Department of Health and Human Services 

OFFICE OF 

INSPECTOR GENERAL 

JUNE GIBBS BROWN 

Inspector General 

FEBRUARY 1999 

OEI-09-97-00381 

FDA WARNING LETTERS 

Timeliness And Effectiveness 
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL 

The mission of the Office of Inspector General (OIG), as mandated by Public Law 95-452, is to 

protect the integrity of the Department of Health and Human Services programs as well as the 

health and welfare of beneficiaries served by them. This statutory mission is carried out through a 

nationwide program of audits, investigations, inspections, sanctions, and fraud alerts. The 

Inspector General informs the Secretary of program and management problems and recommends 

legislative, regulatory, and operational approaches to correct them. 

Office of Evaluation and Inspections 

The Office of Evaluation and Inspections (OEI) is one of several components of the Office of 

Inspector General. It conducts short-term management and program evaluations (called 

inspections) that focus on issues of concern to the Department, the Congress, and the public. The 

inspection reports provide findings and recommendations on the efficiency, vulnerability, and 

effectiveness of departmental programs. 

OEI's San Francisco Regional Office prepared this report under the direction of Kaye D. Kidwell, 

Regional Inspector General, and Paul A. Gottlober, Deputy Regional Inspector General. Principal 

OEI staff included: 

REGION HEADQUARTERS 

Brad Rollin, Project Leader Elise Stein, Program Specialist

Robert Gibbons, Program Analyst Barbara Tedesco, Mathematical Statistician

Scott Hutchison, Program Analyst

Don Loeb, Program Analyst

Steven Zerebecki, Program Analyst

To obtain copies of this report, please call the San Francisco Regional Office at 415-437-7900. 

Reports are also available on the World Wide Web at our home page address: 

http://www.dhhs.gov/progorg/oei 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

PURPOSE 

To determine how the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses warning letters and the 

extent to which they result in timely compliance with Federal laws and regulations. 

BACKGROUND 

The FDA is the Federal agency charged with enforcing the Federal Food, Drug, and

Cosmetic Act and several related laws. At the headquarters level, FDA primarily is

comprised of five centers and the Office of Regulatory Affairs. The Office of Regulatory

Affairs coordinates FDA's compliance activities and oversees the activities of FDA's 

5 regional offices, 20 district offices, and 130 resident posts.

The FDA's district offices and resident posts conduct almost all inspections of the firms

that FDA regulates. When investigators find objectionable conditions, they are required to

provide the firm with their findings using form FDA-483. If violations uncovered during

an inspection meet a threshold of “regulatory significance,” FDA also may issue a warning

letter. Both FDA centers and district offices issue warning letters, depending on the type

of firm and violation. Some warning letters issued by the district office require

headquarters review and approval. The warning letter generally represents FDA's first

official notification that it has found one or more products, practices, processes, or other

activities that are in violation of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The warning letter

affords firms the opportunity to voluntarily correct violations prior to the initiation of

formal enforcement action.

In fiscal year 1997, FDA issued 1,175 warning letters. This reversed a trend during which

the number of warning letters decreased 36.2 percent from 1994 (1,626) to 

1996 (1,037). District offices issue approximately 80 percent of all warning letters.

The General Accounting Office raised concerns about how FDA uses warning letters in

two 1997 studies. Based on their findings, we determined that this inspection was

warranted. We conducted on-site reviews at a stratified random sample of six district

offices. At each district office, we reviewed warning letter and establishment files and

tracked the outcome of all warning letters issued during fiscal year 1996. We also

conducted interviews with FDA headquarters, all district offices, and 24 firms that

received warning letters during 1996.

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 1 OEI-09-97-00381 
FINDINGS 

Warning letters are an effective compliance tool 

When FDA conducts follow-up activities, it finds that firms have either corrected the 

violations cited in warning letters or have made significant progress toward doing so. 

Almost 90 percent of firms respond in writing to warning letters within 15 days of 

receiving them, detailing corrective actions that they intend to take. 

The warning letter’s effectiveness depends on conscientious follow-up 

The FDA completes appropriate follow-up in approximately 97 percent of cases. Followup may involve reinspecting the firm, soliciting documentation of corrections, or meeting 

with the firm to address compliance issues. In other cases, FDA does not need to follow 

up except to ensure that the firm responds to the warning letter. Follow-up inspections 

frequently uncover other violations, but FDA rarely has to initiate compliance actions. On 

average, follow-up inspections take place more than 9 months after the warning letter is 

issued. 

Warning letters are not always timely 

Headquarters rarely reviews and concurs with warning letter recommendations within 

FDA’s 15-day guideline. Even when headquarters review is not required, district offices 

frequently take more than a month to issue a warning letter. 

Discrepancies between headquarters and district office data on warning letters 

are extensive 

Almost 20 percent of the warning letters in the district offices are not accounted for in the 

headquarters database. Conversely, 16 percent of the warning letters in the headquarters 

database do not appear in the district offices’ files. 

RECOMMENDATION 

The warning letter is an effective tool in motivating firms to comply with Federal laws and 

regulations. To increase its effectiveness, FDA should (1) improve the timeliness of the 

warning letter process and follow-up activities and (2) revamp its warning letter data 

collection system to ensure accuracy. 

AGENCY COMMENTS 

We received comments on the draft report from FDA in which the agency concurred with 

our recommendation. Where appropriate, we have made revisions in the report in 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 2 OEI-09-97-00381 
response to these comments. We also have responded to several of FDA’s comments in 

the appendix. 

This report is the one of two reports on the FDA warning letter process. A companion report, 

“FDA Warning Letters: Trends and Perspectives” (OEI-09-97-00380), determined (1) why the 

number of warning letters has decreased in recent years, (2) what accounts for variations in 

district office warning letters, and (3) how firms view the warning letter process. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 3 OEI-09-97-00381 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 5

FINDINGS ............................................................... 11

Warning letter effectiveness ............................................. 11

FDA follow-up ....................................................... 12

Timeliness of the warning letter process .................................... 14

Discrepancies in warning letter databases ................................... 16

RECOMMENDATION ..................................................... 18

APPENDICES

A: Agency comments .................................................... 19

B: OIG response to agency comments ....................................... 24

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 4 OEI-09-97-00381 
INTRODUCTION 

PURPOSE 

To determine how the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) uses warning letters and the 

extent to which they result in timely compliance with Federal laws and regulations. 

BACKGROUND 

The Food and Drug Administration 

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) within the Department of Health and Human 

Services is the Federal agency charged with enforcing the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act and several related laws. At the headquarters level, FDA primarily is 

comprised of five centers and the Office of Regulatory Affairs.1 The five centers are: 

< Biologics Evaluation and Research 

< Drug Evaluation and Research 

< Devices and Radiological Health 

< Food Safety and Applied Nutrition 

< Veterinary Medicine 

Each center promulgates regulations, oversees the review and approval for the marketing 

of new products, develops policy and compliance standards for regulated industries, and 

undertakes other initiatives to ensure the safety and effectiveness of products under FDA's 

purview. The Office of Regulatory Affairs coordinates FDA's compliance activities and 

oversees the activities of FDA's 5 regional offices, 20 district offices, and approximately 

130 resident posts. 

On-site Inspections 

Staff from FDA's district offices and resident posts conduct almost all inspections of the 

firms that FDA regulates.2 Section 702(a) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 

authorizes FDA to conduct inspections to enforce the provisions of that statute as well as 

other applicable laws. Inspections focus on manufacturing, laboratory, production, and/or 

1 The FDA also operates the National Center for Toxicological Research in Jefferson, Arkansas and the 

Engineering and Analytical Center in Winchester, Massachusetts. 

2 The FDA contracts with State agencies to conduct some inspections, and headquarters staff sometimes 

participate in inspections of foreign or domestic firms. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 5 OEI-09-97-00381 
storage processes but may include examining a firm's administrative practices and controls 

as well as collecting samples, labels, and promotional materials. 

The FDA requires investigators to follow a standard protocol when conducting an 

inspection. Upon arriving at a facility, investigators issue a Notice of Inspection (Form 

FDA-482) to the top management official. The scope of the inspection generally is 

determined by the type of facility being inspected, the firm's history, general knowledge 

about the industry and its problems, and conditions found as the inspection progresses. 

Investigators are authorized to collect samples or other physical evidence while 

conducting inspections. Examples include food, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. Samples 

also may include evidence of violative conditions, such as rodent droppings or any other 

evidence of noncompliance with Federal laws and regulations. 

When investigators find objectionable conditions, they are required to provide the top 

management official with their findings on an Inspectional Observations form (Form FDA483). The FDA-483 should include any observed problems with the facility, equipment, 

processes, controls, products, employee practices, or records. Some examples of 

reportable observations include: 

< filthy, putrid, or decomposed substances, unsanitary conditions, or evidence of 

contamination; 

< careless handling of rodenticides or pesticides; 

< results of field tests that reveal adulteration; 

< observations of faulty manufacturing, processing, packaging, or holding of food, 

drug, or device products as related to Good Manufacturing Practice regulations;3 

and 

< observations indicating noncompliance with medical device reporting 

requirements. 

Some observations require that action be taken by the centers only. The FDA's 

Investigations Operations Manual instructs investigators to not report observations related 

to most labeling issues, promotional materials, the classification of a cosmetic or device as 

a drug, or the classification of a drug as a new drug on the FDA-483. These issues are 

referred to the centers for compliance action. 

3 The Good Manufacturing Practice regulations specify FDA's expectations as to how firms should operate in 

manufacturing products regulated by the FDA. The regulation includes provisions related to personnel, quality 

control, facility design and maintenance, equipment, internal controls, production and process controls, packaging 

and labeling, storage and distribution, laboratory process, and reports and record keeping. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 6 OEI-09-97-00381 
Warning Letters 

What is a warning letter? The warning letter generally represents FDA's first official 

notification to a firm or individual that FDA has found that one or more products, 

practices, processes, or other activities are in violation of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic 

Act. The warning letter affords firms the opportunity to voluntarily take corrective action 

prior to the initiation of formal enforcement action. 

The FDA is not required by law to warn firms or individuals that they are in violation of 

the law prior to initiating a formal regulatory action.4 The FDA believes, however, that: 

...documentation of notice of violative conduct strengthens the agency's 

position in regulatory actions by establishing that responsible individuals 

continued violative conduct despite warnings by the agency.5 

Who issues warning letters, and what time frames exist? The FDA centers and district 

offices issue warning letters. In general, district offices issue warning letters to domestic 

firms based on inspections. Some centers issue warning letters for advertising and 

promotional violations or to foreign firms that market products in the United States. 

Others, such as the Center for Veterinary Medicine, issue few or no warning letters at all. 

At the district office level, although some warning letters can be issued at the discretion of 

the district director without center or other headquarters review or concurrence, FDA's 

Regulatory Procedures Manual lists numerous specific program area violations that 

require review by the appropriate center. The Regulatory Procedures Manual also states 

that when a warning letter is warranted, a district office should issue it to the firm or 

submit a recommendation for headquarters review within 15 days of the end of the 

inspection. When center review is required, centers are supposed to review and approve 

the issuance of a warning letter within 15 days of receipt. If a center disagrees with a 

warning letter recommendation, it must provide a justification to the district office within 

30 days. 

The following table illustrates how many warning letters the centers and district offices 

issued from fiscal years 1994 to 1997. The district office tally includes all warning letters 

sent under district directors' signatures, including those that underwent center review: 

4 One exception to this statement is a requirement that when acting under the authority of the Radiation Control 

for Health and Safety Act, FDA is required by law to provide a written notification to manufacturers when the 

agency discovers products that fail to comply with a performance standard or that contain a radiation safety defect. 

5 FDA Regulatory Procedures Manual, Chapter 10, Subchapter — Prior Notice. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 7 OEI-09-97-00381 
District offices annually issue approximately 

80 percent of all warning letters 

Year Total District office-issued Center-issued 

1994 1,626 1,282 (78.8%) 344 (21.2%) 

1995 1,501 1,175 (78.3%) 326 (21.7%) 

1996 1,037 841 (81.1%) 196 (18.9%) 

1997 1,175 1,003 (85.4%) 172 (14.6%) 

In fiscal year 1997, FDA issued 1,175 warning letters. This reversed a trend during which

the number of warning letters decreased 36.2 percent from 1994 (1,626) to 

1996 (1,037). More warning letters are issued for devices and radiological products than

for any of FDA's other product areas. In fact, from 1994 to 1997, the Center for Devices

and Radiological Health issued more warning letters than any district office. The district

offices issuing the most letters in 1997 were San Francisco (96), Florida (88), and Dallas

(74). The district offices issuing the fewest warning letters in 1997 were Boston (16),

Detroit (19), and Nashville (20).

What does a warning letter say? The warning letter instructs the firm to correct the

issues noted and to respond in writing within 15 days of receipt of the letter. District

offices coordinate with the appropriate center to determine whether a firm's response to a

warning letter is adequate. If the district or appropriate center deems the firm's response

adequate, it will notify other appropriate agency units. This may require a reinspection of

the firm.

The FDA issues warning letters for regulatory violations, not for violations of

nonregulatory guidance documents. It states that "the threshold for determination of what

constitutes 'regulatory significance' is that failure to adequately and promptly achieve

correction to the warning letter may be expected to result in enforcement action."

Follow-up and Subsequent Compliance Actions 

The FDA’s Regulatory Procedures Manual states that the district offices and/or centers 

should verify that corrections have been achieved. This generally involves conducting a 

follow-up inspection. If more appropriate, however, districts may require that a firm 

document corrections or may undertake educational efforts with the firm to address the 

issues. Continued noncompliance can result in administrative or regulatory actions. 

Administrative actions include detentions, civil penalties, and requesting voluntary recalls. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 8 OEI-09-97-00381 
Regulatory actions include license revocations, license suspensions, citations, 

prosecutions, judicial civil penalties, injunctions, and seizures.6 

Related Work 

The General Accounting Office (GAO) issued two studies in 1997 that questioned the 

consistency of FDA's inspection and compliance activities: 

< In "Blood Supply: FDA Oversight and Remaining Issues of Safety" 

(GAO/PEMD-97-1, February 1997), GAO found that FDA issued warning letters 

to blood suppliers inconsistently. The GAO also reported that some inspections 

yielded multiple FDA-483 observations but did not result in a warning letter, while 

other inspections with relatively few or minor observations resulted in the issuance 

of a warning letter. 

< In "FDA Mammography Inspections: While Some Problems Need Attention, 

Facility Compliance is Growing" (GAO/HEHS-97-25, January 1997), 

GAO questioned the consistency of inspectors who used different criteria in citing 

mammography facilities. The GAO stated that FDA's monitoring and enforcement 

process did not ensure timely correction of deficiencies in these facilities. The 

GAO also noted that FDA district offices needed better information systems to 

manage inspections. 

Based on GAO’s concerns, we determined that this inspection was warranted. 

METHODOLOGY 

On-site Warning Letter Tracking 

We conducted on-site reviews at six district offices. We selected a stratified random 

sample of district offices to conduct the on-site fieldwork: 

Number of warning letters 

issued during 1996 

Number of 

district offices Sample size 

Fewer than 27 7 2 

28 to 54 10 2 

More than 54 4 2 

6 FDA has recall authority only for infant formula, human tissue, and certain medical devices. Recalls of 

other products are voluntary. License suspensions and revocations are regulatory actions taken for biologicals. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 9 OEI-09-97-00381 
At each district office, we reviewed warning letter and establishment files. We tracked the 

outcome of all warning letters issued by the district office during fiscal year 1996 to 

determine whether FDA conducted follow-up inspections where appropriate and whether 

the firm had sufficiently addressed the issues noted in the warning letter. We projected 

our findings to the universe of district offices to assess the overall effectiveness of warning 

letters. 

Interviews with FDA and Regulated Firms 

We conducted either in-person or telephone interviews with each district office. We asked 

district office staff about their organizational structure, their experiences with warning 

letters, the factors that contributed to their increase or decrease in warning letters, and the 

responsiveness of the centers to their warning letter recommendations. We also 

interviewed staff from FDA headquarters, analyzed inspection and warning letter trends, 

and reviewed FDA’s Regulatory Procedures Manual. 

We selected a simple random sample of 40 firms that received warning letters during fiscal 

year 1996 and completed telephone interviews with 24 of them. The remaining firms did 

not return phone calls or had gone out of business. We asked firms about the violations 

that resulted in the warning letter and their experiences with FDA. 

This report is the one of two reports on the FDA warning letter process. In a companion report, 

“FDA Warning Letters: Trends and Perspectives” (OEI-09-97-00380), we found that changes 

in FDA policies and practices and better industry compliance have contributed to decreases in 

warning letters since 1994. Despite the existence of clear warning letter guidance, differences in 

district office attitudes, experience, and the types of firms in the district affect warning letter 

volume. Firms would like to better understand the warning letter process and suggested some 

minor changes. With some exceptions, firms were satisfied with FDA’s customer service during 

the warning letter process. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 10 OEI-09-97-00381 
FINDINGS 

Warning letters are an effective compliance tool 

When FDA conducts follow-up activities, it finds that firms have either corrected the 

violations cited in warning letters or have made significant progress toward doing so. 

Firms take warning letters very seriously. Almost 90 percent of firms respond in writing 

to warning letters within 15 days of receiving them, detailing corrective actions that they 

intend to take. The following examples describe the effect that warning letters have on 

firm compliance with FDA laws and regulations: 

< A district office issued a warning letter to a firm for inadequate procedures and 

product labeling. The firm responded within 15 working days and requested 

information about how to come into compliance. The FDA provided educational 

materials and training. Upon reinspecting the firm 5 months after the warning 

letter, FDA found no violations. 

< A district office issued a warning letter to a firm that had failed to report several 

recalls and product withdrawals. The firm provided FDA with extensive 

documentation on the recalls and changed its policies to avoid repeating the same 

violation in the future. Upon reinspecting the firm, FDA found that, although most 

of the violations had been corrected, some remained and new ones appeared. The 

investigator issued a new FDA-483. Based on the firm’s progress and 

cooperation, FDA determined that additional compliance action was not necessary 

pending the firm’s next routine inspection. 

< A district office issued a warning letter to a firm that had advertised a product as 

“FDA-approved.” Within a few days of receiving the warning letter, the firm 

submitted a revised advertisement that did not include that phrase. 

The threat of subsequent compliance actions or other remedies enhances the value of the 

warning letter. For example, FDA may refuse to take action on 510(k) or premarket 

approval applications or refuse to issue export certificates until firms correct warning 

letter violations. In addition, the publicity associated with a warning letter--and a firm’s 

failure to correct the violations--can cause major harm to the firm’s reputation and 

revenue. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 11 OEI-09-97-00381 
The warning letter’s effectiveness depends on conscientious 

follow-up 

The FDA completed appropriate follow-up in approximately 97 percent of cases 

If investigators feel it is necessary, FDA may reinspect a firm to verify that the warning 

letter violations have been corrected. If more appropriate, districts may conduct other 

follow-up, such as soliciting documentation or meeting with industry officials to address 

compliance issues. In some cases, such as with tissue residue violations, FDA does not 

require any follow-up except to ensure that the firm responds to the warning letter. 

In almost all of the cases that we reviewed, FDA conducted some type of follow-up 

activity to assess firm compliance. The following table illustrates the types of follow-up 

district offices conducted in 1996 and the result of that follow-up: 

FDA follow-up activities confirm firms’ compliance 

Follow-up Method Result FDA Action Percentage 

Reinspection Observations noted New FDA-483 issued 30 percent 

Reinspection Observations noted New warning letter issued 1 percent 

Reinspection Observations noted Other compliance action 

taken 5 percent 

Reinspection Observations noted No action taken 3 percent 

Reinspection No observations 

noted N/A 20 percent 

Documentation of compliance 

submitted by firm N/A N/A 12 percent 

No follow-up per FDA 

guidelines (other than to 

assure written response from 

firm) 

N/A N/A 23 percent 

Other follow-up occurred 

(meetings, phone calls) N/A N/A 3 percent 

No follow-up although it 

appears to be warranted N/A N/A 3 percent 

Follow-up inspections frequently uncover other violations, but FDA rarely has to initiate 

compliance actions. As this table shows, FDA reinspected almost 60 percent of the firms 

that received warning letters. Of the firms that FDA reinspected, investigators found 

violations--repeat or new--in approximately two-thirds of the cases. Despite the discovery 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 12 OEI-09-97-00381 
Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 13

of new violations, FDA rarely determined that another warning letter or a more serious

compliance action was warranted. 

new violations are most frequently cited by using an FDA-483:

New warning letters are the least common

outcome of a follow-up inspection

District office staff were not concerned that they found new or uncorrected violations

during two-thirds of reinspections. 

satisfied with the firm’s progress or correction of other warning letters violations. 

did not believe that a more serious compliance action, such as a seizure, was necessary. 

According to district office staff, some warning letters cite numerous violations, and

investigators often believe that issuing an additional warning letter or initiating a more

serious compliance action would not help assure compliance. 

firm has responded to the warning letter and indicates that it is willing to correct all

violations.

Follow-up inspections generally occur long after the warning letter is issued

When FDA conducts a follow-up inspection, it occurs 278 days after the warning letter is

issued, on average. 

a year. 

 < Workload: District offices frequently must shift their priorities to meet agency

demands and goals. 

focus on other priorities.

 < Type of violation: If the district office decides to conduct a follow-up inspection,

the timing depends on whether the violations are easy to correct or require

significant time to correct (e.g., developing new manufacturing guidelines).

OEI-09-97-00381

As the table shows, and the following chart illustrates,

In almost all of these cases, investigators were

They

This is particularly true if a

Almost one-quarter of follow-up inspections are delayed by more than

The timing of the follow-up inspection depends on multiple factors:

Follow-up inspections sometimes are delayed in order to
< Severity of violation: If an inspection uncovers very severe violations, a district 

office might decide to conduct an immediate follow-up inspection. On the other 

hand, if the violations are less grievous, the district office may simply verify 

corrections during its next routine inspection of the firm. 

< Number of violations: District offices sometimes allow a firm extra time to correct 

multiple violations prior to conducting a follow-up inspection. 

< Firm history: District offices keep a close watch on firms with a history of 

violations. These firms are more likely to receive a follow-up inspection soon after 

the warning letter is issued. 

Warning letters are not always timely 

Headquarters rarely reviews and concurs with warning letter recommendations 

within FDA’s 15-day guideline 

The FDA has a goal of 15 days for completion of headquarters warning letter review. 

However, less than 2 percent of letters that undergo headquarters review are completed 

within this time frame. In one case, review required well over one year, and, on average, 

review takes 121 days to complete. According to some district office staff, warning letters 

are a low priority in some of the centers. Districts believe that the centers have too much 

higher priority work to complete review within 15 days. One district office noted that all 

FDA time frames are difficult to meet, especially for the centers. The following table 

illustrates how long it took for the centers to complete their review of warning letters that 

were approved for issuance in 1996: 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 14 OEI-09-97-00381 
Almost all center reviews of 1996 warning letters 

took more than 30 days 

None of FDA’s district offices credited the centers with consistently meeting 

FDA’s guideline. District office staff understand the need for more time when the warning

letter concerns a technical or complicated issue but described other instances where delays

were unwarranted. District office staff stated that they frequently have to call the centers

to determine the status of a warning letter recommendation.

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition received the most criticism for being

“slowest,” and complicating the process with multiple layers of review. The other centers

did not fare well either in our survey. Most district offices stated that none of the centers

consistently met the 15-day guideline to approve warning letter recommendations or the

30-day guideline to justify nonconcurrence.

Even when headquarters does not review warning letters, it frequently takes 

district offices more than a month to issue a warning letter 

The Regulatory Procedures Manual states that district offices should submit warning letter

recommendations to headquarters or issue warning letters to firms within 15 days of the

end of an inspection. Excluding those cases where headquarters review was required, the

average delay between the end of inspection and the date of the warning letter is

38 days, with about 6 percent requiring more than 90 days:

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 15 OEI-09-97-00381 
Almost half of district offices warning letters 

took 30 days or more to issue 

Firms reported that FDA was slow in issuing the warning letter after an inspection 

was completed but diligent in responding to their requests for information 

Approximately 40 percent of firms reported that FDA was not timely in issuing their 

warning letter. As a result, they were more likely to be surprised by receipt of the warning 

letter and less likely to believe that the warning letter was appropriate. Firms noted that 

they frequently have corrected all of the violations noted in the FDA-483 weeks or months 

before receiving a warning letter. Consequently, they believe that they are being unduly 

and inappropriately punished. 

Firms were pleased by their district office’s responsiveness to inquiries, however. 

Approximately three-quarters of the firms reported that FDA was timely in responding to 

their inquiries and following up with them. 

Discrepancies between headquarters and district office data 

on warning letters are extensive 

We found significant differences between the headquarters warning letter database and the 

files we reviewed in the district offices. Almost 20 percent of the warning letters that we 

reviewed in the district offices were not accounted for in the headquarters database. 

These warning letters did not appear in the 1995 or 1997 warning letter databases either. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 16 OEI-09-97-00381 
In addition, district offices were unable to provide us with all of the warning letters that 

appeared in the 1996 headquarters database. Approximately 16 percent of the warning 

letters in the headquarters database did not appear in the district offices’ files. 

To corroborate our on-site findings, we asked the 15 other district offices to provide us 

with the number of warning letters that they issued from 1994 to 1997 and compared their 

responses to the headquarters database. The numbers matched less than 10 percent of the 

time. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 17 OEI-09-97-00381 
RECOMMENDATION 

Despite questions about annual decreases in warning letters, discrepancies in district office 

warning letter volume, and the overall effectiveness of warning letters, the findings in both 

of our reports indicate that the warning letter is one of several effective tools that district 

offices use to achieve compliance with Federal laws and regulations. In our companion 

report, we recommend that FDA continue to improve relations and communication with 

industry and consider issuing guidance that would authorize district offices to use FDA483s and meetings to achieve compliance in lieu of warning letters. Based on the findings 

in this report, FDA should increase its effectiveness by: 

< improving the timeliness of the warning letter process and follow-up activities 

and 

< revamping its warning letter data collection system to ensure accuracy. 

The delay between completing a firm’s inspection and issuing a warning letter--which can 

be months or more than a year--lessens the effectiveness of the warning letter. The 

inaccuracy of FDA’s warning letter database may contribute to poor communication 

between the centers and districts, or it could be a sign that communication is already a 

problem. Also, since FDA is required to make warning letters available through the 

Freedom of Information Act and posts them on the Internet, correct warning letter data is 

of primary concern. 

We received comments on the draft report from FDA in which the agency concurred with 

our recommendation. Where appropriate, we have made revisions in the report in 

response to these comments. We also have responded to several of FDA’s comments in 

the appendix. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 18 OEI-09-97-00381 
APPENDIX A 

AGENCY COMMENTS

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 19 OEI-09-97-00381 
Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 20 OEI-09-97-00381 
Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 21 OEI-09-97-00381 
Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 22 OEI-09-97-00381 
Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 23 OEI-09-97-00381 
APPENDIX B 

OIG RESPONSE TO AGENCY COMMENTS 

We offer the following additional analysis based on FDA’s comments. 

At the time that this inspection began, there were six regional offices and 21 district 

offices as we stated in the draft report. The Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regional offices 

have since merged into the Central regional office, and the Buffalo district office has 

merged with the Brooklyn district office. 

The seafood industry was the only industry in our sample that has a seasonal component. 

Analysis of the firms in our sample that market seafood shows that either there was no 

follow-up inspection conducted (most often because it was a “failure-to-hold” violation) 

or that reinspection was actually more timely than the average. Hence, reinspection delays 

resulting from the seasonal nature of the industry had either no effect or a diminishing 

effect on the 278-day average that we reported. 

We did not intend to place any value judgments on the number of warning letters 

produced by a district. Our purpose in identifying these extremes is merely to indicate the 

wide variation in warning letter production that exists among the districts. 

Analysis of FDA data indicates that while both the numbers of inspections and warning 

letters decreased from 1994 to 1997 (the range used for our statements in the reports), 

inspections decreased by 3.6 percent while warning letters fell 39 percent. In other terms, 

in 1994, about 9.1 inspections conducted yielded 1 warning letter. In 1997, the rate was 

12.2 inspections per warning letter. 

We agree that the prevalence of importers in a district could contribute to the variation in 

number of warning letters issued and have clarified their importance in the companion 

report entitled FDA Warning Letters: Trends and Perspectives. 

The FDA’s opinion that firms will voluntarily correct violations is highlighted in the 

background section of this report. 

Several districts indicated that increased familiarity with FDA regulations leads to better 

industry compliance. We have clarified this point in the companion report. 

Our recommendation was not intended to discourage the use of warning letters, but rather 

to encourage FDA to issue guidance which would allow a district office to select the tools 

it feels are most effective in achieving compliance in a given situation. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 24 OEI-09-97-00381 
The medical device Warning Letter Pilot will allow FDA to use a firm’s response to an 

FDA-483 or an untitled letter to preempt a warning letter for certain segments of the 

device industry. More information can be found on FDA’s website or in the Federal 

Register for August 27, 1998. 

With respect to FDA’s comment on “Page 11, last paragraph after table” of the draft 

report (the table and paragraph now appear on page 12), we note that the paragraph 

below the pie chart on page 13 shows that despite the discovery of repeat or new 

violations on reinspection, the warning letter was still effective. As stated there, 

investigators believed that the violations found on reinspection were minor and that firms 

had made satisfactory progress towards compliance. 

Warning Letters--Timeliness and Effectiveness 25 OEI-09-97-00381