DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director

Bulletin 624

USEFUL MINERALS OF THE 

UNITED STATES**-^

COMPILED BY

FRANK C. SCHRADER, RALPH W. STONE 

AND SAMUEL SANFORD

A revision of Bulletin 585

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 

1917

CONTENTS.

Introduction.............................................................. 5

Alabama................................................................. 10

Arizona.................................................................. 16

Arkansas.................................................................. 34

California................................................................ 42

Colorado................................................................. 81

Connecticut.............................................................. 97

Delaware................................................................. 102

District of Columbia ..................................................... 104

Florida.................................................................. 105

Georgia.................................................................. 107

Idaho.................................................................... 115

Illinois................................................................... 122

Indiana...........................'........................................ 126

Iowa....................................................................' .131

Kansas.................................................................. 135

Kentucky................................................................ 139

Louisiana................................................................ 144

Maine.................................................................... 146

Maryland................................................................. 153

Massachusetts...............:............................................. 158

Michigan................................................................ 163

Minnesota................................................................ 169

Mississippi............................................................... . 172

Missouri.................................................................. 174

Montana................................................................. 180

Nebraska................................................................. 187

Nevada................................................................... 190

New Hampshire........................................................... 201

New Jersey............................................................... 204

New Mexico............................................................. 209

New York. .............................................................. 221

North Carolina. .......................................................... 229

North Dakota............................................................ 237

Ohio..................................................................... 239

Oklahoma................................................................ 244

Oregon. ................................................................. 248

Pennsylvania............................................................. 259

Rhode Island.............................................................. 269

South Carolina......................................:.................... 271

South Dakota............................................................ 275

Tennessee.....................^.......................................... 281

3
r

4 CONTENTS.

Page.

Texas.................................................................... 289

Utah..................................................................... 298

Vermont.................................................................. 310

Virginia................................................................. 313

Washington............................................................... 326

West Virginia............................................................ 333

Wisconsin................................................................. 337

Wyoming................................................................. 342

Glossary and index........................................................ 349
USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Compiled by FRANK C. SCHRADER, EALPH W. STONE, and SAMUEL

SANFORD.

INTRODUCTION.

The volumes of the Geological Survey's annual report entitled 

"Mineral Eesources of the United States" for 1882 and 1887 contain lists of the useful minerals of the United States. No similar 

list was published by the Survey in the succeeding quarter of a 

century or more until 1914. During that period, however, the 

mineral resources of the United States were enormously developed, 

the value of the total production having increased from $500,000,000 

to'over $2,000,000,000, and the investigations made by the United 

States Geological Survey and the State geological surveys added 

greatly to the knowledge of the natural resources of the country.

Many changes in the mineral industry other than increase in production have taken place. Aluminum was not made in the United 

States in 1887, so that the deposits of bauxite, now the source of 

material that maintains a great industry, were untouched and were 

not included in the Survey's lists. Twenty-five years ago the annual 

imports of Portland cement were four times the domestic production, 

and the total quantity consumed was about 1,250,000 barrels. The 

production of natural rock cement was five times the combined production and imports of Portland cement. To-day the Portland 

cement industry is distributed generally over the United States, and 

the annual production amounts to more than 86,000,000 barrels. 

The production of natural rock cement and the imports of foreign 

cement are so small as to be negligible. These are only examples 

of notable changes in the mineral production of the United States 

and of correlated changes in the appraised value of some of the 

mineral deposits.

The timeliness of the Survey's list of useful minerals 1 issued in 

1914 is indicated by the fact that the edition of 6,000 copies became 

exhausted in less than a year and that nearly 2,000 applications were 

made for additional copies. The rapidly growing demand for information regarding our mineral reserves has led to the publication

1 Sanford, Samuel, and Stone, R. W., Useful minerals of the United States: U. S. Geol. 

Survey Bull. 585, 1914.

5
6 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

of the present list, which includes much more information than 

the one last published.

This bulletin may be regarded as a thoroughly revised edition of 

Bulletin 585, greatly enlarged and brought up to date. The work of 

revision has been done by F. C. Schrader: Besides giving several 

thousand new localities of mineral deposits and adding more than 

160 mineral names to the glossary, it includes considerable added 

information concerning certain minerals, especially uranium and 

vanadium minerals in the high plateau region of the West. The 

present bulletin, like the earlier work, gives concisely the location, 

by States and counties, of the principal deposits of useful minerals 

and includes a glossary showing the composition and character of 

each mineral and the location of its principal deposits. It gives also 

the principal uses of each mineral, a feature not appearing in the 

earlier bulletin. As a mineral directory it will be useful to scientific 

bureaus and educational institutions that deal with the numerous 

inquiries of the general public concerning what may be called commercial mineralogy, as well as to the prospector, miner, manufacturer, business man, and student of economic conditions.

In this list, as in the earlier lists, it has not been deemed necessary 

to make the references very detailed. A general statement may give 

a clearer and more comprehensive view of the occurrence than a 

minute and specific enumeration of the known deposits; indeed, to 

state all the localities at which some minerals are found would make 

the lists too bulky for convenient reference, and they would be useful 

principally to the professional mineralogist rather than to the miner 

or manufacturer or the student of economic conditions. The principal localities at which most of the minerals are found are clearly 

indicated, but the more extensive deposits of some others, such as 

clay, coal, and iron ore, are mentioned only in general terms. One 

material difference will be found between this list arid the earlier 

lists. The form of the earlier lists was twofold, the substances 

" mined " and " not mined " in each State being grouped separately, 

whereas this list indicates, as to many but not all deposits, whether 

they are, have been, or are not mined or worked.

The material in this bulletin is in two distinct parts. The first 

part consists of lists of the occurrence of minerals by States in alphabetic order. Under each State the minerals found there are also 

given in alphabetic order. The second part is a glossary of nearly 

600 names of minerals. Each name or its definition is followed by 

a list of the States in which the mineral occurs. The glossary is 

therefore virtually an index to the first part. In connection with the 

localities given the reader may find it helpful to refer to Geological 

Survey Bulletin 507, "The mining districts of the western United 

States," and to the chapter entitled " Mineral products of the United
USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES. 7

States " in Mineral Kesources of the United States for 1912 and later 

years. Details of occurrence, development, utilization, and market 

conditions are given in the annual volumes of Mineral Kesources and 

in the bulletins and other publications of the Survey.

The intention has been to present here a list of localities at which 

minerals occur in sufficient quantity to be of present or possible 

future value, but the existing literature is very defective in statements 

of the quantities available at many localities. At some of the localities listed, therefore, the mineral may occur in quantities so small 

that it is of scientific interest only, or if it was once abundant it 

may have been completely exhausted by mining or quarrying. Deposits of minerals that are widely distributed, such as quartz and 

calcite, have been omitted, except those that by reason of some unusual feature, such as occurrence in fine crystals, in very pure form, 

or in remarkably large quantity, are of especial interest or value. 

Some minerals, such as the copper ores of Pennsylvania, are included 

in the list not because they occur in sufficient quantity to warrant 

mining for their usual products, but because they furnish excellent 

museum specimens. Some mineral aggregates, such as clay, granite, 

limestone, sand, and sandstone, are included because they constitute 

a very considerable part of the mineral production of the country.

As the data in this book have been compiled from many sources 

other than its own publications the Geological Survey can not vouch 

for the correctness of all the statements made about occurrences of 

minerals.

Much valuable material has been drawn, some of it without change, 

except for abbreviation, from the following State mineralogic reports, especially from those of Arkansas, California, Colorado, New 

Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas; to list all the 

literature consulted would be impracticable.

Blake, W. P., Minerals of Arizona, their occurrence and association: A report 

to the Governor of Arizona, Tucson, 1909.

Guild, F. N., The mineralogy of Arizona, Easton, The Chemical Publishing 

Co., 1910.

Willis, C. F., and others, Arizona State Bur. Mines Bulls. 1-8, 1915-16.

Comstock, T. B., A preliminary examination of the geology of western central 

Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Kept, for 1888, vol. 1, 1888.

Branner, J. C., The zinc and lead region of north Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. 

Survey Ann. Kept, for 1892, vol. 5, 1900.

Purdue, A. H., A brief statement relative to the economic-geologic products 

of Arkansas, prepared for the Southern Commercial Congress, Washington, 

D. C., 1909.

Purdue, A. H., Compendium of the mineral resources of Arkansas, Little 

Rock Board of Trade Bulletin, 1912.

Eakle, A. S., Minerals of California: California State Min. Bur. Bull. 67, 1914.

George, R. D., Common minerals and rocks, their occurrence and uses: Colorado State Geol. Survey Bull. 6, 1913.
8 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Emerson, B. K., A mineralogical lexicon of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties, Mass.: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 126, 1895.

Jones, F. A., New Mexico mines and minerals, World's Fair edition, 1904.

Genth, F. A., Minerals of North Carolina: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 74, 1891.

Shannon, C. W., Mineral resources of Oklahoma and statistics of production 

from 1901 to 1914: Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull. 22, pt. 2, 1914.

Mitchell, John Graham, Minerals of Oregon: Oregon Univ. Bull., new ser., 

vol. 13, No. 3, 1915.

Brown, A. P., and Ehrenfeld, Frederick, Minerals of Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Top. and Geol. Survey Comm. Kept. No. 9, 1913.

Sloan, Earle, Catalogue of the mineral localities of South Carolina: South 

Carolina Geol. Survey, ser. 4, Bull. 2, 1908.

Scott, Samuel, Map of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, with 

full descriptions of mineral resources, etc., Philadelphia, E. P. Noll & Co., 1897.

Ziegler, Victor, The minerals of the Black Hills: South Dakota School of 

Mines Bull. 10, 1914.

Purdue, A. H., The minerals of Tennessee, their nature, uses, occurrence, 

and literature: The resources of Tennessee, vol. 3, No. 4, 1913.

Phillips, W. B., The mineral resources of Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 365, Sci. 

Ser. 29, 1914.

Among other mineralogic works consulted may be mentioned 

Gems and precious stones of North America, by G. F. Kunz; Minerals of economic value, by E. S. Simpson, Western Australia Geol. 

Survey Bull. 19; A list of Canadian mineral occurrences, by K. A. A. 

Johnston, Canada Geol. Survey Dept. Mines Mem. 74, Geol. Ser. 61.

This list does not record discoveries or'developments later than 

January 1, 1916. Any corrections of errors or any information concerning deposits not listed will be gratefully received by the authors 

and may be incorporated in a later edition of the bulletin.

Acknowledgments are due to the following State geologists and 

others who have cooperated in compiling this list and in revising 

the statements regarding minerals in their respective States:

Alabama_____Dr. Eugene A. Smith, Universitv.- 

Arizona_ ___Dr. Burt Ogburn, Phoenix.

Prof. F. N. Guild, Tucson.

Arkansas____L.Dr. A. H. Purdue, Nashville, Tenn. 

California____.Mr. William H. Storms, San Francisco.

Prof. A. F. Rogers, Stanford University, Palo Alto.

Prof. Arthur S. Eakle, University of California,- Berkeley.

Colorado_____Prof. R. D. George, Boulder. 

Connecticut_ Prof. William N. Rice, Middletown.

Prof. H. E. Gregory, Sheffield Scientific School, New

Haven.

Delaware____Prof. B. L. Miller, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa.

Florida-______Dr. E. H. Sellards, Tallahassee. 

Georgia,_____Dr. S. W. McCallie, Atlanta. 

Idaho______.Mr. Robert N. Bell, Boise. 

Illinois-_____.Mr. F. W. DeWolf, Urbana.
USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES. 9

Indiana_____Mr. Edward Barrett, Indianapolis. 

Iowa___ __Prof. George F. Kay, Iowa City. 

Kansas_____Prof. Erasmus Haworth, Lawrence. 

Kentucky____Mr. J. B. Hoeing, Frankfort.

Mr. J. H. Gardner, Lexington. 

Louisiana____Prof. Gilbert D. Harris, Baton Rouge.

F. V. Emerson, Baton Rouge. 

Maine______.Mr. C. Vey Holman, Bangor.

Maryland____Prof. E. B. Mathews, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 

Michigan____Mr. R. A. Smith, Lansing.

Dr. A. C. Lane, Tufts College, Mass.

Minnesota____Prof. W. H. Emmons, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Mississippi __Prof. E. N. Lowe, Jackson. 

Missouri_____Dr. H. A. Buehler, Rolla.

Nebraska____.Prof. E. H. Barbour, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 

Nevada_____Dr. W. S. Tangier Smith, Lodi, Cal. 

New Jersey___.Dr. H. B. Kurnmel, Trenton. 

New York____Mr. D. H. Newland, State Museum, Albany. 

North Carolina_.Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, Chapel Hill. 

North Dakota_.Dr. A. G. Leonard, Grand Forks.

Mr. R. C. Doneghue, Grand Forks. 

Ohio_______Prof. J. A. Bownocker, Columbus.

Prof. G. D. Hubbard, Oberlin College, Oberlin.

Prof. L. G. Westgate, Delaware. 

Oklahoma____Prof. D. W. Ohern, Norman.

Mr. C. W. Shannon, Norman. 

Oregon_____.Prof. A. J. Collier, Eugene.

Prof. Graham John Mitchell, Eugene. 

Pennsylvania__Mr. R. R. Hice, Beaver.

Prof. Florence Bascom, Bryn Mawr.

Prof. B. L. Miller, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem. 

Rhode Island__Prof. C. W. Brown, Providence. 

South Carolina__.Dr. Earle Sloan, Charleston. 

South Dakota_.Prof. E. C. Perisho, Vermilion.

Prof. Victor Ziegler, Rapid City. v 

Tennessee____Mr. G. H. Ashley, Washington, D. C.

Dr. A. H. Purdue, Nashville. 

Texas______.Dr. W. B. Phillips, Austin. 

Utah______.Mr. G. W. Ritter, Salt Lake City.

Mr. Maynard Bixley, Salt Lake City. 

Vermont_____Prof. G. H. Perkins, Burlington. 

Virginia_____.Dr. T. L. Watson, Charlottesville. 

Washington___Prof. Henry Landes, Seattle. 

West Virginia_.Dr. I. C. White, Morgantown. 

Wisconsin____Prof. W. O. Hotchkiss, Madison. 

Wyoming____.Mr. C. E. Jamison, Cheyenne.

Mr. L. W. Trumbull, Cheyenne.

Valuable contributions have been made by members of the United 

States Geological Survey, the Bureau of Mines, and the United 

States National Museum, and the efficient cooperation of Mr. Frank 

L. Hess has been of much aid in bringing the work to its present 

form.
10 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ALABAMA.

ALABAMA.

Alum. See Halloysite.

Aluminum. See Bauxite and Halloysite.

Asbestos. Tallapoosa County, with corundum deposits near Dudleyville; not 

found in commercial quantity or quality.

Asphalt. Colbert County, small quantity has been shipped from near Leighton; 

has been obtained also from Russellville and Moulton valleys.

Barite (heavy spar). Very pure and white in residual clays at following localities : Bibb County, Pratts Ferry; Calhoun County, near Tampa; Clay 

County, T. 20 S., R. 7 E.; Jefferson County, at Ely ton; Lee County, at Chewacla lime works"; St. Clair County, at Greensport; Shelby County, near 

Whiting station and Calera; Talladega County, in several places.

Bauxite. Cherokee County, mined near Rock Run; known also in Dekalb 

County, and occurs southward along narrow belt from Georgia State 

line near Rock Run to Jacksonville, Calhoun County.

Beryl. Coosa County; crystals suitable for gems have been found near Rockford and Hissop.

Brown iron ore. See Limonite.

Cement material (Portland). Portland cement manufactured near Demopolis, 

Leeds, Ragland, and St. Stephens. Mississippian and Pennsylvanian 

shales and residual clays, Ordovician and Mississippian limestones abundant in northern Alabama; Cretaceous and Tertiary limestones in southern Alabama.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Clay County, with pyrite in T. 21 S., R. 6 E., 

and near Ashland. Cleburne County, with pyrite in mica schist at Wood's 

mines and Smith's mines. Tallapoosa County, in T. 23 N., R. 22 E. Occurs 

at many localities in Clay, Coosa, Randolph, and Talladega counties and 

has been mined at some places.

Chalk. Soft, argillaceous, quarried in Dallas County, at Selma; Green County, 

at Eutaw; Marengo County, at Demopolis; Sumter County, at Epes; and 

other localities.

Chert. Calhoun County, at Anniston and Jacksonville; Jefferson County, extensive quarries near Birmingham and Bessemer; Talladega County, 

several quarries. Used for road metal.

Clay (brick). Pits at one or more places in 38 counties, notably Calhoun and 

Tuscaloosa counties. Value of brick reported in 1914, $1,500,000.

Clay (fire). Mined at the following places: Bibb County, at Ashby, Bibbville 

and Woodstock; Blount County, at Lehigh, burns buff; Calhoun County, 

Peaceburg, Oxford, coarse, sandy near Anniston and at Oxanna; Cherokee County, Rock Run; Colbert County, at Pegram, black, gritty, burning white; Dekalb County, at Fort Payne, Kaolin, and Valley Head, 

coarse, sandy; Jefferson County, Ensley, at Littleton, Mabel, and Hoagland mines; Marion County, white at Pearces Mills; Russell County, at 

Girard; Tuscaloosa County, at Hulls station. Also in Choctaw, Clarke, 

Conecuh, Fayette, and Tishomingo counties.

Clay (flint). Abundant in many localities in Choctaw, Clarke, Conecuh, Monroe, and Washington counties.

Clay (kaolin or china). In weathered portion of coarse-grained granite veins 

in Piedmont Province from alteration of feldspar. In Calhoun County, 

near Jacksonville. Cherokee County, suitable material, not worked, 

occurs as soft white clay at Rock Run. Cleburne County, Stone Hill. 

Colbert County, good white -ware clay in Pegram. Coosa County, at 

Socapatoy. Dekalb County, white, fine sandy at Fort Payne, pits work-
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ALABAMA. H

ing in pure white clay at Eureka mine, 4 miles northeast of Valley Head. 

Etowah County, white, good ball clay at Gaclsden. Marion County, white, 

fine grained at Chalk Bluff; hard, porous, gritty, adapted to highest 

grade ware, at Pearces Mills. Randolph County, Louisa. Talladega 

County, hard white micaceous clay, suitable for white tile or earthenware at Kyrnulga. Also found in Bibb, Chilton, Clay, Elmore, Fayette, 

Franklin, Lee, Macon, and Tallapoosa counties.

Clay (porcelain). Dekalb County, dug near Valley Head. Hard, white, close 

to halloysite, used for chinaware.

Clay (pottery). Autauga County, at Edgewood, smooth, plastic, and sandy; 

Baldwin County, at Marlow, on Fish River; Barbour County, formerly 

mined for red crockery at Mineral Springs; Cherokee County, at Rock 

Run; Dekalb County, at Rodenton; Elmore County, at McLean pottery, 

burns bluish; Lamar County, at Fernbank, Bedford, and Silligent; 

Marion County, 10 miles southeast of Hamilton, at Chalk Bluff, reddish, 

fine grained, and burns red; Marshall County, Arab; Pickens County, at 

Roberts Mill, Coal Fire Creek; St. Glair County, Jugtown; Tuscaloosa 

County, Vances station. Also in Bibb, Blount, Calhoun, Fayette, Franklin, 

and Lauderdale counties.

Coal (bituminous). Three fields: Cahaba, Coosa, and Warrior; coals all of

Pottsville (Carboniferous) age.

Cahaba field. Bibb, Shelby, St. Glair, and Jefferson counties, about 290 

square miles, 40 coal beds, half of them workable, some only locally; 

mined at Acton, Aldrich, Blocton, Coalmont, Garnsey, Glen Carbon, Hargrove, Henryellen, Margaret, Marvel, Maylene, Piper, Sanie, and elsewhere; excellent domestic and steam coals. 

Coosa field. Shelby and St. Glair counties, about 300 square miles; 20

beds, mostly of small area; mined at Coal City and Ragland. 

Warrior field. Jefferson, Tuscaloosa, and Walker counties, and southern 

end of Blount County, 7,800 square miles. Four groups of beds Black 

Creek, Brookwood, Mary Lee, and Pratt coal groups. Black Creek coal 

group mined at Bradford, Coaldale, Empire, Indio, Kimberly, Seloca, 

Warrior, Wigan, and elsewhere. Brookwood coal group mined at Brookwood, Kellerman, and Searles. Mary Lee coal group mined at Abernant, 

Adger, Bessie, Davis Creek, Johns, Lewisburg, Littleton, Mulga, Newcastle, Sayre, Sayreton, Sumter, and Yolande, extensively throughout 

Walker County. Pratt coal group mined at Pratt mines west of Birmingham, Blossburg, Brookside, Cardiff, and Mineral Springs.

Coal (lignite). Occurs in Tertiary sedimentary strata of southern and southwestern parts of State at Horse Creek, and at many places eastward 

in Barbour, Choctaw, Clarke,'Marengo, Monroe, Pike, Wilcox, and other 

counties. Also in Cretaceous, mostly as lignitized trunks, in Greene, 

Pickens, and other counties. Some of the Tertiary lignites have recently 

been tested, with satisfactory results, in the clarifying of sugar, and 

also at the University of Alabama, in gas producer and gas engine.

Copper. Along eastern flank of Talladega Mountain from Chilton County to 

Georgia State line, small production. See also Chalcopyrite, Covellite, 

and Melaconite.

Corundum (emery). Found in various places in gold region, including Coosa 

County, near Mount Olive and Hanover; Tallapoosa County, near Alexander City and Dudleyville. No deposits of commercial value.

Covellite (indigo copper). Clay County, small quantities with pyrite in sec. 24, 

T. 19 S., R. 7 E.
12 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES ALABAMA.

Diatomaceous earth (tripolite). At many localities in Kecent and Tertiary 

formations, including swamp deposits near Mobile and Montgomery.

Diopside. Calhoun County, at Piedmont.

Dolomite. See Marble.

Feldspar. Coosa County, mined and prospected near Hissop.

Flagstone. Yellow sandstones of Red Mountain, Bucksville to Georgia State 

line; sandstones of Pennsylvanian series ("Coal Measures") at Plank 

Shoals on North River. Thin-bedded limestone in Mississippian and 

Ordovician rocks. Gneisses and mica schists of metamorphic region. 

Quarries at Tallassee Falls, in Elmore County.

Galena. Calhoun County, occurs 5 miles west of Jacksonville, was worked 

during Civil War. Madison County, near New Market. Marshall County, 

near Guntersville.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gneiss. See Granite.

Gold. In metamorphic rocks, Chilton, Clay, Cleburne, Coosa, Elmore, Randolph, 

Talladega, and Tallapoosa counties; for most part, free milling and associated with limonite, resulting from oxidation of pyrite; below water level 

both free and with pyrite. Chilton County, Blue and Rock creeks. Clay 

County, Idaho district. Cleburne County, Arbacoochee, Chulafinnee, 

Kemp Mountain. Coosa County, Rockford and Parsons mines. Elmore 

County, on Peru Branch. Randolph County, Goldberg, Pinetucky district. 

Talladega County, near Waldo. Tallapoosa County, Goldville ; Hog Mountain district (cyanide plant), 12 miles northeast of Alexander, with iron 

sulphides, bismuth, arsenic, and tellurium; Silver Hill. Placer mining 

in Clay, Cleburne, Randolph, and Talladega counties.

Granite. Not much quarried, but occurs in great quantities in Chambers, 

Chilton, Clay, Cleburne, Coosa, Elmore, Lee, Randolph, and Tallapoosa 

counties. Quarried in Coosa County about Rockford, and in Randolph 

County at Wedowee. Thick-bedded gneisses quarried in Chambers County 

 at Milltown; Coosa County, Bradford and Rockford; Lee County, Auburn; 

Macon County, Notasulga; Randolph County, Blakes Ferry; Tallapoosa 

County, Tallassee.

Graphite (plumbago). Chilton County, flake graphite mined along Mountain 

Creek. Clay County, at Ashland, Quenelda, and Stockdale. Coosa County, 

near Rockford and Goodwater. Randolph County, formerly mined at 

Christiana. Tallapoosa County, at Blue Hill and Gregory Hill.

Gypsum. Choctaw, Clarke, and Dallas counties, found in small quantities; not 

of commercial importance.

Halite. See Salt.

Halloysite. Dekalb County, mined at Sulphur Springs for pottery. Jackson 

County, found near Stevenson. Shelby County, near Calera.

Hematite (Clinton, dyestone, fossil, oolitic, red iron ore). Most important iron 

ore of State; 1 to 5 beds. Greatest mining district, Jefferson County 

between Bessemer and Birmingham; also mined in Blount County at Village Springs; Cherokee County, Gaylesville and Round Mountain; Dekalb 

County, Fort Payne and Valley Head; Etowah County, Attalla and Gadsden; St. Clair County, Springville. Formerly mined in Shelby County 

at Columbiana, and in Tuscaloosa County south and east of Dudley; 

occurs also in Bibb, Clay, Coosa, Jackson, Marshall, Talladega, and Tallapoosa counties, and in other places.

Hematite (gray iron ore). Talladega County, with variable proportions of 

magnetite in narrow belt; mined at Emauhee and Mesabi; ore of two 

types, quartzitic and slaty.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ALABAMA. 13

Iron. See Hematite, Limonite, Magnetite, Pyrite, and Pyrrhotite.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Lead. See Galena.

Limestone (building stone). Quarried in Blount County, near Blount Springs 

and Bangor; Calhoun County, at Anniston; Franklin County, at Rockwood. Used in construction of locks on Tennessee River, and at Greenport and other sites on Coosa River. Quarried also in Etowah County 

at Lagarde, and in Bibb, Colbert, Dekalb, Jefferson, Marshall, Shelby, 

St. Glair, and Talladega counties.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried for macadam, riprap, in Blount County 

at Chepultepec; Clarke County, Coffeeville; Etowah County, Lagarde; 

Franklin County, Rockwood and Darlington; Jackson County, Bridgeport ; Jefferson County, Gate City; Madison County, Huntsville; Morgan 

County, Guntersville; Tuscaloosa County, Dowdle between Vance ana 

Bibbville; Washington County, St. Stephens.

Limestone (lime). Quarried and burned in Blount County near Chepultepec; 

Calhoun County, Anniston; Colbert County, Dennis kilns; Dekalb County, 

Fort Payne; Etowah County, Rock Springs; Jackson County, Bridgeport; 

Lee County, Chewacla kilns; Morgan County, Ne'w Decatur; Shelby 

County, about Calera, Keystone, Longview, Newala, Saginaw, and elsewhere; Tuscaloosa County, Dowdle between Vance and Bibbville. See 

also Chalk, Flagstone, and Lithographic stone.

Limonite. Mined in Bibb and Tuscaloosa counties near Woodstock; Blount 

County, near Champion; Calhoun County, near Anniston, Jacksonville, 

Piedmont; Cherokee County, Baker Hill, Bluffton, Langdon City; Franklin County, Russellville; Jefferson County, Birmingham district. Principal ore used in Colbert, Larnar, and Marion counties. Occurs also in 

Clay, Cleburne, Coosa, and other counties, as gossan of pyritiferous ore; 

also in concretionary masses.

Lithographic stone. Jackson County, formerly quarried on small scale.

Magnetite (gray iron ore). Chambers County, occurs with hematite near 

Fredonia and Oak Bowery; Clay County, near Kennedys and Millerville; 

Coosa County, T. 24 N., R. 20 E.; Randolph County,, Wedowee; Talladega 

County, Emauhee, Mesabi, Ogdens Mill, and Pope Mountain.

Manganese ore. Manganiferous limonite mined in Bibb County at Woodstock; 

Calhoun County, near Anniston. See also Manganite, Psilomelane, and 

Pyrolusite.

Manganite. Blount and Etowah counties, occurs in Murphrees Valley; Cherokee County, near Piedmont; Cleburne County, in residual clays near 

Borden Springs.

Marble (crystalline). Crystalline or statuary along west border of metamorphic 

rocks from northwest part of Coosa County, through Talladega County 

into Calhoun County, one-fourth mile wide, 60 miles long; Talladega 

County, best stone; pure white and white clouded marble near Sylacauga 

and at Carrara near Talladega. Crystalline dolomite found along east 

foot of Talladega Mountain range in Chilton and Coosa counties; in 

Clay County, near Elder "post office; and in Lee County in Chewacla 

quarry, near Opelika.

Marble (noncrystalline). Variegated marble has been quarried in Shelby 

County, southeast of Calera; in Bibb County, near Pratt Ferry. Marble 

has been taken also in Colbert County at Dickinson, and in Shelby 

County, south of Shelby Springs. It occurs also in Franklin, Lauderdale, 

Lawrence, Madison, and other counties in the northern part of the State. 

Quarried near Birmingham for flux.
14 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ALABAMA.

Marl (greensand). Occurs in Autauga, Barbour, Bullock, Butler, Choctaw, 

Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Crenshaw, Elmore, Greene, Hale, Macon, Marengo, Monroe,- Perry, Pickens, Pike, Russell, and Wilcox counties.

Marl (shell). Occurs in Butler, Clarke, and Monroe counties.

Melaconite (black copper, black oxide of copper). Cleburne County, was mined 

with other copper ores at Woods' copper mine.

Mica (muscovite). Chilton County, mined in T. 22 N., R. 16 E.; Clay County, in 

T. 20 S., R. 6 E., mined around Pyriton, 2 miles northeast of Pyriton, near 

Bowden, and 2 miles south of Lineville. Cleburne County, prospected near 

Micaville. Coosa County, prospected near Hissop. Lee County, prospected near Opelika and Auburn. Randolph County, mined at Wedowee, 

near Pinetucky, Micaville, Milner, Foster Bridge, and Mclnnish Ferry. 

Tallapoosa County, mined 6 miles northeast of Dadeville.

Millstone. Madison County, "Millstone grit" of the Pennsylvanian series 

("Coal Measures") quarried for millstones at many points on sides of 

anticlinal valleys, as near Huntsville. Marion County, ferruginous conglomerate (probably from "Lafayette" formation) quarried and used; 

Butler, Choctaw, Clarke, Crenshaw, Monroe, Pike, and Wilcox counties, 

as buhrstone. <

Mineral paint. See Barite and Ocher.

Natural gas. Occurs in scattered wells in Franklin County, near Russellville; 

Madison County, at Huntsville and Hazelgreen; Walker County, Jasper; 

Winston County, Haleyville. Largest well in State near Fayette, Fayette 

County; yielded 4,500,000 cubic feet a day. Natural gas also issues in 

small quantities from many salt wells in Baldwin, Clarke, Mobile, and 

Washington counties.

Niter. Obtained in limestone caves, principally in Tennessee River valley, 

for making gunpowder during Civil War.

Ocher. Red ocher mined in Etowah County, at Attalla, and found at many other 

places. Yellow ocher, mined in Autauga County and in Elmore County, 

at Coosada station. Found also in Fayette, Marion, and Tuscaloosa 

counties.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Petroleum. Shows of oil in wells in northwestern part of State but no producing wells.

Phosphate rock. Dark and light rock phosphate extends several miles into 

State from Tennessee along Elk River. In Limestone County, small quantity mined 1 mile west of Veto. Phosphatic greensand, with phosphate 

nodules, at base of Selma chalk, through or near Eutaw, Greensboro, 

Hamburg, Marion, Montgomery, Prattville, and Selma.

Potash. See Marl and Niter.

Psilomelane (manganese hydrate). Found in several localities in Bibb, 

Blount, Calhoun, Cherokee, Cleburne, and Tuscaloosa counties.

Pyrite. Clay County, formerly mined and shipped from near Pyriton for sulphuric acid. Cleburne County at Smith's and Wood's copper mines. 

Limestone County, abundant at Elkmont. Occurs with copper ores also. 

Randolph County, small quantity at Pinetucky mine; carries gold; also at 

other gold mines.

Pyrolusite (manganese dioxide). Occurs in Blount and Ett>wah counties, in 

Murphrees Valley; in Bibb and Tuscaloosa counties; in Cherokee County, 

north and northwest of Piedmont, and in Cleburne County, in residual 

clays near Borden.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES ALABAMA. 15

Pyrrhotite. Cleburne County, was mined at Wood's copper mine near Stonehill. Tallapoosa County (auriferous), at Hog Mountain.

Quartz. Friable quartz rock in Chambers, Chilton, Lee, Macon, Randolph, 

Tallapoosa, and other counties. Fine silica from cherty limestone in 

Tennessee Valley, may be suited for glass sand; not used.

Quartz (sand). Monroe County, near Claiborne.

Road metal. See Chert and Limestone.

Salt. Made from waters of salt wells in Clarke and Washington counties during Civil War.

Sand (building). Dug in Calhoun County, at Anniston; Clarke County, Jackson; Dallas County, Plantersville; Elmore County, Coosada, Grandview, 

and Jones; Escambia County, Pollard; Etowah County, Alabama City 

and Gadsden; Jefferson County, Irondale and Truesville; Montgomery 

County, Montgomery.

Sand (glass). Glass sand from crushed sandstone in Jefferson County, at Gate 

City, carries 99 per cent SiOz; also in Etowah County, at Gadsden.

Sand (molding). Dug in Clarke County, at Jackson; Elmore County, at Coosada, Grandview, and Jones; Etowah County, at Alabama City and 

Gadsden; Jefferson County, at Truesville; St. Glair County, at Cooks 

Springs.

Sandstone. Quarries: Calhoun County, at Anniston; Colbert County, Cherokee; Cullman County, Cullman; Tuscaloosa County, Tuscaloosa; Walker 

County, Jasper, and elsewhere. Fayette County, rough stone; Jefferson 

County, flagstone of " Rockwood " formation used at Birmingham.

Shale. For jetties and ballast, quarried 2$ miles east of Berry, and at Ledule. 

Quarried for making brick in Blount County, at Lehigh; Jefferson County, 

at Alton, Coaldale, Graves, Lovick, and Shale; Marion County, at Bexar, 

Glen Alien, and Pearces Mills.

Shale (oil). Devonian; underlies northern third of the State.

Sienna. Cherokee County, found at Oxford.

Silver. Recovered in refining gold in three deep mines and three placers.

Slate. Promising beds of slate occur in Calhoun County, near Anniston; in 

Clay County, T. 19 S., R. 7 E.; in Shelby County at Buxahatchee Creek; 

in Talladega County, T. 21 S., R. 3 E.; also in Chilton, Cleburne,. and 

Coosa counties. Not worked anywhere since the Civil War.

Soapstone. Greenish schistose rock mined in Chambers County, at Oak Bowery for lining kilns, near Dudleyville for hearthstones, T. 22 N., R. 25 

E., for headstones. Old excavations in Coosa, Lee, and Tallapoosa 

counties.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Cleburne County, near Wood's copper mine.

Sulphur. See Pyrite and Pyrrhotite.

Tripoli (rottenstone). Largest deposits in Calhoun, Lauderdale, and Talladega 

counties. Shipments have been made from Talladega County.

Tripolite. See Diatomaceous earth.

Wavellite. St. Glair County, important deposits 5 miles northeast of Coal City, 

on Coosa River, undeveloped.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
16 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ABIZONA.

ARIZONA.

Agate. In the Kaibab limestone of the Aubrey group in the northern part of 

the State, and in the lavas of the Tucson range of mountains. Santa 

Cruz County, in Santa Rita Mountains in basaltic andesite.

Aikinite. Pima County, in Roadside mine in Roskruge Range 28 miles west 

of Tucson (reported).'

Alabandite. Cochise County, abundant in the Lucky Cuss mine at Tombstone.

Alabaster. Occurs in Superstition Mountains; hear Pueblo Viejo; near Sulphur 

Springs; in Gila Range, and elsewhere.

Alunite. Santa Cruz County, Palmetto district in Three R mines, 5 mile? south 

of Patagonia, in granite porphyry.

Amethyst. Mohave County, 6 miles southwest of Kingman in the McConnico 

district.

Andradite. See Garnet. "

Anglesite (sulphate of lead). Cochise County, Tombstone district; Gila 

County, at Lost Gulch mine, near Globe; Maricopa County, west of 

Morristown, in Montezuma lead mine. Mohave County, in Mineral Park. 

Final County, in Mammoth mine, Shultz. Santa Cruz County, lMowry 

mine. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains, commou in 

silver veins. Yuma County, in Castle Dome Mountains.

Antimony ores. See Bindheimite, Bournonite, Dyscrasite, Jamesonite, Polybasite, and Stibnite.

Argentite (silver glance). Maricopa County, Red Rover mine. Mohave 

County, in pre-Cambrian granite gneiss in Chloride, Mineral Park, and 

Stockton Hill districts. Final County, at Silver King. Pima County, 

Helvetia district, in Exile and King claims, Henrietta prospect, Blue 

Jay mine, and other properties; Empire district, Total Wreck and other 

mines. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district, Elephant Head group, 

Salero, Alto, Eureka, Ivanhoe, Empress of India, Montezuma, and other 

mines; Wrightson district, Augusta, Happy Jack, and other mines; Red 

Rock district, La Plata and Meadow Valley mines; Harshaw district, 

January, Blue Eagle, World's Fair, Flux, Hardshell, American, and 

other mines. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains, Monte 

Cristo mine near Constellation.

Arsenic- Santa Cruz County, Patagonia district, Duquesne-Washington camp 

in Double Standard mine; 50 pounds or more was found in reniform 

masses, some of several pounds each. See also Arsenopyrite.

Arsenopyrite (mispickel, arsenical pyrite). Maricopa County, in Mazatzal 

Mountains, Sun Flower district, associated with cinnabar. Mohave 

County, in pre-Cambrian granite gneiss in Chloride and Mineral Park 

districts; Minnesota-Connor, Windy Point, and Queen Bee mines; carries 

gold and silver; not mined for arsenic. Yavapai County, in veins of 

Bradshaw Mountains? carries gold and some silver at McCabe mine.

Asbestos (chrysotile). Coconino County, associated with serpentine in limestone at Grand View and Bass Camp, Grand Canyon. Gila County, 

mined on Ash Creek, 35 miles northeast of Globe, and in massive serpentine, 20 miles west of Globe. The Arizona asbestos is practically free 

from.iron and consequently more suitable for the manufacture of electrical insulating products than is that of the Canadian deposits or other 

deposits found elsewhere in the United States.

Azurite. Cochise County, was abundant at Copper Queen mine, Bisbee district. The finest specimens of azurite in many museums have come from 

this mine. Gila and Final counties, rare in Globe district. Greenlee
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 17

County, large masses in Longfellow, Manganese Blue, and Shannon 

mines. Pima County, Helvetia district, Old Dick, Isle Royal, Heavyweight, Copper Duke, Bulldozer, Cuprite, and other mines; Empire district, California and Verde Queen mines; in Old Baldy district, Florida 

mine; Tyndall district, Bradford, Tia Juana, Montezuma, and other 

mines; Wrightson district, Castle Butte and other mines; Harshaw disJ;rict, Dewey prospect; Palmetto district, Isabella mine; Patagonia 

district, Winifred mine and most of the mines in the Duquesne-Washington camp; Nogales district, Lion mine. Yavapai County, in ores of 

^gradshaw Mountains.

Azui malachite. Cochise County, blue azurite and green malachite, an ornat mental stone in copper mines of Bisbee district. Mohave County, as 

impregnation of porphyry at John Kay mine, Mineral Park.

Barite. Maricopa County, in White Tank Mountains and in Eagle Tail Mountains. Pima County, near Silver Bell, associated with fluorspar, occurs 

in large masses in the Quijotoa district; is also common as a gangue 

mineral in mines in the Santa Rita Mountains. Pinal County, in Silver 

^jyiKing mine; Salt River Valley east of Phoenix. Santa Cruz County, 

 TK common in gangue mineral in World's Fair and many other mines.

Basalt. Basalt suitable for road metal occurs in many places and in large 

quantity, covering many square miles. Notable areas are present in 

Coconino County, in the region of the San Francisco Mountains, and in

< r Mohave County, in the Black Mountains or River Range, especially in 

the southern or Black Mesa portion.

Bindheimite. Santa Cruz County, Patagonia district, Mowry mine.

Bismuth. Gila County, in Mazatzal Mountains, associated with quicksilver 

minerals. Maricopa County, in McDonnell Mountains; Vulture district, 

Cleopatra mine; San Domingo placers, where it is known by the Mexicans 

as copaleo; southeast of Granite Reef Dam; Salt River Valley. Mohave 

County, in Aquarius Cliffs, 30 miles south of Hackberry and 30 miles 

east of Yucca. Yavapai County, in Humbug Creek placers; Minnehaha 

Flats. See Bismuthinite, Bismutite, and Tetradymite.

Bismuthinite. Mohave County, in Aquarius Cliffs, 30 miles south of Hackberry and 30 miles east of Yucca, apparently in small quantities. 

Yavapai County, in prospects on Connor & Lawler's claims, Eureka 

district, 45 miles west of Prescott, in quartz veins probably of pegmatitic 

origin, with wolframite, specular hematite, 'fluorite, muscovite, and a 

little chalcopyrite.

Bismutite. Yavapai County, in prospects on Connor & Lawler's claims, Eureka 

district, 45 miles west of Prescott, in quartz veins probably of pegmatitic 

origin, with wolframite, specular hematite, fluorite, muscovite, and a 

little chalcopyrite.

Bornite (peacock ore). Cochise County, at Bisbee in Copper Queen and Calumet and Arizona mines; small quantity in quartz veins in Whetstone 

Mountains. Maricopa County, in south side Harqua Hala Mountains. 

Mohave County, at Altata and Pinkham mines, Chloride district. Pima 

County, Santa Catalina Mountains, Leather wood mine; a little in Mammoth mine; Iron Mask mine.in Old Baldy district. Pinal County, Silver 

King mine; Magna mine near Superior. Santa Cruz County, Austine 

mine, Carrie Nation mine; Tyndall district, Montezuma and Connecticut 

mines; Wrightson district, American Boy mine; Harshaw district, Blue 

Eagle mine, Elevation group, and other properties; Palmetto district, 

Three R mine; Patagonia district, O'Mara mine, Line Boy mine, and most 

27608° Bull. 624 17 2
18 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA.

of the mines in the Duquesne-Washington camp; San Cayetano district, 

Wise prospect. Yavapai County, common in copper veins; in ores of 

Bradshaw Mountains carries free gold; Jerome, United Verde mine. 

Yuma County, at Cunningham Pass north of Wenden.

Bournonite. Yavapai County, at the Boggs mine in the Big Bug district.

Brochantite. Cochise County, small quantities commonly associated with malachite in Bisbee district; also with cuprite in Copper Queen and in Calumet and Arizona mines. Greenlee County, common with malachite in 

Clifton-Morenci district; mined at Shannon, Metcalf, Copper Mountain, 

and Montezuma mines. Mohave County, Bentley district. Yavapai 

County, United Verde mine, Jerome.

Bromine. See Bromyrite and Embolite.

Bromyrite. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district, Rosario mine; Wrightson 

district, Walker mine.

Brongniardite. Associated with other argentiferous ores.

Brown iron ore. See Limonite.

Cacholong. See Opal.

Calcite. Mohave County. Beautiful white and amber-colored specimens of the 

variety known- as dogtooth spar are said to occur in abundance on the 

north side of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado.

Caliche. Mohave County, near Chloride, formerly used for flux, and at other 

places. Pima County, in the Tucson region underlying the Tucson 

Plain. The alluvial slopes at the base of the Santa Rita Range near 

Helvetia and other places.

Carnotite. Navajo Reservation.

Catlinite. Yavapai County, near Jerome Junction. Ornaments made of it are 

found in ancient ruins in different parts of Arizona.

Celestite. Maricopa County, occurs at Gila Bend, and 14 miles south of there.

Cement material. Occurs in many places, as at Flagstaff and near Phoenix. 

Utilized at Roosevelt Dam. Pima and Santa Cruz counties, abundant, 

seemingly suitable limestone and shale, mostly Carboniferous, occur in 

or near the Santa Rita and other mountains and the Canelo Hills. It is 

also probable that much of the tuff in Santa Cruz County may be suitable.

Cerargyrite (horn silver, chloride of silver). Cochise County, Commonwealth 

mine, Pearce. Gila County, Black Warrior district. Maricopa County, 

Red Rover mine. Mohave County, in pre-Cambrian granite gneiss in 

Chloride, Cerbat, and Stockton Hill districts; mined at Distaff mine, 

Chloride district, and in Union Pass (San Francisco) district. Final 

county, Silver King mine. Pima County: Helvetia district, Henrietta 

prospect; Empire district, Total Wreck, Verde Queen, and Red Cloud 

mines; Greaterville district, Hancock mine; Old Baldy district, Florida 

mine. Santa Cruz County: Tyndall district, common in many rich vein 

croppings, Toluachi group, Rosario, Ivanhoe, and many other mines; Red 

Rock district, La Plata, Meadow Valley, Hardshell, and Hermosa mines; 

Harshaw district, American mine; Palmetto district, Palmetto mine; San 

Cayetano district, Wise prospect. Yavapai County: Bradshaw Mountains 

district, common in Black Warrior and Peck mines; Big Blue and Monte 

Cristo mines near Constellation; also in Cerro Colorado district.

Cerium metals. See Gadolinite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Cochise County, impure sandy form in Hendricks 

Gulch, Bisbee district. Gila County, Red Cloud mine. Greenlee County, 

mined for gold at Hormeyer mine, Morenci. Mohave County, in Mineral 

Park district, Tyler mine. Pima County: Helvetia district, Pauline mine;
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 19

Empire district, Total Wreck, Jerome No. 2, and California mines; 

Greaterville district, containing silver and gold in Anderson prospect and 

in Greaterville placer deposits. Final County, Haley claims, 2£ miles east 

of Ray. Santa Cruz County: Tyndall district, Montosa, Ivanhoe, and 

other mines; Harshaw district, Trench, Flux, Hardshell, and other mines; 

Palmetto district, Three R, Isabella, and Palmetto mines; Patagonia 

district, Mowry, Morning Glory, and Holland mines; Nogales district, 

Dura mine.

Chalcanthlte (blue vitriol). Greenlee County, small quantities mined at Copper 

Mountain, Clifton-Morenci district. Yavapai County, considerable quantity formerly in United Verde mine, Jerome district.

Chalcedony. Apache and Navajo counties, abundant in petrified wood associated with jasper in the petrified forests near Adamana. Some has been 

cut for ornamental work. Greenlee County, in limestone in CliftonMorenci district; also loose on Shannon Mountain. Mohave County, gray, 

white, and purplish on western slope of River Range and other localities. 

Santa Cruz County, Grosvenor Hills. Yuma County, east of Parker, near 

milepost 87, on Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. See also 

Chrysoprase.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Common below oxidized zone in most copper mines 

of the State. Cochise County, formerly most important sulphide near 

Bisbee; in Copper Queen, Calumet, Arizona, and other mines, but chalcopyrite has succeeded it at greater depth; abundant in massive form in 

Shattuck mine, Bisbee. Gila and Pinal counties, the essential constituent 

of the disseminated ores in schist and porphyry at Ray and Miami; in 

the Old Dominion mine, near Globe; with bornite forms rich ore of Queen 

mine at Superior. Greenlee County, principal copper mineral in Clifton 

district; in Ryerson and other mines. Maricopa County, in Vulture 

district. Mohave County, in Chloride and Bentley districts. Pima 

County, Cababi district, Cobriza mine; Helvetia district, Copper World 

and Black Horse mines and Narragansett claim; Old Baldy district, Star 

Pointer mine. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district; Tia Juana, Alto, 

Montezuma, Ivanhoe, Bradford, and other mines; Wrightson district. 

American Boy, Augusta, and Anaconda mines; Harshaw district, World's 

Fair mine; Elevation and Buffalo groups; Palmetto district, Three R and 

Sonoita mines and Gladstone prospect; Patagonia district, Four Metals 

mine, and some mines in the Duquesne-Washington camp; San Cayetano 

district, Wise prospect. Yavapai County, in copper-silver veins of Bradshaw Mountains. Yuma County, in Ellsworth district and in prospects 

at Cinnabar, 8 miles southwest of Quartzsite.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Found in nearly all the copper mines of the 

State. Cochise County, in massive form in Bisbee district, mined at 

Copper Queen, Calumet, Arizona, and other mines. Gila and Pinal 

counties, abundant with specularite in Gibson mine as vein in schist, 

Globe district; with pyrite in veinlets and in disseminated form in socalled "primary ore" of mines at Miami and Ray; in mines about Dudleyville and near Mineral Creek, Ripley district. Greenlee County, small 

proportion in copper ore bodies in Clifton-Morenci district. Maricopa 

County, associated with galena and pyrite in Vulture mine near Wickenburg; in Big Horn Mountains 32 miles southwest of Wickenburg, in 

mines of United States Gold & Copper Co. Mohave County, primary ore 

of Chloride district, in Pay Roll and Redemption mines; primary ore, 

Mineral Park district, in Keystone, Windy Point, and other mines; Cer-
20 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA.

bat district, in Cerbat and Alpha mines; Stockton Hill district, in Banner group and Treasure Hill mines. Pima County, Helvetia, Empire, and 

Silver Bell districts, important copper ore at- Twin Buttes, Old 

Boot, and Rosemont mines; in Catalina Mountains, at Leatherwood 

mine, associated with bornite; Helvetia district, Copper World, Black 

Horse, Leader, Isle Royal, Heavyweight, Black Eagle, Omega, Tiptop, 

Ridley, Cuprite, New York, and Pauline mines, and Eclipse group and 

Henrietta prospect; Empire district, California mine; Old Baldy district, 

Jackson, Iron Mask, and Lucky Ledge mines, and Upper and Great 

Eastern groups. Santa Cruz County, in Tyndall district at American 

Boy mine, Carrie Nation, Elephant Head group, Treasure Vault, Montosa, 

Cottonwood Canyon, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Tia Juana, Salero, Alto, 

Joplin, Toluachi group, Arizona-Pittsburgh, Bland, Eureka, Viceroy, Victor, Ivanhoe, and other mines; Wrightson district, Sweet, Blackcap, 

American Boy, Augusta, and other mines; Red Rock district, New York 

(Jensen) mine; Harshaw district, Humboldt, Blue Eagle, Flux, and 

American mines, Invincible prospect, Aztec and Elevation groups; Palmetto district, Three R and Isabella mines; Patagonia district, Morning 

Glory, Endless Chain, Omara, National, Big Lead, Golden Rose, Bennett, 

Buena Vista, Gladstone, and Four Metals mines, and in the DuquesneWashington camp, Pride of the West, Bonanza, Holland, Belmont, Silver 

Bell, Empire, New York, Tibbetts, Benton, and Line Boy mines; Nogales 

district, Dura and Columbia mines; San Cayetano district, Tubutana 

mine. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains and United 

Verde mine, Jerome district; auriferous and argentiferous.

Chert. Mohave and Yuma counties, found as pebbles in the streams and as 

irregular nodules and other forms in the limestone, especially the Kaibab 

limestone of the Aubrey group, in the Grand Canyon region.

Chromium. See Crocoite.

Chrysocolla (silicate of copper). Cochise County, Bisbee district, Calumet and 

Arizona mines, 3 miles north of Dragoon; not abundant. Coconino 

County, in sandstone of White Mesa of Navajo Indian Reservation. Gila 

and Pinal counties, formerly a more important ore than at present; in 

Globe district, abundant in Live Oak, Keystone, Black Warrior, Geneva, 

and Black Copper mines. Graham County, common, but not important, 

in Clifton-Morenci district. Mohave County, Bently district. Pima 

County, Helvetia district, Copper Duke and Bulldozer mines and Peach 

prospect. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district, Montosa, Montezuma 

and Bradford mines; Wrightson district, Castle Butte mine; Harshaw 

district, Dewey prospect and some mines in the Duquesne-Washington 

camp. Yavapai County, in Bradshaw Mountains district, common in outcrops of copper veins; not important.

Chrysolite. See Olivine.

Chrysoprase (blue-green chalcedony). Gila County, "blue chrysoprase," copper-stained chalcedony at Live Oak and Keystone mines, near Miami. 

Mohave County, true chrysoprase in Weaver district and elsewhere on 

west slope of River Range.

Chrysotile. See Asbestos.

Cinnabar. Gila County, reported on Deer Creek at Rye, and in the Mazatzal 

Mountains. Maricopa County, in the Mazatzal Mountains on the northeastern boundary between Maricopa and Gila counties in the Sunflower 

district. Yavapai County, Copper Basin district, reported at Skull Valley. 

Yuma County, sparsely distributed in veins at Cinnabar, 14 miles from 

Ehrenberg; has been mined on small scale, and the ore is said to average 

1$ per cent of mercury.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 21

Clay (brick). Cochise County, clay made into common and front brick at Ben-, 

son, Douglas, and Naco. Coconino County, at Williams and Flagstaff. 

Gila County, at Rosemont. Maricopa County, at Alhambra and Tampa. 

Navajo County, at Snow Flake. Pima and Santa Cruz counties, clay suitable for adobe occurs in almost all the valleys and some along Santa Cruz 

River is said to make fine red brick; apparently much of the shale that 

occurs in the Paleozoic formations in or near the Santa Rita and Patagonia and other mountains is also suitable for making good brick clay. 

Pima County, at Tucson. Final County, at Florence. Santa Cruz County, 

at Nogales. Yavapai County, at Columbia and Mayer and near Prescott.

Clay (fire, graphitic). Cochise County, mined in extensive deposits in Whetstone Mountains, near Benson; burns white; used for lining converters 

and also for manufacture of pressed brick; occurs also at Bisbee.

Clay (kaolin or china). Gila County, occurs at Globe. Greenlee County, not 

uncommon at Copper Queen, Morenci, and Metcalf, Clifton-Morenci district; as veinlets in quartz in Humboldt, Ryerson, and other mines; 

mined at Longfellow mine for converter lining. Maricopa County, near 

Wickenburg, near Cave Creek, and on Lime Creek. Final County, in 

Vekol mines. Yavapai County, near Skull Valley. Yurna County, southwest of Salome.

Clay (pottery). Cochise County, in San Pedro Valley, northwest of Benson, 

reported of good quality.

Coal (bituminous). Final County, Deer Creek field, at the eastern end of the 

county, 35 miles southeast of Globe, and east of Winkelman; area 30 

square miles; two workable beds, 24 to 30 inches; block, coking.

Coal (subbituminous). Apache, Coconino, and Navajo counties, Black Mesa 

field, in Moqui and Navajo Indian reservations; area approximately 

5,920 square miles; coal in two main groups of beds, appears to be in thin 

benches alternating with layers of shale and bone.

Cobaltite. Pima County, Cababi district. Yavapai County, near Cherry Creek 

station and near Jerome.

Copper (native). Cochise County, Bisbee district, with cuprite in Calumet 

& Arizona, Copper Queen, Shattuck, Holbrook, and other mines. Gila 

and Final counties, Globe district, in quartzite, Old Dominion mine. 

Greenlee County, with other copper ores in Metcalf mines, CliftonMorenci district, not important. Pima County, Helvetia district, Palmetto mine; Old Baldy district, Upper and Great Eastern groups. 

Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains district; not important.

Copper minerals. Ores of copper are of chief importance in the following districts: Cochise County, Courtland, Dragoon, Huachuca, Johnson, and 

Warren (Bisbee) ; Coconino County, Francis, Grand Canyon, and Jacobs 

Lake; Gila County, Black Warrior, Christmas, Globe, Lost Gulch, Miami, 

and Pinto Creek; Graham and Greenlee counties, Bunker Hill, Clark, 

Greenlee (Metcalf), Morenci, and Lone Star; Maricopa County, San 

Domingo; Mohave County, Bentley and Hualpai; Piina County, Ajo, 

Amole, Helvetia, Old Baldy, Pima, Rincon, Santa Rosa, and Silver Bell; 

Final County, Bunker Hill, Mineral Creek, Mineral Hill, Pioneer, and 

Vekol; Santa Cruz County, Patagonia and Washington; Yavapai County, 

Agua Fria, Black Hills, Copper Basin, and White Picacho; Yuma 

County, Harcuvar, Planet, P.lomosa, Swansea, and Vicksburg. See also 

Azurite, Azurmalachite, Bornite, Bournonite, Brochantite, Chalcanthite, 

Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, Covellite, Cuprite, Malachite, Melaconite, Stromeyerite, Tennantite, Tenorite, and Tetrahedrite.
22 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA.

Coronadite (manganite of lead). Greenlee County, Clifton-Morenci district, 

fairly abundant near Coronada vein, three-quarters of a mile west of 

Horseshoe; stated to contain some gold; has been mined.

Covellite (indigo copper, blue copper). Greenlee County, rare in CliftonMorenci district, in Ryerson and Montezuma mines. Final County, La 

Coronado mine, Mineral Hill district. Santa Cruz County, Three B 

mine, Palmetto district.

Crocoite (chrornate of lead, red lead). Maricopa County, in some of the mines 

of the Vulture district; occasionally met with in other lead ores; Montezuma lead mine west of Morristown. Final County, in Mammoth mine, 

associated with wulfenite and vanadinite. Yuma County, in Castle 

Dome Mountains.

Cuprite (red oxide of copper). Cochise County, abundant and important ore 

of Bisbee district, in Calumet & Arizona and Copper Queen mines. Gila 

and Final counties, in Continental and Buffalo mines, Globe district. 

Greenlee County, in Clifton, Morenci, and Metcalf mines. Pima County, 

in Helvetia district, Cuprite mine, Chicago prospect, Pilot and Sweet 

Bye and Bye claims; Old Baldy district, Florida mine. Santa Cruz 

County, Tyndall district, Montezuma mine; Harshaw district, Devvey 

prospect; Patagonia district, Winifred mine and some mines in the 

Duquesne-Washington camp; San Cayetano district, Tubutana mine. 

Yavapai County, Bradshaw Mountains district; not important.

Cuprodescloizite. Gila County, 4 miles north of Globe, at Camp Signal. 

Mohave County, on joints in copper ore; at Grand Gulch mine, Bentley 

district, and in most localities given for descloizite, which see.

Cuproscheelite. Maricopa County, near Cave Creek, 35 miles north of Phoenix, 

associated with cuprotungstite, molybdenite, azurite, malachite, and 

other copper and tungsten minerals.

Cuprotungstite. Maricopa County, near Cave Creek, 35 miles north of Phoenix. 

Pima County, southwestern part.

Cyanite. Yuma County, north of Yuma in stout crystals and associated with 

dumortierite.

Descloizite (vanadate of lead). Cochise County, Lucky Cuss mine, Tombstone, 

Castle Dome district; Mammoth mine in Catalina Mountains. Pima 

County, Old Yuma mine in Tucson Mountains. Maricopa County, in Old 

Horton mine, west of Agua Fria and north of Beardsley, associated with 

wulfenite; in Big Horn Mountains near old Pump mine. Final County, 

Dripping Spring Range, 4 miles east of Kelvin, with vanadinite and 

wulfenite. Yavapai County, on Gold Hill near Columbia, associated 

with several other lead minerals.

Diatomaceous earth (diatomite). Final County, 40 miles north of Benson, 

along east bank of San Pedro River above Mammoth, in beds more than 

100 feet in thickness, show-white in color; used locally for building. 

Yavapai County, near Reddington, Bradshaw district.

Dioptase. Graham County, Clifton-Morenci district. Final County, reported 

near Riverside.

Dufrenoysite (arsenical lead ore). Mohave County, associated with other ores 

of lead, zinc, and silver; mined when argentiferous; Mineral Park.

Dyscrasite (antimonide of silver). Associated with other ores of lead and 

silver.

Embolite (chlorobromide of silver). Cochise County, especially abundant in 

Pearce district; occasionally found with other silver ores. Santa Cruz 

County, Tyndall district, Ivanhoe and Alto mines.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 23

Ferberite. Maricopa County, rained at Cave Creek, 10 miles north of Defiance.

Flint. Mohave and Yuma counties, found as pebbles in the streams and as 

irregular nodules and other forms in the limestone especially the Kaibab 

limestone of the Aubrey group in the Grand Canyon region.

Fluorspar (fluorite). Cochise County, at Paradise, small quantity in quartz 

veins, 4 miles north of Dragoon; has been mined. Maricopa County, 

White Tank Mountains. Mohave County, gangue mineral of Black Mountains. Pima County, at Helvetia; at Red Rock and other mines in Silver 

Bell district in green cubes with barite, galena, and chalcopyrite. Final 

County, near Mammoth mine. Yavapai County, gangue mineral of Bradshaw Mountains district. Yuma County, in Castle Dome Mountains 

north of Yuma.

Freieslebenite (antimonial sulphide of silver). Yuma County, mined at Castle 

Dome; small quantities shipped. With other argentiferous ores.

Fuller's earth. Cochise County, reported near Benson.

Gadolinite. Mohave County, in Aquarius Cliffs in pegmatite, 30 miles south of 

Hackberry and near Kingnmn, about 6 miles west of Chin Lee -Valley 

and 2 to 4 miles south of the Utah State line. Thousands of pounds have 

been gathered from drifting sand dunes by Indians and some fine gems 

have been obtained. Also with peridot here and elsewhere.

Galena (argentiferous and some of it slightly auriferous). Cochise, Gila (sparingly at Globe), Graham, Mohave, Pima, and Final counties (sparingly 

in Ray district). Greenlee County, in Metcalf ores of Clifton-Morenci 

district; in Copper King mine; carries considerable silver in Stevens 

group. Maricopa County, Montezuma lead mine west of Morristown, 

also. in Vulture mine. Mohave County, Chloride district; mined at 

Tennessee, Elkhart, Hercules, and other mines; principal ore of Mineral Park district; mined at Tyler, Lady Bug, and Queen Bee mines; 

Cerbat district, Idaho and Alexander mines; Stockton Hill district. Pima County, Mammoth mine, argentiferous; Helvetia district, 

Silver Spur (old Frijole), and Ridley mines, near Helvetia; Pauline 

mine; Greaterville district, Enzenburg, Hancock, Royal Mountain, St. 

Louis, and Wisconsin mines, and Anderson prospect. Santa Cruz County, 

Tyndall district, Elephant Head group, Treasure Vault, Shea-O'Donnell, 

Montosa, Tia Juana, Wandering Jew, Josephine, Toluachi group, ArizonaPittsburgh, Trenton, Eureka, Viceroy, Victor, and Ivanhoe mines; 

Wrightson district, Sweet, Blackcap, American Boy, Happy Jack, Anaconda; Harshaw district, World's Fair, Humboldt, January, Trench, 

Flux, Elevation group, Alta, Great Silver, Buffalo group, Blue Nose; 

Palmetto district, Three R, Isabella, Palmetto, and Sonoita mines; Patagonia district, Omara, National, Big Lead, and Golden Rose; in DuquesneWashington camp, Holland, Empire, Pocahontas, and Tibbetts mines; 

Nogales district, Lion mine, Columbia mine. Yavapai County, common 

silver mineral of Bradshaw Mountains district; also carries gold; Senator 

and other mines; carries free gold, Humbug district, near Columbia. 

Yuma County in Castle Dome Mountains.

Garnet. Apache County, Navajo Reservation, gem pyrope ("Arizona ruby ") 

in extreme northern part of the State, in Garnet Ridge field, an important 

collecting ground. Greenlee County, large masses on western slope of 

Modoc Point at Morenci, and on top of Shannon Mountain at Metcalf; 

massive garnet occurs in many of the mining districts; as yellowish to 

dark-brown andradite at Clifton. Pima County, in Twin Buttes and Silver
24 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES AEIZOSTA.

Bell districts. Santa Cruz County, Patagonia district, at Duquesne-Washington camp. Yavapai County, common in schists of Bradshaw Mountains.

Glauberite (sulphate of soda and lime). Yavapai County, in Verde Valley, 

associated with thenardite, halite, mirabilite, and gypsum.

Gold (lode). Principal producers are as follows: Cochise County, Warren and 

Tombstone districts. Maricopa County, Vulture mine, one of the largest 

producers in the State; in association with galenaj pyrite, and chalcopyrite. 

Mohave County, produced extensively at the Gold Road, Tom Eeed, and 

many other mines in the Black Mountain range, from Tertiary quartzcalcite veins in Tertiary volcanic rocks. Pima County, Helvetia 

district, Helena mine, Blue Jay mine, Henrietta prospect; Greaterville district, St. Louis and Yuba mines; Old Baldy district, Iron 

Cliff prospect. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district, Santa Rita and 

Bland mines; Wrightson district, Gringo mine; Harshaw district, Invincible prospect and Buffalo group; Palmetto district, Sonoita mine; 

Patagonia district, Big Lead mine and some mines of Duquesne-Washington camp; Nogales district, Dura and Lion mines. Yavapai County, 

Big Bug, Martinez, Tiger, and Verde districts. Yuma County, Kofa district.

Gold (placer). Pima, Yavapai, and Yuma counties are the largest producers. 

Other counties yielding appreciable quantities are Cochise, Coconino, 

Gila, Greenlee, Maricopa, and Santa Cruz. Maricopa County, at Relief 

mine, north of Peoria. Pima County at Greaterville, Madero Canyon, 

in Old Baldy district. Santa Cruz County, Harshaw district, on 

Sonoita Creek below Patagonia at mouth of Alien Canyon; Patagonia 

district, near Mowry in piedmont portion of Mowry Wash and adjacent 

drainages; Nogales district, 6 miles northeast of Nogales in Guebabi 

Canyon. Yavapai County, Congress mine, Rich Hill, at Canada del Oro, 

Catalina Mountains, and Weaver placers; dredges have been erected on 

Lynx Creek in the Walker district and in French Gulch, a small tributary 

of Hassayampa River.

Granite. Quarried in Cochise County, at Lee station; Gila County, at Globe; 

and Maricopa County, at Phoenix, building and monuments.

Granite (quartz diorite). Gila County, Pinal Range, not used. Yavapai County, 

Bradshaw Mountains, would make handsome building stone; used near 

Prescott for building and monuments.

Granite porphyry. Cochise County, Sacramento Hill in Bisbee district. Mohave County, Mineral Park, in Cerbat Range. Pima County, in Santa 

Rita Range, at Helvetia and elsewhere. Santa Cruz County, common in 

the Santa Rita and Patagonia mountains in the Tyndall, Palmetto, Patagonia, and Red Rock districts.

Graphite. Pure graphite has not been found. See also Clay, graphitic.

Gypsum. Cochise County, dug 5 miles east of Douglas; occurs near Land. 

Mohave County, on south side of Virgin River about 15 miles south of 

St. George, Utah. Navajo County, occurs in Fort Apache Reservation, 

at Woodruff and Snowflake, and has been quarried at Winslow. Pima 

County, occurs 9 miles northeast of Tucson near Alamo Spring and ou 

east flank of Empire Mountains 8 miles south of Pantano. Pinal County, 

occurs at Feldman and reported on San Pedro River about 15 miles south 

of Mammoth. Yavapai County, Verde Valley, associated with thenardite, 

glauberite, and allied minerals. See also Alabaster and Halite.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 25

Halite (common salt). Gila County, occurs in headwaters of Salt River and 

in Tonto Basin. Yavapai County, occurs in Verde Valley associated with 

glauberite, gypsum, rnirabilite, and thenardite; used to .a small extent for 

cattle; too impure for table use.

Hematite. Occurs in gossan of copper deposits at many localities in Santa 

Cruz County, at Pluto, Isabella, and other claims, and in Yuma County, 

at the Palmer & Wharton claim. Occurs as contact mineral in Cochise 

County in magnetite on croppings of Black Diamond copper mine, Dragoon; in Greenlee County, in the Clifton-Morenci district; and at Manganese Blue mine. Gila County, mined with copper ores in Globe district.

Hematite (specular, micaceous). Gila County, with chalcopyrite in Old Dominion, Superior, Boston, Gibson, and other mines of Globe district. Mohave County, common in Black Mountain and Cerbat ranges, Chloride 

district. Pinal County, occurs near Mammoth. Santa Cruz County, at 

Line Boy mine, near Duquesne; near Gross camp occurs in large beds: 

used for flux. Yavapai County, reported from Willcox and Briggs.

Hiibnerite. Cochise County, in veins and placer deposits near Dragoon; the 

placers are mined; also found in Dos Cabezas district, about 14 miles 

south of Bowie. Mohave County, Owens, 40 miles southeast of Yucca. 

Pima County, in quartz veins cutting granite at Arivaca; mined. Santa 

Cruz County near Nogales. Yavapai County, Hot Springs in Humbug 

district;- Eureka district, 45 miles northwest of Prescott, near Camp 

Wood, T. 15 N., R. 7 W. (unsurveyed) ; mined near head of Tule Creek, 

southwest of Tip Top.

Hyalite. See Opal.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron minerals. See Arseuopyrite, Hematite, Limonite, Magnetite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and Siderite.

Jamesonite. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains; carries free 

gold.

Jasper. Apache and Navajo counties, brilliant, red, orange to yellow, with 

chalcedony in petrified forests near Adamana; some has been cut for 

ornamental work. Gila County, near Deer Creek. Maricopa County, 

near Red Rover mine, red jasper. Mohave and Yuma counties, brilliant 

red, orange to yellow, with chalcedony in petrified forests. Mohave 

County, dark red and brown on west slope of River Range, 20, miles west 

of Mineral Park.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Lead minerals. See Anglesite, Brongniardite, Cerusite, Coronadite, Crocoite, 

Dufrenoysite, Galena, Jamesonite, Leadhillite, and Pyromorphite. Ores 

of lead are of chief importance in the following districts: Cochise County, 

California (Paradise); Graham County, Aravaipa; Mohave County, 

Cedar Valley and Stockton Hill; Pima County, Empire; Yuma County, 

Castle Dome and Silver.

Leadhillite. Pinal County, rare; occurs with other lead ores at Shultz.

Lenzite (wireless crystals). Mohave County, Cedar Valley district, in Waldron 

and Arizona Venture mines, in Deluge Wash, Wallapai Mountains, 56 

miles south of Kingman.

Limestone. Cochise County, quarried for building or for lime burning at Lee 

station. Coconino County, at Flagstaff. Gila County, quarried during 

construction of dam at Roosevelt. Greenlee County, gray Modoc limestone quarried at Morenci. Mohave County, in the Grand Canyon region, 

in the Redwall formation but generally not pure. Pima County, formerly
26 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA.

quarried for flux and lime at Andrade ranch and the California mine, 6 

miles southwest of Pantano. Limestone, also apparently suitable for 

building, occurs in places in the Empire, Whetstone, and Santa Rita 

mountains and their foothills or outlying buttes at Helvetia, Greaterville, 

and other localities. Santa Cruz County, abundant in the Canelo Hills 

east of Patagonia, and occurs in many places in the lower east and west 

slopes of the Santa Rita and Patagonia mountains, formerly quarried and 

burned for lime at the north end of the Canelo Hills, near Old Fort 

Crittenden, no'w quarried and burned for lime at Mo wry. For general 

distribution in the Empire, Santa Rita, and Patagonia mountains and 

Canelo Hills, see United States Geological Survey Bulletin 582, Plate 

II. Yavapai County, occurs mainly in the Paleozoic formations at Wekon.

Limonite (brown hematite, brown iron ore). Cochise County, Copper Queen 

mine at Bisbee. Gila and Pinal counties, mined for contained copper in 

Old Dominion mine, Globe district. Greenlee County, abundant in 

Clifton-Morenci district, valuable as flux. Mohave County, common in 

Black Mountains and Cerbat Range, Chloride district. Pima County, 

coating quartz veins at McCleary prospects near Helvetia, at Old Baldy 

prospect. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Cochise County, Black Diamond mine, Dragoon 

Range. Greenlee County, Clifton-Morenci district, mined for flux in 

Manganese Blue and Arizona Central mines. Pima County, in the Tucson 

Mountains and in the Santa Rita Mountains at Iron Mask and Jackson 

mines. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains; carries free 

gold.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Cochise County, mined at Bisbee, Copper Queen, and other mines; wonderfully beautiful specimens have been 

obtained from the Copper Queen mine and placed in museums. Greenlee 

County, common in irregular deposits in limestone in Clifton-Morenci 

district; mined at Detroit, Manganese Blue, Longfellow, and Standard 

mines. Gila and Pinal counties, abundant in Globe district; associated 

with copper ores but not itself an important ore constituent. Mohave 

County, in granite gneiss, Mineral Park district. Pima County, Helvetia 

district, Old Dick, Isle Royal, Copper Duke, Bulldozer, and Cuprite 

mines; Empire district, Verde Queen and California mines; Old Baldy 

district, Florida, and Lucky Ledge mines. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall 

district, common in the rich vein croppings, Carrie Nation, Elephant Head 

Group, Montosa, Connecticut, Montezuma, and Bradford mines; W.rightson district, Castle Butte mine; Harshaw district, Sunnyside mine, 

Dewey prospect; Palmetto district, Jarilla mine; Patagonia district, 

National, Winifred, Duquesne-Washington mines; Nogales district, Dura 

and Lion mines;' San Cayetano district, Tubutana mine. Yavapai 

County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains.

Manganese. Cochise County, manganese oxide, principally pyrolusite and 

earthy black wad, with some psiloinelane, is abundant in oxidized ores 

of certain mines of the Tombstone district. Ore mined for silver in these 

mines is principally pyrolusite and wad, with some psilomelane. See also 

Alabandite, Coronadite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Rhodochrosite, and Wad.

Marble. Cochise County, medium-grained crystalline, pure white with pinkish 

tones, beautiful color, suitable for decorative purposes near Fort Bowie; 

white, pinkish or grayish white, also gray, dove-color, or blue, handsome 

decorative marble near Emigrant Canyon; coarsely crystalline, granular
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 27

white, excellent building stone near Whitetail Canyon. Pirna County, 

black marble in Tucson Mountains. Final County, white statuary marble 

at northern end of Santa Catalina Mountains, near Condon mine. See 

also Onyx marble.

Melaconite (black oxide of copper). Of -common occurrence in many mines 

with other ores of copper.

Mica (muscovite). Several deposits, none developed, value unknown. Occurs 

in Coconino and Mohave counties, on north side of Grand Canyon, and 

in Maricopa County, White Horse Tank Mountains, southwest of Phoenix, 

in Santa Estrella Mountains, and also south of Buckeye.

Mineral paint. Yuma County, 30 miles northeast from Quartzsite and at 

Bouse's well.

Mirabilite. Yavapai County, associated with thenardite, glauberite, and halite, 

Verde Valley.

Molybdenite. Cochise County, in the mines at Johnson, near Cochise. Gila 

County, in disseminated ores at Miami. Greenlee County, in copper 

ores of Clifton-Morenci district. Maricopa County, near Cane Creek, 

associated \vith tungsten minerals. Mohave County, primary ore of 

Chloride district in granite gneiss; in Hualpai Mountains, Maynard district, 26 miles east of Yucca in Leviathan and American molybdenum 

mines (mined), in Aquarius Cliffs. Pima County, in Madera Canyon, 10 

miles southwest of Helvetia; in limestone and quartz at Leader and 

Ridley mines, Helvetia; in workable quantities only at Leader mine; 

with copper ores at Vail, near Silver Bell, in the Silver Bell district, 

northwest of Tucson. Pinal County, Shultz, in ores at Ray and Kelvin 

mines as original mineral. Santa Cruz County, mined in Bonanza mine 

at Dnquesne, and in Santa Nino mine, 2$ miles west of Duquesne; occurs 

in Line Boy mine and in San Antonio Canyon south of Duquesne; 

with, scheelite 4 miles southwest of Duquesne or 4J miles southwest of 

Washington; sparingly in quartz monzonite at Providencia Canyon, 5 

miles west of Washington. Yavapai C6unty, in Copper Basin east of 

Skull Valley, associated with chalcopyrite, near head of Humbug Creek.

Molybdenum. See Molybdenite and Wulfenite.

Niter. Coconino County, in Walnut Canyon, 12 miles from Flagstaff.

Obsidian. Occurs in regions of Tertiary volcanic rocks; small quantities cut 

for jewelry.

Ollvine (chrysolite, Job's tears). Apache County, beautiful green, yellowish- 

 green, brownish-green, and brown gems are found 10 miles north of Fort 

Defiance, in the Navajo Indian Reservation; Coconino County, in some 

basalts of the San Francisco Mountains near Flagstaff; Gila County, in 

basaltic rocks near Tolkai, and Rice, in the San Carlos Indian Reservation.

Onyx marble. The most important locality in Arizona is in Yavapai County, 

near Mayer, in the Bradshaw Mountains, about 26 miles from Prescott; 

light green to white, weathering producing yellow and red banding, deposit three-quarters by one-half mile in area, maximum thickness 25 

feet; decorative stone has been quarried and a little shipped. Occurs 

also in Maricopa County, at Cave Creek, 45 miles north of Phoenix; 

Pima County, at Greaterville, Kirkland Valley, and Oak Creek; Yavapai 

County, at Big Bug Creek.

Opal (cacholong and hyalite). Mohave County, in east slope of the Black 

Mountains, northwest of Kingman. "Pinal County, Picket Post. Santa
28 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA.

Cruz County, Grosvenor Hills, 2 miles southwest of Santa Cruz. Yavapai 

County, several localities.

Petrified wood. See Wood.

Pitchblende. See Uraninile.

Platinum. Maricopa County, in San Domingo placers; in placers along Gila 

River, associated with gold, opposite the old Riverside stage station. 

Yavapai County, occurs in black sands near Columbia.

Polybasite. Final County, fine specimens were found at Silver King mine; 

occasionally with other argentiferous ores.

Potash. See Alunite and Niter.

Proustite (light ruby silver). Occurs with other argentiferous ores at many 

places. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district, Salero mine. Palmetto 

district, Sonoita mine.

Psilomelane (manganese ore). Cochise County, with pyrolusite and wad in 

Carboniferous limestone at Tombstone; mined for silver contents. Santa 

Cruz County, Mowry mine.

Pyrargyrite (ruby silver). Mohave County, secondary ore of Chloride, Mineral Park, and Cerbat districts; large quantities were found in upper 

levels of Stockton Hill district; mined at Minnesota-Connor, Golden 

Star, and Paymaster mines. Yavapai County, in silver ores of Bradshaw Mountains.

Pyrite (iron sulphide). Common and widely distributed, generally in close 

association with copper sulphides. Cochise County, with copper ore of 

Bisbee, Copper Queen, Calumet and Arizona, and other mines. Gila and 

Final counties, abundant in unenriched parts of nearly all copper deposits 

near Globe, Miami, and Ray. Greenlee County, important ore of CliftonMorenci district; large masses in Joy, Ryerson, Morenci, and other 

mines. Mohave County, primary ore of Chloride, Mineral Park, and Cerbat districts; mined at Tennessee, Schuylkill, Keystone, Windy Point, 

Vanderbilt, and Idaho mines; carries gold values. Pima County, important ore in Mammoth mine; also in Helvetia district, in Copper World, 

Black Horse, Leader, Isle Royal, Omega, Tiptop, and Ridley mines 

(mostly cupriferous) ; Empire district, in Copper Camp (cupriferous). 

Santa Cruz County, in granite at Providencia Canyon, 5 miles' west of 

Washington; Tyndall district, Alto, Joplin, Arizona-Pittsburgh mines 

(all cupriferous) ; Wrightson district, American Boy mine; Red 

Rock district, New York (Jensen) mine; Harshaw district, January 

and Blue Eagle mines (cupriferous), Invincible prospect; Patagonia district, Morning Glory, Buena Vista, and Four Metals mines (cupriferous) ; 

in or near Duquesne-Washington camp, Holland, Empire, Pocahontas, 

Benton, and Line Boy mines; apparently mostly cupriferous; Nogales 

district, Dura mine; San Cayetano district, Tubutana mine and Wise 

prospect. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains, carries free 

gold; also with chalcopyrite and sphalerite, mined at United Verde mine, 

Jerome district, for copper, gold, and silver.

Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese). Cochise County, at Tombstone, mined 

for silver content only; formerly used for flux. Greenlee County, in 

Clifton-Morenci district, mined for flux. Santa Cruz County, Mowry mine. 

Yavapai County, secondary mineral in ores of Bradshaw Mountains; 

unimportant; not mined. «

Pyromorphite (phosphate of lead). Occasionally found with other lead ores; 

occurs in Yuma County, at Iber-Plumosa mine, Bouse; reported in Pima
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 29

County, at Cerro Colorado mine, and in Santa Cruz County, at Constitution, Hardshell, and Trench mines.

Pyrope. See Garnet.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrite). Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains ; mined for gold.

Quartz. Cochise County, gold bearing; formerly mined near Douglas at Easter 

Sunday mine, for use as converter lining. Santa Cruz County, Patagonia 

district, southwest part Duquesne-Washington camp (large body). Yavapai County, Miller Bros, quarry.

Quartzite. Greenlee County, quarried for converter lining, near Metcalf, Clifton-Morenci district.

Quicksilver. See Cinnabar.

Badium. See Carnotite and Uraninite.

Bhodochrosite. Santa Cruz County, old French mine near Harshaw.

Bhyolite. Mohave County, near Kingman, in Black Mountains, Tom Reed 

and Gold Road district, Union Pass, and other places. Pima County, 

Santa Rita Mountains, 4 miles east of Helvetia, in Old Baldy district. 

Santa Cruz County, Santa Rita Mountains, in Old Baldy, Tyndall, and 

Wrightson districts; abundant in Patagonia Mountains a few miles 

south and southeast of Patagonia.

Boad metal. See Basalt, Sand and gravel, and Caliche.

Salt. See Halite (common salt).

Sand (building). Widespread and abundant; reported dug for building in 

Cochise County, 18 miles west of Douglas, and in Mohave County, at 

Yucca. Pima County, in places along Santa Cruz River; Santa Cruz 

County, along Sonoita Creek and Santa Cruz River.

Sand and gravel. Generally abundant, for instance, in the southeastern part 

of Pima County, including the region about Tucson, deposits of unsorted 

Quaternary sand and gravel, suitable for road metal, concrete, and 

ballast, occupy more than half the area and occur in almost inexhaustible 

amount on the floors of the valleys and on the piedmont slopes of the 

Santa Rita and other ranges. In Santa Cruz County deposits occur in 

similar localities and in abundance.

Sandstone. Excellent quality in great abundance in many places; as red, 

brown, so-called blue, and white sandstone of good quality, in Grand 

Canyon region. Cochise County, quarried for flagging and rubble at 

Douglas. Coconino County, quarried at Flagstaff for building stone. 

Pima County, sandstone (chiefly Cretaceous), mostly in heavy, reddish beds, apparently suitable for building purposes, is abundant 

in the eastern part of the county in a broad area extending from 

Helvetia 15 miles eastward, beyond the Empire Mountains, and in 

the Whetstone Mountains on the east; in the east base of the Santa 

Rita Mountains, from Rosemont southward to Casa Blanca Canyon into 

Santa Cruz County. Santa Cruz County in the northeastern part, underlying the Babocomari Mesa country, as shown by exposures along the railroad from the vicinity of Old Fort Crittenden to a point beyond Elgin; 

southwest of Mowry, Montana Canyon, and south of Agua Caliente. 

'Yavapai County, quarried for rough building at Kirkland and 2$ miles 

northwest of Prescott.

Scheelite. Cochise County, small quantity in quartz veins cutting granite about 

4 miles north of Dragoon; with wolframite in granite in west slope of 

Whetstone Mountains, 12 miles west of Benson. Mohave County, 15
30 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA.

miles northeast of Yucca. Final County, Oracle; mined for gold and 

silver content At Maudina mine, Old Hat district, Santa Catalina Mountains. Santa Cruz County, small quantity mined as tungsten ore with 

wolframite, 3 miles southeast of Calabasas, at Eeagan camp; occurs with 

molybdenite 4 miles southwest of Duquesne.

Serpentine. Cochise County, in Dos Cabezas' Mountains. Greenlee County, pure 

yellow, translucent, west of Morenci; dark green, with magnetite, at 

Thompson mine.

Shale. Abundant in many parts of the State. Pima County, in northern part 

of Santa Rita Mountains and in Whetstone Mountains.

Siderite. Pima County, Old Baldy district, Iron Mask mine.

Silver. Large quantities produced generally with different proportions of gold, 

copper, and lead, at the following places: Cochise County, Tombstone, 

Herschell, Bunker Hill, Royal Guard, Calumet and Arizona, and Copper 

Queen mines. Gila County, Old Dominion, Arizona-Commercial, Warrior, 

Keystone, Globe Consolidated, and other mines. Greenlee County, Detroit, Arizona-Copper, Shannon, Silver King, Gold Bar, Capote, Silver 

Bonanza, and other mines. Mohave County, Grand Gulch, Bentley district; Gold Road, Tom Reed, and other mines, San Francisco district; 

Banner, Champion, and Tennessee, Wallapai district. Pima County, Pima 

and Silver Bell districts; Helvetia district, Henrietta mine; Empire district, Total Wreck mine and Copper camp; Greaterville district, Tuba and 

Bland mines. Santa Cruz County, Harshaw district, World's Fair (antimonial), Hardshell, Flux, Salero, and many other mines. Yavapai 

County, Big Bug, Martinez, Tiger, Verde, and Walker districts, in Monte 

Cristo mine near Constellation. Small quantities of silver are produced 

in Final, Santa Cruz, and Yuma counties. See also Argentite, Bromyrite, 

Brongniardite, Cerargyrite, Dyscrasite, Embolite, Freieslebenite, Polybasite, Pyrargyrite, and Stromeyerite.

Silver (native). Native silver in beautiful specimens has been found in Gila 

County in a placer 12 miles north of Globe; in Final County, at Silver 

King mine; in Yavapai County, at McMillanville, at the Tiger mine; 

and in other counties.

Slate. Maricopa County, fair grade of roofing slate, bluish gray, 6$ miles north 

of Phoenix; undeveloped.

Smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Greenlee County, in Shannon Mountain, Clifton-Morenci district. Pima County, Empire district, Jerome No. 2 mine. 

Santa Cruz County, Patagonia district, Holland mine; unimportant.

Specularite. See Hematite.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Cochise County, Tombstone district. Greenlee 

County, accompanies copper ores in Clifton-Morenci district. Mohave 

County, occurs in Chloride district, Tennessee and Towne mines; Mineral 

Park district, Keystone mine; Cerbat district, Golconda (mined), Tub, 

Champion (mined), Vanderbilt, and Flores mines; Stockton Hill and 

Union Pass districts. Pima County, occurs with silver ores at Mammoth 

and many other mines and with copper ores at Ridley and other mines; 

occurs at the San Xavier or Twin Buttes district; Greaterville district, 

Enzenburg and St. Louis mines. Final County, Globe district, Bobtail 

mine, on north side of Mineral Creek. Santa Cruz County, occurs at 

many mines, including the Montana mine in the Oro Blanco district; 

Tyndall district, Shehey-O'Donnell mine, mined and shipped; Harshaw 

district, January, Flux, and American mines; Patagonia district, Morning
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 31

Glory mine, mined and shipped; Duquesne-Washington camp, Pride of 

the West, Bonanza, Holland, Belmont, and New York mines. Yavapal 

County, common in Bradshaw Mountains district; carries free gold at 

Crown King and other mines, and gold and silver at United Verde mine, 

Jerome district; has been produced by the Copper King mines in the 

Tiger district.

Stephanite. Santa Cruz County, Golden Rose mine.

Stibnite (sulphide of antimony). Mohave County, in Cerbat district, at Vanderbilt mine. Yavapai County, common in silver veins; in ores of Bradshaw Mountains carries free gold. Turkey Creek district, commercial 

deposit with 2-foot pay streak.

Stromeyerite. Final County, Silver King mine, with other cupriferous and 

argentiferous ores.

Strontium. See Celestite.

Tantalum. See Wolframite.

Tennantite. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district, Toluachi mine.

Tenorite. Cochise County, unimportant copper ore; occurs in Lowell and Copper Queen mines, Bisbee, and elsewhere. Pima County, Helvetia district, 

Bulldozer mine. Santa Cruz County, Tyndall district, Alto mine; Harshaw district, Sunnyside and Blue Eagle mines.

Tetradymite (telluride of bismuth). Yavapai County, small quantity in Montgomery mine, at Minnehaha, and near Bradshaw City.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper). Pirna County, Helvetia district, Silver Spur (old 

Frijole) mine; Greaterville district, Summit mine. Santa Cruz County, 

Tyndall district, Treasure Vault, Shehey-O'Donnell, Rhode Island, Alto, 

Wandering Jew, Toluachi group, and Eureka mines; Wrightson district, 

Blackcap, American Boy, Augusta, and Happy Jack mines; Harshaw district, World's Fair mine; Patagonia district, Endless Chain mine; San 

Cayetano district, Tubutana mine. Pinal County, Heintzelman and 

Silver King mines. Yavapai County, in ores of Bradshaw Mountains district; also in copper-silver veins.

Thenardite (verde salt). Yavapai County, Verde Valley, 3 miles southwest of 

Old Camp Verde, occurs in large beds with rock salt, glauberite, and 

mirabilite.

Tourmaline. Pinal County, in the Catalina Mountains near Oracle in granite. 

Gem material has not been found.

Travertine. Mohave County, abundant at the mouth of the Grand Canyon; 

also a few miles west of that locality there are extensive deposits, 

thought to be travertine, which cap Greggs Breccia and are in places 200 

feet in thickness.

Tuff. Mohave County, at Kingman, fine grade. Pima County, near Tucson, 

used extensively for building. Santa Cruz County, at Nogales, used extensively for building, in lower east slope of San Cayetano Mountains, 

5 miles north of Calabasas; in Grosvenor Hills 7 miles west of Patagonia 

may be quarried in thin slabs, suitable for building and paving, also at 

Harshaw used for building. Yavapai County, near Skull Valley and near 

Wickenburg; was used in building the State capitol at Phoenix.

Tungsten minerals. See Cuproscheelite, Cuprotungstite, Ferberite, Hiibnerite, 

Scheelite, and Wolframite.
32 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA.

Turquoise. Cochise County, has been mined near Courtland,. at Turquoise 

Mountain. Maricopa County, occurs 12 miles east of Morristown, reported. Mohave County, several mines worked near Mineral Park yield 

large quantities of gem material. Final County, 2 miles south of Kelvin, 

east side of Verde River, about 2 miles from Maricopa County line. 

Yavapai County, reported.

Uraninite. Santa Cruz County, Wrightson district, Happy Jack mine (reported ).

Vanadinite. Occurs at numerous places associated with lead ore. Cochise 

County, near Fairbanks; Gila County, Globe district, at Lockwood 

claim, Clark & Stewart claims near Old Dominion mine; Mohave County, 

in the Eldorado and neighboring mines of the Gold Basin district; Pima 

County, Old Yuma mine, 14 miles northwest of Tucson; Final County, 

Mammoth mine at Shultz, Royal Dane claim, 7 miles southwest of 

Oracle, Black Prince mine, Pioneer district, and at Kelvin; Santa Cruz 

County, Mowry mine at Mowry; Yavapai County, near Silver Belt mine, 

Big Bug district; Yuma County, Red Cloud mine.

Vanadium ores. See Descloizite, Vanadinite, and Volborthite.

Verde salt. S°ee Thenardite.

Volborthite (vanadate of copper). Occasionally found in other copper and 

lead ores.

Volcanic ash. See Tuff.

"Wad (manganese ore). Cochise County, occurs at Tombstone; mined for silver 

content only.

Willemite (silicate of zinc). Greenlee County, small grayish crystals in Modoc 

open cut on Modoc Mountain, Clifton-Morenci district.

Wolframite (tungstate of iron and manganese). Cochise County, Dragoon 

Mountains, contain extensively worked deposits near Dragoon Summits; 

Whetstone Mountains, 12 miles south of Benson; Paradise. Gila County, 

Globe. Maricopa County, at Cave Creek, 30 miles north of Phoenix. 

Mohave County, 40 miles southeast of Kingman and 35 miles east of 

Yucca in Aquarius Cliffs. Pima County, with gold and quartz in Arivaca 

district. Final County, Powers Gulch, 18 miles west of Globe; mined. 

Santa Cruz County, 7-miles north of Nogales, at Reagan camp. Yavapai 

County, Tiptop district, Bradshaw Mountains, mined at Arex, in Eureka 

district, 45 miles west of Prescott, and at Canyon, Goodwin, and Hillside; in Humbug district, 38 miles north of Peoria, the material contains 

1 per cent tantalum; occurs also at Hot Springs, 28 miles north of Peoria.

Wood, petrified. In eastern part of State, in Apache and Navajo counties, 

6 miles south of Adamana and 12 miles southeast of Holbrook, on 

the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, is the Petrified Forest 

National Monument, including Chalcedony Park, where many square 

miles are in part covered and underlain with petrified logs, tree 

trunks, branches, and bright-colored fragments. Another notable area, 

the North Forest, lies 8 miles northwest of Adamana, in Navajo County. 

The finest specimens are found in the Holbrook-Adamana region, occurring in the Triassic " Red Beds." In Mohave and Yuma counties 

petrified wood is reported to be abundant in the Grand Canyon and the 

country extending southward along Colorado River to Yuma, but here 

it probably occurs chiefly as a constituent of alluvium transported by 

the river.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARIZONA. 33

Wulfenite (molybdate of lead). Occasionally found with other lead ores. 

Cochise County, nearly always present with silver ores of Tombstone in 

small quantity. Coconino County, in canyon of Oak Creek, 25 miles 

south of Flagstaff. Occurs also in Gila County, at Troy. Maricopa 

County, in Phoenix mine above Cave Creek, and in Big Horn Mountains. 

Pima County, Old Tuma mine, 14 miles northwest of Tucson; Empire 

district, Total Wreck and Verde Queen mines. Final County, mined 

at Mammoth mine, Shultz; also on the Orizaba and other claims, 30 

miles south of Casa Grande, associated with minor amounts of vanadinite. 

Santa Cruz County, 4 miles northeast of Patagonia. Yavapai County, 

Bradshaw Mountains, near Briggs and near Columbia. Yuma County, at 

Castle Dome.

Yttrium. See Gadolinite.

Zinc. Principal production of zinc in State is in Mohave County* at Golconda 

and Tennessee mines; small quantities in Santa Cruz County in Patagonia and Tyndall districts. See also Smithsonite, Sphalerite, and 

Willemite.

27608° Bull. 624 17 3
34 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARKANSAS.

rv ARKANSAS. J \\

Agate. Montgomery County, finely variegated; has been mined.

Aluminum. See Bauxite.

Antimony ore. See Stibnite.

Asphalt. Madison County. Pike County, in the Trinity sand, 2£ miles southeast of Pike; has been used to a small extent. Polk County, as veins 

or fissure filling near west end of Fourche Mountain, north of Mena. 

Sevier County, east of De Queen (in the Trinity sand).

Azurite. (blue carbonate of copper). Montgomery County, near Silver. Polk 

County, at Copper Queen and Silver World mines. . Searcy County, 

copper mines at Tomahawk; not worked as ore. Sevier County, at 

antimony and silver mines.

Barite (heavy spar). Garland, Montgomery, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, Saline, and 

Sevier counties, in seams or pockets.

Bauxite. Pulaski and Saline counties, the principal producing area of the 

United States from 1904 to 1914, inclusive. The major part of the 

production comes from what is known as the Bauxite district, sometimes 

called the Bryant district, lying about 18 miles southwest of the city 

of Little Rock and covering an area of about 12 square miles in Bryant 

Township near Benton, in Saline County. The second and less important 

district is known as the Fourche Mountain district, lying immediately 

south of the city limits of Little Rock in Pulaski County and embracing 

an area somewhat larger than the Bauxite district. The two areas are 

about 14 miles apart.

Braunite (manganese ore). Independence, Izard, and Sharp counties, mined 

with psilomelane in Batesville district.

Brookite. Hot Springs County, abundant as good museum specimens in several 

places at Magnet Cove, with quartz.

Brown iron ore. See Limonite.

Cadmium. See Greenockite.

Calamine (zinc silicate). Boone County, in Almy mine. Lawrence County, in 

Bath and Koch mines. Marion County, in zinc mines of Sugar Orchard 

region and elsewhere; has been mined.

Celestite (strontium sulphate). Howard, Pike, and Sevier counties, as thin 

layer in Lower Cretaceous limestone (Trinity formation). In Pike 

County, at White.

Cement material (Portland). Limestone suitable for Portland cement occurs 

in many counties in northwestern part of the State. Little River County, 

large cement plant at White Cliffs, idle since 1903.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Howard, Montgomery, Newton, and other counties, 

with galena and coating it in mines in northern Arkansas.

Chalcopyrite. Sevier County, in Davis mine 5 miles west of Gillham, and in 

other mines and prospects in western Arkansas.

Chalk. The Annona chalk of the Upper Cretaceous outcrops over a strip about 

half a mile wide, extending northeast and southwest from White Cliffs, 

Sevier County, through Howard, Hempstead, Nevada, and Clark counties, 

almost to Okolona. Formerly used in manufacture of Portland cement 

at White Cliffs.

Chert. Large deposits (Bigfork chert) in Saline, Pulaski, Garland, Montgomery, and Polk counties; mined for road building at Hot Springs, Garland 

County. Cherts belonging to the Mississippian series of the Carboniferous system and to the Ordovician system of rocks are widely distributed in all the counties north of the Boston Mountains.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARKANSAS. 35

Clay (ball or paper). Pike County.

Clay (brick). Arkansas County, common brick, made from red surface clay 

at Stuttgart. Ashley County, alluvial buckshot clay used for common 

brick at Hamburg. Benton County, pits in residual red clay used for 

common brick, at Bentonville, Rogers, and Siloam Springs. Boone County, 

at Harrison. Bradley County, at Warren. Carroll County, common brick 

made from residual clays at Berryville and Green Forest. Clark County, 

common brick made from alluvial clay at Arkadelphia and Gurdon; 

common brick, fire brick, and draintile from Tertiary clay at Whelen 

Springs. Clay County, common brick made from red clay on Crowleys 

Ridge, at Rector, Piggott, and Pratt. Cleburne County, alluvial clay used 

for common brick at Heber Springs. Cleveland County, pressed brick 

made at Kingsland. Columbia County, surface clays used for common 

brick at Magnolia and Waldo. Craighead County, common and pressed 

brick made from clays on Crowleys Ridge at Jonesboro. Cross County, 

loess and surface clay on Crowleys Ridge used near Wynne. Drew 

County, alluvial and leached buckshot clays used near Monticello for common brick. Faulkner County, buckshot clays used at Conway. Garland 

County, alluvial and residual clays, and Carboniferous shales used for 

common red brick at Hot Springs. Greene County, pressed and common 

brick made from reworked loess at Paragould and from loess at Gainesville. Hempstead County, surface clay used at Hope, Doyle, and Spring 

Hill. Hot Spring County, alluvial clay used for common and pressed 

brick at Malvern; white plastic for white front and paving at 

Malvern. Howard County, common brick clay, at Nashville. Independence County, red surface clay used for common brick, at Batesville. 

Jefferson County, alluvial and surface clays used at Pine Bluff and 

Redfleld. Lawrence County, surface clay used for common brick at 

Walnut Ridge; yellow or reddish clay, at Black Rock; residual clay, at 

Imboden. Lee County, red brick from loess of Crowleys Ridge, at Marianna. Lincoln County, yellow surface clay used for common brick, at 

Palmyra. Lonoke County, at Lonoke and Cabot, red surface clays used 

for common brick. Miller County, Tertiary clays used at Texarkana for 

pressed and common brick. Mississippi County, yellow alluvial clay used 

for common brick and draintile at Blytheville. Monroe County, at Brinkley. Nevada County, at Emmet and Prescott, common brick and building 

tile. Phillips County, common brick made from mixture of surface clay 

and loess at Helena. Poinsett County, reworked or eroded loess used at 

Harrisburg for common brick and draintile. Polk County, common brick 

-made from residual clay at Mena. Pope County, residual clay and shale 

used at.Atkins. Prairie County, red surface clay used at Devall Bluff. 

Pulaski County, surface clay used for common brick at Little Rock. 

Randolph County, at Pocahontas, common and front brick. St. Francis 

County, brick clay and yellow loess on and near Crowleys Ridge, burns 

uniform red; used at Forrest City. Saline County, surface clays used 

at Benton. Searcy County, residual clays used for common brick at Marshall and Leslie. Sebastian County, Carboniferous shales used at Fort 

Smith and Mansfield for qommon and paving brick; alluvial clay near Fort 

Smith, burns bright red, soft brick, re-pressed for front brick, uniform 

good color. Sevier County, surface clay used for common brick near 

Delmar. Union County, red surface clay used at Felsenthal. Washington 

County, at Prairie Grove, common brick and draintile. White County, 

argillaceous shales of Round Mountain suitable for sewer pipe and pav-
36 USEFUL .MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARKANSAS.

ing brick; surface clay mined at Beebe, Searcy, and Judsonia for common 

brick. Woodruff County, surface clay used at Cotton Plant, common 

brick and draintile, made from buckshot clay at New Augusta. Yell 

County, alluvial and surface clay, mined at Dardanelle.

Clay (fire). Clark County, fire brick made from Tertiary clay at Whelen 

Springs. Crawford County, disintegrated Carboniferous shales in vicinity 

of Van Buren; makes good yellow ware; used to line kilns at Fayetteville. 

Hot Spring County, fire brick made at Malvern and Perla, from Tertiary 

clays. Ouachita County, at or near Lester, in September, 1914, the 

Camden Coal & Clay Co. began mining a high-grade clay which burns 

gray to reddish brown. The clay is used in place of imported German 

pottery clay for crucibles, tank blocks, and the like refractory vessels for 

glass works. Saline County, Tertiary clays used for fire brick at Benton. 

Occurs also in Conway, Dallas, Franklin, Garland, Hempstead, Johnson, 

Logan, Pike, Sebastian, White, and other counties.

Clay (kaolin). Dallas County, white kaolin of fair refractoriness outcrops 

in the Tertiary strata in the SE. fsec. 10, T. 7 S., R. 17 W., and on Little 

Cypress Creek. Garland and Hot Spring counties. Lawrence County, 

at Black Rock and Annieville. Ouachita County, in large quantity, in 

Tertiary strata on Sandy Branch. Pike County, beds of variable color in 

the Upper Cretaceous (Bingen sand) outcrop at several places on Saline, 

Vaughn, and Clear creeks, near Delight. Pulaski County, white pisolitic 

kaolin in places in Fourche Mountain region; burns white and glazes 

well. Saline County, nearly white kaolin, residual from nephelite syenite, 

at Bauxite.

Clay (pottery). Ashley County, Tertiary clays suitable for common pottery 

near Hamburg. Bradley County, Tertiary clays at Banks, Alga Bluff, 

Crawfords Bluff; clay at Johnsonville formerly used. Calhoun County, 

supply on Champagnolle Creek, Moro Creek, and large streams. Clark 

County, Tertiary clays on Copeland Ridge and at Barringer mine near 

Whelen Springs. Clay County, Tertiary clays on Crowleys Ridge near 

Piggott and Greenway. Cleveland County, near New Edinburg, Mount 

Elba, and other places. Columbia County, near Mount Holly and Magnolia. In Conway and Crawford counties. Dallas County, Tertiary 

clays, abundant and of excellent quality along streams. In Drew County. 

Faulkner County, buckshot clays abundant over flood plains of streams. 

Franklin County, strong dark-red earthenware residual clays abundant. 

Garland County, residual clays from Paleozoic shales at Hot Springs and 

on Cedar Mountain, formerly used for pottery. In Grant County. Greene 

County, Tertiary clays on Crowleys Ridge at Gainesville, formerly used. 

Hempstead County, Tertiary clays used for jug ware, etc., at Spring Hill. 

Hot Spring County, at Perla switch, near Malvern, burns light-cream 

common pottery. Independence County, residual clays from Moorefield 

shale and Boone limestone near Sulphur Rock and Newark, formerly 

used. Jefferson County, White Bluff on Arkansas River. Johnson 

County, soft shale sagger clay in Felker mine, Coal Hill. Lafayette 

County, leached pottery clays along Red River. Logan County, Pennsylvanian clay abundant. Miller County, Tertiary clays used at Texarkana 

for jugs, churns, and jars; burns solid cream color. Montgomery County, 

alluvial clay along Ouachita River used for stoneware near Story. In 

Nevada County. Ouachita County, abundant along Ouachita Valley. 

Pulaski County, red and yellow surface clay used in Little Rock district 

for making flowerpots. Saline County, Tertiary clays used for jugs,
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES ARKANSAS. 37

crocks, jars, art pottery, and other clay ware at potteries near Benton; 

burns solid cream color. Sebastian County, red and blue, has been mined 

in NE. i sec. 20, T. 10 N., R. 26 W.; abundant at Fort Smith and elsewhere; light yellowish surface clay used at Cornby's pottery. Union 

County, abundant. Yell County, Carboniferous shale formerly used in 

. SE. i sec. 12, T. 6 N., R. 21 W.

Coal. Arkansas coal ranges from bituminous to semianthracite; the coal-bearing rocks belong to Pennsylvanian series of the Carboniferous; three beds 

worked, Hartshorne, Charleston, and Paris; Hartshorne most important. 

Crawford County, Charleston coal, 9 to 18 inches on north side of river 

near Alma, semibituminous, mined; also mined on small scale about 

Charleston. Franklin County, Paris coal mined at Potato Hill; west of 

Potato Hill worked for local supply. Franklin and Johnson counties, 

Coal Hill, Denning district, Hartshorne coal, 1 to 5 feet thick, mined from 

Coal Hill to Denning, semibituminous. Johnson County, Spadra district, 

Hartshorne coal, 3 feet thick, mined near Spadra, anthracite; Philpot 

district, Charleston coal, 18 to 22 inches thick, mined at Ozark, semibituminous. Logan County, Paris seam, 2 to 3 feet thick, mined in vicinity 

of Paris, semibituminous. Pope County, Russellville district, Hartshorne 

coal, 40 to 46 inches thick in Shinn Basin, mined, semianthracite. Scott 

County, Hartshorne coal, 4 feet thick in Bates-Coaldale district, mined 

near Bates. Sebastian County, Bonanza-Jenny Lind district, Hartshorne 

coal 3 to 6 feet thick; Greenwood-Huntington district, 2 to 6 feet thick. 

Charleston bed outcrops between Charleston and Fort Smith, mined near 

Central, 20 inches thick. Washington County, 14-inch bed in Morrow 

group (Pennsylvanian), mined at Baldwin. Yell County, Atoka coal 1$ 

to 3 feet thick in vicinity of Dardanelle; has been mined. See also 

Lignite.

Copper ore. See Azurite, Chalcopyrite, and Malachite.

Diamond. Pike County, four peridotite masses near Murfreesboro; white, 

brown, and yellow stones; more than 2,000 have been found.

Dolomite. See Limestone.

Fluorspar. Garland County, at mouth of Gulpa Creek, near Lawrence, not 

mined.

Freibergite. Pulaski County, at Kellogg and McRae mines; Montgomery 

County, in Silver City region. Also occurs in Sevier County, not mined.

Fuller's earth. Area of about 3 square miles between Hot Springs and Benton; 

2,563 tons produced in 1910. Only two plants operating in 1911 at Fairplay and Klondike and only one in 1915, that of John Olsen at Klondike.

Galena. Has been mined in limited quantities in northern Arkansas fields, in 

Baxter, Benton, Carroll, Boone, Marion, Newton, Washington, and other 

counties. In western Arkansas it has been found sparingly and mined 

occasionally in Garland County, near Blakely Creek; Hot Spring County, 

at Point Cedar; Montgomery County, at Rubicon mine, near Virginia 

City, and at Minnesota, Montezuma, Walnut, and Waterloo mines; Pulaski County, Kellogg and McRae mines; Sevier County, at Bellah mine 

in Gulch sha.ft, New Discovery shaft, near Conboy, and elsewhere.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gravel (road metal). Along Crowleys Ridge, in Clay, Greene, Craighead, 

Poinsett, Cross, and St. Francis counties. On and near the border of 

the highlands in Randolph, Lawrence, Independence, Jackson, White, 

Pulaski, Saline, Hot Spring, and Clark counties; and in Bradley, Cal-
38 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARKANSAS.

houn, Dallas, Drew, Howard, Jefferson, Lafayette, Pike, and Sevier 

counties. These gravels consist almost entirely of chert, quartz, and 

novaculite pebbles, and range in age from Lower Cretaceous to Quaternary.

Greenockite. Marion and other counties; occurs with sphalerite.

Gypsum. Pike County, was mined at Tokio; extensive beds from 15 inches to 

15 feet in thickness occur in the bank of Little Missouri River, T. 8 S., 

R. 25 W., and westward into Howard County.

Hydrozincite (zinc carbonate). In zinc and lead regions, Baxter, Lawrence, 

Marion, and Searcy counties.

Iron. See Limonite, Magnetite, and Pyrite.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Lead. See Cerusite and Galena.

Lignite. Beds, possibly of workable thickness, underlie parts of several 

counties south and southwest of Little Rock; workable beds near Camden, 

Ouachita County.

Limestone (building). Benton County, quarried at Monte Ne and Gravette; 

Boone County, at Alpena and Keener. Carroll County, limestone quarried at Eureka Springs, dolomite at Beaver. Independence County, 

oolitic limestone, ornamental, has been quarried at Batesville. Izard 

County, quarried at Guion. Lawrence County, quarried at Imboden, for 

building and crushed stone. Sharp County, at Williford. Washington 

County,'at Johnson.

Limestone (hydraulic). Occurs in Saline County and many counties in northern part of State; not used.

Limestone (lime). Benton County, quarried and burned near Rogers, Anoca, 

Garfield, and Sulphur Springs. Independence County, at Batesville; 

oolitic limestone quarried at Pfeiffer, near Batesville. Izard County, 

at Guion and East Sylamore. Montgomery County, Cedar Glades. Stone 

County, east of Sylamore. Washington County, Farmington, Johnson, 

Elm Springs, Viney Grove,- and elsewhere.

Limonite. Small quantity in nearly every county; has been mined near Berryville, Carroll County, and in Lawrence and Sharp counties.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Hot Spring County, in loose fragments at 

Magnet Cove; not mined.

Malachite. Garland County, at Hot Springs, ledge several feet in thickness in 

stream bed on Cedar Street.

Manganese ore. See Braunite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, and Wad.

Marble. The marble region includes Benton, Boone, Carroll, Marion, and parts 

of Baxter, Independence, Izard, Madison, Newton, Searcy, Stone, and 

Washington counties. The marbles and limestones belong to the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian series of the Carboniferous system and to the 

Orclovician and Silurian systems of rocks.

Marble (black). Fine black, suitable for ornamental work, at Jamestown, in 

southern part of Independence County, reported shipped; Marshall, 

Searcy County.

Marble (gray). Gray (Boone limestone), finest quality in Boone, Marion, Newton, and Searcy counties; coarsely crystalline; good polish.

Marble (onyx). Onyx marble in numerous caves and in limestone in northern 

Arkansas.

Marble (oolitic). Independence County, oolitic marble quarried near Batesville, for monuments,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARKANSAS. 39

Marble (St. Glair). Light gray to chocolate-brown, highly crystalline, 2 to 4 

feet thick in irregular belt running across central part of northern 

Arkansas in east and west direction from Hickory Valley, Independence 

County, to Mount Hersey, Newton County; valuable building stone.

Marble (St. Joe). Widely distributed north of Boston Mountains. Length of 

marble outcrop in State is about 3,500 miles. Light pink to dark chocolate, spotted white, gray, or pea-green, varies in texture; in Buffalo 

River and Crooked Creek basins in Baxter, Benton, Boone, Carroll, 

Madison, Marion, Newton, Searcy, and Stone counties; Searcy County, 

small quarry worked for marble and lime at St. Joe.

Marl. Calcareous and shell marls in Clark, Greene. Hempstead, Howard, Jefferson, Lonoke, Pike, Howard, and St. Francis counties; gypseous marls 

in Greene and Pike counties; have been mined.

Mica (biotite). Garland County, at Potash, Sulphur Springs; not mined. Hot 

Spring County, Magnet Cove.

Mineral paint. See Ocher and Reddle.

Natural gas. In 1911 there were 110 productive well? in the State, all near 

Fort Smith. At the close of 1914 there were 9'J productive wells, all 

near Fort Smith and Mansfield, in Sebastian County. Also found at 

Ozark, in Franklin County.

Niter' (saltpeter). Occurs in niter earth of limestone caves of northern Arkansas, Marion and Newton counties; not mined.

Novaculite. White novaculite (the Arkansas novaculite) forms ridges in Hot 

Spring, Garland, Howard, Montgomery, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, and Saline 

counties. Garland County, quarried on North Mountain, Indian Mountain, and near Summit for whetstones and on North or Quarry Mountain 

for concrete. Commercially known as Arkansas stone and Washita stone. 

Formerly used by the Indians for stone implements. Hot Spring County, 

quarried at Butterfield for concrete.

Ocher. Clay County, irregular beds of yellow ocher in Tertiary, near Piggott; 

has been mined. See also Reddle.

Octahedrite. Hot Spring County, sparingly with brookite and rutile at Magnet 

Cove.

Oilstone. See Novaculite.

Onyx marble. In numerous caves and in limestone in northern counties.

Pearls. Lawrence, Prairie, and other counties. Quite extensively produced 

from the fresh-water mollusks of White River and its tributary, Black 

River.

Phosphate rock. Independence County, mined at Anderson and on Lafferty 

Creek, about 12 miles northwest of Batesville; occurs near Hickory 

Valley, 12 miles north of Batesville. Searcy County, Garvin tract, near 

St. Joe.

Psilomelane (manganese ore, with pyrolusite). In the manganese mines of 

Batesville district, Independence, Sharp, and Izard counties. Occurs 

with pyrolusite in novaculite in belt extending from Pulaski County, 

through Saline, Garland, Hot Spring, Pike, Montgomery, and Polk 

counties.

Pyrite. Hot Spring County, 2 miles west of Hot Springs, on south slope of 

West Mountain, probably suitable for sulphuric acid.

Pyrolusite (manganese ore). Important ore of manganese; in small quantities with psilomelane in Pulaski, Saline, Garland, Hot Spring, Pike, 

Montgomery, Polk counties; has been mined. Now mined near Little 

Rock, Pulaski County, and at Cushman, Independence County.
40 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES ARKANSAS.

Quartz. Garland County, clear crystals in Blakely Mountains and many other 

localities. Hot Spring County, clear crystals at many localities; used 

for ornaments and lenses; smoky quartz in small quantities about Magnet 

Cove, used for jewelry. Madison County, clear limpid quality at Delaney. 

Montgomery County, crystals have been mined from Crystal Mountain 

sandstone (Ordovician) in the Crystal Mountains near Womble and 

Crystal Springs, used for ornaments and lenses; most of the crystals 

from Arkansas are from this county.

Rectorite. Garland County, deposits about a foot thick in association with 

Ordovician sandstones in sec. 27, T. 2 N., R. 19 W.

Reddle (red chalk). Abundant in many localities; probably useful in paint 

manufacture; not mined.

Road metal. See Chert, Gravel, Limestone, Marble, Novaculite, Sandstone, and 

Syenite.

Rutile. Hot Spring County, abundant in several places about Magnet Cove, 

commonly with brookite; not mined; good museum specimens. See 

Octahedrite.

Sand (building). Dug at many places: Boone County, Harrison; Clark County, 

Arkadelphia; Greene County, Paragould; Izard County, Guion; Jefferson 

County, Pine Bluff; Pulaski County, Little Rock; Saline County, Benton; 

Sebastian County, Fort Smith.

Sand (glass). Dug in Izard County, at Guion; Jefferson County, in small quantity at Pine Bluff; St. Peter sandstone along valley of White River from 

Batesville nearly to Fayetteville, probably will make excellent glass sand.

Sand (molding). Johnson County, brown sandy loam suitable for molding sand 

in vicinity of Coal Hill; Pulaski County, dug at Little Rock.

Sandstone (asphaltic). Polk County, on land of E. E. Follensbee.

Sandstone (building and crushed stone). Widely distributed in the Ouachita 

and Boston mountains, and in Arkansas Valley. Quarries are located at 

the following places: Benton County, Siloam Springs; Boone County, 

Alpena Pass; Carrdll County, Carrollton; Cleburne County, Heber 

Springs; Conway County, Morrillton; Franklin County, Ozark; Garland 

County, Hot Springs; Independence County, Batesville; Izard County, 

Guion; Johnson County, Clarksville and Lomar; Perry County, Fourche 

(Bigelow) and Kenny; Polk County, Eagleton, near Mena; Pope County, 

Atkins; Pulaski County, Little Rock; Searcy County, Leslie; Sebastian 

County, Fort Smith and Greenwood; Washington County, Springdale and 

Fayetteville; White County, Bald Knob, Searcy, and Russell; Tell County, 

Dardanelle.

Silver. Garland County, with pyrite, fluorite, and chalcedony near Lawrence; 

Pulaski County, in galena, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, in Kellogg and 

McRae mines. Montgomery County, with lead ores near Silver. Sevier 

County, with lead ores in Otto mine, Antimony Bluff shaft and Stewart 

lode and mine near Antimony, May mine. Hot Spring County, with lead, 

zinc, and copper ores at Point Cedar. See also Freibergite.

Slate. Gray, black, green, and red slates along uplift west of Little Rock; slate 

area. includes parts of Saline, Garland, Montgomery, and Polk counties. 

Garland County, worked in small way at several points near Hot Springs; 

not shipped at present. Montgomery County, dark red quarried for 

switchboards at Slatington. Polk County, several quarries; Missouri 

Mountain slate, red and green, suitable for laundry tubs, wainscoting, 

switchboards, extensively prospected near Board Camp Creek; slate,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ARKANSAS. 41

blue to black, in Stanley shale, extensively prospected in southeastern 

part of county.

Smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Most valuable and next to sphalerite most 

abundant ore of zinc in Arkansas; "turkey fat," a cadmiferous variety 

of smithsonite, mined in small quantity.

Soapstone. See Talc.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Most important and abundant zinc mineral in northern Arkansas. In mines in Boone, Newton, Marion, Baxter, Searcy, 

Sharp, Lawrence, Pulaski, Sevier, Saline, Montgomery, and Washington 

counties. Lawrence County, with calamine and smithsonite in Bath and 

Koch mines. Marion County, in limestone at Wood's mine. Pulaski 

County, Kellogg mines.

Stibnite (antimony sulphide). Sevier County, in Stewart mine, May mine, 

Convoy shaft, Gulch shaft, Antimony Bluff shaft, and Otto mine; was 

mined for silver in Bob Wolf mine; also found in Pike County.

Strontium. See Celestite.

Sunstone. Hot Spring County, pink or gray; occasionally found in Magnet 

Cove; cut for ornaments.

Syenite. Garland County, nephelite syenite at Potash Sulphur Springs. Pulaski 

County, nephelite syenite ("gray granite") outcrops over an area about a 

mile square and pulaskite (" blue granite ") over an area of about 5 square 

miles in the Fourche Mountain region south of Little Rock. Nephelite 

syenite is quarried at west base of Allis Mountain, and pulaskite has 

been quarried on north slope of Fourche Mountain. Hot Spring County, 

elseolite syenite quarried at Diamond Jo quarry in Magnet Cove region; 

suitable for ornamental interior use. Saline County, occurs in large 

masses, light gray, pinkish, or buff; quarried.

Talc (soapstone). Pulaski County, at Wallis's soapstone quarry. Saline 

County, has been quarried between Little Rock and Hot Springs; no 

production in 1915.

Titanium. See Brookite, Octahedrite, and Rutile.

Tripoli (polishing powder). The porous siliceous residue resulting from decay 

of siliceous limestone occurs in zinc region. Montgomery County, T. 4 S.f 

R. 26 W., reported good quality. Marion County, reported abundant at 

Lees Mountain; not used. Occurs as decomposed novaculite in Hot 

Spring, Garland, Howard, Montgomery, Pike, and Polk counties.

Variscite. Montgomery County, translucent and transparent, emerald to bluish 

green; not mined.

Vesuvianite. Hot Spring County, yellowish-green to olive-green crystals in 

Magnet Cove; not mined.

Wad (bog manganese). Izard County, north fork of White River. Marion 

County, about Dodd City; unimportant. Common but of no particular 

value in northern Arkansas.

Wavellite. Garland County, near Hot Springs. Hot Spring County, associated 

with the upper novaculite beds at Magnet Cove. Montgomery County, 

in Silver City region and neighboring districts.

Whetstone. See Novaculite.

Zinc. In plateau portion of Ozark uplift, including parts of Baxter, Boone, 

Lawrence, Marion, Newton, Searcy, Sharp, and Washington counties; 

in western Arkansas, including parts of Pulaski, Montgomery, and 

Sevier counties; mines scattered; deposits chiefly in Ordovician rocks. 

See also Calamine, Hydrozincite, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.
42 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

CALIFORNIA.

Agalmatolite (pyrophyllite). San Diego County, near Encinitas.

Agate (moss). San Bernardino County, jaspery agate in San Bernardino 

Mountains; not mined.

Alabaster. Riverside County, in Palen Mountains. San Luis Obispo County, 

at Arroyo Grande. Santa Barbara County, has been mined at Point Sal; 

occurs in eastern part of county. See Gypsum.

Altaite. Calaveras County, with hessite and petzite at the Stanislaus mine, 

Nevada City, in bunches in the Ural vein, intergrown with native gold 

and associated with quartz pyrite and galena. Tuolumne County, occurred at the Golden Rule mine, near Tuttletown; also at Sawmill Flat.

Aluminum. See Bauxite and Halloysite.

Alum salts. See Kalinite.

Alunite. Mariposa County, Tres Cerritos Buttes, southwest of Indian Gulch.

Alunogen. Alameda County, Alma mine, Leona. Nevada County, Providence 

mine, Nevada City. San Luis Obispo County, near Paso Robles.

Amalgam. Mariposa County, gold amalgam; quoted by Dana.

Amblygonite. San Diego County, was mined at Stewart mine, near Pala.

Amethyst. Amador County, Volcano and Oleta and vicinity; Mono County, 

Bodie district.

Anglesite. Inyo County, found in oxidized zone of Cerro Gordo mines and at 

the Modoc mine. Mono County, Benton mine, with galena.

Anhydrite. Inyo County, at the Ygnacio and Cerro Gordo mines. Mono 

County, at the Mammoth mine, Mineral Hill, associated with barite. 

Orange County, in the Santa Ana Mountains, near Auaheim. Riverside 

County, Palen Mountains. San Bernardino County, at Searles Lake. 

Shasta County, Rising Star mine.

Antimony. Kern County, has been mined in San Emigdio Canyon, and near 

Havilah. Riverside County, occurs near Corona. Is obtained in antimonial lead as a by-product in smelting gold-lead-silver ores of the State. 

See also Bournonite, Jamesonite, Stibiconite, and Stibnite.

Apatite (asparagus stone). Contra Costa County, found in brown masses in 

the schists north of Berkeley. San Bernardino County, east end of 

Kingston Range. San Diego County, Dos Cabezas mine, near Jacumba, 

not mined; in the gneiss at Dehesa, with dumortierite; tabular crystals 

of violet and pink colors occur at the old Mack mine near Rincon; at 

Victor mine, Rincon, pale dirty-green crystals occur; crystals are found 

on South Mountain and at Mesa Graude.

Apophyllite (fish-eye stone). Plumas County, white to gray at Buckeye mine 

near Orion Valley. San Francisco County, found rarely at Fort Point. 

San Mateo County, near La Honda. Santa Clara County, at New Almaden quicksilver mines, in large crystals associated with gyrolite and 

bituminous matter.

Aquamarine. See Beryl.

Argentite. The primary silver mineral in many of the silver districts, generally 

associated with other silver minerals. Alpine County, Silver Mountain 

district; small octahedral crystals have come from the Advance mine. 

Inyo County, common in some mines, especially at Cerro Gordo; massive 

and crystalline specimens have been found in the Oriental mine; Deep 

Spring mine. Kern County, crystals associated with native silver in the 

Silver King mine near Garlock; with tetrahedrite and pyrargyrite at the 

Amalie mine. Los Angeles County, Kelsey mine; San Gabriel Canyon,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 43

associated with native silver, erythrite, smaltite, and aunabergite; at 

Silverado with argentiferous galena. Mono County, sparingly in Bodie 

and Benton districts, with gold, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, 

and galena; in Sweetwater Range, north of Bridgeport, the mines contained argentite, with gold, cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, and native silver. 

Nevada County, in the Allison Ranch mine near Nevada City. San Bernardino County, produced by the silver districts but not in general abundant; New York Mountains, near Manvel, Old Imperial and Tip Top 

mines, and the Lava Beds districts have produced crystals; occurs with 

cerargyrite in the Calico and Barstow districts.

Arsenic. Concentrates sent to smelters from some of the Mother Lode mines 

contain much arsenopyrite. The arsenic in the ore is mostly oxidized, 

volatilized, and condensed in the fume chambers, where it accumulates.

Arsenolite. Alpine County, with enargite at Exchecquer and Monitor mines. 

San Bernardino County, large masses occurred with gold at Amargosa 

mine.

Arsenopyrite. Amador County, New Hope mine, Quartz Mountain mines, and 

in the mines between Jackson and Mokelumne Hill. Calaveras County, 

near Angeles and in the mines along the Mother Lode, high in gold content. Eldorado County, Florence mine, near Placerville and near Georgetown. Kern County, mined for gold in Sunshine and La Crosse mines, 

southeast of Randsburg. Madera County, commonly associated with 

coarse gold, as at Gambetta mine; the Sumner, Confidence, Relief, and 

other old mines, near Kernville and Havilock, contained auriferous 

arsenopyrite. Madera County, in mines near Coulterville; danaite with 

erythrite was found in the Josephine mine, Bear Valley. Mono County, 

common in the Lundy district, carrying gold. Nevada County, in the 

Betsy mine, Grass Valley, and in the Meadow Lake district, with danaite. 

Placer County, common in Ophir gold-silver veins. Plumas County, in 

Pilot Hill gold mine, 6 miles northwest of Gibsonville. San Diego County, 

in the Julian district. Sierra County, Tightner mine, and in many mines 

of the Mother Lode; common in gold mines of East Lode; the chief 

gold-bearing mineral at Alleghany and containing a high percentage of 

gold; in the Golden King mine on Kanaka Creek it is said to have occurred with gold telluride. Tulare County, in the Mineral King district.

Asbestos (chrysotile). Reported through prospects from northwestern border 

of serpentine belt extending from Plumas County south through Sierra, 

NeArada, Placer, Amador, and Calaveras counties; was mined in Butte 

and Riverside counties, and near Auburn, Placer County. Inyo County, 

masses of the variety known as paligorskite, mountain leather, and 

mountain cork occur in the Swansea district and in Craigs Canyon on 

the east slope of the Inyo Mountains. Placer County, large masses 

occur at Wisconsin Hill and Arizona Flat. Shasta County, mined at 

Sims; a few tons were mined on Mears Creek, near Hazel Creek post 

office, in 1913. Trinity County, reported 15 miles northeast of Carrville. 

Tuolumne County, near Chinese Camp and Montezuma; the paligorskite 

or mountain cork variety at SaAvmill Flat and on Table Mountain.

Asphalt. Considerable deposits of asphaltic sandstone in following counties: Kern County, in the McKittric.k and Sunset oil fields. Los 

Angeles County, the most noted deposit in the State on the Rancho 

de la Brea. Mendocino County, near Point Arena. Monterey County, 

southeast of Metz, northeast of King City, west of San Ardo, and west
44 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

of Bradley. San Luis Obispo County, south of San Luis Obispo. Santa 

Barbara County, along the coast west and east of Santa Barbara, and in 

the Santa Maria district in the Casmalia Hills, on Graciosa Ridge, east 

of Sisquoc, and in the Purisima Hills. Santa Cruz County, north of 

Santa Cruz. Ventura County, in the Ojai Valley. Also numerous small 

deposits^of maltha and asphalt scattered through the Coast ranges.

Aurichalcite. Inyo County, in Cerro Gordo mine, as plumose aggregates and 

long prismatic crystals associated with calamine and chrysocolla.

Axinite. Eldorado County, Cosumnes copper mines near Fairplay; thin-bladed 

masses of violet-colored axinite occur in veins near Glen Alpine. Inyo 

County, occurs in the Funeral Mountains and in the Owl Mountains 

and. at several places in Death Valley. Riverside County, in quarry 

near Riverside. San Diego County, mined near Bonsall, associated with 

quartz, epidote, and laumontite.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Calaveras County, at the old Hughes 

mine. Eldorado County, with other copper ores in Alabaster Cave mine 

near Newcastle. Inyo County, in Ubehebe district. Also in copper ores 

in Calaveras, Modoc, Mono, Monterey, San Bernardino, and Shasta counties.

Barite (heavy spar). Inyo County, occurs massive near Independence; at the 

Defiance mine with native sulphur; white massive at Bishops Creek, 

White Mountains; veins in the Alabama Range. Los Angeles County, 

occurs white near Azusa'. Mariposa County, in veins in slate at El Portal; a large deposit occurs about 2 miles west of El Portal, which has 

produced much of the. mineral mined in the State; undeveloped deposits 

also occur. San Bernardino County, common as a gangue mineral 

in the mines of the Bismark and Calico district near Barstow; in 

north end of Colorado River Indian Reservation, in the Whipple Mountains, 10 miles north of Parker, Ariz. (associated with calcite), in vertical fissure veins up to 3 feet in width in Tertiary or Quaternary basalt 

and associated sandstone; has not been prospected. San Mateo County, 

massive barite has been found on Permanente Creek. Santa Barbara 

County, white massive at Santa Maria. Trinity County, dark gray, oc- 

.curs about 15 miles below Hay Fork.

Basalt. Abundant and widespread. Used extensively for road metal.

Bauxite. Riverside County, near Riverside; Yuba County, 2 miles southeast 

of Smartsville, white and red.

Benitoite. San Benito County, in southeastern part, 35 miles northwest of 

Coalinga; associated with serpentine.

Bentonite. Kern County, 4 miles north of Randsburg.

Berthierite. Tuolumne County, heavy ledges of dark ore, which appears to be 

an impure berthierite mixed with galena, pyrite, and quartz, occur in 

schists on the southeast slope of Mount Gibbs.

Beryl. Riverside County, fine yellow and green beryls at Coahuila, and rose 

crystals near Hemet. San Diego County, aquamarine variety mined intermittently at Pala, Rincon, Mesa Grande, and Ramona; yellow, green, 

and blue crystals occur in the Palomar Mountains 9 miles southeast of 

Pala. Tuolumne County, Jamestown (reported).

Bismuth. San Bernardino County, southeast of Banning, in veins; San Diego 

County, Pala, Rincon, in pegmatite.

BismutMnite. Madera County, a constituent of the ores at the Minarettes. 

Mono County, at Oasis, with bismutite. Riverside County, at the Lost 

Horse mine.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. - 45

Bismutite. Fresno County, occurred at the Second Sierra and Lot One mines. 

Inyo County, Big Pine Creek; Antelope Springs, Deep Spring Valley. 

Los Angeles County, white earthy bismutite has been found. Mono 

County, at Oasis. San Diego County, Pala, Rincon, as an alteration of 

bismuth in pegmatite.

Bituminous rock. Kern, Mendocino, Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Benito, 

Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, and Ventura counties. See also Asphalt.

Bloedite. San Luis Obispo County, in Soda Lake about 50 miles east of San 

Luis Obispo.

Bloodstone. San Bernardino County, south end of Brown Mountain; Death 

Valley region, cut for gems.

Borax. Has been produced from the waters of Borax and Hachinhama lakes, 

in Lake County. Deposits of the marsh type were formerly extensively 

worked at numerous localities in Inyo, Kern, and San Bernardino counties. Deposits of the calcium borate mineral, colemanite, are now being 

worked in Ventura, Los Angeles, and Inyo counties, and similar deposits 

have formerly been worked in San Bernardino County. See also Colemanite and Ulexite.

Bornite. Calaveras County, at Campo Seco and Copperopolis. Del Norte 

County, with other copper ores in Low Divide district; common in the 

mines at head of Copper Creek. Eldorado County, mined at Cosumnes 

copper mine and Pioneer mine; occurs at Alabaster Cave and Pioneer 

mines, near Newhall; at Slug Gulch, with chalcopyrite and massive green 

epidote; at Georgetown, with massive garnet. Inyo County, in mines of 

the Inyo and Ubehebe districts. Los Angeles County, in the Meadow 

Valley district. Mono County, Tioga mine and Benton district. Nevada 

County, Mineral Hill, California mines. Plumas County, common form 

of copper ore in Lights Canyon, Genesee Valley, and Indian Valley, at 

the Shoofly and Peters mines. San Bernardino County, occurs at Tiptop 

mine, Lava Beds district. Santa Clara County, near Lexington. Shasta 

County, Bully Hill, Afterthought mines, Copper City, and Iron Mountain.

Bournonite: Inyo County, massive at Cerro Gordo mine.

Braunite (silico-oxide of manganese). Plumas County, Meadow Valley.

Brea. Kern, Los Angeles, and Ventura counties.

Brochantite. Calaveras County, at Copperopolis; Inyo County, Cerro Gordo 

mine.

Brown iron ore (limonite, brown hematite). Is present in every county. Alameda County, mixed with hematite is common as a gossan capping of the 

pyrite deposit at Leona Heights. Amador County, in concretions and 

earthy masses at Pine Grove, with hematite and magnetite at Volcano. 

Butte County, large blocks at Burns Creek; thick masses at the Monarch 

mine; cubes at Red Hill and Magalia. Calaveras County, common in 

mines southeast of Campo Seco, near Valley Spring, Esmeralda, and 

Murphy; massive and yellow ocher at the Eureka mine, near Valley 

Springs; the'Detert deposit near Valley Springs was formerly worked. 

Inyo County, pseudomorphs after long prisms of stibnite from the Cerro 

Gordo mine. Mariposa County, fine large cubes have come from the 

Chowchilla Valley. Placer County, has been mined with magnetite; at 

Hotaling, iron-ore deposits 6 miles north of Auburn; occurs at Gold Run. 

Plumas County, massive in Lights Canyon and at Nelson Point. Riverside County, Eagle Mountain and near Dale. San Bernardino County, 

prospects in Cave Canyon area north of Scott station. San Luis Obispo
46 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

County, occurs in sees. 1 and 6, T. 31 S., Rs. 10 and 11 E.; brown banded 

masses have come from the Perfumo ranch. This deposit lies in the 

Los Osos Mountains interbedded with shales and sandstones of the Franciscan formation, and in Jurassic shale and limestone in Perfumo Canyon 

about 5 miles south of west from San Luis Obispo. Shasta County, with 

magnetite in numerous prospects, common as cappings of the pyrite 

deposits of the county; at Gossan, Iron Mountain, near Keswick; mined 

as iron flux for Bully Hill smelter; pseudomorphs after hedenbergite at 

Ydalpan; highly iridescent specimens have come from Copper City; excellent bronze stalactites occur at the Lost Confidence mine, Iron Mountain. 

Sonoma County, yellow ocher at the Occidental mine. Siskiyou County, 

occurs in sec. 10, T. 46 N., R. 10 W. Tulare County, common in the Mineral King district. Yolo County, in the sands at Capay.

Calamine. Inyo County, with willemite and smithsonite at the Ignacio, Cerro 

Gordo, and Indiana mines, and in Surprise Canyon. San Bernardino 

County, with smithsonite at the Cuticura mine near Paggett.

Calaverite. Calaveras County, Stanislaus and Melones mines. Eldorado 

County, with petzite in the Darling mine near Rock Creek, about 3 miles 

northeast of American Flat.

Calciovolborthite. San Bernardino County, Camp Signal, near Goffs.

Calcite. Alameda County, crystals in the chalcedony geodes on Berkeley Hills. 

Alpine County, fine groups of rhombohedrons have come from the Pennsylvania mine. Calaveras County, crystals occur near the Natural 

Bridge. Eldorado County, fine stalactites at Alabaster Cave; good crystals at the Cosumnes copper mine. Inyo County, fine crystal specimens 

at the Cerro Gordo and other mines. Los Angeles County, with colemanite at Lang. Mariposa. County, good crystals in mines near Mariposa. 

Merced County, strontium-bearing at Delhi. Mono County, good crystals 

from the Bodie mine. Nevada County, common in the Grass Valley and 

Nevada City mines; fine scalenohedrons from the Pittsburg mine. 

Placer County, Ophir district, a verde antique variety was found about 

16 miles east of Auburn. Riverside County, Crestmore, blue calcite is 

quarried for cement. San Benito County, in rocks adjoining the benitoite 

veins near the headwaters of San Benito River. San Mateo County, near 

San Pedro. Sonoma County, low rhombohedrons in geodes near Petaluma. 

Tuolumne County, fine crystals at the Keltz mine; large stalactites at the 

Crystal Palace Cave near Columbia. See also Limestone and Marble.

Caledonite. Inyo County, found in oxidized zone at Cerro Gordo mines.

Caliche. Common in deserts of southern California.

Californite. See Vesuvianite.

Cassiterite (tin ore, tin stone). Plumas County, stream tin in the bed of 

Middle Fork of Feather River, 3 miles above Big Bar. Riverside County, 

small occurrence in Cajalco mine, 7 miles southeast of Corona, with 

tourmaline in granodiorite, has been mined; the Temescal tin mine was 

situated a few miles southeast of South Riverside in the Santa Ana 

Mountains; the oxide occurred in a rudely semicircular area of granite, 

about 2 miles in diameter, as brownish masses and reddish-brown crystals in a vein of tourmaline and quartz; some layers of wood tin also 

occurred. San Diego County, found at Pala, of mineralogic importance 

only; small crystals were found associated with gem tourmaline, beryl, 

and stibiotantalite at Mesa Grande. Santa Clara County, fine large crystals occur in the eclogites of Calaveras Valley, in the quartzite and diorite 

of Oak Hill, near San Jose. Siskiyou County, in the gravels of Sawyers 

Bar. Trinity County, as stream tin, near Weaverville.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 47

Celestite. Inyo County, with the colernanite of Death Valley. San Bernardino 

County, occurs near Silver Lake; also associated with the colemanite 

of Calico; reported as one of the minerals associated with borax at 

Searles Lake.

Cement material (Portland). Seven Portland cement companies are operating 

in the State at the following places: Contra Costa County, Cowell, using 

travertine and shaly clay. Kern County, Monolith, using limestone and 

clay. Napa County, Napa Junction, using two grades of limestone. Riverside County, Riverside, using limestone and clay. San Bernardino 

County, Colton, using marble, quarried in a large deposit of variegated 

marble at the Gem marble quarries in the Silver Mountain district, 

about 5 miles south of Oro Grande; also using gray limestone from Slover 

Mountain, near Colton, and clay from deposits 2$ miles north of Amboy. 

Santa Cruz County, Davenport, using crystalline limestone, clay, and 

diatomaceous shale. Solano County, near Suisun, using travertine and 

clay.

The principal deposits of suitable material are in the following places: 

Contra Costa County, travertine from Mount Diablo to Pinole. Kern 

County, limestone at Tehachapi. Los Angeles County, shell limestone 

near Mission San Fernando. Orange County, shell limestone at San 

Fernando and on mesa toward Orange and toward San Juan. San 

Benito County, limestone west of Hollister. °San Diego County, chalklike 

limestone near Pacific coast at Janiul. Santa Cruz County, limestone 

near the coast in vicinity of Santa Cruz associated with shale and clay. 

Shasta County, limestone in abundance in the copper-bearing district, 

east of Furnaceville, Brock Mountain, north of Lillienthals, near Kennett, 

and elsewhere. Solano County, travertine from Vallejo to Goodyear. 

Sonoma County, limestone reported 6 miles northeast of Geyserville on 

Little Sulphur Creek.

Cerargyrite (horn silver, silver chloride). Inyo County, abundant with argentiferous galena, argentite, and copper minerals in the Argos and Coso 

ranges and to some extent in the Darwin and Cerro Gordo districts. 

Kern County, in the Amalie mine, with pyrargyrite and native silver. 

Mono County, in the Blind Springs district near Benton; in the Bodie 

district and in the Sweetwater Range. Placer County, Gold Blossom, 

California, Mina Rica, and other mines in Ophir region. San Bernardino County, Calico district and Grapevine mine near Barstow; important, with embolite, cerusite, barite, pyrolusite, chrysocolla, malachite, 

and jasper; in the Silver Reef district, about 40 miles east of Victor; with 

argentite at the Bonanza King mine on Providence Mountain and in the 

Imperial mine in the Lava Beds district, about 40 miles from Lavic.

Cervantite. Inyo County, found massive at Lottie mine, Wild Rose district, 

and at St. Ignacio mine. Kern County, occurred with stibnite at San 

Emidio mine.

Chalcanthite (blue vitriol, sulphate of copper). Alameda County, Leona 

Heights. Amador County, common in the mines on Copper Hill. Calaveras County, common at Copperopolis, occurred at Quail Hill. Nevada 

County, at Sweetland. Shasta County, Peck, Copper City, and other 

mines; was mined. Trinity County, with copper and iron ores in New 

River district.

Chalcedony. Alameda County, common as geodes in the Berkeley Hills. Alpine 

County, red jasper is common in the Monitor district. Amador County, 

bluish chalcedony occurs at Volcano. Calaveras County, red, green, and
48 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

brown jasper occurs near Murphy, silicified wood at Angeles. Del 

Norte County, handsome varieties of agate, chalcedony, and jasper at 

Pebbly Beach? Crescent City. Fresno County, near Panoche. Humboldt 

County, at Big Lagoon, the beach pebbles are agate, chalcedony, jasper, 

prase, carnelian, etc. Inyo County, porcelain jasper in the Coso district. 

Kern County, blue chalcedony at Kane Springs; pale lilac-tinted chalcedony near Muroc station. Los Angeles County, Redondo, in lava 

near Acton, abundant in rhyolite in Jawbone Canyon. Marin County, 

agate and chalcedony occur in the beach pebbles at Bolinas; red 

jasper outcrops on Reed Ranch; spherulitic jasper, called " kinradite," occurs on the shores of Golden Gate and on the west shore of 

Sausalito. Napa County, common at the Manhattan cinnabar mine, 

Knoxville; red jasper occurs on Mount St. Helena. Nevada County, 

brown jasper occurs at Nevada City, moss agate near Indian Flat. 

Placer County, chalcedony, agate, jasper, carnelian, prase, etc., occur 

in the beach pebbles at Lake Tahoe. Chalcedony, at the Spanish mine, in 

gold veins in Ophir district. Plumas County, banded green and red jasper 

occurs in the slates and schists west of Meadow Valley. San Bernardino 

County, beautiful chalcedony containing vermilion-red cinnabar and 

resembling St. Stephen stone variety, in granite rocks near Ash Hill, 15 

miles east of Indian Sjprings; lavender-blue chalcedony, 38 miles east of 

Johannesburg and 2 miles east of Leadpipe Spring. San Francisco County, 

San Francisco, red, green, and brown jasper, common in.the serpentine; 

spherulitic jasper occurs near Lands End. San Mateo County, at 

Pescaclero, fine specimens with agate, carnelian, jasper, etc., in the beach 

pebbles. Santa Barbara County, with agate in the beach pebbles. Siskiyou 

County, common in serpentine beds. Sonoma County, red jasper at Windsor. Tulare County, fine moss agate on Deer Creek; chrysoprase in the 

mountains east of Visalia, on Deer Creek and at Lindsay. Tuolumne 

County, yellow and brown jasper at Shaws Flat.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Alpine County, in Hope Valley with chalcopyrite 

and pyrite. Calaveras County, Penn Chemical Co. mines, Campo Seco, 

and Copperopolis. Del Norte County, Low Divide district, in the 

Copper Creek, Diamond Creek, and Crescent City mines. Inyo County, 

Bluejay and Sanger- mines, Ubehebe district. Los Angeles County, in 

the mines at Soledad Pass. Madera County, at the old Buchanan mine. 

Mariposa County, Green Mountain mines. Plumas County, with bornite 

forms rich copper ore in the Genesee Valley and Lights Canyon districts, at Peters and Duncan mines, mined for gold and silver. San 

Bernardino County, as rich masses in some of the copper claims in the 

mountains in the eastern part of the county. San Diego County, at 

Potrero. Shasta County, Afterthought, Balaklala, Bully Hill, Copper 

City, and Mountain Copper mines. Tuolumne County, Oak Hill Copper 

mine and Whiskey Hill mines.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Calavera's County, the belt of schists in the 

western part of the county contains important deposits, and the mines 

at Copperopolis and Campo Seco are important producers of copper; 

Penn Chemical Co. mines west of Campo Seco, said to carry some gold 

in places, mined for gold and silver in " Foothill Copper Belt." Del 

Norte County, in the serpentine area in the northern portion of the 

county near Smith River and its tributaries with pyrite and pyrrhotite, 

Low Divide district, Diamond Creek, and Shelby Creek, and other 

places. Eldorado County, Alabaster Cave mine, with gold and silver, 

at Diamond Springs near Georgetown and at Pilot Hill. Fresno County,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 49

Fresno copper mine and Copper King mine, and in the gold district in 

the northeast part of the county. Humboldt County, on the east slope 

of Horse Mountain, with chalcocite, native copper, and cuprite. Inyo 

County, Chloride Cliff prospects, near Darwin, on granite-limestone 

contact and in the Ubehebe Mountains with chalcocite. Kern County, in 

the gold mines near Dandoburg, Garlock, and Woody. Madera County, was 

mined at Buchanan mine, at the Ne Plus Ultra, and at other claims near 

Daulton. Marin County, between Mount Tamalpais and Bolinas Bay in 

the schists. Mariposa County, Green Mountain mines; old Pocahontas 

mine near Lewis, Copper Hill mines in Indian Gulch, old Beretta mines 

and others near Merced River, all contain massive chalcopyrite with 

auriferous pyrite. Merced County, Jose copper claims, sec. 4, T. 14 N., 

R. 9 E. Nevada County, California mine, gold and silver; Spenceville 

copper mine, Mineral Hill, Pine Hill, Zion Mountain, French Corral, 

North San Juan, Meadow Lake district. Placer County, 2 miles east of 

Valley View, was worked for gold; was also mined at Hotaling; occurs 

near Auburn, Valley View, and at Dairy Farm. Pluraas County, good 

deposits with bornite and chalcocite in Genesee Valley near Fluornoy, 

in Indian Valley near Taylorsville, and in Moonlight and Lights canyons, 12 miles north of Taylorsville. Riverside County, Vulture Crag, 

14 miles east of Capistrano, little gold; and in the Palen, McCoy, and 

other mountains in the eastern part of the county. San Benito County, 

Lewis Creek claim, 16 miles from King City. San Bernardino County, 

with oxidized copper ores in the Clark and the New York mountains, 

near Ivanpah, Manvel, Vontrigger, Sunrise, Needles on Mount Whipple, 

Monument Mountain, Turtle Mountain, Providence Mountains, and in 

the Lava Beds, Oro Grande, and Morrow districts. San Diego County, 

prospects 18 miles east of Encinitas and 12 miles northeast of Lakeside, in the Banna mines near Lakeside, and in the Julian district. 

San Luis Obispo County, near Cayucos, carries gold and silver. Shasta 

County, mined at Mountain Copper, Shasta King, Bully Hill, Balaklala, 

Yolinsky, Mammoth, Afterthought, and other mines in Shasta district. 

Sierra County, near Poker Flat, Sierra City, and in the Mohawk Valley. Siskiyou County, in the Richie mine and claims near Callahan; 

Blue Ledge mine, in Elliot district, carries gold and silver. Trinity 

County, Lambert claims, South Ford district; along New River, at the 

mouth of Rattlesnake Creek, and on the Cold Fork of Indian Valley 

Creek. Tulare County, Tule River, about 20 miles above Porterville; on 

Middle Fork of Tule River, a few miles east of Porterville and near 

Kearsarge Peak. Tuolumne County, was mined at Washington and 

. other mines and occurs locally along the schist belt, extending across 

the county a few miles west of the Mother Lode.

Chiastolite. Madera County, fine specimens at Daulton. Mariposa County, 

Moores Hill, and on Chowchilla River. Riverside County, opaque pink 

at Coahuila.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). In much of the chromite of the State magnesium 

replaces the iron, forming magnesium chromite. The mineral is formed 

in serpentine rocks commonly as large bowlder-like and irregular shaped 

masses. It is abundant in the serpentine areas and some tons of it are 

produced annually. It is also abundant in the black sands. Alameda 

County, 15 to 20 miles southeast of Livermore, has been mined at several 

mines; pockets of massive chromite occur in° the serpentine about 7 

miles northeast of Milton and at Mendenhall, about 16 miles south of

27608° Bull. 624 17 4
50 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Livermore. Amador County, near Jackson and Mount Spring House. 

Butte County, in the black sands at Magalia, Oroville, Cherokee, Buchanan Hill, Lovelock, and Pentz. Calaveras County, has been mined at 

Valley Springs, and is found at Campo Seco and Murphy ;o in the concentrates at Forest Gulch. Colusa County, massive at Newville, in the 

black sands of Smith River on Gilbert Creek and at Crescent City. Del 

Norte County, found in Rattlesnake Mountain from Bald Hill to Klamath 

River; French Hill and Low Divide mines; good deposits on Rattlesnake 

Mountain, 20 miles east of Crescent City. Eldorado County, numerous 

deposits, some near Latrobe, near Colima, and at Shingle Springs. 

Fresno County, has been mined near Sentinel; found near Madero in 

masses coated with zaratite; deposits occur in the southwest part of the 

county in the Mount Diablo Range and in the serpentine hills east of 

Fresno. Glenn County, at Black Diamond mine near Newville. Humboldt County, in the beach sands at Gold Bluff and the concentrates at 

Orleans and Trinidad. Lake County, in Jerusalem Valley, 8 miles east 

of Middletown and near Bradford. Los Angeles County, with magnetite 

near Langs station, Soledad Canyon. Marin County, 1\ miles west of 

San Rafael, reported from Maillard ranch. Mendocino County, several 

localities in hills west of Russian River valley, found coated with green 

uvarovite garnet about 10 miles north of Willits; specimens have come 

from the vicinity of Ukiah. Monterey County, near San Benito River, 

common in small masses in the serpentine of the county. Napa County, 

in Pope and Chiles valleys east of St. Helena. Nevada County, near 

Nevada City, at Washington on Deer Creek, and Coyote Diggings, also 

near Indian Springs and in the concentrates at Rough and Ready, North 

Bloomfleld and Relief Hill. Placer County, has been mined 2 miles east 

of Flagstaff Hill, 7 miles east of Iowa Hill, and near Alabaster Cave; 

in serpentine near Green Valley below Towle; in black sands of North 

Fork of American River of Blue Canyon at Lewis and at Michigan Bluff. 

Plumas County, 2 miles west of Spanish ranch and south of Clear Creek, 

near Meadow Valley, common at Rock Island Hill, La Porte, and in 

Meadow Valley as concentrates. Sacramento County, a prominent constituent of the black sands at Michigan Bar. San Benito County, at 

Emmet and Iclria, massive specimens coated with zaratite have come 

from the vicinity of Hollister. San Luis Obispo County, near San Luis 

Obispo, in Santa Lucia Mountains, near Santa Margarita, and elsewhere ; mined in mountains southeast of St. Louis Valley on the slope of 

the Santa Lucia Range; occurs at the Montana mine, 4$ miles northeast 

of San Luis Obispo, also at the head of Carpojero Creek and at La 

Panza. Santa Barbara County, near Santa Ynez. Santa Clara County, near 

Livermore, San Jose, and elsewhere. San Mateo County, common in the 

beach sands. Santa Clara County, in small masses in the serpentine near 

Los Gatos and near New Almaden. Shasta County, deposits have been 

worked to small extent on Shotgun Creek; occurs at French Gulch and 

in the black sands of Sacramento River. Sierra County, occurs along 

Goodyear Creek and at Rowland Flat, near Downieville. Siskiyou 

County, is found in Forest Mountains and is mined at Chromite station 

and Dunsmuir; a good deposit occurs near Castella; common in the concentrates at Callahan, Grouse Creek, Happy Camp, on Scott River, 

Beaver Creek, and in Seiad Valley. Solano County, Fail-field. Sonoma 

County, occurs near Geyersville and Litton Springs, and has been mined 

at Cloverdale. Tehama County, was mined on north fork of Elder Creek. 

Trinity County, vicinity of Hayfork and north fork of Trinity River, in
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 51

the sands at Trinity Center. Tulare County, Deep Creek near Piano 

and Porterville. Tuolumne County, northwest of Mountain Pass, about 

8 miles southwest of Sonora and elsewhere; masses have been found 

near Chinese Camp. Yuba County, in the black sands at Camptonville, 

on Yuba River, and on Indian Hill; found also in other counties, usually 

in serpentine areas.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Chrysocolla (hydrous silicate of copper). Amador County, common at Volcano. 

Eldorado County, with other copper ores at Cosumnes copper mine, 

sec. 25, T. 9 N., R. 12 E., reported to carry gold and silver. Fresno 

County, at the Ne Plus Ultra mine. Inyo County, found at Darwin and 

other places; common at the Cerro Gordo mines; occurs in pseudomorphs 

after limonite at the Aries mine. Los Angeles County, at the old Kelsey 

mine, San Gabriel Canyon. Mariposa County, John Dias mine, sec. 12, 

T. 6 S., R. 16 E., carries gold, shipped; in streaks near Mariposa. Mono 

County, Goleta mines on Copper Mountain, mined for gold and silver; 

common in Luncly and Benton districts, with quartzite at the Diana mine, 

Blind Springs district. Nevada County, common with the copper of 

Mea'dow Valley and also at Spencerville. Plumas County, with copper 

ores in Engels copper mine, Light Canyon, and in the Mohawk Valley. 

San Benito County, with chalcocite in natrolite at the benitoite locality. 

San Bernardino County, claims in Ord Mountain copper group, Hixon 

mine near Barnwell; common in the Calico and Bismark districts: massive at the Copper World mine, Clark Mountain. San Diego County, 

common in the Julian and Banner districts.

Chrysoprase. Tulare County, mined at Venice Hill, 10 miles east of Visalia; 

on Deer Creek, 8 miles southeast of Porterville, near Lindsay, at Stokes 

Mountain, and other localities. Used for jewelry and ornamental work.

Chrysotile. See Asbestos.

Cinnabar. California contains many cinnabar mines and prospects in Santa 

Clara and San Benito counties, among which are the New Almaden and 

New Iclria mines, the most important in the United States. Colusa 

County, on both sides of Sulphur Creek, in sandstones and shales associated with sulphur, bitumen, and gold; has been mined at Manzanita, 

Elgin, Empire, and Wideawake mines. Contra Costa County, near Mount 

Diablo. Del Norte County, prospects on Diamond Creek, near northern 

boundary of county. Eldorado County, has been mined near Latrobe, at the 

Bernard or old Amador quicksilver mine. Fresno County, Mexican mine in 

northwest branch of Cantua Creek; also Providential group and in the 

Mercy mines, Little Panoche district, on the Diablo Range. Lake County, 

on the shore of Clear Lake, Abbott mine and Anderson prospects in Mayacmas district, the Great Western, near Middletown, and other mines were 

once famous producers. Mariposa County, occurs near Horseshoe Bend, 

and near Coulterville associated with gold. Monterey County, Cholame 

Parkfield mine, 6 miles from Parkfleld, and at Table Mountain, 13 miles 

from Parkfield; Dutro mine, in the San Carpojo district. Napa County, 

Boston mine, Cathill mine at Oat Hill, Manhattan mine, and other places; 

deposits of the Pope Valley and Vallejo have also been important. Nevada County, at Grass Valley, associated with gold. Orange County, on 

San Joaquin ranch. San Benito County, Alpine mine, Cerro Benito 

mine, south of "Llanada," New Idria, Picacho, and Stayton mines. San 

Bernardino County, associated with chalcedony near Ash Hill, 15 miles 

east of Indian Springs. San Luis Obispo County, in the Santa Lucia 

Range, the productive mines are mainly in the Oceanic and Adelaide
52 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

districts. Santa Barbara County, was mined at Los Prietos mines; 

occurs also in the Santa Ynez Range and near Cachuma Creek. Santa 

Clara County, New Almaden mine and Guadalupe mines and others near 

Los Gatos. Shasta County, 30 miles northeast of Redding. Siskiyou 

County, near Oak Bar in northern part of county. Solano County, was 

mined at St. John mine. Sonoma County, Boston group, Cloverdale 

mine, Culver-Baer mine, and various other mines. Stanislaus County, 

Red Mountain on the border of Santa Clara County. Trinity County, 

the old Altoona and other claims in the northern part of the county near 

Carrville were once productive. Yolo County, New England, and Harrison mines, Knoxville district.

Clay (brick). Ninety-two operators reported a production of brick and other 

clay products in 1911 valued at $4,915,866; yards at the following places: 

Alameda County, Alameda, East Oakland. Amador County, South Carbondale, near Jane. Butte County, Biggs. Contra Costa County, Antioch, 

Eckley, Point Richmond. Del Norte County, Elk Valley. Fresno County, 

Fresno and vicinity. Humboldt County, Eureka and Fortuna. Imperial 

County, Holtville and Inglewood. Kern County, Bakersfieh^ and Kern. 

Kings County, Hanford. Lassen County, Susanville. Los Angeles 

County, Garvanza, Long Beach, Los Angeles, and elsewhere. Marin 

County, McNear and San Rafael. Mendocino County, Ukiah. Merced 

County, Merced. Monterey County, Salinas. Orange County, Fullerton, 

La Balsa, and Huntington Beach. Placer County, Lincoln. Riverside 

County, Corona and Hemet. Sacramento County, Sacramento and elsewhere. San Bernardino County, Redland and San Bernardino. San Diego 

County, San Diego. San Francisco County, San Francisco. San Joaquin 

County, Roberts Island, Carnegie, and on San Joaquin River. San Luis 

Obispo County, San Luis Obispo. San Mateo County, South San Francisco. Sonoma County, Glen Ellen and Hilton. Santa Barbara County, 

Santa Barbara and Santa Maria. Santa Clara County, San Jose, Pleasanton, Mountain View, and elsewhere. Shasta County, Anderson and Redding; Solano County, Vallejo. Stanislaus County, Modesto. Tulare 

County, Milo. Ventura County, Montalvo and Ventura.

Clay (fire). Amador County, lone; Calaveras County; Los Angeles County, has 

been mined at Palates ranch. Orange County, mined at Gypsum switch. 

Placer County, at Lincoln. Riverside County, at Alberhill.

Clay (kaolin, plastic). Sonoma County; San Bernardino County, occurs near 

Calico; San Diego County, at Jamul.

Clay (pottery). Amador County, white clay mined northwest of lone and 

about Carbondale. Eldorado County, has been mined at Michigan Bar. 

Los Angeles and Mercer counties. Placer County, at Lincoln.

Clay (sewer pipe). Amador, Placer, Riverside, and other counties; San Mateo 

County, South San Francisco.

Clay (tile, not drain). Los Angeles and Merced counties; San Diego County, 

near La Costa.

Coal (bituminous). Monterey County, has been mined in Stone Canyon, sec. 14, 

T. 22 S., R. 13 E., near middle of Mount Diablo Range. San Benito 

County, Trafton mine, sec. 21, T. 17 S., R. 10 E.

Coal (lignite). Alameda County, Corral Hollow, includes area on both sides of 

divide between Livermore and San Joaquin valleys; of Eocene age; has 

been mined. Amador County, lone field, 4 miles northwest of lone, underlies valley between lone and Carbondale; of Miocene age; bed 6 to 24 

feet thick; has been mined for local use. Monterey County, in eastern 

part in Priest Valley. Orange County, Santiago Canyon, small beds in
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 53

Trabuco Canyon mined for local use. Riverside County, Elsinore field, 

bed 3 to 10 feet thick, has been mined for local use. Trinity County, 

Hyampom Valley, T. 3 N., R. 6 E., bed 17 feet thick, not mined. Is found 

in small quantity in several other counties but not mined.

Cobalt. See Cobaltite and Erythrite.

Cobaltite. Placer County, in the Metallic mine, near Cisco with arsenopyrite, 

and about 4 miles northeast of Alta with chalcopyrite.

Colemanite (borate of lime). Inyo County, mined at Lila C. mine, Death 

Valley. Los Angeles County, Lang. Ventura County, Griffin. San Bernardino County, has been mined in Calico district, Lone Star, and other 

places.

Columbite. Fresno County, at the Reynolds mine, Kings River district. San 

Diego County, Little Three mine near Rarnona, Victor mine, Riiicon.

Copper minerals. Copper is the principal metal produced in the following districts: Alameda County, Alma (Leona Heights). Amador County in the 

old Newton mine. Calaveras County, Campo Seco and Copperopolis, 

Mokelumne Hill. Fresno County, east of Fresno City, 'Big Dry Creek, 

and Pollasky. Inyo County, Furnace Creek, Gold Belt, Harrisburg, and 

Ubehebe. Kern County, Rademacher and Woody. Madera County, Buchanan and Daulton. Mariposa County, in the Copper Queen mine, Green 

Mountain, White Rock. Mendocino County, at Red Mountain, 15 miles 

southeast of Ukiah, and in Lost Valley. Merced County, in Victor Bonanza 

mines. Nevada County, Spenceville. Placer County, near Auburn, Newcastle, Valley View, and at Dairy Farm. Plumas" County, Genesee Valley, 

in Indian Valley and Taylorsville and in Moonlight and Lights canyons, 12 miles north of .Taylorsville. Riverside County, in McCoy. 

Mountain district. San Bernardino County, Bullion, Dry Lake, Ivanpah, Kane Springs, Monument Park, Shadow Mountains, Signal, and 

Stedman. San Diego County, near Encinitas. San Luis Obispo County, 

at Tiptop mine, 10 miles north of San Luis Obispo, and on Chorro Creek. 

Shasta County, Afterthought, Bully Hill, Copper City mines, Kennett, 

Keswick Mountain copper mine, and Shasta King mine. Tehama County, 

Tom Head, on Elder Creek, and at White Bluff. Tulare County, Porterville. It is of subordinate importance in many other districts. See also 

Azurite, Bornite, Brochantite, Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, 

Chrysocolla, Cuprite, Enargite, Malachite, Stromeyerite, and Tetrahedrite.

Copper (native). Occurs in Alameda County, Leona Heights. Del Norte 

County, Diamond Creek district. Eldorado County, Cosumnes mine. 

Humboldt County, Horse Mountain district; with other copper ores in 

Amador, Calayeras, Napa, Plumas, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Shasta 

counties. Some metallic copper has been found in most of the copper 

mines of the State, but no commercial deposits of the native metal are 

known. Most of the localities cited for chalcopyrite have yielded some 

native copper.

Corundum. Los Angeles County, in drift at San Francisquito Pass. San Bernardino County, crystals of ruby corundum occur in a corundum syenite 

in San Antonio Canyon, near Upland. Plumas County, near Meadow 

Valley, large crystals of a pale violet-blue shade occur in a dike rock on 

Spanish Peak. San Bernardino County, in syenite in western part of 

county.

Crocidolite. Lake County, near Lakeport, as blue fibrous veins in schist. 

Santa Clara County, occurs as bluish fibrous seams in metamorphic rock 

east of Hamilton.
54 USEFUL MINERALS Or UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Cubanite. San Luis Obispo County, a large mass was found on Santa Rosa 

Creek near San Simeon.

Cuprite (red oxide of copper). Alameda County, massive specimens near Livermore. Amador County, at Volcano. Calaveras County, mined in Copperopolis and Campo Seco, associated with chalcopyrite. Colusa County, at 

the old Candace and Union mines, and with chalcotrichite in the Lion 

mine. Del Norte County, in masses with native copper at the Pearl Copper mine; common in the Rockland district. Glenn County, at L'Homme. 

Humboldt County, Horse Mountain district. Kern County, Old San 

Emidio ranch. Mono County, massive at Eclipse, Kerrick, and Mammoth mines, near Lundy, with cerargyrite and chrysocolla; Copper 

Mountain. Napa County, near Calistoga and St. Helena, some with 

chalcotrichite. Nevada County, at Meadow Lake. San Bernardino 

County, Ord Mountain copper group. Shasta County, Bully Hill mine.

Cuprodescloizite. San Bernardino County, at Camp Signal.

Datolite. Inyo County, white massive datolite was associated with vesuvianite 

and garnet at the San Carlos mine. San Francisco County, occurs as 

glassy crystals and white veins in an old altered diabase dike in the 

serpentine at Fort Point.

Diabase. See Trap rock.

Diamond. Amador County, near Fiddletown, and Oleta, at Rancheria and 

near Volcano. Butte County, found at Cherokee Flat, about 9 miles 

north of Oroville. Eldorado Counts', in auriferous gravels at Forest Hill 

and Webber Hill, near Placerville on Webber Creek, in White Rock 

Canyon, and at Smiths Flat and White Rock. Fresno County, a few 

miles north of Coalinga. Nevada County, at French Corral and elsewhere. Siskiyou County, at Hamburg in placer gravels. Trinity County, 

in the sands of Trinity River and its tributaries.

Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth, tripolite). Occurs abundantly in the 

Coast Ranges in the southern half of the State in Tertiary shales, where, 

mixed with clay, it composes formations several thousand feet thick. In 

places these shales consist almost wholly of diatom remains and are commercially valuable. Largest workings are near Lompoc, Santa Barbara 

County. Shales composed almost wholly of diatomaceous remains occur 

in southern San Luis Obispo County; in Monterey County, on both sides 

of Salinas Valley; in Kern, Kings, Fresno, Merced, and Stanislaus 

counties, on the west side of San Joaquin Valley. Small deposits occur 

in Amador County, in lone Valley; Lake County, on Lost Spring ranch; 

Los Angeles County, at Santa Monica and on Santa Catalina Island; 

Mono County, near Bodie; Orange County, around Allison Creek south, of 

El Toro; Placer County, at Dutch Flat; San Diego County, about 40 

miles north of San Diego; San Joaquin County, on Staples ranch; 

San Luis Obispo County, near Port Harford, near Arroyo Grande, 

and near Edna; San Mateo County, at San Gregorio; Santa Barbara 

County, Lompoc, on south slope of Santa Ynez Mountains, and near 

Santa Barbara; Sonoma County, about 10 miles north of Petalurua; 

Tulare County, near Exeter.

Diopside. Pink diopside found near San Francisco, cut for gems. Eldorado 

County, occurs in limestone and serpentine near Mud Springs and at 

Cosumnes copper mine.

Dolomite. Nevada County, as veins in the serpentine at Nevada City. Santa 

Clara County, large specimens of drusy crystallizations and low, snowwhite rhombohedrons in the New Alrnaden and Guadalupe quicksilver 

mines.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 55

Electrum. Placet County, alloy of gold and silver intergrown with sulphides 

in Ophir mines.

Embolite. Inyo County, with cerargyrite in the Indiana mine, near Swansea. 

Mono County, with cerargyrite in the Minnie mine, Sweetwater Range. 

San Bernardino County, with cerargyrite in the Calico, Grapevine, and 

Silver Reef districts.

Enargite. Alpine County, occurred in large masses with massive pyrite in the 

Mogul district and was the chief copper mineral of the Morning Star 

and other neighboring mines.

Enstatite. Contra Costa County, massive in the Diablo Range in this and 

other counties to the south.

Epidote. Common in the State. Often found in aggregates of large crystals 

and columnar masses in veins with quartz and feldspar. Butte County, 

in gold washings at Cherokee. Calaveras County, large crystals found 

at Bald Point on Mokelumne River at Mokelumne Hill, and at Copperopolis. Contra Costa County, in the rocks on Mount Diablo and in the 

Diablo Range. Eldorado County, large crystals occurred in a coarse vein 

with orthoclase, bornite, and molybdenite, which were coated with axinite, 

at the old Cosumnes copper mine; minute prisms in quartz at Placerville. Inyo County, columnar specimens have come from the vicinity of 

Independence. Los Angeles County, occurs with bitumen and orthoclase at 

White Point and with labradorite at San Pedro. Madera County, common on the Minaret Mountains. Marin County, with lawsonite at Reed 

station. Mariposa County, massive at Hornitos, also near Coulterville 

and at Yosernite Cliff. On the south side of Mount Hoffman. Nevada 

County, common near Glen Alpine with violet axinite, at Meadow Lake. 

Placer County, near Newcastle. Plumas County, with garnet and quartz 

at Mount Herbert. San Bernardino County, common in the Monte Negro 

district. San Diego County, as a secondary mineral with black tourmaline at Rincon. Santa Clara County, in the eclogite (a metamorphic rock) 

of Calaveras Valley. Tulare County, common in the Mineral King district; large divergent columns at Eber Flat and at Three Rivers; also 

common in Fraser Valley. Tuolumne County, near Sonora. Yuba County, 

at Smartsville.

Epsomite. Alameda County, in pyrite mines of Leona Heights. Amador 

County, common in the mines on Copper Hill. Lake County, abundant 

in the old Abbott quicksilver mine. Napa County, abundant in long white 

fibers in the tunnels of the old Redington mine, Knoxville. Santa Clara 

County, abundant on the walls of the New Almaden and other cinnabar 

mines. Sonoma County, as associate of boussingaultite.

Erythrite (red cobalt ore). Los Angeles County, Kelsey mine, 4 miles north 

of Azusa. Mariposa County, Josephine mine, Fremont grant. Napa 

County, with smaltite in serpentine and chlorite in the Beryessa Valley.

Feldspar. Calaveras County, large crystals at Mokelumne Hill; albite is a 

common constituent of the schists of the Mother Lode. Contra Costa 

County, numerous veins of albite occur in the chlorite and actinolite 

schists, especially near San Pablo. Eldorado County, large, white crystals of orthoclase occurred at the old Cosumnes copper mine near Fair 

Play, with bornite, molybdenite, epidote, and axinite; massive red orthoclase occurs with tourmaline at Bucks Bar, Cosumnes River. Inyo 

County, white orthoclase occurred at the White Lime mine, Deep Spring 

district; good crystals of glassy adularia were found at Rialto in the 

Funeral Mountains. Kern County, near Woody and at the Long Tour 

mine. Los Angeles County, white veins of labradorite occur near Lang.
56 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Marin County, albite veins are common in the schists. Mariposa County, 

orthoclase occurs with black tourmaline and molybdenite in the granites 

of the Yosemite Valley. Mono County, orthoclase occurs in pegmatite 

veins in the Blind Spring district. Monterey County, orthoclase is 

mined at Chualar for pottery; large phenocrysts occur at Pacific Grove 

and Cypress Point. San Bernardino County, orthoclase is mined at Saratoga Springs, veins occur in the mountains in the northeastern part of 

the county, massive red orthoclase occurs near Manvel. San Diego 

County, occurs in quantity at Dehesa and Lakeside; large veins of acid 

pegmatite, consisting of albite, orthoclase, and rnicrocline, occur in diorite at Pala, Mesa Grande, Rincon, and Ramona, as well as northward 

into Riverside County. Shasta County, veins of orthoclase occur on Tom 

Neal Mountain. Tulare County, orthoclase occurs near Porterville and 

Visalia and at Three Rivers. Tuolumne County, large crystals of orthoclase occur on Sullivan Creek.

Fluorspar (fluorite). Inyo County, as gangue mineral with argentiferous galena 

in the Cerro Gordo, Darwin, and other districts. Los Angeles County, 

Glendora, Felix mine near Azusa, and on Santa Catalina Island, with 

galena and chalcopyrite. Mono County, in Ferris Canyon on the east 

slope of the Sweetwater Mountains. San Diego County, Palomar Mountain, Oak Grove.

Fuller's earth. Calaveras County, dug at Burson. Kern County, reported at 

Bakersfield and Famosa. Kings County, dug at Huron. Monterey 

County, Bradley. San Bernardino County, mined 14 miles northeast of 

Barstow. Solano. County, dug at Vacaville.

Gabbro (norite). Placer County, dark, coarse-grained, quarried near Penryn, 

for building stone. San Diego County, at Dehesa.

Galena. Inyo County, mined in Cerro Gordo, Chloride Cliff, Darwin, Independence, Lookout, and other districts, argentiferous. Mono County, 

argentiferous galena forms important ore bodies, common in Bodie, 

Benton, and Lundy districts, and at the claims on the Sweetwater Range. 

Placer County, abundant at Booth, Gold Blossom, and other mines in 

Ophir region; argentiferous. San Bernardino County, argentiferous 

galena with lead carbonate is common in the Silver Mountain, Silver 

Reef, Calico, and Barstow districts. Shasta County, occurs at most of 

the copper mines. Also in Butte, Mono, Plumas, and other counties.

Ganister. San Bernardino County, 2 miles southeast of Siam, fine deposit.

Garnet. Alpine County, Hope Valley, fine green grossularite reported. Butte 

County, Cherokee, red and brown garnet common in the gold washings. 

Calaveras County, almandite occurs at Bald Point, Mokelumne River; 

occurs also in the gravel at San Andreas. Del Norte County, common 

in the sands at Crescent City, Gilbert Creek, and Smith River. Eldorado 

County, grossularite in copper ore in Rodgers mine in eastern part of 

county, in good crystals 9 miles southeast of Placerville, massive at 

Pilot Hill, common near Georgetown. Fresno County, occurs at Fresno 

Flat, Grub Gulch, and Fort Miller; grossularite, 35 miles east of Selma. 

Humbolclt County, at Gold Bluff and Orleans. Inyo County, crystals and 

massive garnet occur in the Coso and Inyo mountains; fine large crystals 

of grossularite occurred with datolite and greenish-brown vesuvianite at 

San Carlos. Kern County, massive near Hot Springs, between Havilah 

and Kernville, and on summit between Walker Basin and Havilah. 

Lassen County, common at Diamond mine. Los Angeles County, in sands 

at Mount Meadows. Marin County, anclradite crystals are common in the 

schist of the Tiburon Peninsula. Mariposa County, massive brown alman-
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 57

elite occurs on Mount Hoffman, good crystals at the junction of Moore 

Creek and Mokelumne River. Mendocino County, common in the sands 

at Fort Bragg. Monterey County, in the sands of the Los Burros district; uvarovite has been found coating chromite, and trautwinite also 

occurs. Nevada County, in concentrates of Rough and Ready district; 

with wollastonite at Grass Valley. Orange County, a constituent of 

the schists near Anaheim. Placer County, essonite at Deer Park and on 

American River near Towle; uvarovite has been found on chromite near 

Auburn. Plumas County, Good Hope mine and in sands at Nelson Point. 

Riverside County, essonite in tourmaline district near Coahuila, in the 

concentrates at Holcomb; occurs massive at the Santa Ana tin district; 

hyacinth or essonite at Hemet; abundance of grossularite and some 

andradite occurs in the crystalline limestone at Crestmore, associated 

with vesuvianite, diopside, and wilkeite. San Benito County, fine green 

crystals were found coating chromite and rhodochrome at New Idria. 

San Diego County, essonite mined for gems at Hercules, Lookout, Prospect, Little Three, and Surprise mines in Ramona district; fine crystals 

of transparent essonite occur in the tourmaline districts of Mesa Grancle, 

Pala, and Rincon, and these have been extensively cut into gems under 

the name of hyacinth; essonite also occurs about 10 miles east of 

Jacumba Hot Springs with vesuvianite and quartz; garnet in the Julian 

district and at Ballina; spessartite was reported from the Mesa Grancle, 

and fine granular red specimens at Rincon. Santa Barbara County, common in the sands at Point Sal. Santa Clara County, a constituent of the 

eclogites of Calaveras Valley. Shasta County, uvarovite has been found 

in chromite on Shotgun Creek; red garnet on Round Mountain; bands 

of garnet mixed with pyroxene on McCloud River on contact between 

diabase and Carboniferous limestone. Siskiyou County, in sands at Cecilville and on Klamath River. Sonoma County, large masses occur neap 

Petaluma. Trinity County, uvarovite has been found at Carrville. 

Tulare County, white massive grossularite was found in the northwest 

corner of the county; essonite in good crystals occurs at Three Rivers; 

topazolite was found at the Old Soldier mine, Drum Valley, 12 miles 

northeast of Visalia; aplome, a manganese andradite, was found near 

Visalia. Tuolumne County, with epidote at Mutton Ledge; in schist on 

Jarvis ranch and at Soulsbyville.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gilsonite (uintaite). Santa Barbara County.

Glauberite. San Bernardino County, prominent in the borax deposits at Searles 

Lake.

Gold. Gold is the predominant metal produced in 307 of the 413 mining districts of the State. It occurs in every county and is now produced in 

more than half of them. It was brought in with the intrusion through 

the Mesozoic sediments of the mass of granitic rock which forms the 

core of the Sierras. The annual production of gold is about $20,000,000, 

of which about $9,000,000 comes from placers.

Gold (lode). The mining districts in which gold derived from lodes is the chief 

metal produced are too numerous to mention. They can be found in 

United States Geological Survey Bulletin 507, Mining districts of western 

United States. For gold-bearing minerals see Amalgam, Calaverite, Electrum, Petzite, and Sylvanite.

Gold (placer). Gold derived from placers has been the principal metal produced 

in the following districts, many of which, once great producers, have long 

been idle: Amador County, Lancha Plana, Middle Bar, Oleta, Pine Grove,
58 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

and Volcano. Butte County, Bangor, Cherokee, Magalia, Nimshew, and 

Oroville. Calaveras County, Jenny Lind, Mokelumne Hill, Railroad Flat, 

and Vallicita. Del Norte County. Crescent City. Eldorado County, Indian Diggings, Newtown, and Pacific. Hurnboldt County, Blocksburg, 

China Flat, Hoopa, Klamath, Orick, Orleans, and Weitchpec. Kern 

County, Goler, Red Rock, and Summit. Los Angeles County, Arrastre 

Canyon. Mono County, Dogtown Diggings. Nevada County, Lowell Hill, 

North Bloomfleld, and You Bet. Placer County, Damascus and Ralston 

Divide. Plumas County, Elizabethtown, Laporte, Lights Canyon, Sawpit 

Flat, and Spanish ranch. Sacramento County, Folsom. San Luis Obispo 

County, La Panza. Shasta County, Bayles, Jerusalem Creek, and Redding. 

Sierra County, American Hill, Brandy City, Church Meadows, Eureka, 

and Indian Hill. Siskiyou County, Cottage Grove, Deadwood, Etna, 

Forks of Salmon, Gilta, Gottville, Hamburg, Happy Camp, Knownothiug, 

O'Mears, Sawyers Bar, Somes Bar, and Sumnierville. Stanislaus County, 

Knights Ferry. Trinity County, almost every one of the 24 mining districts. Tuolumne County, Columbia. Yuba County, Brownsville, Camptonville, Marysville, Smartville, and Wheatland. Placer gold is produced 

in many other districts, but is subordinate to lode gold or some other 

metal.

Granite (building). Amador County, quarried 4 miles northeast of Jackson. 

Eldorado County, Placerville. Fresno County, various shades blue, gray, 

and black granite quarried in sec. 13, T. 12 S., R. 22 E. Madera County, 

large quarries at Raymond. Nevada County, Grass Valley. Placer 

County, Loomis station, Lincoln, Penryn, and Rockliu. Riverside County, 

Riverside, Temecula, and. elsewhere. Sacramento County, Folsom. San 

Bernardino County, Oro Grande and Victorville. San Diego County, 

San Diego, Foster, Santee, and Sweetwater. Tulare County, Porterville, 

Rocky Point quarry, sec. 8, T. 19 S., R. 27 E. Tuolumne County, Phoenix 

Lake quarry, 7 miles northeast of Sonora.

Granite (crushed stone, paving stone, road material). Alameda County, quarried at Berkeley, Leona Heights, and Newark. Amador County, Jackson. 

Butte County, Oroville. Calaveras County, Milton (Gopher Ridge, porphyrite). Contra Costa County, Richmond and elsewhere. Fresno County, 

Academy (Clovis). Humboldt County, Arcata and Eureka. Imperial 

County, Hanlon Junction. Lassen County, Susanville. Los Angeles 

County, Duarte, Hollywood, and Monrovia, and stream bowlders crushed 

in San Fernando Valley and near Azusa. Madera County, Raymond. 

Marin County, San Rafael. Mariposa County, Jasper Point. Napa 

County, Napa. Nevada County, Grass Valley, Nevada City, Rough and 

Ready. Placer County, Lincoln, Penryn, and Rocklin. Plumas County, 

Chilcoot and Cuba. Riverside County, Corona, Elsinore, 'Perris, Riverside and West Riverside, and Temecula station. Sacramento County, 

Fairoaks and Folsoin. San Benito County, Logan. San Bernardino 

County, Crucero, Declez, Halleck, Hesperia, and Victorville. San Diego 

County, Campo, Dehesa, Escondido, Foster, Helix, San Diego, and Santee. 

San Francisco County, San Francisco. San Luis Obispo County, Port 

San Luis (Port Harford). Santa Clara County, San Jose. Solano 

County, Cordelia. Sonoma County, Allison, Santa Rosa, and Sonoma. 

Tulare County, Porterville.

Graphite (plumbago, black lead). Mendocino County, has been quarried 10 

miles east of Point Arena, in sec. 8, T. 12 N., R. 15 W. Sonoma County, 

quarried 10 miles south of Healdsburg for mineral paint. San Bernardino 

County, 15 miles from East Highlands, in San Bernardino Mountains.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 59

Tuolumne County, in large foliated and dull earthy masses in the limestones near Columbia, where it was formerly mined. Undeveloped deposits are reported near Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, and elsewhere.

Gypsum. Widely distributed; reported from Butte, Colusa, Fresno, Kern, Los 

Angeles, Riverside, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, Santa 

Barbara, Tulare, and Ventura counties. Butte County, at St. Clair mine. 

Fresno County, quarried in Coalinga and Mendota, on the low hills on 

the north and south sides of Tumey Gulch, about 18 miles southwest of 

Mendota, and along Cantua Creek. Inyo County, occurs fibrous at Clarks 

Fork, Amargosa River, in the Cerro Gordo district, and at Tecopa. Kern 

County, near McKittrick and elsewhere in west side of oil field, Bakersfield, and Dudley, on Cottonwood Creek about 16 miles east of Bakersfield, in the bed of old Kern Lake, about 20 miles southwest of Bakersfield, and 5 miles from Connor, on the shores of Buena Vista Lake; 

small deposits near Cane Springs. Kings County, deposits occur on the 

range of low hills southeast of Dudley and on Kettleinan Plains, about 

5 miles north of Dudley and 5$ miles northeast of Dudley. Lake County, 

selenite on Robinson's ranch; small amounts are also found at Sulphur 

Bank, Clear Lake. Lassen County, large slabs of selenite near Susanville; observed at Honey Lake. Selenite crystals are abundant in the 

diatomaceous shale throughout the Diablo Range, in the western part 

of Fresno, Merced, and Stanislaus counties, particularly notable on 

the west side of San Joaquin Valley north of Little Panoche Valley, 

where they form veins 18 inches to 2 feet in width. Los Angeles 

County, Palmdale and Los Angeles; gypsum occurs in Charley Canyon, 

12 miles north of Castiac in shale rock; in seams in bluffs at San Pedro; 

2 miles north of Lang; large selenite plates have been found in Soledad 

Canyon. Mono County, in the Bodie district. Monterey County, northeast 

Of King City, Bitterwater Valley, east of Lonoak. Nevada County, 

fibrous radiate forms occur near Truckee. Riverside County, Corona; extensive deposits occur in the Palen Mountains interstratified with limestone deposits which are thought to be extensive also occur in the Santa 

Maria Mountains, just west of Colorado River, near Blythe, and in the 

Colorado Desert, about 12 miles east of Mecca. San Benito County, outcrops occur along the Coast Range in many places. San Bernardino 

County, Ainboy, and in other dry lake depressions of the desert; in the 

lake bed south of Danby and near Kelso; at Searles Lake associated with 

borax; selenite occurred with colemanite in the Calico district. San 

Diego County, near Dos Palmas. .San Francisco County, small amounts 

near Merced Lake. San Luis Obispo County, white bunches and veins 

occur on Alamo Creek, 16 miles from Santa Maria; some alabaster occurs 

at Arroyo Grande. Santa Barbara County, as alabaster at Casmalia 

and near Santa Barbara Creek, about 32 miles southwest of McKittrick, 

and in small amounts on Santa Rosa Island; massive gypsum was early 

worked at Point Sal. Santa Clara County, as selenite near Gilroy. 

Sonoma County, at the Geysers with sulphur and with boussingaultite. 

Stanislaus County, selenite near Modesto. Ventura County, in small 

amount on Dennison ranch, 3 miles east of Nordhoff; selenite in Lockwood Valley.

Halite. See Salt.

Halloysite. Inyo County, banded white and brown occurs at the Cerro Gordo 

mine and the variety lenzinite is reported from Owens Valley. Lassen
60 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

County, at Hayclen Hill. Mono County, Detroit mine near Mono Lake. 

San Diego County, at Pala, massive pink occurs with the gem tourmaline. 

Ventura County, the variety lenzinite.

Halotrichite. Alamecla County, in the Eureka tunnel near Livermore.

Hanksite. Common in the borax lake districts. Inyo County, found with 

borax in the sinks of Death Valley. San Bernardino County, Searles 

Lake.

Hematite (red iron ore). Large deposits await development. Alameola County, 

massive red earthy, mixed with limonite, forms the capping of the 

pyrite body at Leona Heights. Alpine County, common at Monitor. 

Ainador County, large deposit in lone formation, 2 miles west of lone, also 

in Calaveras formation. Butte County, common in the gravels at Magalia, Butte Creek, Oroville, and Stirling City. Calaveras County, at 

Douglas Flat, Murphy, Wallace, and Quail Hill. Del Norte County, at 

the Kelsey tunnel, 14 miles southeast of Crescent City. Eldorado County, 

Pioneer mine; heavy masses at Shingle Springs, in the gravels at Diamond Springs, Green Valley, Virner, and other places. Humboldt 

County, large vein 3 miles south of Centerville. Inyo County, massive 

specular, at the Defiance mine, occurs also in Owens Valley. Kern 

County, at Kane Springs and Ricardo. Lake County, massive, near Red 

Glenrock, in Cobb Valley. Madero County, Minarets; one of the largest 

deposits of magnetite-hematite occurs here; much of this ore is martite. 

Marin County, massive specimens at the Maillard ranch, about 2 miles 

southwest of San Geronimo. Mono County, common in the Blind 

Springs district. Napa County, massive red near St. Helena, massive, 

at White Sulphur Springs and Placerville. Nevada County, with gold 

at Meadow Lake; minor deposits at Indian Springs and at Newton. 

Orange County, at Fullerton. Placer County, with magnetite at the 

Hotaling deposit about 6 miles north of Auburn, small amounts at 

Clippergap, Red Hill, and near Weimar. Plumas County, with magnetite 

near Crescent Mills, at Mumfords Hill, Lights Canyon, Genesee Valley, 

and Nelson Point. Riverside County, Eagle Mountain, derived from the 

extensive deposit of magnetite. San Bernardino County, near Kane 

Springs, Cima, Silver Lake, and Leastalk; at Dale, on Iron Mountain 

in the Kingston Range, Newberry on Providence Mountain, and in prospects in Cave Canyon area, north of Scott Station, and elsewhere in the 

county are deposits of massive hematite after magnetite or martite. 

Shasta County, abundant; the Ready or Pit River deposit has been utilized at the electric smelting furnace at Heroult; the cappings of the pyrite beds of this county are thick deposits of earthy hematite and limonite. Sierra County, found in small quantity. Siskiyou County, in the 

gravels of Shasta River. Sonoma County, large deposit at Noble's ranch, 

near Fort Ross, and near the west fork of Gualala River . Stanislaus 

County, foliated near La Grange. Tehama County, at Beegum. Trinity 

County, in the sands at Trinity Center. Yuba County, in the sands of the 

Brownsville district.

Hessite. Calaveras County, old Stanislaus mine on Carson Hill. Eldorado 

County, at Georgetown. Kern County, with silver minerals at Amalie 

mine. Nevada County, with pyrite, galena, and native gold at the Nevada 

City mine. Shasta County, in the Shearer and Rattler mine, 3 miles from 

Redding. Sierra County, in the Golden King mine on Kanaka Creek, 

near Alleghany. Tuolumne County, in the old Reist mine on Whiskey 

Hill and in the Jumper and Bonanza mines near Jamestown.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 61

Hiibnerite. Inyo County, reported from Tin Mountain. Nevada County, 

fibrous radiate forms occur near Truckee. San Bernardiuo County, with 

pyrite and chalcopyrite in quartz veins 5 miles from Barnwell, near Vontrigger, and at Clark Mountain; also near Goffs in Dirigo district.

Hydrozincite. Inyo County, at Cerro Gordo mine, with sphalerite, willeniite, 

and ealamine.

Ilmenite. Arnador County, near Volcano. Butte County, at Oroville, Cherokee, 

Eagle Rock, Brush Creek, and Inskip. Calaveras County, San Anclreas, 

Murphy, and Wallace, in considerable amount. Del Norte County, at 

Crescent City. Eldorado County, in the Brownsville district, at Green 

Valley, Placerville, and Grizzly Flats. Humboldt County, at Upper Gold 

Bluff. Kern County, in the black sands at Vaughn. Los Angeles County, 

in the beach sands at Ocean Park. Madera County, with magnetite in 

the Minaret Mountains. Mariposa County, near Princeton and as crystals in dolomite near Mariposa. Nevada County, at Rough and Ready, 

Nevada City, North Bloomfleld, and Relief Hill. Orange County, at 

Fullerton. Placer County, Gold Run. Plurnas County, Spanish ranch, 

Crescent Mills. Genesee, La Porte, and Nelson Point. San Bernardino 

County, near Needles. San Francisco County, in dikes. Sail Luis Obispo 

County, beach sands. Santa Barbara County, Point Sal. Santa Cruz 

County, at Aptos. Shasta County, Round Mountain, French Gulch, and 

Redding. Siskiyou County, in the sands of Jackson Creek, Happy Camp, 

Forks of the Salmon, Sawyers Bar, Scott River, and Shasta River. Trinity 

County, at Junction City, Carrville, Minersville, and on Trinity River. 

Tuolumne County, at American Camp. Yuba County, Marysville, Roundsville, Yuba River, Strawberry Valley, Indian Hill, and Oregon House.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iridium. Found native, in most crude platinum, and with osmium as iridosmine, in the gold placers of Del Norte, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Trinity 

counties. Also recovered in small quantities during the refining of copper matte and gold bullion from different sources.

Iridosmine. See Iridium.

Iron. Iron ore has been produced in the following districts: Calaveras County, 

Murphy (Esiueralda). Del Norte County, Low Divide and Rattlesnake 

Divide. Eldorado County, Flagstaff Hill and Latrobe. Madera County, 

Minarets. Placer County, Hotaling. San Bernardino County, Cave 

Canyon, Garlic Spring, Iron Mountain, Kelso, Kingston Range, West 

Lava Beds, and Owl Holes. San Luis Obispo County, Perfumo Canyon 

and San Luis Obispo. Santa Clara County, Los Gatos. Shasta County, 

Baird and Shotgun Creek. Siskiyou County, Gazelle. Sonoma County, 

Cloverdale and Geyserville. Tehama County, Newville. See also Arsenopyrite, Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Marcasite, Ocher, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and Siderite.

Jamesonite. Calaveras County, at Mokelumne Hill. Inyo County, Cerro Gordo 

mine with argentiferous galena. Napa County, with cinnabar at the 

Manhattan mine, near Kernville.

Jasper. Gem quality found in the following counties: Calaveras County, red, 

brown, and yellow, at Murphy. Los Angeles County, red, white, and 

bluish, near Acton. Marin County, 1 mile south of Sausalito. Plumas 

County, west of Meadow Valley. San Francisco County, near Lands 

End station. Santa Clara County, reported. Shasta County, near 

Hart. See Chalcedony.
62 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Kalinite (alum). Alpine County, efflorescence in Silver Mountain district. 

Calaveras County, at Quail Hill. Fresno County, common in the oil 

districts at Coalinga with sulphur. Inyo County, Caso Springs, on the 

shores of Owens Lake. Lake County, common at Sulphur Bank cinnabar 

mine. Los Angeles County, near Newhall. Mono County, near Bodie. 

Napa County, at the Redington cinnabar mine near Knoxville; Nowell 

Mountain. Placer County, in the gold mines near Dutch Flat; in slates 

near Auburn. Sonoma County, at the geysers.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Kunzite (lilac spodumene). See Spodumene.

Labradorite. Los Angeles County, white labradorite occurs near Lang; with 

epidote at San Pedro.

Lapis lazuli. Los Angeles County, San Antonio Creek, near Upland. Madera 

County, reported in the Minaret Mountains, San Bernardino County, 

north slope of South Fork of Cascade Canyon, 1| miles east of Hogback Mountain, 12 miles from Upland.

Lava (light-colored tuffs, rhyolite, trachyte, andesite, and similar rocks). 

Quarried in the following places: Alameda County, San Leandro. 

Butte County, Pentz (Curtis ranch). Calaveras County, Jackson (Mokclumne Hill), Vallicita, Valley Springs. Eldorado County, Smith Flat 

near Placerville. Inyo County, 6 miles west of Laws. Los Angeles 

County, between Avalon and Empire Landing. Merced County, 

Merced Falls. Napa County, Calistoga, Napa, St. Helena. San Luis 

Obispo County, Arroyo Grande, Bishops Peak (Cerro Obispo), Los Berros, Morro Rock. Siskiyou County, Little Shasta, Macdoel, 8 miles 

east of Montague. Solano County, southwest of Winters. Sonoma 

County, Agua Caliente, Santa Rosa, Sonoma, Stony Point. Sutter 

County, Sutter City (Marysville Buttes). Tehama County, north of 

Paskenta, 20 miles west of Red Bluff.

Lazulite. Inyo County, occurs in a vein cutting schist in Breyfogle Canyon, 

Death Valley; the lazulite is confined to a few patches in the vein 

which can be traced several miles. Los Angeles County, in the San 

Gabriel Mountains. Mono County, near Bodie, near Mono Lake, blue 

lazulite occurs as bands in white quartzite with rutile. San Diego

9

County, at Oceanside.

Lazurite. See Lapis lazuli.

Lead. Lead is the predominant metal produced in the following districts: Inyo 

County, Lookout, New Coso, Russ, Saratoga, Swansea, and Union. 

Orange County, Trabuco Canyon (very little). San Bernardino County, 

Silver Lake. It is of minor importance in several other districts in other 

counties. See also Altaite, Anglesite, Galena, Jamesonite, Linarite, 'Mimetite, Minium, and Pyromorphite.

Lepidolite (lithia mica). Riverside County, found with tourmaline in Coahuila 

Mountains. San Diego County, has been mined as a source of lithia and 

for ornamental purposes at Stewart mine near Pala; occurs with tourmaline, kunzite, etc., at Pala Chief, Naylor-Vanderburg, Caterina, Tourmaline 

King, Tourmaline Queen, and other places near Pala; at the Mack and 

Victor mines near Rincon; in the gem mines of the Ramona district.

Limestone (building). Well distributed over the State in extensive beds; chiefly 

used for cement and lime. Quarried for building stone, crushed stone, and 

road metal. Amador County, 4 miles east of lone, Fresno, in Squaw 

Valley near Dunlap, 20 miles east of Sanger. Calaveras County, Campo 

Seco, Fosteria, Murphy. Modoc County, Cedarville. Monterey County, 6 

miles southeast of Salinas. Nevada County, Grass Valley. Riverside
 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA 63

County, Corona (Orange), Riverside, San Jacinto. San Bernardmo 

County, Cajon, Col ton. San Mateo County, Rockawe.y. Santa Clara 

County, Mountain View. Santa Cruz County, Santa Cruz. Shasta County, 

Ingot, Redding. Tulare County, 2 miles northeast of Lemon Cove. See 

also Cement material, Marble, and Travertine.

Limestone (lime). Burned for lime at the following places: Alameda County, 

Alvarado. Amador County, near lone. Calaveras County, Vallicita and 

Campo Seco, in sec. 20, T. 16 N., R. 5 W. Colusa County, Manzanita. 

Contra Costa County, near Concord, Oil Canyon, and near Antioch. Eldorado County, at Marble Valley, New Castle, and other places. Kern County, 

at Tehachapi, Keene, and Sparda. Monterey County, at Davenport. Riverside County, at West Riverside and San Jacinto. San Beriito County, in several places. San Joaquin County, at Carnegie. San Luis Obispo County, 

near Lomon Pelon, Arroyo Grande, and elsewhere. Santa Barbara 

County, at Lompoc and Betteravia. Santa Clara County, at Black Mountain, 9 miles from Mountain View. Shasta County, at Kennett. Siskiyou County, at Callahan and Gazelle. Solano County, Tolenas. Tuolumne County, at Sonora. Ventura County, at Oxnard. At other places 

in other counties.

Limestone (manufacture of beet sugar). San Bernardino County, 1J miles 

east of Orogrande, quarried and used by beet sugar companies.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Linarite. Inyo County, Cerro Gorclo mine.

Lithiophilite. San Diego County, at Pala, with triphylite and purpurite.

Lithium. See Amblygonite, Lepidolite, Lithiophilite, and Spodumene.

Magnesite. Many deposits scattered along the Coast Range from Mendocino 

County to Los Angeles, and a few along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada ; deposits generally occur as veins in serpentine. Alameda County, 

on Cedar Mountain, 22 miles southeast of Livermore. Calaveras County, 

near San Andreas. Fresno County, mined at Kings River, 10 miles east 

of Sanger. Kern County, development work has been done on deposits 

intercalated with sandstone and shale at Bissell, 11 miles east of Mohave, 

and near Walker Pass, east of Bakersfleld. Mendocino County, purewhite veins on Hixon ranch, about 12 miles north of Cloverdale. Napa 

County, has been mined in Chiles and Pope valleys and in the serpentine 

of Beryesla Valley. Nevada County, at Nevada City. Placer County, 

mined at Iowa Hill; veins occur near Damascus and Michigan Bluff and at 

Gold Run, recently discovered near Towle. Riverside County, mined at 

Winchester for cement material. San Benito County, at the Sampson 

claims between the forks of Larious Creek in Diablo Range. San Francisco County, Fort Point. San Luis Obispo County, on the Kaiser ranch, 

about 9 miles northwest of Cambria. Santa Barbara County, north of 

Santa Barbara. Santa Clara County, large veins occur in the Diablo 

Range in the northeast corner of the county, and have been mined 32 

miles southeast of Livermore; also mined near Madrone station. Sonoma 

County, has been mined near Cloverdale; veins occur 4 miles north of 

Cloverdale, called the Creon deposit, on the Eckert ranch near Cloverdale, at the William Creek deposit, 7 miles northwest of Guerneville, and 

at the Red Slide deposit in valley of East Austin Creek, about 8 miles 

north of Cazadero. Stanislaus County, the veins of tlae American Magnesite Co. extend across the line from Sauta Clara County. Tulare 

County, is mined at Tule River, 9 miles east of Porterville, and has been 

mined at Barker deposit, 4 miles northeast of Porterville; veins on South
64 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. °

Fork of Tule River, in Round Valley, about 4 miles east of Lindsay; on 

Rocky Hill, about 2 miles east of Exeter, with californite; near Naranjo, 

with white opal; and near Auckland.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Alameda County, at Cedar Mountain. Amador 

County, occurs on Sutter Creek; bowlders have been found at Volcano. 

Butte County, abundant at Magalia in gravels on Butte Creek and in 

the dredging sands at Oroville; in concentrates at Stirling City, Little 

Rock Creek, Brush Creek, Lovelock, and Inskip. Calaveras County, in 

concentrates at Douglas Flat, San Andreas, Murphy, and Wallace. Del 

Norte County, at Crescent City, Gilbert Creek, on Smith River. Eldorado 

County, massive about 2 miles northeast of Shingle Springs and in octahedrons in chlorite; the lodestone variety has been found at Coloma; 

common in the concentrates at Virnir, Green Valley, Grizzly Flats, 

Reliance mine, and in the Brownsville district. Fresno County, lodeStone found at the Sparkling iron mine, Kings Creek district. Humboldt 

County, greater part of the black constituent of the beach sands at Gold 

Bluff and Upper Gold Bluff is magnetite; common also at Orleans and 

Trinidad. Kern County, abundant at Ricardo, Kane Springs, and 

Vaughn in black concentrates. Los Angeles County, solid masses near 

Russ station in Soledad Canyon and small deposits near Acton and 

in canyon about 10 miles northeast of Acton; black sands at Ocean 

Park and Santa Monica Bay. Madera County, large deposits of 

magnetite-hematite in the Minaret Mountains, deposits on the west 

slope of Mount Raymond. Modoc County, in the drift and black sands 

of Feather River. Mono County, massive in the Benton, Bodie, and 

Lundy districts. Nevada County, 1 mile west of Newtown and 4 miles 

south of Indian Springs, at the contact between diorite and diabase; in 

concentrates at Nevada City, Grass Valley, North Bloomfield, Relief Hill, 

and Rough and Ready. Orange County, in sands at Fullerton. Placer 

County, 6 miles north of Auburn, in Hotaling district; common in black 

sands and concentrates at Butcher ranch, Michigan Bluff, North Fork 

of American River, and other places. Plumas County, common in small 

deposits at Spanish ranch, Genesee, La Porte, Nelson Point, Crescent 

Mills, and on Rock Island Hill. Riverside County, one of the largest 

deposits of iron in the State occurs on Eagle Mountain and is magnetitehematite or martite ore. Sacramento County, in the black sands at Michigan Bar. San Bernardino County, important deposits of magnetite not yet 

utilized occur with hematite near Dale, at Owl Holes on Kingston Range, 

at Cave Canyon, Garlic Springs, Newberry, and on Providence Mountain. 

San Francisco County, in the beach sands. San Luis Obispo County, 

common at La Panza. Santa Barbara County, in beach sands at Point 

Sal. Shasta County, numerous mines and prospects, mined as flux for 

Bully Hill smelter; large deposit at Hotaling on contact between diabase 

and slate; deposit near Baird; with hematite at Iron Mountain and at 

most of the copper mines; in the sands at French Gulch, Redding, and 

Round Mountain; on contact between diabase and Carboniferous limestone at Gray Rock and on McCloud River. Sierra County, large beds 

are said to occur. Siskiyou County, common in black sands at Happy 

. Camp, Cecilville, Forks of the Salmon, Scott River, and many other 

places. Trinity County, in black sands at Trinity Center, Douglas City, 

and other places. Tulare County, massive at New Pass. Tuolumne 

County, in black concentrates at all the mines. Yuba County, common at
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 65

Marysville, Brownsville, Strawberry Valley, Indian Hill, Oregon House, 

and Camptonville, and on Yuba River.

Malachite (green copper carbonate). Amador County, Volcano; Calaveras 

County, Campo Seco, Copperopolis, old Hughes mine. Eldorado County, 

occurs in Alabaster Cave and Pioneer mines. Inyo County, Wisconsin 

and Kingman claims and Cerro Gordo district. Los Angeles County, in 

prospects 23 miles northeast of Acton and 3 miles southeast of Little 

Rock Creek. Madera County, has been mined at Joe Wagner mine, sees. 2 

and 35, Tps. 8 and 9 S., R. 18 E. Mariposa County, mined with other copper ore in Caven Milling Co. mine; some in White Rock mine. Mono 

County, has been mined with cuprite in Copper Mountain; common in 

Blind Springs district. Plumas County, with bornite and. chalqppyrite in 

Lights Canyon. Riverside County, has been mined in Homestake group, 

Mount King, and on other claims. San Bernardino County, mined at 

Copper World mine with other copper ores; occurs in the Calico district 

and quite common in the eastern part of the county. Shasta County, 

mined with other copper ores at Bully Hill mine.

Maltha. Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and Ventura counties.

Manganese minerals and ore. See Braunite, Manganite, Psilomelane, PyroInsite, Rhodochrosite, Rhodonite, and Wad.

Manganite. There are numerous small deposits of manganese in the State and 

much of the ore appears to be manganite mixed with a more or less 

siliceous psilomelane. The deposits consist generally of black porous ore 

in masses and lenses of red and brown'jasper in the metamorphic rocks of 

the Coas't ranges and to some extent in the Sierras. Alameda County, in 

Livermore-Tesla district southwest of Liverrnore in the Diablo Range, 

occurs in jasper lenses; much of the manganese produced in the State has 

come from this district, one of tfre earliest and best known mines being 

the old Lacld or Corral Hollow mine. Calaveras County, with psilomelane 

2 miles northeast of San Andreas in mica schist. Colusa County, on the 

east flank of St. John Mountain, near Little Stony. Contra Costa County, 

.on Red Rock Island in San Francisco Bay, with psilomelane. Marin 

County, in the red rock near Sausalito. Mendocino County, at the Cave 

mine, 10 miles northeast of Ukiah. Placer County, near Colfax. Plumas 

County, considerable in Meadow Valley and other districts, and the mineral probably is common. Riverside County, psilomelane and manganite 

occur in a network of veins in schist 6 miles northeast of Elsinore, in the 

Maria Mountains. San Joaquin County, in jasper in the Diablo Range. 

San Luis Obispo County, 5 miles west of San Luis Obispo. Santa Clara 

County, in the Black Wonder and other mines of the Diablo Range. 

Sonoma County, at the Shaw mine, 8 miles northeast of Cloverdale. 

Tuolumne County, with rhodonite 2 miles north of Sonora.

Marble. Quarried in the following places chiefly for cement: Amador County, 

- at Carrara quarry, sec. 29, T. 7 N., R. 12 E.; white marble at Plymouth 

and Sutter Creek. Butte County, at several places, black mottled at Pentz, 

Oroville, and Pulga. Calaveras County, San Andreas and Vallicita. Inyo 

County, thick deposits of beautiful variegated dolomite marble occur at the 

foot of the Inyo Mountains between Keeler and Lone Pine. Kern County, 

of good quality on the Tehachapi Range, near Neenach. Los Angeles 

County, Avalon and Neenach (includes adjacent deposit in Kern County). 

Mono County, Topaz. Placer County, at several places. Riverside County; 

6 miles south and 7 miles southwest of Eolom station. San Bernardino

27608° Bull. 624 17 5 ~*
66 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

County, beautiful green brecciated variety 11 miles southwest of Barstow; 

also east of Oro Grande and at the Gem marble quarries in the Silver 

Mountain district, about 5 miles south of Oro Grande; Baker, Barstow, 

Mentone, Victorville. San Luis Obispo County, Musick (Arroyo Grande). 

Siskiyou County, large deposits of white and variegated material on 

Marble Mountain; Indian Creek. Tulare County, dark bluish gray at 

Porterville, for ornamental and monumental use. Tuolumne County, 

near Columbia, on Stanislaus River, white and blue veined marble; 

Columbia, colored marble, including pinkish, yellowish, and light to 

medium gray varieties quarried; quarry also at Sonora.

Marcasite. Napa County, abundant at old Redclington mine, Knoxville, with 

the .cinnabar. 

Meerschaum. Santa Clara County, has been found in Arroyo de San Jose cle 

Gracia.

Melaconite. Calaveras County, common with chalcopyrite at Copperopolis and 

Campo Seco; large nodular masses have come from the Satellite mine. 

Colusa County, in serpentine with native copper and cuprite at the Gray 

Eagle mine. Del Norte County, with chalcopyrite at the Alta and Pearl 

mines. Nevada County, Excelsior mine. Shasta County, at the Afterthought and other chalcopyrite mines.

Mercury (native). In small and variable quantity in all quicksilver mines. 

Has been mined in Colusa, Eldorado, Fresno, Lake, Monterey, Napa, 

San Benito, Solano, Sonoma, San Luis Obispo, Santa Clara, Stanislaus, 

Trinity, and Yolo counties. 'See also Cinnabar, Metacinnabarite, Quicksilver, and Tiemannite.

Metacinnabarite. Has been found in the following places: Colusa County, 

in the Sulphur Creek district at Manzanita mine with cinnabar and gold. 

Inyo County, in Cerro Gordo rnfcie. Lake County, prominent in Great 

Western, Baker, and Abbott mines. Monterey County, with cinnabar in 

the Parkfield district, Cholame Parkfielcl mine, 6 miles from Parkfleld. 

Napa County, in the Redington, later Boston mine, Knoxville, in black 

amorphous-looking masses; also in the old Reed mine. San Benito 

County, New Idria and Picachos mines; was important ore. Santa Clara 

County, New Almaden and Guaclalupe mines. Yolo County, Reed and 

California mines. 

Mexican onyx. See Onyx marble.

Mica (muscovite). Small sheets have been found in the following places: Eldorado County, thickly interlaniinated with gold; roscoelite, at the 

Stuckslager or Sam Sims mine on Granite Creek, near Coloma; several 

hundred pounds were found in Big Red Ravine, near the old Sutter mill. 

Kern County, at Tehachapi. Lassen County, Susanville. . Plumas County, 

Gold Lake; muscovite and lepidolite occur with the gem tourmaline at 

Coahuila. San Bernardino County, Ivanpah; cookerite has been reported from Oro Grande. San Diego County, muscovite is common in 

the pegmatite veins which contain the gem tourmaline and kunzite. Tuolumne County, mariposite is common at the Rawhide Ranch mine, near 

Tuttletown. Ventura County, scrap mica has been mined in sees. 12, 13, 

and 24, T. 17 N., R. 20 W. Good sheets of muscovite have come from 

the Mount Almo mica mine.

Millerite. Common in small quantities in quicksilver mines.

Mimetite. Inyo County, found in Cerro Gordo mines. San Bernardino County, 

Morning Star mine, Lava Beds district.

Mineral paint. See Ocher and Sienna.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 67

Minium. Kern County, Fort Tejon. Tulare County, in northern part, small 

amount. Napa County, old Redington cinnabar mine, Knoxville. San 

Bernardino County, in some dry salt basins.

Mirabilite. San Bernardino County, forms crusts about some of the dry salt 

basins.

Molybdenite. Eldorado County, T. 9 N., R. 12 E., Mount Diablo base and 

meridian, alone and with copper minerals. Fresno County, in granite, 

on Kings River, in T. 11 SM R. 14 E., and 9 miles east of Sanger. Inyo 

County, in quartz in White Mountains, and on the west side of Death 

Valley; on west side of Mount Tom, 8 miles southwest of Rand Valley. 

Kern County, found frequently in gold region near Havilah. Mono 

County, 12 miles westward from Fales Hot Spring, and at Coleville. Nevada County, abundant at Nevada City, mixed with limonite; on Red 

Mountain, 3 'miles north of Cisco. Placer County, abundant in small 

scales in Golden Stag veins in Ophir region; at Elder mine in granodiorite, 4 miles west of Clipper Gap. Riverside County, small quantity in 

granite quarry near Corona; occurs also in sec. 3, T. 5 S., R. 2 E., 

San Bernardino base and meridian. Shasta County, found at Lamoine, in 

granite on Hazel Creek, and on Tom Neal Mountain, near Delta. 

Trinity County, in sec. 31, T. 33 N., R. 8 W., Mount Diablo base and 

meridian, south of Lewiston. Tulare County, in granite on South Fork 

of Tule River, and near Nelson's ranch on the south fork of Middle Fork 

of Tule River.

Molybdenum. See Molybdenite and Wulfenite.

Muscovite. See Mica.

Natural gas. Occurs at depths of a few hundred to a few thousand feet, associated with petroleum in Tertiary strata in all the oil fields in the 

State and is especially abundant in the Buena Vista Hills in the 

Midway district, western Kern County. It is r)iped from there to Bakersfield and Los Angeles, 160 miles distant, for use as fuel and in lighting. In places, chiefly in the Santa Maria field, Santa Barbara County, 

is converted into gasoline. Smaller quantities of gas are found in the 

Quaternary filling of San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, chiefly at 

Sacramento, Stockton, and in Solano County. Found also at Marysville 

Buttes, gutter County. See also Petroleum.

Nickel (native). Reported in minute grains in gravel in several counties but 

has not been found in sufficient quantity for mining. Nickel occurs 

in San Diego County in the Julian district with pyrrhotite and other 

sulphides, and in Imperial County on Coyote Mountain in unidentified 

oxidized minerals. See also Millerite, Pyrrhotite, and Zaratite.

Niter. Inyo County, beds in upper part of canyon on both sides of Amargosa 

River and Willow Creek, and at Tecopah; the common saltpeter occurs 

with the soda niter in the Death Valley region. Riverside County, in 

the desert northeast of Salton. San Bernardino County, beds in the 

side of the lower part of Amargosa River canyon, Saratoga, and elsewhere; not mined.

Obsidian. Occurs in regions of Tertiary volcanic rocks; small quantities cut 

for gems.

Ocher (mineral paint). Has been mined in the following places: Calaveras 

County, near Valley Springs. Napa County, near Calistoga. Nevada 

County, Spenceville. Riverside County, near Corona. Sonoma County, 

at Ochre and 10 miles south of Healdsburg. Stanislaus County, Knights 

Ferry, near Kenglas. Mineral paint occurs in quantity also in Butte, 

Los Angeles, Placer, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Yuba counties.
68 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Oil. See Petroleum. '

Olivine. Mainly in the sands at many places. In a few localities in clear 

green crystals large enough to be cut into gems. Butte County, in diabase at Mooreville Ridge and in the concentrates at Oroville and Cherokee. Del Norte County, in the sands at Crescent City, Gilbert Creek, 

and Smith River. Humboldt County, in beach sands at Gold Bluff, 

Orleans Bar, and Trinidad. Los Angeles County, at Ocean Park. Mendocino County, Fort Bragg. Nevada County, in gabbro-serpentine series 

at Grass Valley. Plumas County, in plumasite at Spanish Peak. San 

Diego County, in gabbro at Dehesa. San Francisco County, in serpentine 

of San Francisco. San Mateo County, in. beach sands. Santa Cruz 

County, in sands at Aptos. Siskiyou County, in sands at the forks of the 

Salmon. Yuba County, prominent in sands at Marysville.

Onyx marble, California onyx, Mexican onyx. Quarried in the following 

places: Glenn County, northwest corner sec. 21, T. 18 N., R. 6 W. Kern 

County, different colors were quarried in sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 17 W. Plumas 

County, large deposits in southwest part of county. San Diego County, 

gray, black, and white on Coyote Mountain, Colorado Desert. San Luis 

Obispo County, in sec. 9, T. 32 S., R. 15 E., and 5 miles north of Musick, 

beautiful onyx marble with mosslike inclusions of greenish chlorite. 

Siskiyou County, 6 miles south of Berrydale, all colors, principally 

pure white, in sees. 16, 19, 20, and 21, T. 43 N., R. 12 E. Solano County, 

Suisun, Tolenas, and Vacaville. Sonoma County, Healdsburg.

Opal. Alpine County, at Redwood Lake, occurs as wood opal. Arnador County, 

wood opal at Volcano. Butte County, wood opal at Dodson mine. Calaveras County, common and hyalite opal at Mokelumne Hill; wood opal 

at Chile Gulch, Bald Hill, Angels, and other camps. Contra Costa 

County, hyalite and common opal on Mount Diablo. Fresno-County, 

dendritic or moss opal in the mountains east of Fresno. Kern County, 

white opal on the summit of Tehachapi Mountain. Lake County, the 

transparent variety hyalite has been found 30 miles northwest of Mount 

Diablo; fluorite opal at Sulphur Bank; hyalite at Middletown and Kelseyville. Lassen County, wood opal in Sunrise Valley. Modoc County, 

good opal reported from vicinity of Fort Bidwell. Plumas County, wood 

opal in Gravel Range. Napa County, w.ood opal in large trees in fossil 

forest near Calistoga. Nevada County, wood opal at Chalk Bluff, Nevada 

City, North Bloomfleld, and Shelley Hill; masses of moss opal at Newton. 

Placer County, wood opal at Gold Run and near Roseville. San Bernardino County, in seams, veins, and pockets 25 miles northwest of 

Barstow, amber-yellow and other colors, good stones cut; some clear hyalite occurs with it. San Diego County, glassy hyalite on quartz and 

albite at Rincon. San Francisco County, in the serpentine of San Francisco. Sierra County, wood opal" at Downieville. Siskiyou County, fire 

opals at Dunsmuir. Tulare County, yellow opal has been found at Yokohl 

and Venice Hill, near Visalia, and " chrysoprase opal" has been mined 

with chrysoprase at Venice Hill and near Lindsay, and in hills east of 

Visalia and Porterville; wood opal in Kings River Canyon. Tuolumne 

County, wood opal near Columbia.

Peat. In Sacramento and other valleys where there are tule marshes. There is 

a plant for producing peat fuel near Huntington Beach and one making 

peat and petroleum briquettes near Sacramento.

Petroleum. Petroleum is the most important mineral product of California, 

which in 1912 to 1914 inclusive led all other States in the production of 

oil, by a fair margin of 10,000,000 barrels in 1914. Production in the
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 69

State in 1913 was 97,788,525 barrels valued at $45,709,400. The marketed 

production in 1914 was 99,775,327 barrels, valued at $48,066,096. The 

large productive fields are all located in the southern part of the State, 

Coalinga, in Fresno County, being the most northerly one. The principal 

districts in order of importance are the Temblor Range district, 

western Kern County, including the Midway, McKittrick, and Sunset 

fields; Coalinga district, Fresno County; Puente Hills district, Los 

Angeles and Orange counties; Kern River district, central Kern 

County; Lost Hills and Belridge districts, northern Kern County; Santa 

Maria district, northern Santa Barbara County; Los Angeles and Salt 

Lake districts, Ventura and Los Angeles counties; Santa Clara River 

valley fields, Ventura and Los Angeles counties; Summerland district 

(production now small), in southern Santa Barbara County. There are 

more than 7,000 producing wells in the State. Also numerous indications 

of oil in Devils Den, Kreyenhagen, and Kettleman Hills districts, Kern, 

Kings, and Fresno counties; San Emigdio district, southern Kern County; 

southern San Luis Obispo County; Parkfield and Lonoak districts, western Monterey County; Pleyto and San Antonio River district, southern 

Monterey County; Sargent and Moody Gulch districts, Santa Clara 

County; western San Mateo County; Vallecitos district, San Benito 

County; Liver more district, Alameda County; western Contra Costa 

County; Colusa County; southern Humboldt County.

Petzite. Calaveras County, with hessite in the Stanislaus, and Melones mines 

on Carson Hill. Eldorado County, with calaverite at the Darling mine, 

about 3 miles northeast of American Flat. Inyo County, at Telluride in 

the Gilt Edge claim, 7 miles southeast of Olanche. Tuolumne County, 

Norwegian, Golden Rule, and Rawhide Ranch mines, near Tuttleton, 

Bonanza, and Sugarman mines, Sonora.

Platinum. .Is recovered at dredges in Butte, Calaveras, Merced, Sacramento, and Yuba counties. A few ounces recovered annually at placers in Del Norte, Humboldt, Siskiyou, and Trinity counties. Found 

also in Inyo County in the concentrates of the Mount Hope mine, near 

Citrus. Kern County, in black sands at Kane Springs. Mendocino 

County, near Little River. Nevada County, at Rough and Ready and 

Relief Hill. Placer County, on North Fork of American River at 

Butcher, East Auburn, Blue Canyon, and Michigan Bluff. Plumas 

County, in the concentrates at Genesee, La Porte, and Rock Island Hill. 

Riverside.County, at Holcombe. San Luis Obispo County, in beach sands. 

Santa Barbara .County, in beach sands at Lompoc. Santa Cruz County, 

in beach sands. Shasta County, in the sands at Redding and on Cottonwood Creek. Siskiyou County, in sands at Callahan, Castella, Harley, 

Happy Camp, Sawyers Bar, Oak Bar, Fort Jones, Hornbrook, Cecilville, 

Klamath River, and Rock ranch. Tehama County, in sands near Beegum. Trinity County, in black sands of Trinity River and its tributaries at Douglas City, Burnt ranch, Junction City, Big Bar, Hawkins 

Bar, and in the Hay Fork district; nuggets weighing several ounces 

have come from the county. Ventura County, in black sands. Tuba 

county, in concentrates at Indian Hill, Camptonville, and in the Brownsville district.

Potash. Occurs in San Bernardino County, at Searles Lake, in solution in the 

lake waters with other salts. See also Alunite, Alunogen, Kalinite, and 

Niter.

Potash alum, See Kalinite.
70 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Proustite. Kern County, with pyrargyrite in Amalie mine. Mono County, in 

the Oro and Bodie mines, Bodie district.. Shasta County, occurred in 

the Chicago mine near Igo with galena, pyrite, and quartz. '

Psilomelane (manganese ore). This is the chief ore of manganese in the State. 

It is almost always associated with manganite or pyrolusite, and often 

with limonite. Alameda County, near Tesla, and formerly mined on 

Cedar Mountain, 10 miles east of Livermore; a largely siliceous deposit 

occurs at Corral Hollow. Contra Costa County, on Red Rock, San 

Francisco Bay. Los Angeles County, asbolite occurred in the O. K. mine, 

San Gabriel Canyon. Marin County, large masses occurred on the San 

Geronimo ranch. Placer County, masses at Michigan Bluff. Plumas 

County, in Calaveras formation, 3 miles southwest of Meadow .Valley. 

Riverside County, in the Maria Mountains, northeastern part of county. 

San Benito County, stringers and coatings occur with the benitoite. 

San Bernardino County, Owl Head, in northern part of county, 30 miles 

west of Toriopah & Tidewater Railroad and 40 miles from Silver Lake 

post office; large deposit mined. Tuolumne County, massive with pyrolusite near Columbia.

Pumice. Abundant in Mono, Modoc, Lake, San Diego, and San Francisco 

counties. Many deposits in the Sierra Nevada counties; not worked. 

Deposit near San Francisco formerly utilized.

Pyrargyrite (ruby silver). Alpine County, in the old IXL and Exchequer 

mines of the Silver Mountain district. Kern County, associated with 

argentite at the Amalie mine. Mono County, abundant with stephanite; 

in the Oro, Addenda, Fortuna, and other mines south of Bodie; it 

occurred in the Blind Spring mines, in the Tower mine, and in other 

mines near Benton. Napa County, associated with quicksilver at Calistoga. Nevada County, found in the Allison Ranch mine with pyrite, 

chalcopyrite, and galena; also in the Central mine south of Barnes Hill.

Pyrite. Alameda County, mined at Leona Heights, Oakland, and shipped to 

acid works. Amador County, with copper ore at Newton mine. Calaveras County, " Foothill Copper Belt," at Campo Seco and Union mine, 

Copperopolis; carries gold and silver, disseminated in gold quartz veins 

throughout the county; cubes and pyritohedrons occur with the gold on 

Carson Hill. Colusa County, at the Sulphur Creek deposit, occurs in 

hexagonal plates as pseudomorphs after pyrrhotite. Eldorado County, 

Pioneer mine, carries gold and silver, with copper ores. Fresno County, 

with galena and zinc blende in Fresno copper mines, argentiferous. Inyo 

County, Chloride Cliff district. Kern County, Butte mine, Randsburg 

quadrangle, mined for gold. Madera County, disseminated in gold quartz 

veins. Mariposa County,, Cavan Mining & Milling Co. mine, and Pocahontas mine, with copper ores. Nevada County, was mined at Spenceville with copper ore at Meadow Lake, -and in all gold mines of county. 

Placer County, abundant in veins of Ophir district, auriferous, also in 

Dairy Farm district. Santa Clara County, New Almaden cinnabar 

mine. Sonoma County, on Austin Creek near Healdsburg. Shasta County, 

Mountain Copper, Balaklala, Trinity mines, etc., in copper district, 

carries gold and silver. Siskiyou County, Blue Ledge in Elliott district, 

carries gold and silver. Tuolumne County, with copper ores in Oak Hill 

copper mine, carries gold and silver, also disseminated in gold quartz 

veins.

Pyrolu'site (manganese oxide). Alameda County, Cedar Mountain, and with 

psilomelane in the Diablo Range southwest of Livermore in the Corral 

Hollow district. Amador County, in the Seaton mine and in volcanic
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 71

ash at Volcano. Calaveras County, is not mined but occurs with quartz 

in mica schists of Calaveras formation 2 miles northeast of San Andreas; 

occurred at Wild Rose Flat near Murphy. Colusa County, prospects in 

jasper on east flanks of St. John Mountain, near Little Stony, and found 

at Stony Ford in association with cinnabar. Contra Costa County, 

occurred with psilomelane on Red Rock, San Francisco Bay. Marin 

County, on east slope of mountains north of Golden Gate, west of Sausalito, Mendocino County, at Red Mountain. Napa County, occurred as 

radiate concentric masses with cinnabar at the old Redington and Manhattan mines, Knoxville. Nevada County, in the Grass Valley district. 

Placer County, reported from foot of Cape Horn Bluff near Colfax, found 

near Auburn. Plumas County, common in the Diadem lode, Meadow 

Valley district, found near Meadow Valley and elsewhere. Riverside 

County, near Elsinore. San Bernardino County, with silver ores in the 

Calico and Barstow districts. San Francisco County, in veins in jasperoid rock. San Joaquin County, in the manganese deposits of the Diablo 

Range. San Luis Obispo County, was mined 5 miles west of San Luis 

Obispo. San Mateo County, at Baden. Santa Clara County, at the 

Washington mine and in mines of the Diablo Range. Sierra County, 

common as dendrite at Alleghany. Siskiyou County, occurs with rhodonite at Sawyers Bar. Sonoma County, at the Shaw mine. Tuolumne 

County, 2 miles north of Sonora; common with psilomelane at Knapp's 

ranch, near Columbia, and small quantities in auriferous gravel.

Pyromorphite. Tulare County, White Chief mine, Mineral King district.

Pyrophyllite. Alameda County, near Irvington. Marin County, on Mount 

Tamalpais. Mariposa County, gray masses of radiating fibrous rosettes 

occur at Tres Cerritos, southwest of Indian Gulch. Plumas County, at 

the Diadem lode, Meadow Valley. San Diego County, near San Diego, a 

compact cream-colored agalmatolite with dark-red streaks occurs near 

Encinitas. San Luis Obispo County, some massive has come from this 

county.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrite). Del Norte County, has been mined with copper ores in Low Divide district on Diamond, Copper, and Shelly 

creeks. Fresno County, Fresno copper mines. Humboldt County, in 

bodies on Elk Creek (reported). Madera County, old Buchanan mine. 

Mariposa County, Green Mountain mines; common in the gold mines. 

Mono County, Tioga mine; common in quartz. Nevada County, Grass Valley, Nevada City, and in the Meadow Lake district. Placer County, Ophir 

mine.. Shasta County, with pyrite, chalcopyrite, and zinc in Iron Mountain mine at Gray Rocks, Black Diamond, and other copper mines; common in gold ores in granite of East Lode. Siskiyou County, prominent 

with chalcopyrite at Callahan; said to be nickeliferous at the Hummer 

mine. Tuolumne County, in gneiss on north fork of Beaver River.

Quartz. Common gangue mineral in many mines.

Quartz (cat's-eye). Humboldt County, quartz-actinolite cat's-eyes have been 

found at Eureka. San Diego County, quartz cat's-eye at Point Lorna. 

San Mateo County, at Pescadero Beach.

Quartz (crystals). Amaclor County, Volcano and Oleta, a section which has 

also produced amethyst,.0 smoky and rose quartz, and Thetis hairstone. 

Butte County, smoky quartz on North Fork of Feather River. Calaveras 

County, near Murphy; from Green Mountain mine, 2 miles south of Mokelumne Hill; large aggregates of good crystals occurred in0 many of the 

gold mines; have been shipped to New York and cut for ornaments; 

Angels and West Point have also produced large crystals. Eldorado
72 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED .STATES CALIFORNIA.

County, rock crystal, phantom crystals, and smoky quartz, which are the 

best in the State, have come from the vicinity of Placerville. Inyo County, 

in the Cerro Gordo and Darwin districts. Los Angeles County, Thetis 

hairstone near Los Angeles. Mariposa County, at Mount Bullion. Mono 

County, rock crystals, amethyst, and tabular drusy quartz have come from 

the Bodie district. Napa County, near Calistoga. Nevada County, at Grass 

Valley and Nevada City. Placer County, Ophir district, and quartz containing green chlorite occurs at Shady Run. Plumas County, Granite 

Basin, and rose quartz in Meadow Valley. Riverside County, at Coahuila, 

rock crystals, smoky quartz, and pink quartz in fine large crystals are 

associated with the gem tourmaline. Sacramento County, at Folsom: 

San Bernardino County, with rutile needles in the San Bernardino Range. 

San Diego County, at Pala, Mesa Grande, Rincon, and elsewhere fine 

specimens of rock crystals, smoky quartz, and pink quartz are associated 

with green and pink tourmaline in pegmatite veins. Sierra County, 

Bald Mountain. Tulare County, Three Rivers and in Drum Valley.

Quartz (for pottery, abrasives, etc.). Quarried at the following localities: 

Riverside County, near Perris; San Diego County, near Lakeside.

Quartz (rose). Alpine County, in Hope Valley and in Mogul and Monitor districts. Plumas County, in Meadow Valley. San Diego County, Pala, 

Mesa Grande, and Rincon; rose quartz mine near Mesa Grande. Tulare 

County, 9 miles north of Lemon Cove, and Parson claim, 8 miles southeast of California Hot Springs, near the Kern County line; also at Bull 

Run Meadows and Yokohl. Reported at several other places.

Quartz diorite. Fresno County, Clovis; Sacramento County, Folsom.

Quicksilver. Quicksilver (mercury) is the predominant metal produced in the 

following districts: Colusa County, Sulphur Creek; Contra Costa 

County, Mount Diablo (Ryen) ; Fresno County, Mercy mine, Mexican; 

Lake County, Baker, Mayacmas, and Sulphur Bank; Monterey County, 

Dutro and Table Mountain; Napa County, Bella Union, Knoxville, 

La Joya, and Mayacmas; San Benito County, Cerro Benito mine south 

of " Flanada," Alpine and Picacho mines south of New Idria, Central 

Benito, New Idria, and Stayton; Santa Clara County, New Almaden 

mine, and Guadalupe mine near Los Gatos; San Luis Obispo County, 

Adelaida, Oceanic, Ocean View, and Rinconada; Santa Barbara County, 

Los Prietos; Siskiyou County, Beaver Creek; Solano County, Sti Johns; 

Sonoma County, Guerneville and Pine Flat; Trinity County, Altoona; 

Yolo County, Knoxville. See also Cinnabar, Mercury, Metacinnabavite, 

and Tiemannite.

Eadium. See Uraninite.

Rhodochrosite. Butte County, on North Fork of Feather River. San Bernardino County, good specimens at the New York mine near Manvel.

Rhodonite. Alameda County, "at the Corral Hollow deposit. Butte County, 

on North Fork of Feather River with rhodochrosite. Plumas County, 

occurs at Peters, near Taylorsville, and in the Genesee and other valleys, 

with copper at the Diadem Lode, Meadow Valley. Siskiyou County, 9 

miles north of Happy Camp and at Sawyers Bar. Tulare County, near 

Ward ranch, 3 miles north of Lemon Cove. Tuolumne County, with 

manganese oxide, 2 miles north of Sonora, and on Rose Creek near 

Columbia. At many other localities.'

Road metal (macadam, rubble, and concrete). Extensive industry. Various 

materials have been quarried, as listed below: Alameda County, trap, 

chert, sandstone, basalt, and jasper. Colusa County, sandstone; Contra 

Costa County, sandstone and gravel. Los Angeles County, sandstone.
USEFUL MINERALS OF- UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 73

Marin County, sandstone, chert, and siliceous shale. Napa County, tuff. 

Riverside County, granite and gneiss. Sacramento County, diorite and 

granite. San Benito County, granite. San Francisco County, sandstone. 

San Joaquin County, chert and sandstone. Santa Clara County, siliceous 

shale. Santa Cruz County, limestone. Shasta County, limestone. Solano County, basalt. Sonoma County, basalt. Ventura County, limestone.

Boscoelite. Eldorado County, layers half an inch in maximum thickness and 

thickly interlaminated with gold were found at the Stuckslager or Sam 

 Sims mine on Granite Creek, near Coloma.

Rose quartz. See Quartz (rose).

Rubellite (red tourmaline). See Tourmaline.

Salt. Evaporated from sea or lake water in the following places: Alameda 

County, at Alvarado, Newark, Mount Eden, and Russell (about 90 

per cent of the State's production of salt is made in Alameda County). 

Imperial County, Salton Lake, northwest part of county; works no 

longer exist, owing to flooding of Salton Basin. Inyo County, at Owens 

Lake, Saline, and Salt Wells valleys; the bottom of Death Valley is an 

extensive' salt marsh. Kern County, numerous salt lakes and wells in 

the Mohave Desert region; the alkaline desert from Kern River to the 

Canada de las Uvas is impregnated with salt; at the Buckthorn, Indian, 

and Mesquite springs, associated with borax. Los Angeles County, Long 

Beach. Riverside County, Salton Sea depressions contain immense deposits of white salt and have produced thousands of tons. San Bernardino County, in numerous dry lakes; near Daggett some of the salt 

was used for chloridizing the silver ores; a large lake deposit occurs in 

the-desert about 25 miles southeast of Danby, and the Surprise salt mines 

have produced much; a bed of rock salt 12 feet thick is reported in the 

Avawatz Mountains; occurs with borax and nitrates along Amargosa 

River near the Inyo County line. San Diego County, La Punta. San 

Luis Obispo County, Soda Lake (dry) in Carissa Plains. San Mateo 

County, Redwood City and Leslie.

Sand (building). Dug in Alameda County, at Centerville and Niles; Contra 

Costa County, Antioch; Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, Long Beach, 

and Puente Largo; Monterey County, Lake Majella and Seaside; Napa 

County, Napa; San Diego County,. Coronado, Lakeside, and San Diego; 

Sonoma County, Healdsburg; Yuba County, Marysville. Sand is dug 

in small quantity at many other places and occurs in great abundance 

in dunes along the coast.

Sand (filter). Monterey County, Fanshell Beach, 3 miles south of Pacific Grove.

Sand (fire). Monterey County, Lake Majella, near Pacific Grove; Fanshell 

Beach.

Sand (glass). Dug in Alameda County, at Tesla; Los Angeles County, Palmdale; Monterey County, Lake Majella, near Pacific Grove; San Joaquin 

County, near Stockton.

Sand (molding). Dug in Alameda County, at Centerville and Decoto; Monterey County, Lake Majella; Orange County, Horseshoe Bend; San 

Diego County, San Diego.

Sandstone. Quarried in the following places: Alameda County, Oakland, Piedmont. -Amador County, 6 miles south of lone, Lancha Plana. Calaveras 

County, at Valley Springs. Colusa County, near Sites. Contra Costa 

County, Clayton, Martinez, Stege. Del Norte County, Crescent City. 

Kern County, 6 miles south of Tehachapi. Los Angeles County, Chatsworth. Marin County, McNear's Point. Monterey County, Tassajara Hot
74 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Springs. Napa County, near Monticello, near Napa, St. Helena, and in 

Maxwell Canyon, 15 miles from Rutherford. Orange County, El Mocleno, 

Santa Ana, Santiago Canyon. Sacramento County, along Cosumnes 

River, fine white to yellow quarried near Michigan Bar. San Bernardino 

County, in sec. 7, T. 1 S., R. 1 W. San Francisco County, San Francisco. 

San Luis Obispo County, Berros, near Edna, near Santa Margarita, 

Arroyo Grande. San Mateo County, Colma, San Pedro Point. Santa 

Barbara County, Montecito, Santa Barbara, Mission Canyon, Santa 

Maria, Santa Ynez. Santa Clara County, Graystone, 10 miles from Los 

Gatos. Shasta County, northeast of Redding, Texas Spring, sees. 7 and 

18, T. 32 N., R. 4 W., and sec. 29, T. 31 N., R. 5 W. Siskiyou County, 

Henley, Yreka. Sonoma County, Coast Bluffs, Freestone, Petaluma. 

Stanislaus County, Knights Ferry (Wright ranch). Ventura County, 

Camarillo, Santa Susana, Sespe, near Brownstone. Yolo County, Winters, Putah quarry, 9 miles from Winters. In small quarries at several 

other places.

Sapphire. Los Angeles County, have been found in drift in San Francisquito 

Pass.

Satelite (gem stone). Tulare County, variety of serpentine associated with 

asbestos at Venice Hill; put on the market in 1908.

Scheelite. Inyo County, 8 miles west of Bishop. Kern County, Johannesburg, 

small production from Winnie, Sydney, and other gold claims, Stringer 

district; also from several gold claims in Rand district; mined with hiibnerite in Jawbone Canyon, in contact-metamorphic deposits, and with 

gold ores in Amalie district, and prospected near Weldon; with stibiconite 

and native silver at Little'Caliente Springs. Nevada County, Grass Valley. San Benito County, with stibnite at some of the mines in the northeast part of the county. San Bernardino County, Atolia, 6 miles southwest of Perris, at Randsburg, and in the Clark Mountains with wolframite; Atolia field, 4£ miles east of Randsburg, largest individual producer in the United States. Santa Clara County, with stibnite at some of 

the mines. .

Serpentine. Amador County, has been quarried 2 miles west of Plymouth 

and near Sugar Loaf. Tulare County, a chrysotile variety giving cat'seye effect and called " satelite " comes from this county.

Siderite. Inyo County, in masses at the Custer mine, Caso district. Los 

Angeles County, some massive in the Tejunga Canyon. Shasta County, 

reported in large masses east of the Stillwater region.

Sienna. Colusa County, sees. 29 and 32, T. 17 N., R. 6 W.

Silver. Silver is the predominant metal produced in the following mining districts: Alpine County, Silver Mountain. Calaveras County at Quail Hill. 

Inyo County, Cerro Gordo, Daylight, Deep Springs, Independence, Kearsarge district, Panamint, and Wild Rose. Kern County, Amalie and near 

Garlock. Los Angeles County, at the Kelsey mine in San Gabriel Canyon. 

Mono County, at Blind Spring Hill near Benton, at the Diana and 

Comanche mines, Castle Peak and Cloverpatch, at Bodie, and in the 

Sweetwater range north of Bridgeport. Placer County, at the Ophir 

mine. Plumas County, Pocahontas mine, associated with copper and 

cuprite. San Bernardino County, Brightwood, Calico, and Cima; Grapevine, Silver Reef, and Silver Mountain districts, and in the Avawatz 

Mountains. Of minor importance in many other districts. See ateo 

Amalgam, Argentite, Calaverite, Cerargyrite, Electrum, Embolite, Hessite, Petzite, Proustite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, Stromeyerite, and Sylvanite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 75

Silver {native). Alpine County, Silver Mountain district. Calaveras County, 

with copper ore at Quail Hill. Inyo County, Cerro Gordo and Kearsarge 

districts. Kern County, Amalie district,. Little Caliente Springs, and 

near Garlock. Los Angeles County, Kelsey mine in San Gabriel Canyon. 

Mono County, Big Spring Hill, Bodie, and Sweetwater Range north of 

Bridgeport. Placer County, Gold Blossom and California mines, Ophir 

region. Plumas County, Pocahontas mine. San Bernardino County, Avawatz Mountains, Calico, Grapevine, Silver Mountain, and Silver Reef 

districts. Shasta County, Bully Hill, Afterthought, and Excelsior mines.

Slate. Eldorado County, large quarry of roofing slate at Slatington, near 

Placerville. Mariposa County, has been quarried at Chili Bar and in 

sec. 6,, T. 6 S., R. 16 B. Merced County, quarry opened in 1912 about 11 

miles east of Planada.

Smithsonite. Inyo County, found in Cerro Gordo mines; at the Ignacio mine 

with calamine and willemite. Kern County, occurred in drusy veins at 

Jewett mine on Cottonwood Creek. San Bernaraino County, with calamine at the Cuticura mine near Daggett.

Soapstone. See Talc and soapstone.

Soda. Inyo County, mined at Owens Lake. Mono County, occurs at Long Valley Hot Springs and elsewhere in the county. San Luis Obispo County, 

at Soda Lake, Carriso Plain.

Sphalerite. Calaveras County, at Campo Seco and Copperopolis, common in 

the pyrite ore. Eldorado County, at Grizzly Flats, Pilot Hill, and 

other mines. FresnO County, with galena and pyrite in Fresno copper 

mines. Inyo County, common with galena in the Darwin, Cerro Gordo, 

and Inyo Mountain mines. Los Angeles County, on Santa Catalina 

Island, with galena and chalcopyrite. Mariposa County, in the mines 

along the Mother Lode. Mono County, Homer, Lundy, and Benton districts. Nevada County, in many of the gold mines; prominent in the 

Meadow Lake district and in the mines of Grass Valley and Nevada City. 

Placer County, Moore mines and elsewhere in Ophir region. Shasta 

County, important ore of Shasta district, rich in gold and silver; in 

masses in the Afterthought, Peck, Copper City, Iron Mountain, Mammoth, 

Bully Hill, Trinity, and other mines. Siskiyou County, common with 

galena and chalcopyrite at Callahan; in small amount with sulphides 

and oxides of iron and copper in Blue Ledge mine, Elliott district; 

carries gold and silver.

Spinel. Butte County, small crystals of ruby spinel occur in the rocks of the 

Diamond mine near Oroville. Huraboldt County, ruby spinel occurs in 

the beach sands at Gold Bluff. Placer County, picotite at Rocklin. San 

Diego County, a few crystals were found in Mack mine, near Rincon. 

San Liris Obispo County, gems of good quality near San Luis Obispo.

Spodumene (gem varieties, kunzite, California iris, and hidde'nite). Riverside 

County, found at Fano mine near Coahuila in the San Jacinto Mountains. San Diego County, pink, lilac, and greenish-colored crystals ha\e 

been mined at Pala Chief, Cater ina, and Stewart mines near Pal a and 

at Mack mine near Rincon; at Pala it occurs with the gem tourmaline.

Stephanite. Mono County, in the Blind Spring Hill district and large masses 

occurred with pyrargyrite in the Oro, Addenda, and Fortuna mines in 

the Bodie district; in the Sweetwater Range north of Bridgeport. Nevada County, Grass Valley mines.

Stibiconite. Kern County, with native silver at Little Caliente Springs. San 

Benito County, with stibnite'at some of the mines in the northeast part 

of the county. Santa Clara County, with stibnite at some of the mines.
76 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Stibnite (gray antimony ore). Calaveras County, with gold at Mokelumne 

Hill and in the Mother Lode region. Colusa County, found with cinnabar 

at Manzanita mine, an,d mined for antimony at several points' near 

Gilham and Antimony City. Inyo County, in Cerro Gordo district with 

silver-lead ores; in large bodies on the western slope of the Panamint 

Mountains, near Wild Rose Springs, associated with oxide of antimony. 

Kern County, was mined at San Emigdio Canyon; occurs 8 miles east 

of San Emigdio Creek, in the southwestern part of Antimony Peak 

and 4 miles farther east, on the head of Salt Creek, in quartz veins 

cutting schist, mainly amphibolite; on Erskine Creek and in the Caliente 

district, 18 miles east of Caliente; in the Araale mining district, near 

Lorraine (Paris), one-half mile from Caliente Creek, sec. 22, T. 30 

S., R. 34 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian. Lake County, with 

cinnabar at Sulphur Bank, on Clear Lake. Los Angeles County, in the 

mountains south of Lancaster. Mariposa County, found in many mines 

in the gold districts. Mono County, common in Blind Springs district, 

associated with silver-lead ores; occurs also at the Comanche, Cornet, 

and Diana mines. Napa County, at Manhattan mine, and the Boston or 

old Redington mine at Knoxville. Riverside County, near Corona and 

at the Crowell mine, 5 miles southeast of South Riverside; San Benito 

County, at Stayton mine; many veins of it in the northeastern part of the 

county, associated with cinnabar deposits; it occurs also in the Antimony 

Mountains northeast of Hollister. Santa Clara County, near Gilroy and 

at the New Almaden cinnabar mines, associated with cinnabar. Sierra 

County, as one of the sulphides with the gold ores at Downieville. Tulare 

County, in the Mineral King district, as an associate of argentiferous 

galena.

Stromeyerite. Alpine County, believed to be a part of the ore in the Monitor 

and Mogul districts, associated with galena, sphalerite, -pyrite, and 

enargite. Inyo County, found near Panamint, in Panamint Range, in 

the Silver Queen and other mines, associated with tetrahedrite and 

cerargyrite; occurs also in the Cerro Gordo and Wild Rose districts. 

San Bernardino County, has been found at Silver King mine, Calico 

district.

Strontianite. Plumas County, large masses of divergent columnar form were 

found in the Genesee Valley.

Strontium. See Celestite and Strontianite.

Sulphur. Colusa County, on banks of Sulphur Creek and in Manzanita mine. 

Imperial County, on rims of mud volcanoes near Volcano. Inyo County, 

Sulphur Bank, on Owens Lake, near Olancha. Kern County, on both 

sides of San Joaquin Valley with beds of impure gypsum and limestone. 

Lake County, at the Sulphur Bank quicksilver mine on Clear Lake. San 

Bernardino County, at Searles Lake, associated with borax. Sonoma 

County, at the geysers. Tehama County, large deposit reported on south 

slope of Lassen Peak. Ventura County, Sulphur Mountain, 3 miles east 

of Fillmore, and at borate deposit in Frazier Mountains.

Sylvanite. Calaveras County, in the Carson Hill mines and especially prominent in the Melones and Stanislaus mines. Trinity County, with gold 

in the Yellow Jacket mine and with nagyagite at the Dorleska mine, 

Coffee Creek district.

Talc and soapstone. Alameda County, light-green talc in serpentine about 20 

miles southeast of Livermore. Amador County, has been quarried at 

Jackson. Butte County, soapstone occurs in the vicinity of Flea Valley 

and Clear Creek; narrow seams of talc occur in the Big Bend of North
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA. 77

 Fork of Feather River; gray soapstone near Buck's ranch. Calaveras 

County, as seams 2 miles northeast of Angels and on Quail Hill; deposits 2£ miles west of Murphys and 1$ miles southwest of Vallicita 

have been utilized to some extent. Contra Costa County, in the schists 

near San Pablo. Eldorado County, in the Kelsey district and at 

Georgetown. Fresno County, occurs in large quantity. Glenn County, 

seams occur with the serpentine on the eastern border of the county. 

Kern County, steatite occurs on Soapstone Mountain. Los Angeles 

County, soapstone is found with serpentine at Empire Landing, Santa 

Catalina Island. Marin County, near San Rafael arid Taylorville. 

Mariposa County, near Princeton and in the Lewis district. Napa 

County, as seams with serpentine in the Chiles district. Nevada County, 

in the Grass Valley region. Placer County, as outcrops a few miles 

north of Coif ax. Riverside County, in white scaly forms 3 miles southwest of Winchester and near Perris. Sacramento County, with chromite 

on Bear Mountain, near Mormon Island. San Bernardino County, a 

talcose clay called "rock soap" is found near Waterman. San Diego 

County, a rock soap occurs near National City, at Otay, and in Tia 

Juana Valley; steatite occurs 5 miles from Escondido. Santa Barbara 

County, rock soap occurs on Santa Maria River. Santa Cruz County, 

near Aptos. Shasta County, occurs near Castella and on Boulder Creek. 

Sierra County, soapstone suitable for slabs has been quarried near Pike 

City. Siskiyou County, in several localities associated with serpentine 

areas, near Etna, near Fort Jones, near the head of Wolley Creek, near 

Scott, and in the Cottonwood Mountain. Sonoma County, associated 

with actinolite at Petaluma; a French chalk variety is found at Pine 

Flat. Trinity County, light-gray soapstone occurs on Browns Mountain. 

Tulare County, is quarried 8 miles east of Lindsay; occurs near Visalia. 

Tuolumne County, greenish-white talc occurs about 9 miles north of 

Sonora; talc also occurs at Shaws Flat and on Yankee Hill. Yuba 

County, soapstone has been quarried for local use near Camptonville 

and in the vicinity of Challenge and Oak Valley.

Tetradymite. Calaveras County, with gold in the Melones and the'Morgan 

mines on Carson Hill, associated with other tellurides. Nevada County, 

at the old Murckie mine, near Nevada City. Tuolumne County, at the 

Soulsby mine.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper). Alpine County, Silver Mountain district. Calaveras County, in the mines on Carson Hill. Del Norte County, at 

Crookeshine. Imperial County, occurred in the Blue Jacket and other 

mines of the Piccacho district. Inyo County, with malachite and cuprite 

in Ulida prospects, Ubehebe district; contained a large percentage of 

silver in the Cerro Gordo district; occurred also in some of the White 

Mountain mines, in the mines of the Dutton Range, and in the old San 

Carlos mine. Los Angeles County, in the Zapate mine in the San Gabriel 

Canyon. Mariposa County, common in the gold mines, associated with 

quartz, pyrite, galenite, and sphalerite; the silver-rich variety freibergite 

occurred in large masses in white quartz at the Live Oak mine near 

Mariposa; the mineral also occurred in the Pine Tree mine, near Coulterville. Mendocino County, in the Redwood Copper Queen mine, with 

chalcopyrite, gold, and silver. Mono County, important silver ore in 

several districts; in the Diana, Comet, Comanche, and other mines of the 

Blind Spring Hill district it occurred massive, associated with petzite; 

also found in the Bodie district. Nevada County, in the Osborn Hill 

vein, with sphalerite and chalcopyrite; at the North Banner and other
78 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

mines of the Banner Hill and Willow Valley districts. Placer Oounty, 

with other sulphurets and with electrum at Boulder, Gold Blossom, Pine 

Tree, and Golden Stag mines, Ophir region. Plumas County, at the IrbyHolt mine in Indian Valley. San Bernardino County, massive in the 

New York and other mines in the New York Mountains. Shasta County, 

carries gold and silver in Afterthought mine, Ingot; in a barite gangue 

in the Bully Hill mine; sparingly in few mines of Mother Lode. TuOlumne County, on Whiskey Hill; massive in the Golden Rule mine near 

Jamestown.

Thenardite. Inyo County, white masses occur in the Funeral Range and in the 

dry depressions of Death Valley. San Bernardino County, in layers 

several feet in thickness at Searles Lake. San Luis Obispo County, "ut 

Soda Lake on the Carrizo Plain.

Tiemannite. Lake County, occurred in large masses in vicinity of Clear Lake 

and in masses in the Abbott mine, with cinnabar. Orange County, at the 

San Joaquin Ranch mine, with cinnabar and metacinnabarite. Santa 

Clara County, at the old Guadalupe mine, near Los Gatos, with cinnabar.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Titanite. Santa Clara County, fine large crystals occur in the eclogites (dike 

rocks) of Calaveras Valley, and in quartzite and diorite of Oak Hill, 

near San Jose.

Titanium. See Ilmenite.

Topaz. San Diego County, mined 2£ miles northeast of Ramona.

Tourmaline. Fine gems, red and pink (rubellite), blue (indicolite), green 

(Brazilian emerald), and other colors, mined in Riverside and San 

Diego counties. Alpine County, black tourmaline is common in Hope 

Valley. Eldorado County, black tourmaline occurs with orthoclase at 

Bucks Bar. Fresno County, black is common in Fine Gold Gulch, at the 

Enterprise mine, and at Eber Flat. Inyo County, black occurs in the 

Lee district. Kern County, black in the rocks of the Tehachapi Mountains. Mariposa County, black is very - common in the granites of the 

Yosemite Valley. Nevada County, black occurs at Emerald Bay, Lake 

Tahoe, and near Crystal Peak, and brown 2 miles northwest of Colfax. 

Orange County, black is found at'the Santa Ana tin mine, Santa Ana 

Mountains. Placer County, black at Soda Springs. Riverside County, in 

the Coahuila Mountains and San Jacinto Range. San Bernardino County, 

black at Halleck. San Diego County, in a series'of pegmatite veins consisting mainly of white albite with quartz and lepidolite mica, cutting 

-through the diorite hills in the northwestern part of the county from the 

vicinity of Mesa Grande northward through Pala and into Riverside. 

The^e veins have been prolific in their yield of beautifully transparent 

tourmalines of many shades of rose, red, and green. The richly colored 

red and green tourmalines found in this county are exceptionally fine and 

have become almost universally known and used as gems. At present 

the best tourmalines come from Mesa Grande, Himalaya, and other mines 

near Mesa Grande; Pala Chief, Catarina, Naylor-Vanderburg, Tourmaline King, Tourmaline Queen, Stewart, and other mines near Pala; 

Mack and Victor mines near Rincon; Little Three, Surprise, Hercules, 

Daggett, and other mines near Ramona. San Luis Obispo County, 

black tourmaline occurs in the rocks of the Santa Margarita Hills. 

Tulare County, black in Fraser Valley, Drum Valley, and at Mineral 

King. Tuolumne County, black near Crimea House, near Sonora, and 

near Soulsbyville.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFOENIA 79

Trap rock. Alameda County, quarried at Berkeley, Oakland, and elsewhere, 

mostly andesite. Butte County, Oroville. Contra Costa County, Richmond. Napa County, Napa City. Sacramento County, Dredge. San 

Francisco County, San Francisco. Solano County, Cordelia. Sonoma 

County, Santa Rosa, Mellita, Penn Grove, and Petaluma. See also 

Road metal.

Travertine. Mono County, large deposit near Bridgeport.

Tripolite. See Diatomaceous earth.

Trona (carbonate of soda). Obtained at salt lakes in Inyo, Mono, and San 

Bernardino counties. Mono County, in white layers along the shores of 

Owens Lake; the solid contents of the waters of this 'lake are mainly 

trona and the solid matter of the lake is more than 90 per cent pure 

soda. San Bernardino County, common in sinks and borate lakes; 

mined at Searles 'Lake, where it has accumulated in large amount 

in thick layers of solid trona with the borax, hanksite, thenardite, 

glauberite, and other salts; crystals are common.

Tufa (calcareous). Contra Costa County, quarried north of Mount Diablo. San 

Luis Obispo County, quarried at Creston. Has been used locally for 

making cement in Kern, Mono, Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, and Shasta 

counties.

Tuff. Calaveras County, massive rhyolite tuff has been quarried at Mokelumne 

Hill, Angels, and elsewhere; Eldorado County, near Placerville; San 

Luis Obispo County, near Los Berros; Sonoma County, near Santa Rosa. 

Sebastopol, and Sonoma; Sutter Cpunty, near Sutter; Tehama County, 

20 miles west of Red Bluff, and in sec. 12, T. 24 N., R. 6 W.

Tungsten. See Hubnerite, Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Turquoise. Fresno County, bluish-green turquoise has been found at Taylor's 

ranch, Chowchilla River. San Bernardino County, mined 2 miles west 

of Cottonwood station, Himalaya mine or West Camp, 12 miles northeast of Silver Lake; Middle Camp, 16 miles northeast of Silver Lake; 

East Camp, 31 miles west of Nipton.

Ulexite (borate of lime). Inyo County, occurs at Bennetts Wells at the bottom of Death Valley, Furnace Creek, and elsewhere. Kern County, 

Cane Springs and a few miles north of Desert Wells. Los Angeles 

County, at Lang with colemanite. San Bernardino County, Cave Springs, 

Willow Springs Lake, Calico district; found at Borate and in the lower 

part of Death Valley and at several places in the Mohave Desert.

Uraninite. Calaveras County, Rathgeb mine near San Andreas.

Verde antique (marble). San Bernardino County, large quarry in sec. 28, 

T. 7 N., R. 2 W., between Victorville and Barstow.

Verde salt. See Thenardite.

Vesuvianite (californite). Butte County, at Big Bar on Feather River, 15 

miles north of Oroville. Fresno County, found near Selma and Walls 

Valley, 32 miles east of Fresno City. Inyo County, with garnet and 

massive white datolite at the San Carlos mine. Riverside County, 

Crestmore. San Diego County, brown vesuvianite occurs with essonite 

garnet about 10 miles east of Jacumba Hot Springs. Siskiyou County, 

south fork of Indian Creek, 10 miles west of north of Happy Camp 

and 90 miles from Yreka, outcrops for 200 feet along the creek. Tulare 

County, near Exeter and Lindsay; east of Porterville, also with white 

grossularite garnet in the northwest corner of the county, about 35 

miles east of Selma.

Volcanic ash. San Bernardino County, 3 miles southeast of Siam.
80 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CALIFORNIA.

Wad (bog manganese). Nevada County, occurs near North Banner mine. Tuolumne County, found in few places in limestone and shale near Columbia.

Witherite. Mariposa County, near El Portal, in veins in slate associated with 

barite.

Wolframite. Inyo County, in Death Valley, 40 miles east of Keeler, and near 

Bishop. Kern County, with copper minerals in granite rocks at Woody; 

near Neurolia, in Jawbone Canyon. Madera County, small quantity in 

tungsten-bearing vein near Raymond. Mariposa County, in quartz vein 

about 12 miles north of Raymond; crystals and massive wolframite near 

Buchanan. San Bernardino County, with scheelite near Ivanpah and Nipton, Clark Mountain district, New York Mountains.

Wood (silicified). Sonoma County, occurs at The Geysers.

Wulfenite. Inyo County, with linarite and caledonite of Cerro Gordo mine. 

Kern County, 6 miles northeast of Home Springs. Plumas County, at 

the Diadem Lode on Mumford Hill. San Bernardino County, was found 

in considerable quantity with the lead carbonate of the Silver Reef district. . San Luis Obispo County, at the Fairview mine.

Zaratite. Found as coating on chromite. Fresno County, near Madera. Monterey County, near San Benito River (?). San Benito County, near Hoilister and near Panoche.

Zeolites. San Benito County, a large vein of white. natrolite occurs near the 

headwaters of San Benito River on the west side of the Diablo Range, 

about 25 miles northwest of Coalinga, in which crystals of benitoite and 

neptunite are included. The natrolite is mostly granular.

Zinc. See Aurichalcite, Calamine, Hydrozincite, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO. 81 

COLORADO.

Acanthite. Clear Creek County, small quantity with other silver ores; Dolores 

County, Enterprise mine, Rico.

Agate. Fremont County, mined at Garden Park, 7 miles north of Canon City, 

and at Curio Hill, 6£ miles south of Canon City. Occurs at other places.

Aikinite. La Plata and Montezuma counties, in the La Plata Mountains, reported in fair quantities.

Alab'andite (manganese sulphide). Park County, Quartzville. Summit County, 

Queen of the West mine, argentiferous, with rhoclochrosite.

Allanite. Boulder County, near Boulder in flattish tabular crystals in gneisses 

and granites. Douglas County, at Devils Head.

Almandite. See Garnet.

Altaite (telluride of lead). .Boulder County, in several mines in Gold Hill district, argentiferous and auriferous; has been mined.

Aluminum. See Bauxite and Cryolite.

Alunite. Conejos County, Platoro and other places. Custer County, Knickerbocker Hill and Rosita Hills. Hinsdale and Mineral counties, various 

localities in the San Cristobal quadrangle. Lake County, Leadville. 

Ouray County, National Bell mine and Red Mountain. Rio Grandc 

County, Summitville, Jasper, Embargo, Summer Coon, and other places. 

Saguache County, on Tracey Creek, Bonanza, Beidell, and other places.

Amalgam, (natural). Boulder County, several mines. La Plata County, 

Neglected mine, 15 miles from Durango.

Amazon stone." Douglas County, Devils Head Mountain. El Paso County, 

Pikes Peak region and Crystal Park near Manitou Springs. Teller 

County, 4 miles north of Florissant, at many places ai-ound Crystal Peak.

Amber. Boulder County, in the Boulder coal field and adjoining counties.

Amblygonite. Fremont County, the variety known as natramblygonite, because 

of the soda present, is mined and shipped near Canon City.

Amethyst. Has been mined at the following localities: Fremont County, 12 

miles northwest of Canon City, 1 mile south of Twelvemile Park; Gilpin 

County, Nevada; Gunnison County, Elk Mountains; Hinsdale County, 

Henson Creek; Las Aniinas County, Anirnas Range; Mineral County, at 

Amethyst, near Creede, and head of Piedra River; Saguache County, 

Garners Creek.

Anhydrite. Eagle County, 2 miles north of Gypsum.

Anglesite (lead sulphate). Chaffee County, Monarch and Garfield area. Clear 

Creek County, Georgetown mines. Fremont County, occurs in croppings 

of Sedalia mine. Hinsdale County, near Lake City. Lake County, in 

silver-lead mines at Leadville. Ouray County, Red Mountain. Summit 

County, Breckenridge. Occurs also in many other places.

Annabergite. Custer County, in the Gem and other mines near Silver Cliff.

Anthracite. See Coal (anthracite).

Antimony. See Bournonite, Polybasite, and Stibnite.

Apatite. Eagle County, near Gypsum in the dark andesites of Cripple Creek. 

Gunnison County, at the Iron Hill area southeast of Powderhorn.

Aquamarine. Chaffee County, Mount Antero. Clear Creek County, near 

Georgetown. Fremont County, reported from vicinity of Royal Gorge, 5 

miles northwest of Canon City. Jefferson County, near Creswell. Park 

County, Buffalo Mountain.

Argentite (silver glance). Clear Creek County, Silver Plume and Georgetown 

mines. Dolores .County, Newton Hill mine, Rico district. Hinsdale 

County, near Lake City. Lake County, silver-lead mines at Leadville. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 6
82 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO.

Montrose County, Cashin mine. San Miguel County, Marshall Creek, in 

quartz veins with,tetrahedrite, galena, sphalerite, and some silver. Summit County, Montezuma district. Occurs in many other mines in small 

quantity all through the Sulphide Belt.

Arsenopyrite (mispickel). Gilpin County, of rare occurrence, some of it highly 

argentiferous but of no great economic value; auriferous; Central City 

and elsewhere. Gunnison County, near Ruby Camp, with proustite, argentiferous. San Juan County, Silverton. San Miguel County, Mount 

Wilson, argentiferous, with tetrahedrite, and at Telluride.

Asbestos. Boulder County, 'Aliens Park, Mont Alto Park, and other places. 

Chaffee County, near Maysville. Fremont County, occurs in Sedalia 

mine. Rio Grande County, near Jasper.

Asphalt. Asphaltic rock occurs in Garfield, Rio Blanco, Routt, and other 

western counties and in Middle Park. Small deposits occur elsewhere, as 

near Morrison.

Aurichalcite. . In oxidized zinc ore of Little Johnny and neighboring claims, 

Leadville.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Fremont County, occurs in Red Gulch 

copper district. Routt County, Hahns Peak, prospected. San Juan 

County, occurs in ore bodies of Bear Creek.

Barite. Boulder County, many places in mining area; also vein of considerable 

size near Boulder. Mineral County, at the Wagon Wheel Gap fluorite 

mine. Pitkin County, gangue mineral of Aspen district. San Miguel 

County, occurs 2 miles north of Placerville in veins 2 to 7 feet wide.

Bauxite. Chaffee County, reported near Buena Vista.

Beeg-erite. Ouray and Park counties, in several mines; Old Lout mine near 

Ouray, mined for silver.

Beryl. Boulder County, near Glendale. Chaffee County, occurs near top of 

Mount Antero; color varies from light blue to deep aquamarine green; 

fine gems, worked intermittently. Clear Creek County, Georgetown. 

Fremont County, East Gulch, 6£ miles north of Texas Creek; mined, 

few gems cut. Jefferson County, near Creswell. Park County, Buffalo 

Mountain.

Bismuth. See Beegerite, Bismuthinite, Bismutite, Cosalite, and Tetradymite.

Bismuthinite (bismuth sulphide). Boulder County, several mines. Chaffee 

County, at Granite. Grand County, at Cummins City, North Park. Jefferson County, Guy Hill. Lake County, Leadville district, Highland Mary 

and other mines. La Plata County, California district, Comstock mine. 

Larimer County, Big Thompson River. Ouray County, Red Mountain 

district, Indiana mine.

Bismutite. Boulder County, reported in mines. Chaffee County, on Mount 

Antero. La Plata and Montezuma counties, reported in La Plata Mountains.

Bituminous rock. Grand County, Middle Park.

Bornite (peacock ore). Larimer County, at Pearl. Moffat County, with vanadium deposits on Blue Mountain. Montrose County, in ore bodies of 

Cashin mine. Pitkin County, occasionally found in Aspen district; small 

quantities of ore found in many other places.

Bournonite. San Juan County, particularly in the Silverton area.

Brochantite. Chaffee County, was mined in Monarch mine.

Brown iron ore (limonite, brown hematite). Mined for flux, also for silver. 

Fremont County, Sedalia mine. Gunnison County, occurs in irregular 

masses along Tomichi Creek, Whitepine district. Hinsdale County, 

occurs near Lake City. Lake County, mined in silver-lead mines at
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO. 83

Leadville; mostly manganiferous.' Pitkin County, common in Aspen 

district mines. Saguache County, large body interbedded with limestone at Orient; was extensively worked; still producing few thousand 

tons annually. Summit County, has been mined for flux. Occurs in 

thousands of vein cappings.

Cadmium. See Greenockite.

Calamine. In ore bodies at Leadville and Monarch, and in other silver-lead 

districts.

Calaverite. Boulder County, several mines. Teller County, mined in Cripple 

Creek district, at Raven mine, Prince Albert mine, and C. O. D. mines; 

principal gold mineral of Cripple Creek mines.

Calciovolborthite. Montrose County, found in crevices in sandstone near 

Uranium post office. See also Volborthite.

Carnotite. Dolores County, reported from points along Rio Dolores. Eagle 

County, in silver, copper, and vanadium-bearing sandstone on Brush 

Creek. Garfleld County. Moffat County, on Blue Mountain, near Skull 

Creek, 15 miles north of Rangely, Rio Blanco County. Mesa County, 

as an impregnation in sandstone along the Rio Dolores, 40 miles southwest of Gateway. Montrose County, as an impregnation in sandstone 

along Roc, La Sal, and Paradox creeks, and in other places. Rio Blanco 

County, prospects near Coal Creek, 14 miles northeast of Meeker. Routt 

and other western counties. San Miguel County, near Cedar, along 

. Disappointment Creek, and in adjacent territory, near Placerville; in 

small quantity with roscoelite.

Cassiterite. Garfleld County, near Carbondale.

Cement material (Portland). Boulder County. Fremont County, Mississippian 

and Cretaceous limestone west and east of Front Range, suitable for 

Portland cement; cement plants at Portland and Concrete, east of Florence; limestone of Niobrara age used. Larimer County, Niobrara limestone from Laporte to point 8 miles west of Longmont, Boulder County, 

suitable for Portland cement; only very narrow band, 10 to 20 feet in 

width in Niobrara, at this point; widens southward into Boulder County. 

Good limestone occurs at several points in rocks of Pennsylvanian age 

east of range and in Carboniferous rocks in Chaffee, Gunnison, and other 

counties west of "range. (See also Limestone.)

Cerargyrite (horn silver). Custer County, Illinois mine, Schanck Hill near 

Silver Cliff. Eagle County, a silver mineral reported to be cerargyrite 

occurs in vanadiferous sandstone on Brush Creek. Lake County, common in oxidized ores of silver-lead mines at Leadville. Summit County, 

occurs near Breckenridge, in small quantities impregnating a rhyolitic 

rock.

Cerium metals. See Allanite, Gadolinite, and Monazite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Clear Creek County, Georgetown area produced 

considerable quantity. Custer County, has been extensively mined at 

Silver Cliff. Fremont County, small quantity in Sedalia mine. Hinsdale 

County, occurs near Lake City. Lake County, mined in silver-lead mines 

at Leadville. Pitkin County, principal ore of upper zones of Aspen 

district. Routt County, Hahns Peak region, Tom Thumb mine only 

producer. Occurs also'in greater or less quantity with galena ores of 

Chaffee, Eagle, Summit, and other counties.

Chalcanthite (bluestone, blue vitriol). In Clear Creek County and in adjacent 

parts of Summit County, in considerable quantities in veins, with tetrahedrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, barite, etc. San Juan County, 

Silver Pick and Special mines.
84 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO.

Chalcedony. Grand County, Willow "and Corral creeks, near old salt works, 

South Park. Park County, Thirty-one Mile Mountain, west of Guffey, 

blue chalcedony. Occurs also at several localities in surface gravels of 

Gunnison, Logan, Morgan, Ouray, Eio Grande, Saguache, and Weld 

counties.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Clear Creek County, occurs near Idaho Springs. 

Chaffee County, near Poncha Springs. Fremont County, Gem mine. 

Larimer County, occurs at Pearl. Montrose County, rich ore at Cashin 

mine, La Sal Creek; carries silver. Ouray County, has been mined at 

Ironton-; argentiferous, massive. Routt County, seen at few places. 

San Miguel County, occurs with siderite and small crystals of sphalerite, 

argentiferous; also in sandstone with matrix of calcite (argentiferous). 

Common at other mines.

Chalcophanite. Associated with hetserolite in oxidized zinc ores of Leadville.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Found in small quantities in nearly every camp 

in Sulphide Belt. Clear Creek County, in mines northwest of Idaho 

Springs; carries gold and silver. Dolores County, not abundant in 

Rico district; small amount in Newman, Silver Swan, and other mines. 

Gilpin County, occurs with uranium in Wood, Kirk, Belcher, and German mines near Central City. Gunnison County, Blistered Horn, Tincup 

district, Sandy Hook and Gold Links, Gold Brick district, Vulcan, and 

elsewhere; carries gold and silver. Hinsdale County, near Lake City. 

Larimer County, occurs at Pearl. Pitkin County, Aspen district. Routt 

County, occurs at Hahns Peak. San Juan County, Monticello lode, Silverton district, carries gold; also in Bear Creek district, carries gold 

and silver. Summit County, in veins of Montezuma district. Common 

in other places.

Chalk. In the eastern part of the State in Cretaceous limestone formations.

Chrysoberyl. Six miles west of Sedalia, at old mica prospect, with black 

tourmaline and; muscovite and' near large garnets. Seems to be only 

locality west of Greenfield, N. Y.

Chrysocolla (silicate of copper). Custer and Saguache counties, Sangre de 

Cristo Mountains; undeveloped. Jefferson County, Pine Grove and 

Bear Creek. Lake County, Leadville.

Cinnabar. Boulder, Clear Creek, and other counties, in small quantity at several points. La Plata County, in sandstone; said to be rich; undeveloped. 

Several small finds in southern part of State.

Clay (brick). Dug at the following places: Boulder County, Boulder, Trilby; 

Conejos County, Alamosa; Denver County, Argo and Denver; Douglas 

County, Parker; El Paso County, Colorado City, Colorado Springs, and 

Suburbs Springs; Fremont County, Canon City and Florence; Garfield 

County, Glenwood Springs and Rifle; Hinsdale County, Lake City; 

Jefferson County, Golden and Hall; Kit Carson County, Burlington; 

La Plata County, Bell Spur, La Plata; Larimer County, Fort Collins and 

Fossil Creek; Las Animas County, Trinidad; Mesa County, Grand Junction ; Moffat County, Craig; Montrose County, Montrose; Morgan County, 

Brush and Fort Morgan; Otero County, La Junta and Fowler; Prowers 

County, Lamar; Pueblo County, Pueblo; Rio Grande County, Monte 

Vista; Teller County, Cripple Creek; Weld County, Greeley; Yuma 

County, Wray and Yuma.

Clay (fire). Douglas County, Larkspur. El Paso County, 'Colorado City and 

De Witt ranch, 4 miles from Colorado Springs. Fremont County, Canon 

City. Garfield County, plastic clay from Dakota sandstone near Glenwood Springs; has been mixed with crushed quartz and made into bricks
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO. °85

for coke ovens at Cardiff. Jefferson County, Golden. Lake County, Leadville. Pueblo County, Pueblo and Stone City.

Clay (kaolin). Occurs in thousands of mines as gouge, as at Durango Girl 

mine, on east slope of Lewis Mountain, La Plata County. Deposits near 

Newcastle, Parkdale, Salida, Silver Cliff, and elsewhere, but quality and 

extent are not known.

Clay (stoneware). Jefferson County, Golden; burns white, red, and buff.

Clay (zinc-bearing). Associated with oxidized zinc ores of Leadville.

Coal (anthracite). Gunnison County, mined at Crested Butte; coal-bearing 

area is about 25 square miles. Pitkin County, has been mined at Crystal 

City. Routt County, Yampa coal field; small local areas of good coal; 

not mined yet.

Coal (bituminous and subbituminous). Book Cliffs, Canon City, Durango, Grand 

Hogback, Grand Mesa, Raton, and South Platte are the principal coal 

fields. The principal producers are: Las Animas, Huerfano, Boulder, 

Fremont, Gunnison, El Paso, Weld, and Routt counties. 

Book Cliffs field, Garfield, Rio Blanco, and Mesa counties. There are about 

360 square miles of workable, medium-grade bituminous coal. The four 

important mines are: Cameo (8-foot bed), Palisade (6-foot bed), and 

Book Cliff (7-foot bed), in Mesa County, and Carbonera (7-foot bed), 

in Garfield County.

Canon City field, Fremont County. There are about 22,400 acres of highgrade noncoking bituminous coal. The average thickness of beds is 3 to 

6 feet. Mining for domestic trade is extensive.

Colorado Springs field, El Paso County. A good quality of subbituminous 

coal occurs in 3 beds 1 foot to 2 feet thick. There are 12 mines in 

operation.

Danforth Hills field, Rio Blanco and Routt counties. The workable coal in 

10 beds has a minimum thickness of 73 feet. There are about 159,700 

acres of workable noncoking bituminous coal. Mined for local use. 

Durango field, La Plata and Archuleta counties. There are 3 beds, 3, 4, 

and 6 feet thick, of excellent coking bituminous coal, all of which are 

mined. There are also several workable beds of bituminous coal. 

Glenwood Springs field, Garfield and Pitkin counties. There are 9 beds 

mined, having a total thickness of about 96 feet. The coal is a good 

grade of bituminous, noncoking in Garfield County but coking in Pitkin 

County.

Grand Hogback field, Rio Blanco and Garfield counties. There are about 

41,720 acres of workable coal land. The 7 beds mined have a total 

thickness of 105 to 108 feet. The coal is noncoking bituminous. Mining is rather extensive.

Grand Mesa field, Gunnison, Delta, and Mesa counties. There are about 

550 square miles of workable bituminous coal, some of which is of 

coking quality. The field is divided into the.Palisades district containing 11 feet of workable coal beds, the Rollins district containing 15 

feet of workable coal beds, and the Somerset district containing 

65 feet of workable coal beds. Of these the Somerset is the most important, producing most of the coal shipped. 

Lower White River field, Rio Blanco, Routt, and Moffa-t counties. A good

grade of bituminous coal is mined in small quantities for local use. 

North Park field, Jackson County. There are about 75,000 acres of possible subbituminous coal land. The 2 beds mined have average thickness of 10 and 50 feet. One mine is shipping coal and six are mining for 

local use.
86 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO.

Raton Mesa (Trinidad) field, Las Animas and Huerfano counties. About 

1,115 square miles of high-grade bituminous coal. There are three series 

of beds, of which the lower is the most important; average thickness 

of beds is 6 feet; coal in the southern part of the "area is largely consumed in the manufacture of coke. It is the most important coal field 

in Colorado, producing 62 per cent of the total annual tonnage. 

South Park field, Park County. There are 3 beds, 5, 6, and 8 feet in 

thickness, which were formerly mined; the mines have all been abandoned.

South Platt field (including Denver Basin and Boulder districts). This 

field extends from the region south of Denver nearly to the Wyoming 

line, covering parts of Douglas, Elbert, Arapahoe, Jefferson, Adams, Morgan, and Weld counties. The coal is of subbituminous grade. Mining 

is extensive in Boulder County. Beds mined range from 2 to 15 feet in 

thickness.

Yampa field, Routt County. Workable coal area is estimated at 1,200 

square miles of bituminous coal. The northern part of the field contains 

many thick beds of subbituminous grade. The coal is mined for local 

use at Craig, Hayden, Pool, and Eddy.

Cobalt. See Erythrite and Smaltite.

Coloradoite. Boulder County, at Keystone, Mountain Lion, and Smuggler 

mines, with quartz, gold, native tellurium, and sylvanite.

Columbite. Fremont County, near Canon City; Jefferson County, Turkey 

Creek. Teller County, several points in Pikes Peak region.

Copper (native). Dolores County, California prospect near head of Iron Draw; 

Jefferson County, near Golden. Montrose County, has been mined and 

shipped from Cashin mine. Park County, Handcart Gulch. Routt 

County, in veins near Columbine, Hahns Peak region. Occurs also at 

many other places.

Copper minerals. Copper is the predominant metal produced in the following 

districts: Chaffee County, Cleora and Sedalia; Fremont County, Canon 

City, Cotopaxi, Red Gulch; Grand County, Harmon; Huerfano County, 

Huerfano (malachite) ; Jackson County, Pearl; Jefferson County, Evergreen; Larimer County, Empire and Steamboat Rock; Mesa County, 

Unaweep; Montrose County, La Sal; Ouray County, Red Mountain; 

Routt County, Copper Ridge, Elkhorn, Oak Creek, Rock Creek, Spring 

Creek; Teller County, East Beaver, 8 miles south of Rosemont. Of 

minor importance in many other districts. See also Azurite, Bornite, 

Brochantite, Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, Covellite, Cuprite, Enargite, Malachite, Melaconite, Stromeyerite, Tennantite, 

and Tetrahedrite.

Cordierite. Fremont County, found 6 miles from Canon City.

Corundum. Chaffee County, occurs in crystals at Calumet. Clear Creek 

County, occurs in> Saxon Mountain, near Georgetown. Routt County, near 

Hahns Peak, bluish.

Cosalite. La Plata County, several mines, including Comstock mine near Parrott City. Ouray County, Gladiator and other mines.

Covellite. Montrose County, rich ore at Cashin mine, La Sal Creek; carries 

silver. Rio Grande County, Summitville. San Juan County, several 

small finds.

Cryolite. El Paso County, occurs at St. Peters Dome, Pikes Peak district.

Cuprite. Chaffee County, near Poncha Springs, mined at Lily mine near Garfield. Fremont County, Sedalia mine. Jefferson County, Bear Creek 

and Pine Grove. Montrose County, occurs in ores of Cashin mine, La Sal
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO. 87

Creek. Pitkin County, in oxidized ores of Aspen district. Mined also, in 

many other places.

Diatomaceous earth. Denver .County, small bed at West Denver; not mined.

Dolomite. Dolomitic limestones of Silurian and Carboniferous age are country 

rocks of ore bodies at several mining districts.

Embolite (chlorobromide of silver). Lake County, near Leadville; of common 

occurrence, chiefly in a siliceous iron ore in cavities and on fissure planes.

Empressite. Saguache County, Empress Josephine mine, Bonanza district, 

associated with galena and native tellurium.

Enargite. Clear Creek County, small quantities occur. Gilpin County, has 

been mined at Russell Gulch, particularly at Powers mine; argentiferous; 

with pyrite and fluorite. Gunnison County, small quantities in several 

mines. Ouray County, several mines. Rio Grande County, Summit 

district; both auriferous and argentiferous; often carries free gold; with 

pyrites only, in quartz matrix. San Juan County, has been mined on Red 

Mountain; argentiferous, with tetraheclrite and galena in quartz veins.

Epidote. Chaffee County, Calumet, fine crystals. Fremont County, occurs near 

Canon City. Gunnison County, occurs on Italian Mountain.

Epsomite. In coal mines, mineral waters, alkali deposits, and alkali lakes.

Erythrite. Gunnison County, Tercelli Mountain.

Feldspar (microcline). El Paso County, near St. Peters, has been prospected 

and some sold to potteries.

Ferberite. Boulder County, Boulder, Nederland, in veins cutting granite, pegmatite, and gneiss; mined, Sunshine. Clear Creek County, small finds 

reported. Gilpin County, 2J miles north of Blackhawk, mined.

Fluorspar (fluorite). Boulder County, mined at Jamestown, and shipped. 

Chaffee County, at Mount Antero. Clear Creek County, at Georgetown. 

Custer County, has been mined at Rosita. Dolores County, abundant 

gangue mineral in Blackhawk mine and prospects of Silver Creek, Rico 

region. Douglas County, at Devils Head. El Paso County, in quantity 

at Elk Creek, near Cheyenne and Pikes Peak; mined at Duffields. Gilpin 

County, in Gregory and, Russell districts. Gunnison County, in lead ores 

near Sherrod, Iron Hill, and southeast of Powderhorn. Jefferson County, 

mined at Evergreen. Mineral County, mined at Wagon Wheel Gap,, 

Park County, in northern part of Halls Valley; shipped from Jefferson. 

San Juan County, in quartz veins in Poughkeepsie Gulch. San Miguel 

County, in Telluride district. Teller County, Cripple Creek, with gold 

tellurides.

Freieslebenite. Gunnison County, on Augusta Mountain.

Fuller's earth. Chaffee County, low grade near Salida.

Gadolinite. Douglas County, mined on Devils Head Mountain^ Washington 

County, was dug at Akron.

Galena (argentiferous auriferous lead ore). Boulder County, in small quantity 

in tungsten-bearing veins of Boulder district. Chaffee County, in Alpine, 

Chalk Creek, and Cottonwood districts. Clear Creek County, in mines 6 

miles southwest of Idaho Springs; carries gold and silver. Dolores 

County, important ore mineral of Rico district, abundant in Enterprise 

mine, also Union, Carbonate, and Newman mines; argentiferous. Eagle 

County, in Red Cliff (Battle Mountain) district. Fremont County, at 

Cotopaxi. Gilpin County, reported with uranium in Wood, Kirk, and 

other mines near Central City. Gunnison County, mined at Blistered 

Horn, Tincup district; Sandy Hook and Gold Links, Gold Brick district, 

and elsewhere; Elkhorn and Timich districts, carries gold and silver. 

Hinsdale County, Galena district, 5 miles \vest of Lake City. Lake
88 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO.

County, important ore at Ohio mines; carries silver and gold; also in 

silver-lead mines at Leadville. Park County, Horseshoe district, 7 miles 

west of Garo, on easterly slope of Mosquito Range. Pitkin County, common silver-bearing ore in Aspen district; Mollie Gibson and other mines. 

Routt County, mined in Slavonia district and at Columbine and near 

Hahns Peak (Minnie D. and Tom Thumb mines) ; carries gold. Summit 

County, in veins of Montezuma district. Teller County, in small quantities in many mines of Cripple Creek district. Occurs in many other 

mines.

Garnet. Chaffee County, spessartite variety in rhyolite, east side of Arkansas 

River opposite Nathrop, on Ruby Mountain; large brilliant crystals near 

Salida; worked intermittently. Freniont County, Grape Creek, 2 miles 

southwest of Canon City; almandite variety; handsome gems cut; occurs 

also at Sedalia mine. Gunnison County, grossularite variety on Italian 

Mountain.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gold (lode). Predominant metal produced in the following districts: Boulder 

County, Central, Gold Hill, Grand Island, Magnolia, Sugarloaf, and 

Ward; Chaffee County, Granite, Riverside, and Turret; Clear Creek 

County, Argentine, Idaho Springs, Lincoln, and Upper Union (Empire) ; 

Conejos County, Ute (Platoro), 45 miles southwest of Monte Vista; 

Dolores County, secondary importance in Lone Cone and Pioneer (Rico) 

districts; Eagle County, Fulford and Holy Cross; Fremont County, 

White Horn, 26 miles northeast of Salida; Gilpin County, Central City, 

Independence, and Pine; Grand County, Grand Lake (Wolverine) and 

La Platte; Gunnison County, Box Canyon, Cebolla, Cochetopa, Gold 

Brick, Tincup, and White Earth; Hinsdale County, Park (Sherman); 

Huerfano County, La Veta; Lake County, Twin Lakes, minor importance 

at Leadville; La Plata County, California, Needle Mountains (Florida) ; 

Montezuma County, East Mancos; Ouray County, Iniogene Basin .(Camp 

Bird), Sneffels, Uncompahgre; Park County, Buckskin, Consolidated-' 

Montgomery, Hartsel, Mosquito, Tarry all; Rio Grande County, Decatur, 

Embargo, Summitville; Routt County, Hahns Peak; Saguache County, 

Baca Grant (Crespone) ; San Juan County, Animas (Silverton), Eureka; 

San Miguel County, Iron Spring (Ophir), Lower San Miguel, Upper San 

Miguel (Telluride) ; Summit County, Breckenridge, Frisco, Swan River; 

Teller County, Cripple Creek, from reduction of tellurides. See also 

Amalgam, Calaverite, Petzite, and Sylvanite.

Gold (placer). Produced in the following districts: Chaffee County, Granite; 

Clear Creek County, Lincoln; Costilla County, Greyback and Plorno; 

' Eagle County, Holy Cross (Eagle River) ; Jefferson County, Golden; 

Lake County, Twin Lakes, 9 miles northwest of Granite; Moffat County, 

Lay. (Jackrabbit) ; Park County, Monquetto and Tarryall; Routt County, 

Hahns Peak; San Miguel County, Lower and Upper San Miguel (Placer- 

. ville and Telluride) ; Summit County, Breckenridge, Swan River. Produced in minor quantity in several other districts.

Goslarite. Lake County, at one time abundant in the old dumps containing 

zinc blende at Leadville.

Grahamite. Grand County, near Granby.

Granite. Boulder County, Crags, Crescent, Lyons (quarried). Chaffee County, 

Barre, Granite, Salida (quarried), Turret (quarried). Clear Creek 

County, Lawson, Silver Plume. Douglas County, Castle Rock. Ei Paso 

County, Cascade. Fremont County, quarried at Cotopaxi and Texas 

Creek, Whitehorn. Gunnison County, fine grade at Aberdeen quar-
USEFUL MINEEALS OP UNITED STATES COLORADO. 89

ries; State capitol is built of it. Jefferson County, quarried at Stone 

Spur, Buffalo Creek, and Golden. La Plata County, Durango. Larimer 

County, at Masonville, United States mint at Denver is built of it; 

Arkins and other points. Pitkin County, 10 miles southeast of Aspen. 

Rio Grande County, Del Norte; quarries also opened at O'Neill Spur, 

Platte Canyon, and other places.

Graphite. Chaffee County, good quality amorphous graphite, mined near Turret; originally coal, metamorphosed by igneous intrusion. Gunnison 

County, occurs 3$ miles north of Pitkin; branches of Quartz Creek; im- 

 pure; in quartz veins 2£ feet thick. Las Animas County, occurs near 

Trinidad; carbon derived from coking coal by igneous intrusion.

Greenockite. Reported with zinc ores at Leadville and elsewhere.

Grindstones. .Gunnison County, Gunnison.

Gypsum. Custer County, occurs near Arkansas River. Delta County, west 

side of Grand Canyon of Gunnison River, into Montrose County. Dolores 

County, as gangue mineral, Rico region, and elsewhere. Eagle County, 

at Ruedi; worked recently; occurs along Grand and Eagle rivers. M 

Paso County, has been worked extensively near Perry Park and near 

Colorado City. Frernont County, Coaldale and Canon City. Jefferson 

County, opened near Mount Morrison. Larimer County, worked extensively at Arkins near Loveland; thick bed at Owl Canyon and on 

Sand Creek east of Boxelder, and at several other localities. Montrose 

County, several places.

Hematite (red iron ore). Gunnison County, prospects near Whitepine and 

north of lola station. Lake County, has been mined at Breece iron 

mine, Breece Hill, near Leadville; very pure ore; large irregular deposits 

in porphyry. Pitkin County, very common in mines 01? Aspen district. 

Occurs at many other places in State.

Hessite (telluride of silver). Boulder County, Gold Hill district, important ore. 

Eagle County, Reclcliff. La Plata County, occasionally important, has 

been mined. Hinsdale County, Hotchkiss mine.

Heteerolite (wolftonite). A hydrous zinc-manganese oxide found in the oxidized zinc ores of Leadville.

Hinsdalite. Hinsdale County, Golden Fleece mine, near Lake City.

Hiibnerite. Lake County, Leadville, in gold ore and with scheelite in goldbearing quartz:pyril;e veins. Ouray County, Royal Albert vein, Uncompahgre district; mined. 'San Juan County, several mines near Silverton 

and Gladstone; has been mined. San Miguel County, Ames.

Hydrozincite. Of rare occurrence in Leadville oxidized zinc ores.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron. Chaffee County, predominant metal in South Arkansas district. See also 

Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Marcasite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and 

Siderite.

Jet. Las Animas County, Wet Mountain Valley, Trinchera Mesa.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Krennerite. Teller County, Cripple Creek, Independence, and other mines.

Lava. Probably tuff, suitable for many uses in building. Quarried in Douglas 

County at Castle Rock, Fremont County at Howard, Gunnison County 

at Gunnison, Rio Grande County at Del Norte, and other places.

Lead. Lead is the predominant metal produced in the following districts: 

Chaffee County, Alpine, Chalk Creek, Cottonwood; Clear Creek County, 

Trail, 6 miles southwest of Idaho Springs; Custer County, Spaulding, 14 

miles southwest of Florence; Gunnison County, Elk Mountain, Tomichi; 

Hinsdale County, Galena, 5 miles west of Lake City; Lake County, Call-
90 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO.

fornia (Leadville) ; Park County, Horseshoe, 7 miles west of Garo; Pitkin 

County, Columbia,'Frying Pan, Roaring Fork (Aspen); Routt County, 

Slavonia, 40 miles north of Steamboat Springs; Saguache County, Blake 

(Kerber Creek); Summit County, Montezuma (Snake River). Lead is 

produced but is less important in many other districts. See also Altaite, 

Anglesite, Cerusite, Cosalite, Galena, Massicot, Mimetite, Minium, Plumbojarosite, and Pyromorphite.

Limestone. Boulder and Larmier counties, limestones of Lykins, Morrison, and 

Niobrara formations burned for lime along foothills of northern Colorado. Chaffee County, limestone quarried at Garfield and Newett. Douglas County, near Littleton. Arapahoe Coun,ty, has been quarried at Silica 

for lime. El Paso County, Manitou, used for lime. Fremont County, quarried at Canon City and Calcite for crushed stone. Jefferson County, quarried at Mount Morrison and Golden. 'La Plata County, at Rockwood. 

Larimer County, at Ingleside, for sugar refining. Mesa County, near 

Dominguez. Pitkin County, burned at Thomasville. Pueblo County, 

quarried at Lime near Pueblo; Livesey. Abundant in many counties.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Lithium. See Amblygonite.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Chaffee County, has been mined in Arkansas 

Hills, 9 miles from Salida.' Costilla County, interbedded with limestone 

at Grayback Gulch, 5 miles from Placer station. Dolores County, with 

chalcopyrite in Magnet and Eagle prospects; has been mined for flux. 

Fremont County, on Iron Mountain near Pine Creek; titaniferous. 

Gunnison County, prospects on Saguache Mountains and in Cebolla district. Pitkin County, prospects in Elk Mountain divide, 6 miles south 

of Ashcroft.

Malachite (green copper carbonate). Occurs in hundreds of places, among 

them: Fremont County, mined at Sedalia mine; Montrose County, in 

ores of Cashin mine, La Sal Creek; Routt County, prospects on Hahns 

Peak; San Juan County, in Bear Creek district.

Manganese. Eagle County, considerable manganiferous silver ore mined at 

Iron Mask mines, Gilman. Lake County, large output from lead-silver 

mines of Leadville district. See also Alabandite, Chalcophanite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, and Rhodochrosite.

Marble. Boulder County, small deposits. Chaffee County. Buena Vista, Calumet, Mayville, Monarch, and Salida. Fremont County, Fremont. Gunnison County, quarried extensively at Marble and along Yule Creek. 

Larimer County, small beds west of Fort Collins. Pitkin County, Aspen; 

quarried at Crystal City. Also in other localities.

Marcasite. Occurs in hundreds of mines, as in Routt County, in veins of Hahns 

Peak district; San Juan County, in ore bodies in Bear Creek district.

Massicot (oxide of lead). Occurs in many mines. Dolores County, with galena 

ores near Rico; argentiferous. Lake County, at Leadville, and elsewhere. San Miguel County, with galena in upper San Miguel region; 

argentiferous.

Melaconite. Pitkin County, thin coatings in Aspen district mines.

Mercury. Boulder County, sparingly in tellurium-bearing mines.

Mica (muscovite). Clear Creek County, reported from Idaho Springs; Fremont 

County, mined near Canon City and at Micanite; Jefferson County, at 

Morrison; Larimer County, on Buckhorn Creek; Mesa County, has been 

mined 8 miles south of Grand Junction.

Mica (phlogopite). Gunnison County, Iron Hill area, southeast of Powderhorn.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLOEADO. 91

Mimetite. Chaffee County, Monarch and Garfield districts. Lake County, at 

Leadville.

Mineral paint. See Morrisite.

Minium. Lake County, Leadville. Pitkin County, in oxidized ores of Aspen 

district, and at other places. San Miguel County, Telluride.

Molybdenite (sulphide of molybdenum). Chaffee County, small quantities near 

Bueiia Vista and other places. Grand County, with molybdenum ocher, 

on Grand River, 1£ miles above Radium. Gunnison County, 2 miles from 

Pitkin in quartz veins. Lake and Summit counties, Fremont Pass; 

promising.' San Juan County, near Silverton. Teller County, in Cripple 

Creek district. Occurs also at many other places.

Monazite. Chaffee County, in black sands at Buena Vista. Costilla County, 

in San Luis Valley. Routt County, at Timber Lake.

Morrisite. Occurs in the eastern part of the State.

Muscovite. See Mica.

Natural gas. Boulder County, considerable quantity produced from Boulder 

field. Costilla County, near Mosca and other places in San Luis Valley. 

Delta County, occurs in oil shales of Green River formation on head of 

Muddy Fork. Fremont County, considerable quantity produced from 

Florence field. Pitkin County, " blowers" in middle Cretaceous shales 

at Coal Basin; natural flow limited. Pueblo County, Nepesta.

Niccolite. Custer County, small quantity at Silver Cliff. Fremont County, 

occurs at Gem mine, Grape Creek canyon; in dolomite, with bornite, and 

rarely with native silver.

Nicholsonite. A zinc-bearing aragonite, occasionally found near oxidized zinc 

ore bodies at Leadville.

Nickel. See Annabergite and Niccolite.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale. -

Opal. Opal of'inferior quality is found at several places: Buffalo Peaks, Cripple 

Creek, Idaho Springs, Ute Creek.

Pearceite. Pitkin County, in Mollie Gibson mine, at Aspen, massive, in large 

quantity disseminated through pink barite, and in tabular crystals embedded in siderite, in both forms associated with galena.

Perofskite. Gunnison County, Iron Hill area, southeast of Powderhorn. Very 

abundant constituent of iron ore.

Petroleum. Boulder County, Boulder oil field, 3 miles northeast of Boulder; 

high-grade light illuminating oil. Fremont County, south of Florence, 

field 10-20 square miles. Mesa County, small wells near De Beque. Rio 

Blanco County, Rangely oil district. Routt County, Yampa field; used 

as lubricant. Petroleum has been found also in Archuleta, Pueblo, 

and Moffat counties. The -production of petroleum in Colorado in 1914 

was 222,773 barrels, valued at $200,894.

Petzite (telluride of gold and silver). Found in many mines in Colorado in 

Clear Creek, Gunnison, and Hinsdale counties. Boulder County, in the 

Red Cloud and other mines. San Juan County, most valuable ore in 

Gold Bug and other mines in Bear Creek district.

Phenacite. Chaffee. County, occurs at Mount Antero and Devils Head. El Paso 

County, occurs in Crystal Park, 2 miles southward of Manitou; has been 

mined at Pikes Peak as gem stone. Teller County, at Topaz Butte, near 

Florissant, and at Cripple Creek in the Gold King mine.

Pitchblende. Clear Creek County, Jo Reynolds mine. Gilpin County, mined in 

Kirk, Wood, German, Calhoun, and Belcher mines, near Central City; 

reported in other places. Jefferson County, in several mines.
92 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES COLORADO.

Platinum. Chaffee County, occurs In black sands of Buena Vist'a. Clear Creek 

County, Centennial mine, Georgetown. Pitkin County, Aspen. Saguache 

County, Liberty. San Miguel County, Telluride, in small quantities.

Plumbojarosite. Occurs with lead-carbonate ores at Leadville and doubtless in 

other silver-lead districts.

Polybasite. Clear Creek County, mines at Georgetown and Silver Plume. 

Dolores County, considerable quantity at Newman Hill mine, Rico district. Ouray County, Yankee Girl mine. Pitkin County, in Molly Gibson 

and Smuggler mines, Aspen district. San Juan and San Miguel counties, occurs in Red Mountain district. San Miguel County, Marshall 

basin; occurs in quartz veins with pyrargyrite, sphalerite, and stephanite; 

not uncommon in Mendota mine.

Potash. Occurs with other salts in solution in Soda Lake, near San Luis 

Lakes, Costilla County; being exploited. See also Alunite.

Proustite (ruby silver, light). Dolores County, Newman Hill mine, Rico district. Gunnison County, small quantity with arsenopyrite in Ruby 

district. Ouray. County, at Yankee Girl mine. Routt County, in veins of 

Hahns Peak district. San Miguel County, at Sheridan mine. Occurs also 

in many other Colorado mines.

Psilomelane. Chaffee County, small quantity near Garfield. Custer County, 

occurs south of Round Mountain, at Silvercliff. Lake County, in the 

manganiferous ores of Leadville.

Pyrargyrite (ruby silver, dark). Clear Creek County, in Georgetown mining 

district. Dolores County,- reported from Newman Hill mine. Gilpin 

County, rare near Central City. Gunnison County, in Ruby district. 

Hinsdale County, near Lake City. Ouray County, in Sneffels district. 

Routt County, in Hahns Peak region. San Miguel County, in Marshall 

Creek basin. Summit County, in Montezuma mining district.

Pyrite. Pyrite is found in nearly every county along the Rocky Mountains: 

Boulder County, in Ward district. Clear Creek County, in Georgetown 

mining district; gold-silver ore. Dolores County, important ore of Rico 

district; carries small quantities of gold and silver; mined at Enterprise, 

Union, Carbonate, and other mines. Fremont County, mined at Sedalia 

mine for gold. Gilpin County, abundant; important gold ore. Gunnison County, Sandy Hook and Gold Links mines, carries gold; Vulcan, 

large body cupriferous. Hinsdale County, near Lake City. Lake County, 

mined at Leadville. La Plata County, Neglected mine, 15 miles from 

Durango. Larimer County, at Pearl. Ouray County, in mines along 

Uncompahgre River, between mouth of Dexter Creek and Ouray; 

contains gold and silver; common in other places. Pitkin County, original sulphide of Aspen district ore bodies; mined for silver. Rio Grande 

County, in Summit district. Routt County, common vein mineral of 

claim on Farwell Mountain, Hahns Peak region. San Juan County, 

Silverton district; mined at Ohio mine; common- at many mines. San 

Miguel County, common.

Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese). Gunnison County, occurs in Steuben 

Valley, 6 miles southwest of Gunnison, and in Cebolla Valley. Hinsdale 

County, occurs near Lake City. Saguache County, Beidell.

Pyromorphite. Lake County, occasionally found in oxidized ores of Leadville.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic iron pyrites). Chaffee County, Monarch and Garfield 

area. Jefferson County, Malachite mine and many other places. San 

Juan County, has been mined in Needle Mountains; auriferous.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO. 93

Quartz. Jefferson County, mined from veins in foothills near Golden and used 

in manufacture of fire bricks at Golden.

Quartz (moss agate, silicified wood, smoky quartz, clear quartz, and crystal 

quartz). Very common and much used in the manufacture df jewelry, 

ornaments, etc. Smoky quartz occurs near Pikes Peak and is known in 

trade as " smoky topaz " or " cairngorm stone."

Quartz (rose). Fremont County, 6 miles north of Texas Creek; some mined 

as gems. Jefferson County, Floyd Hill, Bear Creek, etc. Larimer 

County, large body in granite 25 miles west of Fort Collins; cut as gem 

stone.

Quicksilver. Boulder County, occurs in Magnolia district. La Plata County, 

Ruby claim south of Cumberland Peak. See also Amalgam and Cinnabar.

Radium. See Carnotite and Pitchblende.

Rhodochrosite. Boulder County, Ward district. Dolores County, gangue mineral of Newman Hill and Enterprise mines,- Rico region. Lake County, 

Alicante. San Juan County, in several mines. Summit County, Peru 

district.

Rickardite. Gunnison County, Good Hope mine near Vulcan.

Road metal. Disintegrated granite and other rocks, when not too badly decayed, are extensively used for ballast and road building. Paving blocks 

called Belgian blocks are made of different kinds of stone, such as the 

dolerite (basalt) of Golden and Valmont, certain rhyolites, and other 

rocks.

Roscoelite. Boulder County, sparingly in gold veins. Rio Blanco County, reported to occur along Coal Creek, near Meeker. San Miguel County, 

large deposits at Newmire and Placerville. In several other counties 

in western Colorado in scaly bunches and irregular grains in the La 

Plata sandstone.

Rose quartz. See Quartz (rose).

Rutile. El Paso County, occurs near St. Peters Dome, Pikes Peak district.

Sand (building). Dug at many places. Denver County, Denver. Fremont 

County, Canon City. La Plata County, Animas City and Durango. 

Pueblo County, Pueblo. Rio Grande County, Monte Vista.

Sand (molding). Dug at Denver and Pueblo.

Sandstone. Boulder County, quarried at Boulder, Lyons, and Noland. Conejos County, Osier. Delta County, Austin, Delta, and Montrose.. Douglas 

County, Castle Rock, Sedalia. Eagle County, Basalt, Peachblow. El 

Paso County, Colorado City and Manitou. Fremont County, Canon City, 

Florence. Jefferson County, Mount Morrison. La Plata County, Durango. 

Larimer County, Arldns, Lowery. Bellvue, Stout, Fort Collins, and 

Loveland.. Las Animas County, Trinidad. Montrose County, Montrose, 

Olathe. Pueblo County, Beulah, Pueblo, and Turkey Creek. Rio Grande 

County, Del Norte. Routt County, Steamboat Springs.

Sandstone (asphaltic). Grand County, Upper Willow Creek, sec. 24, T. 4 N., 

R. 77 W.

Sapphire. Chaffee County, Chalk Creek, 8 miles south of Buena Vista, in 

College Range.

Scheelite. Boulder County, small quantities with ferberite in the Boulder district. Chaffee County, 3£ miles east of Salida, with copper minerals. 

Lake County, Leadville, with hiibnerite in gold ore in qnartz-pyrite veins, 

Golden Queen mine. San Juan County, near Silverton and Gladstone, 

with hiibnerite.
94 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO.

Serpentine. Gunnison County, near Gothic. Park County, in Buckskin Gulch, 

a mottled rock, largely calcite, but deeply colored, by true serpentine; 

prospective use as ornamental stone.

Shale (oil). In Green River formation (Eocene). Some rich in oil; some large 

areas in northwestern part of State on tributaries of Green and Grand 

rivers. Bio Blanco and Garfield counties, extensive deposits, constituting 

the greater part of the rocks of the Green River formation. In the Book 

Cliffs, the richer rock occurs in bands, about 50 in number, from 2 to 15 

feet thick. Destructive distillation gives from 15 to 35 per cent of condensed hydrocarbons and 10 to 20 per cent of gas. Prospective source of 

lubricating oil, gasoline, kerosene, and ammonium sulphate.

Siderite. Manganosiderite in large quantities in mines at Leadville, Lake 

County, and Red Cliff, Eagle County. Gunnison County, occurs with 

magnetite and hematite in Cebolla Valley, near Powderhorn. Jefferson 

County, occurs near Bear Creek; zinciferous. Pitkin County, occurs in 

iron ore near Ashcroft, Taylor Peak district.

Silver. Predominant metal produced in the following districts: Chaffee County, 

La Plata, Monarch-Garfield. Clear Creek County, Georgetown, Jackson, 

Montana. Custer County, Hardscrabble (Rosita, Silver Cliff). Dolores 

County, Lone Cone and Pioneer (Rico). Eagle County, Battle Mountain 

(Red Cliff). Gunnison County, Quartz Creek, Rock Creek, Ruby. Hinsdale County, Lake (San Cristobal). Mineral County, Sunnyside (Creede). 

Park County, Halls Gulch and Sacramento. Pitkin County, Lincoln. 

Saguache County, Crystal Hill. San Miguel County, Mount Wilson. Summit County, Peru, Tenmile (Kokomo). Silver is of minor importance in 

many other districts. See also Acanthite, Amalgam, Calaverite, Cerargyrite, Embolite,- Empressite, Hessite, Krennerite, Pearceite, Petzite, Polybasite, Proustite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, Stromeyerite, and Sylvanite.

Silver (native). Boulder County, occurs in Caribou mine and Up-to-Date property, and mines of Ward district, especially the White Raven. Clear 

Creek County, small quantity of wire silver found in Georgetown district. 

Dolores County, reported from Enterprise and Puzzle mines. Gunnison 

County, occurs in Ruby district and near Gothic. Hinsdale County, in 

Galena district. Lake County, occasionally found in silver-lead mines at 

Leadville. La Plata County, occurs along Bear Creek, usually with 

galena, tetrahedrite, and stephanite. Montrose County, Cashin mine, La 

Sal Creek.. Pitkin County, irregular wires and masses of silver in Molly 

Gibson and Smuggler mines, Aspen district. Teller County, in small 

quantities in many mines of Cripple Creek district.

Smaltite (gray cobalt ore). Gunnison County, occurs near Gothic in calcite 

gangue, associated with small quantities of erythrite and native silver.

Smithsonite. In large ore bodies in Leadville and Monarch districts, and 

doubtless, in other silver-lead districts. '

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Chaffee County, Monarch and Garfield area. Clear 

Creek County, Georgetown and Silver Plume mines, Idaho Springs district; carries silver. Dolores County, with galena and chalcopyrite in 

Rico district; abundant in Newman Hill silver ores and Sambo mines; 

mined for zinc alone in Atlantic Cable mine. Fremont County, Sedalia 

mine. Gilpin County, a common mineral usually argentiferous, sometimes highly so, and occurring associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and tetrahedrite; has been mined for silver. Gunnison County, 

Blistered Horn, Tincup district; Sandy Rock and Gold Links, Gold Brick 

district, and other mines, carries silver; Vulcan. Hinsdale, La Plata, 

Ouray, and San Miguel counties, a very common, usually argentiferous
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO. 95

mineral; common associate, galena; in many places with chalcopyrite, 

tetrahedrite, or pyrargyrite. Jefferson County, Malachite mine. Lake 

County, silver-lead mines at Leadville. Mineral County, Creede. Saguache County, Beidell. San Juan County, Ohio mine near Whitecross; 

mined for gold and silver; also at other places. Found also in other 

mining counties.

Bpinel. Fremont County, occurs at Sedalia mine.

Btephanite (brittle silver). Clear Creek County, frequently associated with 

other silver-bearing minerals. Dolores County, reported from Newman 

Hill mine, Eico region. Gunnison County, mined at Red Jacket. Hinsdale County, limited quantity in Galena district. Ouray County, occasionally found in Sneffels and Uncompahgre districts. Summit County, occurs 

in Montezuma mining district. Mined also at other places.

Stibnite (antimony sulphide). Not known in commercially valuable deposits, 

though small quantities are found in many mining districts, as Boulder 

County, in several mines. Clear. Creek County, Alice mine. Grand 

County, Lost Lakes. San Juan County, North Star mine. Teller County, 

in Cripple Creek district.

Stromeyerite (copper and silver sulphide). Boulder County, Grand Lodge. 

Clear Creek County, with bornite, tetrahedrite, etc., at Plutus mine. 

Idaho Springs; occasional. Ouray County, in quantity in Yankee Girl 

mine; has been mined. San Juan County, certain Silverton mines, Iron 

Spring district.

Sulphur. Gunnison County, has been mined at Vulcan. Mineral County, occurs 

25 to 30 miles southwest of Creede, at Trout Creek. Several other deposits are reported.

Sylvanite. Boulder County, associated with tungsten ore at mines in Boulder 

district. La Plata County, occurs at Durango Girl mine on east slope 

of Lewis Mountain. Teller County, important gold ore of Cripple Creek 

district. Occurs also at other places.

Tantalum. See Columbite.

Tellurium. Boulder County, in a number of mines. Teller County, in mines 

at Cripple Creek.

Tennantite. Much of the so-called tetrahedrite of the sulphide ores of Colorado is tennantite. Clear Creek County, occurs in silver-bearing ores at 

Georgetown and at Silver Plume mines. Gilpin County, in large number 

of mines. Pitkin County, very common in Aspen district, Molly Gibson, 

and other mines. Also in mines of Ouray, Hinsdale, and San Juan 

counties.

Tetradymite (bismuth telluride). Boulder County, Red Cloud mine. Fremont 

County, occurs near Whitehorn.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper ore). In many mines in Boulder, Clear Creek, Gunnison, San Juan, and other counties. Clear Creek County, mined for 

silver in Georgetown and Silver Plume mines. Dolores County, silverbearing in Rico district, Enterprise, and Rico-Aspen mines. Gilpin 

County, reported with uranium in Wood, Kirk, and other mines near 

Central City. Gunnison County, reported from Ruby district. Hinsdale 

County, has been mined near Lake City. Ouray and San Miguel counties, very abundant in silver or'es. Pitkin County, very common in Aspen 

district, Molly Gibson, and other mines. San Juan County, important 

ore of Ohio mine, near Whitecross; mined for silver; Bear Creek district, Gold Bag, and other mines; gold and silver bearing. Teller County, 

mined in Cripple Creek district. Much of the ore called tetrahedrite in 

Colorado is tennantite.
96 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES COLORADO.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Titanium. See Ilmenite, Rutile, and Perofsldte.

Topaz. Chaffee County, Mount Antero and Ruby Mountain; on east side of 

Arkansas River, near Nathrop. El Paso County, Crystal Park, 2 miles 

southwest'of Manitou Springs. Lake County, at Chalk Mountain, near 

Leadville. San Juan County, found occasionally. Teller County, at 

Pikes Peak, and mined intermittently at Crystal Peak, 4 miles north of 

Florissant.

Tourmaline. Fremont County, 2 miles north of Royal Gorge and 5 miles 

northwest of Canon City; opaque but colored. Gilpin County, near 

Blackhawk. Larimer County, Estes Park. Teller County, Rhyolite 

Mountain.

Trona. Deposits estimated at 100,000 tons or more in the soda lakes of the 

San Luis Valley; some' development done. Sparingly in other alkali 

lakes and areas.

Tungsten. See Ferberite, Hubnerite, and Scheelite.

Turquoise. Conejos County, 13 miles east of La Jara. Eagle County, Mount 

of Holy Cross. Mineral County, Last Chance mine, Creede. Saguache 

County, near Villa Grove.

Uranium minerals. See Carnotite and Pitchblende.

TJraninite. See Pitchblende.

Vanadinite. Montrose and San Miguel counties.

Vanadium. Found in many localities as carnotite, roscoelite, calciovolborthite, and possibly volborthite. Custer County, 7 or 8 miles southeast of Silver Cliff, reported to occur as "in Huerfano County. Eagle 

County, with silver ores in sandstone on Brush Creek; form of mineral 

unknown. Huerfano County, in an unidentified mineral near head of 

Pass Creek, south of Malachite. Montrose County, found in the Paradox 

Valley country as calcium vanadate; possibly two forms; unnamed, awaiting future investigation. See also Volborthite.

Vesuvianite. Mount Italia, and north of Arkansas River in granite.

Vivianite. Leadville.

Volborthite. Huerfano County, near head of Pass Creek, south of Malachite. 

The mineral has not been definitely identified but is probably either volborthite or calciovolborthite, or both. La Plata County, Boren Gulch; 

vanadium occurs in a quartz vein in a mineral which is probably volborthite or calciovolborthite, and also in an amorphous yellowish-green 

- mineral. Park County, reported from Garo.

Volcanic ash. Exists in enormous quantity in several of the eastern counties. 

La Plata County, near Durango. Teller County, Cripple Creek. Yuma 

County, has been shipped from Wray for scouring pow<ler.

Wolframite. Boulder County, near Boulder.

Wolftonite. See Hetserolite.

Wood (opalized). El Paso County, has been obtained in eastern part of county 

with jasperized wood; Bijou basin. Silicified wood is very common.

Yttrium. See Allanite and Gadolinite.

Zeolites. Jefferson County, Table Mountain, near Golden.

Zinc. Fremont County, predominant metal in Currant Creek (Micanite) district. See also Aurichalcite, Calamine, Chalcophanite, Hetserolite, Hydrozincite, Nicholsonite, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.

Zircon. St. Peters Dome, near Pikes Peak.
USEFUL MINEBALS OP UNITED STATES CONNECTICUT. 97 

CONNECTICUT.

Agate. Hartford County, at Farmington. New Haven County, at East Haven. 

Litchfield County, at Woodbury; has been cut for seal s'tones. In different localities in amygdules in the trap..

Ahnandite. Litchfield County, Roxbury.

Amethyst. Occurs occasionally in amygdules in trap at Meriden.

Aquamarine. Middlesex County, some of gem quality has been found in Portland and Haddam. See also Beryl.

Arsenopyrite (arsenical pyrite). Fairfield County, in lead mine in Wilton'and 

at Lanes mine, Monroe. Middlesex County, in small quantities at the old 

Cobalt-Nickel mine, in Chatham. New Haven County, in mine at Derby 

and in Oxford and Bethany.

Asbestos (actinolite). Litchfield County, at New Hartford and Barkhamsted.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Hartford County, in small quantities at 

Rocky Hi! I near Hartford; also at other copper deposits.

Barite. New Haven County, in Triassic sandstone in Cheshire and in small 

quantities elsewhere. The Cheshire barite was formerly rained to mix 

with white-lead paint.

Basalt. See Trap rock.

Beryl. Fairfield County, at Branchville. Litchfield County, gem golden beryl 

and aquamarine were mined with mica and feldspar 6 miles north of 

New Milford. Middlesex County, abundant in the pegmatite at several 

quarries in Middletown, Portland, Chatham, and Haddam; gem aquamarine found in some of these, especially in Portland and Haddam. 

New Haven County, found in Southford quarry.

Bismuth (native). Fairfield County, small quantities associated with arsenopyrite, pyrite, wolframite, and other minerals, in quartz vein at Monroe.

Bismuthinite. Middlesex County, with chrysoberyl in minute quantities at 

Haddam, and sparingly in a pegmatite dike at a small feldspar quarry 

formerly worked in Portland.

Bornite (variegated copper). Hartford County, at Bristol copper mine, Bristol. 

Litchfield County, with chalcocite and malachite at Wolcottville and 

elsewhere; occurs in quartz veinlets in Rocky Hill quarry at Winsted. 

New Haven County, occurs with diabase at Mount Carmel, Hamclen.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore, limonite). Litchfield County, mined at Davis 

and Orehill mines, near Lakeville; large deposits at Sharon and Salisbury have been mined. New London County, occurs at Colchester. 

Tolland County, bog iron mined and smelted in Stafford and Hebron 

townships. Windharn County, at Woodstock.

Calamine (silicate of zinc). Fairfield County, with galena at Brookfield.

Cassiterite (tin ore). Middlesex County, few crystals found at Haddam.

Cement material. Outcrops of suitable limestone are small and few.

Cerium. See Monazite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Fairfield County, on galena at Brookfield.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Hartford County, was mined in very small quantity at Simsbury mine, Granby; splendid crystals formerly obtained in 

Bristol mine at Bristol; Tallwaa mine, Hampden. Litchfield County, 

with bornite and malachite, Wolcottville. New Haven County, occurs 

in southeastern part of Cheshire and in Hamden.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Fairfield County, in various places in Trumbull. 

Hartford County, Bristol, in granite gneiss. Litchfield County, with

27608° Bull. 624 17 7
98 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CONNECTICUT.

pyrrhotite at Mine Hill. Middlesex County, in Middletown lead mine. 

New Haven County, near Lamberts mine, Orange, and in small quantities at other places.

Chrysoberyl. Middlesex County, crystals at Haddam, little of gem quality. 

Locality has been inaccessible in recent years.

Clay (brick). Occurs abundantly; has been used in following districts: Berlin, 

Clayton, Cromwell, Elmwood, Hartford, Kensington, Middletown, Milldale, New Haven, Parkville, Quinnipiac, South Windsor, Thompsonville, 

and Windsor.

Clay (fire). Litchfield County, has been dug 2 miles south-southwest of Boardmans Bridge.

Clay (kaolin). Fairfield County, has been found at Sherman. Hartford County, 

at Granby. Litchfield County, dug at West Cornwall and shipped to 

potteries outside of State; occurs also at New Milford and Kent.

Columbite. Hartford County, with feldspar,. near Glastonbury. Middlesex 

County, found in several feldspar quarries in Middletown, Portland, and 

Haddam. A large quantity found some years ago at one quarry in Portland no longer worked.

Copper (native). Hartford County, small quantities at Farmington. New 

Haven County, occasionally found in Triassic sandstone or trap, Hamden.

Copper minerals. See Azurite, Bornite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Cuprite, and 

Malachite.

Cordierite. Middlesex County, has been found at Haddam Neck.

Corundum. " Litchfield County, found near Barkhamsted; with talc and pyrite 

at Litchfield. New London County, sparingly, with sillimanite near 

Norwich. Not mined.

Cuprite. Hartford County, Simsbury mine, Granby, very small quantity.

Diabase. See Trap rock.

Dolomite. Abundant; was quarried at New Preston. See also Marble.

Feldspar (orthoclase or microcline). Fairfield County, occurs at Branchville, 

ground and shipped out of State for manufacture of porcelain. Hartford 

County, several quarries have been worked south of Glastonbury; 

Howe quarry, 2 miles south of South Glastonbury. Middlesex County, 

numerous quarries, large and small, worked for longer or shorter times, 

in the pegmatites of Middletown, Portland, Haddam, and Chatham. New 

Haven County, mined near Southford.

Flagstone. Fairfield County, gneiss or schist near Bridgeport. Hartford 

County, red sandstone quarried at Enfleld. Litchfield County, at Roxbury. 

Middlesex County, gneiss quarries on Connecticut River, at Middletown, 

Chatham, and Haddam. New London County, large flags quarried in 

Lebanon. Tolland County, mica schist of Bolton Mountain, formerly 

quarried extensively. Windham County, micaceous quartzites formerly 

quarried at Killingly.

Fluorspar (fluorite). Fairfield County, in topaz vein in Trumbull, used for 

flux. Litchfield County, at Plymouth. Middlesex County, Haddam. 

Neck, and at the old lead-silver mine, Middletown. Windham County, 

in gneiss at Willimantic. Nowhere in considerable quantity except at 

Trumbull.

Galena. Fairfield County, in limestone at Brookfield, in quartz veins at Monroe.. Hartford County, at Chatham. Middlesex County, with sphalerite, 

chalcopyrite, and pyrite at Middletown. Several other localities. Was 

mined for lead in colonial and Revolutionary times; for a few years, 

about 1860, mined for silver.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CONNECTICUT. 99

Garnet.. Hartford County, quarry near South Glastonbury. Litchfield County, 

was mined at Roxbury as abrasive. Middlesex County, small garnets 

in pegmatite at Andrews quarry, Portland, and in Eureka quarry. New 

Haven County, in Southford quarry. In larger or smaller quantities at 

most of the pegmatite (feldspar) quarries.

Gneiss. Quarried for foundation stone at many .places. Hartford County, 

Glastonbury. Middlesex County, at Haddam, quarried for curbstone. 

New London County, at. quarries on Thames River above New London. 

Tolland County, at Union. Windham County, at Plainfield, Willimantic, 

and Putnam.

Granite (building, structural). Quarried at Branford, Bristol, Center Groton, 

Danbury, East Derby, East Glastonbury, Essex, East Lyme, Greenwich, 

Groton, Guilford, Haddam, Leete Island, Lyme, Middletown, Mystic, New 

London, Niantic, Norfolk, Oneco, Plainfield, Quaker Hill, Roxbury, Sachem 

Head, Seymour, South Manchester, Sterling, Stony Creek, Stonington, 

Thomaston, Torrington, Wallingford, West Mystic, and West Torrington. 

Much of the granite quarried is a granite gneiss.

Granite (curbing and trimming)-. Quarried at Ansonia, Bolton, Bridgeport, 

Cornwall, East Litchfield, Glastonbury, Norwalk, Roxbury, Seymour, 

Sterling, Torrington, Waterford, and Willimantic.

Granite (inscriptional, monumental). At Center Groton. East Lyme, Groton, 

Lyme, Stonington, Thomaston, and Waterford.

Granite (paving). At Guilford and Sterling.

Granite (riprap). At Sachem Head, Guilford, Mason Island, Stonington.

Granite (road material). At Bridgeport jail, Danbury, Torrington, Town Hill.

Graphite. Fairfield County, at Danbury and Redding. Litchfield County, found 

hi western part of Cornwall. New Haven County, in northern part of 

Bethany. Windham County, has been quarried in northwest corner of 

Ashford.

Grindstone. Hartford County, fine-grained quartzose mica slate was quarried 

in Marlborough; not now produced.

Iron minerals. See Brown iron ore, Magnetite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and Siderite.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead minerals. See Cerusite, Galena, and Pyromorphite.

Lepidolite. Middlesex County; the largest quantity of lepidolite which has 

been found was obtained at Chatham in a pegmatite dike in the south 

part of the town, where it is abundant in granular masses. Some years 

ago it was quarried and exported for the manufacture of lithium salts; 

fine granular masses in pegmatite at Haddam and Middletown; larger 

plates or crystals in pegmatite at Portland and Haddam.

Limestone (crushed stone). Litchfield County, quarried at Canaan.

Limestone (flux). Litchfield County, was quarried at East Canaan.

Limestone (hydraulic). Hartford County, near Berlin, in Southington; in thin 

strata, compact, earthy, "and somewhat bituminous. .New Haven County, 

Northford, a gray limestone.

Limestone (lime). Fairfield County, magnesian limestone burned near Redding, Brookfield, Ridgefield, and Danbury; Litchfield County, at Canaan.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Fairfield County, was mined and smelted in 

small quantities at New Preston and at Redding. Litchfield County, in 

Sharon Township. Middlesex County, near Haddam. New Haven County, 

northwest of Madison. Winchester County, in northwest corner.
100 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CONNECTICUT.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Hartford County, principal ore at 

Simsbury mine, Granby, but not abundant. Disseminated through sandstone.

Marble. Litchfield County, old quarries in East Canaan and Marbledale. 

See also Dolomite.

Mica (muscovite). Fairfleld County, found with topaz at Trumbull. Litchfield 

County, was mined with feldspar and beryl 6 miles north of New Milford. 

Middlesex County, small quantities mined with feldspar in Middletown, 

Portland, Haddam, and elsewhere in pegmatites, mostly scrap mica for 

grinding but some suitable for glazing and insulating.

Mineral paint. Fail-field County, soapstone ground at Greenwich; asbestos 

rock at Stamford; talcose slate at Wilton. Litchfield County, soapstone 

ground at Barkhamsted.

Molybdenite (sulphide of molybdenum). Hartford County, in pegmatite at 

South Glastonbury. Middlesex County, in gneiss quarries at Haddam.

Monazite. Middlesex County, crystals in pegmatite at Andrews's quarry, Portland (no longer worked). New-London County, in small crystals with 

sillimanite at Norwich. Nowhere in commercial quantities.

Peat. In fresh and salt water swamps and marshes in nearly every county in 

the State. Air-dried machine peat fuel has been produced recently at 

New Haven. Artificially dried peat fuel and peat charcoal are made in 

a small plant near Hartford.

Pitchblende. See Uraninite.

Pyrite. Fairfield County, at Newtown. Hartford County, in slate at Windsor. 

Litchfield County, at Winchester. New Haven County, near North Madison. Small quantities in other localities; not now produced.

Pyromorphite (green lead ore). Fairfield County, with galena at Brookfield.

Pyrrhotite. Fairfield County, small quantity mined at New Fairfield. Litchfield County, occurs with chalcopyrite and pyrite at Prospect Hill, Bradleyville. Middlesex County, in small quantities in pegmatite at Portland 

and elsewhere.

Quartz. New London County, at Long Hill and Lantern Hill, North Stonington. Litchfield County, at Canaan, 2 miles east of Roxbury station, and 

3 miles north of Litchfield. New Haven County, quarried near Southford. The pegmatites of Portland and other places are worked chiefly 

for feldspar, but the quartz is also ground and used for different purposes. Rose quartz has been found in pegmatite at Portland and 

Chatham.

Radium. See Uraninite.

Road metal. See Granite, Limestone, and Trap rock.

Rutile. Fairfield County, at North Greenwich; has been mined in small quantities at Monroe. Hartford County, at Granby. Litchfield County, at 

Plymouth.

Sand (building). Hartford County, at Plainville, New Britain, and Windsor 

Locks. Dug in small quantity at other places.

Sand (molding). Hartford County, New Britain and Windsor Locks.

Sandstone. Ranges from nearly white to brick-red and dull brown; formerly 

quarried at all places named. Hartford County, Avon, Bucklancl, and 

Tariffville. Middlesex County, at Cromwell, Portland (now quarried). 

New Haven County, at East Haven. Also at other localities in the 

Triassic area. .This area extends along both sides of Connecticut River 

from northern boundary of State to Middletown; thence it extends southwestward to New Haven.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES CONNECTICUT. 101

Sandstone (brownstone). A well-known building stone of reddish-brown color; 

has been quarried at several places in the Triassic rocks of Connecticut 

Valley.

Sapphire (asteriated). Litchfield County, at Litchfield.

Scheelite (tungsten ore). Fail-field County, has been mined at Trumbull.

Schist. See Whetstone.

Serpentine. New Haven County, has been quarried at Milford.

Siderite (spathic iron ore). Litchfield County, has been mined at Mine Hill, 

Roxbury.

Slate. Tolland County, quarried in Stafford for local use.

Sphalerite (zinc blende).. Fairfield County, Lane's mine, Monroe, and at 

Brookfield. Middlesex County, Middletown lead mine; in small quantity 

in pegmatite at Portland and elsewhere.

Spodumene. Fairfield County, in pegmatite nt Branchville; crystals commonly 

very large; some of them altered to cymatolite; associated with numerous 

rare minerals.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Titanium. See Rutile.

Topaz.- Fairfield County, found at Trumbull; Windham,County, at Willimantic.

Tourmaline. Fairfield County, occurs at Monroe. Middlesex County, found in 

quarrying for feldspar at Strickland quarry, Portland; mostly green 

with a little pink, both of gem quality; gem tourmaline was mined with 

feldspar at Gillette quarry at Hadclam Neck. New Haven County, 

black, intergrown with quartz at Southford quarry. Black tourmaline 

in nearly all the pegmatite quarries.

Trap rock (road metal). Fairfield County, quarried at Bridgeport. Hartford 

County, near Newington, Rocky Hill, and Plainville. Middlesex County, 

Middlefield. New Haven County, Branford, East Haven, Meriden, Milford, New Haven, and Westville.

Tremolite. Litchfield County, in dolomite at Canaan.

Tungsten mineral. See Wolframite.

TJraninite (pitchblende). Fairfield County, at Branchville. Middlesex County, 

at Andrews quarry and Strickland quarry, Portland. Windham County, 

at Willimantic. At the two quarries iu Portland it occurs in amorphous 

grains and in octahedral crystals, some of the crystals more than onehalf inch in diameter. Occurs nowhere in commercial quantities; only 

as niineralogic specimens.

Whetstone. Tolland County, mica schist formerly quarried at Bolton and 

Vernon. Windham County, at Woodstock.

Wolframite (tungstate of iron). Fairfield County, at Lane's mine, Monroe, 

and in topaz-quartz vein at Trumbuil.
102 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES DELAWARE.

DELAWARE.

Asbestos. New Castle Coiiuty, in serpentine at feldspar quarries northeast of 

Wilmington; no production.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, bog iron ore, limonite). Kent County, at 

East Dover. New Castle County, Iron Hill and Chestnut Hill near 

Newark, has been mined. Sussex County, Little Creek, 2 miles south of 

Laurel; near Georgetown; Collins's ore bed on Green Meadow Branch 

of Deep Creek; Green Branch, 10 miles west of Millsboro; Burtons 

Branch, 1 mile west of Burton.

Cement material (Portland). Limestone suitable for cement occurs in extreme 

northern part of State, but outcrops are small. Greensand marl may be 

used.

Clay (brick). Dug at the following places: Kent County, near Dover, Houston, 

Smyrna, and Wyoming; New Castle County, at Blackbird, Elsmere Junction, Newark, and elsewhere; Sussex County, Blades, Bridgeville, Dagsboro, and elsewhere.

Clay (fire). New Castle County, New Castle, dug and shipped; used for fire 

pots and crucibles.

Clay (kaolin). New Castle County, dug at Hockessin and 4 miles north of Newark.

Clay (pottery). New Castle County, was dug at Christiana.

Clay (tile). Kent County, near Smyrna Landing.

Corundum. New Castle County, small quantities near Chandlers Hollow.

Diatomaceous earth. Somewhat impure; abundant in Calvert formation; not 

used; outcrops on southern tributaries of Appoquinimink Creek and 

valley of Hangmans Run.

Feldspar. New Castle County, Tucker's quarry near Wilmington; Tweed's 

quarry, 2£ miles north of Newark, near Pleasant Hill; and Hockessiu 

pits.

Glauconite. See Marl.

Gneiss. Quarried in northern part of State.

Granite. Gneiss and granite are quarried for ballast, building, curbing, concrete, road making, rubble, and riprap at many places in northern part of 

State.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron. See Brown iron ore and Ocher.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Limestone. New Castle County, has been quarried at Jeane's, on Pike Creek; 

Klair's, 2 miles west of Centerville; Bullock's, on Brandywine Creek, 

near Pennsylvania State line.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Marble. New Castle County, small exposures.

Marl (greensand). New Castle County, dug at many localities; occurs in 

Cretaceous deposits at St. Georges Hundred, St. Georges; 3 miles west 

of Middletown on Bohemia Creek, at head of tidewater; CantrelPs bridge, 

north side of Appoquinimink Creek; Silver Run; Dwyers Run; Noxontown Branch of Appoquinimink Creek; Port Penn; Latman's mill, on 

branch of Dwyers Creek; Scotts Run.

Ocher. Sussex County, with limonite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES DELAWARE. 103

Quartz. New Castle County, white granular quartz has been quarried 2$ 

miles north of Newark and ground at Tweed's mill, near Newark.

Road metal. Gravel is abundant in many localities. See also Gneiss, Granite, 

and Trap rock.

Sand (building). Large quantity of good quality at many places.

Sand (glass). New Castle County, dug at Christiana.

Sand (molding). New Castle County, dug at Christiana.

Serpentine. New Castle County, occurs 6 miles northwest of Wilmington.

Trap rock. New Castle County, quarried at Wilmington.
1.04 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.

Clay (brick). Occurs in extreme eastern'and southern portion of Washington 

and at intersection of Bladensburg road and Florida Avenue, in Potomac 

and Columbia formations. Washington is supplied by large brickyards 

on west side of Potomac River in Virginia.

Clay (terra cotta). Worked extensively for terra-cotta tile at Lamond, Terra 

Gotta, and University station, on Metropolitan branch of Baltimore & 

Ohio Railroad. Many large masses east of Anacostia River.

Diorite. Has been quarried near Georgetown but is so tough and difficult to 

work that little is used; was quarried at east end of Connecticut Avenue 

Bridge for concrete used in bridge.

Gneiss. Granite gneiss has been quarried at east end of,. Chain Bridge and 

at the receiving reservoir near Chain Bridge.

Granite. Has been quarried on Broad Branch of Rock Creek and along Connecticut Avenue extended.

Quartz. Vein quartz abundant in northwestern part of District; has been 

crushed for concrete and road material.

Road metal. Granite, diorite, and granite gneiss are abundant and have been 

crushed for road material. See also Sand and gravel and Quartz.

Sand (building). Principal supply dredged from Potomac River. Deposits of 

Potomac formation have been worked -at number of places in Washington and vicinity. Old pit half a mile south of Anacostia; new pit at Benning. Sand under clay at Terra Cotta is used for tempering clay. Dug 

near Lamond and made into sand-lime brick.

Sand and gravel. For road material and concrete; have been dug at many 

localities and dredged from Potomac River. Gravel dug at Benning is 

shipped for Maryland roads.

Soapstone. Half a mile southeast of Tenleytown and one-quarter mile west of 

Connecticut Avenue on the Albemarle road; formerly quarried on small 

scale.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES FLORIDA. 105 

FLORIDA.

Brown iron ore. See Limonite.

Cement material. Limestone suitable for cement covers large part of northern 

Florida; not utilized.

Clay (ball). Along Palatlakaha River. From Lake and Putnam counties is 

derived the large supply of the United States. It is put on the market 

as ball clay, but is also termed plastic kaolin by some. Lake County, at 

Okahumpka and Richmond. Putnam County, at Edgar and Johnson.

Clay (brick). Dug in Alachua County, Campville. Clay County, Black Creek, 

B. P. Landing, and Green Cove Springs. Columbia County, Lake City. 

Duval County, Jacksonville and St. Nicholas. Escambia County, Brent 

station, Dolores, Quintette, and elsewhere. Gadsden County, Lawrence. 

Hillsborough County, Tampa. Holmes County, Eleanor. Lake County, 

Sorrento and Whitney. Leon County, Tallahassee. Nassau County, 

Callahan. Walton County, Glendale. Washington County, near Chipley. 

Occurs but not used in Hamilton County, n6ar Marion, and on Suwannee 

River at White Springs. Leon County, 18 miles southwest of Tallahassee.

Clay (fire). Duval County. Escambia County, dug at Brent station. Floyd 

County, Flowery Branch. Grady County. Gadsden County, Quincy.

Clay (pottery). Lake County, dug at Yalaha, Okahumpka, and Richmond. 

Putnam County, at Edgar, Johnson, and McMeekin.

Coquina (limestone). Brevard County, St. Augustine quarries; Rock Ledge on 

Indian River; used for building stone. St. John County, Anastasia 

Islands and other points near ocean; used as building stone and road 

metal.

Diatomaceous earth.. Lake County, near Eustis; mined to some extent.

Fuller's earth. Gadsden County, dug at Jamieson and Quincy, large deposits. 

Manatee County, at Elleriton. Occurs in following places but is not 

mined: Alachua County, Gainesville. Columbia County, High Falls, 8 

miles southeast of Lake City. Leon County, 13 miles west of Tallahassee, 

sec. 26, T. 1 N., R. 3 W. Liberty County, Rock Bluff and along headwaters of Rock and Sweetwater creeks. Florida is now the leading State 

in the production, having reported for 1914 more than 75 per cent of the 

total quantity and value.

Gypsum. Suniter County, 6 miles west of Panasoffkee, with limestone. Not 

used.

Iron. See Limonite.

Lignite (brown coal). On Suwannee River; has been mined.

Limestone. Alachua County, has been quarried at Gainesville. Dade County, 

Miami oolite quarried at Miami for several large buildings, and used also 

as road metal. De Soto County, occurs at Charlotte Harbor. Hillsborough County, Fort Brooke. Jackson County, from Campbellton to 

Marianna. Manatee County, Manatee River. Marion County, Kendrick, 

Ocala, and Silver Springs.' Monroe County, oolite at Key West. Orange 

County, Rock Spring. Wakulla County, St. Marks. Occurs also in 

Hernando, Holmes, Leon, Walton, and Washington counties. See also 

Coquina.

Limestone (lime). Marion County, burned at Ocala and Kendrick.

Limonite (bog iron ore). Duval County, found around Beauclerc. Volusia 

County, 12 miles east of Seville, and at several points on the Florida 

East Coast Railway.
106 USEFUL MINEJKALS OF UNITED STATES FLORIDA.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Suwannee County, reported 5 miles 

southeast of Dowling Park.

Marl. Occurs very generally skirting the eastern and southern edges of the 

limestone ridge traversing the axis of the State. Isolated deposits have 

been noted at Jacksonville and on Fort George Islands, Duval County. 

The marl is used locally on many orange groves on the St. Johns River, 

particularly at Sanford, Orange Bend, and Lanier.

Mineral paint. Lee County, Estero Bay; not developed.

Peat. Extensive deposits throughout the State. " Machine peat" for fuel has 

been dug and made at Gulington Creek, Orlando, and Palatka, Orange 

County. Has been dug and prepared for fertilizer at Crescent City, 

Gulington Creek, and Palatka and near Pablo Beach.

Phosphate rock. The production in 1914 was 2,138,891 long tons of land pebble 

and hard rock phosphate, quarried in Alachua County, at Clark, Newberry, 

and elsewhere. Citrus County, Floral City, Hernando, and Istachatta. 

Columbia County, Fort White. Hernando County, Bay City. Hillsborough County, Plant City. Marion County, Anthony and Dunellon. 

Polk County, near Bartow, Fort Meade, Mulberry, and elsewhere; was 

formerly mined at Hull, De Soto County, and Buda, Orange County.

Road metal. See Coquina (limestone) and Limestone.

Sand (building). Dug at many places, principally in Duval County, Jacksonville ; Hillsborough County, Tampa; Marion County, Lake Weir, Ocala; 

Orange County, Orlando; Putnain County, Interlachen.

Sand (glass). Glean white sand, apparently suitable for glass making, occurs 

abundantly in dunes on shore of Gulf of Mexico, in many places, notably 

at Pensacola; also in other parts of the State, as at Tarpon Springs, 

Pinellas County.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA. 107 

GEORGIA.

Abrasive. See Burrstone and Novaculite.

Agate. Fulton and Jones counties; not mined.

Aluminum. See Bauxite and Halloysite.

Amethyst. Rabun County, Ledbetter mine near Rabun Gap, stones of good 

color; North Georgia Co.'s mine, 4 miles northwest of Clayton, good gems 

reported; Wilson prospect, 4 miles southeast of Clayton. Reported also 

in Cobb and Oglethorpe counties.

Arsenopyrite. Cherokee County, at Canton mine and other places. Forsyth 

County, at Charles mine.

Asbestos. Habersham County, occurs at Hollywood. Hancock County, occurs 

at Sparta and many other places. Rabun County, has been mined at 

Hicks mine. White County, mined at Sal Mountain, near Nacoochee, 

shipped from Clarkesville.

Barite (heavy spar). Bartow County, present in nearly all ocher deposits of 

Cartersville district; mined at Cartersville, Emerson, and near Allatoona. 

Murray County, mined at Eton.

Bauxite. Occurs in northwestern part of the State, chiefly in Bartow and 

Floyd counties, and deposits are known extending from a point near Sum- merville or Adairsville to the Alabama State line. Cave Spring and vicinity 

have long been the center of the industry. Deposits are worked in the 

central part of the State near Mclntyre, Wilkinson County, and have 

been discovered recently in Sumter County, near Andersonville.

Beryl. Rabun County, Beck beryl mine 7 miles east of Clayton. Large flawed 

crystals in pegmatite contain clear portions suitable for cutting.

Bismuth. Tallapoosa County, concentrates from the Hog Mountain gold mine, 

12 miles north and east of Alexander, are comparatively rich in bismuth. 

, The mineral form is unknown.

Braunite. Bartow County, Cartersville district, mined with other manganese 

ores. Floyd County, small quantity in Cave Spring district.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Bartow County, extensively worked near Hermitage and other places in Barnsley district. Fannin County, Blue Ridge. 

Floyd County, extensive deposits in Cave Spring district, mined at Atkinson mine. Murray County, large deposits in sandstone ridges north 

of Cohutta Springs. Polk County, extensively mined near Cedartown, 

Ledbetter, and Reed mines. Pulaski County, deposit at Hawkinsville. 

Whitfield County, openings near Tunnel Hill. Reported in Gilmer, Gordon, Hall, Haralson, Milton, Whitfleld, and other counties.

Burrstone (millstone). Bulloch, Burke, Early, Jefferson, and Screven counties; 

has been quarried.

Cassiterite (tin ore). Lumpkin County, small quantity in placer gold near Dahlonega.

Cement material. Bartow County, limestone of Conasauga formation quarried 

for natural cement at Cement, 2 miles north of Kingston. Polk County, 

Rockmart and Davittes (Portland cement), limestone and slate used. 

Walker County, Chickamauga limestone used; natural cement at Rossville.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Cherokee County, Canton mine; other localities 

with chalcopyrite, not mined.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Cherokee County, Canton mine. Lincoln 

County, Phelps and Seminole mines. McDuffle County, Columbia mine 

and Landers prospect. Has been mined in other localities in. Carroll,
108 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA.

Fannin, Fulton, Greene, Haralson, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Murray, Paulding 

(at Dallas), and Towns counties.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). Towns County, disseminated in minute crystals 

through chrysolite at Hog Creek near Hiawassee. Fine exposures in 

Heard and Fayette counties; not mined.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Clay (brick). Extensive deposits in all parts of the State. Dug at many 

places. The production of common brick in 1914 was valued at $1,040,557.

Clay (fire). Glascock County, Gibson. Gordon County. Jones County, Griswoldville. Washington County, Chalker.

Clay (kaolin). Bibb County, Dry Branch. Jones County, Griswoldville. Wilkinson County, Lewiston (porcelain clay). Undeveloped deposits in 

Baldwin, Cherokee, Fulton, Heard, and other counties in the area of 

crystalline rocks.

Clay (paper). Habersham County, Cornelia. Glascock County, deposits near 

Gibson. Randolph County, Moyce property, 5£ miles north of Cuthbert 

Richmond County, Hephzibah, 9 miles southwest of Augusta. Taylor 

County, Butler clay mine, 2£ miles west of Butler, shipped to northern 

markets. Twiggs County, near Dry Branch, Georgia kaolin mines. Wilkinson County, 1 mile west of Lewistown and at Dedrick.

Clay (pottery)- Developed deposits: Baldwin County. Columbia County, pits 

at Grovetown. Crawford County, Williams mill, 6 miles east of Roberta. 

Habersham County, Cornelia. Hall County, small potteries at Oakwood 

and Gillsville operated at times. Jones County. Oconee County, Bogart. 

Polk County, small quantity near Aragon. Twiggs County. White 

County, number of small potteries operated at times. Undeveloped deposits: Chattooga County, small deposit near Menlo. Clarke County, 5 

miles west of Athens. Glascock County, near Gibson. Washington 

County, Gilmore property, 10 miles north of Oconee, also at Chalker. 

Wilkinson County, 3 miles northwest of Mclntyre.

Clay (slip). Habersham County, Cornelia.

Clay (terra cotta). Fulton County.

Clay (tile). Liberty County.

Coal (bituminous). Chattooga County, small area in northern part of county; 

not mined. Dade County, three workable seams in Lookout sandstone 

(Dade, Rattlesnake, and White Ash), mined near Cole City and in limited quantity near Rising Fawn. Walker County, coal confined to Pigeon 

Mountain and east side of Lookout Mountain, in Walden sandstone and 

Lookout sandstone, mined at Durham mine, 12 miles south of Chattanooga, Tenn.

Copper. See Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Covellite, and Malachite.

Corundum. Found in quantity at only few places. Prospecting as follows: In 

Cobb County, 2 miles south of Powder Springs. Forsyth County, 1 mile 

north of Sheltonville and elsewhere. Habersham County, Aleck Mountains. Hall County, in stream 1 mile west of Gainesville. Heard County, 

in magnesian rocks at Centralhatchee. Lumpkin County, 1 mile southeast of Porter Springs. Paulding County, has been mined in northeastern 

and southeastern corners of county. Rabun County, at Stone mine and 

. Laurel Creek mine. Towns County, Bell Creek, Foster, and other mines 

(Seventeenth and Eighteenth districts). Troup County, sparingly near 

West Point. Union County, Track Rock mine. Upson County, 8 miles 

southwest of Thomaston. Walton County, near Monroe.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA. 109

Covellite (indigo copper). Cherokee County, at Canton mine, with chalcopyrite 

and chalcocite; not mined.

Diamond. Four-carat diamond was found in Clayton County. Few finds in 

Hall and White counties.

Diopside. Pickens County, Southern marble quarries.

Fuller's earth. Bibb County, Dry Branch. Columbia County, near Grovetown, 

not mined. Decatur County, mined at Attapulgus. Twiggs County, 

mined at Pikes Peak.

Galena (sulphide of lead). Gwinnett County, abundant in Piedmont mine, 

argentiferous. Lincoln County, in small quantities at Ramsey property, 

abundant in Paschal and "Phelps mines. McDuffle County, Columbia 

mine and Landers prospect.

Garnet. Lumpkin County, near Dahlonega. Abundant in garnet schists, and 

in gangues of some gold ores in Cherokee, Lumpkin, and other counties.

Genthite (nickel silicate). Towns County, with millerite; not mined.

Gneiss (biotite). Troup County, quarried 1 mile west of Mountville for 

macadam.

Gneiss (hornblende). Meriwether County, Tignor quarry.

Gold (lode). Bartow County, was mined at Glade mine. Cherokee County, 

Cherokee mine worked at times; Franklin mine near Creighton large 

producer; other mines. Cobb County, was mined at Mason mine, 8 miles 

northeast of Dallas, and at Freeman mine near Acworth. Coweta County, 

prospecting on Clarke property, near Hollingsworth Ferry. Dawson 

County, at Harris Branch, Magic, and other mines. Douglas County, at 

Pine Mountain. Forsyth County, at Strickland mine and elsewhere. 

Greene County, about 6 miles northeast of Union Point. Gwinnett County, 

important mining operations in vicinity of Buford. .Habersham County, 

Royal mine near Walkers Creek, 3 miles southeast of Tallapoosa, old 

prospects near Clarkesville and near Chattahoochee River, in southeastern part of county, and at Hood and Nichols mines. Hall County, Odum 

and Potosi mines worked at intervals. Hart County, Brown mine, 6 miles 

south of Bowersville. Lincoln County, Paschal mine. Lumpkin County, 

Findley, Hedwig, Lockart, Preacher, Singleton, Whim Hill, and other 

mines, free and in quartz, mined at several points in Dahlonega and 

Auraria districts, and on Yahoola Creek and Chestatee River. .McDuffle 

County, Columbia mines and others worked. Meriwether County, was 

mined at Wilkes and Lone Oak mines. Milton County, prospecting 4 

miles from Sheltonville. Oglethorpe County, Buffalo, Guarantee, and 

Morgan mines, the last worked. Paulding County, free gold reported 

from Sheffield property near Huntsville. Rabun County, Lamar, Moore, 

and other mines. Towns County, Greater Pittsburg and Nancy Brown 

mines. Union County, Legal Tender. White County, Loud mine, 4 miles 

southwest of Cleveland; many old mines worked at intervals. Wilkes 

County, Latimer mine (free gold) and Stone Ridge mine worked at 

intervals.

Gold (placer). Bartow County, old placer mines on Gold Branch. Campbell 

County, Camp property, eighth district. Cherokee County, Cherokee, 

Kellogg, Sixes, and other mines. Cobb County, old placer mines. Coweta 

County, Bingham and Hill properties. Dawson County, old mines, Harris 

Branch, and others. Douglas County, limited amount of mining at Roach 

mine. Elbert County, along stream courses within few miles of Bowman. 

Fannin County, Rantze Hill mine near Noontootly Creek, found about 12 

miles southeast of Blue Ridge. Forsyth County, Faver mine. Gilmer
110 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA.

County, White Path mine, 6 miles northeast of Ellijay, worked at intervals. Gwinnett County, considerable placer work was done on Richland 

Creek and tributaries. Habersham County, little work near Chattahoochee 

River in southeastern part of county; Nicholas mine, 6 miles east of 

Clarkesville, and few places along Soque River. Hall County, old prospects along creek emptying into Chattahoochee River in vicinity of 

Gainesville. Haralson County, old mines in eighth district. Hart County, 

small placer deposits mined on Red Hollow road about 4 miles from

: Bowersville. Lumpkin County, Etowah, Josephine, and other mines were 

worked. Madison County, small deposits on Smith property, Webb, etc. 

Meriwether County, small mine on Post property. Milton County, old 

mines. Murray County, Cohutta mine 4 miles east of Chatsworth. Newton County, 7 miles southwest of Covington. Paulding County, Austin 

mines 7 miles southeast of Dallas, Yorkville and Dunaway mines irregularly worked. Rabun County, considerable mining on Pages Creek and 

Lawground Branch. Towns County, Hightower Creek belt in vicinity of 

Visage northeast to near -Georgia-North Carolina line, mining confined to 

Hightower Creek. Union County, extensive mining along Coosa Creek. 

Walton County, Malcome, Smith, and other mines have been worked. 

White County, Longstreet, Loud, and other mines extensively worked.

Granite (building and monumental). Bibb County, quarried at Macon. Campbell County, fine-grained medium light-gray biotite granite was quarried near Fairburn; Union City. Clark County, Athens. Cobb County, 

Austell. Coweta County, Senoia; several quarries in vicinity of 

Newnan. Dekalb County, dark blue-gray biotite granite; Congress 

and Lithonia quarries and at many quarries on Stone Mountain. Elbert 

County, medium light-gray biotite granite in Elbertson area, several 

quarries. Fayette County, near Fayetteville, coarse-grained biotite 

granite. Fulton County, Atlanta. Hancock County, near Sparta, Granite 

Hill. Heard County, Flat Rock, at Wynn quarries near Franklin, finegrained biotite granite. Henry County, Stockbridge. Jackson County, 

Winder. Madison County, Brown and Deadwyler quarries. McDuffie 

County, near Thomson, fine-grained biotite granite. Meriwether County, 

Woodbury, dark blue-gray medium-fine biotite granite quarried near 

Greenville. Monroe County, Dames Ferry. Muscogee County, Columbus. 

Oglethorpe County, dark blue-gray and light-gray fine, even-grained 

biotite granite quarried near Lexington. Newton County, Freeman quarry 

near Covington. Oglethorpe and Madison counties, Oglesby area, superior 

fine-grained dark-blue biotite granite, 6 quarries. Putnam County, massive, fine, even-grained dark blue-gray biotite granite quarried near Eatonton. Richmond County, biotite granite gneiss quarried near Augusta, 

rough work. Rockdale County, Conyers. Spalding County, medium 

coarse grained light-gray biotite granite, at Griffin and Turner. Stephens 

County, Toccoa. Troup County, Hogansville and Trimble. Walton 

County, Logansville.

Granite (crushed stone). Henry County, quarried for crushed stone at Stockbridge. Stephens County, 3 miles from Toccoa. Troup County, Hogansville.

Granite porphyry. Columbia County, undeveloped, near Appling; Greene 

County, extensive body about 10 miles south of Greensboro. Lumpkin 

County, several exposures near Dahlonega. Morgan County, few outcrops, principal one on Hard Labor Creek, 5 miles northwest of Madison. 

Pike County, granular to porphyritic granite, dark gray, 9 miles west of 

Zebulon. Also in Muscogee and Wilkes counties.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA. HI

Graphite (plumbago). Bartow County, extensive deposits of graphitic slate for 

fertilizer filler mined near Emerson. Cobb County, was mined at Powder 

Springs. Occurs in Carroll, Cherokee, Clarke, Douglas, Blbert, Habersham, Hall, Heard, Madison, Paulding, Pickens, Rabun, and Spalding 

counties.

Halloysite. Chattooga County, 4£ miles northeast of Gore, extensively prospected. Dade County, near Rising Fawn, was mined and shipped. Floyd 

County, scattered through bauxitic clay in Holland Spring bank. Fulton 

County, near Lakewood, Atlanta. In Catoosa, Cherokee, and Walker 

counties, not mined.

Hematite (red ore, fossil ore). Bartow County, in minable quantities between 

Emerson and Etowah rivers, also near Warford, not mined. Catoosa 

County, abundant as float ore in Dicks Ridge; also occurs in Taylors 

Ridge and White Mountain. Chattooga County, mined along base of 

Lookout Mountain and 3£ miles east of Summerville; also on Dirtseller 

Mountain. Dade County, mined on Johnson Creek. Polk County, occurs 

north of Rockmart. Walker County, mined at West property, tenth district. Has been mined also in Floyd and Whitfield counties.

Hematite (specular iron ore). Cherokee County, occurs in Allatoona Hills, 

along Etowah River, extensive deposits. Also in valley of Etowah River, 

in Bartow, Cass, Cobb, Fannin, Floyd, Gilmer, Lumpkin, Milton, Murray, 

Paulding, Pickens, Towns, and Union counties.

Hyalite. See Opal.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Magnetite, Ocher, and Pyrite.

Itacolumlte (flexible sandstone). Hall County, Chattahoochee Ridge. Meriwether County, near Warm Springs,

Kaolin (nonplastic and plastic). At many places throughout the Cambrian belt, 

which extends across the State. Developed: Bartow County, Sheet mine, 

3 miles south of Adairsville. Greene County, small quantity mined 4 

miles northeast of Union Point. Houston County, small mine on Yancey 

property, 2 miles northwest of Perry. Richmond County, in clay bed at 

Hephzibah, 9 miles southwest of Augusta. Twiggs County, Georgia 

kaolin mine, 2 miles southeast of Dry Branch, and other mines. Undeveloped: Columbia County, deposits located 1 mile east of Grovetown. 

Glascock County, large deposit near Gibson. Hancock County, Carrs station. Jones County, Griswoldville, 11 miles east of Macon. McDuffle 

County, 3 miles southwest of Dearing. Paulding County, prospecting at old 

Turner mica mine, 5 miles north of Dallas. Pickens County, in vicinity 

of Jasper. Polk County, Ledbetter mine. Taylor County, Butler. See 

also Clay.

Lazulite. Lincoln County, Graves Mountain, not mined.

Lead. See Galena and Pyromorphite.

Limestone (building). Catoosa County, quarried at Graysville. Dade County, 

Rising Fawn. Gilmer County, Ellijay. - Polk County, Rockmart. Walker 

County, Chickamauga and Rossville.

Limestone (crushed stone). Bartow County, quarried at Cartersville and Clifford. Catoosa County, Graysville. Walker County, Chickamauga.

Limestone (flux). Walker County, quarried at Chickamauga.

Limestone (lime). Bartow County, quarried at Cartersville. Catoosa County, 

Graysville. Hall County, Gainesville. Walker County, Rossville.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Cherokee County, found in marble at Mabel 

station, 6 miles northeast of Canton. Carroll County, near Villa Rica, no
112 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA.

well-defined vein. Occurs also in Cherokee, Cobb, Dekalb, Gilmer, Greene, 

Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Luinpkin, and other counties; not mined.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Fannin County, mines of Ducktown, 

Tenn., belt.

Manganese ore. . Occurs with brown and manganiferous iron ores in area of 

Paleozoic rocks, which includes 10 northwestern counties of State. Bartow County, mined in Cartersville district. Fannin County, small deposits were mined at Blue Ridge. Floyd County, mined in Cave Springs 

district. Habersham County, has been mined at Mount Airy. Haralson 

County, small deposits in Draketown district. Hart County, mined 1$ 

miles east of Bowersville. Murray County, occurs with iron-ore deposits 4 miles north of Cohutta Springs. Paulding County, has been 

mined in Draketown district. Polk County, mined in Cave Springs district. Whitfield County, mined in vicinity of Tunnel Hill. See also 

Braunite, Manganite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Rhodochrosite, and Wad.

Manganite. Bartow County, associated with psilomelane and pyrolusite in 

Cartersville mines; not mined.

Marble. Cherokee County, extensive exposures of dark-colored marble near 

Mabel station and on Longswamp Creek. Gilmer County, extensive exposures of pink and white marble; quarried at Marble Bluff. Pickens 

County, white, gray, and pink marble; the first two varieties are extensively quarried and comprise almost the entire production of the State. 

Polk County, white marble near Van Wert, not quarried. Whitfield 

County, dark chocolate-grayish marble in northwestern corner of county. 

Colored marbles in Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Floyd, Gordon, Polk, and 

Walker counties.

 Marl. Occurs in Bibb, Bullock, Charlton, Chatham, Chattahoochee, Clay, Crawford, Effingham, Bmanuel, Houston, Jefferson, Pulaski, Quitman, Randolph, Screven, Stewart, Thomas, and Washington counties; not mined.

Mica (museovite). At many places throughout the Cambrian belt, which extends across the State. Cherokee County, has been mined 10 miles east 

of Canton and 2 miles northwest of Toonigh; prospects found near 

Holly Springs and Woodstock. Elbert County, has been mined near Elberton. Fannin County, found near junction of Cutcane and Hemptown creeks. Hall County, "has been mined near Gainesville. Lumpkin 

County, mined near Tworun. Rabun County, 10 miles east of Clayton. 

Union County, mined near Blairsville and 9 miles from Dahlonega; has 

been mined at Gaddistown, Quebec, and Ward Gap. Also occurs in 

Carroll, Gwinnett, Heard, Towns, and Warren counties.

Millstone. See Burrstone.

Mineral paint. See Ocher.

Nickel. See Genthite.

Novaculite (oilstone). Undeveloped beds in Heard, Lincoln, McDuffie, Meriwether, Oglethorpe, and Troup counties.

Ocher (mineral paint). Bartow County, mined extensively near Cartersville, 

large plants.

Oilstone. See Novaculite.

Opal. Fire opal is found in Bulloch and Washington counties; hyalite in Burke, 

Rabun, and Screven counties.

Peat. Extensive deposits occur in the Okefenokee Swamp and in swamps and 

marshes in the coastal region.

Psilomelane. Bartow County, important ore of Cartersville district; mined 

near Cartersville, Emerson, and Rowland Spring.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA. 113

Pyrite. Bartow County, occurs in quartzite in Cartersville district; Carroll 

County, mined near Bremen, at Reids Mountain, and at Villa Rica; Cherokee County, mined at Ball Ground and near Creighton; Cobb County, 

mined at Acworth; Dawson County, occurs in large quantities on Shelton 

property; Greene County, small quantities in east part of county; Haralson County, mined near Westbrook, Draketown district; Lumpkin County, 

mined 6 miles northeast from Dahlonega; McDuffie County, occurs in considerable quantities in Columbia mine and Landers prospect; Murray 

County, occurs near Cohutta; Oglethorpe County, occurs in large quantities in quartz in Guarantee and Morgan mines; Paulding County, has 

been mined near Hiram; White County, occurs in large quantities in 

Blake mine.

Pyrolusite (black manganese oxide).. Bartow County, important ore in Cartersville district, mined near Cartersville, Emerson, and Rowland Spring; 

Catoosa County, occurs but not mined; Fannin County, occurs with brown 

iron,ores 10 miles northeast of Blue Ridge; Floyd County, important ore 

of Cave Spring district, mined in several places; Paulding County, occurs 

in residual mica schist clay in Draketown district; Whitfleld County, 

occurs but not mined.

Pyromorphite. Lincoln County, at few points in Seminole mine. McDuffie 

County, occasionally found in oxidized vein of Columbia mine; not mined.

Quartz (rock crystal). Gem quality, occurs in Franklin, Forsyth, Fulton, 

Jones, Rabun, and Wilkes counties.

Radium. See Uranophane.

Rhodochrosite. Polk County, in iron mines near Cedartown; Towns County, 

in small quantity lining cavities several miles west of Hiawassee; not 

mined.

Road metal. Suitable material in northern part of State consists of the Knox 

dolomite and the Chickamauga and Bangor limestones. Chert deposits of 

Knox and Fort Payne formations: Granite, gneiss, diorite, schist, quartzite, and trap rock widely distributed.

Ruby. Rabun County, Laurel Creek, mine. Towns County, Hiawassee mine. 

Union County, near Caldwell.

Sand (building). Dug in Cobb County, Oakdale; Crawford County, Zenith; 

Floyd County, Rome; Fulton County, Bolton; Habersham County, Demorest; Henry County, Stockbridge; Monroe County, Popes Ferry; Muscogee County, Columbus; Taylor County, Howard; Telfair County, Lumber 

City; Walker County, Flintstone; Whitfield County, Dalton.

Sand (glass). Dug in Crawford County, Zenith; Richmond County, Augusta; 

Taylor County, Butler; Telfair County, Lumber City.

Sand (molding). Dug in Catoosa County, Ringgold; Gilmer County, Ellijay; 

Habersham County, Demorest; Newton County, Almon; Taylor County, 

Howard; Walker County, Flintstone; Whitfield County, Dalton.

Sandstone (flexible). See Itacolumite.

Sapphire. Rabun County, Laurel Creek mine.

Serpentine. Cherokee County, quarried at Verde Antique marble quarry, Holly 

Springs. Occurs also in Rabun, Towns, and Union counties; not quarried.

Shale (brick). Catoosa County, occurs near Ringgold; Chattooga County, 

small quantity 3 miles west of Lyerly, mined and shipped; Floyd County, 

mined near Rome; Gordon County, mined at Calhoun; Murray County, 

Chatsworth; Walker County, Mission Ridge; Whitfleld County, Conasauga shale, 3 miles southeast of Dalton, not used. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 8
114 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES GEORGIA.

Silver. Small quantity recovered from placer and lode gold in Cherokee, Hall, 

Lumpkin, Paulding, and White counties.

Slate. Bai:tow County, quarried near Fairmount. Polk County, several producing quarries near Rockmart; was formerly quarried near Van Wert.

Soapstone. See Talc. .

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Lincoln County; Seminole mine; not mined.

Staurolite. Fannin County, long noted for its very perfect staurolite crystals. 

The mineral also occurs more or less plentifully in Cherokee, Pickens, 

Towns, Union, and other counties in north Georgia.

Sulphur. See Pyrite.

Talc (soapstone). Cherokee County, occurs near Ball Ground and Holly 

Springs. Fannin County, has been mined near Blue Ridge. Murray 

County, good grade of talc for burners and crayons, lower grade for 

grinding; mined at several places near Chatsworth. Undeveloped in Clayton, Cobb, Dekalb, Elbert, Fannin, Fulton, Gilmer, Hall, Habersham, Jasper, Paulding, Union, and White counties.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Tourmaline. Rabun County, Laurel Creek corundum mine. Towns County, 

Hog Creek corundum mine near Hiawassee.

Tremolite. Fannin County, Park property near junction of Cutcane and Hemptown creeks; Pickens County, Southern marble quarries, near Tate.

Tripoli. Has been mined in Chattooga County, near Lyerly. Murray County, 

at Chatsworth and Spring Place. Whitfield County, near Dalton.

Uranophane. Dekalb County, found in joints of granite at Stone. It is coated 

thinly by hyalite.

Verde antique. See Serpentine.

Wad. Bartow County, associated with psilomelane and pyrolusite in Cartersyille manganese mines; not mined.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IDAHO. 115 

IDAHO.

Anglesite (lead sulphate). Found in surface ores of some of the argentiferous 

lead mines in Blaine County, at Sawtooth, Vienna, and Wood River. 

Custer County, at Bay Horse. Lemhi County, in Texas Creek and other 

districts. Shoshone County, in surface levels of Wardner lode and other 

mines in the Coeur d'Alene district.

Antimony ore. Idaho County, in Yellow Pine Basin and Big Creek district. 

Owyhee County, at Diamond Basin and Boulder Creek. Shoshone County, 

in ores of Stanley mine, at Burke, in the Coeur d'Alene district; stibnite 

in quartz; on Pine Creek, at Kellogg, the Brown Antimony mine is being 

developed. See also Cervantite, Polybasite, and Stibnite.

Argentite. Occurs at the following places: Blaine County, Silver King and 

Vienna mines. Custer County, Bay Horse and Yankee Fork districts. 

Elmore County, Yuba City, Monarch mine at Atlanta, and Banner mines. 

Idaho County, Warren district. Owyhee County, Black Jack, Trade Dollar, and other Silver City mines.

Arsenopyrite. Common in many mining districts; has been mined in the following places: Ada County, Black Hornet (Shaw Mountain) district, 8 

miles east of Boise. Blaine County, mined for gold at North Star, Red 

Oloud, and Croesus mines; argentiferous near Ketchum. Boise County, 

mined for gold and silver at Gold Hill, Checkmate, Good Friday, and other 

claims in Willow Creek district. Bonner County, near Granite. Elmore 

County, Neal and Rocky Bar districts. Idaho County, Warren district. 

Washington County, Mineral district.

Asbestos (amphibole). Idaho County, 16 miles south of Grangeville. Lewis 

County, has been mined 14 miles southeast of Kamiah.

Azurite. Blaine County, has been mined with lead ore in Wood River district. 

Custer County,-has been mined with other copper ores. Elmore County, 

in Tahoma mine, Atlanta district. Oneida County, has been mined at 

Blackstone min,e. Shoshone County, occurs in gangue of silver-lead ores 

near Mullan; abundant in Hunter; less so in Morning mine and other 

mines and prospects; also common in mines and prospects of the Seven 

Devils Range in Adams and Washington counties.

Barite. Blaine County; undeveloped deposits reported. Shoshone County, 

common gangue mineral in the Gold Hunter mine at Mullan and occurs 

in several other mines in the Coeur d'Alene district.

Basalt. Occurs extensively in western and southern Idaho. Has been quarried 

intermittently at Idaho Falls, Bonneville County; Warren station (near 

Nampa), Canyon County; Cottonwood, Idaho County; Coeur d'Alene, 

Kootenai County; Lewiston, Nez Perce County; Twin Falls, Twin Falls 

County.

Bornite. Adams County, mined for gold and silver in Seven Devils district. 

Bannock County, Moonlight property near Pocatello. Kootenai County, 

prospects on the east side of Lake Pend Oreille. Lemhi County, Copper 

Queen mine. Shoshone County, Snowstorm and Copper King mines, 

Coeur d'Alene district. Washington County, Weiser district.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Common in outcrops of lode deposits in many mining districts; not mined for iron; used as flux at Muldoon, Blaine County.

Cassiterite. Occasionally found in Jordan Creek and other streams, Bitterroot 

Mountains; in Lemhi County, on Panther Creek; and in Shoshone County, 

in the Coeur d'Alene district.

Cement materials (Portland). Blaine County, limestone and shale abundant 

at Arco. Clearwater County, limestone at Orofino. Nez Perce County,
116 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IDAHO.

limestone and shale on Snake River, about 18 and 25 miles south of 

Lewiston. Teton County, associated with bed of high-grade steam coal 

at Horseshoe Creek. No cement thus far produced.

Cerargyrite (horn silver). Has been mined in the following places: Blaine 

County, surface ore in Wood River district; Ouster County, Bay Horse 

district; Elmore County, surface ore of Monarch lode, Atlanta, and 

Smoky district; Idaho County, Warren district; Lemhi County, districts 

in the southeastern part of the county; Owyhee County, De Lamar and 

Silver City districts. Reported from other districts.

Cerium. See Monazite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Common oxidized ore in silver-lead mines of Blaine 

County, Wood River district; Custer County, Bay Horse and other districts; Lemhi County, Junction, Nicholia, Spring Mountain, and Texas 

Creek districts; Shoshone County, Coeur d'Alene district.

Cervantite (antimony ocher). Blaine County, has been mined in'Wood River 

district.

Chalcanthite. Washington County, Mineral district, and in copper mines in 

other districts.

Chalcedony. Custer County, occurs in Yankee Fort district. Lemhi County, 

Gravel Range and Parker Mountain districts. Owyhee County, Silver 

City.

Chalcocite. Adams County, Seven Devils district. Bannock County, Moonlight mine, near 'Pocatello. Bear Lake County, in Triassic rocks near 

Montpelier. Fremont County, Sedalia mine. Shoshone County, mined 

for gold and silver in the Snowstorm mine, and in small quantity in the 

Park, Reindeer, and Carney copper prospects, Coeur d'Alene district.

Chalcopyrite. Adams County, Seven Devils, district. Blaine County, mined 

for gold at Argent and Jay Gould mines, Wood River district. Boise 

County, rare in Willow Creek district. Custer County, chief ore of 

White Knob copper mine; auriferous in Lost Packer .mine. Idaho 

County, Big Buffalo, Monte Cristo, and Jumbo -mines, Buffalo Hump 

district; prospects near Harpster and Mount Idaho; carries gold 

and silver. Kootenai County, prospects east of Pend Oreille Lake. 

Owyhee County, mined for gold and silver at Black Jack and Trade 

Dollar mines, Silver City. Shoshone County, chief copper ore in 

Monitor mine, and many prospects of St. Joe basin and Coeur d'Alene 

district; subordinate part of ore in Snowstorm mine. Washington 

County, Mineral district.

Cinnabar (sulphide of mercury). Custer County, in gold-bearing gravel, Willis 

placers, on Stanley Creek. Elmore County, stringers of cinnabar in 

granite are reported in the Pine mining district about 40 miles north of 

Mountain Home. Idaho County, Pringle-Smith prospect on Sugar Creek, 

10 miles east of Roosevelt.

Clay (brick). Dug in the following places: Ada County, at Boise. Adams 

County, Meadows. Bannock County, Pocatello. Bear Lake County, 

Paris. Bingham County, Idaho Falls. Bonner County, Sandpoint and 

Albany Falls. Canyon County, Caldwell and Payette. Cassia County, 

Oakley. Frernont County, St. Anthony. Gem County, Emmett. Idaho 

County, Grangeville and Keuterville. Kootenai County, Coeur d'Aleue 

and Huetter. Latah County, ,in Genesee, Kendrick, and elsewhere. 

Lewis County, Ilo. Nez Perce County, Kippen, Lewiston, and elsewhere. Oneida County, Preston. Washington County, Weiser.

Clay (fire). Latah County, Deary.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IDAHO. 117

Coal. Bituminous coal has been mined in the eastern part of Bonneville and 

Fremont counties in an extension of the Sublette field of Wyoming. 

Lignite has been mined in the ridges between Horseshoe Bend and 

Jerusalem, Boise County, and near Salmon, Lemhi County.

Cobalt. Lemhi County, occurs near Blackbird. See also Erythrite.

Copper. The predominant metal produced in the following districts: Adams 

County, Seven Devils district. Bannock County, Fort Hall. Bear Lake 

County, Bear Lake. Blaine County, Hamilton. Bonner "County, East 

Shore (Clark Fork). Bonneville County, Mount Pisgah. Custer County, 

Alder Creek. Fremont County, Skull Canyon and Camp Howard. Lemhi 

County, Blackbird. Shoshone County, Bald Mountain and Black Prince. 

. Washington County, Heath. Of minor importance in many other mining 

districts. See also Azurite, Bornite, Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Covellite, Cuprite, Malachite, Melaconite, and Tetrahedrite.

Copper (native). Adams County, Seven Devils district. Lemhi County, Beaver 

Creek and several other places. Shoshone County, rare in Snowstorm 

mine, Coeur d'Alene district.

Corundum. Custer County, in placers, Stanley basin.

Covellite. Adams County. Bear Lake County, small quantity near Montpelier. Shoshone County, in Last Chance mine of Coeur d'Alene district.

Cuprite (copper oxide). Lemhi County, Galbraith mine on Beaver Creek, Bell 

group on Carmen Creek, and other places. Shoshone County, in Snowstorm and Monitor mines, Coeur d'Alene district. Washington County, 

occurs in Weiser district; argentiferous at River Queen copper deposit, 

one-half mile above Ballards.

Diatomaceous earth. Blaine County. Owyhee County, near Murphy station. 

Washington County, at Council.

Dufrenoysite. Blaine County, with lead ores in considerable quantity in Wood 

River district; has been mined. Bonner County, occurs in Crown Point 

mine.

Erythrite. Lemhi County, near Blackbird.

Ferberite. Blaine County, East Fork of Corral Creek, Soldier Mountain, 6 

miles from Corral. Boise County, Deadwood district. .

Freiberg-ite (argentiferous tetrahedrite). Blaine County, has been mined in 

Columbia, Pilgrim, and other mines in the Sawtooth district; Soldier 

Mountain, 9 miles north of Corral.

Galena. Blaine County, the principal ore of Wood River district, mined for 

lead and silver near Hailey and elsewhere. Boise County, Checkmate, 

Good Friday, and other claims in Willow Creek district, mined for gold 

and silver. Boundary County, occurs with gold at Buckhorn mine, east 

of Moyie River. Custer County, Bay Horse district, extensively mined; 

also in copper ores of White Knob mines. Elmore County, mined in 

Neal district for gold and silver. Idaho County, Little Giant, Rescue, and 

other mines in Warren district, mined for gold and silver; Big Buffalo and 

Monte Cristo mines, Buffalo Hump district. Kootenai County, mines 

and prospects on south and west sides of Lake Pend Oreille, argentiferous; Snowshoe mine, near Troy. Lemhi County, Texas Creek, Junction, Spring Mountain, and Nicholia districts;. extensively mined. Owyhee County, South Mountain, Black Jack, and Trade Dollar mines, 

Silver City. Shoshone County, chief ore of silver-lead mines, Coeur 

d'Alene district; associated with gold in Golden Chest and other mines 

near Murray; prospects in St. Joe basin. Washington County, mined for 

gold and silver in Mineral district, Blue Mountain gold belt.
118 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IDAHO.

Garnet (spessartite). Adams County, with bornite and powellite in Peacock 

claim, Seven Devils district. Boise County, a few gems found in gold 

placers of Deadwood Gulch.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gold (lode). Predominant metal produced in the following districts: Ada 

County, Black Hornet and Boise (Mclntire). Blaine County, Camas, 

Little Smoky, and Rosetta. Boise County, Highland Valley, Idaho City, 

Quartzburg, Summit Flat, and Westview. Bonner County, Mooyie Yaak, 

Blacktail, and Pine Creek. Cassia County, Connor Creek. Clearwater 

County, Musselshell Creek and Pierce. Custer County, Loon Creek, Seafoam, Stanley basin, Washington basin, and Yankee Fork. Elmore 

County, Atlanta, Black Warrior, Neal, Pine Grove, and Eocky Bar. 

Idaho County, in nearly every district. Lemhi County, in nearly every 

district. Owyhee County, De Lamar and Mammoth. Shoshone County, 

Eagle (Murray), St. Regis, and Summit.

Gold (placer). The predominant metal produced in the following districts: Ada 

County, Snake River. Adams County, Meadows, 16 miles northeast of 

. Evergreen. Benewah County, Camas Cove. Bingham County, Snake 

River at Blackfoot, Rich, and Otis. Blaine County, Soldier and Snake 

River, near Wampi. Boise County, Moore Creek, Deadwood, Gold Fork, 

Payette River, and Twin Springs. Cassia County, Snake River. Clearwater County, Burnt Creek, Moose Creek. Elmore County, Highland 

Valley. Idaho County, Crooks Corral, Maggie, Salmon River. Latah 

County, Gold Creek and Moscow. Lemhi County, Kirtley Creek, Leesburg, Mackinaw, and Pratt Creek. Owyhee County, gravels of Snake 

River. Shoshone County, St. Joe, 25 miles west .of Iron Mountain, Mont.

Granite. Occurs extensively in central and also in northern part of State, but 

for most part not very accessible. Has been quarried on small scale 

5 miles east of Boise, Ada County, and on Snake River, 25 miles south 

of Lewiston, Nez Perce County.

Gypsum. Washington County, prospected in bluffs of Snake River, T. 13 N., 

R. 7 W.

Halite. See Salt.

Hematite. Widespread in outcrops of lode deposits. Washington County, in 

massive deposits in Iron Mountain.

Hiibnerite. Boise County, Deadwood basin, 30 miles north of Boise. Lemhi 

County, mined on Patterson Creek, Bluewing district.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, and Magnetite.

Lead (native). Blaine County, reported in Wood River district.

Lead minerals. Lead is the predominant metal in the following districts: Bear 

Lake County, St. Charles. Blaine County, Dome, Elkhorn, Galena, Muldoon, and Mineral Hill. Bonner County, Priest Lake. Custer County. 

East Fork, 24 miles west of Mackay. Jefferson County, Little Lost 

River, 25 miles northeast of Arco. Lemhi County, Junction, Spring 

Mountain, and Texas Creek. Owyhee County, South Mountain, 46 miles 

south-southwest of Murphy. Shoshone County, Beaver, Evolution, Hunter, Leland, Pine Creek, Slate Creek, Wallace, and Yreka. Washington 

County, Mineral, 29 miles north-northeast of Huntington, Oreg. See 

also Anglesite, Cerusite, Dufrenoysite, Galena, Massicot, and Pyromorphite.

Lignite. Boise County, has been mined near Horseshoe Bend. Cassia County, 

occurs in Goose Creek field. Lemhi County, has been mined near Salmon.

Limestone (building). Blaine County, Arco. Bonner County, 3 miles northeast of Lakeview. Franklin County, Franklin, Mission Creek. Nez 

Perce County, 5 miles south of Taplin.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IDAHO. 119

Limestone (lime). Bannock County, burned at Pebble. Cassia County, near 

Burley. Kootenai County, at Squaw Bay on Pend Oreille Lake.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Blaine County, occurs in Wood River country. 

Also in Custer and Lemhi counties. Shoshone County, rare in ores of 

Coeur d'Alene district. Washington County, occurs in Mineral district, 

Blue Mountain gold belt.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Adams County, Seven Devils district. 

Blaine County, has been mined with other copper ores in Wood River 

district. Idaho County, Warren district. Washington County, Mineral 

district.

Marble. Small quantities have been quarried or prospected at Little Basin, 

Cassia County, and on Snake River, 25 miles south of Lewiston, Nez 

Perce County.

Marcasite. Blaine County, has been mined for gold and silver in Wood River 

district. Owyhee County, in Trade Dollar mine, Silver City, and at 

South Mountain mines.

Massicot. Shoshone County, oxidized lead ore in Coeur d'Alene district, Hercules, California, and other mines.

Melaconite. Adams County, was mined with other copper minerals in Seven 

Devils and other districts.

Mica. Adams County, was mined 15 miles from Council. Cassia County, 

prospecting 30 miles from Albion. Idaho County, prospecting at Pardee. 

Latah County, prospecting at Avon and Troy.

Molybdenite. Blaine County, Bear Creek. Boundary County, near Copeland. 

Elmore - County, on Sheep Creek. Lemhi County, Junction mining district, near Leadore.

Monazite. Ada County, occurs in black sands at Boise and Boise Basin. 

Adams County, Meadows, Snake River, and John Day Creek. Boise 

County, has been mined at Centerville, found in placers near Placerville, 

Idaho City, and elsewhere. Canyon County, Payette River. Clearwater County, Oroflno, Dent, and elsewhere. Idaho County, best deposit 

 at Warren district (placer). Lemhi County, at Leesburg. Lincoln 

County, at Minidoka. Nez Perce County, Musselshell Creek, 28 miles 

east of Greer, and 10 miles from Weippe. Owyhee County, at Oreana.

Natural gas. Small quantities have been found in Canyon County, near the 

junction of Payette and Snake rivers; in Owyhee County near Enterprise ; and in Washington County, at Weiser.

Nickel ore. Custer County, at East Fork, with pyrrhotite and pyrite. Idaho 

'County, Big Creek. Lemhi Cpunty, deposits at Blue Bird.

Opal. Canyon County, opaline near Snake River, southwest of Caldwell, formerly worked. Lemhi County, Panther Creek district, some cut for gerns. 

Owyhee County, near Oreana.

Opalized wood. Clover Creek, Logan County, some of beautiful grain, sawed, 

and polished.

Phosphate rock. Bannock County, occurs in many parts of the county. Bear 

Lake County, near Georgetown, Montpelier, and Paris. Bingham County. 

in hills 10 miles southeast of Shelley. Bonneville County, along Snake 

River near Irwin and along the State line. Madison County, along the 

State line.
120 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IDAHO.

Platinum. Found in small quantity in black sands of Boise, Idaho, and 

Shoshone counties, and also in the following localities: Ada County, 

Payette Eiver. Bingham County, Snake River. Clearwater County, 

Pierce district. Elmore County, Rocky Bar. Idaho County, Elk City 

district. Nez Peree County, Clearwater River.

Polybasite. Owyhee County, occurs at Silver City.

Proustite (light ruby silver). Blaine County, associated with pyrargyrite in 

Sawtooth and other districts. Elmore County, in Monarch and Buffalo 

mines, Atlanta. Owyhee County, has been mined at Silver City. Shoshone County, in Coeur d'Alene district.

Pumice. Oneida County, has been mined at Rockland. Owyhee County, at 

Castle Creek.

Pyrargyrite. Blaine County, has been mined in Wood River district. Boise 

County, has been mined in small quantity for gold and silver in Banner 

silver veins. Idaho County, in Warren district. Owyhee County, in 

De Lamar district.

Pyrite. Boise County, mined for gold and silver at Checkmate, Gold Hill, and 

other veins in Willow Creek district. Custer County, important ore of 

White Knob copper mine. Elmore County, in Neal district. Idaho 

County, at Big Buffalo and Jumbo mines in the Buffalo Hump district. 

Lemhi County, at Gibbonsville and elsewhere. Shoshone County, found 

in all deposits of Coeur d'Alene district; mined for gold at Golden 

Chest mine, north of Littlefield. Washington County, at Mineral 

silver mines, Blue Mountain region.

Pyromorphite. Shoshone County, Coeur d'Alene district; mined at Idaho Giant 

and elsewhere.

Pyrrhotite. Blaine County, has been mined in Croesus, Camas, and Tip Top 

mines, Wood River district. Lemhi County, in ores of Blackbird and 

Indian Creek districts. Shoshone County, Coeur d'Alene district, and in 

copper veins of St. Joe basin.

Radium. See Uranophane.

Rhyolite. Mostly light colored, quarried for building stone at the following 

places: Ada County, Boise. Bingham County, Goshen. Bonneville 

County, hills east of Idaho Falls, Prospect, and' Willow Creek. Cassia 

County, 6 miles southeast of Albion, Oakley. Jefferson County, Rigby. 

Madison County, Sunnydell. Dominant volcanic rock of Snake River 

basin east of Weiser and in places has a capping of basalt.

Road metal. See Basalt, Granite, Limestone, Monzonite, Rhyolite, Sand and 

gravel, and Sandstone.

Salt (brine). Bannock County, Stump Creek and Tygee valleys, west of Star 

Valley.

Salt (rock). Bannock County, mined on southeast side of Crow Creek valley.

Sand and gravel. Ada County, dug at Buise. Bannock County, Pocatello. 

Bonneville County, Idaho Falls. Dug in Other localities.

Sandstone. Quarried in the following localities: Ada County, at Boise and 

Table Rock. Bannock County, small quarries at Crow Creek, 5 miles 

southwest of Fairview, Wyo. Bear Lake County, southeast of Dingle.

Sapphire. Adams County, in concentrates from Rock Flat gold placer near 

Meadows. Clearwater County, various shades of blue and green in 

gravel deposits near Pierce, especially along Rhodes and Orofino creeks.

.Scheelite. Blaine County, small quantity reported from North Fork mining district, northeast of Ketchum. Idaho County, has been mined for gold and 

silver in the Warren mining district. Lemhi County, found as secondary 

. mineral in Bluewing district. Shoshone County, found in Golden Chest 

and Golden Winnie mines, at and near Murray.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES IDAHO. 121

Silver. The-predominant metal produced in the following districts: Blaine 

County, Antelope, Lava Creek, Sawtooth, and Warm Springs. Boise 

County, Banner. Boundary County, Kootenai, 40 miles northwest of lola. 

Custer County, Bay Horse and Sheep Mountain. Kootenai County, Lakeview and Medimont. Lemhi County, Bluewing and Parker Mountain. 

Owyhee County, Carson and Flint. Silver is of only less importance in 

many other districts. See also Argentite, Cerargyrite, Freibergite, Polybasite, Proustite, and Pyrargyrite.

Silver (native). Shoshone County, associated with cerusite in Last Chance 

mine, Coeur d'Alene district; rare; and in oxidized portion of many lodes 

in the State but nowhere is an abundant ore.

Specularite. Idaho County, at Peacock claim, Seven Devils district.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Blaine County, mined for gold and silver at Silver 

King and Vienna mines. Boise County, Gold Hill, Good Friday, Checkmate, and other veins in Willow Creek district. Custer County, occurs 

with lead-silver ores. Elmore County, small quantity in Neal district. 

Idaho County, Monte Cristo, and other mines in Buffalo Hump district, 

and Little Giant, Rescue, and other mines in Warren district. Lemhi 

 County, occurs with lead-silver ores. Owyhee County, Silver City and 

South Mountain. ShosKone County, associated with galena, etc., in some 

mines in the Coeur d'Alene district; Interstate-Callahan mine, Ninemile 

district, third largest producer of zinc sulphide in the world. Washington County, Mineral district.

Stibnite. Blaine County, occurs in Wood River district. Boise County, occasionally found at Gold Hill and near Idaho City. Elmore County, occasionally found in the Neal district. Shoshone County, has been mined 

in Gorge Gulch, 1 mile from Burke, where it carries gold, and from three 

shipping mines at Price Creek. See also Antimony.

Sulphur. Bannock County, sulphur springs deposits near Soda Springs; has 

been mined.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper ore). Has been mined in the following localities: 

Blaine County, intergrown with galena in number of mines in the Wood 

River district. Custer County, great deposits in Bay Horse district. 

Elmore County, small quantity in Banner mines. Idaho County, mined 

for gold and silver at Big Buffalo, Jumbo, and other mines in Big 

Hump district, and at Little Giant, Rescue, and other mines in Warren 

district. Owyhee County, small quantity at Flint, Silver City. Shoshone 

County, at some lead-silver mines in the Coeur d'Alene district. Washington County, at Mineral silver mines, Blue Mountain gold belt.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Tin. See Cassiterite. 

Tungsten. See Ferberite, Hubnerite, Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Uranophane. Boise County, Carterville.

Vivianite. Owyhee County, Trade Dollar and Black Jack mines, Florida 

Mountain, near Silver City.

Wood (opalized). See Opalized wood.

Wolframite. Blaine County, at head of Fish Creek, 7 miles west of Martin. 

Custer County, Pahsimeroi River, reported. Lemhi County, at Patterson 

Creek, with hiibnerite in quartz; Big Eight Creek, tungsten ore reported.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.

Zircon. In Clearwater region and elsewhere in black sand and certain granitoid 

rocks.
122 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ILLINOIS.

ILLINOIS.

Cement material. Large deposits suitable for development. Those developed 

are: Clark County, "Lower Magnesian" (Ordovician) limestone mined 

for natural cement near Utica. Cook County, blast-furnace slag and 

crushed limestone used for Portland cement at Chicago. La Salle 

County, Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures") limestone quarried for Portland cement material at Oglesby and east of La Salle. Lee County, 

"Trenton" limestone quarried at Dixon for Portland cement.

Cerusite (carbonate of lead). Jo Daviess County, secondary mineral of leadzinc mines.

Clay (brick). Clay suitable for brick making is dug at one or more places in 

practically every county in the State. The value of common brick produced in Illinois in 1914 was $4,898,698. Total clay products were valued 

at over $13,300,000.

Clay (fire). Dug in Alexander County, at Elco. Calhoun County, Golden Eagle. 

Fulton County, Avon. Greene County, 2$ miles northeast of Whitehall 

and at Drake. Grundy County, at Coal City: La Salle County, near 

Streator, Utica, Deer Park, and Ottawa. Livingston County, 1$ miles 

south of Streator. McDonough County, 1 mile north of Macomb, Colchester. Pope County, on branch of Robustle Creek. Rock Island 

County, at Carbon Cliff. Scott County, Alsey. Union County, Kaolin 

and Jonesboro. Warren County, Monmouth. Winnebago County, Rockton. Also in several other counties.

Clay (kaolin). Pope County, has been dug at Raum. Union County, dug at 

Kaolin.

Clay (paper and medicinal). Pulaski County, occurs at Pulaski. Ogle County, 

at Adeline.

Clay (pottery). Pits in Greene County, at Drake (ball clay also dug). Jersey 

County, Fieldon. La Salle County, Lowell. Massac County, Round 

Knob. McDonough County, Colchester. Pulaski County, Yates Landing 

and near Lockharts Landing. Rock Island County, Carbon Cliff. Warren County, Monmouth.

Clay (sewer-pipe). McDonough County, Macomb.

Clay (terra cotta). Cook County.

Coal (bituminous). Nearly three-fourths of the State is underlain by productive 

coal measures, the total area being estimated at 35,600 square miles. 

Fifty counties reported some coal production in 1914. Franklin and Wiiliamson counties produced over 7,000,000 short tons each; Sangamon 

County exceeded 5,000,000 tons; and four other counties, /Macoupin, Madison, St. Clair, and Saline, produced over 3,000,000 tons each. The total 

production of the State in 1914 was 57,589,197 short tons, valued at 

$64,693,5.29.

Flagstone. Alexander County, Thebes. Madison County, Alton. Monroe 

County, Columbia and Monroe. Wayne County, Fairfield. Will County, 

Joliet, Twelve-mile Grove, and Wallingford. In Calhoun, Hamilton, Pike, 

Scott, Wabash, White, and other counties.

Fluorspar. Hardin County, mined in Rosiclare and Hicks district, at Cave-inRock, FairView Landing, and elsewhere. Pope County, mined at Pittsburg, McClellan, and other mines.

Galena. Hardin County, occurs in small bunches in fluorspar at the Fairview 

mine, also in Empire mine. Jo Daviess County, occurs in numerous 

mines. Produced as by-product in cleaning fluorspar at Empire, Rosiclare, and other mines.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ILLINOIS. 123

Gas. See Natural gas.

Geodes. Hancock County, abundant in shale at Warsaw.

Iron. See Siderite.

Lead. See Cerusite and Galena.

Limestone (building). Quarried in Adams County, at Front, Jefferson, and 

Quincy. Boone County, Belvidere. Carroll County, Lanark, Mount Carroll, and Savanna. Clark County, Martinsville. Coles County, Charleston. Cook County, Gary, Hillside, Lagrange, Lemont, Sag Bridge, and 

elsewhere. Dupage County, Elrnhurst. Greene County, Eldred. Hancock County, Hamilton, Nauvoo, and Niota. Harden County, Elizabethtown. Henderson County, Biggsville. Jersey County, Delhi, Elsah, and 

Grafton. Jo Daviess County, Elizabeth, Galena, near Woodbine, and Warren. Kane County, Batavia, Geneva, North Aurora, South Elgin. Kankakee County, Bonfleld, Essex, Lehigh, Momence, and Waldron. Kendall 

County, Oswego. La Salle County, La Salle. Lee County, Dixon. McHenry County, Marengo. Madison County, Alton. Monroe County, Maeystown, Millstaclt Junction, and New Hanover. Montgomery County, Hillsboro. Ogle County, Lead River, Mount Morris, and Rochelle. Pike 

County, Valley City. Randolph County, Chester, Menard, Prairie du 

Rocher, and Red Bud. Rock Island County, Moline and Rock Island. St. 

Clair County, Belleville, Centerville station, Columbia, and East Carondelet. Scott County, Alsey. Stephenson County, Kent. Union County, 

Anna. Vermilion County, Fairmount. Whiteside County, Garden Plain, 

Rockfalls, and Sterling. Will County, Elwood, near Lemont, Joliet, Manhattan, Romeoville (mail Lockport). Winnebago County, Durand, Pecatonica, Rockford, and Winnebago.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried in Adams County, at Quincy. Boone 

County, Belvidere. Carroll County, Savanna. Cook County, Bellwood, 

Chicago, Summit, and elsewhere. Dupage County, Elmhurst. Hancock 

County, near Niota. Jersey County, Elsah and Grafton. Kane County, 

Batavia and South Elgin. Kankakee County, Kankakee and Momence. 

La Salle County, La Salle. Lee County, Dixon. McHenry County, 

Marengo. Madison County, Alton. Monroe County, Millstadt Junction. 

Montgomery County, Hillsboro. Ogle County, Rochelle. Pike County, 

Valley. Randolph County, Menard. Rock Island County, Port Byron 

and Moline. St. Clair County, Belleville, Falling Springs, and Stolle. 

Union County, Anna. Whiteside County, Fulton and Sterling. Will 

County, Elwood and Joliet. Winnebago County, Rockford and Rockton.

Limestone (fertilizer). Good limestone for fertilizer occurs in Alexander 

County along river bluff \ mile south of Thebes; Coles County, near 

Charleston; Hardin County, Rosiclare; Johnson County, Belknap; Pulaskl 

County, near Ullin; Union County, Anna.

Limestone (flux). Quarried in Adams County, at Quincy; Cook County, Chicago ; Jersey County, Elsah; Monroe County, Millstadt Junction; Vermilion County, Fairmount; Will County, Joliet.

Limestone (lime). Quarried in Adams County, at Marblehead and Quincy. 

Cook County, many points in vicinity of Chicago. Jo Daviess County, 

Stockton. Kankakee County, Kankakee. Madison County, Alton. Monroe County, New Hanover. Rock Island County, Port Byron. Whiteside 

County, Fulton, Sterling. Will County, Joliet. Winnebago County, 

Rockford.
124 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES ILLINOIS.

Natural gas. Gas was produced commercially in 1914 principally in the following counties: Cumberland, Clark, Crawford, and Lawrence counties. Usable quantities are recoverable from practically all oil pools. 

Shallow wells in the following counties furnish gas for local consumption: 

Bureau, Champaign, Dewitt, Edgar, Lee, Logan, Montgomery, Morgan, 

and Pike. McHenry and Randolph counties were formerly producers. 

There were 417 productive gas wells in the State at the end of 1914.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Peat. Occurs in Boone County, Boone Township. Bureau County, Gold Township. Cook County, in several localities. Kane County, Carpentersville, 

Hampshire, and Rutland. La Salle County, west of Utica. In Lee, Lake, 

and McHenry counties. Mason County, at Manito, produced for fertilizer filler, stock food, and for use in mud baths. Ogle County, Monroe. 

Stephenson County, Florence. Whiteside County, in Cattail Slough, 

very large body; in glacial drift 50 to 90 feet below surface, of variable 

quality, most commonly only a soil rich in humus; produced for fertilizer filler at Morrison.

Petroleum. The principal oil fields of the State lie in the following counties: 

Clark, with 60 square miles of productive territory. Crawford, 110 

square miles. Cumberland, 12 square miles. Lawrence, 60 square miles. 

These are adjoining counties and the fields in them extend also into 

Coles, Jasper, and Wabash counties. There are small fields near Carlyle, 

Clinton County; Centralia and Sandoval, Marion County; Carlinville, 

Macoupin County; Litchfield, Montgomery County; Sparta, Randolph 

County; and Plymouth, McDonough County. The production of the 

State for 1914, ranking third of the States in the Union, was 21,919,749 

barrels, valued at $25,426,179.

Pyrite. Hardin County, occurs in small quantities in Fairview, Empire, and 

other mines. Jo Daviess County, with galena and sphalerite in lead-zinc 

mines.

Road metal. See Limestone (crushed stone), Sand and gravel, and Sandstone.

Sand (building). Dug in Alexander County, at Cairo. Bond County, Greenville. Boone County, Belvidere. Bureau County, Buda and Wyanet. 

Carroll County, Savanna. Cook County, Lake Michigan, and Worth. 

Dekalb County, Genoa. Dupage County, Warrenville. Henderson 

County, Gladstone. Jo Daviess County, East Dubuque. Kane County, 

Aurora, Carpentersville, and elsewhere. Kendall County, Millington. 

Lake County, Antioch, Beach, and elsewhere. La Salle County, La Salle, 

Ottawa, and Wedron. Lee County, Dixon. Logan County, Kickapoo 

Creek and Lincoln. McHenry County, Algonquin and Gary station. 

Madison County, Alton. Mercer County, Keithsburg. Ogle County, 

Hazelhurst and Woosung. Peoria County, Peoria. Piatt County, Hammond. Rock Island County, Moline. Tazewell County, Pekin. Whiteside County, Gait and near Sterling. Will County, Joliet, Millsdale, and 

Plainfield. Winnebago County, Rockford and South Beloit. Dug also at 

other places.

Sand (fire). La Salle County, Ottawa, Utica, and Wedron.

Sand (glass). Bond County, pits at Greenville. Calhoun County, Cap au Iris. 

Kendall County, Millington. La Salle County, important quarries in St. 

Peter sandstone at Ottawa, Utica, and Wedron. Lee and Ogle counties, 

occurs along Rick River.
USEFUL MINEKALS OF UNITED STATES ILLINOIS. 125

Sand (molding). Pits in Alexander County, at Cairo. Bond County, Greenville. Bureau County, Wyanet. Fayette County, Vandalia. Hancock 

County, Niota. Henderson County, Gladstone. Kane County, Aurora, 

Batavia, and Elgin. Kendall County, Millington. La Salle County, 

Ottawa, Utica, and Wedron. Lee County, Pitt. McHenry County, Algonquin. Madison County, Collinsville and East Alton. Jackson County, 

Cora. St. Clair County, East St. Louis and French village. Shelby 

County, Cowden. Tazewell County, Pekin. Whiteside County, Round 

Grove. Will County, Joliet. Winnebago County, Rockton.

Sand and gravel. Abundant and used in many counties for making concrete 

and for road metal.

Sandstone. Quarried in Alexander County, at Elco and Tamms. Carroll 

County, Lanark and Savanna. Clay County, Xenia. Fulton County, 

Lewistown and Marietta. Henry County, Colona. Lee County, Ashton. 

St. Clair County, Millstadt, Paderborn, and Smithton. Stephenson 

County, Pearl City. Union County, small quantity 6 miles east of Anna, 

Dongola. Was formerly quarried in Jackson County, Drury Creek; 

Peoria County, Kickapoo River; Rock Island County, Andalusia; St. 

Clair County; Sangamon County, west of Springfield; Warren County, 

Berwick and Greenbush.

Shale (brick). Used at Jackson County, Murphysboro. Abundant supply 

throughout State.

Shale (oil). Devonian; underlies much of the southern two-thirds of the State 

at considerable depth and thins westward.

Siderite (iron carbonate). Crawford County, Palestine. Edwards County, 

T. 1 S., R. 10 E. Hardin County, Sellers Landing. Schuyler County, 

Sugar Creek, T. 2 N., R. 1 W. Wayne County, at several localities. 

These and other localities in Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures") rocks; 

beds from 1 to 2 feet thick, generally poor.

Silica. Sandstone, called silica in the trade, is quarried for pottery, paint, 

abrasives, etc., in La Salle County, near Ottawa and Wedron, and in Ogle 

County, near Oregon. See also Tripoli.

Silver. Hardin and Pope counties, .recovered from lead concentrates in fluorspar district.

Smithsonite. Jo Daviess County, mined in Galena district.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Jo Daviess County, principal ore of Galena district. 

Hardin and Pope counties, small quantities are obtained as a by-product 

in cleaning fluorspar.

Tripoli. Alexander County, mined near McClure. Union County, large quantity mined near Anna, Jonesboro, Reynoldsville, and Wolf Lake; refineries 

at Jonesboro and near Wolf Lake; less abundant deposits elsewhere.

Zinc. See Smithsonite and Sphalerite.
126 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES INDIANA.

INDIANA.

Abrasive. See Grindstones and scythestones, Oilstones, and Whetstones.

Asphalt. Gibson County, bed several feet thick in deep well near Princeton; 

also seeps into bottom of a coal mine in considerable quantity at same 

place.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore, limonite). Clay County, Harmony and in 

T. 10 N., R. 6 W. Daviess County, several localities. Greene County, 

vicinity of Cincinnati and along creeks. Lawrence County, a few workable deposits. Martin County, south of Shoals near Coal Hollow, extensive deposits hear Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad have been 

mined. Monroe County, small deposits along Indian Creek, formerly used 

in furnaces. Noble County, Ore prairie. Orange County, in many hills. 

Vermilion County, Nortons Creek and Hilton prairie. Occurs also at several localities in Jasper, Kosciusko, Laporte, and St. Joseph counties but 

is not mined.

Cement material (natural). Clark County, Devonian hydraulic limestone quarried and burned for natural cement at Sellersburg, Belknap, Speeds, 

Watson, and Charlestown.

Cement material (Portland). Plants are operating on local deposits of marl 

in Lagrange County at Stroh and in Kosciusko County at Syracuse; on 

limestone,. in Lawrence County at Mitchell. Limestone worthy of consideration as source of cement material occurs in three geologic divisions: 

Cincinnatian series (Upper Ordovician), only in southeastern Indiana, 

occupying all or part of Dearborn, Fayette, Franklin, Jefferson, Ohio, 

Ripley, Switzerland, Union, and Wayne counties. Mississippian series 

(lower Carboniferous), in belt 20 miles wide from Harrison County on 

Ohio River northwest to Benton County. Pennsylvanian series ("Coal 

Measures " or upper Carboniferous), in southwestern part of State, underlying 14 counties. See also Marl, which is suitable for Portland cement.

Clay (brick). In nearly every county in the State. Indiana ranked sixth of 

the States in value of clay products in 1914.

Clay (draintile). In nearly every county.

Clay (fire). Of common occurrence, associated with coal beds in 14 counties 

in southwestern part of State. Mined in Clay County, at Brazil. Dubois 

County, Huntingburg. Vermilion County, West Montezuma, Hillsdale. 

Wells County, Bluffton. In many other places.

Clay (kaolin). Greene County, occurs near Newark. Lawrence County, has 

been mined near Huron and 2£ miles west of Shoals. Martin County, 

large deposit near Indian Springs Hotel. Occurs at other places in Lawrence, Martin, and Owen counties.

Clay (pottery). Productive localities: Clay County, Brazil and Center Point. 

Dubois County, Huntingburg. Owen County, high-grade, pinkish red, 1J 

miles southwest of Freedom. Parke County, at Bloomingdale. Spencer 

County, at Lincoln City. Wayne County, alluvial deposits along Whitewater River. Slip clay mined at Elkhart, Elkhart County. Good quality 

clay, not mined at present, occurs at following places: Clark County, formerly mined near Port Fulton. Daviess County, near Washington, Cannelburg, Montgomery, and elsewhere. Fountain County, superior quality 

along bottoms of Coal Creek; also found near Shawnee Creek. Greene 

County, good grade one-fourth mile east of Cincinnati and near mineral 

City, was mined at Owensburg. Jefferson County, southeast of Dupont.' 

Knox County, Enterprise mine near Bicknell. Martin County, Burns City 

pike, Little Boggs Creek, and elsewhere. Miami County, fine deposit on
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES INDIANA. 127

Weasaw Creek near Denver. Owen County, occurs in "vicinity of Cataract, was mined at Spencer. Putnam County, superior quality near 

Cloverdale. Sullivan County, was mined at Pleasantville. Switzerland 

County, was mined at Vevay. Vanderburg County, was mined at Inglefield. Vermilion County, near Hillsdale. Vigo County, at Coal Bluff and 

elsewhere. Warrick County, in vicinity of Folsomville.

Clay (terra cotta). Lake County, Hobart. Newton County, Brook.

Coal (bituminous). Indiana ranked sixth in United States in 1914, producing 

over 16,500,000 tons. Coal area about 6,500 square miles in 26 differ- , 

ent counties in southwestern part of State; 8 workable beds 3 to 10 feet 

thick. Produced commercially in following 19 counties: Clay, Daviess, 

Dubois, Fountain, Gibson, Greene, Knox, Martin, Owen, Parke, Perry, 

Pike, Spencer, Sullivan, Vanderburg, Vermilion, Vigo, Warren, and 

Warrick. " Brazil Black," peculiar to northeastern part of Clay County, 

has special value as furnace fuel; bed approaching exhaustion.

Diamond. Found in panning and placer washing gravels of glacial drifts in 

Brown and Morgan counties. The.largest stone weighed 4£ carats; a 

diamond weighing 2.28 carats was found in 1912.

Dolomite. Cass County, quarried at Kenneth for flux. The Niagara limestone 

quarried along Wabash River is all dolomite.

Flagstone. Decatur County, large quantities quarried at Greensburg and St. 

Paul. Franklin County, at Laurel; several quarries. Orange County, 

near Paoli. Putnam County, large quantity quarried at Putnamville. 

Wabash County, Wabash and vicinity. Other localities for local use.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gold (placer). Occurs very sparingly in glacial drift; washed from sands and 

gravel along streams in Brown and Morgan counties in small quantity. 

Few flakes found in other counties.

Grindstones and scythestones. Have been quarried in Harrison County at 

Leavenworth. Lawrence County, at Huron. Warren County, at Redwood Creek. See also Oilstones and Whetstones.

Halite (common salt). In most deep borings or wells more or less salt water 

is found; not utilized. Salt was made from brines on small scale years 

ago in Harrison County, at Glen Fort salt works.

Hematite (red iron ore). Greene County, along Ore Branch, Richland Creek, 

and vicinity of Cincinnati. Lawrence County, sec. 28, T. 5 N., R. 2 W.; 

Martin County, south of Shoals; not used.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Pyrite, and Siderite.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Limestone (building). Adams County, Decatur, Geneva, and Linn Grove. 

Bartholomew County, Burnsville, Elizabethtown, Hartsville, and Hope. 

Blackford County, Montpelier. Cass County, Kenneth, Trimmer, and 

Logansport. Clark County, Jeffersonville and Sellersburg. Crawford 

County, Marengo and Milltown. Decatur County, Clarksburg, Greensburg, Harris City, Letts, Millhousen, New Point, St. Omer, St. Paul, 

Westport, Williamstown. Delaware County, Muncie and Yorktown. 

Floyd County, Edwardsville. Fountain County, Yeddo. Franklin County, 

Andersonville, Laurel, and Stips Hill. Grant County, small quantity 

quarried at Marion, Mier, Rigdon, and near Somerset. Harrison 

County, Corydon, Kings Cave. Howard County, Kokomo. Huntington 

County, Huntington, Warren. Jasper County, Rensselaer. Jefferson 

County, Hanover. Jennings County, Brewersville, Commiskey, Queensville, Scipio, Slate, Vernon, and North Vernon. Lawrence County, Bed-
128 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES INDIANA.

ford, Buff Ridge, Heltonville, Oolitic, Peerless, Walner, and Williams. 

Madison County, Alexandria and Ingalls. Monroe County, Bloomington, 

Clear Creek, Ellettsville, Sanders, Stinesville, and Victor. Montgomery 

County, Waveland. Orange County, French Lick and Paoli. Owen 

County, Quincy, Romona, and Spencer. Posey County, Cynthiana and 

Mount Vernon. Putnam County, Cloverdale, Greencastle, and Putnamville. Randolph County, Farmland and Ridgeville. Ripley County, 

Batesville, Holton, and Osgood. Rush County, Milroy. Shelby County, 

small quantity quarried at Waldron. Sullivan County, Carlisle. Vanderberg County, Evansville and Howell. Laurel limestone (Niagaran) quarried from extensive beds in Decatur County, at New Point, St. Paul, and 

Wes'tport. Wabash County, Red Bridge; similar stone quarried near 

Wabash. Oolitic limestone, principal quarries: Harrison County, Corydon. Lawrence County, Bedford, Dark Hollow, and Oolitic. Monroe 

County, Bloomington, Ellettsville, Sanders, and Stinesville. Owen 

County, near Romona. Warrick County, Elberfeld. Washington County, 

Campbellsburg. Wells County, Bluff ton, Petroleum. White County, 

Monon. The quarries at Bedford and Bloomington are the most extensive in the United States.

Limestone (crushed stone). Grant County, crushed at Marion and near Roseburg. Wabash County, on river bluff near Wabash.

Limestone (flux). Quarried in Cass County at Trimmer. Franklin County, 

Laurel. Lake County, Indiana Harbor. Lawrence County, Bedford. 

Monroe County, Bloomington and Ellettsville.

Limestone (lime). Has been or is burned in Carroll County, at Delphi. Cass 

County, Keesport. Clark County, near Utica. Crawford County, Milltown. Franklin County, near Laurel. Huntington County, Huntington. 

Jay County, Portland. Lawrence County, Mitchell. Madison County, 

near Ingalls. Ripley County, near Napoleon. Washington County, Salem.

Limestone (road metal). Quarried in Adams County, at Decatur, Geneva, and 

Lenn Grove. Blackford County, Montpelier. Carroll County, near 

Delphi. Cass County, Trimmer. Clark County, Jeffersonville and Sellersburg. Decatur County, small quantity quarried at Clarksburg. Delaware County, Muncie and Yorktown. Floyd County, Edwardsville. 

Fountain County, Davis Township. Franklin County, Brookville,' Derbyshire Falls, and Laurel. Grant County, Liberty Township (Fairmount). 

Hamilton County, small quarries southwest of Fishersville. Harrison 

County, Corydon. Howard County, Kokomo. Huntington County, Huntington and Warren. Jasper County, Rensselaer. Jay County, Portland. 

Jennings County, North Vernon and Queensville. Lawrence County, 2 

miles northeast of Mitchell, Williams, and elsewhere. Madison County, 

west part of Alexandria. Montgomery County,* Waveland. Newton 

County, in vicinity of Kentland. Owen County, Spencer. Putnam County, 

Cloverdale and Greencastle. Pulaski County, Francesville. Randolph 

County, Farmland and near Ridgeville. Ripley County, Nolton. Rush 

County, New Salem. Shelby County, Waldron. Vanderburg County, 

Inglefield, Evansville, and Howell. Wabash County, Wabash. Wells 

County, abundant in central part. White County, quarried at Bluffton, 

near Monon.

Limestone ("rock wool"). Madison County, upper layers Niagara limestone 

used at Alexandria for mineral or " rock wool" by melting and blowing 

into threads.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.
USEFUL MUSTEKALS OF UNITED STATES INDIANA. 129

Marl. Calcareous marl in glacial lakes in Elkhart, Fulton, Kosciusko, Lagrange, 

Lake, Marshall, Noble, St. Joseph, Starke, Steuben, and Whitley counties; 

minor deposits in Cass, Clinton, Laporte, Miami, Randolph, Vermilion, 

and White counties; largest marl bed is in Lake Wasassee, 1,700 acres, 

and thickest is 45 feet in Turkey Lake, Lagrange County.

Mineral paint. See Ocher.

Natural gas. At the close of 1914 there were 2,224 productive gas wells in 

the State distributed over the following counties, the main fields being in 

the east-central part of the State: Adams, Bartholomew, Blackford, 

Daviess, Decatur, Delaware, Franklin, Grant, Hamilton, Hancock, Harrlson, Henry, Howard, Jay, Jefferson, Madison, Miami, Marion, Martin, 

Pike, Randolph, Ripley, Rush, Shelby, Spencer, Sullivan, Tipton, and 

Wayne. For 20 years, from. 1886 to 1905, Indiana was one of the three 

or four leading States in the production of gas, and it still produces about 

$1,000,000 worth a year.

Niter. Crawford and Harrison counties, occurs in caves; not mined.

Ocher (mineral paint). Dearborn County, deposits near Dillsboro. Dubois 

County, excellent quality has been mined near Ferdinand. Greene County, 

occurs near Washington. Martin County, has been extensively worked 

1 mile west of Dover Hill. Miami County, in several places near "Denver 

and in large quantities in vicinity of Chili. Vigo County, has been mined 

in Pierson Township.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Oilstones. Orange County, produced at Bonds, French. Lick, and Orleans.

Peat. Peat bogs in Alien, Dekalb, Elkhart, Fulton, Jasper, Kosciusko, Lagrange, Lake, Laporte, Marshall, Miami, Newton, Noble, Porter, Pulaski, 

St. Joseph, Starke, Steuben, Wabash, White, and Whitley counties. 

Plant operating at Lakeville, St. Joseph County, makes fertilizer filler 

and briquets. Prepared and used in the manufacture of fertilizers and 

for stock food at Fort Wayne, Alien County. Factories for producing 

peat fertilizer filler have also been operated at Knox in Starke County. 

Peat stable litter and peat paper were formerly produced at Garrett, 

Dekalb County.

Petroleum. Production in 1914 was 1,335,456 barrels, valued at $1,548,042. 

Producing wells in the following counties: Adams, Blackford, Delaware, 

Fulton, Gibson, Grant, Greene, Hamilton, Huntington, Jay, Madison, 

Perry, Pike, Randolph,' Sullivan, Vigo, and Wells. The main fields are in 

the east-central and southwestern parts of the State. Indiana is one 

of the eight or nine States which have produced a total of more than 

100,000,000 barrels.

Pyrite. Knox County, has been mined at Bicknell. Parke County, Coxville. 

Vigo County, mined with coal at Terre Haute and Macksville.

Road metal. See Limestone (road metal).

Salt. See Halite.

Sand (building). Dug in Alien County, at Fort Wayne. Clark County, Jeffersonville and near New Albany. Clay County, Brazil. Daviess County, 

Washington. Floyd County, New Albany. Fountain County, Attica, 

Covington, and Silverwood. Hancock County, near Mohawk. Jefferson 

County, Madison. Lake County, Liverpool and Miller. Laporte' County, 

Michigan City. Marion County, Indianapolis. Parke County, Montezuma. 

Porter County, Crisman and Willow Creek. Posey County, New Har27608° Bull. 624 17 9
130 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES INDIANA.

mony. Randolph County, Farmland, Modoc, and Winchester. St. Joseph 

County, Mishawaka and South Bend. Sullivan County, Merom. Tippecanoe County, Lafayette. Vanderburg County, Evansville. Vermilion 

County, Clinton. Vigo County, Terre-Haute. Warren County, Kickapoo. 

Wells County, Liberty Center.

Sand (glass). Friable sandstone is quarried and crushed in Martin County, 

at Loogootee. Parke County, at Coxville. White County, near Wolcott. 

Occurs in Blackford County,. Montpelier. Floyd County, New Albany. 

Fountain County, near Hillsboro. Greene County, Johnson. Hamilton 

County, Lapel. Harrison County, Depauw. Madison County, bed has 

been quarried near Pendleton.

Sand (molding). Dug in Clark County, at Jeffersonville and near New Albany. 

Clay County, Aurora and Brazil. Jackson County, Brownstown and Seymour. Laporte County, Michigan City. Marion County, Indianapolis. 

Martin County, Loogootee. Morgan County, Centerton. Parke County, 

Coxville. Porter County, Crocker, McCool, and 4 miles southeast of 

Valparaiso. Spencer County, Rockport. St. Joseph County, South Bend. 

Wayne County, Fort Wayne.

Sand and gravel. Very abundant in many counties on bluffs and flood plains 

of "Streams.

Sandstone (building). Quarried in Clay County, at Brazil. Fountain County, 

at Riverside. Harrison County, Corydon. Jasper County, Reusselaer. 

Orange County, at West Baden and Paoli. Parke County, Coxville. 

Perry County, at Cannelton. Putnam County, near Raccoon and Bainbridge. Spencer County, at Grandview and Rockport. Vermilion County, 

at Worthy. Wabash County, Lagro. Occurs in Dubois County, at St. 

Anthony. Parke County, at Judson and elsewhere. Warren County, at 

Green Hill, Independence, Williamsport, and elsewhere.

Sapphire. Morgan County, bronze-colored sapphires are found in small number 

in gold placers.

Shale (oil). Devonian. Underlies the southwestern part of the State and a considerable area in the northern part. Dips from outcrop to depth of 

2,000 feet.

Siderite. Fountain County, reported as occurring on Coal Creek and Wabash 

River. Martin County, south of Shoals near Coal Hollow. Monroe 

County, Indian Creek Township. Putnam County, formerly mined at 

Eaglesfield. Scott County, lean manganiferous ores in Vienna and Finley 

townships. Vermilion County, Browntown Branch and Big Vermilion 

River. Vigo County, Terre Haute and Brouillets Creek. About 3,000 

acres in Cass, Jasper, Starke, and White counties in beds 1 to 3 feet 

thick.

Tripoli (polishing powder). Dubois County, has been extensively worked near 

Ferdinand. Jackson County, deposits near Mooney. Lawrence County, 

Bedford. Sullivan County, near Merom. Washington County, near 

Bartle. " Drift marl" found in quantity in Clay County, near Carbon 

and Rushville. Owen County, near Gosport. Porter County, at Boone 

Groove.

Whetstones. Indiana ranks second among States in production of whetstones. 

Dubois, Martin, and Orange counties, Carboniferous sandstones (Pennsylvanian and Mississippian) afford abundant good grindstone " grit." 

Floyd County, have been quarried at Floyds Knobs. Orange County, 

have been quarried at Bonds, French Lick, Orleans, Paoli, and West 

Baden.
 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IOWA. 131 

IOWA.

Anhydrite. Appanoose County, deep well at Centerville.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Allamakee County, Iron Hill. Clayton County, in 

lead and zinc regions. Dubuque County, in lead and zinc regions. Henry 

County, a lean ore on Skunk River. Jackson County, not in workable 

quantity. Webster County, in limited quantities.

Cement material. Shales and clays suitable for cement abundant in many parts 

of the State; calcareous constituent may be obtained from limestone, 

chalk, and marl. Cement plants operating at Des Moines and Mason 

City. See also Chalk, Limestone, and Marl.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Allamakee County, at Lansing mine (abandoned). 

Dubuque County, found throughout Dubuque lead region but not in 

sufficient quantity to be valuable as an ore, except as mined with galena.

Chalcedony. Story County, near Ames, not used. In the geodes of southeastern Iowa.

Chalk. Associated with Cretaceous deposits of northwest Iowa; outcrop confined mainly to valley of Big Sioux River, between Sioux City and Hawarden; bed 30 to 50 feet thick.

Chert. Abundant in the Mississippian rocks in southeastern Iowa; also found 

associated with the Silurian rocks.

Clay (brick). Abundant in many counties; has been or is dug at one or more 

places in nearly every county in the State.

Clay (draintile). Cerro Gordo, Webster, and many other counties.

Clay (fire). Blackhawk County, has been used at Waterloo. Hardin County, 

Eldora. Montgomery County, Red Oak. Occurs in Clay, Des Moines, 

Henry, Jefferson, Polk, Van Buren, and Wapello counties.

Clay (gumbo). Cedar County, abundant. Decatur County, has been burned at 

Davis City. Monroe County, Selection. Pottawattamie County, on flood 

plains, used for railroad ballast.

Clay (pottery). Delaware County, has been dug and used in Golesburg. Des 

Moines County, near Parrish. Lee County, Donaldson. Mahaska 

County, 3 miles north of Eddyville, black ware only made. Montgomery County, Red Oak. Muscatine County, Fairport, mined and shipped. 

Polk County, Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures") clay of Des Moines 

group, used for coarser grades of pottery. Van Buren County, Vernon. 

Webster County, Fort Dodge. Wapello County, Ottumwa. Occurs, but 

not used: Johnson County, thin seams near Iowa City. Monroe County, 

has been, mined near Attica. Woodbury County, extensive deposits in 

lower part of the Benton or upper part of the Dakota at Sioux City.

Coal (bituminous). Coal-bearing formations occupy area of about 20,000 square 

miles in central and southern part of State; thin beds, noncoking. Mined 

in 21 counties as follows: Adams, Appanoose, Boone, Dallas, Greene, 

Guthrie, Jasper, Jefferson, Keokuk, Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Monroe, 

Page, Polk, Taylor, Van Buren, Wapello, Warren, Wayne, and Webster.

Dolomite. Quarried extensively in Dubuque, Jackson, and other counties. Fine 

crystals in cavities: Lee County, Keokuk. Webster County, near -Fort 

Dodge. It is prevalent in the Paleozoic rocks of the State.

Galena. Allamakee County,, mined at New Galena. Clayton County, mined 

near Guttenberg and Buena Vista. Dubuque County, the important lead 

ore of Dubuque region.

Gas. See Natural gas.
132 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IOWA.

Geodes. Lee County, abundant around Keokuk; sold for museum specimens.

Gold (placer). In drift in small quantities in Des Moines, Fayette, Keokuk, 

and Lee counties; no importance.

Granite. Bowlders in drift in several counties; locally used.

Gravel. Abundant in glacial deposits and river terraces. Used for road metal 

in Buchanan, Ida, Palo Alto, Pocahontas, Sac, Scott, and other counties; 

Polk County, dug for ballast along Fourmile Creek.

Gypsum. Extensive deposits in Webster County are quarried at Fort Dodge. 

A deposit was found in well boring in Appanoose County, at Centerville.

Hematite. Allamakee County, principal ore body at Iron Hill; widely distributed through shales and sandstones of the Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures "). Jasper County, has been mined near Monroe for manufacture 

of metallic paints.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, and Pyrite.

Lead minerals. See Cerusite and Galena.

Limestone (building, crushed stone). Quarried at one or more places in more 

than half the counties in the State.

Limestone (lime). Has been burned at several places in Benton. Blackhawk, 

Bremer, Cedar, Cerro Gordo, Clayton, Clinton, Davis, Des Moines, Henry, 

Humboldt, Jackson, Johnson, Linn, Mills, Mitchell, Monroe, Montgomery! 

Plymouth, Scotl, Union, and other counties.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Lithographic stone. Floyd County, occurs in Devonian. Mitchell County, 

southwest of Osage.

Marble. Not at present quarried in State. Floyd County, at Charles City, 

fossiliferous marbles were formerly used for mantels and table tops; 

Van Buren County, occurs at Chequest Creek, known to the trade as 

Chequest marble, white. The Bonaparte (gray) marble of the trade 

occurs near Bonaparte.

Marcasite. Des Moines County, abundant in Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures") rocks; not mined.

Marl. Calcareous marl occurs in many small lakes in north-central part of 

State; no beds of importance yet discovered.

Mineral paint. See Hematite, Ocher, and Shale.

Natural gas. Small quantities in glacial drift. Dallas County, wells 100-115 

feet deep produced small quantity of gas for several years; used for light 

and heat in a few homes. Guthrie County, shallow wells near Bagley had 

several pounds' pressure; shut in, not used. Louisa County, wells about 

100 feet deep near Letts and Wapello; gas from 4 wells has been used 

in owners' houses. Muscatine County, small showings of gas in shallow 

wells in southern part of county; not used.

Ocher (mineral paint). Allamakee County, deposits at Iron Hill and various 

points along Paint Creek. Jasper County, has been quarried at Fairview 

Township. Keokuk County, undeveloped deposit near Hayesville. 

Monroe County, deposits near Hamilton. Webster County, mined at 

Fort Dodge.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Peat. Occurs quite generally distributed through the northeastern counties of 

the State. A plant for producing machine peat fuel has been operated 

near Fertile, in Worth County.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IOWA. 133

Petroleum. Nowhere discovered in commercial quantity, but rather widely disseminated as shown by traces in wells; found near Fort Madison, Lee 

County, in very small quantity.

Pyrite. Clay ton County, associated with galena and sphalerite in lead-zinc 

mines. Dubuque County, in lead mines of Dubuque.

Quartz. Widely distributed; crystals in geodes near Keokuk, Lee County, and 

in mines of Des Moines County, exceptionally fine; sought for museum 

specimens.

Quartzite. Lyon County, valuable for building material, not utilized.

Road metal. Dallas County, gravel beds at Redfield and Van Meter worked 

extensively for railroad ballast. Dubuque County, dolomite quarried at 

Dubuque for macadam. Johnson County, stone crushed north of Coralville for railroad ballast; stone from Iowa City also used. Madison 

County, large quantities of limestone crushed for use in Des Moines. 

Montgomery County, limestone in this county would make excellent 

macadam. Polk County, gravel beds at Des Moines extensively worked 

for railroad ballast.

Sand (building). Large supply of good building sand along streams and in 

sand hills of Benton, Cedar, and Jackson counties; at various points 

along river in Humboldt County. Pits are worked in the following 

counties: Appanoose, Audubon, Blackhawk, Buena Vista, Butler, Cherokee, Clinton, Des Moines, Dickinson, Dubuque, Emmet, Fayette, Grundy, 

Hardin, Howard, Ida, Johnson, Jones, Kossuth, Lee, Linn, Lyon, Mahaska, 

Marion, Montgomery, O'Brien, Osceola,- Palo Alto, Plymouth, Polk, Sac, 

Scott, Sioux, Story, Van Buren, Wapello, Webster, Woodbury, and Wright.

Sand (fire). Clay ton County, Clay ton.

Sand (glass). Allamakee County, glass.sand is abundant in St. Peter sandstone but is not used. Clayton County, pits worked near Clayton. Johnson County, River Junction. Linn County, Cedar Rapids.

Sand (molding). Dug in Appanoose County at Centerville; Audubon Coxmty, 

Kimballton; Cherokee County, Cherokee; Linn County, Cedar Rapids; 

Lyon County, Doon; Marshall County, Marshalltown; Polk County, Des 

Moines and Valley Junction.

Sand and gravel. Large quantities in stream and drift deposits of Des Moines, 

Franklin, Lee, Marshall, Muscatine, and other counties.

Sandstone. Sandstone has been quarried as follows: In Allamakee County. 

Blackhawk County, at Laporte City. Clay County, at Greenville. Clayton County, at Garnavillo. Dallas County, Redfield. Davis County, Carbon ; local use. Des Moines County, Burlington and Danville. Dubuque 

County, Spechts Ferry. Fayette County, Brainard. Guthrie County, quarried at many points for. local use. Hardin County, Eldora and near Steamboat Rock. Jackson County, several small quarries. Jasper County, 

near Lynnville, Newton. Jones County, Olin. Keokuk County, Delta. 

Lee County, very small quantity quarried at Franklin Township. Mahaska County, Eveland. Marion County, Tracy, large supply at Red 

Rock quarry- Marshall County, Quarry. Muscatine County, along Mississippi River from Scott County to. 3 miles west of Muscatine; also 

quarries on West Branch of Pine Creek in Montpelier Township. Polk 

County. Scott County, small quantity quarried at Buffalo and McCausland. Tama County, Butlerville. Webster County, Evanston, Fort 

Dodge. Woodbury County, near Sioux City. .

Shale (oil). Devonian rocks, which underlie the southeastern corner of the 

State, contain a little shale which may yield oil.
134 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES IOWA.

Shale (paint). Webster County, ground for use as pigments at.Fort Dodge.

Silver. Dubuque County, in minute quantities in lead ore at Dubuque; not recovered.

Smithsonite. Clayton County, in lead mines near Buena Vista and Guttenberg. 

Dubuque County, a common zinc ore at Dubuque mines.

Sphalerite. Allamakee County, mined 5 .miles west of Lansimg. Clayton 

County, associated with galena in flat crevices and fissures in Galena 

limestone. Dubuque County, mined near Dubuque.

Tripoli (polishing powder). Des Moines County, abundant, not used.

Zinc ore. See Smithsonite and Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES KANSAS. 135

KANSAS.

Abrasive. See Pumice.

Anhydrite. Ellsworth County, Kanopolis. Kingman County, Kingman. Rice 

County, Lyons.

Asphalt. Many " tar springs " and occurrences of brea in Miami County, and 

scattered ones elsewhere, particularly in southeastern part of State.

Calamine (zinc silicate). Cherokee County, Galena.

Cement material. Limestone and shale used for Portland cement in Alien 

County, at lola and Concreto. Anderson County, at Mildred. Bourbon 

County, Fort Scott. Ellis County, Yocemento. Montgomery County, 

Independence and Le Hunt. Wilson County, Neodesha and Fredonia. 

Wyandotte County, Bonner Springs. In great abundance generally in 

eastern two-thirds of State.

Cerusite %(lead carbonate, "dry bone"). Cherokee County, secondary mineral 

of lead ores mined at Galena.

Chalk. In the western part of the State in Cretaceous limestone formations.

Clay (brick). Dug in the following counties: Alien, Atchison, Bourbon, Chautauqua, Cherokee, Clay, Cloud, Crawford, Douglas, Elk, Franklin, Hamilton, Labette, Leavenworth, Linn, McPherson, Marshall, Miami, Montgomery, Nernaha, Neosho, Phillips, Saline, Shawnee, Wilson, and Wyandotte.

Clay (draintile). Cherokee, Nemaha, and other counties.

Clay (fire). Fire clay in Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures ") rocks in Bourbon 

County, at Fort Scott, under the coal. Crawford County, Pittsburg. 

Douglas County, Lawrence. Ellsworth County. Leavenworth County, 

near Leavenworth, Mill Creek. In all the eastern counties as far west as 

Manhattan. Not pure.

Clay (pottery). Montgomery County, Coffeyville.

Clay (sewer pipe). Crawford County.

Coal (bituminous). About 20 workable beds, from a few inches to 5 feet thick, 

essentially steam coals. Mined in Atchison County, near Atchison. Cherokee County, Cherokee coal, 18 inches to 5 feet thick, mined at Scamrnon, 

excellent quality. Crawford County, Frontenac, Pittsburg, and elsewhere. Franklin County, near Ransomville. Leavenworth County, 

Leavenworth. Osage County, Osage seam 20-22 inches, along Santa Fe 

Railway, and many other places. Southeastern part of the State, south 

of Kansas River and east of the Shawnee, has workable beds in nearly 

every county, and beds crop out in Alien, Bourbon, Brown, Coffey, Doniphan, Douglas, Franklin, Greenwood, Jackson, Jefferson, Miami, Nemaha, 

Neosho, Osage, Shawnee, Wabaunsee, and Woodson counties.

Galena. Cherokee County, most abundant lead ore at Badger-Peacock, Galena, 

and Lawton districts.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gypsum. Gypsite (gypsum earth), found in low swampy ground in central 

Kansas, formerly basis of greater portion of plaster manufacture. Was 

mined in Barber County at Kling. Butler County. Clay County, at Longford. Rock gypsum, mined in Barber and Comanche counties, in Medicine 

Lodge area. Dickinson County, at Hope. Marshall County, Blue Rapids. 

Saline County, near Gypsum. In comparative abundance at numerous 

places in the Permian rocks of Kansas; in smaller quantities along 

Smoky River, Ellsworth and McPherson counties; in Tertiary formations 

in southwestern part of Meade County and in Seward County, commonly 

in fine crystals. Nearly all gypsite beds in Kansas are exhausted.
136 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES KANSAS.

Halite. See Salt.

Hydrozincite. Cherokee County, with calamine and smithsonite, Galena district.

Iron. See Pyrite and Siderite.

Lead. See Cerusite and Galena.

Lignite (brown coal). Extensive beds in the Cretaceous strata and sparingly 

in Tertiary, Smoky Hill Valley; beds of good brown coal over large part 

of western Kansas, range from 1 to 3 feet thick; few beds in Dakota 

(Cretaceous) strata, all of inferior quality; most important seam, 10 

to 36 inches thick, is traceable for 170. miles from the northern boundary southwestward across the State, and is found in Barton, Cloud, 

Ellsworth, Lincoln, McPherson, Mitchell, Ottawa, Republic, Rice, Saline, 

Washington, and perhaps other adjoining counties.

Limestone (building). Quarried in following places: Alien County, Gas and lola. 

Anderson County, Garnett. Atchison County, Atchison. Bourbon County, 

Fort Scott. Brown County, Fairview and Hiawatha. Butler County, 

Augusta and Eldorado. Chase County, Cottonwood Falls and Strong. 

Chautauqua County, Sedan. Coffey County, Waverly. Cowley County, 

Silverdale and Winfield. Douglas County, Baldwin, Lawrence, Lecompton. Franklin County, Ottawa and Wellsville. Geary County, Junction 

City. Greenwood County, Hilltop and Madison. Hamilton County, Syracuse. Jackson County, Delia. Jewell County, Randall and near Formosa. 

Johnson County, Olathe. Labette County, one-half mile south of Parsons. 

Leavenworth County, Leavenworth. Lyon County, Admire, Alien, and 

near Americus and Emporia. Marion County, Aulne,. Florence, and 

Marion. Marshall County, Barrett, Beattie, Florena, Frankfort, Marysville, Oketo. Miami County, Paola. Montgomery County, Coifeyville and 

Independence. Morris County, Dunlap, Dwight, and Helmick. Nemaha 

County, America City and Sabetha. Neosho County, Chanute and Erie. 

Ness County, Bazine. Pottawatomie County, Belvue, Emmett, Onaga, St. 

Marys, and Wamego. Riley County, Keats and Manhattan. Rush 

County, Alexander. . Russell County, Russell. Saline County, Salina. 

Shawnee County, Richland, Tevis, and Topeka. Sumner County, Caldwell. Wabaunsee County, Alma and Alta Vista. Washington County, 

Hanover. Wilson County, Fredonia, Benedict, and Neodesha. Wyandotte 

County, Kansas City, Quindaro, Lor ing, and Rosedale.

Limestone (crushed stone). Atchison County, Atchison. Brown County, Fairview and Hiawatha. Butler County, Augusta and Eldorado. Chase 

County, Cottonwood Falls. Chautauqua County, Sedan. Cowley County, 

Silverdale and Winfield. Douglas County, Lawrence. Elk County, Moline. Franklin County, Ottawa and AVellsville. Greenwood County, Hilltop and Madison. Jackson County, Delia. Johnson County, Olathe. Labette County, one-half mile south of Parsons. Leavenworth County, 

Leavenworth. Lyon County, near Alien and Americus. Marion County, 

Florence. Marshall County, Beattie, Irving, Frankfort, and elsewhere. 

Miami County, Paola. Morris County, Dwight. Neosho County, Chanute 

and Erie. Pottawatomie County, Emmett. Riley County, Manhattan. 

Russell County, Russell. Saline County, Salina. Shawnee County, 

Topeka. Wyandotte County, Loring, Quindaro, and vicinity.

Limestone (hydraulic, water lime, cement rock). Bourbon County, magnesian 

. limestone occurs at Fort Scott, to some extent hydraulic. Manufactured 

at Fort Scott.
USEFUL MINEEALS OF UNITED STATES KANSAS. 137

Limestone (lime). Burned for lime: Bourbon County, at Fort Scott. Chautauqua County, at Sedan. Elk County, at Moline. Shawnee County, at 

Topeka.

Marcasite.' Cherokee County, abundantly associated with lead and zinc ores 

at some mines in Galena district. Requires roasting and electric treatment to remove from ore.

Natural gas. Wells in southeast corner of State in Alien County, Tola, La 

Harpe, Moran, Savonburg, and Humbolclt. Chautauqua County, Peru, 

Sedan, and many points in southern half of county. Franklin County, 

Eantoul. Johnson County, Spring Hill. Linn County, Pleasanton, local 

use. Miami County, Paola and Osawatomie. Montgomery County, 

Cherryvale, Coffeyville, Independence, Caney, Havana, Jefferson, and 

Bearing. Neosho County, Chanute, Erie, and Thayer. Wilson County, 

Altoona, Benedict, Buffalo, Fredonia, Neodesha, New Albany, and Vilas. 

Wyandotte County, Bonner Springs and Kansas City.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Petroleum. Production in 1914 was 3,103,585 barrels, valued at $2,433,074. 

There were 3,054 wells in the State at the beginning of that year. Producing wells in Alien, County, vicinity of Moran and Humbolclt; Chautauqua County, Sedan and southern part; Miami County, high-grade oil, 

Paola; Montgomery County, Coffeyville, Wayside, and elsewhere in Bolton field; Neosho County, Chanute; Wilson County, in vicinity of Benedict, Neodesha, and Buffalo; Woodson County, vicinity of Toronto. 

Occurs at numerous other places in State.

Pumice. Dug in Gove County, Quinter; Meade County, Meade; Phillips 

County, Woodruff; and has been found in many other places.

Pyrite. Cherokee County, associated with lead and zinc ores in Galena district; 

also abundant in many coal mines of the State.

Road metal. See Limestone (crushed stone).

Salt (brine). Brines obtained from Cherokee and other shales throughout the 

oil and gas fields. Manufacturers of evaporated salt in Ellsworth County, 

Ellsworth; Reno County, Hutchinson; and Rice County, Sterling.

Salt (rock). Mined in Ellsworth County, at Ellsworth and Eanopolis. Harper 

County, Anthony. Kingman County, Kingman. Rice County, Sterling 

and Lyons.

Sand (building). Dug in Douglas County, at Lawrence. Leavenworth County, 

at Leavenworth. Reno County, at Hutchinson. Sedgwick County, at 

Wichita. Shawnee County, at Topeka. Wyandotte County, at Armourdale and Kansas City. Dug also at many other places.

Sand (glass). Friable sandstone in Buxton formation, of suitable quality, in 

Montgomery County, near Caney and Independence; Wilson County, 

Fredonia.

Sandstone. Quarried in Bourbon County, at Fort Scott, Hiattville, and Redfield. Chautauqua County, Chautauqua Springs. Cherokee County, 

Galena. Crawford County, Farlington and Pittsburg. Elk County, Howard. Greenwood County, Madison. Labette County, Parsons. Linn 

County, Pleasanton. Montgomery County, Independence. Pawnee 

County, Larnecl. Pottawatomie County, Oriaga. Wilson County, Neodesha. Woodson County, Yates Center.

Shale. Montgomery, Wilson, Neosho, Labette, and other counties in southeastern part of the State.
138 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES KANSAS.

Siderite (spathic iron ore). Bourbon County, occurs in Pennsylvanian ("Coal 

Measures ") rocks on Marais des Cygnes, near Fort Scott. Also on the 

Neosho and many other streams, interstratined with beds of good coal. 

Not sufficiently abundant for use.

Smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Cherokee County, mined in Galena district.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Cherokee County, principal ore of zinc in BadgerPeacock, Galena, and Lawton districts.

Volcanic ash. Abundant throughout the central and western parts of the 

State, Produced as an abrasive in Morton and Phillips counties.

Zinc. See Calamine, Hydrozincite, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.
USEFUL MIETEBALS OP UNITED STATES KENTUCKY. 139 

KENTUCKY.

Asphalt. Asphaltic sandstones are found in the following places: Breckinridge 

County, quarried 2 miles southwest of Garfield and 2 miles southeast of 

Earned. Carter County, prospected at Soldier. Edmondsoh County, 

small tar springs and many deposits of asphaltic sandstone in Bee Spring 

region, quarried at Pittsburg Landing on Green River. Grayson County, 

prospect 3 miles south and 9 miles north of Leitchfleld, large abandoned 

quarry at Tar Hill, 9 miles northeast of Leitchfield. Logan County, 

quarry 5 and 6 miles northeast of Eussellville. Rowan County, prospected near Morehead. Warren County, two quarries at Youngs Ferry.

Barite. Anderson County, at Lawrenceburg. Bourbon County, has been mined 

at Millersburg and near Paris. Boyle County, mined near Danville. 

Caldwell County, was mined at Fredonia and shipped. Fayette County, 

mined and shipped from vicinity of Lexington and from about 6 miles 

northwest of Lexington. Franklin County, gangue mineral of Clerk 

vein near Kissinger. Gerrard County, 4 miles west of Lancaster. Harrison County, in Ordovician limestone, 3 miles southeast of Cynthiana, at 

Lair station and vicinity. Henry County, Lockport and other points, 

mined and shipped. Jessamine County, 1 mile northeast of Ambrose. 

Mercer County, was mined near Harrodsburg. Owen County, Gratz 

mine and other points. Scott County, about 5$ miles southwest of 

Georgetown, gangue mineral of Johnson vein 1$ miles from Duvall station and other points. Woodford County, with galena and sphalerite at 

Shyrock Ferry, Shropshire, Prewitt, and other prospects. At points 

in Garrard, Jessamine, Lincoln, Madison, and Russell counties.

Bituminous rock. See Asphalt.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore, limonite). Bath County, mined at Preston ore 

banks; occurs in Red River iron region, between Licking and Kentucky 

rivers ores at base of Pennsylvanian series ("Coal Measures"); Hanging Rock region, embracing whole or parts of Boyd, Carter, Greenup, 

Johnson, and Lawrence counties, in northeastern part of State. Iron 

made from these ores noted for its excellence for castings. In abundance 

from Ohio River southward to southern part of Carter County; Cumberland River iron region, embracing whole or parts of Caldwell, Crittenden, Livingston, Lyon, and Trigg counties, in western part of State; 

occurs in clay and chert above Mississippian limestones; irregular shape 

and uncertain extent, but aggregate of ore immense; most extensive 

deposits are between the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers and of 

excellent quality. Nolin district, in Butler, Edmonson, Grayson, Muhlenberg, and Ohio counties; ores occur near base of the Pennsylvanian rocks 

(" Coal Measures "). " Oriskany " ore on north slope of Pine Mountain, 

Bell County, has been mined.

Calcite. Fayette County, in vicinity of Morton's mill, and 6 miles north of 

Lexington. Livingston County, Spees mine, was mined. Mercer County, is 

mined and milled at Chinn mine on Kentucky River at mouth of Shawnee 

Run. Owen County, gangue mineral in Gratz mine. Woodward County, 

with sphalerite at Shyrock Ferry. Most abundant mineral associated 

with fluorite in western Kentucky.

Cement material (Portland). Jefferson County, only plant in State in 1915 at 

Kosmosdale; oolitic limestone from Meade County used. Limestones 

suitable for Portland cement are abundant in north-central and western 

parts of State; in Barren County near Cave City and Glasgow; Campbell County, at Mentor; Kenton County, at Ludlow; Powell County, at
140 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES KENTUCKY.

Stanton; Rockcastle County, Pine Hill and near Livingston. Large 

quantity of pure clay suitable for Portland cement in counties of the 

Jackson's Purchase region in western Kentucky, west of Tennessee River.

Cement material (natural). Jefferson County, cement rock first discovered in 

Central States in digging canal at Louisville. Quarried for natural cement. Similar materials in Lewis and other counties along western 

border of eastern coal field.

Clay (ball). Graves County, at Hickory, Pryorsburg, and Clay switch (mined).

Clay (brick). Widely distributed; used in nearly all counties of the State.

Clay (fire). Ballard County, Wickliffe. Graves County (high grade). Flint 

and plastic clay in Boyd, Carter, Elliott, Fulton, Greenup, Jackson, Jefferson, Kenton, Covington, Laurel, Lewis, Powell, Pulaski, Rockcastle, 

Rowan, Wolfe, and other counties of east Kentucky. Siliceous refractory 

clays in counties west of Tennessee River and also in Crittenden and 

Livingston counties.

Clay (pottery). Ballard County, thin beds of white plastic clay from Laketown southward and in a few places in eastern part of county. Galloway County, at Pottertown. Fulton County, large quantity in bluffs at 

Hickman and southward to Tennessee line. Graves County, white, ball, 

and sagger clay mined at Clay switch. Hart County, near Bonnieville. 

. Hickman County, pottery clay near Columbus. Madison County, Waco and 

Bybeetown; McCracken County, in eastern and middle portions and 5 

miles south of Paducah. Marshall County, near Scales, west of Benton, 

. near Palma; was mined at Scale and Hardin. Rockcastle County.

Clay (slip). Graves County, Pryorsburg.

Clay (tile, not draintile). Kenton County.

Coal (bituminous). Pennsylvanian (" Coal Measures ") rocks occupy the eastern and western parts of the State. Some of the coals in both the eastern 

and western coal fields are coking. Twelve or more beds which range 

from 2 to 8 feet in thickness are identified in the eastern field. Most 

coals hard bituminous, semiblock, excellent for steam and domestic uses. 

High-grade coking coals in Big Sandy Valley. The coal-producing 

counties of eastern Kentucky are Bell, Boyd, Breathitt, Carter, Clay, 

Elliott,- Floyd, Greenup, Harlan, Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Laurel, 

Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, Magoffln, Martin, Morgan, Owsley, Perry, 

Pike, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Wayne, Whitley, and Wolfe. The coal-producing counties of western Kentucky are Butler, Christian, Crittenden, 

Daviess, Edmonson, Grayson, Hancock, Henderson, Hopkins, McLean, 

Muhlenberg, Ohio, Union, Warren, and Webster.

Dolomite. Ordovician, excellent building material, found along Kentucky River 

in Clark, Fayette, Franklin, Jessamine, and Woodford counties; a buff 

and cream-colored dolomite, convenient to transportation; " Corniferous " limestone in -Bullitt and Nelson counties, of excellent quality and in 

vast quantities; quarried to some extent.

Fluorspar. Caldwell County, near Princeton and other points. Crittenden 

County, at Crayne, Marion, and Mexico. Fayette County, in Ordovician 

limestone in vicinity of Morton's mill. Jessamine County, south of 

Ambrose, on north side of McKenna Branch. Livingston County, Salem 

and other points. Mercer County, with calcite and barite around bend 

of Kentucky River and Two Chimneys and Fantail mines. Trigg 

County, at Gracey. Woodford County, at Faircloths Ferry, below 

Brooklyn, and elsewhere, and was mined at Withrow vein near Spring 

station.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES KENTUCKY. 141

Galena. Bourbon County, prospects at Paris and vicinity. Caldwell and Crittenden counties, with fluorspar at Asbridge, Glendale, Tabor, and other 

mines. Fayette County, Russell Cave and elsewhere. Franklin County, 

large masses at Kissinger. Harrison County, was prospected near Cynthiana and Lair station. Livingston County, Evening Star mine. Owen 

County, Gratz mine. Scott County, Johnson vein about 1$ miles from 

Duvall station. Woodford County, with barite at Withrow vein near 

Spring station. Other points in central Kentucky barytes district.

Garnet (pyrope). Elliott County, in peridotite dike on Ison Creek.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gravel. Ballard County, mined at Wickliffe. Hickman County, thick beds in 

bluffs around Columbus. McCracken County, Paducah. Abundant in 

region west of Tennessee River along Ohio River and in regions bordering 

coal fields, from conglomerate sandstone. Abundant at a number of other 

points in Jackson's Purchase.

Hematite (red iron ore). Bath County, mined near Owingsville. Graves 

County, small quantity in gravel beds 2$ miles south of Hard Money. 

Was mined in Fleming County. Marshall County, small quantity near 

Birmingham.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, and Siderite.

Lead. See Galena.

Lignite. Ballard County, Fort Jefferson Bluff, and near Blandville. .Graves 

and Hickman counties.

Limestone. Widely distributed. Used in many counties. Quarried: Adair 

County, at Columbia. Anderson County, Lawrenceburg. Barren County. 

Bourbon County, Millersburg. Boyd County, Ashland. Boyle County, 

Danville, Mitchellsburg, Parkville, and Perryville. Bracken County, 

Bradford. Breckinridge County, Basin Spring, and Mystic. Bullitt 

County, Clermpnt. Campbell County, Fort Thomas and Newport. Carter 

County, Lawton and Olive Hill. Christian County, Herndon. Clark 

County, Winchester. Fayette County, Lexington. Franklin County, Benson and Frankfort. Greenup County, Amanda (mail Russell), Limeville. 

Hardin County, Elizabethtown and West Point. Harrison County, Berry 

and Cynthiana. Hart County, Dividing Ridge. Jefferson County, Buechel, 

Florida Heights (mail Prospect), Jeffersontown, Louisville, O'Bannon and 

Tucker. Jessamine County, Hanly, Highbridge, Nicholasville, and Wiimore. Kenton County, Covington and Latonia. Lee County, Beattyville. 

Logari County, Gasper, Russellville. Marion County, Lebanon. Mercer 

County, Burgin and Harrodsburg. Monroe County, Tompkinsville. Montgomery County, Mount Sterling. Nelson County, Woodlawn. Owsley 

County, Booneville. Pendleton County, Carntown, Ivor, and Menzies. 

Powell County, McCormick. Rockcastle County, Dudley. Trigg County, 

'Hematite. Warren County, Bowling Green, Hadley, Memphis Junction, 

Rockfield. Wayne County, Monticello. Has been quarried in the following places: Barren County, near Glasgow Junction. Caldwell County, 

near Princeton and Leitchfleld. Pulaski County, near Somerset. Also in 

Grayson, Meade, Simpson, Todd, Wolfe, and other counties.

Limestone (flux). Quarried: Boyd County, at Ashland. Carter County, Lawton 

and Limestone. Kenton County, Covington. Rockcastle County, Burr.

Limestone (lime). Quarried: Christian County, at Hopkinsville. Hardin 

County, Elizabeth town. Meade County, near Battletown and Cedar 

Branch. Rockcastle County, Mount Vernon. Union County, Mississippian 

limestone was burned near Morganfleld.
142 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES KENTUCKY.

Limestone (oolitic). Large quarries in Warren County. The oolitic limestone 

outcrops around eastern and northern edge of western coal field and 

across from there to western edge of eastern coal field.

Lithographic stone. Most important quarry in United States at Bradensburg, 

Meade County. Found in Bath, Estill, Pulaski, Rowan, Warren, and 

Wayne counties.

Marble. Barren County, pink and yellow varieties have been quarried near 

Cave City. Warren County, near Bowling Green. Also in Bath and 

Rowan counties.

Marl. Bullitt and Spencer county line, in Ordovician. Garrard, Lincoln, Madison, Marion, Nelson, and Washington counties, in Silurian shales. In 

the Chester group of the Mississippian series in many counties is a marly 

shale, containing 4 to 6 per cent of potash, 1 or 2 per cent of phosphoricacid, and 15 per cent of lime. Worked near Leitchfield, Grayson County.

Mineral paint. See Ocher.

Natural gas. Barren County, small quantity near Glasgow. Boyd County, at 

Ashland and near Catlettsburg. Breckinridge County, number of wells 

in Mississippian limestone at Cloverport; used for light and fuel in town. 

Clay County, near Manchester. Estill County, near Irvine. Hardin 

County, at Elizabethtown. Knox County, large flow was obtained from 

Big Injun sand near Barbourville. Lawrence County, in Berea sandstone 

in Horsford well. Logan County, near Diamond Springs. Martin County, 

large field near Eden. Meade County, most important gas district of 

western Kentucky; a number of wells in vicinity of Brandenburg and 

Rock Haven in Devonian shale. Menifee County, " Corniferous" limestone source of large supply of gas; wells on Gay, Mynhier, and other 

farms near Frenchburg; piped to Mount Sterling, Winchester, and Lexington. Morgan County, Caney sand at Caney, source of high-pressure 

gas; little development; also on Licking River, supplies West Liberty. 

Warren County, near Bowling Green; no economic value. Wayne County, 

large producing wells at Pisgah. Wolfe County, near Campton and near 

Hazel Green.

Ocher. Ballard County, yellow ocher was mined in ravine east of Wickliffe. 

Galloway County, near Murray. Carlisle County, yellow ocher was mined 

in the'bluffs of creeks near Laketon. Crittenden County, 5 miles southwest of Marion. McCracken County, mined 3 miles east of Paducah. 

Marshall County, on banks of Tennessee River at Highland Landing.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Onyx marble. Barren, Hart, and Edmonson counties. Found in limestone 

caverns. Quarried intermittently on small scale.

Petroleum. Total production in the State in 1914 was 502,441 barrels, valued 

at $498,566. Oil-producing areas: Alien County, Scottville and Petroleum. 

Barren County, near Glasgow. Bath County. Breathitt County, Frozen 

Creek. Cumberland County, near Burkville. Estill County, near Irvine. 

Floyd County, Right Beaver, Salt Lick, and Middle creeks near Prestonburg. Knox County, vicinity of Barbourville. Lawrence County, Busseyville. Logan County, Diamond Springs. McCreary County, Rock Creek, 

South Fork, and elsewhere. Menifee County. Morgan County, Caney 

and West Liberty. Ohio County, near Hartford. Rowan County, Triplet 

Creek. Warren County, near Richardsville, in Shallow Mills in the Mississippi limestone. Wayne County, number of wells, Steubenville, Sinking Creek, Barrier, Cooper, Parmleysville, Griffin, Mount Pisgah. Slickford,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES KENTUCKY. 143

Dry Fork, and elsewhere. Webster County, Lebree. W.nitley County, 

near Williamsburg. Wolfe County, near Campton. Oil showings reported in Alien, Boyd, Breckinridge, Caldwell, Carroll, Carter, Christian, 

Clark, Clinton, Harrison, Hart, Jefferson, Johnson, Knott, Lawrence, 

McLean, Magoffin, Martin, Meade, Montgomery, Oldham, Pike, Pulaski, 

Rockcastle, Kussell, and Warren counties.

Phosphate rock. Clark County, near Price Grove station. Fayette County, 

near Lexington. Franklin County, near Forks of Elkhorn. Jessamine 

County, near Hulette station. Scott County, near Georgetown. Woodford County, mined at Midway; occurs in thin plates and finely comminuted d§bris from weathering of phosphate limestone beds at the top 

of the Lexington limestone and base of the Winchester limestone 

(Ordovician), near Versailles, and many other points, especially in 

Fayette, Franklin, Scott, and Woodford counties.

Road metal. See Gravel, Limestone, and Sandstone.

Salt. Salt brines found in gas and oil wells in Breckinridge, Clay, Estill, 

Hancock, Henderson, Jefferson, Meade, Union, and other counties. May 

be utilized as source of salt.

Sand (building). Dug: Boyd County, at Ashland. Campbell County, Dayton. 

Jefferson County, Louisville and Shively. McCracken County, Paducah. 

Rockcastle County, Dudley and Withers. Warren County, Bowling Green.

Sand (glass). Dug: Galloway County, in hills bordering Beechy Creek. Carter 

County, Lawton. Hardin County, at Tip Top, 28 miles southwest of 

Louisville. Kenton County, Ludlow.

Sand (molding). Dug: Boyd County, at Ashland. Campbell County, Newport. 

Kenton County, Covington and Visalia. Warren County, Bowling Green.

Sandstone. Quarried in the following places: Bell County, at Pineville. Breckenridge County, near Garfield. Knox County, Barbourville. Logan 

County, near Russeltville. Muhlenberg County, South Carrollton. Rockcastle County, Langford and Wildie. Rowan County, Bluestone, Farmers, Freestone, and Morehead. Occurs in many other counties of the 

State.

Shale (oil). Devonian. Underlies most of State, excepting several counties 

south of Cincinnati and perhaps westernmost six or eight counties, but 

shallow enough to be readily workable in only a part of this area.

Siderite. Boyd, Carter, and Greenup counties, original mineral of Hanging 

Rock iron ores. Butler, Edmonson, Grayson, Hart, and Muhlenberg 

counties, occurs in Nolin River district near base of the Pennsylvania^ 

series ("Coal Measures"), largely undeveloped. Whitley County, near 

Cumberland Falls.

Silver. Crittenden County, recovered from lead concentrates separated from 

fluorspar.

Smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Crittenden County, mined and shipped from Old 

Jim, Brown, Hodge, Columbia, and other mines.

Sphalerite (zinc blende, blackjack). Crittenden County, mined at Old Jim and 

Columbia mines. Livingston County, Evening Star mine. Occurs in many 

other mines, usually associated with fluorspar and galena, as accessory 

mineral in central Kentucky barytes district, and in veins in Lewis 

County.

Sulphur. Sulphur springs are common all over the State.

Tripoli. Fulton County, in gray silt in top of Hickman Bluff and southward, 

and at several points in eastern parts of Galloway and Marshall counties; 

not used.
144 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES LOUISIANA.

LOUISIANA.

Anhydrite. Calcasieu Parish, near Vinton, in deep well.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, limonite). In Tertiary sands in Bienville, 

Bossier, Caddo, Claiborne, Lincoln, and Union parishes; not used.

Cement material (Portland). Chalk occurs only in small isolated outcrops 

and State is practically devoid of limestone, so it is not likely ever to be 

a producer of Portland cement.

Clay (brick). Abundant, throughout the State; dug in following parishes: 

Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Caddo, Calcasieu, De Soto, East 

Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, Franklin, Grant, Iberia, Harvey, Lafourche, 

Lincoln, Livingston, Natchitoches, Ouachita, Pointe Coupee, Rapides, 

Richland, St. Landry, St. Martin, St. Mary, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, 

Vermilion, Webster, and West Feliciana.

Clay (fire). St. Tammany Parish, Covington.

Clay (pottery). Numerous outcrops of very pure white clay called "chalk" 

in Caddo Parish near Spring Ridge church, Chalk Hills, and elsewhere. 

Catahoula Parish, in north-central part. La Salle Parish, has been mined 

at Rosefleld. Natchitoches Parish, lignitic clay near Robeline. Rapides 

Parish, pure white potter's clay reported in " Grand Gulf" rocks near 

Lena. Sabine Parish, 10 miles southeast of Fort Jesup. St. Tammany 

Parish, Covington.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gravel (road metal). Extensive deposit in hills of southern Rapides Parish; 

also in Catahoula, Claiborne, Grant, Sabine, St. Landry, Washington, and 

Winn parishes; largely used.

Gypsum. Bienville Parish, with limestone at Rayburns salt works, sec. 31, 

T. 15 N., R. 5 W. Calcasieu Parish, large quantity in sulphur deposits 

at Lake Charles. Caldwell Parish, selenitic clays 85 feet thick at 

Grand View, on Ouachita River. St. Landry Parish, at Pine Prairie.

Hematite. Occurs in Bienville, Grant, Natchitoches, Rapides, Red River, 

Sabine, Winn, and other parishes; not used.

Iron. See Brown iron ore and Hematite.

Lignite. Bienville Parish, occurs in eastern part. Caddo Parish, West Shreveport. Caldwell Parish, near Columbia. Claiborne Parish, near Homer. 

De Soto Parish, northwestern part. Sabine Parish, Coalkill Creek, 6 

miles east of Fort Jesup.

Limestone (building). St. Landry Parish, small outcrops, good building stone.

Limestone (crushed stone). Winn Parish, produced at Winnfleld.

Limestone (lime). .Natchitoches Parish, was burned locally 5 miles from 

Natchitoches. Sabine Parish, Rocky Spring. St. Landry Parish, Pine 

Prairie, and on Bayou Chicot.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Marl. Occurs in Catahoula Parish, at Sicily Island; Claiborne Parish, in 

vicinity of Homer and Lisbon; Grant Parish, near Montgomery; " Zeuglodon marl" contains glauconite; Natchitoches Parish, phosphatic and 

greensand marl in bluff at Natchitoches; calcareous.

Natural gas. Caddo Parish, large production from Caddo field, near Shreveport. .Calcasieu Parish, considerable quantities at Welsh oil wells. De 

Soto Parish, abundant at Mansfield and Naborton.' East Baton Rouge 

Parish, occurs in several gas pockets in well at Deerford. Grant Parish, 

in well at Colfax. Iberia Parish, abundance on Bayou Bouillon, 30 miles 

northeast of New Iberia. Lafourche Parish, small production. Sabine 

Parish, in salt spring near mouth of Bayou Negreet. St. Martin Parish,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES LOUISIANA. 145

above oil in Anse-La-Butte field, and considerable quantity from " Natural Gas Spring," 2;} miles from Breaux Bridge. St. Mary Parish, Belle 

Isle. Terrebonne Parish. Common occurrence in the extensive marshy 

Quaternary areas of the State.

Petroleum. The total production of the State in 1914' was 14,309,435 barrels, 

valued at $12,886,897, and there were about 1,000 productive wells at 

0 the beginning of that year. Caddo Parish, Caddo field important producer. Calcasieu Parish, Edgerly pool, Vinton g-ushers, and in numerous 

wells 6 miles northeast of Jennings, in Quaternary and Miocene beds, 

best lubricating oil in southern region in wells near Welsh. Carneron 

Parish, small quantity of oil from wells on Hackberry Islands. Iberia 

Parish, small quantity in wells at Bayou Bouillon, 30 miles northeast of 

New Iberia. Red River Parish, near Abington. St. Landry Parish, 

Pine Prairie, gusher 1912. St. Martin Parish, in coarse shallow sanda 

at Breaux Bridge, Anse-La-Butte district.

Road metal. See Gravel and Limestone.

Salt (brine). Bienville Parish, Rayburn's salt works, and Kings. Lafayette 

Parish, salt brines in wells of Anse-La-Butte oil field and other oil 

fields, and' artesian boring for brine, T. 12 N., R. 5 W. Natchitoches 

Parish, old salt works.

Salt (rock). Evangeline Parish, occurs at Pine Prairie, not mined. Iberia 

Parish, large quantities mined from shafts on Weeks and Avery islands. 

North Bienville Parish, has been mined on Saline Bayou and about 8 

miles from Bienville. Sabine Parish, has been mined near Coal Bluff 

and near mouth of Bayou Negreet. Occurs also at Belle Isle and Jeffersons Island but is not mined.

Sand (building). Dug: Caddo Parish, at Shreveport. St. Tammany Parish, 

Bayou Lacomb, and Covington. Webster Parish, Lanesville. West 

Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge.

Sandstone. Catahoula Parish, small quarries in " Grand Gulf " sandstone near 

Harrisonburg. Sabine Parish, quarried on Bayou Toro, canal and railroad construction. Winn Parish, best in small exposure at Coochie Brake.

Sandstone (ballast). Iberia Parish, occurs in Iron Mine Run on Petite Anse. 

Rapides Parish, " Grand Gulf" sandstone quarried between Boyce and 

Lena.

Sulphur. Calcasieu Parish, obtained from wells in extensive deposit about 3 

miles from town of Sulphur; sulphur and associated beds are some 

hundreds of feet thick; sulphur, associated with limestone above gypsum, 

melted by superheated water and pumped out by Frasch process. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 10
146 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES MAINE.

MAINE.

Amethyst. Oxford County, gem crystals found on Deer Hill, in town of Stow, 

and on Pleasant Mountain, in town of Denmark.

Apatite. Androscoggin County, in transparent pink, purple, blue, and green 

crystals, at Apatite Hill, Wade, and Pulsifer quarries in town of Auburn, 

Berry quarry, town of Poland. Oxford County, at Hebron.

Aquamarine. See Beryl.

Argentite (silver glance). Hancock County, reported from Sullivan silver 

mine.

Arsenopyrite (arsenical pyrite). Franklin County, Titcombs Hill, Farmington. Hancock County, occurs in Blue Hill and Brooksville copper mines 

and Sullivan silver ^mines; was prospected on Verona Island. Knox 

County, occurs at Owls Head and South Thomaston. Oxford County, 

occurs at Corinna, Greenwood, Rumford, and at Mount Rubellite in town 

of Hebron. Waldo County, occurs in veins in schist at Fort Point. York 

County, Bonds Mount and Newfield, and accompanying silver ores at 

Lebanon and Acton.

Beryl. Aquamarine. Kennebec County, at Winslow, with mica and fluorite in

cassiterite vein. Oxford County, French Mountain, town of Albany;

Dunton mine, town of Newry; Mount Mica, town of Paris; associated

< with corundum, town of Greenwood; Sugar Hill and Harndon Hill,

town of Stoneham. Sagadahoc County, at Topsham feldspar quarries. 

Caesium beryl. Androscoggin County, Berry quarry, town of Poland. Oxford County, town of Hebron; on Dudley farm, town of Buckfield. 

Golden beryl. Oxford County, Edgecomb Mountain, town of Stoneham,

and Speckled Mountain, town of Peru.

Opaque varieties common in pegmatites, notably:. Androscoggin County, 

Apatite Hill, town of Auburn. Hancock County, in cassiterite-bearing 

granite at Catharine Hill. Oxford County, Noyes mine, town of Greenwood.

Bornite (purple copper ore). Hancock County, has been mined in Ellsworth 

schist at Blue Hill. Washington County, Lubec lead mine and Pembroke 

copper prospects; not abundant.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore). Lincoln County, occurs on Pemaquid Ledge. 

Oxford County, at Rumford. Piscataquis County, Dover; several deposits of large size. Somerset County, Skowhegan; several large deposits. 

York County, New Limerick and Newfield.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, limonite). Aroostook County, occurs at 

Houlton and Linneus. Hancock County, most abundant oxidized mineral 

in Blue Hill and Brooksville district. Piscataquis County, has been 

mined at Katahdin mines.- Washington County, has been mined at Trescott and at Lubec lead mine; at latter place trace of gold, some silver.

Calcite. Knox County, Rockland in massive and crystalline forms in quarries.

Cassiterite. Kennebec County, occurs in 1-inch vein at Winslow. Oxford 

County, a 'few specimens at Mount Mica and Greenwood.

Cement material. Knox County, limestone near Rockland suitable for Portland 

cement.

Cerargyrite (silver chloride). Hancock County, reported from Sullivan silver 

mine.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Hancock County, sparingly on chalcopyrite at Blue 

Hill copper mines; at Douglas mine carries gold and silver.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Hancock County, important mineral of Blue 

Hill; has been mined at Douglas, Twin Lead, and other mines for gold
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MAINE. 147

and silver. Somerset County, has been mined at Robinson mine. Washington County, occurs in old mines at Cooper; has been mined a't Cherryfield and Lubec lead mine for gold and silver, at Pembroke copper 

prospect.

Clay (brick). Dug: Androscoggin County, at Danville, Durham, Leeds Junction, and elsewhere. Aroostook County, Masardis and Presque Isle.. 

Cumberland County, Brunswick, North Yarmouth, and Portland. Hancock County, East Sullivan, Ellsworth, Orland, and elsewhere. Kennebec County, Augusta, Waterville, and Winslow. Knox County, deposits 

and brick works at Thomaston, South Thomaston, and Rockland. Oxford County, East Bethel. Penobscot County, Bangor, Brewer, and Howland. Piscataquis County, Abbot Village and East Dover. Sagadahoc 

County, Bath, Topsham, and Woolwich. Somerset County, Madison. 

Washington County, Calais and Lubec. York County, Eliot, Kennebunk, 

Saco, and elsewhere.

Colurabite. Androscoggin County, sparingly in pegmatite at Apatite Hill, town 

of Auburn. Cumberland County, town of Standish. Oxford County, 

Mount Mica, town of Paris. Sagadahoc County, Harndon Hill, town of 

Stoneham, in Fishers quarry in pegmatite; Mount Ararat and Willes 

feldspar quarry, town of Topsham.

Copper. See Bornite, Chalcocite, and Chalcopyrite.

Diabese. Penobscot County, near Bangor at Harmon Hill.

Diatomaceous earth, (tripolite, "fossil meal"). Hancock County, occurs abundantly in all pond bottoms near coast; was mined at Blue Hill (in beds 

4 to 6 feet thick) and Surry. Washington County, was mined at Beddington.

Epidote. Sagadahoe County, occurs at Phippsburg.

Essonite. Sagadahoc County, Phippsburg. Oxford County, found at several 

places.

Feldspar. Extensively quarried from pegmatite deposits. Androscoggin 

County, quarried at Apatite Hill, town of Auburn; Berry quarry, town 

of Poland. Lincoln County, has been quarried in town of Edgecomb. 

Oxford County, has been quarried at Hibbs quarry and Mills quarry, 

town of Hebron; at Mount Mica, town of Paris; and at West Peru. 

Piscataquis County, has been quarried at Brownsville. Sagadahoc 

County, quarried at Goldring's quarry; Georgetown, Willes quarries; 

Mount Ararat; and at Fisher's quarry, town of Topsham.

Flagstone. Mica schist suitable for flagging .occurs in Kennebec County, at 

Winthrop. Sagadahoc County, at Phippsburg. York County, -Acton and 

Lebanon, and at other localities. Also sandstones in' northern part of 

State.

Galena. Hancock County, occurs in Ellsworth schist near Blue Hill and 

Bropksville. Oxford County, in granite at Mount Glines. Penobscot 

County, in thin veins near Hampden and Corinna. Piscataquis'County, 

at Dover. Somerset County, abundant at Bingham mine; small quantity 

at Robinson mine has been mined. Washington County, Cherryfield, 

Lubec lead mine, and Pembroke copper prospect.

Garnet. See Essonite.

Gold. Franklin County, associated with pyrite-bearingjslates at Strong. Hancock County, has been mined in granite with molybdenite at Catharine 

Hill; is sparingly present with sulphides in Blue Hill mines and in some 

river gravels and crevices in underlying rocks. Oxford County, has been 

found in some river gravels. Somerset County, occurs at Moscow and in
148 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MAINE.

some river gravels. Washington County, in quartz veins at Bailey, 

Baring, and Cutler, and in some river gravels and in crevices in underlying rocks.

Granite. Quarried: Aroostook County, Smyrna. Cumberland County, at 

Brighton, Brunswick, Freeport, North Yarmouth, Portland, Pownal, 

Westbrook, Woodfords, and Yarmouth. Franklin County, Chesterville, 

Farmington Falls, and North Jay. Hancock County, Bar Harbor, Blue 

Hill, Brodksville, Dedham, Franklin, East Franklin, West Franklin, 

Hall quarry, Mount Desert, Northeast Harbor, Orland, Sedgwick, Southwest Harbor, Stonington, Sullivan, West Sullivan, North Sullivan, 

and Swan Island. Kennebec County, Augusta, Hallowell, Mainstream, 

and Wayne. Knox County, Clark Island, Hurricane Isle, Long Cove, 

Pequoit, Rockland, South Thomaston, St. George, and Vinal Haven. 

Lincoln County, Round Point, Waldoboro, and Whitefield. Oxford 

County, Bryant Pond, Fryeburg, Norway, Oxford, Waterford, and Welchville. Penobscot County, Lincoln, black granite at Hermon Hill. Piscataquis County, Guilford. Somerset County, Canaan, Mainstream, Norridgewock, and South Norridgewock. Waldo County, Frankfort, Lincolnville, Searsport, and Swanville. Washington County, Addison, Baileyville, Calais, Charlotte, Jonesboro, Jonesport, Marshfield, Millbridge, 

and Red Beach. York County,. Alfred, Berwick, Biddeford, Kennebunkport. North Berwick, Sanford.

Graphite (plumbago). Cumberland County, occurs in pegmatite dike near Yarmouth. Franklin County, in schist near Madrid. Hancock County, in 

pegmatite and schists near Blue'Hill and Brooksville. Kennebec County, 

at Gardiner, on Kennebec River. Oxford County, sparingly in granite 

and mica schist in towns of Paris, Rumford, and Woodstock. Sagadahoc 

County, has been mined at Georgetown and Phippsburg. Waldo County, 

occurs at Belfast, disseminated through clay slate.

Gravel. Abundant in nearly all parts of the State and is at present the principal source of road material.

Hematite (red iron ore). Aroostook County, occurs at Curriers. Piscataquia 

County, has been mined at Katahdin mines.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, and Pyrite. .

Kunzite (spodumene). Oxford County, lilac-colored, occurs in pegmatite in 

town of Andover.

Lead. See Galena.

Lepidolite. Androscoggin County, in pegmatite deposits at Apatite Hill, and in 

the Wade and Pulsifer quarries, town of Auburn. Oxford County, at the 

Denton quarry, in the town of Newry, and at Mount Mica, town of Paris; 

Mount Rubellite, town of Hebron.

Limestone (lime). Knox County, extensively quarried and "burned in vicinity 

of Rockland, Rockport, Thomaston, and West Warren. Waldo County, 

Searsmont.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Aroostook County, occurs at Linneus, impregnating slaty rock. Cumberland County, Raymond, in thin sheets in epidotic gneiss. Hancock County, in schist at Douglas, Twin Lead, Owen, 

and other mines near Blue Hill and Brooksville, and on Marshall Island. 

Knox County, Union. Oxford County, Buckfield. Sagadahoc County, at 

Topsham, Spragues quarry, as trisoctahedral crystals in pegmatite.

Manganese. See Wad and Rhodonite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MAINE. 149

Marl. Aroostook County and elsewhere in ponds and swamps in the northern 

part of the State.

Mica (biotite). Common in many pegmatite deposits of the State.

Mica (muscovite). Abundant in all of the pegmatite deposits. Oxford County, 

small quantities have been mined at Mount Mica, town of Paris, Bermett 

and Pingree farms, town of Albany; Hibbs quarry, town of Hebron; 

southwest part of town of Waterford.

Molybdenite (sulphide of molybdenum). Cumberland County, occurs in granite 

in close connection with pegmatite at a number of places in Brunswick. 

Hancock County, under similar conditions at Catharine Hill and on Long 

Island in Bluehill Bay. Washington County, Cooper, 22 miles southwest 

of Calais, with fluorspar and bismuth in narrow pegmatite dikes cutting 

granite along joints, and as impregnations in granite.

Ocher. Androscoggin County, has been mined at Lisbon. Cumberland County, 

occurs at Bridgton, Naples, and Sarmonite.

Peat. Common and widely distributed over the entire State. A small plant 

for manufacturing machine peat has been operated for several years at 

Lewiston. Experimental plants have intermittently produced some peat 

fuel near Bangor and Portland.

Platinum. Knox County, in peridotite, East Union. Penobscot County, at 

Hermon. Piscataquis County, in pyrrhotite ores.

Pollucite. Oxford, found in pegmatite at Buckfleld and-Hebron.

Pyrargyrite (ruby silver). Hancock County, occurs at Sullivan, Franklin, and 

Hancock, with galena, native silver, silver glance, pyrite, chalcopyrite, 

etc., sparingly.

Pyrite. Hancock County, Douglas, Twin Lead, Bluehill, and other mines in 

Bluehill and Brooksville district, and in granite at Catharine Hill. Oxford County, in granite at Mount Glines. Somerset County, has been 

mined at Robinson mine. Washington County, Cherryfleld; has been 

mined at Lubec lead mine.

Pyrrhotite. Hancock County, Douglas, Twin Lead, Monmouth, and other 

mines have been worked. Knox County, Miller farm, East Union. Piscataquis County. Somerset County, Robinson mine.

Quartz. Abundant in all pegmatite deposits. White quartz: Androscoggin 

County, mined with feldspar at Apatite Hill, town of Auburn. Cumberland County, has been mined near Cumberland Mills. Rose quartz: occasionally used as a gem. Oxford County, Tubbs Ledge and French Mountain, town of Norway; Mount Mica, town of Paris. Smoky quartz: 

Androscoggin County, occurs at Apatite Hill, town of Auburn. Oxford 

County, Blueberry Hill, town of Stoneham.

Quartzite. Hancock County, Mount Desert Island, a mile south of Bar Harbor, on the east and west sides of Strawberry Hill (quarried), 3$ miles 

west of Bar Harbor and about 2 miles south of Salisbury Cove (quarried). Knox County, Thomaston Township, eastern part; abundant at 

Mount Battie and near by, north of Camden, west of Rockport. on west 

shore of Rockport Harbor; Rockland, and Thomaston; Pine Hill, north 

of Clam Cove; South Thomaston Township, north of the north end of 

Weskeag River estuary. Waldo County, western part of North Islesboro.

Rhodonite. Hancock County, was mined on Osgood farm, Blue Hill, when furnace of Katahdin Iron Works was in blast. 

Bhyolite. Common in eastern part of Penobscot Bay region. Aroostook 

County, in the region between Ashland and Presque Isle. Hancock
150 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MAINE.

County, Frenchinans Bay region, western part of Brookville Township. 

Castine Township, abundant throughout, northwestern part of Deer Isle, 

western part of Isle au Haut, Little Deer Isle, southern part of Mount 

Desert Island. Knox County, on the islands of Vinal Haven, and on North 

Island, and in northern part of the village of Vinal Haven. Piscataquis 

County, Mount Kineo region near Moosehead Lake. Washington County, 

eastern part; Englishman Bay region and Cobscook Bay region; Machias" 

Township, west of East Machias; in town of Eastport, including Moose 

Island (abundant); just northeast of the railroad station at Eastport; 

along the shore opposite Clark Ledge in the northern part of the village of 

Eastport; on the large hill east of Carryingplace Cove; Jonesboro Township, eastern part, 1$ miles northwest of Black Head, near Shoppees 

Point; constitutes the greater part of the peninsula northeast of Lubec 

(Seward Neck); Perry Township, abundant in southern part.

Eoad metal. The coastal region of Maine is well supplied with hard-rock road 

materials of good quality, which are in many places so situated that they 

can be cheaply quarried and shipped by water. The rocks named in order 

of utility are trap, rhyolite, quartzose schist, and quartzite conglomerate, 

but granite, quartzite, limestone, slate, and clayey schist are also used. 

At the present time gravel, which occurs in abundance in nearly all parts 

of the State, is the principal road material used in Maine. See Gravel, 

Limestone, Quartzite. Quartzose schist, Rhyolite, and Trap.

Rose quartz. See Quartz.

Sand (building). Dug at many places throughout State.

Sand (glass). Knox County, Camden, abundant; not mined. Waldo County, 

Liberty, pure, granular quartz.

Schist (quartzose schist). Cumberland County, near Portland and Gorharn and 

southeast of Sebago Lake, between Fryeburg Lake and Ossipee River; 

Brunswick Township, just north of the Harpwell line (quarried) ; Cape 

Elizabeth Township, south and west of Portland; Standish Township, 

western part. Washington County, considerable areas in eastern part from 

Machias to West Quoddy Head and Lubec; Jonesboro Township, eastern 

part, at Black Head on the northeast shore of English Bay and elsewhere; 

Machias Township, at numerous points within a distance of 2 miles from 

Machias along the road to Machiasport. York County, in eastern part a 

belt 3 miles wide extends from Old Orchard 16 miles northward to a 

point beyond Buxton and occupies a coastal area of about 50 square 

miles, comprising areas in Kennebunk and Kennebunkport; the rock is 

well exposed along the coast from York to Kennebunkport; in the western part it forms a belt about 6 miles wide, extending from York and Kittery on the coast 50 miles northward to Saco River and Cumberland 

County line; the rock is well exposed at Kittery and South Brunswick, 

between these two points, and along the road between Kittery and the 

southern portion of the town of York; quarried at Saco near Boston & 

Maine depot; Wells Township, abundant.

Silver (native). Hancock County, reported from Eggemoggin and Sullivan 

mines. See also Argentite, Cerargyrite, Pyrargyrite, and Stephanite.

Slate. Piscataquis County, slate region in central part of State; quarried at 

Barnard plantations, Blanchard, Brownville, Monson, and Williamsburg. 

Somerset County, prospect in southwest corner of town of Forks.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MAINE. 151

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Hancock County, occurs sparingly in Blue Hill copper deposits; argentiferous in Gouldsborough mine; has been mined; 

also found in Eggemoggin, Deer Isle, and other mines, and at Harborside. 

Somerset County, has been mined at Robinson mine. Washington 

County, has beeii mined at Cherryfield; also occurs at Pembroke copper 

prospect.

Stephanite (silver glance). Hancock County, reported from Sullivan mine.

Syenite. Kennebec County, Litchfleld.

Talc (soapstone). Hancock County, Harpswell, Jaquish, Deer Isle. Kennebec 

County, Ovis Island, bed 14 feet wide; Vassalboro.

Tin. See Cassiterite,

Topaz. Oxford County, Harndon Hill, town of Stoneham.

Tourmaline. Colored tourmalines of gem quality. Androscoggin County, mined 

at Apatite Hill, town of Auburn; has been mined at Wade and Pulsifer 

quarries, town of Auburn, Berry quarry, town of Poland. Oxford 

County, mined at Mount Mica, town of Paris; has been mined in town 

of Greenwood, at Mount Rubellite, town of Hebron, Mills quarry, town 

of Hebron, Dunton quarry, town of Newry. Sagadahoc County, Willes 

feldspar quarry, town of Topsham.

Trap (trap rock). Cumberland County, a mile south of Hartswell Center, near 

Brunswick. Hancock County, Brooksville Township, near Brooksville; 

forms the peninsula west of Bucks Harbor near the village of South 

Brooksville; in the northern part of the township there are large areas; 

northwestern part of Deer Isle; Penobscot Township, near Penobscot; 

Goldsborough Township, at numerous places in southern part, and a belt 

2 miles wide extends from a point near Sullivan 7 miles eastward through 

the village of Goldsborough; east shore of Isle au Haut; Little Deer 

Island; Mount Desert Island, at many places, especially on landward 

side, a mile south of Bar Harbor on the east and west sides of Strawberry 

Hill (quarried) ; abundant at village of Mount Desert, and on many of 

the larger islands in Frenchman and Bluehill bays and elsewhere. Knox 

County, North Isle; North Sullivan Island (mostly composed of trap); 

St. George Township, mainly in the region extending from Long Cove 

northeastward beyond the border of the township (quarries near St. 

George and northeastward) ; island of Vinal Haven, point west of Carvers 

Cove, southwest of the village of Vinal Haven (has been quarried) ; on 

the north shore of the island from Youngs Point to Hopkins Point, and 

in the eastern part of the island near Coombs Hill and Barley Hill; 

Brimstone Island 1$ miles southeast of Vinal Haven. Lincoln County, 

Round Pond. Penobscot County, at Hermon Hill near Bangor (quarried). 

Waldo County, town of Lincoln, 3 miles west of the coast (quarried), 

southern part of South Salisbury. Washington County,. Addison Township, near Addison (quarried) ; Calais Township, along the American 

bank of St. Croix River about a mile southeast of Calais, 2£ miles east 

of Calais; Eastport Township, abundant; city of Eastport (quarried); 

Shackford Head and Estes Head are the two most favorable occurrences 

in the State for cheap quarrying and shipment by water; Jonesboro 

Township, eastern part, notably at Black Head on northeast shore of 

English Bay; Lubec Township, abundant in eastern part south of Lubec; 

fine-grained trap constitutes most of Rodgers Island and Dudley Island; 

coarse diabase, which is exposed abundantly in the village of Lubec and 

along the west shore of Johnson Bay, forms most of the hills in the 

region between Lubec village and West Quoddy Head and also in the region
152 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MAINE.

southeast of West Lubec; abundant on Long Island in South Bay and in 

the vicinity of Bassett Creek and Black Head at the mouth of Federal Harbor ; small areas are abundant throughout this part of the township; Machias Township, 1$ miles southwest of East Machias; south of East Machias 

and about half a mile north of Randies Point is a large hill composed of 

excellent material; 2| miles southeast of Machias, along the south side 

of the Machiasport road, the trap forms a large hill; smaller outcrops 

occur ail along the road between this hill and Bucks Harbor in Machiasport ; just north of the village of Machiasport; Pembroke Township, 

forms a large hill just north of Ayers Junction, along railroad 2 miles west 

of junction, at several points along the road from the junction toward 

Pembroke; in the southern part of the township trap rock forms a chain 

of hills from one-half to three-fourths of a mile broad extending in a 

northwesterly direction from East Bay; trap also occurs along the southwest shore .of Pennamaquan River about opposite the mouth of Hersey 

Cove; it forms the hill just west of Garnet Point and the hill east of the 

mouth of Hersey Cove, and also the ridge just east of Pembroke village; 

it occupies large areas on the peninsula between Youngs Cove and Falls 

Island; Perry Township, abundant in southern part, where it forms the 

hill just southwest of the reservoir dam near Perry village and occupies 

most of the east shore of East Bay from its head nearly to Birch Point; 

exposures occur along the Perry and Pembroke roads about one-half 

mile northwest of the toll bridge to Moose Island; in the northeastern part 

of the township trap rock is exposed on the hills just north of Perry 

village; the rock forming the large hill a quarter of a mile southwest 

, of the reservoir dam near Perry would furnish the best road metal. 

York County, as dikes in nearly every part of the county; Biddeford 

Township, northern part, at Hollis Beach on south bank of Saco 

River, 5 miles southeast of the city of Biddeford, and elsewhere; 

Kennebunkport Township, Cape Porpoise, Redin Island, on the coast 

east of Kennebunkport; Kittery Township, common as dikes and stocks, 

near Piscataquis River, about half a mile north of Kittery depot, a 

quarter of a mile northeast of. the Kittery-Portsmouth bridge near the 

junction of the Portsmouth and the Navy Yard roads (has been quarried) ; in Wells Township dikes are exposed from Ogunquit to Bald 

Head, along the coast a mile north of Ogunquit, and opposite Eldridge's 

hotel along the trolley line..

Tripolite. See Diatomaceous earth.

Vesuvianite. o Oxford County, Rumford. Sagadahoc County, Phippsburg. York 

County, Sanford.

Wad (bog manganese). Occurs in Aroostook County, at Hodgdon. Hancock 

County, at Blue Hill (mined). Knox County, at Thomaston, on Dodges 

Mount. Oxford County, at Sumner. Piscataquis County, at Dover. York 

County, at Mount Agamenticus.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES MARYLAND. 153 

MARYLAND.

Antimony. See Stibnite.

Asbestos (chrysotile). Baltimore and Harford counties, small, inferior deposits 

of fibrous serpentine have been quarried at several places. Cecil County, 

at West Nottingham.

Barite. Carroll and Frederick counties, lens-shaped bodies have been found.

Bornite (peacock copper). Carroll County, occurs at Mineral Hill, 7 miles 

southwest of Finksburg and near New Windsor. Frederick County, 

mined at Liberty mine between Union Bridge and Libertytown; occurs in 

Linganore copper region.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore). Found at several localities in small quantity. 

Was mined and made into pig iron many years ago at Federalsburg, 

Caroline County, and on Nassawango Creek, Worcester County, latter 

locality producing as high as 700 tons in one year.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, limonite). Was formerly mined more or less 

extensively at the following places: Allegany County, Nicholas Mountain 

and Shriver Ridge. Baltimore County, near Bosley, 2 miles west of 

Cockeysville, 2 miles west of Glencoe, near Lutherville, Stevenson, and 

Towson. Carroll County, at Avondale, Bachman Mills, Ebbvale, Lineboro, Melrose, and Westminster. Frederick County, east foot of Catoctin 

Mountains near Thurmont, near Feagaville, Frederick Junction, Unionville, and Washington Junction. Harford County, at Hess, and 2 miles 

southwest of Jarrettsville. Washington County, 1 mile south of Boonsboro, 3 miles north and 4 miles southwest of Clear Spring, 1 mile and 3 

miles northwest of Harpers Ferry, near Green Spring, 2 miles northeast 

and 1 mile southeast of Indian Spring, 1 mile and 2 miles south of 

Pondsville.

Calamine (zinc silicate). Carroll County, zinc mines near New Windsor, with 

sphalerite and smithsonite, not worked.

Cement (natural). Allegany County, Silurian limestone used for natural 

cement at Cumberland and Potomac. Baltimore County, Cockeysville 

and Texas. Carroll County, vicinity of Union Bridge. Washington 

County, at Cavetown, Cayuga, Chewsville, Hagerstown, HancoCk, and 

Tonoloway station.

Cement material (Portland). Allegany County, has been quarried at Cumberland 

and Pinto. Frederick County, Ordovician limestone suitable for Portland 

cement lies along Monocacy River in east-central part of county. Washington County, same rock in two belts, one north and south through center 

and one in east third of county, has been quarried at Round Top.

Chalcocite (copper sulphide). Baltimore County, occurs at Bare Hills and 

Dolly Hyde mines. Carroll County, has been mined at Mineral Hill mine 

and Roop farm. Frederick County, mined occasionally at Liberty mine.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). Baltimore County, has been mined at Bare Hills 

and Soldiers Delight. Carroll County, occurs in a belt from near New 

Lisbon, through Montgomery County, nearly to Potomac River. Cecil 

County, formerly mined in small way along State line near Rock Springs. 

Harford Co'unty, was mined at several points in serpentine. Montgomery 

County, near headwaters of Seneca Creek in serpentine.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Chrysocolla (copper silicate). Carroll County, sparingly in red sandstone between Middleburg and Big Pipe Creek.

Chrysotile. See Asbestos.
154 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MARYLAND.

Clay (brick and tile). Clay suitable for the manufacture of brick and tile is 

common throughout the State. Common brick are made from sedimentary clays of the Coastal Plain, residual clays of the Piedmont region, 

and shaly deposits of the Appalachian region. There are 67 brick, tile, 

and terra-cotta works in the State, including 4 at Baltimore, 2 at Cambridge, 5 at Hagerstown, 3 at Salisbury, 3 at Westminster, and one or 

more at many localities in 16 different counties.

Clay (fire). Allegany County, worked at Cumberland, Frostburg, and Mount 

Savage. Anne Arundel County. Baltimore County, Pleistocene, also 

residual clays of Algonkian, worked at 4 places. Cecil County, 4 yards, 

near Northeast. Frederick County, 1 yard at Frederick. Garrett County, 

Blaine. Harford County. Howard County. Prince George County. 

Wicomico County, 1 yard at Salisbury.

Clay (kaolin). Baltimore County. Calvert County, near Drum Point and St. 

Leonard Creek. Cecil County, residual, white, derived from feldspathic 

gneisses, is used chiefly in manufacture of paper. Howard County.

Clay (pottery). Anne Arundel County, important outcrops along western shore 

of Chesapeake Bay from Bodkin Point southward. Cecil County, found 

at many places in Patapsco formation. Pottery clay is worked near Baltimore, Catonsville, Cumberland, Frederick, and Hagerstown.

Coal (bituminous). Occurs in five basins, known as Castleman, Georges Creek, 

Upper Potomac, Lower Youghiogheny, and Upper Youghiogheny, all in 

Allegany and Garrett counties; Pittsburg principal seam, mines from 

Frostburg to Midland; Ocean, Union, and Carlos largest mines; lower 

beds of Allegheny formation extensively mined from Moscow'to Westernport, at Loarville, Barrellville, and along west bank Potomac River on 

east border of Garrett County; Lower Kittanning coal (in Allegheny 

formation), 6 feet, mined North Potomac Valley; Mercer coal bed (in 

Pottsville formation), 2-4 feet, mined for firing brick at Mount Savage, 

also mined to slight extent near Westernport; Pittsburg coal (in Monongahela formation), 5-20 feet, extensively mined in Georges Creek district; 

high-grade steam and blacksmith coal.

Copper (native). Frederick County, Catoctin Mountain/specimens only.

Copper ores. See Bornite, Chalcocite, Chrysocolla, and Malachite.

Diabase. See Road metal.

Diatomaceous earth. Bed 30 feet thick at base of Miocene has been traced 

from Herring Bay on the Chesapeake to Popes Creek on the Potomac, 

across Anne Arundel, Calvert, and Charles counties; has been dug for 

polishing powder; chief production at Lyons Creek on Patuxent River, 

Anne Arundel County.

Dolomite. Quarried in Baltimore County, and near Hagerstown, Washington 

County.

Feldspar. Baltimore County, orthoclase and microcline mined near Woodstock, 

Granite, and Hollofield, and across the line in Howard County. Montgomery County, 4 miles west of Laurel, microcline mined. Cecil County, 

soda feldspar (albite) mined near Conowingo.

Flagstone. Frederick County, Catoctin Mountain, Emmitsburg, High Knob,, 

near Frederick.

Flint. See Quartz.

Fluorspar (fluorite). Allegany County, occurs near Cumberland.

Gabbro. Baltimore County, quarried* at Dickeyville and Woodberry. Harford 

County, near Havre de Grace. Howard County, Savage. See also Road 

metal.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MARYLAND. 155

Galena (lead ore). Baltimore County, traces in Jones Falls quarries. Carroll 

County, with limestone in western part of "Carroll and eastern part of 

Frederick County. Montgomery County, has been mined for gold in 

Maryland mine at Great Falls.

Glauconite. See Marl (greensand).

Gneiss. Quarried at Baltimore, and in Baltimore County at Loch Haven, Pikesville, Phoenix, Stevenson, and opposite Ellicott City.

Gold. Baltimore County, found in quartz veins at Catonsville. Carroll County, 

found in small quantity at Mineral Hill. Montgomery County, was 

mined with pyrite, galena, etc., at Great Falls and Glen Echo.

Granite. Baltimore County, Dickeyville, Gardenville, Granite, Raspeburg, Reisterstown, Towson, and Whitehall. Baltimore City, Baltimore. Cecil 

County, quarried extensively at Frenchtown, Port Deposit, Rising Sun, 

and Rowlandsville. Harford County, Havre de Grace. Howard County, 

Ellicott City, Guilford, and Savage. Montgomery County, Dickerson, 

Forest Glen, and Glen Echo.

Hematite (Clinton oolite). Allegany County, was stripped many years ago on 

west side of Wills Mountain, near Roberts and near Cumberland; it 

occurs in Wills Mountain, Evitts Mountain, and Tussey Mountain.

Hematite (specularite). Carroll County, was formerly mined at Springfield 

and Carroll mines near Sykesville, Mineral Hill mine near Louisville, and 

Patapsco mines at Finksburg.

Iron ores. See Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Magnetite, Oriskariy 

brown ore, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and Siderite.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead. "See Galena.

Limestone (building). Allegany County, Cresaptown and Mount Savage. Baltimore County, Belfast and Loch Raven. AVashington County, Sharpsburg. Very little limestone is quarried for dimension building stone. 

Small quantities are taken at a few places for local use.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried: Allegany County, at Cumberland. Baltimore County, Baltimore, Glyndon. Frederick County, Catoctin Furnace, 

Frederick, Lime Kiln. Washington County, Cavetown, near Hagerstown, 

at Maugansville, Pinesburg, and elsewhere.

Limestone (lime). Quarries where stone is or formerly was procured to burn 

for lime: Allegany County, Cumberland and near Allegany Grove. Baltimore County, Butler, Dover, Glyndon, and Texas. Carroll County, Avondale, Linwood, Uniontown, Union Bridge, near Westminster, and elsewhere. Frederick County, Buckeystown, Catoctin Furnace, Daysville, 

Mount Pleasant, Mount Savage, and elsewhere; Howard County, Clarkville, Fulton, and Highland. Washington County, Cavetowu, Cayuga, 

Chewsville, Clear Spring, Hagerstown, Pinesburg, and elsewhere.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Linnseite (siegenite, cobalt pyrites). Carroll County, Mineral Hill copper 

mines, Finksburg, in small quantities with copper ores in chlorite schist.

Magnetite. Baltimore County, was mined 1 mile southeast arid 2£ miles northeast of Whitehall. Frederick County, 15,000 tons or more of ore was 

taken on hill southwest of Catoctin Furnace, near Thurmont. Harford 

County, small quantity was mined 1 mile southeast of Minefield. Besides these places where magnetite has been mined, there are several 

mines and prospects where it has been found in very small quantity or 

might be found by driving through the limonite cap.
156 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES MARYLAND.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). In Blue Ridge district and crystalline 

rocks of Frederick, Carroll, Howard, and Baltimore counties. Liberty 

mine, Frederick County, only producer.

Manganese ore (mined). Reported in small quantities in Cambrian and Ordovician rocks at following localities: Allegany County, Keysers Ridge and 

Bear Creek, Youghiogheny Valley. Frederick County, New Market, asso« 

ciated with copper. Montgomery County, at Brookville and Mechanicsville. Washington County, north shore of the Potomac, 3 miles north of 

Harpers Ferry; pyrolusite has been mined. See also Pyrolusite.

Manganite. Occurs in small quantity, from indeterminable amounts to 10 per 

cent of the ore, in most manganese deposits in the State.

Marble. Baltimore County, at Cockeysville, fine dolomitic marble quarried for 

building,and decorative purposes; at Texas, coarse grained, quarried for 

flux and lime. Carroll County, a few miles south of Union Bridge, variegated marble suitable for decoration; development work begun. Frederick County, Liberty, New Market, Sams Creek, variegated; east slope 

Catoctin Mountain, " Potomac or calico marble,"; valley of Monocacy 

River. Washington County, Eakles Mills and. Boonsboro, cream-colored 

and variegated has been quarried; Benevola and Hagerstown, quarried.

Marl (greensand). Glauconitic, occurs abundantly in Anne Arunclel, Charles, 

Kent, and Prince Georges counties.

Marl (shell). Occurs abundantly in Calvert, Caroline, Queen Annes, St. Marys, 

and Talbot counties. Caroline County, deposit in bank of Choptank 

River, near Denton, has been used for road material.

Mica (muscovite). Baltimore County, with quartz and feldspar in quarry near 

Hollofield station. Howard County, has been mined 5 miles northeast of 

Laurel and \\ miles north of Scaggsville and near Woodstock. Montgomery County, prospects 4 miles northwest of Laurel on south side of 

Patuxent River.

Ocher. Anne Arunclel and Prince Georges counties, was formerly mined from 

Patapsco and Arunclel formations. Frederick County, considerable shipments from Catoctin Furnace pits.

Oriskany brown ore. Western part of State.

Pyrite. Anne Arunclel County, in Magothy formation on Magothy River, was 

roasted for sulphuric acid. Montgomery County, abundant in quartz at 

Maryland mine near Great Falls. Prince Georges County, Oxon Creek, 

was mined for gold.

Pyrolusite. Frederick County, near Point of Rocks. Montgomery County, 

Brookville, abandoned mines. Washington County, was mined on north 

shore of Potomac River, 3 miles north of Harpers Ferry.

Pyrrhotite. Howard County, in small quantities with hornblende, near Woodstock.

Quartz. Baltimore County, quarried at Glen Morris and Woodstock. Carroll

County, Louisville. Harford County, Flintville, Deer Creek, and 1$ miles

west of Conowingo (Cecil County). Howard County, Marriotsville; all

ground for use in pottery manufacture. Montgomery County, mined 4

, miles west of Laurel with mica and feldspar.

Road metal. Gabbro, extensive in Baltimore, Cecil, Harford, Howard, and 

Montgomery counties; diabase, long narrow outcrops in Baltimore and 

Howard counties, more extensive in Frederick and Montgomery counties; 

marble, limestone, and sandstone, extensive in valleys north of Baltimore 

City, and in Frederick and Hagerstown valleys: gravels and marls, ,Anne
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MARYLAND. 157

Arundel, Calvert, Cecil, Charles, Kent, Prince Georges, Queen Annes, and 

Talbot counties.

Sand (building). Anne Arundel and Baltimore counties, dug and dredged near 

Baltimore. Prince Georges County, Farmington. Washington County, 

Hancock and opposite Great Cacapon, W. Va.

Sand (glass). Anne Arundel County, dug at Robinson, has been worked on both 

banks of upper part of Severn River.

Sand (molding). Anne Arundel County, dug at Magothy River. Baltimore 

County, Catonsville. Washington County, Rock Forge. Found also in 

Cecil, Harford, and Kent counties.

Sandstone (building). Quarried in small quantity in Allegany County, at Cumberland. Baltimore County, Lystra (mail Stevenson). Carroll County, 

Kump and Taneytown. Garrett County, Bloomington. Montgomery 

County, near mouth of Seneca Creek. Washington County, Hancock.

Sandstone (crushed stone). Allegany County, quarried at Cumberland. Garrett County, Bloomington.

Serpentine. Baltimore County, quarried at Bare Hills and Reistertown. Cecil 

County, forms wall rock at West Nottingham quarry. Harford County, 

quarried at Dublin, has been quarried at Broad Creek, near Cambria, at 

Coopstown, and Deer Creek. .

Siderite (spathic iron ore). Confined to Cretaceous deposits of Coastal Plain; 

found in Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, and Prince Georges counties; 

ore occurs in lenses in clay. A large number of ore banks are found on 

a line from Poplar, through Baltimore, Eldridge, Annapolis Junction, 

and Muirkirk, to Branchville.

Silver. Frederick County, Catoctin Furnace, in sphalerite and galena.

Slate. Frederick County, has been quarried at Ijamsville and Bennett Creek, 

near Thurston. Harford County, quarried for roofing in Peachbottom 

area, Cardiff. Montgomery County, occurs at Hyattstown.

Smithsonite (carbonate of zinc). Carroll County, zinc mine near New Windsor, with sphalerite and calamine; has been mined.

Soapstone. Small quantity sawn into slabs, more ground for acid-proof and 

fireproof paints. Carroll County, quarried from extensive deposit northwest of Marriottsville; small quantity ground near Westminster. Cecil 

County, Patersons, on west branch of Northeast River; New Leeds, on 

Little Elk. Harford County, soapstone occurs but quarrying abandoned. 

Montgomery County, near Clopper's mills, Rockville, and Smell's bridge.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). With crystalline limestone in west part of Carroll 

County and east part of Frederick County.

Stibnite. Frederick County, Middletown Valley.

Talc (French chalk). Cecil County, Rock Springs, in serpentine; Montgomery 

County, 6 miles from Rockville on Darnestown road.

Tetradymite. Montgomery County, has been mined with gold in Great Falls 

mines.

Tourmaline. Montgomery County, chrome tourmaline near Etchison.

Verde antique. Bee Serpentine.

Zaratite (emerald nickel). Cecil County, small quantity in chrome ore mine in 

northern part of county.

Zinc. See Calamine, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.
158 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES MASSACHUSETTS. 

MASSACHUSETTS.

Alum. Dukes County, lignitic clays in vicinity of Gay Head and elsewhere on 

Marthas Vineyard, once shipped to Salem for alum.

Anthracite. See Coal.

Aquamarine. Found at Royalston and Fitchburg. See also Beryl.

Asbestos. Berkshire County, was mined in connection with talc at Dalton. 

Hampshire County, mined near Pelham.

Basalt. See Trap rock.

Beryl. Worcester County, at Royalston, best locality in State, blue and yellow 

gem quality, worked intermittently. Found also in Franklin County at 

Northfield. Hampden County, Blandford. Hampshire County, Chesterfield, Goshen, and Norwich.

Beryl (emerald). Hampshire County, reported specimens found at Chesterfield 

and Goshen.

Brown iron ore (limonite, bog iron ore). Dukes County, deposits in swamps 

and in Tertiary rocks in Marthas Vineyard. Hampden County, formerly 

worked near Brimfield.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite). Berkshire County, numerous and extensive 

beds in Richmond, has been mined to some extent; also in vicinity of 

Lenox and Stockbridge, and in an area which extends 6 or 7 miles northward from these towns toward Pittsfield, it has been mined at a dozen 

or more places. Bristol County, large quantities at Dartmouth and 

Easton; has been mined at West Stockbridge.

Cement material (Portland). Suitable limestone occurs in northwest part of 

State, particularly Berkshire County, but no shales occur near these limestones, and the glacial clays are too sandy.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Essex County, with galena, pyrite, etc., middle 

vein, Newburyport lead mines. Franklin County, occurs in very small 

quantity at Davis, Greenfield, Leverett, Montague, and elsewhere; was 

shipped from Davis mine. Hampshire County, Loudville and Southampton. Worcester County, with siderite in mica slate at Sterling.

Chiastolite. Worcester County, good specimen locality in argillaceous slate at 

Westford and Lancaster; abundant gem quality, some cut.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). Hampden County, in serpentine at Chester, three 

outcrops 5 to 18 inches wide; 1,200 pounds of ore once obtained.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Clay (brick). Dug in following places: Barnstable County, at West Barnstable. 

Berkshire County, Braytonville. Bristol County, near Taunton. Dukes 

County, Gay Head. Essex County, Danvers, Danversport, Salisbury, 

and elsewhere. Franklin County, Turners Falls, Montague City, and 

elsewhere. Hampton County, Springfield, West Brimfield, and Williamsette. Hampshire County, Amherst, Easthampton, Northampton, and elsewhere. Middlesex County, Belmont, Cambridge, and Medford. Plymouth 

County, Bridgewater, Middleboro, Plymouth, and elsewhere. Suffolk 

County, Chelsea and Revere. Worcester County, East Brookfield, South 

Fitchburg, Still River, and elsewhere.

Clay (fire). Dug in Bristol County, at Fall River. Dukes County, Chilmark, 

Gay Head, and Mahonikey.

Clay (kaolin). Berkshire County, occurs 4 miles south of Clay ton. Dukes 

County, occurs at Gay Head and elsewhere. Hampden County, dug at 

Blandford.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MASSACHUSETTS. 159

Clay (plastic). Barnstable County, occurs at Truro on Cape Cod. Dukes 

County, abundant in southeastern part of Chilmark and at Gay Head, 

Marthas Vineyard. Nantucket County, Nantucket. Plymouth County, 

beneath sands at Duxbury.

Clay (pottery). Dukes County, "underlies district from Tisbury Brook westward to cliffs at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard, mined at Gay Head. 

Essex County, mined at Danvers; shipped, not used locally.

Coal (anthracite). The Rhode Island coal field extends northeast into this 

State and small quantities of coal were mined years ago in Bristol 

County, at Mansfield; Norfolk County, at Wrentham; Plymouth County, 

at Middleboro and West Briclgewater. The coal is graphitic and not suitable for domestic fuel. The so-called coal at Worcester is graphitic 

phyllite and that on the bank of Agawam River at West Springfield is 

of somewhat the same character. See also Lignite.

Corundum (emery). Hampden County, has been mined in vicinity tif Chester, 

at Sacket, Wright, and other mines, and with asbestos at Pelham.

Cyanite. Hampshire County, Chesterfield.

Diabase. See Trap rock.

Diatomaceous earth. Middlesex County, has been mined at Framingham.

Emerald. See Beryl.

Emery. See Corundum.

Feldspar. Hampden County, small quantities quarried near Blandford.

Flagstone. Berkshire County, Washington. Franklin County, Montague, red 

micaceous sandstone was quarried. Hampshire County, has been quarried at several places near Chesterfield and Goshen.

Fluorspar. Franklin County, occurs at Conway, Deerfield, and Northfield; 

Hampshire County, occurs in Southampton lead mine, near Northampton, and West Springfield.

Fuller's earth. Worcester County, produced at Lancaster.

Galena. Hampden County, was formerly mined at Montgomery. Hampshire 

County, argentiferous galena in masses to more than 1 foot in diameter 

were found in Southampton lead mine.

Garnet. Franklin County, many stones almost suitable for cutting on Northfield Mountain. Hampden County, fine crystals at Chester and Russell; 

large quantity was obtained from Russell.

Gneiss. Franklin County, has been quarried at Montague. Hampden County, 

Wilbraham and Monson. Worcester County, Boylston, Dudley, Milbury, 

Westboro, and Uxbridge.

Granite. Quarried at following places for building, monuments, paving, road 

metal, and other uses: Berkshire County, Becket, Chester (near), Lenox, 

Lenoxdale, and Stockbridge. Bristol County, Dartmouth and North Dartmouth, Fall River, New Bedford, and near Mattapoisett. Essex County, 

Annisquam, Beverly Farms, Gloucester, Haverhill, Lanesville, Lawrence, 

Lynn, Lynnfield, Manchester, Methuen, Newburyport, Peabody, Pigeoncove, and Rockport. Franklin County, Shelburne Falls and Warwick. 

Hampden County, Chester and Monson. Hampshire County, Chesterfield, Northampton, and Pelham. Lowell County, Westford. Middlesex 

County, Dunstable, Graniteville, Hopkinton, Medford, North Acton, 

North Chelmsford, Somerville, Waltham, Westford, West Townsend, and 

Winchester. Norfolk County, East Weymouth, Quincy, East Milton, Gass 

place, West Quincy, and Wrentham. Plymouth County, Hingham. Suffolk County, Franklin Park and West Roxbury. Worcester County, Dud-
160 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MASSACHUSETTS.

ley, Fitchburg, Leominster, Milford, North Milford, Northbridge, Oxford, 

Uxbridge, West Auburn, and Worcester. Principal quarrying centers are 

Becket, Milford, Quincy, and Rockport.

Graphite. Franklin County, impure bed about 5 feet wide reported at Charlemont. Worcester County, in gneiss at" Sturbridge; has been mined.

Grindstones (millstones). A slate suitable for grindstones found at Maiden 

and Quincy in the Cambridge slate. Berkshire County, millstone produced at Washington.

Hematite. Franklin County, has been mined in small way at Bernardston, 

Montague, and Warwick. Hampshire County, at Hawley.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Magnetite, and Siderite.

Jade. Middlesex County, has been obtained at Framingham; possibly williams->. 

ite and not true jade.

Jasper. Essex County, Saugus. Franklin County, in mica slate at Conway. 

Middlesex County, has been mined at Framingham.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead. See Galena.

Lignite (brown coal). Dukes County, Marthas Vineyard, 50 tons mined in 

1908, none since.

Limestone (building). Berkshire County, quarried at Dalton and North Adams. 

Middlesex County, has been quarried at Acton, Carlisle, Chelrnsford, 

Littleton, and Stoneham. Worcester County, has been quarried at Bolton.

Limestone (lime). Berkshire County, burned at Adams, Cheshire, and elsewhere.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Franklin County, considerable quantity of iron 

sand at Montague. Hampden County, large quantity impure at Warwick, 

considerable quantity has been mined at Sacket mine, Chester. Hampshire County, small bed at Plainfield.

Manganese. See Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Rhodonite, and Wad.

Marble. Berkshire County, quarried at Alford, Ashley Falls, Lee, North, 

Adams, South Egremont, Stockbridge, West Stockbridge. Hampden 

County, Westfleld.

Marl. Berkshire County, occurs at Lenox, Pittsfield, and Williamstown. Plymouth County, considerable quantity at Duxbury.

Mica (muscovite). Worcester County, at Beryl Hill, Royalston; has been 

prospected recently.' Hampden County, occurs near Huntingdon. Hampshire County, occurs near Knightsville.

Mineral paints. Berkshire County, ocher and sienna were once worked at 

Williamstown. Franklin County, at East Whately.

Molybdenum. See Wulfenite.

Novaculite. Middlesex County, in beds of argillaceous slates at Maiden. Norfolk County, Quincy. Suffolk County, Charlestown; not used.

Peat. Numerous deposits in swamps and bogs principally in eastern and central parts of State. Peat fuel has been produced in small quantities at 

East Lexington, North Rynham, and at other points. There is a plant 

for producing peat for fertilizer at East Lexington.

Psilomelane. Franklin County, in quartz veins at Conway. Hampshire 

County, with slate near Plainfield; not mined,

Pyrite (iron pyrites). Franklin County, Davis mine near Rowe, cupriferous; 

shipping. Worcester County, mined for copperas at Hubbardston.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MASSACHUSETTS. 161

Pyrolusite. Franklin County, in quartz veins at Conway. Hampshire County, 

in beds 3 feet thick at Plainfield.

Pyrrhotite. Franklin County, in veins in gneiss at Charlemont. Hampden 

County, in Chester emery mine.

Quartz. Berkshire County, quarry near Cheshire.

Quartz diorite. Quarried at several places in the eastern part of the State.

Quartzite. Berkshire County, quarried and crushed near Cheshire; marketed 

as silica.

Rhodonite. Berkshire County, at Sheffield. Franklin County, Conway and 

Hawley. Hampshire County, fine material in Silurian schist at Cummington; has been mined for ornaments.

Road metal. See Granite, Quartz diorite, and Trap rock.

Sand (building). Dug in following places: Berkshire County, at Williamstown 

and North Adams. Essex County, Lawrence and Methuen. Middlesex 

County, Watertown. Norfolk County, Walpole. Plymouth County, East 

Bridgewater and East Wareham. Suffolk County, Boston and Brighton. 

Worcester County, Worcester. Also at many other places.

Sand (glass). Berkshire County, large supply from granular quartzite at 

Cheshire and Washington. Dukes County, Tertiary sands abundant at 

Gay Head and vicinity of Marthas Vineyard, probably suitable for glass 

making.

Sand (molding). Dug in Berkshire County, at Cheshire. Plymouth County, 

East Bridgewater. Worcester County, Worcester.

Sandstone. Hampden County, quarried at East Longmeadow and Holyoke. 

Suffolk County, conglomerate with sandstone beds, quarried at Brighton, 

Dorchester, Jamaica Plains, and Roxbury in Boston; also in Brookline 

(Norfolk County).

Schist. Hampshire County, mica schist was quarried at Chesterfield and 

Goshen.

Serpentine. Beds extend across State from Rowe to Granville. Berkshire 

County, occurs at Windsor. Essex County, Newbury (precious serpentine), Lynnfield, quarried at Westfield. Franklin County, on north side 

of Deerfield River in Zoar. Hampden County, in west part of Westfield. Hampshire County, Middlefield and Hoosac Mountain. Middlesex 

County, Chelmsford and Littleton.

Siderite (spathic iron ore). Berkshire County, at West Stockbridge, with 

limonite ore. Dukes County, Gays Head, Marthas Vineyard, in clay. 

Essex County, Newburyport, with galena at the silver-lead mine in middle vein in small quantities. Worcester County, in mica slate in Sterling 

and Worcester.

Sienna. See Mineral paints.

Silica. Berkshire County, produced from quartzite near Cheshire.

Slate. Franklin County, Connecticut River slate quarried at Bernardston. 

Middlesex County, quarried at Somerville and Watertown. Norfolk 

County, slate formerly extensively quarried at Quincy. Worcester 

County, Harvard, Lancaster, Pepperell, and Shirley; has been quarrued 

at Lancaster for roofing and gravestones.

Soapstone. Berkshire County, has been quarried at Windsor. Hampden 

County, Blandford. Hampshire County, fine bed associated with serpen-. 

tine in northeast part of Middlefield. Middlesex County, Groton. Worcester County, Worcester.

27608° Bull. 624 17 11
162 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MASSACHUSETTS.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Essex County, has been mined at Newburyport lead 

mines. Hampshire County, principal ore - in vein at Northampton. 

Worcester County, considerable quantity in mica slate at Sterling.

Spinel (ruby, pleonaste). Middlesex County, in limestone at Littleton and 

Boxboro. Worcester County, specimen once found at Boltou.

Syenite. Essex County, Salem and vicinity, Cape Ann.

Talc. Berkshire County, mined near Hoosac Tunnel and Daltou. Franklin 

County, mined and milled at Rowe and Zoar. Hampshire County, has 

been mined in Middlefield. ' Occurs in small quantity in several other 

places associated with serpentine.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper ore). Essex County, in lead mine, Newburyport, in 

small quantities with galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and siderite.

Tourmaline. Berkshire County, has been found in limestone at Dalton. Hampden County, at Sacket mine near Chester. Hampshire County, Huntington and asbestos mine at Pelham. Colored tourmaline crystals (not 

gems), 3 miles northwest of Goshen and 1£ miles north of West Chesterfield.

Trap rock. Quarried in Essex County, at Beverljy, Danvers, Lyun, Salem, and 

Salisbury. Franklin County, East Deerfield. Hampden County, Westfield and West Springfield. Hampshire County, Amherst. Middlesex 

County, Arlington, Medford, Newton, Somerville, Weston, Woburn, 

and Winchester. Norfolk County, Brookline, Cohasset, North Stoughton, 

and Quincy. Plymouth County, Hingham. Suffolk County, Boston, 

Franklin Park, and West Roxbury. Worcester County, Sterling.

Verde antique. Berkshire County, occurs at Becket. Essex County, at Newbury. Hampden County, at Westfield. See also Serpentine.

Wad. Berkshire County, occurs at Sheffield; Franklin County> Conway, Leverett, and Whately. Hampshire County, Chesterfield and Plainfield.

Whetstone. Hampshire County, mica schist quarried at Enfield and Huntington. Norfolk County, extensive quarries in northeastern part of Bellingham.

Wulfenite (molybdate of lead). Hampshire County, found in Manhan lead 

mine, Loudville, and in Southampton.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MICHIGAN. 163 

MICHIGAN.

Agate. Amygdules and pebbles found at many places along shore of Lake 

Superior are polished for jewelry. Agates from Petoskey are mainly 

polished limestone corals.

Amethyst. A few good specimens in trap rock of Keweenaw Point.

Anhydrite. Found in deep drillings at Benton Harbor, Ecorse, Grand Lake 

near Alpena, Kalamazoo, Manistee, Marine City, Mount Pleasant, Milan. 

Niles, and Oakwood, South Detroit.

Asbestos. Marquette County, occurs in serpentine rocks north of Ishpeming 

and near Republic.

Asphalt. In fissures and cavities of Trenton limestone near Rapid and Whitefish rivers in northern peninsula.

Bromine. Midland County, produced as a by-product from brine at Midland. Occurs in small but appreciable quantities in brines from the Marshall sandstone in central Michigan. Formerly produced in Crawford 

County at Grayling. Gratiot County, St. Louis (idle). Huron County, 

Harbor Beach. Isabella County, Mount Pleasant. Saginaw County, St. 

Charles and Saginaw. A maximum of 2,000 parts per million in deep 

copper mine waters. See also Salt.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore, limonite). Occurs locally in considerable quantities in the iron-bearing districts of the western part of the northern 

peninsula. Bog iron ore is common in many parts of the State as a 

surface accumulation in springy or swampy places but is not utilized.

Celestite. Monroe County, occurs near Maybee in scattered masses and in 

geodes in the Detroit River dolomite. Wayne County, near Rockwood, 

in masses in the Sylvania sandstone. Possibly of limited commercial 

importance, being quarried near Rockwood with glass-sand rock.

Cement material (Portland). Limestone for Portland cement is quarried in 

Alpena County, at Alpena; Baton County, Bellevue; Emmet County, Petoskey. Limestone also occurs but is not used for Portland cement in the 

following counties: Alpena County, Rockport and Bolton, and enormous 

deposits occur in Alpena and Maple Ridge townships. Arenac County, 

between Omer and Twining. Charlevoix County, Charlevoix and near 

Bay Shore. Emmet County, at different points along south shore of 

Little Traverse Bay. Cheboygan County, vicinity of Afton and Le Grand 

and at Mill Creek. Huron County, Bay Port and Sebewaing. Jackson 

County, near Portage River, 5 or 6 miles north of Jackson and also 1 

mile northeast of Parma. Monroe County, near Dundee. Newaygo 

County, Newaygo. Presque Isle County, in vicinity of Calcite, Rogers, 

and Onaway, and at many other points in the county. Wayne County, at 

Sibley, near Trenton, and at Belleville. Glacial clay is used in manufacture of cement in Branch County near Coldwater and Union City; 

Genesee County at Fenton; Hillsdale County at Mosherville; Lenawee County at Cement City, and Washtenaw County at Fourmile Lake, 

near Chelsea. Other deposits of suitable glacial clay occur at many 

points in the State. Marl, more largely used in cement manufacture, is 

obtained from a great number of localities distributed over the entire 

State. The more important localities are in Alpena, Antrim, Barry, 

Branch, Cass, Crawford, Genesee, Hillsdale, Jackson, Kent, Lenawee, 

Livingston, Manistee, Mason, Newaygo, Ogemaw, St. Joseph, and Washtenaw counties. In Branch County, at Coldwater, Quincy, Union City, 

and near Bronson. Genesee County, at Fenton. Hillsdale County, at 

Mosherville. Lenawee County, at Cement City. Washtenaw County, at
164 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES MICHIGAN.

Fourmile Lake near Chelsea. Shale is quarried for cement manufacture 

in Alpena County at Paxton, 7 miles north of Alpena; Branch County at 

Coldwater, near Union City, and (formerly) at Bronson; Charlevoix 

County, near East Jordan; Eaton County at Bellevue; Newaygo County 

at Newaygo. See also Limestone.

Chlorastrolite. Keweenaw County, collected and cut as gem stone at Isle 

Royal and occasionally found near Porcupine Mountain and Mandan. 

Keweenaw Point, cut as a gem.

Chrysocolla. Keweenaw County, at Allouez mine. Ontonagon County, Algomah 

mine at Lake Mine.

Clay (brick). Obtained from small local deposits of glacial clays over greater 

part of State. Important developed deposits occur in Ingham County 

near Lansing, Ionia County at Ionia, Saginaw County at Paines and 

Saginaw, and Wayne County in Springwells and West Detroit. Less developed but important deposits occur in Chippewa, Genesee, Gratiot, 

Huron, Lenawee, Macomb, Monroe, Ontonagon, and Sanilac counties. 

Huron County, Sebewaing. Jackson County, Jackson. Kalamazoo 

County, Kalamazoo. Shiawassee County, Corunna. Wayne County, 

Detroit. Wexford County, Harriette. Clay (or very soft shale) suitable 

for sewer pipe, vitrified brick and tile, conduit, and fireproofing is 

utilized on a large scale at Grand Ledge, Eaton County, and Jackson, 

Jackson County, and occurs in connection with coal in Saginaw and Bay 

counties at West Bay City. Genesee County, at Mushing. See also 

Cement material and Shale.

Clay (fire). So-called "fire clay" (soft shales) is obtained in Eaton County 

at Grand Ledge and Eaton Rapids; Jackson County in Jackson, and in 

Spring Arbor coal mines at Batcheldor Place for sewer pipe, vitrified 

brick and tile, conduit, and fireproofing; and similar clays also occur in 

association with coal beds near Owosso and Corunna, Shiawassee County, 

and in Bay and Saginaw counties. See also Shale.

Clay (pottery). Ionia County, glacial drift used for pottery at Ionia and near 

Detroit. Jackson County, 5 miles west of Jackson, not worked. Wahtenaw County, glacial drift used for pottery at Ann Arbor. Wayne County, 

at Detroit. Wexford County, at Harriette, not worked. Other deposits 

of glacial clay occur at several places for example, 5 miles west of Jackson, in the vicinity of Saginaw and Bay City, and near Alpena.

Clay (slip). Ontonagon County, large deposits mined at several places at and 

near Rockland. Wexford County, Harriette, undeveloped.

Coal (bituminous). Coal basin covers an area of approximately 11,000 square 

miles. Principal developments in the eastern portion of the field and in 

a line from Bay City, Bay County, south to Jackson, Jackson County. 

More important operations in Bay and Saginaw counties, near Bay City, 

Saginaw, and St. Charles, and in Tuscola and Genesee counties, though 

coal is mined also in Clinton, Eaton, Ingham, and Shiawassee counties.

Copper' (native). Michigan has produced about 30 per cent of the output of 

copper from the United States since 1845. The Lake Superior region is 

unique in that a large output is derived from native copper. Large quantity mined in Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties, Lake Superior region, in the northwestern part of the northern peninsula. Copper 

was formerly mined on Isle Royal, Lake Superior. " Float" copper and 

nuggets more or less altered to carbonates occur in masses scattered 

throughout the glacial drift.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MICHIGAN. 165

Copper minerals. See Chrysocolla and Mohawkite.

Datolite. From copper mines of the northern peninsula, where it occurs in 

crystals and porcelain-like masses in amygdaloidal traps of the copper 

district; cut as a gem.

Diamond. Berrien County, one found at Buchanan in glacial drift.

Feldspar. Deposits occur in- pegmatite dikes in granites in several localities 

in the northern peninsula for example, near Republic, Marquette County, 

and northeast of Gogebic, Ontonagon County. Undeveloped.

Flagstone. Huron County. Jackson County, has been quarried at Napoleon,

Galena. Occurs in small amounts at many points in Marquette County. A 

few tons mined over 50 years ago at the Holyoke silver-lead mine north 

of Negaunee.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gold. Marquette County, Ropes mine, near Ishpeming, T. 48 N., R. 27 W., 

free gold with auriferous pyrite, chalcopyrite, and other minerals. Also 

several prospects in T. 48 N., R. 28 W., and T. 49 N., R. 27 W. Occurrence of gold in glacial drift reported at many places, particularly in the 

vicinity of Gaylord, Otsego County; Atlanta, Montmorency County; and 

near Alcona, Alcona County. Scattered grains and small nuggets occasionally found in sand and gravel banks.

Granite. Abundant in the western part of the northern peninsula. Quarried 

to a small extent in Dickinson County prior to 1910.

Graphite. Baraga County, graphitic slate, quarried about 10 miles east of and 

milled at L'Anse for paint manufacture.

Gravel (concrete and road metal). Occurs in great abundance in the glacial 

deposits over most of the State, in ridges or hogbacks, irregular hills, 

and outwash plains. Greatest developments in Berrien, Calhoun, Genesee, Ingharn, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent, Lenawee, Macomb, Manistee, 

Mason, Oakland, Ottawa, and Washtenaw counties, along the lake shores 

in the vicinity of Benton Harbor, Manistee, and Point Aux Barques, and 

in St. Clair and Saginaw rivers.

Grindstone. Huron County, quarried in the Marshall sandstone at Port 

Austin, Eagle Mills, and Grindstone City, and formerly near Ubly. 

Sanilac County, quarried in Marshall sandstone in Austin Township.

Gypsum. losco County, mined at Alabaster. Kent County, near Grand Rapids 

and Grandville. Occurs also at shallow depths in several workable beds 

in northern Arenac County, losco County, Kent County, and southeast 

Ogemaw County, not mined. Mackinac County, deposits of probable commercial importance near Point Aux Chenes, 7 miles west of St. Ignace, 

and in the vicinity of St. Martins Bay, not mined at present. See 

also Anhydrite.

Hematite. The most important iron ore of the State; mined a,t the following 

places: Baraga County, west of Michigamme. Dickinson County, Iron 

Mountain, Loretto, Metropolitan, Norway, Quinnesec, Randville, Vulcan, 

and Waucedah. Gogebic County, Bessemer, Ironwood, Ramsay, Verona, 

and Wakefield; new explorations 5 miles north of Marenisco. Iron 

County, Alpha, Amasa, Crystal Falls, Iron River, Mansfield, Palatta, 

Stambaugh, Wakefield; new mines being opened at Alpha and Mastodon. 

Marquette County, Champion, Diorite, Gwinn, Humboldt, Ishpeming, 

Michigamme, Negaunee, North Lake, Palmer, Princeton, and Republic.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Marcasite, and Pyrite.

Jaspilite. Marquette County, formerly quarried for road metal at Ishpeming, 

Negaunee, and Palmer.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MICHIGAN.

Limestone. For use in sodium bicarbonate, for soda ash, beet sugar, carbide, 

and agricultural purposes. Extensively quarried at Alpena County, 

Alpena; Charlevoix County, Charlevoix; Cheboygan County, Alton and 

Mill Creek; Delta County, Nichoisonville; Eaton County, at Bellevue; 

Mackinac County, Heudricks and Fiborn Quarry; Wayne County, Sibley. 

See also Cement material.

Limestone (building). Quarries in Alpena County, at Alpena; Arenac County, 

Omer; Charlevoix County, Charlevoix; Cheyboygan County^ Afton; 

Chippewa County, near Drummond, Drummond Island; Delta County, 

near Escanaba, Groos, Hyde; Emmet County, small quantity at Petoskey; 

Huron County, Bay Port and Pigeon; Kent County, Grand Rapids; 

Mackinac County, Fiborn Quarry and Ozark; Marquette County, Marquette; Menominee County, Menominee; Monroe County, Dundee, Ida, 

Maybee, Monroe, Newport, Ottawa Lake, and Temperance; Oakland 

County, Clarkston; Presque Isle County, Calcite and Onaway, near 

Rogers; Schoolcraft County, Blaney and Manistique, Much of the building stone is produced only incidentally to other limestone products.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried and crushed in Alpena, Charlevoix, 

Cheboygan, Delta, Emmet, Huron, Mackiuac, Menominee, Monroe, 

Presque Isle, Oakland, Schoolcraft, and Wayne counties, for road metal, 

concrete, and ballast.

Limestone (flux). Quarried on large scale in Alpenai, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, 

Emmet, Mackinac, Monroe, Presque Isle, and Schoolcraft counties.

Limestone (lime). Quarried and burned in Alpena, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, 

Eaton, Emmet, Huron, Jackson, Kent, Monroe, Mackinac, Sanilac, 

Schoolcraft, and Wayne counties. Formerly lime was burned for local 

use in a large number of places. An abundance of suitable limestone 

occurs also in Chippewa, Delta, and Luce counties.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite. Occurs in small quantities in metamorphosed iron formation and 

associated schists, particularly in the Marquette Iron Range in PehokeeGogebic Range.

Manganese ore. Manganiferous iron ore mined in the Iron River, Crystal 

Falls, and in Gogebic district; occurs near Copper Harbor, Keweenaw 

Point, not now mined.

Marble. Formerly quarried for building purposes near Metropolitan, Dickinson County; now quarried and ground for paint filler and other uses. 

Verde antique variety reported in Marquette County north of Marquette 

and Ishpeming, and in Iron County north and east of Crystal Falls.

Marcasite. Bay County, abundant in coal seams or associated shales in several 

mines in Lower Verne coal bed. Huron County, common in black shales 

near Antrim, abundant in coal mines of Sebewaing, and in shales at 

Point Aux Barques lighthouse; formerly mined in connection with coal at 

Sebewaing. See also Pyrite.

Marl. Large deposits in many inland lakes used to a small extent in agriculture. Antrim County, mined for polishing powder and burned for lime 

at Lake Wetzell and other places. Monroe County, was formerly mined 

for polishing powder north of Plaisance Creek. See also Cement material.

Mica (muscovite variety). Occurs in small quantities in the vicinity of Republic, Marquette County, and Bessemer, Gogebic County.

Mohawkite. Houghton County, in the Mohawk Copper mine in fissure vein.

Natural gas. Macomb, Oakland, and St. Clair counties; local consumption; 

also small amount obtained from sand and gravel beds in glacial drift in 

Manistee, Washtenaw, and Wayne counties.
USEFUL MINEEALS OF UNITED STATES MICHIGAN. 167

NovaculJ.te. See Whetstone.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Peat. Peat fuel produced in Hillsdale County, at Montgomery, and Kalamazoo County at Kalamazoo. Large deposits of peat throughout the State, 

especially in the northern peninsula. Important deposits occur in 

Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Baton, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent, Lenawee, 

Luce, Mackinac, Mecosta, Ottawa, St. Glair, St. Joseph, Sanilac, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Van Buren, and Washtenaw counties. In the southern 

peninsula has been utilized to slight extent in manufacture of fuel, paper, 

and peat litter.

Petroleum. St. Clair County, smiall production at Port Huron, from Dundee 

limestone; formerly moderate production from small wells in Allegan 

County, at Allegan, and Sagihaw County, at Saginaw.

Pyrite. Occurs in nodules, masses, and seams in iron ores of the northern 

peninsula; in coal beds and associated black shales in central Michigan. 

Alpena County, in black shale at Paxton. Charlevoix County, Norwood, as disseminated crystals and masses in limestone. Eaton County, 

at Bellevue. Huron County, Bayport. Formerly mined in connection 

with coal at Sebewaing (see Marcasite) and in Monroe County.

Quartz. Marquette County, mined for abrasive and wood filler at Ropes mine, 

near Ishpeming; occurs as veins in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Quartzite. Formerly utilized for road metal and as a lining for converters 

used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. Abundant in many localities 

in the iron-bearing districts of the northern peninsula, especially Marquette County.

Road metal. See Gravel, Jaspilite, Limestone, Quartzite, and Trap rock.

Salt. From natural brine obtained from the Marshall sandstone in Saginaw 

Valley at Bay City, Midland, Mount Pleasant, Saginaw, and St. Charles. 

Dissolved from rock-salt beds at Delray, Detroit, Ecorse, Marine City, 

Port Huron, St. Clair, and Wyandotte. Manistee County, Manistee, 

Filer City, and Eastlake. Mason County, at Ludington. St. Clair County, 

Marine City and Port Huron. Wayne County, Delray, Detroit, Ecorse, 

and Wyandotte. Rock salt mined only in Wayne County, at Oakwood 

shaft, South Detroit, just outside city limits. Large rock-salt beds exist 

in southeastern Michigan from Wyandotte, Wayne County, to Port 

Huron, St. Clair County; also in Alpena and Presque Isle counties, and 

much smaller beds in Manistee and Mason counties. Formerly most of 

the salt produced in the State was manufactured in Saginaw Valley, in 

connection with the lumber industry, from natural brines of the Marshall 

sandstone. The strong pure brines of the Berea sandstone were formerly 

utilized for salt at several places in Arenac, Huron, and losco counties. 

See also Bromine.

Sand (building). Abundant throughout the State.

Sand (fire). Berrien County, dug at Benton Harbor.

Sand, (glass). Monroe County, Sylyania sandstone quarried near Steiner. 

Wayne County, near Rockwood. Shipped to Saginaw for glass-making 

and abrasive purposes.

Sand (molding). Occurs generally in small deposits or "pockets" at many 

places in the State and is utilized by local foundries and manufacturing 

concerns. Produced chiefly in Berrien County at St. Joseph and Niles; 

Calhoun County at Battle Creek; Eaton County at Dimondale; Ingham 

County at Lansing; Tuscola County at Cass City, and in Macornb, Manistee, and Oakland counties. Occurs but is not utilized in Delta, Genesee, 

Kent, Marquette, and Wayne counties.
168 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MICHIGAN.

Sandstone. Quarried in Baraga County, numerous quarries at L'Anse. Calhoun County, Battle Creek. Baton County, Grand Ledge. Genesee 

County, Flushing. Houghton County, Jacobsville. Huron County, Caseville, Eagle Mills, Grindstone City, and Port Austin. Ionia County, Lyons. 

Jackson County, Springport, Parma, Sandstone, and Napoleon. Keweenaw County, Isle Royal. Marquette County, Marquette. Monroe County, 

Ottawa Lake. Ottawa County, Holland. Formerly quarried at many 

places in Alger County. See also Grindstone and Whetstone.

Sandstone (glass). See Sand.

Shale. Largely quarried for cement materials. Also quarried for manufacture of sewer pipe, vitrified brick, and tile conduit and fireproofing in Bay County, near Bay City. Charlevoix County, East Jordan. 

Eaton County, Grand Ledge. Genesee County, Flushing. Ionia County, 

Ionia. Ingham County, Williamston. Jackson County, Jackson, and Shiawassee County, Corunna. Important deposits occur in Alpena, Antrim, 

Branch, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Delta, Huron, Presque Isle, and Sanilac 

counties, and also in association with coal beds in Saginaw Valley. See 

also Cement material.

Shale (oil). Devonian. Underlies large southern peninsular portion of the 

State, but mostly at considerable depth.

Silver (native). Small quantity mined with copper in Houghton, Keweenaw, 

and Ontonagon counties, Lake Superior region. Formerly mined on Silver Islet. Associated with copper ancTmade into so-called " half-breed " 

jewelry.

Slate. Large deposits in association with the iron-bearing formations in the 

northern peninsula. Black slate formerly quarried for roofing material 

in Baraga County at Arvon. Large deposits of black slate reported at 

other places in Baraga County.

Specularite. Occurs with hematite. See also Hematite.

Strontium. See Celestite.

Sulphur. Native sulphur found in small quantities associated with_celestite 

in Monroe County near Maybee and in Wayne County near Rockwood.

Talc. Talcose schists, common in green schists in pre-Cambrian rocks of ironbearing ranges of the northern peninsula. Not known to be of commercial 

grade.

Thomsonite. Keweenaw Point amygdules and Lake Superior shore pebbles; 

polished for jewelry.

Trap rock. Occurs in abundance in several localities in the western part of 

the northern peninsula. Quarried for road metal and concrete in Marquette County near Negaunee and Marquette and on Copper Range, and 

also produced in connection with copper mining in Keweenaw Peninsula.

Whetstone. Huron County, quarried at Grind Stone City, Port Austin, and 

elsewhere. Ontonagon County, novaculite along Carp River, between 

Jackson Forge and Teal Lake. Marquette County, was formerly quarried.

Zeolites. Houghton and Keweenaw counties, important. gangue mineral in 

Michigan copper ores. See also Chlorastrolite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MINNESOTA. 169 

MINNESOTA.

Brown iron ore (limonite). St. Louis County, large production from Mesabi 

and Vermilion ranges. Large quantities in contact plane of Cretaceous 

on Silurian and Devonian, as in Brown, Lesueur, Fill more, and other 

counties; also in Cuyuna district.

Calcite. Houston County, large mass at sand quarry near Caledonia suitable 

for quicklime.

Catlinite (pipestone). Pipestone County, in many localities; largely worked 

into articles of use and ornament.

Cement material (natural). Blue Earth County, "Lower Magnesian " (Ordovician) limestone used at Mankato. Mower County, Austin.

Cement material (Portland). Fillmore County, "Trenton" limestone in 

vicinity of Wykoff and "Spring Valley; not used.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Chisago County, occurs in Taylors Falls, argentiferous, and at Pigeon Point; of little importance. Pine County, near 

Pine City on Snake River.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Itasca County, occurs in Rainy Lake region. 

St. Louis County, near Tower.

Clay (brick). Utilized in nearly every county in the State.

Clay (fire). Brown County, has been dug at New Ulm. Redwood County, Redwood Falls. Steele County, dug 1 mile east of Owatonna.

Clay (kaolin). Occurs in Cretaceous strata in Minnesota River valley; also 

in Itasca County.

Clay (pottery). Dug in Blue Earth County, near Mankato. Brown County, 

New Ulm. Goodhue County, extensively dug at Red Wing. Hennepin 

County, Northtown. Carver County. Steele County, 1 mile east of 

Owatonna. Itasca County, Cretaceous clays suitable for pottery; not 

used.

Clay (sewer pipe). Goodhue County, Claybank.

Copper (native). Keweenawan series ("Cupriferous") extends into northeastern part of the State in Chisago, Cook, Pine, and St. Louis counties; 

of no commercial importance to date.

Copper minerals. See Chalcocite and Chalcopyrite.

Feldspar. Lake County, considerable quantity quarried, ground at Duluth. 

St. Louis County, at Point Corundum near Duluth, and at Rices Point.

Flagstone. Blue Earth County, Mankato, on Minnesota River. Brown County, 

New Ulm. Lesueur County, Ottawa and Kasota. Nicollet County, Redstone; and valley of Minnesota (red quartzite). Magnesian limestone on 

Mississippi, from Winona, Winona County, to Hastings, Dakota County, 

and thence to Stillwater, Washington County.

Galena. Itasca County, has been mined in Rainy Lake region. Small quantities here and there in " Trenton " limestone in southern part of State.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gneiss. Redwood County, quarried at Redwood Falls.

Gold (lode). Beltrami County, occurs in many prospects in Archean rocks 

around Lake of the Woods and near Rat Portage. Itasca County, was 

mined in Rainy Lake region. St. Louis County, occurs near Vermilion 

Lake, in quartz in talcose slate, and with pyrite; workings abandoned.

Gold (placer). Fillmore County, small amounts in drift of Spring Valley and 

Jordan. Olmsted County, along streams. Wabasha County, Chester, 

and elsewhere.
170 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MINNESOTA.

Granite. Quarried in Benton County, East St. Cloud, Sauk Rapids, and Watab. 

Bigstone County, Ortonville. Houston County, Caledonia. Itasca County, 

Giants Range north of Mesabi Range, also north of Net Lake and elsewhere. Kanabec County, Mora and Warman. Lac qui Parle County, 

near Ortonville, Bigstone County. Lake County, Two Harbors. Morrison County, Little Falls. Redwood County, North Redwood. Renville 

County, Morton. St. Louis County, Duluth. Sherburne County, near 

Haven. Stearns County, Rockville, St. Cloud, and Sauk Center.

Hematite (red iron ore). St.. Louis County, large quantity, many mines in 

Mesabi, Vermilion, and Cuyuna ranges. Shipments amount to millions 

of tons annually.

Hematite (specular iron ore). Mined in Cook and Itasca counties.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, and Pyrite.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Lead. See Galena.

Lignite. Itasca County, occurs in Rainy Lake region; of doubtful value.

Limestone (building). Blue Earth County, important quarries of magnesian 

limestone at Mankato. Cottonwood County, limestone was quarried at 

Selma and Delton for foundations and walls. Lesueur County, magnesian limestone, important quarries at Kasota.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried in Anoka County, at Fridley. Blue 

Earth County, Judson and Mankato. Dakota County, Mendota, Farraington, and Lakeville. Dodge County, Mantorville and Wasioja. Fillmore County, Chatfield, Fillmore, Peterson, Preston, Rushford, Washington, and Wykoff. Goodhue County, Cannon Falls, Frontenac, Pine 

Island, Red Wing, and Wanamingo. Hennepin County, Minneapolis. 

Houston County, Caledonia and Freeburg. Lesueur County, Kasota 

and Ottawa. Nicollet County, St. Peter. Olmsted County, Rochester. 

Ramsey County, St. Paul. Rice County, Cannon City and Faribault. 

Scott County, Louisville. Sibley County, Faxon and Jessenland. Steele 

County, Clinton Falls, near Owatonna. Traverse County, Austin. Wabasha County, Mazeppa, Minneiska, and Plainview. Washington County, 

Stillwater. Winona County, Fresbach, Elba, Fairwater, Homer, Lamoille, Lewiston, Minnesota City, Rolling Stone, St. Charles, Stockton, 

and Winona.

Limestone (hydraulic). Dodge County, Galena limestone at Mantorville, has 

properties of hydraulic limestone.

Limestone (lime). Limestones widely distributed and burned in many counties 

in the State.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). St. Louis County, mined in Cuyuna, Mesabi, 

and Vermilion districts. Great quantities of lean magnetic iron-bearing 

rocks occur at east end of Mesabi Range, in Gunflint district, where 

Duluth gabbro Ciuts overlying formation.

Manganese ore. Crow Wing County, near Crosley (mined).

Marl. Very frequently under the peat bog bordering many small lakes. Has 

been burned for lime.

Mica. Itascai County, occurs in pegmatite dikes in Rainy Lake region.

Mineral paint. Redwood County, kaolinized gneiss and granite was used for 

paint at Redwood Falls.

Natural gas. Small quantities found in Big Stone, Freeborn, and Waseca 

counties, and elsewhere in glacial drift; little importance.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MINNESOTA. 171

Nickel. Cook County, small quantity iu gabbro.

Peat. Anoka County, Coon Creek, formerly manufactured into fuel; many 

other localities.

Pyrite (auriferous). Has been mined in Cook County, at Pigeon Point, Lake 

Superior, with chalcopyrite. Itasca County, Rainy Lake region. St. 

Louis County, Vermilion Lake.

Quartzite. Pipestone County, quarried near Pipestone. Occurs in Brown 

County at New Ulm, and in Cottonwood, Pipestone, Rock, and Watonwan 

counties; a very hard and durable stone.

Boad metal. See Granite, Limestone (crushed stone), Sandstone (concrete, 

crushed stone), and Trap rock.

Sand (building). Dug in Dakota County, at South St. Paul. St. Peter sandstone furnishes sand for mortar in several places. Pillmore County, St. 

Peter and. Jordan sandstones, suitable for mortar sand, at Fillmore and 

Rushford. Goodhue County, Red Wing. Hennepin County, Minneapolis. 

Houston County, St. Peter and Cambrian sandstones quarried near Caledonia and Union. Nicollet County, Courtland. Rice County, near Northfield. Rock County, Luverne. St. Louis County, Lake Superior, near 

Duluth. Scott County, Jordan. Washington County, Stillwater. Winona 

County, Winona.

Sand (filter). Goodhue County, dug at Red Wing.

Sand (molding). Dug in Pine County, at Kerrick. Ramsey County, St. Paul. 

Rice County, near Northfield. St. Louis County, Duluth. Washington 

County, Stillwater.

Sandstone (building). Pine County, quarried at Sandstone on Kettle River; 

fine quality.

Sandstone (concrete, crushed stone). Quarried In Brown County, at New Ulm. 

Chisago County, at Taylors Falls. Hennepin County, near Fort Snelling. 

Pine County, Banning. Pipestone County, Jasper and Pipestone. Rock 

County, Luverne. St. Louis County, Duluth, near Fond du Lac. Scott 

County, Jordan along Sand Creek. Winona County, Dresbach.

Silver. Cook County, small quantity found in Animikie rocks.

Slate (roofing). Has been quarried in Carl ton County, a,t Thomson. St. Louis 

County, a few miles west of Duluth. In favorable situations and large 

quantity at Vermilion Lake and other points in northeastern Minnesota.

Specularite. See Hematite (specular iron ore).

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Itasca County, was mined in Rainy Lake region. 

Washington County, Stillwater. Small scattered masses at several places 

in " Trenton " limestone in southeastern Minnesota.

Trap rock. Quarried in Chisago County a I Taylors Falls and in St. Louis 

County at Duluth.

Tripoli (polishing powder). Washington County, occurs at Stillwater between 

bluffs of Browns Creek.

Zinc. Sea Sphalerite.
172 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSISSIPPI.

MISSISSIPPI.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Benton, Lafayette, Marshall, and Tippah counties, 

in considerable quantities associated with siderite. Tishomingo County, 

luka Lake, not used; common in orange sand but unimportant.

Burrstone. Attala, Carroll, Leake, and Neshoba counties furnish hard quartzitic sandstone used locally for building stone.

Cement material. Suitable material for Portland and natural cement is found 

in the northeastern part of the State, in Alcorn, eastern Chickasaw, 

Clay, Itawamba, Lee, western Lowndes, western Monroe, Noxubee, 

Oktibbeha, Prentiss, and Tishomingo counties and in a belt extending 

nearly east and west across the center of the State, including parts of 

Clarke, Hinds, Jasper, Rankin, Scott, Smith, Warren, Wayne, and Yazoo 

counties; none produced.

Clay. Clay is found in nearly every county in the State. " Buckshot" clay 

burned and used as road metal at Clarksdale and elsewhere, Coahoma 

County.

Clay (brick). Brick is made locally from clay found in various formations in 

the following counties: Adams, Alcorn, Amite, Attala, Chickasaw, Claiborne, Clarke, Clay, Coahoma, Copiah, Covington, De Soto, Forrest, 

Franklin, Greene, Grenada, Hancock, -Harrison, Hinds, Holmes, Jackson, 

Jones, Lafayette, Lamar, Lauderdale, Lee, Leflore, Lincoln, Lowndes, 

Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, Newton, Noxubee, Oktibbeha, Panola, 

"Pike, Pontotoc, Prentiss, Quitman, Smith, Sunflower, Tallahatchie, Tate, 

Tippah, Tunica, Union, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Webster, Wilkinson, Winston, Yalobusha, and Yazoo.

Clay (cement). Tishomingo County, Yellow Creek and Mingo.

Clay (fire). Fire brick is made in Jefferson County at Stonington. Marshall 

County, Holly Springs. Smith County, Taylorville.

Clay (kaolin). Itawambai County, Fulton. Tishomingo County, luka.

Clay (pottery). Pottery is made from the clays in Harrison County, at Biloxi. 

Itawamba County, at Miston and vicinity, Jefferson County, at Stonington. Lauderdale County, at Lockhart and Lauderdale. Marshall County, 

Holly Springs. Tishomingo County, Lake Coma. Webster County, 

Mathist.on. Winston County, western part. Excellent clays for pottery, 

stoneware, and terra cotta abundant at Oxford, Lafayette County; not 

used at present.

Gypsum. Rankin County near Cato, block 10 by 12 inches once found; no value. 

Gypsiferous marls in Attala, Carroll, Hinds, Holmes, Leake, Madison, 

Rankin, and Scott counties.

Iron. See Brown iron ore and Siderite.

Lignite (brown coal). Found over a large part of the State. Of possible future 

importance in Benton, Calhoun, Choctaw, Holmes, Itawamba, Kemper, 

Lafayette, Lauderdale, Monroe, Panola, Pontotoc, Scott, Tate, Webster, 

Winston, and Yalobusha counties. No production at present. Thickest 

beds are 20 inches near Reedsville, Itawamba County, and two beds each 

5 feet thick, separated by less than 2 feet of clay, at Tchula, Holmes 

County.

Limestone. Quarried for building material for local use in Clarke, Jasper, 

Noxubee, Smith, and Wayne counties. Burned for lime in Jasper, Rankin, and Wayne counties.

Limestone (hydraulic). See Cement material.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSISSIPPI. 173

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Marl. Marls suitable for local use as fertilizer are found in Attala, Carroll, 

Chickasaw, Claiborne, Clarke, Hinds, Holmes, Leake, Lowndes, Madison, 

Pontotoc, Rankin, Scott, Smith, Tippah, Tishomingo, Warren, and Wayne 

counties.

Millstone. See Burrstone.

Ocher (mineral paint). Tishomingo County, extensive beds of red ocher, some 

yellow ocher near luka; was formerly mined and shipped.

Road metal. Burned clay used at Clarksdale, Coahoma County. Clay suitable 

for this use found throughout the Tazoo delta region. Crushed limestone 

from Tishomingo County used locally. Also chert gravel and beds of fine 

chert near Tennessee River in northeastern Tishomingo and in Itawamba 

counties. Other suitable material is burrstone of Attala, Clarke, Grenada, Lauderdale, Leake, Montgomery, Neshoba, and Newton counties.

Sand (building). Dug in Carroll County at Carrollton; Forrest County at 

Hattiesburg; Hinds County at Jackson; Warren County near Vicksburg; 

Washington County at Greenville. Immense quantity at Oxford, Lafayette County, and in most of the north-central counties where the Wilcox 

group outcrops.

Sand (glass). Hinds County, occurs at Byram and Jackson and elsewhere 

along Pearl River; Jackson County, large deposit of dune sand on Horn 

Island, formerly used; Tishomingo County, large deposit of fine-grained 

silica 1 mile from Tennessee River now worked.

Sand (molding). Dug in Alcorn County at Corinth; Hinds County at Jackson.

Sandstone. Attala, Carroll, Leake, and Neshoba counties, burrstone locally 

used. Claiborne County, sandstones of Grand Gulf region of inferior 

quality. Hinds County, has been quarried near Raymond. Lafayette, 

Marshall, Tippah, and Yalobusha counties, some stone suitable for building. Rankin County, quarried at Starr. Tishomingo County, 3 miles 

northeast of Tishomingo, on .railroad, new quarry of excellent building stone just opened along Big Bear Creek; Bay Spring, Gardner, on 

Rock Creek, and below Scott's mill.

Siderite. Notable deposits of iron carbonate have recently been discovered in 

Benton, Lafayette, Marshall, and Tippah counties. Pig iron has been 

produced from this iron field at Winborn.
174 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSOURI.

MISSOURI.

Anglesite. Jasper County, Joplin district. In fine tabular crystals on galena 

in lead and zinc mines in southeast and southwest Missouri.

Asphalt (bitumen, mineral pitch). Barton County, occurs impregnating sandstone and is quarried near Liberal. Lafayette County, in small quantity 

near Higginsville.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Crawford, Dent, and Phelps counties, 

found in small quantities in many of the hematite deposits. Franklin 

County, at one time mined and smelted near Sullivan.

Barite (heavy spar). Cole County, mined at Eugene, Henley, and Hickory Hill. 

Franklin County, at Morrellton and St. Clair. Jefferson County. Miller 

County, at Etterville and Bagnell. Morgan County, at Versailles.. St. 

Francois County, Blackwell. Washington County, Barytes, Cadet, Fertile, and elsewhere. Occurs as important gangue of central and southeastern lead regions.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Franklin County, mixed with ocher and chert in 

. cavities at Bowlen Bank, Iron Hill, and Stanton Hill Bank, dug from 

pits near Moselle, and shipped; Howell County, Lamons mine, near West 

Plains, mined and shipped to lead smelters in Kansas City; Madison 

County, Mine Lamotte, formerly used mainly for flux. Found chiefly in 

Cambrian limestones widely distributed over counties of the southern 

and central parts of the State; has been mined in numerous localities.

Cadmium. See Greenockite.

Calamine (silicate of zinc). Jasper County, mined in Joplin district. Lawrence 

County, at Aurora; Newton County, at Granby.

Calcite. Jasper County, occurs in Joplin district, museum specimens.

Cement (natural). Clinton County, shales and limestone suitable for natural 

cement in vicinity of Plattsburg.

Cement material (Portland). Ordovician and Devonian limestones and shales 

in narrow belt along eastern border of State from Rails County on north 

to Cape Girardeau County on south. Mississippian limestones over extensive areas in northeast and southwest Missouri. Pennsylvanian 

(" Coal Measures ") limestones and shales in northern and western parts 

of State best adapted for Portland cement. Plants at Cement City, east 

of Kansas City; Prospect Hill and Continental, near St. Louis; and Cape 

Girardeau.

Cerusite (carbonate of lead). Jasper County, mined in Joplin district. Newton County, Granby district; and in other mines in Dade, Greene, Lawrence, and Madison counties.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Occurs in subordinate quantity in Crawford 

County, in Sullivan mines. Shannon County, Slater and Tyrell mines 

near Eminence. Ste. Genevieve County, in Cornwall mines.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Franklin County, irregularly distributed 

through clay at Sullivan mine. Madison County, disseminated through 

limestone at Mine Lamotte, and mined at Mine Lamotte and Fredericktown. Shannon County, mined at Slater and Jerktail mines. Ste. 

Genevieve County, mined at Ste. Genevieve mines. Widely distributed 

in small quantities in Joplin district, Jasper, Lawrence, and Newton 

counties.

Clay (brick). Widely distributed and utilized in nearly every county of the 

State.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSOURI. 175

Clay (brick shale). Barry County, numerous beds of shale at Golden City and 

elsewhere. Camden County. Cape Girardeau County, in Pennsylvanian 

("Coal Measures") rocks near Jackson City. Clay County, extensive 

Pennsylvanian shale along Missouri River bluffs at Liberty Landing 

and Wayne City. Dade County, near Everton and Lockwood. Daviess 

County, near Gallatin and elsewhere along streams. Gasconade County, 

Owensville. Greene County, near Springfield and Willard. Iron County, 

near Belleview and Kaolin. Livingston County, several Pennsylvanian 

shale beds along streams. McDonald County, Sugar Creek and Mill 

Creek, in southern portion of county. Mercer County, near Princeton. 

Platte County, in Pennsylvanian rocks along river. Polk County, near 

Humansville. Rails County, Louisiana to Hannibal along Mississippi 

River bluffs. Saline County, Slater, near Marshall, and elsewhere. 

Scott County, near Oran, and Benton. Shelby County, near Lakenan. 

St. Louis County, Prospect Hill and Cheltenham. Sullivan County, near 

Milan. Webster County, near Marshfield. Wright County, near Mansfield.

Clay (fire). Mined in the following localities: Audrain County, at Mexico 

and Vandalia. Boone County, near Columbia. Call away County, at 

Fulton. Crawford County, at Leasburg, flint clay. Franklin County, at 

Union and Washington; flint fire clays occur throughout the county. 

Gasconade County, at Canaan, Owensville, and Rosebud. Johnson 

County, at Knobnoster. Linn County, at Laclede. Montgomery County, 

at Jonesburg. Morgan County, at Versailles. 'Newton County, at Gregg. 

Phelps County. Shelby County, at Lakenan. St. Charles County, has 

been mined near St. Charles; plastic. St. Louis County, at Cheltenham 

and St. Louis; also glass-pot clay. Stoddard County, near Dexter. 

Warren County, shipped from Truesdail and Pendleton.

Clay (flint). Boone County, .occurs near Columbia. Crawford County, extensive deposits near Wesco. Franklin County, old pit near Washington. 

Maries County, excellent white in Lanes Prairie district. Monroe County, 

near Stoutsville, and Clapper.. Montgomery County, mined at Jonesburg. 

Osage County, excellent quality abundant in central and southern part. 

Phelps County has been extensively worked at Knobview, Rolla, and St. 

James. St. Clair County, small deposits occur near Baker and elsewhere 

on Osage River. St. Louis County, near Glencoe and elsewhere.

Clay (kaolin). Bollinger County, large deposits near Glen Alien, mined and 

shipped for pottery. Cape Girardeau County, pure white near Jackson,. 

mined and shipped for paints, etc.; Morgan City, in Buffalo lead mines 

near Versailles, mined and shipped for enameling work. Occurs also in 

Carter County, at Chilton. Cooper County, Clifton City. Howell County, 

near West Plains and Sterling, and near Willard Springs. Iron County, 

in old pits and prospects at Kaolin, 12 miles west of Iron Mountain. 

Madison County, near Fredericktown. Oregon County, near Thayer. 

Perry County, near Silver Lake. Reynolds County, near Centerville 

and Lesterville. Ripley County, near Doniphan. Shannon County, near 

Winona, and old pits near Monteer. Texas County, in vicinity of Sargent and Wayne counties, near Brunot.

Clay (pottery). Cass County, dug near Harrisonville on Grand River. Cooper 

County, near Boonville. Franklin County, near Union. Henry County, 

Calhoun. Jasper County, near Webb City. Jefferson County, excellent 

ball clay mined at Regina. Johnson County, Knobnoster and Mont-
176 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSOUBI.

serrat. Linn County, Kelsey and Laclede. Livingston County, near 

Chillicothe. Marion County, "pipe" clay on south side of New River 

and elsewhere. Monroe Co.unty, abundant, mined at Stoutsville and 

near Clapper. Ozark County, residual clay near Gainesville, mined to 

limited extent for local trade. Scott County, near Commerce, local use. 

Stoddard County, Dexter. Texas County, near Plato. Vernon County, 

near Deerfield. Pottery clay occurs in many other counties of the State.

Clay (shale, plastic). St. Louis County, from Pennsylvania!! rocks, mined a.t 

Castello, Glencoe, and Prospect Hill.

Coal (bituminous). Coal found in the Des Moines group of the Pennsylvanian. 

Six producing fields: (1) Bevier field occupies parts of Boone, Chariton, 

Howard, Macon, and Randolph counties; (2) Lexington field in Clay, 

Lafayette, and Ray counties; (3) Southwestern field in Barton, Bates, 

Henry, and adjacent counties; (4) Novinger field in Adair County; (5) 

Marceline field in Linn County; and (6) Mendota field in northwestern 

Adair, Putnam, and Schuyler. Coal also underlies Grundy, Mercer, and 

Platte counties.

Cobalt. Linnseite, sulphide of cobalt and nickel, associated with chalcopyrite 

and pyrite in some of the mines of southeastern Missouri, especially 

Fredericktown and Mine Lamotte, Madison County, and in St. Francois 

County; recovered from the copper matte made in smelting these ores.

Copper. See Azurite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Cuprite, and Malachite.

Cuprite (copper oxide). Ste. Genevieve County, subordinate quantity in Cornwall mines, has been mined.

Feldspar. Camden and Laclede counties, in- pegmatite granite on border line 

between counties. Ste. Genevieve County, in granite near Jonca, was 

used in Belleville pottery.

Fluorspar. Madison County, Einstein silver mine near Iron Mountain; St. 

Louis County, in St. Louis limestone near St Louis.

Galena. Large production from disseminated deposits in southeastern district 

in Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, St. Francois, and Washington counties; 

associated with zinc in southwestern. region, in Jasper, Lawrence, and 

Newton counties; and in central region in Cole, Miller, Moniteau, and 

Morgan counties.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Granite. Carter County, quarried in Van Buren. Iron County, extensively 

quarried at Graniteville. Madison County, Cornwall and Mine Lamotte. 

St. Francois County, Doe Run, Farmington, Knob Lick, and Syenite. Ste. 

Genevieve County. Wayne County, Granite Bend.

Greenockite. Occurs with sphalerite in Joplin district, Jasper, Lawrence, and 

Newton counties.

Grindstone. Johnson County, sandstone at Warrensburg, has been used in the 

manufacture of grindstones. St. Glair County, a few made at Collins and 

Griessel.

Hematite (red iron ore). Crawford County, in sandstone at Craig mine. Dent 

County, Flank, Hawkins, and Sligo mines. Franklin County, at Leslie 

mine. Phelps County, at De Camp. Reynolds County, good quality in 

sandstone on west limit of Bee Fork of Black River in January mine. 

Also in Callaway, Cooper, Henry, Lincoln, and Saline counties.

Hematite (specular ore). In porphyry, mined in Pilot Knob and Iron Mountain districts in St. Francois and Iron counties. In sandstone, has been 

mined in Crawford, Dent, Franklin, Iron, Montgomery, Phelps, and other 

counties.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSOURI. 177

Hiibnerite. Madison County, Silver Mine.

Iron, See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Marcasite, Mineral paint, Ocher, and 

Pyrite.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead. See Anglesite, Cerusite, and Galena.

Limestone (building). Limestones suitable for building purposes are widely 

distributed over the State. Large quarries in Cape Girarcleau County. 

Greene County, Phenix. Jasper County, at Carthage. Ste. Genevieve 

County, about 4 miles north of Ste. Genevieve, new quarry opened in 

1914. Many other quarries in eastern, northern, and western counties 

of the State.

Limestone (crushed stone, road metal, and other uses). Quarried extensively 

throughout the State, with the exception of counties in the south-central 

part. Jackson County and St. Louis City and County are the largest 

producers.

Limestone (flux). Lincoln County, quarried at Ellsberry, and St. Louis 

County, near White House, and in many other counties.

Limestone (lime). Limestones excellent for lime making are burned at many 

localities in the State. Large plants are located at Ash Grove, Cape 

Girardeau, Glencoe, Glen Park, Hannibal, Louisiana, Mincke, Pierce 

City, Sarcoxie, Springfield, and Ste. Genevieve.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Lhmseite. See Cobalt.

Malachite. Franklin County, mined near Sullivan. Shannon County, mined 

at Jerktail, Slater, and other mines. Ste. Genevieve County, at Cornwall 

mines. Occurs with azurite in many hematite deposits of Crawford, 

Dent, 'and Phelps counties.

Manganese ore. In porphyritic rocks around Pilot Knob, in Iron, Madison, and 

Reynolds counties. See also Wad.

Marble. Occurs in Cape Girardean,. Iron, Madison, and other southeastern 

counties. Jasper County, quarried at Carthage.

Marcasite. Franklin County, occurs in commercial quantities underneath hematite ores in central ore district, is mined at Leslie. Jasper County, 

occurs in abundance associated with lead and zinc ores in Joplin district; 

few carloads shipped.

Mineral paint. Iron ore, ferruginous shales, and limestones, lead ores, and 

ocher are used.

ITatural gas. Barton, Bates, Cass, Clay, Clinton, Jackson, and Johnson 

counties, small quantities in shallow wells, and in Platte County, north 

of Parkville.

Nickel. Nickel and cobalt recovered from matte produced from ore from some 

of the mines of southeastern Missouri. See also Cobalt.

Ocher. Henry County, common in the Pennsylvanian rocks of western part 

of the State, near Calhoun. Johnson County, Knobnoster, many exposures in this vicinity. A red ocher in Andrey County, Amazonia, and 

Jackson County, Hickman Mills. Others*in Buchanan, Lafayette, and 

Ray counties. Produced to some extent in hematite mines of central 

Ozark region.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Onyx marble. Undeveloped commercial deposits in caves of Ozark region. 

Other localities in Atchison, Carroll, Daviess, Henry, Jackson, Lafayette, 

and Livingston counties. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 12
178 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSOURI.

Petroleum. Small quantity produced in Jackson and Vernon counties in 1914. 

No shipments. Shows of oil have been found in a few other places in 

southwestern corner of the State.

Pyrite (iron pyrites). Franklin County, Leslie mine-principal producer; also 

at Morrelton. Jasper County, occurs in Joplin district. Madison County, 

disseminated through limestone at Mine Lamotte. Phelps County, Holla. 

St. Francois and Washington counties, gangue mineral of Federal, St. 

Louis, and other mines. See also Marcasite.

Road metal. Andrew County, oolitic limestone was quarried at Schuster 

station. Clay County, Bethany Falls limestone was quarried near 

Liberty. The crushed cherty material of the Missouri lead and zinc ores, 

known as " chats," is much used for road mating. See also Granite, Limestone (crushed), and Sandstone (crushed).

Sand (building). Obtained chiefly from along Mississippi and Missouri rivers 

and their tributaries, where the supply of sand and gravel is inexhaustible; also in streams of the Ozark region. On the Mississippi pumping 

plants are operated at Cape Girardeau, Crystal City, St. Louis, Louisiana, Hannibal, and Canton, and along the Missouri the supply is obtained 

at St. Charles, Jefferson City, Glasgow, Lexington, Kansas City, and St. 

Joseph. Plants on the Meramec pump an excellent grade of sand and 

gravel at Pacific, Drake, Sherman, and Valley Park. On Black River 

plants are located at Poplar Bluff and Mill Spring. Gravel is dredged 

from Joachim Creek near Festus, and Piney Creek supplies sand to shipping plants at Arlington and Newburg, in Phelps County. Roofing 

gravel is obtained from Osage River at Osage City, and a dredge located 

on Salt River near New London is working a large gravel bar. In the 

northwest part of the State Nodaway River furnishes sand at Maitland 

and Skidmore. Atchison County, dug at Rockport. Benton County, Warsaw. Buchanan County, St. Joseph. Callaway County, near Fulton. Carroll County, Carrollton. Christian County, Ozark. Cole County, Jefferson 

City. Cooper County, Boonville. Daviess County, Gallatin. Franklin 

County, Pacific. Gasconade County, Drake. Grundy County, Trenton. 

Jackson County, Kansas City. Jefferson County, Crystal City. Marion 

County, Hannibal. Phelps County, Jerome. St. Charles County, Klondike 

and St. Charles. Scott County, Commerce.

Sand (fire). Produced from friable sandstone in Jefferson County at Crystal 

City, Herculaneum, and Pacific Grove.

Sand (glass). Most important deposit by far is St. Peter sandstone, a beautiful and uniformly clean, friable rock of r,ound clear quartz grains, which 

outcrops in a belt from a thin strip to 20 miles wide along Mississippi 

River from Rails to Cape Girardeau County and also along Missouri River 

up as far as Callaway County. Important quarries in Franklin County 

at Becker, Gray Summit, and Pacific; Jefferson County at Crystal City and 

Silica; St. Charles County at Klondike.

Sand (molding). Number of small pits in Franklin County, at Gray Summit 

and Pacific. Kent County, Black Hills. St. Charles County, Klondike.

Sandstone (building, monuments, crushed stone, etc.). Barton County, quarried near Lamar and Liberty. Bates County, Butler, Rich Hill, and 

Rockville. Benton County, near Cole Camp. Callaway County, Fulton. 

Carroll County, De Witt and near Miami station. Clark County, near 

Kahoka, local use. Franklin County, near Union. Henry County, near 

Clinton, Montrose, and Urich. Hickory County, Weaubleau. Howard
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MISSOURI. 179

County, Glasgow. Johnson County, near Warrensburg. Putnam County, 

Worthington. Ste. Genevieve County, Jonca. Saline County, near Miami 

Station, Sweet Springs. St. Glair County, near Collins. Schuyler 

County, Queen City. Bituminous sandstone quarried in Lafayette 

County, near Higginsville.

Shale (oil). Devonian, underlies a considerable area in the northeastern part 

of the State, extending from the north boundary southward to St. Louis.

Shale (paint). See Mineral paint.

Silver. Recovered from the lead ores of Jefferson, Madison, St. Francois, and 

Washington counties, southeastern Missouri, and from oxidized copper 

ores of the Cornwell copper mine in Ste. Genevieve County.

Smithsonite (carbonate of zinc). Jasper County, in quantity in many mines 

of the Joplin district. Jefferson County, principal zinc ore at Valles 

Mines. Newton County, at Granby. Occurs also in central district in 

Cole, Miller, Moniteau, and Morgan counties; and mined in Howell and 

Oregon counties.

Specularite. See Hematite (specular ore).

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Principal ore of the Joplin district, Jasper, Lawrence and Newton counties. Mined also in central district, Cole, Miller, 

Moniteau, and Morgan counties. Has been mined at Frumet and at 

Valles Mines, Jefferson County. Occurs also in small quantity in the 

deeper disseminated lead ores of Madison and St. Francois counties.

Tripoli (polishing powder). Chariton County, quarried extensively at Dalton. 

Jefferson County, occurs at Hillsboro. Newton County, quarried extensively near Racine and Seneca for niters; chips and waste used for polishing powder and scouring soap; occurs at Stella.

Tungsten. See Hiibnerite and Wolframite.

Wad. Found in connection with brown iron ore deposits in southeastern Missouri.

Wolframite. Madison County, Silver Mine.

Wurtzite. Jasper County, Joplin district, in the eastern part of Joplin,' near 

the Missouri Pacific tracks in a deserted mine on the Missouri Lead 

& Zinc Co.'s land.

Zinc. Chief production from mines in Jasper County, about Alba, Carterville, 

Carthage, Duenweg, Joplin, Neck, Reeds, Sarcoxie, Thorns station, and 

Webb City. Lawrence County, Aurora. Newton County, Granby, Spurgeon, and Wentworth. See also Calamine, Smithsonite, Sphalerite, and 

Wurtzite.
180 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MONTANA.

MONTANA.

JEgirite. Lincoln County, vanadiferous segirite occurs in quartz veins associated with sulphides of iron and copper in the Rainy Creek district, 4 

miles east of Libby.

Agate (moss agate). Found along Yellowstone River, from Glendive to Yellowstone Park, and on the mesas and buttes for inaiiy miles to the northwest of the river. Has been cut into beautiful gems.

Antimony. Bee Polybasite and Stibnite.

Argentite (silver glance). Cascade County, in Neihart district. Deer Lodge 

County, at Cable mine. Granite County, Granite-Bimetallic mine, Philipsburg. Jefferson County, Ruby mine, Boulder and Clancey. Silver Bow 

County, Butte mines.

Arsenic. Smelter by-product saved at the Washoe smelter, Anaconda, in 

smelting arsenical copper ores. See also Arsenopyrite.

Arsenopyrite. Deer Lodge County, in Cable mine. Granite County, GraniteBimetallic mine, Philipsburg, mined for silver and gold. Jefferson 

County, Corbin, Elkhorn, Warm Spring Creek, and Wickes (auriferous). 

Missoula County, Mineral Point mines, silver bearing. Poweli County, 

Elliston. Lewis and Clark County, Temnile district, formerly mined for 

gold contents. Park County, near Gardiner, Sheepeater mining district; 

abundant, massive, and gold bearing; not mined.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Of mineralogic rather than economic interest. Found in small quantity in many mines and prospects. Deer 

Lodge County, Cable mine. Granite County, Granite-Bimetallic mine 

near Philipsburg. Jefferson County, in minute clusters in Elkhorn mine 

and in McClellan Creek district. Lewis and Clark County, Drumlummon 

mine, Marysville. Silver Bow County, Butte district.

Bentonite. Beaver head County, near Glendale. Big Horn County, reported 

from Hardin.

Bismuth. See Tetradymite.

Bornite (peacock ore). Deer Lodge County, in small quantity at Cable mine, 

carries gold. Granite County, at Granite-Bimetallic mine. Jefferson 

County, Corbin. Silver Bow County, common ore mineral, Butte district.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Cascade and Meagher counties, found at a number 

of localities in Little Belt Mountain district. Deer Lodge County, at 

Cable mine. Fergus County, formerly mined in Judith Mountains, prospected at Woodhurst Mountain and in Little Belt Mountains. Jefferson 

County, at many places in Elkhorn and Wickes districts; mined at Elkhorn Peak iron mine. Phillips County, occurs in oxidized ores of gold 

deposits near Landusky and Alabama.

Cassiterite. Silver BOT? County, in the Mountain View and other mines at 

Butte.

Cement material. Hill County, suitable materials known to exist at Havre. 

Gallatin County, limestone and shale quarried for Portland cement at 

Trident; suitable material at other places but not used.

Cerargyrite (horn silver). Granite County, was important ore of Granite mine, 

2$ miles southeast of Philipsburg. Silver Bow County, found in small 

quantity in Summit Valley (Butte) district and other mining districts.

Cerium. See Monazite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Jefferson County, has been mined in Elkhorn and 

Wickes districts. Meagher County, Castle Mountain district. Occurs 

in many other districts.

Chalcanthite (copper sulphate). Silver Bow County, minor, ore of oxidized 

zone, Butte district.
 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MONTANA. ' 181

Chalcocite (copper glance). Deer Lodge County, in small quantities at Cable 

mine. Silver Bow County, important ore of Butte mines. Occurs in 

many other districts.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrite). Broadwater County, Beaver Creek and Crow 

Creek districts. Deer Lodge County, Cable mine. Granite County, 

Pbilipsburg. Jefferson County, witb pyrite in Amazon, Clancey, Corbin, 

Elkhorn, McClellan Creek, Rimini, Warm Spring Creek, and Wickes districts, Lewis and Clark County, Drumlumnion mine, Marysville (rare). 

Lincoln County, Troy, Grouse Mountain .prospects, Rainy Creek, near 

Libby. Park County, abundant with galena, New World district near 

Cooke and at many other places. Ravalli County, Mineral Point, silver 

and gold bearing. Silver Bow County, minor ore in silver veins at Butte.

Chrysocolla (silicate of copper). Deer Lodge County, occurs in Cable mine. 

Granite County, Granite-Bimetallic mine near Philipsburg. Silver Bow 

County, in claims east of Butte along the foothills of East Ridge.

Clay (brick). Can be found abundantly throughout the State. Beaverhead 

County, dug at Dillon. Cascade County, Great Falls. Ouster County, 

Miles City. Flathead County, Kalispell and Whiteflsh. Gallatin 

County, Bozeman. Hill County, Havre. Jefferson County, Boulder. 

Lewis and Clark County, Helena. Missoula County, South Missoula and 

Riddle Spur. Park County, Livingston. Powell County, Blossburg. 

Ravalli County, Stevensville. Rosebud County, Forsyth. Sanders 

County, Thompson Falls. Sheridan County, Plentywood. Silver Bow 

County, Butte and Williamsburg. Valley County, Glasgow. Yellowstone 

County, Columbus.

Clay (fire). Cascade County, dug near Armington and at Fields. Deer Lodge 

County, Anaconda and Lost Creek. Jefferson County, Whitehall. Lewis 

and Clark County, Helena.

Clay (plastic). See Bentonite.

Coal (bituminous and sub bituminous). Areas of workable coal are known to 

exist in the following counties: Blaine, Carbon, Cascade, Chouteau, Fergus, 

Flathead, Gallatin, Hill, Madison, Missoula, Musselshell, Park, Rosebud, 

Teton, and Yellowstone. Coal is mined in the following places: Blaine 

County, Chinook and Harlem. Carbon County, Bear Creek, Bridger, 

Burgin, Carbon, Fromberg, Joliet, Red Lodge, and Washoe. Cascade 

County, Armington, Belt, Eden, Geyser, Sand Coulee, and Stockett. 

Chouteau County, Big Sandy and Mackton. Fergus County, Buffalo 

Creek, Giltedge, Lewistown, Stanford, Smith, Utica, and Windham. 

Gallatin County, Chestnut. Hill County, Havre. Missoula County, Missoula. Musselshell County, Roundup. Park County, Cinnaba'r and Cokedale. Yellowstone County, Bull Mountains.

Coal (lignite). Areas of workable lignite are known to exist in Custer, Dawson, Rosebud, Sheridan, and Wibaux counties. Custer County, mined at 

Miles City and Stacey. Dawson County, Cohagen, Jordan, and Glendive. 

Sheridan County, Brockton and Culbertson. Wibaux County, Wibaux. 

Chiefly for local use.

Copper ores. Copper is the predominant metal produced in the following districts : Beaverhead County, Beaverhead, Elkhorn, Utopia. Broadwater 

County, Hellgate. Meagher County, Copperopolis. Missoula County, 

- Denemora, Wallace. Ravalli County, Mineral Point. Silver Bow County, 

Butte. See also Azurite, Bornite, Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, 

Chrysocolla, Covellite, Cuprite, Enargite, Malachite, Tennantite, and 

Tetrahedrite.
182 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MONTANA. -

Copper (native). Deer Lodge County, small quantities in upper level of Cable 

mine at Cable. Silver Bow County, in oxidized zone of Butte.

Corundum. Gallatin County, was formerly mined at Bozeman, Salesville, and 

headwaters, of Elk Creek for abrasive. No abrasive corundum is now 

mined in Montana.

Corundum (sapphire). See Sapphire.

Covellite (indigo copper). Jefferson County, Boulder (rare). Silver Bow 

County, ore of minor importance in Butte mines.

Cuprite (red copper oxide). Silver Bow County, minor mineral in ore of Butte 

district.

Enargite. Silver Bow County, next to chalcocite the most abundant copper 

mineral at Butte.

Galena (argentiferous). Beaverhead County, mined in Hecla and Trapper districts. Blaine County, Bearpaw Mountains. Broadwater County, 

Argenta, Beaver Creek, Crow Creek, Indian Creek, Park, and Winston 

districts. Cascade County, Barker and Neihart districts. Deer Lodge 

County, Cable district (rare).. Granite -County, Philipsburg. Jefferson 

County, Amazon, Basin, Clancey, Blkhorn, Gregory, Lump Gulch, and 

Wickes districts. Lewis and Clark County, Bald Butte, Helena, Ottawa, 

Rimini, and Tenmile districts. Lincoln County, Troy and Snowshoe. 

Meagher County, Castle Mountain. Mineral County, Iron Mountain. 

Park County, New World. Powell County, Elliston. Bavalli County, 

Hamilton (Curlew mine). Silver Bow County, sparingly in silver veins 

and in some of the later fault veins of the copper area, Butte.

Garnet. Madison County, small quantity recovered from gold dredges at Alder 

Gulch and at Ruby; cut for jewelry.

Gold (lode). Widely distributed in southwestern quarter of the State. Principal districts that have produced are: Beaverhead County, Bald Mountain and Bannack. Blaine County, Bearpaw. Broadwater Gouty, Lone 

Mountain, Park, and Radersburg. Deer Lodge County, Cable and Heber. 

Granite County, Philipsburg and Red Lion. Jefferson County, Cataract, 

Colorado, and Lump Gulch. Lewis and Clark County, Bald Butte, 

Helena, Marysville, and Rimini. Lincoln County, Cabinet, Fisher Creek, 

and Sylvanite. Madison County, Pony, Norris, and Whitehall. Mineral 

County, St. Regis. Missoula County, Clinton and Ninemile. Phillips 

County, Landusky. Silver Bow County, Fleecer Mountain, German Gulch, 

and Highland. Gold tellurides were formerly mined in Fergus County, 

in Judith Mountains, Spotted Horse mine.

Gold (placer). Placer mining, formerly very important, is still carried on to 

some extent in Broadwater, Chouteau, Granite, Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, 

Lincoln, Madison, Mineral, Missoula, Park, Powell, Ravalli, and Silver 

Bow counties. Hydraulic and dredge mining, in the following counties : Beaverhead County, hydraulic near Banuack.. Granite County, 

hydraulic at Bear Gulch and Basin Gulch. Madison County, dredged in 

Alder Gulch. Mineral County, dredged and hydraulicked in Cedar Creek. 

Powell County, hydraulic at Pioneer, Ophir, and Washington Gulch.

Granite. Abundant in western part of the State. Jefferson County, quarried 

at Welch and near Corbin. Lewis and Clark County, quarried at Baxendal, near Helena, also at Helena.

Graphite. Beaverhead County, mined near Dillon.

Grindstone. Yellowstone County, produced at Columbus.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MONTANA. 183

Gypsum. Widely distributed throughout eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains. Cascade County, formerly mined at Kibby and Riceville. Carbon 

County, Bridger. Fergus County, mining begun in 1916 at Hanover and 

development begun near Heath. Jefferson County, quarried near Limespur. Park County, occurs at Hunters Hot Springs.

Hematite (red iron ore). Deer Lodge County, found in Cable mine. Jefferson 

County, with magnetite, in iron mine on Elkhoru Peak, Elkhorn district.

Hematite (specularite, turgite). Deer Lodge County, found at Cable mine, carrying gold. Granite County, mined for flux near Philipsburg. Occurs at 

many localities in Little Belt Mountains district, Cascade, .Fergus, and 

Meagher counties, and prospected at Woodhurst Mountain; in small 

quantities at other places.

Hiibnerite. Granite County, occurs at Philipsburg. Madison County, with 

. silver ore in Potosi district, 8 miles southwest of Pony. Powell County, 

occurs at Sugarloaf Mountain. Silver Bow County, Birdie silver mine 

and Gagnon and Leonard mines, Butte, small quantities mined.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, and Pyrite.

Lead. See Cerusite, Galena, and Pyromorphite.

Lignite. See Coal.

Limestone (building). Abundant in western part of the State. Quarried in 

Carbon County, at Bridger. Flathead County, Kalispell. Gallatin 

County, Trident. Lewis and Clark County, Helena and East Helena. 

Silver Bow County, Maiden Rock.

Limestone (flux and lime). Cascade County, quarried at Albright and Logging Creek. Gallatin County, Bozeman. Jefferson County, Limespur. 

Lewis and Clark County, East Helena. Powell County, Elliston. Silver 

Bow County, Divide.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite. Blaine County, with apatite and augite in Black Diamond prospect, Bearpaw Mountains, high grade, not mined. Deer Lodge County, 

was formerly mined for flux at Cable mine. Gallatin County, near Bozeman. Jefferson County, formerly mined with hematite in iron ores on 

Elkhorn Peak.

Malachite. Deer Lodge County, at Cable mine. Granite County, GraniteBimetallic mine near Philipsburg. Jefferson County, small quantities in 

Elkhorn mine and McClellan Creek district. Phillips County, found in 

small quantities in gold-bearing veins near Laridusky. Silver Bow 

County, Butte district and in many other places. Of more mineralogic 

than economic interest.

Manganese ore. Cascade County, manganiferous silver ore,mined at Neihart. 

Deer Lodge County, carries gold and silver at Cable mine. Granite 

County, was mined in Granite-Bimetallic mine near Philipsburg. Madison County,-prospected on Wigwam and Cherry creeks, 15 miles southeast 

of Virginia City, and in Madison Valley, 7 miles southeast of Norris. 

Silver Bow County, oxidized ore of Butte mines, silver bearing. See also 

Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Rhodonite, and Wad.

Marble. Gallatin County, near Manhattan. Lincoln County, near Libby.

Marcasite. Deer Lodge County, carries gold at Cable mine. Lincoln County, 

found in Troy, Grouse Mountain prospects. Silver Bow County, common 

in Butte mines.

Mica (phlogopite). Lincoln County, Rainy Creek near Libby; exceptionally 

abundant.

Molybdenite. Beaverhead County, occurs in quartz veins near Dillon. Cascade County, at Neihart. Granite County, Drummond and at head of 

Little Gold Creek. Jefferson County, at Homestake.
184 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES MONTANA.

Monazite. Granite County, has been found in black sands a.t Princeton. Madison County, at Norris. Powell County, locality not reported.

Natural gas. One well in Dawson County at Glendive and two wells in Hill 

County at Havre, drilled in 1914.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Pearceite. Lewis and Clark County, at Murysville, in the Drumlummon mine, 

associated with quartz, calcite, and chalcopyrite.

Petroleum. Teton County, in northwest part; no production.

Phosphate. Granite County, good bed at Philipsburg. Madison County, thin 

beds in canyon of Jefferson River between Limespur and Cardwell. 

Powell County, good bed near Elliston, and 6 miles north of Garrison. 

Silver Bow County, Melrose.

Pisanite. Silver Bow County,, common in old drifts in Butte copper mines.

Platinum. Granite County, rare in black sands at Princeton, not mined.

Polybasite. Cascade County, with galena and sphalerite in Neihart district. 

Lewis and Clark County, rich in silver, Drumlummon mine, Marysville

Proustite. Granite County, sparingly scattered through ore in Granite-Bimetallic mine, Philipsburg.

Psilomelane. Silver Bow County, at Butte, common surface ore in many 

veins, usually contains silver.

Pyrargyrite (ruby silver). Cascade County, common in Neihart district, 

usually associated with polybasite. Deer Lodge County, known but not 

now mined. Granite County, Granite-Bimetallic mine near Philipsburg, 

with gelena and sphalerite. Lewis and Clark County, Drumlummon 

mine, Marysville.

Pyrite. Common ore of gold, has been mined in the following districts: 

Broadwater County, Beaver Creek, Crow Creek, Indian Creek, Radersburg. Cascade County, Neihart. Deer -Lodge County, Cable.. Fergus 

County, Ford Creek, Giltedge, Maiden. Granite County, Philipsburg. 

Jefferson County, near Basin, Boulder, Clancey, Elkhorn, Gregory,- 

Warm Spring Creek. Lewis and Clark County, Bald Butte. Lincoln 

County, Sylvanite. Madison County, Pony. Missoula County, Mineral 

Point, Mineral Hill. Phillips County, Landusky, Alabama. PoweL1 

County, Elliston. Silver Bow County, Butte (cupriferous).

Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese). Granite County, mined for flux in 

Flint Creek (Philipsburg) district. Meagher County, large veins at 

Castle, carry small quantities of lead. Phillips County, with high-grade 

gold ores in mines near Landusky and Alabama. Silver Bow County, 

common surface ore in many veins at Butte carrying rhodonite, etc. 

Usually contains silver and is much sought for as flux for siliceous ores.

Pyromorphite (phosphate of lead). Cascade County, found in one mine in 

Narrow Gauge Gulch, Neihart district. Granite County, in GraniteBimetallic mine, near Philipsburg.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrites). Blaine County, found in Bearpaw Mountains. 

Deer Lodge County, at Cable mine, carries gold. Jefferson County, 

Elkhorn district.

Radium. See Thorianite.

Rhodochrosite. Silver Bow County, in silver veins at Butte.

Rhodonite (manganese silicate). Silver Bow County, gangue mineral of silver 

veins of Butte mines, cut as gem.

Road metal. See Granite, Limestone, and Sandstone.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES MONTANA. 185

Sand (building). Dug at many places for local use.

Sandstone. Beaverhead County, quarried south of Dillon for building stone, 

and a variety consisting of nearly pure silica has been used for fluxing 

and converter lining at the Washoe smelter in Anaconda, Cascade 

County, quarries at Field and Great Falls. Gallatin County, Salesville 

and Sappington, near Bozeman. Hill County, at Havre; sandstone suitable for dimension stone is abundant. Park County, Livingston. Yellowstoue County, Billings and Columbus.

Sapphire. Fergus County, blue gems mined from dike of lamprophyre rock 

' near Yogo Gulch. Granite County, varicolored stones for gems and 

mechanical purposes mined from placers on Rock Creek, 20 miles southwest of Philipsburg. Lewis and' Clark County, mined with gold in 

placers of Missouri River, east and northeast of Helena, from Canyon 

Ferry 20 miles down the river. Powell County, varicolored stones for 

gems and mechanical purposes mined with gold in placers by dredging 

and sluicing in Dry Cottonwood Creek.

Scheelite. Park County, has been mined at Jardine with gold.

Silver (native). Cascade County, in oxidized veins in Neihart district. Granite County, in upper levels of Granite-Bimetallic mine, Philipsburg. 

Jefferson County, at Clancey, Elkhorn, and Ruby mines. Silver Bow' 

County, common in silver veins and oxidized portions of copper veins at 

Butte. ' \

Silver. Predominant metal value in following districts: Beaverhead County, 

Dillon, Hecla, and Vipond. Cascade County, Neihart. Granite County, 

Philipsburg. Jefferson County, Elkhorn. Lewis and Clark County, Greenhorn. Park County, Cowles. See also Argentite, Cerargyrite, Pearceite, 

Polybasite, Proustite, Pyrargyrite,- and Stephanite.

Specularite. See Hematite.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Broadwater County, mined in Beaver Creek district. Cascade County, occurs with galena in all veins in Neihart 

district. Deer Lodge County, rare at Cable. Granite County, in all silvergold fissure veins near Philipsburg. Jefferson County, with galena and 

pyrite and lesser quantities with tetrahedrite in.galena ores of Basin, 

Boulder, Clancey, Elkhorn, Gregory, and Lump Gulch districts. Lewis 

and Clark County, with galena in Bald Butte, Helena, and Rimini. 

Lincoln County, Cullahan Creek and Troy. Mineral County, Iron 

Mountain. Powell County, Elliston. Silver Bow County, common in 

Butte mines.

Spinel (pleonaste). Madison County, between South Meadows and Moore 

creeks, not mined.

Stephanite (brittle silver),. Cascade County, rare in Neihart district.

Stibnite (sulphide of antimony). Granite County, abundant in primary ore 

of silver veins near Philipsburg.

Tennantite. Granite County, in lower portions of Granite-Bimetallic mine, 

Philipsburg. Silver Bow County, occurs sparingly associated with 

enargite in copper veins at Butte.

Tetradymite. Broadwater County, with gold and silver in Keating mine, 

Radersburg. , Tetrahedrite (gray copper ore). Granite County, Flint Creek district, with 

galena and sphalerite, argentiferous; was formerly mined; abundant in 

lower levels, Granite-Bimetallic mine. Jefferson County, with sphalerite, 

in Blkhorn mine, argentiferous; also at Basin and Clancey. Lewis and
186 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED .STATES MONTANA.

Clark County, formerly mined at Drumlummon mine, Marysville. Missoula County, Pleasant View and Slate Creek prospects, carries gold and 

silver. Silver Bow County, ore of minor importance in Butte mines in 

copper and silver veins.

Thorianite. Madison County, known at Norris, not mined.

Thorium. See Monazite and Thorianite.

Tungsten ore. See Hiibnerite and Scheelite.

Turgite. See Hematite.

Vanadinite. Beaverhead County, reported 27 miles northwest of Dillon in 

Rothschild mine.

Vanadium. Silver Bow County, in the Mountain View and other mines at 

Butte; form of vanadium mineral unknown. See also JEgirite.

Volcanic ash. Gallatin County, deposits suitable for use as abrasives and 

polishing powder in vicinity of Bozeman. Granite County, South Drummond. Meagher County, at Castle Mountain. Missoula County, north of 

Missoula. Ravalli County, at many places on the east side of Clark Fork. 

Also in Silver Bow and other counties.

Wad. Jefferson County, with limonite in granite about 6 miles north of 

Wickes station, not mined. Silver Bow County, with silver ores of 

Butte district.

Wood (petrified). Found in many localities but not agatized.

Wurtzite. Silver Bow County, Gagnon mine, Butte.

Zinc. See Sphalerite and Wurtzite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEBRASKA. 187 

NEBRASKA.

Abrasive. See Diatomaceous earth and Pumice.

Agate (moss). Keith, Scotts Bluff, and Sioux counties; cut for jewelry. 

Cement material. Carboniferous limestone and shale, suitable for cement 

material, outcrop in southeastern part of State in Cass, Douglas, Gage, 

Johnson, Lancaster, Nemaha, Otoe, Pawnee, Richardson, and Sarpy 

counties; not utilized. Cement formerly made from Carboniferous rock 

at Beatrice, Gage County. Cretaceous chalk rock and underlying shales, 

suited to the manufacture of cement, outcrop extensively in northeastern 

Nebraska along Niobrara and Missouri rivers in the following counties: 

eastern Boyd, Cedar, Dixon, Dakota, and northern Knox. Likewise 

along the southern line of Nebraska in the Republican Valley in the 

following counties: Franklin, Nuckolls, southern Harlan, and Webster. 

The cement material of the Cretaceous in Nebraska belongs essentially 

to the Niobrara formation, although a chalky layer (Inoceramus zone) 

about 20 feet thick constitutes the upper part of the Greenhorn limestone. A large plant is at Superior, Nuckolls County.

Chalcedony. Gage County, common vein filling in the Badlands.

Chalk.« The Greenhorn limestone at Hebron, Thayer County, and the Niobrara formation of Knox County, notably at the town of Niobrara, 

furnish considerable quantities of building material. The chalk rock of 

these formations is soft enough to be sawed into blocks when " green " 

(fresh from the quarry) ; on drying it becomes harder and has good 

lasting qualities. The chalky Greenhorn rock of Endicott, Jefferson 

County, and at Pleasant Hill, Saline County, used to be burned into 

lime for local consumption.

Clay (brick). The great bulk of ordinary building and hollow brick is manufactured from loess and alluvium. The loess is found over about 

half the area of the State, but in many places it is poor in clay. Brick 

and tile made in the following counties: Adams, Antelope, Box Butte, 

Boyd, Buffalo, Burt, Butler, Cass, Cedar, Clay, Cuming, Dixon, Dodge, 

Douglas, Fillmore, Furnace, Gage, Greeley, Hall, Hamilton, Howard, 

Jefferson, Kearney, Knox, Lancaster, Loup, Madison, Nance, Nemaha? 

Nuckolls, Otoe, Pawnee, Phelps, Platte, Polk, Redwillow, Richardson, 

Saline, Saunders, Scotts Bluff, Seward, Sherman, Stanton, Thayer, 

Washington, Wayne, Webster, and York.

Clay (fire). Occurs in Pennsylvanian ("Coal Measures") in southeastern 

part of State.

Clay (kaolin). Cherry County, Prince Creek.

Clay (pottery). Cass County, has been dug at Louisville. Jefferson County, 

coarse pottery clay at Endicott. Washington County and elsewhere in 

southeastern Nebraska.

Coal (bituminous). Cass, Johnson, and Otoe counties, Nuckolls bed 8 to 18 

inches thick, worked for local use. Nemaha County, working mine at 

Honey Creek, 4 miles south of Peru, in bed 33 inches thick. Otoe County, 

bed 15 inches thick in a boring at Nebraska City. Pawnee County, beds 

at Du Bois, Friezes Mill, and Turners Branch worked intermittently. 

Richardson County, has been mined at Rulo, and a bed 18 to 30 inches 

thick has been opened and worked for local use in southwest corner of 

county.

Coal (lignite). Dakota County, mined for local use near Homer. Dixon 

County, in bluffs near Ponca.
188 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEBRASKA.

Diatomaceous earth. Greeley County contains the best beds. Thomas County, 

deposit of several acres near Thedford. Wheeler County, number of 

beds on Cedar Creek.- Occurs in Blaine, Hooker, and other counties. 

Small quantity formerly sold for polishing powder.

Flint. Gage County, quarried and crushed for ballast at Blue Springs and 

Wymore.

Gold (placer). Occurs in sands of Platte Elver and in glacial drift; of no 

importance.

Halite. See Salt.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Limestone (building). Cass County, quarried at Cedar Creek, Louisville, and 

Meadow. Sarpy County, Nehawka and Weeping Water. Cheyenne 

County, Sidney. Gage County, Blue Springs, Holmesville, and Wymore. 

Greeley County, Scotia. Jefferson County, near Fairbury and Endicott. 

Johnson County, Elk Creek, Graf, and Tecumseh. Lancaster County, 

Roca. Nemaha County, Auburn, Brock, Glen Rock, and Johnson. Otoe 

County, Syracuse and Nebraska City. Pawnee County, Table Rock. 

Sarpy County, La Platte, Richfield, and Springfield.

Limestone (crushed stone). Cass County, quarried at Cedar Creek, Louisville, 

and elsewhere. Cheyenne County, Sidney. Gage County, Holfnesville, 

Rockford, and Wymore. Nemaha County, Auburn, Brock, and Johnson.

Limestone (flux). Cass County, quarried at Nehawka.

Lithographic stone. Otoe County, occurs near Syracuse, has not proved of 

commercial quality.

Ocher. Known in many places in northeastern counties on Platte River and 

along Republican River; was mined at Indianola, Redwillow County.

Peat. Widely distributed. On Loup River and its tributaries; on the Logan; 

along tributaries at headwaters of Elkhorn, Blue, and Stinking rivers; 

not utilized.

Pumice. Produced in Furnas County; Harlan County, Orleans; Holt County, 

Atkinson; Jefferson County, Endicott; Lincoln County, Ingharn; and in 

other counties; used as an abrasive.

Road metal. Cass County, gravel in Platte Valley and in glacial drifts, pits 

near Louisville. Gage County, large supply of flint, quarried in vicinity 

of Wymore and Blue Springs.

Salt (common). Previous to development of Kansas salt beds salt was made 

in considerable quantity in southeastern Nebraska from water of 

salt springs and deep wells. No longer produced, but artesian flow of 

salt water is used at Lincoln in sulphosaline baths.

Sand (building). Principal pits are at the following places: Antelope County, 

Oakville. Buffalo County, Ravenna, Kearney. Burt County, Tekameh. 

Cass County, Cedar Creek, Louisville. Cedar County, Hartington. Colfax County, Schuyler. Custer County, Ansley, Mason City, Sargent. 

Douglas County, Omaha, Valley. Dodge County, Fremont. Fillmore 

County, Geneva. Gage County, Beatrice. Hall County, Grand Island. 

Platte County, Lindsay. Polk County, Atkinson. Richardson County, 

Falls City, Salem. Sarpy County, Meadow. Saunders County, Ashland. 

Many small pits widely scattered through State. Dredges taking sand 

from lower Platte at Ashland, Cedar Creek, Louisville, Fremont, Meadow, 

Valley, and Oreapolis. Forty sand-shipping stations in State produced 

in one year 40,000 cars, equal to train over 300 miles long. Cass County 

is largest producer.

Sand (molding). Adams County, dug at Erickton.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES-^NEBEASKA. 189

Sand and gravel. Pits supplying local demand are widely distributed. Cass

County, large production from Cedar Creek. Jefferson County, dug 2

miles west of Fairbury; shipped for cement, plastering, etc., also dug

near Kesterson and elsewhere. 

Sandstone. Cass County, quarried at Louisville. Cherry County, occurs at

Valentine. Dawes County, Chadron. Greely County, Scotia. Nemaha

County, Brownville. Sarpy County, Springfield. 

Turquoise. Brown County, three stones, probably variety known as odontolite, have been found. 

Volcanic ash. Abundant throughout the central and western parts of the

State; quarried in Furnas, Harlan, and Lincoln counties.
190 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA.

NEVADA^

Alum (kalinite). Esmeralda County, prospected by roadside about 10 miles 

north of Silver Peak.

Alunite. Clark County, large deposit 32 miles southeast of Las Vegas. Esmeralda and Nye counties, abundant in volcanic rocks and with ores in 

Goldfield district. Mineral County, Bovard district, 17 miles south of 

Rawhide and 20 miles northeast of Thorne, as veins or tabular sheets, 

which have a maximum width of 2 feet, in volcanic rocks, at the Gold 

Pen mine, and in limestone in Valley View prospect, a mile south of the 

Gold Pen mine. Not utilized.

Anglesite (sulphate of lead). Clark County, mined with oxidized zinc ores 

at Goodsprings. Eureka County, important mineral in oxidized ores at 

Ruby Hill and in Eureka district, silver bearing.

Anhydrite. Clark County, Arden. Lyon County, Ludwig mine and Moundhouse.

Annabergite. Humboldt County, important constituent of ore at Lovelock 

nickel mine, Cottonwood Canyon, Pahute Range,.

Antimony. See Bindheimite, Goldfleldite, Jamesonite, Polybasite, Stibiconite, 

and Stibnite.

Argentite (silver glance). Churchill County, Fairview district, Nevada Hills, 

and other mines; .Wonder district, Nevada Wonder, Jack Pot, and other 

mines. Elko County, at Columbia. Humboldt County, at Rosebud, Rochester district. Lander County, at Cortez. Nye County, important silver 

mineral of Tonopah district. White Pine County, Cherry Creek district.

Arsenic. Humboldt County, massive native near Rochester, with traces of 

bismuth. Washoe County, native arsenic, in considerable quantity, occurs 

at a prospect a few miles south of Pyramid Lake. See also Arsenopyrite 

and Mimetite..

Arsenopyrite. Elko County, silver ore at Tuscarora. Eureka County, Ruby 

Hill, Eureka district. Humboldt County, with pyrite and quartz at Auld 

Lang Syne mine near Chafey. Washoe County, at Galena.

Asphalt. Eureka County, stringers and lenses up to 18 inches wide filling 

fractures in Carboniferous rocks 15 miles south of Palisade.

Axinite. Elko County, in the Contact district at the Brooklyn, Alice, Zetta, 

Blanchard, and other mines and prospects on the contact of granodiorite 

and limestone.

Azurite. Elko County, with silver ore in Mountain City. Esmeralda County, 

sparingly in Goldfield district, Montezuma and Cuprite mines. Eureka 

County, small quantity at Ruby Hill, Eureka district, and in Mineral 

Hill district. Humboldt County, small quantity in Red Butte copper 

district and Lovelocks cobalt-nickel mine in Co.ttonwood Canyon, Pahute 

Range. Lyon County, in Mason Valley mine, Yerington copper districtp. 

and other localities.

Barite. Clark County, Yellow Pine district, Boss, and other mines. Ormsby 

County, mined at Barium mine. Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, 

Lander, Mineral, and Nye counties, gangue mineral in many veins. Esmeralda County, abundant with ore in Sandstorm and Kendall mines, 

Goldfield district. Humboldt County, a common gangue mineral in 

Humboldt Range.

Basalt. Churchill County, abundant in Stillwater or Carson Sink Range 

southeast of Stillwater and Fallon; also in northern part of State, as 

near Jarbidge, in Elko County.

Bindheimite. Esmeralda County, 15 miles east of Thorne. Humboldt County, 

Rochester district, in Nenzel Hill and Packard ores.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA. 191

Bismite. Mineral County, near Candelaria.

Bismuth (native). Clark County, with bismutite near Sandy. Elko County, 

with oxidized minerals and scheelite near Ruby Valley post office. Mineral County, with bismite near Candelaria. White Pine County, 6 miles 

southeast of Joy post office in Ruby Mountain raining district, sec. 36, 

T. 24' N., R. 57 E., in Mayer's Gold King mine, 35 miles southeast of 

Union (switch) on the Eureka-Nevada Railway. See also Bismite, Bismuthinite, Bismutite, and Goldfieldite.

Bismuthinite. Esmeralda County, with rich gold ore at Goldfield.

Bismutite. Eurekai County, pebbles of fairly pure bismutite occur in gold 

placer workings 20 miles north of Carlin.

Borax. Deposits of the marsh type were formerly extensively worked in 

Churchill County, in Salt Wells Valley. Esmeralda County, at Teals, 

Rhodes, and Columbus marshes, and Fish Lake Valley. Borax was also 

made from hot spring waters in Churchill County, east of Wadsworth. 

Washoe County, at Gerlacn. See also Ulexite.

Bornite. Elko County, secondary ore in Tuscarora mines. Humboldt County, 

with chalcopyrite at Mazuma Hills mine, Seven Troughs district. Lander 

County, mined for gold and silver at Tenabo.

Bromine. See Bromyrite and Embolite.

Bromyrite. Elko County, silver ore in Mountain City, mined at Protection 

mine. Eureka County, Silver Hill and in quartz at Caribou Hill, Eureka 

district. Humboldt County, Rochester district.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Not mined as an ore of iron, but occurs abundantly in the oxidized portions of deposits worked for other metals and 

may carry gold and silver, as in the following districts: Esmeralda 

County, Cuprite and Goldfield districts, Old Camp, Gold Mountains 

district. Eureka County, carries free gold, principal component of Ruby 

Hill ores. Humboldt County, with argentite at Brown Palace mine, Rosebud district. Ljinder County, Mud Springs, 4 miles north of Lander. 

Lyon County, Mason Valley mine, Yerington district, also with hematite 

and magnetite near Dayton. Nye County, Bullfrog and Silverbow districts.

Calamine (zinc silicate). Clark County, mined with other zinc ores at Goodsprings. Eureka County, in fine crystals with limonite at Ruby Hill, 

Eureka district.

Caliche. Common in hot arid regions.

Carnotite. Lincoln County, on joints in gold ores in Atlanta mine.

Cement material. Carboniferous limestone outcrops in east third of State; 

suitable for Portland cement; not used. Ormsby County, large bodies of 

limestone in shale several miles east of Carson City; analyses show that 

suitable mixture would make good cement.

Cerargyrite (horn silver). Churchill County, Fairview district, Nevada Hills, 

and other mines, Wonder district and Still Water Range. Elko County, 

secondary mineral in Gold Circle district. Esmeralda County, abundant 

in quartz at Great Western mine, Hornsilver district; in oxidized ore 

near Diamondfield, Goldfield district. Humboldt County, Durango Girl 

mine, Rosebud district; Rochester district, principal mineral in Packard 

. and Nenzel Hill mines. Lincoln County, Atlanta district, Silver Park 

mine. Nye County, principal mineral of Bullfrog district, formerly mined 

at Montgomery-Shoshone mine; secondary mineral at Silverbow and Eden. 

White Pine County, Hamilton and Eberhardt.
192 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA.

Cerium. See Monazite.

Cerusite (carbonate of lead). Clark County, mined at Potosi and other niiues, 

Goodsprings district. Elko County, silver ore in Mountain City, mined at 

Protection mine. Esmeralda County, Redemption mine near Hornsilver; Lone Mountain mines, South Klondike, and Montezuma; mined 

for silver. Eureka County, Ruby Hill, Eureka district; worked for 

silver at Mineral Hill. Humboldt County, mined for silver at Fairmont and Beaconsfleld mines, Winnemucca district. Lander County, 

Mud Springs 4 miles north of Lander. White Pine County, has been 

mined in Ely (Robinson) district.

Chalcanthite. Lyon County, Bluestone mine, Yerington copper district. Formerly mined for use in amalgamating Comstock ores.

Chalcedony. Occurs in Esmeralda County, at Aurora. Mineral County, 2 

miles southeast of Redlich. Nye County, Gold Mountain district between 

Tonopah and Klondike. .

Chalcocite (copper glance). Elko County, important ore in Bullion district, 

Standing Elk principal mine. Esmeralda County, argentiferous in mines 

of Cuprite and Montezuma districts. Humboldt County, in a vein in 

gabbrq at Red Butte. Lander County, mined for gold in Tenabo district. 

Lyon County, Yerington mine, Yerington copper district in small quantity. Nye County, sparingly in Original Bullfrog mine in Bullfrog district, with free gold. Ormsby County,'at numerous localities, carries 

gold and silver. White Pine County, important ore in Ely district.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrite). Clark County, with platinum in Copper King 

district. Elko County, important gold and silver ore at Big Four, Columbia, Jack Pot, and other mines. Esmeralda County, mined at Montezuma, 

carries silver. Eureka County, important silver ore at Mineral Hill, and 

in small mines and prospects in Safford district. Humboldt County, 

Adelaide mine, Seven Troughs district. Lander County, principal silver 

ore at Cortez, Little Gem, Phoenix, and Gold Quartz mines. Lyon County, 

Bluestone and other mines in Yerington district. Nye County, Silverbow 

district; small quantity at Tonopah mine, Tonopah. White Pine County, 

Nevada consolidated, Cumberland, and other mines in Ely district.

Chrysocolla. Elko County, important ore in Bullion district, Standing Elk 

principal mine. Esmeralda County, occurs in various prospects, Oriental 

Wash district. Humboldt County, sparingly at Red Butte and Munroe 

Hill, Chafey district. Lyon County, in Ludwig mine, Yerington district. 

Nye County, Bullfrog district; carries gold; in veins at Oak Spring.

Cinnabar. Esmeralda County, near Black Butte, Goldfleld district, not mined. 

Eureka County, Lynn mining district. Humboldt County, near Fitting, 

in American Canyon, South American Canyon, and south of Rochester; 

also 35 miles northeast of Lovelocks, near Antelope Springs, Piute Range; 

in prospect on edge of Black Rock desert, few miles south of Red Butte; 

in Eldorado Canyon; in Winnemucca Mountain; and in gold ores at 

National, 65 miles southwest of Battle Mountain. Mineral County, Rand 

district, 18 miles south-southeast of Rawhide. Nye County, mined near 

lone and Bonita; prospected on Bear Mountain; in old Barcelona silver 

mine at Belmont. Washoe County, very small quantity taken years ago 

near western margin of sinter at Steamboat Springs.

Clay (brick). Esmeralda County, dug at Goldfleld. Lyon County, 1 mile west 

of Yerington. Washoe County, Reno.

Clay (fire). Ormsby County, deposit in Alumina mine, Delaware district, not 

used.
USEFUL MIETEEALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA. 193

Clay (kaolin).. Clark County, Muddy River valley, a few miles above St. 

Thomas (mined). Humboldt County, deposit under development 24 miles 

southeast of Lovelocks. Ormsby County, large deposit 4 miles from 

Carson.

Coal. Elko County, beds of shaly coal in Tertiary, Centennial Range, Bull 

Run Basin. Esmeralda County, extensive deposits of semibituminous 

coal in southern and western parts of county; between Silver Peak and 

Candelaria, four beds, 6 to 8 feet; 4 miles south of Coaldale, four beds.

Cobalt. See Erythrite.

Copper. Ores of copper are of chief importance in following districts: 

Churchill County, Whitecloud (Cpppereid). Clark County, Bunkerville 

(Copper King); Great Eastern, Logan (St. Thomas). Douglas County, 

Spruce Mountains, Wellington. Elko County, Contact, Dolly Varden, 

Elk Mountain. Humboldt County, Jackson Creek, Red Butte. Lander 

County, Kimberley (Hill Top). Lyon County, Yerington (Mason). Mineral-County, Sodaville (Pilot-Mountain). White Pine County, Ely 

(Robinson), near Hamilton. See Azurite, Bornlte, Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, Covellite, Cuprite, Enargite, Goldfieldite, 

Malachite, Stromeyerite, and Tetrahedrite.

Copper (native). Esmeralda County, reported in surface panning in Goldfleld 

district. Humboldt County, near Red Butte district. Lyon County, 

Nevada Douglas, Mason Valley, and Bluestone mines, Yerington district.

Corundum. Esmeralda County, reported from near Silver Peak.

Covellite. Humboldt County, occurs sparingly in Red Butte district. White 

Pine County, with copper ores of Ely (Robinson) district.

Cuprite. Elko County, important ore in Bullion district, Standing Elk principal mine. Humboldt County, occurs with covellite, Chrysocolla, and 

iron oxides at Red Butte; was mined in Bolivia district. Lyon County, 

Mason Valley mine, Yerington district.

Diatomaceous earth. Churchill County, 8 miles southeast of East Gate on 

Skull Creek; large deposit several miles in extent and locally 300 

feet in thickness. Esmeral'da County, forms lenticular beds in the Seibert 

formation near Goldfield, Crown Spring, and Millers. Humboldt County, 

Lovelocks. Storey County, mined at Chalk Hills ranch, 9 miles northeast of Virginia City, for polishing powder. Washoe County, occurs in 

great quantity on banks of Little Truckee River between Pyramid and 

Winnemucca lakes, and in a railroad cut 4 miles west of Reno^ also 

near Verdi. Reported also in Fossil Hills and along northeast edge of 

Kawich Hills. Common in other parts of State.

Electrum. Humboldt County, principal mineral at National, occurs also at 

Pole Canyon. Nye County, mined at Gibraltar mine, Bullfrog district.

Embolite. Churchill County, Wonder district, Nevada Wonder mine.

Enargite. Elko County, in Tuscarorai and Good Hope districts. Esmeralda 

County, Gold Bar and Victor mines, Goldfield district.

Erythrite (cobalt ore)'. Churchill County, rich mines in northeast part of 

county. Humboldt County, has been mined at Lovelock mine, Cottonv wood Canyon, Pahute Range.

Famatintte. Esmeralda County, with native gold in Goldfield mines.

Ferberite. Lincoln County, Panaca.

Freibergite. Elko County, silver ore in Good Hope district, was mined at 

Buckeye, Ohio, and other mines.

Galena. Clark County, Potosi and other mines in Goodsprings district, argentiferous. Elko County, has been mined for gold and silver at Big Four, 

27608° Bull. 624 17 13
194 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES NEVADA.

Columbia, and other mines in Aura (Columbia) district; in Dolly Varden, Ruby Valley, Spruce Mountains; Tecoma, and other districts. 

Esmeralda County, sparingly with rich gold ores at Goldfield, argentiferous ; at Redemption mine near Hornsilver, in Buena Vista, Hornsilver, 

Lida, Lone Mountains, Palmetto, and other districts. Eureka County, 

important silver ore at Cortez, Mineral Hill, Safford, and Schroeder districts; Eureka district, at Ruby Hill, Tiptop, Richmond, and other 

mines. Humboldt County, Pfluger mine, Humboldt Range, and in Adar, 

% Chafey, Pole Canyon, Seven Troughs, and other districts. Lander 

County, in Campbell, Cortez, Galena, Kimberley, and Reese River districts; worked for gold at Tenabo. Lincoln County, in Comet, Geyser, 

Highland Valley, Hiko, Jackrabbit, Lone Mountain, and Pioche districts. 

Lyon County, Pine Nut and Yerington districts. Washoe County, at 

Wedekind, and other mines 1 mile north of Sparks; formerly mined at 

Galena. White Pine County, Bunker Hill-Sullivan mine, Granite district, in Ward, Hunter, Hamilton, Ely, and Newark districts.

Garnet. Ruby Valley, some used for gems.

Gold (lode). Predominant in following districts: Churchill County, Bernice, 

Boyer, Eaglesville, Eastgate, Fairview, Jessup, Sunnyside, White Plains. 

Clark County, Crescent, Eldorado Canyon, Gold Butte, Lyons, Searchlight, Vincent. Douglas County, Gardnerville, Red Canyon. Elko 

County, Aura, Carlin, Centennial, Cornucopia, Cornwall Basin, Gold 

Circle (Widas), Good Hope, Jarbidge, Tuscarora, Van Dusen. Esmeralda County, Buena Vista, Cuprite, Dyer, Goldfield, Gold Mountains, 

Hornsilver, Lida,. Montezuma, Oriental Wash, Palmetto, Silver Peak, 

Southern Klondike, Windypah. Eureka County, Mill Canyon, Lynn. 

Humboldt County, Central, Disaster, Fitting, Gold Banks, Kennedy, 

National, Pole Canyon district, Rochester district, Lincoln Hill mines, 

Spring Creek, Rebel Creek, Seven Troughs, Vicksburg, Winnemucca. 

Lander County, Battle Mountain, Washington. Lincoln County, Chief, 

Eagle Valley, Ferguson, Freiberg. Lyon County, Ramsey, Silver City, 

Tallapoosa. Mineral County, Aurora,' Bovard, Granite, Pine Grove, 

Rawhide, Santa Fe, Silver Star. Nye County, Bare Mountain, Bellehelen, Benway, Berlin, Big Dune, Blakes Camp, Bullfrog, Cactus 

Spring, Cloverdale, Eden, Gold Bar, Gold 'Crater, Golden, Goldyke, Hannapah, Jefferson Canyon, Johnnie, Kawich, Manhattan, Millett, Monte 

Cristo, Oak Spring, Round Mountain, Silverbow, Stonewall Mountain, 

Wellington. Storey County, Comstock. Washoe County, Cottonwood, 

Deep Hole, Peavine, Sheepshead, White Horse. White Pine County, 

Black Horse, Gold Canyon, Osceola, Steptoe. Besides the districts 

named in which gold is the predominant metal produced, there are 

others, as Tonopah district, Nye County, in which there is a large 

annual production of gold. See also Electrum and Famatinite.

Gold (placer). In 1914 Humboldt (Spring Valley district), Lander, and Nye 

counties were chief producers. Smaller quantities were produced in 

Douglas, Esmeralda, Eureka (Lynn district), Mineral, Washoe, and 

White Pine counties. Value, $377,262.

Goldfieldite. Esmeralda County, with gold, marcasite, and farnatinite in Goldfield district.

Granite. Mineral County, Luning. Washoe County, Washoe and 5 miles west 

of Reno.

Graphite. Humboldt County, occurs in Sierra Mountains. Mineral County, 

Rand district, 15 miles north of Rand. Orrnsby County, mined 3 miles 

from Carson for making paint.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA. . 195

Gypsum. Best-known deposits are in Clark County, in Spring Mountains near 

Las Vegas, Arden. Esmeralda County, large bodies near Hawthorne. 

Humboldt County, near Lovelocks. Lyon County, Moundhouse, and an 

extensive bed at Luclwig mine, Yerington district. Two plaster mills at 

Moundhouse, one at Reno, and one at Arden.

Hematite. Clark County, low-grade oolitic near Las Vegas, not mined. Eureka 

County, mined at Borth, shipped. Humboldt County, mined near Lovelocks; reported 30 miles south (?) of Golconda. Lyon County, highgrade hematite abundant in surface outcrops 12 miles northeast and 2 

miles southwest of Dayton. Ormsby County, Bessemer mine.

Hiibnerite. Esmeralda County, occurs near State line west from Lida. Humboldt County, occurs 15 miles south of Golconda, in Gold Run district; 

in Sonoma Mountains in silver ores. Mineral County, in Columbus district, 18 miles southwest of Mina, with scheelite; in placer with some 

scheelite 3 miles south of Redlich and 3 miles north of Rock Hill, along 

Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad.; in North Canyon, 10 and 12 miles southsoutheast of Hawthorne,- with scheelite. Nye County, at Spanish Springs, 

7 miles southeast of Manhattan; occurs with gold ore at Tonopah; mined 

at Ellsworth; both lode and placer at and 3 miles east of Round Mountain, 15 miles southwest of Manhattan, and 30 miles north-northeast of 

Tonopah. White Pine Coianty, mined at Hub, on Mount Wheeler; prospected 12 miles southeast of Osceola, at Regan; Altaneda mine, Regan 

district, 35 miles northeast of Osceola.

Impsonite. Eureka County, T. 29 N., R. 52 E., near Evans.

In'fusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

lodyrite. Lincoln County, Charles Ross mine, near State Line, Utah. Mineral 

County, Penglaze mine at Rawhide.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, and Pyrite.

Jamesonite (antimonial lead ore). Esmeralda County, occurs 15 miles east 

of Thorne. Eureka County, in quartz at Hoosac mine, Eureka district; 

has been mined for silver. Huraboldt County, abundant at Sheba and 

De Soto mines in Star Canyon; has been mined for silver at Sheba mine.

Kalinite. See Alum.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead minerals. Lead is the principal metal produced in the following districts: Elko County, Ruby Valley, Spruce Mountains, and Tecoma. 

Eureka County, Cortez and Schroeder. Humboldt County, Cedar. 

Lincoln County, Comet and Highland Valley. Mineral County, Lucky 

Boy. . Washoe County, Leadville and Washoe (Galena). White Pine 

County, Hunter and White Pine, near Hamilton; occurs less abundantly 

in other districts. See also Anglesite, Cerusite, Galena, Jamesonite, 

Massicot, Mimetite, and Pyromorphite.

Limestone (building). Clark County, Sloan. Humboldt County, abundant 

good building stone near Lovelocks. Lyon County, Dayton, Wabusk.'i. 

Ormsby County, Carson City. Some of the abundant limestones of the 

eastern half of the State might yield good building stone.

Limestone (lime). Ormsby County, formerly quarried several miles southeast of Carson City. Limestone suitable for lime is common in eastern 

half of State; scattered occurrences in western half of State.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnesite. Clark County, Muddy River valley, a few miles above St. Thomas, 

a large, massive deposit.

Magnetite. Clark County, with platinum in Copper King district. Eureka 

County, near Palisade. Humboldt.County, in masses near Lovelocks; 

Pahute Range. Lyon County, with limonite and hematite near Dayton.
196 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA.

Malachite. Churchill County, Sunnyside district, Murphy mines. Elko County, 

prominent ore of Bullion district, Standing Elk mine, carries silver and 

gold. Esmeralda County, Cuprite, Goidfield, and Montezuma districts. 

Eureka County, in oxidized ore at Ruby Hill, Eureka district. Humboldt County, small quantities in Red Butte district; has been mined in 

Bolivia. Lyon County, Mason Valley mine, Yerington copper district. 

Mineral County, Rawhide district, Murphy mines; Laplatt mines. Nye 

County, Barway district; mined for gold at one mine in Bullfrog dis- 

 trict; Silverbow district; carries gold and silver. Ormsby County, 

with copper ores 9 miles east of Carson City; carries gold and silver. 

White Pine County, Cumberland, Ely, Nevada Consolidated, Giroux, and 

other mines.

Manganese minerals. See Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, and Wad.

Marble. Clark County, 14 miles north of Las Vegas. Elko County, La Neville 

Valley. Mineral County, Luning and Mina. Nye County, quarried at 

Carrara; occurs in Bullfrog district. White Pine County, abundant near 

Grandy.

Massicot. Esmeralcla County, Redemption mine 1£ miles south of Hornsilver.

Mercury. See Cinnabar.

Mica. Lincoln County, 2 miles east of Gold Butte, has been mined and shipped.

Mimetite. Eureka Countiy, in oxidized ore at Ruby Hill and in Eureka district.

Mineral paint. See Graphite and Ocher.

Molybdenite. Reported near head of Death Valley. Other localities are: Lyon 

County, in pegmatite in Yerington district. Mineral County, in quartz 

veins at Redlich. Nye County, prospected with powellite and scheelite at 

Oak Springs, 45 miles north of Johnnie Siding.

Molybdenum. See Molybdenite and Wulfenite.

Monazite. Ormsby County, occurs in black sands at Carson City.

Nickel. Clark County, occurs with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite in Copper 

King district, 16 miles south of Bunkerville. Churchill County, with 

silicates and sulphides in Cottonwood Canyon, 40 miles southeast of Lovelocks. See also Annabergite and Pyrrhotite.

Obsidian. Occurs in regions of Tertiary volcanic rocks, small quantities cut 

for gems.

Ocher. Humboldt County, replacement deposits in limestone near Golconda.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Opal. Lander County, prospected near Austin. Humboldt County, is being 

mined in .Virgin Valley, 25 miles southwest of Denio, Oreg.; some gems 

of exceptional color and fire have been obtained. Is prospected 20 miles 

south of Oregon and 40 miles east of California line. Nye County, reported in lone district, and as milky opal with cinnabar on Bare Mountain.

Palladium. Clark County, Bunkerville.

Petrified wood. See Wood.

Platinum. Clark County, prospects with copper and nickel in Copper King 

district, 16.miles south of Bunkerville; Yellow Pine mining district in 

Boss mine, with gold and palladium in a quartz lode cutting Carboniferous dolomite; it is particularly abundant in pockets of plumbojarosite; 

also at Oro Amigo mine.

Plumbojarosite. Clark County, pockets in Boss mine, Yellow Pine district.

Polybasite. Esmeralda County, in Florence mine near Goidfield. Lander 

County, in Cortez silver deposits. Nye County, Tonopah mine, Tonopah.

Potash. See Alunite and Kalinite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA. 197

Potash alum. See Alum.

Proustite. Churchill County, Fairview district, Nevada Hills, and other mines. 

Elko County, silver ore at Protection mine in Mountain City. Esmeralda 

County, possibly in ore of Florence mine near Goldfield. Humboldt 

County, Dreamland mine; Eosebud district, in mines of Packard camp 

and Nenzel Hill. Lincoln County, Rich Hill mine. Nye County, Silverbow.

Psilomelane. Mineral County, 1 mile west of Sodaville, on Blackjack group 

of claims. Warren County, large deposit at Happy Creek.

Pyrargyrite. Elko County, important silver ore in Humboldt 'mine at Columbia; also mined at National. Humboldt County, Rochester district, 

Nenzel Hill mines, Pole Canyon. Nye County, Tonopah district, Tuscar'ora mines, Austin at Lander Hill; important localities.

Pyrite. Common and widely distributed in many mining districts. A few 

places where it has been mined for gold or silver are the following: Elko 

County, mined foi* gold at Dexter, Tuscarora, and Columbia mines. 

Esmeralda County, mined for gold at Goldfield. Eureka County, carries 

gold at Ruby Hill in quartzite and unoxidized ore; important silver ore 

at Mineral Hill. Humboldt County, mined for silver at Sheba mine, Humboldt Range; also at Seven Troughs district and Chafey, Piute Range. 

Lander County, principal silver ore at Cortez; worked for gold at Tenabo. 

Lyon County, principal mineral at Yerington mine. Nye County, at 

Trappmans, Oak Spring, and elsewhere; carries gold "and silver: Ormsby 

County, Ozark mine, mined for sulphur and gold. White Pine County, 

small quantity in gold veins, Osceola district; important ore in Ely district, in Robinson, Cumberland, Ely, Nevada Consolidated, and Giroux 

mines.

Pyrolusite (manganese oxide). Humboldt County, small deposit near Golconda on Humboldt River. Warren County, large deposit at Happy 

Creek.

Pyromorphite. Elko County, surface mineral of Cornucopia mines at Tuscarora. Eureka County, mined for silver at Mineral Hill.

Pyrrhotite. Clark County, in peridotite dikes with platinum in Copper King 

district, probably nickeliferous.

Quartzite. Eureka County, Ruby Hill, has been used as siliceous flux.

Quicksilver. See Cinnabar.

Radium. See Carnotite.

Rhyolite. Churchill County, Fairview, Wonder. Esmeralda County, Goldfleld. 

Humboldt County, Rochester. Mineral County, Rawhide. Nye County, 

Tonopah.

Road metal. See Basalt, Granite, Limestone, Sand and gravel, Sandstone, 

and Tuff.

Salt. Churchill County, brine pumped at Leete and Parran. Clark County, 

extensive bed at St. Thomas, used locally. Esmeralda County, found in 

various places, shipped for table and dairy uses. Eureka County, deposit in north part of Diamond Valley, has been mined extensively. 

Washoe County, brine pumped at Sheepshead.

Sand (glass). Ormsby County, in quantity 4 miles from Carson.

Sand and gravel. Dug in Clark County, at Rox. Humboldt County, at Perth.

Sandstone. Humboldt County, has been quarried near Winnemucca. Ormsby 

County, formerly at State Prison, Carson City.

Scheelite. Clark County, 20 miles west of Roach. Elko County, with bismuth 

minerals in limestone 10 miles southwest of Ruby Valley post office. 

Esmeralda County, Columbus Marsh. Humboldt County, small grains
198 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA.

through limestone, mines 4 miles from Browns; prospected in 

Paradise Mountains in New Goldfield district, at Browns and Rebel 

Creek; 15 miles north of Golconda, in Hot Springs Range; 10 miles 

north of Jessup; and 22 miles southwest of Lovelocks. Mineral County, 

near and 10 miles west of Sodaville in Gold Range district, on Silver 

Pike, Alma J., and Wild Rose groups, all in a large quartz " dike; " 

in North Canyon, 10 and 12 miles south-southeast of Hawthorne, with 

hubnerite. Nye County, first discovery prospect with hiibnerite at Ellsworth, with powellite near Oak Springs. Washoe County, near Reno, on 

Peavine Mountain near top. White Pine County, mined on east side of 

Snake Range, at Regan camp; small flakes with hiibnerite at Hub; Camp 

Bonita, near Baker post office, on Snake Creek and 2 or 3 miles farther 

up the creek; at Osceola in old gold-silver mines and 6 and 12 miles 

south of Osceola; 25 miles south of Osceola at Scheelite; 10 miles north 

of Osceola at Sacramento Pass in old gold mines in quartz veins cutting 

limestone and in fractures in the limestone; Cherry Creek, 40 miles 

north of Ely; and Shoshone, in gold quartz veins.

Shale. Eureka County, has been quarried at New York Canyon, Eureka, for 

furnace brick.

Shale (oil). Elko County, Green River (Eocene) shale at Elko is rich in oil. 

White Pine County, near Hamilton, an area of more than 6 square miles 

is probably underlain by Green River shale.

Silver. Predominant metal in .following districts: Churchill County, Alpine, 

I X L, .Fairview, Terrell, West Gate, Wonder; Elko County, Bullion 

(Railroad). Esmeralda County, Lone Mountain. Eureka County, Eureka, 

Mineral Hill, Safford. Humboldt County, Humboldt, Lovelocks, Rochester, 

Rosebud, Star. Lander County, Bullion, Campbell, Cortez, Dean, Galena, 

Reese River (Austin), Skookum. Lincoln County, Bristol, Geyser, Hiko, 

Jackrabbit, Lone Mountain, Patterson, Pioche. Mineral County, Columbus 

(Canclelaria), Rawhide. Nye County, Belmont, Benway, Lodi Valley, 

Reveille, Tonopah, Trappmans, Tybo. Washoe County, Wedekind. 

White Pine County, Aurum (Silver Canyon), Newark, Ward near Hamilton. Of less importance in ores of many other districts. For silver 

ore minerals see Argejitite, Bromyrite, Cerargyrite, Electrum, Embolite, 

Freibergite, lodyrite, Polybasite, Proustite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, 

Stetefeldite, and Stromeyerite.

Smithsonite (carbonate of zinc). Clark County, principal mineral of Goodsprings district, Potosi Rover, Monte Cristo, and other mines; mined and 

shipped. Eureka County, in oxidized ore at Ruby Hill and in Diamond 

mine, Eureka district.

Soda. Esmeralda County, near Hawthorne.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Elko County, important silver ore at Columbia, has 

been mined. Esmeralda County, sparingly in principal mines of Goldfield district. Eureka County, important silver ore at Mineral Hill. 

Humboldt County, Pfluger mine, Humboldt Range, and Chafey mine, 

Piute Range, Adelaide mine, Sonoma Range. Lander County, principal 

silver ore at Cortez, also worked for gold at Tenabo. Nye County, small 

quantity in Tonopah mine and Oak Spring. Washoe County, Wedekind 

district, north of Sparks; formerly mined at Galena.

Stephanite. Churchill County, Fairview district, Nevada Hills mine. Elko 

County, silver ore mined at Protection mine in Mountain City. Humboldt County, Seven Troughs district. Lander County, in Cortez silver 

deposits. Lincoln County, Rich Hill mine, Eldorado Canyon. Nye 

County, Tonopah mine, Silverbow.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEVADA. 199

Stetefeldite. Esrneralda County, original sulphide ore of veins in Southern 

Klondike district, silver bearing; reported in other silver-producing, 

districts.

Stibiconite. Humboldt County, Eosebud, Juniper Mountain.

Stibnite. Churchill County, Barnes district, at Boyer and in Bernice district. 

Elko County, has been mined for silver at Columbia; also mined at Goodhope and 45 miles north of Elko in Burns Basin. Eureka County, mined 

for silver in Stafford district. Humboldt County, Antelope Springs mine, 

Winnemucca, Red Butte; deposits have been worked in Trinity Range, in 

Star Canyon, in Bloody Canyon 2 miles south of Star Canyon, in Jackson 

Canyon, 1 mile north of Unionville, Juniper Mountain, Rosebud district, 

and in Seven Troughs district. Lander County, has been mined in 

Battle Mountain district, 6 and 10 miles south of railroad, and in Big 

Creek Canyon in Toyabe Range 12 miles south of Austin., Mineral 

County, Aurora. Nye County, Hot Creek district, good prospect 16 

miles west of Manhattan in the Toyabe Mountains and 45 miles north of 

Tonopah, the nearest railroad station; from stringers and veins a foot iu 

maximum width pieces of pure stibnite weighing about 75 pounds each 

are taken out.

Stromeyerite. Lander County, in Cortez silver deposits.

Sulphur. Esmeraldai County, large deposits near Luning and Cuprite, prospected with alum 10 miles north of Silver Peak. Humboldt County, extensively mined formerly at Rabbit Hole, 5 miles northeast of Rosebud. 

Lyon County, small quantity native sulphur in quartz at Mountain View 

mine, Yerington district. Washoe County, large deposit north of Pyramid 

Lake.

Tetrahedrite. Elko County, important silver ore at Columbia. Esmeralda 

County, with gold in Combination mine, Goldfield. Eureka County, 

Mineral Hill, argentiferous, and Safford district. Humboldt County, occurs in most of silver-gold deposits of Humboldt and Piute ranges. Lander County, mined at Pfluger mine, Humboldt Range; secondary, ore at 

Cortez silver deposits.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Travertine. See Tufa.

Trona (carbonate of soda). Abundant in Churchill and Mineral counties.

Tufa. Washoe County, lake tufa abundant at Pyramid Lake; probably useful for lime and cement only (not used). Elko County, Contact. Also in 

other counties.

Tuff. Mineral County, used at Rawhide and elsewhere.

Tung-sten minerals. See Hiibnerite, Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Turquoise. Clark County, has been mined and prospected around Crescent 

Peak, near Crescent; reported at Searchlight. Esmeralda County, has 

been mined and 'prospected at Royal Blue mine, Crow Springs, and in 

Monte Cristo Mountains north and northwest of Millers, near Klondike 

Wells, 9 miles northeast of Blair Junction, near Candelaria, and 4 miles 

northeast of Coaldale. Lyon County, 1$ and also 7 miles northwest of 

Yerington. Mineral County, 3$ miles south of Redlich; 8 miles southwest 

and 12 miles northeast of Sodaville; Rand district, 17 miles south of 

Rawhide and 15 miles east of Rand.

Ulexite (borate of lime). See Borax.

Uranium. Lincoln County, occurs with Vanadium in an unidentified mineral 

resembling carnotite, 50 miles north of Pioche.

Vanadinite. Clark County, with wulfenite, 4 miles east of Crescent.
200 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES NEVADA. l

Vanadium. See Carnotite and Vanadinite. !

 Variscite. Esmeralda County, mined and prospected 8 miles south of Red- ^ 

lich or 2 miles northwest of Columbus, 4 miles northeast of Coaldale, and \ 

9 miles north of Blair Junction. . Mineral County, 8 miles southwest of ' 

Sodaville. Nye County, near Manhattan, in fissure veins in metamorphosed slate, associated with vashegyite.

Vashegyite. Nye County, near Manhattan, in fissure veins in metamorphosed 

slate, associated with variscite.

Volcanic ash. Elko County, Contact. Esmeralda County, near Tonopah, Nye 

County. Ormsby County, unlimited quantity 5$ miles east of Carson City 

on Carson River, and at Merrimac. Washoe County, 1 mile north and 2 

miles southwest of Reno.

Wad. Churchill County, Terrell district. Eureka County, Phoenix mine and 

elsewhere in Eureka district. Humboldt County, small undeveloped deposit 2 miles east of Golconda. Nye County, common in some veins of 

Bullfrog district, mined for precious metals.

Wolframite. Humboldt County, 20 miles west of Roach; with silver ore in Gold 

Run district, Sonoma Mountains, 15 miles south of Golconda; tungsten ore 

reported near Eagle Rock, 16 miles west of Seven Troughs. Lincoln 

County, jn quartz veins with gold, silver, and copper, 12 miles southwest 

of Pioche.

Wood (silicified). Mineral County, 3 miles north of Rawhide.

Wulfenite. Clark County, with vanadinite, 4 miles east of Crescent. Elko 

County, Dolly VardQn district, fine red. Eureka County, through oxidized ore at Ruby Hill and in Eureka district; very fine specimens have 

come from the Eureka district,

Wurtzite. Esmeralda County, Goldfield district, on the Mushett leas§ of Miss 

Jessie claim. 

Zinc. See Calamine, Smithsonite, Sphalerite, and Wurtzite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW HAMPSHIRE. 201 

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Almandite. Bee Garnet.

Aquamarine. See Beryl.

Arsenopyrite (arsenical pyrite, mispickel). Belknap County, occurs at Alton. 

Carroll County, with cassiterite at Jackson. Grafton County, at Groton, 

Haverhill, Lebanon, Lyman, and elsewhere. Hillsborough County, at 

Francestown and Weare, not mined.

Beryl. Common in pegmatite ledges of Cheshire, Grafton, Merrimack, and 

Sullivan counties. Cheshire County, large crystals found in Nim's mica 

mine, town of Sullivan; both gem aquamarine and golden beryl have 

been mined at Island mica mine in town of Alstead; gem and specimen 

beryl found in town of Roxbury. Grafton County, large crystals found 

at Standard mica mine near Orange; at De Mott mine, Kilton mine, and 

Alger Hill mine near Grafton Center; Horse Hill near Grafton; Whicher 

& Pillsbury mine in town of Wentworth; and at New Haven mica mine, 

town of Alexandria; gem aquamarine and golden beryl have been mined 

at Reynolds mine on Sanders Hill and at Playter mine in Springfield 

Mountains,- south .of Grafton. Merrimack. County, plentiful on Stuart 

Hill, 2 miles west of Danbury. Sullivan County, crystals measuring 1 

inch to 2 feet in diameter found at Beryl Mountain near South Acworth.

Bornite. Carroll County, with chalcopyrite and cassiterite at Jackson. Coos 

County, with copper and zinc ores at Shelburne and at Milan, nained at 

latter place. Grafton County, with chalcopyrite in White Mountain mine 

at Littleton, was formerly mined.

Brown iron ore. See Limonite.

Cassiterite. Carroll County, at Jackson, mined in small way in 1843 and 1864.

Cement materials (Portland), limestones of satisfactory composition could 

probably be found, but difficulties with regard to fuel and market prevent 

development of cement industry.

Cludcocite (copper glance). Coos County, mined near Milan, with galena; 

carries gold and silver.

Chalcopyrite. Carroll County, has been mined with lead-silver ore near 

Ossipee. Coos County, near Gorham and Milan. Grafton County, at 

Warren and in mines at Bath, Monroe, Lyman, and Littleton (Gardners 

Mountain). Merrimack County, at Silverdale mine, near Pittsfield. 

Sullivan County, at Croydon and Unity.

Clay (brick). Brickyards are usually operating at the following places: 

Belknap County, The Weirs. Cheshire County, Keene. Coos County, 

Lancaster. Grafton County, Bath, Lebanon, and Plymouth. Merrimack 

County, Concord, and Hookset. Rockingham County, Bpping, Kingston, 

Exeter, North Epping, and Plaistow. Strafford County, Dover, Dover 

Point, East Barrington, Farmington, Gonic, and Rochester.

Clay (pottery). Cheshire County, one pottery is operating at Keene".

Copper minerals. See Bornite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, and Malachite.

Diatomaceous earth. In large quantities in northern part of State: Belknap 

County, small deposit at Laconia. Carroll County, Bemis Lake, Stamp 

Act Island, Tanworth, and Wolfborough. Cheshire County, Fitzwilliam. 

Coos County, Lake Umbagog and Stark. Grafton County, small deposits 

at Livermore and Littleton were formerly used; none is now mined on 

a commercial scale.

Essonite. Grafton County, found at Warren.

Feldspar. Grafton County, mined near Grafton Center.
202 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Flagstone. Slates and schists quarried for local use at localities in the Connecticut Valley.

Fluorspar. Cheshire County, mined near Westmoreland.

Galena. Carroll County, has been mined near Ossipee and Madison. Coos 

County, near Shelburne, Gorham, and Milan. Grafton County, at Warren' 

and Woodstock, and with copper ore at mines of Gardner Mountain. 

Merrimack County, at Loudon and at the Silverdale mine, Pittsfield.

Garnet. Merrimack County, deposit worked at North Wilmot for abrasive 

material. See also Essonite.

Gold. Cods County, minute quantities in alluvial sands, headwater of Indian 

Creek. Grafton County, free gold formerly mined in upper levels of 

Dodge mine near Lyman and at Bath; occurs in small quantity in quartzose conglomerate rock at Lisbon, Landaff, Lyman, and North Haverhill.

Granite. Quarried at the following places: Carroll County, Con way (3 quarries), Madison, and Bedstone. Cheshire County, Fitzwilliam Township 

(four quarries), Marlboro, and Troy, formerly at Roxbury and Swanzey. 

Coos County, Groveton, Kilkenny, > Shelburne, and Stark, formerly at 

Columbia. Grafton County, Benton, Canaan, Grafton, Hanover, Haverhill, Lebanon, and Warren. Hillsborough County, Amherst, Brooklihe 

(two quarries) and South Brookline, Manchester (two quarries), Milford 

(four quarries) and East Milford, and Nashua, formerly at Pelham and 

Mason. Merrimack County, Allenstown, Concord (nine quarries), Hookset, and Mount Sunapee. Rockingham County, Auburn, formerly at 

Salem and Portsmouth. Strafford County, Dover, Durham (two quarries), and Rochester, formerly at Farmington. Sullivan County, Sunapee 

(three quarries).

Graphite. Formerly mined in Cheshire County, at Nelson. Merrimack County, 

at Potter Place. Sullivan County, at Goshen.

Iron. See Limonite, Magnetite, Pyrite, and Pyrrhotite.

Lead. See Galena.

Limestone (lime). Grafton County, was burned at Haverhill, Lisbon, and 

Littleton.

Limonite. Sinall deposits in different parts of the State, not mined.

Magnetite. Formerly mined at Carroll County, Bartlett. Cheshire County, 

Winchester. Grafton County, Franconia, Piermont.

Malachite. Grafton County, occurs at Franconja, Hanover, Littleton, and 

Orford, with copper ores.

Marl. Coos County, Lime Pond, Columbia. Hillsborough County, Hollis, not 

used.

Mica (chiefly muscovite). Belknap County, has been mined at New Hampton.

Cheshire County, mined intermittently (some large mines) near East

. Alstead, Gilsum, Sullivan, Keene, and Marboro. Coos County, has been

mined at West Milan. Grafton County, mined intermittently (some

large mines) near West Rumney, North Groton, on Tugg Hill near

Canaan and Orange, near Grafton, Grafton Center, and Alexandria.

0 Merrimack County, was mined near Wilmot. Sullivan County, has been

mined near Springfield, Acworth, and Claremont.

Muscovite. See Mica.

Ocher. Numerous small deposits of ocherous bog iron ore, not mined.

Peat. Numerous localities, especially in northern part of State. A bog in 

Rochester, Strafford County, was worked during the Civil War for 

manufacture of fuel.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW HAMPSHIRE. 203

Pyrite. Coos County, mined with copper ores of Milan; formerly mined with 

lead-silver ore near Shelburne. Grafton County, mined for manufacture 

of sulphuric acid at Lyman. Merrimack County, has been mined with 

galena at Silverdale mine, Pittsfleld. Sullivan County, cupriferous pyrite 

has been mined at Croydon and Unity.

Pyrrhotite. Grafton County, formerly mined with copper ores of Bath, Monroe, Littleton, and Lyman. Sullivan County, known at Croydon and 

Unity, not mined.

Quartz. Hillsborough County, formerly quarried at Lyudeborough for glass 

making.

Road metal. See Granite and Sand and gravel.

Sand and gravel. Dug at several places for road material.

Silver. Coos County, has been produced as by-product from pyrite ores at 

Milan mine, West Milan.

Slate. Grafton County, formerly quarried at Hanover, Lebanon, and Littleton. Sullivan County, Croydon Mountain, Cornish.

Soapstone. Cheshire County, occurs but not now quarried at Eichniond and 

Keehe. Coos County, Lancaster. . Grafton County, slaty character at 

Orford, large bed at Haverhill. Hillsborough County, Francestown and 

Weare. Merrimack County, Canterbury and Warner.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Carroll County, formerly mined with silver-lead ores 

at Madison. Coos County, mined at Warren mine, and Milan mine 

(rare), Milan; formerly mined near Shelburne and near Gorham. Grafton County, formerly mined at Woodstock and Warren, and with copper 

ores of Gardner Mountain.

Syenite. Carroll County, Red Hill, east of Squam Lake.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Topaz. Carroll County, Baldface Mountain, near North Chatham; specimens 

collected intermittently by prospectors.

Tungsten. See Wolframite.

Whetstone. Grafton County, mica schists or fine-grained micaceous sandstone quarried at Haverhill, Lisbon, Littleton, Pierrnont, and Pike/

Wolframite. Carroll County, small quantities in cassiterite veins at Jackson, 

not mined.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
204 USEFUL MINERALS OF*UNITED STATES NEW JERSEY.

NEW JERSEY.

Agate. Hudson County, has been found at Hoboken. Somerset County, Boundbrook and Liberty Corner.

Amethyst. Hudson County, occurs in small quantity in Weehawken tunnel. 

Passaic County, at Little Falls. Somerset County, in geodes at Lyons 

station. Sussex County, at Franklin Furnace.'

Apatite. Morris County, large quantity mixed with magnetite at Ferromonte, 

near Dover; also found at Hurdtown, Mount Pleasant, and Hibernia 

mines.

Azurite. See Copper minerals.

Braunite. Hunterdon County, occurs near Clinton, in small deposits.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Many old limonite mines were formerly worked: 

Cumberland County, Shiloh. Hunterdon County, Califon and Bird mines. 

Morris County, German Valley, Denmark mine, Copper and Chester mines, 

Hacklebarney. Sussex County, Andover mine, Edsall mine near Hamburg, Pochuck mine near McAfee. Warren County, Beatyestown, Marble 

Mountain, Fittz, and Shoemaker mines.

Brucite. At Hoboken, in serpentine.

Cement material (Portland). Three large producing plants, the Alpha, the 

Vulcanite, and the Edison in Warren County. Extensive deposits of 

limestone of suitable quality in several counties.

Chalcocite. Hudson County, occurs in Schuyler mine. Hunterdon County, 

Neshanic mine. Middlesex County, mines near New Brunswick. Somerset County, has been mined at American Copper mine, Somerville. 

Warren County, has been mined at Pahaquarry mine.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Occurs" in Hudson County, Arlington mine. 

Hunterdon County, Flemington mine. Middlesex County, mines near 

New Brunswick. Somerset County, Griggstown and Somerville mines.

Chrysocolla. See Copper minerals.

'Clay (ball). Burlington County, reported at Florence. Middlesex County, 

at Sayreville, South Amboy, and Woodbridge, -and reported at Perth 

Amboy.

Clay (brick). Dug in Atlantic County, at Bakersville, Mays Landing, and Egg 

Harbor. Bergen County, Hackensack, Carlstadt, and Little Ferry. 

Burlington County, Crosswicks Creek at Crosswicks, and near Bordentown and Kinkora. Camden County, Collingswood and Delair. Cape 

May County, Belle Plain. Cumberland County, Bridgeton, Clayville, 

and Rosenhayn. Gloucester County, Woodbury. Hudson County, Homestead. Hunterdon County, Flemington. Mercer County, Trenton. Middlesex County, Woodbridge, South River, and elsewhere. Monmouth 

County, Cliffwood, Keyport, Lorillard, Matawan Creek, and West As- 

'bury. Morris County, Logansville, Morristown, and Whippany. Ocean 

County, Herbertsville and Toms River. Passaic County, Little Falls, 

Mountainview, and Singac. Salem County, Penton station and Yorktown. Somerset County, east of Rocky Hill and at Somerville. Sussex 

County, small quantity dug at Newton. Union County, Berkeley Heights 

and Plainfield. Warren County, Brass Castle and Phillipsburg.

Clay (fire). Dug in Burlington County, at Bridgeboro, Florence, and Rancocas. Camden County, Morris station and near West Palmyra. Cumberland County. Gloucester County, Bridgeport and Billingsport. Mercer County, Mercer station and Dogtown. Middlesex County, Perth Amboy, Woodbridge, Milltown, South Amboy, and elsewhere. Ocean County, 

Waretown, Davenport. Warren County, Port Murray.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW JERSEY. 205

Clay (pipe). Middlesex County, dug at Burfc Creek.

Clay (pottery). Dug in Cainden County, at Delair and Haddonfleld. Essex 

County, Newark. Mercer County. Monmouth County, Matawan. Morris County, Logansport. Union County, in vicinity of Linden.

Clay (slip). Middlesex County, Sayreville, South Amboy, and Woodbridge.

Copper minerals. Aznrite, chrysocolla, cuprite, and native copper occur wherever copper has been mined in the State, but in very small quantity. 

Notably in Hudson County at the Schuyler and Arlington mines, which 

are well-known occurrences of native copper in sandstone. Middlesex 

County, mines near New Brunswick. Somerset County, at American 

Copper and Bridgewater mines at Somerville, at Franklin copper mine 

near Georgetown, and at Rocky Hill; at the Copperfield mines. See also 

Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, and Malachite.

Cuprite. See Copper minerals.

Diabase. See Road metal.

Diatomaceous earth, (infusorial earth, tripolite). Morris County, Drakeville. 

Sussex County, small quantities formerly used for manufacture of 

giant powder, near Andover. Not now mined.

Flagstone. Formerly quarried in Mercer County, at Woodsville. Sussex 

County, Bearfort Mountain, Flagstone Hill, and Quarryville.

Fluorspar. Sussex County, occurs in minor quantity throughout the zinc ore 

at Franklin Furnace.

Franklinite. Sussex County, most abundant ore mineral at Franklin Furnace 

and Sterling Hill, mined chiefly for zinc oxide.

Gabbro. See Road metal.

Garnet. Morris County, abundant at Nolands Point, Lake Hopatcong; also at 

Ironia. Passaic County, Hope mine, Ringwood. Warren County, Cummings iron mine.

Glauconite. See Marl.

Gneiss (crushed stone). Morris County, quarried at Montville, 2 miles northeast of Boonton, and at Morristown. Passaic County, near Pompton, 

and at Haskell.

Granite (crushed stone). Morris County, quarried at Boonton, near Dover, 

German Valley, Hibernia, Morristown, and near Stanhope, Mount Arlington, and elsewhere. Passaic County, near Pompton, Haskell, and Charlotteburg. Sussex County, near Waterloo and Cranberry Lake.

Graphite. Hunterdon County, occurs at Califon and High Bridge. Morris 

County, occurs at Mendham and Morristown, has been mined at Bloomingdale. Passaic County, numerous places in Wanaque Valley. Somerset 

County, Pottersville and Peacock. Sussex County, Franklin and elsewhere.

Hematite (red iron ore). Sussex County, was formerly mined in Simpon and 

Cedar Hill mines near McAfee; Warren County, small quantity mined 

at Marble Mountain.

Hetserolite. Sussex County, Franklin Furnace.

Ilmenite. Morris County, occurs in Dell and Fichtor mines.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, and Magnetite.

Limestone (building). Hunterdon County, small quantities quarried at Clinton and Holland. Somerset County, Gladstone. Sussex County, Andover, Franklin, Newton, Ogdensburg, Sparta Junction, and Sussex. 

Warren County, Belvidere, Blairstown, Carpenterville, Changewater, 

Hackettstown, and Phillipsburg.
206 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW JERSEY.

Limestone (crushed stone). Hun terdon-County, quarried at Clinton, Calif on, 

and Vernoy. Sussex County, Ogdensburg. Warren County, Finesville.

Limestone (flux). Hun terdon County, quarried at Annandale, Clinton, Califon, and elsewhere. Sussex County, at Franklin, Hamburg, McAfee, 

Ogdensburg, and elsewhere. Warren County, Bloomsburg, Carpentersville, 

Murry, and elsewhere.

Limestone (lime). Hunterdon, Somerset, Sussex, Warren, and other counties.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore. , Magnesite (carbonate of magnesia). Hudson County, occurs near Hoboken, 

with serpentine.

Magnesium. See Brucite.

Magnetite (magnetic iron oxide). Following is a list of mines formerly operated in Sussex County: Andover group, 4 miles .south of Newton; Ford 

group, 3£ miles southeast of Sparta; Ogden group, at Edison; Sherman 

group, 1 mile southeast of Sparta; Sickles mine, 3 miles south of Sparta; 

Franklin Furnace, group extending southwest from the zinc mines at 

Franklin Furnace. Morris County, has been mined at Mount Hope, 

Richard, Hoff, Hurd, and Hibernia mines, at Rockaway Valley mines 

near Taylorville, near Splitrock Pond, Montville, and Riverdale. Passaic 

County, at Ringwood mines. Sussex County, Stanhope and Ahles mines. 

Warren County, Oxford Furnace mine.

Malachite (green copper carbonate). Essex County, occurs in sandstone at 

Belleville and Bloomfield; has been mined at Belleville. Hudson County, 

occurs at East Belleville. Somerset County, has been mined at Somerville. Union County, occurs in Triassic sandstone at Chimney Rock, near 

Plainfield. Warren County, has been mined at Pahaquarry.

Manganese. Sussex County, Franklin Furnace, in franklinite (zinc-iron-manganese oxide). The zinc residues from these ores furnish next to the 

largest quantity of the manganese produced in the United States. See also 

Braunite and Tephroite.

Marble. Sussex County, small quantity formerly quarried near Andover and 

Roseville. Warren County, formerly quarried near Upper Harmony, 

Marble Mountain, and Jenny Jump Mountain near Danville.

Marl. Small quantities of greensand marls dug from Raritan Bay across Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Camden, Gloucester, and Salem counties to 

Delaware River; -recently dug in quantity at Sewell, Gloucester County. 

Calcareous marls at Shiloh, Cumberland County, dug for local use.

Menaccanite. See Ilmenite.

Mineral paint. Zinc oxide is produced in large amount from the ores from 

the Franklin Furnace and Ogdensburg zinc mines. See also Ocher and 

Shale.

Molybdenite. Sussex County, occurs in Hude, Stanhope, and Ogden mines.

Ocher. Camden County, occurs at Camden. Middlesex County, Lincoln. Warren County, mined recently near Phillipsburg. See also Mineral Paint 

and Shale.

Peat. Beds of peat in many swamps. Morris County, was made into briquets 

near Lincoln Park in 1904-5. Plant for manufacturing peat into fertilizer 

and fertilizer filler at Great Meadows, Warren County, and near Hackettstown. Peat is dug on a considerable scale for fertilizer in a number of 

other localities. Peat moss is shipped on some scale from Barnegat, Ocean 

County, and used by florists and in artificial stock foods.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW JEESEY. 207

Pyrite. Morris County, occurs in Old Copperas, Hibernia, and Hurdtown 

mines. Sussex County, with magnetite near Vernon, Waterloo. Warren 

County, Jenny Jump Mountain, Marble Mountain, Washington, Swaze, 

and other mines.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrites). Morris County, occurs in Hurdtown mine. 

Sussex County, Longcore's mine.

Road metal. Baltimore gneiss quarried at Holland. Mica gneiss quarried near 

Byberry, Ford, Montville, Morristown, and Pompton. Diabase or trap 

rock quarried at Brookville, Lambertville, Marshalls Corners, Milburn, 

Moore, Mount Rose, Paterson, Plainfield, Springfield, Upper Montclair, 

and formerly along Palisades. Gabbro quarried extensively at Wayne. 

See also Granite, Limestone, and Trap rock.

Sand (building). Dug in Bergen County, at Hackensack and Wortendyke. 

Burlington County, Bordentown, Burlington, Florence, Palmyra, and elsewhere. Camden County, Morris station, Grenloch, and Wilton. . Cumberland County, Millville. Essex County, South Orange. Gloucester 

County, Swedesboro. Middlesex County, Monmouth Junction, Metuchen, 

Sayreville, and Woodbridge. Morris County, Succasunna, Orelancl, 

Ironia, and Montville. Passaic County, Hawthorne and Oak Ridge. 

Sussex County, Stanhope. Warren County, Phillipsburg. Also in small 

quantity at many other points.

Sand (fire). Middlesex County, fire sand and underlying Woodbridge fire clay 

dug at number of points for manufacturing fire brick. Dug also at Burlington, Bridgeton, and'Millville.

Sand (filter). Atlantic County, dug at Absecon. Burlington County, dug extensively at Birmingham. Cape May County, .large output from Cape 

May.

Sand (glass). Camden County, dug at Penbryn and Wilton. Cumberland 

County, Cedarville, Millville, and South Vineland. Gloucester County, 

Williamstown. Middlesex County, Jamesburg.

'Sand (molding). Dug in Burlington County, at Bordentown, Brown Mills, 

Burlington, Lumberton, Palmyra, and elsewhere. Camden County, Blenheim, Grenloch, and Morris station. Cape May County, Belle Plain. 

Cumberland County, Millville and Cedarville. Gloucester County, 

Downer, Radix, and elsewhere. Middlesex County, Perth Amboy, South 

Amboy, and elsewhere. Morris County, Flanders. Passaic County, 

Little Falls. Sussex County, Stanhope. Warren County, Phillipsburg, 

and Great Meadows.

Sandstone. Quarries, many abandoned: Bergen County, Closter and Ridgefield. Essex County, Pleasantdale and West Orange. Hudson County, 

North Arlington. Hunterdon County, Byram, Raven Rock, and Stockton. 

Mercer County, Lawrenceville, Princeton, Trenton, and Wilburta. Passaic County, Passaic and Paterson. Somerset County, Kingston, Martinsville, and Watchung. Sussex County, Quarryville. Warren County, 

Belvidere.

Sandstone (brownstone). Quarries, many closed: Essex County, Pleasantdale. Hudson County, North Arlington. Passaic County^ below Great 

. Falls on east side of Passaic River, Paterson, and.near Passaic. Somerset County, near Kingston.

Sandstone (conglomerate, pudding stone). Morris County, quarried at Green 

Pond. Passaic County, Bearport and Kanouse mountains, attractive 

building stone.
208 USEFUL MINEKALS OF UNITED STATES NEW JERSEY.

Serpentine. Hudson County, projects out into Hudson at Stevens Point, and 

formerly quarried for local use. Morris County, scattered through limestone at Montville. Warren County, quarried at Phillipsburg, for decorative use and sold as " verde antique marble."

Shale (paint). Somerset County, has been worked at Bound Brook.

Slate (roofing). Sussex County, quarried at Newton and Lafayette. Warren 

County, Port Murry, formerly quarried at Delaware Water Gap, and 

elsewhere.

Talc and soapstone. Sussex County, occur at Sparta, Lockwood, Andover, 

Franklin, and Newton. Warren County, quarried with serpentine near 

Phillipsburg.

Tephroite. Sussex County, occurs locally abundant at Franklin Furnace and 

Sterling Hill.

Titanium. See Ilmenite.

Trap rock. Quarried in Bergen County, at Bergen Hill, Cliffside, Cliffside 

Park, Edgewater, and Fairview. Essex County, Caldwell and Verona, 

Milburn, Montclair and Upper Montclair, South Orange and West 

Orange. Hudson County, Granton, Jersey City, and New Durham. 

Hunterdon County, Byram and Lambertville. Mercer County, Hopewell, 

Lawrehceville, Princeton, and Titusville. Middlesex County, Dunellen. 

Morris County, Hibernia, Middle Valley, Millington near Mountain View, 

Pine Brook, and Pompton. Passaic County, Great Notch, Little Falls, 

Passaic, and Paterson. Somerset County, Bernardsville, Bound Brook, 

Rocky Hill, and Somerville. Union Counfy, New Providence, Springfield, 

and Summit.

Tripolite. See Diatomaceous earth.

Verde antique (marble). See Serpentine.

Vesuvianite. Sussex County, Newton.

Willemite (silicate of zinc). Sussex County, one of the abundant minerals at 

Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill.

Zeolites. In the trap region in a belt extending from Paterson to Trenton in 

Passaic, Essex, Union, Middlesex, Somerset, and Mercer counties.

Zinc. See Franklinite, Hetserolite, Willemite, and Zincite.

Zincite (red oxide of zinc). Sussex County, Franklin Furnace, and Sterling 

Hill.

Zircon. Sussex County, abundant in magnetite at Williams mine.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO. 209 

NEW MEXICO.

Alum. Colfax County, is reported southeast of Springer on the Abbott 

ranch. Grant County, in Alumina district, large supply of aluminum 

sulphate 25 miles north "of Silver City on both sides of Gila River. 

Mora County, eastern part; about 25 miles from Wagon Mound. Sandoval County, northwest part in a 15 to 20 foot bed between sand rock. 

Taos County, in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, west -of Red River post 

office (reported). Union County, Ute Creek; not mined.

Alunogen. Grant County, in Alumina district, both sides of Gila River, sees. 

19, 20, 29, 30, T. 13 S., R. 13 W.

Amethyst. Grant County, Black Range, Great Republic mine.

Ang-lesite. Dona Ana County, Organ district, Stephenson-Bennett mine. Luna 

County, Cooks Peak and Victorio districts, mined at Desdemona, 

Graphic, and Summit mines. Socorro County, in Magdalena district. 

Anhydrite. Common in thick beds with gypsum.

Anthracite. Santa Fe County, mined at Madrid, south of Cerrillos.

Antimony minerals. See Cervantite and Stibnite.

Argentite (silver glance, silver sulphide). Has been mined in.the following 

districts: Dona Ana County, Organ (rare). Grant County, Black Hawk, 

Chloride Flat, Georgetown, Granite Gap, Kimball, Lone Mountain, 

Steeplerock, Telegraph district, and Pyramid districts. Luna County, 

Florida Mountains district. Mora County, Tres Hermanas Mountains. 

Sandoval County, Cochiti. Sierra County, Kingston, Herraosa, Tierra 

Blanca, Lake Valley, Black Range, and Apache district's. Socorro 

County, Cooney (Mogollon), Socorro, and Wilcox, 15 miles southeast of 

Cooney.

Aurichalcite. Socorro County, Magdalena district.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Mined with other copper ores in the 

following districts: Grant County, Burro Mountain and Sylvanite; old 

San Jose copper mines, Central district. Luna County, Fremont (a 

little). Rio Arriba County, Bromide, not important. Sandoval County, 

Nacimiento (red beds). San Miguel County, Tecolote. Sierra County, 

Chloride (Phillipsburg) and Caballos. Socorro County, Magdalena. 

Valencia County, Copperton (Zuni Mountains), red beds.

Barite. Valencia County, Zuni Mountains; 10-foot vein in Smelter Gulch 

prospected for silver.

Basalt. Rio Arriba County, northwest of Lumberton, along Colorado State line. 

Valencia County, near Grant, Mount Taylor and vicinity, 10 miles northeast of Grant. At many other places in the State.

Beryl. Santa Fe County, near Santa Fe, a few crystals of fine quality found 

in the gravels, not worked.

Bismuth (native). Luna County, Fremont, with silver ores, rare. Socorro 

County, mined in 1911 and 1912 about 25 miles southwest of Tularosa. 

Dona Ana County, frequently in commercial quantities in ores of the 

Organ district. See also Bismutite and Tetradymite.

Bismutite. Dona Ana County, at Organ, associated with lead, silver, and 

copper ores in workable amount in the Torpedo, Memphis, and Excelsior 

mines, in the fissure veins in the granite on San Augustine Peak, and 

from there to the north line of the county in the San Andreas Range. 

Otero County, mined 25 miles southwest of Tularosa. Socorro County, 

southeastern part in the fissure veins and copper and lead deposits in 

the San Andreas Range as far north as Salinas Peak. Bismuth ore has 

been shipped from the mines near Salinas Peak. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 14
210 ' USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO.

Bloedite. Torrance County, at Estancia Lakes.

Bornite. Mined in the following districts: Grant County, Kimball, small 

quantity; and Lordsburg, minor ore; Steeplerock district, Little Mack 

group. Lincoln County, Nogal Mountains. Rio Arriba County, Abiquiu. 

Sandoval County, Nacimiento (red beds)! San Miguel County, Rociada 

and Tecolote. Sierra County, Caballos, Chloride (silver bearing), Hermosa (silver bearing), Kingston (silver bearing). Socorro County, Cooney 

(Mogollon), important ore. Taos County, Twining. Occurs also in Santa 

Fe County with other copper ores.

Brochantite. Dona Ana County, Organ district, not mined.

Bromine. See Bromyrite, Embolite, and Salt.

Bromyrite. Rio Arriba County, Bromide. Sierra County, with gold and silver 

ores in Tierra Blanca district; was formerly mined.

Brown iron ore (limonite, brown hematite). Common in all oxidized ores. 

Grant County, at Silver City, small quantity mined with magnetite 

v near Fierro, Union mines; formerly mined in Glorieta district, Central 

district, Clarks Peak district. Lincoln County, occurs northeast of 

White Oaks, in Capitan Mountains, and at Lone Mountain, Jicarilla district, near Jack Mountain, Red Cloud (Gallinas) district, and at the Rock 

Island group of iron mines, 3 miles north of Tecolote station on the line of 

the El Paso & Southwestern System. Santa Fe County, east slope of 

Tuertos Mountains, Limestone district, about midway between Hermosa 

and Chloride; Mount Spring district, midway between Estey and Jarvis, 

near Santa Fe; near Glorieta; Perry deposits near San Pedro. Sandoval 

County, Placitas district, in Sandia Mountains (of bog iron character). 

Socorro County, Jones district in north end of Sierra Oscura, Canyoncito, Wilcox, 15 miles southeast of Cooney. Sierra County, in Cuchillo 

Range, south of Chloride, large body of Iron Mountain group reported. 

Otero County, Jarilla. San Miguel County, Rociada, and reported near 

Las Vegas and on upper Rio Pecos. Torrance County, west of the Graii 

Quivira. Valencia County, prospected at head of Smelter Gulch, Zuni 

Mountains.

Caliche. Common in desert regions.

Cement material. Colfax County, Springer, natural cement formerly manufactured. Lincoln County, limestone suitable for cement in the mountains 

immediately northwest of White Oaks. Socorro County, limestone and 

shale suitable for Portland cement, near Carthage. Torrance County, 

in certain portions of Estancia plain along New Mexico Central Railroad.

Cerargyrite (horn silver, silver chloride). Has been mined with oxidized ores 

in the following districts: Dona Ana County, Organ, rare. Grant County, 

Apache No. 2, Black Hawk, Burro Mountains, Chloride Flat, Georgetown, 

Hachita, Kimball, Lone Mountain, Pyramid, Telegraph. Luna County, 

Fremont, Florida Mountains. Mora County, Tres Hermanas. Santa Fe 

County, San Ysidro Mountain. Sierra County, Apache; Black Range; 

Chloride (Phillipsburg) ; Hermosa; Hillsboro; Lake Valley, formerly an 

important ore; Kingston, in placers; and Tierra Blanca, rare. Socorro 

County, Cooney (Mogollon) and Socorro.

Cerium. See Monazite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Mined in the following districts: Dona Ana 

County, Organ, in Stephenson-Bennett lead-silver mines. Grant County, 

Granite Gap; Hanover, with zinc ores; Hachita; and Lordsburg. Luna 

County, Cooks Peak, Florida Mountains, and Fremont. Sierra County, 

Hillsboro, Lake Valley, very rich in silver, Macho district, south of Lake 

Valley district, and Chlorine (Phillipsburg). Socorro County, Magdalena, 

Pueblo, north of Magdalena.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO. 211

Cervantite. Grant County, Central district, not mined.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Mined in the following districts: Dona Anai, Hembrillo district. Grant County, Burro Mountain, with cupriferous pyrite, 

Hachita, Kimball, small quantity, Santa Rita; south of Hachita, toward 

Big Hatchet Mountains, large deposits reported; Silver City, a large 

manganiferous deposit adjoins the town. Otero County, Tularosa, 

Jarilla. Sandoval County, Nacimiento, principal ore of red beds, San 

Miguel district, 10 miles south of Sierra Nacimiento district. San Miguel 

County, Rociada and Tecolote, Mineral Hill, San Pablo, San Miguel. 

Sierra County, Caballos. Socorro County, Cooney (Mogollon), important 

ore. Taos County, Picuris. Known but not mined: Rio Arriba County, 

Hermosa prospects, Lily Belle mine, near Abiqui, " Copper Canyon district." Santa Fe County, Lunto Mountains, in small quantities. Sierra 

County, Pittsburg district, in Marion and other mines. Socorro County, 

small quantities at Sierra Oscura, Estey. Valencia County, in "Red 

Beds " in Copper Hill district and Zuni Mountains.

Chalcophanite. Socorro County, Magdalena, mined with smithsonite.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Has been mined in the following districts: 

Coif ax County, Cimarroncito and Elizabethtown, small quantity. Dona 

Ana County, Organ, in copper deposits only, Torpedo mine. Grant 

County, Burro Mountains; Central, with galena; Fierro, with iron ore; 

Hachita, rare; Kimball, small quantity; Lordsburg; Pinos Altos; Santa 

Rita; Steeplerock; and Sylvanite. Lincoln County, Nogal. Luna County, 

Florida Mountains, Fremont. Otero County, Jarilla; Tularosa, very little. 

Rio Arriba County, Bromide; Hopewell, minor ore. San Miguel County, 

Cooper (Pecos), Rociada, Tecolote. Santa Fe County, Cerrillos, a little, 

argentiferous and auriferous; Lunto and Santa Fe Mountains; San Pedro, 

principal ore. Sierra County, Caballos, Chloride (Apache). Socorro 

County, not plentiful, Cooney (Mogollon) ; Estey; Mogollon Mountains, 

with chalcocite, boruite, and native silver, argentiferous. Taos County, 

Red River, not abundant, Twining.

Chalk. In northeastern part of the State.

Chrysocolla. Mined with other copper ores in the following districts: Dona 

Ana County, Organ, Torpedo mine. Grant County, Apache No. 2, not 

prominent; Burro Mountains; Lordsburg, not common. Otero County, 

Jarilla. Sandoval County, Nacimiento, red beds. Santa Fe County, 

Santa Fe Mountains. Socorro County Oscura Mountains, in large quantity; San Lorenzo. Taos County, Picuris.

Clay (brick). Dug in Bernalillo County, at Albuquerque, Old Albuquerque, 

and east slope of Sandia Mountains. Golf ax County, Raton. Dona Ana 

County, Brickland, Las Cruces. Grant County, Silver City. Lincoln 

County, occurs near Capitan. McKinley County, Gallup. Sandoval 

County, from shales on the Tongue just north of Tejon land grant, on east 

slope of Sandia Mountains, in southeast part of county. San Juan County, 

Farmington, Aztec, and Kirtland. San Miguel County, Las Vegas. 

Santa Fe County, Santa Fe. Socorro County, at Socorro on east side 

of river, extensively used in making good fire brick, Lemitar Mountains, 

Escondido, Socorro Mountain at mouth of Blue Canyon. Taos County, 

Animas Valley. Nearly all the principal towns of the State make brick 

for their own use, chiefly from the alluvial and loess clays found near 

at hand.

Clay (fire). .Bernalillo County, Gallup district. Grant County, and Sandoval 

County; good beds occur near the Sandia Mountains. Mines in McKinley County, Clarkville and Gallup.. Socorro County, at San Antonio.
212 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO.

Coal (anthracite). See Anthracite.

Coal (bituminous and subbituminous). Bernalillo County, undeveloped bed 

along Rio Puerco near San Ygnacio. Colfax County, mined at Blasburg, 

Brilliant, Dawson, Koehler, Van Houten; on the Vermejo, Raton, Raton 

Mountains, near Maxwells, 6-foot vein, Van Houten. Lincoln County, 

mined at Capitan and White Oaks. McKinley County, mined at Gibson, 

Heaton, Allison, several places west of Fort Wingate and Gallup, Hosta 

Butte, not mined, Raton Springs, local use, and near Zuni, local use, 

San Mateo. Rio Arriba'County, Gallina (not mined), Monroe (mined), 

Stinking Lake (not mined). Sandoval County, Chico Arroya, 15 miles' 

northwest of Cabezon and at Rio Puerco (not mined), Hagan (local 

use), 15 miles east of Bernalillo, Sierra Nacimiento (local use), east 

of San Felipe. San Juan County, Fruitland (local use), La Plata, Pendleton, Putnam (local use). San Miguel County, Rio Pecos, and on 

Purgatoire River, Las .Vegas (not mined). Santa Fe County, Madrid, 

Omara, 18 miles southeast of Cerrillos, near and below Gravel Cabin, 

in the Cerrillos field, near Galisteo Creek, 10 miles south of Madrid. 

Sierra County, westerly from Engle. Socorro County, Carthage 

(mined) ; small quantity of coking coal about 25 miles northwest of 

Magdalena, Estey, 14-inch bed, Abbey district (coking), 18 miles northwest of Magdalena, near the Ladrone Mountains. Taos County, on the 

Pueblo Indian Reservation, near Taos, at the foot of Pueblo Mountains. 

Valencia County^ in San Mateo Mountains. See also Anthracite.

Coke (natural). Santa Fe County, found with anthracite at Cerrillos Hills.

Copper (native). Socorro County, San Lorenzo, rare. Grant County, Pinos 

Altos, rare, and Santa Rita district, east of Silver City, important.

Copper minerals. Copper is the predominant or an important metal produced in the following districts: Bernalillo County, Hell Canyon, Placitas, Sandia, Tijeras Canyon, 18 miles northeast of Albuquerque. Dona 

Ana County, Hembrillo, Organ (Torpedo mine; Memphis mine; Charles 

Foy mine, with zinc). Grant County, Anderson (Apache No. 2), Burro 

Mountains, California (about 20 miles south of Rodeo), Central, Clarks 

Peak, Eureka, Fremont, Gold Hill, Hachita, Kimball, Pinos Altos, Pyramid, San Simon, Santa Rita (Hanover mine), Steeplerock, Virginia, 

White Signal (Cow Spring). Lincoln County, Estey, Eagle Creek, 

Jicarilla, Red Cloud (Gallinas Mountains), Rio Ruidosa, Sierra Blanca. 

Mora County, Coyote. Otero County, Highrolls, Tularosa. Rio Arriba 

County, Abiquiu, Bromide, Gallina, Headstone. Sandoval County, Cuba, 

Placitas. San Miguel County, Mineral Hill, Rociada, Tecolote. Santa Fe 

County, Cerrillos, New Placers, San Pedro, and near Santa Fe. Sierra 

County, Black Range, Caballos Mountains, Chloride (Apache No. 1), 

Hillsboro, Limestone, Pittsburg (Marion and other mines). Socorro 

County, Abbey (18 miles northwest of Magdalena), Cooney (Mogollon), 

Estey, Hansonburg, Jones, Magdalena, Mound Spring (midway between 

Estey and Jones), Oscura, Red Hill (15 miles west of Rosedale), San 

Andreas, San Lorenzo, Silver Mountain (Water Canyon). Taos County, 

Copper Mountain, Picuris, Red River, Twining. Union County, Block 

Mesa. Valencia County, Copperton in Zuni Mountains, Manzano. Occur 

also in the Guadalupe Mountains in Chaves, Eddy, and Otero counties, 

at the old Neumeyer copper mine, and many other properties. Occurs 

also commercially in Colfax County, Baldy Mountain, Cimarroncito, and 

Moreno district. Luna County, Florida Mountains, Tres Hermanas. See
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO. 213

also Azurite, Bornite, Brochuntite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, 

.Cuprite, Malachite, Tenorite, and Tetra heel rite.

Cuprite (ruby copper). Dona Ana County, Organ district, Torpedo mine. 

Grant County, mined in Santa Rita district, east of Silver City, Hanover 

(formerly), and Burro Mountain district Sierra County, Caballos. Socorro County, in limestone with zinc and lead ores at Magdalena and 

Mill Canyon; San Lorenzo. Taos County, Picuris.

Descloizite. Grant County, Commercial mine, Georgetown. Sierra County, 

Lake Valley district.

Ernbolite. Sierra County, mined to small extent in Grande, Bella, and Apache 

mines, Lake Valley.

EndlicMte. Sierra County, Lake Valley and Hillsboro.

Epsomite. Torrance County, obtained at Estancia Lakes.

Ferberite. San Miguel County, Hermit Mountain, with scheelite.

Fluorspar. Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, plentiful in the Sandia Mountains. Luna County, mined near Deming and Cooks Peak. Grant County, 

formerly mined for flux in Burro Mountain district; large lode in Anderson district. Socorro County, Jones district, and San Andreas Range.

Fossil wood. See Wood, petrified.

Galena (generally argentiferous). Mined in the-following districts: Bernalillo 

County, Soda Springs. Coif ax County, ' Moreno, small amount. Dona 

Ana County, Organ, in Stephenson-Bennett mine, Modoc mine (argentiferous). Grant County, Burro Mountains, a little with gold ores; 

Central, principal ore; Granite Gap, with cerusite; Hachita; Hanover, 

very little with zinc ores; Kimball, small amount; Lordsburg, minor 

ore; Pinos Altos, with copper and gold ore; Steeplerock, small amount, 

formerly mined. Lincoln County, Nogal, not plentiful. Luna County, 

Florida Mountains; Fremont; Cooks Peak; Victorio, principal ore. Mora 

County, Tres Hermanas, with zinc ore. Rio Arriba County, Hopewell, 

sparingly. San Miguel County, Rociacla, Cooper, rare. Sandoval County, 

Cochiti, rare. Santa Fe County, Cerrillos, prominent ore. Sierra 

County, Caballos, unimportant; Hermosa, principal ore; Kingston/principal ore; Lake Valley, very rich in silver; Tierra Blanca. Socorro 

County, Canyoncito, Jones, Magdalena, Silver Mountain (Water Canyon) 

distrigt; Abbey district, 18 miles northwest of Magdalena. Taos County, 

Red River. Valencia County, Copperton, with copper ores.

Garnet (pyrope). San Juan and McKinley counties, found in Navajo and Zuni 

reservations, also in Santa Fe and Taos counties; of value as gem but not 

mined.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Glauberite. Torrance County, with epsomite and salt at Estancia Lakes, not 

mined. . G-old (lode). Mined in the following districts, chiefly in oxidized zone: Bernalillo County, Tijeras Canyon, Coyote Canyon, and Hall Canyon districts. 

Chaves, Eddy, and Otero counties, in the Guadalupe Mountains. Colfax County, Elizabeth town, Moreno, Cimarroncito, Red River district, 

and Ute Creek. Dona Ana County, Black Mountain, in Organ Mountains, 

Organ district, Texas Creek, Little Buck mine. Grant County, Burro 

Mountains, Central, California, Clarks Peak (30 miles west of SilverCity), Cow Spring,.Gold Hill, Kimball, Lordsburg, Malone (3 miles northwest of Gold Hill), Pinos Altos, Sylvanite, Steeplerock. Lincoln County, 

Jicarilla, Nogal, Red Cloud (Gallinas Mountains), Vera Cruz, White Oaks. 

Lune County, Tres Hermanas, Victorio, Stonewall; in southwest part, at
214 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO.

Hermauas on the line of the El Paso & Southwestern System. Otero 

County, Jarilla district and White Mountain district. Sandoval County, 

Cochiti. San Miguel County, Rociada, Cooper. Rio Arriba County, 

Bromide, Hopewell. Sandoval County, Placitas, Sandia. Santa Fe 

County, Old Placers; New Placers; Ortiz mine and many other lodes; San 

Pedro and near Santa Fe, near Monument Rock, 9 miles east of Santa 

Fe; large low-grade ledges in Santa Fe and San Miguel counties, along 

the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, between Santa Fe and Las 

Vegas, especially" in Dalton Canyon. Sierra County, Fremont, Chloride, 

Hillsboro, Tierra Blanca. Socorro County, Cat Mountain (12 miles southwest of Magdalena), Cooney, Hanson, Mill Canyon, Mogollon, Mound 

Spring (midway between Estey and Jones), Rosedale, Red Hill (15 miles 

west of Rosedale), San Lorenzo, Silver Mountain (Water Canyon), Wilcox (15 miles southeast of Cooney). Taos County, Anchor, Keystone, 

and Midnight, north of Red River district; Picuris, Ojo, Caberite, Cieneguilla (Glen Woody) district; Red River; Rio Hondo.

Gold (placer). At many places in the State, especially along Rio Grande. 

Bernalillo County, Coyote, Star Hill Canyon district. Chaves County, on 

Rio Hondo. Colfax County, Elizabethtown, Moreno, Ponil, Uraca Creek, 

and Ute Creek, West Moreno (Hematite) district, Willow Creek district. 

Grant County, Pinos Altos, especially in Cleveland group; Pyramid district; Virginia district; Malone district, southwest of Hachita district. 

Lincoln County, Eagle Creek, Gallinas; Jicariila, Nogal (Bonita, Parsons), Ruidoso, southeast of Nogal, .White Oaks, and on Rio Hondo. 

Otero County, formerly mined at Jarilla, dry placers, and elsewhere. Rio 

Arriba County, Hopewell, Rio Chama above Abiquiu, and Ortiz Mountains. 

Sandoval County, Sandia district. . San Miguel County, Cooper. Santa 

Fe County, Old Placers, New Placers, Galisteo, and along Galisteo River. 

Sierra County, Hillsboro, at Wicks Gulch; Pittsburg; Caballo Range, 

opposite Derry. Taos County, Red River, Rio Grande placers, Rio 

Hondo, Cieneguilla (Glen Woody) district, and above Cieneguilla.

Granite. Bernalillo County, quarries opened .east of Albuquerque in Sandia 

Mountains. Grant County, Lordsburg and Steins. Santa Fe County, 

near Santa Fe. Valencia County, Sais.

Graphite. Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, in and near the Sandia Mountains, not mined; east of Albuquerque, at east end of Tijeras Canyon, 

near Whitcombs Springs. Colfax County, in mountains near Raton. 

Taos County, near Taos, in Taos Range, in Cretaceous sandstone. Valencia County.

Guano. Grant County, reported in Black Range. Luna County, formerly 

shipped from cave in Tres Hermanas Mountains. Otero County, once 

produced in Guadalupe Mountains. Sierra County, northeast of Engle in 

a volcanic crater in the plains of Jornada del Muerto, about 3,000 tons 

shipped to California in 1901 and 1902; Caballos Mountains, reported.

Gypsum. Occurs in Bernalillo, Chaves, Dona Ana, Eddy, Guadalupe, McKinley, Otero, Quay, Rio Arriba, Roosevelt, Sandoval, San Juan, San Miguel, 

Santa Fe, Sierra, Socorro, Torrance, and Valencia counties. Used locally, 

but on a commercial scale only in Chaves County at Acme, Eddy County 

at Oriental, Lincoln County at Ancho, Otero County at Alamogordo, gypsum sands, and Rio Arriba County at El Rito.

Halite. See Salt.
USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO. 215

Halotrichite. Grant County, both sides Gila River, sees. 19, 20, 29, 30, T. 

13 S., R. 13 W.

Hematite. Common in oxidized ores throughout the State. Colfax County, 

in Iron Mountain at Elizabethtown, large deposit. . Grant County, mined 

at Fierro. Santa Fe County, formerly mined in Glorieta district. Socorro County, Iron Mountain (Tenmile) district, 10 miles west of Magdalena. Taos County, Twining (Rio Hondo) district. Some of good grade 

in dikes of diorite porphyry. See also Specularite.

Hubnerite. Grant County, Hachita district. Lincoln County, in quartz with 

gold ores in White Oaks district. Luna County, Victorio, 8 miles south 

of Gage.

Hydrozincite. Luna County, Tres Hermanas district, with willemite and 

smithsonite. Socorro County, in limestone at: Magdalena, with smithsonite.

lodyrite. Sierra County, with vanadinite, at Lake Valley.

Iron minerals. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, 

and Specularite.

Jasper. Lincoln County, about 2 miles north of Ancho, small bed, good for 

ornamental work.

Lead minerals. Lead is the predominant or an important metal produced in 

the following districts: Bernalillo County, Coyote, Sandia. Dona Ana 

County, Hembrillo, Modoc and Organ, Bennett-Stephenson and Modoc 

mines. Grant County, California, Carpenter, Central, Chloride Flat. 

Eureka, Fremont, Granite Gap, Hachita, Kimball, Pinos Altos, Pyramid, 

Red Hill, San Simon, Virginia, White Signal (Cow Spring). Lincolu 

County, Eagle Creek, Ruidoso (southeast of Nogal), Sierra Blanca. 

Luna Cpunty, Cooks Peak, Florida Mountains, Fremout, Tres Hermanas, 

Victorio. Sandoval County, Placitas, Sandia. San Miguel County, Cooper, 

Hamilton. Santa Fe County, Cerrillos, New Placers. Sierra County, 

Bromide, Caballo (Pittsburg), Hermosa, Hot Springs, Iron Reef, Kingston, Lake Valley, Limestone, Macho, and near Palomas. Sorocco County, 

Canyoneito, Hanson, Iron Mountain (Tenmile, 10 miles west of Magdalena), Magdalena, Mogollon Mountains, Oscura, San Andreas, Sandia 

Mountains. See also Anglesite, Cerusite, Galena, and Plumbojarosite.

Limestone (building and crushed stone). In many parts of the State. Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, in the Sandia Mountains; quarry opened 

in Soda Springs Canyon furnishes a superior quality used extensively for 

building in Albuquerque. Chaves County, 5 miles from Roswell. Dona 

Ana County, in mountains east of Las Cruces. Grant County, Silver 

City. Guadalupe County, Vaughan. Lincoln County, Tecolote. Mora 

County, quarried at Watrous. Otero County, abundant; not used. Santa 

Fe County, Cerrillos.

Limestone (lime). Bernalillo County, Tijeras, 20 miles east of Albuquerque. 

Here the Kemp plant is the largest producer of lime in the State; another 

plant is situated 2 miles farther up the Tijeras Canyon. San Miguel 

County, quarried, and large limekilns operated at Las Vegas near the 

Hot Springs. Socorro County, nt Fraley, 8 miles east of San Antonio, at 

northwest edge of the Carthage coal field, lime was formerly made. 

Occurs also at many other places. Nearly all the principal towns of the 

State have a supply of lime in their immediate vicinity.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.
216 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO.

Lithographic stone. Valencia County, near Bluewater. Other localities reported.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Coif ax County, common in contact-meta,- 

morphic deposits at Cimarron and Elizabethtown. Grant County, mined 

as iron ore at Fierro. Lincoln County, Red Cloud, in Gallina Mountains 

district 15 miles southeast of Quivira. Santa Fe County, at Old Placers, 

in gold quartz veins. Socorro County, mined as iron ore at Jones Camp; 

deposits occur at Blackington and Harris camp, 25 miles north of Jones 

camp, westward from Gran Quivira; occurs also in the copper and zinc 

ores of the Magdalena district.

Malachite. Mined with oxidized ores of the following districts: Grant County, 

Apache No. 2, Burro Mountains, Lordsburg, Pinos Altos, Santa Rita, Sylvanite, old San Jose copper mines, Central. Luna County, Florida Mountains, Fremont. Mora County, Coyote. Otero County, Jarilla. Rio 

Arriba County, Bromide. Sandoval County, Nacimiento (red beds), San 

Miguel, 10 miles south of Sierra Nacimiento district. San Miguel County, 

Tecolote, Mineral Hill, San Pablo, San Miguel. Sierra County, Caballos, 

Phillipsburg. Socorro County, Jones, Estey, Magdalena, San Lorenzo, 

Wilcox, 15 miles southeast of Cooney. Taos County, Picuris. Valencia 

County, Copperton, Zuni Mountains, in red beds.

Manganese minerals. See Chalcophanite, Manganite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, 

and Wad.

Manganite. Sierra County, mined at Lake Valley with silver ore.

Marble. Bernalillo County, in the Sandia Mountains east of Albuquerque. 

Dona Ana County,.plains west of Las Cruces. Grant County, Silver City. 

Lincoln County, in the Capitan Mountains; occurs in White Oaks district, white and black, not quarried. Otero County, quarried at Alamogordo. San Miguel County, .Las Vegas. Lima County, in the Tres Hermanas Mountains, at the zinc mines and at the great bat cave on the 

north and west sides of the range. Santa Fe County, near Santa Fe. 

Valencia County, in the Manzanos Mountains.

Marl. Torrance County, Estancia plain along the Santa Fe Central Railway.

Meerschaum. Grant County, small quantities shipped from Prospects'12 miles 

northwest and 24 miles north of Silver City. Luna County, deposits at 

Gila River canyon and Bear Creek, not mined.

Mica. Luna County, Florida Mountains, southeast of Deming (reported). 

Mora County, mined or prospected in Talco. Rio Arriba County, several 

mines near Petaca (some of them large) and near Ojo Caliente. San 

Miguel County, Ribera, Glorieta Mountains. Santa Fe County, Nambe, 

Santa Fe Mountains. Socorro County, southeast part, in San Andreas 

Mountains, in first canyon north of Mocking Bird Spring. Taos County, 

Servilleta, near Taos, and 3 miles north of Ojo Caliente.

Mineral paint (ocher). Bernalillo County, in the Sandia Mountains immediately east of Albuquerque. Santa Fe County, near San Pedro, said to 

be of considerable value.

Molybdenite. Grant County, rare at Modoc mine, Fierro district, and with 

copper ores at Santa Rita. Rio Arriba County, Bromide, with copper 

ores. San Miguel County, mined at Porvenir, 18 miles northwest of Las 

Vegas, where it occurs with copper minerals. Rociada, with copper ores. 

Santa Fe County, in the mountains a few miles east of Santa Fe.

Molybdenum. See Molybdenite and Wulfenite.

Monazite. Sierra County, in black sands at Shandon, not mined.

Natural gas. Eddy County, two wells near Dayton, not used.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO. 217

Oclier (mineral paint). Bernalillo County, near Coyote Springs, in the Sandia 

Mountains, east of Albuquerque, occurs in beautiful red and yellow 

beds, several feet in thickness. Santa Fe County, near San Pedro, large 

deposits with different tints.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Olivine. McKinley County, Zuni Indian Reservation.

Onyx marble. Grant County, reported near Silver City. Lincoln County, reported near White Oaks. Luna County, Columbus. Otero County, deposits worked near Alamogordo.

Opal. Grant County, near Fort Bayard, has been prospected; some good fire 

opals have been found near Santa Rita. Sandoval County, some fine 

opals found in the Cochiti district.

Petrified wood. See Wood, petrified.

Petroleum. Chaves County, occurs near Artesia. Colfax County, has been 

found south of Raton. Eddy County, field at Dayton produces for local 

use. McKinley County, near Gallup in several wells in Seven Lakes 

field. Guadalupe County, near Santa Rosa and Pecos River.

Petzite. Taos County, Red River district, in Independence mine (reported).

Plumbojarosite. Luna County, Cooks Peak, with lead ores.

Proustite (light ruby silver). Grant County, Georgetown. Sierra County, 

with other silver ores in Kingston district and in Lake Valley district.

Psilomelane. Dona Ana County, 2 miles north of Rincon. Sierra County, 

Lake Valley district, was mined for silver at Apache, Bella, and Grande 

mines. Near the southern end of the Caballos Mountains a promising 

deposit of high-grade manganese, has been slightly developed.

Pumice. Socorro County, on opposite side of the Rio Grande, about 15 miles 

from Socorro, is large bed of fine quality locally called " tripolite." 

Valencia County, near Grant; at base of Mount Taylor is perhaps the 

most important deposit in the State. Other localities are reported.

Pyrargyrite. Grant County, Billiards Peak district, and Gold Hill near Silver 

City, formerly mined with sphalerite, argentite, and native silver. Sierra 

County, was formerly mined in Kingston and other districts. Socorro 

County, rare in Cooney (Mogollon) district.

Pyrite. Generally auriferous, mined in following districts: Colfax County, 

Elizabethtown (Moreuo), Cimarron. Grant County, Burro Mountains; 

Fierro, with iron ore; Hachita, with silver ores; Hanover, with very little 

zinc ore; Kimball; Lordsburg, with chalcopyrite; Pinos Altos; Santa 

Rita; Steeplerock; Sylvanite. Lincoln County, Nogal, abundant; White 

Oaks; Jiracilla. Luna County, Cooks Peak, with lead ores; Tres Hermanas, small quantity with zinc ores; Vietorio, with galena. Otero 

County, Jarilla; Tularosa, very little, cupriferous. Rio Arriba County, 

Bromide, with copper ores; Hopewell. Sandoval County, Cochiti, plentiful. San Miguel County, Tecolote, small quantity, with copper ores; 

Rociada. Santa Fe County, Cooper, with copper ore; San Pedro. Sierra 

County, Hermosa, silver-bearing. Socorro County, Cooney, with copper 

and silver ores; Magdalena, with zinc ores. Taos County, Ancho; Red 

River; Twining, cupriferous. Valencia County, Copperton, cupriferous.

Pyrolusite. Grant County, with hematite and limonite coating quartz at 

Wood mine, Sylvania district, Central district, Hanover Gulch at Fierro, 

with magnetic iron ore. Luna County, formerly mined in Tres Hermanas district. Sierra County, with silver ores in Lake Valley district 

and in Macho district, south of Lake Valley district. Socorro County, 

San Lorenzo.
218 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO.

Pyrrhotite. Coif ax County, Elizabethtown (Moreno), locally with pyrite. 

Grant County, Fierro and Hanover district, with magnetite. Santa Fe 

County, San Pedro, small quantity with chalcopyrite.

Quartz. Common gangue mineral in many mining districts.

Quartzite. Sierra County in Caballos Mountains, about 15 miles west of Cutter.

Bicolite. Grant County, on Gila River, north of Red Rock,' beautiful ornamental stone used.in some large buildings in Chicago.

Road metal. See Basalt, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sandstone.

Salt. Eddy County, east of the Pecos, are valuable saline lakes. Socorro 

County, Zuni Crater Salt Lake, 80 miles south of Gallup in western 

part of county. Torrance County, productive deposits in Big Salt Lake 

of Estancia.plain and in Salt Lakes of the "White Sands" plain; brine 

evaporated at EstSncia, for local use.

Sand (building). Common throughout the State. Is dug a,t Raton, Coif ax 

County, and near, other towns and cities.

Sand (molding). Bernalillo Countjy, Albuquerque, used in foundry there.

Sandstone. Bernalillo County, near Albuquerque, quarries in Sandia Mountains. Chaves County, near Roswell. Colfax County, quarried at Cimarron and near Raton; building, curbing, etc. Lincoln County, near 

White Oaks; good building quality in Cretaceous sandstones. McKinley 

County, Gallup. San Miguel County, Las Vegas, fine paving quality; 

Tecolote. Santa Fe County, Lamy. Socorro County, Socorro Mountain. Valencia County, Belen; In the northwest part of the State occur 

large areas of sandstone, much of which seems to be suitable for building 

stone. Other places in eastern part of the State.

Sapphire. Santa Fe County, some found in gravels, rare.

Scheelite. Grant County, small quantity mined in Anderson-Apache copper 

mine at Hachita and Daisy mine. Otero County, Tularosa. San Miguel 

County, small deposit near Hermit Peak, not mined. Socorro County, has 

been mined with bismuth and copper ores on east side of San Andreas 

Range, 37 miles west of Tularosa.

Serpentine. See Ricolite.

Silver (native). In oxidized ores of the following districts: Grant County, 

Black Hawk, Bullard's Peak, Chloride Flat, Georgetown, Granite Gap, 

Lone Mountain, Pinos Altos (especially in Silver Cell mine), Pyramid. 

Luna County, Victorio. Sierra County, Apache, Black Range, Hermosa, 

Hillsboro, Kingston, Lake Valley (rare), Phillipsburg, Tierra Blanca. 

Socorro County, Cat Mountain, Cooney (Mogollon; an original mineral), 

Pueblo, north of Magdalena. Valencia County, Copperton.

Silver ores. Silver is the predominant or an important metal produced in the 

following districts; Grant County, Apache No. 2, Black Hawk, California, Camp Fleming, Carpenter (Beanie Lode), Central (at Lasse 

Mountain), Clarks Peak (30 miles west of Silver City), Chloride Flat, 

Georgetown, Gold Hill, Hachita, Kimball, Lone Mountain, Pinos Altos, 

Pyramid, San Simon, Steeplerock, Telegraph, Virginia, White Signal 

(Cow Spring). Lincoln County, Cedar Creek, Eagle Creek, Nogal (Bonita, 

Parsons), Rio Ruidosa. Luna County, Cooks Peak, Florida Mountains, Fremont, Tres Hermanas, Victorio. Rio Arriba County, Bro- 

 mide. Sandoval County, Cochiti, Placitas, Sandia. Santa Fe County, 

Cerrillos and near Santa Fe. San Miguel County, Rociada. Sierra 

County, Bromide, Chloride, Hermosa, Iron Reef, Kingston, Lake Valley, Macho south of Lake Valley District, Tierra Blanca. Socorro County,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO. 219

Socorro Mountain, Mogollon, Mound Springs (midway between Estey 

and Jones). Taos County, Twining, Ojo Caliente. Occur also in Bernalillo County, Tijeras Canyon. Colfax County, West Moreno. Dona Ana 

County, Hernbrillo and Organ districts; Stephenson-Bennett and Torpedo 

mines. Socorro County, Hanson district in Sierra Laclrones, 35 miles 

northwest of Socorro; Magdalena; Pueblo, north of Magdalena; Iron 

Mountain (Tenmile), 10 miles west of Magdalena; Cat Mountain, 12 

miles southwest of Magdalena; Silver Mountain (Water Canyon) ; Picuris. 

See also Anglesite, Argentite, Bromyrite, Cerargyrite, Embolite, lodyrite, 

Petzite, Proustite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, and Xanthoconite.

Smlthsonite. Grant County, Hanover, Carpenter district, Potosi group. Luna 

County, Cooks Peak and Tres Hermanas. Santa Fe County, Cerrillos. 

Socorro County, Iron Mountain (Tenmile) district, Kelly. (cut as a 

gem), Magdalena.

Specularite. Mined with other ores in the following districts: Colfax County, 

Cimarroncito and Elizabethtown (Moreno), in contact-metamorphic deposits. Dona Ana County, Organ, in contact-metamorphio deposits. 

Grant County,.Fierro, with magnetite; Burro Mountains; Central; Kilnball, with silver; Pinos Altos, with copper and gold ores; Santa Rita, 

with copper ore sparingly; Santa Rosa, with copper ores, not abundant; 

Steeplerock, with auriferous pyrite, no longer mined. Luna County, 

Cooks Peak, Tres Hermanas. Otero County, Jar ill a, in contact-metamor- 

.phic deposits. Rio Arriba County, Bromide, rare; Hopewell, sparingly 

with gold ores. Sandoval County, Cochiti, plentiful. Santa Fe County, 

Cerrillos, Old Placers. Sierra County, Lake Valley, in gold quartz 

veins, rare. Socorro County, Cooney, with copper ores, occasional; Magdalena. Taos County, Red River.

Sphalerite. Dona Ana County, Organ district, Black Prince and Merrimac 

mines. Grant County, Carpenter district, Potosi group. Luna County, 

Florida Mountains. Mora County, Tres Hermanas. Socorro County, 

Jones district, Magdalena, San Andreas.

Stephanite. Sierra County, Lake Valley district. Rio Arriba County, Bromide.

Stibnite (antimony sulphide). Grant County, small quantity mined with silver 

ores at American mine, Hachita district. Santa Fe County, Cerrillos 

district, not mined. ' .

Sulphur (native). Lincoln County, near White Oaks in gypsum deposits. 

Sandoval County, Jemez Springs; formerly produced commercially at the 

Otero sulphur works, where the deposits are very considerable, in the 

north part of T. 19 N., R. 3 E.

Teinorite. Grant County, occurs in Santa Rita, not mined. Socorro County, 

San Lorenzo.

Tetradymite. Grant County, Golden Eagle and Hand .Car mines, Sylvanite 

district; mined for gold.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper). Dona Ana County, found at Organ. Rio Arriba 

County, with calcite in schist at Bromide mine, carries silver. Socorro 

County, in silver veins at Cooney (Mogollon) ; near Pueblo Springs, in 

quartz veins with chalcopyrite, highly argentiferous. Sierra County, has 

been mined at Chloride, Hermosa, and Kingston.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Travertine. See Onyx marble.

Tuff (building stone). Dona Ana County, Las Cruces. Grant County, 12 miles 

southeast of Lordsburg, Silver City. Socorro County, Socorro Mountain, 

near Socorro, supplies an attractive and substantial building stone from 

gray trachyte flows, of which the School of Mines at Socorro is built.
220 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW MEXICO.

Tungsten ores. See Ferberite, Hiibnerite, Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Turquoise. Grant County, has been mined in Burro Mountain district in 

Little Burro Mountains, in White Signal (Cow Spring) district, and at 

old Hachita in Little Hachita Mountains. Lincoln County, Nogal (Bonita, Parsons). Otero County, has been mined near Brice in Jarilla 

Mountains, 4 miles northwest of Orogrande, between Jarilla and Las 

Cruces. Santa Fe County, mined extensively 6 miles north of Los 

Cerrillos.

Vanadinite. Dona Ana County, Organ Mountains, Black Mountain district, 

30 miles northeast of Las Cruces, associated with galena and barite. 

Grant County, with silver ores at Mimbres, and McGregor mines; also 

found on Red Horse and White Horse claims, Georgetown district; mined 

at Lucky Bill mine, Bayard station. Sierra County, has been mined in 

Caballos Mountains, and with lead ores in Hillsboro district; occurs also 

in Bella, Apache, and Grande mines, Lake Valley district. Socorro 

County, mined at Kelly mine and found on other claims, Magdalena district.

Vanadium minerals. See Descloizite, Endlichite, and Vanadinite.

Volcanic ash. See Tuff.

Wad. Sierra County, Lake Valley and other districts, was formerly mined.

Willemite. Luna County, Tres Hermanas district.

Wolframite. Grant County, Hachita, with argentiferous galena. Luna 

County, small quantity mined in Victorio district, near Gage. Rio Arriba 

County, Rinconacla. Taos County, mined in Copper Mountain (Picuris) 

district, near Penasco.

Wood (petrified). Santa Fe County, about 3 miles east of Cerrillos.

Wulfenite. Dona Ana County, mined with silver ores in Organ district. Grant 

County, Lordsburg. Sierra. County, mined at Hillsboro and reported 

from Caballos district.

Xanthoconite. Santa Fe County, Cerrillos district, was formerljy mined.

Zinc minerals. Dona Ana County, Organ district, large bodies of high-grade 

ore in Black Prince and Merrimac mines. Grant County, Central, Carpenter, Eureka; Pinos Altos. Luna County, Cooks Peak, Florida Mountains, Tres Hermanas. Santa Fe County, Cerrillos, New Placers. Sierra 

County, Kingston, Limestone. Socorro County, Magdalena, Oscura, San 

Anclreas. See Aurichalcite, Chalcophanite, Hydrozincite, Smithsonite, 

Sphalerite, and AVillemite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW YORK. -221 

NEW YORK.

Abrasive. See Corundum, Garnet, and Millstone.

Allanite. Essex County, abundant in Smith mine, Mineville. Westchester 

County, occurs sparingly at Bedford feldspar quarries.

Almandite. See Garnet.

Apatite (phosphate of lime). Essex County, abundant in Old Red magnetite

ores at Mineville, and obtained as by-product in their concentration,

botryoidal and fibrous variety (eupyrchroite) near Crown Point. Jeffer-

. son County, Vrooman Lake. St. Lawrence County, with calcite at Hammond, also near Gouverneur. Saratoga County, Greenfield.

Arsenopyrite (mispickel). Orange County, occurs near Edenville. Putnam 

County, occurs near Boyds Corner, has been mined near Pine Pond.

Asbestos. Dutchess County, found near Pawling. Orange County, near 

Greenwood Furnace. Putnam County, Phillipstown and Patterson. Richmond County, near Tompkinsville, in Serpentine Hill, Staten Island. 

Rockland County, Stony Point. Warren County, Thurman.

Barite (heavy spar). Columbia County, occurs at Ancram. Herkimer County, 

near Little Falls and Fairfield. Jefferson County, has been mined at 

Pillar Point and near Chaumont. Onondaga County, near Syracuse. St. 

Lawrence County, Hammond, De Kalb, and Richville. Schoharie County, 

with strontianite in limestone near Schoharie, also at Carlisle.

Bluestone. See Sandstone.

Brown iron ore (limonite, brown hematite). Dutchess County, Amenia mine, 

the only producer in 1914. Was formerly produced in Columbia County, 

at Ancram, Boston Corner, Copake, Hillsdale, and Millerton. Dutchess 

County, at the Dover, Sylvan Lake, and other mines. Orange County, 

Townsend mine, Cornwall, Richmond County, Castleton, Four Corners, 

and New Dorp and Todt Hill, Staten Island.

Brucite. Putnam County, a,t Brewster, in the Tilly Foster iron mine, well 

crystallized, also pseudomorphic after dolomite and altered to serpentine. 

Richmond County. Westchester County, on the peninsula east of New 

Rochelle.

Celestite. Cayuga County, Auburn. Herkimer County, Starkville. Jefferson 

County, High Island, Brownville, Depauville, and Theresa. Monroe 

County, Rochester. Niagara County, Lockport. Oneida County, Clinton. 

Onondaga County, Syracuse. St. Lawrence County, Rossie lead mines. 

Schoharie County, Schoharie.

Cement (natural). Natural cemeat mills are largely being supplanted by those 

producing Portland cement. Former important producers: Erie County, 

Akron. Onondaga County, Syracuse, Fayetteville, Manlius, and Jamesville. Schoharie County, Howes Cave. Ulster County, Rosendale and 

Lawrenceville.

Cement material (Portland). Limestone and clays used: Cayuga County, 

Cayuga. Columbia County, at Greenport and Hudson. Greene County, 

Cementon and Alsen. Schoharie County, Howes Cave. Warren County, 

Glen's Falls. Marls and clay used: Livingston County, near Caledonia. 

Onondaga County, Jamesville. Steuben County, Wayland.

Cerium metals. See Allanite and. Cyrtolite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Lewis County, occurs at Martinsburg. St. Lawrence County, sparingly in Rossie lead mines. Westchester County, nesir 

Ossining.
222 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW YORK.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Columbia County, occurs in Ancram lead mine. 

Orange County, near Edenville. St. Lawrence County, was mined in 

connection with lead near Rossie and Canton. Sullivan County, abundant with galena near Wurtsboro. Ulster County, Ellenville and Red 

Bridge lead mines.

Chromite. Orange County, occurs in Clove mine. Putnam County, in serpentine near Peekskill. Richmond County, disseminated in serpentine of 

Staten Island. Westchester County, disseminated in serpentine at Rye 

and New.Rochelle.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Chrysoberyl. Saratoga County, formerly found abundantly in Greenfield, of 

gem quality.

Clay (brick). Widely distributed and utilized in nearly every county of the 

State. Extensively dug in counties bordering Hudson River. Used for 

tile and terra-cotta ware by firms in 'Albany, Allegany, Cayuga, Erie, 

Kings, Livingston, Monroe,. New York, Oneida, Orange, Queens, Rensselaer, Rockland, Schenectady, and Steuben counties. 

Clay (fire). Richmond County, dug and shipped on Staten Island. Suffolk 

County, from Long Island. >

Clay (kaolin). Dutchess County, dug a,t Shenandoah. Fulton County, Northville. Ontario County. Saratoga County, Corinth and Batchellerville. 

Schenectady County. Westchester County.

Clay (pottery). Dug intermittently in Cheruimg County, at Elmira. Dutchess 

County, Amenia. Monroe County, Chili. Oneida County, Utica. Onondaga County, Syracuse, Warner, and Amboy station. Richmond County; 

Staten Island. Suffolk County, Long Island.

Clay (slip). Albany County, mined and shipped near Albany.

Copper. See Chalcopyrite.

Corundum (emery).- Westchester County, mined with spinel near Peekskill 

and used as abrasive.

Corundum. Orange County, blue and white varieties occur in limestone near 

Amity.

Cyrtolite. Westchester County, found at Bedford feldspar quarries, utilized.

Diabase. See Trap.

Diatomaceous earth. Herkimer County, dug at Wilmurt. Suffolk County, 

occurs at Cold Spring Harbor.

Diopside. Essex County, partly serpentinized in marble at Port Henry. St. 

Lawrence County, De Kalb township (used as a gem).

Emery. See Corundum.

Feldspar. Essex County, crushed pegmatite quarried for use in the manufacture of roofing material, and as poultry grit, at Crown Point and Ticonderoga. Fulton County, orthoclase and microcline for use in pottery 

mined near Northville. Saratoga County, has been mined at Batchellerville and Corinth. Westchester County, at Bedford and North Castle.

Flagstone. See Limestone (building) and Sandstone.

Fluorspar. Cayuga County, occurs sparingly at. Auburn. Clinton County, 

abundant in Palmer Hill mine and occurs at Finch ore bed. Essex 

County, Burton Hill mines, Mineville. Jefferson County, Muscalonge 

Lake, Alexandria Bay. Lewis County, Lowville. Monroe County, Rochester. Niagara County, Lockport. Onondaga County, Fayetteville, and 

Manlius. Orange County, Amity and Edenville. Putnam County, Tilly 

Foster iron mine, Brewster. St. Lawrence County, De Kalb, Fine, Gouverneur, Hammond, and Macomb. Warren County, Johnsburg.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES NEW YORK. 223

Galena. Columbia County, has been mined a.t Ancram. Lewis County, occurs 

at Martinsburg. Orange County, has been mined at Phoenix lead-zinc 

mine near Otisville. St. Lawrence County, has been mined at Rossie and 

vicinity, and occurs in limestone at Balmat mine between Edwards and 

Gouverneur, at Donovan mine at Macornb. Sullivan County, has been 

mined at Wurtsboro. Ulster County, has been mined at Ellenville and Red 

Bridge. Washington County, occurs at White Creek. Westchester 

County, has been mined near Ossining.

Garnet (almandite). Essex County, mined at Mount Bigelow, near Keeseville. St. Lawrence County, is an abundant constituent of many Adirondack; gneisses; has been mined near Gouverneur. Warren County, the 

largest and most important production in the county is made near North 

River; mined also at Johnsburg and Riparius; used as abrasive material.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Granite. Abundant in eastern part of State; quarried at many places. Clinton 

County, Dannemora and West Chazy. Essex County, Ausable Forks and 

Keeseville. Franklin County, St. Regis Falls. Fulton County, Gloversville. Herkimer County, Little Falls. Jefferson County, Antwerp, Alexandria Bay, Clayton, Grindstone Island, Picton Island, Redwood, and 

Wellesley Island. Orange County, Cornwall, north end of Mount Adam, 

Pine Island, and Warwick. Putnam County, at Cold Spring, Garrison, 

Fhillipstown, and at several places on southwest side of Breakneck 

Mountain north of Cold Spring. Rockland County, Piermont, Stony 

Point,' Round Island. Saratoga County, Corinth, Hadley, Saratoga 

Springs. Warren County, Glens Fails. Westchester County, Ardsley, 

Glenville, New Rochelle, Peekskill, Scarsdale, Valhalla, Yonkers, and 

elsewhere.

Graphite'(plumbago). Clinton County, occurs near Saranac River. D.utchess 

County, occurs south of Fishkill Landing. Essex County, has been mined 

at Bear Pond, town of Ticonderoga, 7$ miles southwest of Crown Point 

Center, and at Lead Hill, near Ticonderoga. Orange County, occurs at 

Duck Cedar Pond. Putnam County, occurs near Carmel. Saratoga 

County, mined at Conklingville and at Porter Corners, town of Green- 

. field. Warren County, mined at Graphite. Washington County, has been 

mined on South Bay, town of Dresden. Westchester County, occurs 

near Peekskill.

Gypsum. Found throughout central and western parts of State, in the Salina 

formation of the Silurian. Used for calcined plasters, agricultural 

plaster, and for admixture in Portland cement. Quarries in Cayuga 

County, at Union Springs. Erie County, Akron. Genesee County, Oakfield. Madison County, Clockville. Monroe County, Wheatland, Garbutt, 

and Mumford. Onondaga County, Jamesville, Fayetteville, Manlius, and 

Camillus. Ontario County, Victor and Port Gibson. Small quarries for 

local use at other places.

Hematite (red iron ore). Hematite associated with schists and limestone has 

been mined. Jefferson County, near Philadelphia, and Antwerp. St. 

Lawrence County, near De Kalb, Rossie, Hermon, and Somerville. Iron 

ore of Clinton formation outcrops through Herkimer, Monroe, Niagara, 

Oneida, Orleans, Oswego, and Wayne counties; mined at Clinton, Oneida 

County, and at Ontario, Wayne County.

Ilmenite (titanic iron). Associated with gabbro-anorthosite intrusions in 

Clinton, Essex, Franklin, and Warren counties. Some attempts at smelting these ores have been made.
224 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW YOEK.

Infusorial earth. See Diatornaceous earth.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Pyrite, 

Pyrrhotite, and Siderite.

Labradorite (feldspar). Essex County, quarried for ornamental purposes near 

Keeseville.

Lead. See Cerusite and Galena.

Limestone (building). Limestones locally used for building. Producing quarries in Albany, Cayuga, Clinton, Erie, Genesee, Greene, Jefferson, Lewis, 

Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, Niagara, Onondaga, Rensselaer, St. Lawrence, Schoharie, Seneca, Ulster, and Warren counties.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried in Albany County, at Ravena. Cayuga 

County, Auburn. Clinton County, Chazy and Plattsburg. Columbia 

County, on east outskirts of Hudson. Dutchess County, New Hamburg 

and Stoneco. Erie County, Depew, Lancaster, and elsewhere. Essex 

County, Westport. Fulton County, Mayfield. Genesee County, North 

Leroy. Greene County, Catskill. Herkimer County, Jacksonburg and 

Jordanville. Jefferson County, Chaumont, Watertown, and near Clayton. Lewis County, small quantity at Lyon Falls. Madison County, 

Perryville and Blakeslee. Monroe County, Rochester. Montgomery 

County, Amsterdam and vicinity, and Cranesville. Niagara County, 

Lewiston, Lockport. Oneida County, Higginsville and Sauquoit. Orange 

County,' Cedar Cliff. Onondaga County, East Onondaga, near Syracuse, 

Jamesville, and elsewhere. Ontario County, Canandaigua. Orleans 

County, Medina. Rensselaer County, Troy. Rockland County, Tompkins Cove. Saratoga County, Stillwater ^Center and near Saratoga. 

Schenectady County, Pattersonville. Schoharie County, Cobleskill and 

Schoharie. Seneca County, Waterloo and Seneca Falls. Ulster County, 

Kingston. Warren County, Glens Falls. Washington County, Sandy 

Hill, Smiths Basin, 'and Whitehall. Westchester County, Verplanck..

Limestone (flux). Quarried for flux in Cayuga County, at Auburn. Clinton 

County, Chazy. Erie County, Buffalo, Clarence, and Williamsville. 

Essex County, Port Henry. Genesee County, Leroy. Niagara County, 

Pekin. St. Lawrence County, Gouverneur. Suffolk County, Greenport.

Limestone (lime). Burned in Albany, Cayuga, Clinton^ Dutchess, Erie, Fulton, 

Genesee, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, St. 

Lawrence, Ulster, Warren, Washington, Westchester, and other counties.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnesite (carbonate of magnesia). Orange County, occurs at Warwick. 

Richmond County, New Dorp. Rockl'and County, Stony Point. WestChester County, near Rye and New Rochelle.

Magnesium. See Brucite.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Large, deposits in Adirondack region. Principal producers are the Mineville, Port Henry, Lyon Mountain, Salisbury, 

and Benson mines. Workable bodies occur at many other places, as at 

Arnold mines, Clinton County. Lenticular ore bodies in gneiss mined 

in Orange County at Lake Montgomery.

Manganese. See Pyrolusite, Rhodonite, and Wad.

Marble. Clinton County, fossiliferous limestone has been quarried for ornamental work at Plattsburg and Chazy. Dutchess County, white marble 

quarried at South Dover and Wingdale. Essex County, Minerva. New 

York County, was formerly quarried at Kingsbridge and Tremont. 

Orange County, formerly quarried at Warwick. Piitnam County, was 

quarried at Towners Four Corners. St. Lawrence County, Colton, white,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW FORK. 225

gray, and mottled marbles are quarried at Gouverneur. Warren County, 

black marble is quarried at Glens Falls. Westchester County, is quarried 

at Ossiuing and Tuckahoe; old quarries at Hastings and Sparta.

Marl. Large deposits in Onondaga and Madison counties. Deposits also found 

in Albany, Columbia, Dutchess, Greene, Orange, Ulster, . and Wayne 

counties; used as fertilizer. Cayuga County, occurs at Montezuma. 

Onondaga County, Warner. Steuben County, used for Portland cement 

at Wayland.

Menaccanite. See Ilmenite.

Mica (muscovite). Generally present in pegmatites, of which several are listed 

under Feldspar (p. 222). Essex County, obtained as by-product of 

feldspar mines at Crown Point, used for roofing. Orange County, found 

at Edenville. Saratoga County, suitable for grinding at Batchellerville 

feldspar quarry and found at Greenfield. St. Lawrence County, has been 

mined near Oswegatchie. Westchester County, found at Pleasantvillc.

Millstone. Ulster County, Shawangunk conglomerate quarried at several 

localities.

Mineral paint. Manufactured from shales, iron ore, slate, and talc. Cattaraugus County at Randolph, from red shales of Chemung formation. 

Delaware County, red shales of Catskill formation at Roxbury. Oneida 

County, red iron ore mined at Clinton. Otsego County, hematite at 

Oneonta. St. Lawrence County, hematite. Washington County, Cambrian red slate. Wayne County, Clinton hematite at Ontario.

Molybdenite. Clinton County, occurs at Lyon Mountain. Orange County, 

West Point and near Warwick. Putnam County, Tilly Foster mine; 

sparingly in granite.

Natural gas. Produced in 15 counties of the State. Principal fields in Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, and Erie counties. The number of 

producing gas wells at the close of 1910 was 1,411; at the close of 1914, 

2,031 wells.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Peat. Occurs in bogs of various sizes throughout the State. Some of the 

larger bogs are the Montezuma marshes and Cowaselon swamp, in central New York, and the Drowned Lands of the Wallkill, in southeastern 

New York. Small production for fertilizer near Fishkill and at Hopewell 

Junction. Fuel plant formerly near Watertown but destroyed by fire.

Petroleum. The total production in the State in 1914 was 938,974 barrels, 

valued at $1,760,868, the production being derived from 10,516 wells. 

Productive horizon in Upper Devonian sandstones. The principal producing fields are Allegany County, near Andover, Bolivar, Wirt, and 

other towns. Cattaraugus County, Allegany, Carrollton, and Olean 

townships. Erie and Steuben counties are minor producers.

Platinum. Clinton County, a nugget found at Plattsburg.

Pyrite. Erie County, occurs along Eighteenmile Creek. Essex County, associated with graphite in Ticonderoga mines. Franklin County, in large bed 

at Duane. Jefferson County, with hematite in serpentine at Philadelphia 

and with schist at Oxbow, Antwerp, and Keene station. Lewis County, 

at Martinsburg. Putnam County, Phillipstown, Patterson, and near 

Ludington Mill. St. Lawrence County, with crystalline limestones and 

schist, is mined at Hermon and Gouverneur. Sullivan County, with 

galena in WurtsbOro lead mine.

27608° Bull. 624 17 15
226 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES NEW YORK.

Pyrolusite. Cattaraugus County, small deposits near Randolph. Essex County, 

as coating on feldspar near Crown Point and Ticonderoga. -Fulton 

County, in pegmatite near Northville. Saratoga County, in pegmatite at 

Corinth and Edinburg. Westchester County, in dolomite near Ossining.

Pyrrhotite. Large deposits in Jefferson County, at Oxbow; St. Lawrence 

County, at High Falls mine near Canton, and at Edwards; Westchester 

County, at Anthonys Nose.

Quartz. Essex County, has been quarried near Port Henry. Abundantly distributed in veins in the Adirondack region. Herkimer County, doubleended clear quartz crystals found in dolomite at Little Falls, sold for 

jewelry and curios. Washington County, quarried at Fort Ann. WestChester County, Bedford, for wood filler, paint, etc.

Rhodonite. Essex County, occurs near Keeseville.

Road metal. Albany County, limestone of the Helderberg group quarried at 

South Bethlehem. Rockland County, magnesian limestone quarried at 

Tompkins Cove, limestone and granite at Piermont and lola Island. 

Schenectady County, sandstone at Duanesburg. Westchester County, 

granite and gneiss at Port Chester. Limestone and granite used at many 

localities in State. See also Trap.

Salt (brine). Pumped in Genesee County, at Leroy. Livingston County, 

Piffard. Onondaga County, Tully, piped to Syracuse. Schuyler County, 

Watkins. Tompkins County, Ithaca and Ludlowville. Wyoming County, 

Rock Glen, Saltvale, and Silver Springs.

Salt (rock). Livingston County, mined at Cuylerville and Retsof.

Sand (building). Dug in Albany County, at Albany. Cayuga County, Auburn. 

Chautauqua- County, Dunkirk and Fredonia. Broome County, Deposit. 

Cattaraugus County, Gowanda. Erie County, Buffalo, Clarence, and Lancaster. Genesee County, Leroy and Oakland. Livingston County, near 

Mount Morris. Monroe County, Brighton, Pittsford, and Rochester. 

Nassau County, near Roslyn and at Port Washington. Onondaga County, 

Fairmont and Camillus. Ontario County, Fishers and Oaks Corners. 

Orange County, Otisville and Roseton. Oswego County, Fulton and 

Minetto. Rensselaer County, Rensselaer and Troy. Saratoga County, 

Cohoes and Waterford. Schenectady County, Rotterdam, Schenectady, 

and Scotia. Schuyler County, Watkins. Suffolk County, Northport. 

Ulster County, Marlboro. Washington County, Smiths Basin and elsewhere. Sand pits in many other places. *

Sand (glass). Dug in Oneida County at Durhamville near Oneida Lake. 

Oswego County, Cleveland and Minetto. Schenectady County, Niskayuna. 

Ulster County,.sandstone at Ellenville.

Sand (molding). Dug in Albany County at Cohoes, Delmar, Selkirk, and West 

Albany. Cayuga County, Auburn. Chautauqua County, Dunkirk. 

Dutchess County, Fishkill Landing.' Erie County, North Collins. Greene 

County, Coxsackie. Oneida County, Boonville, Fish Creek, Forestport, 

and Rome. Oswego County, Fulton. Queens County, Rockaway Beach. 

Rensselaer County, Rensselaer. Saratoga County, Ballston, Burgoyne, 

Elnora, Jonesville, Round Lake, and Ushers. Schenectady County, South 

Schenectady. Wayne County, Spdus Point.

Sandstone. Quarried in Albany County, at Cohoes. Allegany County, Almond, 

Belfast, and Belmont. Cattaraugus County, Machias and Olean. Cayuga 

County, small quarries in Albion sandstone of Medina group at Sterling. 

Chautauqua County, quarried at Jamestown. Dutchess County, Poughkeepsie and Rhinebeck. Essex County, Keeseville, on Ausable River,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW YORK. 227

and Port Henry. Franklin County, Burke and Malone. Greene County, 

Catskill and New Baltimore. Herkimer County, sandstone of the Clinton 

formation quarried at Frankfort Hill and Little Falls. Jefferson County, 

Alexandria Bay and Theresa. Madison County, quarried at Munnsville. 

Monroe County, Greece, and small quarries at Brockport, Penfield, and 

Rochester. Montgomery County, St. Johnsville. Niagara County, Lewiston and Lockport. Oneida County, Higginsville, New Hartford, Oriskany Falls, Utica, Washington Mills, and elsewhere. Orange County, 

Otisville. Orleans County, Albion, Eagle Harbor, Fancher, Medina, and 

elsewhere. Oswego County, Granby and Oswego. Otsego County, Cherry 

Valley and Otego. Rensselaer County, intermittently quarried at Troy. 

Rockland County, Haverstraw, Nanuet, and Nyack. St. Lawrence 

County, Hammond, Hopkinton, Oakvale, South Hammond, and Potsdam. 

Schenectady County, Craig, Duanesburg, and Schenectady. Ulster 

County, Highland, New Paltz, and Rosendale. Washington County, Fort 

Ann. Wayne County, small quarries in Albion sandstone at Wolcott. 

Wyoming County, Arcade. Yates County, Himrod.

Sandstone (bluestone). Quarried in Albany County, at Berne, Reidsville, 

South Berne, and Voorheesville. Allegauy County, Belmont and Scio. 

Broome County, Cartersville, Deposit, East Windsor, Gulf Summit, 

McClure Settlement, Sanford, and Windsor. Cattaraugus County, Franklinville and South Olean. Cayuga County, King Ferry. Chautauqua 

County, Fredonia. Chenango County, Afton, East Guilford, McDonough, 

Norwich, Oxford, and South Oxford. Delaware County, Deposit, Hancock, Lordville, and elsewhere. Greene County, Acra, Catskill, Haines 

Falls, Palenville, Platt Clove, and Tannersville. Livingstou County, 

Oakland. Madison County, Canastota. Oneida County, Clinton and 

Fishcreek. Otsego County, Cooperstown, East Worcester, Middlefleld, 

Milford, and Oneonta. Schenectady County, Duanesburg and Schenectady. Schoharie County, Esperance. Schuyler County, Watkins. Steuben County, Hornell. Sullivan County, Acidalia, Callicoon, Eddy, Livingston Manor, Long Eddy, Narrowsburg, Oakland Valley, Pond, Roscoe, 

Westbrookville, and Wurtsboro. Tioga County, Waverly. Ulster County, 

Allaben, Allaku, Brodhead, Olive, number of quarries at Saugerties, and 

elsewhere. Washington County, Comstock. Wyoming County, Portageville, Rock Glen, and Warsaw. Yates County, Himrod and elsewhere.

Serpentine. Occurs, in Orange County, near Amity. Putnam County, Phillipstown. Richmond County, in large area on Staten Island. St. Lawrence 

County, Gouverneur, Fowler, Edwards, and Pitcairn Township. Warren 

County, Johnsburg and Warrensburg. Washington County, Shelving 

Rock, Lake George. Westchester County, near New Rochelle and Rye.

Shale (oil). Devonian, underlies most of the southern half of the State.

Siderite (spathic iron ore). Columbia County, occurs at Linlithgo. Greene 

County, occurs near Catskill station. Jefferson County, in hematite at 

Philadelphia and in crystals at Antwerp. St. Lawrence County, in serpentine northeast of Hermon. Ulster County, Napanock, has been mined.

Slate (roofing). Columbia County, occurs at New Lebanon. Rensselaer 

County, has been quarried near Hoosick. Washington County, quarried 

at Granville, Hebron, West Pawlett, near Whitehall, and elsewhere.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Columbia County, with galena at Ancram lead 

mines. Herkimer County, Salisbury. Lewis County, Martinsburg and 

Lewisburg. Montgomery County, Flat Creek. Orange County, Phoenix
228 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NEW YORK.

lead-zinc mine near Otisville. St. Lawrence County, mined at Edwards, 

occurs in serpentine limestone at Balmat mine between Edwards and 

Gouverneur. Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs. Sullivan County, with 

galena at Wurtsboro. Ulster County, with galena at Ellenville and Red 

Bridge.

Spinel. Orange County, is found at numerous places. Westchester County, 

mined with corundum near Peekskill. Used as abrasive.

Strontianite. Cayuga County, Auburn. Herkimer County, Starkville. Jefferson County, High Island, Brownville, Depauville, and Theresa. Monroe 

County, Rochester. Niagara County, Lockport. Oneida County, Clinton. 

Onondaga County, Syracuse. St. Lawrence County, Rossie lead mines. 

Schoharie County, in limestone near Schoharie; more of the strontium 

minerals have been taken from the vicinity of Schoharie than anywhere 

else in the State.

Strontium. See Celestite and Strontianite.

Sunstone. Essex County, Crown Point. Westchester County, Horace Greeley 

farm at Chappaqua.

Talc. Fibrous talc mined in Lewis County, near Natural Bridge. Richmond 

County, occurs with serpentine on Staten Island. St. Lawrence County, 

in towns of Fowler and Edwards. Used by paper, paint, and plaster 

manufacturers.

Titanium. See Hmenite.

Trap. Palisades on lower Hudson River, formerly quarried. Rockland County, 

quarried near Haverstraw, Mount Ivy, Rockland Lake, and West 

Nyack. Saratoga County, Greenfleld. Used for road material, etc. Trap 

dikes are very numerous in the northern and eastern Adirondack region.

Vesuvianite. Orange County, near Amity.

Verde antique. Essex County, occurs at Moriah, Port Henry, and Minerva. 

Warren County, Thurman.

Wad (earthy manganese). Columbia County, occurs at Austerlitz, Hillsdale, 

and Canaan Center. Dutchess County, small deposits at Unionvale. 

Essex County, near Keeseville. Lewis County, small deposits at Tug 

Hill near Houseville. Orange County, with iron ores near Warwick. 

Also in Albany, Allegany, New York, Rensselaer, and Warren counties.

Yttrium. See Allanite and Cyrtolite.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.

Zircon. Clinton County, found at Lyon Mountain. Essex County, occurs in 

few places near Crown Point and abundantly in pegmatite at Old Red 

mines, Mineville. Orange and St. Lawrence counties, occurs at numerous 

places.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA. 229

NORTH CAROLINA.

Abrasive. See Corundum, Garnet, Millstone, and Novaculite.

Agalmatolite (pyrophyllite). In Algonkian rocks in a range crossing Chatham . 

and Moore counties. Worked for use in making wall paper and soaps 

and in foundries.

Agate. Cabarrus County, near Concord and Harrisburg. Mecklenburg County, 

in small quantity. Orange County, moss agate near Hillsboro.

Allanite. Occurs in Henderson County, at zircon mines, near Zirconia. 

Iredell County, abundant near Bethany Church. Madison County, at 

Democrat. Mitchell County, Wiseman mica mine.

Almandite. See Garnet.

Amethyst. Iredell County, at several localities southeast of Statesville. Lincoln County, at Lincolnton, near Ironton station and Denver. Macon 

County, in veins cutting gneiss at several places in valley of Tessentee 

Creek, near Scaly Mountain, and south of Highlands. Wake County, 

near Kaleigh. Warren County, near Inez, 10 miles south of Warrenton.

Aquamarine. Alexander County, mined at Hiddenite and Ellis mines, near 

Hiddenite. Burke County, has been found in South Mountain. Jackson 

County, mined several miles south of Cashiers. Macon County, mined 

at head of Tessentee Creek. Mitchell County, mined at Wiseman and 

other mica mines. Yancey County, in Ray and other mica m'ines.

Arsenopyrite (mispickel). Cleveland County, mined for gold at Kings Mountain mine. Occurs also in gold mines in Cabarrus, Gaston, Union, and 

Watauga counties, but only sparingly with other ores.

Asbestos. Burke County, occurs near Brindletown and Warlicks Mills. Caldwell County, near Baker mine. Jackson County, southern part; fine and 

fibrous. Macon County, Nantahala River. Mitchell County, near Bakersville. Wilkes County, near Wilkesboro and Brushy Mountains. Occurs 

in many other localities.

Auerlite. Henderson County, at zircon mine, in pegmatite 2 miles west of 

Zirconia.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). At copper mines in Cabarrus, Chatham, 

Gaston, Granville, Mecklenburg, and Moore counties in small quantity.

Barite. Principal deposits are: Gaston County, about 5 miles south from Bessemer City and in a belt extending southwest parallel with Kings Mountain Ridge. Madison County, near Hot Springs, Marshall, Sandy Bottom, 

and. Stackhouse. Has also been mined in Orange County at Hillsboro.

Beryl. Alexander County, mined at Hiddenite-Emerald mine. Burke County, 

near Burkmont in South Mountains. In mica mines in Alexander, Iredell, Mitchell, and Yancey counties. See also Aquamarine.

Bornite (purple copper ore). Cabarrus, Rowan, and Stanly counties, with 

chalcocite in Gold Hill district. Granville and Person counties, important ore in quartz gangue in Virgilina district. Occurs also in Alleghany County, Peach Bottom mine. Ashe County, Gap Creek mine. 

Chatham County, Clegg's mine. Guilford County, Gardiner Hill mine.

Brown iron ore (limonite, bog iron ore). Many deposits in eastern part of 

State in Duplin, Jones, Nash, New Hanover, Pender, and other counties.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite). Ashe County, has been mined in upper 

part of Ore Knob copper mines, accompanying copper lodes. Burke 

County, many beds in a northeasterly direction from Jacobi Fork of 

Catawba River to Brushy Mountains in Wilkes County; large beds in
230 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA.

Chatham County, at Ore Hill. Cherokee County, at Nottla, and along 

Valley River. Gaston County, Highshoals. Johnston County, near 

Smithfleld. McDowell County, has been mined in Linville Mountains. 

Many localities have been worked in Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, 

Gaston,, Lincoln, McDowell, Mitchell, Surry, Watauga, and other counties.

Cassiterite (tin ore). Tin belt extends from southeastern part of Cleveland 

County, through western part of Gaston County, to about 4 miles east 

of Lincolnton, Lincoln County. Cleveland County, has been mined at 

Jones, Foster, and Fairies mines near Kings Mountain; and in ^Lincoln 

County, near Lincolnton.

Cement material. Crystalline limestones in western part of State, and soft 

limestone in Eocene and Miocene in eastern part of State suitable for 

cement.

Cerium. See Allanite, Cyrtolite, Monazite, Polycrase, and Samarskite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Caldwell County,.Baker mine. Cherokee County, 

Murphy. Davidson County, Silver* Hill, with galena and silver ores. 

Rowan County, Gold Hill district.

Chalcanthite (blue vitriol, hydrous copper sulphate). Cleveland County, secondary mineral at Kings Mountain mine, mined for gold.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Cabarrus, Rowan, and Stanly counties, with 

bornite in Gold Hill district. Person and Granville counties, mined for 

copper in Virgilina district. Found also in Ashe County, at Ore Knob 

mine"and Gap Creek mine. Cabarrus County, Pioneer Mills mine. Jackson County, Way Hutta and Wolf Creek mines. Swain County, Nichols.

Chalcopyrite. Ashe County, found in Ore Knob mine. Alleghanjy County, 

Peach Bottom mines. Chatham County, Clegg mine. In mines of Davidson, Gaston, Guilford, Mecklenburg, Rowan, and Unipn counties. Guilford County, Gardiner Hill mine. Haywood and Jackson counties, has 

been mined in Way Hutta, Cullowhee, Savannah, and other mines in 

copper belt. Lincoln County, Macpelah Church. Orange County, near 

Hillsboro and Chapel Hill. Wake County, near Raleigh. Watauga 

County, Elk Knob and Gap Creek mines.

Chalcopyrite (auriferous). Rowan County, Gold Hill district, principal copper ore.

Chromite. Buncombe County, near Democrat and Stocksville. Jackson 

County, at many places in vicinity of Webster, between Willets and 

Balsam Gap. Yancey County, in vicinity of Burnsville, has been mined 

and shipped from Mine Hill.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Chrysocolla (silicate of copper). Found in many copper mines in western 

part of State.

Clay (brick). Common throughout the State. Bricks are made from local 

clay pits at one or more localities in each of 67 counties out of the 98 

counties in the State. Product in 1914 valued at more than $1,000,000.

Clay (fire). Semirefractory and siliceous clays mined for fire brick in Buncombe County, at Emma. Cleveland County, Grover. Guilford County, 

Pomona.

Clay (kaolin). Avery County. Gaston County, at Bessemer City (reported). 

Jackson County, at Sylva and near Webster, at Beta (reported). Macon 

County, near Franklin. Mitchell County, on Bear Creek, near Penland, 

at Spruce Pine. Swain County, at Almond and near Bryson City. 

Tancey County, Green Mountain. Occurs in decomposed pegmatite veins 

in Smoky Mountain region in western part of State.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA. 231

Clay (pottery). Mined in Alamance County, at Liberty. Buncombe County, 

at Luthers. Burke County, at Morganton. Catawba County. Gaston 

County, Mount Holly. Lincoln County, Henry and Lincolnton. Ran- 

' dolph County, at Seagrove and Whynot Academy; also mined in Chatham, Johnston, Moore, Union; and Wilkes counties.

Clay (sewer pipe). Guilford County, at Pomona.

Coal. Dan River area, in Triassic rocks: Carbonaceous shale outcrops from 

Germanton, Stokes County, to Leaksville, Rockingham County; semianthracite was mined near Leaksville; beds too thin, irregular, and small 

in extent to be of value. Deep River area: Chatham and Moore counties, in Triassic rocks; bituminous, 3 feet thick, was formerly mined at 

Cumuocks.

Columbite. Occasional pieces found in Mitchell County, at Wiseman and 

other mines near Spruce Pine. Yancey County, at Ray mine and elsewhere.

Copper. See Azurite, Bornite, Chalcanthite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, Cuprite, 

Malachite, Melaconite, and Tetrahedrite.

Corundum. Alexander County, mined to limited extent at Acme mine, near 

Statesville. Clay County, in peridotite in Buck Creek, Herbert, and other 

mines. Jackson County, considerable quantity at Sapphire mine, abrasive. Macon County, in Corundum Hill mine near Franklin, and in 

Mincey mine, 2 miles northwest of Corundum Hill. Madison County, at 

the Carter Mine, near Democrat. Transylvania County, good quality in 

peridotite at Burnt Rock mine. Yancey County, with magnetite, menaccanite, and staurolite, near Burnsville.

Corundum (emerald, oriental). Found sparingly in Clay County, at Cullakeenee mine, Buck Creek near Elf. Macon County, Corundum Hill 

mine.

Corundum (emery). Guilford County, occurs at McChristian place, 7 miles 

south of Friendship. Macon County, has been mined at Fairview mine 

near North Skeener Gap, for abrasive; mined sparingly at several places 

south of Franklin. Mitchell County, near Bakersville.

Corundum (ruby). Mined in Jackson County, Montvale. Macon County, at 

Corundum Hill mine, Cullasaja, Caler Fork of Cowee Creek.'

Corundum (sapphire). Clay County, few found near Elf. Jackson County, 

Sapphire and Whitewater mines near Sapphire. Macon County, Corundum Hill mine.

Cuprite (red oxide of copper). Sparingly in copper mines of Alleghany, Ashe, 

Caldwell', Chatham, Guilford, Jackson, Swain, Lincoln, and Mecklenburg 

counties.

Cyanite. Mitchell County, summit of Yellow Mountain. Yancey County, 

green cyanite at north end of Black Mountains.

Cyrtolite. Henderson County, at Zirconia. Mitchell County, in pegmatites 

near Sprucepine.

Diamond. Ten authentic diamonds have been found in the State.1 Burke 

County, two at and near Brindletown Creek ford. Franklin County, two 

from Portis mine. Lincoln County, Cottage Home. McDowell County, 

headwaters of Muddy Creek and near Dysartville. Mecklenburg County, 

Todds Branch. Rutherford County, Twitty's mine.

Emerald (beryl). Alexander County, Hiddenite mine, near Hiddenite. Cleveland County, Turner mine, 5 miles southwest of Shelby. Mitchell County, 

Crabtree Mountain. See also Corundum (emerald).

Feldspar. Mitchell County, quarried at Penland. Found in nearly all mica 

mines of Mitchell and Yancey counties.
232 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA.

Galena. Cabarrus Gounty, McMakin and other mines. Cherokee County, with 

gold ores, Murphy. Cleveland County, mined for gold at Kings Mountain 

mine in southern part of county. Davidson County, has been found at 

Silver Hill, with blende, native silver, etc. Gaston County, with blende 

in Causler, Shuford, and Long Creek mines. Randolph County, Hoover 

and Boss mines. Rowan County, Gold Hill district, for gold and silver, 

Union mine and others. Union County, Long mine. Watauga County, 

Beech Mountain, several localities. Wilkes County, Flint Knob. Other 

localities in Alleghany, Burke, Caldwell, Chatham, Macon, Montgomery, 

Surry, Swain, and Union counties.

Garnet. Burke County, abrasive and gem formerly mined 8 miles southeast 

of Morganton, along Laurel Creek. Jackson County, abrasive, mined at 

Sugar Loaf Mountain, near Willets. Madison County, abrasive, mined at 

Marshall.

Garnet (rhodolite and almandite). Macon County, obtained with .corundum 

and ruby near In Situ Hill, on Cowee Creek, and on Mason Branch, 5 

miles north of Franklin.

Glauconite. See Marl.

Gneiss. Alexander County, ornamental stone at Rocky Face Mountain. 

Watauga County, Blowing Rock. Not quarried.

Gold. Gold has-been produced in recent years in many localities. There were 

12 placer mines and 9 deep mines operating in 1914. Production was valued at $131,141. Burke County, principal production from 

placers near Bridgewater and Brindletown. Cabarrus County, from reworking dump of old Phoenix mine; also German, Saunders, McMakin, 

and Reed mines. Catawba County, Catawba and England mines. Cherokee County, Middle branch of Tathams Creek, near Andrews. Cleveland 

County, has been recovered as by-product in mining for monazite. Davidson County, several mines in Cid mining district. Franklin County, 

small amount produced at Portis mine. Gaston County, Kings Mountain and Burrell-Wells mines. Granville County, Blue Wing and Copper 

.King mines. Jackson County, Cullowhee mine. Macon County, small 

amount from placer near Flats. McDowell County, small amount from 

placer near Marion, Dysartville, and Vein Mountain. Mecklenburg County, 

Catawba River, dredge near Charlotte, and Surface Hill hydraulic mines. 

Montgomery County, lola mine, near Candor, most important producer in 

State, 650-foot vertical shaft and 450-foot incline shaft; small production 

from Old Coggin, Uwharra (old Montgomery), Martha Washington, and 

Golconda mines. Moore County, small prospects near old Cagle mine. 

Nash County, small output from Mann-Arrington mine; gold ore found 

in several prospects near Nashville. Orange County, small yield from 

North State placer. Polk County, Double Branch mine has five shafts. 

Randolph County, Scarlett, Talbert, Ashboro, Redding, and Southern 

Homestake mines. Rowan County, mines in Gold Hill district make 

small yield, mainly from old dumps; the Steele" placer near Cleveland 

was a producer. Rutherford County, Biggerstaff hydraulic mine near. 

Golden, large producer. Union County, Bonnie Doon and other mines near 

Indian Trail. See also Nagyagite.

Granite. About 40 quarries operating .in 1914 produced granite valued at 

$1,286,345, located in the following places: Buncombe County, near Asheville. Davie County, Lexington. Henderson County, Balfour. Mecklenburg County, near Charlotte. Polk County, Rockliff. Rockingham 

County, Ruffin. Rowan' County, at Faith; large quarry at Salisbury.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA. 233

Surry Ccfunty, Mount Airy, very large quarry. Vance County, Greystone. 

Wake County, near Raleigh. Warren County, 1 mile northwest of Wise 

siding. Wilson County, Elm City. Also in Anson, Gaston, and McDowell 

counties, and small quarries, to supply local demand, have been opened 

at many other places in western part of State.

Graphite. Amorphous, has been mined in Alexander County, at Taylorsville. 

Cleveland County, at Kings Mountain mine. Haywood County, Waynesville. McDowell County, Graphiteville. Wake County, Method, and in 

Yancey County. Impure beds in gneiss in Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston, 

Lincoln, and Rutherford counties; opened near Catawba, Catawba County. 

Gummite. Mitchell County, Penland, Sprucepine, and other places. 

Halite. See Salt. 

Hematite. Has been mined in Chatham County, Ore Hill. Gaston County,

Ormond mine. Harnett County, Buckhorn mine. 

Hiddenite (spodumene). Alexander County, gems mined in veins in biotite

gneiss at Hiddenite, associated with aquamarine and emerald. 

Ilmenite. Caldwell County, was prospected north of Lenoir. 

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Ilmenite, Magnetite, and

Siderite.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin). 

Lead. See Cerusite and Galena.

Lignite (brown coal). Common in marl beds in the eastern counties. In 

Triassic rocks in Anson County, on Brown Creek. Granville County, on 

Tar River.

Limestone. Produced mainly for burning into lime, and for road metal. 

Quarries in Craven County, at Newbern; Henderson County, at Fletcher 

and Hendersonville; Transylvania County, Brevard. Has been quarried in Beaufort, Buncombe, Jones, and New Hanover counties. Other 

localities known in Cleveland, Gaston, Lincoln, and Stokes counties. 

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Occurs in pre-Cambrian formations in central 

and western parts of State, at many localities. Mined for iron at Cranberry, Mitchell County. Has been mined in Ashe, Caldwell, Cleveland, 

Gaston, Stokes, Surry, and other counties. 

Malachite (green copper carbonate). Occurs in small quantity in copper

mines in western part of State.

Manganese ore. Caldwell County, reported from west of Lenoir. Chatham County, manganiferous iron ore occurs at the Buckhorn iron 

mine. Cleveland County, small veins and replacements in schists in 

Kings Mountain region; belt extends northeast into Catawba and Lincoln 

counties. Surry County, north of Dobson, manganiferous garnet. See 

also Psilomelane and Pyrolusite. 

Marble. Cherokee County, quarried at Murphy. Occurs also in McDowell,

Mitchell, and Swain counties.

Marl (calcareous). Occurs in limited patches in all the eastern counties 

throughout an area equal to one-fourth of State, i Used locally in many 

places. 

Marl (greensand or glauconitic). Occurs in southeastern counties, from Nense

River to Cape Fear River. 

Melaconite (black oxide of copper). Occurs sparingly in copper mines in

western part of State. 

Menaocanite. See Ilmenite.
234 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA.

Mica (inuscovite). Deposits ha,ve been opened in 18 or more counties in the 

western part of State, where the production of mica is an important 

industry. Has been mined and prospected extensively; probably have 

been over 100 good producing mines. Ashe County, near Jefferson, 

Beaver Creek, and Elk Crossroads. Buncombe County, near Balsam Gap, 

Black Mountain, Montreat, along North Fork of Swannanoa River. 

Burke County, near Burkemont, in South Mountains. Cleveland County, 

in Indian Town region and near Casar; several miles northwest of 

Shelby, near Belwood. Gaston County, in northwestern part of county. 

Hay wood County, in Alien Creek basin south of Waynesville, and in 

Balsam Mountains, at head of Pigeon River. Jackson County, a large 

number of mines in a belt several miles wide, extending northeast across 

the county from Cowee Bald and Moss Knob, on the Cowee Mountain 

divide, to Balsam Gap and Richland Balsam Mountain; also near Sols 

Creek, along Tuckasegee River, near Pinhook Gap, Wolf Mountain, and 

at several places in southeastern corner of county. Lincoln County, in 

belt along west side of county. Macon County, in a belt several miles 

wide, extending northeast across county, from Nantahala River over 

Wayah Mountain to Cowee Bald and Moss Knob, on the Cowee Mountain 

divide; also near Higdonville, Scaly, and Highlands. Mitchell County, 

large number of mines in region between Bakersville, Crabtree Creek, 

Blue Ridge Mountain, Lineback, and Cranberry; Sprucepine central 

point to mica region. Rutherford County, Isinglass Hill, 3$ miles north 

of Rutherfordton, and other localities. Stokes County, near Sandy Ridge. 

Transylvania County, Bee Tree Fork region and near Sapphire. Watauga 

County, north of Boone and 2 miles northwest of Elk Crossroads. Yancey 

County, many mines along South Toe River and westward across Black 

Mountains, near Burnsville and Green Mountain.

Millstone. Anson County, sandstone used as grindstones during the Civil 

War. Madison County, quartzite on Laurel River, used for millstone. 

Moore County, Triassic conglomerates, used for millstone, McLennans 

Creek. Rowan County, made from granitic rock at Salisbury.

Monazite. Found in gravels in area of about 3,000 square miles. Produced 

fi;om placers in Burke County, around Bridgewater, Brindletown, 

Connellys Springs, and Morganton. Cleveland County, Belwood, 

Casar, Lawndale, Carpenters Knob region, Mooresboro, and elsewhere. 

Gaston County, Cherryville. Iredell County, north of Statesville. Lincoln County, western part. Madison County, in masses up to 60 pounds 

in weight near Mars Hills. Rutherford County, Ellenboro, Oak Springs, 

Rutherfordton, and elsewhere. Also in Alexander and Catawba counties.

Nagyagite. Cleveland County, mined for gold at Kings Mountain mine.

Novaculite (whetstone). Anson County, has been quarried near Wadesboro. 

Orange County, few miles west of Chapel Hill, quarried extensively. 

Person County, near Roxboro.

teat. Abounds in the eastern part of State, particularly in the seaboard 

counties. Not used.

Pitchblende. See Uraninite.

Platinum. A belt of platinum-bearing rock is reported extending from Cedar 

Falls, N. C., to Danville, Va.

Polycrase. Henderson County, in gold washings with zircon, magnetite, etc., 

near Zirconia.

Psilomelane. Caldwell County, in gneissic rocks near Lenoir. Chatham 

County, with iron ore at Buckhorn iron mine. Gaston County, in schist 

1 mile southeast of Kings Creek.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA. 235

Pyrite. Cleveland County, mined for gold at Kings Mountain mine. Gaston 

County, has been mined as sulphur ore 5 miles north of Bessemer City. 

Rowan County, mined for gold, in Gold Hill district. Union County, at 

Colossus.

Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese). Chatham County, with iron ore at 

Buckhorn iron mine. Gaston County, in schist 1 mile southeast of Kings 

Creek, and elseAvhere in small quantity.

Pyrophyllite. Moore County, produced by three mines at Glendon for use as 

talc.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrites). Plentiful, generally with pyrite and chalcopyrite in copper deposits in Ashe, Jackson, Macon, and Swain counties. 

Cleveland County, mined for gold at Kings Mountain mine. Macon 

County, occurs in gravels of corundum mines.

Quartz ("rock crystal," clear and smoky quartz in crystals). Found in many 

counties. Fine crystals have" been obtained from Alexander, Ashe, 

Cleveland, and Iredell counties. Cherokee County, quarried near Ranger 

for flux in copper smelting and in blocks as filler for acid towers. Gaston 

County, mined at Oliver mine.

Radium. See Polycrase, Samarskite, Uraninite, and Uranophane.

Rhodolite. See Garnet.

Road metal. See Granite, Limestone, Sand and gravel, and Sandstone.

Ruby. See Corundum.

Rutile. Clay County, in placer on Shooting Creek, east of Hayesville. Macon 

County, abundant with corundum in gravels of Mason Branch and 

Caler Fork of Cowee Creek. Fine specimens in Alexander and Iredell 

counties.

Salt (brine). Buckingham, Chatham, and Orange counties, formerly obtained 

from wells in Triassic beds.

Samarskite (yttria ore). Mitchell County, large masses have been found at 

Wiseman mica mine; sparingly at other mica mines.

Sand and gravel. Dug at following places: Anson County, Lilleville. Buncombe County, Asheville. ' Cleveland County, Shelby. Gaston County, 

Bessemer City. Guilford County, Greenboro. Henderson County, Balfour. Iredell County, Statesville. Mecklenburg County, Charlotte. 

Moore County, West End. Wilkes County, North Wilkesboro.

Sandstone. Only quarry operating is at Sanford, Lee County. Idle quarries 

in sandstone of Triassic period in Anson County, at Wadesboro. Chatham County, Chatham, near Egypt. Orange County, near Durham. 

Rockingham and Stokes counties, quarries in the Dan River belt.

Sapphire. See Corundum.

Serpentine. Very fine, dark-colored, takes fine polish. Buncombe County, 

Asheville. Caldwell County, Baker quarry. Clay County, Buck Creek. 

Also in Forsythe and Wake counties. Yellowish-green variety occurs in 

Caldwell, Orange, Stokes, Surry,' Wake, Wilkes, and Yancey counties.

Siderite (black band ore and ball ore). Chatham County, beds in Triassic 

rocks of Deep River opened at Egypt, Farmville, and Gulf. Occurs also 

in Davidson, Granville, and Halifax counties. Common as gangue material in gold mines, also at some copper mines.

Silver. Recovered in refining gold and copper, produced mainly in Person and 

Rowan counties. Native silver at Silver Hill and Silver Valley mine, 

Davidson County.

Soapstone. Many undeveloped masses in western part of State. Ashe County, 

probable valuable deposits 2 miles west of Beaver Creek, quarried for 

local use.
236 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH CAROLINA.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Cabarrus County, in McMakin mine with galena and 

silver ores. -Cleveland County, mined for gold in Kings Mountain mine in 

southeastern part of county. Davidson County, has been found at Silver 

Hill with galena and silver ores. McDowell County, in Dobson mine, 

Cedar Grove, in limestone. Rowan County, small quantity in Gold Hill 

district. Union County, Lemmon, Long, Moore, and Stewart gold mines. 

Small quantities in Alleghany, Gaston, Macon, Madison, and Montgomery 

counties.

Spinel. Macon County, found in gravels in Cowee Valley. Mitchell County, 

gahnite variety in Chalk Mountain and other mica mines.

Spodumene. See Hiddenite.

Staurolite. Good single and double crossed crystals, have some commercial 

value as curios; found in Ashe County; Burke County, South Mountains; 

Cherokee County; Haywood County, near Waynesville; Iredell County, 

Belts Bridge; Macon County, near Corundum Hill; northern part of 

Wake County, and in many places west of Blue Ridge.

Sunstone. Iredell County, near Statesville.

Talc. Alleghany County, mined near Piney Creek. Cherokee County, was 

formerly mined at Tomotla. Jackson County, mined at Beta. Moore 

County, three mines at Glendon mining pyrophyllite. Swain County, 

mined at Hewitts.

Tetradymite. Burke, Cabarrus, Gaston, and McDowell counties, in minute 

scales at copper mines. Davidson County, occurs in Alien mine and in 

Beck's mine west of Silver Hill. Montgomery County, mined for gold 

at Asbury mine.

Tetrahedrite. Cabarrus County, has been found in McMakin mine with silver, 

zinc blende, and galena, and in Sudwick mine with copper pyrites. Cleveland County, mined for gold at Kings Mountain mine.

Thorium. See Auerlite and Monazite.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Titanium. See Ilmenite and Rutile.

Tourmaline. Alexander County, black crystals at Stony Point. Yancey 

County, at Ray mine and many other localities.

Unakite. Madison County, in the Great Smoky Mountains of the Unaka 

Range in the slopes of the peaks known as The Bluff, Walnut Mountain, 

and Max Patch. Also in Yancey County.

Uraninite (pitchblende). Mitchell County, in Flat Rock mine, in Deake mine, 

in a feldspar quarry near Penland, and in Wiseman mica mine.

Uranophane. Mitchell County, Penland, Sprucepine, and other places.

Xenotime (yttrium phosphate). Burke County, from gold washings at Brindietown.

Yttrium. See Allanite, Cyrtolite, Polycrase, Samarskite, and Xenotime.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.

Zircon. Burke, McDowell, and Rutherford counties, iu gravels of monazite 

mines. Henderson County, mined near Zirconia. Iredell County, occurs 

near New Sterling.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH DAKOTA. 237 

NORTH DAKOTA.

Cement material. Cretaceous limestone used for natural cement in Cavalier 

County, about 10 miles north of Milton. Pembina County, quarried 

along Tongue River. Niobrara chalk, suitable for Portland cement, 

occurs in State but is almost entirely concealed by glacial drift and 

Pierre shale.

Clay (brick). Dug in Bottinea.u County, at Halls Spur, 3 miles north of 

Omemee, and at-Arnedo. Bowman County, Scranton. Burleigh County, Bismarck and Chapin. Cass County, south of Fargo. Cavalier 

County, Langdon and Milton. Grand Forks County, Grand Forks. 

McLean County, Wilton and 6 miles west of Coal Harbor. Mercer 

County, Plenty coal mine. Morton County, Mandan and Hebron. Pembina County, Drayton and near Walhalla. Stark County, Dickinson and 

Richardton. Walsh County, Park River. Ward County, Burlington, 

Kenmare, and Minot. Traill County, half a mile north of Hillsboro. 

Williams County, Williston.

Clay (fire). Cavalier County, Olga. Morton County, good quality, used near 

Hebron. Stark County, Dickinson.

Clay (pottery). Clay suitable for stoneware occurs in Billings County, near 

Sandcreek post office. Burleigh County, along Missouri River at 

Bismarck. Cavalier County, near Olga. Dunn County, near Oakdale. 

Mercer County, Plenty coal mine. Morton County, near Hebron. Stark 

County, near Dickinson and Gladstone. Ward County, Minot, and at 

other localities.

Coal (lignite). Extensive beds in Cretaceous and Tertiary formations underlie 

western half of State. Production in 1914 was 506,685 short tons. Principal mines and outcrops are in following counties: Adams County, four 

mines in vicinity of Haynes work a 12-foot bed. Billings County, vicinity 

of Yule, Great Bend, Medora, Sentinel Butte, East Rainy Buttes, and 

numerous other localities; mined at Medora, near Sentinel Butte, and 

elsewhere. Bowman County, outcrops along North Fork of Grand River, 

in southeastern part of county; also on Coyote Creek; mined 2 miles 

west of Haley and at Scranton. Burleigh County, McClelland mine, 

7-foot bed, excellent quality; Washburn mine, near Wilton, largest in 

State. Emmons County, near Livona, 2^-foot bed, mined at Edick and 

Parkhurst mine. Hettinger County, outcrops at number of points on 

Coal Bank Creek, 8 miles south of New England, and in the southeastern 

corner of the county; small quantity mined for local use. McLean 

County, outcrops along banks of Missouri River, 30 miles above Bismarck ; Satterlund mine, 6 miles northwest of Washburn, 9-10 foot bed, 

local use; Rose Hill mine, 5-foot bed; Coal Harbor district, Marion, Joe 

Mann, and Eskes mines, bed 7 feet 9 inches; Dogden Buttes, 16-foot bed; 

near Turtle Lake, 7-9 foot bed. Mercer County, along Missouri River 

near Mannhaven, 7-foot bed; also above and below Hazen, and in Big 

Bend district. Morton County, along valley from Sims to New Salem; 

mined at New Salem, 6-foot bed; also mined in vicinity of Sims (Feland 

mine), Glen Ullin, and Hebron, and at many localities south of railroad. 

Oliver County, abundant beds on east bank of Missouri River and at 

Square Butte Creek, and branches of Knife River, 6-7 foot bed; mined 

by stripping; 3 miles south of Hensler; also mined in southern part of 

county. Rolette County, on southern slope of hills near Dunseith, 3-4
238 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES NORTH DAKOTA.

foot bed, mines reopened. Stark County, extensively mined near Lehigh, 

10-15 foot bed; abundant about Belfield, mined on south side of Heart, 

6-foot bed, excellent. Ward County, along edge of bluffs of Des Lacs 

River to prairie; mined near Burlington, 9-13 foot bed; near Kenmare, 

6-foot bed, Smith-Kenmare, Diamond, and many other mines. Williams 

County, considerable deposit about Williston along Missouri River, mined 

for local supply. Workable beds occur also in Adams, Burke, Divide, 

Dunn, McKenzie, Mountrail, and Renville counties.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Granite. Large drift bowlders are abundant in all the counties of North 

Dakota except Adams, Billings, Bowman, and Hettinger; used locally 

for building material.

Lignite. See Coal.

Natural gas. Bottineau County, 12 wells in glacial deposits and underlying 

sand; gas piped to Westhope and Lansford for local use. Lamoure 

County, some gas produced from 7 artesian wells. Renville County, in 

blue clay and shale near Mohall; 2 wells, local use.

Road metal (sand and gravel). Dug in Grand Forks County, at Emerado 

Beach. Hettinger County, at Liberty. Pembina County, in Fremont 

Township and Walhalla. Walsh County, in " The Mountains " in Herman and Norcross beaches in vicinity of Edinburg, and in many other 

places. Along ancient shore lines of Lake Agassiz in Cass, Grand Forks, 

Pembina, Walsh, and Traill counties.

Sand (building). Small quantity dug for local use at many places.

Sandstone. Emmons County, quarried at Linton. McLean County, along Missouri^River at Washburn. McHenry County, near Velva. Stark County, 

small quantities have been quarried at Dickinson.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OHIO. 239 

OHIO.

Anhydrite. Cuyahoga County, in deep well at Newburg.

Asphalt (bituminous rock). Highland County, about 4 miles southwest of 

New Vienna; occupies an area of about 80 acres and extends locally 

to a depth of 30 feet; forms good road material and may be used for 

building material, roofing, flooring, etc.

Bromine. Meigs County, distilled from brines at Pomeroy and Minersville. 

See also Salt.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Occurs in form of concretions known as "kidney 

ore," in thin beds as " block ores," and as " limestone ores." The " Lower 

Coal Measures," " Barren Measures," and " Upper Coal Measures " contain the ore-bearing horizons. Carroll, Columbiana, Gallia, Hocking, 

Jackson, Lawrence, Licking, Mahoning, Muskingum, Perry, Scioto, Trumbull, and Vinton counties have produced ore from these horizons; of 

little economic importance at present time.

Celestite (strontium sulphate). Lucas County, with calcite, at Whitehouse, 

and with gypsum at West Sister Island. Ottawa County, Green or 

Strontian Island, Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie, in fine crystals and in large 

masses, filling fissures in the water-lime rock.

Cement (natural). Columbiana County, at Lisbon. Defiance County, Devonian 

calcareous shale used at Defiance.

Cement material (Portland). Ferruginous limestone and shale used in Lawrence County at Ironton and Superior, and in Stark County at Middlebranch. Marl and clay used in Erie County at Baybridge and Castalia, 

and in Logan County at Rushsylvania.

Clay (brick). Widely distributed, used at .one or more places in every county 

of the State.

Clay (brick, vitrified, and sewer pipe). Cuyahoga, Jefferson, Summit, and other 

counties.

Clay (fire). Abundant in State. Mined in Athens County, at Nelsonville. 

Columbiana County, East Liverpool and WashingtonVille. Hamilton 

County, Delhi. Hocking County, East Clayton. Jackson County, Oak 

Hill. Jefferson County, Empire and Irondale. Lawrence County, Ironton and Steece. Morrow County, near Sparta. Muskingum County, 

South Zanesville and small quantity at Ellis station. Perry County, 

small quantity at Chalfants. Scioto County, Lilly and Sciotoville. Stark 

County, Beach City, Massillon, and 1£ miles south of Magnolia, very 

small quantity at Limaville, also sagger clay at North Industry. Vinton 

County, sagger clay mined at Richland. Washington County, Newport.

Clay (pottery). Clays and shales dug in Columbiana County at East Liverpool. Darke County, Palestine. Delaware County, Delaware. Hamilton 

County, in Springfield Township. Hocking County, at Haydenville and 

near Logan. Jefferson County, Steubenville. Licking County, Hanover. 

Lorain County, Elyria. Muskingum County, Zanesville. Perry County, 

Crooksville and Roseville. Stark County, Canton and North Industry. 

Wayne County, Dalton.

Clay (slip). Muskingum County, at Dillon Falls, Ellis, and Zanesville. 

Coal (bituminous). The Sharon, Wellston, Lower and Middle Kittanning, 

Upper Freeport, Pittsburg, Pomeroy, and Meigs Creek coal beds extensively mined in eastern part of the State in Athens, Belmont, Carroll, 

Columbiana, Coshocton, Gallia, Guernsey, Harrlson, Hocking, Holmes, 

Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Mahoning, Medina, Meigs, Morgan, Mus-
240 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES OHIO.

kingum, Noble, Perry, Portage, Scioto, Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Tuscarawas, Vinton, and Wayne counties. Athens, Belmont, Guernsey, and 

Jefferson counties produced more than 2,000,000 tons each in 1914; the 

total output of the State was over 36,000,000 tons in 1913. 

Flagstone. Alien County, quarried in Lima. Clark and Greene counties. 

Cuyahoga County, formerly quarried at Berea. Geauga County, Thompson. Highland County, from " Helderberg" limestone at Greenfield. 

Logan County, Belle Center. Lorain County, Amherst and Lagrange. 

Preble County, Eaton. Trumbull County, magnesia n limestone at Warren. Scioto Valley, Mississippian sandstones. 

Gas. See Natural gas.

Grindstone. Is quarried in Cuyahoga County at Berea, Chagrin Falls, Independence, South Park, and West View. Erie County, Berlin Heights. 

Harrison County, Tippecanoe. Jefferson County, Empire. Lorain 

County, North Amherst, Elyria, Oberlin, and elsewhere. Scioto County, 

Portsmouth. Stark County, Massillon. Summit County, Peninsula. 

Washington County, Belpre, Briggs, Constitution, Marietta, and vicinity. 

Gypsum. Occurs in places in the " Helderberg," encountered in most deep 

wells in north and central Ohio. Erie County, found near Castalia. 

Ottawa County, mined at Gypsum station and Port Clinton. 

Hematite (fossil ore, dyestone). Occurs in Clinton County, at Todds Ford, 

near Wilmington. Highland County, at Sinking Springs, most important 

deposit of this ore in State. Muskingum County, near Zanesville. 

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Pyrite, and Siderite. 

Limestone (building). Quarried in Adams County, at Manchester. Alien 

County, Allentown, Auglaize, Bluff ton,. Conant, Delphos, Elida, Harrod, 

Lafayette, Lima^ and Spencerville. Belmont County, Bellaire and Martins Ferry. Butler County, College Corner, Hamilton, Jacksonboro, 

Woodsdale. Clark County, Enon, New Carlisle, Osborn (near), and 

Springfield. Clermont County, Williamsburg. Clinton County, Blanchester, Bloomington, New Vienna, Port William, Reesville, and Wilmington. Columbiana County, East Liverpool. Crawford County, Bucyrus and 

Lykens. Delaware County, Delaware. Erie County, Castalia, Sandhill, 

and Sandusky. Franklin County, Columbus, Dublin, and Marble Cliff. Gallia County, Gallipolis.- Greene County, Jamestown, New Jasper, and Xenia. 

Guernsey County, Cambridge. Hamilton County, Bridgetown, Cincinnati, Glendale, Mount Healthy, Symmes, .and Terrace Park. Hancock 

County, Arlington, Findlay, McComb, Mount Blancharcl, and Rawson. 

Hardin County, Ada and Dunkirk. Highland County, Highland, Sinking 

Spring, Sugar Tree Ridge. Huron County, Bellevue. Jackson County, 

Jackson, Kitchen station, and Rocky Hill. Jefferson County, Rayland and 

Tiltonville. Lawrence County, Campbell, Culbertson, Eifort, Ironton, and 

Olive Furnace. Logan County, Belle Center, Bellefontaine, Big Springs, 

East Liberty, and West Liberty. Lorain County, Lagrange and Lorain. 

Lucas County, Holland, Sylvania, Waterville, and Whitehouse. Mahoning County, Lowellville. Marion County, Marion. Medina County, 

Spencer. Mercer County, Celina and Rockford. Miami County, Covington, Ludlow Falls, Piqua, Tippecanoe, and Troy. Montgomery County, 

Brookville, Centerville, Dayton, Farmersville, Phillipsburg, and Union. 

Ottawa County, Clay Center. Paulding County, Junction, Oakwood, and 

Roselms. Perry County Maxville. Portage County, Atwater. Preble 

County, Camden, Eaton, and Lewisburg. Putnam County, Cascade, 

Cloverdale, Columbus Grove, Gilboa, Kalida, Ottawa, Ottoville, Pandora,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OHIO. 241

Rimer, and Vaughnsville. Sandusky County, Fremont and Lindsey. Seneca 

County, Bascon, Bettsville, Bloomville, Flat Rock, Kansas, Maple Grove, 

and Tiffin. Tuscarawas County, Mineral City. Van Wert County, Convoy, Middlepoint, Scott, Van Wert, Wetzel, and Wiltshire. Viriton 

County, Oreton. Wood County, Bloomdale, Bowling Green, Grand 

Rapids, Lime City, North Baltimore, and Rising Sun. Wyandot County, 

Crawford and Marseilles.

Limestone (crushed stone). Carboniferous, Silurian, and Devonian limestones 

widely distributed except for barren area extending in a north-south 

direction in the central part of the State. Used extensively in Alien, 

Butler, Clark, Clay, Clermont, Clinton, Columbiana, Crawford, Delaware, 

Erie, Franklin, Greene, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Highland, Lawrence, 

Logan, Lucas, Mahoning, Marion, Mercer, Miami, Montgomery, Ottawa, 

Paulding, Preble, Putnam, Ross, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, Wood, and 

Wyandot counties.

Limestone (flux). Used a,s flux in iron and copper smelters and in the manufacture of glass. Quarried in Clark County at Cold Springs and Springfield. Crawford County, Bucyrus. Franklin County, Columbus and Marble Cliff. Lawrence County, Bartles station, Blackford, Eifort, and Ort. 

Lucas County, Silica. Mahoning County, Lowellville. Marion County, 

Marion. Miami County, Piqua. Ottawa County, Marblehead.

Limestone (lime). Burned in Belmont County at West Wheeling. Clark County, 

at Cold Springs and Springfield. Crawford County, Osceola. Delaware 

County, Delaware, Radnor, White Sulphur, and extensively elsewhere on 

the Scioto. Erie County, Kellys Island. Greene County, Cedarville. Hamilton County, Cincinnati. Hardin County, Patterson. Harrison County, Germane. Highland County, Greenfield and Hillsboro. Logan County, Micldleburg. Marion County, Marion. Mercer County, Fort Recovery. 

Miami County, Covington. Montgomery County, near Dayton. Ottawa 

County, Clay Center, Genoa, and Marblehead. Preble County, New 

Paris. Sandusky County, Fremont and Woodville. Seneca County, Fostoria and Tiffin. Stark County, Marlboro and elsewhere. Wood County, 

Luckey and Sugar Ridge. Wyandot County, Casey.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Marl. Erie County, used for Portland cement in Baybridge and Castalia. 

Fulton and Williams counties, occurs in lakes and marshes. Highland 

County, a marly magnesian limestone at Sinking Spring. Logan County, 

a marly magnesian limestone at Rushsylvania. Preble County, Camden. 

Sandusky County, dug in lakes and marshes. Summit County, Hudson.

Natural gas. The "Trenton," "Clinton,"' " Helderburg," and Berea are the 

productive beds. Many wells are located in Ashland, Ashtabula, 

Athens, Auglaize, Belmont, Carroll, Columbiana, Cuyahoga, Darke, Fairfield, Guernsey, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, Hocking, Holmes, Jefferson, 

Knox, Lake, Licking, Logan, Lorain, Lucas, Medina, Mercer, and Monroe 

counties. Ohio is one of the three leading States in the production of gas.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Oilstones. Cuyahoga County, quarried at Chagrin Falls.

Peat. Lake County, near Painesville. Lorain County, Brighton and Camden. 

Summit County, large deposits. . Trumbull County, Bloomfield township, 

several thousand acres. Many smaller deposits in Fulton, Williams, and 

other northern counties; not utilized.

27608° Bull. 624 17 16
242 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OHIO.

Petroleum. Three important fields, the Lima or northwestern, the central, 

and the southeastern. Large production from Alien, Auglaize, Hancock, 

Lucas, Mercer, Ottawa, Sandusky, Seneca, Van Wert, and Wyandot 

counties of the northwestern field. Athens, Coshocton, Fairfield, Holmes, 

Knox, .Lorain, Muskingum, Perry, and Vinton counties of the central 

field contain producing wells. Large production from wells in the southeastern field in Belmont, Carroll, Columbiana, Guernsey, Harrison, 

Jackson, Jefferson, Monroe, Morgan, Noble, and Washington counties. 

The production of the State from 31,763 active wells in 1914 was 8,536,352 

barrels, valued at $13,372,729.

Pyrite. Obtained as by-product in coal mining. Tuscarawas County, mined 

at Canal Dover, Midvale, New Philadelphia, Roswell, and Wainwright.

Road metal. See Limestone (crushed stone) and Sandstone.

Salt (brine). Produced in Cuyahoga County, near Cleveland. Medina County, 

Wadsworth. Meigs County, Pomeroy. Morgan County, Durant. Summit County, Akron and Barberton. Wayne County, Rittman.

Sand (building). Dug in Alien County, near Allentown. Ashtabula County, 

Ashtabula. Athens County, Broadwell. Butler County, Hamilton. 

Clark County, Springfield. Clermont County, Miamiville. Columbiana 

County, East Liverpool. Coshocton County, Coshocton. Cuyahoga 

County, Cleveland. Darke County, Greenville. Erie County, Sandusky. 

Fairfield County, Lancaster. Franklin County, dredged from Scioto 

River, Columbus. Gallia County, dug near Gallipolis and Vinton. Hamilton County, Cincinnati. Jackson County, Coal ton. Jefferson County, 

Brilliant. Lawrence County, Ironton. Lorain County, Brownhelm 

station and Lorain. Lucas County, Toledo. Mahoning County, Austintown and Youngstown. Miami County, Pleasant Hill. Montgomery 

County, Dayton. Muskingum County, Gilbert, Philo, Trimway, and 

Zanesville. Pike County, Wakefield. Portage County, Garrettsville. 

Richland County, near Mansfield. Sandusky County, Fremont. Scioto 

County, Portsmouth. Stark County, Alliance and Canton. Summit 

County, Akron. Tuscarawas County, Canal Dover. Washington County, 

Marietta. Wood County, Perrysburg.

Sand (fire). Dug in Cuyahoga County, Bedford; Stark County, Massillon; 

Summit County, Akron; Trumbull County, Niles; Tuscarawas County, 

Dundee.

Sand (glass). Sandstones of Silurian or Carboniferous age quarried and 

crushed in Erie County at Sandusky. Hocking County, Rockbridge. 

Knox County, Howard. Licking County, near Toboso. Lucas County, 

4 miles southwest of Sylvana. Mahoning County, Austintown. Muskingum County, Zanesville. Perry County, Chalfants. Stark County, 

Massillon. Summit County, Warwick. Trumbull County, 4 miles southwest of Niles. Tuscarawas County, Dundee.

Sand (molding). Dug in Ashtabula County at Conneaut and Kingsville. Belmont County, Bellaire. Butler County, Overpeck and Hamilton. Carroll 

County, Sherrodsville. Columbiana County, Leetonia. Coshocton 

County, Layland. Cuyahoga County, Cleveland and Collinwood. Erie 

County, Avery, Huron, Milan, Sandusky, and Shinrock. Fairfield 

County, Lancaster. Gallia County, Gallipolis. Hamilton County, Delhi. 

Jackson County, ,Coalton. Jefferson County, Steubenville. Knox County, 

Howard. Lucas County, Toledo. Mahoning County, Austintown. 

Muskingum County, Dresden, Ellis, Gilbert, and Zanesville. Perry
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OHIO. 243

County, New Lexington. Portage County, Garrettsville. Stark County, 

Alliance, Canton, Crystal Springs, and Massillon. Summit County, 

Akron, Cuyahoga Falls, Everett, and Warwick. Tuscarawas County, 

Barrs Mills, Dundee, New Cumberland, and Somerdale. Washington 

County, Vincent.

Sandstone (building, crushed stone). Quarried in Alien County at Allentown. 

Ashland County, Ashland. Ashtabula County, Windsor Mills. Belmont 

County, Bellaire, McClainville, and Martins Ferry. Carroll County, 

Sherodsville. Columbiana County, East Liverpool and Wellsville. Crawford County, Crestline. Cuyahoga County, Berea, Bluestone, Chagrin 

Falls, Cleveland, Independence, South Euclid, Warrensville, and West 

View. Erie County, Berlin Heights. Fairfield County, Lancaster and 

Sugar Grove. Franklin County, Reynoldsburg. Geauga County, Thompson. Guernsey County, Cambridge and Tyner. Harrison County, Freeport and Tippecanoe. Highland County, Hillsboro. Holmes County, 

Wakeman and West Clarksfleld. Jefferson County, Empire and Steubenville. Lawrence County, Coal Grove, Forestdale, and. Olive Furnace* 

Licking County, Newark. Logan County, Pickrelltown. Lorain County, 

Amherst, Columbia station, Elyria, Grafton, Kipton, North Amherst, and 

Oberlin. Mahoning County, Brier Hill, Hastelton, and Youngstown. 

Meigs County, Pomeroy. Morrow County, Fulton, Iberia, and Mount 

Gilead. Muskingum County, Blackruu, Zanesville, and vicinity. Noble 

County, Sharon. Perry County, New Lexington. Pickaway County, Circleville. Pike County, Waverly. Richmond County, Bellville, Lucas, and 

Mansfield. Scioto County, Freestone, McDermott, Otway, and Portsmouth. Stark County, Massillon. Summit County, Peninsula, Twinsburg. Trumbull County, Mineral Ridge. Washington County, Briggs, 

Constitution, Fleming, Marietta, and Vincent. Wayne County, Wooster. 

Wood County, Grand Rapids.

Shale (oil). Devonian, underlies the eastern half and the northwest corner 

of the State, but throughout much of this territory it lies at considerable 

depth. Mississippian shale also contains oil.

Siderite. Occurs in Carboniferous limestones. Was formerly mined in Gallia, 

Jackson, Lawrence, Scioto, and Vinton counties.

Strontium. See Celestite.
244 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OKLAHOMA.

OKLAHOMA.

Anhydrite. Blaine County, hear Bickford, Southard, and Wilson. Woodward 

County, near Chimney Butte. Also at other localities with gypsum.

Asphalt. Occurs in large deposits impregnating sandstone and limestone in 

southern part of State, especially in and south of Arbuckle Mountains. 

Quarried for paving in Carter County in the Ardmore district; Comanche 

County at Elgin, near Lawton; Johnston County at Ravia in the Arbuckle 

Mountains; Murray County at Gilsonite, 3 miles south of Sulphur, and 

near Dougherty. Occurs in Atoka, Bryan, Craig, Caddo, Garvin, Jefferson, Le Flore, Love, McCurtain, Marshall, Ottawa, Pontotoc, and Stephens 

counties.

Azurite. Occurs in small quantities in Arbuckle Mountains.

Bituminous rock. See Asphalt.

Brown iron ore (limonite, brown hematite, bog iron ore, etc.). Johnson 

County, Hunton and Mill Creek. Some shipped.

Calamine. Ottawa County, mined at Quapaw and at Peoriai

Cement material (Portland). Limestones and shales suitable for cement in 

northeastern Oklahoma and elsewhere; utilized in Pittsburg County, at 

Hartshorne; Pontotoc County, Ada; and Washington County, Dewey. 

Shales underlying Caddo limestone in Red River region south of Arbuckle 

and Wichita Mountain uplifts, suitable for Portland cement.

Cerusite. Murray County, in the Arbuckle Mountains in the Davis zinc field. 

Ottawa County, occurs in Peoria mines and Quapaw mines.

Clay (brick). Dug in Beaver County, at Logan. Canadian County, 4 miles 

west of El Reno, Darlington (shale). Carter County, Ardmore. Choctaw County, Boswell. Craig County, Vinita. Creek County, Sapulpa. 

Garfleld County, Enid. Grady County, Chickasha. Jefferson County, 

Addington and Hastings. Kay County, Blackwell. Kingfisher County, 

Hennessey and Kingfisher. Kiowa County', Gotebo. Le Flore County, 

Poteau. Logan County, Guthrie. Muskogee County, Muskogee. Nowata 

* County, Nowata. Oklahoma County, Oklahoma City. Okmulgee County, 

Gaither. Pawnee County, Cleveland. Pittsburg County, McAlester. Pontotoc County, Ada. Pottawatomie County, South Beard. Rogers County, 

Claremore. Tulsa County, Broken Arrow, Red Fork, and near Tulsa. 

Washington County, Bartlesville. Woods County, Alva. Reported from 

Johnston County, Ravia.

Clay (fire). Large quantities occur in coal fields. Coal County, at Lehigh and 

Coalgate. Latimer County, Wilburton. Pittsburg County, Blocker, 

Hartshorne, and McAlester.

Clay (kaolin). Reported from Cherokee County, near Tahlequah, and from 

Arbuckle and Wichita mountains.

Clay (stoneware). Reported from Pontotoc County, Ahlqso.

Coal (bituminous). Carter County, Ardmore coal, near Ardmore. Coal County, 

Lehigh district: Lehigh coal 4-7 feet, mined at Coalgate, Phillips, and Leh'igh, good quality; Atoka coal 4 feet, mining limited. Craig County, good 

quality west of Blue Jacket, west and northwest of Welch, at Centralia 

and Catale. Latimer County, Wilburton district: Upper Hartshorne 

coal 4£ feet, mined; Lower Hartshorne 4 feet, mined in vicinity of Howe. 

Le Flore County, Howe-Poteau district, contains Hartshorne and McAlester coals; Lower Hartshorne mined and coked in vicinity of Howe, 4£ 

feet; Witteville coal around Cavanal Mountains, at Witteville, mined at 

Sutter, 4 feet; Panama coal mined at Panama. Muskogee County, near 

Boynton, Muskogee, and elsewhere; mined in considerable quantity on 

Dog Creek. Okmulgee County, Henryetta' coal mined at Henryetta,
USEFUL M1NEEALS OP UNITED STATES OKLAHOMA. 245

Schulter, and Morris. Pittsburg County, McAlester district: Hartshorne 

coal 3-6 feet, mined at Hartshorne and elsewhere, good quality; McAlester coal along southeast-side of district, southwest from Savanna, mined 

at Krebs and McAlester mines, 3-4£ feet. Rogers County, mined at 

Catoosa, Dawson coal mined at Collinsville. Tulsa County, Henryetta 

coal mined at Broken Arrow; Dawson coal outcrops from near Bird 

Creek to southwest of Beggs, Okmulgee County, mined at Dawson, Mohawk, Tulsa, and Red Fork.

Copper. See Azurite, Copper (native), and Malachite.

Copper (native). Small nuggets scattered through clay shale in Blaine County, 

near Winnview. Cimarron County, near Kenton and along valley of 

Cimarron River. McClain County, vicinity of Byars. Noble County, 

near Perry.

Galena. Comanche County, near Lawt.on at several localities in the granite 

in the Wichita Mountains. Johnston County, at Ravia, 25 miles southeast of Davis. McCurtain County, eastern part on Buffalo Creek, and 

elsewhere. Also reported being developed in other counties to the 

north and northwest in the Wichita Mountains. Murray County, in 

Arbuckle Mountains, especially in the Davis zinc field. Ottawa County, 

mined with zinc ore at Miami, Peoria, Quapaw, and other districts. 

Pontotoc County, near Ada, in sandstone.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gilsonite. Pushmataha County, occurs in veins near TuskaJioma.

Grahamite. Atoka County, occurs in fissure veins in Stanley shale on branch 

of Tenmile Creek, west side of Impson Valley. Le Flore County, near 

Page. Pushmataha County, in Carboniferous rock in Jackfork Valley, 

10 miles west of Tuskahoma, arid at Jumbo. Stephens County, in sandstone and shale near Loco.

Granite. Comanche County, Lawton. Greer County, quarried at Granite. 

Johnston County, near Mill Creek, Ravia, Tishomingo, Troy, and Wapanucka. Kiowa County, Cold Springs, Mountain Park, and Roosevelt. 

Mayes County, reddish granite dike occurs near Spavinaw.

Gypsum. In Permian rocks. Blaine County, mined at Homestead, Watonga, 

and elsewhere. Cacldo County, Cement. Canadian County, Okarche. 

Grady County,.Rush Springs. Jackson County, Eldorado. Kay County, 

Peckham. Woodward County, Quinlan. Workable beds of gypsum occur 

also in Custer, Harrnon, Stephens, and Washita counties.

Impsonite (bitumen). Atoka County, in Impson Valley, 25 miles northeast of 

Atoka. Pushmataha County, Moulton mine in Impson Valley and on 

McGee Creek.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Magnetite, Marcasite, and Pyrite.

Lead. See Cerusite and Galena.

Limestone. Atoka County, Chockie. Blaine County, Canton and Geary. 

Caddo County, Cement. Carter County, Ardmore. Craig County, Bluejacket. Comanche County, Cache, Lawton, Meers, and Richards. Delaware County, Kansas. Greer County, Mangum. Jackson County, 

Creta, near Eldorado, Olustee. Johnston County, large plant quarrying 

oolitic limestone at Bromide. Kay County, Chilocco, Newkirk, Ponea 

City, and Uncas. Kiowa County, Gotebo, Hobart, and Homalty. Logan 

County, Guthrie. Major County, Cleo and Fairview. Murray County, 

Crusher and Dougherty. Muskogee County, Muskogee. Noble County, 

Perry. Nowata County, Nowata. Osage County, Pawhuska. Ottawa 

County, Boone limestone quarried to some extent at Wyandotte. Pawnee
246 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OKLAHOMA.

County, Cleveland, Pawnee. Payne County, Ripley. Pittsburg County, 

Hartshorne. Pontotoc County, Fitzhugh. Tulsa County, Garnett, Lost 

City, Sldatook, and near Tulsa. Washington County, Dewey. Washita 

County, Colony.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried in Atoka County, at Chockie. Caddo 

 County, Cement. Comanche County, along northeast side of Wichita 

Mountain uplift 30 miles northwest of Fort Sill, also at Richards Spur. 

Jackson County, Greta and Olustee. Kay County, Newkirk, Ponca, and 

Uncas. Murray County, Arbuckle Mountain uplift, quarried at Crusher. 

Nowata County, 2£ miles north of Lenapah. Osage County, Avant. Pawnee County, 1 mile east of Pawnee. Pittsburg County, Hartshorne. 

Tulsa County, Lost City, near Garnett, and Tulsa.

Limestone (lime). Burned in Delaware County, at Grove and at other localities, for local use. Johnston County, at Bromide, and Wapanucka.

Magnetite. Comanche County, considerable deposits occur in Wichita Mountains.

Malachite. Arbuckle Mountains in small quantities. Jackson County, in sandstone near Elmer.

Manganese ore. Coal County, has been mined near Lehigh and Hunton. 

Johnston County, Mill Creek.

Marble. Sequoyah County, pure white to pink marble is quarried near Marble 

 City. 

Marcasite. Ottawa County, occurs with lead and zinc ores at Miami, Peoria, 

and Quapaw mines.

Natural gas. Producing wells at close of 1914 numbered 1,205,. but gas is 

given off also by most of the oil wells. The most productive areas of 

Oklahoma are: Carter County, Healdton and Ardmore. Creek County, 

Gushing. Kay County, Ponca and Newkirk. Marshall County, Madill. 

Nowata County, Alluwe, Coodys Bluff, California Creek, and Delaware. 

Okmulgee County, Baldhill, Morris, and Okmulgee. Osage County, 

Hominy. Pawnee County, Cleveland. Rogers County, Collinsville. 

Stevens County, Loco. Tulsa County, Tulsa. Washington County, 

Bartlesville, Copan, and Hogshooter Creek. Gas occurs also in Comanche 

County, in small quantity at Lawton. Creek County, Gushing field. 

Greer County, at Granite. Kiowa County, at Gotebo. Kay County, 

Blackwell. Muskogee County, Muskogee. Stephens County, Duncan.

Novaculite. Atoka County, exposures near Atoka. Le Flore County, Talihiha. 

McCurtain County, exposed over large area in central and eastern parts.

Oil. See Petroleum. »

Petroleum. The total production of the State in 1913 was 63,579,384 barrels, 

valued at $59,581,948, the State ranking second in amount and first in 

value of petroleum production. At the close of 1913 there were 24,085 

active wells in the State. In 1914 the marketed production was 

73,631,724 barrels, valued at $57,253,187. Most of the productive areas 

are in northeastern Oklahoma, at or near Bartlesville, Baldhill, Boston, 

Boynton, Cleveland, Copan, Coweta, Gushing, Dewey, Glenn Pool, Hamilton, Healdton, Henryetta, Morris, Muskogee, Ramona, Red Fork, Skiatook, Taneha, and Tulsa. Important producers at Coodys Bluflf-Alluwe 

field: Carter County, Wheeler. Creek County, Kellyville. Marshall 

County, Madill. Okmulgee County, Haskell. Osage County, Hominy. 

Muskogee County, Muskogee. Tulsa County, Bixby, Broken Arrow, and 

Lost City. Small quantities found in Comanche County, at Lawton; 

Creek County, near Mounds; Greer County, Granite; Kiowa County, 

Gotebo; Mayes County, spring near Adair.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OKLAHOMA. 247

Pyrite. Comanche County, in the lead and zinc region. A few tons are 

shipped each year.

Road metal. See Asphalt, Granite, Limestone (crushed stone), Novaculite, 

Sand and gravel, and Sandstone (bituminous).

Salt. Alfalfa County, occurs in a plain 4 miles east of Cherokee. Beckham 

County, a plain on North Fork of Bed River south of Carter. Blaine 

County, on Salt Creek 4 miles west of Ferguson. Harmon County, two 

plains on Elm Fork of Red River. Harper, Woods,, and Woodward 

counties, two plains on Cimarron River. Jackson County, three plains 

on Sandy Creek 3 miles south of Eldorado. Small annual production 

from Harmon County.

Sand (glass). Arbuckle Mountains, sandstone of Simpson formation, and in 

southeastern Oklahoma north of Red River, Trinity sand. Cherokee 

County, St. Peter ("Burgen") sandstone, occurs near Tahlequah.

Sand and gravel. Found in nearly every county of the State, and utilized for 

local building, concrete, ballast, and road metal.

Sandstone. Widely distributed in central and southern parts of the State, 

in Beckham, Blaine, Caddo, Cleveland, Creek, Garvin, Grant, Jackson, 

Jefferson, Kay, Le Flore, Lincoln, Logan, McClain, Mclntosh, Muskogee, 

Noble, Oklahoma, Osage, Ottawa, Pawnee, Payne, Pontotoc, Pottawatomie, and other counties. Quarried mostly for local use.

Sandstone (asphaltic, bituminous). See Asphalt.

Smithsonite. Murray County, mined in Arbuckle Mountains near Davis.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Johnston County, at Ravia, 25 miles southeast of 

Davis. McCurtain County, eastern part on Buffalo Creek and vicinity. 

Murray County, mined in the Davis zinc field, Arbuckle Mountain district. Ottawa County, mined at Miami, Peoria, and Quapaw districts.

Tripoli. Ottawa County, mined near Peoria.

Vanadium. Le Flore County, occurs in unknown combination in grahamite, 

near Page.

Volcanic ash. Occurs in beds in Beaver, Ellis, Harper, Woods, and Woodward counties.

Zinc. See Calamine, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.

Zircon. Comanche County, 7 miles northwest of Cache in the Wichitai Mountains, in the south edge of the Wichita National Forest, large crystals 

in pegmatite.
248 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OBEGON.

OREGON.

Actinolite. See Asbestos.

Agate. Lincoln County (moss, water, and banded varieties), gathered abundantly on the ocean beach and polished for ornaments; also in other 

coast and Willamette Valley counties.

Almandite. See Garnet.

Antimony. See .Stibnite.

Aragonite. Grant County, Dayville, on South Fork of John Day River. Josephine County, Oregon Caves.

Argentite (silver glance). Baker County, mined in Cable Cove and Rye Valley 

districts.

Arsenopyrite (arsenical pyrite). Baker County, mined for gold in Elkhorn, 

Cable Cove, Granite, Sparta, Sumpter, and other districts. Grant County, 

Susanville district. Jackson County, Upper Applegate and Gold Hill 

districts. Josephine County, Braden mine and Maid of the Mist, Grants 

Pass district, and Silent Friend mine.

Asbestos (actinplite). Douglas County, near Roseburg.

Asbestos (chrysotile). Clackamas County, upper headwaters of Clackamas 

River. Curry County,"in the serpentine rocks in small seams. Douglas 

County, Canyonville, Crow Creek, Perdue, Starvout Grant County, Canyon City, Mount Vernon, Prairie City. Jackson County, Buncom; Gold 

Hill district, in small amount in serpentine; Kubli; Spikenard. Josephine 

County, reported at Brownston and 10 miles west of Kerby and at other 

points not definitely located in the Klamath and Blue mountains; no 

workable deposits discovered as yet. Lake County, Lakeview. Lane 

County, Meadow. Malheur County, Ontario, Watson. Wheeler County, 

Barite.

Asphalt. Coos County, in the coal of Coos Bay. Harney County, near Lake 

Alvord and near Drewsey. Jackson County, east of Medford. Wheeler 

County, small deposits near Clarno.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Coos County, upper Rock Creek. Douglas 

County, occurs in Ball mine, on Cedar Springs Mountain. Josephine 

County, oxidized ore, Queen of Bronze mine, Waldo district, and Alameda 

copper mine, Galice district.

Barite. 'Josephine County, Galice district, about 26 miles below Grants Pass, 

as a gangue mineral in Alameda mine. Lane County, Bohemia district.

Basalt. Practically every county in the State has basalt or similar rock suitable for road metal; that in the eastern part of the State is mostly 

Columbia lavas. Quarried at Baker County, Baker. Benton County, 

Corvallis and Monroe. Clatsop County, Astoria. Columbia County, St. 

Helens. Hood River County, Hood River. Klamath County, Klamath 

Falls. Lane County, Cottage Grove, Eugene, and Springfield. Linn 

County, Lebanon. Marion County, Salem. Multnomah County, Portland, Rocky Butte, St. Johns, Warrendale. Polk County, Dallas. Tillamook County, Tillamook Bay (Miami). Union County, Lagrande, 

Wasco County, The Dalles and Mosier. Washington County, Cherry 

Grove, Forest Grove, and Hillsboro. Yamhill County, Amity, Carlton, 

Dayton, Lafayette, and McMinnville.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON. '249

Borax. Curry County, a calcium borate mineral (priceite) has been mined 5 

miles north of Chetco. Harney County, in southern part, immediately 

south of Lake Alvord, deposits of borax of the marsh type, formerly 

mined and shipped by way of Winnemucca, Nev. Lake County, in southeastern part in Warner Valley, ulexite deposits. See also Colemanite.

Bornite. Baker Co.unty, mined in Copper Butte and lower Snake River regions. 

Curry County, Collier Creek district and McKinley Copper group. Jackson County, Ashland and Gold Hill districts. Josephine County, less 

important ore of mines near Waldo; in Alameda mine, Galice district.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Baker County, has been mined for flux on Burnt 

River divide, South Sumpter. Clackamas County, has.been mined at 

Oswego. Columbia County, Scappoose. Curry County, Wake-up-Riley 

Ridge. Jackson County, in sec. 3, T. 35 S., R. 3 W., in Gold Hill district. 

In black sand as follows: Baker County, Baker; Douglas County, Steamboat River; Wheeler County, Antone.

Calcite. Grant County, 15 miles west of Mitchell, on South Fork of Taylor 

Creek, a vein 3 feet wide.

Celestite. Josephine County, Alameda mine, Galice district.

Cement material. Baker County, a large deposit of limestone on Burnt 

River, 3 miles from Hutchinson, forms a possible source of Portland 

cement material; a cement plant is reported to be in operation near 

Durkee. Clackamas County, a company building a cement plant at 

Oswego has -bought quarry locations near Roseburg. Douglas County, 

5 miles east of Monitor and 4 miles southwest of Dallas, Polk County.

Cerusite (carbonate of lead). Douglas and Lane counties, secondary mineral 

in Bohemia district, has been mined.

Chalcedony. Common throughout the State. Baker County, Sumpter quadrangle. Grant County, John Day River near Dayville, John Day, and 

Basin. Harney County, in Harney desert at many localities. Jackson 

County, great quantity of white chalcedony occurs in the vicinity of 

Eagle Point. Lane County, Willamette and McKenzie River gravels. 

Wasco County, near Antelope.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Baker County, mined in Copper Butte and lower 

Snake River regions. Douglas County, occurs in Ball mine near Cedar 

Springs Mountain. Josephine County, Waldo and Galice districts.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Baker County, mined in Cable, Elkhorn, Greenhorn, Sparta, Sumpter, and other districts. Coos County, upper Rock 

Creek. Curry County, Mule 'Mountain district, with gold, and Illinois 

River 2 miles north of mouth of Collier Creek. Douglas and Lane counties, Bohemia and Blue River districts and many other localities. Grant 

County, Susanville district, and Copperopolis claims, Quartzburg district. 

Jackson County, Gold Hill, Upper Applegate and Ashland, Corporal G 

mine. Josephine County, Braden and Opp mines, Grants Pass district, 

and Queen of Bronze mine, Galice and Waldo districts, near Waldo. 

Wallowa County, near Lostine.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). Baker County, heavy float at Winterville placers 

of upper Burnt River and Bonanza districts, Durkee, Sumpter (in black 

sand). Clatsop County, Astoria, Carnahan station, Clatsop Beach, Elk 

Creek (in black sand), Fort Stevens, Gearhart Beach, Hammond, Morrison (in black sand), near Seaside, Warrenton. Coos County, Bullards, 

Marshfield, South Fork Coquille River, in elevated beach gravels between 

Threemile Creek and the Lagoons. Curry County, Chetco, Gold Beach, 

Port Orford and Toledo Beach, Rogue River Beach near Pistol River,
250 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON.

beach sand at Ophir and Cuneffs Beach (in black sand), Sixes River, 

three-fourths of a mile above mouth of Dry Creek. Douglas County, 

Nickel Mountain, near Riddle; mined at Glendale and Starvout (in black 

sand). Grant County, small masses in serpentine 7 miles south of Prairie 

City, Canyon district,, and 2 miles south of Cummings ranch, Granite, Vincent Creek, and Big Creek (in black sand), west of Mount Vernon, a large 

mass accumulated with serpentine. Jackson County,"Ashland, Birdseye 

Creek (in black sand), Gold Hill, Jacksonville, Medford, Watkins (ill 

black sand). Josephine Count,, Lower Applegate and Waldo districts in 

serpentine; Grants Pass, mined; was used at Takilma smelter; Galice, 

Holland, Josephine Creek near Kerby, Sucker Creek, Wolf Creek, Placer 

(in black sand). Lincoln County, Coos Bay (in black sand). Linn 

County, Foster (in black sand). Multnomah County, Columbia River (in 

black sand). Polk County, Falls City (in black sand). Umatilla County, 

Weston (in black sand). Wallowa County (in black sand). Wasco 

County, Hood River Beach at entrance to Columbia (in black sand). 

Wheeler County, Antone (in black sand).

Chrysocolla (silicate of copper). Coos County, head of Rock Creek. Curry 

County, Collier Creek, Copper district. Josephine County, oxidized ore 

in Queen of Bronze mine, Waldo district.

Chrysotile. See Asbestos.

Cinnabar. Baker County, occurs in Sumpter district. Crook County, until 

recently mined at Howard. Curry County, Sixes River, in placers. 

Douglas County, formerly mined at two places southeast of Oakland and 

recently mined at Drew, Elkhead, 6 miles west of Black Butte, South 

TJmpqua River, and Cow Creek. Grant County, occurs in Granite and 

Susanville districts. Jackson County, small prospect on Palmer Creek, 

near Ashland, and in Gold Hill district, near Brownsboro, Meadows 

district. Josephine County, Picket Creek. Lane County, at Black 

Butte in volcanic tuff.

Clay (brick). Has been dug near almost every important town in the State. 

Benton County, Corvallis and Monroe. Douglas County, Roseburg and 

Sutherlin. Jackson County, Tolo. Lane County* Blmira. Linn County, 

reported from Waterloo. Polk County, Buena Vista, Dallas, Falls City, 

and Monmouth. Washington County, Tualatin (plastic red and buff 

burning).

Clay (fire). Clackamas County, Park Place. Lane County, occurs 3 miles 

west of Eugene. Multnomah County, used at Portland.

Clay (kaolin). Josephine County, at Three Pines (reported). Lane County, 

Blmira. Yamhill County, Willamina.

Clay (medicinal). Linn County, reported from Waterloo.

Coal (bituminous). Coos County, Eden Ridge and Squaw Basin fields. Crook 

County, prospect southeast of Prineville. Morrow County, the Willow 

Creek prospects. Wheeler County, Dry Hollow and south of Fossil.

Coal (lignite). Baker County, lignite beds occur north of Goose Creek, along 

Powder River. Columbia County, upper Nehalem field. Curry County, 

Eckley and Shasta Costa fields. Jackson County, Rogue River Valley 

field, Medford and Ashland prospects. Lincoln County, Yaquina field. 

Impure lignite is found at many places in Willamette Valley and in the 

Coast Mountains.

Coal (subbituminous). Clackamas County, near Wilhoit Springs. Clatsop, 

Grant, and Tillamook counties, lower Nehalem field. Coos County, Coos 

Bay field, Newport bed, 6 feet, extensively mined at Newport; Beaver
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES OREGON. 251

Hill bed, 6 feet, mined at Beaver Hill; coal-bearing rocks of Eocene 

age.

Cobaltite. Grant County, occurs with smaltite, chalcopyrite, and gold in the 

Standard mine, Quartzburg district, near Prairie City. Josephine County, 

float pieces near Kerby.

Copper. See Azurite, Bornite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, Cuprite, 

Malachite, Tenorite, and Tetrahedrite.

Copper (native). Baker County, in Sumpter district. Curry County, occurs 

on lower Illinois River and Collier Creek district. Douglas County, 

occurs in Ball mine, near Cedar Springs Mountain and in Dodson Bntte 

district. Josephine County, Alameda mine, Galice district.

Corundum. Josephine County, small ledge found at Grants Pass, little development ; not worked at present.

Cuprite (red oxide of copper). Douglas County, occurs in Ball mine, Cedar 

Springs Mountain. Josephine County, oxidized ore of Queen of Bronze 

mine, Waldo district.

Diabase. See Trap rock.

Diatomaceous earth. Abundant in lake beds in Baker and Grant counties. 

Baker County, near Whitney and in Tps. 13 and 14 S., R. 37 E. Crook 

County, near Terrebonne; promising deposits Lower Bridge. Grant 

County, near Austin and between Dayville and Mount Vernon, 20 miles 

north of Dayville, on John Day River. Klamath County, found near 

Linkville. Wasco County, was mined at Mosier. Occurs also in Baker, 

Lake, Malheur, Union, and Wheeler counties. Union County, 4 miles 

southeast of Elgin on Indian Creek.

Dolomite. Baker County, Sumpter district.

Epidote. Curry County, in placers of Sixes River.- Douglas County, Roseburg 

district.

Freibergite. See Tetrahedrite.

Galena. Baker County, mined in Baker, Cable Cove, Cornucopia, Elkhorn, 

Greenhorn,' Sparta, and Sumpter districts. Grant County, Alamo, Susanville, and Quartzburg districts, and in mining districts in Cascade Mountains. Jackson County, Ashland, Gold Hill and Upper Applegate districts. Josephine County, Alameda mine, Galice district. Lane County, 

Blue River and Bohemia districts. Linn County, Santiam.

Garnet. Baker County, handsome garnets resembling rhodolite reported from 

point near Pleasant Valley; no production during recent years. Almandite 

garnets found in Sutter Creek district south of Baker, Durkee, Anthony, 

and Richland (in black sand). Clatsop County, Astoria, Carnahan station, Clatsop Beach, Clatsop Spit (in black sand), Elk Creek (in black 

sand), Fort Stevens, Gearhart Beach, Hammond, Morrison, Seaside, 

Warrenton. Coos County, in elevated beach gravels between Threemile 

Creek and the Lagoons, Bullards, Coquille, Marshfleld, Randolph district (old and present beaches), South Fork, Whiskey Run, and Johnson 

Gulch (in black sand). Curry County, Cuneffs Beach (in black sand), 

Gold Beach, Port Orford, Rogue River Beach (in black sand), in elevated 

beach gravels between Threemile Creek and the Lagoons. Douglas 

County, Roseburg district, South Umpqua River (in black sand). 

Grant County, Big Creek and Vincent Creek (in black sand). Jackson 

County, Gold Hill (in black sand). Josephine County, Holland, Kerby, 

Waldo, Wolf Creek (in black sand). Lincoln County, Coos Bay, Newport and Toledo (in black sand), Yaquina Bay. Linn County, Foster
252 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON.

(in black sand). Malheur County, Snake River (in black sand). Multnomah County, Latourell Falls (in black sand). Polk County, Falls City 

(in black sand). Tillamook County, Oretown (in black sand). Umatilla 

County, Weston (in black sand). Wallo"wa County (in black sand). 

Wasco County, Hood River (in black sand).

Garnlerite (nickel ore). Douglas County, occurs at Nickel Mountain, 3 miles 

west of Riddle.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Genthlte (nickel ore). Douglas County, occurs at Nickel Mountain, near 

Riddle.

Geodes. Wheeler County, containing asphalt.

Gold (lode). Baker County, 6 producing mines at Baker and Virtue; Bonanza district, 1 mine at Geiser; Canner Creek,. Cornucopia Creek, 4 

deep mines operating; Cracker Creek district, 6 deep mines at Bourne 

and Sumpter; Durkee, Granite, Mormon Basin, 4 deep mines near Rye 

Valley, Pine Creek, Unity, Weatherby, and Whitney districts. Clackamas County, Chena Creek district. Curry County, Mule Creek district. 

Douglas County, Bohemia, Canyonville, and Cow Creek districts, deep 

mines at Booth, Glendale, and Nugget. Grant County, in Alamo, Canyon, 

Canyonville, Crane Creek, Granite, Quartzburg, and Susanville districts. 

Jackson County, deep mines in Applegate, Ashland, Blue Ledge, Draper, 

Foots Creek, Galls Creek, Gold Hill, Jacksonville, and Pleasant Valley 

districts. Josephine County, 10 deep mines in Althouse, Davidson, Galice, 

Grave Creek, Jumpoff Joe Creek, Louse Creek, Sucker Creek, Waldo, 

and Wolf Creek districts. Lane County, 4 deep mines in Blue River 

and Bohemia districts, also in Fall Creek district. Malheur County, 2 

deep mines at Rye Valley and Malheur, Mormon Basin. Marion County, 

near Detroit, in Santiam district. Wheeler County, 1 small mine in 

Spanish Gulch district. See also Sylvanite.

Gold (placer). Baker County, dredged at Sumpter by large plant; small 

amount of sluicing in Baker, Buck Gulch, and Cracker Creek districts; 

Mormon Basin, Deep Creek, and Rye Valley, hydraulics; Bridgeport 

district, 3 hydraulic, 2 drift, and 2 sluicing mines; also in S anger, Stice, 

and Weatherby districts; occurs also in Burnt River, Canner Creek, 

Cornucopia, Durkee, Greenhorn, Pine Creek, Unity, and Whitney districts, and in black sand at Anthony, Baker, Huntington, and Sparta. 

Coos County, Eden, Myrtle Point, and Randolph districts, Flanagan 

Bar, Johnson Creek, Whiskey Run, and in black sand of Bandon Beach 

and South Fork of Coquille River. Crook County, in black sand at 

Howard. Curry County, at Chetco, Corbin, Eckley, Elk Creek, Gold 

Beach, Marial, Mule Creek, Ophir, Port Orford, Rogue River, Selma, 

and Sixes River districts, and near Pistol River. Douglas County, 

hydraulics at Booth and Glendale; sluicing at Dillard; occurs also in 

Canyonville, Cow Creek, Green Mountain, Myrtle Creek, Olalla, Perdue, 

and Poker Flat districts, and in black sand at Drain, Riddle, Rogue 

River, Starvout, South TJmpqua River, and Steamboat River. Granite 

County, mined by hydraulic at North-Fork. Grant County, hydraulic at 

Austin, Poker Flat district, and 2 miles from Beach Creek post office; 

4 hydraulics at Canyon City, 1 at Galena; dredge at Granite; hydraulic 

at Sawmill Gulch, Quartzburg district; Bull Run, Canyon Mountain, 

Elk Creek, and Susanville districts; in black sand at Big Creek, Homer, 

and Vinson. Harney County, 2 small sluicing properties at Harney. 

Jackson County, 3 dredges at Gold Hill and Woodville, Foots Creek
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES OREGON. 253

district; 9 hydraulic mines at Applegate, Draper, Rockpoint, Jacksonville, 

and Weimer; Evans Creek; Forest Creek; in black sand at Birdseye, 

Medford, and Watkins. Josephine County, 26 hydraulic mines, 2 dredges, 

. 1 drift, and 7 sluicing mines, in following districts: Althouse, Galice, 

Grave Creek, Josephine, Picket Creek, Williams, Winona, and Wolf 

Creek; in black sand in Applegate, Briggs Creek, Illinois, Jurnpoff Joe 

Creek, Louse Creek, Picket Creek, Rogue Creek, Sucker Creek, Sweat 

Basin, Waldo. Lincoln County, Yaquina Bay and Toledo (in black sand). 

Linn County, Foster (in black sand). Malheur County, Quartz Gulch 

and Mormon Basin, hydraulic and a few sluicing mines; Snake River 

(in black sand). Marion County, Detroit (in black sand). Multnomah 

County, Latourell Falls and Portland, found sparingly in black sand. 

Polk County, Falls City (in black sand). Umatilla County, Weston (in 

black sand). Union County, La Grande (in black sand). Wallowa 

County, Wallowa (in black sand). Wasco County, Hood River (in black 

sand). Washington County, Hillsboro (in black sand). Wheeler County, 

2 hydraulic mines in Spanish Gulch district. Yamhill County, North 

Yamhill (in black sand). Placer gold found in many other places in 

small quantity.

Granite. Quarried in Baker County, at Haines. Jackson County, Ayers, near 

Medford, and near Ray Gold. Josephine County, Grants Pass. Union 

County, Elgin and La Grande.

Graphite. Jackson County, near Buncom, Upper Applegate district at the 

Blue Ledge mines, and on the hillside east of Sterling. Josephine County, 

Mayflower and Golden Wedge mines in Galice district.

Gypsum. Baker County, white and crystalline gypsum occurs on east border 

of State on ridge between Burnt and Snake rivers, mined and milled at 

Gypsum, near Huntington. Crook County, deposit near Bend, undeveloped ; Crooked River. Grant County, John Day. Jackson County, Alton 

or Baron mine, Ashland district. Josephine County, Alameda mine and 

Galice district (as a gangue mineral). Wheeler County, Bridge Creek.

Halite. See Salt. 1

Hematite (red iron ore). Baker County, .specular variety in argillite on 

Burnt River divide near Sumpter. Douglas and Lane counties, intermingled with sulphides in Bohemia and Blue River districts; mined for 

gold. Jackson County, in sec. 9, T. 38 S., R. 1 E., where it occurs in 

a clay bank; also in Gold Hill district. In black sand at the following 

places: Baker County, Sparta, Sumpter district, Rye Valley, and 

New Bridge. Crook County, Howard. Curry County, Eckley. Douglas 

County, South Umpqua River, Steamboat River, Starvout, and Riddle. 

Grant County, Granite. Josephine County, Josephine Creek near Kerby, 

W^aldo, Sucker Creek, and Browntown. Lane County, Cottage Grove. 

Linn County, Foster. Washington County, Hillsboro.

Hematite (specularite). Baker County, occurs in argillite on Burnt River 

divide, near Sumpter.

Hessite. Baker County, occurs in Sumpter district.

Ilmenite. Coos County, in elevated beach gravels between Threemile Creek 

and The Lagoons. Curry County, in placer gravels of Sixes River. In 

black sand as follows: Baker County, Baker, Durkee, Richland, Sparta, 

and Sumpter. Benton County, Alsea. Clatsop County, Hammond, near 

Seaside, and Warrenton. Coos County, Bandon beach, Bullards, Marshfield, and Whiskey River. Crook County, Howard. Douglas County,
254 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON.

Drain, Glendale, Riddle, Rogue River, South Umpqua, Steamboat River. 

Grant County, Big Creek and Vinson Creek. Jackson County, Ashland, 

Foote Creek, Gold Hill, Watkins, and Weimer. Josephine .County, Galice, 

Josephine Creek, Kerby district, Placer, Sucker Creek, Waldo, and .Wolf 

Creek. Lincoln County, Newport, Toledo, and Yaquina Bay. Linn 

County, Foster. Malheur County, in Snake River. Marion County, in 

southeast corner. Multnomah County, Columbia River sand, Fulton, 

Latourell Falls, Portland. Tillamook County, Oretown. Union County, 

La Grande. Wheeler County, Antone. Yamhill County, North Yamhill.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iridium. Found native in most crude platinum and with osmium as iridosmine 

in the gold placers and beach sands of Coos, Curry, Jackson, and 

Josephine counties; also recovered in small quantities during the refining of copper matte and gold bullion from different sources.

Iridosmine. Curry and Coos counties, with platinum in the beach sands.

Iron.. See Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Mineral 

paint, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and Siderite. -

Jasper. In gravels along Willamette River.

Josephinite (nickel ore). Josephine County, occurs in placers of Josephine 

Creek.

Kaolinite. Coos County, Arago. Harney County, south of Lake Harney. 

Jackson County, 10 miles east of Ashland. Malheur County, 28 miles 

southwest of Huntington. Wasco County, 5 miles above The Dalles.

Lead. See Galena and Cerusite.

Limestone (flux). Baker County, Lime and Sumpter. Douglas County, near 

Roseburg. Grant County, Prairie City. Jackson County, near Rock 

Point on Rogue River. Lane County, Cottage Grove and near Eugene. 

Marion County, Salem. Polk County, 4 miles southwest of Dallas. 

Union County, La Grande.

Limestone (lime). Baker County, burned near Huntington, Durkee, and 

Lime; near Marble Point; three quarries three-fourths mile north of 

Pleasant Valley; 8 miles north of Homestead; near Winslow station on 

the Huntington-Homestead branch of the Oregon-Washington Railroad 

is a north-south ridge of crystalline limestone extending for about 

4 miles between Connor and Soda creeks. Clackamas County, Marquam. 

Coos County, Coos Bay, Coos River, 10 miles above Marshfield. Douglas 

County, 3$ miles from Green station, near Drain, near Oakland, and 

Roseburg. Gilliam County, 2 miles south of Arlington. Grant County, 4 

miles east of Canyon City, near Dayville. Jackson County, on Rogue 

River near Rock Point and on Kane Creek, south of Gold Hill, Galls 

Creek, and Wilson Creek, and on Upper and - Little Applegate rivers. 

Josephine County, near Williams and farther down Applegate River on 

Cheney and Oscar creeks, Elder Creek, and near Takilma. Lane County, 

Eugene. Wallowa County, at Lostine.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite. Coos County, in elevated-beach gravels between Threemile Creek 

and The Lagoons. Curry County, in Sixes River, three-fourths of a mile 

above the mouth of Dry Creek and one-half mile northeast of Horse 

Sign Butte. Occurs in black sand in the following places: Baker County, 

Anthony, Baker, Durkee, New Bridge, Rye Valley, Richland, Sparta, and 

Sumpter. Benton County, Alsea. Clatsop County, Astoria, Carnahan 

station, Clatsop Beach, Clatsop Spit, Columbia River, Elk Creek, Fort 

Stevens, Gearhart Beach, Hammond, near Seaside, and Warrenton.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON. 255

Coos County, Bandon Beach, Bullards, Johnson Gulch, Marshfield, Randolph district, South Fork Coquille River, Whiskey River, and Whiskey 

Run. Crook County, Howard. Curry County, Chetco, Cuneffs Beach, 

Eckley, Gold Beach, Ophir, Port Orford, and Rogue River Beach, near 

Pistol River. Douglas County, Drain, Glendale, Riddle, Rogue River, 

South Umpqua River, Starvout, and Steamboat River. Grant County, 

Big Creek, Comer, Granite, and Vinson Creek. Jackson County, Ashland, 

Birdseye Creek, Foote Creek, Gold Hill, Jacksonville, Medford, Watkins, 

and Weimer. Josephine County, Browntown, Coyote Creek, Galice, 

Greenback, Holland, Illinois River near Kerby, Kerby, Josephine Creek 

near Kerby, Placer, Sucker Creek, Sutler Creek, Waldo, and Wolf Creek. 

Lane County, Cottage Grove. Lincoln County, Newport, Toledo, and 

Yaquina Bay. Linn County, Foster. Malheur County, Snake River, 

Marion County, in southeast part. Multnomah County, Columbia River, 

Fulton, and Latourell Falls. Polk County, Falls City. Tillamook County, 

Oretown. Umatilla County, Weston. Union County, La Grahde. Wallowa County, Wallowa. Wasco County, Hood River Beach. Washington 

County, Antone. Yamhill County, North Tamhill.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Baker County, considerable quantity 

at Copper Queen mine, Copper Butte district; also Sumpter district. 

Coos County, upper Rock Creek. Douglas County, small quantity in 

Ball mine. Grant County, Copperopolis claims, Quartzburg district. 

Jackson County, Alton or Baron mines^ Ashland district. Josephine 

County, oxidized ore in Queen.of Bronze mine, Waldo district; Alameda 

mine, Galice district.

Manganese. See Pyrolusite, Rhodonite, Rhodochrosite, and Wad.

Marble. Douglas County, exposed in a series of six or more outcrops extending .interruptedly from a point 4 miles east of Dillard 15 miles northeastward to the northwest base of Lane Mountain, near Drain. Josephine 

County, near Williams and farther down Applegate River on Cheney 

and Oscar creeks, Elder Creek, and near Takilma. Wallowa County, 

black marble is quarried 5 miles north of Enterprise.

Marcasite. Baker County, Sumpter district. Grant County, in quartz-gold 

veins in Granite and Quartzburg districts. Jackson County, Ashland 

district.

Mercury. See Cinnabar and Schwartzite.

Mica. Douglas County, Roseburg district. Jackson County, in Gold Hill district on upper Evans Creek, in pegmatite dikes. " 

Mineral paint. Iron ore for making paint has been dug in Columbia County, 

at Scappoose. Lane County, near Creswell.

Mirabilite (Glauber salt). Lake County, in ponds and lakes.

Molybdenite. Baker County, Copper Creek in the Eagle Mountains, and Deer 

Creek, near Sumpter, in granodiorite. Jackson County, Ashland district 

south of Ashland. Josephine County, Blue Bell mine, Galice district, 

Wallowa County, Wallowa district near Aneroid Lake.

Monazite. In black sands in Clatsop County, at Astoria, Carnahan station, 

Clatsop, Clatsop Beach, Clatsop Spit, Elk Park, Fort Stevens, Gearhart 

Beach, Gearhart Park, Hammond, Morrison, Seaside, Warrenton, and 

elsewhere. Coos County, South Fork Coquille River, Randolph district. 

Curry County, Eckley, Gold Beach, and Port Orford. Josephine County, 

Holland, Placer, Sucker Creek, and Wolf Creek. Linn County, Foster. 

Multnomah County, Fulton and Latourell Falls. Polk County, Falls 

City, Umatilla County, Weston. Wallowa County, Wallowa. Wasco 

County, Hood River. Wheeler County, Antone.
256 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON.

Natron. In Lake County, in-lakes and ponds.

Natural gas. Malheur County, occurs in several wells near Vale and Ontario; 

not commercially developed.

Nickel. See Garnierite, Genthite, and Josephinite.

Niter (saltpeter). Lane County, ledge near Mount June; also in marsh deposits 

of southeastern Oregon.

Olivine. In black sand in Baker County, Durkee. Clatsop County, Astoria, 

Carnahan station, Clatsop Spit, Elk Creek, Fort Steveus, Gearhart Beach, 

Hammond, Morrison, Seaside, and Warrenton. Coos County, Johnson 

Gulch, Randolph district (in old and present beach sand), and Whiskey 

Run. Curry County, Chetco, Eckley, Gold Beach, Port Orford, and 

Rogue River beach. Josephine County, Holland, Kerby, and Wolf Creek. 

Multnomah County, Fulton and Latourell Falls. Polk County, Falls City. 

Umatilla County, Weston. Wasco County, Hood River beach. Also in 

other places.

Opal. Baker County, abundant in tuff a few miles below Durkee; has been 

mined. Clackamas County, in seams in trap rock forming falls at Oregon 

City. Gilliam County, Hay Creek. Grant County, Grub Creek, near 

Canyon City. Umatilla County, 4 miles above Weston, on Pine Creek. 

Wasco County, The Dalles, and near Antelope.

Platinum. Principal production from beach sands in Coos County, near Bullards, and at Bandon, Randolph district, and Whiskey River, and in Curry 

County, near Port Orford, Cape Blanco, and Ophir, upper Sixes River, 

Gold Beach, and in placers of Rogue River. Occurs in black sands in 

Baker County, at Buck Gulch and Durkee. Douglas County, Drain, 

Glendale, and Riddle. Grant County, at Griffith mine. Josephine County, 

Galice, Waldo, and Greenback districts, and elsewhere; in black sand at 

Browntown, Grants Pass, Illinois River, and Kerby district. Linn 

County, Foster. Union County, La Grande. Wheeler County, Antone.

Priceite. Curry County, on coast 5 miles north of Chetco.

Proustite. Baker County, Sumpter district.

Pumice. Klamath County, abundant west of Crater Lake.

Pyrargyrite. Baker County, mined in Elkhorn, Sumpter, and Rye Valley 

districts. Grant County, Granite district.

Pyrite. Found in nearly all mining districts of Baker, Grant, and Union 

counties. Curry County, in gold veins of Mule Mountain district, Wakeup-Riley Ridge, and Illinois River 2 miles north of mouth of Collier 

Creek. , Douglas. County, Roseburg district; has been mined in Bohemia district. Jackson County, mined for gold at Ashland, Gold Hill, 

Jacksonville, and Upper Applegate district, and Braden, Opp, and Tin 

Pan mines, Grants Pass district. Josephine County, Queen of Bronze 

mine near Waldo; Greenback, Baby, Silent Friend, and Orofino mines, 

Alameda mine, Galice district, Grants Pass, and Lower Applegate district. Lane County, has been mined in Bohemia and Blue River districts. 

Occurs in all districts of the Cascade Mountains north of Bohemia.

Pyrolusite. Baker County, occurs in Sumpter district; Jackson County, Ashland and Gold Hill districts; Josephine County, Cave Creek in Waldo 

district.

Pyrrhotite. Baker County, Sumpter district; 'Virtue district, carries gold. 

Douglas County, Cow Creek Canyon. Jackson County, Braden and 

Jewet mines, Grants Pass district, and Corporal G mine, Upper Apple-
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON. . 257

gate and Gold Hill districts. Josephine County, Queen of Bronze mine 

near Waldo; Galice and Grants Pass districts.

Quicksilver. See Cinnabar.'

Rhodochrosite. Josephine County, Waldo district on Cave Creek, 3 miles 

below Oregon Caves on trail down Cave Creek.

Rhodonite. Josephine County, Waldo district on Cave Creek, 3 miles below 

Oregon Caves on trail down Cave Creek.

Road metal. See Basalt and Sand and gravel.

Salt. Douglas County, Salt Springs, north of Rose'burg. Lake County, reported 

abundant in numerous marshes and lakes.

Sand and gravel. Dug at following places: Benton County, Corvallis; 

Klamath County, Klamath Falls; Lane County, Eugene; Linn County, 

Albany; Marion County, Salem; Multnomah County, Portland and St. 

Johns.

Sandstone. Has been quarried locally in Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, 

Douglas, Jackson, Lane, Lincoln, Polk, Union, Washington, and Yamhill counties. The use of cement has led to the suspension of operations 

° in many places. The largest quarries are at Oakland, Douglas County, 

and at Pioneer, Lincoln County.

Sapphire. Harney County, sees. 1, 6, and 17, T. 25 S., R. 35 E.

Schwartzite. Baker County, Sumpter district.

Siderite. Josephine County, Galice district. Grant County, Sumpter district.

Silver. Baker County, predominant metal produced at Iron Dike (Homestead) 

district. Occurs in most lode gold districts, and is widely distributed in 

placers. The principal producers of lode and placer silver are Baker, 

Douglas, Grant, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, and Malheur counties. See 

also Argentite, Hessite, Pyrargyrite, and Sylvanite.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Baker County, Baker, Cable Cove, Elkhorn, Greenhorn, Sparta, and Sumpter districts. Curry County, Mount Emery. 

Grant County, Alamo, Quartzburg, and Susanville districts. Jackson County, mined for gold in Corporal G mine, Upper Applegate 

and Gold Hill districts. Josephine County, Alameda mine, Galice district. Lane and Douglas counties, occurs in Bohemia district. Lane 

County, Blue River mining district. Linn County, Santiam.

Stibnite. Baker County, occurs in Sumpter and Virtue districts. Crook 

County, Trout Creek mines. Jackson County, in fractures of greenstone 

2 miles north of Watkins, Ashland district in Baron mine, and 30 miles 

east of Medford. Lane and Douglas counties, in Bohemia district.

Sylvanite. Baker County, occurs in quartz vein at Bryan mine, Cornucopia 

district. Josephine County, Grants. Pass district.

Talc. Clackamas County, Eagle Creek. Jackson County, near Wooclville. 

Josephine County, Grants Pass. -

Tenorite. Josephine County, oxidized ore in Queen of Bronze mine, Waldo 

district.

Tetrahedrite. Baker County, Cable Cove, Greenhorn, Sumpter, and Virtue 

districts. Grant County, Susanville district, small quantity in Badger 

mine.

Tetrahedrite (mercurial, schwartzite). Baker County, occurs in Sumpter 

district.

Thomsonite. Lane County, in road cut 100 yards west of Deerhorn.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Titanium. See Ilmenite.

Trap rock. See Basalt.

27608° Bull. 624 17 17
258 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES OREGON.

Tuff (rhyolitic). Common in lake beds and a recent surface cover in Baker 

and Grant counties. Baker County, quarried for building stone at 

Pleasant Valley; also in Grant County and many other places in eastern 

Oregon.

Volcanic ash. See Tuff.

Wad. Baker County, Sumpter district.

Wood (silicifled). Of some use for ornamental work. Abundant in Willamette River valley counties and in eastern counties.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.

Zircon. Baker County, upper Burnt River in black sands and Bonanza, placers, 

and in black sands at Durkee, Anthony, Sumpter, and Rye Valley. 

Clatsop County, Astoria, Carnahan station, Clatsop, Clatsop Beach, Clatsop Spit, Elk Creek, Fort Stevens, Hammond, Morrison, Seaside, and 

Warrenton. Coos County, in elevated beach gravels between Threemile 

Creek and the Lagoons, Bullards, Johnsons Gulch, Marshfield, Randolph 

district (old and present beaches), South Fork Coquille River, Bandon 

Beach, Whiskey River, and Whiskey Run, in black sand. Curry County, 

Sixes River in placer gravel and in black sand at Chetco, Cuneffs Beach, 

Gold Beach, Port Orford, and Rogue River Beach, near Pistol River.. 

Douglas County, Riddle and South Umpqua River. Grant County, Granite. 

Hood River County, Hood River. Jackson County, Ashland, Gold Hill, 

Jacksonville, and Weimer. Josephine County, Greenback, Holland, 

Josephine Creek, near and at Kerby, Placer, Sucker Creek, Sutler Creek, 

Waldo, and Wolf Creek. Lincoln County, Coos Bay, Yaquina Bay, and 

Newport. Linn County, Foster. Malheur County, Snake River, Multnomah County, Fulton and Latourell Falls. Polk County, Falls City. 

Umatilla County, Weston.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA. 259 

PENNSYLVANIA.

Allanite. Chester County, at Bethlehem, in East Bradford and Coventry 

townships. Lawrence County, Princeton. Lehigh County, at Allentown. 

Philadelphia County, Frankford. Nearly all localities are granitic rock.

Almandite. See Garnet.

Amethyst. Bedford County, reported at East Bedford. Chester County, 

Pocopson,- Sadsbury, and East Bradford townships. Delaware County, 

1$ miles northeast of Media, at other localities in Upper Providence, 

Middletown, and Astor townships. Huntingdon County, Birmingham. 

Philadelphia County, Falls of Schuylkill, Rolandsville; a few stones 

suitable for gems. 

Anthracite. See Coal.

Apatite. There are no commercial workings, but some of the chief localities 

are: Chester County, at Penn's Meetinghouse. Delaware County, at 

Leiperville, near Chester. Philadelphia County, in several quarries in 

Frankford, Germantown, and West Philadelphia.

Asbestos (amphibole). Delaware County, formerly mined near Rockdale, 

occurs at Mineral Hill, near Media.

Asbestos (chrysotile). Adams and Franklin counties, small veins in greenstone in the South Mountains. Delaware County, has been found in 

Marble, Radnor, Upper Providence, and other townships. Northampton 

County, at Easton.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Berks County, Fritz Island, near Reading, sparingly with copper ores and magnetic iron ore; Chester County, 

Wheatly mine near Phoenixville. Lebanon County, Cornwall, with chalcopyri.te and malachite in magnetic iron ore. Montgomery County has 

been mined at Perkiomen and Eaton mines, at Audubon (formerly Shannonville), Upper Salford Township, near Sumneytown.

Barite (heavy spar). Bucks County, occurs west of New Hope, in several old 

mines. Chester County, in small quantity in Wheatley, old Jug Hollow, 

and other mines near Phoenixville, Schuylkill Township. Franklin 

County, mined to a small extent near Chambersburg and Waynesboro. 

Fulton County, formerly mined at Fort Littleton. Montgomery, County, 

at the Perkiomen and Eaton copper mines, Marble Hall, Mogees, North 

Wales, Sanatoga. Other small occurrences. Barite is not mined on a 

commercial scale in Pennsylvania at present.

Beryl. Chester County/Union Township, near Northrop and Unionville, has 

yielded hundreds of pounds .of crystals. Delaware County, Deshong's 

quarry at Leiperville; the Shaw-Ezra quarry at Chester; Avondale 

quarry near Media; many localities in Concord, Marble, Middletown, 

.and Upper Province townships; Linwood, occasionally found. Philadelphia County, Fail-mount Park, Germantown, Logan, Mount Airy, and 

Shawmont have all produced gem specimens.

Bluestone. -See Sandstone.

Bornite. Montgomery County, formerly mined at Ecton mine, near Audubon, 

at Hendricks, Schweuksville, and Sumneytown. Philadelphia County, 

found at Frankford and quarries in Germantown.

Bromine. Allegheny County, concentrated from brine at Pittsburgh. See also

Salt.

Brown iron ore (liraonite). Extensively developed in the Great Valley from 

Delaware River to the Maryland line. Many scattered ore banks have 

been worked out in Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, and Lebanon 

counties. Occurs in Chester and Montgomery counties in a narrow belt
260 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA.

crossing the Schuylkill at Spring Mill. Bedford, Huntingdon, and Mifflin 

counties, occurs in Juniata region. Blair County, in Yellow Creek district. Lancaster County, in the Chestnut Hill and other ore banks. 

Middle Pennsylvania, in Kishacoquillas, Nittany, Morrisons- Cove, and 

Sinking Canoe valleys. Juniata and Perry counties on the affluents of 

the Juniata. York County, irregular masses scattered through clay near 

Dillsburg, mined at Heck mine. Western Pennsylvania: Armstrong 

County, formerly worked in West Franklin Township; also occurs in 

Beaver, Butler, Clarion, Center, Clearfleld, Jefferson, Indiana, and Lawrence counties. See also Mineral paint.

Brucite. Berks County, at Fritz Island, near Reading, and near Sinking 

Spring, Spring Township. Lancaster County, southern part, at New 

Texas, in Wood's mine, near Lyles post office, in large plates or masses, 

and in crystallizations several inches across; at Low's mine, with hydromagnesite.

Cadmium. See Greenockite.

Calamine (zinc silicate). Chester County, Wheatley and. other mines near 

Phoenixville. Columbia County, Espy. Lancaster -County, Lancaster. 

Lehigh County, Friedensville, Saucon Valley, with blende in limestone. 

Montgomery County, Eaton mine at Audubon.

Carnotite. Carbon County, in conglomerate on Mount Pisgah, three-fourths of 

a mile north of Mauch Chunk.

Cement material. Pennsylvania leads all the States in production of Portland 

cement. Its output in 1914 was 26,570,151 barrels. There are 20 or 

more plants in the Lehigh district and other plants at York, Pittsburgh, 

Newcastle, and Wampum. Limestone and shale suitable for cement 

making are abundant throughout the State. Rock is quarried for cement 

in Berks County, at Evansville and was long quarried at Molltown. 

Lawrence County, at Newcastle and Wampum. Lehigh County, Alientown, Cementon, Coplay, Egypt, and Fogelsville. Northampton County, 

Bath, Martins Creek, Nazareth, Northampton, Siegfried, and Stockertown. Blast-furnace slag and limestone are used at Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, for Portland cement. Clay dug at Mines, Blair County, 

Mount Holly Springs, Cumberland County, and at Saylorsburg, Monroe 

County, is used for white cement.

Cerium metals. See Allanite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Bradford County, in Carpenter mine, near New 

Albany. Chester County, in small quantities at Phoenixville lead mines, 

Schuylkill Township. Lancaster County, Lancaster. Montgomery County. 

Ecton copper mines, Lower Providence Township.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Chester County, in small quantity at Phoenixville 

lead mines, Schuylkill. Township. .Lancaster County, Woods mine, Little 

Britain Township. Montgomery County, Perkiomen copper mines, Lower 

Providence Township, near Sanatoga and many other places in the 

Triassic shale. Philadelphia County, Frankford and Rolandsville.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Berks County, formerly mined at Jones mine 

and at Fritz Island mine near Reading. Chester County, Wheatley lead 

mine, Phoenixville, French Creek iron and copper mines, Warwick Township. Found only in small quantity in Delaware County, Avondale quarries. Lancaster County, Gap nickel mine. Lebanon County, occurs with 

other copper ores and is mined with magnetite at Cornwall, elsewhere 

unimportant as an ore. Montgomery County, in Lafayette soapstone 

quarry; has been mined in Sassamansville, Sumneytown, Ecton, and
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA. 261

Perkiomen mines at Audubon; occurs aiid is frequently prospected at 

many points throughout the area of Triassic rocks. Philadelphia County, 

in gneiss at Frankford and on Wissahickon Creek.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). Chester County, has been mined in Elk, East 

Nottingham, and West Nottingham townships. Delaware County, occurs 

in serpentine near Ox Run in Newton Township; near Palmers Mill, 

Marple Township, and elsewhere in the serpentine. Lancaster County, 

occurs in serpentine at Woods mine on Octoraro Creek and elsewhere in 

the " State line " serpentine, Lancaster and Chester counties. Reported 

at many other localities but is not produced commercially.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Clay (brick). Occurs in most counties of the State and is dug in at least 

44 of them. The production of common brick in 1914 was valued at 

more than ,$4,500,000. Allegheny and Philadelphia counties are largest 

producers.

Clay (fire). Mined in many places in connection with coal in Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford (Buffalo Mills)/Berks, Bucks (West Winfield), 

Cambria, Carbon, Clarion, Center, Clearfleld, Clinton, Cumberland (DeeArmstrong), Elk, Fayette, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Juniata, Lackawanna, Lawrence, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Mercer (Grove 

City), Montgomery, Perry, Snyder, Somerset, Tioga (Morris Run), 

Union, and Westmorland counties.. Fire brick produced in 1914 were 

valued at more than $5,750,000.

Clay (flint). Blair County. Cambria County, Johnston district and Mineral 

Point. Center County, Moshannon Creek and Sandy Ridge. Clarion 

County, Rimersburg. Clearfleld County, Anderson Creek, Bigler, Burly, 

Chase, Clearfleld Creek, Curwensville, Faunce, Hogback Run, Stronach, 

Wallace ton. Indiana County, Deckers Point, Dilltown, Glen Campbell, 

Little Mahoning Creek, and south side of Bear Run. Jefferson County, 

Frostburg.

Clay (kaolin). Pits in Berks County at Blandon and Mertztown. Chester 

County, at East Nottingham, Kaolin, Kennett, and New Garden. Cumberland County, Mount Holly Springs, Toland. Delaware County, pits at 

Brandy wine Summit, Hockessin. Huntingdon County, Birmingham 

Township. Franklin County, Concord Township. Montgomery County, 

Plymouth Township. White kaolin, plastic, Mountain Creek and Henry 

Clay valleys in South Mountain region.

Clay (paper). Cumberland County, near Mount Holly Springs. Pure white 

siliceous clay used as a filler in the manufacture of paper, paint, and 

light-colored brick; also in other parts of the South Mountain region and 

Monroe County, Saylorsburg.

Clay (pottery). Beaver County, New Brighton and Vanport. Lancaster 

County, Narvon.

Clay (sewer pipe). Beaver County, Blockhouse Run. Also Allegheny, Cambria, Clearfield, and Montgomery counties.

Clay (terra cot'ta). Near Pittsburgh.

Coal (anthracite). Anthracite region covers part of Carbon, Columbia, 

Dauphin, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northumberland, Schuylkill, Sullivan, 

Susquehanna, Wayne, and Wyoming (not mined) counties. Of these 

the most important are Carbon, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northumberland, 

and Schuylkill. Total production in 1914 was 81,090,631 long tons.

Coal (bituminous). Coal-bearing rocks cover practically the whole of Allegheny, Armstrong, Blair, Butler, Beaver, Cambria, Clearfield, Cumberland, Greene, Indiana, Jefferson, Lawrence, Washington, and West-
262 USEFUL' MINERALS OP UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA.

moreland counties; the greater portion of, Clarion, Elk, Fayette, Mercer, and Somerset counties; parts of Bedford, Bradford, Cameron, 

Center,-Clinton, Crawford (not mined), Forest (not mined), Fulton (not 

mined), Huntingdon, Lycoming, McKean (not mined), Tioga, and Venango (not mined) counties. Chief producers are Allegheny, Butler, 

Cambria, Clearfield, Fayette, Indiana, Jefferson, Somerset, Washington,. 

and Westmoreland counties. Total production in 1914 was 147,983,294 

short tons.

Copper (native). Formerly mined in Adams County, at South Mountain. 

Cumberland County, at South Mountain. Also found in small quantity 

in Adams County, Millerstown; Berks County, Jones iron mine near 

Morgantown; Chester County, French Creek mines and Phoenixville lead 

mines; Franklin County, at South Mountain; Lebanon County, at Cornwall; Lehigh County, Irouton; Montgomery County, Perkiomen copper 

mine.

Copper minerals. Delaware County, pits at Brandywine Summit, Hockessin. 

Localities listed are well-known sources of museum specimens. See also 

Azurite, Bornite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Cuprite, Malachite, and Melacouite.

Corundum. Generally with serpentine or pegmatite in Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, Lehigh, and Montgomery counties. Chester County, 

has been mined northeast of Unionville. Lehigh County, formerly mined 

near Shimerville, not associated with serpentine. Not produced at present in Pennsylvania.

Cuprite (red oxide of copper). Adams and Franklin counties and in small 

quantities elsewhere in South Mountain copper mines near Maryland line. Lebanon County, Cornwall. Montgomery County, sparingly 

at Perkiomen mine. Northampton County, Chestnut Hill near Easton.

Cyanite. Delaware County, on Darby Creek.

Dolomite. Montgomery County, worked by KeasbyMattison Co. for magnesia, 

which is used in making magnesium carbonate.

Feldspar (albite). Chester County, mined in town of West Nottingham, near 

Sylmar station, Md.

Feldspar (orthoclase, microcline). Chester County, mined at Chatham, Toughkenamon, and Pomeroy; has been mined at Baker station, Avondale, 

Ernbreeville, and Unionville. Delaware County, mined at Brandywine 

Summit; has been mined at Chester Heights, Glen Mills, and between 

Chelsea and Boothwyn in Middletown.

Flagstone. See Sandstone.

Fluorspar. Chester County, Wheatley mine, Schuylkill Township. Columbia 

County, Newlin. Franklin County, Lancaster station. Lebanon County, 

Cornwall. Lehigh County, Ironton and many other places in the limestone. Northampton County, Bethlehem and Nazareth. Monroe County, 

Delaware Water Gap. Montgomery County, Swenksville and elsewhere 

.in the Triassic. Philadelphia County, Frankford, Falls of Schuylkill 

and Holmesburg, in gneiss.

Gabbro. See Trap rock.

Galena. Blair County, Sinking Valley, accompanying zinc ores. Bucks County, 

New Britain. Chester County, Phoenixville lead mines. Lancaster 

County, Pequea mine, argentiferous. Montgomery County, Perkiomen 

and Ecton mines. Schuylkill County, near Pottsville.

G-anister. Extends through mountain region of central Pennsylvania. Mined 

for silica brick in Bedford County at Pattonsville. Blair County, McKee
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA. 263

Gap and Point View. Huntingdon County, Water Street Gap. Lancaster County, mined at Beartown. Montgomery County, Edge Hill, near 

Bowmans. Carbon County and many other places.

Garnet. Adams County, near Fairfield and elsewhere, associated with magnetite in metamorphic Triassic limestone, conglomerate and sandstone; 

used as an abrasive. Delaware County, formerly mined 1 mile southwest of Chelsea, abrasive. c Found in small crystals in the Wissahickon 

mica gneiss of Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery counties along the 

serpentine contact and at many other places. Fine large gem crystals 

occur in the pegmatites in Delaware County at Avondale, Leiperville, 

and elsewhere, and in Chester and Philadelphia counties. '

Gas. See Natural gas.

.Gold. Bucks County, New Britain in galena, near Rock Hill in diabase, near 

Sassamansville in chalcopyrite. Chester County, Phoenixville lead ores 

in copper pyrites. Montgomery County, in lead ores of Perkiomen and 

Ecton mines; Franconia and Douglas townships, sparingly in quartz 

and pyrite. Philadelphia County, near Philadelphia and in clays along 

Delaware River. A good-sized sheet extracted from a few tons of the 

clay is in the Philadelphia mint. Reported in many other localities but 

not in workable amount.

Goslarite. Lehigh County, in the zinc mines at Friedensville.

Granite (including gneiss, diabase, etc.). Berks County, quarried at Seisholtzville. , Bucks County, Langhorne, Neshaminy Falls, Quakertown, Rist 

Hill, and Trevose: Chester County, St. Peter, West Chester, and Westgrove. Delaware County, Ardmore, Burmont, Cardington, Chester, Clifton 

Heights, Darby, Lansdowne, Leiperville, Lima, Media, Trainer, and Upper 

Darby. Lancaster County, Willow. Street. Lehigh County, Vera Cruz. 

Montgomery County, Conshohocken, Edge Hill, Glenside, Haverford, 

. Ogontz, Spring Mill, Sumneytown, West Conshohocken, and Wynnewood. 

Philadelphia County, Holmesburg, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill, Overbrook, and Olney.

Graphite. Berks County, has been mined at Boyertown and at Mertztown. 

Chester County, mined at Byers (Uwchland post office), Coventryville, 

and Chester Springs; has been mined at Anselma, Charlestown, and 

Kimberton. Lehigh County, deposits near Vera Cruz have been prospected ; has also been mined and prospected at a number of o'ther places.

Greenockite. Lehigh County, found at Friedensville.

Halite. See Salt.

Hematite (fossil iron ore, dyestone ore). In the Clinton formation, from 

Bloomsburg, Columbia County, and Danville, Montour County, traceable 

through Center, Fulton, Juniata, Mifflin, Northumberland, Perry, Snyder, 

Union, and Huntingdon counties of. middle Pennsylvania, and thence 

through Bedford County to the State line on the south. Berks County, 

mined at Manatawny. Fossil ores were also mined in the north in 

Bradford, Lycoming, and Tioga counties.

Hematite (specular iron ore). Adams County, small quantities in South 

Mountain. Bucks County, occurs near Durham. Chester County, with 

magnetite at Warwick. Franklin County, small quantities in South 

Mountain, near Chambersburg. Lebanon County, mined with magnetite 

at Cornwall. York County, near Hanover, at Dillsburg and Wellsville, 

and in the Codorus region.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Chromite, Hematite, Magnetite, Pyrite, and Siclerite.

Jefferisite. See Vermiculite.
264 . USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA.

Kaolin. See Clay.

Lead. See Cerusite, Galena, and Wulfenite.

Limestone. Extensively quarried over a large part of the State for building 

stone, cement making, crushed stone, and flux. See also Cement material.

Linionite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnesium. See Brucite and Dolomite.

Magnetite. Adams County, has been mined near Cashtown; occurs in small 

quantities elsewhere in metamorphosed Triassic sandstone. Berks 

County, formerly .mined at Boyerto.wn, Fritz Island, near Jacksonwald,. 

near Joanna station, near Seisholtzville, and Rittenhouse Gap, near 

Reading and Wheatfield. Bucks County, mined extensively for more than 

a hundred years at Durham. Chester County, formerly mined at falls 

of French Creek, at the Hopewell mine, near Elverson, and at Warwick. 

Dauphin County, formerly mined at Hummelstown. Lebanon County, 

mined at Cornwall and formerly mined near Mount Pleasant. Lehigh 

County, near Vera Cruz. York County, mined at Dillsburg.

Malachite. Adams County, in copper mines near Maryland line. Berks 

County, Jones mine near Morgantown and Fritz Island mine hear Reading. 

Bradford County, formerly mined with other copper ores at Carpenter 

mines near New Albany. Chester County, found in small quantity at 

the French Creek and Phoenixville mines. Lebanon County, Cornwall 

mines. Lehigh County, prospected at several places in the Triassic 

shales. Montgomery County, Perkiomen mine. Perry County, Millerstown. Found in at least a hundred places and is often prospected 

throughout the Triassic rocks.

Manganese ore. In Berks, Blair, Center, Huntingdon, and Northampton 

counties. Cumberland County at Mount Holly Springs. Dauphin County, 

at several places on Broad Mountain. Lehigh County, in small quantities in iron-ore deposits at Ironton; a little has been mined with iron ores. 

See also Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, and Wad.

Marble. Chester County, quarried at Avondale, Bakers Station, and Westgrove. Luzerne County, Lehigh Tannery. Montgomery County, Bridgeport, King of Prussia, "and other localities. Northampton County, Easton. 

York County, Delta.

Melaconite*. Bradford County, formerly mined with other copper ores at 

Carpenter mine, near New Albany. Chester County, found in small quantity at Phoenixville lead mines. Montgomery County, Perkiomen mines.

Mica. Lehigh County, has been prospected in several places on South Mountain.

Millerite (capillary pyrites, nickel sulphide). Lancaster County, small amount 

in Gap nickel mine, with copper-bearing pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, etc.

Millstones. Lancaster County, East Earl and Lincoln.

Mineral paint. Berks County, mined at Blandon, Fleetwood, Hancock, Reading, and Topton. Cambria County, at Johnstown. Carbon County, belt 

7 miles southeast of Mauch Chunk extends in southwest direction 20 

miles; mined at Hazard and Millport. Lawrence County, Pulaski. Lehigh 

County, mined at Breinigsville and Alburtis. Luzerne County, has been 

mined at Moosehead, 5 miles north of Whitehaven. Northampton County, 

has been mined at Camels Hump, 3£ miles northeast of Bethlehem, and 

near Easton. See also Shale and Vermiculite.

Molybdenite. Bucks County, Paper Mills. Delaware County, Avondale, 

Chester, and Morton. Lehigh County, near Vera Cruz. Philadelphia
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA. 265

County, formerly found in considerable amount in Frankford (the axial 

ratio for the mineral given in Dana's Mineralogy was measured on 

crystals found here) ; also found in Germantown.

Molybdenum. See Molybdenite and Wulfenite.

Moonstone. Chester and Delaware counties, found in several localities.

Natural gas. Immense quantities, chiefly from Elk, Greene, McKean, Warren, 

and Washington counties, and to a less extent from Armstrong, Beaver, 

Butler, Fayette, Indiana, Lawrence, Venango, and Westmoreland counties. There were 13,023 productive wells in the State at close of 1914. 

Pennsylvania was for many years the leading State in gas production, 

but has now been surpassed by West Virginia.

Nickel. Lancaster County. For many years the only nickel produced in the 

United States came from the mines at Gap. See Millerite, Pentlandite, 

and Pyrrhotite.

Ocher. See Mineral paint.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale. ' . .

Peat. Small deposits rather common in the northern and northeastern parts of 

the State, especially in the Pocono region. There is a plant producing 

dry peat powder for fertilizer filler at Espy.

Pentlandite. Lancaster County, in Gap mine, associated with pyrrhotite.

Petroleum. The oil regions in western Pennsylvania include pools scattered 

from the New York boundary to the West Virginia and Ohio boundaries. 

These pools have passed their prime, but all are still productive. Produced in immense quantities in Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, 

Clarion, Crawford, Elk, Fayette, Forest, Greene, Jefferson, Lawrence, 

McKean, Mercer, Potter, Tioga, Venango, Warren, and Washington 

counties. There were 58,330 producing wells at the close of 1914. The 

total production of the State in 1914 wa.s 8,170,335 barrels, valued at 

$15,573,822.

Psilomelane. Most abundant manganese mineral in the State. Occurs in 

many of the old iron-ore banks of the Lehigh-Northampton-Berks district.

Pyrite. Chester County, at French Creek, mined with magnetite. Lancaster 

County, has been mined at Gap mine, nickeliferous. Lebanon County, 

Cornwall, cupriferous and cobaltiferous. Lehigh County, near Emans 

and near Macungie. Luzerne County, from Wilkes-Barre region used as 

a gem. York County, with magnetite in James iron mine, Dillsburg. 

The only commercial output of pyrite reported during the last few years 

is the small quantity obtained in connection with the mining of bituminous coal in Mercer County. .

Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese). Montgomery County, Edge Hill, and 

near Spring Mill. Lehigh County, associated with limonite, especially 

in Saucon Township.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrites). Berks County, in Alsace township, near Reading. Lancaster County, at Gap mine, nickeliferous; in small quantities 

at several other localities.

Quartz. Adams County, mined - near . Bendersville and at several places in 

South Mountain. Chester County, mined at Cornog station and on North 

Valley Hills, for pottery and abrasives. Franklin County, formerly 

mined near Fayetteville. Monroe County, quartz suitable for gems 

found at Stroudsburg.

Radium. See Carnotite.

Road metal. See Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, and Trap rock.
266 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA.

B/utile. Chester County (formerly supplied the entire United States demand, 

and still produces some, although now surpassed by the Virginia deposits), Coatesville, Parkesburg, Pomeroy, and elsewhere in Chester 

Valley; also near Doe Run, Glenhall, Willowdale, and many other places 

in the limestone valleys throughout the southern part of the county. 

Delaware County, Howard House, Dismal Run. Lancaster County, near 

Quarryville and elsewhere in southern part of county. Philadelphia 

County, Overbrook and Rolandsville.

Salt (brine). Allegheny County, produced in Pittsburgh. Armstrong County, 

has been made at Bayard salt works, Long Run. Beaver County, New 

Brighton, Bellowsville, and Industry. Bradford County, oil district. 

Fayette County, on Youghiogheny River. Indiana County, at Saltsburg. 

Bromine and calcium chloride are also obtained from the natural brine.

Sand (building). Local deposits utilized in majority of the counties.

Sand (fire). Chester County, produced at Bxton and Honeybrook by crushing 

quartzite. . Sand (glass). Dug in Clearfield County, at Falls Creek. Elk County, Daguscahonda. Fayette County, at Dunbar, and along Monongahela River 

near Belle Vernon. Huntingdon County, Mapleton. Mifflin County, 

Vineyard. Venango County, Kennerdell and Rockmere station near Oil 

City. 

Sand (molding). Dug in Allegheny County, at Pittsburgh. Beaver County, 

Koppel. Berks County, Berne and Hamburg. Blair County, Hollidaysburg. Bucks County, Tullytown. Butler County, Cabot. Carbon 

County, Ashfield and Bowmanstown. Clearfield County, Falls Creek. 

Columbia County, Catawissa, Mifflinville, and Rupert. Dauphin County, 

Harrisburg. Elk County, Ridgway. Erie County, Erie and Fairview. 

Fayette County, Dunbar, West Masontown, Perryopplis, and Republic. 

Franklin County, Waynesboro. Huntingdon County, Mapleton Depot and 

. Mill Creek. Lancaster County, Marietta, Beartown, and elsewhere. 

Lawrence County, Moravia and Newcastle. Lehigh County, Cementon. 

Lycoming County, Linden and Nisbet. Mercer County, Carlton. Mifflin 

County, Burnham and Lewistown. Montgomery County, Edge Hill and 

William Penn. Northampton County, South Bethlehem and Freemansburg. Northumberland County, Milton and Riverside. Philadelphia 

County, Philadelphia. Perry County, Newport. Somerset County, Rowena. Sullivan County, Lopez. Venango County, Utica and South Oil 

City. Westmoreland County, New Stanton. York County, near Weigelstown.

Sandstone. Quarried at many localities in most of the counties of the State.

Sandstone (bluestone). Allegheny County, Pittsburgh. Bradford County, 

Sugar Run, Towanda, and Wyalusing. Fayette County, Upper Middletown, Waltersburg. Luzerne County, Hunlock Creek. Lycoming County, 

Jersey Mills, Trout Run, and Waterville. McKean County, Port Allegheny. Mercer County, Greenville. Pike County, Lackawaxen, Pond 

Eddy, Millrift, Kimble, and elsewhere. Potter County, Burtville. Susquehanna County, Dimock, Hall^tead, Lanesboro, and elsewhere. Venango County, Franklin. Westmoreland County, Hillside, Ligonier, and 

Penns station. Wyoming County, Blackwalnut and Laceyville. York 

County, Hanover.

Sandstone (brownstone). Quarried in Berks County, at Birdsboro and Mohrsville. Bucks County, Grenoble station, Lunjberville, Neshaminy, Newton, and Yardley. Chester County, Phoenixville and Valley Forge. Dau-
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA. 267

phin County, Hummelstown. Lebanon County, Mount Gretna and Schaefferstown. Mercer County, near Jackson Center. Montgomery County, 

Morristown, Port Kennedy, and Fort Washington. Formerly quarried in 

Dauphin County at Middletown and in York County at Goldsboro 

(Etters). '" '

Sandstone (flagstone). Bradford County, New Era. Monroe County. Pike 

County, near Delaware River and Lackawaxen Creek, numerous quarries 

in grits and sandstones in Shohola and Lackawaxen. Schuylkill County, 

Auburn. Sullivan County, Dushore. Wyoming County, Nicholson. 

In northwestern and western counties, flagstone quarried for local use in 

many places.

Sauconite. Lehigh County, zinc mines at Friedensville.

Scheelite. Philadelphia County, several pounds found at Hoffman's quarry, 

Frankford. Franklin, Adams, and other counties in southern Pennsylvania, in South Mountain, with piedmontite and aporhyolite.

Schist (quartz schist, micaceous, sericitic). Montgomery County, at Edge 

Hill and Glenside, abundant, quarried for the manufacture of cupola 

blocks, furnace bricks, silica bricks, fire mortar, etc.

Serpentine. Berks County, precious serpentine on Fritz Island, near Reading. 

Chester County, serpentine occurs in West Nottingham and Westtown 

townships, and in Lancaster County, precious serpentine (probably 

williamsite) at Low's mine, Fulton Township. Delaware County, neatMedia, in Radnor Township and many other places. Northampton 

County, verdolite, an ornamental stone essentially serpentine, is quarried 

at Easton. Serpentine occurs but is not worked in Lancaster, Lebanon, 

Montgomery, and York counties. v

Shale (paint). Principal colors, as follows:

Black shale. Berks County, mined for pigment at Fritz station. Clinton 

County, Rauchtown. Lycoming County, Muncy. Northampton County, 

Nazareth, formerly mined. Schuylkill County, Pottsville. 

Yellow shale. Berks County, occurs at Shoemakersville. Carbon County, 

formerly mined at Lehigh Gap and Slatington. Luzerne County, mined 

for pigment at Moosehead station.

Red shale. Berks County, mined for pigment at Albany, formerly mined 

at Lenhartsville. Lawrence County, mined at Pulaski. Luzerne County, 

at Hudsondale. Tioga County, at East Charlestown. Westmoreland 

County, mined for pigment at Greenwald. Wyoming County, formerly 

mined at Factoryville, for cement. (See also Cement material.)

Shale .(oil). Devonian, underlies the northwestern half of the State but is 

generally too far below the surface to be of value.

Siderite (black band ore). Black band ores also occur throughout the northern 

coal field but are not persistent, though occurring at the same horizon; 

not now mined.

Siderite (iron carbonate). Occurs in association with the limonite ores in 

different parts of the State. An important ore formerly mined in eastern 

Pennsylvania with limonite. Now mined only in Carbon County, at Lehigh Gap, for paint. Formerly mined in Bedford, Clearfield, Cambria, 

Fayette, Fulton, Huntingdon, Mifflin, arid Somerset counties; in the 

Lackawanna Valley and at Scranton; in Lycoming County, at Ralston.

Sienna. Berks County, 1 mile east of Reading.

Slate. Adams County, formerly quarried near Pine Grove Furnace. Quarried in the following localities: Lehigh County, Slatington. Northampton 

County, Bangor, Bath, Berlinsville, Chapman, Danielsville, Heimback, 

Nazareth, and Pen Argyl. York County, Delta and Peach Bottom.
268 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES PENNSYLVANIA.

Smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Blair County, Sinking Valley. Lancaster 

County, Lancaster zinc mines. Lehigh County, Friedensville zinc mines, 

with calamine and blende. Not worked alone as an ore.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Blair County, Sinking Valley, with galena and 

smithsonite. Bucks County, New Britain, with galena. Chester County, 

Phoenixville mines, with lead ores and in considerable quantity. Columbia County, Espy, in limestone. Lancaster County, Lancaster zinc mines 

and Pequea mine, with galena. Lehigh County, Friedensville zinc 

mines, Saucon Valley, with blende and smithsonite in limestone. Montgomery County, Perkiomen and Ecton mines near Audubon. Philadelphia County, Falls of Schuylkill. No longer worked.

.Talc. Chester County, was formerly obtained in West Goshen township, near 

Unionville. Montgomery County, formerly quarried at Gladwyne and 

Lafayette. Northampton County, quarried at Easton.

Titanium. See Rutile.

Trap rock. Triassic diabase or trap occurs in a number of the eastern counties. 

It occurs near and may be quarried in Adams County, near Gettysburg. 

Montgomery County, Greenlane, Perkiomenville, and Pottstown. York 

County, Yorkhaven. The term trap rock is used as a trade name incorrectly in Pennsylvania for indurated shale and sandstone, which are 

quarried at the following places: Berks County, Birdsboro. Bucks 

, County, Bridge Valley, Cressman, Point Pleasant, Rock Hill, and .Rushland. Chester County, Downingtown, Kennett Square, and West Chester. 

Dauphin County, Rockville. Delaware County, Glen Mills, Lenni Mills, 

Locksley, Radnor, and Wayne. Luzerne County, Wapwallopen. Montgomery County, Bethayres, Sumneytown, Northumberland County, Dalrnatia. Perry County, Marysville.. York County, Hanover.

Tungsten minerals. See Scheelite.

Umber. Berks County, Bethel. Bucks County, Buckingham Mountain. 

Northampton County, Quaker Hill.

Vanadium. See Carnotite.

Vermiculite (jefferisite). Chester County, Westtown Township, Brinton's 

quarry.

Vesuvianite. Bucks County, near Hope.

Wad (bog manganese). Berks, Lehigh, Northampton, and other counties with 

limonite.

Wavellite. Chester County, formerly mined at Whitehouse. Cumberland 

County, formerly mined in vicinity of Moores Mill, 4 miles west of Mount 

Holly Springs, and used in the manufacture of phosphorus. In small 

quantities in white clay pits in South Mountain, associated with limonite 

ores in some residual iron-ore deposits, in Lehigh and Northampton 

counties. Northampton County, at Hellertown, good crystals in considerable quantity.

Whetstone. Lehigh County, made from Cambrian sandstones from South 

Mountain near Allentown.

Williamsite. Lancaster County, at Lom's mine near New Texas. Some was 

also found at Wood's mine in same vicinity.

Wulfenite (molybdate of lead). Chester County, Wheatley lead mines, 

Phoenixville. Lancaster County, Pequea mines. Montgomery County, 

Perkiomen and Ecton mines, near Audubon.

Yttrium. See Allanite.

Zinc. See Calamine, Goslarite, Sauconite, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES: RHODE ISLAND. 269 

RHODE ISLAND.

Agate. Providence County, occurs with chalcedony and quartz in southern 

portion of Diamond Hill, town of Cumberland.

Anthracite. See Coal.

Brown iron ore (limonite, brown hematite). Providence County, was mined 

at Cranston during Revolutionary times.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore). Providence County, occurs 3 miles west.of 

Foster Center, near State line.

Cement material (Portland). Limestone quarried in Providence County carries too much magnesia, and other areas of limestone are too small to be 

workable.

Chalcopyrite. Providence County, was prospected extensively, probably over 

a hundred years ago, near Sneech Pond, town of Cumberland.

Clay (brick). Bristol County, dug at Barrington and Nyatt. Providence 

County, old clay pits at Pawtuxet, town of Cranston, and west of 

Diamond Hill, town of Cumberland.

Clay (pottery). Newport County, reported on Block Island and at Newport 

Neck.

Coal (anthracite). Newport County, has been mined intermittently for a century at Portsmouth; three beds 1 to 3 feet thick, high percentage of ash, 

made impure by pyrite and quartz veinlets; hard to ignite, holds fire 

poorly; adapted for smelting but not successful steaming or domestic 

fuel. Has been mined also at Bristol, at Portsmouth station on western 

side of northern part of Aquidneck Island, Cranston, and Pawtucket. 

Attempts have been made to briquet coal produced at Portsmouth in 

recent years. Was once mined at Cranston for graphite, where most of 

this coal is graphitic.

Copper. See Chalcopyrite.

Dolomite. Providence County, was quarried from several small occurrences 

and burnt for lime in towns of Lincoln, Johnston, North Providence, and 

Providence.

Flagstone. Sandstone suitable for flagging has been quarried at Pawtucket.

Galena. Washington County, was once mined at Tower Hill, in Kingston, for 

molding dust for iron founders; 30 tons taken. 

Granite. Newport County, has been quarried at Newport. Providence County, 

lias been quarried at Ashton, near Providence, and Pascoag. Washington 

County, large quarries at Niantic and Westerly, for building and ornamental stone and paving blocks.

Graphite. Newport County, 200 tons mined about 4 miles south of Tiverton as 

basis for paint. Providence County, largest mine at Fenner Ledge, 

Cranston, near Providence, has produced several thousand tons; has 

been mined at Briclgeton, Pawtucket, and Valley Falls; several hundred 

feet of underground workings at latter place now full of water. Washington County, has been mined at Saunderstown.

Hematite. Providence County, occurs at Diamond Hill and Cranston.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, and Magnetite.

Lead. See Galena.

Limestone. Providence County, is quarried and burned for lime at Limerock, 

 town of Lincoln, and formerly near Centerdale.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.
270 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES RHODE ISLAND.

Magnetite. Providence County, occurs with copper ore in veins in ancient 

mine at Sneech Pond and in Iron Mine Hill, 2$ miles east of Woonsocket, 

as a prominent constituent of the gabbroid rock; beach sands on south 

shores; magnetite ore of Iron Mine Hill is very high in titanium.

Manganese ore. Providence County, resembles knebelite; occurs in bed 40 

feet thick, near Sneech Pond, town of Cumberland. See also Rhodonite 

and Wad.

Molybdenite. Providence County; occurs in manganese ore near Sneech Pond, 

town of Cumberland.

Peat. In fresh and salt swamps in many parts of State, including Block 

Island, where it was much used for fuel.

Quartz. Providence County, constitutes southern portion of Diamond Hill, 

town of Cumberland; mainly milky quartz, but commonly banded; used 

for road material, for concreting, and for chicken grit.

Rhodonite. Providence County; occurs at Pawtucket and Sneech Pond.

Road metal. Glacial bowlders of .quartzite conglomerate, quartzite, green 

schist, and diorite are most commonly hauled to crusher or quarried direct 

from conglomerate occurrences. Scattered trap dikes from 1 foot to 10 

feet wide along east slope of hills west of Smithfield station (not used), 

Snake Den, Woonsocket, north of Moosup Valley, Iron Mine Hill, Ironstone Reservoir. See also Quartz.

Sand and gravel. Large quantities utilized in concrete work in cities. Abundant throughout State.

Sands'tone. For building (dimension stone), several quarries near Providence.

Serpentine. Newport County, occurs at Newport. Providence County, occurs 

at Smithfield, Johnston, and North Providence.

Talc. Providence County, quarried and ground at Manville.

Wad (bog manganese). Providence County, occurs at Sneech Pond, town of 

Cumberland.

Whetstones. Providence County, have been made in large quantities from 

mica slate at Smithfield and Woonsocket and from quartz-mica schist 

in Smithfield.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES SOUTH CAROLINA. 271 

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Amethyst. Has been found in Abbeville County near Lowndesville; Anderson 

County near Moffettsville.

Aquamarine. Anderson County. See also Beryl.

Asbestos. Narrow veins occur in Anderson County, 8 miles southwest of 

Anderson. Cherokee, Newberfy, and Pickens counties. Oconee County, 

near Seneca. Spartanburg County, near Spartanburg. Not worked.

Barite. Cherokee County, mined at Kings Creek.

Beryl. Anderson County, a few crystals sufficiently clear to be cut for gems 

have been found at McConnel Place, 3 miles north of Anderson. Occurs 

at numerous points along the Anderson-Spartanburg zone. Cut for 

gems.

Cassiterite (tin ore). Cherokee County, occurs in pegmatite veins near Gaffney 

and in residual placers which have been worked.- Many attempts have 

been made to mine the deposits of - Cherokee County' and neighboring 

counties in North Carolina.

Cement material (Portland). Many beds of marble in the western part of the 

State seem to be suitable for cement; but fuel, local market, and cheap 

transportation are lacking. Soft limestones (so-called "marls"), abundant in Coastal Plain, might make satisfactory cement material.

Cerium. See Monazite and Polycrase.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Was formerly mined in Abbeville County near 

Calhoun Falls; Saluda County, in Culbreath mine, 6 miles northeast 

of Saluda courthouse; York County, Big Wilson mine, near Yorkville, 

and Mary mine, 4 miles northeast of Yorkville.

Clay (brick). Widely distributed. Dug in Abbeville County, at Abbeville. 

Aiken County, Hamburg and North Augusta. Anderson County, on 

Oconee side of Eighteen Mile Creek, near Pendleton. Beaufort County, 

Haresville. Cherokee County, Gaffney. Chester County, Leeds. 

Chesterfield County, Cheraw and Chesterfield. Darlington County, Society Hill. Dorchester County, Badham and Summerville. Florence 

County, Florence. Greenville County, Greenville, Woods Crossing, and 

Greer. Greenwood County, Greenwood and AVareville. Horry County, 

Conway. Kershaw County, Camden. Lancaster County, Van Wyck. 

Laurens County, Laurens. Lee County, Bishopville. Lexington County, 

Casey. Marion County, Dillon and Mullins. Newberry County, near 

Newberry. Oconee County, Richland and near Westminster. Orangeburg County, Orangeburg. Pickens County, Pickens. Richland County, 

1 mile west and 4 miles north of Columbia. Saluda County, Saluda. 

Spartanburg County, Cedar Spring and Spartanburg. Surater County, 

Surnter. Williamsburg County, Greelyville and Kingstree. York County, 

Grallay station, Rock Hill, and Yorkville.

Clay (fire). Richland County, at Killian and near Columbia.

Clay (paper). Aiken County, dug at Bath, Langley, and Warrensville; Lexington County, Steedrnan; Richland County, Horrell Hill (Columbia).

Clay (pottery). Aiken County, dug at Langley and Wagener; Lexington 

County, Steedman; Richland County, Horrell Hill (Columbia).

Coal. See Lignite.

Cobalt. Aiken County, cobalt-bearing manganese exposed in placer bed at base 

of alluvial deposit at Silber Bluff, Savannah River,

Copper. See Chalcopyrite, Covellite, and Enargite.
272 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES SOUTH CAROLINA.

Corundum. Occurs more or less abundantly in Archean gneisses and later rocks 

in Anderson, Cherokee, Laurens, Oconee, Spartanburg, and York counties. 

Cherokee County, prospected 2 miles north of Gaston Shoals. York 

County, found in belt 200-300 feet wide in northeastern part of county, 

between Allison and Crowder creeks, mined l.mile north of summit of 

Nannies Mountain. Valuable "oriental emerald" reported in Cherokee 

County, Bowen River region, in Archean gneiss.

Corundum (sapphire). Cherokee County, some gem sapphires have been found 

in the Bowen River region.

Covellite. Chesterfield County, occurs in Brewer gold mine as a secondary 

mineral.

Diatomaceous earth. Williamsburg County, dug at Salters Depot.

Enargite. Chesterfield County, small crystals occur in Brewer mine.

Feldspar. Abbeville County, large masses occur in pegmatites near Iva. 

Anderson County, near Easley. Greenville County, in mica mine 8i 

miles southeast of Greenville. Oconee County, near Central and Walhalla. Pickens County, high-grade feldspar near Pickens.

Fuller's earth. The lower Eocene deposits consist largely of this material 

which is exposed along their marginal line extending across portions of 

Aiken, Calhoun, Clarendon, Lexington, Sumter, and Williamsburg counties. Mined near Salters, Williamsburg County.

Galena (argentiferous). Was formerly mined in Cherokee County, at Cameron 

mine, and in Oconee County, 15 miles north of Walhalla.

Gold (lode). Small production maintained or intermittent from numerous 

quartz mines in Abbeville, Anderson, Cherokee, Chesterfield, Edgefield, 

Greenville, Kershaw, Lancaster, Laurens, Newberry, Oconee, Saluda, 

Union, and York counties.

Gold (placer),. Considerable gold has been obtained from placers in Cherokee, 

Chesterfield, Greenville, Pickens, York, and other counties, but production 

now is small.

Granite. Quarried: Chesterfield County, 9 miles west of Ruby, Pageland. 

Edgefield County, Edgefield. Fairfield County, Alston, Blairs, Rion, 

Rockton, and Strother. Greenville County, near Greenville and Travelers 

Rest. Greenwood County, Greenwood, Quarry, Ware Shoals. Lancaster 

County, near Heath Springs. Laurens County, Clinton, Cold Point, near 

High Point, and at Gray Court. Lexington County, Cayce, Lexington, 

and near Batesburg. Newberry County, near Newberry. Pickens 

County, Beverly station and Easley. Richland County, Columbia. Spartanburg County, Pacolet. Was formerly quarried at localities in Anderson, Kershaw, Oconee, Union, and York counties.

Graphite (plumbago). Local occurrences of graphite in slates of Anderson, 

Cherokee, Oconee, and other counties. Anderson County, Rocky River 

valley to Savannah River near old Crafts Ferry.

Hematite (specular iron ore). Occurs in highly metamorphosed Archean and 

later rocks. Cherokee County, in zone crossing Broad River at mouth of 

Doolittle Creek and thence along west side of Peoples Creek. Deposits 

have been worked to small extent but are not of immediate importance.

Ilmenite. Abbeville County, occurs near Calhoun Falls and in gold quartz 

veins.

Iron. See Hematite, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Pyrrhotite, and Siderite.

Lead. See Galena and Pyromorphite.

Lignite (brown coal). Chesterfield County, Whortleberry Branch, north of 

Cheraw, and near Mount Croghan. Edgefield County, Savannah River. 

Pickens County.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES SOUTH CAROLINA. 273

Limestone (building and lime). Occurs at many points in State, especially in 

western part. Cherokee County, quarried regularly at Limestone Springs 

near Gaffney, chiefly for lime, but in part for building stone; has been 

quarried intermittently near Blacksburg and Grover. Greenwood County, 

has been quarried near Ware Shoals. Oconee County, 10 miles northwest 

of Fort Madison, and 4 to 9 miles northwest of Walhalla.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Cherokee County, occurs associated with 

hematite in metamorphosed Archean and later rocks along Broad River 

above Cherokee Ford. Of possible economic importance. Found also in 

gold quartz veins.

Manganese ore (mined). Deposits of economic importance occur in Abbeville 

County, near McCormick. Greenwood County, 2 miles west of Breezewood, and 5 miles south of Greenwood. The McCormick deposit is composed of nodular concretions of psilomelane and pyrolusite. See also 

Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, and Wad.

Marble. Laurens County, quarried for local use 4 miles east of Ware Shoals. 

Union County, small quantity quarried 12 miles southwest of Union. 

Occurs also in Cherokee County and in Westminster, Oconee County.

Marl. Dug for local use in Aiken, Bamburg, Barnwell, Berkeley, Charleston, 

Clarendon, Colleton, Darlington, Dorchester, Florence, Georgetown, 

Hampton, Horry, Marlboro, Orangeburg, Sumter, and Williamsburg 

counties. Extensively quarried at Ingleside, Dorchester County, and 

calcined for the agricultural trade.

Mica (muscovite). Anderson County, occurs near Anclerson, Barnes, Denver, 

and Iva; was formerly mined near Anderson. Greenville County, mined 

at Reedy River; also 8£ 'miles southeast of Greenville. Oconee County, 

occurs near Seneca.

Molybdenite. Lancaster County, occurs in Haile mine.

Monazite. Deposits of commercial value in Anderson, Cherokee, Greenville. 

Laurens, Oconee, Pickens, and Spartanburg counties. Mined near 

Gaffney, Cherokee County, and south of Greenville, Greenville County.

Nickel. Saluda County, occurs associated with chalcopyrite and gold at Culbreath mine.

Peat. Horry County, exposed at Myrtle Beach. Laurens County, exposed on 

Sharpe property, 3 miles northeast of Ware Shoals. Extensive beds 

along estuarine region of Combahee and Edisto rivers and elsewhere. 

Not used.

Phosphate rock. Mined with dredges in Coosaw River tributaries; also mined 

extensively in the Ashley and Edisto river basins. Occurs in Wando and 

Copper river basins and at Johns Island, Charleston County.

Platinum. Cherokee and Laurens counties, occurs in Cambrian grit.

Polycrase. Greenville County, found 4 miles from Marietta.

Psilomelane (manganese ore). Abbeville County, in mica schists near McCormick. Greenwood County, 2 miles west of Breezewood and 5 miles 

south of Greenwood. Spartanburg County, 8 miles south of Gleun 

Springs.

Pyrite (iron pyrites). Mined for gold in Chesterfield County, Brewer mine. 

Lancaster County, at Haile and Blackburn mines. Spartanburg County, 

Thompson mine. Union County, West mine. York County, Big Wilson, 

Ferguson, Magnolia, and other mines.

Pyrolusite (oxide of manganese). Abbeville County, in mica schists near McCormick. Cherokee County, Smith Mountain. Edgefleld County, Hard 

Labor Creek. Greenwood County, near Breezewood and 5 miles south of 

Greenwood.

27608° Bull. 624 17 18
274 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES SOUTH CAROLINA.

Pyromorphite (phosphate of lead).' Cherokee County, was found in Cameron 

mine, 3 miles southwest of Gaffney.

Pyrrhotite. York County, was mined on Nannies Mountain, 11 miles northeast 

of Yorkville, and is found at several gold mines.

Radium. See Polycrase.

Eoad metal. See Granite, Limestone, and Sand.

Rutile. Occurs chiefly in Archean gneisses. Newberry County, crystal masses 

from vicinity of Prosperity.

Sand (building). Dug in Barnwell County at Blackville. Richland County, 

Columbia. The main source of supply to Charleston is found in bed of 

Edisto River above Dawkes Creek. Common in fresh-water streams.

Sand (glass). Dug in Barnwell County at Blackville and Ulmers. Clarendon 

County, at Pee Dee area.

Sand (molding). Dug in Charleston County at Charleston, and in Richland 

County at Columbia.

Siderite (spathic iron ore). Cherokee County, found at Cameron mine, 3 miles 

southwest of Gaffney.

Silver. Lancaster County, very small annual production, mostly from siliceous 

gold ores of Blackmon and Haile mines.

Soapstone. Formerly quarried to limited extent in Cherokee County, near 

Gaffney; Chester County, near Halsellville and Chester; Laurens 

County, near Laurens; Oconee County, Fair View Church, 6 miles northeast of Seneca, and Soapstone Hill, 4 miles northwest of Tomassee; 

Pickens County, near Central; Spartanburg County, Cedar Springs; 

York County, at Nation Ford.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Tin. See Cassiterite. -

Titanium. See Ilmenite and Rutile.

Wad (bog manganese). Chester County, occurs in northeastern part of county. 

York County, 4 miles southeast of Catawba Junction; extensive exposure.

Yttrium. See Polycrase.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES SOUTH DAKOTA. 275 

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Amblygonite. Ouster County, Bond mine, 4i miles south of Ouster, mined. 

Pennington County, Bob Ingersoll mine, 4 miles northwest of Keystone, 

mined; Hugo mine, half a mile south of Keystone, is the most important 

producer; has been mined for lithium on the Peerless and other claims, 

1 mile south of Keystone, and the Tin Queen claim, 1^ miles' east of Oreville; occurs also on the Christiansen claim, near Keystone. Hand 

County, near Hayward. Occurs in large masses in pegmatite.

Amphibolite. Pennington County, quarried 3 miles west of Rapid City, used 

for ornamental work.

Anglesite. As a rule an important constituent in the lead carbonate ores of 

the Black Hills. Ouster County, at Srjokane. Lawrence County, at 

Carbonate and Galena.

Apatite. Ouster, Lawrence, Pennington, and other counties as large nodules 

in nearly all pegmatites. There is good possibility for recovery as a 

by-product.

Aragonite. Fall River County, in Wind Cave, at Hot Springs.

Arsenopyrite. Ouster County, of common occurrence, as at Ouster and Spokane, nearly always auriferous. Lawrence County, mined for gold at 

Lead, Central City, and Terraville. Pennington County, at Hill City, 

Keystone, Mystic, and Rochford. Large quantities go to waste in tailings from Homestead and other mines.

Autunite. Occurs in pegmatites of Black Hills, near Keystone, as at Ouster 

and Spokane.

Azurite. Occurs in copper mines and prospects in Black Hills.

Barite. Is of common occurrence as a gangue mineral in most of the mines of 

the Black Hills.

Bentonite. Fall River County, half a mile west of Ardmore, being developed.

Beryl. Large crystals and masses occur in Ouster County, in pegmatites with 

tin and mica. Pennington County, in pegmatites near Keystone.

Bismuth. See Tetradymite.

Bornite. Occurs in copper mines and prospects in Black Hills.

Brown iron ore. See Limonite.

Calcite. Custer County, near Ouster. Fall River County, at Hot Springs, in 

Wind Cave. Lawrence County, in Homestake mine. Meade County, in 

Crystal Cave near Piedmont, in the Badlands. Washington County, in 

Indian reservation at Devils Hill.

Cassiterite (tin ore). Custer County, found in pegmatites near Custer. Lawrence County, has been mined in pegmatite at Tinton, and stream tin 

was mined and shipped from Bear Gulch and other streams near Nigger 

Hill. Pennington County, has been mined in pegmatites and quartz veins 

at Hill City and Keystone.

Cement material. Niobrara chalk in eastern and southeastern part of State, 

furnishes excellent Portland cement material; used at Yankton, Yankton 

County.

Cerargyrite (horn silver). Custer County, at Spokane. Lawrence.County, in 

Cambrian quartzites and shales, mined at Carbonate, Galena, and in 

Trojan and other mines near Portland (Trojan post office). Pennington 

County, at Silver City.

Cerusite (carbonate of lead). Lawrence County, in Paleozoic rocks at Carbonate ; * abundant at Galena; has been mined. Custer County, at 

Spokane.
276 USEFUL MINERALS.OF UNITED STATES SOUTH DAKOTA.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Ouster, Lawrence, and Pennington counties, occurs 

in copper mines and prospects in Black Hills.

Chalcopyrite. Lawrence County, occurs in Lead, Terraville, and Central City 

gold mines, prospects near Nemo and Deadwood. Pennington County, 

auriferous on Box Elder Creek, prospects near Sheridan and Rochford.

Chalk. In nearly all parts of the State in Cretaceous limestone formations.

Chert. Lawrence County, about Deadwood, in red and gray layers in Carboniferous limestones and resultant gravels; takes high polish and is 

used for ornaments.

Cinnabar. Pennington County, reported on Victoria Creek, a few miles above 

Rapid City; also was prospected near Pactola and Rochford.

Clay (brick). Loess abundant in extreme southeastern part of State; excellent brick material. Brick clay dug in Brown County, near Aberdeen. 

Clay County, Vermilion. Grant County, Bigstone. Hughes County, 

Pierre. Kingsbury County, De Smet. Lawrence County, Deadwood, 

Spearflsh, Englewood, and Lead. Meade County, Sturgis. Minnehaha 

and Moody counties. Pennington County, Hill City. Union County, near 

Rapid City.

Clay (fire). Pennington County j dug near Rapid City.

Clay (kaolin). Custer County, occurs near Custer, in close proximity to 

marble.

Coal (bituminous). Fall River County, thin beds exposed in Coal and Bennett canyons, north of Edgemont. Not workable.

Coal (lignite). Lignite beds having a maximum thickness of 10 feet underlie 

portions of the northern half of Harding and Perkins counties, north and 

east of the Black Hills. Harding County, mined especially near Buffalo 

and Karinen in Cave Hills. Perkins County, in Slim Buttes, and at 

Strool, Bison, and Lodgepole.

Columbite. Custer County, has been mined near Laughing Water Creek, 

north of Custer. Lawrence County, Tintori area, and abundant in gold 

placers in Nigger Hill district, in the Yolo and Centennial claims. Pennington County, in pegmatites near Hill City, Oreville, and in the Etta, 

Bob Ingersoll, Hugo, Advance, Peerless, Sarah, and First Find mines, 

. all near Keystone, and in gold placers in Black Hills.

Copper. See Azurite, Bornite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Cuprite, Enargite, 

Malachite, and Tenorite.

Cuprite (red oxide of copper). Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington counties, 

occurs in copper mines and prospects in Black Hills, as at the Queen mine 

west of Fairburn.

Diatomaceous earth. Custer County, extends from high slopes of hills west 

of Fairburn and Hermosa, east into badlands; has been, mined at 

Argyle and Fairburn.

Enargite. Occurs in copper mines and prospects in Black Hills.

Feldspar (orthoclase). Pennington County, in Harney Peak district; occurs 

massive in pegmatites.

Ferberite. Custer County, Hermosa. Pennington County, Hill City. See also 

Wolframite.

Fluorspar. Lawrence County, occurs in mines near Portland (Trojan post 

office), Maitland district, and in considerable quantity in Ulster mine.

Fuller's earth. Custer County, deposits have been worked near Fairburn. 

Common in the badland beds of Mellette, Pennington, Stanley, Washabaugh, and Washington counties.

Gabbro (black granite). Minnehaha County, quarried near Sioux Falls, takes 

high polish, and many excellent tombstones and pillars are made.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES SOUTH DAKOTA. 277

Galena. Custer County, occurs at Spokane, gold and silver bearing. Lawrence County, small quantity mined in Galena, Perry, Portland, Carbonate, and Iron Hill districts. Pennirigton County, in limestone on Box 

Elder Creek, gold bearing; also in quartz veins near Hayward and 

Silver City.

Garnet. Custer County, near Elephant Gulch, west of Custer. Fine, clear 

crystals of almandite garnet, suitable for gems, are occasionally found.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Glauconite. Common as cementing material in limestone, conglomerates, and 

the shale beds of the Deadwood formation.

Gold (lode). Custer County, free in quartz in Algonkian rocks in Chilkoot 

mining district near Custer. Lawrence County, mined at Lead, Central 

City, and Terraville, formerly mined in limestone near Ragged Top 

Mountain. Homestake mines at Lead produced three-fourths of the gold 

output of the State. Pennington County, mined in Holy Terror, Keystone, and other mines.

Gold (placer). Custer County, former workings in bed of French Creek, 

Custer. Lawrence County, Deadwood, Whitewood, Gold Run, and elsewhere in Deadwood district and in Nigger Hill district. Pennington 

County, Rockerville, Hill City, and Keystone. Dredge formerly in operation on Castle Creek, three-fourths mile west of Mystic, closed down 

in 1914.

Granite. Custer and Penningt'on counties, immense quantities exposed in 

Black Hills. Grant County, quarried extensively in Bigstone City and 

Milbank, near lower end of Big Stone Lake.

Graphite. Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington counties, occurs with cassiterite 

and tourmaline in Black Hills. Custer County, small quantity ground 

and shipped from Custer. Pennington County, amorphous graphite on 

Castle Creek and near Hill City, prospecting near Rochford.

Grindstone. Fall River County, excellent grindstones and burrstones quarried 

from Dakota sandstone near Edgemont.

Gypsum. Especially common on the outer border of the Black Hills proper. 

Plaster mills in Fall River County, at Hot Springs. Lawrence County, 

Speartish. Pennington County, Rapid City. Extensive deposits in Butte, 

Custer, Fall River, Lawrence, Meade, and Pennington counties.

Hematite (red iron ore). Custer County, occurs at Iron Mountain. Pennington County, northwest of Hayward mine, 4 miles south of Keystone, contains gold and silver; abundant on Box Elder Creek, and in slates and 

quartzites near Rapid City and at and near Hot Mound, 10 miles northwest ; occurs at Iron Mountain; oolitic hematite occurs in the Deadwood 

formation, at the top of the Cambrian.

Hiibnerite. See Wolframite.

Iron. See Arsenopyrite, Hematite, Limonite, Ocher, Pyrite, and Pyrrhotite.

Jamesonite. Pennington County, occurs in lead-silver ores near Silver City 

and Rochford.

Jasper. Minnehaha County, a thick deposit susceptible of high polish; worked 

to a large extent, especially at Sioux Falls and Dell Rapids; shipped to 

Omaha, St. Paul, Chicago, and other cities for buildings, pavements, and 

ornaments. Outcrops locally also in Hanson, McCook, and Turner 

counties. .

Kaolin. Lawrence County, in Ruby district, between layers of the Deadwood 

formation. Pennington County, in Harney Peak district, derived from 

pegmatites.

Lead. See Anglesite, Cerusite, Galena, Jamesonite, and Pyromorphite.
278 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES SOUTH DAKOTA.

Lepidolite (lithium mica). Ouster County, near Ouster on the Beecher or 

Bond, the Christiansen, and other claims. Pennington County, occurs in 

many pegmatite dikes near Keystone, especially fine deep lilac in the Bob 

Ingersoll mine, 4 miles northwest of Keystone, weak lavender, green, 

grayish white and pinkish; common, especially on the Etta, Peerless, 

Hugo, and other mines south of Keystone; and Wood Tin lode, 4 miles 

east of Keystone.

Lignite. See Coal.

Limestone (building, crushed stone). Quarried in Ouster County, near Argyle, 

for railroad ballast, and Loring. Lake County, Chester. Lawrence 

County, at Spearfish. Meade County, Sturgis.

Limestone (chalkstone). Bonhomme County, has been used locally for building 

in Scotland and Springfield. Davison County, Mitchell. Minnehaha 

County, Brandon.

Limestone (lime, flux). Excellent lime made from purple limestone in Black 

Hills region; quarried at Deadwood, Lawrence County, and near Rapid 

City, Pennington County.

Limonite (brown hematite). Occurs with gold quartz veins in Black Hills, 

with other iron ores in Iron Mountain on Pennington-Custer county line, 

carries gold and silver; near Rochford, secondary deposits in swamps and 

ponds along the creeks, and called " bog ore " and " yellow ocher " ore; 

mined for mineral paint; similar deposits occur near Nahant.

I»ithiophilite' (mined as a source of lithia). Pennington County, at the Lost 

Bonanza, Hugo, and Peerless mines near Keystone, anrt at the Dyke lode 

near Bismuth. Occurs as large nodules in pegmatites.

Lithium minerals. See Amblygonite, Lepidolite, Lithiophilite, and Spodumene.

Lithographic stone. Ouster County, fine-grained limestone occurs 10 miles 

west of Ouster; also in vicinity of Loring; not used.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington 

counties; occurs in copper prospects of Black Hills, for example, near 

Pactola, Sheridan in the Blue Lead claim, Fairburn, in the Queen mine, 

Pringle, Custer Peak, Bald Mountain, and the Bear Lodge Mountains.

Manganese. See Pyrolusite.

Marble. Custer County, extensive deposit occurs in Algonkian schist, 4 miles 

northeast of Custer, was formerly quarried; also 8 miles northwest of 

Custer in Algonkian schists, beautiful dolomitic and saccharoidal marble; 

also serpentinous marble, mottled, yellow, and green; suitable for ornamental work but not used at present. In Lawrence and Fall River 

counties. Pennington County, in schist at Box Elder, in vicinity of 

Black Buttes.

Mica (muscovite). Custer County, has been mined and prospected at numerous 

places near Custer; some of the mines have been very large producers. 

Pennington County, formerly mined near Keystone; scrap mica continuously produced at Keystone, especially1 from Hugo mine south of Kej 

stone and Everley mica mine east of Keystone.

Mineral paint. See Limonite and Ocher.

Natural gas. Considerable quantities are found in boring artesian wells. At 

the close of 1914, 29 artesian wells in the State were yielding varying 

quantities of natural gas, the total production, however, being small. 

Hand County, at Miller. Hughes County, at Pierre; used locally. Small 

quantity in Lyman County. Potter County, near Gettysburg. Spink 

County, at Ashton. Stanley and Sully counties. Turner County, at 

Dolton. Walworth County, at Selby.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES SOUTH DAKOTA. 279

9

Ocher (mineral paint). Occurs with iron ores on Iron Mountain on Pennington-Custer county line 4 miles south of Keystone.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Onyx marble (Mexican onyx). Lawrence, Pennington, and Ouster counties, 

as stalactites and stalagmites, many of them large and beautifully 

banded, in Crystal Cave and many other caves in the Black Hills.

Peat. Tripp County, reported at head of Cottonwdod Creek.

Petroleum. Small amounts in sandstones of Minnelusa and Graneros formations on the western border of the Black Hills. Some wells last two 

years, but others are shorter lived.

Pumice. Occurs at Argyle, Custer County, and in Washington County.

Pyrite. Lawrence County, principal gold-bearing mineral of Black Hills. 

Mined at Lead, Central City, and Terraville; also used as flux in smelting 

siliceous ores. Large deposits carrying very small quantities of gold, 

silver, and copper occur on Whitewood Creek near Deadwood and 

Mystic.

Pyrolusite. Custer County, disseminated in sandstone at Argyle, has been 

mined and shipped. Pennington County, occurs also in Algonkian rocks.

Pyromorphite. Lawrence County, at Carbonate and Galena. Custer County, 

Spokane and many other lead deposits of the Black Hills.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic iron pyrites). Custer County, near Custer. Lawrence 

County, in gold quartz veins at Lead, Central City, and Terraville; contains gold; mined with pyrite for use as flux. Pennington County, 

near Keystone, Mystic, Pactola, Rochford, Sheridan, Silver City.

Quartz (rose). Custer County, mined at Red Rose mine, 63 miles southeast 

of Custer. Pennington County, many veins on Harney Peak, and in the 

vicinity. These localities afford some of the most beautiful rose quarts! 

known, and with other localities in the Black Hills are the chief source 

of rose quartz produced in the United States.

Quartzite. Minnehaha County, quarried at Sioux Falls and Dell Rapids.

Radium. See Autunite, Torbernite, and Uranocircite.

Road metal. See Granite, Limestone, Marble, Sand and gravel, and Sandstone.

Eose quartz. See Quartz (rose).

Sand and gravel. Abundant along streams near Black Hills and in eastern 

part of State. Dug extensively in Beadle County at Wessington; Brown 

County, near Aberdeen; Codington County, Watertown; Hansdn County, 

near Mitchell; Lincoln County, near Hudson; Minnehaha County, Sioux 

Falls.

Sand (filter). Codington County, Watertown.

Sand (glass). Meade County, Unkpapa sandstone on Elm Creek. Suitable 

for making glass but not utilized.

Sandstone. Quarried for local use in Butte County near Bellefourche; Davison County, on Firesteel and Enemy creeks; Fall River County, near 

Hot Springs; Harding County, an excellent building sandstone occurs 

in North Cave Hills; Hutchinson County, B miles north of Milltown; 

Lawrence County, Deadwood and Spearfish; McCook County, Spencer; 

Meade County, Doyle; Minnehaha County, Dell Rapids, East Sioux 

Falls, Garretson, Rowena, Sioux Falls, and West Sioux Falls; Pennington County, near Rapid City.

Scheelite. Custer County, Hermosa. Lawrence County, occurs with cassiterite and wolframite in Nigger Hill district. Pennington County, in small 

quantity with cassiterite and wolframite in quartz veins near Hill City.
280 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES SOUTH DAKOTA.

V

Silver. . Lawrence County, small quantities recovered from gold bullion. Argentiferous lead ores at Galena and Carbonate Camp. Ouster County, Spokane. See also Cerargyrite. 

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Lawrence County, occurs with gold quartz veins iu 

Uncle Sam mine near Perry and with lead-silver ores at Galena.

Spodumene. Custer County, occurs near Ouster and in Tin Mountain claim, 

5 miles west of Custer. Hand County, in vicinity of Glendale. Pennington County, best in quality and most abundant about Keystone, where 

the Etta, Bull Con, Swanzey, Dyke Lode, and Wood Tin claims are 

especially noteworthy; near Oreville, at the northwest base of Harney 

Peak; in the Etta claim, 1$. miles south of Keystone; on the Wood 

Tin, the Boomerang, and the Sunday Traction, south and southeast 

of Keystone; also near Hill City and in Palmer Gulch, 5 miles southeast of Hill City. A considerable quantity has been mined and shipped 

from the Etta claim for the manufacture of lithium salts. The crystals 

at this place are immense, attaining a length of 42 feet. .

Talc. Pennington County, in relatively large and pure masses in the Harney 

Peak district, a mile west of Hayward, also on Squaw Creek and Box 

Elder Creek, near Jim Creek. As an impure decomposition product it is 

common in schists and amphibolites.

Tantalite. Pennington County, in placers near Keystone.

Tantalum. See Columbite and Tantalite.

Tenorite.. Pennington County, Harney Peak, Sheridan in Blue Lead Mine, also 

on Lighting Creek and in Bear Lodge district.

Tetradymite. Custer County, occurs associated with quartz near Custer. 

Lawrence County, near Pluma, Portland, Terry.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Torbernite. Peunington County, found near Keystone. Lawrence County, 

at the Ross Hannibal mine, about 1£ miles southeast of Terry.

Travertine. See Onyx marble.

Tungsten. See Ferberite, Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Uranocircite. Pennington County, found near Keystone.

Volcanic ash. Occurs, in workable quantities in the upper badland beds in 

several counties, especially Mellette, Shannon, and Todd.

Wolframite (tungstate of iron and manganese). Custer County, near Custer. 

Lawrence County, in gold ores at Lead and on Yellow Creek; has been 

mined and shipped near Deadwood. Pennington County, occurs in quartz 

veins and pegmatites, near Hill City, where it is being mined and 

milled; and at Oreville and Keystone. In Pennington County, part of 

the mineral is ferberite and part is hiibnerite, but the largest part is 

probably wolframite.

Wood (petrified). Found in Custer, Fall River, Lawrence, Pennington, and 

other counties.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS 01? UNITED STATES TENNESSEE. 281

TENNESSEE. .

Alum. Abundant in caverns (rock houses) in Cannon, Coffee, Dekalb, Franklin, -Giles, Jackson, Lincoln, Overton, and Putnam counties. Sevier 

County, Alum Cave.

Aluminum. See Bauxite.

Asbestos. Johnson County, in small quantity.

Asphalt (bitumen). Hickman County, -Percys, on fork of Blue Buck Creek, 

in seams in limestone.

Azurite. Polk County, Ducktown copper mines.

Barite. Common in most of the limestone areas of east and middle Tennessee. Cocke County, has been mined at Delrio. Davidson County, 

gangue of lead mine near Haysborough. Greene County, 12 miles from 

G.reeneville in veins in dolomite. Monroe County, mined at Sweetwater. 

Smith County, has been mined near Trousdale Ferry and Lebanon road. 

Has been mined also in Bradley, Greene, Jefferson, Loudon, McMiun, 

Monroe, and Washington counties.

Bauxite. Carter County, mined at Elizabethton. Hamilton County, mined at 

Missionary Ridge, near Chattanooga, and used chiefly in the manufacture 

of aluminum salts and compounds.

Brown iron ore. Widespread and extensively mined in east Tennessee. 

Brown hematite. Eastern iron-ore region across State from Virginia to 

Georgia, in Blount, Carter, Cocke, Greene, Johnson, Monroe, Polk, Sevier, 

Sullivan, and Washington counties. The ores occur in matrix of clay, 

sand, chert, and debris of disintegrated rocks, mostly in Knox dolomite. 

Blount and Monroe counties, almost inaccessible. Carter County, Dove 

River Cove banks. Cocke County, Whitehall, Pecks Mountain, and elsewhere. Greene County, several banks of manganiferous ore near Unaka 

Furnace. Johnson County, Crockett's, Sharp's, and other banks, south 

foot of Holston Mountain, Laurel Creek valley, and Butler Furnace 

banks. McMinn County, Tellico Plains, several deposits. Polk County, in 

gossan at Ducktown copper mines. Sevier County. Sullivan County, at 

Crockett bank and other places in eastern part of county. Washington 

County, deposits in Bumpass Cove and Greasy Cove.

Limonite. Widespread in middle Tennessee and is produced in the region 

west of the Central Basin. Occurs in Benton, Decatur, Dickson, Hardin, 

Hickman, Houston, Humphreys, Lawrence, Lewis, Montgomery, Perry, 

Stewart, and Wayne counties; mines at Aliens Creek, Ferro, Iron City, 

Pinkney, Riverside, and West Point.

Calamine. Claiborne County, occurs in Knox dolomite, near Tazewell. Hancock County, in many places, with smithsonite. Jefferson County, associated with smithsonite and blende in Knox dolomite at Mossy Creek. 

Union County, near New Prospect, and at Stiner's zinc mine; Powell 

River, with smithsonite in irregular veins in Knox dolomite. Occurs at 

other localities in Bradley, Cocke, Jefferson, Knox, Loudon, Monroe, and 

Moore counties in valley of east Tennessee.

Calcite. Polk County, Ducktown mines. Smith County, Foley mine. 8 miles 

west of Carthage.

Cement (natural). Hardin County, argillaceous limestone mined at-Clifton, 

good grade natural cement. Knox County, calcareous shales used for 

natural cement.

Cement material (Portland). Limestone along east front of Cumberland 

Plateau, in Sequatchie Valley, and on west front of plateau; quarried at 

Richard City, Marion County. Limestone and shale suitable for Portland cement abundant in eastern and middle Tennessee.
282 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TENNESSEE.

Cerusite. Blount, Bradley, McMinn, Union, Washington, and other counties, 

secondary mineral of lead ore, not mined; occurs as accessory mineral 

with galena.

Chalcanthite (blue vitriol). Polk County, small quantity in ores of Ducktown 

district.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Polk County, small quantity in ores of Ducktown 

district.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Polk County, in massive pyrrhotite of Ducktown ore bodies, carries gold and silver.

Chert. Abundant in Knox dolomite in the valley of east Tennessee and in 

Fort Payne formation and St. Louis limestone (Carboniferous) on edge 

of basin of middle Tennessee; mined for road metal at Centerville, Hickman County, and elsewhere.

Chert (Camden, novaculite). Benton County, near Camden. Used for road 

making throughout west Tennessee.

Clay (ball). Campbell County, Newcomb. Carroll County, McKenzie. Henry 

County, Henry, India, Puryear, and Whitlock. Also reported at Moscow, 

Fayette County.

Clay (brick). Brick and tile clays occur in all parts of the State. Clays of 

fine variety are mined at several points in the west part. Mined in Bedford County, at Shelbyville; Blount County, Maryville and Scottsville; 

Bradley County, Cleveland; Carroll County, McKenzie; Carter County, 

Elizabethton; Cheatham County, Ashland City; Coffee County, Tullahoma; Crockett County, Gadsden; Davidson County, Nashville; Dekalb 

County, near Smithville; Dickson County, small quantity, Dickson; Dyer 

County, Dyersburg; Franklin County, Winchester; Gibson County, 

Brownsville, Eaton, Humboldt, Milan, and elsewhere; Giles County, Pulaski; Greene County, Greeneville and Mohawk; in Grundy County; 

Hamblen County, Morristown; Hamilton County, Chattanooga; Hardeman County, Bolivar and Whiteville; Henderson County, Lexington; 

Henry County, Paris and Puryear; Jefferson County, Jefferson City; 

Knox County, Byington, Dedie, Edgewood, Knoxville, and elsewhere; 

Lauderdale County, Gates, Halls, and Ripley; Lawrence County, Lawrenceburg; Lewis County, Hohenwald; Lincoln County, Fayetteville; McMinn County, Englewood; Madison County, Gilmore; Macon County, 

small quantity near Lafayette; Marshall County, Lewisburg; Maury 

County, Columbia; Monroe County, Sweetwater; Montgomery County, 

Clarksville; Obion County, Obion, Rives, and Union City; Polk County, 

Benton; Putnam County, Cookeville; Rhea County, Dayton; Rutherford 

County, Eagleville and Murfreesboro; Scott County, Robbins; Sevier 

County, Seviersville; Shelby County, Memphis and New South Memphis; 

Sullivan County, Bristol; Sumner County, Portland; Tipton County, Covington; in Van Buren County; Warren County, McMinnville; Weakley 

County, Gleason, Greenfield, and Martin; White County, Sparta; Wilson 

County, Lebanon.

Clay (fire). Has been 'mined in Bradley County at Cleveland; Campbell 

County, Newcomb; Carroll County at McKenzie; Hamilton County, St. 

Elmo; Henry County, Puryear*; Houston and Stewart counties; in district 

between Central Basin and Tennessee River; Knox County, Powell station; Madison County, Gilmore and Pinson; Putnam County; Rhea 

County, near Evansville; Roane County, Oliver Springs.

Clay (kaolin). Carroll and Carter counties, small quantities. Henry County, 

Sparta. Stewart County, has been mined at Tennessee kaolin mines.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES TENNESSEE. 283

Clay (pottery). Carrol 1 County, near Hico and Hollow Rock and at McKenzie. 

Fayette County, La Grange. Hardeman County, Grand Junction. Henry 

County, Puryear and Henry. James County, Summit. Madison County, 

Pinson. Rhea County, Graysville.

Clay (stoneware). Carroll County. Cocke County, has been mined at Delrio, 

Hardeman County, Grand Junction. Putnam County, small quantity formerly mined at Silver Point. Weakley County, formerly mined near 

Gleason. '

Coal (bituminous). Occurs extensively over the Cumberland Plateau. The 

State is divided into two districts, the northern and southern, by the 

Tennessee Central Railroad. These districts are also known as the 

Jellico and Chattanooga districts. The Jellico coal district is divided 

into the northeastern and northwestern fields by the line of the Queen & 

Crescent Route. In the northeastern field, between the Queen & Crescent 

line and the Cumberland Mountain escarpment, coal is mined at the 

following places: Anderson County, Briceville, Coal Creek, and Windrock. Campbell County, Anthras, Black, Careyville, Chaska, Cotula, 

Cupp, Elk Valley, Jellico, Kimberley, LaFollette, Morley, Newcomb, Peabody, Red Ash, Remy, Rich Mountain, Turiey, Westbourne, Wynn. 

Claiborne County, Clairfleld, Eagan, Fonde, Fork Ridge, Hartranft, Nicholson, and Pruden. Morgan County, Coalfield, Petros, and State mines. 

Roane County, Oliver Springs and Rockwood. Scott County, Almy, 

Glenmary, Helenwood, Laxton, and Le Moyne. In the northwestern 

field, which lies north of the Tennessee Central Railroad and west of 

the Queen & Crescent line and includes parts of Cumberland, Feutress, Morgan, Overton, Pickett, Putnam, and Scott counties, coal is 

mined at the following places: Cumberland County, Isoline; formerly 

mined at Fall, Millstone, and Mammys creeks, east side of Crab 

Orchard Mountain, and attempted at Crab Orchard but abandoned 

because too badly crushed. Fentress County, Wilder. Overton County, 

Crawford, Obey City, and old Murdock opening, 1 mile south of Cook 

place. Scott County, Bear Creek. The southern district, south of 

the Tennessee Central Railroad, includes nearly all of Bledsoe, southern Cumberland, Grundy, Marion, Sequatchie, and Van Buren counties, 

eastern part of White County, and western Hamilton, Rhea, and Roane 

counties. Some of its coals are coking. In Bledsoe County coal is 

mined at Atpontley and on Stephen Gap road, and openings have been 

made at numerous places along the west boundary of the county. Cumberland County, coal worked only for local use at small banks. Franklin County, formerly mined at Sewanee; worked out. Grundy County, 

mined at Coalmont, Clouse Hill, and Tracy City. Hamilton County, 

mined at Montlake, Sale Creek, Soddy, and every few miles on Walclen 

Ridge. Marion County, mined at Orme and Whitwell; large body of 

coal undeveloped by lack of transportation. Rhea County, mined at 

Dayton, Grand View, and Graysville. Sequatchie County, mined at Dunlap. Van Buren County, mined at Gillentine, Olio, Roverton Springs, 

Spencer, and at many small banks for local use. White County, mined 

at Bon Air, Eastland, and Ravenscroft.

Coal (lignite). See Lignite.

Cobalt. Hickman County, in wad at numerous points near Centerville.

Copper. See Azurite, Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Cuprite, Malachite, Melaconite, and Tetrahedrite.

Cuprite. Polk County, small quantity in ores of Ducktown district.

Dolomite. Common rock of the Central Basin and the valley of east Tennessee.
284 USEFUL MINEBALS OP UNITED STATES TENNESSEE.

Epsomite. At many places with aluni and copperas. Sevier County, Alum 

Cave.

Flagstone. See Limestone and Sandstone.

Fluorspar. Carter County, Watauga Point. Smith County, Foley mine, about 

8 miles west of Carthage. Trousdale and Wilson counties, small quantities mined.

Galena (lead ore). With zinc ores in vicinity of Powell River and other parts 

of east Tennessee, and sparingly at several places in middle Tennessee. 

Bradley County, 20 miles east of Chattanooga and also at Blue Springs, 

6 miles south of Cleveland, where it has been mined. Claiborne County, 

Straight Creek,' 5 miles southwest of New Tazewell, has been mined 

with zinc. Davidson County, has been mined. Polk County, in minute 

quantities in ore bodies of Ducktown mines. Washington County, disseminated in grains in rock of Bumpass Cove. Williamson County, has 

been mined near Nolansville. Also found in Blount, McMinn, and Union 

counties.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Glauconite. See Marl.

Gold. By-product from copper ores.

Gold (lode and placer). Monroe County, Whippoorwill Branch of Tellico 

River, has been mined.

Gold (placer). Blount County, has been mined in Montvale Springs and back 

of Chilhowee Mountain. Monroe County, Coker Creek. Polk County.

Granite. In all the counties along the eastern border of the State. Max Patch 

and Cranberry granites in Carter, Cocke, Greene, Johnson, and Uuicoi 

counties. Carter County, Ripshin Mountain on Doe River.

Graphite. Knox County, with zinc ores, in small quantities. Polk County, 

associated with copper ores, Ducktown.

Gravel. Along most of the streams of the State as stream and terrace gravel. 

Also in the clays of Highland River and in abundance on the hills between Highland and Tennessee rivers. Wayne County, enormous 

quantity of chert gravel (Tuscaloosa formation) on crests of hills and 

along streams. Used on Clifton-Waynesboro pike.

Gypsum. In small quantities in many caves. Grays Cave, northern part of 

Sumner County.

Halite (common salt). Salt has been worked in White County, 3 miles from 

Sparta. Overton County, at Obey River. Brine has been found in most 

of borings for petroleum in middle Tennessee, in Anderson, Jackson, 

Overton, Van Buren, and Warren counties.

Hematite. Occurs in Bledsoe, Bradley, Campbell, Claiborne, Cocke, Grainger, 

Hamilton, Hancock, Henderson, James, Loudon, Marion, McMinn, Monroe, Rhea, Roane, Sequatchie, and Sullivan counties. Mined in" Carter 

County, Stony Creek Valley; McMinn County, east of Athens.

Iron. See Brown hematite, Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Mineral 

paint, Oriskany brown ore, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and Siderite.

Lead. See Cerusite, Galena, and Mineral paint.

Lignite. In Eocene deposits of west Tennessee; extensive in Dyer, Johnson, 

Lauderdale, Obion, Shelby, and Tipton counties.

Limestone. Important building stone. Also used for lime, cement, flux, concrete, road metal, and fertilizer. The most common rock of the east 

Tennessee Valley and of middle Tennessee. Quarries: Blount County, 

Maryville. Bradley County, Charleston. Campbell County, Lafollette. 

Carter County, Milligan. Cumberland County, Crab Orchard. Davidson County, Newsoms station, Fullers siding, and Nashville. Decatur
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES TENNESSEE. 285

County, Perryville. Dickson County, Iron Hill. Franklin County, Sherwood and Winchester. Giles County, Aspen Hill, Harwell, and Riversburg. Hamilton County, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, and Shepherd. 

Hickman County, Bon Aqua, Centerville, and Warner. Houston County,' 

Erin. Jefferson County, Jefferson City and Straw Plains. Knox County, 

Bearden and Knoxville. Lawrence County, quarried at Lawrenceburg 

and Iron City. London County, Lenoir City. Marion County, Guild, 

Hales Bar Dam near Chattanooga, and Richard City. Marshall County, 

Chapel Hill. Maury County, Carters Creek, Columbia, and Culleoka. 

Montgomery County, Clarksville. Overton County, Windle. Rhea 

County, Dayton. Roane County, Harriman and Rockwood. Robertson 

County, Adams and Springfield. Rutherford County, Murfreesboro. 

Smith County, Rome. Stewart County, Carlisle. Sullivan County, Bluff 

City and Elkanah. Sumner .County, Gallatin, near Goodlettsville, and 

Hendersonville. Trousdale County, Hartsville. Union County, Maynardville. Wayne County, Aliens Creek, argillaceous limestone (Hermitage 

limestone) has been quarried at Clifton and yields good grade natural 

cement. White County, Doyle. Wilson County, Lebanon.

Limestone (flagging). Quarried: Knox County, near Knoxville, blue flags. 

Morgan County, near Montgomery. Wilson County, Lebanon.

Limestone (flux). Quarried: Carter County, Milligan. Claiborne County, 

Cumberland Gap. Hickman County, Bon Aqua., James County, Ooltewah. Lawrence County (Brassfield limestone), reported to contain 

17 per cent metallic iron; formerly quarried at Iron City. Lewis 

County (Niagaran limestone); formerly quarried at Riverside. Montgomery County, Clarksville. Rhea County, Dayton. Roane County, 

Rockwood. Washington County, Embreeville. Wayne County (Niagaran strata), on Forty-eight Creek (St. Louis limestone), southeast of 

Waynesboro on head of Hurricane Creek.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Lithographic stone. Clay, Jefferson, McMinn, and Overton counties. Putnam 

County, at Algood. Not used commercially.

Magnetite. Blount County, float found in eastern part of county. Carter 

County, in older rocks of mountain spurs near Crab Orchard Valley. 

Cocke and Unicoi counties.

Malachite. Monroe County, Buck Miller mine. Polk County, small quantities 

in ores of Ducktown district.

Manganese. Bradley County, 9 miles from Cleveland. Cocke County, in 

vicinity of Newport and Delrio. Johnson County, Shady Valley. 

Unicoi County, Unicoi. Small deposits reported from Carter, Greene, and 

 Sevier counties, and in Hamblen County near Morrison; has been mined 

at Whitfield, Hickman County; occurs also in Lawrence and Wayne 

counties. See also Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, and Wad.

Marble. Abundant in State and of excellent quality in the valley of east 

Tennessee. Occurs in Anderson, Blount, Claiborne, Coffee, Cumberland, 

Franklin, Grainger, Greene, Hamblen, Hancock, Hawkins, Knox, Lincoln, 

London, McMinn, Monroe, Roane, Sevier, Union, and Washington counties. 

Quarried in Blount County at Friendsville, near Knoxville and Meadow. 

Knox County, Caswell, Concord, Hercules, Knoxville, McMillan, and at 

confluence of French Broad and Holston rivers. Hawkins County, has 

been quarried at Galbraith Springs and RogersvUle. Union County, 

Luttrell.

Marble (onyx). Small quantity found in caves, especially in Anderson and 

Claiborne counties.
286 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES TENNESSEE.

Marl. Greensand associated with Selma chalk and clays in western part of 

State, in Chester, Henderson, and McNairy counties.

Melaconite (black copper). Polk County, mixed with chalcocite in Ducktown 

copper mines.

Mineral paint. Oxides and carbonates of iron, lead, and .zinc ore are so used. 

Supply from Bradley, Cheatham, and James counties.

Natural gas. Bedford, Cumberland, southwestern Davidson, Dickson, Franklin, Lincoln, Marshall, Maury, Sumner, and White counties; production 

small.

Niter (saltpeter). In caves in limestone region. Large quantities mined during War of 1812 and Civil War.

Novaculite. See Chert.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Onyx marble. See Marble (onyx).

Oriskany brown ore. Northeastern part of State near Cumberland.

Peat. Hardin, Henry, and Tipton counties. Not used.

Petroleum. Has been procured from several points in middle Tennessee. Dickson County, in black Chattanooga shale on Jones Creek. Overton 

County, Netherland, Spring Creek, and Eagle Creek. Putnam County, 

near Algood. Scott County, near Clenary. Fentress and Pickett counties, 

in Spurrier-Riverton district. Also in Clay, Franklin, and other counties. 

Production negligible.

Phosphate rock. Davidson County, near West Nashville. Decatur County, 

Parsons. Giles County, Wales. Hickman County, Centerville, Fogg, and 

Swan Bluff. Lewis County, Big Swan. Maury County, Mount Pleasant, 

near. Columbia, Ewell station, Kleburne, near Scott Mill, and elsewhere. 

Perry County, Lick Creek. Putnam County, Boma. Sumner County, 

Gallatin and Rogana. Williamson County, Brentwood and near Franklin. Occurs also around the edge of the Central Basin.

Potash. See Niter.

Psilomelane. Cocke County, Yellow Springs mine, near Newport.

Pyrite. Carter County, in black shale on Stony Creek, 12 miles northeast of 

Elizabethton; has been mined. Cheatham, Greene, and Moore counties, 

large quantities have been found. Polk County, as stringers and particles in ore bodies of Ducktown mines, bearing gold and silver.

Pyrolusite. Has been mined in Carter County, near Elizabethton. Cocke 

County, near Newport and Delrio. Johnson County, in iron and manganese ores at Shady Valley. Monroe County, irregular masses with iron 

ores near Sweetwater. Unicoi County, near Unicoi in limestone.

Pyrrhotite. Polk County, principal sulphide of Ducktown district, bears gold 

and silver.

Quartz. Found in many parts of Tennessee in cavities and as veins in many 

rocks. In the southeastern part it is used in copper smelting. Polk 

County, near Ducktown. See also Silica.

Road metal. See Chert, Granite, Gravel, Limestone, Marble, Sand and gravel,

and SandstoneSalt. See Halite.

Sand (building). In flood plains, beds, and bars of many of the streams of the 

State. Especially common in west Tennessee, where it occurs also in 

beds and lenses. Dug in Carter County at Elizabethton and Watauga. 

Davidson County, Mackie. Fayette County, La Grange. Franklin 

County, Estell Springs. Hamilton County, Chattanooga and St. Elmo. 

Hardeman County, Saulsbury. Knox County, Knoxville. Lincoln
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TENNESSEE. 287.

County, near Fayetteville. Loucloii County, Lenoir City. Roane County, 

Harrinmn and Rock'wood. Shelby County, Memphis. Sullivan County, 

West Bristol.

Sand (glass). Great quantities of sandstone suitable for crushing. Anderson 

County, Coal Creek. Benton County, saccharoidal sandstone. Blount 

County, Chilhowee. Hardeman County, Saulsbury. Knox County, Knoxville. Montgomery County. -Sullivan County, 20 miles from Bristol.

Sand, (molding). Davidson County, near Nashville. Franklin County, Estell 

Springs. Hamilton County, Chattanooga. Hardeman County, Saulsbury. Henry County, Paris. Knox County, Knoxville. London County, 

Lenoir City. Madison County, 4 miles west of Jackson. Rhea County, 

Dayton.

Sand and gravel. From bottom of Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland 

rivers, in Benton, Carter, Davidson, Decatur, Hamilton, Johnson, Knox, 

Rhea, Roane, and Shelby counties.

Sandstone. In many parts of middle and east Tennessee, and is common in 

the Cumberland Plateau. Bledsoe County, near Pikeville. Blouut 

County, Chilhowee. Franklin County, Sewanee and side of Lookout 

Mountain. Hawkins County, Clinch Mountain. White County, along 

west side of plateau.

Sandstone (nagging stone). Abundant in counties of eastern Highland Rim. 

Macon County, at Lafayette. Sometimes used for buildings. Used for 

foundations in west Tennessee.

Shale. Common in the Cumberland Plateau and less common in east Tennessee 

and around the rim of the central basin. For paving and other brick. 

Has been mined in Anderson County at Donovan. Roane County, Rockwood. For wood-fiber plaster, in Campbell County, at Jellico Plains.

Shale (oil). Devonian, underlies the greater part of middle Tennessee and 

minable throughout a considerable area.

Siderite (clay ironstone, carbonate of iron). Anderson County, below Wiley 

coal bed. Grundy County, Beersheba Springs and other localities. Houston County, Coal Creek and Caryville, Wells Creek basin.

Silica (amorphous). A fine, soft,, porous, friable silica, resulting from weathered chert. Bradley County, at Black Fox, 4 miles west of Cleveland, is 

a large deposit, used in the manufacture of white silex and " tripoli." 

Hickman County, about 4 miles west of Bpn Aqua, and in other counties 

west of Central Basin.

Silver. By-product with copper a-nd lead ores.

Slate. Vast supply of metamorphosed slates in extreme eastern counties. 

Quarries along Little Tennessee River, Knox County. Blount, Cocke, 

McMinn, Monroe, Polk, Sevier, Sullivan, and Washington counties. No 

production since 1910.

Smithsonite (carbonate of zinc,, " dry bone "). Mined with sphalerite and 

calamine in northeastern Tennessee. Claiborne County, occurs in Knox 

dolomite near Tazewell. Hancock County, occurs with calamine; 

abundant. Jefferson County, Mossy Creek and New Market; mined 

extensively. Union County, near New Prospect. Other localities in 

valley of east Tennessee.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Important ore mineral, mined with smithsonite and 

calamine in northeast Tennessee. Claiborne County, in Knox dolomite 

near Tazewell. Jefferson County, mined at New Market. Knox County, 

mined extensively near Mascot. Smith County, with calcite and fluorspar near Trousdale Ferry and Lebanon road. Union County, in Knox 

dolomite near New Prospect.
288 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TENNESSEE.

Sulphur. Polk County, obtained from reduction of copper. Used for sulphuric acid. See also Pyrite and Pyrrhotite.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper ore). Monroe County, Buck Miller mine, mouth of 

Coco Creek, on Hiwassee River; argentiferous.

Tripoli. Johnson County, Butler. Sullivan County. Has been mined.

Unakite. Cocke County, in the Great Smoky Mountains of the Unaka Range, 

on the slopes of the peaks known as The Bluff, Walnut Mountain, and 

Max Patch.

Wad. With manganese ore in Cocke County, near Newport and Delrio. Hickman County, with cobalt near Centerville. Johnson County, in Shady 

Valley. Unicoi County, near Unicoi.

Zinc. See Calamine, Mineral paint, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS. 289 

TEXAS.

Agate. Brewster County, at many localities north and south of Alpine, especially at Agate Hill, on the Terlingua road, 20 miles south of Alpine, and 

on the Kokernut ranch, northeast of Alpine. Presidio County, on the 

Bogel ranch, 12 miles south of Marfa, many beautiful colors.

Alabaster. In King, Knox, and Stonewall counties there are beds of alabaster 

4 feet in maximum thickness, and these beds, although not so thick, outcrop on Colorado River northwest of Robert Lee in Polk County. See' 

also Gypsum.

Allanite. Llano County, at Barringer Hill and near Kingsland. Some specimens contain much occluded hydrogen.

Alum (native). Brewster County, near Ash Spring, western foothills of the 

Chisos Mountains, not in commercial quantities. Presidio County, 

Fresno Canyon, 80 miles south of Marfa.

Amethyst. In Burnet, El Paso, and Llano counties.

Anhydrite. Dickens County, in deep well at Spur.

Asbestos. El Paso, Gillespie, and Llano counties. Has not been found in 

commercial quantities.

Asphalt. Asphaltic sandstones and limestones in the following counties: 

Anderson, Angelina, Brewster, Burnet, Coke, Cooke, Hardin, Hunt, Jack, 

Jasper, Martin, Montague, Nacogdoches, Panola, Pecos, San Augustine, 

Stephens, Travis, Uvalde. The asphaltic limestone from Uvalde County 

has been used for paving in San Antonio and also as a source of lithocarbon (a bitumen extracted from the rock with naphtha) ; the bituminous sandstone from Montague County also has been used for paving. 

The principal source of asphalt in Texas now is the residuum from the 

distillation of crude petroleum.

Barite. Llano County. Also reported from Burkeville, Newton County.

Bituminous rock. See Asphalt.

Borax. El Paso County, small quantity as incrustations in old shallow lakes.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, limonite). There are many localities in 

eastern and northeastern Texas which afford an excellent limonite for 

blast-furnace use. The principal counties are: Anderson, Cass, Cherokee, 

Gregg, Harrison, Henclerson, Marion, Morris, Nacogdoches, Panola, Rusk, 

Shelby, Smith, Upshur, and Wood. A special iron-ore dock was built at 

Port Bolivar, Galveston Bay, in 1912, for handling ocean shipments of 

iron ore, and a good deal of active prospecting work is in progress.

Caliche. Common under gravelly plains of arid regions.

Cassiterite. El Paso County, in Franklin Mountains 14 to 16 miles north of 

El Paso, where it is worked for tin in aplite dikes cutting granite. 

Mason County, reported from Herman and Willow creeks and near 

Streeter.

Celestite. Burnet County, at Strickling, large deposit reported. Lampasas 

County, 5 miles north of Lampasas, in large crystals filling pockets in 

Glen Rose limestone. Mason County, reported associated with topaz 

from Herman and Willow creeks. San Saba County. Travis County, 

on Mount Bonnell, Colorado River, near Austin.

Cement material. Limestones and shales widely distributed over the State. 

Eagle Ford shale and Austin chalk used near Dallas and San Antonio; 

Cretaceous limestone and shale used at El Paso. Calcareous clay occurs 

In Grimes County.

Cerium metals. See Allanite, Cyrtolite, Gadolinite, and Polycrase. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 19
290 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS.

Chalcocite. In clays of the Permian formation, nodules of chalcocite and 

pseudomorphs of malachite after wood occur in Archer, Foard, Hardeman, Haskell, Jones, King, Knox, Llano, and Stonewall counties. Llano 

County, prospect in Baby Mountains northeast of Llano.

Chalcopyrite. Burnet County, 9 miles west of Burnet, associated with galena 

and sphalerite in a gangue of fluorspar in gneissoid granite. Culberson 

County, Sierra Diablo, also old Hazel mine north of Van Horn. El Paso 

County, west side of Quitman Mountains; ore shipped from John Gilcrease 

claims.

Cinnabar. See Quicksilver.

Clay (brick). Widely diffused over the State. Used for brick in the following counties : t Atascosa, Bastrop, Bexar, Bowie, Brown, Cameron, Coleman, Cooke, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, El Paso, Erath, Falls, Fort Bend, 

Gonzales, Grayson, Grimes, Guadalupe, Hall, Harris, Harrison, Henderson, Hidalgo, Hopkins, Hunt, Johnson, Jones, Lamar, Lee, Leon, Limestone, McLennan, Matagorda, Medina, Milam, Montgomery, Nacogdoches, 

Navarro, Panola, Parker, Potter, Rains, Robertson, Shelby, Smith, Tarrant, Taylor, Titus, Tom Green, Travis, Upshur, Van Zandt, Webb, 

Wharton, Wichita, Wilson, Wise, Wood. The clay in Brewster County 

is used in a yard 130 miles from the railroad for making brick for the 

quicksilver furnaces in the Terlingua district.

Clay (fire). Bastrop County, Butler Spur and Elgin. Bexar County, Adkins 

and Elmendorf. Bowie County, 7 miles south of New Boston. Denton 

County, Denton. Henderson County, Athens and Malakoff. Hopkins 

County, Crush. Limestone County, near Headsville. Milam County, 

near Milano Junction. Robertson County, near Bremond. Reported in 

Stephens County, and in Lampasas County at Lampasas.

Clay (kaolin). Brazos County, Caldwell, plastic. Burleson County, near Somerville. Fayette County, Lena; also plastic at Lena and Plum. Lee 

County. Real County, about 6 miles west of Leakey is a considerable 

deposit of high-grade kaolin. Washington County, near Burton. Kaolinite has been reported from Nueces County, but very little is known about 

the locality. China and porcelain- wares have been made successfully of 

Texas clay.

Clay (pottery). Bexar County. Denton County. Grimes County, Courtney. 

Henderson County, Athens. Morris County, Omaha. Rusk County, near 

Henderson. Wood County.

Clay (slip). Bexar County, near San Antonio. Grimes County, 13 miles 

north of Navasota. Polk County, near Carmona. Wise County, 

Bridgeport.

Coal. Bituminous coal is mined in the following counties: Eastland, Erath, 

Jack, Palo Pinto, Parker, Wise, and Young in the north-central coal 

field, and in Maverick and Webb in the Rio Grande coal field. The 

coals of the .north-central fields are.true Carboniferous coals (Pennsylvanian) ; the Rio Grande coals have been regarded as late Cretaceous 

or early Tertiary. Besides the counties enumerated as producing coal 

at the present time in the north-central field, workable beds also occur 

in Brown, Coleman, Comanche, Eastland, McCulloch, Montague, and 

Stephens counties. The total workable coal area is about 8,200 square 

miles, with an additional area of 5,300 square miles which may contain 

workable beds. See also Lignite.

Copper ores. See Chalcocite and Chalcopyrite.

Cyrtolite. Llano County, occurs sparingly in pegmatite at Baringer Hill, 

mined with other yttrium minerals.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS. 291

Eglestonite. Brewster County, occurs sparingly, with other quicksilver minerals, in the Terlingua district.

Feldspar. Llano County, at Baringer Hill, massive orthoclase (not quarried).

Fergusonite. Llano County, occurs sparingly at Baringer Hill.

Fluorspar. Brewster County, sparingly, in association with quicksilver deposits. Bur net County, Spring Creek drainage basin. Gillespie County, 

near Enchanted Rock. Llano County, at Baringer Hill.

Fuller's earth. Extensive deposits of excellent fuller's earth are found in 

Burleson, Cherokee, Fayette, Gonzales, Grimes, Shelby, Smith, Walker, 

and Washington counties, and the deposits in Smith County extend also 

into Cherokee County; some of the deposits in Fayette County are 

worked. Newton County (reported).

Gadolinite. Burnet County, in small quantity, except in one locality; is found 

in red granite area. Llano County, at Baringer Hill. Used in making 

the glower in the Nernst electric lamp.

Galena. Brewster County, in the Solitario, excellent material. Burnet County, 

in calcareous sandstone on Silver Creek. Coleman County, in a conglomerate near Santa Ana. El Paso County, on both sides of the Quitman Mountains, and in the Sierra Blanca, at the old McKinney property 

and elsewhere, associated with ores of copper and zinc. Knox County, 

associated with ores of copper and zinc in the Permian. Presidio 

County, at Shafter, with silver ores in San Antonio Canyon and southwest of the Chinati Mountains, good material.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gold. Occurs sparingly in certain silver-lead ores in trans-Pecos Texas. Brewster County, in association with quicksilver ores and in quartz veins. In 

quartz veins in Blanco, Burnet, Gillespie, Llano, and Mason counties.

Granite. Brewster County, Marathon. Burnet County, quarried at Burnet, Fairland, Granite Mountain, and Marble Falls. El Paso County, El Paso 

(also Sunset Heights). Gillespie County, quarried. Llano County, 

quarried at Kingland, Llano, and vicinity. Opaline granite or llanite 

(granite porphyry) occurs near Llano; it is a most beautiful and 

 attractive stone but has not been placed on the market. Crushed granite 

is used for concrete.

Graphite. Burnet and Llano counties, prospected to some extent but not 

mined commercially; in schist at Lone Grove, 7 miles east of Llano.

Gypsum. At many localities in the State, especially in the Permian rocks 

west of the area of Pennsylvanian rocks. Brewster County, curious 

forms of gypsum, curved and twisted like a ram's horn, occur in association with quicksilver deposits in the Terlingua' district. Culberson 

County, great plain east of Guadalupe Mountains. El Paso County, 

notable deposits in Malone Mountains. Hardeman County, mined at 

Acme and Quanah; much Keenes plaster is made from the gypsite beds. 

Jones County, mined at Hamlin. King and Knox counties. Stonewall 

County, extensive deposits of good alabaster are reported from the 

northeastern corner of the county at Kiowa Peak in beds whose maximum thickness is 4 feet. Nolan County, rose gypsum occurs near Sweetwater in beautiful forms and colors. The eastern border of the Permian 

area contains extensive beds of gypsum, and gypsum has been-found in 

deep borings along the Gulf of Mexico.

Hematite. Llano and Mason counties, associated with the magnetite ores. 

See also Magnetite.
292 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS.

Ilmenite. Llano County, at Baringer Hill and east of Cold Creek. Mason 

County, at Fly Gap and north of Pontotoc.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Ilmenite, and Magnetite.

Jasper. Brewster and Presidio counties, occurs with agate and chalcedony. 

Jeff Davis County, near Fort Davis. Llano County, on Pennington and 

Sandy creeks. Uvalde County, near Montell.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Kleinite. Brewster County, occurs very sparingly in association with rare 

quicksilver minerals, montroydite, eglestonite, terlinguaite, in the Terlingua district.

Lead. See Galena.

Lignite. The lignite area in Texas is probably about 60,000 square miles. 

The lignite deposits are, for the most part, confined to the Tertiary and 

they occur on the Gulf slope, from the Red River to the Rio Grande, in 

an area 650 miles in length and 200 miles in width. In thickness the 

beds run to 15 feet and more. The counties in which workable beds of 

lignite occur are .the following: Ahderson, Angelina, Atascosa, Bastrop, 

Bowie, Brewster, Caldwell, Camp, Cass, Cherokee, Dimmit, Fayette, 

Freestone, Grimes, Harrison, Henderson, Hopkins, Houston, Jasper, Lee, 

Leon, Limestone, McMullen, Marion, Medina, Milam, Morris, Nacogdoches, 

Newton, Panola, Rains, Robertson, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, 

Smith, Titus, Upshur, Van Zandt, Webb, Wood, and Zavalla. The ligniteproducing counties are: Bastrop, Fayette, Henderson, Hopkins, Houston, 

Lee, Leon, Medina, Milam, Rains, Robertson, Titus, Van Zandt, and Wood. 

The chief producing county is Wood, at Hoyt and Alba, 75 miles west of 

Dallas. During the last few years there has been a marked increase in 

the use of lignite for making producer gas. The total engine horsepower 

thus generated is about 13,000, one, establishment alone having 4,400 

horsepower obtained from lignite gas. There are no establishments in 

the State making briquets from lignite, but the matter is now under 

serious consideration. Some of the Texas lignites make a good briquet 

without a binder.

Limestone. Limestones in great variety of texture and composition occur in 

many localities, and in practically every county, with the exception 

of some of the counties in the Gulf Coastal Plain, and in northeast 

Texas. The principal quarries are in the following counties: Bell, 

Bexar, Bosque, Brown, Coleman, Collin, Comal, Comanche, Coryell, 

Dallas, El Paso, Erath, Garza, Grayson, Guadalupe, Jack, Jones, Kaufman, Lampasas, McCulloch, Navarro, Nolan, Palo Pinto, Runnels, San 

Saba, Smith; Stephens, Tarrant, Tom Green, Travis, and Williamson. 

These localities also afford lime, but the chief lime-producing counties 

are Bexar, Comal, Coryell, El Paso, San Saba, Travis, and Williamson. 

The pure white limestones of Bexar and Williamson counties are much 

used for building, and have the advantage of being easily sawed into 

shape by hand.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Mackintoshite. Llano County, occurs sparingly at Baringer Hill, in association with other rare minerals, such as yttrialite, nivenite, fergusonite, 

and gadolinite.

Magnetite. Llano and Mason counties, the iron ores are principally magnetite with some hematite. Some of these ores are of good quality, but 

a commercial quantity has yet to be proved. The principal localities are 

Iron Mountain, the Boder tract, and the Olive mine, Llano- County, and 

places between Iron Mountain and Llano River. At the old Olive mine
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS. 293

there is a shaft 300 feet deep and some shipments were made many years 

ago to the Birmingham district, Ala., and to the State Furnace, Rusk, 

.Cherokee County. High-grade magnetite is to be seen on the surface 

at Iron Mountain and some work has been done in prospecting the underground ore.

Malachite. See Chalcocite.

Manganese. See Pyrolusite.

Marble. Brewster County, south of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and about 

14 miles from Alpine, beds of white, faint bluish-white, black, and black 

and white marble of superior quality. This deposit has been prospected 

to some extent. De Witt County, Yoakum. El Paso County, at Marble 

Canyon in the Eagle Mountains. Kinney County, Brackettville. Llano 

County, some work has been done on several ledges near the town of 

Llano, and recent reports indicate the existence of workable beds in 

other parts of this county. Presidio County, Marfa. San Saba County, 

near the town of San Saba, some development work has been done on 

ledges of pale-gray and reddish marble and a small production reported 

in 1914. In association with the gray and reddish marble'Of San Saba 

County there occurs a beautiful silver, black, and golden onyx; polished 

slabs of this material have been prepared. Marble is produced in Texas 

only in small quantity.

Mercury. See Quicksilver.

Mica. El Paso County, north of Dahlberg, there is a deposit of mica which 

has been developed to some extent. Mason County, reported from the 

eastern part of the county.

Montroydite. Brewster County, occurs sparingly in association with other 

rare quicksilver minerals, eglestonite, terlinguaite, and kleinite, in the 

Terlingua district.

Natural gas. Bexar County, near San Antonio. Brown County, on Holloway 

Mountain, near Brownwood. Clay County, chief supplies from Petrolia 

(Henrietta) field, from which it is piped to Fort Worth, Dallas, Wichita 

Falls, and many other north Texas cities and towns, through distances 

of 25 to 125 miles. Coleman County, near Coleman. Limestone County, 

Mexia gas field. McMullen County, much gas near Crowther. Maverick 

County, gas has been prospected. Navarro County, gas at Corsicana is 

used locally. San Patricio County, near Corpus Christi. Shackelford 

County, wells at Moran supply local demand, and this gas will probably 

be piped to Cisco and Albany. Webb County, wells at Reiser supply 

Laredo. Zapata County, near Zapata. Texarkana and Marshall are 

supplied from Caddo, La. Gas fields occur also in Gonzales, Houston, 

Presidio, and Trinity counties. The natural gas, in association with 

petroleum, is used locally in many of the oil-producing districts, Spindletop, Sour Lake, Saratoga, Humble, Markham, Goose Creek. An important feature of the natural-gas industry in Texas is its competition 

with producer gas made from lignite. At the close of 1914 there were 

197 productive wells.

Niter. Brewster County, as incrustation on sandstone, 6 to 12 miles east 

of Terlingua between Maverick and Chisos mountains (in sec. 120, 

block G-4). El Paso County, reported. Presidio County, as thin veins 

in dense hard trachyte, 2$ miles east-northeast from Candelaria, a 

small settlement on the Rio Grande, 45 miles south of Valentine, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Val Verde County, on Devils 

Riverj under an overhanging cliff of limestone, about five-eighths of 

a mile from the place where Indian Creek flows into it.
294 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS.

Nivenite. Llano County, occurs sparingly with other rare minerals at Baringer Hill. See also Fergusonite, Gadolinite, and Mackintoshite.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Onyx marble. San Saba County, silver, black, and golden onyx occurs with 

gray and red marble.

Opal. Brewster County, near Haley Peak, fire opal reported.

Petroleum. Widely distributed in Texas, the producing counties being Clay, 

Duval, Hardin, Harris, Harrison, Jefferson, Liberty, Marion, Matagorda, 

McCulloch, McMullen, Navarre, Orange, and Wichita. Oil is known to 

exist in many other counties, but producing wells have not yet been 

brought in; these counties are Angelina, Archer, Bexar, Brazoria, Brewster, Brown, Coleman, Gonzales, Jack, Nacogdoches, Reeves, Robertson, 

Shackelford, Smith, Walker, Wood. The Coastal Plain oils in the counties of Hardin, Harris, Jefferson, and Matagorda are generally of heavier 

gravity than the interior oils, such as those in Navarro and Wichita 

counties. It is likely that the country south, southwest, and west of 

Wichita County will be found to be oil bearing in localized anticlines. 

Texas* produced 15,009,478 barrels of petroleum in 1913, and in 1914 the 

total production was 20,068,184 barrels valued at $14,942,848.

Polycrase. Llano County, at Baringer Hill, in pegmatite.

Pyrite. In a great many localities, but so far as known not in commercial 

quantities. It is widely distributed in Cretaceous limestones and in 

clays associated with beds of lignite. An interesting occurrence of this 

mineral is with cinnabar, in the Terlingua district, Brewster County, 

where some of it carries a little gold. In the Cretaceous bituminous 

shales of that district pyrite sometimes forms the greater part of the orecarrying quicksilver, and this is particularly the case with the cinnabar in Maverick Mountain, where the veins are in trachyte and andesite. 

Llano County, prospected at the eastern base of Riley Mountain; also 

disseminated in pre-Cambrian schists and quartz in Llano and Burnet 

counties.

Pyrolusite. Dickens County, some high-grade material has been found, but 

the locality has not been developed. Mason County, Spiller mine, 15 

miles northeast of Mason, not developed.

Quartz. Abundant all over the State. Fayette County, in fine but small 

crystals. Llano County, at Baringer Hill, a fairly well developed crystal 

weighing 700 pounds was found. Rose quartz has been used for ornament. See also Agate.

Quicksilver. Brewster County, Terlingua district, in Cretaceous limestones 

and shales, as cinnabar, terlinguaite, montroydite, eglestonite, kleinite, 

and native quicksilver. A single cavity in limestone yielded 150 pounds 

of native quicksilver; has also been observed as a sort of quicksilver 

sponge in hard limestone. With the exception of terlinguaite, none of 

the rare quicksilver minerals has been found outside of the limestone 

area. The bituminous shales have not been found to carry any of these 

minerals except terlinguaite, nor has any native quicksilver been found 

in them. The quicksilver localities are from 90 to 130 miles from rail, 

the Southern Pacific Railroad at Marathon, Alpine, and Marfa being 

the nearest. The Terlingua district has yielded about 47,000 flasks of 

quicksilver, valued at about $2,000,000, and active operations are still 

carried on. In Presidio County, immediately west of Brewster County, 

quicksilver ores have also been found, and some prospecting was carried
> USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS. 295

on for a while; but all of the production of this metal in Texas is to be 

credited to Brewster County. See also Eglestonite, Kleinite, Montroydite, 

and Terlinguaite.

Radium. See Fergusonite, Mackintoshite, Nivenite, Polycrase, Thorogunimite, 

and Yttrialite.

Road metal. Generally throughout the granite area, in the counties of Blanco, 

Buruet, Gillespie, Llano, and Mason, there are extensive deposits of 

granite gravel which makes a good road material. Much of the limestone also, which is abundant in nearly every county in the State, is 

believed to be suitable for road metal.

Rowlandite. Llano County, occurs sparingly at Baringer Hill with nivenite, 

fergusonite, yttrialite, and gadolinite.

Salt. Produced from brines in Anderson, Mitchell, and Van Zandt counties. 

Heavy beds of salt occur at Spur, Dickens County; -near Amarillo, Potter 

County, and elsewhere, as revealed by deep borings. There are old lake 

beds in Crane, El Paso, and other counties which afford a certain amount 

of crude salt used for stock. A bed of coarse rock salt at the old Brooks 

Saline, southwestern part of Smith County, has been used as a source of 

brine for many years; no operations there now. At this locality a water 

has been found which contained 1,275 grains of potassium chloride per 

gallon a much larger proportion than has been found in any deep well 

water in the United States. Some of the oil wells in the Coastal Plain 

have shown the presence of salt deposits, but no salt is obtained in Texas 

from such localities. During the Civil War and previous thereto a good 

deal of salt was made at the old Brooks Saline, previously referred to, as 

also at the Steen Saline, 14 miles north of Tyler, Smith County. From 

the records of those days it has been ascertained that the Brooks Saline 

water yielded a bushel of salt from 300 gallons, and that the yield from 

the Steen water was a bushel of salt from 190 gallons of water.

Sand (glass). Gray son County, dug at Denison.

Sand (molding). Dug in Liberty County, at Liberty; Tarrant County, at Fort 

Worth.

Sand and gravel. The producing counties are Bastrop, Bexar, Bowie, Coleman, Colorado, Dallas, Ellis, El Paso, Erath, Fayette, Galveston, Grayson, 

Gregg, Harris, Jefferson, McLennan, Milam, Navarro, Tarrant, Travis, 

Waller, Webb, and Wilson. Coleman County, at Santa Anna there is a 

large deposit of pure sand under Cretaceous limestone. Walker County, 

8 miles northwest of Huntsville, fine deposit of white quartz sand from 

disintegration of a ledge of coarse sandstone; the greater part of this 

deposit is composed of transparent and translucent particles of quartz, 

the grains ranging in size from ^ to \ inch. By far the greater part of 

the sand produced is used in making concrete and mortar, and a large a 

part of the gravel produced is used for road metal and railroad ballast.

Sandstone. The producing counties are Bexar, Burleson, Burnet, Eastland, 

Fayette, Grimes, Jasper, Lampasas, Lavaca, Mills, Montague, Palo Pinto, 

Polk, Tom Green, Tyler, and Ward. Lampasas County, one of the best 

undeveloped properties is a gray stone at Chadwicks Mill. Ward County, 

red sandstone near Barstow has been used extensively for building.

Serpentine. Gillespie County, in the northeastern part there is an excellent 

serpentine, affording many varieties of color and texture; polished slabs, 

spheres, columns, lamp stands, have been prepared from this material, 

but it is not on the market.
296 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS.

Silver. Brewster County, argentiferous galena has been mined near Altuda. 

A piece of silver ore from the Chisos Mountains carried 1,100 ounces of 

silver per ton, but the locality from which it came has not been revealed 

by the finder. El Paso County, silver-bearing copper ores have been 

mined in the Sierra Diablo, and a maximum content of 2,000 ounces of 

silver per ton has been recorded (old Hazel mine) ; also in galena, associated with ores of copper and zinc in the Quitman Mountains. Presidio 

County, The Presidio Mining Co. has been mining and milling silver ore 

for nearly 30 years; the ore carries silver chloride, and with it is associated a galena which carries silver and a little gold. A little native 

silver has been found at Shafter in thin sheets accompanying silver 

chloride. In a galena from the San Antonio Canyon, south of the Chinati 

Mountains, and from the vicinity of Candelaria.

Smithsonite. Brewster County, Boquillas district (reported). El Paso County, 

near Eagle Flat, shipments have been made. Presidio County, in considerable quantities about 2 miles west of Shafter.

Sphalerite. Burnet County, occurs sparingly with fluorite. El Paso County, 

east side of the Quitman Mountains with galena and chalcopyrite in old 

Bonanza mine, has been mined and concentrated. Montague County, 

small but excellent pieces have been found near St. Jo, in calcite. 

Strontianite. Travis County, on Mount Bonnell, Colorado River, near Austin. 

Strontium. See Celestite and Strontianite.

Sulphur. From many of the deep borings in the Coastal Plain. Brazoria 

County, in 1914 was being obtained from deep wells at Bryan Heights, 

near .Freeport, at and near the mouth of Brazos River. A large quantity 

is now being'shipped. The sulphur occurs in pockets and cavities and as 

streaks impregnating gypsum, or a bed in which gypsum predominates, 

approximately 1,000 feet below the surface. The area underlain by the 

sulphur-bearing portion, of the bed is large, and the deposits seem likely 

to become one of the world's largest producers. Culberson County, in 

the eastern and central parts (cut off from El Paso County) there are 

extensive deposits of native sulphur in gypsum and decomposed limestone ; two carloads of this sulphur have been melted out of the containing rock by means of superheated water, and the quality is excellent. 

This area has been prospected by means of open cuts, pits, boreholes, 

and sulphur has been found to a depth of 40 feet; 30 feet of this material 

carries 25 per cent of sulphur. Pecos County, deep wells 15 miles northeast of Fort Stockton. Smith County, a sand containing 10 per cent of 

native sulphur was found at a depth of about 200 feet at the old Brooks 

Saline in the southwestern part of the county.

Talc. Llano County, an impure Variety of talc (soapstone) occurs east of 

Valley Springs; it has been used locally but has not been marketed to 

any extent. 

Tengerite. Llano County, occurs at Baringer Hill, with nivenite, yttrialite,

fergusonite, and gadolinite.

Terlinguaite. Brewster County, with montroydite, eglestonite, and kleinite in 

the Terlingua quicksilver district. It is the only one of the rare mercury 

minerals found outside of the limestones.

Thorium. See Mackintoshite, Nivenite, Thorogummite, and Yttrialite. 

Thorogummite. Llano County, occurs at Baringer Hill. 

Tin. See Cassiterite. 

Titanium. See Ilmenite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES TEXAS. 297 

i 

Topaz. Mason County, has been prospected near Streeter, Grit, and Katemcy.

Much colorless and some bluish-green topaz has been found; some fine

crystals have been cut and polished. A little cassiterite has been found

associated with some of the topaz. 

Tungsten. See Wolframite. 

Turquoise. Culberson County, has been mined on a small scale 6 miles west

of Van Horn. 

Wolframite. Culberson County, near Figure 2 ranch, 32 miles north of Van

Horn; prospect samples of the material have carried as much as 17 per

cent of tungstic oxide. El Paso County, occurs with cassiterite 12 to 15

miles north of El Paso. 

Yttrialite. Llano County, at Baringer Hill, with nivenite, fergusoniie, and

gadolinite. 

Yttrium. See Allanite, Cyrtolite, Gadolinite, Poly erase, Rowlandite, Tengerite,

and Yttrialite. 

Zinc. See Smithsonite and Sphalerite.
298 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH.

UTAH.

Agate. Grand County, near Agate switch. See also Chalcedony.

Alum minerals. Kane County, Alum Hills. Piute County, Deer Creek. Utah 

County, near O'Driscol's ranch, Provo River.

Alunite. Several veins southwest of Marysvale. Low-grade deposits at Sheep 

Rocks, northeast of Beaver. Found in small quantities as gangue mineral in Tintic and several other mining districts.

Andradite. Juab County, Tintic district. Salt Lake County, Cottomvood, 

American Fork region.

Anglesite. Beaver County, Frisco, Horn Silver, and Talisman mines. Box 

Elder County, Sierra Madre and Newfoundland districts. Cache County, 

Blacksmith Fork and La Plata. Emery County, Summerville district. 

Juab County, occurs in mines of the Tintic district. Millard County, 

Leamington. Morgan County, Carbonate Hill mine near Peterson. Piute 

County, Mount Baldy. Salt Lake County, Big and Little Cottonwood 

canyons. Summit County, abundant "in Park City mines.

Anhydrite. Beaver County, Cactus mine. Juab County, Nephi.

Antimony. . See Bindheimite, Cervantite, Jamesonite, and Stibnite.

Argentite (silver glance). Beaver County, Frisco and Horn Silver mines. Iron 

County, State Line mine. Juab and Utah counties, some of the mines 

of the Tintic district. Piute County, Pluto Mine, Mount Baldy, occurs 

in small quantities in Annie Laurie vein and in other gold-silver veins 

in the Tushar Range. Salt Lake County, Bingham. Summit County. 

Washington County, Silver Reef.

Arsenic. See Arsenobismite, Arsenopyrite, Orpiment, Realgar, and Scorodite.

Arsenobismite. Juab County, Tintic district, in the silver-copper-gold ores of 

the Mammoth mine associated with barite; forms yellow cryptocrystal- 

. line aggregates.

Arsenopyrite. Juab County, Scotia mine, in West Tintic district.

Asphalt. Box Elder County, occurs in Rozel Hills, a few miles west of 

Promontory. Uinta County, - asphalt-saturated sandstone is exposed in 

Asphalt Ridge, a few miles west and south of Vernal; prospected and 

some mined for use in paving the streets in Vernal. See also Gilsonite, 

Nigrite, Ozokerite, Uintaite, and Wurtzilite.

Aurichalcite. Beaver County, Bradshaw district, Cave mine, Star district. 

Juab County, Tintic district, May. Day, Uncle Sam, Yankee, Ridge, and 

Valley mines. Salt Lake County^ Carbonate and Keeler mines, Kesler 

Peak. Tooele County, Dry Canyon, Hidden Treasure, Ophir. Washington County, Dry Canyon.

Autunite. Kane County, 9 miles south of Pahreah. Washington County, Silver Reef, in sandstone formerly worked for silver.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Occurs in Beaver County. Cache County, 

La Plata. Davis County, in prospects east of Farmington and Wandering Jew mine. Emery County, Castle Valley and Surnrnerville district, 

in sandstone. Grand and Garfleld counties. Juab County, in mines of 

Tintic district.. Morgan County, Copper Mountain mine. Salt Lake 

County, Little Cottonwood. Sevier County, Ball mine, Sevier Canyon, in 

sandstone. Summit County, in Park City mines. Tooele County, Clifton district, Dry Canyon, Dutch Mountain, and Gold Hill. Uintah 

County, Dyer mine. Utah County, American Fork. Washington County, 

Dixie and Silver Reef. Weber County, New Azurite and Ogden Boiler 

Maker mines.

Azurmalachite. Juab County, Tintic district. Washington County, Dixie.
USEFUL MINERALS-OF UNITED STATES UTAH. 299

Barite (heavy spar). Occurs in Juab County, common as gangue mineral of 

Tintic district. Piute County, Deer Creek, American Fork Canyon. 

Salt Lake County, Bingharn and Alta. Tooele County, Dugway district, 

with galena.

Basalt. Abundant in central and southern parts of State; little used.

Beaverite. Beaver County, Horn Silver mine, near Friscoe, in oxidized ores. 

Salt Lake County, at Little Cottonwood district, Alta mine. Tooele 

County, Hidden Treasure mine in Dry Canyon.

Bentonite. Garfield County, head of Crescent Creek, Henry Mountains.

Beryl. Tooele County, about 35 miles southwest of Simpson Springs, Ibapah 

Mountain.

Bindheimite. Beaver County, Horn Silver mine. Summit County, Park City 

mines, oxidized zone. Juab County, West Tintic district, Scotia mine.

Binnite. Salt Lake County, Tiewaukee mine, Bingharn, formerly mined.

Bismite. Beaver County. Juab County, Tintic district, in ores of the Mammoth, Boss Tweed, Eagle, Blue Bell, and other mines as earthy yellow 

crusts.

Bismuth (native). Juab County, Emerald mine, Boss Tweed mine, Tintic district, is reddish silvery white; Clifton district, Deep Creek. See also 

Arsenobismite, Bismite, Bismutite, Cosalite, Mixite, and Tetradymite.

Bismuth arsenate. See Arsenobismite and Mixite.

Bismutite. Beaver County, occurs sparingly as bismuthinite at Beaver. Box 

Elder County, near Lucin. Juab County, occurs in Tintic district with 

silver-lead ores as yellow earthy bodies. in Boss Tweed and Carissa 

mines, and as yellow crusts on rich hornsilver and argentite ores in 

the Victoria, Eagle, and Blue Bell mines. Salt Lake County, recovered from smelter bullion, Bingham Junction. Tooele County, has 

been found as bismuthinite and carbonate in Clifton district in Deep 

Creek Mountains.

Bituminous rock. See Asphalt.

Bornite. Beaver County, 0. K. mine. Box Elder County, Henry Mountains, 

near Promontory Point. Davis County, east of Farmington. Salt Lake 

County, secondary ore mined in Bingham district; Sierra Madre district. Tooele County, Gold Hill.

Brochantite. Beaver County, .Horn Silver mine, Frisco. Juab County, Tintic 

district. Summit County, Park City. Tooele County, Dry Canyon.

Brown iron ore (limonite). Beaver County, important ore mineral in Cave 

mine, Mineral Range. Box Elder County, large body at Copper Mountain 

mine, Lucin district. Iron County, occurs near Modena, containing silver, 

lead, and gold. Extensive deposits in Iron, Juab, Morgan, and Uinta 

counties; used as flux in lead smelting. Piute County, iron mines in 

Antelope Range.

Calaxnine. Beaver County, Star district, in Cedar-Talisman mine, Frisco district, Horn Silver mine. Juab County, Tintic district, Boss Tweed and 

several other mines. Salt Lake County, Emma mine in Little Cottonwood district. Tooele County, Scranton and New Bullion mines in North 

Tintic district.

Calciovolborthite. Grand County, mined with carnotite at Richardson.

Caliche. Common under gravelly plains in southern deserts.

Carnotite. Emery County, is mined on the east flank of San Rafael Swell, 13 

miles west of Greenriver, in Upper Jurassic (?) sandstone; occurs in 

Temple Rock and along South Temple Wash, with uvanite, metahewettite, and other uranium and vanadium minerals, and with asphaltite on
300 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH.

the southeast side of thejswell and along San Rafael River. Garfield 

County, on the east and southwest Hanks of the Henry Mountains, 

particularly on Crescent and Trachyte creeks. Grand County, is mixed 

near Richardson in sandstone with calciovolborthite and copper minerals, and 15 to 20 .miles southeast of Thompsons with tyuyamunite, 

calcium vanadate; occurs in numerous places in the La Sal Mountains, 

particularly on Pack Creek, where it is mined. San Juan County, many 

deposits in Dry, Big Indian, and Lisburne valleys north of Monticello. 

Washington County, near Washington, Silver Reef. Wayne County, 

north end of the Henry Mountains, of mineralogic importance only.

Celestite. Emery County, 50 miles southwest of Green River.

Cement material. Box Elder County, plant at Bakers Spur using marl and 

clay. Morgan County, plant at Devils Slide using limestone and shale. 

Limestone from quarry in Parleys Canyon used for Portland cement at 

Salt Lake City.

Cerargyrite (horn silver). In the ore of different mines, especially those in 

Beaver, Juab, Salt Lake, and Summit counties. Beaver County, Horn 

Silver, and other mines in the Frisco and Star districts. Iron County, 

Gold Springs, State Line, in oxidized ores. Juab County, abundant in 

mines of the Tintic district; Piute County, Tushar Range in gold-silver 

veins. Tooele County, in mines of the Ophir district, Lion Hill area. 

Washington County, abundant in Silver Reef district; Silver Reef in sandstone, formerly worked for silver.

Cerium. See Monazite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Beaver County, Frisco and Star districts, Mineral 

Range, in Cave and other mines. Box Elder County, Sierra Madre and 

Newfoundland districts. Cache County, Blacksmith Fork and La Plata. 

Emery County, Summerville. Juab County, Tintic district, abundant, 

some in large masses. Millard County, near Leamington. Morgan 

County, Carbonate Hill mine near Peterson. Piute County, Ohio district 

and Mount Balcly. Salt Lake County, Little Cottorlwood district and West 

Mountain district in lead mines at Bingham. Summit County, Park City, 

abundant. Uinta County, Silver King mine. Wasatch County, Blue 

Ledge, Snake Creek, and Elkhorn districts.

Cervantite. Salt Lake County, Emma mine, Little Cottonwood Canyon.

Chalcedony. Weathers out of part of the Mancos and perhaps other shales 

so that in places the ground is nearly covered with nodules, most of which 

are spongy and worthless. It is of many colors, and attractive pieces of 

agate and jasper are cut for ornaments. Emery County, San Rafael 

River, some used for gems. Grand County, near Agate switch. Juab 

County, Thomas Mountains, Deep Creek region.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Piute County, Ohio district. Salt Lake County, 

secondary ore at Bingham. San Juan County, Big Indian mine, sandstone ores. Uinta County, Dyer mine, Uinta Range, and in sandstone at 

Ouray.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Beaver County, principal ore in Cactus mine, 

in O. K. mine, Beaver Lake district. Box Elder County, Newfoundland 

district. Garfield County, Henry Mountains. Juab County, primary ore 

mineral of Tintic district, gold bearing. Piute County, Ohio district. 

Salt Lake County, with pyrite at Bingham, mined for copper, gold, and 

silver. San Juan County, near San Juan River below Bluff. Summit 

County, Park City. Tooele County, Clifton district, Dry Canyon and 

Ophir. Utah County, American Fork Canyon.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH. 301

.Chalcotrichite. Cache County, east of Logan. .Tooele County, Dry Canyon.

Chrysocolla (copper silicate). Beaver County, Horn Silver mine. Box Elder 

County, Copper Mountain mine, Lucin district. Juab County, found in 

abundance in Tintic district.

Cinnabar. Tooele County, occurs in ores of Mercur district; was formerly 

mined.

Clay (brick). Dug in Box Elder County, north of Brigham. Cache County, 

Logan and Smithfield. Davis County, Bountiful, Kaysville, and Woods 

Cross: Emery County, Ferron. Iron County, Cedar City. Salt Lake 

County, Murray, Salt Lake, and West Jordan. San Juan County, Monticello. Sanpete County, 3 miles south of Manti. Sevier County, Richfield. 

Summit County, Coalville. Uinta County, Vernal. Utah County, Lehi 

Junction, Pleasant Grove, and elsewhere. Weber County, Harrisville and 

Roy.

Clay (fire). Dug in Salt Lake County near Salt Lake and Fort Douglas; 

Utah County, Lehi Junction, Pleasant Grove, Cedar Fort, Clay Canyon, 

and Fairfield station. Weber County, in small quantity at North Ogclen.

Clay (kaolin). Utah County, Cedar Valley and Lake Range; plastic in Juab 

County, Silver City.

Clay (sewer pipe). Salt Lake County, Murray. Summit County, Owen Canyon.

Coal (bituminous and subbituminous). Blacktail Mountain field. Wasatch 

County, occurs near Blacktail (Tabby) Mountain, in Mesaverde and 

Mancos formations; thoroughly prospected; very little mining done. 

Book Cliffs field. Includes portions of Carbon, Emery, Grand, and Sevier 

counties; Mesaverde formation; mined at Sunnyside, coked; Scofield, 

Castlegate, and Winterquarters, Carbon County.

Colob-Harmony field. Garfield, Iron, Kane, and Washington counties; 

from Cedar City, Iron County, to Mount Carmel, Kane County, bituminous; mined near Kauarraville, Cedar City, Coal Creek Canyon; locally 

called black lignite; coal in Upper Cretaceous deposits. 

Emery coal field. Emery County, occurs in Mancos shale south and east

of Emery in Coal Cliffs; prospected and some mined for local use. 

Henry Mountain coal field. Garfield and Wayne counties, occurs west and

northwest of Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains; prospected. 

. Sanpete County. Wales mine, Wasatch bed (Eocene) ; Sterling coal (Upper Cretaceous) mined at Momson mine east of Sterling; bituminous. 

Vernal field and Henrys Fork field. Uinta County, bituminous coal mined

in the Upper Cretaceous (Mancos shale) near Vernal. 

"Weber River or Coalville field. Summit County, coal in Upper Cretaceous 

rocks of Benton age; mined at Wasatch and Dexter mines, Coalville; 

subbituminous. " Coke (native). Carbon County, Winterquarters mine.

Conich'alcite. Juab County, characteristic of the Tintic district* very common, in bright yellowish-green mammillary crusts and small spheres.

Copper. See Azurite, Azurmalachite, Beaverite, Binnite, Bornite, Brochantite, 

Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chalcotrichite, Chrysocolla, Conichalcite, Covellite, Cuprite, Enargite, Lettsomite, Malachite, Tenorite, 

and Tetrahedrite.

Copper (native). Juab County, common in Carissa and other mines, in Tintic 

district. Tooele County, Dry Canyon. Washington County, Dixie mines, 

Bingham Canyon.

Corkite. Beaver County, Harrington, Hickory, and Wild Bill mines.

Cosalite. Beaver County, Frisco district,
302 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH.

Covellite. Beaver County, Horn Silver and O. K. mines. Juab County, Tintic 

district, common. Salt Lake County, Bingham district, Highland Boy 

mine.

Cuprite (copper oxide). Beaver County, Imperial mine, Frisco district. Box 

Elder County, Copper Mountain mine, Lucin district. Juab County, 

occurs in mines of Tintic district. Kane County, Pahreah Mining Co. 

mine. Salt Lake County, Bingham district, Highland Boy mine. Uinta 

County, Dyer mine. Washington County, Dixie mines.

Diatomaceous earth. Beaver County, was formerly mined at Milford.

Dufrenoysite. Salt Lake County, Winnamuck mine, Bingham district, and 

Little Cottonwood Canyon.

Elaterite. See Wurtzilite.

Enargite. Juab County, Tintic district, abundant, principal primary copper 

mineral in large .quantities in the Centennial, Eureka, Mammoth, Ajax, 

Golden Chain, Opohongo, Carissa, and other mines. Salt Lake County, 

Highland Boy, Commercial, and other mines in Bingham district; Oxford 

'and Geneva mines in Little Cottonwood Canyon district.

Epsomite^ Emery County. Sanpete County, near Manti, considerable deposit.

Feldspar. Millard County, -Rock Corral, east of Milford. Salt Lake County, 

porphyritic crystals in granite of Little Cottonwood Canyon.

Galena. Important ore of many mines in Beaver, Juab, Salt Lake, Summit, 

Tooele, and Utah counties; mined at Tintic, Bingham, Park City, and 

elsewhere. Beaver County, in Horn Silver mine, Imperial mine, Frisco 

and Star districts. Box Elder County, Copper Mountain mine, Lucin 

district, Sierra Madre and Newfoundland districts, Vipont mine. Cache 

County, Blacksmith Fork, La Plata, and east of Richmond. Davis 

County, Wandering Jew mine. Emery County, Summerville district 

and Temple Rock. Juab County, Fish Springs district, important argentiferous ore mineral; Detroit district. Millard County, near Leamington. Morgan County, Carbonate Hill mine near Peterson. Piute 

County, Ohio district. Sevier, County, Ball mine, Salina Canyon, in 

sandstone. Wasatch County, Blue Ledge and Snake Creek. Weber 

County, Standard Mining Co., New Azurite, Consolidated Group, Louise 

Con, and Ogden Boiler Maker mine. Iron and Washington counties.

Garnet. Beaver County, near Copper Gulch, Star and Frisco districts. Iron 

County, near Gold Springs, in rhyolite. Juab County, Thomas Mountains, in rhyolite; near Carissa mine, Tintic district, in limestone. Piute 

County, Deer Creek. Salt Lake County, Big and Little Cottonwood 

districts in metamorphic limestone. San Juan County, gempyrope ("Arizona ruby") is produced in the Navajo Reservation, in the Moses Rock 

and Mule's Ear fields, about 6 miles north of the Arizona and 35 miles 

west of the Colorado State lines. Summit County, some Park City mines. 

Tooele County, Lucy mine, Clifton district. Utah County, American 

Fork Canyon. Wasatch County, Bonanza Flat. Washington County, 

Lucero claim, Orizaba Mining Co. Weber County, Strongs Canyon. See 

also Andradite.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gilsonite. Uinta County, mined at Dragon and elsewhere. See also Uintaite.

Gold (lode). Predominant ore in Beaver County, Bradshaw and Newton districts. Box Elder County, Park Valley district. Garfield County, Henry 

Mountains. Piute County, Tushar Range. Tooele County, Clifton district, contact gold deposits; Gold Hill, State Line, gold-silver veins. 

Grand County, Miners Basin. Iron County, Gold Springs and State 

Line. Juab County, Spring Creek and Tintic. Piute County, Kimberley
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH. 303

and Ohio. San Juan County, Blue Mountains. Tooele County, Mercur. 

Uinta County, Carbonate. Wasatch County, North Fork and Snake 

Creek.

Gold (placer). Emery County, La Sal Mountains, on Colprado and Green 

rivers. Garfield County, Henry Mountains; small production from black 

sands in White Canyon district, and in Kane and San Juan counties. 

Grand County, at Wilson Mesa. Iron County, at Sand Springs. Salt 

Lake County, in Bingham Canyon. San Juan County, Bluff. Uinta 

County, Green River.

Granite. Small quantities quarried in Box Elder County, at Willard. Salt 

Lake County, Claytons Peak, Little Cottonwood Canyon, Draper. Utah 

County, Alpine City and Provo City. Wasatch County, Midway. Webei 

County, Ogden.

Gypsum. Rock gypsum occurs abundantly in the following counties: Emery 

County, enormous deposits along west margin of San Rafael Swell. 

Garfield County, north-central part near Water Pocket Canyon. Grand 

County, between Grand River and La Sal Mountains. Iron County, 

enormous deposits southeast of Kanarraville. Juab County, large deposits quarried near Nephi and formerly near Levan. Kane County, 

occurs near Kanab. San Juan County, Monticello. Sanpete County, 

from Mayfield southwest to county line. Sevier County, from Sigurd 

northeast to county line; quarried near Sigurd. Washington County, in 

northeastern part, very thick bed. Wayne County, near Caineville and 

Notom. Crystalline gypsum and gypsum sand in Millard County, vast. 

deposit at White Mountain, near Fillmore. Wayne County, huge crystals 

in South Wash.

Hematite (red iron ore). Iron and Washington counties, immense quantities 

in Iron Mountain district, has been mined at Iron City. Summit County, 

near North Fork of Provo. River. Wasatch County, large deposits at 

the head of Duchesne River, in the Uinta Range, mined for flux.

Hematite (specular). Box Elder County, bed in pre-Cambrian strata on Sierra 

Madre Mountain, at head of Eldorado Canyon.

Hiibnerite. Tooele County, with scheelite in mines of Clifton district, Deep 

Creek, associated with copper, gold, silver, lead, and bismuth ores.

Hyalite. Beaver County, large deposit, banded in different colors, some used. 

Juab County, Thomas Mountains. Piute County.

Hydrozincite. Juab County, Tintic district. Tooele County, Dry Canyon.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Pisanite, and Pyrite.

Jamesonite. Beaver County, Frisco, Park City mines. Juab County, Scotia 

mine in West Tintic district. Utah County, Live Yankee mine of American Fork district.

Jarosite. Is common in many of the mines of the State, and in some it is 

abundant. Juab County, Tintic district in American Eagle, Chief, Colorado, Iron Blossom, and other mines.

Jasper. See Chalcedony.

Kaolinite. Beaver County, Frisco. Juab County, Granite Mountain. Salt 

Lake County, near Draper.

Lead. See Anglesite, Cerusite, Corkite, Cosalite, Dufrenoysite, Galena, 

Jamesonite, Leadhillite, Linarite, Mimetite, Minium, Plumbojarosite, 

Pyromorphite, and Wulfenite.

Leadhillite. Juab County, Tintic district, rare.
304 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH.

Lettsoxnite. Juab County, Ajax and Carissa mines, Tintic district, as capillary 

crystals in druses.

Limestone (building). Quarried in Beaver County, at Beaver and Green- 

_ville. Box Elder County, Deweyville. Carbon County, on Tie Forks of 

Soldier Creek, 7 miles northwest of Clearcreek; San Juan County, 

Grayson. Sanpete County, Ephraim.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried in Morgan County, at Devils Slide. Salt 

Lake County, Salt Lake City. Weber County, Ogden.

Limestone (flux). Juab County, Mammoth. Salt Lake County, at Salt 

Lake City. Tooele County, Doremus, Rush Valley, and Topi iff. Weber 

County, Hot Springs.

Limestone (lime). Burned in Beaver County, at Beaver. Iron County, Cedar 

City. Salt Lake County, Salt Lake City.' Sevier County, Richfield. Utah 

County, near Provo. Weber County, Ogden.

Limestone (used in manufacture of sugar). Box Elder County, Deweyville. 

Utah County, Lehi, Provo, and Santaquin.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Linarite. Beaver County, Horn Silver mine, in oxidized ores.

Magnetite. Iron and Washington counties, large deposits with hematite in 

Iron Mountain district. Beaver County, Mineral Range; Old Hickory, 

Skylark mine, and other contact deposits. Emery, Garfield, Kane; and 

San Juan counties in placer sands of Colorado and Green rivers. Salt 

Lake County, Little Cottonwood district, abundant as a contact mineral. 

Tooele County, Clifton district, in tourmaline veins.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Occurs in Beaver County, Cactus 

mine. Box Elder County, Sierra Madre, Newfoundland, Silver Island, 

Promontory Point. Cache County, Blacksmith Fork and La Plata. 

Davis County, east of Farmington and at Wandering Jew mine. Emery 

County, Castle Valley and Summerville district. Juab County, Detroit 

district, in many Tintic mines. Kane County, Pahreah Mining Co. Morgan County, Copper Mountain mine. Piute County, Ohio district. Salt 

Lake County, Big and Little Cottonwood districts and Bingham. San 

Juan County, below Bluff, San Juan River. Sevier County, Ball mine, 

Salina Canyon. Summit County, Park City mines. Tooele County, Clifton, Gold Hill, Dry Canyon, Dutch Mountain, Ophir. Uinta County, 

Uinta Range, Dyer mine. Utah County, American Fork Canyon. Washington County, Dixie, Paymaster,- and Silver Reef mines, Tutsagebut 

district. Weber County, Standard Mining Co., New Azurite, and Ogden 

Boiler Maker mines.

Manganese ore. Grand County, south of Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, collected on surface and shipped, also in ledges. Juab County, Tintic district, chiefly manganiferous silver ores, also near Joy. Summit County, 

Beaver Creek, 8 miles from Kamas. Weber County, 10 miles east of 

Huntsville. See also Pyrolusite, Rnodochrosite, and Rhodonite.

Marble. Beaver County, quarried near Newhouse. Occurs also in Juab, Salt 

Lake, Sanpete, Summit, Tooele, Utah, and several other counties.

Marl. Box Elder County, at Bakers Spur; used for making Portland cement.

Mercury. See Quicksilver.

Metahewettite. Emery County, occurs sparingly with uraninite and carnotite 

and has been mined with them at Temple Rock and along South Temple 

Wash, 45 miles southwest of town of Greenriver: Grand County, mined 

with carnotite on claims 15 to 20 miles southeast of Thompsons and 

on Pack Creek, in La Sal Mountains. Garfield County, occurs with
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH. 305

carnotite on Trachyte Creek, on the east side of the Henry Mountains. 

San Juan County, with carnotite in East (Pintado) Canyon and South 

Fork of Big Indian Creek.

Mimetite. Iron County, Holt mine, near Modena. Juab County, Tintic district. Tooele County, near Gold Hill.

Minium. Juab County, Godiva mine, Tintic district.

Mirabilite. Shores of Great Salt Lake in winter.

Mixite. Juab County, Tintic district, Ajax, Boss Tweed, Carissa, Mammoth, 

and other mines, forming bunches of bluish-green needles.

Molybdenum. See. Molybdenite and Wulfenite.

Molybdenite. Box Elder County, Sierra Madre district. Juab County, West 

Tintic district. Millard County, near Saw Tooth, 45 miles southwest of 

Desert. Salt Lake County, occurs in canyon on south side of Little 

Cottonwood Canyon and elsewhere. Tooele County, Midas mine, with 

gold ores in Ibapah Mountains. Utah County, American Fork Canyon.

Monazite. Uinta County, in black sands in Green River, Jensen district.

Natural gas. Salt Lake County, small quantity found in valley of Jordan 

River and in vicinity of Salt Lake City has been exploited.

Nigrite. Utah County, occurs at Soldier Summit and vicinity. Small quantity 

has been'mined.

Niter (saltpeter). Iron County, several small beds near Parowan. Millard 

County, occurs near Fillmore.

Obsidian. Occurs in regions of Tertiary volcanic rocks. Millard County, 

Twin Peaks, small quantity cut for gems.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Olivenite. Juab County, at mines of Tintic district. Tooele County, Gold 

Hill mines, and Deep Creek region.

Onofrite. Piute County, at Lucky Boy mine, 6 miles southwest of Marysvale, 

formerly mined.

Onyx marble. Tooele County, very large deposit, 4 miles south of Low station on Western Pacific Railway and 60 miles west of Salt Lake City; 

quarried for the new State capitol in Salt Lake City. Utah County, has 

been quarried at Pelican Point in Carboniferous limestone and used in 

the interior of the City and County Building, Salt Lake City. Sevier 

County, prospects reported from Redrnond. Washington County, Bull 

Valley.

Opal. Beaver County, occurs near Milford. Sevier County, near Fish Lake. 

Salt Lake County, Old Jordan mine, Bingham. See also Hyalite.

Orpiment (yellow sulphide of arsenic). Garfield County, occurs in irregular 

seams in shale in Coyote Creek valley, Hampton antimony mine. Salt 

Lake County, small quantity in one silver mine in Bingham Canyon, 

Butterfield Canyon. Sevier County, in clay. Tooele County, in good 

crystals in Mercur district.

Ozokerite (mineral wax). Utah County, occurs at Soldier Summit and near 

Colton; mined and milled.

Pearceite. Juab County, in ores of Tintic district.

Petroleum. Found in small quantities in Grand County near Green River. 

Millard County, near Fillmore. San Juan County, San Juan field. Uinta 

County, Vernal field.

Phosphate rock. Morgan County, occurs in Carboniferous limestone in upper 

canyon, Weber River, between Morgan and Devils Slide station; little

2760S0 Bull. 624 17 20
306 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH.

prospecting. Rich County, in Crawford Mountains near Randolph, mined 

and shipped; also at other points. Salt Lake County, in foothills east of 

Salt Lake City. Weber County, in limestone in Shepherd Valley, 6 miles 

southeast of Huntsville, east of Beaver Creek, and in Ogden Canyon.

Pisanite. Salt Lake County, Old Jordan mine, Bingham.

Pitchblende. See Uraninite.

Platinum. Garfield County, occurs sparingly in black sands of terrace placers 

along Colorado River below Hite. Salt Lake County, in blister copper 

from Bingham.

Plumbojarosite. Beaver County, Horn Silver, Hub, Moscow, Red Warrior, 

Star district, Harrington-Hickory mines and prospects. Juab County, 

Fish Springs district, Tintic district. Tooele County, Clifton district, 

Gold Hill mine, and south end of Clifton Mountain. Washington County, 

Dixie and Paymaster mines, Tutsagebut district.

Porphyry. Beaver County, Beaver; used for building stone.

Potash. Piute County, potash salts have been produced on commercial scale 

at Marysvale from alunite since October, 1915. Tooele County, brines 

and muds underlying the salt body which covers Salduro Marsh at a 

depth of 8 to 12 feet contain 2 to 3$ per cent of potash. See also Alunite 

and Niter.

Proustite. Beaver County, Frisco, Horn Silver mine.

Pumice. Millard County, some used.

Pyrargyrite. Beaver County, Frisco, Horn Silver mine. Box Elder County, 

Vipont mine. Salt Lake County, Winnamuck mine, Bingham.

Pyrite. Beaver County, principal ore of Cactus mine, Frisco district. Box 

Elder County, Century mine, Promontory Point, Salt Lake, Vipont mine. 

Garfield County, Henry Mountains. Iron County, State Line. Juab 

County, original mineral of Tintic and West Tintic districts. Salt Lake 

County, massive and in grains disseminated through monzonite in Bingham district, in ore bodies mined for gold and silver in Cottonwood district. Summit County, Park City mines. Tooele County, Gold Hill mines, 

Dry Canyon, Ophir, and Stockton. Utah County, American Fork Canyon.

Pyrolusite. Juab County, Tintic district, common especially in the copper 

mines. Grand County, Little Grand district, manganese ore in sand- 

' stone. Millard County, Detroit district. Piute County, near Belknap. 

Salt Lake .County, Emma mine, Little Cottonwood, Big Cottonwood.

Pyromorphite. Juab County, Scranton mine, near Delmonte. Wasatch County, 

Blue Ledge and Snake Creek.

Pyrope. San Juan County, Navajo Reservation. See Garnet.

Quicksilver. Piute County, mercury ores, onofrite, and tiemannite have been 

mined 6 miles southwest of Marysvale. See also Cinnabar, Onofrite, and 

Tiemmanite.

Radium. See Autunite, Carnotite, Torbernite, Tyuyamunite, Uraninite, Uranospinite, and Zeunerite.

Realgar. Garfield County, occurs in irregular seams in shale in Coyote Creek 

valley. Salt Lake County, Butterfield Canyon, in some mines of the 

Bingham district. Tooele County, in Mercur district, in gold ores. 

Washington County, Beaver Dam Mountains.

Rhodochrosite. Piute County, Dalton mine, near Marysvale. Salt Lake 

County, Butterfield Canyon and Bingham. Summit County, Park City.

Rhodonite. Summit County, Ontario mine, Park City.

Road metal. See Asphalt, Granite, Limestone (crushed stone), Sand and 

gravel, and Sandstone.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH. 307

Salt (brine). Produced in Juab County, at Nephi. Milliard County, Clear 

Lake. Salt Lake County, Saltair. Saupete County, near Gunnison. 

Weber County, Ogden and Whithie Junction.

Salt (rock). Juab County, near Nephi. Sanpete County, near Gunnison 

Sevier County, Redmond and near Salina. Tooele County, Salduro, immense bed about 60 miles long and 8 miles wide. AVashington County, 

Virgin River.

Sand and gravel. Dug in Box Elder County, at Brigham and Pigeon; Salt 

Lake County, Salt Lake City and Sandy; Tooele County, Stockton; 

Utah County, Point Mountain.

Sandstone. Quarried in Beaver County, at Beaver. Cache County, Paradise. 

Grand County, Moab. .Iron County, near Buck Horn, Cedar City, and 

Parowan (Kane Springs). Juab County, Cooper (Mount Nebo). Salt 

Lake County, Emigration Canyon, Salt Lake City. Sanpete County, 

Manti. Summit County, Park City. Uinta County, Vernal. Utah County, 

near Colton (3 miles east of Kyune station), Diamond Fork Canyon 

(Castilla), Thistle, and Thistle Junction.

Sandstone (asphaltic). See Asphalt.

Scheelite. Box Elder County, sec. 14, T. 9 N., R. 17 AV., also 15 miles north of 

Lucin in Qpntact-metamorphosed limestone in Grouse Creek Mountains. 

Tooele County, with hubnerite in mines of .Clifton district, Deep Creek 

Mountains, associated with copper, gold, silver, lead, and bismuth ores.

Scorodite. Tooele County, occurs in Gold Hill mine, Clifton district.

Shale. Shale suitable for use in Portland cement is abundant in many counties, 

including Cache, Garfield, Grand, Kane, Salt Lake, Tooele, Wayne, and 

Weber.

Shale (oil). Green river formation (Eocene), some rich in oil. Large areas in 

northeastern part of the State on Green River and its tributaries in 

southern Uinta, northeastern Carbon, southern Duchesne, and eastern 

Wasatch counties. Small areas in Sanpete and Juab counties.

Silver.' Yield principally from lead-ore mines in following districts: Beaver 

County, Beaver Lake, North Star, Washington, in Silver Reef district. 

Juab County, Fish Springs, West Tintic. Summit County, Park City. 

Tooele County, Ophir, Rush Valley, Willow Springs. Utah County, 

American Fork, Silver Lake, Santaquin. Predominant ore in several 

other districts. Little silver in copper ore of Cactus mine, Beaver 

County, and in copper at Bingham, Salt Lake County. See also 

Argentite, Cerargyrite, Pearceite, Proustite, and Pyrargyrite.

Silver (native). Box Elder County, Aripont mine. Juab County, Gemini mine, 

Tintic district. Salt Lake County, Old Jordan mine, Bingham. Washington County, Silver Reef, with other ores formerly mined for silver.

.Slate. Utah County, occurs 2 miles southeast of Provo.

Smithsonite. Beaver County, Cedar-Talisman mine, Star district, Harrington 

and Hickory mines. Juab County, May Day,- Uncle Sam, Ridge, and Valley mines, Tintic district. Tooele County, Scranton and New Bullion 

mines, North Tintic district; Dry Canyon in Ophir district.

Specularite. See Hematite (specular). ,

Sphalerite. Beaver County, Frisco district in Horn Silver mine and in Star 

district. Juab County, Swansea Con mine, near Silver City, Tintic district. Salt Lake County, Bingham and Little Cottonwood district. Sevier 

County, Ball mine, Salina Cans^on. Summit County, mined with argentiferous lead ores in Park City district. Tooele County, Dry Canyon, 

Dugway district, Four Metals mine, Rush Valley (Stockton) district, 

abundant in some ores. Utah County, American Fork. Wasatch County, 

Blue Ledge and Snake Creek.
308 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH.

Stibnite (sulphide'of antimony). Garfield County, occurs with antimony oxide 

at Coyote Creek; ore has been shipped. Salt Lake County, Bay State 

mine, in American Fork district.

Strontium. See Celestite.

Sulphur. Beaver County, mined at Sulphurdale. Emery County, occurs along 

San Rafael River in the San Rafael Swell, and on Cedar Mountain.

Tabbyite. Wasatch County, 60 miles southeast of Heber.

Tenorite. Salt Lake County, occurs as secondary ore at Bingham.

Tetradymite. Salt Lake County, American Fork Canyon, small, very pure 

streak.

Tetrahedrite (gray copper ore). Beaver County, South Utah Mining Co. 

Piute County, Ohio district. Salt Lake County, secondary ore at Bingham, plentiful with lead ores, main ore mineral in some mines of Little 

Cottonwood district. Summit County, principal copper ore in silver mines 

at Park City, abundant. Tooele County, Deep Creek region and Ophir.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Tiemannite. Piute County, Lucky Boy mine, near Marysvale, with onofrite.

Topaz. Juab County, occurs at Topaz Mountain, 8 miles northwest of Joy. 

Has been cut for gems.

Torbernite. Kane County, Virgin River. San Juan County, La Sal Mountains.

Travertine (.Utah onyx). Deposits in Box Elder, Millard, Tooele, and Utah 

counties; has been quarried and used in interior work.

Tufa. Beaver County, quarried near Beaver City.

Tungsten ores. Juab County, West Tintic district. See also Hiibnerite, 

Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Tyuyamunite. Emery and Garfleld counties, with carnotite. Grand County, 

prominently crystallized at Richardson, with carnotite and other vanadium minerals, and on Pack Creek, La Sal Mountains, with carnotite 

and other vanadium and chromium minerals. San Juan County, in East 

Canyon and Big Indian Creek, with carnotite and other vanadium minerals. Uinta County, small deposits in pre-Cambrian (?) quartzite, oxi 

Red Creek, Browns Park, with copper minerals.

TJintaite (gilsonite). Uinta County, Uinta Basin, in eastern Utah, mined at 

Fort Duchesne, and in Bonanza and Cowboy claims, near Utah-Colorado 

line, on White River; many other small veins in Uinta County.

Uraninite. Weber County, Ogden Canyon, small amount.

Uranium. Wayne County, uranium sulphate occurs in a fine-grained sandstone with copper carbonates near Fruita. See also Carnotite, Torbernite, and Uranospinite.

TTranospinite. Kane County, 9 miles south of Pahreah.

Uvanite. Emery County, mined on Temple Rock and South Temple Wash, 45 

miles southwest of town of Greenriver.

Vanadium. Very little vanadium ore as such has been mined in Utah, but 

vanadium is in excess of uranium in much the larger part of the uranium 

ores.mined. The principal vanadium-bearing mineral appears to be a 

micaceous substance occurring in minute scales between the grains of 

the carnotite-bearing sandstone. It has not yet been segregated and its 

composition is unknown, though it is thought to be related to roscoelite. 

There are also darker vanadium-bearing minerals interstitial in the 

sandstones, but they are even less understood. See also Calcioyolborthite, 

Carnotite, Metahewettite, and Uvanite.

Variscite. Box Elder County, prospected 5 miles north of Lucin. Tooele 

' County, amatrice variety, mined 14 miles southwest of Tooele, and
USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES UTAH. 309

occurs 2 miles from Mercur, Mercur and Hillside mines. Utah County, 

utahlite and chlorutahlite, variety mined in Clay Canyon, 1$ miles west 

of Fairfleld. Washington County, 15 miles from St. George, considerably 

used.

Volcanic ash. Small production in-Sevier and Tooele counties.

Whetstone. Box Elder County, Dove Creek and Park Valley.

Wiedgerite. Wasatch County, near Myton.

Willemite. Beaver County, Cedar-Talisman mine.

Wolframite. Tooele County, found as float in Simpson Mountains, near Indian Springs. ' . Wood (silicified). Very abundant on San Rafael Swell and Henry Mountains.

Wulfenite (molybdate of lead). Beaver County, Harrington-Hickory and Horn 

Silver mines; Adelia mine, Rocky district. Box Elder County, Lucin district, Empire and Tacoma mines. Piute County, Bully Boy and Webster 

mines. Salt Lake County, occurs in limestone with lead ores in Alta 

district, small quantity, Little Cottonwood district, in City Rock, AltaConsolidated, and Woodlawn mines. Summit County, Silver King Con 

mine, Park City. Tooele County, Dugway and Clifton districts.

Wurtzilite (elaterite). Wasatch County, found in an area embracing about 

100 square miles in region of Indian, Lake, Avintequin, and Sams canyons, little northeast of Grey Head Mountain and about 50 miles southwest of Fort Duchesne; three or four promising veins; mined and shipped

i from Sams and Avintequin canyons.

Wurtzite. Beaver County, Horn Silver mine,.near Frisco.

Zeunerite. Juab County, Tintic district, found occasionally in the ore .of the 

Centennial Eureka mine as minute yellowish-green crystals in barite.

Zinc. See Aurichalcite, Calarnine, Hydroziacite, Smithsonite, Sphalerite, and 

Willemite.
310 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VERMONT.

VERMONT.

Arsenopyrite (mispickel). Brookfield, Stockbridge, Vershire, and Waterbury, 

with pyrite and chalcopyrite; not mined.

Asbestos. Mined in Lamoille County, at Eden; Orleans County, near Chrysotile and Lowell.

Braunite. Bennington, Brandon, Chittenden, and Plymouth, in small quantities; not mined.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, limonite). Benniugton County, Bennington, 

formerly dug to some extent. Rutland County, with manganese ores at 

Brandon and South Wallingford. Windsor County, Plymouth, was formerly mined in connection with ocher and kaolin.

Cement material. Limestone suitable for Portland cement in many counties, 

not used.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrite). Orange County, has been mined at Corinth, in 

Ely mine at Copperfield, and in Elizabeth mine at South Strafford.

Chrysotile. See Asbestos.

Clay (brick). Pits in Caledonia County, at East Ryegate. Chittenden County, 

Champlain and Essex Junction. Rutland County, Rutland. Washington 

County, Waterbury. Windham County, Putney. Windsor County, Wilder.

Clay (fire). Rutland County, mined at Rutland.

Clay (kaolin). Addison County, deposit at Monkton. Bennington County, 

mined at Shaftsbury; at South Shaftsbury the waste kaolin is used for 

fire clay. Rutland County, mined at Brandon and Forestdale.

Copper. See Chalcopyrite and Malachite.

Diatomaceous earth. Caledonia County, Peacham, and many other places, 

not mined.

Feldspar. Orange County, deposits at Corinth and Strafford, not worked. 

Windham County, deposits at Newfane and Saxtons River, not worked. 

Windsor County, quarried at Chester, deposit at Norwich, not worked.

Flagstone. Windsor County, gneiss at Cavendish. Small quarries in slate 

between Hartford and Rockingham, not working.

Fuchsite (chrome mica). Rutland County, in mica schist, 3f miles southeast 

of Rutland, on Round Mountain. Bed several feet thick, suitable for 

ornamental work.

Galena. Lamoille County, in small vein in talcose slate at Morristown. Orange 

County, has been mined in quartz vein in talcose slate at Thetford. 

Rutland County, small occurrence at Chittenden. Windsor County, 

found at Bridgewater, Carter, and Plymouth; formerly mined at Carter.

Gold (lode). Formerly mined in small way in Bennington County at Readsboro and in Windsor County at Bridgewater Center.

Gold (placer). Windsor County, formerly mined to small extent at Plymouth. 

Found in very small quantities in many places.

Granite. Caledonia County, Burke, Groton, Hardwick, Kirby (3 quarries, mail, 

Lyndon), Newark, and South Ryegate (6 quarries). Essex County, was 

formerly quarried at Brunswick, Concord, Island Pond, and Victory. 

Orange County, Chelsea, Randolph, Topsham, and Williamstown (3 

quarries). Orleans County, Albany, Barton, Derby, Lowell, Newport, and 

North Derby. Washington County, Barre (34 quarries) and East Barre, 

Cabot, Calais (3 quarries), Graniteville (7 quarries), Websterville (10 

quarries), and Woodbury (10 quarries). - Windham County, West Dummerston (3 quarries). Windsor County, Bethel (2 quarries), Rochester, 

and Windsor (2 quarries).
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VERMONT. 311

Graphite. Has been found in Addison County, at Hancock. Chittenden 

County, Huntington. Franklin County, Swanton. Orange County,-Newbury. Rutland County, Brandon and Pittsford. Windham County, Halifax. Windsor County, Norwich.

Hematite. Chittenden County, Milton, near Lake Champlain; formerly worked 

to slight extent. Windsor County, small deposit at Weathersfield.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Ocher, Pyrite, and Siderite.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead. See Galena.

Limestone. Quarried for building stone: Chittenden County, Winooski. Grand 

Isle County, Isle La Motte. Quarried chiefly for lime: Addison County. 

Leicester Junction and New Haven. Bennington County, North Pownal. 

Chittenden County, Burlington, Colchester. Franklin County, Highgate, 

Highgate Springs, St. Albans, and Swanton. Rutland County, Brandon 

and West Rutland. Windham County, Sherman. Windsor County, 

Amsden.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite. Orleans County, Troy, a titaniferous ore in small beds, formerly 

mined. Windsor County, Bridgeport and at Rochester, sparingly in. 

chlorite slate.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Orange County, copper mines at 

Corinth, Copperfleld, and South Strafford; not mined.

Manganese ore. Reported in Addison County from Bristol and Monkton; 

Bennington County from Bennington and Stamford ; Chittenden County, 

Colchester; Orange County, Topsham; Orleans County, Irasburg and 

Coventry; Rutland County, Chittenden and Pittsford, near South Wallingford and Brandon, in Otter Creek valley; Windsor County, Plymouth. 

Nowhere mined. See also Braunite, Psilomelane, and Pyrolusite.

Marble. Quarried in Addison County at Bel dens, Bristol, Middlebury, Monkton, North Ferrisburg, and Vergennes; Bennington County, Dorset, 

East Dorset, and South Dorset; Chittenden County, Burlington; Franklin County, St. Albans and Swanton; Grand Isle County, Fisk and'Isle 

La Motte; Orange County, Waits River and Washington; Rutland County, 

Brandon, Clarendon, Clarendon Springs, Danby, Fowler, Pittsford, 

Proctor, Rutland, and West Rutland; Washington. County, Roxbury.

Marl. , Caledonia County, deposits at Sutton, not worked. Abounds in most 

of towns bordering Lake Champlain, also in Orange and Windsor counties.

Mica (muscovite). Rutland County, at North Sherburne. Windsor County, at 

Chester, has not been mined.

Ocher. Bennington County, formerly mined at Bennington, occurs ,at North 

Dorset, not mined. Rutland County, formerly mined at Brandon.

Peat. Numerous localities, Champlain Valley and elsewhere, not utilized.

Psilomelane (black manganese). Rutland County, was formerly mined near 

South Wallingford and at Brandon.

Pyrite. Orange County, has been mined in Copperas Hill mine at Strafford, 

large deposit interstratified with mica schist, associated with chalcopyrite; also at Brookfleld, Corinth, and Vershir'e. Rutland County, Cuttingsville.

Pyrolusite (manganese dioxide). Rutland County, was formerly mined near 

South Wallingford and at Brandon.

Pyrrhotite. Orange County, with copper ores of Ely mine, Copperfield, Elizabeth mine, South Strafford,. and Union and Eureka mines.

Quartz diorite. Orleans County, quarry at Charleston (post office, Derby Line).
312 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VERMONT.

.Boad metal. See Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Schist, and Trap rock.

Sand (building). Dug in Rutland County, Rutland, and at many other localities.

Sand (glass). Bennington County, East Dorset, disintegrated quart/, rock 

once used for glass. Windsor County, Plymouth, associated with kaolin, 

not mined.

Sand (molding). Dug in Rutland County, Rutland. Windsor County, Springfield.

Sandstone. Quarried locally for building stone at Burlington, Chittenden 

County, and elsewhere.

Schist (mica). Formerly quarried at Halifax, Windham County. Abundant in 

many localities but quarried only as needed locally.

Serpentine (verde antique marble). Washington County, quarried at Roxbury. Deposits in Orleans County at Troy and Westfield. Windham 

County, Marlboro. Windsor County, Cavendish and Windsor.

Siderite (spathic iron ore). Windsor County, Plymouth, in talcose slate, with 

magnetite and pyrite; not mined.

Slate. Principal quarries in Rutland County, at Blissville, Brandon, Castleton, 

Fair Haven, Granville, Hydeville, North Poultney, Pawlet, Poultney, 

Wells, West Castleton, and West Pawlet. Washington County, Montpelier and Northfield.

Soapstone and talc. Quarried: Addison County, at East Granville. Lamoille 

County, Johnson. Washington County, Moretown. Windham County, 

Harnmondsville and Windham. Windsor County, Chester, Perkinsville, 

Rochester, Stockbridge, and Weatherfield. Deposits not .utilized: Orleans County, at Lowell. Washington County, Roxbury. Windham 

County, Newfane. Windsor County, Bridgewater.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Lamoille County, sparingly with galena at Morristown. Orange County, small quantity mined with copper ores, occurs in 

lead mine, Thetford. Windsor County, at Norwich, sparingly with galena 

at Bridgewater; contains cadmium; not mined.

Syenite. Windsor County, Mount Ascutney, near Windsor. Rutland County, 

Mount Holly.

Talc. See Soapstone and talc.

Trap rock. Occurs in dikes in some of the marble quarries.

Umber. Rutland County, formerly obtained at Brandon.

Whetstone (scythestone). Orleans County, quartz-mica schist, quarried at 

Evansville; formerly quarried near Canada line, Lake Memphremagog, 

Fitchs Island quarry, honestones. Washington County, Northfield, talc 

schist, scythestones. Windsor County, Ludlow and Stockbridge, scythestones.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA. .313 

VIRGINIA.

Allanite. Amelia County, masses weighing several pounds in mica mines. 

Amherst County, iron allanite carrying nearly 17 per cent ceria in micafree pegmatite with blue quartz, sipylite, and zircon at Massie mine on 

Little Friar Mountain. Bedford County, allanite with 33 per cent ceria 

near Thaxton. Page County, iron allanite, Owen prospect, 3 miles southeast of Marksville.

Alum. Small accumulations in caves or sheltered spots have been used.

Aluminum. See Bauxite.

Amazon stone. Amelia County, Rutherford mine near Amelia.

Amethyst. Amherst County, has been mined 2£ miles northeast of Lowesville. 

Campbell County, good specimens found near Brookneal. Charlotte 

County, good specimens 2 miles west and 4 miles south of Charlotte.

Anhydrite. See Gypsum, with which it occurs.

Anthracite. See Coal.

Apatite. Amelia County, with mica and beryl in mica mines. Nelson County, 

with nelsonite and rutile near Roseland.

Arsenic. Floyd County, refined from arsenopyrite mined at Brinton.

Arsenopyrite (arsenical pyrite). Buckingham County, associated with pyrite, 

in gold veins near Arvonia, Dillwyn, and elsewhere. Carroll County, 

Southern copper lode. Culpeper County, 18 miles west of Fredericksburg, on Rapiclan River. Fauquier County, near Morrisville. Floyd 

County, in mica-quartz schists 4 miles from Lick Fork, mined for arsenic 

at Brinton. Goochland County, associated with pyrite, in gold veins west 

of Caledonia and elsewhere. Grayson County, Southern copper lode. 

Orange County, near Rapidan River and along narrow-gage railroad 

between Fredericksburg and Orange. Rockbridge County, with cassiterite in quartz veins in Irish Creek area. Spotsylvania County, in 

northwest corner. Stafford County, in western part.

Asbestos (amphibole). Albemarle County, in thin platy masses in the soapstone at Alberene. Amelia County, has been mined near Appomattox 

River, 7 miles north of Mattox station. Bedford County, 12 miles south 

of Bedford City. An asbestos mill was built at Bedford City some years 

ago. Buckingham County, Anaconda (formerly Elclridges Mill), 5£ 

miles northwest of Dillwyn. Fauquier, County, Barnets Mill. Floyd 

County, Bartons and Singers. Franklin County, was mined 2 miles east 

of Rocky Mount. Grayson County, near northern copper lode; on Little 

River below Hampton mine. Wythe County, lead and zinc mines, Painters Branch; also in Goochland, Pittsylv'ania, and Powhatan counties.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Madison County, small quantities in prospects near Fishers Gap. Mecklenbiirg County, fine crystals filling small 

cavities in quartz and epidote at Pontiac mine, 8 miles north of Virgilina. Page County, mines and prospects southeast of Luray near Ida. 

Rockingham County, mines and prospects near High Knob, southeast of 

Elkton, small quantities. Warren County, near Bentonville, Front Royal, 

and Linden; has been mined at Bentonville.

Barite (heavy spar). Bedford County, near Thaxton, between Bedford and 

Roanoke, was mined and shipped. Campbell County, occurs east of 

Evington, near Otter River station, and at Leesville. Louisa County, in 

schists near Mechanicsville, has been mined. Pittsylvania County, occurs 

at Toshes, near Motleys and Hurt. Prince William County, occurs with 

red shales 4 miles east of Catlett station. Russell County, extensive 

deposits near Honaker and Lebanon, mined and shipped. Smyth County, 

near Marion, was extensively mined and shipped. Tazewell County,
314- USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA.

near North Tazewell and Richlands, not used. Washington County, near 

Glade Spring and Saltville Branch of.Norfolk & Western Railway, in 

clays. Wythe County, with metallic ores in zinc and iron mines near 

Ivanhoe and elsewhere in southern part of county.

Bauxite. Botetourt County, at Old Houston iron and manganese mines 2 miles 

east of Troutville.

Beryl. Amelia County, Amelia mica mines. Henry County, in pegmatite near 

Axton. Rockbridge County, with cassiterite in Irish Creek area.

Bismuth. See Tetradyinite.

Bornite (purple copper ore). Amherst County, with actinolite in old Folly 

mine, 4 miles south of Amherst. Charlotte County, in quartz near Keysville, has been mined. Grayson County, in schist in southwestern part 

of county, prospects. Greene County,.near Elkton. Halifax County, in 

quartz at Virgilina copper mines. Loudoun County, has been mined near 

Leesburg. Madison County, one of primary copper minerals near Fishers 

Gap, prospects. Page County, near Ida, southeast of Luray, one of original copper minerals. Rappahannock County, Manassas Gap copper mine 

near Front Royal. Rockingham County, disseminated ore in mines and 

prospects near High Knob, southeast of Elkton. Warren County, has 

been mined near Bentonville.

Brown .iron ore. See Mountain brown ore, Oriskany brown ore, and Valley 

brown ore.

Calamine (silicate of zinc). Pulaski County,'oxidized ore of Del ton mines near 

Delton, has been mined. Russell County; principal ore of prospects on 

Copper Creek, 10 miles north of Castlewood. Wythe County, secondary 

ore of lead and zinc mines at Austinville.

Cassiterite (tin ore). Clarke County, reported at Capon Springs.' Nelson 

County, at Nellysford. Rockbridge County, in Irish Creek area.

Cement (natural). Rockbridge County, Cambrian limestone used in natural 

cement at Glasgow and near Balcony Falls; mills also in Botetourt 

County.

Cement material (Portland). Augusta County, limestone and shale abundant at 

several places; plant at Fordwick. Clarice County, limestone in vicinity 

of Wadesville. Frederick County, limestone near Winchester and Middletown. Giles County, limestone and shales in Copper Creek area and 

near Lurich. Lee County, limestone and shale abundant near Wallen 

Ridge and Cumberland Mountain, also at Big Stone Gap and Pennington Gap. Norfolk County, plant at Norfolk using shell marl from Smithville and Chuckatuck. Rockingham County, limestone and shale exposed 

at several places in vicinity of Harrisonburg. Russell County, along 

west slope of Clinch Mountain. Scott County, Copper Creek, Clinchport, 

and Gate City. Shenandoah County, abundant in vicinity of Strasburg 

and near Woodstock. Smyth County, along western foothills of Walker 

Mountain. Tazewell County, between Cedar Bluff and Tiptop station, 

through Clinch River valley and elsewhere. Warren County, shales and 

limestone at Riverton and vicinity, extensively quarried. Washington 

County, near Walker Mountain, Bristol, and Abingdon.

Cerium metals. 'See Allanite, Monazite, and Sipylite.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Wythe County, occurs in residual clays derived 

from limestone and on galena at Austinyille.

Chalcocite (copper glance). . Carroll County, copper lodes west and northwest 

of Hillsville. Charlotte CQunty, in quartz near Keysville, has been
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA. 3.15

mined. Floyd County, Toncray mine, with magnetite and pyrite. Halifax County, in quartz at Virgilina copper mines. Smyth County, Mount 

Airy. Wythe County, near Max Meadows.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrite). Albemarle County, was mined for gold near 

Stony Point. Botetourt County, small quantity near Bonsack station. 

Buckingham County, near Dillwyn, Arvonia, .and elsewhere. Carroll 

Count}', in Gardner and Goad mines in northeastern part of county. 

Culpeper County, has been mined for gold 18 miles west of Fredericksburg on Rapidan River. Fairfax County, has been mined near Herndon. 

Floyd County, large quantity with pyrrhotite near Floyd; has been mined. 

Franklin County, small quantities with pyrrhotite at Howell mine near 

Rocky Mount. Goochland County, mined for gold 2 miles west of Caledonia. Grayson County, near Troutdale. Greene County, small quantity near Stanardsville and Elkton. Loudoun County, has been mined at 

Guilford. Louisa County, has been mined; common in small quantities 

of pyrite in mines near Mineral. Madison County, one of the originnl 

copper minerals in prospects near Fishers Gap. Orange County, near 

Rapidan River and between Fredericksburg and Orange, carries gold. 

Page County, mines and prospects southeast of Luray near Ida. Patrick 

County, carrying small quantity of gold along western boundary in the 

Blue Ridge, in the vicinity of Vesta and elsewhere. Prince William 

County, mined with pyrite in considerable quantities at Cabin Branch 

mine near Dumfries; matte produced. Rockingham County, at mines and 

prospects near High Knob, southeast of Elkton. Warren County, has 

been mined near Linden.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). Fairfax County, Dranesville, in serpentine near 

the Potomac.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Chrysocolla. Warren County, has been mined near Front Royal, in epidote 

rock.

Clay (brick). Clay dug and brick made: Albemarle County, Charlottesville. 

Alexandria County, around Alexandria, Arlington, Addison, Riverside. Alleghany County, Covington. Caroline County, near Milford. 

Charles City County, Sturgeon Point, Oldfield, about 4 miles south of 

Sturgeon Point. Chesterfield County, Bermuda Hundred, much clay 

exposed in this general vicinity, Manchester, Ettricks. Dimviddie County, 

near Petersburg. Elizabeth City County, Hampton. Essex County, along 

Rappahannock River, near Layton, at Occupacia. Greenesville County, 

around Belfield, adjoining Emporia. Henrico County, Rocketts (suburb 

of Richmond), Fort Lee, Fulton, near Stagg's mill on Williamsburg 

road, near Curies Neck, near Cotman post office. King George County, 

along Rappahannock River near Wilmot. Nansemond County, general 

vicinity of Suffolk, along Nansemond River. Prince George County, 

Broadway area along Appomattox River below Petersburg, in bluff along 

James-River near City Point. Princess Anne County, Princess Anne 

Road near Godfrey Avenue. Spotsylvania County, near Fredericksburg. 

Warwick County, Morrison. Also in other counties. Brick is made from 

the residual clays at one or more principal towns in most of the Piedmont 

counties.

Clay (fire). Mined and used in Botetourt County, at Catawba Furnace. In 

Appomattox, Buckingham, and Cumberland counties. Chesterfield 

County, at Bon Air. Montgomery County, near Christiausburg. Orange
316 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA.

County, Madison Run. Pittsylvania County, Danville. Powhatan County, 

Clayville. Rockbridge County, Buena Vista. Wythe County, under coal 

seams in Lick Mountain.

Clay (kaolin). Amelia County, derived from decay of feldspar at Pinchback

mine, shipped for pottery. Reported from Amherst County. Augusta

County, near Cold Spring; Kaolin or Sherando station. Bedford County,

Lowry station. Area of crystalline rocks in Cumberland and Prince

Edward counties. ^Fauquier County, near Warrenton. Henrico County,

at Bon Air, 9 miles from Richmond. Henry County, mined and shipped

at Oaklevel. Nelson County, near Roseland. Similar occurrences in

other counties of the Piedmont province. Reported from' Nottoway

. County. Smyth County, near Rye Valley. Wythe County, near Wythe-

" ville.

Clay (pottery); Miocene clays suitable for pottery occur in Hanover, Henrico, 

King William, and other counties.

Coal (anthracite). Frederick County, small field of semianthracite undeveloped. Montgomery and Pulaski counties, small basin developed.

Coal (bituminous). Produced more than 7,900,000 tons in 1914. Field in 

southwestern part of State includes Buchanan, Dickenson, Lee, Russell, 

Scott, Tazewell, and Wise counties. The coal is of high quality, and 

there are several thick beds. Buchanan County, large quantity of 

bituminous coal, undeveloped for lack of railroad. Dickenson County, 

considerable area; several beds of fine bituminous coal prospected; has 

not been mined for lack of railroad, but railroad has just been completed. Lee County, north of Pennington Gap, several mines. Russell 

County, Dante, Dumps Creek, large mines. Tazewell County, Pocahontas, 

Big Creek, large mines. Wise County, Toms Creek, Norton, and north 

of Bigstone Gap, several large mines. Farmville area, including Cumberland, Buckingham, and Prince Edward counties; thin seams. Richmond area, Chesterfield, Goochland, and Henrico counties; Triassic 

coal, mined at Midlothian and at Winterpock. Chesterfield County, 

Gayton. Henrico County, bed 4 feet 8 inches; shipped. Pocket coal 

district between Cumberland and Little Black .Mountains, north of 

Pennington Gap, of Potts ville (early Pennsylvanian) age; 12 workable 

beds; mined from small banks for local supply.

Coke (natural). Chesterfield County, Chesterfield (Triassic) coal basin.

Columbite. Amelia County, occurs sparingly with microlite in Amelia mica 

mines. See also Fergusonite, Sipylite, and Tantalite. .

Copper (native). In small quantities at many localities along Blue Ridge 

region ; Carroll County, native copper lode near Hillsville. Floyd County, 

Toncray mine. Greene County, near Stanardsville and Elkton. Halifax 

County, small quantity in Virgilina copper mines. Madison County, secondary ore at Fishers Gap, prospects. Page County, small quantities in 

mines and prospects southeast of Luray, near Ida. Rappahannock County, 

near Front Royal, has been mined. Rockingham County, at mines near 

High Knob, 7 miles southeast of Elkton. Warren County, near Linden, 

with cuprite and melaconite.

Copper minerals. See Azurite, Bornite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, 

Cuprite, Malachite, and Melaconite.

Corundum. Patrick County, near Stuart, in mica schist on knob of Bull Mountain. -

Cuprite (red oxide, of copper). Greene County, near Stanardsville and Elkton. 

Halifax County, as alterations of original sulphides in Virgilina copper 

mines. Madison County, important ore of mines near Fishers Gap. Page
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA. 317

County, at mines and prospects southeast of Luray, near Ida. Rockiugham County, near High Knob, 7 miles southeast of Elkton. Warren 

County, near Linden and Bentonville.

Diabase. Excellent quality widely distributed through the crystalline area and 

through several of the middle valley counties west of the Blue Ridge; 

quarried in Fauquier County, near Catlett. Loudoun County, near Goose 

Creek, 3 miles from Leesburg.

Diamond. Chesterfield County, found at Manchester in 1855.

Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth, tripolite). King George County, has 

been mined at Wilmont. An extensive deposit traceable from Herring Bay, Md., on the Chesapeake, to Petersburg, Va.; exposed along 

numerous streams near Richmond and Petersburg.

Diorite. Less abundant than diabase. Occurs penetrating crystalline rocks east 

of Blue Ridge; quarried only near Annandale and Falls Church, Fairfax 

County.

Dufrenite (iron phosphate). Rockbridge County, South Mountain, 10 miles 

east of Lexington.

Emery. Pittsylvania County, with magnetite or hematite near Whittles.

Feldspar. Abundant, but few mines. Amelia County, was mined as accessory 

mineral to mica near Amelia and at Jetersville; amazon stone variety 

found in Rutherford mine near Amelia. Bedford County, was mined 

about 1 mile south of Bells on Otter River. Price Edward County, mined 

near Prospect.

Fergusonite. Amelia County, occurs sparingly in mica mines at Amelia.

Flagstone. Buckingham County, slate was quarried on Hunts Creek. Franklin County, schist quarried near Rocky Mount.

Fluorspar. Albemarle County, gangue mineral at Faber lead and zinc mine, 

near Faber, Nelson County. Rockbridge County, Irish Creek. Russell 

County, with barite in mines near Gardner and Honaker. Shenandoah 

County, near Woodstock. Smyth County, with lead and zinc in prospects 

in Rye Valley.

Fluorspar (chlorophane). Amelia County, in pegmatite at Amelia mica mines.

Gabbro. Limited to crystalline area of Blue Ridge. Found in Amherst County, 

near Lynchburg, and in northwest corner of Floyd County.

Galena.. Albemarle County, principal mineral in fluorspar lenses near Faber, 

argentiferous. Bedford County, disseminated through barite near Thaxton. Bland County, has been mined near Sharon, also in Garden and Flat 

Top Mountains. Buckingham County, near Arvonia, Dillwyn, and elsewhere, has been mined for gold, with copper ore near New Canton. Culpeper County, 18 miles west of Fredericksburg on Rapidan River, has 

been mined for gold. Fauquier County, near Morrisville, 8 miles east of 

Bealeton, has been mined for gold. Floyd County, on west side Blue Ridge 

along Brush and Laurel creeks, mined for gold. Goochland County, mined 

for gold 2 miles west of Caledonia, and elsewhere. Halifax County, in Virgilina copper district. Louisa County, common in small quantities with 

pyrite near Mineral. Montgomery County, on west side Blue Ridge 

along Brush and Laurel creeks, mined for gold. Orange County, near 

Rapidan River and along railroad between Fredericksburg and Orange. 

Prince William County, locally in pyrite in Cabin Branch mine near 

Dumfries. Pulaski County, New River, near mouth of Reed Island Creek, 

with other lead and zinc minerals, Tract Mountain, and Big Walker 

Mountain. Russell County, on Copper Creek 7 miles south of Castlewood, 

has been mined. Smyth County, along south fork of Holston River in Rye
318 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA.

Valley, has been mined. Spotsylvania- County in northwest corner of 

county, near Rappahannock River, and elsewhere, has been mined for 

gold. Wythe County, in association with sphalerite in zinc mines at Austinville.

Garnet (spessartite). Amelia County, gem hyacinth found in pegmatite iu 

mica mines near Amelia.

Glauconite. See Marl (greensand).

Gneiss. Alexandria and Fairfax counties, extensively quarried along Potomac 

River. Amherst County, quarries on north side of James River. Bedford County, exposed along Norfolk & Western Railway at Bellevue. 

Campbell County, along streams, local use. Fluvanna County, has been 

quarried at Columbia. Pittsylvania County, has been quarried near Chatham on Cherrystone Creek.

Gold. In a belt 200 miles long and 15 to 25 miles wide, from Stafford County on 

Potomac River to Halifax County, gold-bearing quartz veins and lenses in 

crystalline rocks; many mines and prospects opened, principally in Buckingham, Culpeper, Fauquier, Fluvanna, Louisa, Orange, Spotsylvania, 

and Stafford counties. Culpeper County, Culpeper gold mine and several localities in eastern part. Fauquier County, has been mined in 

Franklin, Liberty, and other mines. Fluvanna County, Snead mines. 

Fluvanna and Goochland counties, Tellurium gold mine. Halifax 

County, in Virgilina copper district. Louisa County, mines. Orange 

County, Chicago & Virginia mine. Spotsylvania County, Rappahannock 

mine, Randolph mine, Whitehall mines, Pocahontas mine at Andrews. 

Stafford County, Eagle mine.

Gold (placer). Has been mined in Buckingham County, in vicinity of Turpins 

Creek. Floyd and Montgomery counties, along Brush and Laurel creeks 

on western side of Blue Ridge. Goochland County, near Lantana. 

Louisa County, Tinder Flats. Spotsylvania County, along Pigeon Run. 

Stafford County, western part near Rappahannock River.

Granite. Production valued at more than $800,000 in 1914, more than half used 

for road metal. Very abundant. Principal producing areas are Fredericksburg, Petersburg, and Richmond. Quarries in Alexandria County, 

on bank of Potomac River. Bedford County, Clevilas tunnel. Campbell County, several quarries at Lynchburg. Chesterfield County, near 

Granite and Manchester. Fairfax County, quarried near Falls Church 

and Annandale. Goochland County, several quarries at Boscobel, Lee, 

and Lassiter. Greenville County, Emporia. Henrico County, several 

large quarries near Richmond. Lunenburg County, was quarried for 

crushed stone near Kenbridge. Nottoway County, for ballast nem 

Jennings. Page County, near Luray. Prince Edward County, Farmville. 

Prince William County, Occoquan.. Roanoke County, Roanoke. " Spotsylvania County, large quarry 3 miles northwest of Fredericksburg. Granite is quarried in small way at other places, and occurs undeveloped and 

widely distributed in mountain district of Loudoun County, in Blue Ridge 

area and crystalline area eastward to the " fall line."

Graphite. Albemarle County, between Free Union and Boonsville, near Buck 

Mountain, blocks weighing several hundred pounds have been obtained; 

prospected but no production; occurs also at Charlottesville. Occurrences 

noted also in Amelia, Buckingham, Charlotte, Loudoun, Nelson, Orange, 

and Powhatan counties.

Gypsum. Mined extensively in Smyth County, formerly at: Chatham Hill and 

near Saltville, now at North Holston. Washington County, mined extensivelv at Plasterco.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA. 319

Halite. See Salt.

Hematite (specular). Occurs in workable quantity along Blue Ridge in Bedford, Botetourt, and Roanoke counties. Bedford County, Ironville and 

Dewey mines, near Montvale. Botetourt County, Arcadia and Wood 

mines, about 4 miles southeast of Buchanan, Lemon, Grubb-Specular, 

and Edith mines, about 3 miles northwest of Blue Ridge Springs. 

Roanoke County, Griffin-Specular mine, 5 miles south of Roanoke. 

Smyth County, in the Blue Ridge near Marion. Washington County, 

in the Blue Ridge near Abingdon.

Hematite (fossil ore). Occurs in workable quantity in Alleghany, Lee, and 

Wise counties. Alleghany County, has been mined on southeast slope 

of Horse Mountain, 3 miles southeast of Low Moor, and in bluff northeast of Jackson River at Iron Gate. Lee County, southwest of Pennington Gap along Poor Valley Ridges, includes Pennington, Lavine, Ben 

Hur, Truro, Noes Siding, Grabill, Boones Path, and Ewing mines. Wise 

County, south of Big Stone Gap, on Wallen Ridge, and in Powell Valley; 

fossil ore is mined at Yeary, Irondale, Keystone, and Oreton mines.

Ilmenite. Nelson County, with white apatite in dikelike masses (nelsonite) 

near Roseland, by-product mined with rutile. Roanoke County, with 

apatite near Roanoke. Rockbridge County, similar but small dikes at 

Monte Bello. See also Nelsonite.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iron ore. See Arsenopyrite, Brown iron ore, Chromite, Dufrenite, Hematite, 

Ilmenite, Magnetite, Mountain brown ore, Ocher, Oriskany brown ore, 

Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Siderite, and Valley brown ore.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead. See Cerusite, Galena, and Massicot.

Limestone. Abundant west of the Blue Ridge. Quarried in many localities 

from Frederick County to Wise County; also in Piedmont counties.

Limestone (building). Quarried in Alleghany County, at Clifton Forge, Longdale, and Lowmoor. Botetourt County, Compton Bridge, Salt Peter Cave, 

and Springwood. Giles County, Pembroke. Loudoun County, Leesburg. 

Montgomery County, Christiansburg. Roanoke County, Roanoke. Rockbridge County, Bells Valley. Rockingham County, Hinton and. Timbervine. Russell County, Fugates Hill. Smyth County, Marion. Tazewell 

County, Tazewell. Washington County, Abingdon and Bristol. Wise 

County, Big Stone Gap. Wythe County, Barren Springs, Ivanhoe, and 

small quantity at Wytheville.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried: Botetourt County, at Eagle Rock, Indian Rock, and- Springwood. Campbell County, Lynchburg. Loudoun 

County, Leesburg. Roanoke County, Roanoke. Washington County, 

Abingdon.

Limestone (flux). Quarried: Alleghany County, at Longdale, Low Moor, and 

Clifton Forge district. Botetourt County, Buchanan, Eagle Rock, and 

elsewhere. Pulaski County, Ardway. Rockbridge County, Bells Valley 

and Glasgow. Wise County, -Big Stone Gap. Wythe County, Ivanhoe.

Limestone (hydraulic). Orange County, has been quarried at Madison Run. 

Rockbridge County, Balcony Falls on James River (a gray magnesian 

stone, noted "Balcony Falls cement").

Limestone (lime). Quarried: Augusta County, at Staunton. Botetourt 

County, Eagle Rock and Indian Rock. Frederick County, Stephens City 

and Winchester. Giles County, Ripplemead. Loudoun County, Lucketts 

and Leesburg. Montgomery County, Blacksburg and Christiansburg.
320 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA.

Rockbridge County, Glasgow and Lexington. Rockingham County, Linville. Shenandoah County, Oranda and Strasburg. Warren County, 

Linieton and Rivertori.

Limonite. See Mountain brown ore, Oriskany brown ore, and Valley brown ore.

Magnetite. Principal - deposits in Giles County, near Big Stony Junction. 

Small deposits in Giles County, near Ripplemead; Louisa County, Mineral; Wythe County, Wytheville; in many of the Piedmont counties, 

and has been mined in Franklin County, at Rocky Mount; and Pittsylvania, at Pittsville.

Malachite. Buckingham County, with cupriferous pyrite in copper mine near 

Anaconda. Charlotte County, has been mined with chalcocite and bornite 

near Keysville. Halifax County, as alteration of original sulphides in 

Virgilina copper mines. Madison County, small quantity in Milans Gap 

prospects. Page County, has been mined southeast of Luray, near Ida. 

Rappahannock County, has been mined near Front Royal. Warren 

County, near Linden. Occurs in small quantity, in many other places.

Manganese. See Manganite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, and Wad.

Manganite. Occurs in small quantity, from a trace to 10 per cent of the 

ore, in most manganese deposits in the State.

Marble. Little or no marble has been produced in several .years. Quarried 

formerly to small extent in Rockingham County. Good quality of marble 

is reported, undeveloped in Albemarle County, west of Scottsville on 

Buck Island, and on Limestone and Meechuin creeks. Botetourt County, 

about three-fourths mile southeast of Buchanan. Campbell County, a few 

miles from Lynchburg. Culpeper County, on Rapidan River, near mouth 

of Summerduck Run and on Mountain Run. Fauquier County, on Rappahannock River, near Marsh Run. Giles County, near base of Angels Red 

Mountain and near Chapmans Ferry. Loudoun County, Taylortown and 

in vicinity of Goose Creek. Montgomery County, considerable quantity 

of black marble near Blacksburg. Nelson County, near mouth of Tye 

River. Orange County, between Gordonsville and Orange. Page County, 

on east side of Massanutten Mountain. Rockbridge County, 5 miles from 

Lexington.. Scott County, near Gate City and in valley portion of 

county. Shenandoah County, near New Market and Woodstock. See 

also Onyx marble.

Marl (calcareous). Widely distributed in nearly all counties of tidewater 

region; also in many valley counties on west side of Blue Ridge; formerly of limited use as flux. Marl of the Coastal Plain has been used 

in manufacture of Portland cement.

Marl (greensand). Limited largely to inner margin of Coastal Plain region. 

Exposed along Potomac, Rappahannock, Parnunkey, and James rivers, 

and on interstream areas; used as fertilizer; has been, worked at several 

places, especially on James and Pamunkey rivers; carries a small variable 

per cent of phosphoric acid; of little value as source of phosphate.

Massicot (lead ocher). Wythe County, Austin mines, in small quantities with 

galena and other lead ores.

Melaconite (black oxide of copper). Carroll County, in upper portions of copper lodes; also in Floyd and Grayson counties. Warren County, has been 

mined at Linden.

Mica (muscovite). Has been prospected or mined: Amelia County, at Amelia 

and Jetersville. Bedford County, near New London. Goochland County, 

near Goochland. Hanover County, near Hewlett. Henry County, at 

Ridgeway. Pittsylvania County, south of Chatham. Has been observed 

in several other counties. Principal production from Amelia County.
USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA. 321

Hicrolite. Amelia County, occurs sparingly, Amelia mica mines, fine brilliant 

yellow to red gem stone.

Millstone (burrstone). Montgomery County, Prices Fork, 5 miles southwest 

of Blacksburg, siliceous conglomerate quarried on Brush Mountain.

Monazite. Amelia County, occurs sparingly, fine specimens with microlite, in 

mica mines near Amelia. Also found as sand in stream gravels.

Moonstone. Amelia County, occurs in mines at Amelia, some fine gems have 

been cut. Hanover County, found near Hewlett.

Mountain brown ore. Occurs in two belts, one extending along west slope of 

Blue Ridge from Front Royal, Warren County, to 10 miles south of 

Roanoke, Roanoke County. The other belt extends along the east side 

of the New River-Cripple Creek district, Pulaski County, and along and 

near to the Wythe-Carroll county boundary. Associated with Cambrian 

quartzite. Principal groups of mines: Page County, at Shenandoah. 

Rockingham County, Grottoes. Rockbridge County, Vesuvius and Buena 

Vista. Roanoke County, Roanoke. Brown ore also mined near Pittsville, Pittsylvania County. Gossan ore of the sulphide deposits of crystalline area formed the basis of the first iron industry in the South.

Nelsonite. Prospected: Nelson County, near Rose!and and Bryant, and Roanoke County, near Vinton.

Nickel. Reported in pyrrhotite from several localities in Piedmont region, 

especially in Floyd-Carroll-Grayson plateau in southwest Virginia and in 

Amherst County, near Lynchburg. Principal work clone on Lick Fork, 

in Floyd County, 7 miles southeast of Shawsville.

Niter. In numerous caves in Shenandoah limestone in the valley on west side 

of Blue Ridge. Has been procured for local use.

Ocher. Has been mined: Bedford County, near Bedford City. Chesterfield 

County, near Bermuda Hundred, on Appomattox River. Loudoun 

County, in Little Catoctin Mountain, near Leesbnrg. Page County, Stanleyton, near Marksville. Rockingham County, near Keezletown and near 

west base of Massanutten Mountain, also along Naked Creek, 5 miles 

southeast of Shenandoah station. Warren County, excellent grade umber 

half mile east of Shenandoah Railway, mined and shipped.

Onyx marble. Stalactitic and stalagmitic deposits on walls and floors of caves 

in Valley region. Luray, Page County, largest deposit.

Oriskany brown ore. Deposits occur locally in western portion of Appalachian 

belt from Maryland to southwestern Virginia. Principal mines in Alleghany County, near Longdale, Covington, Lowmoor, and Potts Creek. 

. Other mines are: Augusta County, Buffalo Gap and Ferrol mines. Botetourt County, near Glen Wilton, Dagger Springs, and Oriskany. Pulaski County, Pulaski. Wythe County, Max Meadows.

Peat. Extensive deposits in the great Dismal Swamp, where it was formerly 

made into fuel near the canal.

Phosphate. Alleghany County, phosphate nodules occur at base of Devonian 

black shale, near Clifton Forge, extent unknown. Small quantities at 

base of Devonian in Smyth County near Marion and in Washington 

County near Saltville. See also Marl and Nelsonite.

Potash. See Niter.

Psilomelane (manganese ore). Augusta County, Crimora, Lyndhurst, and 

Vesuvius mines. Botetourt County, Houston mines near Troutville. 

Campbell Coxinty, near Mount Athos and Evington. Nelson County, has 

been mined with pyroLusite near Warminster. Page County, Dry Run

27608° Bull. 624 17 21
322 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA.

mine near Compton, also Eureka mine near Stanleyton, shipped. Rockingham County, several mines near Elkton. Smyth County, Uinbarger 

mine near Sugar Grove and Currin Valley mine near Attoway.

Pyrite. Botetourt County, prospects near Bonsack station. Buckingham 

County, near Arvonia, Dillwyn, and elsewhere, has been mined for 

gold. Carroll County, mined at Monarat for sulphuric acid. Culpeper County, 18 miles west of Fredericksburg on Rapidan River, has 

been mined for gold. Dimviddie County, near Pools Siding. Fauquier 

County, has been mined for gold near Morrisville. Goochland County, 

mined for gold 2 miles west of Caledonia and elsewhere. Louisa County, 

mined extensively for sulphuric acid at Mineral. Montgomery and 

Floyd counties, on west side of Blue Ridge along Brush and Laurel 

creeks, gold bearing. Orange County, near Rapidan River and along and 

north of narrow-gage railroad between Fredericksburg and Orange, 

gold bearing. Prince William County, large deposit near Dumfries. 

Rockbridge County, with cassiterite in quartz veins in Irish Creek area. 

Spotsylvania County, in northwest corner and elsewhere, near Rappahannock River, was mined for gold. Stafford County, in western part 

near Rappahannock River, was mined at Garrisonville for gold. About 

cue-half the production of the United States comes from Carroll, Louisa, 

and Prince William counties.

Pyrolusite (black oxide of manganese). Amherst County, scattered through 

clay and as replacements in granite at Stapleton, has been mined. 

Augusta County, in Lower Cambrian quartzite at Crimora mine near 

Crimora station and near Lyndhunst. Botetourt County, in inanganiferous clay at Houston mines near Troutville. Campbell County, high 

grade in .nodular masses and as replacements in granite at Mount Athos, 

Eyington, Otter River, and Clarion (Lynch), mined near Evington, 

Mount Athos, and Otter River. Frederick County, in limestone at Paddy 

Mills mine in southwest corner of county. Nelson County, has been 

mined at Warminster and Midway Mills. Page County, Eureka mine 

near Stanleyton. Rockbridge County, Midvale. Shenandoah County, in 

sandstone at Powells Fort, has been mined at Baltimore and Philadelphia 

mines. Smyth County, in psilomelane at Umbarger mine near Sugar 

Grove and filling cavities in limonite at Currin Valley mine. Warren 

County, in limonite deposits associated with quartzite at Happy Creek 

mine near Front Royal. Wythe County, has been mined near Wytheville.

Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrites). Largest occurrence is a lode that has a maximum width of 100 feet and extends 20 miles from Floyd County through 

Carroll Mountains, Grayson County. Carroll County, mined for sulphuric acid between Chestnut Creek and New River near Sylvatus. 

Fauquier County, occurs near Broad Run. Floyd County, in mica schist 

8 miles southeast of Floyd; also has been mined on Lick Fork in northern part of county; nickeliferous. Franklin County, in mica schist at 

Howell- mine near Rocky Mount. Grayson County, in Carroll Mountains. Louisa County, with pyrite in mines near Mineral. Prince William County, small quantity with pyrite in Cabin Branch mine near 

Dumfries.

Quartz (amethyst). See Amethyst.

Quartz (gem). Fairfax County, milky-white chalcedony, greenish-colored, colorless, and smoky quartz, near Fairfax; gems cut.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA. 323

Quartzite. Found in places along James River between Scottsville and Lynchburg, in Albemarle, Appomattox, Bedford, Buckingham, Campbell, Fluvanna, and Nelson counties. Quarries at several places formerly worked 

for building stone. 

Badium. See Fergusonite.

Road metal. Sec Gabbro, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Sjrenite, and Trap rock. 

Butile. Goochland County, prospected near Peers. Hanover County, prospected at Gouldin, in pegmatite dikes, in residual soil, and in gravels. 

Nelson County, large deposits in pegmatite and nelsonite dikes, Roseland 

and- 5 miles northwest of Arrington. See- also Ilmenite and Nelsonite.

Salt (brine). Srnyth County, pumped at Saltville, for manufacture of alkali 

and caustic soda. Formerly used for manufacture of salt; no salt 

made for some years.

Salt (rock). Occurs in large quantity with gypsum from Plasterco, Washington County, to within 3 miles of Chatham Hill, Srnyth County; not 

mined.

Sand (building). Widely distributed, considerable quantity along streams. 

Dug in Pulaski County, at Delton; Rockingham County, North River; 

Shenandoah County, Edinburg; Spotsylvania County, Fredericksburg, 

Massaponax, and other places.

Sand (glass). Fine white sand of suitable quality is found along eastern edge 

of Middle Valley region. Amherst County, Stapleton Mills. Augusta 

County, near Greenville. Rockbridge County, Balcony Falls, along west 

base of Blue Ridge. Roanoke County, Catawba Mountain, 9 miles northwest of Salem. Worked only at Salem locality.

Sand (molding). Has been found chiefly in vicinity of Fredericksburg, Petersburg, and Richmond. Is dug on Cowardin place at Richmond.

Sandstone. Lower Cambrian sandstone quarried along Chesapeake & Ohio 

Railway, Augusta County, for crushed stone. Silurian sandstone extends 

along Great Valley, fine to coarse, suitable for constructional work. Mississippian sandstone found in Augusta, Bland, Botetourt, Craig, Frederick, Montgomery, Pulaski, Roanoke, Rockingham, Shenandoah, Smyth, 

and Wythe counties.; quarried at Pulaski, Pulaski County, for building 

material. Pennsylvania!! sandstone found in Buchanan, Dickenson, Lee, 

Russell, Scott, Tazewell, and Wise counties; quarried for local building 

stone. Sandstone of the Newark group distributed in seven areas east 

of Blue Ridge, few quarries, good stone; quarried near Warrenton, 

Fauquier County, and in vicinity of Manassas, Prince William County. 

Cretaceous sandstone found near Fredericksburg on Rappahannock 

River, Spptsylvania County, and at several points in Brunswick, Chesterfield, and Greenesville counties; has been quarried in vicinity of Aquia 

Creek and on Rappahannock near Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania County.

Schist (mica). Common in Piedmont region. Quarried: Campbell County, at 

Altavista, for ballast; Franklin County, near Rocky Mount, for flagging.

Siderite. Washington-County, with magnetite in limestone, near Abingdon.

Silver. Halifax County, in copper ores of the Virgilina district. Louisa 

County, in pyrite mines near Mineral.

Sipylite (columbate of erbium). Amherst County, adherent to magnetite, 

occurs sparingly on northwest slope of Little Friar Mountain.

Slate. Quarried: Albemarle County, at Esmont. Amherst County, Snowden. 

Buckingham County, Arvonio. Fauquier County, has been quarried near 

White Sulphur Springs, G miles south of Warrenton. Undeveloped beds 

in Craig, Prince William, and Stafford counties.
324 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES VIRGINIA.

Smithsonite (zinc carbonate). Albemarle County, in lead-zinc mine nearFaber. Pulaski County, oxidized ore of Delton mines near Delton, has 

been mined. Russell County, with calamine in prospects 10 miles north 

of Castlewood. Wythe County, secondary mineral of lead and zinc mines 

at Austinville.

Soapstone. Production much larger than that of any other State. Widely 

distributed in older crystalline rocks of Piedmont region east of BlueRidge. Albemarle and Nelson counties, extensively quarried near Green, 

Hawkins, Findley, Ball, and Appleberry mountains. Has been quarried: 

Amelia County, at head of Walnut Creek. Campbell County, on Otter 

River. Charlotte County, near'Cullen. Fairfax County, Annandale, near 

Clifton station, Falls Church, and Tenley. Franklin County, Rocky 

Mount. Good stone undeveloped at many other localities.

Spessartite (garnet). Amelia County, fine gems cut from mines at Amelia. .

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Albemarle County, common in fluorspar-quartz lenses 

near Faber. Bedford County, occasionally found in barite near Thaxtbn. 

Botetourt County, has been mined near Bonsack station. Buckingham 

County, has been mined for gold near Arvonia, Dillwyn, and elsewhere. 

Culpeper County, 'has been mined for gold 18 miles west of Fredericksburg on Rapidan River. Fauquier County, has been mined for gold near 

Morrisville. Goochland County, mined for gold 2 miles west of Caledonia and elsewhere. Halifax County, in Virgilina copper district. 

Louisa County, frequent in small quantities of pyrite in mines near. 

Mineral. Orange County, near Rapidan River and along and north 

of narrow-gage railroad between Fredericksburg and Orange. Prince 

William County, locally with pyrite in Cabin Branch mine near 

Dumfries. Pulaski County, prospected in unaltered limestone in bed of 

New River. Russell County, has been mined in Copper Creek 7 miles 

south of Castlewood. Smyth County, has been mined with galena along 

South Fork of Holston River in Rye Valley. Spotsylvania County, has 

been mined for gold near Rappahannock River in northwest corner of 

county. Stafford County, has been mined for gold in western part of 

county, near Rappahannock River. Wythe County, with galena and 

pyrite at Austinville, Bertha, and Cedar Springs.

Staurolite. Good crossed crystals (fairy stones), have some value as curios; 

found in Patrick County.

Sunstone. Amelia County, Amelia.

Syenite. Suitable for building stone, undeveloped, occurs in Carroll County, 

northeastward from Sylvatus and on Big Reed Island Creek. Charlotte 

County, from Drakes Branch to near Charlotte Courthouse. Floyd 

County, in northwest corner. Greene County, near Elkton. Madison 

County, at Milams Gap. Warren County, along west side of Blue Ridge, 

near Front Royal.

Talc. Found in commercial quantity and mined in Fairfax County, at several 

places near Clifton station and Wiehle. Orange County, near Rhoadesville, mined and sawed for crayons and burners.

Tantalite. Amelia County, fine splendent crystals near Amelia.

Tantalum. See Columbite, Fergusonite, and Tantalite.

Tetradymite. Goochland and Fluvanna counties, Tellurium mine. Spotsylvania County, Whitehall gold mines. Stafford County, Monroe mine.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Titanium. See Ilmenite, Nelsonite, and Rutile.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES VIRGINIA. 325

Tourmaline. Amelia County, in pegmatite dikes in Amelia district, and in some

of the quartz veins in the gold belt.

Trap rock. Occurs in many counties in Piedmont region. Used for road metal. 

Travertine. See Onyx marble. 

Tripolite. See. Diatomaceous earth. 

Tungsten. See Wolframite. 

Umber. Grayson County, about 2£ miles south of Troutdale. Page .County,

Milams Gap near Luray; in Blue Ridge of north Virginia and in Blue

Ridge of southwest Virginia. 

Unakite. Grayson County, about 2£ miles south of Troutdale, along the

Marion-Jefferson public road. Madison and Page counties, in Blue Ridge,

near Luray, at Milams Gap.

Valley brown ore. Occurs in same general area as mountain brown ore. Associated with limestone. Mines: In Augusta County, Loftou ; Page County,

Luray; Pulaski County, Reed Island; Rockbridge County, Midvale;

Wythe County, Foster Falls and Ivanhoe.

Verde antique. Loudoun County, occurs on Goose Creek, not used. 

Wad. Augusta County, with other manganese ores at Crimora and in siliceous

rock near Waynesboro. Rockingham County, interbedded with clay at

Kendall and Flick mine near Elkton. 

Wolframite. Rockbridge County, with cassiterite and a little scheelite in Irish

Creek area.

Yttrium. See Allanite.

Zinc minerals. See Calamine, Smithsonite, and Sphalerite. 

Zircon. Amelia County, in pegmatite dikes in Amelia district. Hanover

County, as highly zirconiferous sandstone of Calvert age, 3 miles west of

Ashland.
326 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WASHINGTON".

WASHINGTON.

Antimony. See Stibnite.

Argentite. Okanogan County, Moses (Nespelem) district, in Apache and Little

Chief mines. Stevens County, Deer Trail (Cedar Canyon) district, at

Silver Queen and Orchid mines. 

Arsenic (native). Snohomish County, Monte Cristo. See also Arsenopyrite,

Realgar, and Scorodite. 

Arsenopyrite (arsenical pyrite). King County, Mono claims near Berlin and

Apex mine. Okanogan County, Twisp and Squaw Creek districts, mined

for gold. Snohomish County, principal ore in Monte Cristo district;

with chalcopyrite in Stilaguamish district, mined for gold and silver;

mined also near Everett for gold, silver, and arsenic. 

Asbestos. Chelan County, developed property near Leavemvorth. Occurs in

Mount Stuart and Wenatchee Mountains but not mined; also through

Cascade Mountains. 

Basalt. Most abundant surface rock in State. In southeastern part, chiefly

Columbia River lavas. Quarried at following places: Asotin County, 2

miles north of Asotin. Glarke County, at Camas and Fishers Landing,

10 miles above Vancouver. Cowlitz County, Kelso, Olequa, and Stella.

King County, Franklin and Riverton. Kitsnp County, Charleston.

Klickitat County, Goldenclale and Klickitat. Lewis County, Meskill.

Skagit County, Deception Pass and Fidalgo. Spokane County, Marshall

and Spokane. Thurston County, Gate. Walla Walla County, Dixie.

Whitman County, Coif ax, Palouse, and Pullman. Yakima County, 6

miles southwest of North Yakima, and at Selah. Quarried in other places

also.

Bismuth. See Cosalite. 

Bornite (purple copper ore). King County, Climax claims southwest of

Baring, carries silver. Pierce County, Surprise claims, Carbon River

district. Snohomish County, important ore at Index prospects. 

Brown iron ore (limonite). Snohomish County, Monte Cristo district, mined

for gold and silver. Stevens County, prospects near" Deep Creek Lake

southeast of Northport. 

Cassiterite (tin ore). Spokane County, in pegmatite cutting Archean gneiss,

quartzites, and schists at Silver Hill, 12 miles southeast of Spokane;

has been prospected..

Celestite. Skagit County, near La Conner. 

Cement material. Chelan County, Wenatchee Valley. Okanogan County,

Havillah, Riverside, and Wauconda. Pend Oreille County, Metaline and

Metaline Falls. San Juan County, Orcas and Lopez islands. Skagit

County, Jackson Creek, Rockport; and Sauk. Snohomish County, Index.

Whatcom County, Kendall. See also Limestone. 

Cerargyrite (horn silver). Stevens County, occurs with lead ores in Cedar

Canyon district. Mined and shipped from Orchid. 

Cerium. See Monazite. 

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Stevens County, argentiferous, occurs in Cleveland,

Colville, and Summit mining districts; has been mined. 

Chalcocite (copper glance). Lewis and Skamania counties, St. Helena district,

not mined. Snohomish County, Index district, mined at Ethel and Independent mines.
USEFUL MINERALS OF. UNITED . STATES WASHINGTON. 327

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrite). Chelan County, claims in Horseshoe Basin and 

Railroad Creek districts, carries gold and silver. King County, chief 

mineral of Climax claims near Baring and Dutch Miller, carries gold 

and silver. Lewis and Skamania counties, St. Helena district, auriferous. Okanogan County, Myers Creek, Palmer Mountain, Upper Methow, 

Twisp Creek, and Squaw Creek districts, carries gold and silver. Pierce 

County, a number of claims in Carbon River district. Snohomish 

County, one of chief ores of Monte Cristo district, mined for gold and 

silver; principal gold ore of Stilaguamish district; mined for gold and 

silver at Index district. Stevens County, Copper King mine, Chewelah.

Cinnabar. Kittitas County, 12 miles north of Roslyn, at the head of the 

Middle Fork of Teanawsfy River.

Clay (brick). Bricks are made from local clay deposits at the principal towns 

in more than half of the counties. Pits at the following places: Chelan 

County, Chelan aud Wenatchee, and immense quantities occur along 

Queuiult River. Clarke County, Vancouver. Columbia County, Dayton. Cowlitz County, near Olequa. Ferry County, near Republic. 

Grays Harbor County, at Aberdeen. Jefferson County, immense quantities occur along Queniult and Queets rivers. King County, near 

Seattle, Taylor, Renton, Kuinmer, Vanasselt, Woodinville, and elsewhere. 

Kitsap County, Harper. Kittitas County, Cle Elum. Lewis County, 

Centralia, Chehalis, and Little Falls. Lincoln County, Irby. Okanogan 

County, Okanogan. Pierce County, Fox Island, Gig Harbor. Skagit 

County, Alger. Snohomish County, Everett. Spokane County, Deer 

Park, Freeman, Spokane, and elsewhere. Stevens County, Bossburg. 

Chewelah, Clayton, Kettle Falls, Northrup, and Springdale. Walla Walla 

County, Walla Walla. Whatcom County, Bellingharn. Whitman County, 

Colfax, Oakesdale, Palouse, and elsewhere. Yakima County, mined in 

valley of Yakima River near North Yakima and at Granger. Small pits 

are worked in other places not mentioned.

Clay (fire). Cowlitz County, occurs 2 miles east of Sopenah. King County, 

Kummer and Taylor. Pierce County, Clay City. Spokane County, Mica. 

Stevens County, occurs at Clayton and Northport. Whatcom County, 

near South Bellingham. Whitman County, Palouse.

Clay (kaolin). Pierce County, occurs at Eatonville (white, plastic). Lewis 

County, Napavine. Stevens County, Clayton. . Clay (pottery). Cowlitz County, occurs along Cowlitz River, a few miles above 

Olequa and 2 miles east of Sopenah; dug at Sopenah. King County, 

small quantity dug at Auburn. Stevens County, Clayton. Whitman 

County, occurs along Palouse River near Palouse.

Clay (sewer pipe). King County, Bayne and Kummer. Spokane County, Mica 

and Spear.

Clay (shale). King County, Renton. Stevens County, Bossburg, Kettle Falls. 

and Northport.

Clay (slip). Stevens County, Bossburg.

Coal (bituminous and subbituminous). King County, Green River district, 

highly bituminous; mined at Pocahontas mine. Kittitas County, RoslynCle Elum district, excellent quality; mined at Roslyn and Cle Elum mines, 

4 to 5$ feet thick; shipped. Pierce County, Wilkeson-Carbonado district, 

lying midway between Tacoma and Mount Rainier; six beds worked at 

Wilkeson mine; four beds worked at Carbonado mine, 4 to 7 feet; 

coking and steam. Whatcom County, Blue Canyon mine on southeast 

shore of Lake Whatcom, 7 feet.
328 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES /WASHINGTON.

Coal (subbituminous and lignite). Cowlitz County, Kelso-Castle Rock district, 

mined on Coal Creek, 8 miles west of Kelso; shipped. King County, 

Newcastle-Issaquah district, seven beds worked at Issaquah mine; four 

beds at Coal Creek mine, 3 to 14 feet; Renton-Cedar district, mined at 

Cedar Mountain mine near Renton, 8 feet; Green River district, mined 

at Gem mine near Franklin, and Lawson mine near Black Diamond. 

Lewis County, Chehalis-Centralia district, mined near Centralia, bed 5$ 

feet; small mine uear Chehalis, bed 4 feet. Thurston County, mined 4 

miles from Tenino.

Coal (semianthracite). Whatconi County, number of coal beds in coal measures 

on Glacier Creek; prospects.

Cobalt. Ferry County, occurs in small quantity, as erythrite, with nickel minerals near Keller. 

Copper (native). Pierce County, rare. Found at Eatonville.

Copper minerals. Copper is the predominant metal produced in the following 

districts: Ferry County, Belcher, Lone Star, Sanpoil. Okanogan County, 

Osoyoos Lake- (Oroville). Pierce County, Carbon River (Fairfax station). Skagit County, Bald Mountains, 10 miles south of Lymon. Snohomish County, Index, Silver. Creek, Stilaguamish. Stevens County, Chewelah; of minor importance in many other districts. See also Bornite, 

Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Malachite, Melaconite, and Tetrahedrite.

Cosalite (argentiferous). Stevens County, with wolframite at Cedar Canyon 

and hubnerite at -Loon Lake; not saved.

Diabase. Kittitas County, as dikes in upper valley of Teanaway River. Also 

underlies part of the great lava area along Columbia River. . Diatomaceous earth (infusorial earth, tripolite). Yakima County, is mined 

near North Yakima. Kittitas County, is mined near Ellensburg. Franklin County, abundant near Pasco.

Epsomite. Okanogan County, 2£ miles northwest of Oroville, in Epsom Lake, 

in sec. 14, T. 40 N., R. 27 E., a deposit several inches thick coats edges 

and bottom of shoals in the lake; mined.

Fluorspar. Ferry County, on claim of Fogarty group, 4 miles north of Kellar.

Galena. Chelan County, claims in Horseshoe Basin district, gold and silver. 

Ferry County, containing silver; mined in Covada district. Lewis and 

Skamania counties, claims in St. Helens district. Lincoln County,,has 

been mined for silver at Crystal mine, 1$ miles east of mouth of 

Spokane River. Okanogan County, mined for gold and silver at Monterey 

and Yakima mines, - Myers Creek district, and Golden Zone and Gold 

Hill mines, Palmer Mountain district, and mined in Park City and 

Nespelem districts, where it contains silver. Snohomish County, principal gold and silver ore in Monte Cristo and Stilaguamish districts. 

Stevens County, chief silver-bearing mineral at Colyille; mined for gold 

and silver at Deer Trail mines, and Silver Queen, Cedar Canyon district. 

Spokane County, in siliceous veins at Silver Hill; carries silver. . Gold (lode). Gold is the predominant metal produced in the following districts: 

Chelan County, Bridge Creek, Entiat, Horseshoe Basin, Lakeside, Leavenworth, Peshastin, Railroad Creek, and Wenatchee. Ferry County, Danville and Republic. King County, Money Creek, 6 miles from Berlin. 

Kittitas County, Fish Lake, Swauk. Okanogan County, Myers Creek, 

Nighthawk, Palmer Mountains, Squaw Creek, Twisp, Wauconda. Snohomish County, Darrington, Granite.Falls, Monte Cristo. Stevens County,
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WASHINGTON. 329

Meyers Falls, Orient. Whatcom County, Mount Baker, Slate Creek. Gold 

occurs in other mining districts but is of less importance than some other 

metal. See also Sylvanite.

Gold (placer). Asotin County, occurs in black sands of Snake River and at 

Clarkston, small production. Chehalis County, at Oyhut. Clallam 

County, at Shishi Beach, Ozette River, and Yellow Bank. Clarke County, 

at Camas and Brush Prairie. Douglas County, in sands of Columbia 

River. Ferry County, has been mined in sands and gravels of Columbia 

River at many points between mouths of Kettle and Nespelera rivers, 

and along Granite Creek near Republic; is mined in small way on Strawberry Creek, a tributary of west fork of Sanpoil River. Kittitas County, 

Swank district, 12 placers. Lincoln County, at Davenport and at Hell 

Gate Bar, a few miles above Sanpoil, and at Peach Bar. Okanogan 

County, has been mined along Mary Ann Creek, tributary of Myers Creek. 

Suohomish County, occurs near Silverton. Stevens County, at Wilmot Bar 

and Marcus. Thurston County, on Wahkiakum and Sand islands and 

along Columbia River. Whatcom County, in. Slate Creek and Mount 

Baker districts. Whitman County, along Snake River and in vicinity of 

Horse-Creek. Yakima County, at Mahton.

Granite. King County, Baring, Franklin,' Snoqualmie, and Veazie. Mason 

County, Hoodsport (or Lilliwanp). Pierce County, Electron. Snohomish 

County, Granite Falls, Halford, and Index, Spokane County, quarried 

at Medical Lake and 9 to 12 miles north of Spokane. Stevens County, 

China Bend and Bossburg. Whitman County, quarried at Granite Point 

and on Snake River, 20 miles below Lewiston, and at mouth of Grande 

Ronde River.

Hematite (red iron ore). Kittitas County, occurs 20 miles north and little 

west of Cle El urn. Ska git County, along south bank of Skagit River near 

Hamilton. Snohomish County, mined for gold and silver in Monte Cristo 

district. Stevens County, in prospects near Deep Creek Lake, southeast 

of Northport.

Hiibnerite. Stevens County, mined near Loon Lake and Deer Park; occurs 

with argentiferous cosalite in quartz veins and pegmatite cutting granite 

and schists.

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth.

Iridium. See Iridosmine.

Iridosmine. Clallam County, small quantity with gold at Shishi Beach, 2 miles 

northwest from Point of Arches.

Iron minerals. Iron is the principal metal produced in Kings County, at 

Snoqualmie Pass. Skagit County, Hamilton. Stevens County, Deep 

Creek Lake. See also Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Ocher, 

Pyrite, and Pyrrhotite.

Lead. See Cerusite, Cosalite, Galena, and Mineral paint.

Limestone (building). Chelan County, Chelan. Ferry County, Keller. Peud 

Oreille County, Metaline. Snohomish County, quarried 3 miles east of 

Granite Falls; shipped to Seattle and elsewhere. Steveus County, Northport.

Limestone (cement material). Ferry, King, Okanogan, San Juan, Skagit, 

Snohomish, Stevens, and Whatcom counties; limestone suitable for 

cement making, associated with shale.

Limestone (flux). San Juan County, worked on East Sound, Orcas Island; 

San Juan Island, deposit extending from Roche Harbor to Westcott Bay, 

extensively worked. Stevens County, Evans and Northport.
330 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WASHINGTON.

Limestone (lime). Chelan County, burned at Lake Chelan. Ferry County, 

burned between Republic and Wauconda. King County, near Olga and 

at Seattle. San Juan County, Orcas Island, Deer Harbor, and Roche 

Harbor; San Juan Island, deposit extending from Roche Harbor to 

Westcott Bay, extensively worked. Snoliomisli County, 3 miles east, of 

Granite Falls. Stevens County, Springdale.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). In sands of Columbia River placers, northeast 

Washington, not recovered. King County, in Cascade Mountains, 2$ 

miles north and west of Snoqualniie Pass. Kittitas County, 20 miles 

north and a little west of Cle Elurn, on Cle Elum River. Skagit County, 

deposits along south bank of Skagit River, from Hamilton to Marble 

Mountain.

Malachite. Snohomish County, Monte Cristo district, mined for gold and 

silver.

Manganese ore (psilomelane). Grays Harbor County, near Humptulips. 

Okanogan County, near Omak (mined). Mason County, near Lake 

Cushman.

Marble. Chelan County, Chelan and Leavenworth. Lincoln County, Miles. 

Spokane County, 8 miles northwest of Milan. Stevens County, 8 miles 

northwest of Addy; Bluecreek; Bossburg, 3 to 5 miles east of Chewelah; 

2 to 5 miles southwest of Chewelah; 4 miles east-southeast of Colville; 

15 miles east-southeast of Mill Creek; 7 miles northeast of Echo; Greenway Mountain; 1 mile northeast of Marble; Ryan; 2 miles east of 

Valley; 5 miles northwest of Valley. Whatcom County, Maple Falls. 

Also counties of Cowlitz, Okanogan, and Skagit; several kinds of good 

marble reported.

Melaconite. Snohomish County, Monte Cristo district, mined for gold and 

silver.

Mercury. See Cinnabar.

Mica. Chelan County, Chelan.

Mineral paint. Lead paint is made at Spokane and Taconia from Idaho and 

Washington ores. Pierce County, metallic paint mined at Eatonville. 

See also Ocher.

Molybdenite (sulphide of molybdenum). Chelan County, in quartz at Crown 

Point, Railroad Creek district; small quantity has been mined. Ferry 

County, Sanpoil district, occurs in many prospects. Okanogan County, 

Golden Zone mine, Palmer Mountain district, in pegmatite near Conconully. Pend Oreille County, Metaline district; has been prospected. 

- Snohomish County, rare in Monte Gristo district.

Monazite. Grays Harbor County, in black sands at Moclips and Grays Harbor; 

not recovered. Douglas County, occurs in sands of Columbia River. 

Stevens County, occurs at Wilmot Bar, Columbia River.

Nickel. Unidentified minerals. Ferry County, Congress mine near Keller. 

Okanogan County, Stepstone prospect, 12 miles north of Nespelem.

Ocher. Stevens County, reported at Valley.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Opal. Walla Walla County, Whitman Creek, near Oregon line, 5 miles northwest of Moscow, has been mined.

Peat. Occurs in swampy valleys in several localities, as that of Wilsons Creek, 

in Douglas County,

Petroleum. Clallam County, wells were drilled near Forks and near Lapush, 

at mouth of Soleduck River. Grays Harbor County, wells drilled on coast 

near Taholah at mouth of Queniult River and .near Copales Rock. Jeffer-
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WASHINGTON. 331

son County, wells drilled oh coast, about 4 miles southeast of Lapush, at 

mouth of QuiUayute River, and on coast just east of Hoh Head. Thurston 

County, between Tenino and Grand Mound. Whatcoin County, wells 

drilled at Happy Valley, near Fairhaven. No production reported for the 

State.

Platinum. Clallam County, occurs with gold at Shishi Beach. Pacific County, 

occurs in black sands at Beards Hollow; not recovered.

Pyrargyrite (ruby silver). Okanogan County, Moses district, Little Chief 

mine. Snohomish County, in gold and silver ores of Forty-five mine, 

Stilaguamish district.

Pyrite. Common in many mining districts, as follows: Chelan County, in 

granite in Holden claims, Railroad Creek district, carries gold and silver. 

Ferry County, Chesaw mines, northwest of Republic. Lewis and Skamania counties, with co~pper ores in St. Helens district. Okanogan 

County, mined for gold and silver at Yakima and Review mines, Myers 

Creek district, and at Golden Zone and Gold Hill mines, Palmer Mountain district. Snohomish County, gold bearing in Monte Cristo district, 

and with galena in Stilaguamish district. Stevens County, scattered 

through quartz 5 miles northeast of Loon Lake. Whatcom County, large 

masses of ore exposed in Mount Baker district; carries gold and silver.

Pyrrhotite. Snohomish County, one of chief ores of Monte Cristo district; 

carries gold and silver; occurs with chalcopyrite at Silverton, Stilaguamish district, mined for gold.

Quicksilver. See Cinnabar.

Realgar. Lewis County, has been mined for tirsenic at Mineral. Skagit 

County, Clear Lake. Snohomish County, has been mined in Monte Cristo 

district.

Boa'd metal. Grays Harbor and Thurston counties, basalt between Gate City 

and Aberdeen. Kitsap County, basalt quarried at Orchard. King County, 

volcanic rock quarried between South Seattle and Black River Junction. 

Soe also Basalt.

Sand (building). Common along entire course of Columbia and other large 

rivers, in Puget Sound region, and near many large towns; has been dug 

at following places; Grays Harbor County, Chehalis River at Aberdeen. 

King County, Richmond Beach and Vashon Island. Pierce County, Steilacoom and Tacoma.

Sand (molding). King County, dug at Cedar Mountain and Richmond Beach.

Sandstone. Has been quarried at following places: Ferry County, Republic. 

King County, Cumberland. Kitsap County, Bremerton and Waterman. 

Pierce County, Fairfax and Wilkeson. San Juan County, East Sound, 

Provost post office, 5 miles from Roche Harbor, Steward Island, and 

Waldron Island. Skagit County, Sedro Woolley. Thurston County, 

Tenino. Whatcom County, Bellingham district and Chuckanut.

Scheelite. Ferry County, Silver Leaf mine, Covada. Spokane County, associated with quartz at Silver Hill, not mined. Stevens County, in Silver 

Reef mine, with silver ore in Troy district, 1$ miles west of Columbia 

River and 5 miles west of Gifford.

Scorodite. Snohomish County, oxidized ore of Monte Cristo district, mined for 

gold and silver.

Serpentine. Chelan and Kittitas counties, common south of Mount Stuart. 

Stevens County, quarried on Green Mountain near Valley.

Silver. Chelan County, with gold ore in Pole Pick mine and in Ivanhoe mine, 

Peshastin district, and in minor quantity in several other districts. Ferry 

County, in gold quartz veins at Tom Thumb, Quilp, Lone Pine, Surprise,
332 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WASHINGTON.

and other mines near Republic, predominant metal in Meteor and Saupoil 

districts. Lincoln County, principal metal at Crystal district, 15 miles 

north of Davenport. Okandgan County, in gold quartz veins in Palmer 

district, mined at Gold Hill, Black Bear, and War Eagle mines, in Moses 

(Nespelem) district and in Upper Meteor district. Stevens County, in 

Chewelah, Deer Trail, Colville, Silver Queen, and other districts. Skagit 

County, number of claims in Thunder Creek district. See also Argentite, 

Cerargyrite, Pyrargyrite, and Sylvanite.

Silver (native). Okanogan County, in Apache mine, Moses (Nespelem) district.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Okanogan County, mined at Yakima mine, Myers 

creek district, for gold and silver. Snohomish County, one of chief ores 

of Monte Cristo district; mined for gold and silver with galena in 

Stilaguamish district; mined at Forty-Five mine for gold and silver. 

Stevens County, with galena in Deer Trail (Cedar Canyon) distriqt.

Stibnite. Ferry County, occurs in Enterprise (Covada) district, considerable 

quantity in Longstreet and other mines and prospects of district. King 

County, Great Republic mine. Kittitas County, about 20 miles north of 

Ronald on east fork of Cle Elum River in Camp Creek district. Okanogan 

County, mined near Methow.

Strontianite. Skagit County, near La Conner.

Strontium. See Celestite and Strontianite.

Sylvanite. Okanogan County, Squaw Creek district.

Talc. Skagit County, 7 miles above Marblemount, was mined.

Tetrahedrite. Okanogan County, many claims in Squaw Creek district. Snohomish County, Stilaguamish district, mined at Forty-Five mine for gold 

' and silver.

Thorium. See Monazite.

Tin. See Cassiterite. -

Trap. See Basalt. ...

Travertine. .See Tufa.

Tripolite. See Diatomaceous earth.

Tufa. Mason County, outcrops along beach 2* miles on west side of Hoods 

Canal, has been quarried 2. miles northeast of Hoodsport. Stevens 

-County, extensive deposits on China Bend on Columbia River near Northport ; has been quarried.

Tungsten. See Hiibnerite, Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Volcanic ash. Occurs at many places in eastern part of State. Beds from 

100 to 150 feet thick have been found between basalt flows.

Wolframite. Okanogan County, occurs 35 miles northwest of Loomis, near 

Cathedral Peak, development in progress; 35 miles north of North 

Yakima, on shore of Bumping Lake: Spokane County, associated with 

quartz at Silver Hill. Stevens County, mined at Germania mine, Deer 

Trail (Cedar Canyon) district; on Silver Leaf mining claim, 5 miles 

west of Gifford and 1£ miles south of Covada; also at Daisy.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.

Zircon. In black sands on the coast and in many streams. .
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WEST VIRGINIA. 333 

WEST VIRGINIA.

Barite (heavy spar). Mercer County, on north slope of East River Mountain, 

not rained.

Bromine. Manufactured from brine in Kanawha County, at Maiden. Mason 

County, Hartford and Mason. See also Salt.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, limonite). Berkeley County, south of Martinsburg, pits were opened and ore shipped. Grant County, Greenland 

Gap, lias been mined. Greenbrier County, prospects near Anthony Creek. 

Gap. Hampshire County, near Capon Springs, on ridges north of Capon 

Springs. Hardy County, has been mined at a number of places near 

Wardensville. Jefferson County, ore bank 4 miles above Harpers Ferry, 

has been mined. ' Mineral County, has been mined near Keyser. Monroe 

County, considerable quantity in Zenith area, in flint and lime at Crimson 

Spring; prospects on Peters Mountain and elsewhere, has been mined at 

Crimson Spring. Morgan County, Sandy Ridge. Pendleton County, at 

many places along North Fork Mountain; prospects on sides of Little 

Mountain, 2 miles east of Franklin. Pocahontas County, prospects on 

Beaver Lick Mountain. - Raleigh County, has been mined near Beckley.

Cement material. Jefferson County, Cambrian limestone used for natural 

cement near Shepherdstown. Mineral County, Lewistown limestone 

quarried at Cedar Cliff. Preston County, Greenbrier limestone used at 

Manheim on Cheat River, for Portland cement. Occurs but not used 

for cement in Berkeley County, near. Martinsburg. Jefferson County,' 

Charlestown, and Millville. Mineral County, near Keyser. Monongalia 

County, along Cheat River, 6 miles east of Morgantown, and on Deckers 

Creek. Tucker County, in vicinity of Hendricks.

Cement material (calcareous tufa, travertine, calcareous marl). Grant County, 

Patterson Creek. In Hardy, Hampshire, Jefferson, and other countiesin large deposits; not mined. . ;

Clay (brick). Dug and used at following places: Barbour County, Philippi. 

Berkeley County, near Martinsburg. Cabell County, Barboursville, Central City, Culloden, Huntington, and Milton. Greenbrier County, Caldwell. Hancock County, Kenilworth, New Cumberland, and Zalia. Harrison County, Clarksburg and Glen View. Jackson County, Ripley and Ravenswood. Jefferson County, Shepherdstown. Kanawha County, Charleston 

and South Ruffner. Lewis County, Janelew and Weston. Marion County, 

Colfax, Fairmont, and Hammond. Marshall County, Moundsville. Mason 

Count}7 , Huntington, Point Pleasant, and Spilrnan. Mineral County, 

Ridgeley. Mingo County, Williamson. Monongalia County, Morgantown 

and Randall. Preston County, Kingwood. Putnam County, Bancroft. 

Randolph County, Elkins. Ritchie County, Pennsboro. Roane County, 

Spencer. Taylor County, Colfax and Thornton. Tyler County, Middlebourne. Upshur County, Buckhannon. Wetzel County, Brooklin and 

New Martinsville. Wood County, Parkersburg. Also in other counties.

Clay (fire). Barbour County, flint clay 1 mile east of Junior. Braxton County, 

near Savageville, has been mined. Hancock County, Kenilworth, occurs 

in vicinity of New Cumberland. Harrison County, occurs 1 mile east of 

Clarksburg. Kanawha County, near Charleston, has been mined. Marion 

County, flint and plastic clay worked at Hamrnond. Mineral County, 

occurs 1 mile east of Piedmont. Monongalia County, occurs near Morgantown. Preston County, occurs along Cheat River. Taylor County, occurs 

near Lost Run, Thornton, Tucker County, North Fork of Blackwater 

River. Wayne County, occurs near Cassville.
334 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WEST VIRGINIA.

Clay (stoneware). Has been dug and used at following places: Harrison 

County, Bridgeport. Jackson County, Ravenswoocl. Monongalia County, 

Morgantown. Wood County, Parkersburg. Occurs in Randolph County 

at Elkins. Preston County, is dug at Victoria.

Coal (bituminous and semibiturninous). Over 20 workable coal beds in State^ 

hundreds of mines; coal all of Carboniferous age; mined in Barbour, 

Boone, Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Giluier, Grant, 

Greenbrier, Hancock, Harrison, Kanawha, Lewis, Lincoln, McDowell, 

Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mineral, Mingo, Monongalia, Nicholas, Ohio, 

Pleasant, Preston, Putnam, Raleigh, Randolph, Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, 

Tucker, Upshur, Wayne, Webster, Wetzel, and Wyoming counties. 

Bituminous coal in all these, counties except Fayette, McDowell, Mercer, 

Raleigh, and Wyoming, where the coal is mostly the semibituminous and 

high-grade bituminous, smokeless coal of the New River and Pocahontas 

fields.

Fluorspar. Jefferson County, Shepherdstown, in white limestone, not mined.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Grahamite (asphalt). Ritchie County, was once extensively mined 25 miles 

southeast of Parkersburg, and is still mined there in a small way.

Grindstone. Has been quarried: Jackson County, at Lone Cedar, 21 miles 

south of Parkersburg. Kanawha County, on north side of Kanawha 

River, at Sattes. Upshur County, Buckhannon. Wood County, north of 

Parkersburg.

Halite. See Salt.

Hematite (red iron ore). Grant County, prospects in southeastern part, South 

Fork Mountain. Hardy County, has been rained near Wardensville and 

Perry. Mineral County, has been mined 1 mile southeast of Keyser. 

Monongalia County, location of several early furnaces which used 

local ore.

Hematite (fossil ore). Grant County, vicinity of Greenland Gap, parallel 

seams 5 feet thick, has been mined. Greenbrier County, Anthonys Creek 

and Howard Creek, prospected, both fossil and black ore. Hardy County, 

middle and also on north mountain ranges, large bodies developed. 

Mercer County, north slope of East River Mountain, Bluestone River, on 

Black Oak and Flat Top mountains, 'prospected. Monroe County, Little 

Mountain, prospected. Pendleton County, South Fork Mountains, prospected.

Iron ore. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Ocher, Oriskany brown ore, Pyrite, 

and Siderite.

Limestone (building). Quarried: Greenbrier County, at Falling Spring and 

Lewisburg. Jefferson County, near Charlestown, at Millville, and at Shepherdstown. Marion County, Fairmont. Mercer County, Bluefield. Mineral 

County, Patterson Creek. Monongalia County, Rock Forge (mail Dellslow). Monroe County, Hunters Springs. Ohio County, Wheeling. Preston County, Buckhorn, small quantity quarried at Orr; also 1 mile west of 

Corinth. . Limestone (crushed stone). Qiiarried: Greenbrier County, at Fort Spring. 

Jefferson County, Keller and three-quarters of a mile west of Engles 

siding. Mineral County, Keyser. Monongalia County, Sturgisson. Monroe County, near Frazier. Ohio County, near Wheeling. Preston County, 

Afton.

Limestone (flux). .Berkeley County, has been extensively quarried for flux 

at Bunker Hill and Martinsburg.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WEST VIRGINIA. 335

Limestone (lime). Burned for lime: Berkeley County, at Bunker Hill. Greenbrier County, Fort Spring. Jefferson County, Millville. Monroe County, 

Snowflake. Preston County, Afton, Cranesville, and elsewhere.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Manganese ore. Greenbrier County, in Oriskany iron ores at Glenmore; not 

mined.

Marble. Hampshire County, Hanging Rock. Mercer County, Willowton.

Mica (niuscovite). Berkeley County, muscovite occurs in the Slate district, 

13 miles west of Blue Ridge; not mined.

Natural gas. West Virginia has led all other States in gas production .since 

1909. The most prolific gas fields are located in Lewis, Harrison, and 

Ritchie counties, with notable production from Boone, Braxton, Brooke, 

Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Gilmer, Hancock, Kanawha, Lincoln, 

Logan, Marion, Marshall, Monongalia, Mingo, Nicholas, Ohio, Pleasants, 

Putnam, Roane, Taylor, Tyler, Upshur, Wayne, Wetzel, Wirt, aud Wood 

counties. The total number of productive gas wells in the State at the 

close of 1914 was 7,194. Wells range in depth from a few hundred to 

4,000 feet. . Niter (saltpeter). Found in caves in Greenbrier Monroe, and Pocahontas 

counties; has been used.

Ocher. Cabell County, on Guyandotte River. Hardy County, South Branch 

-Valley. Jefferson County, Lost River, near Harpers Ferry and near 

Shepherdstown. Lewis County, yellow ocher near Weston. Pendleton 

County, Clines Crossroads. Wayne County, near Ceredo; not mined.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Oriskany brown ore. Northeastern part of State.

Petroleum. Immense quantities * produced in Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Gilmer, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Kanawha, 

Lewis, Lincoln, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Monongalia, Ohio, Pleasants, 

Putnam, Ritchie, Roane, Tyler, Wayne, Wetzel, Wirt, and Wood counties. 

Harrison and Lincoln counties produced over 1,000,000 barrels each in 

1909. At the end of 1914 there were 14,932 productive oil wells in the 

State, ranging in depth from a few huudi'ed to 3,580 feet. The production 

of oil-in 1913 was 11,567,299 barrels, valued at $28,828,814. In 1914 it 

was 9,680,033 barrels, valued at $18,468,540.

Potash. See Niter.

Pyrite. Berkeley County, in Slate district, 13 miles west of Blue Ridge; not 

mined. >

Quartz (sand). Hampshire County, Blue Gap, Short Mountain, cliffs of white 

sandrock. Monongalia County, near Morgantown, very soft sandstone. 

Morgan County, Sir Johns Run; not used.

Road metal. See Limestone (crushed stone), Sandstone, and Slate.

Salt (brine). Obtained: Kanawha County, near Maiden. Mason .County, at 

Hartford and Mason. Wood County, Kanawha. Production over 145,000 

barrels of salt in 1914. Salt has been made from brine wells at following 

places: Braxton County, Bulltown, on Little Kanawha. Clay County, at 

mouth of Otter Creek, on Elk River. Mercer County, New River. Monongalia County, along Cheat River, Deckers Creek, and Scotts Run, in 

borings for oil. And at other localities.

Sand (building). Dug and used at following places: Cabell County, at Huntington. Kanawha County, Charleston and on Elk River. Marshall 

County, Moundsville. Mason County, Hogsett. Monongalia County, Star 

City. Morgan County, Berkeley Springs. Ohio County, Wheeling.
336 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WEST VIRGINIA.

Preston County, Holmes station. Taylor County, Grafton. UpshurCounty, Buckhannon and Ivanhoe. Wood County, near Parkersburg.

Sand (glass). Monongalia County, Homewood sandstone member of the 

Pottsville formation, quarried on Deckers Creek at Stnrgisson, 9 miles 

southeast of Morgantown. Morgan County, large quarries in Oriskany 

sandstone, near Berkeley Springs, obtain large quantities of high-grade 

white glass sand. Preston County, Holmes station, near Independence. 

Homewood sandstone member of Pottsville formation. Randolph County, 

has been quarried at Silica. Taylor County, has been quarried near 

Grafton. Upshur County, early Pennsylvania!! sandstone was quarried 

at Craddock.

Sand (molding). Dug in Cabell County, at Huutington; Monongalia County, 

at Star City and other places.

Sandstone. Barbour County, quarried at Junior, Philippi, and vicinity, and 

near Laurel. Braxton . County, small .quarry at Frametown, Gassaway, and West Gassaway. Brooke County, near Wellsburg, local 

use. Cabell County, small quarry 2 miles southwest of Huntington. Fayette County, Kanawha Falls. Hancock County, Kings Creek (mail Holliclays Cove) and below New Cumberland. Harrison County, Clarksburg, 

Farnum, and Viropa. Jackson County, Ravenswood, Sherman, and Murray ville. Kanawha County, Charleston and Sattes. Lewis County, Wes-' 

ton. McDowell County, Gary. Marion County, Downs, Fairmont, Farmington, Mannington, and Rivesville. Mercer County, Bluefield. Mineral 

County, Bloomington. Monongalia County, Morgantown, Sturgisson, and 

West Morgantown. Monroe County, has been quarried near A'lderson.' 

Ohio County, Wheeling. Preston County, Bowlesburg, Albright, Kingwood, Rowlesburg, and Zevely. Randolph County, Kingsville. Ritchie 

County, Cornwallis, Harrisville, and Pullman. Summers County, has been 

quarried near Hinton. Taylor County, quarried at Grafton, West Grafton, 

Yates, and Fetterman. Tyler County, Middlebourne and Sistersville. 

Upshur County, Buckhannon. Wetzel County, Littleton, New Martinsville. Wirt County, Burning Springs. Wood County, Parkersburg.

Schist. Micaceous quartz schist (sericitic). Jefferson County, near Harpers 

Ferry, suitable for cupola blocks, furnace brick, silica brick, fire mortar, etc. .

Shale (oil). Devonian. Underlies almost the entire State, excepting a small 

area in the northeastern part, but is generally at considerable depth.

Siderite (carbonate of iron). Has been prospected or mined in small way at 

the following places: Barbour County, near Philippi. Braxton County, 

mouth of Strange Creek. Clay County, has been worked by Elk River 

Iron Co., Standing Rock Run. Grant County, thin seam at several 

localities. Kanawha County, near Charleston. Marion County, Fairmont. Mineral County, thin seams at several localities. Monongalia 

County, Deckers Creek, Scott Run, Booth Creek, and Cheat River, 

eastern part. Preston County, Three Forks Creek, Reedsville, Tunnelton, 

and Muddy Creek. Taylor County, near mouth of Lost Run. Wayne 

County, eight seams 1 to 3 feet thick on Big Sandy River at Cassville.

Siderite (black band ore). Has been mined: Clay County, on Little Sycamore 

Creek of Elk River. Fayette County, Bell Creek. Kanawha County, 

Davis and Briar creeks. Nicholas County, Little Elk Run. Wayne 

County, near Big Sandy River.

Slate. Berkeley County, rather inferior quality quarried 3 miles northeast of 

Martinsburg.
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WISCONSIN. 337

WISCONSIN.

Arsenopyrite. Oconto County, in vein in granite quarry south of Mountain.

Asbestos (actinolite). Portage County, has been mined near Stevens Point.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Grant, Iowa, and Lafayette counties, 

found at several points in lead and zinc district.

Barite (heavy spar). Grant, Iowa", and Lafayette counties, deleterious ganguo 

mineral, abundant in certain of the lead and zinc mines.

Brown iron ore (bog iron ore). Juneau County, near Necedah. Wood County, 

Grand Rapids. In many other localities in marshes of central and 

northern Wisconsin. Not mined.

Brown iron ore (brown hematite, limonite). Florence County, accompanies 

hard hematite ore at Commonwealth and Florence mines. Grant, Iowa, 

and Lafayette counties, in minor quantities in ore-bearing crevices and 

in pockets of rock of the lead and zinc region. Pierce County, mined and 

smelted at Spring Valley. Sank County, Ironton, Westfield, and elsewhere.

Cement (natural). Milwaukee County, Devonian limestone, formerly used for 

natural cement north of Milwaukee on Lake Michigan, and at Berthelet.

Cement material (Portland). Low magnesian limestones and marls not 

common.

Cerusite (lead carbonate). Grant, Iowa, and Lafayette counties, secondary 

mineral of lead and zinc mines, mined with galena, which it coats.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Iowa County, Mineral Point copper mines, with 

chalcopyrite and carbonate.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Florence County, found in quantities sufficient 

to encourage exploration in green schists south of Homestead settlement, in southeastern part of county. 'Grant, Iowa, and Lafayette 

counties, has been mined at several points in lead and zinc region. 

Oconto County, in vein in granite near Mountain. Eichland and Vernon 

counties, occurs sparingly in Cambrian ("Potsdam") sandstone.

Clay (brick). Dug and worked near almost every large town in the State. 

Production of common brick in 1914 valued at $799,109.

Clay (drain tile). Calumet County, Chilton. Jefferson County, Jefferson. 

Ozaukee County, Port Washington. Walworth County, Elkhorn. Also in 

other counties.

Clay (kaolin). Barren County, occurs at Rice Lake, sec. 19, T. 35 N., R. 9 W. 

Jackson and Wood counties, along junction of Laurentian and Cambrian rocks. St. Croix County, Hersey, washed and sold to paper 

manufacturers; excellent kaolin in vicinity of Glenwood; not used. 

Wood County, well exposed at Grand Rapids and worked for fire brick.

Clay (pottery). Rock County, terra-cotta art ware formerly made at Edgerton, from mixture of Edgerton white-burning and Springfield red-burning 

clay.

Clay (shale). Ciucinnatian shales worked for brick and tile at Oakfield, Fond 

du Lac County; at Brickport, Calumet County. Decomposed granite 

and schists of shaly nature worked for brick at Ringle, Marathon County ; 

Steveus Point, Portage County; Grand Rapids, Wood County. Large 

deposits not worked in Clark and Jackson counties. Eau Claire County, 

large supply of pre-Canibrian shales suitable for brick, near Eau Claire; 

not used.

Copper (native). Ashland County, occurs in veins, amygdules, and scattered 

through epidotized trap, and in sandstone, on Montreal and Bad rivers. 

Bayfield County, in southwestern part of county. Douglas County, in 

2760S0 Bull. 624 17 22
338 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WISCONSIN.

Annicon, Brule, and Black rivers. Iowa County, has been mined at 

Mineral Point. Float bowlders common in eastern Wisconsin. Found 

at many points in upper Mississippi lead region.

Copper ores. See Azurite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, and Malachite.

Feldspar. Marathon County, in pegmatite at Stettin, about 5 miles northwest 

of Wausau; not mined.

Flint. Abundant in the southwestern part of the State, in certain parts of 

Galena dolomite in Grant, Iowa, and Lafayette counties, and in Niagara 

dolomite in eastern part of State; not used.

Galena. Original lead ore of upper Mississippi Valley. Grant County, mined 

at Platteville, Cuba City, and Hazel Green. Iowa County, occurs at 

Mifflin, Highland, Montfort, Livingston, Linden, Mineral Point district, 

and Dodgeville. Lafayette County; Benton and Shullsburg. Green 

County, has been mined near Monroe.

Ganister. Quarried from quartzite in Sauk County, at Ablemans and Devils 

Lake.

Granite. Quarried for monuments: Douglas County, Superior. Green Lake 

County, Berlin and Utley. Jackson County, Black River Falls. Marathon County, Granite Heights and Wausau. Marinette County, Amberg, Athelstane, Middle Inlet. Marquette County, Montello and Neshkora. Sauk County, North Freedom. Waupaca County, Granite City 

and Waupaca. Waushara County, Lohrville, Neshkoro, Red Granite, 

Spring Lake, and Warren. Occurs: Lincoln County, Irma. Wood County, 

abundant at Jenny Bull Falls, Marshfleld, and at many other places. 

Quarried for paving blocks at Montello, Berlin, Red Granite, Waupaca, 

and Lohrville; for crushed stone at Mountain, in Oconto County.

Granite porphyry. Wood County, has been quarried near Dexterville, on 

Yellow River,

Graphite. Portage County, amorphous graphite mined at Junction City.

Hematite (red hematite). Iron Ridge. "Clinton" or "fossil" ore, near Mayville, Dodge County, in beds of irregular outline and lenticular cross 

section.

Menomiuee Range. Western extension is worked extensively at Commonwealth and Florence mines, in T. 40 N., R. 18 E., in Florence County. 

Beds of great thickness in Huronian rocks. Hard red ore accompanied 

by some limonite.

Penokee-Goffebic Range. Large deposits, upon which a number of mines are 

working in eastern side of Iron County. The deposits occur in pitching 

.troughs formed by the intersection of " greenstone " dikes and the footwall quartzite. Ore is mostly a soft red or brownish-red hematite with 

a little hard, steely, specular hematite.

Baraboo Range. Deposits of red hematite ore in Huronian iron-bearing 

. rocks in Sauk County; several mines being developed.

Iron minerals. See Brown iron ore, Hematite, Magnetite, Marcasite, Mineral 

paint, Ocher, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, and Sienna.

Kaolin. See Clay (kaolin).

Lead minerals. See Cerusite and Galena.

Limestone (building). Brown County, at Askeaton, Bay Settlement, Depere, 

Duck Creek, and Greenleaf. Buffalo County, Alma, Bluff Siding, Fountain City, Marshland, and Nelson. Calumet County, Chilton. Columbia 

County, Pardeeville. Crawford County, Bridgeport and Prairie du Chien. 

Dane County, Madison and Middleton. Dodge County, Beaver Dam, near 

Foxlake, Knowles, Richwood, and near Watertown. Door County, Sevas-
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WISCONSIN. 339

topol (mail, Sturgeon Bay). Fond du Lac County, Peebles, small quantity quarried at Waupun and in vicinity of Marblehead. Grant County, 

Boscobel, Cassville, Lancaster, and Rockville. Green Lake County, 

Markesan. Iowa County, Cobb, Highland, Mineral Point, Spring Green, 

and Wyoming. Jefferson County, Fort Atkinson and Watertown. Kewaunee County, Algoma, small quantity quarried at Kewaunee. La 

Crosse County, Holinen, La Crosse, Miudora, Onalaska, and West Salem. 

Lafayette County, Darlington. Manitowoc County, Cooperstown. Milwaukee County, Milwaukee and Wauwatosa. Monroe County, Leon and 

Sparta. Outagamie County, Appleton, Dale, Hortonville, Kaukauna, 

Mackville, Seymour, and elsewhere. Ozaukee County, Cedarburg. Pepin 

County, Pepin. Pierce County, Elmwood and Maiden Rock. Polk 

County, in vicinity of Osceola. Racine County, small quantity quarried 

at Burlington, Ives, and Racine. Rock County, Beloit, Edgerton, Fulton, 

and Janesville. St. Croix County, small quantity quarried at River Falls. 

Sauk County, Spring Green. Sheboygan County, Sheboygan Falls. 

Trempealeau County, very small quantity quarried at Trempealeau. 

Vernon County, La Farge, Stoddard, and Viroqua. Walworth County, 

Springfield, small quantity quarried at Whitewater. Waukesha County, 

Genesee, Lannon, Menominee Falls,-and Waukesha. Winnebago County, 

Menasha, Neenah, Oshkosh, Omro, Poygan, and Winneconne. Wood 

County, small quantity quarried at Grand Rapids.

Limestone (crushed stone). Quarried at following places: Brown County, at 

Green Bay, De Pere, Duckcreek, and Greenleaf. Buffalo County, Alma 

and Fountain City. Calumet County, Brillion and Chilton. Dane 

County, Madison. Dodge County, near Foxlake, Knowles, and Richwood. 

Door County, Sebastopol, Sturgeon Bay, and Sawyer. Fond du Lac 

County, Hamilton, Marblehead, Oakfield, and Waupun. Grant County, 

Boscobel, Cassville, and Lancaster. Iowa County, Mineral Point. Jefferson County, Watertown. Kewaunee County, Kewaunee. La Crosse 

County, La Crosse and Onalaska. Lafayette County, Burlington. Manitowoc County, Quarry and Valders. Milwaukee County, Wauwatosa and 

Milwaukee. Monroe County, Sparta. Outagamie County, Appleton, 

Black Creek, Hortonville, Kaukauna, and elsewhere. Ozaukee County, 

Cedarburg, Druecker, and Grafton. Racine County, Burlington and Racine. Rock County, Janesville. Sheboygan County, Sheboygan and Sheboygan Falls. Trempealeau County, Galesville. Vernon County, Stoddard and Viroqua. Waukesha County, Lannon and Waukesha. Winne- 

 bago County, Neenah, Omro, and Oshkosh.

Limestone (flux). Quarried: Dodge County, at Knowles and Mayville. Fond 

du Lac County, Hamilton.

Limestone (hydraulic, water lime, cement rock). Fond du Lac County, quarried at Ripon. Milwaukee County, has been quarried at Milwaukee. 

Winnebago County, has been quarried at Poygan.

Limestone (lime). Quarried in following places: Buffalo County, at Alma. 

Calumet County, Brillion, Clifton, and elsewhere. Dodge County, 

Knowles and Mayville. Door County,1 Baileys Harbor, Fish Creek, and 

elsewhere. Fond du Lac County, Hamilton and Marblehead. Green 

County, Martintown. Iron County, Penokee Gap, along Bad River, mixed 

 magnetite and hematite ores. Jackson County, Black River Falls. Kewaunee County, Kewaunee. Lafayette County, Darlington. Manitowoc 

County, Grimms, Manitowoc, and Quarry. Oconto County, Chase and 

Gillette. Outagamie County, Black Creek. Ozaukee County, Cedarburg,
340 USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES WISCONSIN.

Druecker, and Grafton. Pierce County, Elmwoocl. Bacine County, in 

vicinity of Racine. Trempealeau County, Arcadia. Vernon County, 

Stoddard. Washington County, Rockfleld and South Germantown. 

Waukesha County, Templeton.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite. Ashland and Bayfield counties, in quartzites and slates of the 

Huroniau in Penokee range. Chippewa County, Penokee Gap, along 

Chippewa River, mixed magnetite and hematite ores, ferruginous schists. 

Florence County, found in small quantities in Commonwealth iron ores, 

and in slates and schists, associated with ores and lean iron-bearing 

rocks; not mined. Jackson County, Black River Falls.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Iowa and Lafayette counties, found 

at several points in lead and zinc region, not mined.

Manganese. See Wad.

Marcasite (white iron pyrites). Iowa County, accompanies sphalerite near 

Doclgeville. Lafayette County, common with lead and zinc ores in mines 

near Hazel Green, Meekers Grove, Strawbridge, and Sullsburg; mined.

Mineral paints. Dodge County, at Iron Ridge. See also Sienna.

Ocher. Juneau County, brown ocher lias been mined. Waupaca County, red 

and yellow ocher at Clintonville.

Peat. Underlying many bogs and swamps. Attempted use not yet successful.

Pyrite (iron pyrites). Grant County, mined at Platteville. Abundant in some 

lead and zinc mines associated with galena and sphalerite, as in Iowa 

and Lafayette counties. .

Pyrrhotite. Oconto County, 2£ miles southeast of Mountain.

Quartzite. Quarried for ganister and paving materials: Dodge County, near 

Portland. Jefferson County, at Waterloo. Juueau County, occurs in 

large quantities near Necedah. Marathon County, quarried at Wausau 

for sandpaper, grit, and quartz. Sauk County, at Ableman, Baraboo, and 

Devils Lake, for silica brick and ganister.

Rhyolite. Green Lake County, quarried at Berlin and Utley.

Road metal. See Flint, Granite, Granite (porphyry), Limestone (crushed 

stone), Quartzite, Rhyolite, Sand and gravel, Sandstone, and Trap rock.

Sand and gravel. Occur all over eastern and northern portions of State. Used 

locally as road material and for concrete work. Principal deposits, 

Kenosha County, along Fox River, near Camp Lake and Wilmot. Rock 

County, near Janesville and Beloit. Walworth County, Fontana-.

Sand (building). Dug at following places: Ashland County,-on Oak Island. 

Fond du Lac County, at Ripon. Kenosha County, Kenosha and Wilmot. 

Marathon County, Wausau and Rib River. Marinette County, Marinette. 

Milwaukee County, Milwaukee. Monroe County, Tomah. Racine County, 

Burlmgton. Rock County, Janesville and Beloit. Walworth County, 

Fontana. Waukesha County, Waukesha. Used also in manufacture of 

sand-lime brick at Portage, Columbia County. Dane County, Madison. 

Milwaukee County, Milwaukee. Washington County, Barton.

Sand (glass). Dug in Columbia County at Portage; Monroe County, Tomah; 

Rock County, Beloit; St. Peter sandstone in many localities, as at 

Waukau, Winnebago County, not used.

Sand (molding). Dug in following places: Columbia County, Portage. Fond 

du Lac County, Fairwater. Green Lake County, Berlin. Racine County, 

Burlington and Racine. Rock County, Beloit.

Sandstone. Keweenawan sandstone outcrops on shore of Lake Superior from 

Ashland to Superior. Bayfield County, quarried at Bayfield, Houghton, 

Port Wing, and Siskiwit Point. Cambrian ("Potsdam") sandstone is
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WISCONSIN. 341

quarried iu Buffalo County, at Nelson and Mondovi. Cliippewa County, 

Chippewa Falls. Clark County, abundant in vicinity of Neillsville. Small 

quantity quarried in Crawford County, at Prairie du Chien. Dane 

County, Madison. Dodge County, near Portland and Waterloo. Douglas 

County, Wentworth. D.unn County, Colfax, Downsville, and Dunnville. 

Fond du Lac County, Fond du Lac. Grant County, Boscobel. Iowa 

County, Linden. Jackson County, Alma Center and near Black River 

Falls. Juneau County, Mauston and Orange (mail Camp Douglas). La 

Crosse County, Holmen, small quantity, and Onalaska. Lafayette County, 

Argyle and Darlington. Monroe County, Leon, small quantity quarried 

at Sparta, Lafayette, and Tomah. Oconto County, Gillett. Outagamie 

County, Appleton and Black Creek. Pepin County, Durand. Portage 

County, Stevens Point, harder beds used for paving blocks. St. Croix 

County, small quantity quarried, Glenwood. Sank County, Ableman, 

Baraboo, Devils Lake, Lavalle, and North Freedom. Trempealeau County, 

Arcadia, Galesville, and Independence. Waupaca County, near New London. Waushara County, Plainfield. Wood County, small quantity quarried at Grand Rapids and near Central!a.

Sienna and umber. Iowa County, at Mineral Point, not worked.

Silica (for silica brick). Sauk County, quarried from quartzite at Ableman 

and Devils Lake.

Smithsonite (carbonate of zinc). Important ore of lead and zinc mines. 

Mined in Grant County at several mines. Iowa County, Dodgeville and 

Highland. Lafayette County, at several zinc mines.

Specularite. Found with hematite. See also Hematite.

Sphalerite (zinc blende). Most important ore of lead and zinc region. Grant 

County, mined at Platteville, Cuba, and Hazel Green. Iowa- County, 

near Dodgeville, Highland, Linden, Mineral Point, Mifllin, Rewey, Montfort, and Livingston. Lafayette County, near Benton, Buncombe, Shullsburg, and Meekers Grove.

Trap rock. . Quarried: Douglas County, at South Range. Marinette County, 

at Niagara. Polk County, at Dresser Junction. Also at many other 

places.

Umber and sienna. Iowa County, at Mineral Point, not worked.

Wad. In iron mines in Iowa, Grant, and Lafayette counties, widely distributed 

in small quantities in lead and zinc mines. St. Croix County, occurs near 

Wilson and in other localities in northern Wisconsin.

Zinc ore. See Smithsonite and Sphalerite.
342 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WYOMING.

WYOMING.

Agate (moss). CarbSn C6flnty, has been mined near Sweetwater River; common in other localities. Freniont County, head of Long Creek "and on 

Sage Hen Creek, north of Granite Mountains. Natrona County, on Sage 

Hen Creek, northeast of Granite Mountains. Platte County, Wilde and 

Deercorn mine, 2 miles northwest of Guernsey, moss agate, also red and 

banded; mined intermittently.

Allanite. Albany County, near Albany station. Occurs near line between sees. 

3 and 10, T. 14 N.f R. 78 W., in pegmatite.

Anglesite (lead sulphate). Carbon County, at Ferris, with galena, cerusite, 

and quartz.

Argentite (silver sulphide). Laramie County, with other ores, Laramie Peak.

Asbestos (chiefly chrysotile). Albany County, Laramie Range. Carbon 

County, in Seminole Mountains. Converse County, occurs 10 miles south 

of Glenrock. Crook County, Black Hills. Natrona County, mined on 

Casper Mountain, 8 miles south of Casper, and on Smith Creek, 20- miles 

southeast of Casper; fair quality:; associated with serpentine; 2 mills 

erected in 1910; small production.

Asphalt. Freniont County, occurs 4 miles northeast of Fort Washakie at a 

depth of 1,500 feet in wells drilled for oil, and in nearly all of tfie oil 

districts as maltha or brea. Big Horn County, west slope of Bighorn 

Mountains in sees. 28, 29, 32, 33, T. 52 N., R. 89 W.

Azurite (blue carbonate of copper). Albany County, Rambler, and Blanche 

mines at Holmes, Grand Encampment district. Carbon County, occurs 

but not mined in Seminole district. Crook County, Warrens Peak. 

Johnson County, Bighorn Mountains. Platte and Goshen counties, in 

Hartville Uplift in many prospects; mined in Copper Belt mines.

Barite (heavy spar). Albany County, Medicine Bow Mountains; not mined. 

Crook County, Black Hills. Park County, at Kirwin.

Bentonite (medicinal or paper clay). Occurs in Albany, Big Horn, Carbou, 

Converse, Crook, Fremont, Hot Springs, Johnson, Natrona, Park, Sheridan and Weston counties; used for weighting paper, as an adulterant, for hoof packing, and in the manufacture of antiphlogistine. 

Albany County, extensive deposits well developed on Rock Creek in 

eastern part of county; deposits also occur respectively at 8 and 20 

miles southwest of Laramie; has been shipped from Rock Creek and 

Laramie Basin. Big Horn County, thick deposits in northern part of Bighorn Basin, near Hartman and 'the Montana boundary. Weston County, 

near Newcastle; has been shipped from Clay Spur and Newcastle. In 

Hot Springs County it occurs in beds 3 feet thick.

Bismuth. See Bismuthinite and Bismutite.

Bismuthinite. Albany County, occurs near Cumniings City'; not mined.

Bismutite. Albany County, has been mined on Jelrn Mountain.

Bornite (purple copper ore). Carbon County, mined at Encampment district. 

Platte County, formerly mined about Hartville.

Brown iron ore "(limonite). Albany County, occurs at Jelm mines. Converse 

County, near Douglas. Fremont County, on Little Popo Agie Creek; not 

mined.

Cassiterite. Crook County. Stream tin has been found sparingly at various 

' times in the gulches around Nigger Hill, S. Dak., on State line.
USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES WYOMING. 343

Cement material (Portland). Albany County, 15 feet of pure marl in Niobrara 

formation, 8 miles southwest of Laramie. Laraniie County, Niobrara and 

Minnekahta limestones and Graneros shale member of the Benton, near 

Cheyenne. Weston County, near Newcastle. Not used.

Cerargyrite (horn silver). Crook County, Black Butte mines, Warrens Peak. 

Fremont County, associated with other ores in Wind River Mountain 

mines.

Cerium metals. See Allanite and Monazite.

Cerusite (carbonate of lead). Albany County, in schists and diorite at Esterbrook; has been mined and shipped. Carbon County, with galena and 

quartz at Ferris. Crook County, Black Butte mines, hard and soft carbonates; argentiferous; has been mined.

Chalcocite (copper glance). Albany County, in gneiss and schist at Jelm; gold 

and silver values; Doane-Rambler and other mines. Carbon County, 

important ore of Encampment district. Platte and Goshen counties, important ore in Hartville Uplift; carries gold and silver at some mines.

Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites). Albany County, in granite and schist at Jelm 

mines; gold values. Carbon County, important ore of Encampment district ; Seminole Mountains. Fremont County, South Pass City, with 

other ores. Laramie County, with iron ores in quartz at Ulcahoma mine, 

near Hecla; carries gold and silver. Park County, at Kirwin. Platte and 

Goshen counties, important ore.of Hartville Uplift.

Chromite (chromic iron ore). Large deposits in the southern part of the 

State. Converse County, mined at Deer Creek canyon, 15 miles southwest of Glenrock. Natrona County, similar deposit occurs on Casper 

Mountain.

Chromium. See Chromite.

Chrysocolla (copper silicate). Platte and Gosheu counties, Hartville iron 

range. Mined at Green Hope, Silver Cliff, and Copper Belt mines.

Chrysotile. See Asbestos.

Clay (brick). Abundant throughout the State. Brick made in the following 

localities: Albany County, Laramie. Big Horn County, Basin, Cody, Park, 

and Worland. Carbon County, Encampment. Converse County, Douglas. 

Crook County, Gillette. Fremont County, Lander and Thermopolis. 

Natroua County, Casper. Platte County, Whcatland. Sheridan County, 

Sheridan. Sweetwater County, Green River. Also in other counties.

Clay (medicinal or paper). See Bentonite.

Coal. Estimated tonnage of coal in the ground second largest in the United 

States; about 50 per cent of the area of the State is underlain by coalbearing formations.

Coal (bituminous). Laramie Basini. Albany County, mined for local use at 

Rock, Dutton, and Mill creeks.

Coal (bituminous and subbituminous). Green. River field. Carbon, Fremont, 

Sweetwater, and Uinta counties; contains 4,800 square miles of available 

coal and 20,000 square miles of coal deeply buried. Carbon County, bituminous coal mined at Hanna and Rawlinfj. S\veetwater County, Reck 

Springs. Uinta County, Cumberland, Diamondville, Kemrnerer, and 

Spring Valley. 

Henrys Fork field. Uinta County, coal widely distributed; little developed.

Coal (bituminous coking). Cambria field. Weston County, large mine at 

Cambria; about 12 square miles of workable coal; has been coked.
344 USEFUL MINERALS OP UNITED STATES WYOMING.

Coal (subbituminous). Bighorn Basin. Big Horn and Park counties, mines

near Basin, Cody, Crosby, Gebo, Meeteetse, and Thermopolis. 

Poivder River field. Largest in the State; lies between Black Hills and 

Bighorn Mountains; extends from Montana line south to North Platte 

River; Upper Cretaceous and Eocene; beds have a maximum thickness 

of 45 feet; 11,000 square miles underlain by workable beds. Mined in 

Converse County at Glenrock, Big Muddy, Inez station, and Lost Spring; 

Johnson County, Buffalo; Sheridan County, Carney, Dietz, Monarch, 

and Sheridan. Small quantity for local use taken at many places. 

Wind River Basin. Fremont and Natrona counties. Mined in Popo Agie 

Valley, 8 miles northeast of Lander and near Hudson; 8 feet.

Cobalt. Albany County, with gold-copper ores in Medicine Bow mines at 

Holmes. Lararnie County, with copper ores in Silver Crown district.

Copper (native). Albany County, in granite at Rambler mine, Grand Encampment district. Fremont County, Copper Mountain district. Platte and 

G'oshen counties, Hartville Uplift; mined in Iron Belt mines.

Copper minerals. Copper is the predominant metal produced in the following 

districts: Albany County, Douglas Creek, Horse Creek, Jelni Mountains, 

and Laramie Peak. Carbon County, Encampment, French Creek, Rankin, and Seminole. Converse County, Warbonnet. Fremont County, 

Copper Mountain, De Pass, and Owl Creek. Goshen County, Rawhide 

Buttes. Johnson County, Bull Camp. Laramie County, Hecla. Natrona 

County, Casper Mountain. Park County, Kirw'in, Sunlight. Uinta 

County, Cockscomb. See also Azurite, Bornite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, 

Chrysocolla, Covellite, Cuprite, Malachite, Melaconite, Tennantite, and 

Tenorite.

Corundum (emery). Fremont County, Wind River Range; not mined.

Covellite. Albany County, mined at Rambler mine at Holmes, Grand Encampment district.. Platte and Goshen counties, Hartville Uplift.

Cuprite -(red copper oxide). Albany County, Rambler mine at Holmes, Grand 

Encampment district. Big Horn County, prospects in Bull Creek, Walker 

Prairie, in Bighorn Mountains. Crook County, associated with hard 

cai-bonate ores at Black Buttes and Inyankara Peak; has been mined. 

Platte and Goshen counties, mined in Hartville Uplift; prospects in 

Whalen Canyon, Muskrat Canyon, and Rawhide Buttes.

Epsomite (Epsom salt, megnesium sulphate). Long, needle-shaped crystals in 

soda lakes in Albany, Carbon, and Natrona counties. Brooklyn Lake, 

area 90 acres, covered with nearly pure deposit, near Wilcox station, 

Albany County.

Flagstone. Common in same localities as marble, limestone, and sandstones. 

Has been quarried for local use.

Galena (argentiferous). Albany County, mined for gold and silver in gneiss 

and schist at Jelm. Carbon County, at Ferris in fissure veins with 

quartz, cerusite, anglesite. Crook County, has been mined at Black 

Buttes. Park County, Kirwin.

Gas. See Natural gas.

Gold (lode). Produced in following districts, in most cases as predominant 

metal: Albany County, Centennial, Holmes, and Jelm Mountains. Crook 

County, Bear Lodge and Black Bultes. Fremont County, Atlantic, Owl 

Creek, and South Pass. Goshen County, Rawhide Buttes. Laramie 

County, Hecla. Lincoln County, Horse Creek, 85 miles north of Kemmerer, near Merna. See also Sylvanite.

Gold (placer). Albany County, Douglas Creek and Keystone. Big Horn County, 

Shoshoue River and Bald Mountain. Carbon County, on the South 

French Creek. Crook County, Sand Creek and Nigger Hill. Fremont
USEFUL MINEBALS OF UNITED STATES .WYOMING. 345

County, Atlantic and Lewiston; South Pass City, hyclraulicking. In 

1912-13 was dredged on Wind River, 7 miles west of Riverton and 8 miles 

northeast of Riverton, near Noble. Johnson County, in Kelley Creek near 

Buffalo, and in Bighorn Mountains. Park County, Shoshone River and 

Clark Fork at Crandall. Sweetwater County, Green River. Uiuta 

County, in sands of Snake River, mined intermittently, and on Snake 

Creek.

Granite. Abundant in Bighorn Mountains, Hartville Uplift, Laraniie Range, 

and Medicine Bow Range; production small.

Graphite (plumbago). Fremont County, near Miners Delight. Goshen County, 

Haystack Hills. Platte County, near Ironton; has been mined.

Grindstone. Carbon County, quarried near Rawlins; small production.

Gypsum. Albany County, rock gypsum is mined at Red Butte, and used by one 

mill for making plaster; gypsite, or earthy gypsum, is dug near Laramie 

and used by two mills for making plaster. Has been mined west of 

. Sheridan; occurs abundantly in Big Horn, Carbon, Converse, Crook, 

Fremont, Johnson, Laramie, Natrona, Sweetwater, Uinta, and Weston 

counties.

Halite (common salt). In soda lakes in Albany, Carbon, and Natrona counties. 

Salt springs numerous in several counties. Crook County, at Cambria, 

salt was made by evaporating water of Salt Creek.

Hematite (red iron ore). Carbon County, extensive deposit north of Rawlins 

was mined for flux; also on south side of the Seminole Mountains, 35 

miles north of Rawlins, and at Jelm mines. Platte and Goshen counties, 

chief ore of Hartville iron range; mined at Sunrise, Lone Jack, and Good 

Fortune mines.

Ilmenite (titanic iron ore). Laramie County, Iron Mountain; immense dike, 

not mined.

Iron. Iron is the chief metal produced in Laramie County, at Iron Mountain, 

and in Platte County, at Hartville. Chromic iron ore is produced in 

Converse County,- in Deer Creek district. See also Brown iron ore, 

Chromite, Hematite, Ilmenite, Magnetite, Mineral paint, Pyrite, and 

Pyrrhotite.

Kaolin. Carbon County, occurs near the soda lake, pure and in quantity.

Lead. See Anglesite, Cerusite, and Galena.

Limestone. Albany County, 3 miles northeast of Laramie, used for lime in 

beet-sugar refining. Limestones of Carboniferous and Jurassic age in 

many counties afford an abundance of good lime suitable for plaster; 

some of these limestones are hydraulic.

Limestone (building). Quarried: Albany County, at Laramie. Carbon County, 

Rawlins. Fremont County, Thermopolis. Laramie County, Horse Creek. 

Platte County, Hartville and near Guernsey. Sheridan County, Sheridan. 

Sweetwater County, Green River.

Limestone (flux). Quarried: Carbon County, at Rawlins. Platte County, 

Guernsey.

Limonite (brown hematite). See Brown iron ore.

Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Albany County, in diorite near Foxpark. 

Carbon County, with hematite, near Rawlins.

Malachite (green carbonate of copper). Albany County, abundant in Rambler 

mine, and found in Blanche mine at Holmes, Grand Encampment district. 

Carbon and Cook counties, prospects at Bull Camp and Walker Prairie, 

in Bighorn Mountains, with other ores. Park County, Kirwin, as vein 

mineral. Platte and Goshen counties, important ore of Hartville Uplift; 

mined at Green Hope, Silver Cliff, and Copper Belt mines.
346 USEFUL MINEEALS OF UNITED STATES WYOMING.

Manganese ore. Albany County, west side of Laramie Peak.

Marble. Albany County, west flank Laraniie Range; east flank Medicine 

Bow Range; 100-foot ledge of good quality, Cooper Lake station. Converse County, Douglas, red, good quality. Crook County, west flank Black 

Hills. Fremont County, Rattlesnake Mountains. Johnson County, Bighorn Mountains. Platte County, Hartville, east flank Laraniie Range, 

abundant in the Carboniferous; pure white marble occurs 20 miles west of 

Wheatland.

Marl. Albany County, 15 feet pure marl, 8 miles southwest of Laramie.

Melaconite (black oxide of copper). Albany County, quantity in Rambler 

mine, Holmes. Platte County, Michigan cine.

Mica (muscovite). Albany County, in Medicine Bow Range. Converse County, 

occurs in sizable plates at Glenrock. Fremont County, 60 miles west of 

Lander. Goshen County, in Haystack Mountains near Hartville. Platte 

County, near Ironton. y

Mineral paint. Carbon County, made .from soft iron ore at Rawlins. Suitable 

material at Hartville and other iron localities.

Mirabilite (sodium sulphate, glauber salt). In soda lakes in Albany, Carbon, 

and Natrona counties; has been mined in Albany County near Laramie 

and in Natrona County, Sweetwater Valley.

Molybdenite. Park County, in Bryan mine, at Kirwin.

Monazite. Carbon County, in black sands in Bald Mountain district. Sheridan County, reported from Bighorn Mountains.

Natron (carbonate of soda). Sweetwater County, Green River; borings in the 

Wasatch sandstone (Eocene?)' at depths of 125 and 700 feet yield an 

almost concentrated solution of sodium carbonate utilized for the manufacture of caustic soda. Common in soda lakes of Albany, Carbon, Natrona, and Sweetwater counties; not marketed.

Natural gas. Big Horn County, Bighorn Basin gas field; gas from anticlines 

at western base of Bighorn Mountains; used commercially at Basin, 

Byron, and Greybull. Converse County, small field near Douglas. Hot 

Springs County, considerable quantities, as yet not utilized, in Grass 

Creek oil field. Occurs in central Park County, near Cody, and in southern Park County, in Buffalo Basin.

Nickel ore. Converse County, in pyrrhotite, Esterbrook district. Laramie 

County, in ores of Ulcahonia mine, and associated with copper ores, Little 

London mine, near Hecla.

Niter. Sweetwater County, soda niter in Leucite Hills.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Ozokerite (mineral wax). Fremont County, occurs 20 miles southeast of 

Lander. Sweetwater and Uinta counties, near Colorado line, in Tertiary 

and Cretaceous; shipped east for use in manufacture of ointments and 

insulating material.

Palladium. Albany County, in copper ores with platinum in Rambler mine 

at Holmes.

Petrified wood. Common in badlands in many parts of the State.

Petroleum. Productive areas of considerable importance in Big Horn County, 

near Basin, Byron, and Greybull. About 15 wells drilled on Torchlight 

dome, 3 miles east of Basin; 10 wells on a small anticline directly north 

of this dome; and about 35 wells on the Greybull dome, at the mouth of 

Greybull River. Petroleum, paraffin base, in Fremont County, north and 

east of Lander, near Riverton, Saddlerock; in Hot Springs County, along 

Grass Creek, 5 miles northwest of Ilq; and in Natrona County, at Salt
USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WYOMING. 347

Creek, north of Casper. Hot Springs County, in Grass Creek anticline, 

20 or more Veils drilled; nearly all found oil. Petroleum occurs in. small 

quantities in Big Horn County, near Bonanza; in Converse County, near 

Douglas; in Crook County, near Moorcroft; in Johnson County, along 

Powder River; in Lincoln County, near Labarge; in Weston County, 

near Newcastle; and in Uinta County, near Spring Valley. The total 

production of the State in 1913 was 2,406,522 barrels, valued at $1,187,232; 

in 1914 it was 3,560,375 barrels, valued at $1,679,192.

Phosphate rock. Fremont County, extends 50 miles northwest and southeast 

from Lander and occurs along northern boundary. Hot Springs County, 

underlies area near Therinopolis and along southern boundary. Lincoln 

County, mined and shipped at Cokeville; large area 140 miles long; beds 

10 feet thick.

Platinum. Albany County, in copper ores of the Rambler mine, at Holmes. 

Lincoln County, in concentrates from Snake River placers. See also 

Sperrylite.

Potash. Sweetwater County, large quantity in wyomingite and other rocks of 

Leucite Hills. No method known for making it commercially available. 

See also Niter.

Pumice. Albany County, beds 4 to 6 feet thick near Sportsmans Lake.

Pyrite (iron pyrites). Albany County, with copper ores, Encampment district, 

in Jelm and Ulcahoma mines; mined for gold and silver content. Sweetwater and other counties, with gold and quartz veins; little worked.

Pyrrhotite. Albany and Converse counties, underlying iron oxides at Cooney 

Hill and with copper ores in prospects in North Laramie district.

Road metal. See Asphalt, Granite, Limestone, Marble, and Sandstone.

Salt. Uinta County, mined at Auburn. Salt produced from brine south of 

Star Valley on Salt Creek. See also Halite.

Sand (building). Dug in small quantity for local use at many places.

Sand (glass). Albany County, from soft sandstone of Casper formation. Has 

been quarried 3 miles east of Laramie.

Sandstone. Albany County, quarried at Laramie, small quantity. Big Horn 

.County, Cocly. Carbon County, Rawlins. Crook County, Aladdin. Fremont County, Lander and Thermopolis. Laramie County, Iron Mountain 

and Underwood. Sheridan County, Arno, Dietz, and Absawkee Park. 

Uinta County, Cumberland, Evanston, Oakley, Frontier, and Glencoe, 

and at many other towns and villages.

Shale. Albany County, used for making brick at Laramie.

Shale (oil). Green River formation (Eocene), in southwestern part of the 

State, on Green River and its tributaries; some shale rich in oil.

Silver (native). Platte County, Silver Cliff mine in Hartville Uplift and in 

other copper mines. See also Argentite, Cerargyrite, and Sylvanite.

Sperrylite. Albany County, has been found at Rambler mine, Holmes.

Sphalerite. Platte County, mined with hematic in Hartville mines.

Sulphur. Hot Springs County, massive and in small crystals in travertine 

near Therinopolis; mined and shipped. Park County, in local deposits 

on south side of Shoshone River; at lower end of Shoshone Canyon, and 

on west side of Sulphur Creek; occurs in the Sunlight Basin, 52 miles 

northwest of Cody; has been mined near Cody.

Sylvanite. Crook County, occurs in Bear Lodge Mountains.

Tennantite. Platte County, has been mined north of Guernsey in Copper Bottom prospect, SE. \ sec. 23, T. 29 N., R. 65 W.

Tenorite. Albany County, quantity at Rambler mine, Holmes.

Thorium. See Mouazite.
348 USEFUL MINERALS OF UNITED STATES WYOMING.

Tin. See Cassiterite.

Titanium. See Ilmenite. '

Travertine. Hot Springs County, near Thermopolis, on Bighorn River (abundant), and in Yellowstone National Park in the northwestern part of the 

State.

Trona (sodium carbonate). Sweetwater County, number of wells at Greenwater; produce good soda; shipped.

Tufa. See Travertine.

Tungsten. See Wolframite.

Wolframite. Albany County, small stringer in copper mine near Holmes.

Wood, silicified. Abundant in Yellpwstone National Park.

Wyomingite. Sweetwater County,- in Leucite Hills, abundant. Future source 

of potash when method for making it commercially available is discovered.

Yttrium. See Allanite.

Zinc. See Sphalerite.
 USEFUL MINEEALS OP THE UNITED STATES. 349 

GLOSSARY AND INDEX.

The definitions in this glossary are not intended to be sufficiently 

full and detailed for the identification of unknown minerals. They 

are expected only to show definitely what is meant by the terms used 

in the first part of the paper. The aim has been to make the definitions as clear as possible for the reader not used to technical terms. 

However, the intricacies of the subject do not permit all definitions 

to be made perfectly clear to those who are wholly unfamiliar with 

minerals or with chemical terms and symbols.

In the hope of adding to the usefulness of the definitions the percentages of those constituents which ordinarily give the mineral its 

value and items that may make the relations of the minerals clearer 

have generally been stated.

The list of uses of the mineral given in the definition is not complete. The aim, however, has been to give all the principal uses in 

the order of their importance, and where practicable some of the 

minor but more. interesting uses. It may also be noted that the 

uses of some minerals have changed from time to time. With improved methods of. treatment and the discovery of new or more 

valuable applications the useless of yesterday becomes the useful of 

to-day. For example, low-grade gold ores that were considered worthless 20 years ago have become rich assets with the introduction of the 

cyanide process. Zinc minerals of the Western States that were 

valueless or caused loss in marketing the ores 15 years ago can now 

be sold at a profit. The ores of the Alice, Emma, and other mines 

at Butte, Mont., formerly worked for silver, are now worked for 

zinc, and the ores of the mines at Ducktown, Tenn., formerly worked 

for copper, are now valuable chiefly for sulphuric acid. From 

tungsten ores of Colorado that were thrown on the dump 15 years ago 

concentrates having a value of more than $2,000 a ton are obtained. 

Many iron ores that are rich in phosphorus were neglected until 

the Thomas process provided means for their profitable reduction. 

Monazite containing thorium acquired importance with the invention of the incandescent mantle for gas burners. On the other hand, 

decreasing prices or the discovery of better substances for a given use 

may make a particular mineral or deposit unprofitable. During the 

great decline in the price of silver, which began in 1880, many silver 

mines became dormant. Aluminum is being extensively used on an 

increasing scale as a substitute for tin and iron. Alloys of tungsten 

and molybdenum with other metals are being used as substitutes for 

platinum.

Free use has been made of Dana's monumental " System of Mineralogy," Kemp's " Handbook of Rocks," and publications of the 

United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines. Much
350 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

technical information has been derived also from the current journals 

on mining, metallurgy, mineralogy, and industrial and engineering 

chemistry. The Standard and Century dictionaries, the United 

States and National Standard dispensatories, and other recognized! 

works have also been consulted.

It is thought that a table of atomic weights will be of use in connection with formulas of the minerals, and therefore the list given 

by the International Committee on Atomic Weights, 1915, is printed 

below. The list also gives the chemical symbols of the elements.

International atomic weights, 1915. 1

Symbol, 

Aluminum.................. Al

Antimony. ................ .Sb

Argon ...................... .A

Arsenic....... ...... .............As

Barium. ..................... Ba

Bismuth. .................... Bi

Boron... ..................... 'B

Bromine. . .................. .Br

Cadmium.................... Cd

Osium. .................. .Cs

Calcium... . ............... .Ca

Carbon............... .......C

Cerium... ................... Ce

Chlorine.... . .............. .Cl

Chromium. . ................ .Cr

Cobalt................. ......Co

Columbium .....:........... Cb

Copper. . .................... Cu

Dysprosium. ................ Dy

Erbium .................... Er

Europium ................. .Eu

Fluorine. .................... F

Gadolinium . ................ .Gd

Gallium............... ...... Ga

Germanium .................. Ge

Glucinum. .................. Gl

Gold.............. :........ Au

Helium.............. ...... .He

Holmium.... . .....:....... .Ho

Hydrogen. ................ .H

Indium...'... . ............. .In

Iodine......................!

Iridium. . .................. .Ir

weight.

27.1 

120. 2

39. 88

74. 96 

137,37 

208.0

11.0

79. 92 

112.40 

132. 81

40. 07

12.0 

140.25

35. 46

52. 0

58.97

93. 5

63. 57 

162. 5 

167. 7 

152. 0

19.6 

157, 3

69.9

72. 5

9.1

197.2

' 3.99 

163. 5

1. 008 

114. 8 

126.92 

193. 1

Symbol. 

Iron.......................... Fe

Krypton...................... Kr

Lanthanum..................La

Lead........................Pb

Lithium...................... Li

Lutecium....................Lu

Magnesium..................Mg

Manganese....................Mn

Mercury........ , ............. Hg

Molybdenum.................Mo

Neodymium....'.............. Nd

Neon........................ Ne

Nickel...................... Ni

Niton (radium emanation)... .Nt

Nitrogen.................... ."N

Osmium......................Os

Oxygen.....................0

Palladium................... Pd

Phosphorus.................. P

Platinum..................... Pt

Potassium...................K

Praseodymium...............Pr

Radium..........:........... Ra

Rhodium.....................Rh

Rubidium...................Rb

Ruthenium...................Ru

Samarium....:............. .Sa

Scandium.................... Sc

Selenium.....................;Se

Silicon...................... Si

Silver........................ Ag

Sodium...................... Na

Strontium...................Sr

Atomic 

weight.

55.84 

82.92

139.0

207. 20 

6.94

174,0 

24.32 

54.93

200. 6 

96.0

144.3 

20.2 

58.68

222.4 

14.01

190. 9 " 

16.0

106.7 

31.04

195.2 

39.10

140.6

226.4

102.9 

85.45

101. 7

150.4 

44.1 

79.2 

28.3

107. 88 

23.00 

87.63

i Clarke, F. W., Thorpe, T. E., Ostwald, W., and Urbain, G., Annual report of the International Committee on Atomic Weights, 1916: Am. Chem. Soc. Jour., vol. 37, p. 2451, November, 1915.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 351

Symbol. 

Sulphur......................S

Tantalum....................Ta

Tellurium.................'..Te

Terbium..................... Tb

Atomic 

weight.

32.06

181.5

127.5

159.2

Thallium....................Tl 204.0

Thorium.....................Th 232. 4

Thulium....................Tm 168. 5

Tin..........................Sn 119.0

Titanium.....................Ti 48.1

Atomic 

Symbol, weight.

Tungsten....................W 184.0

Uranium.....................U 238.2

Vanadium...................V 51.0

Xenon......................Xe 130. 2

Ytterbium (Neoytterbium).. .Yb 172.0 

Yttrium..................... Yt 89. 0

Zinc........................Zn 65.37

Zirconium....................Zr 90. 6

Abrasives. Mineral or rock substances used in grinding, abrading, and polishing. See also Burrstone, Corundum, Diatomaceous earth, Emery, Garnet, Grindstone, Millstone, Novaculite, Oilstone, Pumice, Scythestone, 

Tripoli, Volcanic ash, and Whetstone. 

Acanthite. A silver sulphide, Ag-S. It contains 87 per cent silver.

Golorado. 

Actinolite. A light-green calcium-magnesium-iron arnphibole, 3Mg(Fe)O.CaO.

4Si02 used as an ornamental stone. See also Asbestos. 

.ffigerite. See Wurtzilite.

.ffigirite. A monoclinic pyroxene having the general composition, Na2O.Fe2 03 . 

4Si02. Vanadiferous segirite near Libby, Mont., contains 4 per cent of 

V2O3) which replaces a part of the Fe203.

Montana.

.ffionite. See Wurtzilite. 

Agalmatolite. See Pyrophyllite. 

California, North Carolina.

Agate. A variegated chalcedony, SiO*. Used as a gem, and in mechanical 

lines, for meter and scale bearings, phonograph needles, dental tools, mortars and pestles, and for ornaments.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode 

Island, Texas, Utah, Wyoming. 

Agatized wood. See Wood. 

Aikinite, needle ore. Sulphobismuthite of lead and copper, 3(PbCu2 )S.Bi2S3.

Arizona, Colorado. 

Alabandite. Manganese sulphide, MnS.

Arizona, Colorado.

Alabaster. Compact fine-grained gypsum, "white or delicately shaded. See 

also Gypsum.

Arizona, California, Texas. 

Albite, Soda feldspar. A silicate of aluminum and sodium, Na2O.Al2O8.6SiO2.

See also Feldspar.

Allanite, Orthite. A complex variable silicate of aluminum, iron, the cerium 

metals (cerium, didymium, lanthanum), and in smaller quantity those 

of the yttrium group. Important source of rare metals, especially salts 

of cerium.

Colorado, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, 

Wyoming.
352 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Almandite, common garnet. An iron-aluminum garnet,

Used very abundantly as an abrasive material, and as a gem (precious 

garnet).

Colorado, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, 

Oregon, Pennsylvania.

Altaite. A lead telluride, PbTe. . 

California, Colorado.

Aluminum. A metallic element, Al. Not found native. Aluminum, by reason 

of its light weight and freedom from oxidation, is used on an increasing 

scale in making kitchen utensils, surgical appliances, jewelry, and fancy 

articles, and bearings for machinery. It is beginning to be used in the 

interior decoration of business offices. Powdered metal is used in painting, 

as a constituent of explosives, especially explosive shells, and as a patented source of heat. Metallic aluminum is also used on an increasing 

scale in constructing automobiles, dirigible balloons, and aeroplanes, and 

in kettles and vats for making preserves, oils, varnishes, beer, and acids. 

See also Bauxite, Cryolite, and Halloysite.

Alum minerals and alum salts. Natural salts from, which alum can be made. 

See also Halloysite and Kalinite.

Alabama, California, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, Tennessee, 

Texas, Utah, Virginia.

Alunite. A hydrous sulphate of aluminum and potassium, K2O.3A] 2O3.4SO3.6H:>O. 

It contains, when pure, 11.4 per cent potash, K2O. Impure or sodic varieties may contain chiefly sodium instead of potassium. Used abroad in 

manufacture of potash alum. Use for extraction of potassium sulphate 

(potash) recently begun in Utah. Also available as a source of alumina 

and aluminum salts and for use, either raw or calcined, as a fertilizer. 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, Utah.

Alunogen. A hydrous aluminum sulphate, A^Os.SSOa.lSHsO. A prospective 

source of alumina. 

California, New Mexico.

Amalgam. A native compound of silver and mercury, in which the percentage 

of silver ranges from 27.5 to 95.8. Native gold amalgam carrying 39 to 

42.6 per cent gold has" also been found. . 

California, Colorado.

Amatrice. See Variscite.

Amazon stone. A green microcliue, a variety of potash feldspar. Used as a 

semiprecious and ornamental stone. 

Colorado, Virginia.

Amber, Fossil resin, Succinite. Used in pharmacy, the arts, and as a gem. 

Colorado.

Amblygonite. A fluophosphate of aluminum and lithium, Li(AlF)P(X An 

important source of lithium, used in medicine and in making storage batteries. 

California, Colorado, South Dakota.

Amethyst. A purple or bluish-violet quartz, SiO2. Used as a gem.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Michigan, 

New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 

Texas, Virginia.

Amianthus. See Asbestos.
GLOSSABY AND INDEX. 353

Amphibole. A group name for a series of minerals which, although crystallizing in different systems, are closely related in form, as shown by the common prismatic cleavage of 54° to 56°, also in optical characters and chemical composition. They consist essentially of silicates of lime, iron, magnesia, alumina, and in some varieties of soda. Hornblende is the commonest 

variety. See also Asbestos and Tremolite.

Amphibolite. A metamorphic rock consisting chiefly of hornblende or of 

0 some member of the hornblende group. Used for ornamental work. 

South Dakota.

Andalusite. An aluminum silicate, AUOs.SiO:. Sometimes used as a semiprecious stone. See Chiastolite.

Andradite. The common calcium-iron garnet, SCaO.FezOs.SSiOs. Used as an 

abrasive, and fine, clear specimens as gems. 

Arizona, Utah.

Anglesite. Lead sulphate, PbS<X Contains 68 per cent lead.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, 

South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming.

Anhydrite. Calcium sulphate, CaSCX or CaO.SO3 . Contains 41.2 per cent lime 

and 58.8 per cent sulphur trioxide. Usually associated with gypsum, to 

which it alters. Differs from it in being harder and in lacking water of 

crystallization. Not of economic importance. 

California, Michigan.

Annabergite. A hydrous nickel arsenate, NisAszOs.SEkO. 

Colorado, Nevada.

Anthracite, Hard coal. A hard black lustrous coal containing 85 to 95 per cent 

carbon as against 70 to 85 per cent in bituminous or " soft" coal. See 

also Coal.

Colorado, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia.

Antimony. An element, Sb. Sometimes found native. Used in Babbitt and 

other bearing metals; type metal; " white metal" alloys used as a foundation for silver plate; coffin trimmings, toys, clock frames, etc.; shrapnel 

and other bullets and shot. Some of its salts are used in manufactured 

rubber, enamels for household utensils and wares, in glass making, and 

in dyeing. Used in the manufacture of safety matches and percussion 

caps. Used sparingly in pyrotechnics and medicine. Owing to the demand 

for the metal in making shrapnel,bullets the price of antimony rose after 

the outbreak of the European war from 6 cents to 50 cents a pound, with 

the result that many deposits previously dormant became active producers. 

See also Bindheimite, Bournonite, Cervantite, Dyscrasite, Janiesonite, 

Nagyagite, Polybasite, Stibiconite, and Stibnite.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, Utah, Washington.

Antimony glance. See Stibnite.

Antimony ocher. See Stibiconite.

Apatite. A calcium phosphate containing a little fluorine or chlorine, Ca4 (CaF) 

(POOa or Ca4 (CaCl) (PCXh. The fluorapatite contains 42.3 per cent P-Os 

and the chlorapatite 41 per cent PjOs. Used as a gem.

California, Colorado, Maine, New Jersey, New York,'Pennsylvania, South 

Dakota, Virginia.

Apophyllite. A calcium-hydrogen silicate, some specimens of which contain 

potassium and fluorine, K2 0.8CaO.16SiO2.16H2 0. Occasionally used as a 

gem.

California. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 23
354 USEFUL MINEBALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Aquamarine. A transparent light bluish green beryl. Used as a gem.

California, Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina.^

Aragonite. Calcium carbonate, CaCOs, used in the manufacture of cement 

and lime and as an ornamental stone. 

Oregon, South Dakota.

Argentite, Silver glance. A silver sulphide, Ag2S. Contains 87 per cent silver. 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.

Arsenic. An element, As. Sometimes found native. In the elemental form 

arsenic is used to harden shot and make them take a rounder form. As 

arsenious oxide, the " white arsenic " or " arsenic " of commerce, it is used 

extensively in glass, as an insecticide, and weed and vermin killer. Many 

other arsenic compounds are also used as insecticides, and others are 

used to a small" extent in dyeing. Used also in medicine and tanning. 

About all the commercial arsenic of the United States is produced as a 

by-product by copper smelters from arsenical copper ores. See also Arsenopyrite, Mimetite, Niccolite, Orpiment, Realger, Scorodite, Snialtite, and 

Sperrylite. 

Arizona, California, Montana, Nevada, Virginia, Washington.

Arsenical nickel. See Niccolite.

Arsenical pyrite. See Arsenopyrite.

Arsenobismite. Bismuth arsenate, 2Bi2O3.As2O6.2H2O, a yellow earthy cryptocrystalline new mineral. A source of bismuth. 

Utah.

Arsenolite (white arsenic). Oxide of arsenic, As-Os. A source of arsenic. 

California.

Arsenopyrite, Arsenical pyrite, Mispickel. A sulpharsenide of iron, FeAsS. 

Contains 46 per cent arsenic, equivalent to 57.7 per cent white arsenic, 

AsaOs. The chief source of arsenic, commonly gold bearing.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South 

Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin.

Asbestos, Actinolite, Amianthus, Chrysotile. A fibrous variety of amphibole. 

In commerce it includes also fibrous serpentine (chrysotile). Amianthus 

is a fine silky amphibole asbestos. The properties of asbestos, such as its 

noncombustibility, nonconductivity of heat and electricity, and its fibrous 

structure, make it one of the most useful minerals for many structural 

uses. New uses are frequently found. Used largely for fireproofing and 

heat insulation. Chrysotile is spun into yarn and rope and woven into 

cloth for theater curtains, fireproof clothing, shoes, and gloves. Used 

commonly for stove holders, table mats, and for brake bands on motor 

cars. When practically free from iron, as is that from Arizona, it is an 

excellent nonconductor of electricity, and fine yarn is made of it to cover 

and thus insulate copper and other wire conductors. Amianthus is extensively used for pipe and boiler covering to preserve the heat and for filtering 

acids and other corrosive chemicals. Millboard is made of it for fire protection about stoves, and flooring, plaster, stucco, and shingles, as well as 

asbestos lumber, made of it are fireproof materials. It has also a wide 

application for military uses, such as closing the breeches of big guns, in 

connection with torpedoes, in the manufacture of time fuses, dynamite 

shells, and othey munitions. The asbestos is used alone or mixed with 

Portland cement, magnesia, sawdust, or other substances. The greater
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 355

part of the asbestos produced is derived from Georgia, but the best quality 

comes from Arizona.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, 

Idaho, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, 

Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, 

Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Asphalt, Mineral pitch. A general name for a large group of viscous, pliable, 

elastic, and brittle substances which soften on application of heat and 

melt at 90° to 100° F. They are related in origin to petroleum, are made 

up of complex hydrocarbon derivatives, and contain more or less sulphur 

and generally oxygen. They range in color from brown to black and are 

impervious to water. They are mostly or wholly soluble in turpentine. 

Many varieties occur native; others are produced by the boiling down of 

asphaltic petroleum. The several varieties differ from one another in 

hardness, behavior when heated, and in the proportions soluble in carbon 

disulphicle, turpentine, naphtha, and other organic solvents. Used chiefly 

as a bond for crushed rock, etc., for roads, pavements, foundations, roofing 

material, damp courses in houses, as a protective covering for wood or 

iron, as an ingredient of rooting felt, and in certain varnishes and japans. 

See also Albertite, Bitumen, Brea, Elaterite, Gilsonite, Grahamite, Impsonite, Maltha, Nigrite, Residuum, Tabbyite, and Wurtzilite.

Alabama, Arkansas,. California, Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, 

Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, 

Utah, Wyoming.

Auerlite. A silicophosphate of thorium containing about 70 per cent of thorium. 

Like zircon in form. An important source of thorium. 

North Carolina.

Aurichalcite. Basic carbonate of zinc and copper. 

California, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah.

Autunite. A hydrous phosphate of uranium and calcium, Ca0.2UO3.P20B.8H= 0. 

Contains 62.7 per cent UO3 , equivalent to 61.6 per cent U8OS , and is radioactive. Important source of radium and uranium. 

South Dakota, Utah.

Axinite. A borosilicate of aluminum and calcium with varying quantities of 

iron and manganese. Exact composition doubtful. Used as a gem. 

California, Nevada.

Azurite. Blue copper carbonate, CuCOa.Cu (OH) 2. Contains 46 per cent copper. Sometimes used as a gem. Also used as a pignient (not very durable). 

1 Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Missouri, 

Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, 

Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, 

Wyoming.

Azurmalachite. A mixture of blue and green copper carbonates. Used as a gem. 

- Arizona, Utah.

Barite, Barytes, Heavy spar. Barium sulphate, BaSO*. Used principally as 

a pigment in mixed paints, in the manufacture of lithopone a chemically 

prepared white pigment consisting of zinc sulphide and barium sulphate 

in the preparation of other barium salts, such as the nitrate, used in pyrotechnics for green fire, and as a base upon which the lake pigments are 

precipitated. It is also used in the manufacture of white rubber goods, 

asbestos cement, and artificial ivory, in giving weight to paper, and in the 

preparation of fertilizers, boiler compounds, insecticides, peroxide of hydrogen, and artificial driftwood salts. Some varieties take a high polish 

and are used in place of marble.
356 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, 

North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, 

Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. 

Basalt. A dense to glassy dark-colored basic volcanic rock, composed essentially of soda-lime feldspar and pyroxene, with or without olivine, and with 

accessory magnetite or ilmenite and apatite. The glassy varieties are composed of the uncrystallized constituents of these minerals and are called 

obsidian. Used extensively as crushed stone for ballast, road metal, and 

concrete, and locally for building and paving stone. Comprises with diabase the typical " trap rock." Vesicular basalt used for bed plates and 

beater rolls in paper-making machinery.

Arizona, California (see Road metal), Connecticut (see Trap rock), 

Idaho, Massachusetts (see Trap rock), Nevada, New Jersey (see Trap 

rock), Oregon, Utah, Washington.

Bauxite. Hydrated alumina, essentially A12O3.2H2 0. The chief uses of bauxite 

are as a raw material in the production of metallic aluminum, In the manufacture of aluminum salts, in the manufacture of bauxite bricks, and in the 

manufacture of alundum (fused alumina) for use as an abrasive and also 

in making calcium aluminate to give a quick set to certain plaster compositions.

Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia. 

Beaverite. A hydrous sulphate of copper, lead, and ferric iron, CuO.PbO.Fe2O5 . 

2SO3 .4H2O.

Utah. 

Beegerite. Sulphobismuthite of lead. May yield bismuth as a by-product.

Colorado. 

Benitoite. A blue barium-titanium silicate, BaTiSiaOo. Used as.a gem.

California.

Bentonite (Denver mud, Denver clay, medicinal clay, paper clay). A bedded 

plastic clay which swells immensely upon wetting. Used as sizing for 

paper, absorbent in dynamite manufacture, retarder for hard (gypsum) 

plaster, adulterant in candies and drugs, hoof packing, and as a constituent 

of the remedial dressing known as antiphlogistine.

California, Montana, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming. 

Berthierite. Sulphantimonite of iron, FeSb-S^

California.

Beryl. A glucinum-aluminum silicate, 3GlO.Al 2O3 .6Si02. Used as gem when 

clear and well. colored. The grass-green variety is known as emerald; 

light-green, beryl; blue-green, aquamarine. Contains 14 per cent glucina 

(glucinum oxide).

Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South 

Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia.

Bindheimite. A hydrous antimonate of lead; an oxidation product of jamesonite. A source of antimony and lead.

Arizona, Nevada, Utah. 

Binnite. Arsenical copper sulphide, Cu8As4 S9.

Utah.

Biotite. A black or brown mica. See also Mica. 

Bismite. Bismuth oxide, Bi2O3 . A source of bismuth.

Nevada, Utah.

Bismuth. An element, Bi. Found as a native metal. The metal is used as a 

component of cliche or low melting-point metals and in solders. Its salts,
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. . 357

such as the subnitrate, subgallate, salicylate, and others, are used in 

medicine. See also Beegerite, Bismuthiiiite, Bismutite, Cosalite, and 

Tetradymite.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Nevada, New Mexico, 

Utah, Washington.

Bismuth arsenate. See Arsenobismite and Mixite,

Bismuthinite. Bismuth sulphide, Bi2 S3 . Contains 81.2 per cent bismuth. The 

chief source of bismuth. 

. Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Nevada, .Wyoming.

Bismutite. A basic bismuth carbonate of doubtful composition, perhaps 

BiaOa.COu.ELO. Contains about 80 per cent bismuth. An important source 

of bismuth. 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming.

Bitumen. A general name for various solid and semisolid hydrocarbons. In 

1912 the term was used by the American Society for Testing Materials 

to include all those hydrocarbons which are soluble in carbon disulphide, 

whether gases, easily mobile liquids, viscous liquids, or solids.. See also 

Asphalt. 

California, Tennessee.

Bituminous rock. Asphalt-impregnated limestone, sandstone, or other rock. 

Used extensively in highway and pavement construction, the rock being 

crushed or pulverized and often rendered more suitable by the addition of 

an appropriate flux. See also Asphalt. 

California, Colorado, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah.

Blackjack. See Sphalerite.

Black oxide of manganese. See Pyrolusite.

Blende. See Sphalerite.

Bloedite. Hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium, MgSOj.Na^SOi^H^O. 

Prospectively a source of Epsom salts. 

California, New Mexico."

Bloodstone (heliotrope). A variety of chalcedony or jasper, dark green in 

color, interspersed with small red spots. Used as a-gem. 

California.

Bluestone. The commercial name for a dark bluish-gray felclspathic sandstone or arkose. The color is due to the presence of fine grains of black and 

dark-green minerals, chiefly hornblende and chlorite. The rock is extensively quarried in New York. Its toughness, clue to slight metamorphism 

and the ease with which it may be split into thin slabs, especially adapt it 

for use as flagstone. The term has been locally applied to other rocks, 

among which are dark-blue slate and blue limestone. Used for .curbing, 

flagging, building, crushed stone, and paving. 

New York, Pennsylvania.

Blue vitriol. See Chalcanthite.

Bog iron ore. See Brown iron ore.

Bog manganese. See Wad.

Borax, Tincal. Sodium tetraborate, Na 2B407 .10H20, or Na 2 0.2B2O3.10H=O. Used 

in many trades: For enameling ironware, such as bathtubs and sinks, and 

crockery, pottery, and tile. Extensively used in industrial chemistry, medicine, and the household. As an antiseptic; for preserving foods; in manufacture of baking powder, flavoring extracts, soap, starch, glue, insecticides, blacking, inks, dyes, glass, paints, varnish, paper, playing cards, stove 

polish, silk, tobacco, threads, water clariflers, welding compounds, in softening water, tanning leather, and in metallurgy. 

California, Nevada, Oregon, Texas.
358 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Bornite, Erubescite, Peacock, Purple, or Horseflesh, copper ore. A sulphide 

of copper and iron, CusFeS*. Contains 62 per cent copper. An important 

copper-ore mineral; used also for ornaments.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Maryland, 

Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New .Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming.

Bournonite. Sulphantimonite of lead and copper, 3(Pb,Cu3 ).Sb;>So. A source 

of antimony.

Arizona, California, Colorado.

Braunite. A somewhat variable manganese silicate, approximately 3Hn2Os.' 

MnO.Si02. A minor source of manganese. Used sparingly in the manufacture of chlorine. 

Arkansas, California, Georgia, New Jersey, Vermont.

Brea. Seniisolid natural asphalt. Used as a flux, as roofing material, and 

in pavement construction. 

California.

Brine. See Bromine and Salt..

Brittle silver ore. See Stephanite.

Brochantite. A basic sulphate of copper, CuSO-i.3Cu(OH) 2. 

Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah.

Bromargyrite. See Bromyrite.

Bromine. An element, Br. It does not occur native, but is derived in large 

quantities from brines. Its form of occurrence in the brines is unknown. 

Used as an oxidizer in many chemical reactions instead of chlorine and 

for dissolving gold and separating it from platinum and silver; also for 

disinfectants, preparing bromine salts, and in making aniline colors. Also 

extensively used in making the asphyxiating gases employed in the European war. See also Bromyrite, Embolite, and Salt. 

Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia.

Bromyrite (bromargyrite). A silver bromide, AgBr. Contains 57 per cent of 

silver. It is also a source of bromine. 

Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico. .

Brongniardite. A lead-silver sulphantimonide, PbAg2Sbi>S5 . Contains 26.2 per 

cent of silver. 

Arizona.

Brookite. Titanium oxide, TiOa, a possible source of titanium. 

Arkansas.

Brown hematite. See Brown iron ore.

Brown iron ore, Bog iron ore, Brown hematite, Limonite, Mountain brown 

ore, Oriskany brown ore, Valley brown ore. Its approximate formula 

is 2Fe2 03 .H2O, equivalent to about 59.8 per cent iron. Probably a mixture 

of hydrous iron oxides. Many deposits of iron ore not yet specifically determined are provisionally placed under this heading. Important source 

of iron; used also in manufacture of some yellow and brown paints.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa. Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, 

Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North 

Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South 

Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West 

Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 359

Brownstone. See Sandstone.

Brucite. Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH) 2. Magnesia, 69 per cent; water, 31 

per cent. Not plentiful. Where it occurs in sufficient quantities it could 

probably be used in making plaster and fire brick. By calcining it may be 

converted like magnesite into magnesia and used in the pulp-paper industry, 

in medicine, and in the arts.

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania. 

Burrstone. A tough siliceous rock used for millstones. See also Millstone.

Georgia, Mississippi.

Cacholong1 . Opaque, bluish-white, porcelain-white, pale yellowish or reddish 

opal. Used as a gem.

Arizona.

Cadmium. A bluish-white metallic element, Cd, not found native but occurs 

in certain secondary minerals in various zinc deposits of the western 

United States. Used in the metallic form in amalgams and alloys to 

lower the melting point and .make them more ductile and malleable, and 

its various salts are used in the arts, in medicine; and in electroplating. See 

Greenockite.

Calamine. A hydrous zinc silicate, H2 0.2ZnO.Si02. Contains 54 per cent zinc. 

- A source of zinc; also used as a gem.

Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia. 

Calaverite. A telluride of gold and silver, (Au,Ag)Te2. Variable in composition but contains about 39.5 per cent gold and 3.1 per cent silver.

California, Colorado.

Calciovolborthite. A vanadate of copper and calcium. Contains about 38 per 

cent V2OB. A source of vanadium.

California, Colorado, Utah.

Calcite. Hexagonal (rhombohedral) calcium, carbonate, the more common 

form of CaO.C02, the principal constituent of high calcium limestones. 

Contains 56 per cent lime, CaO. The characteristic .mineral of limestone, 

marble, chalk, onyx marble, and Iceland spar (used in optical instruments). 

Arizona, California, Kentucky,- Maine, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, 

South Dakota, Tennessee.

Caledonite. A green basic sulphate of lead and copper of uncertain composition. '

California.

Caliche, Subterranean travertine, Tepetate, Tierra blanca, Vadose limestone. A calcareous deposit which occurs in extensive sheets or beds 

from 1 foot to 15 feet in thickness underlying the surface soil of the 

gravelly plains and mesas, especially in the vicinity of limestone formations, in the hot arid regions of the Southwest of which the Great Valley plain of Tucson, Ariz., is a good example. It resembles earthy 

limestone. It is essentially a lime carbonate, and contains 70 to 80 

per cent of CaCOa. It is formed by precipitation and concentration of 

calcareous material through the evaporation of subsurface lime-bearing 

waters. It is valuable for flux and the manufacture of caustic lime and 

cement, and is locally used for road metal.

Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah.

Californite. A compact, massive vesuvianite, used as an ornamental stone 

and as a gem. 

California.
360 USEFUL MINEEALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Carnotite. A canary-yellow hydrous potassium-uranium vanadate, KSO.2UO8. 

VaOo.S ?H;.0. The' name is ordinarily used for a mixture of carnotite and 

tyuyamunite (CaO.2UO3.V20B.8?H2O). It is rarely sufficiently crystallized 

for the proportions of the two minerals to be detected but generally occurs 

in a powdery form, though it is here and there talcose. Is radioactive 

and is the principal source of radium. .<See also Tyuyamunite. 

Arizona^ Colorado, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Utah.

Cassiterite. Tin oxide, SnO2 . Contains 79 per cent tin. The mineral from 

which practically all tin is obtained.

California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Montana, New 

Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina, South -Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming.

Catlinite, Indian pipestone. A red clay found chiefly in southwestern Minnesota, used for ornamental purposes, and formerly used by the Indians for 

making pipes. 

Arizona, Minnesota.

Cat's-eye. See Chrysoberyl.

Celestite. Strontium sulphate, SrO.SOs. It is the principal source of strontium salts, whose chief use (in this country) is in the manufacture of 

fireworks and night signals used by railway and steamship companies. 

Strontium salts are used also in medicine. The hydroxide is used in sugar 

refining.

 Arizona, Arkansas, California, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Texas. Washington.

Cement material. Limestone, shale, clay, chalk, marl, volcanic ash, volcanic 

tuff, river mud, and other material suitable for the manufacture of cement. 

Cement rock is an argillaceous limestone used in the manufacture of natural hydraulic cement and Portland cement. Contains lime, silica, and 

alumina in varying proportions, and usually more or less magnesia.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, 

Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, 

Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi. Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, 

Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North 

Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South 

Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, A^ermont, Virginia, Washington, West 

Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Cerargyrite, Horn silver. Silver chloride, AgCl. Contains 75 per cent silver. 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.

Cerium. See Allanite, Cyrtolite, Gadolinite, Monazite, Polycrase, Samarskite, 

and Sipylite.

Cerusite. Lead carbonate, PbO.CO2 . Contains 77.5 per cent lead.

Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, 

Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, 

Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Cervantite. An orthorhonibic antimony oxide, SbaO*. A source of antimony. 

California, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah.

Chalcanthite, Blue vitriol, Copper sulphate. A hydrous copper sulphate, 

CuO.SOy.5H2O, used in veterinary medicine as an antiseptic.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, 

Tennessee.
. GLOSSAEY AND INDEX. 361

Chalcedony. A transparent or more generally translucent cryptocrystalline 

quartz. Lines or tills cavities in rocks. Used as ornamental stone.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Nebraska, Nevada, Oregon, 

.Utah.

Chalcocite, Copper glance. A copper sulphide, Cu;S. Contains 79.8 per cent 

copper.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 

New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming;

Chalcophanite and Hydrofranklinite. A hydrous manganese-zinc oxide 

(Mn,Zn)O.2MuO/2HiO. Useful only for mineralogic specimens. 

Colorado, New Mexico.

Chalcopyrite, Copper pyrites, Yellow copper ore. A sulphide of copper and 

iron, CuFeS-. Contains 34.5 per cent copper. In places carries gold and 

silver.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New 

Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, 

Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Chalcotrichite. Hairlike crystals of cuprite (copper oxide). 

Utah.

Chalk. A soft, compact, fine-grained, light-colored limestone composed of the 

delicate skeletons of rhizopods and other marine organisms. It can easily 

be sawed into blocks when fresh from the quarry; on drying it hardens. 

Used for building stone and for crayons.

Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, 

South Dakota.

Chert, Hornstone. An impure flint or chalcedony with splintery fracture. 

More brittle than flint. Used mainly for road metal. 

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Iowa, South Dakota, Tennessee.

Chiastolite, Made. A variety of andalusite, aluminum silicate, Al2O3.SiO2, in 

which carbonaceous impurities are arranged in a regular manner along 

the longer axis of the crystal, in some varieties resembling the Greek 

letter " chi," X, whence the name. Used as a gem.

California, Massachusetts. (Found in other States but not utilized.)

China clay. See Kaolin.

Chlorastrolite. Not a definite mineral but probably a mixture of zeolites. 

Found as small, light bluish-green pebbles, with finely radiated structure, 

on Isle RoyaX Lake Superior. Used as a gem. 

Michigan.

Chlorutahlite. See Variscite.

Chrome mica. See Fuchsite.

Chromic iron. See Chromite.

Chromite, Chromic iron, Chromic iron ore. A chromite of iron, FeO.Ci^Oa. 

Contains 68 per cent chromic oxide. Used extensively in the manufacture 

of high-speed or chrome steel, to which it gives a hardness and resistance 

to temperature that fit the steel for armor, plate and projectiles as well as 

for high-speed tools. Owing to the bright color of its compounds it is also
362 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

largely used in making pigments, dyes, and paints. Its power to withstand 

high temperatures fits it for furnace lining, and it is made into chrome 

brick for this use. In tanning it gives to leather a softness and durability 

that fits it for hunting shoes, etc. It is the source of chromium salts.

California, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, 

Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wyoming. 

Chromium. See Chromite and Crocoite.

Chrysoberyl. A glucinum-aluminum oxide, GlO.AlzOs, known as cat's-eye when 

it has a chatoyant effect. A semiprecious stone used as a gem.

Colorado, Connecticut, New York.

Chrysocolla. A hydrous copper silicate. Contains theoretically about 36 per 

cent of copper. Sometimes used as a gem, as a poor substitute for turquoise.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New 

Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming. 

Chrysolite. See Olivine.

Arizona.

Chrysoprase. An apple-green chalcedony, the color of which is due to nickel. 

Used as a" gem.

Arizona, California. 

Chrysotile. Fibrous serpentine. See also Asbestos.

Arizona, California, Maryland, Vermont, Wyoming.

Cinnabar. A vermilion mercury sulphide, HgS, 86 per cent mercury. It is the 

common ore of mercury or quicksilver and forms hexagonal crystals. See 

also Metacinnabarite.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, 

Texas, Utah, Washington.

CJay. A residual or sedimentary rock which, when finely ground and mixed 

with water, is plastic.(flint clay and kaolin excepted) and retains its molded 

shape when air dried. When moderately heated (to a dull red heat in 

many varieties, but the range is considerable) the particles soften enough 

to partly coalesce and form a stony mass upon cooling. The chemical and 

niineralogic compositions have a considerable range". The physical prop^ 

erties are correspondingly variable and are equally important. The clay 

base corresponds closely to kaolinite and similar hydrous aluminum silicates, and material in excess of that required to form these substances is 

regarded as impurity. The most common impurities are silica, iron, alkaline earths, lime, magnesium, alkalies, carbonaceous matter, titanium, and 

sulphur.

The uses of clay are many and varied, and new ones are being found constantly. Among the common uses are the following:

In the manufacture of structural and building materials, notably brick 

and cement, comprising adobe (sundried) brick; common, front, fancy, or 

ornamental, enameled, and hollow brick; chimney pipe and tops; draintile; fireproofing, including hollow building tile or blocks; flue lining; 

foundation block; hip rolls and cresting; radial chimney brick and block; 

silo block; stovepipe thimbles; terra cotta; terra-cotta lumber; tile (art, 

book, ceramic, floor, roofing, and wall) ; tunnel block; and wall coping.

Domestic products, which enter largely into household use in the form of 

porcelain, white earthenware, stoneware, and yellow and Rockingham ware 

for table, cooking, and ornamental use; also sanitary ware, including 

bathtubs.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 363

Refractory materials, such as fire brick, tile, and blocks, charcoal furnaces, crucibles, muffles, scorifiers, and other assay supplies, furnaces, 

glasshouse pots, stove lining, retorts and condensers, saggers, and tuyeres. 

Unburned clay is. used in making artificial teeth, crayons, and emery 

wheels; as a filler for paint, rubber, and other materials; as fire mortar; as 

a food adulterant; in fulling cloth; in lead pencils; medicines; for modeling and molding; packing for horses' feet; in the manufacture of paper 

(wall, writing, and other varieties); in plaster; in scouring soap; in 

taxidermy; and in the manufacture of ultramarine.

Other uses include acid brick; aquarium ornaments; art and chemical 

pottery; battery cups; ceramic sculpture; condensing worms; curbing; 

doorknobs; flemish ware; garden and lawn pieces; grate tile; lead pots; 

porcelain electric and hardware supplies; porous cups; pumps; razor hones; 

shuttle eyes and thread guides; pipes; toy marbles; umbrella stands; and 

sanitary ware.

The total value of the clay products' marketed in the United States in 

1914 was $164,986,983. 

Clay occurs in every State.

As there are many kinds of clays, the following classification is useful: 

High-grade clays:

White-ware clays (nonplastic and plastic): 

Kaolin, porcelain, or china clay. 

Ball clay. 

Paper clay.

Refractory or fire clays: 

Glass-pot clay. 

Flint clay.

Plastic fire clay and shales. 

Graphitic fire clay. 

Pottery or stoneware clays. 

Medicinal clay, bentonite, Denver mud. 

Low-grade clays:

Vitrifying clays and shales:

Terra cotta clays and shales. 

Sewer-pipe clay and shale. 

Roofing-tile clay and shale. 

Brick clays and shales: 

Loess clay. 

Glacial clay.

Pressed-brick clay and shale. 

Paving-brick clay and shale. 

Adobe clay. 

Gumbo. 

Slip clays. 

Fuller's earth.

HIGH-GRADE CLAYS. 

WHITE-WAKE CLAYS.

Kaolin or china clay (nonplastic). Kaolins are residual white-burning clays, 

consisting chiefly of the hydrous aluminum silicates and generally possessing 

little or no plasticity. White-wore clays are used for porcelain, china, white 

ware, pottery, high-grade tile, and paper manufacture.
364 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Kaolin or-china clay (plastic). A sedimentary, generally white clay containing a high percentage of kaolinite and little or no iron oxide. Its principal uses 

are in the manufacture of paper, sanitary ware, and tile. The plastic kaolins 

are sometimes referred to as china and ball clays and contain more fluxing impurities than the nonplastic kaolins. They are also often called paper clays.

Ball clays. White-burning plastic clays of high tensile strength and bonding power and little or no iron oxide. They are extensively used as an ingredient of high-grade tile and white-ware mixtures to give the body sufficient 

plasticity and bonding power.

Paper clay. A highly plastic white clay, free from sand.

REFRACTORY CLAYS.

Fire clays. Refractory or fire clays are clays which endure high temperature without change other than dehydration, but the term is frequently 

misapplied. Many of the best fire clays are nonplastic, this property being 

supplied by the addition of a small quantity of less refractory but plastic 

material. Comparative freedom from fluxes, such as iron, alkaline earths, 

alkalies, and excessive silica, is essential. The composition, both chemical and 

mineralogic, is similar to that of ball clay. The principal uses of refractory 

clays are for materials required in the industries (especially in iron and steel 

manufacture and in coke making) where high temperatures must be withstood.

Glass-pot clay. A variety of refractory clay which, besides possessing refractory qualities, burns dense at a low temperature without warping and has 

good bonding power.

Flint clay. A nonplastic hard, dense, refractory clay, having an appearance 

much like flint, a shell-like fracture, and a composition like plastic fire clay.

Plastic fire clays and shales. Refractory clays and shales which are plastic 

when wet.

Graphitic fire clay. A black clay resembling soft coal. It contains about 

60 per cent silica and 30 per cent iron and alumina, and burns buff or white. 

It is used for the manufacture of pressed brick and converter lining and binding. 

It seems to be a product of the disintegration of graphitic schist or slate.

POTTERY CLAYS. 

The general term pottery clays includes some refractory and vitrifying clays. 

These clays are as a rule sernirefractory and burn to a dense mass. High 

plasticity, tensile strength, and complete retention of form while burning are 

essential properties. A buff color may be produced, owing to the content of 

iron or manganese. In ordinary practice a mixture of clays is used. Some 

of the products are earthen and common stone ware (both plain and decorated), 

crockery, and glazed ware.

MEDICINAL CLAY.

Bentonite, Denver mud. A bedded or sedimentary plastic clay which swells 

immensely on wetting. Mixed with glycerine it forms a proprietary medicament known as antiphlogistine. It is used in medicine and as packing for 

horses' hoofs; also for paper filling and sizing.

LOW-GRADE CLAYS. 

VITRIFYING CLAYS.

Vitrifying clays are similar to pottery clays but are composed of lower grade 

material. They may be semirefractory, should burn dense, and should contain 

considerable iron, both for color and flux. Fair tensile strength is desirable,
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. ' 365

as is also low fire shrinkage and low vitrification temperature, with a good 

range in temperature between "incipient and complete fusion.

Terra-cotta clays and shales. For terra-cotta ware a semirefractory clay of 

good grade is preferred. When burnt, low shrinkage and freedom from soluble 

salts and warping are essential.

Pipe clays. Almost any fine-grained clay that has a well-developed plasticity and a high percentage of iron, which apparently favors the formation of 

the necessary glaze, is suitable for pipe clay.

Roofing tile and flreprooflng requires semirefractory clay or shale, with fair 

plasticity and tensile strength, which burns hard at a low temperature. Other 

uses are for enameled brick, hollow tile, and conduits.

Paving brick. Material for paving brick includes many impure shales as 

well as semirefractory clays. It should possess fair plasticity and good tensile 

strength.

BBICK CLAYS.

Almost any kind of clay which possesses plasticity can be used for common brick. Red-burning clays are preferable, as they harden at a low temperature. Loess, glacial, and marine clays are also used for this purpose. 

Brick and draintile are the principal products.

Loess (clays). The term loess is applied to extensive, uniformly fine-grained 

deposits which are high in silica, low in alumina, and high in alkalies. Their 

use is confined to common brick and other cheap products. They are of Pleistocene age and are commonly thought to consist of wind-deposited dust. In 

the Mississippi Valley they are commonly known as bluff depositGlacial clays are local deposits of generally tough, dense, gritty clays 

formed directly by the continental glacier or' waters issuing from it into 

flood plains and lakes in the glaciated area of. the northern United States. 

Those formed directly by the ice, as a rule, contain many stones. Some of the 

glacial clays, as in the State of Michigan, are used extensively in the manufacture of cement and pottery, as well as brick.

Pressed brick. A fairly good quality of clay or shale is required for 

pressed brick. The shrinkage in air and fire must be low and the temperature 

of vitrification moderately low. For light-colored brick a semirefractory clay 

is used.

Adobe clays. Adobe clays are surface clays which are high in lime, and 

hence can be used for but few products, the chief of which is adobe or sundried 

brick.

GITMBO CLAYS.

The term gumbo clays is applied to fine-grained, plastic, tenacious surface 

clays of recent formations. , Their occurrence along stream channels in the 

western Central States suggests a relation to loess. The burned product 

is used largely for railroad ballast, but in some places also for brick.

SLIP CLAYS.

Slip clays are used for glazing. They possess the properties of fineness of 

grain, high percentage of fluxing impurities, and low shrinkage in air, low 

temperature of fusion, and early maturity in burning. Their use on different 

clays calls for a wide range in physical properties. Color is of secondary 

importance, as it is more or less under control.
366 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

FULLER'S EABTH.

The clay, known as fuller's earth, seems to consist principally of amorphous 

hydrous aluminum silicates with a considerable amount of alkaline earths, iron, 

and excess of silica. Its property of adsorption renders it useful as a decolorizer and filtering agent. The better grades are porous and impart no permanent 

taste nor odor to the treated liquids. It may or may not be plastic.

Coal. A carbonaceous substance formed from the remains of vegetation by 

partial decomposition. The principal varieties are anthracite or hard 

coal, bituminous or soft coal, and lignite.

Coal is used chiefly as a fuel for generating steam for power and heating 

and for making coke, gas, tar, ammonia, and other products.

From the volatile constituents driven off by distillation in the process of 

coking coal is derived the great group of by-products known as coal-tar 

products, coal-tar and aniline dyes, etc. These products, about 1,200 in 

number now on the world's market, comprise 900 distinct and different 

chemical substances. They are widely used in nearly all lines of manufacture, art, industry, and domestic life. Only a few of them, those from 

which many other by-products are derived, can be mentioned here.

The quantity and uses of products from the by-product coking of a short 

ton (2,000 pounds) of normal bituminous coal are said to be as follows:

Coke, 1,500 pounds, used as fuel in foundry and blast furnaces and for 

heating.

Gas, 5,000 cubic feet, generating heat measuring about 500 British thermal units, used as fuel in heating furnaces and open-hearth furnaces and 

for general heating.

Tar, 5 to 7 gallons, used principally as roofing material, binder for road 

making, in paints, as fuel, and as a source of pyridene, which is used in 

high explosives, and, with its by-products, for making solutions and denaturing alcohol. Coal tar is also the source of phenol and creosotes, from 

which are derived dyestuffs, disinfectants, and salicylic acid. Phenol is 

used also in explosives. Anthracine, from which are made dyestuff and 

other by-products, is another derivative of coal tar. Other coal-tar byproducts are the pitches used in making roof felt, insulating material, and 

as a binder for briquets and other materials. From the naphthalines are 

made fuel, dyestuffs, and preserving materials, and from the tar oils are 

derived wood-preserving preparations and fuel.

Ammonia gas, 4£ pounds, employed in making liquid ammonia for use in 

refrigeration, fertilizers, and for making ammonium salts, such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and ammonium chloride.

Crude benzol, 2J gallons, used for manufacturing pure washed benzol, 

pure washed toluol, pure xylol, intermediate products, and solvent naphtha. 

The washed or pure benzol, CoHfl , 1£ gallons, is used as a liquid fuel; as 

a solvent of -rubber, fats, and oils; in cleaning clothes; and in preparing 

chemicals, dyestuffs, and explosives. The washed toluol, CiHs, two-fifths 

gallon, is used for making dyestuffs, scents, explosives, medical preparations, saccharine, and many other by-products. The washed xylol, CsHio, 

one-sixth gallon, is used-in making dyes and scents, and for other purposes. 

The solvent naphtha, one-fifth gallon, is used in making enamels, enamel 

resin, varnishes, waterproofing material, as a solvent for rubber, in laundry 

work, and in purifying crude anthracine;

Popular interest in coal tar is centered mainly in the dyestuffs and the 

other refined drugs and chemicals derived from it. The United States has
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 367

developed little manufacture of these products and has depended on European nations, particularly Germany, for the bulk of its supply. The coaltar industry-is very complex. There is a continual change in demand, and 

only a small part of the tar, about 10 per cent, can be made into drugs and 

dyes. The other 90 per cent, which is suited only for making pitches and 

heavy oils, forms the basis of an industry that is already well developed 

in the United States.

Recent developments in methods of refining have shown that benzol and 

toluol, substances that are widely used in making dyestuffs and explosives, 

can be commercially recovered from petroleum, which, therefore, seems 

likely to become an important domestic source of dyes.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, 

North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South 

Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, 

West Virginia, Wyoming.

Cobalt. A metallic element, Co, not found native. Used in coloring glass and 

ceramic wares blue; in high-speed tool steels; in stellite (an alloy of 

cobalt, chromium, and other metals, depending on the use for which it is 

intended) ; and in insect poisons. See also Cobaltite, Erythrite, Linnseite, 

and Smaltite.

California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Nevada, South Carolina, Tennessee, 

Washington, Wyoming.

Cobalt bloom. See Erythrite.

Cobalt glance. See Cobaltite.

Cobalt pyrites. See Linmeite.

Cobaltite, Cobalt glance. A sulpharsenide of cobalt, CoAsS. Contains 35.5 

per cent of cobalt. Ore of cobalt and used in porcelain painting. 

Arizona, California, Oregon.

Coke. Coal from which the volatile constituents have been driven off by heat, 

so that the fixed carbon and the ash are fused together. Commonly artificial, but natural coke is also known. Used chiefly for blast-furnace fuel. 

New Mexico, Utah, Virginia.

Colemanite. A hydrous borate of calcium, 2Ca0.3B2 03.5H20. The commonest 

source of borax and boracic acid in the United States. 

California.

Coloradoite. Mercuric telluride, HgTe. Occurs in too small quantities to be 

of commercial value. 

Colorado. ,

Columbite. A variable columbate and tantalate of iron and manganese containing preponderant columbium and grading into taritalite, in which 

tantalum preponderates. Has been used as a source of tantalum. See 

also Samarskite, Sipylite, and Tantalite.

California, Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, North Carolina, South Dakota, 

. Virginia.

Conglomerate. Consolidated gravel. Used, when of satisfactory character, for 

building and for crushed stone, as at Roxbury, Mass. The " puddingstone " 

conglomerate beds in the Triassic sandstones of certain Eastern States and 

the " Potomac marble " or limestone conglomerate of Maryland are used 

for building stone. Columns of Potomac marble conglomerate may be seen 

in the Capitol at Washington, D. C.
368 USEFUL MINEEALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Conichalcite. Hydrous arsenate of copper and calcium (Cu-,Ca) 8.As::O8. 

Ca(OH) 2 .^H2O(?). A minor source of copper. 

Utah.

Copper. An element, Cu. Sometimes found as native metal. Widely used in 

the different industries, chiefly for electric transmitters, in brass manufacture, in copper castings, such as those for machinery and for household 

utensils. Has been used for coins since the earliest times. Nearly a million pounds was used for coins in the United States in 1914. Five million 

pounds is used annually in the United States in making ordinary pins, 

which are composed mainly of brass that contains 65 per cent copper. 

See also Aznrite, Azurmalachite, Beaverite, Bornite, Brochantite, Chalcanthite, Chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, Chrysocolla, Covellite, Cuprite, Enargite, Famatinite, Freibergite, Goldfieldite, Linarite, Malachite, Melaconite, 

Stromeyerite, Tennantite, Tenorite, Tetrahedrite.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, 

New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 

Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Copper (native). Not commonly found in commercial quantity. Was used 

by aborigines for cutting implements and for ornaments.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Maryland, Michigan, 

Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Copper glance. See Chalcocite.

Copper pyrites. See Chalcopyrite.

Copper sulphate. See Chalcanthite.

Coquina. A porous limestone composed of fragments of marine shells. Used 

for building stone and road metal. 

Florida.

Cordierite, lolite, Water sapphire. A magnesium-iron-aluminum silicate. 

Sometimes used as a gem. 

Colorado, Connecticut.

Corkite. A phosphate or arsenate with sulphate of ferric iron and lead. A 

minor source of lead. 

Utah.

Coronadite. A manganate of lead and manganese, (Mn,Pb)Mn3O7. Resembles 

psilomeiane in general aspect. A mineralogic curiosity, useful for specimens only. 

Arizona.

Corundum. Aluminum oxide, A12O3. The clear-colored varieties form the 

gems sapphire, ruby, oriental emerald, and oriental topaz; the granular 

impure variety is known as emery and is used as an abrasive.

Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, 

Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, Wyoming.

Cosalite. A sulphide of lead and bismuth, Pb2Bi2S6. Contains 42 per cent bismuth. 

Colorado, Utah, Washington.

Cotton ball. See Ulexite.

Covellite. An indigo-blue copper sulphide, CuS. Contains 66.4 per cent 

copper.

Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, South 

Carolina, Utah, Wyoming. .
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 369

Crocidolite. Silicate of sodium and iron, a rock-forming mineral belonging to 

the amphibole group, used as ornamental stone and for gems.

California.

Crocoite. Lead chromate, PbO.CrOa. Contains 68.9 per cent PbO and 31.1 

per cent CrOa. Used for cabinet specimens.

Arizona.

Cryolite. A fluoride of sodium and aluminum, 3NaF.AlF8. Used as an ore of 

aluminum and in making soda and glass.

Colorado. 

Cubanite. Sulphide of copper and iron.

. California. 

Cuprite. Native red copper oxide, Cu2O. Contains 88.8 per cent copper.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, 

Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 

South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming.

Cuprodescloizite. Descloizite that contains considerable copper and a little 

water, 2PbO.2CuO.V2O0 .H20. See also Descloizite.

Arizona, California 

Cuproscheelite. A scheelite containing about 6 per cent of copper oxide.

Arizona.

Cuprotung-stite. Tungstate of copper, CuWO*; also tungstate of copper and 

calcium (Ca,Cu)WO4 . Of no economic value.

Arizona.

Cyanite, Disthene. Identical in chemical composition with andalusite and 

sillimanite, AUOs-SiOz, but differing in crystal form. Generally in flatbladed pieces. Sometimes used as a gem.

Arizona, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Pennsylvania. 

Cyanotrichite. See Lettsomite.

Cyrtolite. A yellowish to brownish mineral containing zirconia, yttria, ceria, 

and other rare earths. Found in pegmatites.

New York, North Carolina, Texas. 

Dark ruby silver. See Pyrargyrite.

Datolite. A hydrous silicate of boron and calcium, H2O.2CaO.B2O3.2Si02 . 

Used as a gem.

California, Michigan.

Descloizite. A vanadate of lead and zinc, 2PbO.2ZnO.V2Oc.H20, found only 

in the oxidized parts of veins. Occurs in too small quantities to be of 

economic value. See also Cuprodescloizite.

Arizona, New Mexico.

Diabase. A basic igneous rock usually occurring in dikes or intrusive sheets 

and composed essentially of plagioclase feldspar and angite with small 

quantities of magnetite and apatite. The plagioclase forms lath-shaped 

crystals lying in all directions among the dark irregular augite grains, 

giving rise to the peculiar diabasic or ophitic texture, which is a distinctive 

feature in the coarser-grained occurrences. Olivine diabase contains 

olivine in addition to the above-named minerals. Used chiefly as crushed 

stone for road metal; also for building stone, monumental work, and for 

paving blocks ("Belgian blocks"), often under the trade name of granite. 

Comprises, with basalt, the typical trap rock.

California, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, 

New York, Oregon, Virginia, Washington. 

27608° Bull. 624 17 24
370 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Diamond. A very hard, native, crystallized form of carbon, C. When pure 

and clear it is used as a geru.

Arkansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Michigan, North Carolina, 

Virginia.

Diatomaceous earth, Infusorial earth, Tripolite. An earthy substance or soft 

rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called 

diatoms. Used chiefly in the manufacture of filters, abrasives, and polishing powders. A polishing material for precious metal ware; an absorbent 

of liquid materials, and an insulating material. Used also for fireproofing. 

In Germany it is used for artificial fertilizers and in the manufacture of 

water glass, various cements, glazing for tile, artificial stone, sealing wax, 

fireworks, gutta percha objects, Swedish matches, solidified bromine, and 

papier-mache1 . It is placed on the market as a loose powder and also as 

cut or molded bricks.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Maine, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New York, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, 

Virginia, Washington.

Didymium. See Monazite.

Diopside. A calcium-magnesium silicate, CaMg(Si03 )2. Used in making pottery and as a gem. 

Alabama, California, Georgia, New York.

Dioptase, Emerald copper. Hydrous copper silicate, H2CuSiO*. ^Sometimes 

used as a gem. 

Arizona.

Diorite. A granitoid rock composed essentially of hornblende and feldspar 

which is mostly or wholly plagioclase, with accessory biotite and augit'e 

or augite alone. Minute grains of magnetite and titanite may be visible. 

Quartz may be present in considerable amount, in which case the rock is 

called quartz diorite. Quarried in a number of States* under the name 

of granite. See also Quartz diorite. 

District of Columbia, Virginia.

Disthene. See Cyanite.

Dolomite. A carbonate of calcium and magnesium (Ca,Mg)C03, or a rock 

composed mainly of that mineral. With a natural or artificial admixture 

of clay it is burned to form Rosendale hydraulic cement, for which purpose it should be low iii iron and sulphur. It is used for many of the 

same purposes as ordinary limestone, burned and unburned. As a flux 

the silica present should not exceed 5 per cent. Magnesium lime made of 

it is especially adapted for making magnesium salts and for use in manufacture of paper by the. sulphite process. Dolomite is also used as a source 

of carbonic acid, for which purpose it is, if anything, more valuable than 

ordinary limestone. Large quantities are used as building stone. It is 

sometimes used as a source of magnesia.

Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, 

Kentucky, Maryland, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee.

Dufrenite. A hydrous iron phosphate. Contains approximately 27.5 per cent 

Pi-Oo, 62 per cent FeaOs, and 10.5 per cent H«O. Exact composition doubtful. Does not occur in sufficient quantity to be of economic use. 

Virginia..

Dufrenoysite. A sulpharsenide of lead, Pb2As2S5. A minor source of lead. 

Arizona, Idaho, Utah.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 371

Dyscrasite. . A variable silver antimouide including AgaSb.

Arizona. 

Eglestonite. A mercury oxychloride, HgiCUO. A source of mercury.

Texas.

Elaterite. A massive amorphous dark-brown hydrocarbon or asphalt, ranging 

from soft and elastic to tough, hard, and brittle. It melts in a candle 

flame without fusing or decrepitation, has a conchoidal fracture, and 

gives a brown streak. Used for about the same purposes as gilsonite in 

the manufacture of paints, varnishes, etc. See also Wurtzilite.

Utah.

Electrum. A natural alloy of gold and silver containing approximately 40 

per cent of silver.

California, Nevada. 

Embolite. A chlorobromide of silver, Ag(Cl,Br).

Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico. 

Emerald. A rich-green variety of beryl. Used as a gem. See also Beryl.

Massachusetts, North Carolina. 

Emerald copper. See Dioptase.

Emery. An impure form of corundum (A1203 ). Used as an abrasive. Commercial emery is made by mixing corundum and magnetite or hematite 

and sometimes spinel. See also Corundum.

Massachusetts, New York, Virginia. 

Empressite. A silver telluride, AgTe. A source of silver.

Colorado. 

Enai-gite. A copper sulpharsenide, CusAsS^ Contains 48.4 per cent copper.

California, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, South Carolina, South Dakota, 

Utah. 

Endlichite. See Vanadinite.

New Mexico. 

Enstatite. Silicate of magnesium, MgSiCb. Occasionally used as a gem.

California.

Epidote. A basic orthosilicate of calcium, aluminum, and iron, H«0.4CaO. 

3(Al,Fe) 203.6Si02. More or less conspicuous in several granites and 

related rocks, for example, in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 

Minnesota, and in Arirgiuia, where it is a principal constituent of unakite. 

Used as a gem.

California, Colorado, Maine, Oregon.

Epsomite, Native Epsom salts. A hydrous magnesium sulphate, MgSOi.TILO. 

After purification it is sold as Epsom salts; used in medicine and dyeing.

California, Colorado, New Mexico, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, 

Wyoming.

Erbium. See Polycrase and Sipylite. 

Erubescite. See Bornite.

Erythrite, Cobalt bloom. A hydrous cobalt arsenate, Co3AS2Os.8H2O. Found 

in the oxidized parts of cobalt and arsenic bearing veins. A source of 

cobalt.

California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada.

Essonite. A cinnamon-colored variety of garnet. Called hyacinth when used 

as a gem, though the term more properly belongs to zircon.

Maine, New Hampshire.

Famatinite. A copper-antimony sulphide, 3Cu2S.Sb2Ss. Contains 43.3' per cent 

copper. 

Nevada.
372 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Feather ore. Sec Jamesonite.

Feldspar. A general name for a group of abundant rock-forming minerals, the 

names and compositions of which are as follows :

Orthoclase, a monoclinic potassium-aluminum silicate, K2O.Al2Qs.6SiO2 ; 

varieties are known as adularia and sanidine.

Microcline, a triclinic variety of the same composition as orthoclase.

Anorthoclase, a triclinic feldspar containing both sodium and potassium.

Plagioclase feldspars are a subgroup of triclinic minerals at one end of 

which is albite, a sodium-aluminum silicate, Na2O.Al2O3.6Si02 ; and at the 

other end anorthite, a calcium-aluminum silicate, CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2. Mixtures of these two molecules, which may be represented by Ab and An, 

respectively, form oligoclase, AboAni to AbaAiii ; andesine, AbaAn! to AbiAnj ; 

labradorite, AbiAni to AbiAn3 ; bytownite, AbiAn3 to AbiAn8.

Celsian is similar to anorthite, but contains barium in place of calcium,

Hyalophane is a monoclinic form containing barium and calcium. 

Feldspar is found in practically all igneous rocks. It forms large crystals in pegmatites (giant granites), from which all the feldspar of commerce is mined. Used chiefly in the manufacture of pottery and as a 

bond in emery and corundum wheels. The potassium feldspars, orthoclase 

and microcline, and also the potassium-sodium feldspars are used in the 

manufacture of, porcelain, chinaware, tiles, glaze, and enamels. Some 

pure sodium spar is used for the same purpose and also in the manufacture of opalescent glass. The potassium feldspars are also prospective 

sources of potash. Labradorite (peacock-color iridescence), microcline 

(Amazon stone, bluish green), oligoclase (sunstone, reddish from iron and 

other impurities), and orthoclase (moonstone having chatoyancy) are used 

as gems. . Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, 

Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, 

North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin.

Ferberite. An iron tungstate, FeWO4. Applied to the wolframites which 

carry little or no manganese. Ferberite contains 76.3 per cent tungsten 

trioxide, WO3 . An important tungsten ore mineral. 

Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota.

£ ergusonite. A metacolumbate and tantalate of yttrium, with erbium, cerium, 

uranium, etc. Found in pegmatites. Was formerly a source of rare-earth 

metals. 

Texas, Virginia.

Figure stone. See Pyrophyllite.

Fire clay. See Clay.

Flagstone. A rock which may be cleft into large slabs suitable for sidewalks. 

See also Bluestone, Sandstone, and Limestone.

Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, 

Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Wyoming.

Flexible sandstone. See Itacolumite.

Flint. A rather loose term, used in the United States for a dense fine-grained 

form of silica which is very tough and breaks with a conchoidal fracture 

and cutting edges. Used as an abrasive. Often crushed and sold as silica 

under different names. In the ceramic industry the name flint is used not 

only for ground flint but also has come to be applied to ground quartz and
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 373

other purely siliceous rock, such as sandstone and quartzite. Of different 

colors, white, yellow, gray, and black. See also Chert.

Arizona, Maryland, Nebraska, Wisconsin. 

.Flint rock. See Ganister.

Fluorspar, Fluorite. A calcium fluoride, CaFs. Color commonly purple, green, 

or white. About 80 per cent of the domestic fluorspar output, mainly in 

the form of gravel spar, and practically all of the imported fluorspar, is 

consumed as a flux in basic open-hearth steel furnaces. It is used also as a 

flux in blast furnaces, iron foundries, and silver, copper, and lead smelters; 

in the manufacture of fluorides of iron and manganese for steel fluxing; 

in the manufacture of glass, enameled and sanitary ware, and of hydrofluoric acid; in the production of aluminum; in the electrolytic refining of 

antimony and lead; in making high-power objectives in optical instruments ; in measurement of infra-red radiations by astrophysicists; and for 

many other purposes. Fluorspar for making iron and steel should carry at 

least SO per cent of calcium fluoride (CaF2 ), and preferably it should be 

purer. For most other chemical uses it should contain 95 per cent or more 

of calcium fluoride.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, 

Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New 

Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia. 

Fool's gold. See Pyrite. 

Fossil resin. See Amber. 

Fossil wax. See Ozocerite. 

Fossil wood. See Wood.

Franklinite. An iron-manganese-zinc oxide (Fe,Zn,Mn)0. (Fe,Mn) 2Os. Important source of zinc and ferro-manganese.

New Jersey.

Freestone. See Sandstone.

Freibergite." A silver-rich tetrahedrite. A silver-copper ore mineral. See 

also Tetrahedrite.

Arkansas, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon.

Freieslebenite. A lead-silver sulphantimonide, approximately 5 (Pb,Ag2 ) S.2SbaS3. 

Contains 24.5 per cent silver.

Arizona, Colorado. 

French chalk. See Talc.

Fuchsite, Chrome mica. Green muscovite containing chromium. Used for 

ornamental work.

Vermont.

Fuller's earth. Clay whose composition. is not thoroughly determined but 

which seems to consist principally of amorphous hydrous aluminum. silicates with much magnesia, iron, and alkaline earths and excess of silica. It 

possesses the property of decolorizing oils and fats by retaining the coloring 

matter. It may or may not be plastic. Used chiefly in bleaching oils and 

fats and in making wall-paper pigments. -See also Clay.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas.

Gabbro. A finely to coarsely crystalline igneous rock composed mainly of limesoda feldspar (labradorite or anorthite), pyroxene, and commonly olivine. 

Magnetite or ilmenite, or both, and apatite are accessory minerals. It is 

generally dark colored. A little is used for monumental stonei also for
374 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

rough building stone and crushed stone for road metal, which may be locally 

called " trap rock."

California, Maryland, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Virginia. 

Gadolinite. A complex silicate of glucinuin, iron, and the yttrium and cerium 

rare-earth metals. Occurs in-pegmatites. Important source of rare-earth 

metals, especially yttrium.

Arizona, Colorado, Texas.

Galena. Lead sulphide, PbS. Contains 86.6 per cent lead. Is the principal 

lead-ore mineral.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, 

Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New 

Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 

Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, 

Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Ganister, Flint rock, Silex. A highly refractory siliceous sedimentary rock 

used for furnace linings.

California, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin.

Garnet. A group of silicate minerals including several species with related 

chemical structure commonly crystallized in dodecahedrons or trapezohedrons of the isometric (cubic) system. Garnets are not always pure but 

may contain the molecules of two species giving rise to intermediate types, 

as the gem rhodolite. Common varieties are alnmndite, iron-aluminum 

garnet (abrasive and gem, precious garnet) ; andradite, lime-iron garnet; 

essonite, gem variety of grossularite; grossularite, lime-aluminum garnet; 

pyrope,. magnesia-aluminum garnet (gems, such as "Arizona ruby" and 

" Cape ruby ") ; rhodolite, isomorphous mixture of 2 molecules of pyrope 

and 1 molecule of alniandite (used chiefly as an abrasive and also as 

a gem) ; spessartite, manganese-aluminum garnet (used as a gem, sometimes called hyacinth) ; topazolite; uvarovite. In some schist whetstones 

and grindstones garnet forms the important cutting grains. See also 

Almandite and Essonite.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, 

Maine, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 

New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South 

Dakota, Utah, Virginia.

Garnierite. A hydrous nickel-magnesium silicate allied to genthite. One of the 

chief sources of nickel and its compounds.

Oregon.

Gas, natural. See Natural gas.

Genthite. A hydrous nickel-magnesium silicate, theoretically 2NiO.2MgO.3SiO:. 

6H2O, but the nickel content is variable.

Georgia, Oregon.

Geode. A hollow nodule or concretion, the cavity of which is lined with crystals. Used for specimens arid ornamental work.

Illinois, Iowa, Oregon. 

Giant granite. See Pegmatite.

Gilsonite, Uintaite. A brilliant black, very brittle variety of asphalt having 

a marked conchoidal fracture and a light-brown streak. Upon exposure 

to air readily breaks down into a brown powder. Decrepitates but fuses 

easily in a candle flame, burns, and acts like sealing wax, leaving a sharp 

impression. Freely soluble in carbon disulphide (CS2 ), almost equally so
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 375

in naphtha and hot turpentine. Widely used in the manufacture of paints, 

varnishes, and rubber substitutes, and enters into the manufacture of 

paving cements.

California, Oklahoma, Utah.

Glauber salt. See Mirabilite.

Glauberite. Sodium-calcium sulphate, Na2 SO4.CaSO<. Not of known economic 

use.

Arizona, California, New Mexico.

Glauconite, Greensand. Essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium, 

but the material is usually a mixture and consequently varies much in 

composition. The potash ranges from 2.2 to 7.9 per cent. A source of potash. See Marl.

Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Virginia.

Gneiss. A banded metamorphic rock with a more or less well-developed cleavage, but without the fissility of schist. Used for the same purpose as 

granite.

Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Carolina, Virginia.

Gold. An element, Au. Generally found as native metal. See also Amalgam, 

Calaverite, Electrum, Krennerite, Nagyagite, Petzite, Sylvanite.

Used in coinage (standard of value), jewelry, the arts, drugs, and in 

chemical and physical researches. Pure gold is chiefly used as a surface 

covering or plating to ornaments and utensils of other metals. It is also 

used extensively in dental work. When beaten out into leaf it is used 

for ornamental painting and lettering. For other purposes gold is hardened by being alloyed with copper or silver or both, such alloys being used 

for coinage, jewelry, and plate. The most useful artificial compound of 

gold is the chloride, which is used in photography and in the manufacture 

of ruby glass. Purple of Cassius is a compound containing gold and tin, 

which is also used in making ruby glass.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, 

Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New 

Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South 

Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming.

Goldfieldite. A sulphantirnonide of copper in which part of the antimony is 

replaced by arsenic and bismuth and part of the sulphur by tellurium. A 

minor source of copper. 

Nevada.

Goslarite. Zinc vitriol, ZnSO^THaO. A minor source of zinc. 

Colorado, Pennsylvania.

Grahamite. A hydrocarbon resembling albertite in its jet-black luster. Is 

soluble in carbon disulphide and chloroform but not in alcohol, and is 

fusible. Occurs in veinlike masses. Specific gravity, 1.145. Has conchoidal 

fracture and is brittle. Used principally in pavement and highway oonstruction, roofing, and making black paint. 

Colorado, Oklahoma, West Virginia.

Granite. A granular igneous rock composed essentially of quartz, feldspar, 

and mica. The feldspar commonly includes both orthoclase and plagioclase. 

The mica may be either biotite or muscovite or both. Hornblende is a common and augite an uncommon component. Apatite, zircon, and magnetite 

are always present, generally as very small individuals. Used for construe-
376 USEFUL MINEEALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

tion work of different kinds, including dressed stone for the better grades 

of buildings, and rubble and rip-rap for rough buildings and breakwaters; 

for monumental and ornamental work;.for paving blocks, curbing, and 

flagging; also crushed for road metal, railroad ballast, and concrete aggregate. Commercially almost all compact igneous rocks are called granite 

as distinguished from slate, sandstone, and marble.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District' 

of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 

New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, 

Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, AVashington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Granite gneiss. See Gneiss.

Granite porphyry. A rock intermediate between granite and rhyolite or quartz 

porphyry, having the same minerals as the granite but a porphyritic texture 

like quartz porphyry. Used for foundation and building stone. 

Arizona, Georgia, Wisconsin.

Granite syenite. See Syenite.

Graphite (plumbago, black lead). A soft, steel-gray to black, more or less 

impure, native form of carbon. The principal use is in making crucibles and 

other refractory products for the steel, brass, bronze, and electrochemical 

- industries. Subsidiary uses are in the manufacture of stove polish", foundry 

facings, lead pencils, paint for metallic surfaces, and lubricants (dry or in 

mixture with oil or grease) ; as a material to prevent adherence of boiler 

scale to the boiler; and as a glaze for powder used in large ordnance.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado,. Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, 

Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 

New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 

Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, 

Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Gravel. Small stones and pebbles or a mixture of sand and small stones. 

More specifically, fragments of rock worn by the action of air and water, 

larger and coarser than sand. When the mixture is cemented together into 

coherent rock it forms conglomerate. Used largely for filling along roadbeds, for road metal, railroad ballast, concrete aggregate, and other structural work; grinding, filter beds, and roofing. Gravel occurs and is used 

in every State. See Gravel in Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, 

Maine, Michigan, Tennessee, and Sand and gravel in other States.

Gray antimony. See Stibnite.

Gray copper ore. See Tennantite, Tetrahedrite.

Gray iron ore. See Hematite.

Gray manganese ore. See Manganite.

Green lead ore. .See Pyromorphite.

Greenockite. Cadmium sulphide, CdS. Contains 77.7 per cent cadmium. 

Greenockite occurs as a secondary mineral in zinc deposits in various parts 

of the United States, but not as a commercial deposit at any place. The 

majority of sphalerite deposits are cadmiferous, and cadmium in commercial 

quantity is obtained as a by-product in smelting these ores at certain plants. 

A minor source of cadmium and its compounds. 

Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, Pennsylvania.

Greensand. See Gla'uconite.

Greensand marl. Sands or marl containing glauconite. See also Marl.

Grindstone. A tough sandstone of fine and even grain, composed almost entirely 

of quartz, mostly in angular grains. It N must have sufficient cementing
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. >377

material to hold the grains together but not enough to fill the pores and 

cause the surface to wear smooth.

Colorado, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wyoming.

- Guano. The earthy hardened excreta of birds and bats, in caves, shelving 

rocks, and other roosting places. Valuable as a- fertilizer for its phosphoric acid, ammonia, and potash.

New Mexico. 

Gummite. An alteration product of uraninite of doubtful composition.

North Carolina. 

Gypsite. See Gypsum.

Gypsum. Hydrous calcium sulphate, CaSO4.2H»O. Contains 32.5 per cent 

lime, 46.6 per cent sulphur trioxide, and 20.9 per cent water. Alabaster is 

a fine-grained compact variety; white, shaded, or tinted. Gypsite is an inco: 

herent mass of very small gypsum crystals or particles, and has a soft, 

earthy appearance; contains various impurities, generally silica and clay. 

Satin spar is a fine fibrous variety which has a pearly, opalescent appearance. Selenite is a variety which occurs in distinct crystals or in broad 

folia. Some crystals are 3 or 4 feet long and clear throughout. Rock 

gypsum, the most common form and the principal source of gypsum, is a 

finely crystalline, white or pink to black deposit, occurring interbedded 

with other strata. Used crude as an ingredient in Portland cement manufacture and as land plaster. Used calcined for plaster of Paris, wall plaster, for molding and casting, Keene's cement, dental plaster, and in bedding glass for polishing. It is used in making plaster board, building 

blocks, and tiles, and also in the " staff " used in the construction of large 

temporary buildings like those of the international and other expositions. 

It is also used as an adulterant. White massive gypsum or alabaster is 

used by sculptors for interior ornamentation, and it is carved into vases and 

other objects of art.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, 

Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, 

New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, 

Virginia, Wyoming.

Halite, Rock salt. Sodium chloride, NaCl. See also Salt. 

Halloysite. A claylike aluminum silicate resembling kaolinite but amorphous, 

containing a larger but uncertain quantity of water, 2H2O.Al2O3.SiO2+aq. 

A source of alumina used for making aluminum. Used also in the manufacture of pottery.

Alabama, California, Georgia.

Halotrichite. Hydrous sulphate of iron and aluminum, FeSOi.Al 2 (SOO:i-24H2 0. 

Not known to be of economic value.

California, New Mexico. 

Hanksite. Carbonate sulphate of sodium. Not known to be of economic use.

California.

Hard coal. See Anthracite. 

Heavy spar. See Barite. 

Heliotrope. See Bloodstone.

Hematite, Gray iron ore, Bed iron ore, Specular iron, Specularite. Oxide of 

iron, FQ-Os. Contains 70 per cent iron. Is an important source of iron; is 

used also in the manufacture of cheap paint, as polishing powder, and in a 

crushed form for ornamental work.

Alabama. Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, 

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne-
378 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

sota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, 

North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, 

South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, 

West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Hessite. Silver telluride, Ag2Te. Contains 63.3 per cent silver. Rare but 

valuable ore of gold and silver. 

California, Colorado, Oregon.

Hetserolite, Wolftonite. A hydrous zinc-manganese oxide. Contains 20 per 

cent or more of zinc and is a subordinate source of zinc.

Colorado', New Jersey.

Hiddenite. An emerald-green spodumene. Used as a gem. See also Spodumene.

North Carolina.

Hinsdalite. A mineral related to alunite, b.ut with replacements as indicated 

in the following formula: 2Pb0.3Al2 03 .2S03.P2OB.6H20. Of no economic use.

Colorado.

Horn silver. See Cerargyrite. 

Hornstone. See Chert.

Hubnerite. Nearly pure manganese tungstate, MnWO*. When pure it contains 

76.6 per cent tungsten trioxide, WO3. A source of tungsten, ferrotungsten, 

and sodium tungstate.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Washington.

Hyalite. A variety of opal (hydrous silica) which occurs in clear globular or 

botryoidal forms, resembling drops of melted glass. Used as a gem.

Arizona, Georgia, Utah. 

Hydrofranklinite. See Chalcophanite.

Hydrozincite, Zinc bloom. A basic zinc carbonate, exact composition uncertain, perhaps 3ZnO.C02.2H-O. A common source of zinc and its compounds.

Arkansas, California, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Utah. 

Ilmenite, Menaccanite. Iron-titanium oxide, FeTiOs. Contains 36.8 per cent 

iron and 31.6 per cent titanium (52.7 per cent Ti02 ). See Titanium for 

uses. . .

California, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Wyoming.

Impsonite. An asphalt much like albertite but almost insoluble in turpentine. 

Brittle, semivulcanized, burns without fusing. Uses prospectively about the 

same as those of grahamite. See also Grahamite.

Nevada, Oklahoma. 

Indian pipestone. See Catlinite. 

Infusorial earth. See Diatomaceous earth, 

lodyrite. Silver iodide, Agl. Contains 46 per cent silver.

Nevada, New Mexico, 

lolite. See Cordierite.

Iridium. A silver-white, hard, brittle metallic element, Ir, belonging to the 

platinum group. Found native in most crude platinum and with osmium 

as iridosmine in gold placers. Also recovered in small quantities in refining copper matte and gold bullion from different sources. Used to harden 

platinum, also for making contact points, standard weights, and pivots 

for scientific apparatus. Also used in porcelain painting and tipping pens.

California, Oregon, Washington.

Iridosmine. A natural alloy of iridium and osmium, IrOs. Analyses show 43 

to 77 per cent iridium, 17 to 49 per cent osmium, and a little rhodium,
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 379

ruthenium, platinum, iron, and copper. Important source of the rare 

platinum metals iridiuin, osmium, and rhodium. 

California, Oregon, Washington.

Iron. An element, Fe. * Rarely found native. By far the most common and 

most useful of all the metals. It occurs in abundance in nature in many 

forms (very rarely as the metal), being an important constituent of 

almost all rocks. The only native compounds, however, that can be 

profitably employed as a source of the metal are the oxides hematite, 

magnetite, and limonite and the .carbonate siderite. Pure iron is not 

used in the arts. Wrought iron is used for a multitude of purposes, chiefly 

for forged parts of machinery, boiler plate, pipes for water and gas, and 

for girders and other structural members, but steel has largely replaced 

wrought iron for many uses. The chief uses of steel are for rails, ships, 

bridges, parts of 'machinery, and structures of various kinds. Cast iron is 

made mainly as an intermediate product in the manufacture of steel and 

wrought iron. It is also largely used for casting parts of machinery and 

for industrial and domestic utensils. The chief alloys of iron are those 

varieties of steel that contain different proportions of manganese and rare 

metals. These steels are for the most part harder and stronger than 

ordinary steel. Various cast alloys of iron with manganese and other 

metals are produced solely for the production of the special steels above 

mentioned. Chief of these are spiegel and ferromanganese, alloys of manganese and iron with considerable carbon, used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel and Hadfield's manganese steel. Artificial ferric oxide is employed 

as a pigment in rough polishing powder. The hydrate, carbonate, and 

other salts are used in medicine. An artificial mixture of the oxides (iron 

scale) is used in the conversion of iron into wrought iron and steel. Ferrous 

sulphate (copperas) is used to precipitate gold, and in the manufacture of 

Nordhausen sulphuric acid, iron mordants, inks, and other materials. 

Prussian blue, a cyanide, is a valuable iron pigment. Potassium ferrocyaniele is used as a source of potassium cyanide and as a chemical reagent. 

See also Brown iron ore, Hematite, Ilmenite, Limonite, Magnetite, Marcasite, Mountain brown ore, Oriskany brown ore, Pisanite, Pyrite, Pyrrhotite,. Siderite, Specularite, and Valley brown ore.

Iron pyrites. See Pyrite.

Itacolumite, Flexible sandstone. A variety of metamorphosed sandstone, slabs 

of which will bend noticeably without breaking. 

Georgia.

Jack. See Sphalerite.

Jade, Jadeite, Nephrite. A hard and extremely tough mineral of varying 

composition, greenish white to deep green in color, used in making carved 

ornaments and as a gem. Part of the so-called jade is jadeite, a variety 

of pyroxene, essentially a metasilicate of sodium and aluminum; part is 

nephrite, a variety of. amphibole, and essentially a metasilicate of iron, 

lime, and magnesium; and part is a variety of saussurite, which is commonly a complex alteration product of plagioclase feldspar. Williamsite, 

a variety of serpentine, is sometimes mistaken for jade. 

Massachusetts.

Jamesonite, Feather ore. A sulphide of lead and antimony, PbsSb-Ss. A minor 

source of lead. 

Arizona, California, Nevada, South Dakota, Utah.

Jarosite. A ferric sulphate, K20.3Fe203.4SOs.6H20. Not of economic use. 

Utah.
380 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Jasper. Red, brown, yellow, green, impure, slightly translucent cryptocrystalline quartz with a dull fracture. Used as a gem and ornamental stone.

Arizona, California, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota,, 

Texas, Utah:

Jasperized wood. See Wood.

Jaspilite. A term used around Lake Superior for the jasper associated with 

the iron ores. It is made up of bands of bright-red jasper alternating with 

bands of black, commonly specular hematite.

Michigan.

Jefferisite. See Vermiculite. 

Jet. A dense black lignite, taking a good polish. Sometimes used for jewelry.

Colorado. 

Josephinite. A natural iron-nickel alloy, Fe2NiB .

Oregon.

Kalinite, Potash alum. Hydrous aluminum-potassium sulphate, K^SO*. 

Al2 (SO4 )3.24Hi.O. A prospective .source of potash.

California, Nevada.

Kaolin, Kaolinite, China clay, Porcelain clay. A clay, mainly hydrous aluminum silicate, from which porcelain, china, stoneware, fire brick, fancy tile, 

and other products may be made.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, 

Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, 

Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Kleinite. Mercury ammonium chloride. Formula uncertain. A source of 

mercury. 

Texas.

Krennerite. Orthorhombic telluride of gold and silver. Composition variable, 

(Au,Ag)Te:. An analysis of krennerite from Cripple Creek gives gold 43.86 

per cent, silver 0.46 per cent, tellerium 55.68 per cent. A source of gold and 

silver and their compounds.

Colorado. 

Kunzite. A lilac-colored or pink spodumene. Used as a gem.

California, Maine.

Labradorite. A lime-soda feldspar used as an ornamental stone and as a gem. 

See also Feldspar and Moonstone.

California, New York.

Lapis lazuli. A translucent, rich berlin-blue, azure-blue, violet-blue, or 

greenish-blue stone used for ornament. It is a mixture of lazurite, haiiynite, 

amphibole, mica, pyrite, and other minerals. Used as a gem.

California.

Lava. A volcanic rock that has reached the surface of the earth while molten. 

Useful for railroad ballast, road metal, concrete, and building. The Columbia lava field, which occupies an area of about 200,000 square miles, 

chiefly in eastern Oregon and Washington, is one of the largest lava fields 

in the world. See also Basalt, Rhyolite, Trap.

California, Colorado, and other States.

Lazulite. A hydrous aluminum phosphate with varying proportions of iron 

and magnesium, (Fe,Mg)O.Al203.P2O5 .H2O. Azure blue in color, usually in 

pyramidal crystals; also massive. Used as an ornamental stone and as a 

gem.

California, Georgia.

Lazurite. Silicate of sodium and aluminum, with sodium sulphide, Na* 

(NaS3Al)Al2 (SiOi)3. See Lapis lazuli.
GLOSSAEY AND INDEX. 381

Lead. A heavy metallic element, PI). Rarely found native. Commercial lead 

is extremely pure and is largely used in sheets for roofing and making pipes. 

It is also used for bullets and for making white lead, red lead, litharge, 

and other materials. Lead hardened with a little antimony is used for 

coffins aud for. lining acid chambers. Of lead alloys the most important are that with tin, known as solder, and that with tin and antimony, known as type metal. Fusible alloys and antifriction alloys contain 

a large proportion of lead. Of the artificial compounds of lead by far the 

most important is white lead, a basic carbonate, which is the most useful 

pigment known.- Red lead, an oxide, is also a valuable pigment and is 

used in the manufacture of flint glass. Litharge, another oxide, is used as 

pigment, as a constituent of many varieties of glass, and of glazes for clayware, and in manufacturing white lead. Lead chromate is used as a pigment, as is also lead sulphate. See also Altaite, Anglesite, Brongniardite, 

Cerusite, Crocoite, Dufrenoysite, Galena, Jamesonite, Leadhillite, Linarite, 

Massicot, Mimetite, Minium, Plumbojarosite, Pyromorphite.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, 

Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Leadhillite. Sulphate carbonate of lead, perhaps 4PbO.SO3 .2CO:.H2O. A 

source of lead. 

Arizona, Utah.

Lenzite ("wireless crystals"). A proprietary name adopted by the producing company for a mixture of galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and possibly other minerals. It is used as a detector in wireless telegraphy. 

Arizona.

Lepidolite. A light-colored (pearly, rose-red, violet-gray, lilac, yellowish) 

lithium-bearing mica. Contains from 3.9 to 5.9 per cent lithia, Li:O. The 

chief source from which lithia salts are prepared. 

California, Connecticut, Maine, South Dakota.

Lettsomite, Cyanotrichite. A hydrous copper-aluminum sulphate, 4CuO.Al2Os, 

SOa.SHaO. A minor source of copper. 

Utah.

Light ruby silver. See Proustite.

Lignite. A brownish-black coal in which the alteration of vegetable material

has proceeded farther than in peat but not so far as in subbituminous coal.

Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts,

Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, South

Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas.

Limestone. A rock composed mainly of. calcium carbonate. Used for building stone and for crushed stone, paving, flagging, curbing, and in some 

places for ornamental and monumental stone. Unburned limestone is also 

used as the principal ingredient in Portland cement manufacture and 

for furnace flux. Limestone and dolomite are burned into lime for use 

in mortar, chemical industries, tanneries, alkali works, smelters, cyanide 

plants, for precipitating sediment in water, and for use in manufacture 

of paper, sugar, fertilizers, sand-lime brick, slag cement, steel, glass, 

disinfectants, soap, glue, and other articles. It is the cheapest of the 

alkalies. Dolomite is used for many but not all of the same purposes as 

limestone, burned and unburned. Magnesian lime made of it is especially 

adapted to the manufacture of magnesia and magnesium salts aud to the 

manufacture of paper by the sulphite methods.

All parts of the United States except the District of Columbia and 

North Dakota.
382 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Limonite. See Brown iron ore.

Linarite. A basic sulphate of lead and copper, PbO.CuO.SO3.H20. 

California, Utah.

Linnasite, Cobalt pyrites. A sulphide of cobalt, CosS*. A part of the cobalt is 

almost invariably replaced by nickel and to a less extent by iron and copper. Principally a source of cobalt. 

Maryland, Missouri.

Lithiophilite, Triphylite. A salmon-colored to honey-yellow phosphate, chiefly 

of lithium, manganese, and iron, commonly associated with other minerals. 

Li(Fe,Mn)POi. A possible source of lithium. 

California, South Dakota.

Lithographic stone. A fine-grained homogeneous limestone, suitable for etching. Used for engraving in lithography. Practically all used in this country is imported, but domestic material of fair to good quality has been 

prospected and worked on a small scale.

Alabama, Iowa, Kentucky, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, 

Tennessee.

Lithium. A soft white metallic element, Li, which has no known use as an 

element. Its salts are used in medicine and in making storage batteries. 

See Amblygonite, Lepidolite, Lithiophilite, and Spodumene.

Mackintoshite. A hydrous uranium-thorium silicate. A source of thorium. 

Texas.

Made. See Chiastolite.

Magnesite. Magnesium carbonate, MgO.C02 . Used chiefly in the manufacture 

of wood-pulp paper by the sulphite process, in the manufacture of oxychloride or Sorel cement, magnesite cement or plaster, which is used for 

sanitary flooring, artificial marble, tiles, and as plastic or stucco for exterior finish. Used also in making carbon dioxide, refractory bricks, and 

fireproof and damp-proof paints, and in the rubber industry. 

California, Nevada, New Jersey, New York.

Magnesium. A silver-white metallic element, Mg. Used in the manufacture 

of shrapnel shells to produce light and smoke and in making copper castings to prevent blowholes by decomposing the gases formed in the melting 

of the copper. Until recently it was produced mainly by electrolysis from 

fused carnallite (hydrous potassium-magnesium chloride) ; now derived as 

a by-product from magnesium chloride. See also Brucite and Dolomite.

Magnetic pyrites. See Pyrrhotite.

Magnetite, Magnetic iron ore. The magnetic iron oxide, FeO.FeaOs, contains 

72.4 per cent iron. The richest and purest ore of iron, used largely for 

the production of the commercial metal and to some extent as a flux in 

lead and copper smelting. Used also as a gem.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, 

Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North 

Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, .Rhode Island, South Carolina, 

Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, 

Wyoming.

Malachite. Green basic copper carbonate, 2CuO.C02H^O. Contains 40.3 per 

cent copper. A source of copper and used also for inlay in ornamental 

work and sometimes as a 'gem. Used as a pigment in imitation bronze.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, 

Idaho, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 

New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South 

Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.
GLOSSARY AISTD INDEX. 383

Maltha, Natural liquid asphalt, Mineral tar. A black, viscous, freely soluble 

hydrocarbon derivative, a transition product between petroleum and asphalt, called residuum when produced by the boiling down of petroleum. 

Used as a surface dressing for roads, as a flux for softening hard bitumens, 

and as a protective coating for iron and steel work. 

California.

Manganese. A metallic element, Mn. Occurs abundantly in nature, chiefly as 

oxides. The chief uses of manganese may be classed as metallurgic, 

in the manufacture of alloys, and as fluxes in the reduction of copper, 

lead, and silver ores, and chemical, as an oxidizer and as a coloring material. High-grade oxide ores free from iron are used chiefly to 

decolorize flint glass, for dry batteries, and in making drier of varnishes 

and paints. Minor uses are sundry chemical, such as for disinfectants, 

in preparing oxygen, and for making manganese bronze and similar alloys. 

Manganese bronze, the most important of the nonferrous alloys, is used for 

steamboat propellers, and other alloys are used for curios, statuary, and 

ornamental work. High-grade oxide ores that contain iron are utilized chiefly in making alloys, such as ferromanganese and spiegeleisen, 

for use in steel. They are also used less extensively as pigments for coloring glass and pottery, and in paints. Low-grade oxide ores are used in 

making alloys, such as spiegeleisen and manganiferous cast iron, for flux 

in lead smelting. See also Alabandite, Braunite, Chalcophauite, Coronadite, Manganite, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Rhodochrosite, Rhodonite, Tephroite, and Wad.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New 

Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Peunsj'lvania, Rhode Island, 

South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, 

Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Manganese hydrate. See Psilomelaue.

Manganite, Gray manganese ore. A hydrated manganese oxide, Mn^Oa.H-O. 

Used for the same purposes as pyrolusite, and next to that mineral it is 

the most important manganese ore. See also Pyrolusite. 

 Alabama, California, Georgia, Maryland, New Mexico, Virginia.

Marble. Crystalline granular limestone or dolomite, generally susceptible of a 

high polish. A commercial term for a relatively soft crystalline or semicrystalline rock, susceptible of a good polish and of sufficiently attractive 

appearance for use as ornamental stone. The verde antique marbles 

consist mostly of serpentine. Used as monumental, statuary, ornamental, 

and building stone in exterior and interior work, and as mosaic cubes. 

The waste stone is used for rough building and crushed stone (including 

terrazzo) and in some places is burned into lime or used for flux. See 

also Onyx marble.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, 

Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North 

Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, 

Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, 

Wyoming.

Marcasite, White iron pyrites. Orthorhombic iron disulphide, FeS2 . Contains 

.46.6 per cent iron. A source of sulphur and sulphuric acid.

California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, 

Oklahoma, Oregon, Wisconsin.
384 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Marl. A soft earthy deposit of calcium carbonate, containing more or less clay 

and sand. A source of lime.

Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North 

Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, 

Wyoming.

Massicot. Lead monoxide, PbO. Contains 92.8 per cent lead. 

Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Virginia.

Meerschaum, Sepiplite. A tough, compact hydrous magnesium silicate. Used 

for tobacco pipes, cigar holders, and ornamental work. 

California, New Mexico.

Melaconite. Black copper oxide, CuO. Contains 79.8 per cent copper. The 

name given to an earthy, black, massive variety of tenorite.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming. ' 

Menaccanite. See Ilmenite.

Mercury, Quicksilver.' An element, Hg, sometimes found native, but mostly

derived from cinnabar. Normally, by far the greater part of the world's

production of mercury is used in extracting gold and silver from their

ores. In 1914-1916, owing to the European war, it was used mainly in the

manufacture of fulminate for explosive-caps, the demand for which caused

the price to rise from $37.50 to $300 a flask. Used also in the manufacture

of drugs, of electric appliances, and of scientific apparatus, thermometers,

- barometers, and for making vermilion. See also Amalgam, Cinnabar, Eglestonite, Kleinite, Metacinnabarite, Montroydite, Terlinguaite, Tiemannite.

California, Colorado.

Mesolite. See Thompsonite. *

Metacinnabarite. Composition and use same as cinnabar, but black in color, 

and crystallizing in isometric forms (tetrahedral). See also Cinnabar. 

California.

Metahewettite. A dark-red hydrous calcium vauadate occurring in microscopic 

crystals, which as a soft powdery or easily friable mass in some places fills 

cracks 2 inches in thickness. Probably Ca0.3V»O5.9H20. A possible source 

of vanadium. 

Utah.

Mexican onyx. See Onyx marble and Travertine.

Mica. A hydrous silicate of aluminum (in some varieties partly replaced by 

iron, chromium, and other metals) and an alkali as potassium, sodium, or 

lithium, having a very fine basal cleavage which renders it capable of being 

split into thin, tough, transparent plates. The most common varieties are 

muscovite and biotite. Phlogopite and lepidolite are prominent locally. 

Used in trade for stove windows, gas-lamp chimneys, lamp shades, and spectacles, and as an insulating material in the manufacture of almost all kinds 

of electric machinery and apparatus. For these uses it is cut into sheets 

of different sizes, punched into washers and disks, and built into larger 

sheets by thin splitting and cementing many layers of the thin sheets "with 

shellac under pressure and heat. Large quantities of mica are ground for 

the manufacture of silvered and gilded wall papers, fancy paints, lubricants, rubber goods, molded mica, roofing papers, as a covering for steam 

pipes, and in decorative cement work. Used in calico printing, as an 

absorbent of nitroglycerine, and in the manufacture of smokeless powder.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana,
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 385

Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, 

Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming. 

.Mica (altered). See Vermiculite.

Microlite. Essentially a calcium pyrotantalate. Contains also small quantities 

of fluorine, as well as columbium, tungsten, and other bases. Used as a 

gem.

Virginia. 

Millerite. Nickel sulphide, NiS. Contains 64.1 per cent nickel.

California, Pennsylvania.

Millstone. A hard tough stone used for grinding cereals, cement rocks, and 

other materials. Usually a coarse-grained sandstone or fine quartz conglomerate.

Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, 

Virginia. 

Mimetite. Lead chlorarsenate, SPbaAs-Os.PbCl-. A source of lead.

California, Colorado, Nevada, Utah. 

Mineral liver. See Wiedgerite. 

Mineral oil. See Petroleum.

Mineral paint. Minerals used as pigment, including the ochers, iron oxides, 

barite, etc. See also Morrisite, Ocher, Reddle, Shale, Sienna, Umber, and 

Vermiculite.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia. 

Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico, 

New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, 

Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming. 

Mineral pitch. See Asphalt. 

Mineral tar. See Maltha. 

Mineral wax. See Ozocerite. 

Minium. Red oxide of lead, 2PbO.PbO2 . Contains 90.6 per cent lead.

California, Colorado, Utah.

Mirabilite, Glauber salt. Hydrous sodium sulphate, Na-SO^lO^O. A source 

of soda ash.

Arizona, California, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming. 

Mispickel. See Arsenopyrite.

Mixite. Basic hydrous copper-bismuth arsenate, 20CuO.Bi2 03.5ASn05.22H2O. In 

very slender acicular radiating crystals and tufts of crystals. Rare.

Utah.

Mohawkite. Arsenic ore of copper with minor amounts of nickel and cobalt. 

A variety of domeykite, Cu3As.

Michigan.

Molybdenite. Sulphide of molybdenum, MoS». Contains 60 per cent molybdenum, of which it is the chief source.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 

Island, South Carolina, Utah, Washington, Wyoming:

Molybdenum. A metallic element, Mo, of wide but not abundant distribution. 

Used extensively in the manufacture of very hard steels that are peculiarly adapted for armor plate and for high-speed tools; used in the form 

of ribbon or wire in electric resistance furnaces and as supports for 

tungsten filaments in incandescent electric lamps; also used in tungstenmolybdenum alloys, which-are becoming extensively employed as substitutes for platinum. Ammonium molybdate is used in the determination 

27C080 Bull. G24 17 25
386 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

of phosphorus and in other chemical work; also used in fireproofing and 

as a germicide in disinfecting railway passenger coaches. It is used in 

some forms of stellite, in Roentgen ray tubes, for dyeing, and for other 

purposes in the mechanical arts. See also Molybdenite and Wulfeuite.

Monazite. Phosphate of the cerium metals (cerium, didymiuni, lanthanum) 

and other rare-earth metals, including thorium, which alone gives it commercial value. Some varieties carry no thorium, but others carry as much 

as 18 per cent thorium oxide. The chief source of thorium used for gaslight mantles and other purposes. Also a source of helium gas.

Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho," Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming.

Montroydite. Oxide of mercury, HgO. A source of mercury. 

Texas.

Monzonite. An igneous rock of granitoid texture, intermediate in mineral composition between syenite and diorite; both alkali feldspar (or orthoclase) 

and lime-soda feldspar (or plagioclase) are present in approximately equal 

amounts. Is used under the name of " dark granite " for monumental work 

when sufficiently attractive; also for rough building. It is the country rock 

closely associated genetically with many ore deposits in the West. See 

Granite.

Moonstone. A variety of feldspar, commonly transparent or translucent orthoclase, albite, or labradorite, which exhibits a delicate pearly opalescent play 

of colors. , 

Pennsylvania, Virginia.

Morrisite. A pearly white volcanic product, probably fine-grained . tuff or 

pumice, possessing properties which render it peculiarly fitted for use as 

a base for pigments of practically all- kinds. 

Colorado.

Mountain brown ore. A local name for limonite or brown iron ore. Applied 

in Virginia to the low-grade siliceous variety, which commonly occurs in 

hard lumps and which is found on the mountain slopes at or near the contact 

of the Cambrian shale and sandstone with the Cambrian and Ordovician 

limestone. See also Brown iron ore, Valley brown ore. 

Virginia.

Muscovite. Potash-bearing white mica, H2KAl3 (SiO4)3. See also Mica.

Nagyagite. A sulphotelluride of lead, gold, and antimony, possibly A^Pb^Sba 

TevSii. The gold content ranges from 5.8 to 12.8 per cent, the sulphur from 

8.1 to 10.8 per cent. A rare source of gold. 

North Carolina.

Native Epsom salts. See Epsomite.

Native paraffin. See Ozocerite.

Natron. Hydrous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H»O. Not of economic use. 

Oregon, Wyoming.

Natural gas. A mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons found in nature. In many 

places associated with deposits of petroleum, to which it is closely related. 

Used chiefly for fuel and illumination. As an illuminant, natural gas was 

first used in the United States at Fredonia, N. Y., about 1824. As a fuel 

it was first used commercially in the United States in the Pittsburgh district of Pennsylvania about 1882, and is a source of both heat and power 

for domestic and industrial uses. Its use as fuel has accelerated the development of many industries for which it is peculiarly adapted, especially the 

iron, steel, and zinc industries, where it is used in puddling, open-hearth,
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 387

and heating furnaces and smelting plants, and the glass industry, where it 

is used in melting the ingredients and annealing the product. It is also 

used extensively in the manufacture of brick, pottery, and tile, at cement 

plants, in generating steam for power, and in internal-combustion engines. 

Large quantities of gas are used in making carbon black, and the heavy 

or casing-head gas from oil wells is used for making gasoline. It is 

used extensively as an illuminant. Though natural gas does not contain the hydrocarbons necessary to give a good light like those contained 

in coal and water gas, where used as an illuminant its light is very much 

improved by the Welsbach mantle or the Argand burner and chimney. 

Liquefied natural gas is used for lighting but finds more extended employment in certain industries where a high degree of heat is required, as in 

the melting of steel and in the welding and brazing of metals. Production 

of natural gas in 1914 was 591,866,733,000 cubic feet, valued at $94,115,524, 

in which West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Oklahoma led the other 

States in the order mentioned. Marsh gas occurs and is used in a few 

homes for fuel and .light in nearly all the drift-covered States and in 

some other States.

Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 

Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, 

New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, West Virginia, Wyoming.

'Natural liquid asphalt. See Maltha.

Needle ore. See Aikinite.

Nelsonite. A dike rock composed essentially of ilmenite or rutile and apatite. 

. Virginia. ~ (

Nephrite. See Jade. - Niccolite, Arsenical nickel. Arsenide of nickel, NiAs. Contains 43.9 per cent 

nickel. 

Colorado.

Nicholsonite. A variety of aragonite (the orthorhombic carbonate of lime, 

CaCOa) containing from less than 1 per cent up to 10 per cent.of zinc. 

May be a subordinate source of zinc. 

Colorado.

Nickel. A metallic element, Ni. Chiefly used in making nickel steel. A nickelcopper alloy.is used as a jacket for bullets; great quantities of nickel 

are used in plating various metallic objects, and smaller quantities are 

used in making coins. The United States coin, known as the " nickel" 

contains only 25 per cent of nickel; the rest is copper. Various nickel 

alloys are proposed as substitutes for steel. Monel metal, an alloy of 

nickel and copper containing also a small quantity of iron, is made by 

smelting the Sudbury (Canada) ores without separation of the metallic 

contents. Monel metal is used for valves on high-pressure steam engines, 

as a roofing material, in sulphuric-acid pumps, and in other places where 

a metal highly resistant to ordinary chemicals is needed. See also Annabergite, Garnierite, Genthite, Josephinite, Millerlte, Niccolite, Pentlandite, 

Pyrrhotite, and Zaratite.

California, Georgia, Idaho, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming.

Nigrite. A name given to a variety of asphalt mined at Soldier Summit, Utah, 

whose composition is imperfectly understood. Brittle, imperfectly fusible, 

and imperfectly soluble. Prospectively useful for the same purposes as 

grahamite. See also Grahainite. 

Utah.
388 USEFUL MIN-EBALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Niter, Saltpeter. Potassium nitrate, KNOa. Used in manufacturing nitric 

acid, gunpowder, and other explosives, as a fertilizer, and in curing meats. 

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Indiana, Oregon, Tennessee, 

Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming.

Nivenite. A variety of uraninite high in uranium and carrying 10 per cent or 

more of the yttrium earths and 6.7 to 7.6 per cent thoria. It is wholly 

soluble in dilute sulphuric acid. A possible source of radium, yttrium, and 

rare-earth metals. See Uraninite. 

Texas.

Novaculite. An extremely fine grained quartzose sedimentary rock. Used for 

making fine whetstones, oilstones, and hones, and in the manufacture of 

engraving and carving tools, and as a gem. Formerly used by the Indians 

for stone implements. The novaculite of Arkansas makes excellent whetstones. According to their color and quality these whetstones are known 

as Washita stones or Arkansas stones. The Arkansas stones are snowwhite and are better for some purposes than the Washita stones.

Arkansas, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, Oklahoma, 

Tennessee.

Obsidian, Volcanic glass. Extrusive igneous rocks which have cooled either 

"without crystallization or with only partial crystallization. Used as a 

gem. Abundant in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. 

Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.

Ocher, Mineral paint. A metallic oxide occurring in an earthy or pulverulent 

form. Commercially the term ocher is used to mean the yellow, red, 

and brown earthy iron oxides.

Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New 

Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin.

Octahedrite. Titanic oxide, TiO2 . A possible source of titanium. 

Arkansas.

Oil. See Petroleum.

Oil shale. See Shale.

Oilstone. A fine-grained whetstone on which oil is used. See also Novaculite. 

Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Ohio.

Olivenite. Hydrous copper arsenate, Cu(CuOH)AsOi. Not of economic use. 

Utah.

Olivine, Chrysolite, Peridot. An orthosilicate of iron and magnesium, 2(Mg, 

Fe)O.Si02. Used as a gem. A constituent of many basalts, gabbros, and 

closely related basic rocks. Peridotite consists largely of dunite, composed 

almost wholly of olivine. 

Arizona, California, New Mexico, Oregon.

Onofrite. Sulphoselenide of mercury, Hg(S,Se). Contains 81 to 82 per cent 

of mercury. 

Utah.

Onyx. A cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, made up of different colored layers, 

chiefly white, yellow, black, or red. Not found in commercial quantity in 

United States. Used as a gem.

Onyx marble (including Mexican onyx). Calcite somewhat resembling true 

onyx in appearance. Is usually formed as stalactites, stalagmites, vein 

filling, or spring deposits. Used as an ornamental stone. Nearly all the 

onyx marble used in the United States is imported from Mexico and 

Europe, but good domestic material is available. See also Travertine.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 389

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Missouri, New Mexico, South 

Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia.

Opal. Hydrous silica, SiOa.oi'BkO. When it shows a play of colors, or opalesceuce, it .becomes the fire opal or precious opal of commerce.

Arizona, -California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, 

Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington.

Opalized wood. See Wood.

Idaho.

Oriskany brown ore. Deposits of limonite, hydrated iron oxide, occurring in 

beds of Oriskany age. See also Brown iron ore. 

Maryland, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia.

Orpiment. Arsenic trisulphide, As^Sa. Contains 61 per cent arsenic (the element). A source of arsenic. Utah. - 

Orthite. See Allanite. .

Orthoclase. The monoclinic potash feldspar, K2O.Al203.6Si02 . Contains a maximum of 16.9 per cent potash, K2O. Used as a gem. See also Feldspar.

Osmium. A blue-white metallic element, Os, found as a natural alloy with 

iridium as iridosmine. Used mostly to harden platinum in an alloy, for 

pointing gold pens, in the preparation of electric-lamp filaments, and in 

the manufacture of standard weights; osmium oxide is used as a black 

stain in optical apparatus. See also Iridosmine.

Ozocerite, Fossil wax, Mineral wax, Native paraffin. A waxlike hydrocarbon, CnHz^, yellow-brown to green to black in color; translucent when 

pure; feels greasy; fuses below 70°. Dissolves in all of the usual solvents 

of bitumen, including carbon disulphide. Streak is light to brown, and specific gravity is slightly less than 1. Yields ceresin when refined, paraffin 

wax and oil when distilled. Distantly related to asphalt. Chiefly used as 

a source of mineral wax or ceresin, the applications of which are numerous, such as making candles, waxed paper, and adulterating beeswax. 

Used largely in the manufacture of phonographic needles. Also used as 

a source of illuminating gas, oils, and other substances, as an insulator of 

electricity, and as a covering to protect metal surfaces against moisture, 

acids, or alkalies'. 

Utah, Wyoming.

Palladium. An element, Pd, one of the platinum metals. Occurs in minute 

quantities in copper-ores and is recovered in electrolytic refineries. Used 

in dental work in different alloys. 

Nevada, Wyoming.

Peacock copper ore.. See Bornite.

Pearceite. Silver sulpharseuite Ag»AsSo (arsenical polybasite). 

Colorado, Montana, Utah.

Pearls. Lustrous calcareous concretions, chiefly of calcium carbonate, produced by shellfish. Used as gems. 

Arkansas.

Peat. Partly decayed vegetable matter which has accumulated- in marshes and 

wet places. Used as a fertilizer, as a filler for artificial or chemical fertilizers, in stock foods, in mud baths, as fuel, paper stock, and for insulating material, and as a deodorizer and preservative in slaughterhouses 

and .garbage plants to improve the conditions under which tankage is 

produced; also for stable litter.
390 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

In Europe peat is produced in largest quantities for fuel, of which the 

commercial varieties are air-dried cut peat, air-dried machine peat, briquetted peat, peat powder, and peat coke or charcoal. Large quantities of 

poorly decomposed fibrous and mossy peat are prepared and sold for stable 

litter. Peat meal or dust is extensively produced and used as an absorbent and disinfectant in cesspools, outhouses, manure pits, and the like. 

It is also used largely to mix with refuse molasses for stock food, for 

packing and preserving fruit, vegetables, and fragile materials., and as surgical dressing and absorbent.

Fibrous peat is used, either directly or as a source of fiber, for making 

hospital mattresses and cushions. The selected and cleansed fiber is 

used for weaving coarse fabrics and for paper stock. This type of peat 

is also pressed into sheets 2 inches or more thick and used in the walls of 

buildings as insulation against changes of temperature and sound and as 

a substitute for cork in a variety of uses. Mixed with some other mineral 

substances, such as plaster of Paris, peat is made into a substitute for 

wood that is used to some extent in cabinet and structural work. Peat is 

also used as a source of dyes and of tanning material.

When subjected to destructive distillation in closed retorts, peat yields 

burnable gas and a quantity of charcoal, free from sulphur and phosphorus, 

and therefore useful for metallurgic processes. If the gases of distillation are cooled and condensed chemical compounds of economic value may 

be recovered from the crude distillates. Among the most important of 

these compounds are ammonia, recoverable as the sulphate, methyl or 

wood alcohol, acetic acid, acetine, or calcium acetate, petroleum oils of 

' several grades, creosote, paraffin, and a substance resembling, asphalt.

Ethyl alcohol has been made from peat by chemical treatment, and it 

has also been proposed to obtain nitrates and nitric acid from peat bogs 

by the action of electric currents and nitrifying bacteria on properly prepared beds of peat.

Experiments for producing peat in this country for many of the purposes 

for which it is used in Europe are now in progress, with the result that the 

peat industry is gradually being placed on a firm basis.

California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, 

Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 

South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, 

Wisconsin.

Pegmatite, Giant granite. An igneous rock, generally coarse grained but 

usually irregular in texture and composition, composed mainly of silicate 

minerals of large size, including quartz, feldspar, muscovite, biotite, tourmaline, beryl, lithia minerals, zircon, etc. Some pegmatites carry minerals 

containing the rare-earth metals, tin, tungsten, tantalum, uranium, and 

others. . Occurs in most of the New England and Atlantic Coast States and is the 

rock in which quarries for feldspar, mica, tourmaline, and beryl are commonly located.

Pencil stone. &ee Pyrophyllite.

Pentlandite. A sulphide of iron and nickel (Fe,Ni)S. A source of nickel. 

Pennsylvania.

Peridot. See Olivine.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 391

Peridotite. A granular rock composed chiefly of olivine and pyroxene with

little or no feldspar. A source of olivine and pyroxene used as gems. 

Perofskite. Calcium titanate (CaTiOs).

Colorado.

Petrified wood. See Wood.

Petroleum, Mineral oil. An oily, inflammable, liquid mixture of numerous 

hydrocarbons, chiefly of the paraffin series, found in the earth. The petroleums found in different areas vary widely in composition and appearance. Used extensively in the crude state in the industries as a 

fuel and a lubricant, in chemistry as a solvent, in cabinetmaking for finishing wood, and in metallurgy in the flotation process for concentrating 

metallic ores.

The refined products of crude petroleum, which number several hundred, find wide employment in the arts and industries. The following 

comprise the more important by-products and their uses:

Liquid pentane is employed in welding and brazing.

Rhigolene is a valuable local anesthetic for surgical use.

Cymogene is utilized in the manufacture of ice.

.Petroleum ether (Sherwood's oil) and ligroine are extensively used 

as solvents for fats and fatty oils and are employed in the manufacture 

of rubber and rubber substitutes.

Petroleum spirit, including gasoline, naphtha, and petrol, is produced in 

many grades adapted to a variety of uses. Gasoline is the principal fuel 

used in internal-combustion engines for automobiles, motor boats, airplanes, motor cycles, and for other purposes. It is a source of heat in 

stoves and of light in lamps. Naphtha is used for cleaning and in the 

manufacture of paints, varnishes, soap, oilcloth, and linoleum.

Kerosene, the most common illuminating or burning oil, is used as an 

illuminant, as a source of heat, as a disinfectant, as a solvent, and as a 

destroyer of fruit-tree pests. " Headlight oil" and " mineral sperm oil" 

are especially refined types of illuminating oil prepared for specific 

purposes. 1 ' . Gas oils, as the name implies, are used in the manufacture of oil gas 

and are employed in the enrichment of other artificial gases.

Lubricating oils range from carefully refined mineral oils through a 

great number of mixtures of mineral with animal or vegetable oils compounded to meet a great variety of requirements as to viscosity, temperature conditions, and type of -bearings.

Paraffin wax is widely employed in the manufacture of candles and 

as a preservative for fruit, meats, eggs, flowers, building stone, and other 

material. It is used in the manufacture of matches, electric insulation, 

textiles, chewing gum, and crayons.

The greases, which are closely allied with the lubricating oils, comprise about 75 varieties of semisolid lubricants utilized directly as such 

and less- directly as leather finishes and in the manufacture of leather 

and metal polishes.

Petrolatum or vaseline, the principal member of the grease family, is 

widely used by the pharmacist in compounding innumerable pastes, ointments, and salves for internal and external application. Tn the liquid form 

petrolatum is used by the physician as a mild and effective cathartic, and 

by the nose and throat specialist as a vehicle for protective sprays.

Petroleum asphalt, the residuum obtained in the refining of asphaltic 

oils, is used under the name of road oil for laying dust on streets and
392 USEFUL MINEEALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

highways and as a flux for softening solid bitumens. The heavier grades 

are utilized in the manufacture of roofing materials, building paper, paint, 

and waterproof felts, and extensively in pavement construction.

Petroleum coke, obtained as a residuum in refining paraffin-base oils, is 

used in the manufacture of ink, leather polish, stove polish, and paint, 

 but more widely for carbon points in arc lamps and electrodes in batteries 

and electric furnaces.

Recent developments in methods of refining have shown that benzol and 

toluol, substances that find wide application in the manufacture of dyestuffs and explosives, can be comm'ercially recovered from petroleum with 

appropriate treatment. This phase of the petroleum industry therefore 

seems likely to become an important domestic source of dyes.

The total production of petroleum in 1914 was 290,312,535 barrels, having a value of $233,991,903.21. This total represents marketed production 

and does not include the petroleum placed in storage, which in Oklahoma 

and California was large, that of Oklahoma being more than 19,000.000 

barrels in 1914.

Alabama, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, New York, 

Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, 

Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming.

Petroleum asphalt. See Petroleum. .

Petzite. Telluride of silver and gold (Ag,Au) 2Te. The gold content ranges 

from 18.2 to 25.6 per cent and the silver from 40.7 to 46.8 per cent. 

California, Colorado, New Mexico.

Phenacite. Glucinurn orthosilicate, GL-SiOi. Used as a gem. 

Colorado.

Phosphate rock. A sedimentary rock containing phosphate of lime. The form 

in which the phosphate of lime occurs is obscure. Used in the manufacture of artificial fertilizers and chemicals containing phosphoric acid.

Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, Montana, South Carolina, 

Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming.

Phosphorus. A nonmetallic, generally yellowish-white element, P, occurring 

in nature in the form of phosphates, or salts of phosphoric acid. It is 

obtained from organic matter, as from bones and urine, and from minerals, such as apatite and vivianite. It is used in medicine and in the 

manufacture of matches. See Apatite, A^ivianite, Wavellite, and Xenotime.

Pisanite. An iron sulphate in which part of the iron is replaced by copper, 

(Fe,Cu)SO4.7H2O. A minor source of copper. 

Montana, Utah.

Pitchblende. See Uraninite.

Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, North Carolina, Utah.

Platinum. An element, Pt, occurring as a native metal. Practically all 

platinum is found in the metallic state, though small quantities are obtained from sperrylite and in the electrolytic refining of copper ores. 

One of the most important uses of platinum is as a catalyzer in what 

is technically known as " contact mass" in the manufacture of fuming 

sulphuric acid and sulphur -trioxide. The platinum acts as an exciter 

in the formation of sulphur trioxide, which, on combination with water, 

yields sulphuric acid. It is also used for platinum dishes and utensils of many kinds in chemical laboratories, in the chemical and electrical 

industries, and in the manufacture of incandescent lamps, but its use in 

these lines each year becomes less, as it is being replaced by nickelchromium alloys or metallic tungsten or metallic molybdenum or tungsten-
GLOSSAEY. AND INDEX. . 393

molybdenum alloys. It is also used in jewelry "as a setting for precious 

gems. In 1916 the demand for platinum for use in making munitions 

raised the price of the metal from $35 to $90 an ounce. See also Sperrylite. 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New York, 

North Carolina, Oregon. South Carolina, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. 

Plumbojarosite. A hydrous sulphate of lead and iron, PbFeo(OH)i2 (SOi)«. An 

ore of lead. 

Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah.

Pollucite. Hydrous csesium-sodium-aluminum silicate, H2 0. (Cs,Na) 2O.Al2Os. 

5Si02 . Found in pegmatite. Commercial source of caesium compounds.

Maine.

Polybasite. Sulphide of silver and antimony, AgoSbSo. If pure, it would contain 75.6 per cent silver, but copper replaces part of the silver; also arsenic 

replaces antimony.

Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada.

Polycrase. A columbate and titanate of yttrium, erbium, cerium, and uranium, 

with some iron and water. A source of rare earth metals. 

North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas.

Porcelain clay. See Kaolin.

Porphyry. An igneous rock in which relatively large, conspicuous crystals 

(phenocrysts) are set in a finer-grained or glassy groundmass.' Porphyries 

 are generally named in accordance with their rock composition (for example, granite porphyry, trachyte porphyry) or with the character of the 

phenocrysts, as quartz porphyry. Colloquially the word " porphyry " is 

used to mean almost any igneous rock, particularly one that is spotted, 

soft, or light colored.

Occurs in many States but is little used. Several light-colored porphyries 

are used for building in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast .States. 

See Rhyolite.

Potash. The oxide of potassium, K2O. Not an independent compound, but 

used as a basis of comparison for all potash minerals and artificial salts. 

The potash of commerce is derived from the minerals carnallite, kainite, 

sylvite (not found in the United States), and niter, and also from certain 

seaweeds, wood ashes, and marls. The principal potash-bearing silicate minerals are orthoclase, leucite, sanicline, nephelite, and muscovite. Potash salts 

are essential to numerous industries, chiefly the fertilizer industry. They 

are also used, in the manufacture of glass, in certain kinds of soap, in some 

explosive powders, and in the chemical industries, including the manufacture of alum, cyanides, bleaching powders, dyestuffs, and other chemicals. See also Alunite, Alunogen, Kalinite, and Niter.

Alabama, California, Colorado, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, 

Wyoming.

Potash alum. See Kalinite.

Priceite. A friable, chalky boron mineral, 3Ca0.4B2O8 .6H20. A source of boron 

or borax. 

Oregon.

Proustite, Light ruby silver. Silver-arsenic sulphide, 3Ag2S.As2 S3 . Contains 

65.4 per cent silver, of which it is a valuable ore.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, 

Oregon, Utah.

Psilomelane, Manganese hydrate.- A common ore of manganese. Perhaps 

H,MnOB.
394 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia.

Pumice. Highly vesicular or cellular glassy .lava or volcanic dust and asn, 

generally rhyolitic in composition. Used for abrasive work, chiefly for 

wood polishing and in the preparation of tooth powder and certain cleansing 

and scouring compounds. Used also to a small extent for building stone 

and in cement and concrete work.

California, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, 

Utah, Wyoming.

Pyrargyrite, Dark ruby silver. Silver-antimony sulphide, 3Ag2S.Sb2 S3. Contains 59.9 per cent silver when pure, but analyses show from 57 to 60.9 

per cent.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington.

Pyrite, Fool's gold, Iron pyrites. Isometrically crystallized iron disulphide,

~ FeS2. Contains 46.6 per cent iron and 53.4. per cent sulphur.. Used chiefly

in making sulphuric acid; also as a gem, especially from the Wilkes-Barre

region, Pennsylvania. It is very widely distributed as a gangue mineral

in ore deposits.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, 

Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, 

Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Pyrolusite, Black oxide of manganese. Manganese dioxide, Mn02. Contains 

63.2 per cent manganese. This mineral is the most useful ore for the production of chlorine and the manufacture of permanganates, owing to the 

fact that it is richer in oxygen than any other manganese ore. Pyrolusite 

is also used as a flux, as a source of manganese alloys, and for all other 

purposes mentioned under Manganese.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, 

Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, 

Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, 

Utah, Vermont, Virginia.

Pyromorphite, Green lead ore. Chlorophosphate of lead, SPbaPsOs.PbCU A 

minor ore of lead.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, 

Nevada, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah. °

Pyrope. Magnesium-aluminum garnet, 3MgO.Al 2O3 .3Si02 . Color deep red to 

nearly black. Used as a gem when transparent. 

Arizona, Utah.

Pyrophyllite, Agalmatolite, Figure stone, Pencil stone. A hydrous aluminum 

silicate, H2O.Al2O3 .4SiO:. Eesembles talc in color, feel, luster, and structure. Used as an ornamental stone, as a gem, for slate pencils, and for the 

" talc " or " talcum powder " of commerce. Carved by the Chinese. 

California, North Carolina.

Pyroxene. See Diopside.

Pyrrhotite,, Magnetic pyrites. A variable iron sulphide, FerSs to FenSi2 . 

Many pyrrhotites contain nickel and are mined as nickel ores. Also an 

important source of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, picric acid, trinitrotoluol, 

and other by-products. .
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 395

Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New 

MexicOj New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 

South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, 

Wyoming.

Quartz, Silica. Crystallized silicon dioxide, SiO2. The following varieties are 

used as gems: Amethyst, a variety of the well-known amethystine color ; 

aventurine, a quartz spangled with scales of mica, hematite, or other minerals ; false topaz or citrine, a yellow quartz; rock crystal, a watery clear 

variety; rose quartz, a pink variety; rutilated quartz, containing needles 

of rutile; smoky quartz, a brownish variety sometimes called cairngorm; 

and tiger-eye, crocidolite (an asbestos-like mineral) replaced by quartz; 

and iron oxide, and having a chatoyant effect. Besides its use for gems 

and ornamental stone, quartz, when ground or crushed, is used in paint, as 

a wood filler and wood polisher; in the manufacture of chinaware and 

porcelain; as an abrasive, scouring, and cleansing agent; and in the manufacture of fused quartz ware and pottery; in the packing of acid towers; 

as ganister and flux in smelting; and as a heat and sound insulator.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California; Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, 

Michigan, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West 

Virginia.

Quartz diorite. An igneous rock of a granitoid texture, whose chief feldspar is 

plagioclase, contains free quartz, generally some orthoclase, and one or 

several of the dark silicates biotite, hornblende, and augite. It is the deepseated equivalent of the dacites and is closely related to the granodiorites 

and the quartz monzonites. It is used under the name of " dark granite " 

for monumental work when sufficiently attractive. Used- for crushed 

stone at several places, and may be locally termed " trap rock" or 

" granite." 

California, Massachusetts, Vermont.

Quartzite. A sandstone in which the grains are so cemented by silica that 

they break across when the rock is fractured. Used in a few places for 

building stone and crushed stone, but its extreme hardness limits its use. 

When pure and white it is used for the same purposes as quartz. See also 

Quartz.

Arizona, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New 

Mexico, South Dakota, Virginia, Wisconsin.

Quartz monzonite. An igneous rock of granitoid texture, of mineral composition, intermediate between syenite and diorite and with less quartz than 

granodiorite. The granite of commerce includes considerable quartz monzonite. Used for crushed stone, building, and monumental work much the 

same as granite. Several of the well-known New England " granites," the 

gray granites of Minnesota,, and also of California, mostly fall in the 

class of quartz monzonite or that of granodiorite. See Granite.

Quicksilver. See Mercury and Cinnabar.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, Oregon, Texas, Utah.

Radium. A metallic element, Ra, derived through a series of intermediate 

elements from uranium. It gives off helium (the a rays) and alters to 

the emanation, a gas. Successive alterations give other elements, solids, 

part of which radiate /3 and 7 rays (radium B, radium C, and radium E), 

and it is to these derived elements that radium owes its apparent radioactivity. Radium is never found in sufficient quantity to be visible, but
396 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE .UNITED STATES.

occurs only with uranium minerals in extremely minute quantities, amounting at most to 3 or 4 grains to the ton of material. F!rom these it is separated to obtain the radium salts of commerce. Radium is almost wholly 

used as a curative agent in such diseases as cancer, lupus, eczema, and 

arthritis. A little radium is used in making luminous clock and watch faces 

and house numbers. See also Uranium.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Montana, 

Nevada, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, 

Texas, Utah, Virginia.

Realgar. Arsenic monosulphide, AsS. Contains 70.1 per cent elemental arsenic. 

A source of arsenic.

Utah, Washington. . 

Bectorite. Hydrated aluminum silicate, similar to kaolinite.

Arkansas. 

Beddle. Generous red clay. Useful in paint manufacture.

Arkansas.

Bed iron ore. See Hematite. 

Bed oxide of zinc. See Zincite.

Besiduum. A product of petroleum refining, See also Asphalt and Petroleum. 

Bhodium. A whitish-gray metallic element of the platinum group, Rh, found' 

as an alloy in iridosmine and alloyed with platinum. Used in thermostatics for determination of high temperatures. See also Iridosmine. 

Rliodoclirosite. Manganese carbonate, MnCO3. Used for ornamental work. 

Can be used as a flux and as a source of manganese.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Montana, Oregon, Utah. 

Bhodolite. A variety of garnet characterized by its roselike color and brilliant 

. luster. Composition corresponds to two molecules of pyrope and one of 

almandite. Used as a gem.

North Carolina. .

Bhodonite. Manganese silicate, MnSiOs. Used as a gem and ornamental 

stone.

California, Maine, Massachusetts, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode 

Island, Utah.

Bhyolite. A highly siliceous compact or porphyritic, variously colored volcanic 

rock. The extrusive equivalent of granite; See also Lava.

Arizona, Idaho, Maine, Nevada, Wisconsin. Found in many other 

States but little utilized. 

Bickardite. Purple copper telluride, CuiTe3.

Colorado. 

Bicolite. See Serpentine.

New Mexico.

Bead metal. Rock suitable for surfacing macadamized roads and for foundations, for asphalt and concrete roadways. See also, Basalt, Diabase, Gran- 

. ite, Gravel, Limestone, Marble, Sand, Sandstone, Slate, and Trap rock.

All the States. 

Bock salt. See Halite.

Boscoelite. A vanadium-bearing muscovite mica in which A1203 is partly replaced by V20s. The content of V2O3 may reach an equivalent of 28.85 per 

cent V2O6, though it is generally much less.

California, Colorado.

Bose quartz. Crystalline quartz with a rose-pink color. Used as a gem or 

as an ornamental stone. See also Quartz. 

California, Colorado, Maine, South Dakota.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. . 3971

Rosin jack. See Sphalerite.

Rowlandite. Yttrium silicate, 2Yt^03 .3Si02. Not found in sufficient quantity 

to be of economic use. 

Texas.

Rubellite. Dark-pink or red tourmaline. Used as a gem. See also Tourmaline. 

California.

Ruby. A transparent deep-red variety of corundum, A1203. A well-known gem. 

Georgia, North Carolina.

Ruby silver. See Proustite and Pyrargyrite.

Rutile. Tetragonally crystallized titanium oxide, TiO2 . Octaheclrite is another 

tetragonal form with different facial angles. When crystallized in orthorhombic form titanium oxide is known as brookite. The chief source of 

titanium. Also used as a gem and as coloring matter for porcelain.

Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South 

Carolina, Virginia.

Salt, Common salt, Halite. Sodium chloride, NaCl (brine). Chiefly used, 

both crude and refined, in food for men and animals, and as a source of 

soda and other sodium compounds. Also largely . used as a source of 

chlorine and hydrochloric acid. Used to form a glaze on pottery, in enameling, in many chemical and metallurgic industries, in refrigerating, for 

curing and preserving hides, fish, meat, butter, vegetables, and skins, and 

for clearing oleomargarine.

Alabama, Arizona, California, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, 

Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia,- 

West Virginia, Wyoming.

Saltpeter. See Niter.

Samarskite. A columbate and tantalate of uranium, the cerium metal's, the 

yttrium metals, and minor quantities of other metals. A prospective source 

of radium. 

North Carolina.

Sand. Incoherent fragments of minerals or rocks of small size, usually less 

than one-fourth of an inch in diameter and coarser than dust. As used 

in this work the term indicates material comminuted by natural means. 

Quartz grains generally predominate in natural deposits, although such 

deposits commonly contain many other minerals. Used for glass manufacture, molding, brickmaking, mortar, concrete, paving; grinding, sawing, 

and polishing rock; lining furnaces and ladles for handling molten metal; 

to prevent slipping of wheels on slippery rails, for railroad ballast, filter 

beds, and other purposes. 

All the States.

Sand, building. Any siliceous, clean, sharp sand, suitable for use in mortar, 

plaster, concrete, and sand-lime brick. 

All the States.

Sand, filter. Clean silica sand in sorted sizes, used for beds in water-filtering 

plants. 

California, Minnesota, New Jersey, South Dakota.

Sand, fire. Highly refractory silica sand, especially suitable for manufacture of fire brick, for lining furnaces and ladles used to contain molten 

metals; for making molds, and for other refractory products.

California, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania.
398 USEFUL MINEKALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Sand, glass. Sand of medium grain consisting of 98 to 100 per cent of silica 

(SiO2 ), used in glass making. Iron oxides should form less than 1 per 

cent of the mass. Unconsolidated sand deposits, including sand dunes, are 

used, as at Lake Majella, Cal.; soft sandstone is disintegrated or crushed, 

as the St. Peter sandstone in Illinois and Missouri; and quartzite is 

crushed, as at Cheshire, Mass., to make glass sand.

Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, 

Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

Sand, molding. A sand used in making molds for casting metal. Different 

metals, different weights of castings, and different positions in the mold 

require different sands.

Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, 

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, 

Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New. Mexico, New 

York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin.

Sand and gravel. An incoherent mixture of sand and gravel. Very common, 

especially along streams and ocean and lake shores and in glaciated areas. 

Used for concrete, road metal, and railroad ballast. 

Occurs'in all the States.

Sandstone. Consolidated sand, generally in beds. Used for different grades 

of building stone, also paving, nagging, curbing, ornamental stone, where 

sufficiently hard and tough for ganister, for crushed stone, road metal, 

railroad ballast, concrete; when pure and white it is used for the same 

purposes as quartz. See also Quartz. 

Almost every State.

Sandstone (asphaltic). A loose-textured sandstone containing asphalt. Useful for road metal, pavement material, etc. 

Arkansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah.

Sandstone (bituminous). See Sandstone, asphaltic.

Sandstone, Bluestone. A tough, bluish sandstone used for flagging. 

New York, Pennsylvania.

Sandstone, Brownstone. A sandstone jof brown or reddish-brown color. Used 

for building. 

Connecticut, Pennsylvania.

Sandstone, Flagstone. A sandstone which cleaves into flags suitable for 

sidewalks and areaways. Includes most bluestones. See Flagstone.

Sandstone (flexible). See Itacolumite.

Sandstone, Freestone. A sandstone which cuts with equal ease in any direction. Used for building.

Sapphire. Clear blue corundum, Al2Os. A well-known blue gem. There are 

also white, pink, and yellow sapphires.

California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Montana, New 

Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon.

Satelite. The gem trade name for a fibrous serpentine having a chatoyant 

effect. 

California.

Satin spar. See Gypsum.

Sauconite. Zinc-bearing clay. 

Pennsylvania.
GLOSSAEY AND INDEX. 399

Scheelite. Calcium tungstate, CaWO*. Contains 80.6 per cent tungsten trioxide, WOs.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Washington.

Schist. A thinly laminated or foliated metamorphic rock, generally containing a large amount of mica, which splits more or less easily along closely 

. spaced, nearly parallel planes. Modifying names are given according to the 

conspicuous minerals, such as quartz schist, mica schist, sericitic schist, and 

garnetiferous schist. Used locally for building stone under the name of 

" granite " and for crushed stone under the name of " trap rock."

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, 

West Virginia.

Schwartzite. Mercurial tetrahedrite, a mercury-copper ore mineral. 

Oregon.

Scorodite. Hydrous ferric arsenate, Fe20s.As20s.4HjO. A source of arsenic. 

Utah, Washington.

Scythestone. A whetstone suitable for sharpening scythes, mostly made from 

fine-grained mica schisms and novaculite. See Whetstone.

Selenite. Gypsum in distinct crystals or broad folia, CaSO4.2H2O. Used for 

making plaster of Paris and for optical purposes. See also Gypsum.'

Selenium. An element, Se. Not found native in visible quantity. Is obtained 

as a by-product in the electrolytic refining of copper. Used in making red 

glass, electric resistances, and cells for measuring light. See also Onofrite 

and Tiemannite.

Sepiolite. See Meerschaum.

Serpentine. Hydrous magnesium silicate, 3Mg0.2Si02.2H2O, or a rock composed 

mostly of that mineral. Ricolite is a variety containing layers of white 

limestone or marble. Used for building and ornamental work.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, 

Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont, Washington.

Shale. A fine-grained rock formed by the consolidation of silt or clay and 

fissile along bedding planes. Ground and used as an ingredient in making 

Portland cement or used instead of clay in making brick and tile. Some 

shales of strong red, yellow, or brown colors are ground for use in paint. 

Common in almost every State. Only a few localities where it is used 

are recorded. See also Shale (paint).

Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Nevada, Tennessee, Utah, 

Wyoming.

Shale (oil). -Shale which will yield crude oil, ammonia, and other valuable products when subjected to destructive distillation. It seems likely to form an 

important source of oil when the present petroleum fields become exhausted, 

and may be a valuable source of coal-tar products. Some of the shale of 

the Green River formation (Eocene) of Colorado and Utah yields as 

high as 90 gallons of oil to the ton. The Green River . formation occupies about 27,000 square miles in southwestern Wyoming and adjoining 

parts of Utah and Colorado, and this area contains a large reserve of oil. 

Some shale that is rich in oil occurs also in northeast Nevada at Elko. 

The Devonian black shale, which underlies about 300,000 square miles of 

area in the eastern United States, contains shale which will yield a small 

amount of oil. It occurs in a large area in southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, eastern Ohio, nearly all of Kentucky, 

the most of middle Tennessee, northern'Alabama, southwest Indiana, the 

southern two-thirds of Illinois, northeast Missouri, and the southeast
400 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

corner of Iowa; another area underlies the large southern peninsula of 

Michigan and adjoining portions of northeastern Indiana and northwestern 

Ohio. The carbonaceous shales associated with coal throughout the area 

of its occurrence contain oil, and they are being investigated.

Alabama, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, West 

Virginia, Wyoming.

Shale (paint). Shale of strong yellow, brown, or red colors ground and used 

for paint.

Iowa, Missouri, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.

Siderite, Spathic iron ore. Iron carbonate, FeCOs. Contains 48.2 per cent 

iron. An important ore of iron.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, 

Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, 

West Virginia.

Sienna. A brownish orange-yellow clay colored by iron and manganese oxides. 

Used as a pigment. 

Alabama, California, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin.

Silex. See Ganister.

Silica. An oxide of silicon, SiOa. Occurs in nature as a mineral of economic 

importance in quartz, chalcedony, chert, flint, opal, diatomaceous earth, 

agate, sand, quartzite, and sandstone; also as a constituent of all the 

silicate minerals. The most abundant constituent of the earth's crust. 

Used for the same purposes as quartz. Tripoli, crushed quartz, quartzite, 

and sandstone are commonly called silica. 

Illinois, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Wisconsin.

Silver. An element, Ag. Sometimes found native. Metallic silver is largely 

used in the arts, for preparing alloys and silver salts and for plating 

articles of utility and ornament. It is also used in assaying. The chief 

alloy is that with copper, sterling silver, which possesses all the beauty 

of the. original silver but is much harder. Silver is extensively used for 

coinage, tableware, jewelry, and innumerable articles of ornament; also 

in the manufacture of mechanical, physical, and medical apparatus. The 

chief use of silver salts, such as the nitrate, bromide, and chloride, is in 

photography. The nitrate is also used in analytical work, in medicine, 

and in the manufacture of indelible inks. See also Acanthite, Amalgam, 

Argentite, Brongniardite, Bromyrite, Calaverite, Cerargyrite, Dyscrasite, 

Electrum, Embolite, Freibergite, Freieslebenite, Hessite, lodyrite, Krennerite, Nagyagite, Petzite, Polybasite, Proustite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, 

Stetefeldite, Stromeyerite, Sylvanite, Xanthoconite.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, South 

Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, 

Wyoming.

Silver glance. See Argentite.

Sipylite. A columbate of erbium chiefly, also of the cerium metals and other 

metals. Used only for specimens. 

Virginia.

Slate. A dense, fine-textured metamorphic rock whose separate minerals are 

indistinguishable to the unaided eye and which has an excellent parallel 

cleavage, so that it breaks into thin plates or pencil-like shapes. Milling 

slate is used for flooring, electric switchboards, blackboards, hand or
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 401

school slates, slate pencils, billiard, laboratory, and other table tops, vats, 

laundry tubs, sinks, mantels, hearths, bread boards, wainscoting, chimney 

and well caps, refrigerator shelves, memorial tablets, grave linings and 

vaults, stair treads, sanitary ware, flour bins, dough troughs for bakeries, 

and other purposes. A small quantity is " marbleized," or coated with 

preparations to imitate marble. Roofing slate is -used chiefly for slant 

roofs, but small slates bedded in asphaltic mixture are used for flat roofs. 

Ground slate is used in combination with asphaltum for roofing boards 

or sheets. Waste slate, as well as slate unsuitable for roofing and other 

uses, is crushed in some places in coarse sizes for road metal and concrete 

aggregate, and in fine sizes for artificial roofing materials. The total value 

of slate sold in the United States in 1915 was nearly $5,000,000.

Alabama, Arizon'a, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, 

Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, 

West Virginia.

Smaltite. Cobalt diarsenide, CoAs2. Contains, when pure, 28.2 per cent cobalt 

Through replacement of the cobalt by nickel it grades into chloanthite, the 

nickel arsenide, NiAsz. A source of cobalt. 

Colorado.

Smithsonite. Carbonate of zinc, ZnCO3. Contains 52 per cent zinc. Used as 

an ore and as a gem.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, 

Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin.

Soapstone (massive impure talc). Large slabs used for laundry tubs and for 

tables, hoods, and tanks in laboratories where acids are used. Because it 

is a nonconductor of electricity, is refractory, and radiates heat slowly, 

soapstone is used for electric switchboards and insulators, for hearthstones, 

foot warmers, and fireless cookers.

Alabama, Arkansas, California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Maryland, 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia.

Soda. A white alkaline compound, sodium carbonate, natron. See also Salt, 

. Thenardite, Urao. 

California, Nevada.

Soda feldspar. See Albite.

Sodium. An element, Na, the metallic constituent or basis of common salt, a 

soft, white, plastic metal, which is slightly lighter than water. It does 

not occur native but is widely distributed in rock-forming silicates and 

the chloride, common salt, which is the chief source of the metal and its 

salts. Metallic sodium is a powerful reducing agent and is therefore used 

in the reduction of aluminum and other metals from their ores, as well 

as in the preparation of many organic compounds. Sodium amalgam, 

formed by dissolving sodium in mercury, is a good solvent for gold and is 

largely used in gold amalgamation. A liquid alloy of sodium and potassium is used for high-temperature thermometers. The. artificial compounds of sodium are manufactured on an enormous scale for many 

industrial and domestic purposes. The peroxide is a most useful bleaching and general oxidizing agent. See also Natron, Salt, Soda, Thenardite, 

Urao.

27608° Bull. 624 17 26
USEFUL MINEBALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Spathic iron ore. See Siderite.

Specularite, Gray hematite, Specular hematite, Specular iron. An iron 

oxide, FeaOs, occurring in tabular or disklike crystals of gray color and 

splendent metallic luster. Also called " micaceous hematite " if occurring 

in foliated or micaceous masses. Contains 70 per cent iron. Used as an 

ore and rarely as a gem. See also Hematite.

Arizona, Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Mexico, Utah, 

Wisconsin.

Sperrylite. Platinum arsenide, PtAsa. The theoretically pure mineral would 

contain 56.5 per cent platinum, but antimony and rhodium are also present 

in small quantities. Important source of platinum.

Wyoming. 

Spessartite. A manganese garnet Used as a gem. See also Garnet.

Virginia.

Sphalerite, Blackjack, Blende, Jack, Bosinjack, Zinc blende. A sulphide of 

zinc, ZnS, crystallizing in isometric forms. Contains 67 per cent zinc. 

. See also Wurtzite.

Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, 

Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, 

Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, 

New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, 

Wyoming.

Sphene. See Titanite.

Spinel. An isometric mineral, typically magnesium aluminate, MgO.AUOs. 

The magnesium may be in part replaced by ferrous iron, or manganese, 

and the aluminum by ferric iron and chromium. Spinel is red, yellow, 

green, black, and other colors, and is used as a gem.

California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Montana, New York, North Carolina.

Spodumene. Lithium-aluminum silicate, LiaO.Al2O3.4SiO2. Used as a source 

of lithia, of which it contains as a maximum 8.4 per cent. The clear green 

variety, known as hiddenite, and the clear pink or lilac, known as kunzite, 

are used as gems.

California, Connecticut, North Carolina, South Dakota.

Staurolite. Iron-aluminum silicate, Fe(AlO) 4 (AlOH) (SiOOz.' Sometimes used 

as a gem.

Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia.

Stephanite, Brittle silver ore. Silver-antimony sulphide, 5AgS.Sb2S3. Contains 

68.5 per cent silver.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Maine, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico. 

Stetefeldite. A somewhat uncertain compound containing silver,/copper, iron, 

antimony, sulphur, and water. A minor source of silver.

Nevada.

Stibiconite, Antimony ocher. Hydrous oxide of antimony, SbaO^HsO. Contains 74.5 per cent antimony, of which it is an important source.

California, Nevada.

Stibnite, Antimony glance, Gray antimony, Sulphuret of antimony. Antimony sulphide, Sb2S3. Contains 71.4 per cent antimony. The principal 

ore mineral and chief source of antimony.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, 

Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. , 403

Stromeyerite. A somewhat variable sulphide of silver and copper, (Ag,Cu) 3S. 

Contains 50.2 to 52.7 per cent silver and 30.5 to 33.7 per cent copper. 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada.

Strontianite. Strontium carbonate, SrC08. A source of strontium salts. 

California, New York, Texas, Washington.

Strontium. A yellowish metallic element, Sr, known chiefly through its salts. 

See Celestite and Strontianite. 

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Texas.

Subterranean travertine. See Caliche.

Succinite. See Amber.

Sulphur. An element, S. Frequently found native. Sulphur takes fire at a low 

temperature, and for this reason it is extensively used as a means of producing fire in friction matches, powder, and fireworks. It is used also in 

making sulphurous and sulphuric acids, ultramarine, and carbon disulphide. Wool, silk, sponges, and other materials are bleached with sulphur 

in the form of the dioxide (SO2 ). Wine casks, preserves, and other materials are treated with it as a preservative. Rubber i§ vulcanized with it. 

Large quantities of it are used for spraying grapevines, shrubbery, and 

plants, to protect them from fungous diseases. Used also in medicine and 

in fumigation against infectious diseases.

Alabama, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky, Louisiana, 

Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wyoming.

Sulphuret of antimony. See Stibnite.

Sunstone. A variety of oligoclase feldspar containing numerous small inclusions which cause a delicate play of colors. Used as a gem. 

Arkansas, New York, North Carolina, Virginia.

Syenite. A granular igneous rock composed mostly of alkali feldspar, with a 

subordinate amount of the black ferromagnesian silicate minerals hornblende, biotite, and augite, one or more of which may be present. In quartz 

syenites a small amount of quartz is also present. In nepheline and sodalite syenites, considerable amounts of the minerals nepheline and sodalite 

are present. Used for building stone at a few places, where it is locally 

known as granite. May be used for the same purposes as granite but is 

not as a rule so well adapted for them. 

Arkansas, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Virginia.

Sylvanite. A gold-silver telluride (Au,Ag)Te2, containing gold and silver in 

the atomic ratio of 1 to 1, or 24.5 per cent gold and 13.4 per cent silver. 

California, Colorado, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.

Tabbyite. A black asphaltic substance, semibrittle, semiwaxy. Contains a 

small percentage of ceresin (mineral wax). Fuses in candle flame with 

slight intumescence. Freely soluble in carbon disulphide; only partly 

soluble in naphtha; low in sulphur. Used in the manufacture of paints, 

varnishes, rubber substitutes, and paving cement. See also Wurtzilite. 

Utah.

Talc. A hydrous magnesium silicate, H2O.3Mg0.4SiO2. Has a greasy or soapy 

feel and is soft and easily cut. It offers great resistance to #cids and 

high temperatures.' Occurs in beds more or less impure and is then 

known as steatite or soapstone. Also called potstone because it has been 

used for pots, owing to the ease with which it is worked and to its resistance to ordinary heats. The best compact grade is used for gas tips 

(lava burners), acetylene, burners, electric insulators, pencils, crayons, 

tailor's chalk, etc. French chalk is a variety used for crayons. The
404 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

foliated pure-white-variety is used for toilet powder and cosmetics. Ground 

talc is extensively used as a filler in making paper and crayons and also 

in paints. Its slip makes it a useful lubricator as well as a shoe and glove 

powder. Also used for fireless cookers.

Arkansas, California, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey,-New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode 

Island, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington.

Tantalite. The member of the tantalite-columbite group of minerals which is 

composed of nearly or quite pure tantalate of iron and manganese. Nearly 

all tantalite contains some columbium. The members of the group containing more columbium are known as columbite. Tantalite is very rare. 

Pure tantalite, (Fe,Mn)Ta2Oc, would contain about 86 per cent Ta-Oc, or 

70.4 per cent tantalum, but the actual percentage is generally much, lower. 

An important source of tantalum. 

South Dakota, Virginia.

Tantalum. One of the rare metals, Ta. It has never oeen found native in the 

United States but is a constituent of tantalite, columbite, struverite, and, 

in less proportion, of several other rare minerals. So far as is known, 

tantalum minerals, when in place, are found only in pegmatite. Exception may perhaps be made of the minute quantities found in some tungsten 

and tin minerals. Tantalum now is little used. For a time it was used in 

making filaments for incandescent electric lamps. It has also been used 

in surgical and dental instruments and for pens. See Columbite, Fergusonite, Samarskite, and Tantalite.

Tellurium. A rare nonmetallic element, Te, found native as tin-white rhombohedral crystals and masses. Very little use is known for tellurium. A 

little has been used in coloring glass, and a patent has been taken out for 

its use in aluminum alloys. 

Colorado.

Tengerite. Of doubtful composition; said to be yttrium carbonate. Too scarce 

to be of economic use. 

Texas.

Tennantite, Gray copper ore. Copper-arsenic sulphide, 3Cu2S.As2S3 . Contains 

57.5 per cent copper. Composition varies as in tetrahedrite, into which it 

grades. ' 

Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming. 

Tenorite. ' Black oxide of copper in minute black scales, CuO. Contains 79.8 

per cent copper. 

Arizona, New Mexico, Oregon; South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming.

Tepetate. See Caliche.

Tephroite. Manganese orthosilicate, 2MnO.SiO2 . Contains 70 per cent MnO, 

and commonly also small quantities of magnesium, iron, and zinc. 

New Jersey. -

Terlinguaite. Oxychloride of mercury, Hg2C10. Contains 88.65 per cent mercury. ' 

Tesas.

Tetradymite. Bismuth telluricle, Bi2 (Te,S) 3 . Contains theoretically 51.9 per 

cent bismuth, but the actual content ranges from 50.4 to 52.8 per cent. 

Sulphur generally replaces part of the tellurium, and the mineral sometimes contains a trace of selenium. The sulphurous variety contains from 

57.7 to 62.2 per cent bismuth, and may be represented by the formula 

2Bi 2Te3 .Bi2S3. Gold, copper, and iron are present in some tetradymites.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New Mexico, North 

Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 405

Tetrahedrite, Gray copper ore, Freiburgite. Copper-antimony sulphide, essentially SCiisS.StbSa. Contains 52.1 per cent copper. In many tetrahedrites 

the copper is partly replaced by iron, lead, zinc, mercury, and silver, and 

the antimony by arsenic. Through the last replacement tetrahedrite grades 

into tennantite.

Arizona, California, Colorado,. Idaho, Massachusetts, Montana, Nevada, 

New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, Washington. .

Thallium. A soft white crystalline metallic element, ,T1, occurring in small 

quantities in some varieties of pyrite and zinc blende. Used in incandescent 

lighting, in alloys, and in glass making. . ,

Thenardite, Verde salt. Sodium sulphate, Na2O.SOs. Not of economic use. 

Arizona, California.

Thomsonite, Mesolite. Hydrous sodium-calcium-aluminum silicate (Na2,Ca)O. 

AL03.2SiOi.2^H2 0. One of the zeolites, sometimes u?ed as a.gem and for 

ornamental work. 

Michigan, Oregon. . . . . ._,

Thorianite. A mineral of complex and uncertain composition but consisting 

chiefly of thorium and uranium oxides with minor quantities.of many other 

bases. Contains about 12.1 per cent U3Os and 71 per cent'ThO-. 

Montana.

Thorium. An element, Th. One of the rare-earth metals. Not found native. 

Its most important compounds are the oxide and the nitrate. The oxide 

is the chief constituent of Welsbach gas mantles and of the glower of 

the Nernst electric light. The nitrate is the salt which is used as the 

source of the oxide for these lamps. See also Auerlite, Mackintoshite, 

Monazite, Nivenite, Thorianite, Thorogurnnaite, and Yttrialite. 

" - Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North 

Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, 

Wyoming. . .

Thorog-ummite. A hydrous silicate of uranium and thorium, UO8.3ThO2.3SiOz. 

GHiO. Contains 22 per cent U03 and 41 per cent Th02. 

Texas.

Tiemannite. Mercuric selenide, HgSe. Contains 71.7 per cent mercury and 

28.3 per cent selenium. . California, Utah.

Tierra blanca. See Caliche.

Tin. A white malleable metallic element, Sn. Found in nature probably only 

in combination, principally as tin oxide, cassiterite. Used largely as a 

coating for sheet iron or sheet steel, to make tin plate, ordinarily known 

as " tin," and of which it forms only 1 to 3 per cent; used extensively in 

alloys for bearing metals, " white metals," and the like; also in making 

pipes for organs and in many places where a nonoxidizing metal is required. See also Cassiterite.

Tincal. See Borax.

Titanite, Sphene. Titanosilicato of calcium, CaTiSiOo. Used as a gem. 

California.

Titanium. A dark-gray metallic rare-earth element, Ti. Never occurs native. 

In small quantities it is widely distributed; found in all igneous and 

many sedimentary rocks in different minerals, notably in ilnaenite, rutile, 

brookite, anatase, and octahedrite. Ilmenite and rutile furnish the titanium 

of commerce. Used in cast iron, steel (steel rails, rim and tread of car 

wheels), and bronzes, largely as a purifier, deoxidizer, denitrogenizer, and 

for increasing the strength and hardness. Titanium-potassium oxalate is
406 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

used as a mordant in dyeing leather and some textiles. As the carbide 

and the oxide ilrnenite it is used in arc lamps, and in lining puddling 

furnaces. Other titanium compounds find small use. As oxide it is used 

in porcelain painting, and it enters into the composition of artificial teeth.

Topaz. An aluminum fluosilicate, simplest formula AlsSiOJTz, but with part of 

the fluorine commonly replaced by water. Used as a gem, especially when 

yellow. 

California, Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Texas, Utah.

Topazolite. See Garnet.

Torbernite. A hydrous phosphate of uranium and copper, CuO.2UO3 .P2O8,8H2O. 

A source of uranium and its salts. 

South Dakota, Utah.

Tourmaline. A complex aluminum silicate of hexagonal crystallization containing boron and in some varieties lithium and other elements. Of various 

colors; the clear pink, blue, and green varieties are used as gems.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, 

Massachusetts, North Carolina, Virginia.

Trap, Trap rock. A general name for dark fine-grained igneous rocks, particularly lavas or dikes of basalt, diabase, and similar rocks. It is a loosely 

used commercial term and has been made by some to include, besides 

basalt and diabase, a number of unrelated rocks, such as granite, gabbro, 

rhyolite (felsite), conglomerate (puddingstone), sandstone, and slate. Used 

extensively as crushed stone for road metal and concrete and locally for 

building and paving stone. See also Basalt and Diabase.

California, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, 

Washington, Wisconsin.

Travertine, Tufa. Carbonate of lime, CaCOs, deposited from solution in ground 

and surface waters. The cellular deposits are known as tufa, calcareous 

sinter, spring deposit, or cave deposit. When solid, banded, and susceptible 

of a good polish, it is known as Mexican onyx or onyx marble. True onyx, 

however, is banded silica or agate. Travertine forms the stalactites and 

stalagmites of caves, and the filling of some veins and spring conduits. 

Used for interior ornamental work. See also Onyx marble.

Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, 

Washington, Wyoming.

Tremolite. A white amphibole, 3MgO.CaO.4SiO2, occurring as bladed crystals 

and fibrous aggregates. Not of economic use. 

Connecticut, Georgia.

Triphylite. See Lithiophilite.

Tripoli. A porous siliceous rock resulting from the decomposition of siliceous 

limestone. Used for polishing powder and filters, also as a wood and paint 

filler.

Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee.

Tripolite. See Diatomaceous earth.

Trona. An impure form of urao. See Urao. 

California, Colorado, Nevada, Wyoming.

Tufa. See Travertine.

California, Nevada, Utah, Washington, Wyoming.

Tuff. Fragmental rock ejected from a volcano. It ranges from very fine, 

powdery material to coarse, heavy fragments. Used considerably in the
GLOSSABY AND INDEX. 407

West for building stone, where it is similar to soft sandstone in workability 

and general appearance. See also Rhyolite and Volcanic ash.

Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon.

Tungsten. A metallic element, W, not found native. Its melting point is 

the highest of the metals; it is insoluble in ordinary acids, and when in 

the form of fine wire its tensile strength exceeds that of iron or nickel. 

The great use of tungsten is as a component of the highly complex alloy 

steels known as high-speed steels, used in machinery, tools, projectiles, 

and the like. In these steels 14 to 20 p'er cent of tungsten is used. It is 

also used in some forms of stellite. (See Cobalt.) Smaller quantities 

are used in incandescent light filaments. Also used in electric contacts, 

Roentgen ray tubes, phonograph needles, and as an alloy with iron in castings for automobile engine valves, spark plugs, and the like. Also a component of tungsten-molybdenum alloys, which are being used on an 

increasing scale as substitutes for platinum. Owing to the demand of 

the metal for making tool steels to be used in cutting war steels the price 

of tungsten ores rose from $6 in 1914 to $110 or more a unit (20 pounds 

of tungsten trioxide) early in 1916. See also Cuproscheelite, Cuprotungstite, Ferberite, Hiibnerite, Scheelite, and Wolframite.

Turquoise. Hydrous phosphate of aluminum and copper, Cu0.3Al2Oa.2P::O5. 

9H2O. A well-known gem.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas. 

Tyuyamunite (pronounced tyu-ya-moon-ite). A canary-yellow hydrous calcium-uranium vanadate, CaO.2UO3.V3OB.8?H2O. In distinction from carnotite, which it resembles and with which it is probably generally associated, 

it is commonly found in tiny radially crystalline masses. With carnotite, 

the most important of the radium minerals.

Utah. 

TJintaite. See Gilsonite.

Utah.

Ulexite, Cotton ball. Hydrous borate of sodium and calcium, probably Na2 0. 

2CaO.5B3O8 .16HzO. Contains theoretically 43 per cent B2 08 . Analyses of 

the natural mineral show from 42 to 45.3 per cent BaOa. A source of 

boron and borax.

California, Nevada, Oregon.

Umber. A chestmit-brown to liver-colored hydrated ferric oxide containing 

manganese oxide and clay. As found in nature it.is called raw umber, and 

when heated so as to produce a reddish brown it is called burnt urnber. 

Used chiefly as a pigment in the manufacture of paints and linoleum.

Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin.

Unakite. A peculiar granite consisting essentially of yellow-green epidote, 

pink feldspar, and quartz, from the Unaka range of mountains along the 

border of North Carolina and Tennessee. Used in ornamental work.

North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.

TTraninite. A complex uranium mineral containing also rare earths, radium, 

lead, helium, nitrogen, and other elements. Uraninite in the stricter sense 

is applied to crystallized forms found in pegmatites. It contains thorium, 

cerium, lanthanum, and yttrium. The mineral found in Connecticut and 

North Carolina is of this variety. Pitchblende is the massive form, probably amorphous, and contains no thoria, but a specimen from Gilpin County, 

Colo., contained 7.6 per cent zirconia. Pitchblende is found in metalliferous
408 USEFUL 'MINERALS OP THE UNITED STATES.

veins with sulphides. Both varieties contain radium. Contains from 65 to 

90.7 per cent of the combined oxides U03 and U02 . See also Nivenite.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, North Carolina, Utah. 

Uranium. _A heavy metallic element, U. Not found native. All uranium minerals contain radium. Many experiments have been made with the object 

of using uranium as an alloy in steel, but they do not seem to have been 

very successful. Uranium alloys with copper and other metals have been 

. placed on the market to be used in brass and other alloy work, principally 

as deoxidizers. Uranium salts are used in glass and pottery coloring. See 

also Autunite, Carnotite, Fergusonite, Mackintoshite, Nivenite, Polycrase, 

Samarskite, Thorinnite, Thorogummite, Torbernite, Tyuyamunite, Urarrinite (including Pitchblende), Uranocircite, Urauophane, Uranospinite, 

Yttrialite, and Zeunerite.

Uranocircite. A hydrous phosphate of .uranium and barium, BaO.2UO3.P2Oo. 

8H20. A possible source of radium.

South Dakota.

Uranophane. A hydrous silicate of uranium and calcium, CaO.2UO3.2SiO2.6E2O. 

A possible source of radium.

Georgia, Idaho, North Carolina.

Uranospinite. Probably an arsenate of uranium and calcium corresponding to 

autunite, CaO.2UO3.As2O6.8H2O. Contains about 47.6 per-cent uranium, 

equivalent to 56.1 per cent calculated as U3O8.

Utah. 

Urao. Hydrous sodium carbonate, 3Na2O.4CO2.5H2O. Trona is an impure form

of urao. Source of sodium carbonate. See Trona. 

Utahlite. See Variscite.

Uvanite. Crystallized form of pitchblende, 2UO3.3V2O6 .15H2O. See also 

Uraninite.

Utah.

Uvarovite. See Garnet. 

Vadose limestone. See Caliche.

Valley brown ore. A local name for limonite or brown iron ore. Applied in 

Virginia to the comparatively pure high-grade ore found in the Cambrian 

and Ordovician limestone which forms the Valley of Virginia. See also 

Brown iron ore, Mountain brown ore. ' 

. .Virginia.

Vanadinite. .Lead chlorvanadate, 9PbO.3V2OB.PbCl2. Contains when pure 19.4 

per cent V2Ois, but arsenic and phosphorus both replace vanadium, so that 

the mineral grades into mimetite, 3Pb3As2O3.PbCl2 , and into pyromorphite, 

3Pb3P2Os.PbCl 2 . Endlichite is a variety of vanadinite containing considerable arsenic. Used as a source of vanadium compounds and of metallic 

lead.

Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico.

Vanadium. An element, V. It does not occur native, but is found in the 

United States in the minerals carnotite, metahewettite, roscoelite, vanadinite, descloizite, volborthite, calciovolborthite, tyuyamunite, and segirite. 

The great use of vanadium is as a component of the high-speed tool and 

other steels. Vanadium is also used -as a deoxidizer in steel, bronzes, 

brasses, and bearing metals. Small quantities of vanadium salts are used 

in various chemical industries.

Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah. 

Variscite, Amatrice, Chlorutahlite, Utahlite. Green hydrous phosphate of 

aluminum, Al 2O3 .P2O8.4HiO. Used as a gem. 

Arkansas, Nevada, Utah.
GLOSSARY AND INDEX. ...... 40-9

Vashegyite. A white massive compact hydrous aluminum phosphate, 

4A12O3.3P20B.30H2O.

Nevada.

Verde antique. A dark-green rock composed essentially of serpentine (hydrous 

magnesium silicate). Usually crisscrossed with white veinlets of magnesium and calcium. Used as an ornamental stone. In commerce usually 

. classed as a marble. . .

California, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, 

Virginia.

Verde salt. See Thenardite.

Vermiculite, Altered micas, Jefferisite. A silicate of alumina, iron, and 

magnesia, with water. Used as pigment in manufacture of silver paint, and 

after heating in manufacture of gold paint.

Pennsylvania.

Vesuvianite. A complex calcium-aluminum silicate of uncertain formula. A 

massive light-green variety is known as californite. Used as a gem.

Arkansas, California, Colorado, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania. 

Vivianite. Ferrous phosphate, Fe8 (P002.8H2 0.

Colorado, Idaho.

Volborthite. A hydi-ous vanadate of copper, barium, and calcium. A probable 

source of vanadium. 

Arizona, Colorado.

Volcanic ash, Pumice, Volcanic tuff. A material made up of either loose or 

solidified small fragments and dust of lava, commonly glassy in character, 

blown from a volcano and deposited either on land or under water. If 

numerous large fragments are embedded in the ash the deposit is called 

volcanic agglomerate or volcanic breccia. Used in cement and concrete 

work, as abrasive material, polishing powder, cleansing compound, tooth 

powder, and for heat insulators.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New 

Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington. 

Volcanic glass. See Obsidian. 

Volcanic tuff. See Volcanic ash.

Wad, Bog manganese. An impure mixture of manganese and other oxides. 

It contains 10 to 20 per cent of water and is generally soft, soiling the 

hand; A variety known as asbolite carries as much as 32 per cent cobalt." 

Used in the isolation of chlorine, and as a pigment on a small scale in 

preparing ochers and in brick mottling.

Arizona, Arkansas, California, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, 

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania. Rhode 

Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin. 

Water sapphire. See Cordierite.

Wavellite. Hydrous aluminum phosphate, 3A1203.2P2O5 .12H:.O. Fluorine is 

present in some specimens up to 2 per cent. A source of phosphorus. 

- Alabama, Arkansas, Pennsylvania. 

Whetstone. A stone suitable for sharpening tools. See also Novaculite.

Arkansas, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont. 

White iron pyrites. See Marcasite.

Wiedgerite, Mineral liver.. A. variety of asphalt. Not known to be of 

economic use. 

Utah.
410 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Williamsite. An apple-green impure variety of serpentine. Used for ornamental and semiprecious, stones. See also Jade.

Pennsylvania.

Willemite. Zinc silicate, 2ZnO.SiO2. Contains 58.6 per cent zinc. The zinc 

is commonly replaced in part by manganese. An important zinc-ore mineral, used as a gem, also to detect radium rays and by physicists to study 

luminous phenomena.

Arizona, New Jersey, New Mexico, Utah!

Witherite. Barium carbonate, BaCOs, a valuable source of barium and its 

compounds, especially the peroxide.

California.

Wolframite. A series of minerals composed of tungstate of iron and manganese (Fe,Mu)W04, containing, when the iron and manganese are in a 

ratio of 1 to 1, 76.4 per cent tungsten oxide (WO3 ), of which wolframite is 

an important source. As the iron increases and the manganese decreases 

wolframite grades into ferberite, the pure iron tungstate, FeWCX, with 

76.3 per cent WOs. At the other end of the series is hiibnerite, the pure 

manganese tungstate, containing 76.6 per cent WOs.

Arizona, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, 

Wyoming.

Wolftonite. See Hetserolite.

Wood, silicified, Agatized wood, Fossil wood, Jasperized wood, Opalized 

wood, Petrified wood. Silicified wood is composed mostly of opal or chalcedony, agate, jasper, and other forms of silica and is formed by the 

replacement of wood by silica. The replacement of the woody matter by 

the silica takes place in such a way that the original form and structure of 

the wood are preserved, which, together with variegations, may give rise 

to striking and beautiful specimens. Used as gems and ornamental stone.

Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, 

Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming.

Wulfenite. Lead molybdate, PbMoO*. Contains 39.3 per cent Mo03 . Calcium, 

chromium, copper, and vanadium are constituents of some varieties. A 

source of lead and molybdenum.

Arizona, California, Massachusetts, Nevada,-New Mexico, Pennsylvania, 

Utah.

Wurtzilite, 2Egerite, .ffionite, Elaterite, Tabbyite. A sectile elastic asphaltic 

mineral which resists the usual solvents of bitumen. Is Jet black by reflected light and deep red in thin plates; nonfusible in boiling water but 

softens, toughens, and becomes more elastic. In a candle flame it burns 

with a bright flame without fusing completely. It is practically insoluble 

in gasoline of 76° Baume, partly soluble in ether, carbon disulphide, and 

turpentine, and less so in carbon tetrachloride. Used in the manufacture 

of roofing material, waterproof felts, building paper, rubber substitutes, 

and paving materials.

Utah.

Wurtzite. A zinc sulphide of the same composition as sphalerite, ZnS, but 

hexagonal in its crystallization.

Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Utah.

Wyomingite. A variety of rock which consists almost entirely of leucite 

(potassium-aluminum silicate) and phlogopite.

Wyoming.
o GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 4H

Xanthoconite. Silver-arsenic sulphide, SAgzS.AssSu. Contains 61.4 per cent 

silver. 

New Mexico.

Xenotime. Essentially yttrium phosphate, YtPO*. Contains phosphorus pentoxide 38.6, yttria 61.4. 

North Carolina.

Yellow copper ore. See Chalcopyrite.

Yttrialite. Silicate of thorium and the yttrium metals chiefly, but it contains 

also uranium and other elements in small quantity. Too scarce to be of 

economic use. 

Texas..

Yttrium. A rare element, Yt, belonging to the cerium group. The oxide, 

yttria, is used with zirconia in the manufacture of the Nernst electric 

lamp. The yttrium-bearing minerals are cyrtolite, gadolinite, polycrase, 

rowlandite, samarskite, tengerite, xenotime, and yttrialite.

Arizona, Colorado, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South 

Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Wyoming. ,

Zaratite. A massive, vitreous emerald-green hydrous nickel carbonate, 

HiaNisCOii. Occurs usually as an incrustation. A possible source of 

nickel. 

California, Maryland.

Zeolites. A group of minerals occurring in cracks and cavities of igneous rocks, 

especially the more basic lavas. Zeolites are hydrous silicates of aluminum, with either sodium or calcium, or both, and rarely barium or 

strontium. Before the blowpipe most of the zeolites fuse readily and 

with strong intumescence, whence their name, derived from the Greek, of 

" boiling stone." They are reported to be used for water softening under 

the name of permutite. 

California, Colorado, Michigan, New Jersey.

Zeunerite. A hydrous copper-uranium arsenate, Cu(UO2)2As2O8 .H=O. A .possible source of radium. 

Utah.

Zinc. An element, Zn. Not found native. In metallic form, cast in slabs, is 

known as spelter. In this form it is used principally for galvanizing iron 

and steel, forming a rust-preventive coating; used in alloys, especially 

brass, which contains about 30 per cent of zinc; in desilverizing lead; in 

making galvanic battery zinc; and is rolled into sheet zinc. Sheet zinc 

is used for roofing, sheathing, gutters, and spouts; for kitchen table tops 

and other articles of domestic use; for lining packing cases, especially for 

ammunition; for fruit-jar tops; for photo-engraving; and as plates in 

marine steam boilers to prevent corrosion. Zinc dust or " blue powder," 

produced in smelting zinc ores, is used as a reducing agent in manufacturing organic compounds, in dyeing, in fireworks, and in the production of 

hydrogen. Zinc dust is used to precipitate gold from cyanide solutions 

and shavings cut from sheet zinc are also used for this purpose. Oxide of 

zinc (zinc white), obtained from the metal or direct from the ore, is a very 

° valuable pigment which has largely replaced white lead. It is also used 

in making certain kinds of rubber goods. Zinc chloride is used as a disinfectant, as a preservative of wood, in refining oils, and in making stearic 

acid, ether, and parchment paper. Zinc sulphate is used in dyeing, in 

making glue, in the pigment known as lithopone, and as a drier in oil paints 

and varnishes. Zinc chromate is used as a pigment. Several zinc salts
412 USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES.

are used in medicine. See also Aurichalcite, Calamine, Chalcophanite,

Franklinite, Hetserolite, Hydroziucite, Nicholsonite, Srnithsonite, Sphalerite,

Willemite, Wurtzite, and Ziucite. 

Zinc blende. See Sphalerite. 

Zinc bloom. See Hydrozincita. 

Zincite, Bed oxide of zinc. Zinc oxide, ZnO. Contains 80.3 per cent zinc.

New Jersey. 

Zircon. Zirconium silicate, ZrSiO*. When clear and orange-colored it is used

for the gem known as hyacinth. See also Cyrtolite. 

Colorado, Idaho, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma,

Oregon, Virginia, Washington.

:o