 ......................................... X


Level II	 ± .11 to but not including ± .12 ...............................X


± .12 through and including ± .13 .............................. X


greater than ± .13 ......................................... X


Level III	 ± .12 to but not including ± .15 ...............................X


± .15 through and including ± .20 .............................. X


greater than ± .20 ......................................... X


Level IV	 ± .15 to but not including ± .20 ...............................X


± .20 through and including ± .25 .............................. X


greater than ± .25 ......................................... X


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

P–8. HALFTONE MATCH (SINGLE AND DOUBLE IMPRESSION) 21


Demerit Table for Shadows 

Tolerances in the shadow areas are based on the following solid ink densities: 

single impression black halftones


coated stock ................. 1.40


uncoated stock ............... 1.10


double impression black halftones


coated stock ................. 1.70


uncoated stock ............... 1.30


Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I –.02 to but not including –.06 ................................X


– .06 through and including – .12 .............................. X


greater than – .12 ......................................... X


Level II – .02 to but not including – .08 ...............................X


– .08 through and including – .16 .............................. X


greater than – .16 ......................................... X


Level III – .02 to but not including – .10 ...............................X


– .10 through and including – .20 .............................. X


greater than – .20 ......................................... X


Level IV – .02 to but not including – .10 ...............................X


– .10 through and including – .25 .............................. X


greater than – .25 ......................................... X


Level V 
 Not Applicable to Level V ....................................

22 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

P–9. Solid or Screen Tints Color Match 

Definition:	 Solid or screen tints color match is the density deviation between the reproduction and 

the specified standard. There are three solid and/or screen tint categories: 

1. Single Color Solids or Tints 

2. Multicolor Solids or Tints 

3. Process Color Solids or Tints 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Reflection Densitometer 

Procedures: 1.	 For single color solids or tints, make a dry comparative densitometer reading using 

the filter that will indicate the highest density. 

2. 	 For multicolor solids or tints, make a dry comparative densitometer reading using 

the filter that will indicate the highest density. 

3.	 For process color solids or tints, use the scoring system for Process Color Halftones 

(P–10) to determine demerits. 

Exceptions:	 If a visible density shift occurs within or between, solids or tints (on a single page or


on a two-page spread), 100 demerits at Levels I and II, and 20 demerits at Levels III 


and IV will be assessed for each page.


Demerit Table for Solids and/or Screen Tints 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 	 ± .05 to but not including ± .10 density .........................X


± .10 through and including ± .15 density ........................ X


greater than ± .15 density ................................... X


Visible variation within a solid ................................. X


Level II	 ± .07 to but not including ± .12 density .........................X


± .12 through and including ± .17 density ........................ X


greater than ± .17 density ................................... X


Visible variation within a solid ................................. X


Level III	 ± .09 to but not including ± .14 density .........................X


± .14 through and including ± .19 density ........................ X


greater than ± .19 density ................................... X


Visible variation within a solid ................................. X


Level IV	 ± .12 to but not including ± .17 density .........................X


± .17 through and including ± .22 density ........................ X


greater than ± .22 density ................................... X


Visible variation within a solid ................................. X


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

P–10. PROCESS COLOR MATCH 23 

P–10. Process Color Match 

Definitions: 1. 	 Process color match is the fidelity of color match between the item being inspected 

and the specified standard. 

2. 	 A perceptible shift is a shift in color between the specified standard and the sample, 

that is perceptible under standard viewing conditions but is not large enough to be 

classified as objectionable. 

3. 	 An objectionable shift is a shift between the specified standard and the sample 

causing a definite change of color. Examples are fleshtones shifting slightly 

towards a yellow or magenta hue, green grass taking on a yellow or cyan cast, 

browns turning slightly reddish or yellowish, and overall density change. 

4.	 A serious shift is a shift between the specified standard and the sample causing a 

change of color approaching misrepresentation or loss of identity. Examples are 

fleshtones, browns, and grays turning green or purple, green grass turning brown 

or magenta, and plugged shadows or washed out highlights. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Inspection 

2. Densitometer 

Procedures: 1.	 Compare sample with specified standard for shifts in hue, saturation, and lightness under standard viewing conditions (see paragraph 1–11, “Standard Viewing 

Conditions”). 

2. 	 Assess demerits in accordance with the table below (maximum 100 demerits per 

page). 

3. When a sample of production run press sheets (fan) is required: 

a. Assess demerits to each page. 

b.	 Combine corresponding sample numbers from all fans to construct a set of 

“equivalent books.” 

c. Calculate an ADL for each equivalent book. 
24 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

Demerit Table for Process Color Match 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I 	 Perceptible shift ........................................... X


Objectionable shift ......................................... X


Serious shift: (See finishing attribute F–18) .......................


Level II	 Perceptible shift ...........................................X


Objectionable shift ......................................... X


Serious shift ............................................. X


Level III	 Objectionable shift ......................................... X


Serious shift ............................................. X


Level IV
 Not applicable to Level IV ....................................


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

P–11. RUB-RESISTANCE OF PRINTED IMAGE 25 

P–11. Rub-Resistance of Printed Image 

Definition:	 Rub-resistance is the resistance of the printed image to smearing onto similar stock 

when rubbed with that stock. There are two categories of rub-resistance: 

1. Rub-Resistance of Unvarnished Image 

2. Rub-Resistance of Varnished Image 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Reflection Densitometer 

3. Rub Tester (Sutherland or equivalent) 

Procedures: 1. Unvarnished Image 

a. Calibrate the densitometer to the blank strip of stock. 

b.	 Test a representative sample of the printed product on the Rub Tester. Give a 

3" x 6" (76.2 mm x 152.4 mm) printed sample 25 rubs at a pressure of 1.0 P.S.I. 

against a 2" x 51

⁄4" (50.8 mm x 133.4 mm) blank strip of stock similar to that on 

which the sample is printed. 

c. 	 Make three density readings in the area of highest density on the blank 2" x 51

⁄4" 

(50.8 mm x 133.4 mm) test strip. Use the densitometer filter which indicates the 

maximum density for the color of ink used in the printed sample. 

d. 	 Calculate an average density for the rub-off smear based on the three independent 

density readings. 

e. Perform all tests at least 72 hours after the printing operation. 

2. 	 Varnished Image 

Follow the same procedure as above with the exception that each sample will be 

given 50 rubs at a pressure of 1.0 P.S.I. (.70308 gm/mm2). 

1. Demerit Table for Rub-Resistance of Unvarnished Image 

Product Quality Demerits 

Levels 4 20 100 

All Levels Type 

.04 through and not including .05 density ........................X 

.05 through and including .06 density ........................... X 

greater than .06 density ..................................... X 

All Levels Halftones 

.05 through and not including .06 density ........................X 

.06 through and including .07 density ........................... X 

greater than .07 density ..................................... X 

All Levels Solids 

.06 through and not including .07 density ........................X 

.07 through and including .08 density ........................... X 

greater than .08 density ..................................... X 
26 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

2. Demerit Table for Rub-Resistance of Varnished Image 

Product Quality Demerits


Levels 4 20 100


Level I	 .12 to but not including .14 density ............................X


.14 through and including .16 density ........................... X


greater than .16 density ..................................... X


Level II	 .12 to but not including .14 density ............................X


.14 through and including .16 density ........................... X


greater than .16 density ..................................... X


Level III	 .12 to but not including .14 density ............................X


.14 through and including .16 density ........................... X


greater than .16 density ..................................... X


Level IV
 Not applicable to Level IV ....................................


Level V
 Not applicable to Level V ....................................

F–1. TRIM SIZE 27 

Finishing Attributes 

F–1. Trim Size 

Definitions: 1.	 Nonspecified trim size is any deviation in the specified horizontal or vertical trim 

size. 

2. Nonflush trim is any variation in length or width within a copy. 

3.	 Unsquare trim is defined as the angular misalignment of the trimmed edges of a 

copy. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Ruler graduated in 1/64 and .020 inches or .1 mm. 

Procedure: 1.	 Nonspecified Trim Size 

Determine the largest deviations of the horizontal and vertical trim from the specfied size. Classify the defect based on these deviations. 

2.	 Nonflush Trim 

Determine the greatest deviations in length and width between two pages in the 

copy. Classify the defect based on the greater deviation. 

3. Unsquare Trim 

a.	 Draw a line perpendicular to the edge where the maximum angular misalignment 

occurs (see diagrams). 

b.	 Measure distances Dl and D2 from this line to the edge that should be parallel 

to it. 

c. Classify the defect based on the value of Dl–D2. 
28 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

4.	 Limitation 

Classify a single defect based on the most defective of the three categories. 

1 & 2. Tolerance Table for Trim Size and/or Nonflush Trim 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I greater than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) ............................... X 

Level II greater than 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) ............................... X 

Level III greater than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) ................................ X 

Level IV greater than 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) ............................... X 

Level V greater than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) ................................ X 

3. Tolerance Table for Unsquare Trim 

Classification of Product Quality 

Levels (D1-D2 at 5" distance) Defect 

Major 

Level I greater than .04 in. (1.0 mm) ................................ X 

Level II greater than .04 in. (1.0 mm) ................................ X 

Level III greater than .09 in. (2.3 mm) ................................ X 

Level IV greater than .09 in. (2.3 mm) ................................ X 

Level V greater than .13 in. (3.3 mm) ................................ X 

Approximate Equivalent Degrees of Skewness 

Degrees 

Deviation D1-D2 of 

Skewness 

.02 ........................................... 1/4° 

.04 ........................................... 1/2° 

.09 ........................................... 1° 

.13 ........................................... 1-1/2° 

.18 ........................................... 2° 

.26 ........................................... 3° 
F–2. MISPLACEMENT AND MISALIGNMENT OF COVER IMAGE 29 

F–2. Misplacement and Misalignment of Cover Image 

Definitions: 1.	 Misplacement is the difference between the specified and actual location of a 

printed image on a cover. 

2.	 Misalignment is the angular displacement from specifications of a printed image 

on a cover. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Ruler graduated in 1/64 and .020 inches or .1 mm. 

Procedures: 1.	 Misplacement 

Measure both vertical and horizontal margins for conformance to specified dimensions. Classify the defect based on the greatest deviation. 

2.	 Misalignment 

Measure the distance from the printed image to the edge of the cover at two points 

on the same edge exactly five inches (127 mm) apart (see illustration). If a 5-inch 

(127 mm) distance is not available on the copy being inspected, extend the image 

and edge of the cover on a blank sheet. Calculate the difference between the two 

measurements (Dl-D2). Classify the defect based on this difference. 

3.	 Limitation 

Classify a single defect based on the more defective of the two categories. 
30 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

1. Tolerance Table for Misplacement of Cover Image 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I greater than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) ............................... X 

Level II greater than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) ............................... X 

Level III greater than 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) ............................... X 

Level IV greater than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) ................................ X 

Level V greater than 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) ............................... X 

2. Tolerance Table for Misalignment of Cover Image 

Classification of Product Quality 

Levels (D1–D2 at 5" distance) Defect 

Major 

Level I greater than .04 in. (1.0 mm) ................................ X 

Level II greater than .04 in. (1.0 mm) ................................ X 

Level III greater than .09 in. (2.3 mm) ................................ X 

Level IV greater than .18 in. (4.6 mm) ................................ X 

Level V greater than .18 in. (4.6 mm) ................................ X 

Approximate Equivalent Degrees of Skewness 

Degrees 

Deviation D1-D2 of 

Skewness 

.02 ........................................... 1/4° 

.04 ........................................... 1/2° 

.09 ........................................... 1° 

.13 ........................................... 1-1/2° 

.18 ........................................... 2° 

.26 ........................................... 3° 
F–3. COVER POSITION 31 

F–3. Cover Position 

Definitions: 1.	 Cover position is defined as the specified distance between the position of the text 

and endleaves in relation to the cover. 

2.	 Text flush with cover is defined as a misalignment or misplacement of the text in 

relation to the cover to such a degree that the text and/or endleaves extend to the 

edge of the cover. 

3.	 Cover and text overlap is defined as a misalignment or misplacement of the text in 

relation to the cover to such a degree that the text and/or endleaves extend beyond 

the edge of the cover. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Ruler graduated in 1/16 inch or .1 mm. 

Procedure: 1. Measure the distance from the edge of the cover to the endleaf at the shortest point. 

Tolerance Table for Cover Position 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major Critical 

Levels I-V
 Less than or equal to 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) to the point where the text and/or endleaf


is flush with the cover. ....................................X


Any cover and text overlap ...................................
 X 
32 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

F-4. Folding Position and Skewness (Folded Forms and Brochures) 

Definitions: 1.	 A deviation in folding position is the difference between the specified and actual 

position of a fold. 

2. Folding skewness is the angular displacement of a fold from the specified position. 

Instruments: 1. Ruler graduated in 1/64 and .020 inches or .1 mm. 

2. Visual Evaluation 

Procedures: 1.	 Deviations in Folding Position 

Measure the maximum deviation of the fold from the specified position. 

2.	 Folding Skewness 

Measure the distance from the fold to the specified fold line at two points exactly 

5 inches (127 mm) apart. If a 5-inch (127 mm) distance is not available, extend the 

two lines on a blank sheet. Calculate the difference in the two measurements and 

classify the defect on this value. 

3.	 Limitation 

Classify only one defect based on the more defective of the two categories. 

1. Tolerance Table for Deviation in Folding Position 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I greater than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) ............................... X 

Level II greater than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) ............................... X 

Level III greater than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) ............................... X 

Level IV greater than 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) ............................... X 

Level V greater than 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) ............................... X 

2. Tolerance Table for Folding Skewness 

Classification of Product Quality 

Levels (D1-D2 at 5" distance) Defect 

Major 

Level I greater than .18 in. (4.6 mm) ................................ X 

Level II greater than .18 in. (4.6 mm) ................................ X 

Level III greater than .18 in. (4.6 mm) ................................ X 

Level IV greater than .26 in. (6.6 mm) ................................ X 

Level V greater than .26 in. (6.6 mm) ................................ X 
F–4. FOLDING POSITION AND SKEWNESS (FOLDED FORMS AND BROCHURES) 33 

Approximate Equivalent Degrees of Skewness 

Degrees 

Deviation D1–D2 of 

Skewness 

.02 ........................................... 1/4° 

.04 ........................................... 1/2° 

.09 ........................................... 1° 

.13 ........................................... 1-1/2° 

.18 ........................................... 2° 

.26 ........................................... 3° 
34 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

F–5. Perfect-Bound Book Durability 

Definition:	 Perfect-bound book durability is defined as the durability of the adhesive binding under 

tests that simulate normal usage of the book during its expected useful life. Four tests 

will be used:* 

1. Subway Test 

2. Page Pull Test 

3. Page Flex Test 

4. Adhesive Temperature Stability Test 

Instruments: 1. Page Pull Tester 

2. Flex Tester 

3. Scale 

4. Oven 

5. Refrigerator 

Procedures: 1.	 Subway Test 

Open the book completely and bring the covers back to back. Perform this test in 

a minimum of three places: 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of the way through the book. Perform 

the test at 75° F. ± 10° F. (23.9° C. ± 5.6° C.). 

2.	 Page Pull Test 

Test pages for the pounds of pull per inch of backbone required to separate the page 

from the adhesive line. Perform this test in a minimum of three places:1/4, 1/2, and 

3/4 of the way through the book. The defect is classified based on the lowest pull 

value of the pages tested. Perform the test at 75o F. ± 10o F. (23.9° C. ± 5.6° C.). 

3.	 Page Flex Test 

Flex a page with 2.5 pounds (1,134 gm) of pull until the page separates from the 

adhesive line or reaches 126 flexes. Perform this test in a minimum of three places: 

1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of the way through the book. Record the exact page numbers 

chosen for the test. If a test page separates from the adhesive line, retest that area 

of the book by moving 10 pages (5 leaves) in either direction from the original 

location of the defective page. Two failures are required in a book before a defect 

is classified and the test may be terminated when two pages fail. The defect is 

classified by using the lowest number of flexes for any of the selected locations in 

the book. Perform the test at 75° F. ± 10° F. (23.9° C. ± 5.6° C.). Note: Failure of 

individual pages in tests 2 and 3 at a point other than the adhesive line will not be 

classified as a defect in the perfect binding. 

4. Adhesive Temperature Stability Test 

Test the book per 1, 2, or 3 after it has undergone the following treatment: 

a. Condition book at 130° F. ± 5° F. (54.4° C. ± 2.8° C.) for 72 hours. 

b. Condition book at 22° F. ± 5° F. (—5.6° C. ± 2.8° C.) for 72 hours. 

c. Condition book at 75° F ± 10° F. (23.9° C. ± 5.6° C.) for 6 hours. 

*An individual book should not be used in more than one of the tests. 
F–5. PERFECT-BOUND BOOK DURABILITY 35 

5.	 Limitation 

Only the most serious defect resulting from the tests above will be classified. For 

example, if a page pull is a major defect and page flex is a critical defect, the 

book would be assessed a single critical defect. 

Tolerance Table for Perfect-Bound Book Durability 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major Critical 

1. SUBWAY TEST


All levels Any loosening of pages at any location .......................... X


2. PAGE PULL TEST


All levels 2.0 lbs per inch (35.7g/mm) of backbone to and including 1.5 lbs per inch (26.8g/ X


mm) of backbone.


Less than 1.5 lbs per inch (26.8g/mm) of backbone ................ X


3. PAGE FLEX TEST


All levels
 125 to and including 75 flexes ................................X


Less than 75 flexes ........................................ X

36 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

F–6. Loose Cover, Pages, and Binding 

Definition:	 Loose covers are defined as covers which are inadequately attached to the text. The 

three categories are: 

1. Case-bound Cover 

2. Glued Cover 

3. Sewn or Stitched Cover 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

Procedures: 1.	 Case-bound Cover 

Inspect end sheets for wrinkles, bubbles, tears, looseness, tears in the gutter, and 

improper adherence of end sheets to cover. Inspect cover for looseness of binding 

materials such as headbands, backing, and crash. 

2.	 Glued Cover 

Inspect the cover and text to determine that they adhere to the spine at all points. 

3.	 Sewn or Stitched Cover 

Inspect for any looseness of the cover or text due to any improper stitching, sewing, 

and/or any signature starts. 

Tolerance Table for Loose Cover or Binding 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major Critical 

All levels 1. Case-bound


Wrinkles or bubbles in end sheets, end sheets loose or torn around the edges X


(with the cover securely fastened), or any looseness of binding materials.


End sheets not glued securely all the way to the joint, or end sheet torn in gutter.


X


All levels 2. Glued Cover 

Any looseness of cover or text ..............................X 

Any separation of cover or text from book ...................... X 

All levels 3. Sewn or Stitched 

Any looseness of cover or text due to stitches or threads, and/or any signature 

starts ..............................................X 

Any separation of cover or text from book ...................... X 
F–7. EXCESS GLUE 37 

F–7. Excess Glue 

Definition:	 This is defined as glue which is visible on the outside edge or the inside of the cover 

and/or text. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Ruler 

Procedures: 1. Hold the ruler perpendicular to the glue line. 

2.	 Measure the glue line at the point of maximum spread to determine the classification. 

Tolerance Table for Gluing 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I Greater than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) ................................ X 

Level II Greater than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) ................................ X 

Level III Greater than 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) ............................... X 

Level IV Greater than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) ................................ X 

Level V Greater than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) ................................ X 
38 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

F–8. Damaged Pages 

Definition: Damaged pages consist of the following categories: 

1. Wrinkles radiating from the fold of a book 

2. Dog-ears and wrinkles greater than 1/8 of an inch (3.2 mm) in width 

3. Connected or torn pages 

Instruments: 1. Visual 

Procedures: 1.	 Calculate the percentage of damaged pages in relation to the number of pages in 

the book. 

2. Classify a single defect based on the most defective of the three categories. 

1. Tolerance Table for Damaged Pages 

Wrinkles radiating from the fold 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I Greater than 5% .......................................... X 

Level II Greater than 8% .......................................... X 

Level III Greater than 12% ......................................... X 

Level IV Greater than 15% ......................................... X 

Level V Greater than 25% ......................................... X 

2. Tolerance Table for Damaged Pages 

Dog-ears and wrinkles greater than 1/8 of an inch 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I A single dog-ear or wrinkle ................................... X 

Level II Greater than 2% .......................................... X 

Level III Greater than 3% .......................................... X 

Level IV Greater than 5% .......................................... X 

Level V Greater than 7% .......................................... X 
F–8. DAMAGED PAGES 39 

3.	 Tolerance Table for Damaged Pages 

Connected or torn pages 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I A single connected or torn page ............................... X


Level II Greater than 2% .......................................... X


Level III Greater than 5% .......................................... X


Level IV Greater than 7% .......................................... X


Level V Greater than 10% ......................................... X

40 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

F–9. Damaged Edges 

Examples:	 Examples of damaged edges are untrimmed signatures and edges which are feathered, 

ragged, or burred. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Clear Plastic Grid consisting of 1/4 in. (6.35 mm) squares. 

Procedures: 1.	 Measure damaged edges by placing the clear plastic grid over the entire edge where 

the damage is located. 

2. Count the number of squares which cover the damage. 

3.	 Calculate the percentage of squares containing the damage in relation to the 

number of squares within the entire edge. 

4. Classify the defect based on the edge of the copy that contains the most damage. 

Tolerance Table for Damaged Edges 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major Critical 

Level I	 Any visible burred, feathered, or ragged edges ....................X


Any untrimmed signatures ...................................


Level II	 Greater than 5% burred, feathered, or ragged edges ................X


Any untrimmed signatures ...................................X


Level III	 Greater than 10% burred, feathered, or ragged edges ...............X


Any untrimmed signatures ...................................X


Level IV
 Greater than 15% burred, feathered, or ragged edges ...............X


Any untrimmed signatures ...................................X


Level V
 Greater than 25% burred, feathered, or ragged edges ...............X


Any untrimmed signatures ...................................X


X 
F–10. WARPAGE OF CASE-BOUND BOOKS (COVER AND TEXT) 41 

F–10. Warpage of Case-Bound Books (Cover and Text) 

Definition:	 This is defined as a deviation of any page or cover from the horizontal plane formed by 

a copy when lying on a flat surface. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Ruler graduated in 1/64 and .020 in. (.1 mm). 

Procedure:	 Place the copy on a flat surface. Measure the maximum deviation perpendicular to the 

flat surface. 

Tolerance Table for Warpage of Case-Bound Books 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I Greater than .03 in. (.8 mm) ................................. X 

Level II Greater than .03 in. (.8 mm) ................................. X 

Level III Greater than .04 in. (1.0 mm) ................................ X 

Level IV Greater than .10 in. (2.5 mm) ................................ X 

Level V Greater than .12 in. (3.0 mm) ................................ X 
42 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

F–11. Damaged Covers 

Definition: Damaged covers consist of the following categories: 

1.	 Wrinkles—Wrinkles are ridges, furrows, or creases formed on the smooth surface 

of the spine or cover. Exception: Wrinkles in the spine of perfect-bound books 

are classified under a separate tolerance table. 

2.	 Bubbles—Bubbles are liftings of the paper or cloth covering on the surface of the 

cover or spine. 

3. Cuts—Cuts are breaches in a cover which expose paper or cloth fibers. 

4.	 Scratches—Scratches are blemishes which are visible under standard viewing 

conditions and which do not expose any paper or cloth fibers. 

Instruments: 1. Visual Evaluation 

2. Clear Plastic Grid consisting of 1/4 in. (6.35 mm) squares. 

Procedure: 1.	 Measure damaged covers by placing the clear plastic grid over the entire surface 

of the book where the damage is located. 

2. Count the squares which cover the damage. 

3.	 Calculate the percentage of squares that cover the damage in relation to the 

number of squares in the entire area. 

4.	 Classify the defect based on the edge of the copy that contains the maximum 

amount of damage. 

Tolerance Table for Damaged Covers* 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major Critical 

Level I Any visible wrinkles, bubbles, or scratches ........................X 

Any cuts ................................................ X 

Level II Any visible wrinkles, bubbles, or scratches ........................X 

Any cuts ................................................ X 

Level III Greater than 10% wrinkles, bubbles, or scratches ..................X 

Any cuts ................................................X 

Level IV Greater than 20% wrinkles, bubbles, or scratches ..................X 

Any cuts ................................................X 

Level V Any cuts ................................................X 

*Note: See following table regarding wrinkles in spine of perfect-bound books.

F–11. DAMAGED COVERS 43 

Tolerance Table for Damaged Covers 

(Wrinkles on Spine of Perfect-Bound Books) 

Classification of Product Quality Defect 

Levels 

Major 

Level I Any visible wrinkles (standard viewing conditions) .................. X


Level II Greater than 10% ......................................... X


Level III Greater than 20% ......................................... X


Level IV Greater than 30% ......................................... X


Level V Greater than 30% ......................................... X

44 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

Tolerance Tables for Miscellaneous Finishing Attributes 

Classification of 

Defect 

Major Critical 

F–12. Missing Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Five PQL’s . . . . . . X


F–13. Upside Down Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Five PQL’s . . . . . . X


F–14. Upside Down Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Five PQL’s . . . . . . X


F–15. Blank Pages—Other Than Specified . . . . . . . . All Five PQL’s . . . . . . X


F–16. Wrong Pagination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Five PQL’s . . . . . . X


F–17. Loss of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All Five PQL’s . . . . . . X


Loss of information is defined as any omission of or damage to the printed image 

which impairs the transmission of the intended information. 

F–18. A Serious Shift in Process Color Match . . . . .Only PQL I . . . . . . . . . X


as defined in Printing Attribute P–10, Proc­


ess Color Match.

EQUITABLE REDUCTIONS IN THE CONTRACT PRICE 45 

A Guide for Equitable Reductions in the Contract Price 

As a guide, reductions in the contract price will be based on the defects in the sample and will be calculated as follows: 

a. A discount for critical defects will be determined from the table in Appendix A. 

b. A discount for major defects will be determined from the table in Appendix B. 

c. 	 The contract price will be reduced by the sum of the two discounts. However, the total reduction in the contract price will not exceed 25%. Appendices A & B list discounts as percentages of the contract price. 

Appendix A


Discount Table for Critical Defects


[In percent] 

Number of critical 

defects 

Number of Copies in Sample 

2 3 5 8 13 20 32 50 80 125 200 315 

1 ............ 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ............................ 

2 ............ 20.0 12.9 7.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...................... 

3 ............ 25 25 21.9 13.2 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 .............. .. 

4 ............ 25 25 25 23.0 13.6 8.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ........... 

5 ............ 25 25 25 25 20.2 12.6 7.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 ........... 

6 ............ 25 25 25 25 25 17.2 10.2 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

7 ............ 25 25 25 25 25 22.0 13.2 8.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

8 ............ 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.3 9.9 5.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 

9 ............ 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.5 12.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 

10 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.8 14.1 8.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 

11 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.2 9.6 5.6 5.0 5.0 

12 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.4 10.9 6.5 5.0 5.0 

13 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.5 12.3 7.4 5.0 5.0 

14 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.8 13.7 8.2 5.0 5.0 

15 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.1 9.1 5.2 5.0 

16 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.5 10.0 5.7 5.0 

17 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.9 11.0 6.3 5.0 

18 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.3 11.9 6.9 5.0 

19 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.8 12.8 7.5 5.0 

20 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.2 13.7 8.0 5.0 

21 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.7 14.7 8.6 5.0 

22 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.6 9.2 5.3 

23 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.5 9.8 5.7 

24 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.5 10.4 6.1 

25 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.4 11.0 6.5 

26 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.4 11.6 6.8 

27 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.4 12.2 7.2 

28 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.3 12.8 7.6 

29 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.3 13.4 8.0 

30 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.2 14.0 8.4 

31 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.2 14.6 8.7 

32 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.2 9.1 

33 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.8 9.5 

34 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.4 9.9 

35 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.0 10.3 

36 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.0 10.7 
46 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

Discount Table for Critical Defects—Continued 

[In percent] 

Number of critical 

defects 

Number of Copies in Sample 

2 3 5 8 13 20 32 50 80 25 1 200


37 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.3 11.1 

38 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.9 11.5 

39 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.5 11.9 

40 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.1 12.3 

41 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.8 12.7 

42 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.4 13.1 

43 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.0 13.5 

44 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.6 13.8 

45 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.3 14.2 

46 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.9 14.6 

47 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.5 15.0 

48 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.4 

49 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.7 

50 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.1 

51 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.6 

52 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.0 

53 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.4 

54 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.8 

55 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.2 

56 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.6 

57 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.0 

58 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.4 

59 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.8 

60 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.2 

61 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.6 

62 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.0 

63 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.4 

64 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.8 

65 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.2 

66 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.6 

67 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.0 

68 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.4 

69 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.8 

70 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.3 

71 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.7 

72 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 
DISCOUNT TABLE FOR MAJOR DEFECTS 47 

Appendix B 

Discount Table for Major Defects 

[In percent] 

Number of major 

defects 

Number of Copies in Sample 

2 3 5 8 13 20 32 50 80 125 200 315


1 ............ 5.0 ............................................................


2 ............ 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ............................................ 

3 ............ 9.8 5.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 ....................................... 

4 ............ 17.7 11.2 5.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 .................................. 

5 ............ 25 16.9 9.4 5.2 5.0 5.0 .................................. 

6 ............ 25 23.0 13.1 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 ............................ 

7 ............ 25 25 16.9 9.9 5.4 5.0 5.0 ............................ 

8 ............ 25 25 20.9 12.4 6.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...................... 

9 ............ 25 25 25 14.9 8.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...................... 

10 ........... 25 25 25 17.5 10.1 5.9 5.0 5.0 ...................... 

11 ........... 25 25 25 20.2 11.7 7.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ................. 

12 ........... 25 25 25 22.9 13.4 8.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ................. 

13 ........... 25 25 25 25 15.0 9.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 ................. 

14 ........... 25 25 25 25 16.7 10.2 5.7 5.0 5.0 ................. 

15 ........... 25 25 25 25 18.5 11.4 6.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 ........... 

16 ........... 25 25 25 25 20.2 12.5 7.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 ........... 

17 ........... 25 25 25 25 21.9 13.6 7.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 ........... 

18 ........... 25 25 25 25 23.7 14.8 8.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 ........... 

19 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 15.9 9.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 ........... 

20 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 17.1 10.0 5.7 5.0 5.0 ........... 

21 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 18.2 10.7 6.2 5.0 5.0 ........... 

22 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 19.4 11.4 6.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

23 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 20.6 12.2 7.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

24 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 21.8 12.9 7.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

25 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 23.0 13.7 8.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

26 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 24.2 14.4 8.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

27 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.2 9.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ...... 

28 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.9 9.5 5.2 5.0 5.0 ...... 

29 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.7 10.0 5.6 5.0 5.0 ...... 

30 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.4 10.5 5.9 5.0 5.0 ...... 

31 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.2 11.0 6.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 

32 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.9 11.5 6.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 

33 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.7 11.9 6.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 

34 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.5 12.4 7.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 

35 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.2 12.9 7.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 

36 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.0 13.4 7.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 

37 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.8 13.9 8.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 

38 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.6 14.4 8.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 

39 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.3 14.9 8.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 

40 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.4 8.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 

41 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.9 9.2 5.2 5.0 5.0 

42 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.4 9.5 5.4 5.0 5.0 

43 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.9 9.9 5.6 5.0 5.0 

44 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.4 10.2 5.8 5.0 5.0 

45 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.9 10.5 6.0 5.0 5.0 

46 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.4 10.8 6.2 5.0 5.0 

47 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.9 11.1 6.4 5.0 5.0 

48 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.4 11.4 6.6 5.0 5.0 

49 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.8 11.7 6.8 5.0 5.0 

50 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.3 12.0 7.0 5.0 5.0 

51 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.8 12.3 7.2 5.0 5.0 

52 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.3 12.6 7.4 5.0 5.0 
48 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 

Discount Table for Major Defects—Continued 

[In percent] 

Number of major 

defects 

Number of Copies in Sample 

2 3 5 8 13 20 32 50 80 125 200 315


53 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.8 12.9 7.6 5.0 5.0 

54 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.3 13.3 7.8 5.0 5.0 

55 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.8 13.6 8.0 5.0 5.0 

56 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.3 13.9 8.2 5.0 5.0 

57 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.8 14.2 8.4 5.0 5.0 

58 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.3 14.5 8.6 5.0 5.0 

59 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.9 14.8 8.8 5.0 5.0 

60 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.2 9.0 5.0 5.0 

61 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.5 9.2 5.1 5.0 

62 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.8 9.4 5.2 5.0 

63 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.1 9.6 5.3 5.0 

64 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.4 9.9 5.5 5.0 

65 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.8 10.1 5.6 5.0 

66 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.1 10.3 5.7 5.0 

67 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.4 10.5 5.8 5.0 

68 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.7 10.7 6.0 5.0 

69 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.0 10.9 6.1 5.0 

70 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.4 11.1 6.2 5.0 

71 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.7 11.3 6.4 5.0 

72 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.0 11.5 6.5 5.0 

73 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.3 11.7 6.6 5.0 

74 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.7 11.9 6.7 5.0 

75 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.0 12.1 6.9 5.0 

76 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.3 12.3 7.0 5.0 

77 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.6 12.5 7.1 5.0 

78 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.9 12.7 7.3 5.0 

79 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.3 12.9 7.4 5.0 

80 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.6 13.2 7.5 5.0 

81 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.9 13.4 7.7 5.0 

82 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.2 13.6 7.8 5.0 

83 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.6 13.8 7.9 5.0 

84 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.9 14.0 8.0 5.0 

85 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.2 14.2 8.2 5.0 

86 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.5 14.4 8.3 5.0 

87 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.9 14.6 8.4 5.0 

88 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.2 14.8 8.6 5.0 

89 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.5 15.0 8.7 5.0 

90 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.8 15.2 8.8 5.0 

91 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.4 9.0 5.0 

92 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.7 9.1 5.1 

93 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.9 9.2 5.2 

94 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.1 9.3 5.3 

95 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.3 9.5 5.3 

96 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.5 9.6 5.4 

97 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.7 9.7 5.5 

98 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.9 9.9 5.6 

99 ........... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.1 10.0 5.7 

100 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.3 10.1 5.8 

101 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.5 10.3 5.8 

102 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.7 10.4 5.9 

103 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.0 10.5 6.0 

104 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.2 10.7 6.1 

105 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.4 10.8 6.2 

106 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.6 10.9 6.3 

107 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.8 11.1 6.3 
PAGE HEAD GOES HERE 49 

Discount Table for Major Defects—Continued 

[In percent] 

108 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.0 11.2 6.4 

109 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.2 11.3 6.5 

110 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.4 11.4 6.6 

120 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.5 12.8 7.4 

130 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.7 14.1 8.3 

140 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.4 9.1 

150 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.7 10.0 

160 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.1 10.8 

170 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.4 11.7 

180 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.8 12.5 

190 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.1 13.4 

200 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.4 14.2 

210 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.8 15.1 

220 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 15.9 

230 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 16.8 

240 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 17.6 

250 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18.5 

260 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 19.4 

270 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20.2 

280 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.1 

290 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 21.9 

300 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22.8 

310 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 23.7 

320 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24.5 

330 .......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25.0 
50 DISCOUNT TABLE FOR MAJOR DEFECTS QUALITY ASSURANCE 50 

Number of major 

defects 

Number of Copies in Sample 

2 3 5 8 13 20 32 50 80 25 2 1 00 315


52 PRINTING AND BINDING PROBLEM INDEX QUALITY ASSURANCE 52 

Appendix C


Printing and Binding Problem Index


This index has been compiled to assist readers in determining if and where a specific printing or binding problem is addressed in the QATAP, Printing and Binding, Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 310.1). 

THIS INDEX IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.


IT IS NOT PART OF THE CONTRACT.


Instructions for Using This Index


This index refers readers to pages in QATAP, Printing and Binding, Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 310.1)


and GPO Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 3l0.2). The four types of references used in the index (for these


two documents and job specifications) are explained below. It is suggested that you read this informa­


tion before using the index.


1.	 Items Covered By QATAP 

If QATAP covers a problem the applicable printing (P), or finishing (F), attribute number is shown 

in parentheses followed by a page number. If an item is listed under two different categories two 

entries are shown. 

Example: Copy 

unreadable . . . . . .(P–7) . . . . . . . .15 

(F–17) . . . . . . .44 

Note: QATAP does NOT cover multiple-part and marginally punched forms or specialty items. 

Paper problems do not show an attribute number only a page number. 

Conspicuous single page defects can apply to numerous problems, and thus are not referenced for any items; see page 3. 

2.	 Items Specifically Covered By GPO Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 3l0.2). 

If a subject is not covered in QATAP but is specifically addressed in the GPO Contract Terms 

(GPO Pub. 310.2, effective December 1, 1987, Rev. 6–01) CT and an item number are shown in 

parentheses, followed by a page number. 

Example: Banding 

not sealed . . . . . . .(CT3f) . . . . . . .7 

3. 	 Items Covered By GPO Contract Terms (GPO Pub. 310.2) Supplemental Specifications, General 

Quality. 

If a subject is not specifically addressed in either document but would be covered by the General


Quality, Section 2(b), Page 7, (CT2) Page 7 is shown.


Example: Laminating


wrinkled . . . . . . . . (CT2) . . . . . . . 7 

4. 	 Items Covered By Specifications 

If the subject is addressed in the specifications or other contract documents of the job (amendments 

to Purchase Orders, etc.); NPS (not per specifications) is shown. 

Example: Quality Assurance Samples 

missing specs . . . . . . . . .NPS 
53 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 53 

Adhesive


excessive . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–7) . . . .37


not durable . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


(F–6) . . . .36


Backstrip


missing copy . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


Banding


broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3f) . . . .7


not done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3f) . . . .7


too narrow . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3f) . . . .7


wrong quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Bar Coding


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


not readable . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


numbering—


not consecutive . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Binding


loose pages . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


(F–6) . . . .36


wrong kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Blank Pages


additional . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–15) . . .44


missing copy . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


Bleed


not occurring . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


unintentional . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


Bleed through . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


Blue Box Sample 

missing certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

missing specifications . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

not supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

shortage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Broken Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


Bundles


breaking open . . . . . . . . . .(CT3h) . . .7


not tied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3h) . . .7


not wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3h) . . .7


unlabeled . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4a) . . . .8


Cartons


broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3j) . . . .7


contractor advertising . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


improper packing . . . . . . . .(CT3j) . . . .7


mislabeled . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4a) . . . .8


not packed solidly . . . . . . .(CT3j) . . . .7


not taped securely . . . . . . .(CT3j) . . . .7


wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3j) . . . .7


wrong weight . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3j) . . . .7


Case Bound Books


cover creases . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover damage . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover furrows . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover ridges . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover warped . . . . . . . . . . .(F–10) . . .41


cover wrinkles . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


extra blank pages . . . . . . . .(F–15) . . .44


loose end sheets . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


loose pages . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


missing pages . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44


sewing missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


spine creases . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


spine furrows . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


spine ridges . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


spine wrinkles . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


sewing broken . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


torn end sheets . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


torn pages . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


upside down cover . . . . . . .(F–13) . . .44


upside down pages . . . . . . .(F–14) . . .44


warpage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–10) . . .41


wrong pagination . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


Collation


wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


Contractor Advertising


on carton . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


on label . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


Contractor ID


on product . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT9) . . . .9


Copy 

missing because of—


finishing . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


ink loss . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


stripping . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


too dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


too light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


unreadable . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


wrong pagination . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .38


Cover(s)


cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42

54 PRINTING AND BINDING PROBLEM INDEX QUALITY ASSURANCE 54 

damaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44 


missing copy . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


not square . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–1) . . . .27


not flush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–3) . . . .31


scratched . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


scuffed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–11) . . .25


(F–11) . . .42


stiches loose . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


upside down . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–13) . . .44


wrinkled . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


wrong binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong ink color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Cover Image


misaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–2) . . . .29


misplaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–2) . . . .29


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–2) . . . .29


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(F–2) . . . .29


Crossover 

colored mismatched . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


(P–10) . . .23


misaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


Damaged


cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover (warped) . . . . . . . . . .(F–10) . . .41


pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


text edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–9) . . . .40


text pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


Delivery


late . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


mislabeled . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4b) . . .8


pallets—


not used . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT8) . . . .8


wrong packing . . . . . . . .(CT8) . . . .8


short . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT11) . . .15


wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT5) . . . .8


Die Cutting 

missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

out of register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Distribution


shipment not made . . . . . . .(CT5) . . . .8


wrong labeling . . . . . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


wrong product shipped . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong quantity shipped . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Dog Eared


cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


Doubling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


Drilling 

missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Duotone


missing color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


moire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–3) . . . . .8


out of register . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


Edges 

damaged—


text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–9) . . . .40


cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


Embossing


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


out of register . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


(CT2) . . . .7


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


(CT2) . . . .7


End Sheets


loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


torn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


Envelopes 

glue—


not holding . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


prestuck . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


stuck together . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


warped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


Excess Glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–7) . . . .37


Extraneous Marks


bleed through . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


gear marks . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


hickies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


ink bleed through . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


negative marks . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6

55 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 55 

oil marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


plate scratches . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


scratches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


scumming . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


set off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


show through . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


smearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


strike through . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


Facing Pages 

color mismatched . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


(P–9) . . . .22


(P–10) . . .23


misaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–4) . . . .32


Foil Stamping


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


not adhering . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


(F–17) . . .44


out of register . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


wrong color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Folding


not square . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–4) . . . .32


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–4) . . . .32


undesired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrinkles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


(F–11) . . .42


wrong kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(F–4) . . . .32


Folio numbers


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


wrong number . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–4) . . . .32


Forms 

packing— 

wrong number order . . .(CT3a) . . . .7


parts misaligned . . . . . . . . .(CT12f) . . .9


perforation—


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


stub perforation—


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT12g) . . .9


tenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


wrinkled . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


wrong numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong stub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Furnished Material 

excess— 

not returned . . . . . . . . . .(CT10c) . .15


not returned . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT10a) . .15


not used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Gas Ghosting . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


Gear—


marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


streaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


Ghosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


(P–9) . . . .22


GPO Imprint


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT9) . . . .9


wrong copy . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT9) . . . .9


Glue


excess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–7) . . . .37


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


(F–6) . . . .36


not durable . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


not holding . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


(F–6) . . . .36


Halftones 

bleed—


not occurring . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


unintentional . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


blurred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


contrast—


too contrasty . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


too flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


density—


not matched . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


too dark . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


too light . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


detail lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


(F–17) . . .44


flopped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


misaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


misplaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


missing captions . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


multicolor—


register . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


not matched . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19

56 PRINTING AND BINDING PROBLEM INDEX QUALITY ASSURANCE 56 

plugged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


upside down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong caption . . . . . . . . . .(F–14) . . .44


wrong cropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong image . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Hickies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


Hole drilling 

missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Illustrations (line) 

(See also halftones) 

bleed— 

not occurring . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


unintentional . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


flopped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


misaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


misplaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


missing caption . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


multicolor—


register . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


upside down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong caption . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


wrong cropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong image . . . . . . . . . . .(F–2) . . . .29


(F–17) . . .44


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Image Position 

bleeds—


not occurring . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


unintentional . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


misaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


misplaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


Image Ruboff . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–11) . . .25


Image Transfer (Forms) 

desired— 

not occurring properly 

(NCR) . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


(OPAS) . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


undesired . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


wrong position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Imposition


wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


Imprint (GPO)


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT9) . . . .9


wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


Incorrect—


information printed . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


Information Loss


due to finishing . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


due to ink loss . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


Ink


bleed through . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


chalking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


color not matched . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


(P–10) . . .23


cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


(CT2) . . . .7


density—


not matched . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


doubling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


(P–8) . . . .19


(P–10) . . .23


extraneous marks . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


ghosting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


(F–17) . . .44


mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


not matching . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


offcolor spots . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


rub resistance . . . . . . . . . . .(P–11) . . .25


scuffing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–11) . . .25


scumming . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


(P–9) . . . .22


setoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


showthrough . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


smearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


(P–10) . . .23


spatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


streaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


(P–10) . . .23


(P–9) . . . .22

57 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 57 

strikethrough . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


tinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


(P–9) . . . .22


too dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


(P–9) . . . .22


too light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


(P–9) . . . .22


trapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


(P–9) . . . .22


wheel marks . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


wrong color . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


(P–10) . . .23


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


Inserting 

backwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

upside down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Line Work


misregister . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


Labeling


contractor ad . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


(CT) . . . .11


wrong information . . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


(CT) . . . .11


wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


(CT) . . . .11


wrong type of label . . . . . .(CT4) . . . .8


(CT) . . . .11


Laminating


separating . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


wrinkled . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


Loose


binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


text pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


Mailing 

wrong class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong name match . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong order in carrier . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong postage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Mailing Container


not supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


number taped over . . . . . . .(CT3i) . . . .7


not snug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3i) . . . .7


wrong flute . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3i) . . . .7


Marginally Punched Forms


copy misaligned . . . . . . . . .(CT12f) . . .9


missing copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


parts misaligned . . . . . . . . .(CT12f) . . .9


tenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


wrong copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong packing . . . . . . . . . .(CT3) . . . .7


Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


Misaligned Image . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


Misplaced Image . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


(F–2) . . . .29


Misregister


duotones . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


halftones . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


linework & solids . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


process color . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


Multipart Forms


parts not matching . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


Moire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–3) . . . . .8


Negatives


not returned . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT10a) . .15


returned—


not off flats . . . . . . . . . .(CT10b) . . .9


not one piece . . . . . . . . .(CT10b) . . .9


not supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong negs used . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


Newton’s Rings . . . . . . . . . . .(P–6) . . . .14


One Piece Film


not composited . . . . . . . . . .(CT10b) . . .9


not supplied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


still on flats . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT10b) . . .9


Opaquing 

not done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


(P–2) . . . . .6


(CT10b) . . .9


Packing


incorrect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3) . . . .7

58 PRINTING AND BINDING PROBLEM INDEX QUALITY ASSURANCE 58 

Padding 

excess glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CT2 

loose sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CT2 

missing backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong number/pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Pages 

blank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–15) . . .44


(F–17) . . .44


connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


(F–9) . . . .40


cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


damaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


damaged edges . . . . . . . . . .(F–9) . . . .40


loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


(F–6) . . . .36


misnumbered . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44


not trimmed . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


(F–9) . . . .40


torn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


untrimmed . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


(F–9) . . . .40


upside down . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–14) . . .44


(F–14) . . .44


wrinkled . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


wrong imposition . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


Pagination


excess blanks . . . . . . . . . . .(F–15) . . .44


missing blanks . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44


missing pages . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44


wrong imposition . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


wrong pagination . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


Paper


sample—


not matched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


scratches—


in coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


spots due to—


picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


(P–1) . . . . .5


uneven thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


unsquare trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


wrong brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


wrong color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


wrong kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


wrong opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


wrong thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


wrong weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


Perfect Bound Books


cover creases . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover furrows . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover wrinkles . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


damaged cover(s) . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


damaged edges . . . . . . . . . .(F–9) . . . .40


damaged pages . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


excess glue . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–7) . . . .37


extra blank pages . . . . . . . .(F–15) . . .44


loose binding . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


loose cover(s) . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .36


loose page(s) . . . . . . . . . . .(F–5) . . . .34


(F–6) . . . .36


missing pages . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44


spine wrinkles . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


torn pages . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


upside down cover . . . . . . .(F–13) . . .44


upside down pages . . . . . . .(F–14) . . .44


wrong pagination . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


Perforation 

missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .see Halftones 

Press Sheet


color—


not matched . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


(P–10) . . .23


corrections—


not made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


halftones—


not matched . . . . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


process color—


not matched . . . . . . . . . .(P–10) . . .23


Process Color


match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–10) . . .23


register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–18) . . .44


Proof


correction—


not made . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


missing proofs . . . . . . . . . .(CT15) . . .10


not proofread . . . . . . . . . . .(CT15) . . .10


poor repros . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT18d) . .10

59 QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH ATTRIBUTES PROGRAM 59 

Quality Assurance Copies 

missing certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

missing P.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

not sent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Readacross 

1 color—


image not matched . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


color not matched . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


(P–9) . . . .22


4 color—


image not matched . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


color not matched . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


halftone—


image not matched . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


ink not matched . . . . . . .(P–8) . . . .19


Register


halftone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


line work . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


process color . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


Reverses


filled in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


not occurring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Roller marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


Roundcornering 

missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Rub Resistance


printed image . . . . . . . . . . .(P–11) . . .25


varnish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–11) . . .25


Saddlestitched Books


cover damage . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


cover missing . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44


cracked spine ink . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


dog-eared cover . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


dog-eared pages . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


extra blank pages . . . . . . . .(F–15) . . .44


loose pages . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .34


missing pages . . . . . . . . . .(F–12) . . .44


stitching—


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


not done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


wrong position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


torn pages . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


upside down cover . . . . . . .(F–13) . . .44


wrong pagination . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


Samples 

missing blue label . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

missing QAC’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Screens


holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


moire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–3) . . . . .8


mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


Newton’s rings . . . . . . . . . .(P–6) . . . .14


not matched . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


wrong density . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . . .2


Scoring


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


not deep enough . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


too deep (cutting) . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–4) . . . .32


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(F–4) . . . .32


Shipping


damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


late delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


pallet(s)—


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT8) . . . .8


wrong packing . . . . . . . .(CT8) . . . .8


(CT) . . . .12


wrong pallet . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT8) . . . .8


wrong container . . . . . . . . .(CT3) . . . .7


Shrink Wrapping


broken open . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


burned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


missing backing . . . . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


missing component . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


oversize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


torn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


wrong quantity . . . . . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


wrong thickness . . . . . . . . .(CT3c) . . . .7


Shortage


blue box (randoms) . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


QAC samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT11a) . .15


Solid color


match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–4) . . . . .9


Spine


cracked ink . . . . . . . . . . . .(CT2) . . . .7


missing copy . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44

60 PRINTING AND BINDING PROBLEM INDEX QUALITY ASSURANCE 60 

Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–1) . . . . .5


Stitching (sewn)—


broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .34


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Stitching (wire)— 

missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .See Paper 

Strike Through . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–2) . . . . .6


Tabs


missing copy . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


wrong copy . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


wrong shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


(CT2) . . . .7


wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


Text


misaligned . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


misplaced . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


skewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


upside down page . . . . . . .(F–14) . . .44


wrong pagination . . . . . . . .(F–16) . . .44


wrong position . . . . . . . . . .(P–5) . . . .11


wrong trim size . . . . . . . . .(F–1) . . . .27


Tints


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


mottled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


not matched . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


wrong color . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–18) . . .44


wrong density . . . . . . . . . .(P–9) . . . .22


Trim


nonflush trim . . . . . . . . . . .(F–1) . . . .27


unsquare . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–1) . . . .27


untrimmed . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–9) . . . .40


wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–1) . . . .27


Type


broken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


corrections—


not made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


not uniform color . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


not uniform size . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


too light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


uneven density . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


wrong color . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


wrong copy . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–17) . . .44


wrong size . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P–7) . . . .15


Untrimmed Pages . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . . .38


(F–9). . . . .40


Upside Down


cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–13) . . .44


illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS


text pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–14) . . .44


Varnish 

missing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

wrong place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .NPS 

Warped cover—


case bound . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–10) . . .41


Wrinkled


backstrip . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


endleaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–6) . . . .34


pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–8) . . . .38


spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(F–11) . . .42


U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1999 O–450–897 QL¬3