Chapter 5

Consultation and Collaboration 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

502 
Chapter 5 - Consultation and Collaboration 

Introduction
 

Though assigned the responsibility of managing over 450,000 acres of Federal Lands within the planning area 

the BLM shares a interest in the management of these lands with other federal, state, and local governmental 

agencies, Native American Tribes, local residents, visitors, and other individuals and organizations. 

Public, governmental, and tribal involvement is mandated by CEQ regulations for implementing NEPA. This 

mandate is reflected in the BLM planning Manual and Handbook. Tribal involvement is mandated by additional 

policy and law as described below. 

More important than any law or regulation, it is just good sense to involve the public, other governmental 

agencies, and tribes in the planning process. Each of these entities has unique interests and knowledge. Sharing 

interests and knowledge in a collaborative setting contributes to the development of a plan that effectively 

addresses the significant planning issues and is more likely to meet local, regional, and national needs than a 

process without meaningful collaboration. 

Cooperating Agencies 

The BLM has convened a group of local, state, and federal agencies and tribal governments to collaborate with the 

BLM during the development of the John Day Basin Resource Management Plan (Table 5-1). Representatives from 

these agencies and tribes bring vast knowledge and a broad range of interests to the table and will enhance the 

ability of the BLM to identify important issues and to address them with an appropriate range of alternatives. 

This group meets to review and develop content initiated by BLM staff. The Cooperator Group plays a key role 

in refining issue development, formulating alternatives, identifying key publics, and implementing a public 

involvement strategy. Cooperators keep the BLM informed of new concerns for their organizations or community 

that may be relevant to the RMP process. BLM Specialists directly consult with representatives in order to benefit 

from their knowledge of issues addressed in the planning process. 

Introducation, Cooperating Agencies 503 
Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Table 5-1. Potential and Actual Cooperators 

Tribes, Agencies and Governments 

Approached for Cooperator Status 

Names of Representative(s) 

if Agency is Active Participant 

Baker County Commission 

Bonneville Power Administration Kec-4 

Burns Paiute Tribe Tribal Chairperson (changes annually) 

Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon Linda Brown, Sue Malaney, Scott Turo 

Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation 

Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 

Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation 

Oregon Department of State Lands 

Gilliam County 

Grant County Dennis Reynolds, Diane Browning, Mark Webb 

Jefferson County Commissioners 

John Day Fossil Beds National Monmument 

Malheur County 

Morrow County 

National Marine Fisheries Service Scott Hoefer 

Nez Perce Tribe 

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Jeff Neal, Tim Unterwegner, Ryan Torland 

Oregon Department of Transportation Ryan Franklin 

Oregon Department of Parks and Recreation Larry Miller, Ian Caldwell, Jan Houck 

Regional Ecosystem Office 

Sherman County Gary Thompson 

Umatilla County 

US Department of Energy–Western Regional Office 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10 Theresa Kubo 

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Jerry Cordova 

USDA Malheur National Forest Jennifer Harris 

USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service Lorraine Vogt 

USDA Ochoco National Forest 

USDA R6 Lands And Minerals 

USDA Soil Conservation Service 

USDA Umatilla National Forest Lori Seitz 

USDA Wallowa-Whitman National Forest 

USDI BIA Northwest Regional Office 

USDI BIA Warm Springs Indian Agency 

USDI BLM Baker Resource Area 

USDI BLM Burns District Office 

USDI BOR 

Wasco County Court 

Wheeler County Court Jeanne Burch 

504 Cooperating Agencies 
Chapter 5 - Consultation and Collaboration 

Tribal Involvement 

The BLM is guided by national policy and law and is committed to continuing consultation and cooperative 

management whenever possible. The three plans are silent on this topic except as modified for lands covered 

by the John Day River Management Plan. Regardless of this silence the BLM recognizes its responsibility to 

provide to federally recognized tribal governments and individuals sufficient opportunity to contribute to land 

use decisions and that those concerns or issues are given proper consideration related to cultural, religious, and 

natural resource values. This trust relationship is acknowledged by the U.S. Constitution and is based upon 

negotiated treaties or other agreements that recognize the sovereignty of American Indian Nations to govern 

themselves as distinct political communities. Treaties such as The Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon (with 

tribes now on the Warm Springs Reservation, signed June 25, 1855, ratified March 8, 1859 (14 STAT. 751) and the 

Treaty of 9 June 1855 (with tribes now located on the Umatilla Reservation), (12 Stat. 945) acknowledged the rights 

of tribes to fish, off-reservation, at usual and accustomed stations and to hunt, gather resources, and pasture 

animals on public lands in common with other citizens of the United States. Though a treaty with the Burns 

Paiute was never ratified, formal recognition on October 13, 1972 established certain rights for that tribe as well. 

In April 2003 the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, the BLM, the Forest Service, 

and BIA signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), “For the Purpose of Providing a Framework for 

Government-to-Government Consultation and Collaboration On resource Management Plans, Proposals, Actions, 

and Policies and to Make a Statement of Mutual Benefits and Interests.” Similar MOUs exist between the BLM 

and The Burns Paiute Tribe and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation. These three MOUs describe 

the rights and responsibilities of Cooperative Management and Consultation. Consequently each tribe has been 

offered the opportunity to become involved in the planning process for the John Day Basin RMP. 

Local Government 

County and municipal governments as representatives of local constituencies have a vested interest in land 

use planning involving federal lands. Lands managed by the BLM can provide areas for recreation as well as a 

source of income for residents of the planning area. BLM managed lands can contain roads of importance to local 

communities and frequently provide the most desirable routes for utilities. Because of their awareness of the needs 

of local communities it is important that representative of local government be involved in the planning process. 

Officials of Grant, Wheeler, and Sherman counties have participated in the early stages of the planning process. 

State Government 

Several State agencies have jurisdiction over certain activities within the John Day Basin. As a result it is 

important that these agencies be represented in the planning process. The state has decided to limit participation 

in the planning process to three agencies: Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Oregon Department of 

Fish and Wildlife, and Oregon Department of Transportation. These agencies are expected to represent all state 

interests in the planning process. 

Federal Government 

In addition to the BLM several federal agencies have resource management responsibilities within the John 

Day Basin. Several agencies have chosen to participate in the John Day Basin RMP planning process. The Fish 

and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have oversight responsibilities for compliance 

with the Endangered Species Act. The Environmental Protection Agency is required to review and evaluate all 

Environmental Impact Statements. The Soil Conservation Service plays an important advisory role for private 

land owners in the John Day Basin and also has an interest in the management of public lands as well. The 

National Park Service and the U.S.D.A Forest Service each manage lands and resources adjacent to BLM managed 

lands and have shared interests with the BLM in making management of lands and resources complementary, 

while recognizing different missions, whenever possible. Each of the above agencies has chosen to participate in 

the planning process 

Cooperating Agencies 505 
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Resource Advisory Council 

The John Day-Snake Resource Advisory Council (RAC) is an official federal advisory committee, providing 

advice and recommendations on all aspects of public-land management to the Bureau of Land Management’s 

Prineville, Vale, and Spokane District Offices and the Umatilla, Wallowa-Whitman, Malheur, and Ochoco National 

Forests. 

The RAC consists of local residents who represent broad interest categories: commodity interests, noncommodity interests, and community interests. RAC members are selected and appointed by the Secretary of the 

Interior. Representation includes (See Table 5-2: John Day- Snake Resource Advisory Council): 

•	1 Five members representing commodity interests such as grazing permittees, commercial timber, energy 

and mining, developed recreation and/or off-highway vehicle groups, and transportation & rights-of-way. 

•	1 Five members representing conservation interests such as environmental organizations, historic & culture 

interests, conservation, and dispersed recreation. 

• Five members representing community interests such as elected officials, Indian Tribes, State resource 

agencies, academicians involved in natural sciences, and the public-at-large. 

The John Day-Snake RAC meets quarterly at various communities within the RAC’s area. The RAC schedules 

occasional field tours for specific projects or issues on their agenda. All RAC meetings are open to the public with 

a portion of each meeting reserved for the public to present or comment on issues for RAC consideration. 

Table 5-2. John Day/Snake Resource Advisory Council (RAC) Member list 

Name Represents 

Subgroups working with 

BLM on Plan 

Adriane P. Borgias Transportation/Rights-of-Way OHV Subgroup 

JD Basin RMP Subgroup 

Terry Drever-Gee Energy and Minerals. 

Daniel J. Forsea Grazing Permittee 

Art Waugh Commercial Recreation Chair-OHV Subgroup 

JD Basin RMP Subgroup 

William Lang Historical/Archaeological 

Michael Hayward Timber 

David Riley Dispersed Recreation JD Basin RMP 

Philip D. Shephard Fisheries and Wildlife (including wild horses 

and burros) 

JD Basin RMP Subgroup 

Berta Youtie, RAC Vice-chair Conservation Chair-JD Basin RMP Subgroup 

Mark Webb Elected Official, Grant County 

Robert Parker State of Oregon 

Frank Bird Public-at-large JD Basin RMP Subgroup 

OHV Subgroup 

Unfilled National/Regional Environmental JD Basin RMP Subgroup 

Patrick Dunham Public-at-Large 

John Tanaka, RAC Chair Academician 

Federal Officials Position 

Dave Henderson District Manager, Vale BLM 

Nancy Lull Baker Resource Area Field Manager 

Debbie Henderson-Norton District Manager, Prineville BLM 

506 Resource Advisory Council 
Chapter 5 - Consultation and Collaboration 

Table 5-2 (cont.). 

Mark Wilkening Public Affairs, Vale BLM 

Kevin Martin Forest Supervisor, Umatilla National Forest 

Joani Bosworth Umatilla National Forest, Public Affairs Officer 

Jeff Walter Ochoco National Forest, Forest Supervisor 

Gary “Stan” Benes Forest Supervisor/Malheur National Forest 

Jennifer Harris Public Affairs Officer, Malheur National Forest 

Steve Ellis Forest Supervisor, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest 

Tanis Hester Executive Assistant, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest 

Jody Weil BLM Deputy State Director-Communications 

Pam Robbins OR/WA BLM RAC Coordinator 

NOTE: At time of publication, a position for a tribal representative was unfilled. 

The BLM has periodically updated the RAC on the progress of the planning effort. The RAC has also provided 

assistance in developing Alternatives for managing Off Highway Vehicle use on BLM managed lands within the 

planning area. 

Public Involvement 

The most critical element of cooperative management is public involvement. Congress has mandated that the 

BLM manage public lands for public benefit. At the same time the public is not a single cohesive entity. Rather the 

BLM serves a diverse public with multiple and sometimes conflicting interests and positions about key issues. It is 

important that the diversity of public interests be represented during the planning process. Both the Coordination 

Group and the John Day/Snake RAC provide a representation of diverse public interests. However it is the 

intent of the BLM planning team to provide the public with direct access to the planning process. This has been 

accomplished in the following manner: 

1. Public Scoping 

This initial step, requesting the public provide information about public lands and identify problems 

associated with public lands in the John Day Basin has been completed and involved the following activities: 

• The BLM contracted the expertise of sociologists and anthropologists (James Kent Associates) to spend 

time in the planning area visiting with local officials, business owners, travelers and residents in order 

to gather information on BLM land management concerns. 

• The BLM co-hosted, with the help of Wheeler County and the cities of John Day and Canyon City, 

several Economic Profile Workshops in the planning area, with the intent to explore economic and 

social trends within the area. 

• The BLM hosted a series of meetings open to the public throughout eastern, central and western 

Oregon, to gather public input and feedback on concerns and problems with BLM management in the 

planning area. 

2. Publication and public review of the Analysis of the Management Situation (AMS). 

After publication the BLM hosted a series of open houses in eastern, central and western Oregon to gather 

public input and feedback on concerns and opportunities described in the AMS. 

3. Public representation in the development of the Draft Resource Management Plan and Environmental 

Impact Statement occurred through interaction with and guidance provided by the John Day-Snake 

Resource Advisory Council. 

Public Involvement 507 
Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

4.	 Public comment on the Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact 

Statement will be carefully considered. Comments may be submitted via U.S. mail, E-mail, or orally at 

public review meetings or via telephone. 

Information Sharing 

The BLM will continue to use a number of information sharing techniques to give people the opportunity to share 

new information and to be kept up-to-date on the planning process. The following is a brief summary of some of 

those techniques. 

John Day Basin Resource Management Plan Web Site 

The John Day Basin RMP web site will provide information such as plan updates, meeting dates, and plan schedule. 

The address is: http://www.blm.gov/or/districts/prineville/index.htm 

Plan Updates 

Periodically, updates of the plan’s progress will be prepared, posted to our web site, and mailed to our mailing 

list. News releases in local newspapers, and feature stories and broadcasts on local television and/or radio stations 

occur with major public meetings. 

Open Houses 

The BLM will hold open houses in selected communities within the planning area, central Oregon and Western 

Oregon after the distribution of this Draft Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement. At 

these meeting BLM staff will be on hand to record comments and to explain details of the plan when requested. 

508 Public Involvement 
Chapter 5 - Consultation and Collaboration 

List of Preparers 

BLM Interdisciplinary Team 

Lyle Andrews 

B.S. Range Management, University of Idaho. Rangeland Management Specialist. 32 years experience. 

Lorri Benefield 

B.S. Animal Science, Oregon State University; M.S. Fire Science, 1987, University of Washington. 29 years 

in Fire Management. 

Scott Cooke 

B.S. New Mexico State University. Wildlife Biologist. 18 years experience. 

Dana Maxwell Cork, P.E. 

B.S. Civil Engineering, Oregon State University 1986. 24 years of civil engineering experience. Registered 

Professional Engineer with State of Oregon since 1990. 

Henry Eichman 

B.A. Biology, Colorado College. M.S. Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University. 

4 years experience with regional economic analysis. 

Ron Halvorson 

B.S. Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. MS Renewable Resource 

Management, University of Nevada, Reno. 34 years experience in Rangeland Management and Botany. 

Monte Kuk 

B.A. Wildlife Management, North Dakota State University, Bottineau. B.S. Biology, Northern Arizona 

University. Wildlife Biologist 22 years experience 

Ron Lane 

B.A. Washington State University, 24 years experience in Lands and Realty. 

Shaun Larson 

B.S. Geological Sciences, University of Washington. 20 years in Fire Management. 

Martinson, Kristen 

B.S. Recreation Resource Management. MS Forest Management, Oregon State University. Interim 

Interdisciplinary Team Lead and Assistant Field Manager. 

John L. Morris 

B.A. Oregon State University. 15 years experience as Fish Biologist. 

Heidi Mottl 

B.S. Environmental Studies and Planning, Sonoma State University. 21 years experience in 

Recreation Management. 

Craig Obermiller 

B.S. Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho. M.S. Range Management, University of Arizona. 15 years 

experience as Rangeland Management Specialist 

Berry Phelps 

M.S. Geography; B.S. Recreation/Range Management, Brigham Young University. Recreation Planner, 

OHV & Wilderness Specialist. 29 years experience. 

Purrington, Teal 

B.A. Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz. M.S. Rangeland Resources, Oregon State University. 

Rangeland Management Specialist. 15 years experience. Interim Interdisciplinary team lead/Planning and 

Environmental Coordinator. 

Brent Ralston 

B.S. Oregon State University. Fisheries biologist, 13 years. Interdisciplinary team lead/Planning and 

Environmental Coordinator, 2 years. 

List of Preparers 509 
Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Ayn Shlisky 

B.S. Forest Management, MS Range Management, PhD Ecosystem Science, University of California, 

Berkeley. 24 years of experience as Forester, Range Conservationist, Landscape Ecologist and Fire 

Program Director. 

Anna Smith 

B.S. construction Engineering Management. 8 years experiences as Hydrologist. 

Steve Storo 

B.S. Geology, University of Alaska, M.S. Hazardous Waste Management, Wayne State University. 23 years 

of experience as Geologist. 

Robert Vidourek 

B.S. The Ohio State University. 34 years experience in Forest Management. 

Mike Williams 

B.A., M.A., PhD. University of California, Santa Barbara. Writer/Editor 16 years experience. 

Don Zalunardo 

B.S. Oregon State University, Natural Resource Specialist. 29 years with BLM 

John K. Zancanella 

M.A. California State University, Chico. 24 years experience. BLM Archaeologist. 

Other Preparers/Reviewers 

Geoff Babb 

Fire Ecologist 

Claudia K. Campbell 

Geographical Information Technician 

Carol Connolly 

Public Affairs Specialist 

Mattye Dahl 

Cartographer 

William I. Dean 

Wildlife Biologist 

Rick Demmer 

Natural Resource Specialist 

Mariah Drake 

Geographical Information Technician. 

Craig Ducey 

Geographical Information System/Remote Sensing Specialist 

Maria Fiorella 

Remote Sensing Analyst. 

John Fisher 

Range Technician 

Stanley Frazier 

Data Administrator. 

Virginia Gibbons 

Public Affairs Specialist. 

Betsy Hamann 

Wildlife Biologist 

Jan Hanf 

Wildlife Biologist 

510 List of Preparers 
Chapter 5 - Consultation and Collaboration 

Eric Hiebenthal 

Database Administration Supervisor 

Gavin Hoban 

Geographic Information Specialist 

Jeanne Keyes 

Geographic Information System Analyst. 

Tim Keck 

Land Line Inventory Data Steward 

Douglas Kile 

Geographic Information System Specialist. 

Allison Mead 

Geographic Information Specialist 

Patrick Kollodge 

Park Ranger 

Roger Mills 

Geographic Information System Technical Specialist 

Shelley Moore 

Geographic Information System Specialist. 

Patrick Nelson 

Cartographic Technician 

Jeffery S. Nighbert 

Senior Technical Specialist for GIS 

Steve Salas 

Spatial Database Administrator 

Holly S. Schue 

Cartographer-Geographic Information System Administrator 

Jay Stevens 

Geographic Information System Developer 

Dorothy Thomas 

Geographic Information System Analyst 

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512 
Glossary 

Glossary 

Abiotic - pertaining to the non-living parts of an ecosystem, such as soil, rock, air, and water. 

Acceptable Range of Variability (ARV) - Management actions are within the ARV when they direct vegetative 

communities and characteristics toward the types and amounts of seral structural communities and conditions 

identified as appropriate for a given BPS. Each BPS has an identified range of vegetative conditions and 

distributions that occurred based on site potential or Biophysical setting - (elevation, aspect, precipitation, etc.) and 

“pre-European” disturbance regimes. While this does not mean replicating exact conditions from a selected date 

in the past, this approach manages the ecosystem for a range in, and combination of patterns, patch sizes, species 

distribution, and seral/structural stages that are consistent with the site’s potential and the expected fire frequency, 

intensity, and distribution. The ARV is often broad enough to encompass social as well as ecological goals. 

100 year flood - Based on statistical averages, the size of flood that has a 1 in 100 chance of occurring during 

any year. For the plan area, the 100 year flood is approximated by the area inundated at a depth of two times 

bankfull width. 

Access - the ability of public land visitors to reach the areas they wish to visit. 

Access Statement - a legal right to cross the land granted to the public by a landowner. 

Acre - a unit of area used in land measurement, equal to 43,560 square feet. There are 640 acres in one square mile. 

Active Restoration - Restoration that requires human expenditure of energy. An example would be cutting down 

a tree and placing it in a stream channel. Active restoration includes, but is not limited to, riparian plantings, reintroduction of large wood, floodplain development, and projects to improve watershed function (e.g., sediment 

routing, conveying peak and base flow). 

Adit - a nearly horizontal shaft used for giving access to a mine or for drainage. 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation - established by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 to play 

a key role in the evaluation, nomination, and treatment of National Register properties. 

Agricultural Land - portions of the landscape which are capable of cultivating crops and irrigated pasture. These 

lands frequently occupy irrigable floodplains along rivers and streams. 

Allotment - a specific portion of public land allocated for livestock grazing, typically with identifiable or fenced 

boundaries and permitted for a specified number of livestock. 

Allotment Management Plan (AMP) - a BLM document that directs the management of livestock grazing on a 

specific area of public land. 

Allowable Sale Quantity (ASQ) - the quantity of timber that may be sold from an area covered by a 

forest management plan during a time period specified by the plan. ASQ is usually expressed as an average 

annual quantity. 

Airshed - A subset of air basin, the term denotes a geographical area that shares the same air because of 

topography, meteorology, and climate. 

Analysis of the Management Situation (AMS) - Step 4 of the BLM’s land use planning project; a comprehensive 

documentation of the present conditions of the resources, current management guidance, and opportunities 

for change. 

Andesite - volcanic rock with a silicon dioxide (SiO2) composition between 52 and 63 percent by weight. Its color 

is gray to black and it erupts at temperatures between 900 ° and 1100 °C. 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Animal Unit Month (AUM) - the amount of forage required to sustain one cow and calf for one month. 

Appropriate (Fire) Management Response - specific actions taken in response to a wildland fire to implement 

protection and fire use objectives. 

Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) - a type of special land use designation specified within the 

Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) used to protect areas with important resource values in need 

of special management. 

Area of Traditional Cultural Significance - for the purposes of this plan, those locations used by Indian people to 

maintain their values, beliefs, and cultural identity, including, but not limited to, traditional plant collecting areas, 

fishing stations, or places for practicing traditional religious beliefs. 

Ash - volcanic material consisting of rock, volcanic glass, and mineral fragments less than 2 mm in diameter. 

Bankfull stage - the elevation of the floodplain adjacent to the active stream channel. 

Bankfull width - the width of the stream channel at bankfull stage. Bankfull channel indicators included breaks in 

slope, the tops of point bars, and changes in vegetation. 

Basalt - a dark-colored volcanic rock with less than 52% silicon dioxide by weight. Its temperature when erupting 

ranges from 1100 ° to 1250 °C. Basalt is less viscous (more fluid) than andesite and rhyolite and is capable of 

flowing several tens of kilometers. 

Benefits Based Recreation (BBM) - BBM is managing recreation resources for positive or beneficial experiences 

and outcomes by participating in recreational activities, rather than just managing for a recreation activities 

by itself. BBM also provides positive outcomes that benefit individuals, communities, economies and the 

environment by focusing on experiences and outcomes that result from recreation activities. 

<http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/Recreation/national_recreation/recreation_planning.html> 

Best Management Practices (BMPs) - a set of practices which, when applied during implementation of 

management actions, ensures that negative impacts to natural resources are minimized. BMPs are applied based 

on site-specific evaluations and represent the most effective and practical means to achieve management goals 

and objectives for a given site. 

Biocriteria - Biological criteria that describe the qualities that must be present to support a desired condition in a 

waterbody. They serve as the standard against which ecological assessment results are compared. The presence, 

condition and numbers of types of fish, insects, algae, plants, and other organisms are data that together provide 

direct, accurate information about the health of specific bodies of water. 

Biodiversity (Biological Diversity) - the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological 

complexes in which they occur (ICBEMP, 2000). 

Biological Control Agent - The use of nonnative agents, including invertebrate parasites and predators (usually 

insects, mites, and nematodes) and plant pathogens, to reduce populations of nonnative, invasive plants. 

Biomass - dry weight of organic matter in plants and animals in an ecosystem, both above and below ground. 

Biotic - living. 

Board Foot - the amount of wood contained in an unfinished board one inch thick, 12 inches long, and 12 inches 

wide, commonly abbreviated BF; MBF = one thousand board feet; MMBF = one million board feet. 

Broadcast Burning - burning natural fuels as they are, with no piling or windrowing. 

Broad Scale - a large, regional area, such as a river basin, and typically a multi-state area. 

514 
Glossary 

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - government agency with the mandate to manage Federal lands under its 

jurisdiction for multiple uses. 

Bureau Sensitive Species - species eligible as federally listed or candidate status, state listed or candidate (plant) 

status, or on List 1 in the Oregon Natural Heritage Database, or otherwise approved for this category by the 

State Director. 

Bureau Tracking Species (TS) - Species for which more information is needed to determine status within 

the state, or which no longer need active management. Districts are encouraged to collect occurrence data to 

enable an early warning for species which may become threatened or endangered in the future. Until status of 

such species changes to federal or state listed, candidate or assessment species, “tracking species” will not be 

considered as special status species for management purposes. 

Candidate Species - any species included in the Federal Register Notice of Review that are being considered for 

listing as threatened or endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Capability - the highest ecological status an area can attain given political, social, or economical constraints. 

Cell - unique ecosystem type used by the Oregon Natural Heritage Plan to inventory, classify, and evaluate 

natural areas. Cells contain one or more ecosystem elements, which are assemblages of integrated organisms plus 

the environment supporting them. 

Cinder - a frothy form of basalt formed by expanding gases during an eruption. 

Cinder Cone - a cone-shaped volcano created by the accumulation of cinders around a vent, formed as an 

individual volcano or in groups on the flanks of larger volcanoes. 

Cinnabar - mercury sulfide, an ore of mercury. 

Climax - the culminating stage of plant succession for a given environment; the vegetation conceived as having 

reached a highly stable condition. 

Closed - under 43 CFR 8340 a closed area means an area where off-road vehicle use is prohibited. Use of offroad vehicles in closed areas may be allowed for certain reasons; however, such use shall be made only with the 

approval of the authorized officer. 

Collaboration - a formalized process of identifying and involving interactive participants in different parts of 

the analysis process. Collaboration is expected to result in some level of informed consent by all participants 

concerning the issues and range of alternatives. For the purposes of this plan, that is intended to include members 

both exempt from and subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act. 

Common use area - a generally broad geographic area from which BLM can make disposals of mineral materials 

to many persons, with only negligible surface disturbance. The use is dispersed throughout the area. 

Communication Site - (1) a hilltop or favorable signal receiving and transmitting location where a collection of 

facilities are sited; (2) a facility consisting of a small building and tower, used for transmission or reception of 

radio, television, telephone or other electronic signals. 

Community Pit – a relatively small, defined area from which BLM can make disposals of mineral materials to 

many persons. The surface disturbance is usually extensive in the confined area. 

Conglomerate - a clastic sedimentary rock composed of rounded to sub-angular stones (larger than 2 mm in 

diameter) cemented in a matrix of sand or silt. 

Connectivity (of habitats) - the linkage of similar but spatially separated vegetative stands (such as mature 

forests) by patches, corridors, or “stepping stones” of like vegetation across the landscape; also, the degree to 

which similar landscapes are so linked (PNW GTR-328, 1994). 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Consultation - formal and informal consultation as defined by laws such as the National Historic Preservation 

and Endangered Species Acts. Also, any input formally requested for analysis purposes from any internal or 

external source. 

Cooperators - tribal, local, state, or federal agencies with special expertise related to plan issues or that have legal 

jurisdiction within the planning area. 

Critical Habitat - BLM Manual 6840 defines Critical Habitat (CH) as an area designated as such and listed in 

50 CFR Parts 17 and 226 and is any air, land, or water area (exclusive of those existing manmade structures or 

settlements which are not necessary to the survival an recovery of a listed species) and constituent elements 

thereof, the loss of which would appreciably decrease the likelihood of the survival and recovery of a listed 

species or a distinct segment of its population. The constituent elements of Critical Habitat include, but are not 

limited to: physical structure and topography, biota, climate, human activity, and the quality and chemical content 

of land, water, and air. Critical Habitat may represent any portion of the present habitat of a listed species and 

may include additional areas for reasonable population expansion. The federal definition of critical habitat is: (i) 

the specific areas within the geographic area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed ...on which are found 

those physical and biological features (a) essential to the conservation of the species and (b) which may require 

special management considerations or protections; (ii) specific areas outside of the geographical area occupied 

by the species, at the time it is listed ... upon a determination of the Secretary that such areas are essential for the 

conservation of the species; and (iii) Except in those circumstances determined by the Secretary, critical habitat 

shall not include the entire geographical area which can be occupied by the threatened or endangered species 

(ESA Section 3). 

Cultural Resource - material or non-material aspects of human culture which are significant to living cultures, 

including groups maintaining and preserving their traditions, and academic researchers such as anthropologists 

and historians. 

Decommission (travel management) - De-compact compacted layers, restore vegetation, add organic matter and 

restore hydrologic function. 

Detrimental soil impacts - impacted areas that are unable to recover to viable populations of protective vegetative 

cover within 2 years following a use disturbance without applying restoration activities. 

Disturbance activities (wildlife) - include, but are not limited to, people walking, running or riding a bike, horse, 

or motorized vehicle; creating loud noises (chain sawing, blasting). Whether activities actually disturb is a 

function of species, proximity, screening, and commonness of activity 

Disturbance - any event which alters the structure, composition, or function of terrestrial or aquatic habitats 

(PNW GTR-328, 1994). 

Disturbance Regime - The pattern of intervals between disturbance and severity of disturbance. For landscapes, 

this can be for a given disturbance, such as fire or for a complex of disturbances (Johnson and O’Neil, 2001) 

Ecological Integrity - in general, refers to the degree to which all ecological components and their interactions are 

represented and functioning; the quality of being complete; a sense of wholeness. Areas of high integrity would 

represent areas where ecological function and processes are better represented and functioning than areas rated 

as low integrity (ICBEMP, 2000). 

Ecological Site Inventory (ESI) - the basic inventory of present and potential vegetation of BLM rangelands. 

Ecological sites are differentiated on the basis of soil type and kind, proportion, or amount of plant species. 

Ecology - the science of the inter-relationships between organisms and their environment; from the Greek Oikos 

meaning “house” or “place to live.” 

Ecoregions - Variations in landform that provide conditions for the development of varying combinations of 

plants and animals. 

516 
Glossary 

Ecosystem - a spatially explicit, relatively homogeneous unit of the earth that includes all interacting organisms 

and components of the abiotic environment within its boundaries. An ecosystem can be of any size; e.g., a log, 

pond, field, forest, or the earth’s biosphere. 

Ecosystem Health - a condition where the parts and functions of an ecosystem are sustained over time. The 

system’s capacity for self-repair is maintained such that goals for uses, values, and services of the ecosystem are 

met. Also includes forest health, rangeland health, and aquatic system health. 

Ecosystem Management - the use of a “whole-landscape” approach to achieve multiple use management of 

public lands by blending the needs of people and environmental values in such a way that these lands represent 

diverse, healthy, productive, and sustainable ecosystems. 

Ecotone - a boundary or zone of transition between adjacent communities or environments, such as the boundary 

between a forest and a meadow or the boundary of a clear cut next to a mature forest stand. Species present in an 

ecotone are intermixed subsets of the adjacent communities. 

Edge Effect - the tendency for a transitional zone between communities (an ecotone) to contain a greater variety of 

species and more dense populations of species than either community surrounding it (Johnson and O’Neil, 2001). 

Eligibility - Qualification of a river for inclusion into the NWSRS through determination that it is free-flowing and 

with its adjacent land area possesses at least one river-related value considered to be outstandingly remarkable. 

Endangered Species - any species defined under the Endangered Species Act as being in danger of extinction 

throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Listings are published in the Federal Register. 

Endemic Species - plants or animals that occur naturally in a certain region and whose distribution is relatively 

limited to a particular locality (ICBEMP, 2000). 

Environmental Assessment (EA) - one type of document prepared by Federal agencies in compliance with the 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) that portrays the environmental consequences of proposed Federal 

actions that are not expected to have significant impacts on the human environment. 

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) - one type of document prepared by Federal agencies in compliance with 

the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) that portrays the environmental consequences of proposed major 

Federal actions that are expected to have significant impacts on the human environment (see EA, above). 

Ephemeral Stream - a stream, or reach of a stream, that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It receives 

no continuous supply from melting snow or other source, and its channel is above the water table at all times. 

Erosion (Accelerated) - erosion much more rapid than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or animal 

activities or of a catastrophe in nature, e.g., fire that exposes the surface. 

Exceedance - A measured level of an air pollutant higher than the national or state ambient air quality standards. 

Existing Management Situation (EMS) - a component of the Analysis of the Management Situation; a description 

of the existing management direction governing resource management programs of a planning area. 

Extensive Recreation Management Area (ERMA) - locations where explicit recreation management, personnel 

and funding is not required to manage recreation resources. Minimal management actions are adequate to 

accomplish BLM’s stewardship responsibilities. Significant recreation opportunities and problems are limited and 

management is not needed for specific recreation opportunities. Also see “Special Recreation Management Areas” 

and “Recreation Management Zones.” 

Extirpated - having become extinct in a specific area while the species as a whole continues to exist elsewhere. 

Facultative - Capable of functioning under varying environmental conditions. Also see “obligate”. 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA) - a law mandating that the Bureau of Land 

Management manage lands under its jurisdiction for multiple uses. 

FMP (Fire Management Plan) - a strategic plan that defines a program to manage wildland and prescribed 

fires and documents the Fire Management Program in the approved land use plan. The plan is supplemented 

by operational procedures such as preparedness plans, preplanned dispatch plans, prescribed fire plans and 

prevention plans. 

Fine Scale - a single landscape, such as a watershed or sub watershed. 

Fire Cycle - the average time between fires in a given area or a given plant community. 

Fire Frequency - the return interval of fire. 

Fire Management Plan - A plan to identify and integrate all wildland fire management guidance, direction and 

activities required to implement national fire policy and fire management direction. Direction is drawn from: 

a) Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review (1995 and 2001), b) the Interagency Fire 

Management Plan Template, c) A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and 

the Environment, d) 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy Implementation Plan, e) Department of the Interior Manual, 

f) Bureau of Land Management Manual, and g) relevant Resource Management Plans. BLM lands within the John 

Day Basin are covered within the Central Oregon Fire Management Service (COFMS) Fire Management Plan 

(current version is 2007). 

Fire Preparedness - activities that lead to a safe, efficient, and cost effective fire management program in support 

of land and resource management objectives through appropriate planning and coordination. 

Fire Regime - the frequency, predictability, intensity, seasonality, and extent characteristics of fires in an ecosystem. 

Fire regime condition class (FRCC) - measure of the degree of departure of vegetative conditions from a 

reference condition known as the biophysical setting. 

•	1 FRCC 1 represents ecosystems with low (<33 percent) departure and that are still within the estimated 

historical range of variability during a specifically defined reference period; 

•	1 FRCC 2 indicates ecosystems with moderate (33 to 66 percent) departure; and 

•	1 FRCC 3 indicates ecosystems with high (>66 percent) departure from reference conditions. 

Flood Plain - A relatively fl at area that borders a stream that is composed of deposited materials from the stream 

and is subject to periodic flooding unless protected artificially. 

Forestland - land stocked with at least 10 percent live trees or land formerly having such tree cover and not 

currently developed for non-forest use. 

Flow - The volume of water in a river passing a given point in a given period of time, usually expressed in terms 

of cubic feet per second or cubic meters per second. 

Flood Prone Area - The flood prone area is the area flooded when water depth equals to two times the maximum 

bankfull depth of the stream channel. In the Pacific Northwest, the area flooded when the water depth equals two 

times the bankfull depth has been shown to approximate the 100 year floodplain. 

Food and Cover Crops - Food and cover crops provide habitat for wildlife and may be fertilized annually. 

Perennial vegetation in wildlife food and cover crops may include alfalfa. Poaching may occur but is not within 

BLM’s jurisdiction to control or affect. Seeding has typically been designed to benefit upland and game bird 

species. Dryland food and cover crops may not require irrigation. 

Fugitive Dust - Dust particles that are introduced into the air through certain activities such as soil cultivation, or 

vehicles operating on open fields or dirt roadways. 

518 
Glossary 

Functional-At-Risk - riparian-wetland areas that are in functional condition, but an existing soil, water, or 

vegetation attribute makes them susceptible to degradation. 

Game Species - wildlife species hunted for sport. 

Green Strip - A strip where fire spread and intensity are reduced through one or more of the following actions: 

removal of ladder fuels, decreasing the density, height, and/or spacing of shrub species, limiting or removing 

annual grass components, or planting species that meet fire spread and intensity objectives. 

Ground Water - water filling all the unblocked pores of the material below the water table. 

Guzzler – a man made structure that collects, stores, and dispenses water (from rain, snow, and sometimes 

condensation). The size and style of collection and dispensing apparatus dictates the number and type of wildlife 

that can utilize the water. 

Habitat Fragmentation - the splitting or isolating of patches of similar habitat, typically forest cover (but 

could also apply to grass fields, shrub patches, and other habitats). Habitat can be fragmented from natural 

conditions, such as thin or variable soils, or from management activities or development such as clear-cut logging, 

agriculture, or residential development. 

Hibernaculum - a place where any animal hibernates. Two distinct habitats are recognized as critical for the 

persistence of a bat population - a winter hibernaculum and a summer roosting colony. A winter bat hibernaculum 

is a place, usually a cave or a mine, that provides a constant temperature and protection for winter hibernation. 

Historic Condition - as used in this text, the condition of lands and ecosystems prior to European settlement. 

In central Oregon, European settlement occurred during the period from approximately 1850s to 1900. An 

approximation of these conditions is drawn from written and photographic accounts from the period and is 

used to determine the range of variability for plant and animal species across a landscape (Ochoco NF Viable 

ecosystems Management Guide, 1994). 

Historic Range of Variability (HRV) - the typical fluctuations of processes or functions, and the typical proportions of 

ecosystem elements in an area over a period of time when the ecosystem was not significantly affected by European 

settlement and management. HRV is the amplitude or minimum-maximum ranges of “natural” conditions. 

Ignimbrite - a volcanic rock formed by the welding together of tuff material from an explosive volcanic eruption. 

Impoundment - A body of water formed by any manmade structure. 

Important habitat - A general term that includes seasonal habitats, such as winter ranges and breeding sites; 

habitat structure, such as snags and down logs; and unique features, such as cliffs and caves. 

Information Sharing - a process designed to keep everyone informed about what is happening in the planning 

effort. This includes but is not limited to published material on a variety of media, and management and public 

briefings and/or presentations. 

Initial (Fire) Attack - an aggressive fire suppression action consistent with fire fighter and public safety and values 

to be protected. 

Interdisciplinary - involving more than one discipline or resource management program. 

Intermittent Stream - a stream, or reach of a stream, that flows for prolonged periods only when it receives 

groundwater discharge or long, continued contributions from melting snow or other surface and shallow 

subsurface sources. 

Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP) - a project conducted during the 1990s and 

early 2000s examining the effects (on a large, regional scale) of past and present land use activities on the Interior 

Columbia River Basin ecosystem and a small part of the Great Basin ecosystem. 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Intermittent Stream - any nonpermanent flowing drainage feature having a definable channel and evidence of scour 

or deposition. This includes what are sometimes referred to as ephemeral streams if they meet these two criteria. 

Interrupted Stream (flow) - streams where wet sections of stream channel are interrupted with dry sections of 

channel. 

Issue - an opportunity, conflict, or problem about use or management of public land resources. The resolution of 

issues is the basis for preparing the resource management plan. 

Key Wildlife Habitat - habitats where the spatial extent of potential or existing habitats have been refined beyond 

a general habitat description and mapped for locally important or special status species, including the following 

habitats: antelope year round, deer summer, deer winter crucial, elk summer, elk winter, elk winter critical, sage 

grouse, Washington ground squirrel, peregrine nest potential, peregrine falcon, bald eagle winter roost potential, 

and bald eagle winter roosts. 

Landscape - all the natural features which distinguish one part of the land from another. A spatially heterogeneous 

area with repeating patterns, similar climate, and landform, and the associated disturbance regimes. 

Lava tube - a cave formed by the draining of molten lava from a channel covered by a surficial crust. 

Leasable Minerals - minerals that may be leased to private interests by the Federal government and includes oil, 

gas, geothermal, coal, and sodium compounds. 

Leave Tree - a tree left standing in an area where thinning or harvest has occurred. 

Lek - an area used by sage grouse for courtship and mating. 

Lentic - Lentic areas are occasionally or frequently inundated or saturated by standing surface or ground water. 

The vegetation capability is different than if the area was not inundated or saturated. Lentic areas are influenced 

by standing water, while lotic areas are influenced by running water. 

Limited Area - under 43 CFR 8340 a limited area means an area restricted at certain times, in certain areas, and/ 

or to certain vehicular use. These restrictions may be of any type, but can generally be accommodated within the 

following type of categories: Numbers of vehicles; types of vehicles; time or season of vehicle use; permitted or 

licensed use only; use on existing roads and trails; use on designated roads and trails; and other restrictions. 

Linear Features - Manmade lines across the landscape such as, roads, trails, routes, ways, pipelines, ditches and 

other features. 

Litter - the dead remains of plants, usually lying on the soil surface. 

Loam - a soil textural class composed of roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay. 

Locatable Minerals - minerals subject to exploration, development, and disposal by staking mining claims as 

authorized by the Mining Law of 1872, as amended. This includes deposits of gold, silver, and other uncommon 

minerals not subject to lease or sale. 

Lotic - lotic areas are occasionally or frequently inundated or saturated by running water. The vegetation 

capability is different than if the area was not inundated or saturated. Lotic areas are influenced by running water, 

while lentic areas are influenced by standing water. 

Management Concern - procedures or land-use allocations that do not constitute issues but, through the RMP/ 

EIS preparation process, are recognized as needing to be modified or needing decisions made regarding 

management direction. 

Management Framework Plan (MFP) - an older generation of land use plans developed by the Bureau of Land 

Management. This generation of planning has been replaced by the Resource Management Plan (RMP). 

520 
Glossary 

Management Opportunities - a component of the analysis of the management situation; actions or management 

directions that could be taken to resolve issues or management concerns. 

Marginal cover - a stand of coniferous trees 10 or more feet tall with an average canopy closure equal to or more 

than 40%. 

Mesic - pertaining to sites or habitats characterized by intermediate moisture conditions, i.e., neither decidedly 

wet nor dry. 

Microbiotic Crusts - lichens, mosses, green algae, fungi, cyanobacteria, and bacteria growing on or just below the 

surface of soils. 

Mineral Estate - refers to the ownership of minerals at or beneath the surface of the land. 

Minor Wildlife Emphasis - designated areas where wildlife typically receives a lower level of consideration to 

most other resource management programs. Generally, guidelines are tied to minimum legal requirements 

identified in the sections on “common” guidance (Standards for Rangeland Health, BLM Special Status Species 

Policy (6840)), and the Threatened and Endangered Species Act. 

Mitigating Measures - modifications of actions that (a) avoid impacts by not taking a certain action or parts of an 

action, (b) minimize impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation, (c) rectify 

impacts by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment, (d) reduce or eliminate impacts over 

time by preservation and maintenance operations during the life of the action, or (e) compensate for impacts by 

replacing or providing substitute resources or environments. 

Monitoring and Evaluation - the collection and analysis of data to evaluate the progress and effectiveness of onthe-ground actions in meeting resource management goals and objectives. 

Multiple Use - the management of public land and its resources to best meet various present and future needs of 

the American people. This means coordinated management of resources and uses. 

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) - a law requiring all Federal agencies to evaluate the impacts 

of proposed major Federal actions with respect to their significance on the human environment. 

National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) - established by Congress with the passage of the National Historic 

Preservation Act of 1966, an ever increasing, formal list of sites that are culturally significant according to 

specific criteria. 

National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) - an area administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the purpose of 

managing certain fish or wildlife species. 

Native Road Surface - Surface of road with little to no mechanical improvement to gradient, slope, or surface. 

Roads are most often user created with no additional rock or gravel added to stabilize the surface. 

90th percentile summer weather - refers to point where an index weighted toward fuel conditions exceeds at 

least 90% of observations ever recorded for an area. The implication of exceeding the 90th percentile is that if an 

ignition occurs in a wildland setting that fire behavior is likely to be extreme. 

Non-functional - riparian-wetland areas that clearly are not providing adequate vegetation, landform, or 

large woody debris to dissipate stream energy associated with high flows, and thus are not reducing erosion, 

improving water quality, etc. 

Non-game Species - wildlife species which are not hunted for sport. 

Noxious Weed - a plant specified by law as being especially undesirable, troublesome, and difficult to control. 

Obligate - able to exist or survive only in a particular environment or by assuming a particular role. 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Obliterate - re-slope hillslope to eliminate appearance of a human caused feature, restore vegetation, add organic 

matter, eliminate compaction and restore the hillslope process. 

Obsidian - a volcanic glass with a bulk composition equivalent to that of rhyolite except that obsidian has lower 

water content. 

Occupancy - the taking, maintaining, or holding possession of a camp or residence on public land either by 

personal presence or leaving property at the location. 

Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) - in the state of Oregon, Off-Highway Vehicles are divided into three types: Class I, II 

or III, as defined below. 

OHV Class I 

• Vehicles 50” wide or less, and 

• Dry weight of 800 pounds or less. 

• Have saddle or seat. 

• Travels on three or more tires. 

OHV Class II 

• For vehicles more than 50” wide, or 

• Dry weight of more than 800 pounds 

OHV Class III 

• For vehicles riding on two tires, and 

• Dry weight of less than 600 pounds 

OHV designations - definitions of allowed motorized use (also see OHV Open Area, OHV Limited Area, OHV 

Closed Area) are defined by BLM according to the Federal Code of Regulations; 43 CFR, Subparts 8341 and 8342. 

OHV Open Area - area where all types of vehicle use is permitted at all times, anywhere in the area subject to the 

operating regulations and vehicle standards set forth in 43 CFR subparts 8341 and 8342. 

OHV Limited Area - area restricted at certain times, in certain areas, and/or to certain vehicular use. These 

restrictions may be of any type, but can generally be accommodated within the following type of categories: 

Numbers of vehicles; types of vehicles; time or season of vehicle use; permitted or licensed use only; use on 

existing roads and trails; use on designated roads and trails; and other restrictions. 

OHV Closed Area - an area where off-road vehicle use is prohibited. Use of off-road vehicles in closed areas may 

be allowed for certain reasons; however, such use shall be made only with the approval of the authorized officer. 

Old-growth - old forest often containing several canopy layers, variety in tree sizes and species, decadent old 

trees, standing and down dead woody material (PNW GTR-328, 1994). 

Old Growth Forest - Refers to a mature forest. A forest stand that contains many large mature trees scattered in 

clumps, patches or spread randomly throughout the stand in varying sizes, ages, and stocking levels. The stand 

may also contain large woody debris of varying decomposition levels, have tree fall gaps of varying sizes and 

ages, and have snags of varying numbers, sizes and ages of decomposition. High density understory trees or 

brush with multiple canopy layers of varying sizes and densities may be absent or may be present in randomly 

spaced clumps or patches. Typical low site ponderosa pine stands in the planning area may contain 10 to 13 large 

trees per acre greater than 21 inches DBH and 150 years in age as well as 2 to 3 trees/acre greater than 31 inches 

DBH and 200 years in age. Typical mixed conifer stands in the planning area may contain 8 to 10 or more large 

trees per acre greater than 21 inches DBH and 150 years in age. 

522 
Glossary 

Old Growth Juniper - Old growth juniper typically exhibit the following characteristics: 

Flattened, rounded, or uneven top, dead branches, bark missing, covered by a light green lichen, thick fibrous 

bark with well developed furrows, large branches near the base, and leader growth in the upper 1⁄4 of the tree 

usually > 1 inch. Growth form and morphological characteristics vary across trees and stands so usually several 

characteristics are required to separate young and old trees (SageSTEP – treatment evaluation project, pg. 12). 

Phase I, II, and III Juniper stands—These phases have the following characteristics: 

Characteristics 

(post-settlement stands) Phase I (early) Phase II (mid) Phase III (late) 

Tree canopy 

(% of maximum potential) 

Open, actively expanding 

<10% 

Actively expanding 

10 to 30% 

Expansion nearly stabilized 

>30% 

Leader growth (dominant trees) 

(cm/yr) 

terminal >10 

lateral >10 

terminal >10 

lateral 5 to >10 

terminal >10 

lateral <5 

Crown lift1 (dominant trees) Absent Absent Lower limbs dying or dead 

where tree canopy >40% 

Potential berry production Low Moderate to high Low to near absent 

Tree recruitment Active Active Limited 

Leader growth (understory trees) 

(cm/yr) 

terminal >10 

lateral >8 

terminal 5 to >10 

lateral 2 to >8 

terminal <5 

lateral <2 

Shrub layer Intact Nearly intact to 

significant thinning 

>75% dead 

USDA FS PNW-RP-491, Old Growth in Northwestern California National Forests, 1996, page 43 and USDA FS 

Region 6, Interim Old Growth Definition, June 1993. 

Old Growth Tree (Forested species) or (non-juniper) - refers to mature tree. The tree would have a flattened 

crown, show signs of decay, have deeply furrowed or plated bark, some protruding dead limbs, large thick live 

limbs in crown, and long trunk free of live lower branches. 

Open Area - under 43 CFR 8340 an open area means an area where all types of vehicle use is permitted at all 

times, anywhere in the area subject to the operating regulations and vehicle standards (CFR 8341 and 8342). 

Overstory - the upper canopy layer; the plants below comprise the understory. 

Passive Restoration - Restoration that does not require human expenditure of energy. An example would be 

allowing trees to die and fall into a stream channels. Another example would be to prohibit cutting and removing 

a tree that would otherwise fall into a stream channel. Passive restoration involves adaptive management of 

grazing, recreation management, ground disturbance, logging, road construction, use of motorized vehicles and 

other uses proposed along stream channels and in floodplains and lentic areas. 

Patch - an area of vegetation with homogeneous composition and structure. 

Perennial Stream -a stream that flows continuously on average. Perennial streams are generally associated with a 

water table in the localities through which they flow. 

Perlite - a volcanic glass with an equivalent composition to that of rhyolite, but with a higher water content than 

obsidian. 

Permanent conversion - Conversion of agricultural lands to perennial (preferably native) vegetation which does 

not require irrigation. Permanent conversion may occur in phases. Early phases may include wheat and other non 

native species in order to shade out weeds. 

Planning Area - the area containing all BLM-administered lands that would be managed under the JDBRMP. 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Plant Association - the distinctive combination of trees, shrubs, grasses, and herbs occurring in a theoretical 

terminal or climax community or a series of communities (PNW GTR-328, 1994). 

Potential Natural Vegetation - an historical term originally defined by A.W. Kuchler as the stable vegetation 

community which could occupy a site under current climatic conditions without further influence by humans. 

Often used interchangeably with Potential Natural Community. 

Potential Natural Condition - (in reference to streams and riparian areas) the highest ecological status a riparianwetland area can attain given no political, social, or economical constraints. 

Potential Plant Community - one of several plant communities that may become established on an ecological site 

under the present environmental conditions, either with or without interference by humans. 

Preferred Alternative or Plan - the alternative plan in the Draft EIS that the agency has initially selected that 

best fulfills the agency’s statutory mission and responsibilities and offers the most acceptable resolution of the 

planning issues and management concerns. 

Preparedness level - preparedness levels are dictated by burning conditions, fire activity, and especially resource 

availability. They are used to assure that firefighting resources are ready to respond to new incidents. 

Prescribed Fire - the introduction of fire to an area under regulated conditions for specific management purposes 

(usually vegetation manipulation). 

Prescribed Fire Plan - a site specific implementation plan written to address implementation issues (objectives, 

safety, practices, etc.) of applying prescribed fire as a management tool in areas where appropriate NEPA has 

been completed. 

Prescribed Natural Fire - a fire caused by lightning for which minimal to no suppression action is taken if it is 

under pre-determined conditions and within acceptable parameters. Prescribed natural fire is used to accomplish 

certain resource objectives. 

Pressure Ridge - a ridge formed during inflation of a basalt flow, often having one or more prominent tension 

cracks along the ridge axis. 

Primary Wildlife Emphasis - designates that wildlife is one of the most important management considerations 

for an area. Areas allocated to primary emphasis are intended to benefit wildlife and retain high wildlife use by 

applying specific guidelines (see Chapter 2). 

Primitive Road - a linear route managed for use by four-wheel drive or high clearance vehicles. These routes do 

not normally meet any BLM road design standards. 

Proper soil functioning condition - The capacity of the soil to function at a level to; 1) sustain biological activity, 

diversity, and productivity; 2) regulate and partition water and solute flow; 3) filter, buffer, degrade, and detoxify 

potential pollutants; 4) store and cycle nutrients. For any area, upland soil proper functioning condition is being 

met if seven out of the ten “Soil/Site Stability” indicators from technical reference “1734-6 - Interpreting Indicators 

of Rangeland Health” are achieving a less than moderate departure from reference condition. 

Properly Functioning Condition (PFC) - PFC is state of resiliency where physical processes are in place to allow a 

riparian-wetland area to hold together during natural disturbance events with a high degree of reliability (such as 

a 25 year flood). For lentic areas, PFC is the fundamental hydrological, chemical and physical processes that occur 

in a wetland that are linked to the biological productivity of the wetland. 

Properly Functioning Condition Assessment - A qualitative determination of condition. It includes a checklist of 

17 hydrologic, vegetative, and erosional/depositional (soils) attributes and processes which indicate the condition 

of riparian and lentic areas. 

524 
Glossary 

Physical Function or Physical Processes - Expected actions that can be mathematically described by physics, 

including matter and energy 

Public Land - any land or interest in land owned by the United States and administered by the Secretary of the 

Interior through the Bureau of Land Management. 

Public Participation - a process designed to inform and involve all people and organizations not otherwise 

involved in the planning effort through Consultation, Cooperation, or Collaboration. Involvement includes 

opportunities to comment on preliminary and draft published materials, general public information or comment 

meetings, and periodic receipt of update material. 

Pumice - a frothy, lightweight form of volcanic glass formed from expanding gasses in a rhyolite magma. 

Recreation Management Zone (RMZ) - RMZs are smaller areas within SRMAs. Each RMZ within a SRMA 

has four defining characteristics: 1) serves a different recreation niche within the primary recreation market, 

2) produces a different set of recreation opportunities and objectives to help facilitate recreationists obtaining 

different experiences and benefits, 3) has a distinct recreation setting character (e.g., river, mountain range, sand 

dune) and 4) requires a different set of management actions to meet the targeted primary recreation market 

demand. Also see Special Recreation Management Area. 

Recreation and Public Purposes Act (R&PP ACT) - an act passed by Congress which allows state and local 

governments and nonprofit organizations to lease and eventually acquire title to public lands for recreational or 

community expansion and other public purposes. The act was passed in recognition of the strong public need for 

a nationwide system of parks and historic preservation areas along with lands for other public purposes such as 

schools, fire houses, law enforcement facilities, municipal facilities, landfills, hospitals, and fairgrounds. 

Rehabilitate (travel management) - Heavy maintenance or reconstruction needed to bring a road back to standard 

design condition. 

Research Natural Area (RNA) - an area of significant scientific interest that is designated to protect its resource 

values for scientific research and study. Under current BLM policy, these areas must meet the relevance and 

importance criteria of ACECs and are designated as ACECs. 

Reserve Forage Allotment (RFA) - Allotments that are not allocated to one specific grazing operator, but 

temporary, non-renewable use would be allowed to facilitate rangeland restoration and recovery on a landscape 

scale. Grazing use that would be available in an RFA could lessen economic and operational impacts to grazing 

lessees by offsetting the temporary forage loss that is inherent to resting all or a portion of an allotment from 

grazing. RFAs could be used for unplanned events such as wildland fire induced forage loss and may provide 

limited relief for regional events such as drought, flood, insect damage, or disease. 

Resilience - 1) the ability of a system to respond to disturbances. Resiliency is one of the properties that enable 

the system to persist in many different states or successional stages; 2) in human communities, refers to the ability 

of a community to respond to externally induced changes such as larger economic forces. 

Resource Area - the “on-the-ground” management unit of the Bureau of Land Management comprised of BLMadministered land within a specific geographic area. 

Restoration - as used in this text, vegetative treatments used to modify an ecosystem and designed to return 

plant and animal communities toward a condition and level of functioning that existed prior to human 

disturbance or influence. 

Resource Area Profile (RAP) - a component of the analysis of the management situations; a description of the 

current condition, amount, location, use and demands of the natural resources in a planning area. 

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Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Resource Management Plan (RMP) - current generation of land use plans developed by the BLM under 

the Federal Land Policy and Management Act. It replaces the older generation Management Framework 

Plans. Provides long-term (up to 20 years) direction for the management of a particular area of land, usually 

corresponding to a BLM resource area, and its resources. 

Rhyolite - a light colored volcanic rock with a silicon dioxide composition greater than 68% by weight. It 

commonly exhibits flow banding and its temperature when erupting ranges from 700 ° and 850 °C. 

Right-of-Way - a grant that authorizes the use of public lands for specified purposes, such as pipelines, roads, 

telephone lines, electric lines, and reservoirs. 

Riparian - a form of wetland transition between permanently saturated wetlands and upland areas. These areas 

exhibit vegetation or physical characteristics reflective of permanent surface or subsurface water influence. Lands 

along, adjacent to, or contiguous with perennially and intermittently fl owing rivers and streams, glacial potholes, 

and the shores of lakes and reservoirs with stable water levels are typical riparian areas. Excluded are such sites as 

ephemeral streams or washes that do not exhibit the presence of vegetation dependent upon free water in the soil.” 

Road - a linear route declared a road by the owner, managed for use by low-clearance vehicles having four or 

more wheels, and maintained for regular and continuous use. 

Rosgen stream types - a stream classification system that groups streams by water surface slope, entrenchment, 

width/depth ratio, and sinuosity. For example, Rosgen A stream types are characterized by steep gradients 

(between 4 and 10%), with deeply incised channels. Rosgen B stream types are moderately steep (between 2 

and 4%), with rapids and riffles common and scour pools irregularly spaced. Rosgen C streams types are lower 

gradient streams. Rosgen E stream types are low-gradient streams (<2%, but can reach 4%). 

Sacred site - means any specific, discrete, narrowly delineated location on Federal land that is identified by an 

Indian tribe, or Indian individual determined to be an appropriately authoritative representative of an Indian 

religion, as sacred by virtue of its established religious significance to, or ceremonial use by, an Indian religion; 

provided that the tribe or appropriately authoritative representative of an Indian religion has informed the 

agency of the existence of such a site (Executive Order 13007, 1996:1). 

Salable Minerals - high volume, low value mineral resources including common varieties of rock, clay, decorative 

stone, sand, gravel, and cinder. 

Satisfactory Cover - a stand of coniferous trees 40 or more feet tall, with an average canopy closure equal to or 

more than 70%. 

Satisfactory cover stand – stand of conifer trees meeting the satisfactory cover definition equal to or greater than 

9 acres. 

Savanna - In this FEIS/RMP, non-forest (usually shrub-steppe) land where juniper occurs as widely scattered trees 

at less than 10% crown cover. 

Scenic Corridor - an area of special aesthetic values, including scenic vistas, unusual geologic or vegetative 

features, or other natural elements. 

Scenic River - a river or section of a river that is free of impoundments and whose shorelines are largely 

undeveloped but accessible in places by roads. 

Scoping - the process of identifying the range of consideration, issues, management concerns, preliminary 

alternatives, and other components of an environmental impact statement or land-use planning document. It 

involves both internal and external or public involvement. 

Secondary Wildlife Emphasis – a designation where wildlife is one of several resource management programs 

that are of focus in an area, and typically receive a slightly lower, but still significant, level of management 

526 
Glossary 

consideration. Areas allocated to a secondary emphasis are intended to support wildlife and maintain a moderate 

amount of use, as outlined in Chapter 2. 

Sensitive species - see “Bureau Sensitive Species.” 

Seral Stage - the rated departure of a plant community from a described potential natural community (PNC) for 

a specific ecological site. Low-seral stage is an existing plant community which is defined as 0-25% comparability 

to the defined PNC; Mid-seral stage is an existing plant community which has 26-50% comparability to the 

PNC; Late seral stage is 51-75% comparable to the PNC; PNC is an existing plant community with 76-100% 

comparability to the defined PNC. 

Shield Volcano - a gentle-sloped volcano built primarily by successive low-viscosity basalt flows. Has a shieldshaped profile. 

Silviculture - the practice of manipulating the establishment, composition, structure, growth, and rate of 

succession of forests to accomplish specific objectives. 

Site Condition - the level of condition, or degree of function, used to express the current condition of a site in 

contrast to site potential. 

Site Management Plan - address the management of an individual population or site, or a collection of sites with 

similar characteristics. The “site” or area to be managed is defined by the field unit personnel responsible for 

managing the particular population/individual site. Site Management Plans are typically developed for those 

species/habitats that require active management of the site in order to meet the desired goal for the species/ 

habitat. The Plans are usually very specific as to what management actions need to occur, where, and what the 

timeline is for each action. 

Site Potential - a measure of resource availability based on interactions among soils, climate, hydrology, and 

vegetation. Site potential represents the highest ecological status an area can attain given no political, social, or 

economic constraints. It defines the capability of an area, its potential, and how it functions (ICBEMP, 2000). 

Snag - a standing dead tree, usually larger than five feet tall and six inches in diameter at breast height. Snags are 

important as habitat for a variety of wildlife species and their prey. 

Special Recreation Management Areas (SRMAs) - areas where BLM makes a commitment through management 

presence and/or facility design to ensure or allow for specific activity, experience, or benefit opportunities and/ 

or outcomes. These areas require explicit recreation management to provide specific recreation opportunities 

and meet recreation objectives and require direct recreation funding and personnel to fulfill commitments made 

to provide specific recreation opportunities. Also see “Extensive Recreation Management Area” and “Recreation 

Management Zone.” 

Special Status Species - a plant or animal species falling into any one of the following categories: Federally listed 

threatened or endangered species, species proposed for Federal listing as threatened or endangered, candidate 

species for Federal listing, State listed species, Bureau sensitive species(see separate definition for each). 

Species Diversity - the number, different kinds of, and relative abundances of species present in a given area. 

Stand - a contiguous group of similar plants. For forest use, a contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in 

age-class distribution, composition, and structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a 

distinguishable unit. 

State Listed Species - any plant or animal species listed by the State of Oregon as threatened or endangered 

within the state under ORS 496.004, ORS 498.026, or ORS 564.040. 

Structure - the physical organization and arrangement of vegetation; the size and arrangement (both vertical and 

horizontal) of vegetation. 

527 
Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

Sub-basin Review - an interagency, collaborative consideration of resources, resource management issues, and 

management recommendations for one or more sub-basins or watershed drainages approximately 800,000 to 

1,000,000 acres in size. 

Subsoiling - a restoration action for decompacting soil areas that have been compacted from multiple passes of 

heavy ground based mechanical equipment. Soil compaction under the right moisture conditions, is fractured 

from below with minimal topsoil mixing. 

Succession - the gradual supplanting of one community of plants by another. The sequence of communities is 

called a sere, or seral stage. A process of changes in structure and composition of plant and animal communities 

over time. Conditions of the prior plant community or successional stage create conditions that are favorable for 

establishment of the next stage. The different stages in succession are often referred to as seral stages. 

Sustainability - 1) meeting the needs of the present without compromising the abilities of future generations 

to meet their needs; emphasizing and maintaining the underlying ecological processes that ensure long-term 

productivity of goods, services, and values without impairing productivity of the land; 2) in commodity 

production, refers to the yield of a natural resource that can be produced continually at a given intensity of 

management (ICBEMP, 2000). 

Sustained Yield - maintenance of an annual or regular periodic out put of a renewable resource from public land 

consistent with the principles of multiple use. Also: The yield that a forest can produce continuously at a given 

intensity of management. Sustained yield management implies continuous production, so planned as to achieve, 

at the earliest practical time, a balance between increment and cutting. 

T factor - soil loss tolerance in tons per acre. It is defined as the maximum amount of erosion at which the quality 

of a soil as a medium for plant growth can be maintained. This quality includes maintaining (1) the surface soil 

as a seedbed for plants, (2) the atmosphere-soil interface to allow the entry of air and water into the soil and still 

protect the underlying soil from wind and water erosion, and (3) the total soil volume as a reservoir for water and 

plant nutrients, which is preserved by minimizing soil loss. 

Take - to pursue, shoot, shoot at, poison, wound, kill, capture, trap, collect, molest or disturb. 

Tephra - a descriptive term for materials ejected from volcanoes including ash, pumice, cinders, and volcanic bombs. 

Terrestrial - pertaining to the land. 

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) - a private national organization dedicated to the preservation of biological 

diversity. 

Thermal Cover - cover used by animals to protect them against the weather. 

Threatened Species - any plant or animal species defined under the Endangered Species Act as likely to become 

endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Listings are 

published in the Federal Register. 

Timberland - forestland capable of continuously producing 20 cubic feet or more per acre of industrial wood. 

Tolerance interval - the range of values that represent a specific proportion or percentage of some sample or 

population (such as a 30%, 50%, or 80% tolerance interval), at a given level of confidence such as 95% or 

90% confidence. 

Trail - a linear route managed for human-powered, stock, or off-highway vehicle forms of transportation or for 

historical or heritage values. Trails are not generally managed for use by four-wheel drive or high-clearance vehicles. 

Tuff - a volcanic rock formed by the welding together of ash and rock fragments from an explosive volcanic eruption. 

Underburn - burning by a surface fire, usually under a tree canopy. 

528 
Glossary 

Understory - collectively, those plants that are beneath the overstory. See “Overstory.” 

Upland - the portion of the landscape above the valley floor or stream. 

U.S. Department of Interior (USDI) - government department which oversees the Bureau of Land Management 

and many other agencies. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) - government agency responsible for managing fish and wildlife and 

their habitats. 

Vegetative Composition - the plant species present in a plant community. 

Vent -an opening at the Earth’s surface through which volcanic materials are erupted. 

Viability - in general, the ability of a population of a plant or animal species to persist for some specified time into 

the future. For planning purposes, a viable population is one that has the estimated numbers and distribution 

of reproductive individuals to ensure that its continued existence will be well distributed in the planning area 

(ICBEMP, 2000). 

Visual Resources - the aesthetic qualities of the landscape. This is determined by assessing the scenic quality of a 

site, the sensitivity of people to changes in the landscape, and the visibility of the landscape from major viewing 

routes and key observation points. 

Watershed - the region draining into a river, river system, or body of water. A fifth-field hydrologic unit code of 

the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS) comprising 50,000 to 100,000 acres. 

Weed - a plant considered undesirable, unattractive, or troublesome, usually introduced and growing without 

intentional cultivation. See also “Noxious Weed.” 

Wilderness - an area that is essentially natural in character that has been designated by Congressional action in 

order to preserve that naturalness. 

Wilderness Study Area (WSA) - public land under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management which 

has been studied for wilderness character and is currently in an interim management status awaiting official 

wilderness designation or release from WSA status by Congress. 

Wildfire - any unwanted wildland fire. 

Wildland Fire - any non-structure fire, other than prescribed fire, that occurs in the wildland. 

Wildland Fire Situation Analysis (WFSA) - a decision-making process that evaluates alternative management 

strategies against selected safety, environmental, social, economical, political, and resource management 

objectives as selection criteria. 

Wildland Fire Use - the management of naturally ignited Wildland fires to accomplish resource management 

objectives. 

Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) - wherever residential, industrial, or agricultural structures are located within or 

adjacent to trees and other combustible vegetation. 

Wildland Urban Interface Zones - areas where inhabited lands are intermeshed with or adjacent to wildlands. 

These zones are currently mapped based on federal and state policies and are subject to change. Under the 

Healthy Forest Restoration Act (2003) communities are also given the flexibility to define their own WUI through 

the development of a Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPPs). CWPPs are intended to be collaborative 

efforts to address the core elements of community protection, provide communities with an opportunity to 

influence where and how federal agencies implement fuel reduction projects on federal lands, and to assist both 

local communities and federal partners in matching treatment priorities across jurisdictional boundaries so that 

529 
Draft John Day Basin Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement 

treatments are more effective at controlling the spread of unwanted fires. Current WUI designations are based on 

existing or in-progress CWPPs and Oregon Department of Forestry WUI mapping. 

Wild River - a river or section of a river that is free of impoundments and generally inaccessible except by trail, 

with watersheds and shorelines essentially primitive and waters unpolluted. 

Woodland - a plant community in which, in contrast to a typical forest, the trees are often small or short-boled 

relative to their crown width or height. Collectively, the trees form an open canopy with the intervening area 

occupied by lower vegetation, commonly grass or shrub. 

Xeric - pertaining to sites or habitats characterized by decidedly dry conditions. 

Zones - BLM-administered lands are classified into four categories that establish guidance about their suitability 

for long-term ownership as follows: 

•	1 Zone 1 – lands with national or statewide significance (for wildlife, recreation, scenic or other values). 

Zone 1 lands are identified for retention in public ownership and are areas where management emphasis 

is being placed on increasing public land holdings through donations, exchange or sale. 

• Zone 2 – lands with high resource values. Zone 2 lands are identified for retention or possible exchange 

for lands with higher resource values or transfer through the Recreation and Public Purposes Act. 

•	1 Zone 3 – lands that generally do not provide substantial resource, public, or tribal benefits; that may not 

be cost effective for BLM to manage; or that would represent a greater public benefit in other ownership. 

Zone 3 lands are potentially suitable for transfer, sale or other disposal, including lands identified as 

having potential land use benefits for local community expansion 

•	1 Community Expansion (CE) – lands zoned CE are retained in public ownership until needed for specific 

community purposes. 

530 
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