S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Th is re p o rt is o ne in a se rie s

o f v o lu m e

s

p u blis h

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e

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. En v i ro n

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c

t io n

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(EP A ) t o

p r o v ide in fo rm a

t io n

o f ge ne ra l in t

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re s

t re ga rdin g envi ro nmental i ssues associ ated w i th speci f i c

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n

t

ra c

t by A b t A s so c

i a

t

e

s

(C a m bridge , M A ), a nd Bo o

z A lle n

& Ha m ilt o

n , I nc . (M c L e a

n , V A ). Th is

p u blic a

t io n m a

y be p u r ch ased f r om the Super i ntend e nt of D o cuments, U. S. Gover n

ment Pr i n ti ng Of f

i ce. A l i s ti ng of a

v a ila ble S e c

t

o

r No t

e

bo o

k

s a nd do c

u m e

n

t n u m b e r

s

is inc l u d e d o n

t

h

e

fo llo win g page.
A ll te le phone or de r s

s h ould be dir e c te d to: Super i ntend e nt of D o cuments U
. S. Gove r

n

me nt Pr i n ti ng Of f

i ce Washi ngt o

n , D C 20402 ( 202) 512- 1800 FAX ( 202) 512- 2250 8: 00 a. m. t o

4: 30 p. m. , E S T , M

- F
Us ing the f o r m pr ovide d a t the e nd of this doc u m e nt, a ll m a

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s h ould be d i r e cted to : U
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me nt Pr i n ti ng Of f

i ce P. O
. B o x 371954 Pi t t s

b

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C o m p lim e n ta r

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vol umes are avai l a bl e to cer t

ai n g r oups or sub scr i b er s, such as p u blic a nd a c

a

d e m ic

libra rie s , Fe de ra l, S t a

t

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s to q u e s

ti ons pe r

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i ni ng to the se d o cume nts, pl e a

se re f

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to the conta c

t na me s a nd numb e r

s pr ovi d e d w i thi n thi s vol ume.
Ele c tr

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i o ns of a l l Se ctor N ote b ook s a r e a v a i l a bl e f r e e

of cha r

g e a t the fo llo win g

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/s ec tor . D i r e ct te chni ca l q u e s

ti ons to the
� Feed b a ck � b u tton a t the b ottom of the w e b

pa g e .

S e p tem b e r 1995 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

E P A/ 310- R

- 95- 003



## EPA O f f

i c e

of C omplianc e Sec t

or N o tebook Pr ojec t Profile of the Wood Furniture a n d Fixtures Industry

S e p tem b e r 1995

O ffic e

o

f C o m p lia nc e O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a

nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e U
. S
. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o t

e

c

t io n

A g e nc y 401 M St
. , SW ( M C 2221- A) Washi ngt o

n , D C 20460

S I C C o d e 25 ii S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Se c tor Notebook C o nta c

ts Th e Sec t or Noteb ooks were develop e d b y

th e EP A � s Offic e

of C o mp lian c e. Qu es tion s rel ati ng to the Sec t or Noteb ook Projec t c a

n b e

di rec t ed to: Seth Hemi n w ay , Coor d i n a

tor , Sec t or

Noteb ook P r ojec t U S E P A Offic e

of Comp lian c

e 401 M St
. , SW (2223-A ) Wash i n

g

t o

n , D C 20460 (202) 564-7017 Qu es ti ons and c o

mm e nts reg a rdi n g

the i n di vi du aldoc u m e nts c a

n b e

di rec t ed to the a

p p r op ria t e

s p e c

ia

lis t s

lis t e

d be low. Doc u m e nt Num b e r I ndustr y ( 202) E P A / 310-R-95-001. D r y

Clean i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-002. E l ec t r on ic

s an d Comp u t er

In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-003. Wood F u rn i t

u r e an d F i x t u r es In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-004. In or

g a n

i c

Ch emic al In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-005. Ir on an d St eel In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-006. L u mber an d Wood P r od u c t s

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-007. F a bric at

ed M e t a

l P r od u c t s

In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-008. M e t a

l M i n i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-009. M o t o

r V e h

i c

l e A ssembly In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-010. Non ferr o u s M e t a

ls In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-011. Non -F u e l, Non -M et al M i n i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-012. Or g a n

i c

Ch emic al In d u st r y * E P A / 310-R-95-013. P e t r oleu m Refin i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-014. P rin t i n

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-015. Pu lp an d P a p e r In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-016. Ru bber an d P l ast i c

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-017. St on e, Clay , Glass, an d Con c

r e

t e

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-95-018. T r an sp or t a

t i on E q u i p men t Clean i n

g

In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-001. A i r T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-002. Gr ou n d T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-003. Wat er

T r an sp or t a

t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-004. M e t a

l Cast in

g

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-005. P h armac e

u t

ic

als In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-006. P l ast i c

Resin an d M a n

- mad e F iber In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-007. F o ssil F u e l E l ec t ric P o wer Gen e

r a

t i on In d
. E P A / 310-R-97-008. Sh ip bu ild in g

an d Rep a ir

In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-009. T e x

t ile In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-97-010. Sec t or

Not ebook D a t a

Refr esh -1997 E P A / 310-R-98-001. A e r o

sp ac e In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-98-002. A g ri c u lt u r al Ch emic al, P e st

ic

id e, an d Fer t ilizer In d u s t r y E P A / 310-R-98-003. A g ri c u lt u r al Cr op P r od u c t i on In d u st r y E P A / 310-R-98-004. A g ri c u lt u r al L i v e st

oc

k

P r od u c t i on In d
. E P A / 310-R-98-005. Oil an d Gas E x p lor a t i on an d P r od u c t i on In

d u s t r y C onta c

t Phone Joy c e Ch an d l er 564-7073 S t

e

v e Hoov er 564-7007 B o b M a r

s h a

ll 564-7021 Walt e

r D e Rieu x 564-7067 M a ri a M a lav e 564-7027 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 S c

o

t t T h r o

we 564-7013 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 Rob L i sc h

i n

s k

y 564-2628 Walt e

r D e Rieu x 564-7067 T om Rip p 564-7003 Gin g er Got liffe 564-7072 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 M a ri a M a lav e 564-7027 Sc

ot

t T h r o

we 564-7013 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 V i r g

in

ia L a t h

r o

p 564-7057 Jan e E n g e r t 564-5021 E m ily Ch ow 564-7071 Sally Sasn et

t 564-7074 Rafael San c

h

e

z 564-7028 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 B e lin d a B r eid e n

b

ac

h 564-7022 Set h

Hemin w ay 564-7017 A n t h

on y

Raia 564-6045 A my P or t er 564-4149 Gin a

h

M or t en sen (913)551-7864 Gin a

h

M or t en sen (913)551-7864 D a n

Ch ad wic k 564-7054

S e p tem b e r 1995 iii S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
E P A / 310-R-98-008. L o c a

l Gov e rn

men t Op er at ion s Joh n

D ombr o wsk i 564-7036 *Span i s h t

r an sl at ion s

av ailable.

S I C C o d e 25 iv S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S ( S I C 25 ) T AB LE O F C ONTE NTS Pag e L IST OF E XHIB IT S ....................................................................................................... v ii, v iii L IST OF A CRONYM S ....................................................................................................... ix , x I. I NTROD U CTI O N TO THE S ECTO R N OT E B OOK P ROJE CT .......................................... 1 I
. A. Summar y

of the Sector N oteb ook Pr oj ect ............................................ 1 I
. B. A ddit io na l I n fo rm a

t io n ......................................................................... 2 II. I NTROD U CTI O N TO THE W OOD F UR N I TUR E AN D F IXT U RE S I ND U S TRY .............. 4 I I
. A
. I n t

ro d u c t i o n , Ba c

kg r o u nd , a nd S c o

p e o

f t

h

e

No t

e

bo o

k
..................... 4 I I
. B. C h a

ra c

t

e

riz a t io n

o

f t

h

e

W o

o

d F u rn it

u r e a

nd F i x t u r e s

I ndu s t

ry ....... 6 I I
. B.1
. I ndu s t

ry S i z e a

nd G e o

g ra p h ic

Dis t

ribu t i o n ....................... 6 I I
. B.2
. P ro d u c t C h a

ra c

t

e

riz a t io n ................................................... 1 0 I I
. B.3
. Ec o

no m ic

Tre nds
................................................................ 1 1 III. I N D US TR I AL P ROC E SS D ES CR I P TI O N ..................................................................... 1 3 III. A. Ind u s t

ri al P ro c

es se s

i n t

h

e Wo o

d Fu rni t u r e and Fi xt u r es Ind u s t

ry13 III.A.1
. Dryin g ................................................................................. 1 3 III.A.2
. M a c

h

in in g ........................................................................... 1 5 III.A.3
. As se m bly
............................................................................. 1 6 III.A.4
. P re-fin i s

h

in g ....................................................................... 1 7 III.A.5
. C o a

t in g Ap p lic a

t io n ........................................................... 1 7 III.A.6
. Fin i s

h

in g.............................................................................. 1 9 III.B. R a w M a t

e

ria l In p u t s

a

nd P o llu t i o n

O u t p u t s ..................................... 2 4 III.B.1
. Dryin g ................................................................................. 2 4 III.B.2
. M a c

h

in in g ........................................................................... 2 6 III.B.3
. As se m bly
............................................................................. 2 6 III.B.4
. P re-fin i s

h

in g ....................................................................... 2 6 III.B.5
. C o a

t in g Ap p lic a

t io n ........................................................... 2 7

S e p tem b e r 1995 v S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S ( S I C 25 ) T AB LE O F C ONTE NTS ( C ONT ' D ) Pag e III.B.6
. Fin i s

h

in g ............................................................................. 2 8 III.B.7
. C l ea n

u p O p era t io n

s ........................................................... 3 0 III.C
. M a na gem e

n

t o

f C h em ic

a

l s

in W a

s

t

e

s

t

rea m ...................................... 3 4 IV. CH EMI C AL R ELEAS E AN D TRA NSF E R P ROF I L E ..................................................... 3 6 IV
. A
. E P A To xic R e lease In v e n

t

o

r

y fo r t h

e Wo o

d Fu rn it

u r e and Fixt u r es I ndu s t

ry ................................................................................................ 3 9 I V
. B
. S ummar y

of the Sel e cted C h emi c al s Rel e ased
................................. 4 4 I V .C
. O t h

e

r

Da t

a

S o u rc e

s .............................................................................. 4 9 I V
. D
. C ompa r

i son of T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

B e tw e e

n

Se l e

cte d I ndu s t

rie s ............................................................................................. 5 0 V. P O LLUTI O N P RE V E NTI O N O PPORT U N IT IE S .......................................................... 5 3 V. A
. I d e n

ti f i ca ti on of Pol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on A c ti vi ti e s

i n U se a

nd E n vi ro nme n

ta

l a nd E c onomi c B e ne f

i ts of E a ch Pol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on A c t i v i t y ................................................................................................. 5 4 V
. B. P o llu t i o n

P re v e n

t i o n

C a se S t u die s ..................................................... 6 0 VI. S UMMAR Y O F F EDER AL STATUTES AND R EG ULATI O N S ...................................... 6 4 V I .A
. G e ne ra l De sc r

ip t i o n

o

f M a jo r S t a

t u t e

s ............................................... 6 4 V I .B. I nd u s t

r

y - s p e c

ific R e gu la t

o

r

y

R e q

u ire m e

n

t s ..................................... 7 9 V I .C
. P e ndin g

a

nd P ro p o se d R e gu la t

o

r

y

R e q

u ire m e

n

t s ........................... 8 1

S I C C o d e 25 v i S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S ( S I C 25 ) T AB LE O F C ONTE NTS ( C ONT ' D ) Pag e VII. C O M P L I A N C E AN D E NF ORCE ME NT H IST O RY ....................................................... 8 6 V I I
. A
. F u rn it

u r e a

nd F i x t u r e s

I ndu s t

ry C o m p lia nc e

His t

o

r

y ..................... 9 0 VI I
. B
. Compa r

i son of E n f

o

r c e

m e

n

t A c ti vi ty B e tw e e

n

Se l e

cte d I nd u str i e

s 9 2 V I I
. C
. R e v i e w o f M a jo r Le g a l A c t i o n

s .......................................................... 9 7 V I I
. C
. 1
. R e v i e w o f M a jo r C a se s ....................................................... 9 7 V I I
. C
. 2
. S u p p l e m e

n

t

a

l En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o j e c

t s ............................. 9 7 VIII. C OM P L IA NCE A C T IVIT IE S A N D I N I TI ATI V ES ......................................................... 9 8 V III.A. S e c

t

o

r -rela t

ed En v i ro n

m en t

a

l P r o g ra m s

a

nd Ac t i v i t i es .................. 9 8 V III.B. EP A V o lu n t

a

r

y P r o g ra m s ................................................................... 9 9 V III.C
. Tra d e As so c

i a

t io n / Indu s t

ry S p o n

so red Ac t i v i t y ........................... 1 0 4 V III.C
. 1
. En v i ro n

m en t

a

l P r o g ra m s ................................................. 1 0 4 VIII. C
. 2. Summary o f T rad e Asso ci at i o ns ..................................... 1 0 4 IX
. C ONT A CT S /A CK N O W LEDG M EN TS /R ES O U R C E M ATER I ALS / B I BLI O G R A P H Y ..................................................................................................... 1 0 8

S e p tem b e r 1995 v i i S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S E XHI BI TS I NDE X Pag e Exh i bit 1 Fa c

ilit y S i z e Dis t

ribu t i o n

o

f Ho u se h

o

ld Fu rn it

u r e M a n

u fa c

t u r e r

s ...... 6 Exh i bit 2 F a c

ilit y S i z e Dis t

ribu t i o n

o

f W o

o

d Fu rn it

u r e M a n

u fa c

t u r e r

s ............... 7 Ex h

i bit 3 G e o

g ra p h i c

Dis t

ribu t i o n

o

f t

h

e

F u rn it

u r e a

nd F i x t u r e s

I ndu s t

ry ......... 8 E x hi bi t 4 G e o

g ra p hi c D i str i b u ti on of the W ood F u r n

i t

ur e a

nd F i x t u re s

I ndu s t

ry ....................................................................................... 9 Exh i bit 5 T o p

Ten Wo o

d Fu rn it

u r e M a n

u fac t u r ers - 1990
.................................. 10 Ex h

i bit 6 C h e

m i c

a

l C o m p o ne n

t s

o

f P i g m e

n

t s

F o u nd in P a in t ............................ 2 1 Ex h

i bit 7 F lo w Dia g ra m fo r W o

o

d F u rn it

u r e M a n

u fa c

t u r in g ............................. 2 3 Ex h

i bit 8 R e l a

t iv e V O C Em is

s

i o n

s ......................................................................... 2 9 E x hi bi t 9 I nputs a nd Outputs of W ood F u r n

i t

ur e Ma nuf a

ctur i n g Fa c

ilit ie

s .................................................................................. 3 1 , 3 2

, 3 3

, 3 4 Ex h

i bit 1 0 S o u rc e

R e du c t io n

a

nd R e c

y c lin g

A c t i v i t y

fo r (S I C 2 5

)
........................ 3 5 Exh i bit 1 1 To p 1 0 TR I R e le

a

s

in g Fu rn it

u r e M a n

u fa c

t u r in g Fa c

ilit ie

s

(S I C 2 5

)
..................................................................................... 4 0 Exh i bit 1 2 To p 1 0 TR I R e le

a

s

in g Fu rn it

u r e a

nd Fixt u r e s

Fa c

ilit ie

s ..................... 4 0 Exh i bit 1 3 TR I R e p o rt

in g Fu rn it

u r e M a n

u fa c

t u r in g Fa c

ilit ie

s (S I C 2 5

) by S t a

t

e ..................................................................................... 4 0 Exh i bit 1 4 R e le

a

se s

fo r Fu rn it

u r e M a n

u fa c

t u r in g Fa c

ilit ie

s

(S I C 2 5

) in TR I , by Nu m b e r

o

f Fa c

ilit ie

s ........................................................... 4 1 , 4 2 Exh i bit 1 5 Tra n

s

f

e

r

s

fo r Fu rn it

u r e M a n

u fa c

t u r in g Fa c

ilit ie

s

(S I C 2 5

) in TR I , by Nu m b e r

o

f Fa c

ilit ie

s .................................................................. 4 3 Ex h

i bit 1 6 P o llu t a

n

t R e le

a

se s

(S h o

rt

To n

s / Y e a

r)
.................................................. 4 9 E x hi bi t 17 Summar y

of 1993 T R I D a ta .................................................................... 5 1 Ex h

i bit 1 8 To x

i c

R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y

fo r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s .................................. 5 2 Ex h

i bit 1 9 P o llu t i o n

P re v e n

t i o n

M a t

r

ix
........................................................ 5 8

, 5 9

, 6 0 E x hi bi t 20 E t han Al l e n Pol l u ti on Pr eventi on C a se Stud y Summar y .................... 6 3 E x hi bi t 2 1 I m pa cts of E n vi ro nme n

ta

l Sta t ute s

on the W ood F u r n

i t

ur e M a n

u fa c

t u r in g

I ndu s t

ry ........................................................ 7 6

, 7 7

, 7 8

, 7 9 E x hi bi t 22 Summar y

of Proposed MAC T E m i ssi on L i m i t ..................................... 8 4 E x hi bi t 23 Summar y

of Wor k

Practi ce Stand a r d s f o

r

the MAC T and C T G
......... 8 5 E x hi bi t 24 F i ve Year E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r

the F u rn it

u re I ndu s t

ry .................................................................................. 9 1 E x hi bi t 25 F i ve Year E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s .................................................................................. 9 3

S I C C o d e 25 v iii S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S

E XHI BI TS I NDE X (C ONT ' D ) Pag e E x hi bi t 26 One Year E n f

o

rc ement and C o mpl i a nce Summar y

f

o

r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s .................................................................................. 9 4 E x hi bi t 27 Fi ve Y e ar Inspect i o n

and E n f

o

rcement St at

ut e f o

r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s .................................................................................. 9 5 E x hi bi t 28 One Year I n specti on and E n f

o

r c ement Summar y

b

y

Statute f o

r S e le

c

t

e

d I ndu s t

rie s .................................................................................. 9 6

S e p tem b e r 1995 ix S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S ( S I C 25 ) L I S T OF A C R ONYMS
A F S - A I R S Fa c

ilit y S u bs ys t

e

m (C A A da t

a

ba se ) A I R S - A e ro m e

t

r

ic

I n fo rm a

t io n

R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m (C A A da t

a

ba se ) BI Fs - Bo ile rs

a

nd I ndu s t

ria l Fu rna c

e

s

(R C R A ) BO D - Bio c

h

em ic

al O xygen Dem a

nd C AA - C l ean Ai r Ac t C AAA - C l ean Ai r Act Amend m ent s

o f 1990 CE RCL A - C ompr e h

e

n

si ve E n vi r o nme n

ta

l Re sponse , Compe n

sa ti on a nd Lia bilit y A c t C E R C LI S - C ER C L A I n fo rm a

t io n

S

y s t

e

m CF Cs - Ch l o r o f

l u o ro ca r

b on s CO - C a r

b o n Monox i d e C O D - C h e

m i c

a

l O xygen Dem a

nd C S I - C ommon Sense Ini t i a

ti ve CW A - Cl e a

n

W a

t

e

r

A c t D& B - Du n a

nd Bra d s t

re e

t M a rke t in g I nde x ELP - E n v iro n

m e

n

t

a

l Le a

d e r

s

h

ip P r o g ra m EP A - U n it

e

d S t a

t

e

s

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o t

e

c

t io n

A g e nc y E P C R A - E mer g ency Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act FI FR A - Fe de ra l I n se c

t ic

ide , Fu n g ic ide , a nd R o de n

t ic

ide A c t FI NDS - Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

S

y s t

e

m H A Ps - H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s ( C AA) H S D B - H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nces D a t

a

B a nk IDEA - In t

e

gra t

e

d Da t

a

fo r En fo rc e

m e

n

t Ana l ys is L D R - L a nd D i sposal Restr i cti o ns ( R CRA ) L E P C s - L ocal E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng C o mmi ttees MAC T - Max i mum Achi evabl e C o ntr o l T e chnol o g

y

( C AA) MC L G s - M ax i mum C o ntami nant L e vel Goal s MC L s - M ax i mum C o ntami nant L e vel s ME K - M e t

hy l E t hy l Ke tone MSD S s - M a t

e

r

i a

l Sa f

e

ty D a ta

She e

t s N AAQ S - N a t i o nal Ambi ent Ai r Q u al i t y S t and a rd s (C AA) N A FT A - N o r

t

h

Ameri c an Free T rad e Agreement NC DB - Na t i o na l C o m p lia nc e

Da t

a

ba se (fo r TS C A , FIFR A, EP C R A) N C P - N at i o nal O i l and H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nces Po l l u t i o n

C o nt i n gency Pl an NEI C - N a t io na l En fo rc e

m e

n

t I n v e s

t iga t io n

C e n

t

e

r N E S H A P - N a t i o nal E m i ssi o n

St and a rd s f o

r H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s

- NO 2 Nit ro ge n

Dio x

ide N O V - N oti ce of Vi ol a t i o n

S I C C o d e 25 x S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S ( S I C 25 ) L I S T OF A C R ONYMS ( C ONT ' D ) NO X - Nit ro ge n

O x ide NP DES - Na t i o na l P o llu t i o n

Disc h

a

r

ge Elim ina t io n

S

y s t

e

m (C W A ) NP L - N a t io na l P r io rit i e

s

Lis t NR C - N a t io na l R e s

p o n

se C e n

t

e

r N S PS - N e w Sour ce Per f

or mance Stand a r d s ( C A A ) OA R - Of f

i ce of A i r a

nd Ra d i a ti on O E C A - O ffic e

o

f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a

nd C o m p lia nc e

As s

u ra nc e OPA - Oi l Pol l u ti on A c t OPPT S - Of f

i ce of Preventi on, Pesti c i d e s, and T o x

i c Sub s

tances OSH A - O ccupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a

nd H e a

l th A d mi ni stra ti on O S W - O ffic e

o

f S o lid W a

s

t

e O S W E R - O ffic e

o

f S o lid W a

s

t

e

a

nd Em e

r

ge nc y R e s

p o n

se O W - O ffic e

o

f W a

t

e

r P2 - Pol l u ti on Pre v e n

ti on PCS - Per m i t

Compl i a nce Sy stem ( C WA D a tab a se) P O TW - P u blic ly O w ne d Tre a

t

m e

n

t s

W o

rks RCRA - Re source Con se r

va ti on a

nd Re cove r

y

A c t RCRI S - RCRA I n f

o

r

m a

t i o n

Sy ste m SAR A - S uperf u nd Amend m ent s

and R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act SD WA - Saf e

D r i n ki ng Wat er Act S E Ps - S uppl ement a

ry E n v i ro nment a

l Pro j ect s SE RCs - S tate E m er g e ncy Response Commi ssi ons SI C - S tand ard I nd u str i al Cl assi f i cati on SO 2 - S u lfu r Dio x

ide T O C - T ota l Or g a ni c Ca r

b on TR I - To xic R e le

a

se In v e n

t

o

r

y T R I S - T ox i c

Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

Sy ste m TC R I S - To xic C h e

m ic

a

l R e le

a

se In v e n

t

o

r

y S y s t

e

m TS C A - To xic S u bs t

a

nc e

s

C o n

t

ro l Ac t TS S - T o t

a

l S u s p e nde d S o lids U I C - U nde rgro u nd I n je c

t io n

C o n

t

ro l (S DW A ) US T - Unde rgro u nd S t o

ra g e Ta n

k

s

(R C R A) VOCs - V ol a t i l e Or g a ni c Compound s

S e p tem b e r 1995 xi S I C C o d e 25S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es 

### W OOD 

### F UR NI T U R E AND 

### F IXTU RE S 

### (S I C 25)

I. I NTR ODU C T I ON TO THE S E C TOR N OTE BOOK P RO JE CT I
. A. Sum m a

r

y

of the Sec t

or Notebook Pr ojec t En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p o lic ie

s ba se d u p o n

c o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e a na l ys is

o f a i r, wa t

e

r, a nd la nd p o llu t i o n

a r e a n

ine v it a

ble a nd lo gic a

l s u p p l e m e

n

t t

o t

ra dit io na l s i n g le -m e

dia a p p r o a

c

h

e

s

t o e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p r o t

e

c

t io n . E n v i ro nment a

l regul a t

o

r

y agenci es are b e gi nni ng t o emb race c

o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e , m u l t i -s t

a

t u t e

so lu t i o n

s

t o fa c

ilit y p e rm it

t i n g , enf o

rcement and co mpl i a nce assurance, ed ucat i o n/ o u t r each, research, a

nd re gu la t

o

r

y de v e lo p m e

n

t is s

u e s . Th e

c e

n

t

ra l c o

nc e

p t s

driv in g t h

e ne w pol i c y

d i re c

ti on a r e tha t pol l u ta nt r e l e

a

se s to e a

ch e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l m e

diu m (a ir, wa t

e

r, a nd la nd ) a ffe c

t e a

c

h

o t

h

e

r , a nd t h

a

t e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l s t

ra t

e

gie s

m u s t a c

t i v e ly ide n

t ify a nd a ddre s

s t h

e

se in t

e

r-re la

t i o n

s

h

ip s by de s

i gn in g p o lic ie

s

fo r t h

e

"wh o

le " fa c

ilit y. O ne wa y t o

a c

h

i e

v e a wh o

l e

fa c

ilit y fo c

u s is t o

de s

i gn e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p o lic ie

s

fo r s i m ila r indu s t

ria l fa c

ilit ie

s . By do in g so , e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l conce r

ns tha t a re common to the ma nuf a

ctur i n g

of si mi l a r pr od ucts c

a

n

be a

ddre s

se d in a

c

o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e m a

n

ne r. R e c

o

gn it

io n o f t h

e ne e

d t

o de v e lo p t h

e indu s t

ria l "se c

t

o

r -ba se d” a p p r o a

c

h

wit h

in t h

e

EP A Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce l e d to the cr e a

ti on of thi s d o cume nt. T h e Se ctor N ote b ook Pr oj e c

t w a s i n i t

i a

te

d b y

the Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce wit h

in t h

e

O ffic e

o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e

(O EC A ) to provi d e i t s staf f and manag e r

s

w i th summar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n f o

r ei g h teen speci f i c

i nd u str i al sector s. A s other E P A of f

i ces, States, the re gu l a ted communi t y , envi r o nmental g r oups, and the publ i c b e came i n te

r e ste d i n thi s pr oj e c

t, the scope of the or i g i n a

l pr oj e c

t w a s e

x

p a nd e d
. Th e

a b ilit y t o

de s

i gn c o

m p re h

e

n

s

iv e , c o

m m o

n se n

se e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l p ro t

e

c

t io n

m e

a

s

u r e s

fo r s p e c

ific indu s t

rie s is de p e nd e n

t on k now l e d g e of se ve ra l i n te

r - r e l a

te

d topi cs. F o r

the pur p ose s

of thi s pro j ect , t h

e key el ement s

cho sen f o

r i ncl usi o n are: general i nd u st ry in fo rm a

t io n

(e c

o

no m i c

a nd ge o

g ra p h ic

); a de sc r

ip t i o n

o f indu s t

ria l pr oce sse s; pol l u ti on outputs; pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on oppor t uni t i e

s; Federal s t

at

u t o

r

y and regu lat o

r

y fram ewo r

k; c o

m p lianc e h i s

t

o

r

y; and a d e scr i p ti on of pa r

t

ne r

s

hi ps tha t ha ve b e e

n

f o

r

m e

d b e tw e e

n re gu l a tor y

ag enci es, the r e gu l a ted communi t y , and the publ i c .

S e p tem b e r 1995 1 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Fo r a n

y giv e n

indu s t

ry, e a

c

h

t o

p ic lis t

e

d a b o v e c o

u ld a l o ne be t h

e sub j e c

t of a l e ng thy vol ume . H o w e ve r , i n or d e r

to prod uce a m a

na ge a

ble do c

u m e

n

t

, t h

is

p r o j e c

t fo c

u se s

o n p r o v idin g s ummar y in fo rm a

t io n

fo r e a

c

h

t

o

p ic
. Th is

fo rm a

t p r o v ide s t h

e re a

d e r wit h a syno psi s o f each i ssue, and ref e

rences where mo re i n - d ept h in fo rm a

t io n is a

v a ila ble
. Te xt

wit h

in e

a

c

h

p r o f

ile wa s

re se a

r c h

e

d fro m a var i ety of sour ces, and w a s usual l y cond ensed f r om mor e d e tai l e d sources per t

ai ni ng to speci f i c

topi cs. T h i s

appr oach al l o w s f o

r a w i d e cove ra g e of a c

ti vi ti e s

tha t ca n b e f u r t

he r

e x

pl or e d b a se d upon the ci ta ti ons a nd re f

e

re nce s

l i s te

d a t the e

nd of thi s pr of i l e . A s a che c

k on the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n i ncl ud e d , e a

ch note b ook w e nt thr o ug h a n

e x

te

r

na l rev i ew pro c

ess. T h e O f f

i ce o f C o mpl i a nce appreci a t

e

s t h

e ef f

o

rt

s o f al l t

h

o

se t

h

a

t p a rt

ic

ip a t

e

d in t

h

is

p r o c

e

s

s

a

nd e n

a

ble d u s t o de v e lo p m o

re compl e te, accura te, and up- to- d a te summar i es. Many of those w h o re v i e w e d t h

is

no t

e

bo o

k

a

r e lis t

e

d a s

c

o

n

t

a

c

t s

in S e c

t io n

I X a

nd m a

y be so u rc e

s o f a ddit io na l in fo rm a

t io n . Th e

indiv idu a l s

a

nd gro u p s o n

t

h

is l i s t d o not ne ce ssa r

i l y concur w i th a l l sta t

e

m e

n

ts w i thi n thi s note b ook
. I
. B
. Additiona l I n f o r m a

tion Pr oviding C o m m e nts O E C A ' s O ffic e

o f C o m p lia nc e

p l a n

s

t

o

p e rio dic a

lly re v i e w a nd u p da t

e t

h

e

no t

e

bo o

k

s

a

nd will m a

ke t

h

e

se u p da t

e

s

a

v a ila ble bo t

h

in h a

rd c o

p

y a

nd e l e

c

troni c a

l l y . I f y o u ha ve a n

y

comme nts on the e x

i s

ti ng no t

e

bo o

k , o r

if yo u

wo u ld like t o

p r o v ide a ddit io n

a

l in fo rm a

t io n , pl ease send a hard copy and computer d i s k

to the E P A Of f

i ce of C o mpl i a nce, Sect o

r

N o t

e

b o o

k

Pro j ect , 401 M St
. , SW ( 2223- A) , Washi ngt o

n , D C 20460. C o mment s can al so b e upl o ad ed t o t h

e En v i ro $ e

n $ e

Bu lle t i n Bo a

r d o r

t

h

e

En v i ro $ e

n $ e

W o

rld W ide W e

b fo r g e nera l access to al l user s of the sy stem. F o l l o w i n str u cti o ns i n A ppend i x A f o

r

accessi ng these d a ta sy stems. Once y o u have l o g g e d in , p ro c

e

d u re s fo r u p lo a

din g t e

xt a r e a v a ila ble fro m t h

e

o n -line En v i ro $ e

n $ e

He lp S y s t

e

m . Ada p ting Notebooks to Pa r

tic ula r

Ne e d s T h e

scope of the e x

i s

ti ng note b ook s r e f

l e

c

t a n a ppr ox i m a

t i o n of the re la

t i v e na t i o na l o c

c

u rre nc e o f fa c

ilit y t y p e s

t h

a

t o c

c

u r wit h

in e a

c

h se c

t

o

r . I n m a

n

y

in s

t

a

nc e

s , indu s t

rie s wit h

in s p e c

ific ge o

g ra p h ic re g i ons or Sta t

e

s ma y ha ve uni q ue cha ra c

te

r

i sti cs tha t a r e not f u l l y ca ptur e d i n the se pr of i l e s. F o r

thi s re a

son, the Of f

i ce of Compl i a nce enco urages S t at

e and l o cal env i ro nment a

l agenci es and o t

h

er gro u ps t o
S I C C o d e 25 2 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es suppl e m e

n

t or re - p a c

k a g e the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n i ncl ud e d i n thi s note b ook to inc l u d e m o

re s p e c

ific indu s t

ria l a nd re gu la t

o

r

y in fo rm a

t io n

t

h

a

t m a

y be a v a ila ble
. A ddit io na lly, in t

e

re s

t

e

d S t a

t

e

s

m a

y wa n

t t

o

s

u p p l e m e

n

t the " S ummar y of Appl i c abl e F e d e ra l Statutes and Regu l a ti ons" secti o n wit h

S t a

t

e

a nd lo c

a

l re q

u ire m e

n

t s . C o m p lia nc e

o r

t

e

c

h

n

i c

a

l a s

s

i s

t

a

nc e pr ovi d e r

s

ma y

a l so w a nt to d e ve l o p the " P ol l u ti on Pr e v e n

ti on" se cti o n in m o

re de t

a

il. P l e a

se c o

n

t

a

c

t t

h

e a p p r o p ria t

e s p e c

ia

lis t lis t

e

d o n t h

e ope n

i n g

pa g e of thi s note b ook i f y o ur of f

i ce i s i n te

r e ste d i n a ssi sti n g us in t h

e

fu rt h

e

r de v e lo p m e

n

t o f t

h

e

in fo rm a

t io n

o r

p o lic ie

s

a ddre s

se d wit h

in t

h

is

v o lu m e . I f

y o u a re i n te

re ste d i n a ssi sti n g

i n the d e ve l o pme n

t of ne w note b ook s f

o

r

se ctor s not cove r e d i n the or i g i n a

l e i g h te

e

n , pl e a

se conta c

t the O f f

i ce o f C o mpl i a nce at 202- 564- 2395.

S e p tem b e r 1995 3 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t II. I NTR ODU C T I ON TO THE W OOD F U R NI TU R E A ND F I XTU R E S I N D UST R Y Th is

se c

t io n

p ro v ide s

ba c

kgro u nd in fo rm a

t io n

o n

t

h

e s i z e , ge o

g ra p h ic dis t

r

ibu t io n , e m p l o y m e

n

t

, p r o d u c t i o n , s a

le

s , a nd e c

o

no m ic

c o

ndit io n of the W ood F u r n

i t

ur e a nd F i x t ur e s indu s t

ry. Th e

t

y p e o f fa c

ilit ie

s de sc r

ibe d wit h

in t h

e do c

u m e

n

t a r e a l so de sc r

ibe d in t e

rm s

o f t

h

e

i r S t a

nda rd I ndu s t

ria l C l a s

s

i fic a

t i o n

(S I C ) c o

de s . A ddit io n

a

lly, t h

is secti o n contai ns a l i s t of the l a r

g est compani e s i n ter m s of sal e s.
I I
. A
. I n tr oduc tion, B a c

k gr ound, a nd Sc ope of the Notebook T h e f u r n

i t

ure and f i x

t ur es i nd u str y

encompasses compani e s that m a

n

u fa c

t u re h o

u se h

o

ld, o ffic e , s t

o

r e , p u blic bu ildin g, a nd re s

t

a

u ra n

t f

u rni t ure and f i xt ures. T h ese pract i ces co rrespo nd t o t h

e S t and a rd I nd u str i a

l Cl a ssi f i ca ti on ( S I C ) cod e 2 5

cr e a

te

d b y

the B u r e a

u

of the Ce nsus to tra c

k the move me nt of g ood s a nd se r

v i c e

s

w i thi n the e

c

onomy . A l thoug h i t i s d i f f

i cul t to d e te

r

m i ne the e xa c

t numb e r of fac ilit ies t

h

at

fall wit h

in S I C c o

de 25, 1987 C e n

s

u s dat a indic at

e t h

at t

h

ere were ap p ro x

im at

ely 11, 000 fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fac t u r in g fac ilit ies in o

p erat i o n ( c o

m pl et e 1992 C e nsus d a t

a

w e re no t avai l a bl e)
. S I C 2 5

, Fu rn it

u re a nd Fixt u r e s , c o

n

s

is

t s

o f t h

e fo llo win g fiv e t h

re e

digit indu s t

ry gro u p s : S I C 2 5 1

- H o u se h

o

ld Fu rn it

u r e SIC 252

- O f f

i ce Furni t ure S I C 2 5

3

- P u blic Bu ildin g a nd R e la

t

e

d Fu rn it

u r e SIC 254

- P art i t

i o n

s, Shel vi ng, L o ckers, and O f f

i ce and S t o

r e Fixt u r es S I C 2 5

9

- M isc e

lla ne o

u s Fu rn it

u r e a

nd Fixt u r e s . T h e f o

l l o w i ng d i scussi o n

f

o

cuses o n

SIC 251 b e cause a maj o ri t y o f t h

e wo o

d fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

fa ll in t

o

t

h

is

S I C c o

de a nd t h

e fa c

ilit ie

s in t h

is S I C c o

de t e

nd t o

be t

h

e

m o

s

t h e

a

v ily re gu la t

e

d. Th e B u reau o f t h

e C e nsus est i mat e

s t h

at

i n 1992, 256, 000 peo p l e w e re empl o y ed b y t h

e ho useho l d f u rni t ure manuf a

ct

uri n g sect o

r

( S IC 251) o

f t

h

e

fu rn it

u re indu s t

ry, a de c

line o f a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y 1 0 p e rc e

n

t fro m 1987. T h e 1993 val u e o f shi p ment s f o

r t h

ese f i rms exceed ed $22 billio n , re p re se n

t i n g a n inc r e a

se o f a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y se v e n

p e rc e

n

t o v e r t

h

e

p re v io u s ye a

r . S a le

s

fro m t

h

e

h o

u se h

o

ld fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g i nd u st ry w e re expect ed t o

ri se b y

f

o

ur percent i n 1994.

S I C C o d e 25 4 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es T h e ho useho l d f u rni t ure manuf a

ct

uri n g i nd u st ry ( S IC 251) co nsi s t s o f pro d ucers o f w o o

d f u rni t ure ( S IC 2511) , acco unt i ng f o

r 42 percent o f ho useho l d f u rni t ure i nd u st ry shi p ment s i n 1993; upho l s

t

e

red f u rni t ure ( S IC 2512) , acco unt i ng f o

r 30 percent o f shi p ment s; met a

l f u rni t ure ( S IC 2514) , acco unt i ng f o

r t e

n percent o f shi p ment s; and mi scel l a neo u s f

u rni t ure ( S IC 2517 and 2519) , acco unt i ng f o

r f o

ur percent o f shi p ments. T h i s

i nd u str y

i s compr i se d of the pr od ucti on of ma ny d i f f

e

r e nt ty pe s of pr od ucts i ncl ud i n g w ood house h

ol d f u r n

i t

ure , me ta

l house h

ol d f

u r n

i t

ur e, mattresses, machi ne cab i nets, shel vi ng , and l o ck er s. B e cause the i t e

m s prod uce d va r

y

g r e a

tl y i n d e si g n d e pe nd i n g upon the ty pe of mat e

ri al used , st yl e, pri c e, and f i nal use, t h

e d i f f

e

rent t y pes o f ma chi ne r

y

use d i n the va r

i ous pha se s

of prod ucti on ca n r e a

c

h i n to the hund re d s or e v e n

thousa nd s. T h i s

d i v e r

si ty of pr od ucts pr ovi d e s a chal l e ng e f o

r

most manuf a

ctur er s. P ro d u c t i o n

line s

fo r a s

se m blin g fu rn it

u r e a r e c o

s

t ly, a nd be c

a

u se o f t

h

is

m o

s

t m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s

do no t s

u p p l y a n

e

x c e

p t io na lly la rge ra n

g e o f i t

e

m s. T o comb a t thi s pr obl e m, ma ny f i r

m s spe c

i a

l i z e the i r pr od ucti on p ro c

e

s

se s , a llo win g

fa c

ilit ie

s

t

o

fill a s

p e c

ific n i c

h

e

in t

h

e

m a

rke t wh ile s

t ill re t

a

in in g fle x

ibilit y in t

h

e

i r m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g a r e a

. M a n

u fa c

t u r e r

s ma y

spe c

i a

l i z e d e pe nd i n g

on the pr od uct ma nuf a

cture d , the prod uct g roup, or the pr od ucti on pr oce ss. Spe c

i a

l i z a t i o n ha s a l so a l l o w e d manuf a

cturer s to f o

cus on qual i t y

b y

mor e car e f

u l l y moni tor i n g

the e

n

ti re prod ucti on pr oce ss, f r om ra w ma te

r

i a

l to f i ni she d pr od uct. B e ca use SI C 2 5

cove r

s

such a d i v e r

se g r oup of pr od ucts, much of thi s p ro f

ile will c o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e o n

t

h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry a

s

de fine d by t h

e

fo llo win g

S I C c o

de s : SIC 2511

- W o

o

d H o useho l d Furni t ure, E x cept Upho l s

t

e

red SIC 2512

- W o

o

d H o useho l d Furni t ure, Upho l s

t

e

red SIC 2517

- W o

o

d T e l e

vi si o n , R a d i o , Pho no g raph, and Sew i ng Ma chi ne Ca b i ne ts SIC 2521

- W o

o

d O f f

i ce Furni t ure S I C 2531

- P u blic Bu ildin g and R e lat e

d Fu rn it

u r e SIC 2541

- W o

o

d O f f

i ce and St o

r e Fi xt ures, Part i t

i o ns, She l vi ng , and L o ck e r

s. A l l d i scussi ons on pr od ucti on pr oce sse s a nd a ppl i c a

bl e r e gu l a ti ons will be lim it

e

d t o

a

c

t i v i t i e

s

c

o

v e re d by t h

e

se fo u r -digit S I C c o

de s .

S e p tem b e r 1995 5 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t I I
. B
. C h a r

a

c

te r i z a tion of the W ood Fur n itur e

a

nd Fix t

ur es I ndustr y T h e d i scussi on of the cha ra c

te

r

i z a t i o n of the w ood f u r n

i t

ure a nd fixt u re s

indu s t

ry is div ide d in t

o

t

h

e

fo llo win g

fo u r t

o

p ic s : indu s t

ry s

i z e a nd ge o

g ra p h ic

dis t

r

ibu t io n , p r o f

ile o f t h

e

t o

p t e

n fu rn it

u r e ma nuf a

cture r

s, cha ra c

te

r

i z a t i o n of pr od ucts, a nd e c

onomi c he a

l th a nd outl ook
. I I
. B.1
. I ndu s t

ry S i z e a

nd G e o

g ra p h ic

Dis t

ribu t i o n V a ria t io n in fa c

ilit y c o

u n t s o c

c

u r a c

ro s

s

da t

a

so u r c e

s

du e t o

m a

n

y fa c

t

o

r

s , inc l u din g re p o rt

in g a nd de fin i t

i o n

a

l diffe re nc e

s . Th is d o cume nt d o e

s

not a tte mpt to re conci l e the se d i f f

e

r e nce s , b u t ra the r repo rt

s t h

e d a t

a

as t h

ey are mai n t

a

i ned b y

each so urce. S i z e D i stri b u

ti o n Acco rd i n g t o 1987 C e nsus d a t

a

, appro x

i m at

el y 63 percent o f h

o

u seh o

ld fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fac t u r in g fac ilit ies (S IC 251) h a

v e fewer t h

an 2

0

e m p l o y e e

s . A p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y 5 3

p e rc e

n

t o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t

h

is S I C c

o

de p r o d u c e

wo o

d h o

u se h

o

ld fu rn it

u r e , wh ile a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y 2 0 p e rc e

n

t p ro d u c e

u p h o

ls

t

e

re d h o

u se h

o

ld fu rn it

u r e . Exh i bit 1 p r o v ide s a

dis t

r

ibu t io n

by fa c

ilit y s i z e fo r h o

u se h

o

ld fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s . Ex hibit 1 Fa c

ility Siz e Distr ibution of Hous e h old Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur e r s Ty p e o

f F u r n itu r e

F a c

ility F a c

ilities with 1 to 19 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities with 20 to 99 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities with 100 or more em p l o y ees To tal
Wood Hou s eh ol d SIC: 2511 2, 084 573 291 2, 948 Up h o

l s

te

re

d H o u s e h

o

l d SIC: 2512 574 358 218 1, 150 Me ta

l Hou s e h

ol d SIC: 2514 207 123 88 418 Ma ttre sse s a n

d Be dsp ri n g

s SIC: 2515 504 282 53 839 Wood Tel e vi si on an d Rad i o C a bin et

s SIC: 2517 44 22 14 80
H o us eho l d Furnit u r e ( m is c . ) SIC: 2519 126 38 13 177 To tal 3, 539 1, 396 677 5, 612

S I C C o d e 25 6 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es
S o

u

r c e : 1987 C e n

s u

s of

Man u

f ac

t u

rers I n du

st

ry S eri es. Acco rd i n g t o i n f

o

rmat i o n co nt ai ned i n E P A' s O c t

o

b er 1991 d raf t gu ide line s

fo r t h

e C o ntr o

l o f Vo la

tile Or ga nic C o mpo und E mis s

i o

n

s

fr o

m Wood F u r

n

i t

u

re Coat i n g O p erat i on s

, a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

8 6

pe r c e

n

t of the w o o

d f u rni t ure i nd u st ry ( S IC co d e s 2434, 2511, 2512, 2517, 2519, 2521, 2531, and 2541) have f e

w e r t h

an 50 empl o y ees. Appro x

i m at

el y 37 p e rc e

n

t o f fa c

ilit ie

s

in t h

is

lis t i n g

a r e wo o

d h o

u se h

o

ld fu rn it

u r e ma nuf a

ctur e r

s, w h i l e a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

3 4

pe r c e

n

t a r e w ood ki tche n c

a

bine t m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s . Exh i bit 2

p r o v ide s

a

bre a

kdo w n by fa c

ilit y s i z e fo r t h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s . Ex hibit 2 Fa c

ility Siz e Distr ibution of W ood Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur e r s Ty p e o

f F u r n itu r e

F a c

ility F a c

ilities with 1 to 49 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities with 50 to 249 em p l o y ees F a c

ilities with 250 or more em p l o y ees To tal

W o o d Ki t c

he n C a b

i n

e

t s SIC: 2434 3, 460 218 35 3, 713 Wood Hou s eh ol d F u rn i tu r e , e

xce p t

u p h o

l s

te

re

d SIC: 2511 2, 466 344 138 2, 948
Wood Hou s eh ol d F u rn i tu r e , upho ls

t e

r e

d SIC: 2512 782 292 76 1, 150
Wood Tel e vi si on , Rad i os, P h on og r a

p h, an d Sewi n g M a c

h

in

e C a bin et

s SIC: 2517 61 11 8 8 0

H o us eho l d Furnit u r e , no t els e wh er e c l as si fied SIC: 2519 150 22 5 177
Wood Offic e

F u rn i t

u r e SIC: 2521 505 113 31 649 Public B u ild in g an d Relat e

d Furnit u r e SIC: 2531 381 95 15 491
Wood Offic e

an d St or e F i x t u r es, Par t it

ion s , Sh elv i n g , an d Lo ck e

r

s SIC: 2541 1, 672 184 10 1, 866

To tal 9, 477 1, 279 318 11, 074

S o

u

r c e : E P A Dra f t G u id

elin es fo r th e C o n

t ro

l o

f V o la

tile Org a

n

i c

C o mp o u

n

d

E missio n

s fro m Wood F u r n

i t

u

re C oat i n

g O p erat i on s .

S e p tem b e r 1995 7 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ge ogr aphic Dis t r

i but i on Acco rd i n g t o

1987 C e nsus d a t

a

, o f t h

e est i mat e

d 11, 000 f u rni t ure m a

n

u fac t u r in g fac ilit ies (S IC 251), ap p r o x

im at

ely 17 p e rc en t are lo c

a

t

e

d in C a lifo r

n

i a

. No rt

h

C a ro lina is h o

m e

t

o

a p p r o x

im a

t

e

l y se v e n p e rc e

n

t o f t

h

e

se fa c

ilit ie

s , e v e n

t

h

o

u gh fo u r o f t

h

e

t

o

p t e

n

fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e lo c

a

t

e

d in t

h

is

S t a

t

e . Exh i bit 3 p r o v ide s a ge o

g ra p h ic dis t

r

ibu t io n o f the numb e r

of f

u r n

i t

ure a nd f i x

t ure s

ma nuf a

cture r

s ( S ta te tota l s a r e base d o n t h

e n u m b er o f fac ilit ies p e r S t at

e wit h

150 o r

m o

re em p l o y ees in a

giv e n

indu s t

ry se c

t

o

r

). Ex hibit 3 Ge ogr a

phic Dis tr

ibution of the Fur n itur e

a

nd Fix t

ur es I ndustr y

220

144

1803 0 4 0

0

57 7

0

142 11
149

0 0 167

484 35 38 127

4 218

864 214 296

318 71 175 747 86 178 179

38 226

463 314 365
348 11 456 969 20 39 284 35

20 136 312 161 1 0

S o

u

r c e : 1987 C e n

s u

s of

Man u

f ac

t u

rers I n du

st

ry S eri es. I n fo rm a

t io n

c o

n

t

a

i ne d in EP A ' s dra f t gu ide line s

fo r t h

e Con t

rolof Vol a t

i l e O r gan i c Com p

ou n

d E m i ssi on s f r

om Wood F u r

n

i t

u

re Coat i n g O p erat i on s sho w s t h

at

o f t h

e est i mat e

d 10, 757 w o o

d f u rni t ure m a

n

u fac t u r in g fac ilit ies (S IC c o

des 2434, 2511, 2512, 2517, 2519, 2521, 2531, and 2541) appro x

i m at

el y 17 percent are l o cat e

d i n C a l i f o

r

ni a. A l t h

o

u gh m o

re fa c

ilit ie

s

a

r e lo c

a

t

e

d in C a lifo r

n

i a

, t h

e la rge s

t fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s a nd t h

o

se re s

p o n

s

i ble fo r p r o d u c in g t h

e h

i gh e

s

t v o lu m e

o f fu rn it

u r e a r e lo c

a

t

e

d in No rt

h

C a ro lina . Exh i bit 4 pr ovi d e s a g e og ra phi c d i s tr

i b uti o n of the w ood

S I C C o d e 25 8 S ep tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry (in f

o

r

m a

t i o n

is no t a v a ila ble fo r A l a s

k a , De la

wa re , Ha wa ii, M o n

t

a

n

a

, W a

s

h

i n g

t

o

n

D.C ., a nd Wyo m i n g)
. Ex hibit 4 Ge ogr a

phic Dis tr

ibution of W ood Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities

259

178

1789 28 25

91 18

10

156 28
52
190

468 72 34 117

23 167

868 203 298

318 79 166 690 98 229 219

53 232

351 313 283
325 10 448 748 20 31 272 52

11 147 447 141 0 0

S o

u

r c e : E P A Dra f t G u id

elin es fo r th e C o n

t ro

l o

f V o la

tile Org a

n

i c

C o mp o u

n

d

E missio n

s fro m Wood F u r n

i t

u

re C oat i n

g O p erat i on s . Accord i n g to a 1990 ra nk i n g b y total annual sal e s of the top 300 w ood fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

in Fu rn it

u r e De s

i gn a nd M a n

u fa c

t u r in g M a ga z i ne , M a sc o

C o rp o ra t io n

is t

h

e

la rge s

t re s

ide n

t ia

l wo o

d fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r , wit h

a n

n

u a l s a

le

s

o f $ 1
. 2 billio n . Ste e

l ca se , I nc. i s the l a r

g e s

t ma nuf a

ctur e r

of w ood of f

i ce/i nsti tuti ona l fu rn it

u re , wit h

a n

n

u a l sa le

s

o f $ 1
. 8 billio n . Exh i bit 5 p r o v ide s a b re a

k d ow n of the top te n ma nuf a

cture r

s of r e si d e nti a l w ood f u r n

i t

ur e a

nd w ood of f

i ce/i nsti tuti ona l f u r n

i t

ure ( sa l e

s

f i gu r e s a r e b a se d on 1988 and 1989 d a t

a

and are est i mat e

s i n so me i n st

ances)
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 9 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 5 T o p T e n Wood Fu r n i t u r e

Man u f act u r e r s

- 1990 R a nk Name o f Manuf actur e r Annual Sales, $ m illio n Re s i de nti al Furni ture 1 M asc o

Corp or at ion 1 , 200 2 I n t er c o 1, 100 3 O h i o Mattre ss Com p an y 700 4 L a-Z-B oy Ch air Comp an y 553 5 B a sse tt F u rn i tu re I n du stri e s , I n c. 4 6

6 6 L ad d F u rn i t

u r e 450 7 S immon s

U S A 425 8 T h omas v ille Furn i t

u r e In d u s t ri es , In c

. 417 9 M oh asc o

Corp or at ion 400 10 K l au ssn er

F u rn i t

u r e In d u st ri es 250 Offic e

/ Ins titutional Furniture 1 S t eelc a

se, In c

. 1, 800 2 H erman M iller , In c

. 793 3 H an wor t h, In c

. > 500 4 H ON In d u st ri es, In c

. 500 5 K imball In t e

rn

at

ion a

l, In c

. 475 6 K n o

ll In t e

rn

at

ion a

l 275 7 A lls t eel, In c

. 220 8 V ir c o

M a n

u fac t u ri n g

Corp or at ion 183 9 W e

s

t i ngho us e Furni t u r e S

y

s

t e

m

s 1 7 0 10 Sh elby William In d u s t ri es , In c

. 169 So

ur

c e : Fur ni t u

r e D e s i gn a n

d M a nuf a

c t u

r i ng M a g

a z

i ne . II. B
. 2. Pro d uct C h aract e

ri zat i o n Th e

fu rn it

u re a

nd fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry, a s

de fine d by S I C 2 5

, ma nuf a

cture s

a

w i d e va r

i e

t y

of pr od ucts, i ncl ud i n g

w ood a nd m e

t

a

l fu rn it

u r e , m a

t t

r e s

se s , dra p e r

ie

s , p u blic se a

t in g (i.e . s t

a

diu m seats and bl eacher s) , l o ck er s, and r e staura nt f u r n

i t

ure. B e cause thi s pr of i l e f

o

cuse s on the w ood f u r n

i t

ure por t i o n of the i nd u str y

( S I C co d e s 2511, 2512, 2517, 2521, 2531, and 2541) , t h

e pro d uct c

h

a

ra c

t

e

riz a t io n

o

f t

h

e

p r o f

ile is lim it

e

d in sc o

p e . P r o d u c t s

c

o

v e re d u nde r t h

e

re le

v a n

t fo u r -digit S I C c o

de s

inc l u d e wo o

d h o

u se h

o

l d f

u r n

i t

ure, such as b e d s , tabl es, chai r s , b ook shel ves; w ood tel e vi si on and ra d i o cabi nets; w ood of f

i ce f u r n

i t

ur e such as cabi nets, chai r s , a

nd de s

k

s ; a nd wo o

d o ffic e

a

nd s t

o

r e fixt u r e s

a

nd p a rt

it

io n

s , s u c h as b a r

f

i x

t ures, counter s , l o ck er s, and shel ves.

S I C C o d e 25 10 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

I I
. B.3
. Ec o

no m ic

Tre nds A ccord i n g to the A m er i c

an F u r n

i t

ur e Manuf a

cturer s A ssoci ati o n ( A F M A ) , w ood f u r n

i t

ur e compr i se s a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y 5 0 pe r c e

n

t of a l l fu rn it

u re s

h

ip m e

n

t s

na t i o na lly. Fo llo win g

a s t

e

a

dy de c

line be gin n

i n g i n 1989, t h

e f u rni t ure i nd u st ry experi enced mo d e rat e

i ncreases i n 1992 and 1993. T h i s

i s i n part at t

r

i b ut ed t o t h

e f a

ct t h

at pri v at e ho usi n g star ts i ncreased f o

r

the second consecuti v e y e ar and the val u e of new re s

ide n

t ia

l c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n

ro se a n

e s

t i m a

t

e

d se v e n

p e rc e

n

t

. Th is rise in h

o

m e

sa le

s

a nd re s

ide n

t ia

l c o

n

s

t

r

u c t i o n

figu re s

t

ra n

s

l a

t

e

d in t

o a fiv e percent i ncrease i n f

u rni t ure shi p ment s i n 1993. E m pl o y ment i n t h

e f

u rni t ure and f i xt ures i nd u st ry i ncreased b y

t w o percent i n 1993 fo llo win g

a

fiv e ye a

r

de c

line . W o

o

d fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s ’ p r o f

it

s

did no t rise by a s

m u c h a s t h

e i ncr eased shi p ments w o ul d sug g e st. Maj o r

i ncreases i n l umb er pr i c

es, ove r 3 0 pe rc e

n

t f o

r

sof t w ood i n a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

one y e a

r , si g n i f

i c

a

n

tl y go uged pro f

i t

s i n 1993. A si mi l a r ri se i n hard w o o

d pri c es o ccurred i n early 1992. Alt h

o

u gh lu m b er p r ic

es m a

y flu c t u at e m ildly, t h

ey are no t expect ed t o

f

a

l l t o

t

h

e red u ced l e vel s o f 1991 o r

earl y 1992. I n 1993, w ood f u r n

i t

ur e accounted f o

r

48 per c ent of total f u r n

i t

ur e e

x

p o rt

s , fo llo we d by u p h o

ls

t

e

re d fu rn it

u r e (1 9 p e rc e

n

t ) , m e

t

a

l f

u r n

i t

ur e ( 1 0 pe rc e

n

t) , pl a s

ti c f u r n

i t

ure ( f o

ur pe r c e

n

t) , a nd ma ttr e sse s a

nd b e d s pr i n gs ( t hr e e

pe r c e

n

t)
. A l thoug h ove ra l l U
. S. house h

ol d fu rn it

u re exp o rt

s

inc r ease d fiv e p e rc en t t

o

$1. 2 billio n

in 1993, im p o rt

s ro se more tha n

1 4 pe r c e

n

t i n the sa me ti me pe r

i od
. T h e r e sul t i n g $ 2

. 3 billio n

fu rn it

u re a nd fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry t ra d e de fic i t

m i m i c

k e d t h

a

t o f 1989. H o w e ver, U. S. expo rt

s i ncreased al mo st 150 percent f r o m 1989 t

h

ro ugh 1993 w h i l e i m po rt

s i ncreased o n

l y

25 percent i n t

h

e same t i me per i od
. A s f o

re i g n mar k ets b e come i ncreasi ng l y i m por t

ant to U
. S. m a

n

u fa c

t u re r

s

o f h o

u se h

o

ld fu rn it

u r e , a t t

e

n

t io n is be in g fo c

u se d o n i n t

e

rnat i o nal agreement s

t

o

ease t rad e rest ri ct i o ns. Fo r exampl e, many f

u rni t ure manuf a

ct

urers f a

v o red t h

e N o rt

h Ameri c an Free T rad e Agreement ( N AFT A )
. Und e r t h

i s

agreement , M e xi co , a majo r im p o rt

e

r o f A m e

r

ic

a

n

h o

m e

fu rn it

u r e , will im m e

dia t

e

ly e lim ina t

e ta

xe s on 2 1 pe rc e

n

t of a l l i m por t s of U
. S. house h

ol d f u r n

i t

ur e , w i th a

ddit io na l re du c t io n

s

t

o

fo llo w.

S e p tem b e r 1995 11 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t T h e real v a l u e o f U. S
. shi p ment s o f ho useho l d f u rni t ure i s expect ed t o inc rease by fo u r p e rc en t t

o

an es t i m a

t

e

d $23 billio n in 1994 du e t o i m pr ove m e

n

ts i n the e c

onomy a nd consume r

conf i d e nce . Ove r the next f

i v e years, ho useho l d f u rni t ure shi p ment s are expect ed t o

i ncrease t

h

re e

t

o

fiv e p e rc e

n

t a n

n

u a lly. Th is

p r e dic t i o n re lie s p r im a

r

ily u p o n inc re a

se s in p r o d u c t p r ic

e

s

ra t

h

e

r

t h

a

n

o v e ra ll fu rn it

u r e u n it

s pr od uced
.

S I C C o d e 25 12 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es III. I N D UST R I AL P R O C ESS D E S CRIP T I O N T h i s secti o n d e scr i b es the maj o r

i nd u str i al pr ocesses w i thi n the Wood Fu rn it

u re a nd Fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry, inc l u din g t h

e

m a

t

e

ria l s

a nd equi pment used , and t h

e pro c

esses empl o y ed
. T h e sect i o n i s d e si gned fo r t h

o

se in t

e

re s

t

e

d in ga in in g a ge ne ra l u nde rs

t

a

ndin g o f t

h

e indu s t

ry, a

nd f o

r

those i n te

r e ste d i n the i n te

r - r e l a

ti onshi p b e tw e e

n the i nd u str i a

l p ro c

e

s

s a nd t h

e

t

o

p ic s

de sc r

ibe d in s

u bse q

u e n

t se c

t io n

s

o f t

h

is

p r o f

ile -

- pol l u ta nt outputs, pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on oppor t uni t i e

s, a nd F e d e ra l re gu l a ti ons. T h i s

se cti o n d o e

s

not a tte mpt to r e pl i c a

t

e publ i s he d e

n

gine e

r

in g in fo rm a

t io n

t

h

a

t is a v a ila ble fo r t h

is

indu s t

ry. R e fe

r t o S e c

t io n

I X fo r a lis t o

f re fe

re nc e

do c

u m e

n

t s

t

h

a

t a

r e a

v a ila ble
. Th is

se c

t io n

s p e c

ific a

lly c o

n

t

a

i n s

a de sc r

ip t i o n o f c o

m m o

n

l y u se d prod ucti on proce sse s, a ssoci a t

e

d ra w ma te

r

i a

l s, the b y pr od ucts prod uce d or r e l e

a

se d , a nd the ma te

r

i a

l s e i the r

re cy cl e d or tra n

sf

e

r

r e d o

ff-s it

e . Th is disc u s s

i o n , c o

u p le d wit h

sc h

e

m a

t ic

dra w in gs o f t h

e ide n

t ifie d p ro c

e

s

se s , p r o v ide a c o

nc ise de sc r

ip t i o n

o f wh e

r e wa s

t

e

s may b e prod uced i n the pr ocess. T h i s

secti o n al so d e scr i b es the pote nti a l f a

te

( a i r , w a te

r , l a nd ) of the se w a ste pr od ucts.
III. A
. I ndustr ia l Pr oc es s es in the W ood Fur n itur e

a

nd Fix t

ur es I ndustr y T h e

f o

l l o w i ng d e scr i p ti on of pr od ucti on pr oce sse s f o

cuse s on the ma nuf a

ctur i n g of w ood f u r n

i t

ure . T h e

pr i m a

r

y

i n put f o

r

w ood f

u r n

i t

ure manuf a

ctur i n g

i s ra w l umb er , and the pr od ucti on processes i ncl ud e steps such as d r y i ng , saw i ng , pl ani n g , sand i n g , g l ui ng , and fin i s

h

in g. Ea c

h

o

f t

h

e

se a

c

t i v i t i e

s

is de sc r

ibe d be lo

w.
III. A. 1. Dryi ng S o m e

fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

m a

y p u rc h

a

se drie d lu m b e r , b

u t othe r

s pe r

f

or m d r y i ng on- s i t

e . D r y i ng of ra w l umb e r

i s a

c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d by u s in g a dryin g

kiln o r

o v e n , fire d by a bo ile r. A c c

o

rdin g t o

EP A do c

u m e

n

t A P -4 2

, fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s g e ne ra l l y b u r n

w ood w a ste ( f r om l a te

r

sta g e s

of the prod ucti on p ro c

e

s

s

) in bo ile rs

t

o

h e

a

t t

h

e

dryin g

kiln s

a nd t o

a lle v i a t

e

p o s

s

i ble so lid wa s

t

e

dis p o sa l p r o ble m s . Th e

fo llo win g

bo ile r firin g co nf i gurat i o ns are used f o

r b u rni n g wo o

d wast e: Dut c

h o v en; f u el cel l o

v e n ; s p re a

d e r

s t

o

k e r ; s u s p e n

s

i o n -fire d; a nd flu idiz e d be d comb usti on. T h e

pr i m a

r

y

outputs of b u r n

i n g

w ood w a ste i n b o i l e r

s are poi n t- sour ce emi ssi ons to the atmosphere . A mor e d e tai l e d

S e p tem b e r 1995 13 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t disc u s s

i o n o f a

ll m a

t

e

ria l in p u t s

a

nd p o llu t i o n

o u t p u t s

will be c

o

v e re d in t

h

e

fo llo win g

se c

t io n . Ty p es o f Bo i l e rs O ne c o

m m o

n

t

y p e o f bo ile r u se d in s m a

lle r o p e ra t io n

s is t h

e Du t c

h o

v e n . Th is

u n it

is wide ly u se d be c

a

u se it c a

n bu rn fu e l s wit h v e ry h

i gh m o

is

t u re c o

n

t

e

n

t

. W o

o

d wa s

t

e

is u se d a s

fu e l a nd is fe d in t

o

t

h

e ove n thro ug h a n ope n

i n g i n the top of a

r e f

ra c

tor y - l i ne d f u r na c

e . T h e f

u el accumul ates i n a cone- s haped pi l e on a f l at or sl opi n g

g rate. C o m b

u s t i o n

is a

c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d in t

w o s

t

a

g e s : 1 ) dryin g a nd ga s

i fic a

t i o n , a

nd 2 ) comb usti on of g a se ous pr od ucts. T h e

f

i r

s

t sta g e ta k e s pl a c

e

i n t

h

e pri m ary f u rnace, w h i c

h i s separat e

d f r o m t

h

e seco nd ary f u rnace c

h

a

m be r by a bridge wa ll. C o m b

u s t i o n

is c o

m p le t

e

d in t h

e se c

o

nd a r

y chamb e r

b e f

o

re g a ses enter the b o i l e r

secti o n. I n t

h

e

fu e l c e

ll o v e n , fu e l is dro p p e d o n

t

o

s

u s p e nde d fixe d gra t

e

s a nd is fire d in a p ile
. U n like t

h

e

Du t c

h

o v e n , t h

e

re fra c

t

o

r

y-line fu e l c e

ll a

l so use s

comb usti on a i r

pr e h

e

a

ti ng a nd posi ti oni n g

of se cond a r

y

a nd t

e

rt

ia

ry a i r in je c

t io n

p o rt

s

t o

im p r o v e bo ile r e ffic i e

nc y . Be c

a

u se o f t

h

e

i r o v e ra ll de s

i gn a nd o p e ra t in g s i m ila rit i e

s , fu e l c e

ll a nd Du t c

h oven b o i l e r

s

have comparabl e emi ssi on character i sti cs. Th e

m o

s

t c o

m m o

n

firin g

m e

t

h

o

d e m p l o y e d fo r wo o

d -fire d bo ile rs l a

rger t h

an 45, 000 kg/ hr st eam generat i o n

rat e i s t h

e spread er st o

k er. W i th thi s b o i l e r , w ood e n

te

r

s

the f

u r n

a

c

e

thr o ug h a f

u e l chute a nd i s spread ei t h

er pneumat i cal l y o r

mechani c al l y acro ss t h

e f u rnace, where smal l pi eces o f t

h

e f u el b u rn whi l e i n suspensi o n . S i mul t a

neo u sl y, l a

rger pi eces o f f

u el are spread i n a t h

i n , ev en b e d o n

a st at

i o nary o r m o

v i n g

gra t

e . Th e

bu rn in g is a c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d in t h

re e s t

a

g e s in a s i n g le c

h

a

m be r: 1 ) m o

is

t u re e v a p o ra t io n ; 2 ) dis t illa t i o n

a nd bu rn in g o f v o la

t ile m a

t t

e

r; a nd 3 ) bu rn in g o f fixe d c a

rbo n . Th is

t

y p e o f o p e ra t io n has a f a

st re sponse to l o ad chang e s, has i m pr oved comb usti on contro l , a

nd ca n b e ope ra t

e

d w i th mul ti pl e f

u e l s. N a tura l g a s or oi l i s of te

n fire d in s p re a

d e r

s t

o

k e r

bo ile rs

a s

a u xilia ry fu e l
. Th is is do ne t o ma i n ta i n consta nt ste a

m w h e

n

the w ood w a ste suppl y f

l uctua t

e

s a nd to provi d e more ste a

m tha n

ca n b e g e ne ra te

d f r om the w ood w a ste al o ne. Th e s u s p e n

s

i o n -firin g bo ile r c a

n

be u se d fo r wo o

d c o

m b

u s t i o n , a nd diffe rs

fro m a s p re a

d e r

s t

o

k e r

in t

h

a

t s m a

ll-s i z e d fu e l (no r

m a

lly le s

s t

h

a

n

2

m m ) is blo w n in t

o

t

h

e

bo ile r a nd c o

m b

u s t

e

d by s u p p o rt

in g it in a

i r

ra the r

tha n

on f i xe d g ra t

e

s . Ra pi d cha n

g e s i n comb usti on ra te , a nd

S I C C o d e 25 14 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es
t

h

eref o

re st eam generat i o n

rat e , are po ssi bl e b e cause t h

e f i nel y d i v i d e d fu el p a rt

ic

les bu rn v e ry qu ic kly. A re c

e

n

t de v e lo p m e

n

t in wo o

d firin g

is t

h

e

flu idiz e d be d c o

m b

u s t i o n bo ile r. A flu idiz e d be d c o

n

s

is

t s

o f ine r

t p a rt

ic

le

s

t

h

ro u g h wh ic

h

a i r is bl ow n so tha t the b e d b e ha ve s a s

a f

l ui d
. W ood w a ste e n

te

r

s i n the s

p a c

e a b o v e t

h

e

be d a nd bu rn s

bo t

h

in s u s p e n

s

i o n

a nd in t

h

e

be d. B e cause o f t h

e l a rge t h

ermal mass represent e

d b y ho t i nert b e d p a rt

ic

le

s , flu idiz e d be ds c

a

n

h a

ndle dirt y

fu e l s

(u p t o

3 0

p e rc e

n

t ine r

t m a

t

e

ria l ). W o

o

d fu e l is bu rne d fa s

t

e

r

in a flu idiz e d be d t h

a

n o n a g ra t

e

d u e to i t s i mme d i a te

conta c

t w i th hot b e d ma te

r

i a

l
. A s a r e sul t , c

o

m b

u s t i o n

is ra p id a nd re s

u lt s

in ne a

r

ly c o

m p le t

e

c

o

m b

u s t i o n o f t h

e or g a ni c ma tte r , mi ni mi z i ng unb u r ne d or g a ni c compound e m i ssi ons.
III. A. 2. M a c

h

i n i n g O nc e t h

e lu m b e r

is drie d, it is sa we d in t

o

a s

h

a

p e o f t

h

e

a p p r o x

im a

t

e d i m e

n

si ons of the f

i na l f u r n

i t

ure pa r

t

, such a s

a ta bl e l e g

or a cha i r r

u ng . Saw i ng acr o ss the g rai n i n cal l e d cr osscutti ng , and saw i ng p a rallel wit h

t

h

e grain is referred t o

as rip p i n g . Typ e s

o f p o wer s a

ws used i n f u r n

i t

ur e manuf a

ctur i n g

i ncl ud e ci r c ul ar saw s , b a nd saw s , sc ro ll sa ws , ra dia l sa ws , a nd p o rt

a

ble h a

nd s a

ws . A f t

e

r sa win g , t h

e

s

u rfa c

e

s

o f t

h

e

wo o

d wh ic

h

will be fla t in t h

e fina l pr od uct a re pl a ne d
. Pl a n

i n g

i n vol v e s

sha v i n g

one sur f

a

c

e of w ood b y u s in g a wide e

d ge d bla d e o

r

bla d e s

c

a

lle d a p l a ne r . Th e t y p e o f p o we r p l a ne r

u s u a lly u se d in t h

is

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p r o c

e

s

s

is t h

e

jo in t

e

r o r j o i n te

r

pl a ne r , w h i c

h consi s ts of bl a d e s

f a

ste ne d to a r ota ti ng cutte r

h

e

a

d
. T h e

pr i m a

r

y

outputs f r om the sa w i ng a nd pl a n

i n g processes are w ood chi p s. T h e d e si gn o f so me f u rni t ure pi eces requi r es t h

at

cert ai n wo o

d en part s be be n

t

. Th is

p ro d u c t i o n

s

t

e

p

fo llo ws t

h

e

p l a n

in g p r o c

e

s

s

a

nd u s u a lly in v o lv e s t h

e a p p lic a

t io n

o f p r e s

s

u re in c o

n

j u nc t io n

wit h

a so ft

e

n

in g ag ent and i ncr eased atmospher i c pr essur e . Whi l e soak i n g

w ood i n w a te

r

a l one d o e

s

i ncr e a

se i t s pl a s

ti ci ty , the comb i n a

t i o n of he a

t a nd ste a

m d o e

s

i ncre a

se f

u r t

he r

the pl a s

ti ci ty of w ood
. T h e

a

c

tua l b e nd i n g is a c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d by c o

m p re s

s

i n g

t

h

e

wo o

d in t

o

t

h

e

de s

i re d s h

a

p e a nd t

h

e

n dryin g it t o re m o

v e e x c e

s

s

m o

is

t u re . Dryin g

a f t

e

r be ndin g is a

c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d in m u c h t h

e sa m e

wa y a s

t

h

e

dryin g

o f ra w lu m b e r , in dryin g

kiln s

u s in g bo ile rs

t

o

ge ne ra t

e

h e

a

t

.

S e p tem b e r 1995 15 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t III. A. 3. As se m bl y W ood f u r n

i t

ur e ca n e i the r

b e f

i ni she d ( c oa te

d ) a nd the n

a sse mbl e d , or a

s

se m ble d a nd t h

e

n

fin i s

h

e

d
. R e s

ide n

t ia

l a nd o ffic e/ i n s

t i t

u t i o na l fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r e d in t

h

e

U
. S
. is ge ne ra lly m a

de u p o f irre gu la rly sha p e d , cur v e d compone n

ts, a nd f o

r e a

se of pr od ucti on i s a sse mbl e d and t h

en f i ni shed
. C a bi net s

manuf a

ct

ured i n t

h

e U. S
. , ho wev e r, are fre q

u e n

t ly fin i s

h

e

d be fo re a

s

se m bly. A f t

e

r t h

e

wo o

d p a rt

s

h a

v e be e

n

p l a ne d a nd, if ne c

e

s

sa ry , be n

t

, t

h

e

y a r e a

sse mbl e d to f o

r

m one f u r n

i t

ure pa r

t

, such a s

a ta bl e top. T h e a

s

se m bly p ro c

e

s

s

u s u a lly in v o lv e s

t h

e

u se o f a d h e

s

i v e s (e it

h

e

r sy nthe ti c or na tura l ) i n conj uncti o n w i th othe r

j o i n i n g me thod s, such a

s

na ilin g. Th e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry u se s a d h e

s

i v e fo rm u l a t io n

s

c

o

n

t

a

i n i n g

so lv e n

t s

(t yp ic a

lly u se d fo r u p h o

ls

t

e

re d wo o

d fu rn it

u re ) a nd h o

t m e

lt

s

o r

p o lyv i n y l a c

e

t

a

t

e

(t yp ic a

lly u se d fo r no n uphol s te

re d w ood f u r n

i t

ur e )
. A ccor d i n g

to a r e pr e se n

ta

ti ve of Ma sco Cor p ora t i o n, the va st ma j o r

i ty of a d he si ve s use d to a sse mbl enonu p h o

ls

t

e

re d wo o

d fu rn it

u r e a r e h o

t m e

lt

s

o r

p o lyv i n y l a c

e

t

a

t

e . Th e a

m ount of a

d he si ve s use d d e pe nd s on the ty pe of pr od uct. T h e

ne x

t ste p

i n the pr od ucti on pr oce ss i s the a ppl i c a

t i o n of ve ne e

r . V e ne e

r

is a t

h

in p i e c

e

o f wo o

d o f u n ifo r

m t

h

ic

kne s

s

wh ic

h is u s u a lly rota r

y - c ut f rom a b o l t

of w ood usi n g

a l a the
. N ot a l l f u r n

i t

ur e ma nuf a

ctur i n g

i n vol v e s

the a ppl i c a

t i o n of ve ne e

r . T h e

pr od ucti on of v e ne e

r fa lls u nde r S I C c o

de 2 4

(lu m b e r

a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s

). Th e v e ne e

r

is a

p p lie d t o

t

h

e

fu rn it

u r e p a rt

u s in g a d h e

s

i v e s , so m e o f wh ic

h requi re t h

e use o f heat and / o r

pressure. Whi l e no t a si gni f i c

ant so urce o

f rel e ases, gl ui ng o p erat i o ns and t h

e use o f ad hesi ves f o

r assembl y and veneer are a so urce o f at mo spheri c so l v ent rel e ases. A f t

e

r v e ne e

r

a p p lic a

t io n

o r

fu rn it

u r e a s

se m bly, t h

e fu rn it

u r e p a rt is sa nd e d to e n

sure tha t i t s sur f

a

c

e

i s a s

smooth a s

possi bl e f o

r

the f

i ni shi n g

sta g e s

of the pr od ucti on proce ss. Sa nd i n g

i s usua l l y a

c

c

o

m p lis h

e

d by a dis k, be lt

, o r

ro lle r sa ndin g m a

c

h

ine u s in g e i t

h

e

r ope n - or cl ose d

- c oa te

d sa nd pa pe r . F o r

ope n - c oa te

d sa nd pa pe r , appro x

i m at

el y 50 t o

70 percent o f t h

e paper surf ace i s co at

ed w i t h abras i v e . Fo r c l o sed-c o

a

t

e

d s a

nd p a p e r, t h

e p a p e r s u rfac e is compl e te

l y cove re d w i th a b ra si ve . Cl ose d

- c oa te

d sa nd pa pe r

i s ge ne ra lly u se d in o p e ra t io n

s

re q

u irin g h i gh e

r re m o

v a l ra t

e

s . Th e sa nd i n g

proce ss ca n a l so b e e

m pl oy e d a t othe r

sta g e s

of the pr od ucti on pr oce ss, such a s

pr i o r

to the a ppl i c a

t i o n of ve ne e

r

or b e tw e e

n

the a

p p lic a

t io n

o f se v e ra l c o

a

t s

o f v a rn is

h

du rin g

t

h

e fin i s

h

in g p r o c

e

s

s . T h e

pr i m a

r

y

outputs f r om sa nd i n g

a

r e w ood pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

s .
S I C C o d e 25 16 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

III. A. 4. P re-fi ni s h

i n g A f te

r

i n i t

i a

l sa nd i n g , a n

e

v e n

smoothe r

sur f

a

c

e i s a tta i ne d b y spra y i ng , spong i ng , or d i ppi ng the f

u r n

i t

ur e pa r

t w i th w a te

r , w h i c

h ca use s the fibe rs o f t h

e wo o

d t o s w e ll a nd "ra i se ." A f t

e

r t h

e

s u rfa c

e

is drie d, a so lu t i o n

o f glu e o r

re s

i n is a p p lie d a nd a llo we d t o dry, c a

u s in g t h

e ra ise d fibe rs

t

o

be c

o

m e

m o

re brit t l e . Th e

ra ise d fibe rs a r e t h

e

n sa nd e d d o w n to f o

r

m a pa r

t i c

ul a r

l y

smooth sur f

a

c

e . T h e

pr i m a

r

y outputs f

rom second sand i n g

ar e w ood and g l ue or r e si n par t i c

ul ates. B e cause cer t

ai n ty pes of w ood contai n r o si n ( a natura l l y occur r

i ng re si n) w h i c

h can i n ter f

ere w i th the ef f

e

cti v eness of cer t

ai n f i ni shes, a proce ss k now n a s

d e r o si na ti on ma y

b e e m pl oy e d
. D e r o si na ti on i s acco mpl i s hed b y

appl yi ng a mi xt ure o f acet o

ne and ammo ni a t o t h

e sur f

a

c

e of the w ood
. Spe n

t a c

e

tone a nd a mmoni a a r e the pr i m a

r

y outputs f rom d e ro si na ti on. Once the unw a nte d r o si n i s r e move d f r om the w ood , a proce ss k now n a

s bl e a

chi n g i s use d to l i g hte n

the col o r

of the w ood w h e

n

the na tura l col o r i s d a r

k e r tha n tha t of the sta i n or f i ni sh to b e a ppl i e d
. T h e proce ss e n

ta i l s spra y i ng , spong i ng , or d i ppi ng the w ood i n to a bl eachi n g agent , such as hyd r o g en pero xi d e . S p ent bl eachi n g agent s a

re the pr i m a

r

y

outputs of thi s ste p

of the pr od ucti on pr oce ss.
III. A. 5. C o at

i n g Appl i c at

i o n T h ere are v a ri o u s co at

i n g appl i c at

i o n t e

chni ques used b y t h

e wo o

d fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry fo r a p p l yin g

fin i s

h

in g c o

a

t in gs . Th e t w o p r inc i p a l m e

t

h

o

d s a r e fla t line fin i s

h

in g a nd s p ra y a p p lic a

t io n . Fla t line fin i s

h

in g is u se d o n

ly t o

c o

a

t t

r

u l y fla t fu rn it

u r e p a rt

s

a nd canno t b e used f o

r curv ed pi eces, preassembl e d pi eces, o r pi eces wi t h many re cesses. A l thoug h , spra y

appl i c ati o n i s the most commonl y use d me thod to f i ni sh the se f

u r n

i t

ur e pa r

t s, b r ushi ng a nd d i ppi ng ca n al so b e used
. Th e

t

w o p r inc i p a l wa ys o

f p e rfo r

m i n g

fla t line fin i s

h

in g a r e ro ll c o

a

t in g a

nd c u rt a

i n c o

a

t in g. R o ll c o

a

t in g in v o lv e s

t h

e

t ra n

s

f

e

r

o f c o

a

t in g m a

t

e

ria l by a ro lle r o r

se rie s

o f ro lle rs , wh ile c u rt a

i n c o

a

t in g in v o lv e s passi ng the f u r n

i t

ur e par t thr o ug h a cascad e , or cur t

ai n, of coati n g mat e

ri al
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 17 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t T h e method s used to spra y

appl y coati n gs i ncl ud e ai r , ai r l ess, ai r assi sted ai r l ess, hi g h

- v ol ume l o w - pr essur e ( H VL P) , el ectr ostati c, and t

h

e UN IC AR B ® spra y

sy stem. T h e conventi onal ai r spra y techni que use s

compre sse d a i r

to a tomi z e the coa t i n g

ma te

r

i a

l s a s the y a r e b e i n g s

p ra ye d, by fo rc in g t h

e

m t

h

ro u g h a s m a

ll o p e n

in g a t h i gh p r e s

s

u re . Th e liq u id c o

a

t in g is no t m i xe d wit h

a

i r be fo re e

x

it

in g t h

e

no z z l e . A i rassi sted ai r l ess spra y uses an ai r l ess spra y

uni t w i th a compr e ssed ai r j e t to f i na l i z e the b re a

k

u p of the coa t i n g

ma te

r

i a

l
. HV LP s

p ra yin g

in v o lv e s

t

h

e

u se o f a h i gh v o lu m e

o f a i r de liv e r e d a t l o

w pre ssure to a tomi z e the coa t i n g

ma te

r

i a

l i n to a pa tte r

n

of l o w speed par t i c

l e

s. T h e use of l o w pressur e can r e sul t i n d e cr eased o

v e r

s

p ra y, wh ic

h t ra n

s

l a

t

e

s

in t

o

le s

s

c o

a

t in g u sa g e a nd le s

s

v o la

t ile or g a ni c compound ( V OC) emi ssi ons. Ele c

t

ro s

t

a

t ic

s p ra yin g

h a

s

lo n

g

be e

n

u se d in t

h

e

m e

t

a

lwo r

kin g a nd a

u tomobi l e i nd u str i e

s to coa t me ta

l pr od ucts. I n the w ood f u r n

i t

ur e i nd u str y , el ectrostati c spra y i ng has somew h at l i m i t

ed use, mostl y b y cabi net and chai r manuf a

cturer s. T h i s

f

i ni shi n g process i s per f

or med by s p ra yin g ne ga t i v e ly-c h

a

rge d c o

a

t in g p a rt

ic

le

s

o n

t

o

p o s

i t

i v elycha r

g e d w ood prod ucts. I f the w ood pi e c

e ha s a suf f

i ci e n

t moi s tur e conte n

t, i t ca n b e e l e

c

tr osta ti ca l l y spra y e d w i thout pre t

r e a

t

me nt. H o w e ve r , some w ood must b e pr e t

r e a

t

e

d to a l l o w the pi e c

e

to hol d a posi ti ve cha r

g e . T h e

ma te

r

i a

l use d f o

r pr e t

r e a

t

me nt of te

n conta i ns VOC s . The UN IC AR B ® sy stem i s a r e l a

ti vel y new sy stem f o

r spra y coati n g de v e lo p e d by U n io n

C a rbide
. A c o

a

t in g no rm a

lly c o

n

t

a

i n s bo t

h c

o

a

l e

sc i n g

(s lo

w-e v a p o ra t in g) a nd dilu e n

t (fa s

t

-e

v a p o ra t i n g

) so lv e n

t s . The UN IC AR B ® t e

c

h

no lo gy re p l a c

e

s t h

e

dilu e n

t so lv e n

t s

wit h

liq u i d c

a

rbo n

dio xide
. Th e

c a

rbo n dio xide/ c o

a

le

sc i n g so lv e n

t c o

a

t in g mi x t ur e i s use d to coa t the w ood w i th a n

a i r

l e

ss spra y

gu n. W h

e

n the c

o

a

t in g le a

v e s

t h

e

s p ra y no z z l e , t h

e

c a

rbo n

dio xide in t h

e m i xt u r e im m e

dia t

e

ly fla s

h

e

s , a nd t h

e

c o

a

t in g m a

t

e

ria l , wh ic

h

s t ill c o

n

t

a

i n s coal esci ng sol v ents, conti n ues enr o ute to the pi ece and cur e s i n the co nvent i o nal w a y. As o f J

u ne 1991, t h

e UN IC AR B ® sy stem w a s b e i n g t

e

s

t

e

d in se v e ra l c o

a

t in gs a p p lic a

t io n

s , bu t wa s

no t ye t be in g u se d c

o

m m e

rc ia

lly in a

n

y p r o d u c t i o n

c

o

a

t in g o p e ra t io n .

S I C C o d e 25 18 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es III. A. 6. Fi ni s h

i n g Th e fin i s

h

in g o f wo o

d fu rn it

u r e c a

n

be s

u bdiv ide d in t

o

t

w o diffe re n

t ca te

g o r

i e

s , i n te

r

i or f i ni shi n g

( f u r n

i t

ur e f o

r

i nd oor use ) a nd e x

te

r

i or f

i ni shi n g

( f u r n

i t

ur e f

o

r

outd oor use ) , a l thoug h the a c

tua l pr od ucti on p ro c

e

s

se s

in v o lv e d a r e fa irly s i m ila r. Th e

m a

in diffe re nc e be t w e e

n i n te

r

i or a nd e x

te

r

i or f

i ni shi n g

i s the ty pe of coa t i n g ma te

r

i a

l a ppl i e d , not the a ppl i c a

t i o n pr oce sse s. T h e

f

o

l l o w i ng d i scussi on outl i ne s

the pr od ucti on proce sse s i n vol v e d i n i n te

r

i or f

i ni shi n g ; e x

te

r

i or f i ni shi n g will be m e

n

t io ne d o n

ly wh e

n

t

h

e

p r o c

e

s

s

diffe rs

fro m t

h

a

t o f in t

e

rio r fin i s

h

in g. Wood f i ni shi n g

pr ocesses i ncl ud e coati n g , d r y i ng , and sand i n g

the fu rn it

u re in a

se rie s

o f s

t

e

p s wh ic

h a r e re p e a

t

e

d u n t il t h

e de s

i re d fina l a

p p e a

ra nc e is a c

h

i e

v e d
. W h

ile in s m a

ll fa c

ilit ie

s

t h

e

a s

se m ble d fu rn it

u re is so m e

t i m e

s

m o

v e d be t w e e

n

fin i s

h

in g s t

a

t io n

s

m a

n

u a lly, in m o

s

t fa c

ilit ie

s

t h

e

fu rn it

u r e is m o

v e d a l o n

g t h

e

fin i s

h

in g line m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

lly by t o

w -line s , o v e r

h

e

a

d c h

a

i n c o

n

v e y o r

s , a nd o t

h

e

r c

o

n

v e y o r

s inc l u din g be lt

, ro lle r, a nd s l a

t c

o

n

v e y o r

s . To w-line s , c h

a

i n s or ca bl e s

mounte d i n or on the f l oor , move a pa l l e t, on w h i c

h the a

s

se m ble d p i e c

e

o f fu rn it

u r e ride s

a

l o n

g t h

e

fin i s

h

in g line . Th e p a lle t s c

a

n

ro t

a

t

e

a

nd c a

n

be a

u t o

m a

t ic

a

lly dise n

ga ge d fro m a nd re e

n

ga ge d t o t

h

e

t

o

w -line t

o

a llo w fo r p a u se s , a s ne e

d e d
. S o m e fa c

ilit ie

s m o

v e t h

e f

u r n

i t

ur e on pa l l e ts tha t a r e hung f r om ove r

he a

d cha i n conve y or s. M a n

y

fa c

ilit ie

s

u se a c o

m b ina t io n

o f t

h

e

se m e

t

h

o

d s t

o t ra n

s

p o r

t t h

e fu rn it

u re a

l o n

g t h

e

fin i s

h

in g line . Ma ny of the f i ni shi n g

a ppl i c a

t i o n me thod s use r e l a

ti ve l y

hi g h c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

s

o f V O C s wh ic

h

v o la

t iliz e wh e

n t h

e c o

a

t in g is a p p lie d. Fo r exampl e, so l v ent s

are used i n t

h

e st ai ns, pai n t s , and f i ni shes as w e l l a s

i n the i n k

s

use d to pr i n t si mul a t

e

d w ood g ra i n onto pl y w ood a

nd p a rt

ic

le

bo a

r d. I n a ddit io n , so lv e n

t s

a r e u se d in c l e

a

n

u p ope ra t i o ns ( i
. e . , to r e move ove r

spra y

f

r om spra y

b ooths a nd to r i nse so l v ent

- b a sed f i ni shes f r o m spray l i nes and equi pment b e t w een co l o r cha n

g e s)
. T h e

pr i m a

r

y

outputs f r om the f o

l l o w i ng f i ni shi n g a

p p lic a

t io n

s

a re p o in t

- so u r c e

a nd fu git i v e a i r e m is

s

i o n

s , a s

we ll a s w o o

d and co at

i n g mat e

ri al part i c

ul at es. S t a

i n i n g

in v o lv e s

t

h

e

a p p lic a

t io n

o f a

c

l e

a

r c o

lo ra n

t wh ic

h a dds in it

ia

l c

o

lo r, e v e n

s

o u t c o

lo r, a nd a c

c

e

n

t s

wit h

o

u t h idin g t h

e

n a

t u ra l wo o

d g ra i n. Sta i ns usua l l y consi s t of tra n

spa r e n

t or se mi tra n

spa r e n

t col o r so lids (t yp ic a

lly le s

s

t h

a

n

fiv e p e rc e

n

t by v o lu m e

) s u s p e nde d in a v o la

t ile liq u id so lu t i o n

wit h

a c

e

rt

a

i n a m o

u n t o f a no n

v o l a

t ile bind e r , wh ic

h

fa c

ilit a

t

e

s

s p re a

din g, p e ne t

ra t io n , a nd fixa t i o n o f c o

lo r.
S e p tem b e r 1995 19 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t C o mmonl y - used stai ns, al l of w h i c

h ar e used i n conj uncti o n w i th or g a ni c sol v ents, i ncl ud e: nong ra i n - rai si ng , d y e- ty pe, no- w i p e, and tone r

s. No n

g ra in ra is

in g s t

a

i n s a r e dye

- t

y p e s

t

a

i n s

wh ic

h

a

r e in t

e

nd e d t o

giv e cl a r

i t

y a nd d e pth to the w ood f i ni sh. D y e - ty pe sta i ns consi s t of d y e s t

h

a

t a re c o

m p le t

e

ly dis so lv e d in m e

t

h

a

no l
. No-wip e s t

a

i n s a r e pi gment e

d st ai ns, co nt ai ni ng a smal l amo u nt o f o i l , pi gment , and so lv e n

t

, t h

a

t a r e s p ra ye d o n

a nd no t wip e d o ff. No-wip e s t

a

i n s

a r e use d to a cce nt the w ood g ra i n, pr ovi d e col o r uni f or mi ty a nd col o r re tenti o n. T o ner s

ar e stai ns that contai n ni trocel l u l o se or vi ny l bind e r

s , dis so lv e d in so lv e n

t

. To ne rs

a r e no t wip e d, a nd a r e o f t

e

n pi gmented
. A f t

e

r s t

a

i n i n g , a wa s

h

c

o

a

t

, c o

n

s

is

t i n g

o f 2 t o 1 3 p e rc e

n

t so lids by v o lu m e , is a p p lie d t o

t

h

e

fu rn it

u r e p i e c

e . W a

s

h

c

o

a

t i n g is u se d t o a i d in a d h e

s

i o n , a s

s

i s

t in fillin g o r

c

o

lo r u n ifo r

m i t

y , a nd p a rt

ia

lly se a

l t h

e w ood f rom sub se q

ue nt sta i ni ng ope ra t i o ns. W a

s

hcoa t a l so pr e p a r e s t

h

e w o o

d surf ace f o

r ano t

h

er sand i n g af t

e

r st ai n appl i c at

i o n. So me fa c

ilit ie

s

bu y se a

l e

r

in bu lk, a nd dilu t e

t

h

e

i r se a

l e

r

t

o

m a

ke wa s

h

c

o

a

t

. T h ere are thr ee mai n ty pes of w a shcoat mater i al s: stand a r d n

i t

ro c

e

llu lo se ; v i n y l o r

m o

difie d v i n y l; a nd v i n y lm o

difie d/ ” c o

n

v e rs

io n ” t y p e s . A d v a n

t

a

g e s

o f n i t

r o c

e

llu lo se wa s

h

c

o

a

t s inc l u d e q u ic k dryin g , e a

s

y

s a

ndin g, a nd c l a

r

it

y. V i n y l a nd v i n y lm o

difie d wa s

h

c

o

a

t s

c o

n

s

is

t o f n i t

r o c

e

llu lo se a nd v i n y l a nd p r o v ide b e tte r

toug hne ss a nd a d he si on tha n

pure ni troce l l u l o se w a shcoa t s; h

o

we v e r, so m e

c

l a

r

it

y is sa c

r

ific e

d
. Th e “ c o

n

v e rs

io n ” o r p r e c

a

t

a

l yz e d

ty pe w a shcoats al so pr ovi d e g ood ad hesi on and toug hness, and ar e g ood f o

r ope n

por e w ood s. B e ca use the y

r e a

c

t i n pl a c

e , the y

a r e im p e rv io u s t

o

so lv e n

t s

c

o

n

t

a

i ne d in s u bse q

u e n

t ly a p p lie d se a

l e

r

s a nd topcoats. Fille rs

a re a p p lie d t o

t

h

e

wo o

d s u rfa c

e t o p r o d u c e a s m ooth, uni f or m s

u rfa c

e fo r la t

e

r s t

a

g e s in t h

e

fin i s

h

in g p r o c

e

s

s . Fille rs , wh ic

h

c o

n

s

is

t of col o r

l ess or cover i ng pi g m ents, can b e combi ned w i th stai ns or other p i gm e

n

t s

a nd a r e u s u a lly dis p e rse d in a v e h

i c

l e o f dryin g o ils , s

y n t

h

e

t i c re s

i n s , a nd t h

in ne rs ba se d o n

o r

ga n

i c

so lv e n

t s . Fille rs

a r e u s u a lly s u p p lie d a s

h e

a

v ily p i gm e

n

t

e

d, h i gh-so lids , lo w-V O C m a

t

e

ria l s , wh ic

h a re re du c e

d o n

t

h

e

jo b. A s s

u p p lie d, so lids c

o

n

t

e

n

t s o

f fille rs

a r e in t

h

e

7 5

p e rc e

n

t so lids by v o lu m e

ra n

g e . O nc e re du c e

d, t

h

e

so lids c o

n

t

e

n

t s

u s u a lly ra n

g e fro m 1 0 p e rc e

n

t t o 4 5 p e rc e

n

t by v o lu m e . Fille rs

a

re u s u a lly s p ra y a p p lie d, t h

e

n

wip e d in t

o

t

h

e

wo o

d
.

S I C C o d e 25 20 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S e a

lin g, wh ic

h is c o

m p le t

e

d a f t

e

r s t

a

i n i n g

a nd e i t

h

e

r

be fo re o r

a f t

e

r fillin g, c o

n

s

is

t s

o f a p p l yin g

o ne o r

m a

n

y

c o

a

t s

o f se a

l e

r . S e a

l e

r

s a r e u s u a lly a n i t

ro c

e

llu lo se -ba se d la c

q

u e r, a l t

h

o

u gh v i n y l o r v i n y lm o

difie d se a

l e

r

s

a nd c a

t

a

lyz e d se a

l e

r

s

a r e a l so a v a ila ble a nd p r o v ide a

d va nta g e s

si mi l a r

to those of the w a shcoa t counte r

p a r

ts. T h e pr i m a

r

y pur p ose s of se a

l e

r

s a r e to pr ovi d e a d he si on, ma k e sa nd i n g

mor e e

f

f

e

cti v e , a nd to se a

l the w ood a nd e s

ta

bl i s h a f

o

und a ti on f o

r f u r t

he r c

o

a

t in g a p p lic a

t io n

s . S o lids c o

n

t

e

n

t s

o f se a

l e

r

s t y p i c a

lly ra n

g e fro m te

n to 3 0

pe r c e

n

t b y

vol ume . Fo r o u t d o o

r fu rn it

u r e , in s

t

e

a

d o f

, o r

in a ddit io n

t o , t h

e

fillin g a nd se a

l i n g

proce sse s, the w ood sur f

a

c

e

i s tr e a

te

d thro ug h a pr oce s

s k now n a s

pr i m i n g . Pr i m i n g

tr e a

tme n

ts commonl y use d f o

r outd oor wo o

d e n fu rn it

u re inc l u d e t h

e

a p p lic a

t io n

o f fu n g ic ide a nd wa t

e

rre p e lle n

t

. One a

l te r

na t i v e to sta i ni ng i s pa i n ti ng . T h e

proce ss f o

r

a

ppl y i ng pa i n ts i s si mi l a r to tha t of a ppl y i ng sta i ns or othe r

f i ni she s , a l thoug h the che m i c

a

l composi t i o n of pa i n ts d i f f

e

r

s

f

r om the othe r

f

i ni she s . Pa i n t i s a v i sc o

u s flu id, u s u a lly c o

n

s

is

t i n g

o f a

bind e r

o r

v e h

i c

l e , a p i gm e

n

t

, a so lv e n

t o r

a

t

h

in ne r, a nd a drie r. P i gm e

n

t s

a

r e in so lu ble in t h

e c o

a

t in g ma te

r

i a

l a nd a re d e posi te d onto the w ood sur f

a

c

e

a s

the ve hi cl e d r i e

s. Th e

c

h

e

m ic

a

l c o

m p o s

it

io n

o f a

p i gm e

n

t v a rie s

a c

c

o

rdin g t o

it s c o

lo r a s illu s t

ra t

e

d in Exh i bit 6

. Ex hibit 6 C h e m ic

a

l C o m p one n ts of Pigm e n ts Found in Pa int P i gme n t Col or Ch e m i c

a

l Comp on e n t s Wh it

e T it an ium d i o x

id e, wh it

e lead , zin c

o

x

id e Red I r on o

x

id es , c a

lc

ium s u lfat e, c a

d m ium se

l e

n

i de Or an g e L e ad c h

r omat e

-moly b

d a t e B r own I r on ox i d es Yello w I r on o

x

id es , lead c h

r omat e , c a

lc

ium s u lfid e Gr een C h r omium o x

id e, c o

pper , pho spho t ungs t i c ac

i d , p h osp h omoly b

d i c ac i d Bl u e F e rri c f e

rro cy a n

i d e , co p p e r Pu rp le M a n

g an ese p h osp h at

e B l ac k B lac k

ir on o

x

id e S o

u

r c e : M c G r a w

-Hill E n c y

c l o

p

ed

ia

o

f S c ien c e a n

d

Te c h

n

o lo

g

y

, 1987. A f te

r

the f

u r n

i t

ur e pa r

t ha s b e e

n

sta i ne d or pa i n te

d , a topcoa t

, such a s v a rn is

h

o r

s

h

e

lla c

, is a p p lie d in o ne o f t

h

e

fina l s t

a

g e s o f t h

e fin i s

h

in g pr oce ss. T o pcoa ts pr ovi d e a cl e a

r

coa t w h ose f

u ncti on i s to pr ote ct the
S e p tem b e r 1995 21 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

c

o

lo r c o

a

t s , e n

h

a

nc e

t

h

e

be a

u t y

o f t

h

e

fu rn it

u r e , a nd p r o v ide a du ra ble fina l fin i s

h
. Typ i c a

l so lids c o

n

t

e

n

t s

ra n

g e fro m 1 3 t

o

3 0

p e rc e

n

t so lids b

y

v o l ume. T h ere are f o

ur cat e

go ri es o f t o

p co at

s: st and a rd ni trocel l u l o se topcoats; acr y l i c topcoats; catal y zed topcoats; and conver si on var n

i s

hes. Nit ro c

e

llu lo se la c

q

u e rs

p r o v ide t

h

e

be s

t c

l a

r

it

y, p i c k u p lit t l e dirt , dry q

u ic kly, a nd a re e

a

s

y

t

o

wip e o ff a nd re p a ir. A c rylic la c

q

u e rs

a

r e u se d ove r

w h i t

e

or pa ste l f i ni she s

a s

pr ote cti o n f r om common house h

ol d cl e a

ni ng pr od ucts. T h e

y

ca n a l so b e a ppl i e d ove r

ni tr oce l l u l o se t

o

p c o

a

t s

fo r c o

lo r re t

e

n

t io n . Th e

c l a

r

it

y o f a c

rylic la c

q

u e rs

is no t a s go o

d a s

t

h

e

n i t

ro c

e

llu lo se la c

q

u e rs . C a t

a

lyz e d t o

p c o

a

t s

a

r e a v a ila ble in o

ne- and t w o - pack f o

rm. T h e o ne- pack co at

i n gs are precat al yzed , and contai n ni tr ocel l u l o se r e si ns and a smal l amount of ur ea r e si n. B e cause onl y a sma l l a m ount of ca ta

l y st i s a

d d e d , i t ca n ta k e up to thre e

to f o

ur we e

k

s a f t

e

r a p p lic a

t io n

u n t il t h

e

c

o

a

t in g is c

o

m p le t

e

ly c u re d, a l t

h

o

u gh i t

d r i e

s t o

t h

e t o

u ch much so o

ner. T h e shel f l i f e o f precat al yzed c

o

a

t in gs is m o

re t

h

a

n

s

i x m o

n

t

h

s . C o n

v e r

s

i o n

v a rn is

h

e

s

do no t dry a s q

u ic kly a s

n i t

ro c

e

llu lo se t

o

p c o

a

t s , a nd a r e diffic u lt t

o

s

p o t re p a ir, wit h w a shof f al so b e i n g d i f f

i cul t or i m possi bl e. Conver si on var n

i s

hes, l i k e t w o- p a c

k

c

o

a

t in gs , h a

v e a

lim it

e

d p o t life
. T h e

tw o- pa ck coa t i n gs consi s t of tw o pa ck s, one conta i ni ng ur e a or me l a

mi ne - b a se d r e si ns, a nd the othe r

conta i ni ng the ca ta

l y st. T h e

tw o compone n

ts a re mi x e d b e f

o

r e use . Mor e ca ta

l y st i s a d d e d to tw o- pa ck ca ta

l y z e d coa t i n gs , so cur e ti me i s shor t ( o n the or d e r of mi nute s or h

o

u r s

)
. Two

- p a c

k

c a

t

a

lyz e d c o

a

t in gs h a

v e a lim it

e

d p o t life a f t

e

r mi x i ng ( f rom one d a y

to mor e tha n

a

w e e

k

)
. I n the U
. S. , l a cq ue r

s

( m ostl y ni tr oce l l u l o se - b a se d ) a r e use d b y a

pprox i m a

t

e

l y 7 5

pe r c e

n

t of the w ood f u r n

i t

ure i nd u str y ; mostl y b y re s

ide n

t ia

l fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s . Nit ro c

e

llu lo se la c

q

u e rs

h a

v e be e

n u se d in t

h

e

re s

ide n

t ia

l wo o

d fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry fo r m a

n

y

ye a

r

s ; t h

e

y are easy t o

use, qui c k d r yi ng, and easy t o

repai r . A p p ro x

im a

t

e

l y 1 5 p e rc e

n

t o f t

h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry, p r im a

r

ily the ca b i ne t a nd of f

i ce/i nsti tuti ona l f u r n

i t

ur e ma nuf a

cture r

s, use c

o

n

v e r

s

i o n c o

a

t in gs (m o

s

t l y a c

id-c a

t

a

lyz e d c o

a

t in gs ). C a bine t s

a nd of f

i ce/i nsti tuti ona l f u r n

i t

ure r e q

u i r e the che m i c

a

l a nd me cha n

i c

a

l resi st ance o f

f

e

red b y

cat a

l y zed f i ni shes. As o f O c t

o

b er 1991, p o lyu re t

h

a

ne a nd u n sa t u ra t

e

d p o lye s

t

e

r a nd u n s

a

t u ra t

e

d p o lya c

ryla t

e c

o

a

t in gs h a

v e h a

d lim it

e

d u se in t

h

e

U n it

e

d S t a

t

e

s .

S I C C o d e 25 22 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es R u b b i ng , pol i s hi ng , and cl eani ng ar e the f i nal steps of the pr od ucti on pr oce ss. Rub bi ng consi s ts of the a ppl i c a

t i o n of a n

a b ra si ve i n c

o

n

j u nc t io n

wit h

a lu bric a

n

t t o

le v e l o r

du ll t h

e lu s t

e

r . P o lis h

i n g consi s ts of the a ppl i c a

t i o n of sof t a b ra si ve s or possi bl y onl y w a x

y i n gred i e nt s t o i ncrease t h

e gl o ss. T h e f u rni t ure part s are t h

en read y fo r s h

ip m e

n

t a nd s a

le

a f t

e

r a fin a

l a s

se m bly s t

a

g e , if a p p r o p ria t

e

(i.e ., a

t t

a

c

h

in g t a

ble le gs t

o

a

t

a

ble t

o

p ). Exh i bit 7 illu s t

ra t

e

s t h

e s t

e

p s o f t h

e w ood f u r n

i t

ure manuf a

ctur i n g

pr ocess.

S e p tem b e r 1995 23 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 7 Flow Diagr am f

o r Wood Fur n itur e

Manuf ac tur i ng
Sawing Raw Lumber Planing Bending

Heat Boiler Sawdust & Wood Chips Drying

Sanding

Gluing Veneer Application Dry Kilns

Sanding Bleaching

Exterior Finishing Interior Finishing

Primer Coating

Finish Coating Filling Sealing

Finish Coating

Rubbing

Cleaning Polishing Shipment Finished Product Derosination

Staining/ Painting Wood & Finishing Material

particulates Spent Solvents

Staining/ Painting Spent Bleach

Spent Paints Natural Rosin

Sawdust & Glue Particulates Washcoating

Boiler

S o

u

r c e : P r oc

ess F l ow Diag r am for F r an

klin F u r n

i tu re of G reen ev

ille, Te n

n

essee fou n

d

in P o llu tion P rev en

tion O p t i ons i n Wood Furni t u

re Manuf ac

t u

ri ng , 1992.

S I C C o d e 25 24 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es III. B. R a wM a te r i a l I nputs a

nd Pollution Outputs T h e f o

l l o w i ng d i scussi on of ra w ma te

r

i a

l i n puts a nd pol l u ti on outputs i s

or g a ni z e d a l ong the sa me l i ne s

a s the pr od ucti on pr oce s

s de sc r

ip t i o n . W h

ile t h

e

r e a r e so lid wa s

t

e

a nd p r o c

e

s

s

wa s

t

e

w a t

e

r im p lic a

t io n

s

fo r t h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry, t h

e

v a s

t ma j o r

i ty of outputs f r om thi s i nd u str y

a r e a i r

e

m i ssi ons r e sul t i n g

f

r om t

h

e

so lv e n

t

- in t

e

n

s

iv e fin i s

h

in g o p e ra t io n

s . III. B
. 1. Dryi ng T h e majo r emi ssi o n

s o f co ncern f r o m d r yi ng t h

e raw l umb er usi n g w ood b o i l e r

s

i s pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

ma tte r

( P M) , a l thoug h othe r

pol l u ta nts, p a rt

ic

u l a r

ly c a

rbo n

m o

no xide (C O ) a nd o r

ga n

i c

c o

m p o u nd s , m a

y be e

m it

t

e

d in s i gn ific a

n

t q u a n

t i t

i e

s if t h

e

bo ile r is in p o o

r

o p e ra t in g cond i t i o n. T h e

ty pe a

nd a m ount of the e m i ssi ons d e pe nd on a numb e r of va r

i a

bl e s, i ncl ud i n g

the composi t i o n of the w a ste f u e l b u r ne d , the de gre e o f fly a s

h

re in

je c

t io n

e m p l o y e d , a nd fu rna c

e

de s

i gn a nd o

p e ra t in g c o

ndit io n . T h e

composi t i o n of w ood w a ste d e pe nd s l a r

g e l y on the i nd u str y f r om wh ic

h

it o r

igina t

e

s . Fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g ge ne ra t

e

s a c l e

a

n , dry w ood w a ste ( e . g . , 2 to 2 0

w e i g ht pe r c e

n

t moi s tur e ) w h i c

h pr od uce s re la

t i v e ly lo w p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

e m is

s

i o n

le v e ls

wh e

n

p r o p e r

ly bu rne d
. H o w e ve r , othe r

ope ra t i o ns, such a s

pul p ma nuf a

ctur i n g , pr od uce g reat quanti ti es of b a r

k

w h i c

h may contai n a much hi g h er w e i g ht p e rc e

n

t m o

is

t u re , p o s

s

i bly c a

u s in g ba rk bo ile rs

t

o

e m it

c o

n

s

ide ra ble p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r t o

t

h

e

a

t

m o

s

p h e

re u n le

s

s

t

h

e

y

a

r e we ll c o

n

t

ro lle d. Fu rna c

e

de s

i gn a nd o p e ra t in g c o

ndit io n

s

a r e p a rt

ic

u l a r

ly im p o rt

a

n

t w h e

n

f

i r

i ng w ood w a ste . B e ca use of the hi g h moi s tur e conte n

t tha t ma y

b e pre se n

t i n w ood w a ste , a l a r

g e r

tha n usua l a r e a of r e f

ra c

tor y sur f

a

c

e

i s of te

n ne ce ssa r

y

to d r y

the f u e l b e f

o

r e comb usti on. I n a

ddit io n , s u ffic i e

n

t se c

o

nd a r

y a i r m u s t be s

u p p lie d o v e r

t

h

e

fu e l be d t o b

u r n

the vol a ti l e s tha t a ccount f o

r

most of the comb usti bl e ma te

r

i a

l i n t

h

e wast e. When pro p er d r yi ng co nd i t i o ns d o no t exi s t

, o r when se cond a r

y

comb usti on i s i ncompl e te , the comb usti on te mpe ra t ur e i s lo

we re d, a nd inc r e a

se d P M , C O , a nd o r

ga n

i c c o

m p o u nd e m is

s

i o n

s ma y

re sul t . Shor t- te r

m e m i ssi ons ca n f l uctua t

e w i th si g n i f

i c

a

n

t v a ria t io n

s

in fu e l m o

is

t u re c

o

n

t

e

n

t

. Fly a s

h re in

je c

t io n , wh ic

h is c o

m m o

n

l y u se d wit h

la rge r

bo ile rs

t o i m pr ove f u el ef f

i ci ency , has a consi d e ra bl e ef f

e

ct on PM emi ssi ons.
S e p tem b e r 1995 25 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Be c

a

u se a fra c

t i o n o f t h

e c o

lle c

t

e

d fly a s

h

is re in

je c

t

e

d in t

o

t

h

e

bo ile r, t

h

e

du s t lo a

din g fro m t h

e

fu rna c

e

a nd, c o

n

se q

u e n

t ly, fro m t h

e c

o

lle c

t io n

de v i c e

inc r e a

se s

i gn ific a

n

t l y p e r u n it o f wo o

d wa s

t

e bu rne d
. M o re re c

e

n

t bo ile r in s

t

a

lla t i o n

s

t y p i c a

lly se p a ra t

e

t h

e

c o

lle c

t

e

d p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

in t

o

la rge a nd s m a

ll fra c

t i o n

s

in sa nd c l a

s

s

i fie r

s . Th e s

m a

lle r p a rt

ic

le

s , m o

s

t ly ino r

ga n

i c

a s

h

a nd sa nd , a r e se n

t t o

a s

h dis p o sa l. T h e f o

ur most common contr o l d e vi ces used to r e d u ce PM emi ssi ons fro m wo o

d -fire d bo ile rs

a r e m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

l c o

lle c

t

o

r

s , we t sc r

u bbe rs , e

l e

c

tr osta ti c pre c

i p i t a

tor s ( E SPs) , a nd f a

b r i c

f

i l t e

r

s. Fa bric filt e

r

s

(i.e ., ba gh o

u se s

) a nd ES P s a r e e m p l o y e d wh e

n c o

lle c

t io n ef

f

i ci enci es ab o v e 95 percent are requi r ed
. H o wev e r, f a

b r i c f i l t ers hav e h

a

d lim it

e

d a p p lic a

t io n

s

t o

wo o

d -fire d bo ile rs . Th e p r inc i p l e dra w ba c

k t o

fa bric filt ra t i o n , a s

p e rc e

i v e d by p o t

e

n

t ia

l u se r

s , is a fire da n

g e r

a

r

is

in g fro m t

h

e

c

o

lle c

t io n

o

f c

o

m b

u s t i ble c

a

rbo na c

e

o

u s fly a s

h
. St eps can b e t

a

ken t o

red u ce t h

i s

hazard , i ncl ud i n g t h

e i n st

al l a t i o n

o f a m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

l c o

lle c

t

o

r

u p s t

re a

m o f t h

e

fa bric filt e

r

t o

re m o

v e la rge bu rn in g p a rt

ic

le

s

o

f fly a s

h
. E m i ssi ons of ni trog e n

ox i d e s ( N O x) fro m wo o

d -fire d bo ile rs

a

r e lo we r tha n those f rom coa l

- f i r e d b o i l e r

s

d u e to the l o w e r

ni tr og e n

conte n

t of w ood a nd the l o w e r

comb usti on te mpe ra t ure s w h i c

h cha ra c

te

r

i z e wo o

d -fire d bo ile rs . A ccord i n g

to the A F MA d o cume nt I n te

grated Waste Man agem en t P r ogram Appl i c abl e to t h

e O n - s

i te Man agem en t of Cert ai n N o n

- hazardou s Wood P r odu c

t F i n i shi n g Wastes, d a t

e

d M a y 1993, t h

e o p erat i n g t

e

mperat ures o f b o i l e rs used b y

t h

i s

i nd u st ry are suf f

i ci ent t o a

d e q

ua te

l y

comb ust the che m i c

a

l consti tue n

ts of w ood pr od uct f

i ni shi n g

w a ste ( i
. e . , sa w d ust mi x e d w i th d u st f r om the va r

i ous c

o

a

t in g m a

t

e

ria l s u se d in fu rn it

u r e fin i s

h

in g o p e ra t io n

s

s

u c h

a s

drie d l a

cquer chi p s)
. B a sed o n

i t s i n t

e

rpret a

t i o n

o f hazard o us w a st

e as d e f

i ned i n 40 C F R 261. 21( a) ( 2 ) , t h

e AFM A d e t

e

rmi ned t h

at w o o

d prod uct f i ni shi n g

w a ste w a s acceptabl e f o

r

comb usti on i n a b o i l e r . T h e St at

e o f N o rt

h C a ro l i n a D e part ment o f E n vi ro nment , H e al t h , and Na t u ra l R e so u r c e

s

in it

ia

lly disa g re e

d wit h t h

is in t

e

rp re t

a

t i o n . H o w e ve r , a ccord i n g to the A F MA , the D i r e ctor of the D i vi si on of Sol i d Wast e M a nagement , i n a M a rch 9, 1994 meet i n g, appro v ed t h

e A F MA 's i n te

r

p re ta

ti on.

S I C C o d e 25 26 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es III. B
. 2. M a c

h

i n i n g T h e

pr i m a

r

y

outputs f r om the sa w i ng a

nd pl a n

i n g pr oce sse s a r e w ood c

h

ip s a

nd sa wdu s t

, wh ic

h

a

r e u se d a s

fu e l in bo ile rs fo r o t

h

e

r fu rn it

u r e prod ucti on processes. Wood chi p s may al so b e sol d to manuf a

ctur er s o

f o t

h

e

r

wo o

d -ba se d p r o d u c t s , s u c h

a

s

p u lp a nd p a p e r m ills
. Be c

a

u se no c o

a

t in g m a

t

e

ria l s h a

v e be e

n

a p p lie d t o

t h

e

fu rn it

u r e p r io r t o m a

c

h

in in g, t h

e

p a rt

ic

le

s

a r e a l m o

s

t c o

m p le t

e

ly c o

m p o se d o f wo o

d , u n like o u t p u t s fro m la t

e

r sa ndin gs wh ic

h

c

o

n

t

a

i n p a rt

ic

le

s

o f fin i s

h

in g m a

t

e

ria l a s

we ll a s

wo o

d p a rt

ic

le

s . III. B
. 3. As se m bl y A d h e

s

i v e s c a

n be e i t

h

e

r

n a

t u ra l o r

s y n t

h

e

t i c

in o r

igin a nd t y p i c a

lly contai n sol v ents. C o mmonl y used ad hesi ve f o

r

mul ati o ns contai n sol v e n

ts such a s

me thy l i sob uty l k e tone , me thy l e t

hy l k e tone , x y l e ne , tol ue ne , a nd 1 , 1 , 1

- tr i c

hl or oe tha ne . Sol v e n

ts a r e a l so use d to cl e a

n ad hesi ve appl i c ati o n equi pment such as spra y

gu ns. A d hesi ves used to appl y veneer can d i f f

e

r

f r om ad hesi ves used f o

r assembl y and u s u a lly inc l u d e p h e

no lic s , u r e a

s , m e

la

m i ne s , p o lyv i n y l re s

i n emul si ons, hot mel t s, contacts, and masti cs. A ppl i c ati o n of some of the ab o v e- ment i o ned ad hesi ves requi r es t h

e use o f heat and / o r

pressure. S o l v ent rel e ase f ro m t

h

e use o f ad hesi v e s d u ri ng assembl y and v e neer appl i c ati o n ( e i t

her as a pr od uct car r

i er or cl eani ng ag ent) can b e s

i gn ific a

n

t

. A ccord i n g

to a re pr e se n

ta

ti ve of Ma sco Cor p ora t i o n, the w ood fu rn it

u re indu s t

ry p r im a

r

ily u se s

h o

t m e

lt

s

o r

p o lyv i n y l a c

e

t

a

t

e wh ic

h d o not conta i n vol a ti l e or g a ni c compound s a nd the r e f

or e ha ve l i ttl e or no e m i ssi ons i m pl i c a

t i o ns. W ood chi p s a nd sa w d ust a r e outputs of the sa ndin g p e rfo r

m e

d a f t

e

r t h

e

a

s

se m bly a nd a p p lic a

t io n

o

f v e ne e

r . III. B
. 4. P re-fi ni s h

i n g T

y pi ca l outputs of the pr e - f

i ni shi n g

ste p s of the ma nuf a

ctur i n g pr oce s

s a

re spe n

t sol v e n

ts f r om the d e r o si na ti on pr oce ss a nd spe n

t bl e a

chi n g a

g e n

ts f rom the bl e a

chi n g

pr oce ss. D e r o si na ti on e n

ta i l s the a

ppl i c a

t i o n of a mmoni a a nd a c

e

tone to r e move the na tura l r e si n i n the w ood
. T h e outputs f r om thi s ste p

a r e , the r e f

or e , spe n

t a mmoni a a nd a

c

e

tone , a s

w e l l a s

a n

y

of the na tura l l y - o ccur r

i ng r e si n r e move d b y thi s pr oce ss. B l e a

c

hi ng a g e n

ts ty pi ca l l y use d b y

the w ood f u r n

i t

ur e indu s t

ry inc l u d e h y dro g e n

p e ro xide , so diu m bis u lfit e , so diu m
S e p tem b e r 1995 27 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t h

y p o s

u lfit e , so diu m p e rbo ra t

e , o xa lic a c

id, p o t

a

s

s

i u m p e rm a

n

ga n

a

t

e , a

nd so diu m o

r

c

a

lc

iu m h

y p o c

h

lo rit e . III. B
. 5. C o at

i n g Appl i c at

i o n I n t h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry, c o

a

t in gs a r e u s u a lly a p p lie d in s

p ra y b ooths, usi n g

va r

i ous ty pe s of spra y a ppl i c a

t i o n e q

ui pme n

t. T h e b ooths g e ne ra l l y d o not ha ve a n

y

te mpe ra t ur e or hum idit y c o

n

t

ro l, and are mai n t

a

i ned at ambi ent co nd i t i o ns. O f t

e

n, b o t

h manual and a

u toma t i c spra y b ooths a r e e q

ui ppe d w i th d r y

f

i l t e

r

s, ty pi ca l l y a

pa pe r m a

t

e

rial, t o c o

n

t

ro l p a rt

ic

u l at es . In t

h

e p a s

t

, wat e

r c u rt ain s

h a

d been use d to contro l pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

s . H o w e ve r , si nce the spe n

t w a te

r

ha d to b e d i s po sed o f as a hazard o us w a st

e, and as hazard o us w a st

e d i s po sal costs i ncr eased , the cost ef f

e

cti v eness of w a ter cur t

ai n f i l t ra ti on d e cre a

se d
. T h e

re f

ore , most of the ne w a nd mod i f i e

d spra y

b ooths i n t

h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u re indu s t

ry t h

a

t u se filt e

r

s

a r e e q

u i p p e d wit h dry f

i l t e

r

s. Some w a te

r - w a sh spra y

b ooths a r e st ill in u se . Re ci rc ul a t i n g

a por t i o n of the e x

ha ust f r om the spra y b ooth i ncr e a

se s the conce n

tra t i o n of VOCs i n the e x

ha ust a i r

l e a

v i n g

the spra y

b ooth a

nd disc h

a

r

ge d t o a n e nd-o f-p ip e c o

n

t

ro l s y s t

e

m . A c c

o

rdin g t o

a d o cume nt e n

ti tl e d De mo ns tr

a

t

io

n o f P a int Spr a

y B o o

t

h Air R e c

i r

c

ula t

io

n a

n

d Flo w

P a r

t

itio ning: De s

i gn Va lida t

io

n

, the conce p t of r e ci r c ul a t i o n w a s pat e

nt ed b y J o

hn D eere C o rpo rat i o n i n 1979, b u t a l a rge segment o

f t h

e

c o

a

t in g indu s t

ry m i s

t

a

k e n

ly be lie v e d t h

a

t t h

is

p ra c

t i c

e

wa s pr ohi b i t e

d b y

OSH A re gu l a ti ons. D u r i ng a pprove d r e ci r c ul a t i o n pract i ces, equal po rt

i o ns o f f

r esh ai r and reci rcul at ed ai r are pumped b a ck i n to the b ooth. One a d va nta g e of usi n g

r e ci r c ul a t i o n i s the d e cre a

se d e x

ha ust f l ow vol ume e m i tte d to the a t

mosphe r e a nd d e creased capi tol and operati n g costs of the VOC contro l sy stem. A jo in t EP A a nd U
. S
. A i r Fo rc e

re se a

r c h

a nd de v e lo p m e

n

t p r o g ra m d e vel o ped t h

ese emi ssi o n

s co nt ro l co ncept s

f o

r hazard o us ai r pol l u tants ( H A Ps)
. T h e

re a re tw o ty pe s of a d d

- on contr o l d e vi ce s, te chnol o g i e s use d to capture pol l u tants f r om poi n t- sour ce ai r emi ssi ons: comb usti on contro l d e vi ces and r e cover y d e vi ces. Comb usti on contr o l d e vi ces ar e use d to d e str o y

conta m i na n

ts, conve r

ti ng the m pr i m a

r

i l y to ca r

b on dio xide a nd wa t

e

r. C o m b

u s t i o n

c

o

n

t

ro l de v i c e

s

u se d by t h

e

fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry inc l u d e t h

e

r

m a

l inc i ne ra t i o n , wit h

re c

u p e ra t i v e a nd regene rat i v e h e

at

rec o

v e ry, and c a

t

a

lyt i c

inc i ne rat i o n .

S I C C o d e 25 28 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Recover y d e vi ces ar e used to col l e ct VOCs pr i o r

to thei r f i nal d i s posi ti on. One r e cove r

y

d e vi ce i s ca r

b on a d sor p ti on use d i n conj uncti o n w i th r e g e ne ra ti on of the ca r

b on b e d b y ste a

m or hot a i r . B

y usi n g e i the r ste a

m or hot a i r , the VOCs ma y

b e r e cove r e d or dis p o se d o f fo llo win g

re ge ne ra t i o n . T h e

r

ma l i nci ne ra ti on i s a proce ss b y

w h i c

h w a ste g a s i s b r oug h t to ad equat e

t

e

mperat ure, and hel d at t

h

at t e

mperat ure f o

r a suf f

i ci ent t i m e

fo r t h

e

o

r

ga n

i c

c

o

m p o u nd s in t

h

e

wa s

t

e

ga s

t

o

o

x

idiz e . Ca ta

l y ti c i nci ne ra ti on i s compa ra bl e to the r

ma l i nci ne ra ti on i n tha t VOCs a re he a

t

e

d to a te mpe ra t ur e suf f

i ci e n

t f o

r

ox i d a ti on to occur . H o w e ve r , w i th ca ta

l y ti c i nci ne ra ti on, the te mpe ra t ure r e q

u i r e d f o

r o

x

ida t i o n

is c o

n

s

ide ra bly lo we r t h

a

n

t h

a

t re q

u ire d fo r t h

e

r

m a

l i nci ne ra ti on b e ca use a ca ta

l y st i s use d to pr omote ox i d a ti on of c

o

n

t

a

m ina n

t s . P l a t in u m is t

h

e

m o

s

t wide ly u se d c a

t

a

lys t ; p a lla diu m is al so commonl y used
. B e cause the metal s used as catal y sts are e

x

p e n

s

iv e , o n

ly a t h

in film is a p p lie d t o

t

h

e

s

u p p o rt

in g s u bs t

ra t

e . A commonl y used sub s

trate i s cera mi c.
III. B
. 6. Fi ni s h

i n g T h e pr i m a

r

y outputs of the f i ni shi n g

ste p s of the ma nuf a

ctur i n g process i ncl ud e sol v ent emi ssi ons to the atmosphere , as w e l l as spent so lv e n

t s , a nd p a rt

ic

le

s o f wo o

d a nd c o

a

t in g m a

t

e

ria l s

a p p lie d t o

t

h

e fu rn it

u re . S o lv e n

t s

o r

t

h

in ne rs

t

y p i c a

lly u se d in p a in t s

inc l u d e t

o

l u e ne o

r

xyle ne . R u bbin g

a nd p o lis h

i n g , p e rfo r

m e

d a f t

e

r fin i s

h

in g, re q

u ire the use of ma te

r

i a

l s conta i ni ng l u b r i c

a

n

ts, such a s

d e te

r

g e n

ts a nd p e t

ro l e

u m-ba se d t h

in o ils , a nd a b ra s

i v e s , s u c h

a s p u m i c

e , t r

ip o li, a nd dia t

o

m a

c

e

o

u s e a

rt

h
. Be c

a

u se wo o

d fu rn it

u r e fin i s

h

in g is a so lv e n

t

i n te

nsi v e proce ss, the pr i m a

r

y

outputs a r e spe n

t sol v e n

ts a nd sol v e n

t emi ssi ons. F l a s

hof f a re a

s a r e a r e a

s tha t a r e e i the r

b e tw e e

n

spra y

b ooths, or b e tw e e

n

a spra y

b ooth a nd a n

ove n , i n w h i c

h sol v e n

t i s a l l o w e d to v o la

t iliz e fro m t

h

e

c

o

a

t

e

d p i e c

e . W h

ile so m e

fla s

h

o

ff a r e a

s h a

v e fo rc e

d ai r ci rcul at i o n and are ref e

rred t o

as f o

rced

- f l asho f

f areas, mo st

f

l asho f

f a

re a

s d o not ha ve a se pa ra te e x

ha ust. T h e

l e ng th of f l a

s

hof f a r e a

s v a rie s

s i gn ific a

n

t l y by fa c

ilit y, a nd e v e n

wit h

in a fa c

ilit y, de p e ndin g o

n

wh e

t

h

e

r t h

e

c

o

a

t in g will be c

u re d in a

n

o

v e n . A fla s

h

o

ff a r e a t h

a

t is not f o

l l o w e d b y a n ove n i s of te

n l o ng e r

tha n

one tha t i s l o ca te

d i n b e tw e e

n

a

b ooth a nd a n

ove n .

S e p tem b e r 1995 29 S I C C o d e 25---

--- ---

--- ---

--- --- Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ovens ar e used b e tw een some coati n g

steps to cur e the coati n g pr i o r to t

h

e next st ep i n t h

e f i ni shi n g sequence. M a ny t y pes o f o v ens are used i n t h

e wo o

d f u rni t ure i nd u st ry. M o s

t are st eam- heat ed usi n g ei t h

er a wo o

d

- o r c o

a

l -fire d bo ile r; o t

h

e

r

s a r e ga s -fire d. In fra r e d o r

u l t ra v io le

t o

v ens are al so used , b u t t

h

ei r use i n t

h

e wo o

d f u rni t ure i nd u st ry i s l i m i t

e

d a t thi s ti me . Ove n

te mpe ra t ure s

ca n ra ng e f r om l e ss tha n 3 8 to 121 d e grees C e l s

i u s d e pend i n g o n

t

h

e t y pe o f co at

i n g used , t h

e pi ece b e i n g co at

ed , and t h

e o v en resi d e nce t i me. T h e exhaust rat e f r o m o

v ens al so vari es, and can range b e t w een 21. 2 and 425 cub i c met e

rs per mi nute. E x hi b i t 8 conta i ns the r e l a

ti ve VOC e m i ssi ons f o

r

thre e

d i f f

e

r e nt mod e l p l a n

t s : a re s

ide n

t ia

l fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit y u s in g a lo n

g f

i ni shi n g se q

u e nce ( c onsi sti n g of a tota l of thr e e

or more sta i n a

p p lic a

t io n

s ; a s i n g le a p p lic a

t io n

o f wa s

h

c o

a

t

, fille r, se a

l e

r , a nd h

i gh ligh t ; a nd t w o o r

t h

re e

t o

p c o

a

t a p p lic a

t io n

s

); a re s

ide n

t ia

l fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit y u s in g a s h

o

r

t fin i s

h

in g se q

u e nc e ( c

o

n

si st i n g o f t

w o st ai n appl i c at

i o ns, o ne appl i c at

i o n o f w a shco at and seal er, and t w o t o

p co at

appl i c at

i o ns) ; and an o f

f

i ce/ c ab i net m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit y u s in g a s

h

o

r

t fin i s

h

in g se q

u e nc e

(c o

n

s

i s

t in g o f o

ne appl i c at

i o n o f st ai n, seal er, and t o

p co at

)
. T h e rel a t i ve VO C emi ssi o n

s are present e

d as a percent o f each co at

i n g appl i e d f o

r each m o

de l p l a n

t

. Ex hibit 8 R e la tive VOC Em is s i ons Ty p e o

f p lan t F u r n itu r e

lon g F u r n itu r e

s h or t Of f i c

e /

c

ab in et St

ain 26 p e r c

en t 28 p e r c

en t 32 p e r c

en t Wash c

oat 4 p e r c

en t 4 p e r c

en t Filler 3 per c en t Wip i n g

st ain / g laze 8 p e r c

en t Sealer 18 p e r c

en t 32 p e r c

en t 32 p e r c

en t Hig h

lig h

t 1 p e r c

en t T o p c oat 40 p e r c

en t 36 p e r c

en t 36 p e r c

en t To tal 100 p e r c

en t 100 p e r c

en t 100 p e r c

en t S o

u

r c e : E P A Dra f t G u id

elin es fo r th e C o n

t ro

l o

f V o la

tile Org a

n

i c

C o mp o u

n

d

E missio n

s f r om Wood F u r n

i t

u

re C oat i n

g O p erat i on s . S I C C o d e 25 30 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es III. B
. 7. C l eanu p O p erat i o ns Sol v e n

t- b o r

ne ni tr oce l l u l o se l a cq ue r

s

a r e the pr e d omi na n

t ty pe of c

o

a

t in gs u se d by t h

e wo o

d fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry t o

d a y . Th e

re s

i n s

in s

u c h

c

o

a

t in gs a re re la

t i v e ly “ diffic u lt ” t o

dis so lv e , so a h i gh-so l v e ncyra t

e

d so lv e n

t m u s t be u se d in t

h

e

i r fo rm u l a t io n . S i m ila rly, t h

in n

i n g o f t

h

ese co at

i n gs requi r es t h

e use o f t h

e same so l v ent o r

o ne wi t h e

q

u i v a le

n

t so lv e nc y . Th is

so lv e n

t is ge ne ric a

lly re fe

rre d t o a s “ l a c

q

u e r thi nne r . ” T h e cur r e nt pra c

ti ce i s to use l a cq ue r

thi nne r

f o

r

b oth inc ide n

t

a

l t h

in n

i n g

o f p r e m ixe d c o

a

t in gs a nd fo r c l e

a

n

u p o f t h

e c

o

a

t in gs . A d v a n

t

a

g e s

o f t

h

e

la c

q

u e r t h

in ne r inc l u d e it s c o

m p a t ibilit y w i th the f i ni shi n g ma te

r

i a

l s a nd the e a

se w i th w h i c

h i t r e move s cure d n

i t

ro c

e

llu lo se la c

q

u e rs . I n w ood

- c oa ti ng ope ra t i o ns, i nd u str i a

l sol v e n

ts a r e use d p re d o m ina n

t l y fo r c l e

a

n

i n g

a p p lic a

t io n

e q

u i p m e

n

t

. I n a ddit io n , cl e a

nup sol v e n

t ca n a l so b e use d to cl e a

n out pi pi ng , cl e a

n b ooths a nd ra i l s , str i p cur e d coati n gs f r om w ood par t s or machi ner y , and p e rio dic a

lly c l e

a

n

c e

n

t

ra liz e d c o

a

t in g s t

o

ra g e a nd dis t

r

ibu t io n (p u m p room) e q

ui pme n

t. Appl i c at

i o n equi pment must b e cl eaned ev ery t i me t h

ere i s a co l o r c

h

a

n

ge , a nd u s u a lly be fo re t h

e e q

u i p m e

n

t is t

o

be idle fo r a p e rio d o f t i m e

(e .g., a t t h

e

e nd o f t h

e

da y). Fo r s p ra y c o

a

t in g a p p lic a

t io n , equi pment cl eaned wi t h

so l v ent s

i ncl ud es spray guns, f eed l i nes, and c

o

a

t in g re se rv o i rs (wh e

re a p p lic a

ble ). I n t h

e

c a

se o f ro ll c o

a

t in g o

p erat io n

s , t h

e ro llers and s p ray bar no zzles m u s t be c l eane d p e rio dic a

lly t o

m a

in t

a

in a p p lic a

t io n

q u a lit y a s

we ll a s

p r io r t o c o

lo r chang e s. S p ra y gu n s h a

v e t

ra dit io n

a

lly be e

n

c l e

a

ne d by se ndin g p u re so lv e n

t f

rom the coa t i n g

r e se r

v oi r thro ug h the gu n, a nd a tomi z i n g the sol v e n

t i n to the b ooth ve nti l a ti on sy ste m . Re cog n i z i n g

tha t thi s r e sul t s i n si g n i f

i c

a

n

t e m i ssi ons of sol v e n

t, some ope ra tor s cut of f the a tomi z i n g a

i r to the spra y

gu n a nd pump the cl e a

nup sol v e n

t thr o ug h the gu n i n to a conta i ne r . T h i s

pr oce d ure ca n w o r

k

i f the gu n i s the ty pe tha t d o e

s not d e pe nd on the f

l ow of the a tomi z i n g

a i r

to pump the coa t i n g ( o

r cl eanup so l v ent ) t h

ro ugh t h

e mechani s m. Al t e

rnat el y, cl eanup m a

y in v o lv e so a

kin g t h

e e n

t i re gu n in so lv e n

t

. Th is

gu a r ds a

g a i n s

t t

h

e p o s

s

i bilit y t h

a

t s

m a

ll a m o

u n t s

o f c

o

a

t in g ina d v e rt

e

n

t l y m i s

se d du rin g t

h

e

c

l e

a

n

i n g

will c u re a nd c l o g

t

h

e

s

m a

ll o r

ific e

s

o f t h

e gu n . C l e a

n

u p so lv e n

t is o f t

e

n re u se d wit h

in a fa c

ilit y, a nd e v e n

t u a lly re c

y c l e

d in

h

o

u se o r se n

t o u t fo r re c

y c lin g/ dis p o s

a

l. Exh i bit 9 p r o v ide s

a n

S e p tem b e r 1995 31 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

ove r

vi e w of the ma te

r

i a

l i n puts a nd pol l u ti on outputs f o

r

e a

ch ste p

of the w ood f u r n

i t

ur e ma nuf a

ctur i n g

pr oce ss. Ex hibit 9 I nputs a

nd Outputs of W ood Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities Pr o c ess Mater ial I nput Air Em issio n s P r o c ess Was tes Oth er Was tes Dr ying O v e n

s / Dry i n g

K i l n s ( b

o

i l e rs co ve re

d belo w) R a w l u m b

e

r Em i ssi on s, in

c

l ud in g wat e

r an d po s

sible c

h

emic als us ed in pr et r e

a

t ment o

f ra

w l u m b

e

r Ma ch i n i n g S a w i ng/Pl a ni ng/ San d in g D r ied lumber Wo o d c h

ips , saw d u s t Wood c h

i p s, saw d u s t Wood c h

i p s, saw d u s t B e nd ing/D r ying ( b

o

i l e rs co ve re

d belo w) Lu m b

e

r Em i ssi on s, in

c

l ud in g wat e

r an d po s

sible c

h

emic als us ed in pr et r e

a

t ment o

f ra

w l u m b

e

r Assem b

l y Gluin g / V en eer A pplic at

ion H o t melt s , po lyv i n y l ac

et

at

e, s o lv en t

- bas e d adh e

si ve s (e
. g . , me t h

yl is o b

ut

yl k

e

ton e , me th

yl e t h

yl ke t one , x y l e ne , t o

lu en e, 1, 1, 1- tri c h

l or oeth an e) Solv en t emis si on s ( e .g ., me th

yl is o b

ut

yl ket one, met h

yl et h

y l ke t one , x yl e ne , t o

lu en e, 1, 1, 1- tr

i c

h

l or oeth an e) Spen t s o lv en t

b

a

se

d adh e

si ve s ( e .g ., me th

y l is o b

ut

yl ket one, met h

y l et h

yl ke t one , x yl e ne , t o

lu en e, 1, 1, 1- tri c h

l or oeth an e) San d in g A s s e

mbled furn it

ur e W o o d c h

ips , saw d u s t Wood c h

i p s, saw d u s t Wood c h

i p s, saw d u s t P r e

- finis hing Wat er

in

g/ San d in g A s s e

mbled furn it

ur e, w a te

r, adh e

si ve s, re

si n s Wood c h

i p s, saw d u s t, ad h e

siv e , an d re

si n p a rti c l e

s Wood c h

i p s, saw d u s t, ad h e

siv e , an d re

si n p a rti c l e

s D e r o

si n a

ti on A mmon i a, ac eton e S ol ven t emi ssi on s ( e .g ., a c

e

t on e

) Spen t ac et

on e, ammon i a, n

a

tu ra l re si n fr om wood Spen t ac et

on e, ammon i a, n

a

tu ra l re si n fr om wood

S I C C o d e 25 32 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 9 (c ont' d) I nputs a

nd Outputs of W ood Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities Pr o c ess Mater ial I nput Air Em i ssi on s P r o c es s Was tes Oth er Was tes P r e

- finis hing (c ont inue d) B l eac h

in

g B leac h

i n

g

ag en t s

(e. g . , h

y dro g e n

p e ro

xi de , s o d i um bis ulf i t

e , sodi u m h

y p o su l f i t

e , sodi u m p e rb

orate , o

x alic ac id , po t a

s

si um p e rm an g a n

a

t e , so di u m o

r ca l c

i u m hypo c h

l ori t e

) S p e n

t b

l e

a

c

hi ng a

g e n

ts

( e .g ., hyd r o g e n p e ro

xi de , so di u m bis ulf i t

e , s o d i um h

y po s

u lfit e, sodi u m p e rb

orate , o

x alic ac id , p o tassi u m p e rm an g a n

a

t e , sodi u m or c

a

lc

ium hypo c h

l ori t e

) S p e n

t b

l e

a

c

hi ng a

g e n

ts

( e .g ., hyd r o g e n p e ro

xi de , so di u m bis ulf i t

e , s o d i um h

y po s

u lfit e, sodi u m p e rb

orate , o

x alic ac id , p o tassi u m p e rm an g a n

a

t e , sodi u m or c

a

lc

ium hypo c h

l ori t e

) Finis h ing S t

a

i ni ng M i ne r a

l sp i ri t s , alc o

h

o

l, s o lv en t s , p i g me n

ts

( e .g ., i r on o

x

id es , lead c h

r omat e , c

a

lc

ium s u lfat e, ca

dm i u m se l e

n

i de ) Solv en t e

m

i ssi on s P i gmen t was t es ( e .g ., i r on o

x

i d e s , lead c h

r omat e , c

a

lc

ium s u lfat e, ca

dm i u m se

l e

n

i de ), sol v e n

t was t es Wash c

oat i n

g Nit r oc ellu lose-based lac q

uer s , ac r y lic l a

cqu e rs, va rn

i sh, sh ellac , po lyur et h

a

n

e , sol v e n

ts Solv en t e

m

i ssi on s Spen t s o lv en t s , n

i t

r o c ellulo s e

bas e d lac q

uer s , ac

r ylic lac q

uer s , v a rn

is h, polyur e t ha ne , a n

d sh ellac Fillin g P igmen t s

(e. g . , ir on o

x

id es , lead c h

r omat e , c

a

lc

ium s u lfat e, ca

dm i u m se l e

n

i de ) , s

t a

i ns , d r yi ng o i l s , s y nt he t i c

r e si ns , s o

lv en t

- bas e d t h

i nne r

s Solv en t e

m

i ssi on s Spen t s o lv en t s , s

t a

i ns , d r yi ng o i l s , s y nt he t i c

r e si ns , t h

i nne r

s , a n

d p i g me n

ts

( e .g ., ir on o

x

id es , lead ch ro

m

a

te , ca l c

i u m su l f a

t e , ca dm i u m se

l e

n

i de )

S e p tem b e r 1995 33 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 9 (c ont' d) I nputs a

nd Outputs of W ood Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities Pr o c ess Mater ial I nput Air Em ission s P r o c ess Wastes So lid Wastes Finis h ing (c ont inue d) Sealin g N it r o c e

llulo s e

-bas ed lac q

uer s , ac r ylic l a

cqu e rs, va rn

i s h, s h ellac , s o lv en t s , po lyur e t ha ne Solv en t e

m

i ssi on s Spen t s o lv en t s , n

i t

r o c ellulo s e

bas e d lac q

uer s , ac

r ylic lac q

uer s , v a rn

ish, sh ellac , po lyur e t ha ne Prim ing Fungic i d e , w a t e

r r e

pellen t P a in

t i n

g T o luen e, pigmen t s ( e .g ., ti ta n

i u m d i ox i d e, i r on ox i d es, lead c h

r o

mat e

), epox y-es t e

r r e si n s , ar omat ic hyd r o c a

r

b

o

ns , glyc o

l e

t he r , ha l o

ge na t e

d hyd r o c a

r

b

o

ns , v i nyl ac

et

at

e, ac r ylic Solv en t e

m

i ssi on s (e
. g . , t o

luen e) Spen t s o lv en t s ( e .g ., to l u e n

e

) , p i g m

e

n

ts

( e .g ., ti ta n

i u m di oxi d e , ir on o

x

id es , lead ch ro

m

a

te

) , e p o x

y e

s

te

r re si n s , ar omat ic hyd r o c a

r

b

ons , glyc o

l et her , ha l o

ge na t e

d hyd r o c a

r

b

ons , v i n y l ac et

at

e, ac

r y lic T o pc o a t A pplic at

io

n D en at

ur ed alc o

h

o

ls , re

si n s , sh e

l l a c, pet r o

l eum d i s t illat e

s , t o

lu en e, d i soc y an at

e Solv en t e

m

i ssi on s (e
. g . , t o

luen e) S p e n

t de n

a

tu re d a

l c

oho l s , r e si ns , sh ellac , pet r o

l eum d i s t illat e

s , t o

luen e, d i soc y an at

e S a n

d i n g

( o ccu rs i n

te

rm i tte n

t ly bet w een eac h

of t h

e abov e i sh in

g applic at

ion s

) Fin i s h ed piec e of fu rn it

u r e Par t ic

les t

h

at i n

c

l u d e wood , ad h e

siv e , re

si n , n

i t

r o c ellulo s e lac q

uer , pain t , s

t ain , filler , an d sealer Par t ic

les t

h

at i n

c

l u d e wood , adh e

si ve , re si n , n

i t

r o c ellulo s e lac q

uer , pain t , s

t ain , filler , an d se

al e r Par t ic

les t

h

at i n

c

l u d e wood , adh e

si ve , re si n , n

i t

r o c ellulo s e lac q

uer , pain t , s

t ain , filler , an d se

al e r Rubbin g/ Po lish i n

g L u bric an t s , de te

rg e n

ts, p e trol e u m - b a

se

d th i n o

ils , pumic e , t ripo li, d i amac eou s ear t h Spen t lubric an t s , de te

rg e n

ts, oi l s fin

S I C C o d e 25 34 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 9 (c ont' d) I nputs a

nd Outputs of W ood Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities Pr o c ess Mater ial I nput Air Em ission s P r o c ess Wastes So lid Wastes C l e anup Ope r

at ions B r us h C l e a

ni ng/ S p r a y G u n C l e a

ni ng Ace ton e , tol u e n

e , pet r o

l eum d i s t illat e

s , met h

an ol, met h

y l en e c

h

lori d e , is o p r o pan o

l, min e

r a

l sp irit s , alc oh o

ls Solv en t e

m

i ssi on s (e
. g . , ac

et

on e, t o

luen e, met h

an ol, met h

yl en e ch l ori de ) Spen t s o lv en t s ( e .g ., a c

e

t on e , t o

luen e, met h

an ol, met h

yl en e ch l ori de ) , min e

r a

l sp irit s , alc oh o

ls, pet r o

l eum d i s t illat e

s Spen t s o lv en t s ( e .g ., a c

e

t on e , t o

luen e, met h

an ol, met h

yl en e ch l ori de ) , m i n

e

ra

l sp irit s , alc oh o

ls , pet r o

l eum d i s t illat e

s B o ile r

s Bo i l e rs W o o d a n

d co a t i n

g m

a

te

ri a l p a rti c u l a t e

s fr om t h

e fin i sh in

g pr o c es

s B o iler as h pa r t ic

ula t es B o iler as h

Sourc e : P o l l u t i on P revent i on O p t i ons i n Wood Furni t u

re Manuf ac

t u

ri ng , 1992.
III. C
. M a n a g e m e n t o f C h e m i c

a

l s i n W a

stest re a m Th e P o llu t i o n P rev en t i o n Ac t o f 1990 (EP A ) requ ires fac ilit ies t

o

rep o rt i n f

o

rmat i o n ab o u t t h

e management o f T R I chemi c al s i n w a st

e and e

f

f

o

r

t s ma d e to e l i m i n a

t

e

or r e d u ce those q u a n

ti ti e s . T h e

se d a ta

ha ve be e

n

c o

lle c

t

e

d a n

n

u a lly in S e c

t io n

8 o f t h

e

TR I re p o rt

in g Fo rm R b e g i nni ng w i th the 1991 r e por t i n g

y e ar . T h e d a ta summar i zed b e l o

w co ver t h

e years 1992- 1995 and i s meant t o

pro v i d e a b a si c und e r

s

ta nd i n g of the q u a n

ti ti e s of w a ste ha nd l e d b y

the i nd u str y , the me thod s ty pi ca l l y use d to ma na g e thi s w a ste , a nd re ce nt tr e nd s i n the se me thod s. T R I w a ste ma na g e me nt d a ta

ca n b e use d to a sse ss t

re nds in so u r c e

re du c t io n

wit h

in indiv idu a l indu s t

rie s

a nd fa c

ilit ie

s , a

nd fo r s p e c

ific TR I c h

e

m ic

a

l s . Th is

in fo rm a

t io n

c

o

u ld t h

e

n

be u se d a s a

tool i n i d e nti f y i ng oppor t uni t i e

s f o

r pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on compl i a nce assi stance acti vi ti es. Whi l e t h

e quant i t

i es repo rt

ed f o

r 1992 and 1993 are est i mat e

s o f quant i t

i es al read y managed , t h

e quant i t

i es repo rt

ed f o

r 1994 and 1995 a

re proj e c

ti ons onl y . T h e

E P A r e q

u i r e s

the se pr oj e c

ti ons to e ncoura g e fa c

ilit ie

s

t

o

c o

n

s

ide r fu t u re wa s

t

e

ge ne ra t i o n

a nd so u r c e re du c t io n o f those q u a n

ti ti e s

a s

w e l l a s

move me nt up the w a ste ma na g e me nt

S e p tem b e r 1995 35 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t h

i e

ra rc h

y. Fu t u re -ye a

r e s

t i m a

t

e

s

a r e no t c o

m m i t

m e

n

t s t h

a

t fa c

ilit ie

s rep o rt

in g u nder TR I are requ ired t o

m eet . Exh i bit 1 0 s h

o

w s t h

a

t t h

e

fu rn it

u r e a nd fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry m a

na ge d a

b o u t 4 7

m illio n

p o u nds o f p r o d u c t i o n -re l a

t

e

d wa s

t

e

( tota l q u a n

ti ty of T R I che m i c

a

l s i n the w a ste f r om r o uti ne pr od ucti on ope ra t i o ns) i n 1993 ( c o

l umn B)
. C o l umn C reveal s t h

at

o f t h

i s pro d uct i o n - r el at ed wa s

t

e , 9 8

p e rc e

n

t wa s

e i t

h

e

r

t ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e

o r re le

a

se d t o t h

e e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

. C o lu m n

C is c a

lc

u l a t

e

d by div idin g t h

e tota l T R I tra n

sf

e

r

s a nd re l e

a

se s b y

the tota l q u a n

ti ty of prod ucti on- re l a

t

e

d w a ste . I n othe r

w o rd s, a b out one pe rc e

n

t of the i nd u str y 's T R I w a ste s were m a

na ged o n -s it

e t h

ro u g h rec y c lin g, energy rec o

v e ry, o r tre a

tme n

t a s

show n i n col umns D , E a nd F , r e spe c

ti ve l y . T h e

ma j o r

i ty o

f wa s

t

e

t

h

a

t is re le

a

se d o r

t

ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e

c a

n

be div ide d in t

o p o rt

io n

s

t h

a

t a re re c

y c l e

d o ff-s it

e , re c

o

v e re d fo r e ne r

gy o ff-s it

e , o r t

re a

t

e

d o ff-s it

e

a s

s h

o

w n in c o

lu m n

s

G , H, a nd I, re s

p e c

t i v e ly. Th e re ma i n i n g

por t i o n of the pr od ucti on- r e l a

t

e

d w a ste s ( 9 0

. 6 pe r c e

n

t) , show n i n col umn J , i s e i the r

r e l e

a

se d to the e n

vi r o nme n

t thro ug h dire c

t disc h

a

r

ge s

t

o

a

i r, la nd , wa t

e

r, a nd u nde rgro u nd in je c

t io n , o r it is dis p o se d o ff-s it

e . Fro m t

h

e

ye a

r

ly da t

a

p r e se n

t

e

d be lo

w it is a

p p a re n

t t

h

a

t t

h

e p o rt

io n o f T R I wast es repo rt

ed as recycl ed o n - s i t

e has remai ned st ead y and t h

e por t i o ns tre a

te

d or ma na g e d thro ug h e ne r

g

y

r e cove r

y

on- s i t

e

ha ve d e creased sl i g ht l y

b e t w een 1992 and 1995 ( p ro j e ct

ed )
. Ex hibit 1 0 Sour c

e

R e duc tion a nd R e c y c ling A c tivity f o r SI C 2 5 A C D E F G H I J Pr

o duc tio

n Re la te d Wa s t

e % Re p ort ed as

R e le

as e d O n -Site O ff-Site Re m a

ining R e l eases Y ear Vo l u m e (1 0 6 lbs
. ) an d T

r a

n

sfe

rred % R ecy cled % E n er

g

y R eco ver y % T r ea

ted % R ecy cled % E n er

g

y R eco ver y % Tr

e a t ed an d Di s p os a l 1992 44 100% 0. 66% 0. 00% 0. 57% 2. 32% 6. 55% 0. 90% 89. 35% 1993 47 98% 0. 70% 0. 02% 0. 42% 2. 38% 5. 10% 0. 80% 90. 58% 1994 44 — 0
. 76% 0. 00% 0. 46% 2. 47% 4. 60% 0. 78% 90. 93% 1995 44 — 0
. 73% 0. 00% 0. 46% 2. 60% 5. 19% 0. 72% 90. 31% B

S I C C o d e 25 36 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es IV
. C H EM I C AL R ELEASE AN D T RA N S FE R P RO FIL E Th is se c

t io n

is de s

i gne d t o

p r o v ide ba c

kgro u nd in fo rm a

t io n

o n

t

h

e p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s

t

h

a

t a r e re p o rt

e

d by t h

is

indu s t

ry. Th e

be s

t so u r c e o

f c o

m p a ra t iv e p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se in fo rm a

t io n

is t h

e

To xic R e le

a

se Inventor y

Sy stem ( T R I)
. Pur s

uant to the E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act, T R I i ncl ud es sel f

- r epor ted f a

c

ilit y release and t ran s

f

er dat a

fo r o v er 600 t o

x

ic

c

h

em ic

als
. Fac ilit ies wit h

in SIC C o d e s 20- 39 ( m anuf act u ri ng i nd u st ri es) t h

at

have mo re t h

an 10 e

m p l o y e e

s , a nd t h

a

t a r e a b o v e we igh t

-ba se d re p o rt

in g t h

re s

h

o

lds a r e re q

u ire d t o

re p o rt

TR I o n -s it

e

re le

a

se s

a nd o ff-s it

e t ra n

s

f

e

r

s . Th e i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n pre se n

te

d w i thi n the se ctor note b ook s i s d e r

i ve d f r om the mo st recent l y avai l a bl e ( 1993) T R I repo rt

i n g year ( w hi ch t h

en i ncl ud ed 316 chemi c al s) , and f o

cuses pri m ari l y o n

t

h

e o n - s i t

e rel e ases repo rt

ed b

y each sector . B e cause T R I r e qui r es consi s tent re por t i n g

r e g a r d l e ss of se ctor , i t i s a n

e x ce l l e nt tool f o

r d ra w i n g compa r

i sons a c

r o ss indu s t

rie s . A l thoug h thi s se ctor note b ook d o e

s

not pr e se n

t hi stor i c

a

l i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n re ga rdin g TR I c h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se s

o v e r

t

i m e , p l e a

se no t

e t h

a

t in ge ne ra l, t

o

x

ic

c

h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se s

h a

v e be e

n

de c

lin in g. I n fa c

t

, a c

c

o

rdin g t o t h

e 1993 T o xi c R e l e

ase Invent o

r

y D a t

a

B o o

k , repo rt

ed rel e ases d r o pped b y 42. 7% b e t w een 1988 and 1993. Al t h

o

u gh o n - s i t

e rel e ases have d e cre a

se d , the tota l a m ount of re por t

e

d tox i c

w a ste ha s not d e cl i ne d be c

a

u se t h

e

a m o

u n t o f t o

x

ic

c h

e

m ic

a

l s

t ra n

s

f

e

rre d o ff-s it

e h a

s inc rease d. Tran s

f

ers h a

v e inc r ease d fro m 3. 7 billio n

p o u nds in 1991 t o 4. 7 billio n

p o u nds in 1993. Bet t

e

r m a

n

a

gem e

n

t p rac t i c

e

s h a

v e led t o inc re a

se s

in o ff-s it

e

t

ra n

s

f

e

r

s

o f t

o

x

ic

c h

e

m ic

a

l s

fo r re c

y c lin g. M o r e de t

a

ile d in fo rm a

t io n c a

n be o b

t

a

ine d fro m EP A ' s a n

n

u a l To xic s R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y P u blic Da t

a R e le

a

se bo o

k

(wh i c

h

is a v a ila ble t

h

ro ugh t h

e E P C R A H o t l i ne at 1- 800- 535- 0202) , o r

d i r ect l y f r o m t

h

e T o xi c R e l e

ase Invent o

r

y Syst em d a t

a

b a se ( f o

r user suppo rt cal l 202- 260- 1531)
. W h

e

re v e r

possi bl e , the se ctor note b ook s pr e se n

t T R I d a ta a s the p r im a

r

y indic a

t

o

r

o f c

h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se wit h

in e a

c

h indu s t

ria l c a

t

e

go ry. T R I d a ta

provi d e the ty pe , a m ount, a nd me d i a r e ce ptor of e a

ch che m i c

a

l re l e

a

se d or tra n

sf

e

r

r e d
. W h

e

n

othe r

source s of pol l u ta nt rel e ase d a t

a hav e b een o b

t

a

i ned , t h

ese d a t

a

hav e b een i ncl ud ed t o a

u g m e

n

t the T R I i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n.

S e p tem b e r 1995 37 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t TR I Da t

a

Lim it

a

t io n

s Th e re a

d e r s h

o

u ld ke e

p

in m i nd t h

e

fo llo win g

lim it

a

t io n

s

re ga rdin g TR I da t

a

. W i t

h

in so m e se c

t

o

r

s , t h

e

m a jo rit y

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

a

r e no t s

u bje c

t t

o TR I re p o rt

in g be c

a

u se t h

e

y

a r e no t c o

n

s

ide re d m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

rie s , o r be c

a

u se t h

e

y

a r e be lo

w TR I re p o rt

in g t h

re s

h

o

lds
. E xa m pl e s

a r e the mi ni ng , d r y

cl e a

ni ng , pr i n ti ng , a nd tra n

spor ta

ti on equi pment cl eani ng sector s. F o r

these sector s, r e l e

ase i n f

o

r

m ati o n f

rom other sour ces has b een i ncl ud ed
. T h e read er sho u l d al so b e aw are t h

at

T R I " p o u nd s rel e ased " d a t

a pr e se n

te

d w i thi n the note b ook s i s not e q

ui va l e

nt to a " r i s

k " ra nk i n g f o

r e

a

c

h indu s t

ry. W e

igh t in g e a

c

h

p o u nd o f re le

a

se e q

u a lly do e

s

no t f

a

ctor i n the re l a

ti ve tox i c

i t

y

of e a

ch che m i c

a

l tha t i s r e l e

a

se d
. T h e A g e ncy i s i n the pr oce ss of d e ve l o pi ng a n

a ppr oa ch to a ssi g n tox i c

ol og i c a

l w e i g hti n gs to e a

ch che m i c

a

l r e l e

a

se d so tha t one ca n diffe re n

t ia

t

e be t w e e

n p o llu t a

n

t s wit h

s

i gn ific a

n

t diffe re nc e

s

in t

o

x

ic

it

y. A s a p re lim ina r

y indic a

t

o

r

o f t h

e

e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l im p a c

t o f t h

e i nd u str y 's most commonl y r e l e

ased chemi c al s, the noteb ook b r i e

f

l y summar i zes the tox i c

ol og i c al proper ti es of the top f i ve chemi c al s ( b y we igh t ) re p o rt

e

d by e a

c

h

indu s t

ry. De f i nitions As s o c i a

te d W ith Se c tion I V Da ta

T a bles Genera l D e f

i ni ti ons

S I C Co d e - - the Stand a r d I nd u str i al Cl assi f i cati on ( S I C ) i s a stati s ti cal c

l a

s

s

i fic a

t i o n s t

a

nda rd u se d fo r a ll e s

t

a

blis h

m e

n

t

-ba se d Fe de ra l e

c

o

no m ic s t

a

t is

t i c

s . Th e

S I C c o

de s

fa c

ilit a

t

e

c o

m p a r

iso n

s

be t w e e

n fa c

ilit y a nd indu s t

ry da t

a

. T R I Fa c

ilities -- a re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t h a

v e 1 0 o r m o

re fu llt i me empl o y ees and are ab o v e est a

bl i s hed chemi c al t h

ro ughput t

h

re s

h

o

lds
. M a n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

a r e de fine d a s fa c

ilit ie

s in S t a

nda rd I ndu s t

ria l C l a s

s

i fic a

t i o n

p r im a

r

y c o

de s

2

0

- 3 9

. Fa c

ilit ie

s m u s t s

u bm it

e s

t i m a

t

e

s

fo r a ll c h

e

m ic

a

l s

t

h

a

t a r e o n

t

h

e EP A ' s de fine d lis t a

nd a re a

b ove thro ug hput thr e shol d s . Da t

a

Ta ble C o lu m n

He a

din g De fin i t

i o n

s Th e

fo llo win g

de fin i t

i o n

s

a r e ba se d u p o n s t

a

nda rd de fin i t

i o n

s de v e lo p e d by EP A ’ s To xic R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y P r o g ra m . Th e c a

t

e

go rie s be lo

w re p re se n

t t h

e

p o s

s

i ble p o llu t a

n

t de s

t ina t io n

s t h

a

t c a

n be rep o rt

ed.

S I C C o d e 25 38 S e p tem b e r 1995- -

--

--

- -

-- S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

R ELEA SES a r e a n on- s i t

e d i scha r

g e of a tox i c

che m i c

a

l to the envi r o nment. T h i s

i ncl ud es emi ssi ons to the ai r , d i schar g e s to b o d i e s o

f wa t

e

r, re le

a

se s a t t h

e fa c

ilit y t o

la nd , a s

we ll a s

c o

n

t

a

i ne d dis p o sa l in t

o

u nde rgro u nd in je c

t io n

we lls
. R e le a s es to Air (Point a nd Fugitive Air Em is s i ons ) - - Incl ud e al l ai r emi ssi ons f rom i nd u str y

acti vi ty . Poi n t emi ssi ons occur thr o ug h conf i ned ai r stre ams as f o

und i n stack s , d u cts, or pi pes. F u g i ti ve emi ssi ons i ncl ud e l o sses f r om equi pment l e ak s, or evaporati v e l o sses fro m im p o u ndm e

n

t s , s p ills , o r

le a

k

s . Rel eases t o

Water ( S u r f

a

ce Wat er D i sch ar ges)

- encompass any re l e

a

se s

g o i n g

d i r e c

tl y to str e a

m s, r i ve r

s , l a k e s, oce a

ns, or othe r b o d i e s of

w a te

r . A n y

e s

ti ma te

s f o

r

stor mw a t

e

r

r u nof f a nd non- poi n t l o sse s must al so b e i ncl ud ed
. Rel eases to L a n d -- inc l u d e s

dis p o sa l o f wa s

t

e t o o n -s it

e la nd fills , w a ste tha t i s l a nd tr e a

te

d or i ncor p ora t

e

d i n to soi l , sur f

a

c

e im p o u ndm e

n

t s , s p ills , le a

k

s , o r

wa s

t

e

p ile s . Th e

se a c

t i v i t i e

s

m u s t o

c

c

u r wit h

in t

h

e

fa c

ilit y' s bo u nda rie s

fo r inc l u s io n

in t

h

is

c

a

t

e

go ry. U nde r g r o und I n je c tion is a c o

n

t

a

i ne d re le

a

se o f a flu id in t

o

a sub s

ur f

a

ce w e l l f o

r

the pur p ose of w a ste d i s posal
. T R A N SFER S is a t ra n

s

f

e

r

o f t

o

x

ic

c h

e

m ic

a

l s

in wa s

t

e

s

t

o

a fa c

ilit y t

h

a

t is ge o

g ra p h ic

a

lly o r

p h ys ic

a

lly se p a ra t

e

fro m t

h

e

fa c

ilit y re p o rt

in g und e r T R I. T h e quant i t

i es repo rt

ed represent a mo v e ment o f t h

e c

h

e

m ic

a

l a w a y

fro m t

h

e

re p o rt

in g fa c

ilit y. Exc e

p t fo r o ff-s it

e t ra n

s

f

e

r

s f

o

r

d i s posa l , the se q u a n

ti ti e s

d o not ne ce ssa r

i l y r e pr e se n

t e n

tr

y of the chemi c al i n t

o

t

h

e env i ro nment . Tran sfers t o

P O TWs ar e w a stew ater s transf er r e d thro ug h pi pes or se w e r

s to a publ i c l y

ow ne d tr e a

tme n

ts w o r

k

s ( P OT W )
. T r e a

tme n

t a nd c

h

e

m ic

a

l re m o

v a l de p e nd o n

t h

e c h

e

m ic

a

l ' s n a

t u re a nd t r e a

t

m e

n

t me thod s use d
. Che m i c

a

l s not tr e a

te

d or d e str o y e d b y

the POT W a re ge ne ra lly re le

a

se d t o

s

u rfa c

e

wa t

e

rs

o

r

la nd fille d wit h

in t

h

e

s

l u d ge . Tran sfers to Recy cl i n g a r e se n

t o ff-s it

e

fo r t h

e

p u rp o se s

o f re ge ne ra t i n g o r

re c

o

v e rin g

s t ill v a lu a ble m a

t

e

ria l s . O nc e

t h

e

se chemi c al s hav e b een recycl ed , t h

ey may b e ret u rned t o t h

e o r

i g i nat i n g fa c

ilit y o r

so ld c o

m m e

rc ia

lly.

S e p tem b e r 1995 39 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t T r ans f er s

to Ener gy R e c over y

-- a r e wa s

t

e

s

c o

m b

u s t

e

d o ff-s it

e in i nd u st ri al f u rnaces f o

r energy reco v e ry. T r eat m ent o f a chemi c al b y i nci ne ra ti on i s not consi d e r e d to b e e

ne r

g

y

r e cove r

y . T r an sf er s to T r eat m e n t -- a r e wa s

t

e

s

m o

v e d o ff-s it

e

fo r e i t

h

e

r ne u t ra liz a t io n , inc i ne ra t i o n , bio l o g ic a

l de s

t

ru c t io n , o r

p h ys ic

a

l separa ti on. I n some cases, the chemi c al s ar e not d e str o y e d b u t p rep ared fo r fu rt h

e

r was t

e m a

n

a

gem e

n

t

. Tran sfers t o

D i s p o sal -- a r e wa s

t

e

s

t a

ke n

t o

a no t

h

e

r

fa c

ilit y fo r dis p o sa l ge ne ra lly a s

a

re le

a

se t

o

la nd o r

a

s

a

n

in je c

t io n

u nde rgro u nd.
I V
. A
. T oxic R e leas e I n ventor y f o r the Wood Fur n itur e

and Fixtur es I ndustr y Exh i bit s

1 3

- 1 5 illu s t

ra t

e

t

h

e

TR I re le

a

se s

a nd t ra n

s

f

e

r

s

fo r t h

e e n

t i re fu rn it

u re a nd fixt u re s

indu s t

ry (S I C 2 5

)
. Fo r t h

e

indu s t

ry a s

a

wh o

l e , sol v e n

ts ( s uch a s

tol ue ne , me tha nol , x y l e ne , me thy l e t

hy l k e tone , a nd acet o

ne) co mpri se t h

e l a rgest numb er o f T R I rel e ases. T h e l a rge numb e r

of sol v e n

t re l e

a

se s , b oth f u g i ti ve a nd poi n t sour ce e m i ssi ons, re sul t f

rom the sol v e n

t- i n te

nsi v e f

i ni shi n g

pr oce sse s e m pl oy e d b y thi s indu s t

ry. I n a ddit io n

t

o

be in g u se d a s v e h

i c

l e c a

rrie r

s , so lv e n

t s a r e al so used t o

cl ean t h

e co at

i n gs appl i c at

i o n equi pment . Th e TR I da t

a

ba se c o

n

t

a

i n s

a de t

a

ile d c o

m p ila t i o n

o f se lf-re p o r

t

e

d, fa c

ilit y-s p e c

ific c

h

e

m ic

a

l re le

a

se s . Th e

t

o

p

re p o rt

in g fa c

ilit ie

s fo r t h

is se c

t

o

r

a

re lis t

e

d be lo

w. Fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t h a

v e re p o rt

e

d o n

ly

t

h

e S I C c o

de s c

o

v e re d u nde r t h

is

no t

e

bo o

k

a

p p e a

r

in Exh i bit 1 1
. Exh i bit 1 2 c o

n

t

a

i n s a

ddit io na l fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t h a

v e re p o rt

e

d t h

e

S I C c o

de c o

v e re d wit h

in thi s re por t

, a nd one or more SI C cod e s tha t a r e not w i thi n the scope of t

h

is no t

e

bo o

k
. Th e

r e f

o

r e , Exh i bit 1 2 inc l u d e s

fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t c o

nd u c t mul ti pl e ope ra t i o ns — some tha t a r e und e r

the scope of thi s note b ook , a

nd so m e t h

a

t a re no t

. C u rre n

t ly, t h

e

fa c

ilit y-le v e l da t

a

do no t a llo w pol l u ta nt re l e

a

se s

to b e b r ok e n

a

p a r

t b y

i nd u str i a

l pr oce ss.

S I C C o d e 25 40 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 1 1 T o p 1 0 T R I R e le a s ing Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities (SI C 2 5

)
Ra n k To tal TR I R eleas es in Po unds F a c

ility Nam e C ity S tate 1 1, 277, 737 B r oy h ill F u rn i t

u r e In d
. , In c

. C omplex L en oir N C 2 831, 751 B r oy h ill F u rn i t

u r e In d
. , In c

. , L e n

o

ir F u rn . & O cca s. Le n

o

i r N C 3 723, 669 Sin g er F u rn i t

u r e Co. L en oir N C 4 700, 675 K orn In d
. , In c

. Su mt er SC 5 688, 907 L a n

e

Co. , In c

. A l t a

v i st a V A 6 662, 695 Ok la Homer Smit h

F u rn i t

u r e Co. , In c

. F or t Smit h A R 7 661, 059 St an ley F u rn i t

u r e Co. S t a

n

l ey t o

wn V A 8 642, 385 J. D
. B a sset t M f g . Co. B asset t V A 9 639, 345 P e t e

r

s -Rev in g

t on F u rn i t

u r e D e lp h i IN 10 502, 582 B a sset t Su p e ri or L i n e

s B asset t V A Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.
Ex hibit 1 2 T o p 1 0 T R I R e le a s ing Fur n itur e

a

nd Fix t

ur es Fa c

ilities S I C C o d es To tal TR I R eleas es in Po unds F a c

ility Nam e C ity S tate
2522, 2542, 2521 1, 321, 283 St eelc a

se In c

. Gr an d Rap i d s M I 2511 1, 277, 737 B r oy h ill F u rn i t

u r e In d
. Com p l e x Le n

o

i r N C 2542, 2541 939, 055 Had i x , In c

. Good wat e

r A L 2511 831, 751 B r oy h ill F u rn i t

u r e In d
. , In c

. Le n

o

i r

F u rn . & O cca s. Le n

o

i r N C 2522, 2542, 2521 809, 096 St eelc a

se In c

. K e n

t wood NI 2511 723, 669 Sin g er F u rn i t

u r e Co. L en oir N C 2511 700, 675 K orn In d
. , In c

. Su mt er SC 2511 688, 907 L a n

e

Co. , In c

. A l t a

v i st a V A 2511 662, 695 Ok la Homer Smit h

F u rn i t

u r e C o ., I n c. For t S m it

h A R 2511 661, 059 St an ley F u rn i t

u r e Co. S t a

n

l ey t o

wn V A Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993. Not e

: Be in

g in c l u

d

e d on t h

i s lis t d o

e s n o

t me an

t

h

a

t t

h

e r

e l e

a

s e is as s o

c

iat e d

w i t

h

n o

n

- c

omp lian c

e w i t

h e n

v

ir

on me n

t al law s

.

S e p tem b e r 1995 41 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

S I C C o d e 25 42 S e p tem b e r 1995 Ex hibit 1 3 T R I R e por ting Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities (SI C 2 5

) by Sta te S tate Nu m b er o

f F a c

ilities S tate Nu m b er o

f F a c

ilities AL 7 M S 3 AR 8 N C 9 2 AZ 2 N E 2 C A 23 N H 1 CO 2 N Y 1 4 CT 1 O H 4 FL 3 O K 2 GA 5 O R 3 IA 3 P A 9 IL 2 S C 5 IN 27 T N 13 KS 3 U T 2 KY 4 V A 3 2 MA 6 V T 3 ME 2 W A 3 MI 6 W I 1 0 MN 5 W V 1 MO 5

Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.
Ex hibit 1 4 R e le a s es f

o r Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities (SI C 2 5

) in T R I , by Num b e r of Fa c

ilities (R e l e a s es r

e por te d in pounds /ye a r

)

Ch e m i c a l Na m e # Fa c ilitie s Re p o r t i n g Ch e m i c a l F u gi t i ve A i r Po in t A i r Wa te r Di sc h a r g e s U n d ergrou n d I n

j ect i o n La n d Di sp o s a l To ta l Re l e a s e s A v erage Re l e a s e s

pe r Fa c ility T o l u ene 247 1456881 10541044 5 0 70819 12068749 48861 M e t h anol 178 908347 8166501 10 0 7347 9082205 51024 X y l e ne ( M i x ed I s omer s ) 174 742449 5085471 5 0 14064 5841989 33575 M e t hyl E t hyl K e t one 166 439743 4241878 5 0 21507 4703133 28332 A cet one 115 282555 3157999 5 0 28328 3468887 30164 N

- B u t y l A l cohol 99 151616 2208962 5 0 13531 2374114 23981 M e t hyl I s obut yl K e t one 55 206847 1293417 5 0 58491 1558760 28341 G l ycol E t h er s 2 6 68627 413901 0 0 0 482528 18559 1, 1, 1- T r i c hl or oeth ane 2 5 262643 1334203 0 0 4900 1601746 64070 E thyl benzene 2 1 120246 241345 0 0 0 361591 17219 I s opr opyl A l cohol ( M anuf actur i ng) 11 9747 278413 0 0 0 288160 26196 D i chl o r o met h ane 6 102811 43894 0 0 0 146705 24451 F o r m al dehyde 6 30226 1086 0 0 0 31312 5219 S t yr ene 6 2744 42252 0 0 0 44996 7499 D i ( 2

- E t hyl hexyl ) P h th al at e 4 255 12458 0 0 0 12713 3178S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 1 4 (c ont' d) R e le a s es f

o r Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities (SI C 2 5

) in T R I , by Num b e r of Fa c

ilities (R e l e a s es r

e por te d in pounds /ye a r

)

Ch e m i c a l Na m e # Fa c ilitie s Re p o r t i n g Ch e m i c a l F u gi t i ve A i r Po in t A i r Wa te r Di sc h a r g e s U n d ergrou n d I n

j ect i o n La n d Di sp o s a l To ta l Re l e a s e s A v erage Re l e a s e s

pe r Fa c ility E thyl ene G l ycol 4 616 26576 0 0 0 27192 6798 1, 2, 4- T r i m ethyl benzene 4 2159 39987 0 0 0 42146 10537 T r i c hl or oet hyl ene 3 1600 41781 0 0 0 43381 14460 B a r i um C o mpounds 2 0 5 1 8 5 1 8 2 5 9 M a nganes e 2 251 3 0 0 0 254 127 M e t hyl enebi s ( P henyl i s ocyanat e ) 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 N a phthal e ne 2 6 113 0 0 0 119 60 A l umi num O x i d e ( F i b r ous F o rm ) 1 1 1 224 0 0 0 235 235 A mmoni a 1 250 17000 0 0 0 17250 17250 C h r o mi um 1 250 0 0 0 0 250 250 C opper 1 250 0 0 0 0 250 250 C u mene 1 6 114 0 0 0 120 120 D i but yl P h th al at e 1 6 110 0 0 0 116 116 D i ethyl S u l f at e 1 869 16516 0 0 0 17385 17385 L ead 1 250 0 0 0 0 250 250 M a l e i c A nhydr i d e 1 0 0 0 0 N i ckel 1 250 0 0 0 0 250 250 P h enol 1 1 19 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 S u l f u r i c A c i d 1 0 0 0 0 V i nyl A cet at e 1 1 1163 0 0 0 1164 1164 To ta ls 313 4, 792, 523 37, 206, 430 40 0 219, 505 42, 218, 498 134, 883 0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0

0 0 0
Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.

S e p tem b e r 1995 43 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

S I C C o d e 25 44 S e p tem b e r 1995 Ex hibit 1 5 T r a

n s f e r s

f

o r Fur n itur e

M a nuf a

c

tur i ng Fa c

ilities (SI C 2 5

) in T R I , by Num b e r of Fa c

ilities (T r a

ns f e r s

r

e por te d in pounds /ye a r

)
Ch e m i c a l Na m e # Fa c ilitie s Re p o r t i n g Ch e m i c a l PO TW D i s c h a rges D i s p os al R ecycl i n g T reat m en t E n ergy R ecovery To ta l T r an s f ers A v erage T r an s f ers pe r Fa c ility T o l u ene 247 3737 48124 400040 117454 746458 1315821 5327 M e t h anol 178 2114 33630 162308 25295 387147 610494 3430 X y le n e (Mix e d Iso m e r s) 174 2869 43912 83315 43768 212406 386270 2220 M e t hyl E t hyl K e t one 166 1540 38830 176031 57181 530621 804953 4849 A cet one 115 1030
. 281800 33469 304307 620606 5397 N

- B u t y l A l cohol 99 531 250 40077 26163 81491 148762 1503 M e t hyl I s obut yl K e t one 55 260 1925 7812 67211 63094 140552 2555 G l ycol E t h er s 2 6 0
. 7455 1284 43794 52533 2021 1, 1, 1- T r i c hl or oeth ane 2 5 0 5905
. . 5608 11513 461 E thyl benzene 2 1 255 31500 17979 165 10363 60262 2870 I s opr opyl A l cohol ( M anuf actur i ng) 11 499
. . 330 28509 29338 2667 D i chl o r o met h ane 6 0
. . 10430 4000 14430 2405 F o r m al dehyde 6 250
. . . . 250 42 S t yr ene 6 0
. 8520
. 131 8651 1442 D i ( 2

- E t hyl hexyl ) P h th al at e 4 0
. . . 1625 1625 406 E thyl ene G l ycol 4 0
. . . . 0 0 1, 2, 4- T r i m et hyl benzene 4 0
. . 0 3393 3393 848 T r i c hl or oet hyl ene 3 0
. 1331
. . 1331 444 B a r i um C o mpounds 2 0 750
. . . 750 375 M a nganes e 2 0
. . . . 0 0 M e t hyl enebi s ( P henyl i s ocyanat e ) 2
. . . . 0 0 N a phthal e ne 2 0
. . . . 0 0 A l umi num O x i d e (F ib ro u s F o rm ) 1
. . . . 0 0 A mmoni a 1 0
. . . . 0 0 Ch ro m i u m 1 0
. . . . 0 0 C opper 1 0
. . . . 0 0 Cu m e n e 1 0
. . . . 0 0 D i but yl P h t h al at e 1 0
. . . . 0 0 D i ethyl S u l f at e 1 0
. . . . 0 0 L ead 1 0
. . . . 0 0 M a l e i c A nhydr i d e 1 0
. . . . 0 0 N i ckel 1 0
. . . . 0 0 P h enol 1 0
. . . . 0 0 S u lfu r ic A c id 1 0
. . . . 0 0 V i nyl A cet at e 1 0
. . . . 0 0 To ta ls 313 13, 085 204, 826 1, 186, 668 382, 750 2, 422, 947 4, 211, 534 13, 455 Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993. 0

0S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es I V
. B
. S u m m a

r

y

of t

h e S e l e cted Ch em i c

al s Rel eased
Th e

fo llo win g

is a s y no p s is

o f c u rre n

t sc i e

n

t i fic t o

x

ic

it

y a nd fa t

e in fo rm a

t io n

fo r t h

e

t

o

p c h

e

m ic

a

l s

(by we igh t ) t h

a

t fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t

h

is sect o

r

sel f

- repo r

t

e

d as rel e ased t o

t

h

e envi ro nment b a sed upo n 1993 TR I da t

a

. Be c

a

u se t

h

is

se c

t io n

is ba se d u p o n se lf-re p o r

t

e

d re le

a

se da t

a

, i t

d o e

s

not a tte mpt to pr ovi d e i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n on ma na g e me nt pra c

ti ce s e

m pl oy e d b y the se ctor to r e d u ce the r e l e

a

se of the se che m i c

a

l s. I n fo rm a

t io n

re ga rdin g p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se re du c t io n

s

o v e r t i m e m a

y be a

v a i l a bl e f

rom E P A ' s T R I a nd 3 3

/ 5 0

pr og ra ms, or d i r e c

tl y f

r om the indu s t

ria l t ra d e a s

so c

i a

t io n

s t h

a

t a r e lis t

e

d in S e c

t io n

I X o f t h

is d o cument. Si nce these d e scr i p ti ons are cur sor y , pl ease consul t the so u rc e

s re fe

re nc e

d be lo

w fo r a m o

re de t

a

ile d de sc r

ip t i o n

o f bo t

h

t

h

e c

h

e

m ic

a

l s de sc r

ibe d in t h

is

se c

t io n , a nd t h

e

c h

e

m ic

a

l s

t

h

a

t a p p e a

r

o n t

h

e

fu ll lis t o

f TR I c h

e

m ic

a

l s

a

p p e a

r

in g in S e c

t io n

I V .A
. Th e brie f de sc r

ip t i o n

s

p r o v ide d be lo

w we re t

a

ke n

fro m t

h

e 1993 T o xic s R e le

a

s

e

Inve nto r

y P u blic Da ta

R e le

a

s

e ( U
. S
. E P A, 1994) , t h

e H azard o us Sub s

ta nce s

D a ta

B a nk ( H SD B) , a nd the I n te

g ra t

e

d Ri sk I n f

o

r

m a

t i o n Sy stem ( I RI S) , b oth accessed vi a T O XN E T 1
. T h e i n f

o

r

m ati o n contai ned b e l o

w i s b a sed upon ex posur e assumpti ons that have b een cond ucted usi n g

stand a r d sci enti f i c pr oced ur es. T h e ef f

e

cts l i s ted b e l o

w must b e ta k e n i n conte x

t of the se e x

posur e a ssumpti ons tha t a r e mor e f u l l y e

x

p l a i ne d wit h

in t

h

e

fu ll c h

e

m ic

a

l p r o f

ile s

in HS DB.

1 T OXNE T is a c o

mp u t er

sy st

em r u n by t

h

e Nat i on al L ibr ar y

of M e d i c i n

e

t

h

at

in c

l u d es a n u mber of to

xi co l o

g

i ca l da ta

b

a

se

s m a

n

a

g e d b y

EP A, N a ti on a

l Ca n

c

e

r I n sti t u t

e , a n

d th e

N a ti on a

l I n sti t u t

e

f

or Oc c

u p a t i on al Safet y

an d Healt h
. F or mor e in form at

ion on T OXNE T , c on t ac

t t

h

e T OXNE T h

e

lp

lin e at

1-800-231-3766. D a t a

bases in c

l u d ed in T OXNE T ar e: CCRIS (Ch e

mic a

l Car c in

og en esis Resear c h In

form at

ion Sy st

em), D A RT (D ev elop men t al an d Rep r od u c t i v e T o x

i c

i t

y

D a t a

base), D B IR (D ir ec t or

y o

f B i o t e

c

hno l o

gy I n f o

rm a

t i o

n R e s o

ur c e

s

) , E M I C B A C K ( E nv i r on me nt

a

l M u t a

ge n I n f orm a

t i on C e nt

e

r B a c

k

file), GE NE -T OX (Gen et

ic

T o x

i c

o

log y

) , HSD B (Hazar d o u s Su bst a

n

c

es D a t a B a n

k

), IRIS (In t eg r a

t e

d Risk In form at

ion Sy st

em), RT E C S (Reg ist r y

of T o x

i c

E ffec t s of Ch emic al Su bst a

n

c

es), an d T R I (T ox ic Ch emic al Release In v e n

t or

y

)
. HSD B c on t ain s

c h

emic al-sp e c

i fic in form at

ion on man u fac t u ri n g

an d u s e, c h

emic al an d p h y

sic al p r op er t i es, safet y

an d h a

n

d lin g , t o

x

i c

i t

y an d biomed i c a

l effec t s , ph armac o

lo

gy, en v i r on men t a

l fat e an d ex po s

u r e po t e

n

t ial, ex po s

u r e s

t an d a r d s an d r e g

u l at ion s , mon i t

ori n g

an d an aly sis met h

od s, an d ad d i t i on al r e fer e n

c

es.

S e p tem b e r 1995 45 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Th e

t

o

p

TR I re le

a

se s

fo r t h

e

fu rn it

u r e a

nd fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry (S IC 2 5

) a s a who l e, i ncl ud e: To lu e ne Me tha nol Xy l e ne Me thy l e t

hy l k e tone A c e

tone N-bu t y l a l c

o

h

o

l 1 1, 1- t r

i c

hl o ro e

t

h

ane Dic h

lo ro m e

t

h

a

ne. Summar i es of some of these chemi c al s f o

l l o w . T o l u en e T o x

i ci ty . I nha l a

ti on or i n g e sti o n of tol ue ne ca n ca use he a

d a c

he s, conf usi o n, w e ak ness, and memor y

l o ss. T o l u ene may al so af f

e

ct the wa y t h

e

kidne y s a

nd liv e r

fu nc t i o n . Re a

c

ti ons of tol ue ne ( se e

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l f a

te

) i n the a t

mosphe r e contr i b u te to the f

o

r

m a

t i o n of oz one i n the l o w e r

a t

mosphe r e . Oz one c

a

n a ffe c

t t h

e re s

p ira t

o

r

y s y s t

e

m , e s

p e c

i a

lly in se n

s

it

iv e indiv idu a l s such as asthma or al l e r

g

y

suf f

e

r e r

s . Some stud i e s have show n that unb o r

n

ani m al s w e re har m ed w h en hi g h l e ve l s

of tol ue ne w e r e i nha l e

d b y

the i r

mothe r

s, a l thoug h the same ef f

e

ct

s were no t seen when t h

e mo t

h

ers were f e

d l a rge quant i t

i es of tol ue ne . N ote tha t the se r e sul t s ma y

r e f

l e

c

t si mi l a r

d i f f

i cul t i e

s i n humans. C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t

o

s u gge s

t t

h

a

t t

h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . T h e ma j o r

i ty of r e l e

a

se s

of tol ue ne to l a nd a nd wa t

e

r will e v a p o ra t

e . To lu e ne m a

y a l so be de gra d e d by mi croor g a ni sms. Once vol a ti z e d , tol ue ne i n the l o w e r a t

mosphe r e w i l l re a

c

t w i th othe r

a

t

mosphe r

i c compone n

ts contr i b u ti ng to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of g round

- l e v e l oz one a

nd othe r

a

i r

pol l u ta nts. Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . To lu e ne is a

v o la

t ile o

r

ga n

i c

c

h

e

m ic

a

l
.

S I C C o d e 25 46 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

M e t

ha nol To xic i t

y . M e t

h

a

no l is re a

dily a b

so rbe d fro m t

h

e

ga s

t

ro in t

e

s

t ina l t ra c

t a

nd the re spi ra tor y

tra c

t, a nd i s tox i c

to huma ns i n mod e ra te to hi g h do se s . I n t h

e

bo dy, m e

t

h

a

no l is c o

n

v e r

t

e

d in t

o

fo rm a

lde h

y de a nd fo rm ic

a c

id. M e t

h

a

no l is e x c r e t

e

d a s

fo rm ic

a c

id. O b se rv e d t o

x

ic ef

f

e

cts at hi g h d o se l e vel s g e nera l l y i ncl ud e centra l ner v ous sy stem da m a

ge a nd blindne s

s . Lo n

g -t e

r

m e x

p o s

u re t o

h i gh le v e ls

o f m e

t

h

a

no l v i a in h

a

la

t i o n

c

a

u se liv e r

a

nd blo o

d da m a

ge in a

n

im a

l s . E c ol og i c a

l l y , me tha nol i s e x

pe cte d to ha ve l o w tox i c

i t

y

to a q

u a t i c or g a ni sms. Conce n

tra t i o ns l e tha l to ha l f

the or g a ni sms of a te st po pul a t i o n

are expect ed t o

exceed 1 mg met h

ano l per l i t er wat e

r. Methanol i s not l i k el y to per s

i s

t i n w a ter or to b i oaccumul ate i n aquat i c

o r

gani sms. C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t

o

s u gge s

t t

h

a

t t

h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Fa t

e . Liq u id m e

t

h

a

no l is like l y t o e v a p o ra t

e wh e

n le ft e

x

pose d
. Me tha nol r e a

c

ts i n a i r

to pr od uce f o

r

m a

l d e hy d e w h i c

h contr i b u te s to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of a i r

pol l u ta nts. I n the a

t

mosphe r e i t ca n re a

c

t w i th othe r

a t

mosphe r

i c che m i c

a

l s or b e w a she d out b y ra i n . M e t

h

a

no l is re a

dily de gra d e d by m i c

r o o

r

ga n

i s

m s

in so ils a nd s u rfa c

e wa t

e

rs . Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . Me tha nol i s hi g h l y

f

l a

mma bl e . X

y le ne (M ix e d I s om e r s

) To xic i t

y . X y le ne s a r e ra p idly a b

so rbe d in t

o

t

h

e

bo dy a f t

e

r in h

a

la

t i o n , i n g e sti o n, or sk i n conta c

t. Shor t- te r

m e x

posur e of huma ns to hi g h l e

ve l s

of x

y l e ne s

ca n ca use i r r

i ta ti on of the sk i n , e y e s , nose , a nd thr o a

t

, diffic u lt y in bre a

t

h

in g, im p a ire d lu n g fu nc t i o n , im p a ire d m e

m o

ry, a nd p o s

s

i ble c h

a

n

ge s in t h

e liv e r a nd kidne y s . Bo t

h

s

h

o

r

t

- a nd lo n

g -t e

r

m ex posur e to hi g h concentrati o ns can cause ef f

e

cts such as head aches, diz z i ne s

s , c o

n

f

u s io n , a nd la c

k o f m u sc l e

c o

o

r dina t io n . R e a

c

t i o n

s

o f xyl enes ( see env i ro nment a

l f a

t

e

) i n t

h

e at mo sphere co nt ri b u t e

t

o t h

e f

o

r

m a

t i o n of oz one i n the l o w e r

a t

mosphe r e . Oz one ca n a f

f

e

ct the re s

p ira t

o

r

y s y s t

e

m , e s

p e c

i a

lly in se n

s

it

iv e indiv idu a l s s u c h a s a s

t

h

m a o

r

allergy s u fferers
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 47 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t

o

s u gge s

t t

h

a

t t

h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . T h e

ma j o r

i ty of r e l e

a

se s

to l a nd a nd w a te

r w i l l qui c kl y evapo rat e, al t h

o

u gh so me d e grad at i o n b y mi cro o

r

gani sms w i l l occur . X

y le ne s a re m o

de ra t

e

ly m o

bile in so ils a nd m a

y le a

c

h

in t

o g round w a te

r , w h e

re the y

ma y

pe r

s

i s

t f o

r

se ve ra l y e a

r

s. X

y le ne s

a re v o la

t ile o r

ga n

i c

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s . A s s u c h , xyle ne s in t h

e lo we r a

t

m o

s

p h e

re will re a

c

t wit h

o t

h

e

r

a t

m o

s

p h e

ric c o

m p o ne n

t s , contr i b u ti ng to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of g r ound

- l e v e l oz one a nd othe r a i r p o llu t a

n

t s . M e t

hyl Ethyl K e tone T o x

i ci ty . B re a

thi n g mod e ra te a m ounts of me thy l e t

hy l k e tone ( M E K ) f

o

r

shor t pe r

i od s of ti me ca n ca use a d ve r

se e f

f

e

cts on the ne r

v ous sy stem ra ng i n g

f

rom head aches, d i zzi ness, nausea, and numb ness i n the f i ng e r

s a nd toe s to unconsci ousne ss. I t s va por s

a r e i r r

i ta ti ng to the ski n , eyes, no se, and t h

ro at

and can d a mage t h

e eyes. R e peat ed e

x

posure to mod e ra te to hi g h a m ounts ma y

ca use l i v e r

a nd k i d ne y ef

f

e

cts. C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . N o agreement exi s t s

o v er t h

e carci no g eni c i t

y o f ME K. One source b e l i e ve s ME K i s a possi bl e ca r c i nog e n

i n huma ns ba se d o n lim it

e

d a n

im a

l e v ide nc e . O t h

e

r

so u r c e

s

be lie v e t

h

a

t t

h

e

r e is i n suf f

i ci e n

t e v i d e nce to ma k e a n

y

sta t

e

m e

n

ts a b out possi bl e c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

it

y. E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . Most of the ME K r e l e

a

se d to the e n

vi r o nme n

t will e nd u p in t

h

e

a

t

m o

s

p h e

re . M E K c a

n

c

o

n

t

ribu t e

t

o

t

h

e

fo rm a

t io n

o

f a

i r p o llu t a

n

t s in t h

e

lo we r a t

m o

s

p h e

re . I t c a

n

be de gra d e d by m i c

ro o

r

ga n

i s

m s

liv in g in wa t

e

r a nd so il. Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . M e t

h

yl e t

h

y l ke t

o

ne is a

fla m m a

ble liq u id. Acet on e To xic i t

y . A c e

tone i s i r r

i ta ti ng to the e

y e s , nose , a nd thr o a

t

. Sy mptoms of e x

posure to l a r

g e q u a n

ti ti e s

of a c

e

tone ma y i ncl ud e he a

d a c

he , unstead i ness, conf usi o n, l a ssi tud e , d r ow si ness, vomi ti ng , and re spi rator y

d e pressi on.
S I C C o d e 25 48 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es
Re a

c

ti ons of a c

e

tone ( se e

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l f a

te

) i n the l o w e r a t

mosphe r e contr i b u te to the f o

r

m a

t i o n of g r ound

- l e v e l oz one . Oz one ( a ma j o r component of ur b a n smog ) can af f

e

ct the r e spi rator y sy stem, especi al l y in se n

s

it

iv e indiv idu a l s

s

u c h

a

s

a

s

t

h

m a

t i c

s

o

r

a

lle rgy s u ffe re rs . C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t

o

s u gge s

t t

h

a

t t

h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

. En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Fa t

e . I f re le

a

se d in t

o

wa t

e

r, a c

e

t

o

ne will be de gra d e d by m i c

ro o

r

ga n

i s

m s o r

will e v a p o ra t

e

in t

o

t h

e

a t

m o

s

p h e

re . De gra d a t io n by m i c

r o o

r

ga n

i s

m s

will be t h

e

p r im a

r

y re m o

v a l mechani s m. A c e

tone i s hi g h l y

vol a ti l e , a nd once i t r e a

c

he s the tr oposphe r e ( l ow e r a

t

m o

s

p h e

re ), it will re a

c

t wit h

o t

h

e

r

ga se s , c o

n

t

ribu t i n g t o t h

e f

o

r

m a

t i o n of g round

- l e v e l oz one a nd othe r

a i r

pol l u ta nts. E P A i s re e

v a l ua ti ng a c

e

tone ' s r e a

c

ti vi ty i n the l o w e r

a

t

mosphe r e to d e te

r

m i ne wh e

t

h

e

r t h

is

c

o

n

t

ribu t i o n

is s

i gn ific a

n

t

. Phy s i c

al Proper ti es . A c e

t

o

ne is a v o la

t ile a nd fla m m a

ble o r

ga n

i c chemi c al
. Note : Ac e

t

one was r

e

m

ove d

fr om t h

e

lis t of T R I c h

e

mic als on J une 16, 1995 ( 60 FR 31643) and will not be r

e

p

or

te

d for 1994 or s

u

bs e

q

ue nt ye ar

s

. 1, 1, 1- T r i c

h l or oet h an e To xic i t

y . Re pe a

t

e

d conta c

t of 1 , 1 , 1

- tr i c

hl or oe tha ne ( T C E ) w i th sk i n may cause ser i ous sk i n crack i ng and i n f

e

cti o n. Vapor s

cause a sl i g ht sma r

ti ng of the e y e s

or r e spi ra tor y

sy ste m i f pr e se n

t i n hi g h concentrati o ns. Exp o s

u re t o h i gh c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

s o f TC E c a

u se s

re v e rs

ible m ild liv e r and k i d ney d y sf uncti o n, centra l ner v ous sy stem d e pr essi on, g a i t d i s tur b ances, stupor , coma, r e spi rator y

d e pressi on, and even d e ath. Exp o s

u re t

o

lo we r c o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

s

o f TC E le a

d s t

o ligh t

-h e

a

de dne s

s , t

h

ro a

t irrit a

t i o n , h e

a

d a c

h

e , dise q

u ilibriu m , im p a ire d c o

o

r din a

t io n , dro w s i ne s

s , c o

n

v u l s i o n

s

a

nd m ild c h

a

n

ge s

in p e rc e

p t i o n . C a rc ino g e n

ic

it

y . Th e

r e is c u rre n

t ly no e v ide nc e

t

o

s u gge s

t t

h

a

t t

h

is c

h

e

m ic

a

l is c

a

rc ino g e n

ic

.

S e p tem b e r 1995 49 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t E n vi ro nme n

ta

l F a te . Re l e

a

se s

of T C E to sur f

a

c

e

w a te

r

or l a nd w i l l a

l m o

s

t e n

t i re ly v o la

t iliz e . R e le

a

se s

t o a i r m a

y be t ra n

s

p o r

t

e

d lo n

g dis t

a

nc e

s a nd m a

y p a rt

ia

lly re t u rn t o

e a

rt

h

in ra in
. I n t h

e

lo we r a

t

mosphe re , T C E d e g ra d e s

ve r

y

sl ow l y b y

photoox i d a ti on a nd sl ow l y d i f f

u se s to the uppe r

a

t

mosphe r e w h e

r e photod e g ra d a ti on i s ra pi d
. A n y

T C E tha t d o e

s

not e v a p ora t

e

f

r om soi l s l e a

c

he s to g r ound w a te

r . De gra d a t io n in so ils a nd wa t

e

r is s l o

w . TC E do e

s

no t h y dro l yz e in wa t

e

r, no r do e

s

it s

i gn ific a

n

t l y bio c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t

e

in a

q

u a t ic

o

r

ga n

i s

m s . I V .C
. Othe r Da ta

Sour c

es Th e A e ro m e

t

r

ic I n fo rm a

t io n R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m (A I R S ) c o

n

t

a

i n s

a wide ra n

g e o f in fo rm a

t io n re la

t

e

d t o

s t

a

t io na ry so u r c e

s

o f a i r p o llu t i o n , i ncl ud i n g the e m i ssi ons of a

numb e r

of a i r

pol l u ta nts w h i c

h ma y

b e of c

o

nc e

r

n

wit h

in a p a rt

ic

u l a r

indu s t

ry. W i t

h

t

h

e e x c e

p t io n o f v o la

t ile or g a ni c compound s ( V OCs) , the r e i s l i ttl e ove r

l a

p w i th the T R I chemi c al s re por t

ed ab ove. E x hi bi t 16 summar i zes annual r e l e

ases of c

a

rbo n

m o

no xide (C O ) , n i t

r o g e n

dio xide (NO 2 ) , pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

ma tte r of 1 0

mi crons or l e ss ( P M1 0 ) , tota l pa r

t i c

ul a t

e

s

( P T

) , sul f ur d i o x

i d e ( S O 2 ), and vol a ti l e or g a ni c compound s ( V OCs)
. Ex hibit 1 6 Polluta nt R e le a s es (Shor t T o ns /Y e a r

) Indust r y CO NO 2 PM 10 PT S O 2 VO C U
. S
. T o t a l 97, 208, 000 23, 402, 000 45, 489, 000 7, 836, 000 21, 888, 000 23, 312, 000 M etal M i ning 5, 391 28, 583 39, 359 140, 052 84, 222 1, 283 N onmetal M i ning 4, 525 28, 804 59, 305 167, 948 24, 129 1, 736 Lu mb er an d Wo o d P roduc t s 123, 756 42, 658 14, 135 63, 761 9, 149 41, 423 Wood F u r n i t u r e an d Fix t u res 2, 069 2, 981 2, 165 3, 178 1, 606 59, 426 P u l p a nd P a pe r 624, 291 394, 448 35, 579 113, 571 341, 002 96, 875 P r i n t i n g 8 , 463 4, 915 399 1, 031 1, 728 101, 537 Inorganic Chemicals 166, 147 108, 575 4, 107 39, 082 182, 189 52, 091 O rganic Chemicals 146, 947 236, 826 26, 493 44, 860 132, 459 201, 888 P e t rol e u m Re fi ni ng 419, 311 380, 641 18, 787 36, 877 648, 153 309, 058 Rubbe r a nd M i s c . P l a s t i c P roduc t s 2, 090 11, 914 2, 407 5, 355 29, 364 140, 741 S t o n e , C lay , G las s , an d Conc re t e 58, 043 338, 482 74, 623 171, 853 339, 216 30, 262 Iron and S teel 1, 518, 642 138, 985 42, 368 83, 017 238, 268 82, 292 N onferrous M etals 448, 758 55, 658 20, 074 22, 490 373, 007 27, 375 F a bricated M etals 3, 851 16, 424 1, 185 3, 136 4, 019 102, 186 Electronics 367 1, 129 207 293 453 4, 854

S I C C o d e 25 50 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es
M o tor V e hicles , Bodies , Pa r t s, a n d Ac c e sso r i e s 35, 303 23, 725 2, 406 12, 853 25, 462 101, 275 D r y C lean in g 1 0 1 1 7 9 3 2 8 1 5 2 7 , 3 1 0 Sour c e U
. S. EPA O f f

i ce of A i r and R adi at i on, A I R S D a t abas e, M ay 1995.

S e p tem b e r 1995 51 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t I V .D. C om pa r

i s o n of T o x

i c

R e le a s e I n ve ntor y B e twe e n Se le c te d I ndustr ies Th e

fo llo win g

in fo rm a

t io n

is p r e se n

t

e

d a s

a c o

m p a r

iso n o f p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se a

nd t ra n

s

f

e

r

da t

a

a c

ro s

s

indu s t

ria l c a

t

e

go rie s . I t is p r o v ide d t o g i ve a g e ne ra l se nse a s to the r e l a

ti ve sca l e

of r e l e

a

se s

a nd tra n

sf

e

r

s w i thi n e a

ch se ctor pr of i l e d und e r

thi s pr oj e c

t. Pl e a

se note tha t the fo llo win g

t

a

ble do e

s

no t c o

n

t

a

i n re le

a

se s a nd t ra n

s

f

e

r

s fo r indu s t

ria l ca te

g o r

i e

s

tha t a

re not i ncl ud e d i n thi s pr oj e c

t, a nd thus ca nnot b e use d to d ra w concl u si ons r e g a r d i n g

the tota l r e l e

a

se a nd tra n

sf

e

r

a m ounts t

h

a

t a re re p o rt

e

d t o

TR I
. S i m ila r in fo rm a

t io n

is a v a ila ble wit h

in t

h

e annual T R I Publ i c D a t

a

R e l e

ase b o o

k
. E x hi b i t 17 i s a g raphi cal r e pr esentati on of a summar y

of the 1993 T R I d a ta

f o

r

the W ood F u r n

i t

ur e a nd F i x t ur e s I nd u str y a nd the othe r se ctor s pr of i l e d i n se pa ra te

note b ook s. T h e

b a r

g ra p h pre se n

ts the tota l T R I r e l e

a

se s

a nd tota l tra n

sf

e

r

s on the l e f t a x

i s

a nd the tr i a

ng l e p o in t s

s h

o

w t h

e

a v e ra g e re le

a

se s

p e r fa c

ilit y o n t h

e righ t a x

is
. I nd u str y

se ctor s a re pr e se n

te

d i n the or d e r

of i ncr e a

si ng tota l T R I re le

a

se s . Th e

gra p h is ba se d o n

t

h

e

da t

a

s

h

o

w n in Exh i bit 1 8 a nd is m e

a

n

t t o

fa c

ilit a

t

e

c o

m p a r

iso n

s

be t w e e

n t h

e re la

t i v e a m o

u n t s o f re le

a

se s , t ra n

s

f

e

r

s , a nd re le

a

se s

p e r fa c

ilit y bo t

h

wit h

in a nd be t w e e

n the se se ctor s. T h e re a

d e r

shoul d note , how e ve r , tha t d i f f

e

r e nce s

i n the p ro p o r

t i o n o f fa c

ilit ie

s c a

p t u r e d by TR I e x

is

t be t w e e

n

indu s t

ry se c

t

o

r

s . T h i s

ca n b e a f

a

ctor of poor SI C ma tchi ng a nd r e l a

ti ve d i f f

e

r e nce s i n t

h

e

n u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

re p o rt

in g t o

TR I fro m t

h

e v a rio u s se c

t

o

r

s . I n t

h

e case o f t h

e Wo o

d Furni t ure and Fi xt ures Ind u st ry, t h

e 1993 T R I dat a p resen t

e

d h e

re c o

v e rs

313 fac ilit ies
. Th ese fac ilit ies lis t

e

d S I C 25, Wo o

d as a pri m ary SIC co d e .

S I C C o d e 25 52 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

Ex hibit 1 7

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700Total Pounds (millions)

0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000Average Releases per Facility (lbs.)

36 24 32 27 25 2911 34 371 331 30 286 26 281 333, 334 Total Releases Total Transfers Avg. Releases/Facility
SI C Ra ng e I ndus t r y Se c tor SI C Ra ng e I ndus t r y Se c tor SI C Ra ng e I ndus t r y Se c tor 36 E l ect r o n ic E q uipm ent and Com p one n

t s 2911 Pet r ol eum R e f i ning 286 Organic Chem ical Mf g. 24 L u mb er and Wo o d Pro d uct s 34 Fabricat e

dMet a

ls 26 Pulp andPaper 32 St o ne, Clay, andCo ncret e 371 Mo t o r V e hicles, B o d i es, Part s, and A ccesso ries 281 I n o r

ganic Chem ic al Mf g. 27 Print i ng 331 Iro n andSt eel 333, 334 N o nf erro us Met a

ls 25 Wo o dFurnit ure and Fix t ures 30 R u bber and Misc. Plast i cs

S e p tem b e r 1995 53 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ex hibit 1 8 T o x

i c

R e le a s e I n ve ntor y Da ta

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies R e l e as e s T r an s f e r s T ot al I ndus t r ySe c t o r SI C Ra n g e # T R I F a c ilit ie s T o t a l Re le a s e s (10 6 po unds ) A v er a g e Rel e a s es pe r

F a c ilit y ( p o unds ) 1993 T o ta l (10 6 po unds ) A v er a g e T r a n s f er s pe r

F a c ilit y ( p o unds ) Relea s es + Tr a n s f e r s (10 6 po unds ) Av e r a g e Relea s e+ T r a n sf e r s p e r F a c ilit y ( p o unds ) St o n e , a y , a n d Conc re t e 32 634 26. 6 41, 895 2. 2 3 , 500 28. 2 46, 000
L

u mbe r a

nd P r oduc t s 24 491 8. 4 17, 036 3. 5 7 , 228 11. 9 24, 000

F u rn i t u rea n d F i xt ure s 25 313 42. 2 134, 883 4. 2 13, 455 46. 4 148, 000

P r

i n t i n g 2711- 2789 318 36. 5 115, 000 10. 2 732, 000 46. 7 147, 000

E l e c tr oni c s / C omput e r s 36 406 6. 7 16, 520 47. 1 115, 917 53. 7 133, 000
Rubbe r a nd M i s c . Pla s tic s 30 1, 579 118. 4 74, 986 45. 0 28, 537 163. 4 104, 000

Mo t o r V e h i c l e, Bodi e s , P a r t s a n d Acce s s o r i e s 371 609 79. 3 130, 158 145. 5 238, 938 224. 8 369, 000

P u l p a

nd pa pe r 2611- 2631 309 169. 7 549, 000 48. 4 157, 080 218. 1 706, 000

I norg a ni cChe m . M f g . 2812- 2819 555 179. 6 324, 000 70. 0 126, 000 249. 7 450, 000

P e tr ol e u m Re f i ni ng 2911 156 64. 3 412, 000 417. 5 2 , 676, 000 481. 9 3 , 088, 000 F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l s 34 2, 363 72. 0 30, 476 195. 7 82, 802 267. 7 123, 000 I r on a nd S t e e l 3312- 3313 3321- 3325 381 85. 8 225, 000 609. 5 1 , 600, 000 695. 3 1 , 825, 000

N onf e r

r ous M e t a l s 333, 334 208 182. 5 877, 269 98. 2 472, 335 280. 7 1 , 349, 000 Org a n i c h e mi cal Mf

g . 2861- 2869 417 151. 6 364, 000 286. 7 688, 000 438. 4 1 , 052, 000

M e t a lM i ni ng 10 I ndus tr y s e c t or not s ubj e c t t o

T R I re por t i n g N onme t a lM i ni ng 14 I ndus tr y s e c t or not s ubj e c t t o

T R I re por t i n g D r

y Cl e a ni ng 7215, 7216, 7218 I ndus tr y s e c t or not s ubj e c t t o

T R I re por t i n g Cl
Wood

C

Sour c e : U
. S. E P A , To xi c s R e l e

as

e I n ve

ntor y D a ta

b

a s e , 1993.

S I C C o d e 25 54 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es V. P O LLUT I O N P R E V E NTI ON O P P O RT U N IT IE S T h e

b e st w a y

to r e d u ce pol l u ti on i s to pr e v e n

t i t i n the f i r

s

t pl a c

e . Some compa n

i e

s ha ve cr e a

ti ve l y

i m pl e m e

n

te

d pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on techni ques that i m prove ef f

i ci ency and i ncr ease pr of i t

s w h i l e at the same ti me mi ni mi zi ng envi r o nmental i m pacts. T h i s

can b e d o ne i n many w a y s such as r e d u ci ng mater i al i n puts, r e - e

ng i neer i n g processes to r e use b y - p r od u cts, i m pr ovi n g

manag e ment practi ces, and e

m p l o y in g s u bs t i t

u t i o n

o f t

o

x

ic

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s . S o m e s m a

lle r fa c

ilit ie

s a r e a

ble t o

a c

t u a lly ge t be lo

w re gu la t

o

r

y t h

re s

h

o

lds ju s t by re du c i n g p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se s

t

h

ro u g h a

ggre s

s

i v e p o llu t i o n

p r e v e n

t i o n

p o lic ie

s . I n ord e r

to e ncoura g e the se a ppr oa che s , thi s se cti o n pr ovi d e s b oth ge ne ra l a nd c o

m p a n

y-s p e c

ific de sc r

ip t i o n

s

o f so m e

p o llu t i o n prev ent i o n ad v a nces t h

at hav e b een i m pl ement e

d wi t h

i n t h

e Wo o

d Fu rn it

u re a nd Fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry. W h

ile t

h

e

lis t is no t e x

h

a

u s t i v e , it do e

s

p ro v ide c

o

re in fo rm a

t io n

t

h

a

t c

a

n

be u se d a s

t

h

e

s

t

a

r

t i n g p o in t fo r fa c

ilit ie

s in t

e

re s

t

e

d in be gin n

i n g

t h

e

i r o w n p o llu t i o n

p r e v e n

t i o n p ro j e c

t s . W h

e

n

p o s

s

i ble , t h

is

se c

t io n

p r o v ide s

in fo rm a

t io n

fro m re a

l a

c

ti vi ti e s

tha t ca n, or a

r e b e i n g

i m pl e m e

n

te

d b y

thi s se ctor

- - i ncl ud i n g a d i scussi on of associ ated costs, ti me f rames, and ex pected ra tes of re tur n . T h i s

se cti o n a l so pr ovi d e s the conte x

t ( i n te r

m s of ty pe of i nd u str y

a nd /or ty pe of pr oce ss a f

f

e

cte d ) i n w h i c

h the pol l u ti on prev ent i o n

t

e

chni que can ef f

e

ct

i v el y b e used
. Th e fo llo win g disc u s s

i o n

o f p o llu t i o n

p r e v e n

t i o n

in it

ia

t i v e s

is ba se d m a

in ly o n

t h

e EP A do c

u m e

n

t P o l l u t

i on P reven t

i on O p t

i on s i n Wood Fur nitur e

M a nufa c

tur i ng a nd ide n

t ifie s

t h

o

se s t

e

p s in t h

e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g p r o c

e

s

s

fo r wh ic

h

p o llu t i o n

p r e v e n

t i o n in it

ia

t i v e s c a

n and hav e b een i m pl ement e

d
. E x hi bi t 19 pro v i d e s exampl es o f pro c

ess m o

dific a

t io n , m a

t

e

ria l s u bs t i t

u t i o n , wa s

t

e

re du c t io n , a nd re c

y c lin g o

p t i o n

s

fo r fin i s

h

in g a nd glu i n g

o p e ra t io n

s . Th e

EP A do c

u m e

n

t fro m wh ic

h t h

is e x

h

i bit wa s

de v e lo p e d do e

s

no t indic a

t

e

t

h

e

m e

t

h

o

d s u se d to compute cost savi ngs.

S e p tem b e r 1995 55 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
V.A. I d e n tif ic

a

tion of Pollution Pr e

v e n tion Ac tivities in Us e a

n d Envir onm e nta l a nd Ec onom ic

B e ne f its of Ea c

h

Pollution Pr e

v e n tion Ac tivity Pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on te chni q u e s a nd pr oce sse s cur r e ntl y use d b y

the wo o

d fu rn it

u re a nd fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry c a

n

be gro u p e d in t

o

t h

e fo llo win g

ge ne ra l c a

t

e

go rie s :
• P ro d u cti o n pl anni ng and sequenci ng • P ro c

e

s

s

o

r

e

q

u i p m e

n

t m o

dific a

t io n • R a w ma te

r

i a

l sub s

ti tuti on or e

l i m i n a

t i o n • L o ss prev ent i o n

and ho usekeepi n g • Wast e

segregat i o n and separat i o n • S ol vent re cy cl i n g • T ra in in g a nd s u p e rv is io n . Ea c

h

o f t

h

e

se c

a

t

e

go rie s

is disc u s se d be lo

w brie fly. R e fe

r t o Exh i bit 1 9 f

o

r

speci f i c

pol l u ti on pr eventi on techni ques and associ ated costs, sa v i n gs , a nd o t

h

e

r

in fo rm a

t io n . Pr o

d

uc tio n pla nning a n

d s e

q

ue nc ing i s use d to e n

sur e tha t onl y ne ce ssa r

y o

p e ra t io n

s a re p e rfo r

m e

d a nd t h

a

t no o p e ra t io n

is ne e

dle s

s

l y "u nd o ne " b

y

a

f

o

l l o w i ng ope ra t i o n. One e

xa m pl e i s to sor t out r e j e ct pa r

t s pr i o r to pa i n ti ng or f i ni shi n g . A se cond e xa m pl e i s to re d u ce the f

r e q

ue ncy of cl e a

ni ng e q

ui pme n

t b y sta i ni ng or pa i n ti ng a l l prod ucts of the sa me col o r

a t the sa me ti me . A thi r d e xa m pl e i s to sche d ul e b a tch pr oce ssi ng of l i g hte r

sha d e s

of pa i n t pr i o r

to d a r

k e r

sha d e s

of pa i n t so t

h

at

equi pment need no t b e cl eaned b e t w een b a t

c

hes. P r ocess or eq u

i p

m

en t m o

d

ific a

t

io

n

i s use d to re d u ce the a m ount of w a ste g e ne ra te

d
. Ma nuf a

ctur e r

s ca n cha n

g e to a pa i n t a ppl i c a

t i o n te chni q u e that i s more ef f

i ci ent than spra y

gu n sy stems, such as ai r l ess and ai r assi sted ai r l ess sy stems, el ectr ostati c spra y

sy stems, or f l at l i ne fin i s

h

in g. S e v e ra l t e

c

h

no lo gie s c u rre n

t ly in t h

e

de v e lo p m e

n

t s t

a

g e c o

u l d pote nti a l l y a ppl y to the w ood f u r n

i t

ure i nd u str y . T h e

se te chnol o g i e s a

re i n the a re a

s of spra y

b ooth d e si g n a nd cur i ng me thod s. T h e spra y b ooth d e si g n s d i scusse d i n thi s se cti o n i ncl ud e the Cl a ssi c Sy ste m Ca mpb e l l Spra y

B ooth a nd the Mobi l e Zone
. B oth d e si g n s se e

k to re d u ce the vol ume of a

i r

e

x

ha uste d
.

S I C C o d e 25 56 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Cl a ssi c Sy ste m s ha s d e ve l o pe d the Ca mpb e l l spra y

b ooth, w h i c

h the c

o

m p a n

y indic a

t

e

s

c a

n

re du c e

t h

e

v o lu m e

o f e x

h

a

u s t a i r by a

ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

8 0

pe r c e

n

t. T h e

b a si c d e si g n of the Ca mpb e l l spra y b ooth i n vol v e s the use of a i r

cur t

a

i ns; the w o r

k e r

sta nd s outsi d e of the b ooth a nd spra y s thr o ug h the a i r

cur t

a

i n. T h e a i r cur t

a

i n pr ovi d e s a b a r

r

i e

r b e tw e e

n the w o r

k e r

a nd the sol v e n

t e m i ssi ons i n si d e the b ooth re s

u lt in g fro m c

o

a

t in g t h

e

p i e c

e . A p ilo t s

y s t

e

m h a

s

be e

n bu ilt , a nd a f

u l l

- scal e sy stem has b een d e si g ned
. M o b ile Z o ne s

A s so c

i a

t

e

s

h a

s

de v e lo p e d a de v i c e wh ic

h , wh e

n i n sta l l e d on a spra y

b ooth, e na bl e s the w o r

k e r ( s ) to spra y coa t i n gs fro m a p a rt

ia

lly e nc l o se d m o

bile wo rk p l a t fo rm . Th e

wo rke r

s t

a

nds in s

ide a “ c a

b ,” t h

e

m o

v e m e

n

t o f wh ic

h

is c o

n

t

ro lle d fro m in s

ide t h

e ca b b y the w o r

k e r . W i thi n the Mobi l e Zone ca b , f r e s

h ve nti l a ti ng a i r passes acro ss t h

e pai n t

e

r f r o m an o p en “mo v i n g w i nd o w ” at hi s rear. Th e

re m a

in in g se c

t io n

o f t

h

e

m o

bile wo rk p l a t fo rm is v e n

t ila t

e

d u s in g re ci rc ul ated ai r . T h e Mob i l e Zone d e si g n contra sts w i th a conventi onal spra y

b ooth, i n w h i c

h the e n

ti r e l e ng th of the b ooth i s suppl i e d w i th f

resh venti l a ti ng ai r . U l t ra v io le

t (U V )-c u ra ble c o

a

t in gs a r e fre q

u e n

t ly u se d by fla t line f

u rni t ure co at

i n g o p erat i o ns. S i nce t h

e pi eces are f l at , curi ng i n a conve n

ti ona l U V

- c ure ove n

i s stra i g htf o

r

w a r d
. A l thoug h U V

- c ura bl e coati n gs ar e al so appl i e d to case g ood s ( nonf l at pi eces) , the U V

- c ur i n g p ro c

e

s

s

wit h

s

u c h

p i e c

e

s

is m o

re diffic u lt
. I n o r de r fo r a U V -c u ra ble c

o

a

t in g t o c u re , a ll c o

a

t in g m u s t be e x

p o se d t o

t h

e

U V -ligh t

. Th e l a

mps i n the U V

- o ve n must b e si tua t

e

d to e n

sur e e x

posur e to a l l a r e a

s of the case g ood s, i ncl ud i n g

r e cessed ar eas, car v i n gs , etc. T h e U V

l a

mp l o ca ti ons w o ul d ne e

d to b e se t f o

r

e a

ch ty pe of ca se g ood de p e ndin g o n

it s

c o

n

f

igu ra t io n . Be c

a

u se fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s ty pi ca l l y prod uce ma ny d i f f

e

r e nt ty pe s of ca se g ood s on a si ng l e l i ne a

t a

n

y

ti me , re a

l i g nme n

t of the U V

- l a m ps f o

r

e a

ch ty pe of ca se g ood i s no t fe a

s

ible
. Ho we v e r, if a m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

p r o d u c e

s

a s i n g le p i e c

e c

o

n

t in u o u s ly fo r a le n

g

t

h

o f t

i m e , t h

e

la m p s c

o

u ld be a rra n

g e d fo r t h

a

t conf i gura t i o n. T h e

n , a f te

r

the l a mps a r e a d

j u ste d , a nothe r

ty pe of pi e c

e

coul d b e prod uce d f o

r

a

l e ng th of ti me . Bio filt ra t i o n

is a

c

o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gy wh ic

h

se nd s c

o

n

t

a

m in a

t

e

d e x

h

a

u s t a

i r t h

ro u g h a bio f

ilt e

r

fo r c o

n

t

a

m ina n

t re m o

v a l. Th e

bio f

ilt e

r

c

o

n

s

is

t s of or g a ni c ma tte r , such a s

tre e

b a r

k

a nd compost, the pore s of w h i c

h a

re fille d wit h

wa t

e

r. Bio lo gic a

lly a c

t i v e m i c

r o- o r

ga n

i s

m s a r e p r e se n

t

, pa r

t l y f re e

- f

l oa ti ng i n the w a te

r

a nd pa r

t l y

a tta che d to the or g a ni c ma tte r .

S e p tem b e r 1995 57 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t R a w ma te

r

i a

ls u

bs titutio n

o r

e limina t

io

n

i s t

h

e repl acement o f exi s t i ng ra w ma te

r

i a

l s w i th othe r

ma te

r

i a

l s tha t pr od uce l e ss w a ste , or anontox i c w a ste . Some e

xa m pl e s

i ncl ud e sub s

ti tuti ng w a te

r - b a se d f i ni she s fo r so lv e n

t

-ba se d fin i s

h

e

s

o r

re p l a c

in g v o la

t ile liq u id fin i s

h

e

s wit h e

l e

c

trosta ti ca l l y - a ppl i e d pow d e r

f

i ni she s . Vol a ti l e or g a ni c compound ( V OC) e m i ssi ons f r om w ood f u r n

i t

ur e f

i ni shi n g o p erat i o ns ( p ri mari l y t

h

e hazard o us ai r d e scri b ed i n Sect i o n I V
. B
. ) can b e r e d u ced b y

r e f

o

r

mul ati n g

coati n g

mater i al s so that they contai n f e

w e r

VOC s . C u r r e ntl y , i n w ood f u r n

i t

ur e f i ni shi n g o

p e ra t io n

s , V O C e m is

s

i o n

s re s

u lt fro m t

h

e

a

p p lic a

t io n

a

nd s u bse q

u e n

t e

v a p o ra t io n

o f fin i s

h

in g m a

t

e

ria l s . Effo rt

s

a r e be in g m a

de t o re f

o

r

mul a t

e

the f i ni shi n g

ma te

r

i a

l s use d i n the w ood f u r n

i t

ur e i nd u str y

so that they contai n f e

w e r

VOCs. Wat erb o rne f i ni shi n g mat e

ri al s are current l y

b e i n g used b y

so me fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s . Th e

p o t

e

n

t ia

l e x

is

t s

fo r wa t

e

rbo r

ne c

o

a

t in gs to b e use d b y a l l se g m e

n

ts of the w ood f i ni shi n g

i nd u str y . H o w e ve r , the w a te

r

b or ne coa t i n gs cur r e ntl y a

v a i l a bl e a r e b e tte r sui t e

d to ce r

t

a

i n appl i c at

i o ns t h

an o t

h

ers. Fo r exampl e:

• O pen pore w ood s ar e consi d e r e d easi er to f i ni sh w i th wa t

e

rbo r

ne c

o

a

t in gs t

h

a

n

fille d p o re s

• D ar k e r

w ood s someti mes appear cl oud y w h en f i ni shed w i th w a te

r

b or ne coa t i n gs , thoug h the cl a r

i t

y

ha s i m pr ove d ove r the l a

st

t

e

n years

• W a

t

e

r

bo rne fin i s

h

e

s

do no t h a

v e t h

e

ru bba bilit y o f ni troce l l u l o se l a cq ue r

s a nd the f

i ni sh i s the r e f

ore not a s

g l ossy where a gl o ssy f i ni sh i s requi r ed

• W a

t

e

r

bo rne c o

a

t in gs m a

y re q

u ire a m o

difie d dryin g

m e

t

h

o

d ( i ncreased ai rf l o

w and t e

mperat ure)
. U l t ra v io le

t (U V )-c u ra ble c o

a

t in gs a r e c u rre n

t ly u se d in v a rio u s se gm e

n

t s

o f t

h

e

wo o

d fin i s

h

in g indu s t

ry. U V -c u ra ble c o

a

t in gs c a

n be appl i e d usi n g spra y equi pment, r o l l coater s, or cur t

ai n coater s. T h e

re f

or e , the pote nti a l e x

i s

ts f o

r

U V

- c ura bl e coa t i n gs to b e use d on c

a

se go o

d a s

we ll a s

fla t p i e c

e

s , a nd p r o g re s

s

in t

h

is

dire c

t i o n h a

s be e

n m a

de
. Ho we v e r, a s

m e

n

t io ne d p r e v io u s ly, c u rin g

o f t h

e t h

re e

dim e

n

s

i o na l p i e c

e

s

re m a

in s

diffic u lt be c

a

u se a ll o f t h

e c o

a

t in g ma te

r

i a

l s must b e e x

pose d to the U Vra d i a ti on. Pr obl e ms a r

i se i n cur i ng of re ce sse d sur f

a

c

e

s

tha t d o not g e t d i r e c

t e x

posur e to the

S I C C o d e 25 58 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

ra dia t i o n . M a n

y

s t u die s

a r e be in g c o

nd u c t

e

d so t h

a

t U V -c u ra ble m a

t

e

rials m a

y exp e rienc e

m o

re wides p read u se in t

h

e fu t u re. Po l y uret hane co at

i n gs are used i n so me segment s

o f t h

e wo o

d fin i s

h

in g indu s t

ry. P o lyu r e t

h

a

ne m a

t

e

ria l s

c a

n

be s p ra y a p p lie d, o r a

p p lie d by c u rt a

i n o r

ro ll c o

a

t

, a nd a r e c u re d in t h

e c o

n

v e n

t i o n

a

l manner. Po l y uret hane co at

i n gs are charact e

ri zed b y

a hi gh- g l o ss l o o

k , w h i c

h ma y

not b e d e si ra bl e to ce r

t

a

i n se g m e

n

ts of the w ood f u r n

i t

ur e indu s t

ry. O t h

e

r

lim it

a

t io n

s

t

h

a

t p r e v e n

t it s

wide s

p re a

d u se inc l u d e the ne e

d f o

r a cl e a

n r oom e n

vi r o nme n

t, the shor t pot l i f e

( o ne to si x h

o

u r s

) , a nd t h

e

diffic u lt y in re p a irin g. P o lye s

t

e

r c o

a

t in gs a r e s

i m ila r t o

p o lyu r e t

h

a

ne s

in t

h

e

i r u se s a nd t h

e

i r lim it

a

t io n

s . Th e

film p r o p e r

t i e

s

o f t

h

e

p o lye s

t

e

r c o

a

t in gs a r e go o

d ; t

h

e

y

p ro v ide go o

d bu ild a nd go o

d c h

e

m ic

a

l , m e

c

h

a

n

ic

a

l , a nd h e

a

t resi st ance. H o w e ver, appl i c at

i o n requi r es a cl ean ro o

m envi ro nment wh ic

h

c

a

n

be v e ry e x

p e n

s

iv e a

nd diffic u lt t

o

m a

in t

a

in
. L o ss p rev en t

i on an d

h o

u

sekeep i n g

i s t h

e perf o

r

mance o f prev ent i v e mai n tenance and equi pment and mater i al s manag e ment so as to m i n i m i z e o p p o rt

u n it

ie

s

fo r le a

k

s , s p ills , e v a p o ra t iv e lo s

se s , a nd o t

h

e

r re le

a

se s

o

f p o t

e

n

t ia

lly t o

x

ic

c

h

e

m ic

a

l s . Fo r e xa m p l e , s p ra y gu n s c a

n be cl e a

ne d b y sub m e

r

g i ng onl y the f

r ont e nd of the gu n i n the cl e a

ni ng so l v ent ; o r

ro ut i ne mai n t

e

nance o f spray gun equi pment can prev ent e

q

u i p m e

n

t fro m bre a

kin g

do wn a

nd le a

kin g. Waste segregat i o

n an d separat i o

n

in v o lv e s

a v o idin g t h

e

m i xt u r e o f differen t t y p e s

o f was t

es and av o idin g t h

e m i xt u r e o f h azardo u s w a st

es w i t h

no n- hazard o us w a st

es. T h i s

makes t h

e reco very o f hazard o us w a st

es easi er b y

mi ni mi zi ng t h

e numb er o f d i f f

e

rent hazard o us co nst i t

u ent s

i n a gi ven w a st

e st ream. Al so , i t prevent s t h

e co nt ami nat i o n o f no n- hazard o us w a st

es. Speci f i c

exampl es i ncl ud e seg r eg ati n g

spent sol v ents b y

sol v ent ty pes, and seg r eg ati n g nonh

azardo u s p a in t so lids fro m h azardo u s p a in t so lv en t s

and t h

in ne rs . S o l v

en t recy c

l i n g i s t h

e use o r

reuse o f a wast e as an i n gred i e nt o r f

e

e

d stock i n the prod ucti on pr oce ss on- s i t

e . Re cy cl i n g

i n w h i c

h a w a ste i s re cove re d a nd r e use d i n the pr od ucti on pr oce ss on- s i t

e

a s

a n i n put i s a f

o

r

m of pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on. One e xa m pl e i s the use of a s

m a

ll o n -s it

e

s

t ill t o

re c

y c l e

xyle ne o

r

la c

q

u e r t h

in ne r. T r ai n i n g

an d

su p

erv i s

i o

n

pr ovi d e s e m pl oy e e

s

w i th the i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n a nd t

h

e

inc e

n

t iv e t

o

m i n i m i z e wa s

t

e

ge ne ra t i o n

in t h

e

i r da ily du t i e

s . Th is mi g h t i ncl ud e e n

sur i ng tha t e m pl oy e e

s

k now a nd pra c

ti ce pr ope r

a nd

S e p tem b e r 1995 59 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

e

f

f

i ci e n

t use of tool s a nd suppl i e s, a nd tha t the y

a r e a w a r e of , und e r

s

ta nd , a nd suppor t the compa n

y ' s pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on g o a

l s.

S I C C o d e 25 60 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 1 9 Pollution Pr e

v e n tion M a t

r

i x P r o c es s P o llu tion P r ev en tion P r o c es s Eco nom i c a n d Env i r on m e nt Sa v i ng s a n d Ben ef its P a y

b ac k P e ri od A pplic at

io

n of fin i sh an d p r e-fin i sh co a t i n

g

s P r o c e

ss Mo di f i ca ti o n Implemen t alt e

rn

at

iv es t

o

c

ompr e s

s e

d a

i r

sp r a y gun s y

s

t em s

inc l ud ing: 1. A i r l ess an d air assist ed air l ess • M a t e

ri al c on s

u m p t

ion re

du cti on : 1 5 % • A n n

u al cost savi n g

s: $55, 000 • Wast e

v o lu me fr om sp r a y b o o t h c l e

a

nup re

du cti on : 5 0

% P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : yea r

2. El e c

trostati c sp ray sy ste m

s • An n

u al cost savi n g

s: $150, 000 • Waste savi n g

s/ re

du cti on f

r om w i p i n g st

ain c

omp ar ed t o c

on v en t i on al sp r a y u n it

s: 25% P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : y e ar

s

3. F l at lin e fin i sh in

g • A n n

u al sav i n g

s in t o

t a

l c o at in

g

c

o

st

s: 20- 30% • Waste savi n g

s/ re

du cti on i n V O Cs: 25% P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : y e ar

s

Ma te

ri a l S u b s

ti tu ti on S u b s

ti tu ti on of sol v e n

t- b a

se

d i n k

s

w i th wat e

r - bas e d in ks • A n n

u al cost savi n g

s i n ra

w m a

te

ri a l s: $75, 000 • A n n

u al cost savi n g

s i n di sp osal costs: $37, 000 In form at

ion n

o

t av ailable

W a

s

te

R e du cti o n Replac e wat e

r - bas e d pain t bo o t h filt er

s

wit h

d r y filt er

s . D r y filt er

s

will d o uble pain t bo o t h

life an d allo w mo re

e

f f i ci e n

t tre a

tm e

n

t of was t ewat er . • A n n

u al cost savi n g

s: $1, 500 • Waste savi n g

s/ r e

d u c t ion s : 3, 000 ga l l ons /ye a

r In form at

ion n

o

t av ailable

P r o c e

ss Mo di f i ca ti on Tr ai n sp r a y

g

u n op er ator s i n p r op er sp r a y t e

c

hni q u e s t

o

m i ni m i z e c

o a t i n

g was t e g e n

e

r a

t i on • A n n

u al cost savi n g

s: $50, 000 t o

$70, 000 • F in is h i n

g

mat e

ri al re

qu i r e d re du cti on : 8-10% In form at

ion n

o

t av ailable 1

2

2

S e p tem b e r 1995 61 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 1 9 (c ont' d) Pollution Pr e

v e n tion M a t

r

i x P r o c es s P o llu tion P r ev en tion P r o c es s Eco nom i c a n d Env i r on m e nt Sa v i ng s a n d Ben ef its P a y

b ac k P e ri od A pplic at

ion of fin i sh an d p r e-fin i sh co a t i n

g

s (c

on t i n

u ed ) R e cy cl i n g Rec y c l e sp en t s o lv en t s

wit h

r e c

o

v e r y un it

s

in c

l ud in g: 1. Small on -sit e s o lv en t r e c

o

v e r y

s

t ill to

re cy cl e sp e n

t l a cqu e r th i n

n

e

r • A n n

u al cost savi n g

s: $5, 700 P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : yea r 2. Small in -h

o

u s e s

t ill t o

r e c

y c l e met h

ylen e c h

lori d e • I n c

e

n

ti ve w a s to a v oi d RC RA liabilit y r e lat e

d to di sp osa l P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : y e ar

s 3. In -h

o

u s e s

t ill t o

r e c

y c l e x y len e In fo

rm at

ion n

o

t av ailable P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : 3 mo nt

hs 4. B a t c

h

d i s t illat i o

n

un it

t

o

r e c

o

v e r x

y len e

fr o m

pain t eq uipmen t c

l e

a

ni ng • A nnua l s a v i ngs : $5, 000 P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : 3 mo nt

hs 5. B a t c

h

d i s t illat i on t

o

r e c

o

v e r isop r o p

yl ac et

at

e g e n

e

r a

t e

d d u ri n g

eq uipmen t c

l ean i n

g In form at

ion n

o

t av ailable P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : y e ar

s 6. R e cove ry

sy ste m

for sol v e n

ts c

on t ain e

d in air emission s • A nnua l s a v i ngs : $1, 000 In form at

ion n

o

t av ailable 7. Small s o lv en t r e c

o

v e r y

s

t ill t o re

cove r sp e n

t p a i n

t th i n

n

e

r f r om sp ra y

g

u n cl e a

n

i n

g

a

n

d e xce ss pain t bat c

h

e

s • C ap it al in v e st

men t for a 15-gallon c

a

p a c

i t

y s

t ill: $6, 000 • A nnua l s a v i ngs i n n

e

w t h

in

n

e

r : $3, 600 • A n n

u al d i sp osal sav i n g

s: $5, 400 • Waste savi n g

s/ r e

d u c t ion : 75% (745 ga l l ons o

f t

h

i nne r r e

c

o

v e r e

d fr om 1, 003 gallon s

) • P ro du ct/ w a s

te t h

r o

ughput in

form at

ion : 1, 500 gallon s o

f sp en t t h

inner pr o c es

s e

d per yea r P a y

b

ac

k p e ri o d : e s

s t h

an on e y e ar 1
2
1
1

2

l

S I C C o d e 25 62 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 1 9 (c ont' d) Pollution Pr e

v e n tion M a t

r

i x P r o c es s P o llu tion P r ev en tion P r o c es s Eco nom i c a n d Env i r on m e nt Sa v i ng s a n d Ben ef its P a y

b ac k P e ri od A pplic at

io

n of fin i sh an d p r e-fin i sh co a t i n

g

s (c

on t i n

u ed ) 8
. S o l v e n

t re co

ve ry

sy ste m

to re

co

ve r a n

d re u s e sp e n

t m e

th

yl e

t hyl ke t o

ne . • A nnua l s a v i ngs : $43, 000 • M EK re co

ve ry

ra te : 20 g a llon s / d ay (r eflec t in

g

a 90% re

du cti on i n w a ste ) In form at

ion n

o

t av ailable

Equ i p me n

t c

l e

a

ni ng P r o c e

ss Mo di f i ca ti o n Flush eq uipment f

i r

s

t w i t h

d i r t y s o

lv en t befor e fin a

l c l ean i n

g

wit h v i r g

in

s o lv en t an d us e c l ean u p s o

lv en t s

in fo rm ulat ion o

f s

u bs eq uen t bat c

h

e

s o

f pain t • Waste savi n g

s/ re

du cti on : 9 8

% • P a i nt c

l e

a

nup s o l v e n

t s re

du cti on : f r o

m 25, 000 t o

400 g a llon s In form at

ion n

o

t av ailable

Sourc e : P o l l u t i on P revent i on O p t i ons i n Wood Furni t u

re Manuf ac

t u

ri ng , 1992.
V
. B
. Pollution Pr e

v e n tion C a s e Studies He nr e d on Fur n itur e

I ndustr ies , lo c

a

t

e

d in C a lifo r

n

i a

, a p p lie s stai ns a

nd othe r

f

i ni she s

to cha i r

s , b e nche s, a nd a va r

i e

t y of othe r f u r n

i t

ur e i t

ems. B e cause t h

e co nv ent i o nal spray guns t h

at

H e nred o n

had b een usi n g

w e re not me e

t i n g

cur r e nt r e gu l a ti ons f o

r VOC e m i ssi ons, the c

o

m p a n

y re se a

rc h

e

d t h

e

fe a

s

ibilit y o f h i gh-v o l u m e lo w-p r e s

s

u re ( H VL P) spra y

gu ns. H e nr e d on te ste d gu ns b y

a

va r

i e

t y of ma nuf a

ctur e r

s to f i nd those tha t b e st f i t t h

ei r need s. T h e H V L P guns ul t i mat e

l y

sel e ct

ed o p erat e o n

ai r pr e ssur e s f rom 7 to 1 0 psi , w h i c

h i s w i thi n the d e f

i ni ti ons se t b y Ca l i f or ni a ' s South Coa s

t A i r Qua l i t y

Ma na g e me nt D i str i ct. T h e

l o w e r pr essure r e sul t s i n l e ss over spra y

and mor e ef f

i ci ent use of mater i al
. T h e new H V L Ps i ncreased ef f

i ci ency such that averag e mater i al usag e w a s red u ced b y 13 t o

15 percent
. E m pl o y ee t rai ni ng o n

appl i c at

i o n techni ques w a s al so cond ucted to i m pr ove ef f

i ci ency . T h e new gu ns i m pr ove d prod uct q u a l i t y

w i thout sl ow i n g pr od ucti on ra te

s. He n

re d o n

is c

u rre n

t ly u s in g t h

e

HV LP gu n s

t

o

a

p p l y la c

q

u e rs , se a

l e

r

s , and st ai ns at t

h

ree pl ant l o cat i o n

s. H e nred o n

saves appro x

i m at

el y 18, 512 gal l o ns o f raw mat e

ri al annual l y b y

usi n g t h

e mo re ef f

i ci ent guns. T h ese sav i ngs equat e t o a red u ct i o n i n VO C emi ssi o n

s o f 126, 060 po und s per year.

S e p tem b e r 1995 63 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Purchase and i n st

al l a t i o n

co st

b e t w een $350 and $500 per gun. H e nred o n f i gures t o

save appro x

i m at

el y $119, 673 per year i n raw mat e

ri al usage, f o

r an average payb ack peri o d o f 3. 5 mo nt hs. T h om s o n C r own W ood Pr oduc ts , I n c . , ma nuf a

ctur e s

w ood te l e

vi si on cab i nets. Par t s of these cabi nets w e r e spra y e d w i th f i ni shi n g mater i al s b y

an ai r - assi sted ai r l ess spra y gu n, re sul t i n g i n the prod ucti on of VOCs a nd a l a r

g e pa i n t w a ste str e a

m . T o a m e

l i o ra te thi s probl e m, Crow n W ood pr opose d to te st hi g h

- v ol ume l o w pressure ( H VL P) spra y gu ns and eval uate thei r success i n r e d u ci ng t

h

ese wast e st reams. T h ro ug h i n - h ouse , on- l i ne pr od ucti on te sti n g , Cr ow n W ood r e vi e w e d fo u r diffe re n

t HV LP s p ra y gu n s u s in g p e ne t

ra t in g s t

a

i n (no- wip e ), gl aze, sap st ai n, equal i z er, t o

ner, shad e, and w a t

e

r- b a sed bl ack pai n t

. An HV LP s p ray gu n m a

n

u fac t u r ed by o ne c o

m p an y gav e exc e

llen t perf o

r

mance d u ri ng t h

e penet rat i n g st ai n and regul a r gl aze a

p p lic a

t io n

s . Th is

gu n wa s

a l so h i gh ly re c

o

m m e

nd e d by t h

e

s

p ra ye rs f

o

r i t s si ze, w e i g ht, tr i g g e r

i ng , and cl eani ng ease. H o w e ver , b e cause t

h

e s p ra ye r did no t h o

ld a s

p e c

ific s

p ra y p a t t

e

rn v e ry we ll, it c

o

u ld no t be u se d fo r h e

a

v ie r fin i s

h

e

s . In s

t

e

a

d, a n

HV LP s p ra y gu n manuf a

ctured b y

another manuf a

ctur er , w h i c

h al so r e cei v ed g ood rat i n gs by t h

e s p rayers , gav e m u c h

m o

re c o

n

s

is

t

e

n

t c o

v e rage and spra y

patter n

f

o

r

the w a ter

- b a sed bl ack , sap stai n, equal i z er , shad e, and t o

ner f i ni shes. W i th the ne w H V L P spra y

gu ns, Cr ow n W ood ha s e x

pe r

i e

nce d m a

t

e

rial redu c t io n

s

o f 65 p e rc en t fo r equ a lizer, 65 p e rc en t fo r s t

ain , 54 percent f o

r t o

ner, 35 percent f

o

r gl aze, 35 percent f

o

r no- w i p e, and 53 pe rc e

n

t f o

r w a te

r - b a se d bl a c

k

f i ni she s . T h e

se r e d u cti o ns tota l ove r 13, 300 gal l o ns per year, w h i c

h al so resul t s i n red u ct i o ns i n VO C s and pai n t w a ste. A total of $137, 448 per y e ar i s the esti mated savi ngs f rom purc hasi ng the new spra y

gu ns. Costs associ ated w i th pai n t w a ste r e d u cti o n have not b e e

n d e te

r

m i ne d , b u t a r e d u cti o n i n the a m ount of cl e a

n- up w a ste w a s evi d e nt . T h e co st

o f t

h

e pro j ect w a s $21, 350. In J u l y 1992, C ro w n Wo o

d al t e

red i t s pri n t i ng pro c

ess ro o

m t o inc o

rp o ra t

e

t

h

e

la y-do wn o

r

ro ll-o n

fin i s

h

in g t o

p a nd e nd p a ne ls o f t h

e outsi d e ca b i ne t. W i th thi s proce ss mod i f i c

a

t i o n, 6 0 pe r c e

n

t of the spra y i ng ope ra t i o n i s now d i v e r

te

d to the pr i n ti ng room. A l ong w i th p a in t wa s

t

e

a nd V O C disc h

a

r

ge s , t h

is

ne w a p p lic a

t io n

p r o c

e

d u r e re d u ced f i ni shi n g

purc hases b y

50 per c ent.
S I C C o d e 25 64 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es
Etha n A lle n, I n c . , m a

n

u fa c

t u r e s

din in g a nd be dro o

m fu rn it

u r e . C o at

i n g pro c

ed ures i n t h

e f i ni shi n g o p erat i o ns pro d uced appro x

i m at

el y 37, 000 po und s o f hazard o us w a st

e annual l y . T o red u ce the q u a n

ti ty a nd d i s posa l cost of thi s w a ste , the compa n

y ma d e the equi pment sub s

ti tuti ons and cl eanup chang e s d i scussed b e l o

w . S o m e

o f t h

e

m o

dific a

t io n

s

re s

u lt e

d dire c

t l y fro m e m p l o y e e sug g e sti o ns. T h e company i m pl emented a cost r e d u cti o n prog ra m to fa c

ilit a

t

e

e m p l o y e e

in v o lv e m e

n

t in wa s

t

e/ c o

s

t re du c t io n a c

t i v i t i e

s . Em p l o y e e

s

s

u bm it

wa s

t

e/ c o

s

t re du c t io n

ide a

s , wh ic

h

a

r e e v a l u a t

e

d by a c o

s

t re du c t io n

c o

m m i t

t

e

e , a nd v a lid s u gge s

t io n

s

a r e a s

s

i gne d fo r savi ngs cal c ul ati o ns. T h re e

ma i n compone n

ts of the coa t i n g

ope ra t i o n g e ne ra te the hazard o us w a st

e: o v ersprayi ng co l l e ct

i o n syst ems, mat e

ri al t ranspo r

t syst ems, and equi pment cl eanup pro c

ed ures. Over spra y

Col l e cti o n Sy stems

• M e t

a

l filt e

r

s

re p l a c

e

d p a p e r/ c a

rdbo a

r d filt e

r

s fo r a ll t h

e c o

a

t in g o

p e ra t io n

s . Th e m e

t

a

l filt e

r

s a r e c l e

a

ne d in a t a

n

k

in wh ic

h so lv e n

t is c i rc u l a t

e

d wit h

a dia p h ra gm p u m p . Th e wa s

t

e so lv e n

t

/ c o

a

t i n g

m i x is dis t ille d, a nd o n

ly t h

e

o v e r

s

p ra y is d r ummed f o

r

d i s posal
. T h e cl eani ng sol v ent i s r e used
. T h e met a

l f i l t ers used f o

r l a cquer and seal er o v erspray are hand wip e d, a nd t h

e

du s t is se n

t

-o ff s i t

e

fo r re c

y c lin g.

• A f a

b r i c

at

ed , sl o p ed po l y et hyl e ne- l i ned t r o u gh repl aced a

b

sor b e n

t w ood sha v i n gs use d to ca tch ove r

spra y . I n the w i pi ng sta i n b ooths, the tr oug h i s sq ue e

z e d i n to a pa n, a nd onl y the l i q ui d over spra y

i s d r ummed f o

r

d i s posal
.
• H i g h- vol ume, l o w - pr essure ( H VL P) spra y

gu ns r e pl aced conventi onal ai r - assi sted spra y

gu n equi pment. A s a re sul t , the q

u a n

ti ty of ove r

spra y

to b e f i l t e

r e d i s re d u ce d , a nd spra y i ng ef

f

i ci ency i s i ncr eased
. A l so, each operator i s r e qui r ed to attend an annual techni cal trai ni ng sessi on. T rai ni ng i s pr ovi d e d b y a re pr e se n

ta

ti ve of the spra y

gu n ma nuf a

cture r . Ma te

r

i a

l T ra n

spor t Sy ste m s

• P o l yet h

ylene c o

v e rs

rep l ac ed c a

rdbo ard c o

v e rs

fo r p a llet s u sed to tra n

spor t pr od ucts thr o ug h coa t i n g

ope ra t i o ns. T h e over spra y i s peel ed of f the pol y ethy l e ne cover and d r ummed fo r dis p o sa l.
S e p tem b e r 1995 65 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

• T he ra ck s use d to tra n

spor t ma te

r

i a

l on the conve y or sy ste m a

r e c

l e

a

ne d p e rio dic a

lly du rin g

t h

e

bo ile r wa t

c

h

m a

n ’ s fre e t i m e . Th u s , t h

e e m p l o y e e ’ s t i m e

is u t iliz e d , a nd t h

e

ra c

k

s

c a

n

be reused
. T h i s

pro c

ed ure l e ngt h

ens t h

e l i f e o f t

h

e racks, whi c h m u s t be c l eane d o r

dis p o se d o f as a so lid h azardo u s was t

e. C l eanup O p erat i o ns

• A so lv e n

t dis t illa t i o n

u n it

wa s

in s

t

a

lle d t o

re c

o

v e r u s a

ble so l v ent s

and red u ce hazard o us w a st

e generat i o n . A sevenga llo n ba t

c

h s t ill, wh ic

h

is ru n t

w ic e

da ily, re c

o

v e rs

fiv e ga llo n

s o

f reusabl e so l v ent f

o

r ev ery sev e n gal l o ns o f cl eanup wast e. T h ese equi pment sub s

t i t

u t i o n

s and changes i n cl eanup pro c

ed ures resul t ed i n t h

e el i m i n at

i o n o f 25, 900 po und s o f hazard o us w a st

e annual l y , f o

r an est i mat e

d co st

savi ngs o f $129, 465 per year. T h e f

o

l l o w i ng e x

hi b i t l i s ts the pr oce ss, cost of i m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on, q u a n

ti ty of w a ste re d u cti o n, and annual cost savi ngs. Ex hibit 2 0 Etha n A lle n Pollution Pr e

v e n tion C a s e Study Sum m a

r

y P roc es s C a p ito l In ves t me n t , $ Was te R e d u c tion , lb s / y ear Sa v i ng s, $/

y ear M e t a

l F ilt er

s 7 , 000 10, 000 48, 125 La cqu e r a n

d Sealer Rec y c l e 1, 500 2, 300 6, 150 Po lyet h

ylen e T r o ugh 400 6, 100 38, 430 HV L P Sp r a y Gu n s

(12 g u n s @ $250) 3, 000 M a t e

ri al U s e Red u c t ion : Sap St ain 27% Sealer 20% La cqu e r 1 1 % Ma te

ri a l Use S a vi n g

s: 15, 000 t o

20, 000
Po lyet h

ylen e Pallet C o v e r

s 2, 050 3, 700 7, 450 Rac k

Clean i n

g 200 1, 900 8, 250 Solv en t D i s t illat i on 4, 500 1, 900 3, 200 T o t a

l $68, 650 25, 900 $129, 465 S o

u

r c e : No rth C a ro

lin a Dep a

rtmen t o

f E n v

i ro n

m

en

t, Hea l th , a

n

d

Na tu

ra

l R eso u

r c e s P o

llu tion P rev en

tion P r og

ram.

S I C C o d e 25 66 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es VI
. S U MMA R Y OF F ED ER AL S TA TU TE S A ND R EG ULAT I O N S T h i s

secti o n d i scusses the F e d e ra l statutes and r e gu l a ti ons that may a

ppl y to thi s se ctor . T h e

pur p ose of thi s se cti o n i s to hi g h l i g ht, a nd brie fly de sc r

ibe t

h

e

a p p lic a

ble Fe de ra l re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a nd t o p r o v ide c

i t

a

t i o n

s fo r m o

re de t

a

ile d in fo rm a

t io n . Th e

t

h

re e

fo llo win g

se c

t io n

s are i ncl ud ed
. • S ecti on VI. A contai ns a g e nera l over vi ew of maj o r

statutes
• S e c

ti on VI
. B conta i ns a l i s t of r e gu l a ti ons spe c

i f

i c

to thi s indu s t

ry • S e c

ti on VI
. C conta i ns a l i s t of pe nd i n g

a

nd pr opose d r e gu l a ti ons Th e de sc r

ip t i o n

s wit h

in S e c

t io n I V a r e in t

e

nd e d so le

ly fo r ge ne ra l i n f

o

r

m a

t i o n. D e pe nd i n g upon the na tur e or scope of the a c

ti vi ti e s

a

t a p a rt

ic

u l a r

fa c

ilit y, t h

e

se s ummar i es may or may not necessar i l y de sc r

ibe a ll a p p lic a

ble e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l re q

u ire m e

n

t s . M o r e o

v e r, t h

e

y d o not consti tute f

o

r

m a

l i n te

r

p r e ta

ti ons or cl a r

i f

i c

a

t i o ns of the sta t ute s and regu lat i o n

s . Fo r fu rt h

e

r in fo rm at

io n , readers s h

o

u ld c o

n

s

u l t t h

e C o de o f Fe de ra l R e gu la t i o n

s

a nd o t

h

e

r s t

a

t

e o r lo c

a

l re gu la t

o

r

y a

g e nc i e

s . EP A Ho t line c o

n

t

a

c

t s

a r e a l so p r o v ide d fo r e a

c

h

m a jo r statute.
VI
. A
. G en er al D escr i p t i o n of Maj or S t at

u tes R es o ur c

e

C o ns e r va tion A nd R e c ove r y

A c t T h e Resource Conser vati on A nd Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) o f 1976 w h i c

h a

m e

nde d t h

e

S o lid W a

s

t

e

Dis p o s

a

l A c t

, a ddre s

se s

so lid (S u b t i t

l e D) and hazard o us ( S ub t i t

l e C ) w a st

e management act i vi t i es. T h e Hazardo u s and S o lid Was t

e

Am endm en t s

(HS W A) o f 1984 s

t

re n

g

t

h

e

ne d R C R A ’ s wa s

t

e

m a

na ge m e

n

t p r o v is io n

s a nd a dde d S u bt it

le

I , wh ic

h

go v e rn s

u nde rgro u nd s t

o

ra g e t

a

n

k

s

(U S Ts )
. Re gu l a ti ons promul g a te

d pur s

ua nt to Sub t i t

l e

C of RCRA ( 4 0

CF R Part s 260- 299) est a

bl i s h a “crad l e - t

o - grave” syst em go verni n g hazard o us w a st

e f r o m t h

e po i n t o f generat i o n

t o

d i s po sal
. R C R A hazard o us w a st

es i ncl ud e t h

e speci f i c mat e

ri al s l i s t

e

d i n t h

e re gu l a ti ons ( c omme r c i a

l che m i c

a

l pr od ucts, d e si g na t

e

d w i th the cod e " P " o r

" U " ; hazard o us w a st

es f r o m speci f i c i nd u st ri es/ so u rces, d e si gnat ed w i t h t h

e co d e " K " ; o r

hazard o us w a st

es f r o m no n- speci f i c sources, d e si g nated w i th the cod e " F " ) or mater i al s w h i c

h ex hi bi t a

S e p tem b e r 1995 67 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t h

azardo u s was t

e c h

arac t

e

ris t ic

(ign it

ibilit y, c o

rro s

i v i t y , reac t i v i t y , o r t

o

x

ic

it

y a nd de s

i gna t

e

d wit h

t

h

e

c

o

de "D"). R e gul a t

e

d ent i t

i es t h

at

generat e

hazard o us w a st

e are sub j ect t

o w a st

e accumul ati o n, mani f e

sti n g , and r e cord k eepi n g

stand a r d s. F a c

ilit ie

s t

h

at

t

reat , st o

re, o r

d i s po se o f hazard o us w a st

e must o b

t

a

i n a permi t , e

i the r f rom E P A or f

r om a Sta t

e

a g e ncy w h i c

h E P A ha s a u thor i z e d to i m pl e m e

n

t the pe r

m i tti ng pr og ra m. Sub t i t

l e

C pe r

m i t

s conta i n g e ne ra l fa c

ilit y s t

a

nda rds s u c h

a s

c o

n

t in ge nc y p l a n

s , e m e

r

ge nc y p r o c

e

d u r e s , re c

o

rdke e

p in g a nd re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s , fina nc ia

l a s

s

u ra nc e mechani s ms, and uni t

- s

peci f i c stand a r d s. RCRA al so contai ns pro v i s i o ns ( 40 C F R Part 264 Subp art S and §264. 10) f o

r co nd uct i ng co rrect i v e act i o n

s w h i c

h go vern t h

e cl eanup o f rel e ases o f hazard o us wa s

t

e o r c o

n

s

t i t

u e n

t s

fro m so lid wa s

t

e

m a

na ge m e

n

t u n it

s

a t R C R A

re gu la t

e

d fa c

ilit ie

s . Al t h

o

u gh R C R A i s a Fed e ral st at

ut e, many S t at

es i m pl ement t h

e R C R A p ro g ra m . C u rre n

t ly, EP A h a

s

de le

ga t

e

d it s

a u t h

o

r

it

y t o

im p l e m e

n

t va r

i ous provi s i o ns of RCRA to 4 6

of the 5

0

Sta t

e

s . Most RCRA re q

u i re m e

n

ts a r e not i nd u str y

spe c

i f

i c

b u t a ppl y to a n

y co mpany t h

at

t

ranspo r

t s , t r eat s , st o

r es, o r

d i s po ses o f hazard o us w a st

e. Here are so m e

im p o rt

an t R C R A regu lat o

r

y requ irem en t s :

• I d e n t i f

i c

at

i o n of S o l i d an d H azar d o u s Wastes ( 40 C F R Part 261) l a ys o u t t

h

e pro c

ed ure every generat o

r sho u l d f o

l l o w t o de t

e

rm ine wh e

t

h

e

r t h

e m a

t

e

ria l c r e a

t

e

d is c o

n

s

ide re d a h

azardo u s was t

e, so lid was t

e, o r

is exem p t ed fro m regu lat i o n .
• S t a

n d a r

d s f o r G e n e r a

t

o r s

of H azar d o u s Waste ( 40 C F R Part 262) es t

a

blis h

e

s

t h

e res p o n

s

i bilit ies o f h azardo u s was t

e ge ne ra t

o

r

s

inc l u din g o b

t

a

in in g a n

I D n u m b e r , p r e p a r

in g a m a

n

i fe s

t

, e n

s

u rin g

p r o p e r

p a c

k a g in g a nd la be lin g, m e

e

t in g stand a rd s f o

r w a ste accumul ati o n uni t s, and r e cor d k eepi n g

and re por t i n g re qui r ements. Genera tor s can accumul ate hazar d o us w a st

e f o

r up t o

90 d a ys ( o r 180 d a ys d e pend i n g o n t h

e amo u nt of

w a ste g e ne ra te

d ) w i thout ob ta i n i n g

a

pe r

m i t

.
• L a nd Dis pos a l R est r

i c

tions (LDR s ) a r e re gu la t i o n

s

p r o h

ibit in g t

h

e d i s po sal o f hazard o us w a st

e o n

l a nd w i t h

o

u t pri o r t

reat m ent . Und e r t h

e L D R s ( 40 C F R 268) , mat e

ri al s must meet la

nd dis p o sa l re s

t

ric t io n

(LDR ) t r e a

t

m e

n

t s t

a

nda rds p r io r t o p l a c

e

m e

n

t in a R C R A la nd dis p o sa l u n it (la ndfill, la nd tre a

tme n

t uni t , w a ste pi l e , or sur f

a

c

e

i m pound m e

n

t)
. W a

s

te

s sub j e c

t to the L D Rs i ncl ud e sol v e n

ts, e l e

c

tr opl a ti ng w a ste s ,
S I C C o d e 25 68 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es he a

v

y

me ta

l s , a nd a c

i d s . Ge ne ra tor s of w a ste sub j e c

t to the L D Rs must pr ovi d e noti f i ca ti on of such to the d e si g n a

t

e

d T S D fa c

ilit y t o

e

n

s

u re p r o p e r

t

r e a

t

m e

n

t p r io r t o

dis p o sa l.

• U s e d Oil M a n a g e m e n t Sta nda r

d s ( 40 C F R Part 279) i m po se ma na g e me nt r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts a f

f

e

cti n g

the stora g e , tra n

spor ta

ti on, bu rn in g, p r o c

e

s

s

i n g , a nd re -re f

in in g o f t

h

e

u se d o il. Fo r p a rt

ie

s tha t me re l y

g e ne ra te

use d oi l , r e gu l a ti ons e s

ta

bl i s h stora g e s

t

a

nda rds
. Fo r a p a rt

y c o

n

s

ide re d a u se d o il m a

rke t

e

r

(o ne wh o ge ne ra t

e

s

a nd se lls o ff-s p e c

i fic a

t i o n

u se d o il dire c

t l y t o a u se d o

il bu rne r

), a ddit io na l t ra c

kin g a nd p a p e rwo r

k re q

u ire m e

n

t s must b e sa ti sf i e

d
.
• T a nks a nd C o nta i ne r s used t o

st o

r e hazard o us w a st

e w i t h

a hi g h vol a ti l e or g a ni c conce n

tra t i o n must me e

t e m i ssi on st

and a rd s und e r R C R A
. R e gul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 264- 265, Subp a r

t CC) r e q

u i r e g e ne ra tor s to te st the w a ste to d e te

r

m i ne the conce n

tra t i o n of the w a ste , to sa ti sf y ta nk a nd conta i ne r e

m i ssi ons sta nd a r d s, a nd to i n spe c

t a nd moni tor r e gu l a te

d u n it

s . Th e

se re gu la t i o n

s

a p p l y t o

a ll fa c

ilit ie

s

wh o

s t

o

r e s u c h wa s

t

e , inc l u din g ge ne ra t

o

r

s

o p e ra t in g u nde r t h

e 9 0

- da y accumul ati o n r u l e .
• U nde r g r o und Stor a

g e T a nks ( U STs) contai ni ng petr ol eum and hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce are regul a t

e

d und e r Sub t i t

l e I o f R C R A
. Sub t i t

l e

I regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 280) co nt ai n t a

nk d e si gn and re le

a

se de t

e

c

t io n

re q

u ire m e

n

t s , a s

we ll a s

fina nc ia

l re s

p o n

s

i bilit y a nd c o

rre c

t iv e a c

t i o n

s t

a

nda rds fo r U S Ts
. Th e U S T pr og ra m al so establ i s hes i ncr easi ng l y str i ng ent stand a r d s, i ncl ud i n g

upg ra d e re q

u i r e m e

n

ts f o

r

e

x

i s

ti ng ta nk s, tha t must b e met b

y

1998.

• B oile r s

a nd I ndustr ia l Fur n a c

es (BIFs ) t h

a

t u se o r

bu rn fu e l co nt ai ni ng hazard o us w a st

e must co mpl y w i t h

st ri ct d e si gn and o

p erat i n g st and a rd s. B I F regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part 266, Sub p art H) a ddre s

s u n it

de s

i gn , p r o v ide p e rfo r

m a

nc e

s

t

a

nda rds , re q

u ire e

m i ssi ons moni tor i n g , a nd r e str i ct the ty pe of w a ste tha t ma y

b e bu rne d
. E P A ' s RCRA /Supe r

f und/UST Ho tline , a t (800) 424-9346, resp on d

s

to qu est i o

n

s an d

d i st ri bu tes g u

i d

an ce reg ard i n g

al lRCRA reg u

l at i o

n

s

. T h e RCRA H o t

l i n e op erates weekd a

y

s

f r

om 8 : 3

0

a. m . to 7 : 3

0

p . m . , E S T , e

x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. C o m p r e he ns ive Envir onm e nta l R es p ons e , C o m p e n s a tion, And Lia b ility Ac t

S e p tem b e r 1995 69 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t T h e C o mprehensi v e E n v i ro nment a

l R e spo n

se, C o mpensat i o n , and Liabilit y Ac t (C ER C L A), a 1980 law c o

m m o

n

l y kno w n as S u p e rfu nd, a

u thor i z e s E P A to re spond to r e l e

a

se s , or thr e a

t

e

ne d r e l e

a

se s , of hazard o us sub s

t

a

nces t h

at

may end a nger publ i c heal t h , w e l f

are, o r t h

e envi ro nment. CE RCL A al so enabl e s E P A to f o

r c e par t i e

s r e sponsi bl e f

o

r e n

vi ro nme n

ta

l conta m i na t i o n to cl e a

n i t up or to r e i m b

u r se the Super f

und f o

r r e sponse costs i ncur r e d b y

E P A
. T h e Super f

und Amend m ent s

and R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act ( S AR A) o f 1986 revi sed vari o u s se cti o ns of CE RCL A , e x

te

nd e d the ta x

i ng a u thor i t

y

f

o

r

the Supe r

f

und , and c reat e

d a free-s t

and i n g l a w, S A R A Ti t l e III, al so kno w n as t h

e E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act ( E PC RA)
. Th e

C E R C LA h azar d o u s su b st a

n c e r e l ease r e p o r t

i n g r e gu l a t

i o n s (4 0 C F R P a rt 302) direc t t h

e p e rso n in c

h

arge o f a fac ilit y t o

rep o rt

t

o

t

h

e N a ti ona l Re sponse Ce nte r

( N RC) a n

y

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l re l e

a

se of a hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce w h i c

h exceed s a repo rt

abl e quant i t

y . R e po rt

abl e quant i t

i es are d e f

i ned and l i s t

e

d i n 40 C F R § 302. 4. A rel e ase repo rt ma y

tr i g g e r

a r e sponse b y

E P A , or b y

one or mor e F e d e ra l or Sta t

e e

m e

r

g e ncy re sponse a

u thor i t

i e

s. EP A im p l e m e

n

t s h azar d o u s su b s t

a

n c e r esp on ses accor d i n g

to pro c

ed ures o u t l i ned i n t h

e N a t i o n

al O i l and H azard o us Sub s

t

a

nces Po l l u t i o n

C o nt i n gency Pl an ( N C P ) ( 40 C F R Part 300)
. T h e N C P inc l u d e s

p ro v is io n

s

fo r p e rm a

ne n

t c l e

a

n

u p s , kno w n a s re m e

dia l a

c

t i o n

s , a nd o t

h

e

r

c

l e

a

n

u p s re fe

rre d t o

a s

"re m o

v a l s . " EP A ge ne ra lly ta k e s r e me d i a l a c

ti ons onl y a t si te s on the N a ti ona l Pr i o r

i ti e s

L i s t ( N PL ) , w h i c

h current l y

i ncl ud es appro x

i m at

el y 1300 si t e

s. B o t

h E P A and states can act at other si tes; how e ver , E P A pr ovi d e s r e sponsi bl e p a rt

ie

s

t

h

e

o p p o rt

u n it

y t o

c o

nd u c t re m o

v a l a nd re m e

dia l a c

t i o n

s a nd encourag es communi t y

i n vol v ement thro ug hout the Super f

und re sponse process. E P A ' s RCRA /Supe r

f und/UST Ho tline , a t (800) 424-9346, a n

s

w

ers q u

est i o

n

s an d

ref eren ces g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to t

h

e S u p

erf u

n

d

p r

og ram . T h e CE RCL A Hot line ope r

a

te

s we e

k

days fr om 8: 30 a. m. to 7: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Em e r ge nc y Pla nning A nd C o m m unity R i ght-T o-K n ow A c t T h e Superf und Amend m ent s

and R e aut h

o

r

i zat i o n Act ( S AR A) o f 1986 created the E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y Ri g h t- to- Know Act (E P C R A , al so kno w n as S A R A Ti t l e III), a s t

at

u t e d e s

i gned t o i m pro v e communi t y

access to i n f

o

r

m ati o n ab out chemi c al hazar d s and to fa c

ilit a

t

e t h

e de v e lo p m e

n

t o f c h

e

m ic

a

l e m e

r

ge nc y re s

p o n

se p l a n

s

by

S I C C o d e 25 70 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S t a

t

e

a nd lo c

a

l go v e rn m e

n

t s . EP C R A re q

u ire d t h

e e s

t

a

blis h

m e

n

t o f State emer g e ncy r e sponse commi ssi ons ( S E R Cs) , r e sponsi bl e f o

r coord i na t i n g

ce r

t

a

i n e m e

r

g e ncy r e sponse a c

ti vi ti e s a nd f o

r a ppoi n ti ng l o cal emer g e ncy pl anni ng commi ttees ( L E P C s )
. E P C R A and t h

e E P C R A regul a t i o n

s ( 40 C F R Part s 350- 372) est a

bl i s h fo u r t

y p e s

o f re p o rt

in g o bliga t io n

s

fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

wh ic

h

s

t

o

r e o r m a

na ge s

p e c

ifie d c h

e

m ic

a

l s :

• E P CRA §302 re q

u ire s

fa c

ilit ie

s

t

o

no t i fy t h

e S E R C a nd LEP C o f t

h

e presence o f any " e xt remel y hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce" ( t he l i s t o f such sub s

t

a

nces i s i n 40 C F R Part 355, Append i c es A and B) i f i t has such sub s

tance i n ex cess of the sub s

tance's thr e shol d p l a n

n

i n g

q u a n

t i t

y , a nd dire c

t s

t h

e

fa c

ilit y t o

a p p o in t a n e

m e

r

g e ncy r e sponse coord i n a

tor .
• E P CRA §304 re q

u ire s

t

h

e

fa c

ilit y t o

no t i fy t h

e

S E R C a nd t h

e L E P C i n t h

e ev ent o f a rel e ase exceed i n g t h

e repo rt

abl e quant i t

y o

f a C E R C L A hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce o r

an E P C R A ext r emel y hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce.

• E P CRA §§311 an d 312 requ ire a fac ilit y at wh ic

h

a h azardo u s che m i c

a

l , a s

d e f

i ne d b y

the Occupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a nd H e a

l th A c t, is p re se n

t in a n

a m o

u n t e x c e

e

din g a s p e c

ifie d t h

re s

h

o

ld t o s

u bm it t o t h

e S E R C , LEP C , a nd lo c

a

l fire de p a rt

m e

n

t m a

t

e

ria l saf e

t y

d a t

a

sheet s ( M SD Ss) o r

l i s t s

o f M S D S s and hazard o us c

h

e

m ic

a

l in v e n

t

o

r

y fo rm s (a lso kno w n a s

Tie r

I a nd I I fo rm s

)
. Th is in fo rm a

t io n h e

lp s t h

e

lo c

a

l go v e rn m e

n

t re s

p o nd in t h

e e

v e n

t o

f a

s

p ill o r

re le

a

se o

f t

h

e

c

h

e

m ic

a

l
.
• E P CRA §313 re q

u ire s

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

inc l u d e d in S I C co d e s 20 t h

ro ugh 39, w h i c

h have t e

n o r mo re empl o y ees, and wh ic

h m a

n

u fa c

t u r e , p r o c

e

s

s , o r

u se s p e c

ifie d c h

e

m ic

a

l s

in a

m ounts g r e a

te

r tha n thr e shol d q u a n

ti ti e s , to sub m i t

a n

a nnua l t

o

x

ic c h

em ic

al release rep o rt

. Th is

rep o rt

, c o

m m o

n

l y kno w n as the F o r

m R, cove r

s

r e l e

a

se s

a nd tra n

sf

e

r

s of tox i c

che m i c

a

l s to v a rio u s fa c

ilit ie

s

a nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l m e

dia , a nd a llo ws EP A t o compi l e the na ti ona l T o x

i c Re l e

a

se I n ve ntor y

(

T R I ) d a ta

b a se . A ll in fo rm a

t io n

s

u bm it

t

e

d p u rs u a n

t t

o EP C R A re gu la t i o n

s is p u blic ly accessi bl e, unl e ss pr otected b y

a trad e secr et cl ai m. E P A ' s E P CRA H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 535- 0202, an swers qu est i o

n

s

an d di st ri bu te

s g

u

id

a

n

c

e

r e

g

a

r

d

i ng th e

e m

e

r

g

e

n

c

y

p l a

nning a n

d c o

mmunity r i g

h

t-to -k

no w

S e p tem b e r 1995 71 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t reg u

l at i o

n

s

. T h e E P CRA H o t

l i n e op erates w eekd a

y

s

f

r

om 8 : 3

0 a. m . to 7 : 3

0 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Cl ean Water Act

Th e p r im a

r

y o b

je c

t iv e o f t h

e

Fe de ra l W a

t

e

r

P o llu t i o n

C o n

t

ro l A c t

, commonl y re f

e

r

re d to a s

the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t ( C W A ) , i s to r e stor e a nd ma i n ta i n the che m i c

a

l , phy s i c

a

l , a nd b i ol og i c a

l i n te

g r i t

y

of the na ti on's s

u rfa c

e

wa t

e

rs . P o llu t a

n

t s

re gu la t

e

d u nde r t h

e C W A inc l u d e "p rio r

it

y" p o llu t a

n

t s , inc l u din g v a rio u s t o

x

ic

p o llu t a

n

t s ; "c o

n

v e n

t io n

a

l" pol l u tants, such as b i ochemi cal oxygen d e mand ( B OD ) , total s

u s p e nde d so lids (TS S ) , fe c

a

l c o

lifo r

m , o il a nd gre a

se , a nd p H ; a nd "no n -c o

n

v e n

t io na l" p o llu t a

n

t s , inc l u din g a n

y p o llu t a

n

t no t ide n

t ifie d a

s

e

i the r

conve n

ti ona l or pr i o r

i ty . Th e C W A re gu la t

e

s

bo t

h

dire c

t a

nd indire c

t disc h

a

r

ge s . Th e Na tiona l Polluta nt Dis c h a r

ge Elim ina tion Syste m (NPDES) pr ogra m ( C WA §402) co nt ro l s

d i rect d i scharges i n t

o

navi gabl e w a t

e

rs. D i rect d i schar g e s or " p oi nt source" d i schar g e s ar e f r om sour ces such as pi pes a

nd se we rs . NP DES p e rm it

s , is s

u e d by e i t

h

e

r

EP A o r

a n

a u t h

o

r

iz e d S t at

e ( E PA has present l y aut h

o

r

i z ed f o

rt

y S t at

es t o

ad mi ni st er t h

e N P D E S prog ra m) , contai n i nd u str y - s peci f i c, technol o g

y - b a sed and /or wa t

e

r q u a lit y-ba se d lim it

s , a nd e s

t

a

blis h

p o llu t a

n

t m o

n

i t

o

r

in g a nd re p o rt

in g re q

u ire m e

n

t s . A fa c

ilit y t h

a

t in t

e

nd s t o disc h

a

r

ge in t

o t h

e na ti on's w a te

r

s

must ob ta i n a

pe r

m i t

pr i o r

to i n i t

i a

ti ng i t s d i scha r

g e . A p e rm it a p p lic a

n

t m u s t p r o v ide q u a n

t i t

a

t i v e a n

a

l yt ic

a

l da t

a

ide n

t ifyin g t

h

e

t

y p e s

o

f p o llu t a

n

t s

p r e se n

t in t

h

e

fa c

ilit y' s e

fflu e n

t

. Th e

p e rm it will t

h

e

n se t fo rt

h

t

h

e

c o

ndit io n

s

a nd e fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n

s

u nde r wh ic

h

a fa c

ilit y m a

y m a

ke a

disc h

a

r

ge . A NP DES p e rm it

m a

y a l so inc l u d e disc h

a

r

ge lim it

s

ba se d o n

Fe de ra l o

r

S t a

t

e

wa t

e

r q u a lit y c r

it

e

r

ia

o r

s t

a

nda rds , t h

a

t we re de s

i gne d t o pr otect d e si g nated uses of sur f

ace w a ter s , such as suppor t i n g aquati c life o r

re c

r e a

t i o n . Th e

se s

t

a

nda rds , u n like t h

e t e

c

h

no lo gic a

l s t

a

nda rds , ge ne ra lly do no t t

a

ke in t

o

a c

c

o

u n t t

e

c

h

no lo gic a

l fe a

s

ibilit y o r c o

s

t s . Wat er qual i t y cri t eri a and st and a rd s vary f r o m St at

e t o

St at

e, and si t e to si te , d e pe nd i n g

on the use cl a ssi f i ca ti on of the r e ce i v i n g b o d y of wa t

e

r. M o s

t S t a

t

e

s

fo llo w EP A gu ide line s

wh ic

h

p r o p o se a q

u a t ic

life and human heal t h

cri t eri a f

o

r many o f t

h

e 126 pri o ri t y

po l l u t a

nt s. S tor m Water D i sch ar ges In 1987 t h

e C W A w a s amend e d t o

requi r e E P A t o est a

bl i s h a pro g ram to a d d re ss sto rm w a te r d i sch a r

g es . I n r e sponse , E P A pr omul g a te

d the

S I C C o d e 25 72 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es N P D E S stor m w a te

r

pe r

m i t

a ppl i c a

t i o n r e gu l a ti ons. Stor m w a te

r d i schar g e associ ated w i th i nd u str i al acti vi ty means the d i schar g e f

r om a

n

y c o

n

v e y a nc e wh ic

h is u se d fo r c o

lle c

t in g a nd c o

n

v e y in g s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r a nd wh ic

h

is dire c

t l y re la

t

e

d t o

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g, p r o c

e

s

s

i n g

o r raw mat e

ri al s st o

rage areas at an i nd u st ri al pl ant ( 40 C F R 122. 26(b)(14)). Th ese regu lat i o n

s

requ ire t h

at fac ilit ies wit h t h

e fo llo win g

s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r disc h

a

r

ge s

a p p l y fo r a NP DES p e rm it : (1 ) a d i scharge asso ci at ed w i t h

i nd u st ri al act i vi t y ; ( 2 ) a d i scharge f r o m a l a

r

g e or med i um muni c i p al stor m sew e r sy stem; or ( 3 ) a d i schar g e w h i c

h E P A or the Sta t

e

d e te

r

m i ne s

to contr i b u te to a vi ol a t i o n of a w a te

r q u a l i t y sta nd a r d or i s a si g n i f

i c

a

n

t contr i b u tor of pol l u ta nts to w a te

r

s

of the U n i t

e

d Sta t

e

s . T h e te r

m " s tor m w a te

r d i scha r

g e a ssoci a t

e

d w i th i nd u str i a

l a c

ti vi ty " me a

n

s a stor m w a te

r

d i scha r

g e f

r om one of 1 1 ca te

g o r

i e

s

of i nd u str i a

l act i vi t y d e f

i ned at 40 C F R 122. 26. Si x o f t

h

e cat e

go ri es are d e f

i ned b y S I C c o

de s

wh ile t h

e

o t

h

e

r

fiv e a r e ide n

t ifie d t h

ro u g h n a

rra t i v e d e scr i p ti ons of the r e gu l a te

d i nd u str i a

l a c

ti vi ty . I f the pr i m a

r

y SI C c

o

de o f t

h

e

fa c

ilit y is o ne o f t h

o

se ide n

t ifie d in t h

e re gu la t i o n

s , t h

e fa c

ilit y is s

u bje c

t t

o

t

h

e

s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r p e rm it a p p lic a

t io n re q

u ire m e

n

t s . I f a n

y a c

t i v i t y a t a fa c

ilit y is c o

v e re d by o ne o f t h

e

fiv e na rra t i v e ca te

g o r

i e

s , stor m w a te

r

d i scha r

g e s f r om those a r e a

s w h e

r e the a

c

ti vi ti e s

occur a

r e sub j e c

t to stor m w a te

r

d i scha r

g e pe r

m i t a ppl i c a

t i o n requi rement s . Th o

se fa c

ilit ie

s / a c

t i v i t i e

s t h

a

t a r e s u bje c

t t o

s t

o

r

m wa t

e

r disc h

a

r

ge p e rm it a p p lic a

t io n re q

u ire m e

n

t s

a r e ide n

t ifie d be lo

w. To de t

e

rm ine wh e

t

h

e

r a p a rt

ic

u l a r

fa c

ilit y fa lls wit h

in o ne o f t

h

e

se c a

t

e

go rie s , t h

e re gu l a ti on shoul d b e consul te d
. C a tegor y i : Fa c

ilit ie

s

s

u bje c

t t

o

s

t

o

r

m wa t

e

r e fflu e n

t gu ide line s , ne w sour ce per f

or mance stand a r d s, or tox i c

pol l u tant ef f

l uent stand a r d s. C a tegor y ii: Fa c

ilit ie

s

c

l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 2 4

- lu m b e r a nd wo o

d p r o d u c t s (e

xc e

p t wo o

d kit c

h

e

n

c a

bine t s

); S I C 2 6

- p a p e r a nd a llie d p r o d u c t s ( e

xcept paperb o a

rd co nt ai ners and pro d uct s

) ; SIC 28- chemi c al s and a

llie d p ro d u c t s

(e xc e

p t dru gs a nd p a in t s

); S I C 2 9

- p e t

r o l e

u m re fin i n g ; and SIC 311- l e at

her t a

nni ng and f i ni shi n g. C a te gor y iii: Fa c

ilit ie

s c l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 1 0

- m e

t

a

l m i n i n g ; S I C 1 2

- c

o

a

l m i n i n g ; S I C 1 3

- o il a nd ga s

e

x

t

ra c

t i o n ; a nd S I C 1 4

- no n

m e

t

a

llic m i ne ra l mi ni ng .

S e p tem b e r 1995 73 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t C a tegor y iv: H azard o us w a st

e t r eat m ent , st o

rage, o r

d i s po sal fa c

ilit ie

s . C a tegor y v: La nd fills , la nd a p p lic a

t io n s i t

e

s , a nd o p e n

du m p s t

h

a

t re c

e

iv e o

r

h a

v e re c

e

iv e d indu s t

ria l wa s

t

e

s . C a tegor y vi: Fac ilit ies c

l as s

i fied as S I C 5015-u sed m otor ve hi cl e pa r

t s; and S I C 5093-au t o

m o

t i v e sc rap and was t

e m a

t

e

rial rec y c lin g fac ilit ies
. C a tegor y vii: S t e

a

m e

l e

c

t

r

ic

p o we r ge ne ra t i n g

fa c

ilit ie

s . C a te gor y viii: Fa c

ilit ie

s

c l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 4 0

- ra ilro a

d t ra n

s

p o r

t

a

t i o n ; SI C 4 1

- l o ca l pa sse ng e r

tra n

spor ta

ti on; SI C 4 2

- tr uck i ng a nd wa re h

o

u s in g (e xc e

p t p u blic wa re h

o

u s in g a nd s t

o

ra g e ) ; S I C 4 3

- U
. S
. Posta l Se r

v i c e ; SI C 4 4

- w a te

r

tra n

spor ta

ti on; SI C 4 5

- tra n

spor ta

ti on b y ai r; and SIC 5171- pet r o l eum b u l k st o

rage st at

i o ns and t e

rmi n al s. C a tegor y ix: Se w a g e tr e a

tme n

t w o r

k

s. C a tegor y x: Constr ucti on a c

ti vi ti e s

e

x ce pt ope ra t i o ns tha t r e sul t i n the d i s tur b a nce of l e ss tha n

f

i ve a

c

r e s of tota l l a nd a r e a

. C a tegor y xi: Fa c

ilit ie

s

c

l a

s

s

i fie d a s

S I C 2 0

-fo o

d a nd kind re d p r o d u c t s ; S I C 2 1

- t o

b a c

c

o

p ro d u c t s ; S I C 2 2

- t

e

xt ile m ill p r o d u c t s ; S I C 2 3

- a

p p a re l rel a t

e

d pro d uct s ; SIC 2434- w o o

d ki t c

hen cabi net s manuf a

ct

uri n g; SIC 25- f u rni t ure and f i xt ures; SIC 265- paperb o a

rd co nt ai ners and b o xes; SIC 267- co nvert e

d paper and paperb o a

rd pro d uct s ; SIC 27- pri n t i ng, p u blis h

i n g , and allied indu s t

ries ; S I C 283-dru gs ; S I C 285-p a in t s , v a rn is

h

e

s , la c

q

u e r, e n

a

m e

l s , a nd a llie d p r o d u c t s ; S I C 3 0

- ru bbe r a nd pl ast i cs; SIC 31- l e at

her and l e at

her pro d uct s

( e xcept l e at

her and t

a

nni ng and f i ni shi n g) ; SIC 323- gl ass pro d uct s ; SIC 34- f a

b r i c

at

ed met a

l pro d uct s

( e xcept f a

b r i c

at

ed st ruct ural met a

l ) ; SIC 35- i nd u st ri al and co mmerci a l machi nery and co mput er equi pment ; S I C 36- el ect r o n

i c a

nd othe r

e l e

c

tr

i c

a

l e q

ui pme n

t a nd compone n

ts; SI C 3 7

- tra n

spor ta

ti on e

q

u i p m e

n

t (e xc e

p t s h

ip a nd bo a

t bu ildin g a nd re p a irin g); S I C 3 8

- m e

a

s

u r in g, a na l yz in g, a nd c o

n

t

ro llin g in s

t

ru m e

n

t s ; S I C 3 9

- mi scel l a neo u s manuf a

ct

uri n g i nd u st ri es; and SIC 4221- 4225- publ i c wa re h

o

u s in g a nd s t

o

ra g e . P r et r

eat m e n t P r ogr am A nothe r

ty pe of d i scha r

g e tha t i s r e gu l a te

d b y

the CW A i s one tha t g o e

s to a publ i c l y - o w ne d tr e a

tme n

t w o r

k

s ( P OT W s

)
. T h e

na ti ona l p r et r

eat m e n t p r ogr am (C WA §307(b)) c o

n

t

ro l s

t

h

e i nd i r ec t d i sc h

arge
S I C C o d e 25 74 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

o

f p o llu t a

n

t s t o P O TW s by "indu s t

ria l u se r

s . " Fa c

ilit ie

s

re gu la t

e

d u nd e r §307(b) m u s t m eet c

e

rt

ai n pret reat m e

n

t s

t

and a rd s . Th e go al o f the pre t

re a

t

me nt pr og ra m i s to pr ote ct muni c i p a l w a ste w a t

e

r t

reat m ent pl ant s f r o m d a mage t h

at

may o ccur w h en hazard o us, t o

x

i c

, or othe r

w a ste s

a r e d i scha r

g e d i n to a se w e r

sy ste m a nd to pr ote ct the qual i t y o f sl ud ge generat e

d b y

t

h

ese pl ant s . D i scharges t o

a PO T W are re gu la t

e

d p r im a

r

ily by t h

e

P O TW it se lf, ra t

h

e

r

t

h

a

n

t

h

e

S t a

t

e

o

r

EP A
. EP A h a

s

de v e lo p e d t e

c

h

no lo gy-ba se d s t

a

nda rds fo r indu s t

ria l u se r

s

o f POT W s. D i f f

e

re nt stand a r d s appl y to ex i s

ti ng and new sour ces w i thi n e

a

c

h

c a

t

e

go ry. "C a t

e

g o r

ic

a

l" p r e t

re a

t

m e

n

t s

t

a

nda rds a p p lic a

ble t

o a n indu s t

ry o n

a na t i o n

wide ba s

i s

a r e de v e lo p e d by EP A
. I n a ddit io n , a

no t

h

e

r

kind o f p r e t

re a

t

m e

n

t s t

a

nda rd, "lo c

a

l lim it

s , " a r e de v e lo p e d by the POT W i n or d e r

to a ssi st the POT W i n a c

hi e v i n g the e f

f

l ue nt lim it

a

t io n

s

in it s

NP DES p e rm it

. Re g a rd l e ss of w h e

t

he r

a Sta t

e

i s a u thor i z e d to i m pl e m e

n

t e i the r

the NP DES o r t h

e p re t

re a

t

m e

n

t p r o g ra m , if it de v e lo p s it s

o

w n p r o g ra m , it m a

y en fo rc e requ irem en t s

m o

re s t

rin g en t t

h

an Federal s t

andards
. E P A ’s Offic e

of Wate r

, at ( 202) 260- 5700, will dir e

c

t c a

ll ers w i t

h

q u

est i o

n

s a

b

o

u

t the C W A to the a ppr o

p

r

i a

t

e

E P A o ffic e

. E P A a l s

o

ma inta ins a biblio gr a

phic da ta

ba s

e

o f Offic e

o f W a

te

r

public a

t

io

ns whic h c a

n be a c

c

essed t

h

rou gh t h

e Grou n

d

Water an d D r i n ki n g

Water resou r

ce cen ter, at ( 202) 260- 7786. Sa f

e

Dr inking W a

t

e r A c t T h e S a f

e Dri n ki ng Wat er Act ( S DWA) mand at es t h

at

E P A est a

bl i s h re gu l a ti ons to prote ct huma n he a

l th f r om conta m i n a

n

ts i n d r i n ki ng w a te

r . T h e l a w a u thor i z e s

E P A to d e ve l o p na ti ona l d r i n ki ng w a te

r stand a r d s and to cr eate a j o i n t F e d e ra l

- State sy stem to ensure co mpl i a nce wi t h

t h

ese st and a rd s. T h e S D WA al so d i r ect s

E P A t o prote ct und e r

g r o und sour ce s of d r i n k i ng w a te

r

thr o ug h the contr o l of u nde rgro u nd in je c

t io n

o

f liq u id wa s

t

e

s . EP A h a

s

de v e lo p e d p r im a

r

y a nd se c

o

nd a r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds u nde r it s

S D W A a u t h

o

r

it

y. EP A a nd a u t h

o

r

iz e d S t a

t

e

s e n

fo rc e t h

e p r im a

r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds , wh ic

h a r e , c o

n

t

a

m ina n

t

- s

p e c

ific c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

lim it

s

t h

a

t a p p l y t o

c e

rt

a

i n p u blic drin kin g wa t

e

r s

u p p lie s . P r im a

r

y drin kin g

wa t

e

r s t

a

nda rds c o

n

s

is

t o f m a

xim u m co nt ami nant l e vel go al s ( M C L Gs) , w h i c

h are no n- enf o

rceabl e heal t h

b a sed g o al s, and max i mum contami nant l e vel s ( M C L s) , w h i c

h ar e

S e p tem b e r 1995 75 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t enf o

rc eabl e l i m i t

s set as cl ose to MCL G s as possi bl e, consi d e r

i ng cost a

nd fe a

s

ibilit y o f a

t t

a

in m e

n

t

. T h e SD WA U nde r g r o und I n je c tion C o ntr o l (U I C ) pro g ram ( 40 C F R Part s 144- 148) i s a permi t pro g ram w h i c

h pro t

e

ct

s und e rgro und sour ces of d r i n k i ng w a ter b y

r e gu l a ti ng f

i ve cl asses of i n j e cti o n w e l l s . U I C p e rm it

s

inc l u d e de s

i gn , o p e ra t in g, in s

p e c

t i o n , a nd m o

n

i t

o

r

in g requi rement s . Wel l s used t o

i n j e ct

hazard o us w a st

es must al so co mpl y w i th RCRA cor re cti v e a c

ti on sta nd a r d s i n or d e r

to b e g ra n

te

d a RCRA p e rm it

, a nd m u s t m e

e

t a p p lic a

ble R C R A la nd dis p o sa l re s

t

ric t io n

s s

t

a

nda rds
. Th e

U I C p e rm it

p r o g ra m is p r im a

r

ily S t a

t

e

- e

n

fo rc e

d , s i nc e E P A ha s a u thor i z e d a l l b u t a f

e

w Sta t

e

s

to a d mi ni ste r

the pr og ra m. Th e

S D W A a l so p ro v ide s

fo r a Fe de ra lly-im p le m e

n

t

e

d S o le S o u r c e A q u i fe r p ro g ra m , wh ic

h

p r o h

ibit s

Fe de ra l fu nd s fro m be in g e x

p e nd e d on proj e c

ts tha t ma y

conta m i n a

t

e

the sol e or pr i nci pa l sour ce of drin kin g

wa t

e

r fo r a giv e n

a

r e a

, a nd fo r a S t a

t

e

- im p l e m e

n

t

e

d W e

llh e

a

d Prote cti o n pr og ra m, d e si g ne d to prote ct d r i n k i ng w a te

r

w e l l s a nd drin kin g

wa t

e

r re c

h

a

r

ge a

r e a

s . E P A ’ s S a f e D r i n ki n g

Water H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 426- 4791, an swers qu est i o

n

s an d

d i st ri b u

tes g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g

to S D WA st an d

a

rd s. T h e H o t

l i n e ope r

a

t

e

s

fr om 9: 00 a. m. t h

r

o

ugh 5: 30 p. m. , E S T , e x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l holidays
. T o x

i c

Substa nc es C o ntr o l A c t T h e

T o x

i c Sub s

ta nce s

Contr o l A c t ( T S CA ) g ra n

te

d E P A a u thor i t

y to cre a

te

a

re gu l a tor y

f

ra m e

w or k

to col l e ct d a ta

on che m i c

a

l s i n or d e r to eval uate, assess, mi ti g a te, and contro l r i sk s w h i c

h may b e posed b y t

h

ei r manuf a

ct

ure, pro c

essi ng, and use. T S C A pro v i d e s a v a ri et y o f contro l me thod s to pr e v e n

t che m i c

a

l s f r om posi ng unre a

sona bl e r

i sk
. T S C A st and a rd s may appl y at any po i n t d u ri ng a chemi c al ’s l i f e cycl e. U nde r TS C A § 5 , EP A h a

s

e s

t

a

blis h

e

d a n

in v e n

t

o

r

y o f c h

e

m ic

a

l sub s

ta nce s . I f a

che m i c

a

l i s not a l r e a

d y on the i n ve ntor y , a nd ha s not be e

n e x c l u d e d by TS C A , a p r e m a

n

u f a

c

t u re no t i c

e

(P M N ) m u s t be sub m i tte d to E P A pr i o r to ma nuf a

ctur e or i m por t

. T h e

PMN must ide n

t ify t h

e

c

h

e

m ic

a

l a nd p r o v ide a

v a ila ble in fo rm a

t io n

o n

h e

a

l t

h a nd e

n

vi ro nme n

ta

l e f

f

e

cts. I f a v a i l a bl e d a ta

a r e not suf f

i ci e n

t to e v a l ua te the chemi c al 's ef f

e

cts, E P A can i m pose r e str i cti o ns pend i n g the de v e lo p m e

n

t o f in fo rm a

t io n

o n

it s

h e

a

l t

h

a nd e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l e ffe c

t s . E P A can al so re str i ct si g n i f

i c

ant new uses of chemi c al s b a sed upon f

a

ctor s such a s

the pr oj e c

te

d vol ume a

nd use of the che m i c

a

l
.

S I C C o d e 25 76 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es U nde r TS C A § 6 , EP A c a

n

ba n

t h

e

m a

n

u fa c

t u r e o r

dis t

r

ibu t io n

in c

o

m m e

rc e , lim it

t

h

e

u se , re q

u ire la be lin g, o r

p l a c

e o t

h

e

r re s

t

ric t io n

s o n chemi c al s that pose unr e asonabl e r i sk s. A m ong the chemi c al s E P A re gu l a te

s und e r

§ 6 a u thor i t

y

a r e a s

b e stos, chl o r o f

l uor o ca r

b ons ( C F C s) , a

nd p o lyc h

lo rina t

e

d bip h e

n

yls (P C B s )
. E P A ’s T S C A As s

i s

t

anc e

I n for m

at

ion Se r

v

ic

e

, at ( 202) 554- 1404, ans w

e

r

s q

u

est i o

n

s

an d

d i st ri b u

tes g u

i d

an ce p ert ai n i n g to T o x

i c S u b

st

an ces Con t

rol A c t st an d

a

rd s. T h e S erv i c

e op erates f r

om 8 : 3

0

a. m . t h

rou g

h

4 : 3

0

p . m . , E S T , e

x

c

l uding Fe de r

a

l ho lida y

s

. Clean Air Ac t T h e C l ean Ai r Act ( C AA) and i t s amend m ent s , i ncl ud i n g t h

e C l ean Ai r Act Amend m ent s

( C AAA) o f 1990, are d e si gned t o

“pro t

e

ct

and e

nha nce the na ti on's a i r r e sour ce s so a s

to pr omote the publ i c he a

l th a

nd w e l f

a

r e a

nd the pr od ucti ve ca pa ci ty of the popul a ti on. ” T h e CA A consi s ts of si x se cti o ns, k now n a s

T i tl e s , w h i c

h d i r e c

t E P A to e s

ta

bl i s h nat i o nal st and a rd s f o

r amb i ent ai r qual i t y and f o

r E P A and t h

e St at

es t

o

i m pl ement , mai n t

a

i n , and enf o

rce t h

ese st and a rd s t h

ro ugh a v a ri et y o

f m e

c

h

an is

m s . Under t h

e C AAA, m a

n

y

fac ilit ies will be requ ired t o ob ta i n pe r

m i t

s f o

r

the f

i r

s

t ti me . Sta t

e

a nd l o ca l g o ve r

n

me nts ove r

se e , manage, and enfo rc e many o f t

h

e requi r ement s

o f t

h

e C AAA. C A A regul a t i o n

s appear at 40 C F R Part s 50- 99. Pur s

ua nt to T i tl e I of the CA A , E P A ha s e s

ta

bl i s he d na ti ona l a m bi e n

t a

i r q u a lit y s t

a

nda rds (NA A Q S s ) t o

lim it

le v e ls

o f "c rit e

ria p o llu t a

n

t s , " inc l u din g c a

rbo n

m o

no xide , le a

d , n i t

r o g e n

dio xide , p a rt

ic

u l a t

e

m a

t t

e

r, o

z o ne , a nd s u lfu r dio xide
. G e o

g ra p h ic

a r e a

s

t

h

a

t m e

e

t NA A Q S s fo r a g i ve n pol l u ta nt a r e cl a ssi f i e

d a s

a tta i n me nt a r e a

s; those tha t d o not meet N AAQ Ss are cl assi f i ed as no n- at t

a

i n ment areas. Und e r §110 o f t

h

e C AA, each S t at

e must d e v e l o p a S t at

e Impl ement a

t i o n

Pl an ( S IP) t o ide n

t ify so u rc e

s

o f a i r p o llu t i o n

a nd t o

de t

e

rm ine wh a

t re du c t io n

s

a r e re q

u ire d t o

m e

e

t Fe de ra l a i r q u a lit y s t

a

nda rds
. T i tl e I a l so a u thor i z e s

E P A to e s

ta

bl i s h N e w Sour ce Pe r

f

or ma nce S t a

nda rds (NS P S s ), wh ic

h

a r e n a

t i o n

a

lly u n ifo r

m e m is

s

i o n s t

a

nda rds fo r ne w s t

a

t io na ry so u r c e

s

fa llin g wit h

in p a rt

ic

u l a r

indu s t

ria l ca te

g o r

i e

s . N S PSs a r e b a se d on the pol l u ti on contr o l te chnol o g

y a

v a i l a bl e to tha t ca te

g o r

y

of i nd u str i a

l source b u t a l l o w the a f

f

e

cte d indu s t

rie s t h

e fle x

ibilit y t o

de v i se a c o

s

t

-e

ffe c

t iv e m e

a

n

s

o f re du c i n g emi ssi ons.

S e p tem b e r 1995 77 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t U nde r Tit l e I , EP A e s

t

a

blis h

e

s

a nd e n

fo rc e

s

Na t i o na l Em is

s

i o n St and a rd s f o

r H azard o us Ai r Po l l u t a

nt s ( N E S H A Ps) , nat i o n

al l y u n ifo r

m s

t

andards o r

ien t

ed t o

w ards c o

n

t

ro llin g p a rt

ic

u l ar h azardo u s ai r po l l u t a

nt s

(H AP s )
. Ti t l e III o f t

h

e C AAA fu rt her d i r ec t

e

d E P A t o d e vel o p a l i s t o f so urces t h

at

emi t any o f 189 H A Ps, and t o d e vel o p re gu l a ti ons f o

r

the se ca te

g o r

i e

s

of sour ce s. T o d a te

E P A ha s l i s te

d 1 7 4 cat e

go ri es and d e v e l o ped a sched ul e f o

r t h

e est a

bl i s hment o f emi ssi o n s

t

a

nda rds
. Th e e m is

s

i o n s t

a

nda rds will be de v e lo p e d fo r bo t

h

ne w and ex i s

ti ng sources b a sed on " m ax i mum achi evabl e contr o l t

e

c

h

no lo gy" (M A C T). Th e

M A C T is de fine d a s

t

h

e

c

o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gy achi evi n g the max i mum d e g r ee of r e d u cti o n i n the emi ssi on of the H A Ps, ta k i ng i n to a ccount cost a nd othe r

f

a

ctor s. T i tl e I I of the CA A per t

ai ns to mobi l e sour ces, such as car s , tr uck s , bu se s , a nd p l a ne s . R e fo rm u l a t

e

d ga so line , a u t o

m o

b ile p o llu t i o n contr o l d e vi ces, and vapor r e cover y

nozzl es on g a s pumps are a f e

w of the mechani s ms E P A uses to re gu l a te mob i l e ai r emi ssi on sour ces. Tit l e

I V e s

t

a

blis h

e

s

a s u lfu r dio xide e m is

s

i o n

s p r o g ra m de s

i gne d t o re du c e t h

e

fo rm a

t io n

o f a

c

id ra in
. R e du c t io n

o f s

u lfu r dio xide re le

a

se s will be o b

t

a

ine d by gra n

t i n g

t o

c e

rt

a

i n so u r c e

s lim it

e

d e m is

s

i o n

s allo wanc es , wh ic

h , begin n

i n g

in 1995, will be se t belo w p r ev io u s lev e ls o

f s

u lfu r dio xide re le

a

se s . T i t l e V o f t

h

e C AAA o f 1990 creat e

d a permi t pro g ram f o

r al l " m ajo r sour ces" ( a nd cer t

ai n other sources) r e gu l a ted und e r

the CA A
. One p u rp o se o f t

h

e

o p e ra t in g p e rm it

is t

o

inc l u d e in a s i n g le do c

u m e

n

t a l l a

i r e m is

s

i o n

s re q

u ire m e

n

t s t h

a

t a p p l y t o

a giv e n

fa c

ilit y. S t a

t

e

s

a r e de v e lo p i n g t h

e p e rm it p r o g ra m s

in a c

c

o

rda nc e

wit h

gu ida nc e

a nd re gu l a ti ons f r om E P A
. Once a Sta t

e pr og ra m i s a ppr ove d b y E P A , p e rm it

s

will be is s

u e d a nd m o

n

i t

o

r e d by t h

a

t S t a

t

e . T i tl e VI i s i n te

nd e d to pr ote ct stra tosphe r

i c

oz one b y

pha s

i n g

out the manuf a

ct

ure o f o z o ne- d e pl et i n g chemi c al s and rest ri ct t h

ei r use and d i s tr

i b uti o n. Pr od ucti on of Cl a ss I sub s

ta nce s , i ncl ud i n g 1 5 ki nd s of c

h

lo ro flu o ro c

a

rbo n

s

(C FC s ) , will be p h a

se d o u t e n

t i re ly by t h

e ye a

r 2000, wh ile c e

rt

ain h y dro c

h

l o r o f

lu o r o c

arbo n

s

(HC F C s ) will be p h ased o

u t b

y

2030. E P A ' s C o nt r

o

l T e c

h

nology C e nte r

, at ( 919) 541- 0800, pr ovide s ge ne r

a

l assi st an ce an d i n f o

rm at

i o

n on CA A st an d

a

rd s. T h e S t rato sp h

eri c O zon e I n for m

at

ion Hot line , at ( 800) 296- 1996, pr ovide s

ge ne r

a

l infor m

at

ion about reg u

l at i o

n

s

p r

om u

l g

a

te

d

u n

d

er T i t l e V I of t h

e CA A , an d E P A ' s E P CRA H o t

l i n e, at ( 800) 535- 0202, an swers qu est i o

n

s

abou t acci den t

al rel ease
S I C C o d e 25 78 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es pr e

v

e

n

t

i on unde r C AA §112( r )
. I n addit i on, t h

e

T e c

h

nology T r ans f e

r N e t w

ork B u l l e t

i n

B oard S y stem ( m odem access ( 919) 541- 5742) ) i n cl u d

es recen t CA A ru l es, E P A g u

i d

an ce d o

cu m

e

n

t

s, an d

u p

d

a

tes of E P A act i v

i t

i es. E x hi b i t 2 1 provi d e s a n

ove r

vi e w of the sta t ue s a nd ce r

t

a

i n r e gu l a ti ons a

p p lic a

ble t o t h

e wo o

d fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry. Th e in fo rm a

t io n

c o

n

t

a

i ne d in t h

is

m a

t

r

ix is ba se d o n

da t

a

fro m t h

e A m er i c

an F u r n

i t

ur e Manuf a

ctur er s A ssoci ati o n d o cument, E n v

i ron m

en t

a

l G u i d

e f o

r t h

e F u r

n

i t

u

re I n d

u

st

ry . Ex hibit 2 1 I m p act s

of E n v i r on m e n t al S t at

u tes on t

h e Wood Fu r n i t u r e

Man u f act u r i n g I ndustr y S tatu te & S e c tion D ryi n g (o

v e n s , b o iler s

) M a chi ni ng (s awin g , p lan in g , sa

ndi ng ) Asse m b l y (g

lu in g , v e n eer ap p lic ation ) Pr e - f i n i shi ng / F i ni shi ng (all c o atin g ap p lic ation s ) C l e a nup/ Shi ppi ng ( c

l e a nup, e qui pme n t m

ain ten an c e , war eh o u s i n g ) R e s our c

e

C ons e r

vat ion and R e c

ove r

y

A c t Sec t ion 6921 (3)(A ) (Hazar d o u s Wast e

) B o iler wat e

r tre a

tme n

t c

h

emic als may be r e gula t ed N/ A U n u sed c

ommer c ial ch e

m

i c

a

l pr o d uc t s

ma y be r e gula t ed Un u s e d c

ommer c ial ch e

m

i c

a

l p r od u c t s

an d po t e

n

t ially i g

ni t a

b

l e

nonliq uid was t es ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed Solv en t c

l ean u p sol u ti on s, burn in

g o f po t e

n

t ially ign i t

a

ble wast es, an d ch e

m

i c

a

l st

or ag e an d sp ills may be r e

gula t ed Sec t ion 6941 (Solid Wast e

) S t

a

t e

/ Lo ca l R e gula t ions Non -h

azar d o u s bo iler ash may be r e gula t ed Wood waste may be r e

gula t ed Wood an d ad h e

siv e was t e may be r e

gula t ed N/ A E q u i p men t m

a

i n

t e

na nc e mat e

ri als may be r e gula t ed Sec t ion 6991 (U STs) Un de rg

ro

u n d fu el t a

n

k

s may be r e gula t ed N/ A A d h esiv e an d sol v e n

t u n dergr o u nd st

or ag e t a

n

k

s may be r e

gula t ed Solv en t u n d e r g

r ou n d stor ag e t a

n

k

s

ar e likely t o

be r e gula t ed N/ A

C o mpr e

he ns ive Envir onme n

t a l R e s pons e , C o mpe n

s a t i on, and Liabilit y A c t CE RCL A N/ A N / A N/ A P oten ti al sp i l l a

n

d di sp o s a

l pr o blems ar e likely t o

o c c

u r Po t e

n

t ial sp ill a

n

d di sp o s a

l pr oblems may o ccu r S o

u

r c e : A F MA E n v

i ron m

en

tal G u id

e for th e F u r n

i tu re In d

u

stry .
S e p tem b e r 1995 79 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 2 1 (c ont' d) I m p act s

of E n v i r on m e n t al S t at

u tes on t

h e Wood Fu r n i t u r e

Man u f act u r i n g I ndustr y S tatu te & S e c tion D ryi n g (o

v e n s , b o iler s

) M a chi ni ng (s awin g , p lan in g , sa

ndi ng ) Asse m b l y (g

lu in g , v e n eer ap p lic ation ) Pr e - f i n i shi ng / F i ni shi ng (all c o atin g ap p lic ation s ) C l e a nup/ Shi ppi ng ( c

l e a nup, e qui pme n t m

ain ten an c e , war eh o u s i n g ) Eme r

ge nc y P l anning and C o mmunit y

R i gh t-to -Kn o

w Act, S ARA T i tl e III Sec t ion s 301-303 N/ A N / A A d h esiv es may be r e

gula t ed Finis h ing mat e

ri als ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed Finis h ing a n

d m

a

i n

t e

na nc e mat e

ri als ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed S e cti on 3

0

4 N / A N / A Adh e

si v e s sp ills may be r e

gula t ed Finis h ing mat e

ri als sp ills ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed M a i n

t e

na nc e mat e

r

i als sp ills may be r e

gula t ed Sec t ion s 311-312 N/ A N / A A d h esiv es may be r e

gula t ed Finis h ing mat e

ri als ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed Finis h ing a n

d m

a

i n

t e

na nc e mat e

ri als ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed S e c

t i on 3 1 3 N / A N /A E m i s

si on s fr om solv en t

bas e d adh e

si ve s m a

y be r e gula t ed Hazar d o u s fin i sh in

g mat e

ri als ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed Hazar d o u s ch e

m

i c

a

l e

m

i ssi on s di sp o s a

l m a

y

b

e r e

gula t ed Cl ea n W a ter A c t W a

s

te

w a te

r Di s c h

a

rg e P e rm i tti n g Pr o g

r a

m W a

s

te

w a te

r di sch a

rg e f

r o

m bo iler s , co

m

p re ssors, c

o o lin g wat e

r , a

n

d dry i n g

k

i l n co

n

d e n

sa

te

m a

y be r e gula t ed N / A Adh e

si v e wash an d wat e

r di sch a

rg e m a

y be r e gula t ed W a

s

te

w a te

r di sch a

rg e f

r om wat e

r - wash sp r a y

b

ooth s an d r a g lau n d e r

i n

g

ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed N/ A

SP C C Pl a nni ng N / A N / A Adh e

si v e man a

g e men t may be r e

gula t ed Finis h ing o i l man a

g e men t is likely t o

be r e

gula t ed St or ag e an d u s e of fu els an d lube o ils

may be r e

gula t ed S o

u

r c e : A F MA E n v

i ron m

en

tal G u id

e for th e F u r n

i tu re In d

u

stry .

S I C C o d e 25 80 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 2 1 (c ont' d) I m p act s

of E n v i r on m e n t al S t at

u tes on t

h e Wood Fu r n i t u r e

Man u f act u r i n g I ndustr y S tatu te & S e c tion D ryi n g (o

v e n s , b o iler s

) M a chi ni ng (s awin g , p lan in g , sa

ndi ng ) Asse m b l y (g

lu in g , v e n eer ap p lic ation ) Pr e - f i n i shi ng / F i ni shi ng (all c o atin g ap p lic ation s ) C l e a nup/ Shi ppi ng ( c

l e a nup, e qui pme n t m

ain ten an c e , war eh o u s i n g ) C l e an Wat e r

A c t

(c ont inue d) St

orm Wat er Di s c h

a

rg e P e rm i tti n g Pr o g

r a

m Wood stor ag e may be r e

gula t ed Wood par t ic

ulat es

in r

u n o

ff ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed Adh e

si v e st

or ag e may be r e gula t ed Finis h ing mat e

ri als man a

g e men t is likely t o

be r e

gula t ed Fuel a n

d m

a

i n

t e

na nc e ch e

m

i c

a

l man a

g e men t an d mat e

ri al storag e m a

y

b

e r e

gula t ed Cl ea n Ai r Act Sec t ion 7411 (NSP S) M a y a pply t o c

e

r t ain bo iler s N/ A N / A N/ A N / A Sec t ion 7411 (New Sou r c e Rev i ew) P e rm i t

re qu i r e d befor e con s

tru c ti on of ne w

s o ur c e Pe rm it re

qu i r e d befo r e con s

tru c ti on of n e

w sou r c e Pe rm it re

qu i r e d befor e con s

tru c ti on of n e

w sou r c e P e rm i t

re qu i r e d befor e con s

tru c ti on of ne w

s o ur c e P e rm i t

re qu i r e d befor e con s

tru c ti on of ne w

s o ur c e Sec t ion 7411 (Con tr ol T e c

hni q u e s Guid elin es

) N/ A N / A N/ A D r aft form sch e

du l e d f or r e

leas e in A ugus t , 1995 N/ A
Sec t ion 7501 (Non attai nmen t A r eas ) S o u r ce s i n CO, SO 2 , N O X, O 3 (V OC), PM 10 , o r Pb nona t t a

i n

men t ar eas may be s u bj ec t t

o a

ddi ti on a

l r e

q

u ir emen t s Sou r c e

s

in PM 10 nona t t a

i n

me nt ar eas may be su b j e

c

t to a

ddi ti on a

l r e

q

u ir emen t s N/ A Sou r c e

s

in O 3 (V OC) an d PM 10 nona t t a

i n

me nt ar eas may be su b j e

c

t to a

ddi ti on a

l r e

q

u ir emen t s N/ A

Sec t ion 7412 (Hazar d o u s Ai r Po llut a

n

t s

) N/ A N / A Cu rre n

t ly bein g fin a

lized ; sch e

du l e d f or r e

leas e in Novemb e

r , 1995 C u rr e n

t ly bein g fin a

lized ; sch e

du l e d f or r e

leas e in Novemb e

r , 1995 N/ A

Sec t ion 7410 (a)(2) (Op er at in

g Pe rm it

s Pr o g

r a

m

) P e rm i t

re qu i r e d for all major an d c e

r t ain no n- m a j or sou r ce s Pe rm it r e

q

u ir ed for all major an d c

e

r t a

i n nonmaj or s o u r c e

s Pe rm it r e

q

u ir ed for all major an d c

e

r t a

i n nonmaj or s o u r c e

s P e rm i t

re qu i r e d for all major an d c e

r t ain non- m a j or sou r ce s P e rm i t

re qu i r e d for all major an d c e

r t ain non- m a j or sou r ce s
S e p tem b e r 1995 81 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ex hibit 2 1 (c ont' d) I m p act s

of E n v i r on m e n t al S t at

u tes on t

h e Wood Fu r n i t u r e

Man u f act u r i n g I ndustr y S tatu te & S e c tion D ryi n g (o

v e n s , b o iler s

) M a chi ni ng (s awin g , p lan in g , sa

ndi ng ) Asse m b l y (g

lu in g , v e n eer ap p lic ation ) Pr e - f i n i shi ng / F i ni shi ng (all c o atin g ap p lic ation s ) C l e a nup/ Shi ppi ng ( c

l e a nup, e qui pme n t m

ain ten an c e , war eh o u s i n g ) C l e an A i r A c t

(c ont inue d) Sec t ion 7411 ( E nha nc e

d M oni t or

i ng) C e r t ain bo iler s may be s u bj ec t t o

e

nha nc e

d moni t o

ri ng r e

q

u ir emen t s de p e n

d i n g

o

n t h

e m a

gnit ud e of emi ssi on s La rg e op er ati on s may be su b j e

c

t to e

nha nc e

d mo ni t o

ri ng r e

q

u ir emen t s Sou r c e

s

may be s u bj ec t t

o e

nha nc e

d moni t ori ng r e

q

u ir emen t s de p e n

d i n g

o

n t h

e m a

gnit ud e of emi ssi on s S o ur c e

s m a

y be su b j e

c

t to e

nha nc e

d moni t ori ng r e

q

u ir emen t s de p e n

d i n g

o

n t h

e m a

gnit ud e of emi ssi on s N/ A

Spill R e por t i ng Spill Repor t in

g B o iler fuels may be r e gula t ed N/ A A d h esiv es an d solv en t s may be r e

gula t ed To xi c f i n

i sh i n

g mat e

ri als ar e likely t o

be r e

gula t ed M a i n

t e

na nc e c

h

emic als an d o

ils

may be r e

gula t ed S o

u

r c e : A F MA E n v

i ron m

en

tal G u id

e for th e F u r n

i tu re In d

u

stry . V I .B
. I ndustr y-s p e c if

ic

R e gula tor y

R e quir e m e nts C l ean Ai r Ac t (C AA) T h e C l ean Ai r Act as amend e d i n 1990 est a

bl i s hed t h

e b a si s f o

r t h

e E P A t o

set new requi r ement s

f

o

r hazard o us ai r po l l u t a

nt s ( H APs) t h

at appl y t o

emi ssi o n

s o f 189 t o

x

i c

chemi c al s l i s t

e

d i n t h

e C l ean Ai r Act
. E P A re centl y proposed Max i mum Avai l a bl e C o ntr o l T e chnol o g

y (M AC T) s t

a

nda rds fo r t h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry. I n a ddit io n , t h

e

A g e nc y

is de v e lo p i n g a c o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

n

i q u e s gu ide line ( C T G ) f o

r

the i nd u str y

to r e d u ce the e

m i ssi ons of VOCs. W h

i l e a CT G is no t a ru le , S t a

t

e

s ge ne ra lly fo llo w t h

e

C T G gu ida nc e

in de v e lo p i n g ru le s

fo r fa c

ilit ie

s

lo c

a

t

e

d in o z o ne no n - a t t

a

in m e

n

t a

r e a

s

a

nd t h

e o z o ne t

ra n

s

p o r

t re gio n . A p r e lim ina r

y dra f t m o

de l ru le c o

n

t

a

i n i n g a p r e v ie w o

f t h

e re a

so na bly a v a ila ble c o

n

t

ro l t e

c

h

no lo gie s

(R A C T) t h

a

t will be re c

o

m m e

nd e d in t

h

e

dra f t C T G h a

s

be e

n

m a

de p u blic ly a v a ila ble fo r the w ood f u r n

i t

ure i nd u str y . A more d e ta i l e d d i scussi on of b oth the

S I C C o d e 25 82 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es dra f t C T G a nd t h

e

M A C T s t

a

nda rds c a

n

be fo u nd in t

h

e

fo llo win g se c

t io n

p e rt

a

i n i n g

t

o

p e ndin g re gu la t

o

r

y re q

u ire m e

n

t s . Th e Ec o

no m ic I nc e

n

t iv e P r o g ra m (EI P ) ru le s , p r o m u l ga t

e

d o n

A p ril 7 , 1994 ( 59 FR 16690) , pro v i d e general i n f

o

rmat i o n o n

usi n g i nno vat i ve st

rat e

gi es t o

meet t

h

e C l ean Ai r Act requi r ement s , i ncl ud i n g R A C T
. (Th e

R A C T a p p lic a

b ilit y t h

re s

h

o

ld fo r t h

is

m o

de l ru le is 1 0 t

o

n

s fo r a wo o

d fu rn it

u re fa c

ilit y lo c

a

t

e

d in a n

e x

t

r e m e

o z o ne no na t t

a

in m e

n

t a

re a

a nd 2 5

t

o

n

s

p e r ye a

r

fo r a wo o

d fu rn it

u r e fa c

ilit y lo c

a

t

e

d in a ma r

g i na l , mod e ra te , se r

i ous, or se ve r e oz one nona tta i n me nt a r e a

or i n the oz one tra n

spor t r e g i on; E P A Me thod 2 4

i s use d a s

the b a si s f o

r eval uati ng VOC d a ta on coati n gs )
. T h e E I P r u l e contai ns a ra ng e of opti ons f o

r

Sta t

e

s

to use i n i ncor p ora t i n g

e c

onomi c i nce nti v e s

a nd /or i nnova ti ve stra te

g i e s

i n to the i r

Sta t

e

I m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on Pl a n

s ( S I Ps)
. Resource Conser vati on and Recover y

A c t ( R CRA ) T h e

Re sour ce Conse r

va ti on a nd Re cove r

y

A c t ( R CRA ) re gu l a te

s the g e ne ra ti on, tra n

spor ta

ti on, tr e a

tme n

t, stora g e , a nd d i s posa l of hazard o us w a st

e. Al t h

o

u gh t h

e f u rni t ure i nd u st ry d o es no t t e

nd t o generat e

l i s t

e

d hazard o us w a st

es, i t may pro d uce charact e

ri st i c hazard o us w a st

es. T h e w o o

d f u rni t ure manuf a

ct

uri n g i nd u st ry uses m a

n

y

so lv e n

t s . S p e n

t so lv e n

t s

a nd so lv e n

t s t ill b ottoms a r e of te

n c

h

arac t

e

rized as h azardo u s was t

es . In addit io n , fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s

m a

y ge ne ra t

e

ign i t

a

ble o r

t

o

x

ic wa s

t

e

s . M a n

y w a ste s g e ne ra te

d f r om the use of pa i n ts, w ood tre a

tme n

ts, sta i ns, va r

n

i s

he s, a nd a d he si ve s ma y

b e i g ni ta bl e or mi g h t f a

i l the T o x

i ci ty C h aract e

ri st i c

L e achi ng Pro c

ed ure ( T C L P ) t e

st

. If a fac ilit y gene rat e

s 100 kilo gram s

o r

m o

re o f h azardo u s was t

e (o r o

ne ki l o gram o f acut el y hazard o us w a st

e) per mo nt h, i t may b e sub j ect to accumul ati o n ti me l i m i t

s, storag e r e str i cti o ns, per sonnel trai ni ng re q

u ire m e

n

t s , m a

n

i fe s

t in g, a nd la nd dis p o s

a

l re s

t

ric t io n

s

fo r t h

e

se wa s

t

es . E m er g e ncy Pl anni ng and C o mmuni t y

Ri g h t- to- Know Act ( E PC RA) Furni t ure manuf a

ct

urers may st o

r e ext r emel y hazard o us sub s

t

a

nces (EHS ) and h azardo u s c

h

em ic

als
. If so , fac ilit ies wo u ld be s u bjec t t

o

t

h

e emergency pl anni ng and hazard o us chemi c al i n vent o

r

y pro v i s i o ns o f E P C R A. If t

h

ey rel e ase an E H S o r a C E R C L A hazard o us sub s

t

a

nce such a s

tol ue ne or a c

e

tone , the y

ma y

ne e

d to r e por t i t und e r

the em ergenc y rel e ase repo rt

i n g requ i r em ent s

o f S A R A Ti t l e III. The To xic C h e

m ic

a

l R e le

a

se I n v e n

t

o

r

y a ffe c

t s

o n

ly re la

t i v e ly la rge
S e p tem b e r 1995 83 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t f

u r n

i t

ure compani e s that use tox i c

chemi c al s, such as tol uene d i so c

yanat e

o r

met h

yl ene chl o ri d e , ab o v e 10, 000 po und s annual l y . C l ean Wat er Act ( C WA) T h e Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t ( C W A ) re gu l a te

s d i scha r

g e s of va r

i ous pol l u ta nts i n to the sur f

a

c

e w a te

r

s

of the U
. S. or to publ i c l y

ow ne d tre a

tme n

t w o rks ( P O T Ws)
. T h e ef f

l uent pro v i s i o ns o f 40 C F R Part 429, Sub p art L, re gu la t

e

fa c

ilit ie

s

wh ic

h

c o

nd u c t wo o

d fin i s

h

in g a c

t i v i t i e

s s u c h a s st

ai ni ng and d i ppi ng, and requi r e t h

at

so urces no t d i scharge unt r eat e

d pro c

ess wast ewat er i n t

o

nav i gabl e wat e

rs. CW A r e gu l a ti ons a l so r e gu l a te

w ood f u r n

i t

ure ma nuf a

cture r

s b oth w i th w a ter w a sh spra y

b ooths ( 40 C F R Par t 429, Sub p ar t P) and w i thout w a sh spra y

b ooths ( 40 C F R 429 Sub p ar t O)
. B oth Subp ar ts re qui r e that sour ces not d i schar g e pr ocess w a stew ater pol l u tants dire c

t l y in t

o

na v i ga ble wa t

e

rs . Bo t

h

e

fflu e n

t lim it

a

t io n

s gre a

t l y re s

t

ric t the a m ount of e f

f

l ue nt f r om pr oce ss w a ste w a t

e

r

s w h i c

h ma y

b e re le

a

se d in t

o

P O TW s

a nd re q

u ire m o

n

i t

o

r

in g a nd re c

o

rdke e

p in g acti vi ti es. F o r

sources d i schar g i ng to POT W s, Subp ar t P r e qui r ements a

re si mi l a r

to those i n Sub p a r

t O w i th the e

x ce pti o n tha t pH l e ve l s a nd le

v e ls

o f so lids t h

a

t se t t l e

a r e re gu la t

e

d fo r t h

e

be s

t p ra c

t i c

a

ble t

e

c

h

no lo gy re q

u ire m e

n

t s . V I .C
. P e nding a nd Pr opos e d R e gula tor y

R e quir e m e nts I n fo rm a

t io n

c

o

n

t

a

i ne d in t

h

is

se c

t io n

wa s

o b

t

a

ine d fro m t

h

e Fa c

t She e

t on t

h

e P r oposed MACT an d CT G f o

r t h

e Wood F u r

n

i t

u

re F i n i shi n g I n du st

ry de v e lo p e d a nd dis t

r

ibu t e

d by t h

e S m a

ll Bu s i ne s

s O m bu ds m a

n o f N o rt

h C a ro l i na. T h e C l ean Ai r Act as amend e d i n 1990 est a

bl i s hed t h

e b a si s f o

r

the E P A to se t ne w re q

u i r e m e

n

ts f o

r

H A Ps a nd to d e ve l o p contro l techni ques gu i d a nce ( C T G ) to r e d u ce VOC emi ssi ons. T h e E P A re ce ntl y pr opose d a MA CT sta nd a r d f o

r the w ood f u r n

i t

ure manuf a

ct

uri n g i nd u st ry, w h i c

h appl i e s t o

189 t o

x

i c

chemi c al s l i s t

e

d i n t

h

e C l ean Ai r Act as H A Ps. T o hel p S t at

es meet t h

e ambi ent ai r q

u a lit y s t

a

nda rd fo r o z o ne , t h

e

A g e nc y

is a l so de v e lo p i n g

a C T G fo r the i nd u str y

to re d u ce emi ssi ons of VOCs. T h e

MA CT a nd CT G a r e conce r

ne d w i th tw o d i f f

e

r e nt ty pe s of e

m is

s

i o n

s . Th e M A C T will re gu la t

e

e

m is

s

i o n

s

o f HA P s fro m a

ll wo o

d fu rn it

u re s u rfa c

e

c o

a

t in g o p e ra t io n

s

na t i o n

wide
. Th e C T G will ad d ress emi ssi ons of VOCs f r om w ood f u r n

i t

ur e f i ni shi n g , cl eani ng ,

S I C C o d e 25 84 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

a

nd wa s

h

o

ff o p e ra t io n

s

a t fa c

ilit ie

s

lo c

a

t

e

d in o z o ne no n - a t t

a

in m e

n

t a

re a

s or i n the oz one tra n

spor t re g i on. Th e M A C T s t

a

nda rd will a p p l y t o

"m a j o r

so u r c e

s " in t h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry. A m a jo r so u r c e

is o ne t

h

a

t e

m it

s

o r ha s the pote nti a l to e m i t

1 0 tons pe r

y e a

r

( t py ) of a

n

i nd i v i d u a l H A P or 25 t p

y o f a co mbi n at

i o n o f H A Ps per year. T h e reco mmend ed a

ppl i c a

t i o n of the CT G i s f o

r sour ce s tha t e m i t

or ha ve the pote nti a l to emi t 10 t p

y o f VO C s i n an ext r eme no n- at t

a

i n ment area and 25 t p

y per y e a

r

of VOCs i n a

n

y

othe r

oz one non- a tta i n me nt a r e a

a

nd i n the oz one tra n

spor t re g i on. Sources usi n g

or ag r eei ng to use no more that 250 total g a l l o ns per m o

n

t

h , o r

3, 000 gallo n

s

p e r ro llin g 12-m o

n

t

h

p e rio d , o f fin i s

h

in g, contact ad hesi ves, and cl eani ng mater i al s ar e not maj o r

sources and are exempt ed f ro m t

h

e M A C T st and a rd
. T h e MA CT stand a r d pr oposes numer i cal emi ssi on l i m i t

s f o

r

sur f

ace c

o

a

t in g o p e ra t io n

s

inc l u din g fin i s

h

in g, glu i n g , a nd p e e

l a

ble s p ra y b ooth coa t i n g . F i ni she s

i ncl ud e sta i ns, w a shcoa t s, b a se coa t s, f ille rs , seal er s, g l azes, hi g h l i g hter s, enamel s, and topcoats. T h e CT G p re lim ina r

y dra f t p r o p o se s

n u m e

ric e

m is

s

i o n

s

lim it

s fo r fin i s

h

in g a nd cl e a

ni ng ope ra t i o ns a nd f o

r

str i ppa bl e b ooth coa t i n gs . I n a ddit io n

t

o

n u m e

ric e

m is

s

i o n

s

lim it

s , t h

e

M A C T s t

a

nda rd a nd C T G propose w o r

k

pra c

ti ce sta nd a r d s tha t i ncl ud e i n spe c

ti on a nd mai n t

e

nance o f equi pment , go o

d ho usekeepi n g pract i ces such as cl ose d tops on sol v e n

t a nd mi x i ng conta i ne r

s , pr oce d ure s to a ccount f

o

r sol v e n

t use , a nd some l i m i t

a

t i o ns on the use of conve n

ti ona l a i r spra y

gu ns, promoti ng the use of mor e e

f

f

i ci e n

t spra y

gu ns. A so u rc e

m a

y be a

ffe c

t

e

d by bo t

h

t

h

e

M A C T a

nd C T G
. Fo r e xa m p l e , if a

w ood f u r n

i t

ure ma nuf a

ctur e r

i s l o ca te

d i n a n oz one non- a tta i n me nt a

re a

, use s

VOCs a nd pote nti a l l y e

m i t

s g r e a

te

r tha n 2 5 tons pe r y e a

r of tota l VOC e m i ssi ons, a nd i s a ma j o r sour ce f o

r H A Ps, the f a

c

ilit y w o ul d b e sub j e c

t to b oth r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts. T h e f o

l l o w i ng i m pl e m e

n

ta

ti on/compl i a nce sche d ul e i s pr opose d w i th re spe c

t to the MA CT a

nd CT G: A p re lim in a

r

y dra f t m o

de l ru le t

o

re du c e

V O C s wa s

dis t

r

ibu t e

d t

o

St at

e and l o cal ai r agenci es i n J

u ne 1994. T h i s prel i m i nary ru le c o

n

t

a

i n s

e m is

s

i o n

lim it

s

ba se d o n

R A C T fo r re du c i n g VO C s . R A C T requi r ement s

may vary amo n

g st at

es and l o cal
S e p tem b e r 1995 85 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t go v e rn m e

n

t s

a s

so m e

will se t m o

re s t

rin g e n

t re q

u ire m e

n

t s t o a

c

c

o

m m o

da t

e

t

h

e

i r s p e c

ific a

i r q u a lit y p r o ble m s . U nde r a c o

u r t

- o r de re d de a

dline , t h

e

M A C T s t

a

nda rd wa s pro p o sed N o vemb er 21, 1994. N o vemb er 1995 i s t h

e sched ul ed d a te

f

o

r

f

i na l a d opti on. S o u rc e

s

e m it

t i n g

m o

re t h

a

n

5 0

t p

y o f HA P s will h a

v e u n t i l N o vemb er 21, 1997 t o

co mpl y w i t h

t

h

e f i nal rul e . S o u rc e

s

e m it

t i n g

le s

s

t h

a

n

5 0

t p

y o f HA P s will h a

v e a

pprox i m a

t

e

l y

thr e e

y e a

r

s to compl y w i th the f i na l r u l e . T h i s dat e

will p ro b ably be No v e m b er 1998. C o mpl i a nce wi t h t h

e M A C T st and a rd can b e achi ev ed wi t h

co mpl i a nt c

o

a

t in gs ; t h

a

t is , e i t

h

e

r

no n - HA P c

o

a

t in gs o r

t

h

o

se m e

e

t in g t h

e lim it

s , s

u c h a s 1
. 0 lb o f HA P p e r p o u nd o f so lid. High-so lids c o

a

t in gs a nd w a ter

- b a sed coati n gs have f e

w e r VOCs and H A Ps, and ar e b e comi ng m o

re re a

dily a v a ila ble
. A l t h

o

u gh a dd-o n

c

o

n

t

ro l m a

y a l so be u se d t o meet the stand a rd s, the use of l e ss sol v ent and f e

w e r

tox i cs i n coati n gs and f i ni shes i s l i k el y t o

b e t

h

e ro ut e mo st

manuf a

ct

urers t a

ke t o

w ard s compl i a nce ( a nd may b e more economi c al )
. T h e b a si s f o

r

the re commend ed stand a r d s f o

r

f

i ni shi n g

operati o ns i s the use of l o w - H A P mater i al s or contr o l d e vi ces such as i nci nera tor s. Fo r cl eani ng o p erat i o ns, t h

e st and a rd s are b a sed o n

use o f l o w- VO C str i ppa bl e coa t i n gs f

o

r

spra y

b ooths. I n a ddit io n t o n u m e

ric s t

a

nda rds , t h

e

p r o p o se d ru le s

m i n i m i z e evaporati v e emi ssi ons thro ug h w o r

k

practi ces cover i ng storag e, t

ransf er, and appl i c at

i o ns i n f

i ni shi n g, co nt act ad hesi ve, cl eani ng, and washo f

f o p erat i o ns. T h ese pract i ces i ncl ud e empl o y ee t rai ni ng, i n spect i o n

and mai n t

e

nance, and ho usekeepi n g measures ( s uch as
" c

onta i ne r

s shoul d b e cl ose d w h e

n

not i n use " )
. E x hi b i ts 2 2

a nd 2 3

pr ovi d e a n

ove r

vi e w of the propose d MA CT emi ssi ons l i m i t

s and w o r

k

practi ce stand a r d s f o

r the MA CT and CT G. Th is

in fo rm a

t io n

wa s

o b

t

a

ine d fro m t h

e F a ct

S h eet on t h

e P r op osed MACT an d CT G f o

r t h

e Wood F u r

n

i t

u

re F i n i shi n g I n du st

ry .

S I C C o d e 25 86 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 2 2 Sum m a

r

y

of Pr opos e d M A C T Em is s i on Lim i t E m is s i o n

P o in t E xis tin g So ur ce New S o u r c

e Finis h ing Ope r

at ions (1) A c h

iev e a weig h

t ed av er ag e HA P c on t en t ac r o

ss all c

o at in

gs

(max imum lb VH A P / lb s o lid s ) 1. 0 a 0. 8 a (2) U s e c o

mp lian t fin i sh in

g

mat e

ri als (max imu m lb VH A P / lb s o lid s ) - st ain s 1. 0 a 1. 0 a - wash c

o at s 1. 0 a, b 0. 8 a, b - sealer s 1. 0 a 0. 8 a

- top c oa ts 1. 0 a 0. 8 a - basec o at s 1. 0 a, b 0. 8 a, b - en amels 1. 0 a, b 0. 8 a, b - t

h

in

n

e

r

s

(max imum per c en t H A P allo wable) 10. 0 10. 0 (3) A s an alt e

rn

at

iv e, u s e ad d

- on c

on t r o

l d e v i c e 1. 0 c 0. 8 c (4) U s e a c o

mbin at

ion of (2) an d (3) 1. 0 0
. 8 C l e aning Ope r

at ions S t

ri p p a b

l e sp ra y b o o t h

m a

te

ri a l ( m a

x

V H AP con t e

n

t = l b VOC / lb s o lid s ) 0. 8 0
. 8 C ont ac tA dhe s i ve Ope r

at ions (1) U s e c o

mp lian t c

on t ac

t ad h e

siv e s (max V H A P c on t en t , as applied (lb VH A P / lb s o lid s ) (i) F or foam ad h e

siv e s u s ed in p r od u c t s

t h

at

meet flammabilit y r e q

u ir emen t s 1. 8 0
. 2 (ii) F or all ot h

e

r ad h e

siv e s (in c

lu d i n g foam ad h e

siv e s us ed in pr o d uc t s n o

t meet in

g flammabilit y r e

q

u ir emen t s

); or 1. 0 0
. 2
(2) U s e a c o

n

t r o

l d e v i c e 1. 0 d 0. 2 d S o

u

r c e : F a c t S h eet

on t

h

e P r oposed MA C T an d C T G f o

r t

h

e Wood F u r n

i t

u

re F i n i shi n g I n du

st

ry. a T h

e lim it s ref e

r t

o

t

h

e H A P co nt ent o f t

h

e co at ing as applied
. b Co m p liant w a shco a t s , baseco a t s , andenam els m u st be usedif t

h

ey are purchasedprem ad e; t h

at

is, t h

ey are no t f

o rmulat ed o n - s it

e by t h

inning o t her f i nishing m a t e

rials. I f t

h

ey are f o rmulat ed o n - s it

e, t h

ey mu st be f o rm ulat ed w i t h c o m p liant f i nishing m a t e

rials and t h

inners c o nt aining no m o re t h

an t h

ree p e rc

ent H A P by w e ight
. c T h

e co nt rol d e v i ce mu st o p erat e at an ef f i ciency eq uiv a lent t

o

no great e

r t

h

an 1. 0 lbs. ( o r 0. 8 lbs. ) o f H A P being em it t e

d f r o m t

h

e af f e

c t ed em issio n <N > so urc e p e r p o und o f so lids used. d T h

e co nt rol d e v i ce mu st o p erat e at an ef f i ciency t h

at

is eq uiv a lent t

o

no m o re t h

an 1. 0 lbs. V olat ile H A P (V H A P ) em itted f r o m the af f e

c t ed em issio n p o int p e r p o u nd o f solids u sed.

S e p tem b e r 1995 87 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Ex hibit 2 3 S u m m a

r

y

of Wor k P r act i c

e S t an d a r

d s f o r t

h e P r op osed MACT an d CT G Em i ssi on So ur ce W or

k Pr a

c

t i c

e Fi ni s h i n

g

O p e

rati ons T r an sfer E q u i p men t L e ak s De ve l o

p

w ri tte n

i n sp e c

ti on a

n

d m a

i n

te

n

a

n

c

e

p l a n

to a ddre ss a n

d r e

p a ir leak s. T h e p l an mu st id en t i fy a min i mu m in sp ec t i on fr eq uen c

y of on e per mon t h

an d pr oc ed ur es for ad d r es si n g malfun c

t ion s . St

or ag e c on t ain e

r

s in

c

l ud in g mix i n

g eq uipmen t Wh en su c h

c

on t ain e

r

s

ar e u s ed for V O C- or HA P

- c on t ain i n

g mat e

ri als , keep c o

v e r e

d wh en n

o

t in us e. A pplic at

ion eq uipmen t L i m i t

us e o f c

onv ent i on a

l a

i r

sp r a y guns a

n

d enc o

ur a g e us e o f more e

f f i ci e n

t te ch n

o

l o

g

y . Finis h ing m a

t e

ri a l s D e mo ns

t r a

t e

us a g e

o

f H A Ps o

f po t e

nt

i a

l c

onc e

rn ha v e no t i n

cre a

se

d e xce p t

a

s

a

l l o w e d b y

th e

sta n

da rds; do cu me n

t i n th e form u l at ion assessmen t (M A C T on ly

). C l e ani ng O p e

rati ons G u n/l i n e

c

l e

a

ni ng Co l l e ct cl e a

n

i n

g

so l v e n

t i n to

a

cl o s e

d co n

t a

i n

e

r. C o v e r a

l l

c

ont a

i ne r

s a

s

s o c i a

t e

d w i t h

c

l e

a

ni ng w h e

n

no t i n us e . S p r a y b o o t h c l e

a

ni ng D o n

o

t us e s o lv en t s

un les s c

l ean i n

g

c

on v eyor s

or met a

l filt er

s . Wash

- off t a

n

k

s/ g e n

e

r a

l c

l e

a

ni ng D o n

o

t us e c h

emic als t

h

at

ar e kn o

w n , pr o b

able, o r po s

sible c

a

r c

in

og en s, as id en t i fied in sec t ion 112(g ), in c

on c

en t r at ion s s

u bj ec t t

o

M S D S r e por t in

g, as r e q

u ir ed by OSH A (M A C T on ly). K eep was h t

a

n

k

c

o

v e r e

d wh en n

o

t in us e. M i n i mize d r ag ou t by t

ilt

in

g

an d / or r o t a

t i n

g

p a r t t

o

d r ain as muc h

s o lv en t as po s

sible an d allo win g

s

u ffic i en t t

i me t o

d r y. Ma i n

ta

i n

l o g

of th e

qu a n

ti ty a

n

d ty p e of sol v e n

t u s e d f or w a sh of

f c

l ean i n

g

as well as t h

e q u an t i t

y

of wast e sh ip p e d off sit e

an d t h

e fat e of t h

is wast e (r ec y c lin g

or d i sp osal). M a in

t a

in

a log of t h

e n u mber of piec es

was h ed off an d t h

e r e as on for wash off. M i s c e

l l ane ous Op er at or

t

r ain i n

g A ll o p er at or

s s h all be t r ain e

d o n

pr o p er applic at

ion , c l ean u p, an d eq uipmen t us e. Th e

tra i n

i n

g

p r og ra

m

sh a

l l b e

w ri tte n

a

n

d re ta

i n

e

d on si te . Implemen t a

t i on plan D e v e lo

p a pla n

t

o

implement work pr a c

t i c

e

s

t a

n

d a r d s . M a in

t a

in

plan on si t e . S o

u

r c e : F a c t S h eet

on t

h

e P r oposed MA C T an d C T G f o

r t

h

e Wood F u r n

i t

u

re F i n i shi n g I n du

st

ry. T

h

e w o rk p ract i ce st andards ap p l y t o bo t h exist i ng and new m a jo r so urces. A i r guns w ill be allo w e d o n ly in t h

e f

o llo w i ng inst anc e

s:

- w hen used in c o nj unc t io n w i t h

c

o at ings less t h

an 1. 0 lb. V O C/lb. o f solids

- f o r

t

o

uch upand rep a ir under lim it ed co ndit io ns

- w hen sp ray is aut o m a t e

d

- w hen add- o n c

o nt ro ls are used

S I C C o d e 25 88 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

- i f t

h

e cumu lat i v e ap p licat io n is less t h

an 5 p e rcent o f t

o

t a

l gallo ns o f co at ing ap p lied

- i f t h

e p e rm it t i ng agency det e

rm ines o t her ap p licat io n t e

chnology is eco n o m ically o r t

e

chnically inf e

asible
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 89 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t
V II. C O M PLI AN C E AN D E NF OR C E ME NT H I S TOR Y B a c

k gr ound To da t

e , EP A h a

s fo c

u se d m u c h

o f it s

a t t

e

n

t io n

o n

m e

a

s

u r in g c

o

m p lia nc e

wit h

s p e c

ific e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l s t

a

t u t e

s . Th is a p p r o a

c

h a

l l o w s the A g e ncy to tra c

k

compl i a nce w i th the Cl e a

n A i r A c t, the Re source Conse r

va ti on a nd Re cove r

y A c t, the Cl e a

n W a

t

e

r

A c t, a nd othe r

e n

vi ro nme n

ta

l sta t ute s . W i thi n the l a st se ve ra l y e a

r

s, the A g e nc y

h a

s

be gu n t

o

s

u p p l e m e

n

t s

i n g le -m e

dia c o

m p lia nc e indic a

t

o

r

s wit h

fa c

ilit y-s p e c

ific , m u l t i m e

dia indic a

t

o

r

s

o f c o

m p lia nc e . I n do in g so, E P A i s i n a b e tte r

posi ti on to tra c

k

compl i a nce w i th a l l sta t ute s

a t t

h

e

fa c

ilit y le v e l, a nd wit h

in s

p e c

ific indu s t

ria l se c

t

o

r

s . A m a jo r s t

e

p in bu ildin g t h

e

c a

p a c

i t

y

t

o

c o

m p ile m u l t i m e

dia da t

a

fo r i nd u str i a

l se ctor s w a s the cr e a

ti on of E P A ' s I n te

g ra t

e

d D a ta

f o

r E n f

o

rc ement A nal y s i s

( I D E A ) sy stem. I D E A has the capaci ty to " r ead i n to" the A g ency 's si ng l e - m ed i a d a tab a ses, ex tract compl i a nce r e cord s, a

nd m a

t

c

h

t

h

e

re c

o

rds t

o

indiv idu a l fa c

ilit ie

s . Th e

I D EA s y s t

e

m c a

n match A i r , Water , Waste, T o x

i cs/Pesti c i d e s/E P CRA , T R I , and En fo rc e

m e

n

t Do c

k e t re c

o

rds fo r a giv e n

fa c

ilit y, a nd ge ne ra t

e

a

lis t o f hi stor i c

a

l pe r

m i t

, i n spe c

ti on, a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ty . I D E A a l so ha s t

h

e c a

p a bilit y t o

a na l yz e da t

a

by ge o

g ra p h ic

a r e a

a nd c o

rp o ra t

e hol d e r . A s the ca pa ci ty to g e ne ra te

mul ti me d i a compl i a nce d a ta im p ro v e s , EP A will m a

ke a v a ila ble m o

re in -de p t h

c o

m p lia nc e

a nd e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t in fo rm a

t io n . A ddit io na lly, se c

t

o

r -s p e c

i fic m e

a

s

u r e s

o f success f o

r

compl i a nce assi stance ef f

o

r

t s ar e und e r

d e vel o pment. C o m p lia nc e

a

nd Enf or c

e m e nt Pr of ile Des c r

iption U s i n g

i n spe c

ti on, vi ol a t i o n, a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t d a ta f r om the I D E A s

y s t

e

m , t h

is

se c

t io n

p r o v ide s

in fo rm a

t io n

re ga rdin g t h

e

h i s

t

o

r

ic

a

l compl i a nce a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ty of thi s se ctor . I n ord e r

to mi r r o r t

h

e

fa c

ilit y u n iv e r

se re p o rt

e

d in t

h

e

To xic C h e

m ic

a

l P r o f

ile , t h

e da t

a re por t

e

d w i thi n thi s se cti o n consi s ts of r e cor d s onl y f r om the T R I re p o rt

in g u n iv e r

se . W i t

h

t h

is

de c

i s

i o n , t h

e

se le

c

t io n c r

it

e

r

ia a r e consi s tent acro ss sector s w i th cer t

ai n excepti o ns. F o r

the sector s that d o not nor m a

l l y re por t to the T R I pr og ra m, d a ta

ha ve b e e

n

pr ovi d e d fro m EP A ' s Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g

S

y s t

e

m (FI N DS ) wh ic

h

t

ra c

ks fa c

ilit ie

s

in a

ll m e

dia da t

a

ba se s . P l e a

se no t

e , in t

h

is

se c

t io n , EP A do e

s no t a t t

e

m p t t

o

de fine t

h

e

a c

t u a l n u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t fa ll wit h

in e a

c

h se c

t

o

r . I n s

t

e

a

d, t h

e

se c

t io n

p o rt

ra ys t

h

e

re c

o

rds o f a

s

u bse t o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t

h

e

se c

t

o

r

t

h

a

t a

re we ll de fine d wit h

in EP A da t

a

ba se s .
S I C C o d e 25 90 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es
A s a che c

k

on the r e l a

ti ve si z e of the f u l l se ctor uni v e r

se , most no t

e

bo o

k

s c o

n

t

a

i n a n

e s

t i m a

t

e

d n u m b e r

o f fa c

ilit ie

s

wit h

in t

h

e

se c

t

o

r a

ccord i n g

to the B u r e a

u

of Ce nsus ( S e e

Se cti o n I I )
. W i th se ctor s d o mi nated b y smal l b u si nesses, such as metal f i ni sher s and pr i n ter s , t

h

e re p o rt

in g u n iv e r

se wit h

in t h

e

EP A da t

a

ba se s

m a

y be s m a

ll in compa r

i son to Ce nsus d a ta . H o w e ve r , the g r oup se l e

cte d f o

r

i ncl usi o n in t h

is

da t

a

a na l ys is

se c

t io n

s h

o

u ld be c o

n

s

is

t

e

n

t wit h t h

is se c

t

o

r ' s gene ral m a

ke-u p. Fo llo win g

t h

is

in t

r o d u c t i o n

is a lis t de fin i n g

e a

c

h

da t

a

c o

lu m n present e

d wi t h

i n t

h

i s

sect i o n. T h ese v a l u es represent a ret r o s

pect i v e summar y

of i n specti ons and enf o

r c ement acti ons, and sol e l y

r e f

l ect EP A , S t a

t

e , a nd lo c

a

l c o

m p lia nc e

a s

s

u ra nc e a c

t i v i t i e

s t h

a

t h a

v e be e

n e

n

t

e

re d in t

o

EP A da t

a

ba se s . To ide n

t ify a n

y c h

a

n

ge s in t r e nds , t h

e E P A ra n tw o d a ta

q u e r

i e

s, one f

o

r

the pa st f i ve ca l e

nd a r

y e a

r

s (A ugust 10, 1990 t o August 9, 1995) and t h

e o t

h

er f o

r t h

e mo st

recent t

w el vemo nt h peri o d ( A ugust 10, 1994 t o

August 9, 1995)
. T h e f i ve- y ear anal ysi s gi ves an average l e vel o f act i vi t y

f o

r t h

at

peri o d f o

r compa r

i son to the mor e r e ce nt a c

ti vi ty . B e cause most i n specti ons f o

cus on si ng l e - m ed i a r e qui r ements, the d a ta q

u e r

ie

s p re se n

t

e

d in t h

is

se c

t io n

a r e t a

ke n

fro m s i n g le m e

dia d a ta

b a se s. T h e

se d a ta

b a se s d o not pr ovi d e d a ta on w h e

t

he r in s

p e c

t i o n

s a re S t a

t

e/ lo c

a

l o r

EP A

- le d. Ho we v e r, t h

e

t

a

ble bre a

kin g d o wn t h

e uni v erse o f v i o l at i o ns d o es gi v e t h

e read er a crud e measurement o f t h

e E P A' s and S t at

es' ef f

o

rt

s wi t h

i n each med i a p ro g ra m . Th e p r e se n

t

e

d da t

a

illu s t

ra t

e

t

h

e

v a ria t io n

s

a c

ro s

s

re gio n

s f

o

r

cer t

ai n sector s. 2 Th is

v a ria t io n

m a

y be a t t

r

ibu t a

ble t

o

S t a

t

e/ lo c

a

l da t

a e n

t

r

y v a ria t io n

s , s p e c

ific ge o

g ra p h ic

c

o

nc e

n

t

ra t io n

s , p r o x

im it

y t o p o p u la t i o n c e

n

t

e

r

s , se n

s

it

iv e e c

o

s

ys t

e

m s , h i gh ly t o

x

ic

c h

e

m ic

a

l s

u se d i n prod ucti on, or hi stor i c

a

l noncompl i a nce . H e nce , the e

x

hi b i te d d a ta d o not ra nk re g i ona l pe r

f

or ma nce or ne ce ssa r

i l y re f

l e

c

t w h i c

h r e g i ons may have the most compl i a nce pr obl e ms.

2 EP A Regions include the follow i ng S tates : 1 (CT, M A , M E , RI, N H , V T ); 2 (N J , N Y , P R , V I); 3 (D C, D E , M D , P A , V A , W V ); 4 (A L , F L , G A , K Y , M S , N C, S C, T N ); 5 (IL , IN , M I, M N , O H , W I); 6 (A R, L A , N M , O K , T X ); 7 (IA , K S , M O , N E ); 8 (CO , M T , N D , S D , U T , W Y ); 9 ( A Z, C A , H I , N V , P acif ic Tr u s t Ter r ito r ies ) ; 1 0 ( A K , I D , O R , WA )
.

S e p tem b e r 1995 91 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t C o m p lia nc e

a

nd Enf or c

e m e nt Da ta

De f i nitions Ge ne r a

l De f i nitions

Fa c

ility I nde x

i ng Syste m (FI NDS) - - thi s sy stem assi g n s a common fa c

ilit y n u m b e r t o EP A s i n g le -m e

dia p e rm it

re c

o

rds
. Th e

FI NDS ide n

t ific a

t io n n u m b e r

a llo ws EP A t o

c o

m p ile a nd re v i e w a ll p e rm it

, c

o

m p lia nc e , e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t

, a nd p o llu t a

n

t re le

a

se da t

a

fo r a n

y giv e n re gu la t

e

d fa c

ilit y. I n te gr a

te d Da ta

f o r Enf or c

e m e nt Ana l ys is (I DEA) -- is a da t

a in t

e

gra t io n s y s t

e

m t

h

a

t c a

n

re t

r

ie

v e in fo rm a

t io n

fro m t

h

e

m a jo r EP A p ro g ra m o

ffic e

da t

a

ba se s . I D EA u se s

t

h

e FI NDS ide n

t ific a

t io n n u m b e r to " g l u e tog e t

he r ” se pa ra te d a ta r e cor d s f r om E P A ’ s d a ta

b a se s. T h i s

i s do ne t

o

c re a

t

e

a "m a

s

t

e

r lis t ” o f da t

a

re c

o

rds fo r a n

y giv e n fa c

ilit y. Some of the d a ta sy stems accessi bl e thro ug h I D E A ar e: A I RS (A i r Fa c

ilit y I nde xin g a nd R e t

r

ie

v a l S y s t

e

m , O ffic e

o f A i r a nd R a dia t i o n

), PC S ( P ermi t C o mpl i a nce S y st em, O f f

i ce o f Wat er) , R C R I S ( R eso u rce Conse r

vati on and Re cove r

y

I n f

o

r

m ati o n Sy ste m , Of f

i ce of Sol i d W a

s

t

e

), NC DB (Na t io na l C o m p lia nc e

Da t

a

Ba se , O ffic e

o f P r e v e n

t i o n , Pesti c i d e s, and T o x

i c Sub s

tances) , CE RCL I S ( C ompr ehensi ve En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l a nd Lia bilit y I n fo rm a

t io n

S y s t

e

m , S u p e rfu nd), a nd T R I S ( T o x

i c Rel e ase I n ventor y

Sy stem)
. I D E A al so contai ns in fo rm a

t io n

fro m o u t s

ide so u r c e

s

s

u c h

a s Du n a nd Bra d s t

re e

t a nd t h

e Occupa ti ona l Sa f

e

ty a nd H e a

l th A d mi ni stra ti on ( O SH A )
. Most d a ta q

u e r

ie

s

dis p l a y e d in no t

e

bo o

k

S e c

t io n

s

I V a nd V I I we re c o

nd u c t

e

d u s in g I D EA
. Da ta

T a ble C o lum n

He a d ing De f i nitions Fa c

ilities in Se a r

c

h

- - are b a sed o n

t h

e uni v erse o f T R I repo rt

ers wit h

in t

h

e

lis t

e

d S I C c o

de ra n

g e . Fo r indu s t

rie s no t c o

v e re d u nde r TR I re por t i n g re q

u i re m e

n

ts, the note b ook use s

the F I N D S uni v e r

se f o

r execut i n g d a t

a

queri e s. T h e S I C co d e range sel e ct

ed f o

r each search i s de fine d by e a

c

h

no t

e

bo o

k ' s se le

c

t

e

d S I C c o

de c o

v e ra ge de sc r

ibe d in S e c

t i o n II. Fa c

ilities I n s p e c te d --- indic a

t

e

s

t

h

e

le v e l o f EP A a nd S t a

t

e a g e nc y fa c

ilit y in s

p e c

t i o n

s

fo r t h

e

fa c

ilit ie

s

in t

h

is

da t

a

se a

r c h
. Th e

se v a lu e s s

h

o

w wh a

t p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f t

h

e

fa c

ilit y u n iv e r

se is in s

p e c

t

e

d in a 1 2 o r 6 0 month pe r

i od
. T h i s

col umn d o e

s

not count non- i n spe c

ti ona l c

o

m p lia nc e

a c

t i v i t i e

s

s

u c h

a s

t

h

e

re v i e w o f fa c

ilit y-re p o rt

e

d disc h

a

r

ge rep o rt

s .

S I C C o d e 25 92 S e p tem b e r 1995- -

- -

- - S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Num b e r of I n s p e c tions - - me a

s

ur e s

the tota l numb e r

of i n spe c

ti ons cond ucte d i n thi s se ctor . A n i n spe c

ti on e v e n

t i s counte d e a

ch ti me i t i s e

n

t

e

re d in t

o

a

s

i n g le m e

dia da t

a

ba se . Aver age T i m e

B e t w een I n sp ect i o n s pro v i d e s an average l e ngt h

o f ti me, ex pressed i n months, that a compl i a nce i n specti on occur s at a fa c

ilit y wit h

in t

h

e

de fine d u n iv e r

se . Fa c

ilities with One or M o r e

Enf or c

e m e nt Ac tions - - ex pr esses the n

u m b e r o f fa c

ilit ie

s

t

h

a

t we re p a rt

y t o

a t le a

s

t o ne e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n w i thi n the d e f

i ne d ti me pe r

i od
. T h i s

ca te

g o r

y

i s b r ok e n

d o w n f

u r t

he r i n to F e d e ra l a nd Sta t

e a c

ti ons. D a ta

a r e ob ta i ne d f o

r

a d mi ni stra ti ve , c

i v il/ ju dic ia

l, a nd c r

im in a

l e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s . A d m i n i s

t

ra t i v e a

c

t i o n

s

inc l u d e No t i c

e

s

o f V i o l a

t io n

(NO V s )
. A fa c

ilit y wit h m u l t i p l e e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

is o

n

ly c o

u n t

e

d o nc e

in t

h

is

c

o

lu m n

(fa c

ilit y wit h

3 enf o

rcement act i o n

s co unt s

as 1)
. Al l percent a

ges t h

at

appear are re fe

re nc e

d t o

t

h

e

n u m b e r

o

f fa c

ilit ie

s

in s

p e c

t

e

d. T o ta l Enf or c

e m e nt Ac tions d e scr i b e s

the tota l numb e r

of e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

ide n

t ifie d fo r a n

indu s t

ria l se c

t

o

r a c

ro s

s a l l e

n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l s t

a

t u t e

s . A fa c

ilit y wit h

m u l t i p l e e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

s

is c

o

u n t

e

d m u l t i p l e t i m e

s (a fa c

ilit y wit h

3

e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

c

o

u n t s

a

s 3)
. S t ate L ead Act i o n s -- show s w h a

t pe r c e

n

ta

g e of the tota l e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t act i o n

s are t a

ken b y

S t at

e and l o cal env i ro nment a

l agenci es. Varyi n g le

v e ls

o f u se by S t a

t

e

s

o f EP A da t

a

s

y s t

e

m s

m a

y lim it t h

e v o lu m e o f act i o n

s acco rd ed S t at

e enf o

rcement act i v i t y . S o me S t at

es ext e

nsi v el y re por t e

n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ti e s

i n to E P A d a ta

sy ste m s, w h i l e othe r Sta t

e

s ma y

use the i r

ow n d a ta

sy ste m s. Fe de r a

l Le a d Ac tions - - show s w h a

t pe r c e

n

ta

g e of the tota l enf o

rcement act i o n

s are t a

ken b y

t

h

e U. S
. E P A. T h i s v a l u e i ncl ud es re f

e

r

ra l s

f rom Sta t

e

a g e nci e s . Ma ny of the se a c

ti ons r e sul t f rom c

o

o

rdina t

e

d o r

jo in t S t a

t

e/ Fe de ra l e ffo rt

s . Enf or c

e m e nt to I n s p e c tion R a te expresses ho w o f t

e

n enf o

rcement a

c

ti ons re sul t f

rom i n spe c

ti ons. T h i s va l u e i s a ra ti o of e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

ti ons to i n spe c

ti ons, a nd i s pr e se n

te

d f o

r

compa ra t i v e pur p ose s

onl y . Th is

m e

a

s

u re is a ro u g h indic a

t

o

r

o f t h

e

re la

t i o n

s

h

ip be t w e e

n in s

p e c

t i o n

s a nd e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t

. Th is

m e

a

s

u r e s i m p ly indic a

t

e

s hi stor i c

a

l l y how ma ny e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons ca n b e a ttr i b ute d to i n spe c

ti on a c

ti vi ty . Re l a

te

d i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons und e r t

h

e C l ean Wat er Act ( P C S ) , t h

e C l ean Ai r Act ( A FS ) and t h

e R e so urce
S e p tem b e r 1995 93 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t Conse r

va ti on a nd Re cove r

y

A c t ( R CRA ) a r e i ncl ud e d i n thi s ra ti o. I n spe c

ti ons a nd a c

ti ons f r om the T S CA /F I F RA /E PCRA d a ta

b a se a r e not f a

ctore d i n to thi s ra ti o b e ca use most of the a c

ti ons ta k e n und e r t

h

e

se p ro g ra m s

a re no t t

h

e

re s

u lt o f fa c

ilit y in s

p e c

t i o n

s . Th is ra t i o d o e

s

not a ccount f o

r

e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons a r

i s

i n g f r om non- i n spe c

ti on compl i a nce moni tor i n g

a c

ti vi ti e s

( e . g . , se l f

- r e p or te

d w a te

r d i scha r

g e s) tha t ca n r e sul t i n e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti on w i thi n the CA A , CW A a nd RCRA
. Fa c

ilities with One or M o r e

Viola tions I d e n tif ie d -- indic a

t

e

s

t h

e n

u m b e r

a nd p e rc e

n

t

a

ge o f in s

p e c

t

e

d fa c

ilit ie

s h a

v i n g a v i o l a

t io n ide n

t ifie d in o ne o f t h

e

fo llo win g

da t

a c a

t

e

go rie s : I n V i o l a

t io n o r S i gn ific a

n

t V i o l a

t io n

S t a

t u s (C A A ) ; R e p o rt

a

ble No nc o

m p lia nc e , C u rre n

t Y e a

r

No nc o

m p lia nc e , S i gn ific a

n

t No nc o

m p lia nc e

(C W A ); No nc o

m p lia nc e

a nd S i gn ific a

n

t No nc o

m p lia nc e

(FI F R A , TS C A , a nd EP C R A ) ; U n re so lv e d V i o l a

t io n

a nd U n re so lv e d High P r io rit y Vi o l at i o n ( R C R A)
. T h e v a l u es present e

d f o

r t h

i s

co l umn ref l ect t h

e e

x

te

nt of noncompl i a nce w i thi n the me a

s

ur e d ti me f

ra m e , b u t d o not d i s ti ngui sh b e tw e e

n

the se ve r

i ty of the noncompl i a nce . Pe r c e

n

ta

g e s wit h

in t

h

is

c

o

lu m n

c

a

n

exc eed 100 p e rc en t bec a

u se fac ilit ies c

a

n

be in vi ol a t i o n sta t us w i thout b e i n g

i n spe c

te

d
. Vi ol a t i o n sta t us ma y

b e a pre c

ur sor to a n

e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti on, b u t d o e

s not ne ce ssa r

i l y i nd i c a

t

e t

h

a

t a

n

e

n

fo rc e

m e

n

t a

c

t i o n

will o c

c

u r. M e d ia B r e a kdown of Enf or c

e m e nt A c tions a nd I n s p e c tions -- fo u r col umns i d e nti f y

the pr opor ti on of tota l i n spe c

ti ons a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a

c

ti ons w i thi n E P A A i r , W a

t

e

r , W a

s

te , a nd T S CA /F I F RA /E PCRA d a ta

b a se s. E a ch col umn i s a pe r c e

n

ta

g e of e i the r

the " T ota l I n spe c

ti ons, ” or the " T ota l A c ti ons” col umn.
V I I
. A
. Fur n itur e

a

nd Fix t

ur es I ndustr y C o m p lia nc e

Histor y E x hi b i t 2 4

provi d e s a Re g i ona l b r e a

k d ow n of the f i ve y e a

r enf o

rcement and co mpl i a nce act i v i t i es f o

r t h

e f u rni t ure and f i xt ures i nd u str y . Re g i on I V cond ucte d a ppr ox i m a

t

e

l y

6 8 pe r c e

n

t of the in s

p e c

t i o n

s

o f fu rn it

u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s p e rfo r

m e

d in t h

e Uni t ed S t at

es. T h i s

l a rge percent a

ge i s d u e t o t h

e co ncent rat i o n o f fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s in t h

e S o u t h

e

a

s

t

e

rn U
. S ., s p e c

ific a

lly in No rt

h C a ro lina .

S I C C o d e 25 94 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

Ex hibit 2 4 F i v e Ye a r

E n f o r ce me n t a

n d C o mp l i a n c e

S u mma ry fo r t h e W o o d F u rn i t u re a

n d Fix t

ur es I ndustr y A B C D E F G H I J

F u rn i t u rea n d F i xt ure s SI C 2 5 Fa c ilitie s in S e ar ch Fa c ilitie s In s p e c t e d Nu m b er

o f I n s p e c t i ons Av e r age Nu m b er

o f M ont hs B e t w een I n s p e c t i ons Fa c ilitie s w

/ one or more E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons To t a l E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons S t at e Le ad A c t i ons Fe d e r a l L e a d A c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t to I n s p e c tio n Ra

t e
R e g i o n I 1 3 1 0 5 2 1 5 0 0 0 % 0 % — Re g i on I I 14 10 33 25 3 3 0% 100% 0. 09 Re g i on I I I 39 33 211 11 7 1 5 100% 0% 0. 07 Re g i on I V 121 103 1, 045 7 1 0 4 0 94% 6% 0. 04 Re g i on V 5 0 3 6 144 21 10 25 96% 4% 0. 17 Re g i on V I 10 8 2 0 3 0 1 1 0 % 100% 0. 05 Re g i on V I I 1 3 4 12 65 1 1 100% 0% 0. 08 Re g i on V I I I 3 3 6 30 1 5 100% 0% 0. 83 Re g i on I X 24 3 7 206 1 1 0% 100% 0. 14 Re g i on X 6 3 4 90 0 0 0% 0% —

T o t a l / Ave r ag e 293 213 1, 534 11 34 91 91% 9% 0. 06

S e p tem b e r 1995 95 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t VI I
. B
. C o m p a r

is on of Enf or c

e m e nt Ac tivity B e twe e n Se le c te d I ndustr ies E x hi b i ts 25- 28 contai n summar i es of the one and f i ve y e ar enf o

r c ement a

nd c o

m p lia nc e

a c

t i v i t i e

s

fo r t h

e

fu rn it

u r e a nd fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry, a s we ll a s

fo r o t

h

e

r

se le

c

t

e

d indu s t

rie s . A s indic a

t

e

d in Exh i bit s

2 5 a nd 26, t h

e f u rni t ure and f i xt ures i nd u st ry has a l o w enf o

rcement t o i n spe c

ti on ra te

compa r e d to othe r

i nd u str i e

s . E x hi b i ts 2 7 a nd 2 8 provi d e a b re a

k d ow n of i n spe c

ti on a nd e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti vi ti e s

b y s

t

a

t u t e . O f a ll t h

e

fu rn it

u r e a nd fixt u r e s

indu s t

ry in s

p e c

t i o n

s , ap p ro x

im at

ely 52 p e rc en t were p e rfo r

m e

d u nder t h

e C l ean Air Ac t

, wh ile a p p ro x

im a

t

e

l y 4 5

p e rc e

n

t we re c o

nd u c e

d u nde r R C R A
. Th e la

rge p e rc e

n

t

a

ge s

o f C A A a nd R C R A in s

p e c

t i o n

s

fo r t h

is

indu s t

ry a r e d u e to the VOC emi ssi ons and spent f i ni shi n g

mater i al s r e sul t i n g f r om t

h

e

so lv e n

t in t

e

n

s

iv e p r o c

e

s

se s

u se d by t h

is

indu s t

ry.

S I C C o d e 25 96 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

Ex hibit 2 5 Five Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e

Sum m a

r

y

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies A B C D E F G H I J

I ndus tr y S e c t or Fa c ilitie s in S e arch Fa c ilitie s In s p e c t e d Nu m b er of I n s p e c t i ons Av er age Nu m b er of

M ont hs B e t w een I n s p e c t i ons Fa c ilitie s w/ On e o r

M o re E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons To t a l E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons S t at e Le ad A c t i ons Fe d e r a l Le ad A c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t t o I n s p e c tio n R a

te
M e t a lM i ni ng 873 339 1, 519 34 67 155 47% 53% 0. 10 No n - m e ta llicM i n e r a l M i ni ng 1, 143 631 3, 422 20 84 192 76% 24% 0. 06
L

u mbe r a

nd Wood 464 301 1, 891 15 78 232 79% 21% 0. 12 F u r

n i t u re 293 213 1, 534 11 34 91 91% 9% 0. 06 Rubbe r a

nd P l a s t i c 1, 665 739 3, 386 30 146 391 78% 22% 0. 12 S t one , Cl a y , a

nd Gl a s s 468 268 2, 475 11 73 301 70% 30% 0. 12 N onf e r

r ous M e t a l s 844 474 3, 097 16 145 470 76% 24% 0. 15 F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 2 , 346 1, 340 5, 509 26 280 840 80% 20% 0. 15 E l e c tr oni c s / C omput e r s 405 222 777 31 68 212 79% 21% 0. 27 Mo t o r V e h i c l e A sse m b l y 598 390 2, 216 16 81 240 80% 20% 0. 11
P u l p a

nd P a pe r 306 265 3, 766 5 115 502 78% 22% 0. 13 P r

i n t i n g 4 , 106 1, 035 4, 723 52 176 514 85% 15% 0. 11 I norg a ni cChe mi c a l s 548 298 3, 034 11 99 402 76% 24% 0. 13 O rg a ni cChe mi c a l s 412 316 3, 864 6 152 726 66% 34% 0. 19 P e tr ol e u m Re f i ni ng 156 145 3, 257 3 110 797 66% 34% 0. 25 I r on a nd S t e e l 374 275 3, 555 6 115 499 72% 28% 0. 14 D r

y Cl e a ni ng 933 245 633 88 29 103 99% 1% 0. 16

S e p tem b e r 1995 97 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

Ex hibit 2 6 One Y e a r

Enf or c

e m e nt a nd C o m p lia nc e

Sum m a

r

y

f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies A C D E F G H
I ndus tr y S e c t or F a c ilitie s in S e ar ch Fa c ilitie s In s p e c t e d Nu m b er

o f I n s p e c t i ons Fa c ilitie s w / O n e o r M o re V i ol a t i ons Fa c ilitie s w / O n e o r M o re E n fo rc e m e n t A c t i o n s To t a l E n fo rc e m e n t

A c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t to I n s p e c tio n Ra

t e Nu m b er P e rc en t * Nu m b er P e rc en t * M e t a lM i ni ng 873 114 194 82 72% 16 14% 24 0. 13 No n - m e ta llicM i n e r a l M i ni ng 1, 143 253 425 75 30% 28 11% 54 0. 13
L

u mbe r a

nd Wood 464 142 268 109 77% 18 13% 42 0. 15 F u r

n i t u re 293 160 113 66 41% 3 2 % 5 0. 04 Rubbe r a

nd P l a s t i c 1, 665 271 435 289 107% 19 7% 59 0. 14 S t one , Cl a y , a

nd Gl a s s 468 146 330 116 79% 20 14% 66 0. 20 N onf e r

r ous M e t a l s 844 202 402 282 140% 22 11% 72 0. 18 F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 2 , 346 477 746 525 110% 46 10% 114 0. 15 E l e c tr oni c s / C omput e r s 405 60 87 80 133% 8 13% 21 0. 24 M o t o r V e hi c l e A s s e mbl y 598 169 284 162 96% 14 8% 28 0. 10 P u l p a

nd P a pe r 306 189 576 162 86% 28 15% 88 0. 15 P r

i n t i n g 4 , 106 397 676 251 63% 25 6% 72 0. 11 I norg a ni cChe mi c a l s 548 158 427 167 106% 19 12% 49 0. 12 O rg a ni cChe mi c a l s 412 195 545 197 101% 39 20% 118 0. 22 P e tr ol e u m Re f i ni ng 156 109 437 109 100% 39 36% 114 0. 26 I r on a nd S t e e l 374 167 488 165 99% 20 12% 46 0. 09 D r

y Cl e a ni ng 933 80 111 21 26% 5 6 % 1 1 0
. 1 0

* P e rc e n t age s in C o lu mn s E a n d

F a re b a s e d o n

th e n u m b e r

o f

f

a c ilitie s in s p e c te d ( C o l u mn C )
. Pe rc e n tag e s c a n e x c e e d 100% be c a u s e vi ol a t i ons a nd a c t i ons c a n oc c u r w i t hout a

f

a c ility in s p e c tio n . B

S I C C o d e 25 98 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es

S e p tem b e r 1995 99 S I C C o d e 25 Ex hibit 2 7 Five Y e a r

I n s p e c tion a nd Enf or c

e m e nt Sum m a

r

y

by Sta t

ute f

o r Se le c te d I ndustr ies I ndus tr y S e c t or N u mbe r of Fa

c ilitie s In s p e c t e d To t a l I n s p e c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t A c t i ons Cl e a n Ai r A c t C l e a n Wa t e r

A c t R e s ourc e Cons e r va

t i o n a nd Re c ove r y A c t FI FR A / T S C A / E P C R A /O th e r * % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f T o ta l A c t i ons M e t a l M i ni ng 339 1, 519 155 35% 17% 57% 60% 6% 14% 1% 9% No n - m e ta llic M i ne r a l M i ni ng 631 3, 422 192 65% 46% 31% 24% 3% 27% <1% 4 %

L

u mbe r a

nd Wood 301 1, 891 232 31% 21% 8% 7% 59% 67% 2% 5% F u r

n i t u re 293 1, 534 91 52% 27% 1% 1% 45% 64% 1% 8% Rubbe r a

nd P l a s t i c 739 3, 386 391 39% 15% 13% 7% 44% 68% 3% 10% S t o n e , C l ay an d Gl as s 268 2, 475 301 45% 39% 15% 5% 39% 51% 2% 5%

N onf e r

r ous M e ta ls 474 3, 097 470 36% 22% 22% 13% 38% 54% 4% 10%

F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 1 , 340 5, 509 840 25% 11% 15% 6% 56% 76% 4% 7% E l e c tr oni c s / Comput e r s 222 777 212 16% 2% 14% 3% 66% 90% 3% 5%

Mo t o r V e h i c l e A sse m b l y 390 2, 216 240 35% 15% 9% 4% 54% 75% 2% 6%

P u l p a nd P a pe r 265 3, 766 502 51% 48% 38% 30% 9% 18% 2% 3% P r

i n t i n g 1 , 035 4, 723 514 49% 31% 6% 3% 43% 62% 2% 4% I norg a ni c C h e mi cal s 302 3, 034 402 29% 26% 29% 17% 39% 53% 3% 4%
Org a n i c C h e mi cal s 316 3, 864 726 33% 30% 16% 21% 46% 44% 5% 5%

Pe tr o l e u m Re f

i ni ng 145 3, 237 797 44% 32% 19% 12% 35% 52% 2% 5%

I r on a nd S t e e l 275 3, 555 499 32% 20% 30% 18% 37% 58% 2% 5% D r

y Cl e a ni ng 245 633 103 15% 1% 3% 4% 83% 93% <1% 1 %

* A c t i o ns t a

ken t o

enf o rc e t h

e Federal I nsec t ic

ide, Fungic i de, and R o dent ic

ide A c t ; t h

e To xi c Subst a

nc

es and Co nt rol A c t , and t h

e Em ergenc y Planning and Co m m u nit y

R i ght

- t

o - K n o

w A c t as w e ll as o t her Fed e ral env i ro nm ent a

l law s .Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

S I C C o d e 25 100 S e p tem b e r 1995 Ex hibit 2 8 O n e Year In sp ect i o n an d En f o rcem en t S u m m a ry b y S t at u t e f o r Se le c t e d I ndus tr ie s I ndus tr y S e c t or N u mbe r of Fa

c ilitie s In s p e c t e d To t a l I n s p e c t i ons E n fo rc e m e n t A c t i ons Cl e a n Ai r A c t C l e a n Wa t e r

A c t R e s ourc e Cons e r va

t i o n a nd Re c ove r y A c t FI FR A / T S C A / E P C R A /O th e r % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons % o f T o ta l I n s p e c t i ons % o f To t a l A c t i ons M e t a l M i ni ng 114 194 24 47% 42% 43% 34% 10% 6% <1% 19% No n - m e ta llic M i ne r a l M i ni ng 253 425 54 69% 58% 26% 16% 5% 16% <1% 11%

Lu m b e r

an d Wood 142 268 42 29% 20% 8% 13% 63% 61% <1% 6 %

F u r

n i t u re 293 160 5 58% 67% 1% 10% 41% 10% <1% 13% Rubbe r a

n d Pla s tic 271 435 59 39% 14% 14% 4% 46% 71% 1% 11%
St o n e , Cl a y , a

n d Gl as s 146 330 66 45% 52% 18% 8% 38% 37% <1% 3 %

N onf e r

r ous M e ta ls 202 402 72 33% 24% 21% 3% 44% 69% 1% 4%

F a

br

i c a

t e d

M e t a l 477 746 114 25% 14% 14% 8% 61% 77% <1% 2 % E l e c tr oni c s / Comput e r s 60 87 21 17% 2% 14% 7% 69% 87% <1% 4 %

Mo t o r V e h i c l e A sse m b l y 169 284 28 34% 16% 10% 9% 56% 69% 1% 6%

P u l p a nd P a pe r 189 576 88 56% 69% 35% 21% 10% 7% <1% 3 % P r

i n t i n g 397 676 72 50% 27% 5% 3% 44% 66% <1% 4 % I norg a ni c C h e mi cal s 158 427 49 26% 38% 29% 21% 45% 36% <1% 6 %
Org a n i c C h e mi cal s 195 545 118 36% 34% 13% 16% 50% 49% 1% 1%

Pe tr o l e u m Re f

i ni ng 109 439 114 50% 31% 19% 16% 30% 47% 1% 6%

I r on a nd S t e e l 167 488 46 29% 18% 35% 26% 36% 50% <1% 6 % D r

y Cl e a ni ng 80 111 11 21% 4% 1% 22% 78% 67% <1% 7 %

* A c t io ns t a

ken t o

enf o rc e t

h

e Federal I nsec t ic

ide, Fungic i de, and R o dent ic

ide A c t ; t h

e To xi c Subst a

nc

es and Co nt rol A c t , and t h

e Em ergenc y Planning and Co m mu nit y R i ght

- t

o - K n o

w A c t as w e ll as o t her Fed e ral env i ro nm ent a

l law s .S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es
VI I
. C
. R e view of Major Legal Ac tions T h i s secti o n provi d e s summar y

i n f

o

r

m ati o n ab out maj o r

cases and suppl e m e

n

ta

l e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t proj e c

ts tha t pe r

t

a

i n to the W ood F u r n

i t

ur e a

nd Fixt u re s

I ndu s t

ry. I n fo rm a

t io n

in t

h

is

se c

t io n

is p r o v ide d by t h

e O ffic e o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t a nd C o m p lia nc e

A s s

u ra nc e

a nd EP A ' s E n f o

rcem en t A ccom p

l i s h

m

en t

s

Rep o

rt . VI I
. C. 1
. Re vi e w of Ma j o r

Ca se s A s indic a

t

e

d in EP A ' s E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1991, FY 1992, FY 1993 publ i c a

t i o ns, tw o si g n i f

i c

a

n

t e n

f

o

r c e

m e

n

t a c

ti ons w e r e reso l v ed b e t w een 1991 and 1993 f o

r t h

e f u rni t ure and f i xt ures indu s t

ry, in v o lv in g R C R A v i o l a

t io n

s . O ne o f t

h

e

R C R A e n

fo rc e

m e

n

t cases al so i ncl ud ed CWA vi ol ati o ns. T h e compani e s ag ai nst w h i c

h the cases w e r e b roug h t i ncl ud e a school f u r n

i t

ur e manuf a

ctur er and a fu rn it

u re refin i s

h

er. Of the tw o a c

ti ons i n vol v i n g

RCRA vi ol a t i o ns, one w a s a ci vi l a c

ti on fo r p e na lt

ie

s a nd in ju nc t i v e re lie f a g a i n s

t t h

e

sc h

o

o

l fu rn it

u r e manuf a

ct

urer. T h e act i o n w a s b a sed o n

29 R C R A and si gni f i c

ant C W A v i o l a

t io n

s

disc o

v e re d by EP A in s

p e c

t

o

r

s . Th e

v i o l a

t io n

s

re s

u lt e

d p r im a

r

ily fro m t h

e u se o f t

w o u n line d s u rfa c

e

im p o u ndm e

n

t s

a s

p a rt o

f a

wa s

t

e

wa t

e

r t r e a

t

m e

n

t fa c

ilit y. Th e se c

o

nd c a

se in v o lv in g R C R A vi o l at i o ns w a s agai nst a f u rni t ure ref i ni sher and resul t ed i n a c

o

n

v ic t i o n o n fo u r c o

u n t s

o f illegal dis p o s

a

l o f h azardo u s was t

e and i m po si t i o n o f a j a i l sent ence. T h e hazard o us w a st

e co nsi s t

e

d pri m ari l y o

f fu rn it

u re s t

rip p i n g

so lv en t s . VII. C
. 2. S u ppl ement a

l E n v i ro nment a

l Pro j ect s S E P s a re c o

m p lia nc e

a g re e

m e

n

t s

t h

a

t re du c e

a fa c

ilit y' s s t ip u l a t

e

d penal t y i n ret u rn f o

r an env i ro nment a

l pro j ect t

h

at

exceed s t h

e v a l u e of the re d u cti o n. Of te

n, the se pr oj e c

ts f u nd pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on a

c

ti vi ti e s tha t ca n si g n i f

i c

a

n

tl y r e d u ce the f

u tur e pol l u ta nt l o a

d i n gs of a

fa c

ilit y. Th e

ye a

r

ly R e gio n

a

l u p da t

e

s a nd t h

e E n f o

rcem en t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t

s

, FY 1991 , FY 1992 , a nd FY 1993 did no t p r o v ide in fo rm a

t io n

o n

a n

y S E P s e n

t

e

re d in t

o

by fu rn it

u r e o r fixt u r e m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g fa c

ilit ie

s .

S e p tem b e r 1995 101 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t V III. C O M PLI AN C E A CT IV IT IE S A N D I N I T I AT I VES Th is se c

t io n

h i gh ligh t s

t

h

e

a

c

t i v i t i e

s

u nde rt

a

k e n

by t h

is

indu s t

ry se c

t

o

r a

nd p u blic a g e nc i e

s

t

o

v o lu n t

a

r

ily im p r o v e t h

e se c

t

o

r ' s e n

v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l perf o

r

mance. T h ese act i v i t i es i ncl ud e t h

o

se i nd e pend ent l y i n i t

i a

t

e

d b y i nd u str i al trad e associ ati o ns. I n thi s secti o n, the noteb ook al so conta i ns a l i s ti ng a nd d e scr i p ti on of na ti ona l a nd re g i ona l tra d e associ ati o ns.
V III. A
. S e cto r - r

e l a te d E n v i r o n me n t a

l P r o g r a

m s a n d A c t

i v ities O ne majo r sect o

r - rel at ed env i ro nment a

l research pro j ect has b een u nde rt

a

k e n

a t t h

e

Fu rn it

u r e a nd M a n

u fa c

t u r in g a nd M a na ge m e

n

t ( F M M ) C e nt er at N o rt

h C a ro l i n a St at

e Uni v ersi t y ( N C S U) , o r

gani zed i n 1991 as an o u t g ro w t h t h

e Furni t ure M a nuf a

ct

uri n g and M a nagement curri cul um, w h i c

h b e gan i n 1948. T h e mi ssi o n

o f t

h

e F MM Ce nte r

i s thre e

- f

o

l d :

• T o c o

nd u c t a p p lie d re se a

r c h

o n

m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g a nd e n

gine e

r

in g i ssue s

f

o

r

the b e ne f

i t of the f

u r n

i t

ure i nd u str y ;

• T o c

a

rry o u t a

n

e

x

t

e

n

s

io n

p r o g ra m p r o v idin g o n

go in g t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l assi stance and technol o g

y

transf er

i n suppor t of the f u r n

i t

ur e indu s t

ry. Ext e

n

s

io n

se rv ic e

s

fo c

u s o n

t

h

e a r e a

s o f u p h o

ls

t

e

ry f

u r n

i t

ure manuf a

ctur i n g , case g ood s manuf a

ctur i n g , and envi ro nmental manag e ment;

• T o ed ucat e engi neers wi t h

speci f i c

kno w l e d g e o f f u rni t ure manuf a

ctur i n g . Th e

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l P r o g ra m o f t h

e

FM M C e n

t

e

r

is div ide d in t

o a

p p lie d re se a

rc h

a c

t i v i t i e

s

a nd e x

t

e

n

s

io n se rv ic e

s . R e se a

r c h a c

t i v i t i e

s a

re re la

t

e

d t o t h

e indu s t

ry in ge ne ra l ra t

h

e

r

t

h

a

n

a

p a rt

ic

u l a r

c

o

m p a n

y. Cur re ntl y , the F MM Ce nte r

ha s tw o ong o i n g

r e se a

r ch pr oj e c

ts r e l a

te

d t

o

env i ro nment a

l i ssues:

• D ev el o p ment o f env i ro nment a

l reco rd keepi n g so f t ware and a co mput eri z ed t racki ng syst em f o

r chemi c al usage and emi ssi o n rep o rt

in g;

• E x p l o ra ti on of a b i of i l t ra ti on pr oj e c

t, a me thod f o

r

d e str u cti o n of VOC and H A P emi ssi ons f r om f i ni shi n g

operati o ns.

S I C C o d e 25 102 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es T h e f o

l l o wi ng pro j ect , request e

d b y

t

h

e U. S
. E P A, may b e und e rt

aken i n the ne a

r

f

u tur e :

• U se of ver y

l o w VOC/H A P coati n gs f o

r

w ood f i ni shi n g pr oce sse s a s

a pol l u ti on pr e v e n

ti on opti on f o

r compl y i n g w i th the MA CT a

nd CT G. T h e pur p ose of the e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l e x

te

nsi o n pr og ra m i s to pr omote co o

p erat i o n b e t w een t h

e f u rni t ure i nd u st ry and t h

e FM M C e nt er. A c t i v i t i e

s

inc l u d e p r o v idin g t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l a s

s

i s

t

a

nc e

a nd a d v i so ry gu ida nc e , c o

nd u c t i n g

lit e

ra t u r e se a

r c h

e

s , a c

t i n g a s lia iso n , a nd p ro v idin g t ra i n i n g , a nd o t

h

e

r

re q

u e s

t

e

d se rv ic e

s , inc l u din g:

• Q u a rt

erly en v i ro n

m en t

a

l fo ru m fo r en v i ro n

m en t

a

l m a

na gers a

nd e n

gine e

r

s

in t

h

e

fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry

• I nf or ma ti on d i sse mi na ti on, i ncl ud i n g

f r e e

compute r

i z e d l i t erat ure searches

• T echni cal assi stance on an i nd i v i d u al company b a si s, i ncl ud i n g shor t- te r

m consul ta ti ons • W or k

s

hops and trai ni ng . I n a ddit io n t o t h

e

FM M in it

ia

t i v e s , t h

e

No rt

h

C a ro lina S m a

ll Bu s i ne s

s Omb u d s ma n ha s b e e

n

a c

ti ve i n i ncr e a

si ng a w a r e ne ss a b out the propose d MA CT a nd CT G f o

r

the w ood f u r n

i t

ure f

i ni shi n g

i nd u str y b

y

i ssui n g

a f a

ct sheet. T h e Smal l B u si ness Omb u d s man and some of t

h

e l a rger t rad e asso ci at i o ns hav e al so b een i n v o l v ed i n o t

h

er c

o

m p l i a nc e-rel a t

e

d i n i t

i a

t i v e s

(see S e c

t i o n VIII. C
. 1. ).
V III. B. E P A V o l u n t a

r

y

P r o g r a

m s 33/50 P r ogr am Th e

"3 3

/ 5 0

P ro g ra m " is EP A ' s v o lu n t

a

r

y p r o g ra m t o re du c e t o

x

ic chemi c al rel e ases and t ransf ers o f 17 chemi c al s f r o m manuf a

ct

uri n g fa c

ilit ie

s . P a rt

ic

ip a t in g c o

m p a n

ie

s

p l e d ge t o

re du c e

t h

e

i r t o

x

ic chemi c al rel e ases and t ransf ers b y

33 percent as o f 1992 and b y 50 percent as o f 1995 f r o m t h

e 1988 b a sel i ne year. C e rt

i f

i c

at

es o f Appreci a t i o n

have b een gi ven t o

part i c

i p ant s

w h o

met t

h

ei r 1992 go al s. T h e l i s t of chemi c al s i ncl ud es 17 hi g h

- u se chemi c al s r e por t

ed i n the To xic s

R e lease In v e n

t

o

r

y.

S e p tem b e r 1995 103 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t O f t

h

e 17 chemi c al s co vered b y

t

h

e 33/ 50 Pro g ram, 11 are used b y and a

re outputs of the w ood f u r n

i t

ure ma nuf a

cutr i n g

i nd u str y . A l l b u t t

h

ree o f t

h

ese el ev en chemi c al s are so l v ent s

whi c h are sued t h

ro ugho ut f

u r n

i t

ur e prod ucti on, pa r

t i c

ul a r

l y

i n the f

i ni shi n g

sta g e s

of the pr oce ss. Exh i bit 2 8 lis t s t h

o

se c o

m p a n

ie

s

p a rt

ic

ip a t in g in t

h

e

3 3

/ 5 0

p r o g ra m tha t re por t

e

d und e r SI C cod e 2 5 to T R I
. Ma ny of the pa r

t i c

i p a t i n g c

o

m p a n

ie

s lis t

e

d m u l t i p l e S I C c o

de s

(in no p a rt

ic

u l a r

o r de r), a nd a r e t

h

e

re f

o

re like l y t o c o

nd u c t o p e ra t io n

s

in a ddit io n

t

o

W o

o

d Fu rn it

u r e a

nd Fixt u re s

I ndu s t

ry. Th e

t

a

ble s

h

o

w s t

h

e n u m b e r o f fa c

ilit ie

s wit h

in each co mpany t h

at

are part i c

i p at i n g i n t h

e 33/ 50 pro g ram; each company ' s total 1993 r e l e

ases and transf er s of 33/50 chemi c al s; and the percent red u ct i o n i n t

h

ese chemi c al s si nce 1988. Acco rd i n g t o E P A, 359 f u rni t ure manuf a

ct

uri n g co mpani e s co mpri se t

h

e po t

e

nt i a

l 33/ 50 uni v erse. O f t

h

o

se co mpani e s, 31 o r

8. 64 percent a

re p a rt

ic

ip a t in g in t h

e

p r o g ra m , wh ic

h

is le s

s

t

h

a

n

t

h

e

a

v e ra g e fo r a l l indu s t

rie s

o

f 1 4 p e rc e

n

t p a rt

ic

ip a t io n . Ex hibit 2 8 W ood Fur n itur e

a

nd Fix t

ur es Fa c

ilities Pa r

tic ipa ting in the 3

3

/ 5

0

Pr ogr a

m
P a r e n t F a c ility n a me P a r e n t C i ty S T S I C C o d e s # o f P a r t ic ip a t in g

F a c ilitie s 1993 R e l e as es and T r ans f e r s (lb s .) % R e duct i on 1988 t o 1993 A r m s t r ong Wor l d I ndus t r i e s L ancas t e r P A 2511 11 1, 109, 350 * B a s s e t t Super i or L i nes B as s e t t V A 2511 12 2, 063, 109 50 B e s t C h ai r s I n c. Fer d i n and I N 2511 1 51, 700 *** G e i g er G r oup I n c A t l a nt a G A 2521 1 45, 078 81 H a m i l t on I ndus t r i e s I n c T w o R i ver s WI 2521 1 31, 875 7 H a w o r t h I n c H ol l a nd M I 2522, 2521 2 194, 050 50 H e i d el ber g C e m e nt I n c A l l e nt ow n P A 2511 1 119, 957 * I t r I ndus t r i e s I n c D eer Par k N Y 2511 1 34, 882 * J oyce I n t e r n at i onal I n c ( D e) N e w Y o r k N Y 2541 2 118, 847 25 K l i p s c h & A s s o ci at es I n c I ndi anapol i s I N 2517, 2519, 3651 1 11, 521 * L a - Z

- B oy C h ai r C o m p any M onr oe M I 2511 7 572, 153 ** L o zi er C o r por at i o n O m a ha N E 2542, 2541 2 186, 715 85 M a di x I n c T er r e l l T X 2542, 2541 1 623, 805 55 M a r m on G r oup, I n c C hi cago I L 2541 1 1 , 092, 218 1 M a s c ot ech T a yl or M I 2511 17 3, 163, 830 35 N o rth A m e r ic a n P h ilip s C o rp N e w Y o rk N Y 2517 1 1 , 281, 928 50 O k l a hom a Fi xt ur e C o . T ul s a O K 2541 2 236, 975 *** S e e l y P i n e F u rn itu re In c . B e rk e l e y Spr i ngs WV 2511 1 22, 996 *** Shuf or d I ndus t r i e s I n c H i c kor y N C 2511 3 1 , 613, 303 58 Si l v er Fur n i t u r e C o I n c K noxv ille T N 2511 1 73, 705 45

S I C C o d e 25 104 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es Ex hibit 2 8 W ood Fur n itur e

a

nd Fix t

ur es Fa c

ilities Pa r

tic ipa ting in the 3

3

/ 5

0

Pr ogr a

m (c ont' d)
P a r e n t F a c ility n a me P a r e n t C i ty S T S I C C o d e s # o f P a r t ic ip a t in g

F a c ilitie s 1993 R e l e as es and T r ans f e r s (lb s .) % R e duct i on 1988 t o 1993 St eel cas e I n c G r a nd R a pi ds M I 2522, 2542, 2521 5 2 , 042, 735 20 Suba M f g. I n c B eni c i a C A 2541 1 5 , 949 25 T hom s on C ons um er E l ect r oni cs I ndi anapol i s I N 2517 1 2 , 110, 314 43 W. J
. R o s c oe C o . A kr on O H 2851, 2891, 2517 1 40, 051 50 Whi t e C ons ol i d at ed I ndus t r i e s C l e vel a nd O H 3585, 2542, 2541 1 808, 298 81 * = n o t q u a n t i f i a b l e agai n s t1988 d a t a . ** = u s e red u c t i on goal on l y . *** = n o n u m eri cal goal . E n v i r on m e n t al L ead er sh i p P r ogr am Th e

En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l Le a

d e r

s

h

ip P r o g ra m (ELP ) is a n a

t i o n

a

l in it

ia

t i v e p ilo t

e

d by EP A a nd S t a

t

e

a

g e nc i e

s in wh ic

h fa c

ilit ie

s h a

v e v o lu n t

e

e

r e d to d e monstra t

e

i nnova ti ve a ppr oa che s

to e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l ma na g e me nt a

nd c o

m p lia nc e . EP A h a

s

se le

c

t

e

d 1 2 p ilo t p r o j e c

t s a t indu s t

ria l fa c

ilit ie

s

a nd Fe de ra l in s

t

a

lla t i o n

s

wh ic

h

will de m o

n

s

t

ra t

e t h

e pri nci pl es o f t h

e E L P pro g ram. T h ese pri nci pl es i ncl ud e: envi ro nmental manag e ment sy stems, mul ti med i a compl i a nce a

s

s

u ra nc e , t h

ird-p a rt

y v e rific a

t i o n

o f c o

m p lia nc e , p u blic m e

a

s

u r e s

o f a

c

c

o

u n t

a

bilit y, c o

mmuni t y

i n vol v ement, and mentor i n g prog ra ms. I n re t u rn fo r p a rt

ic

ip a t in g, p ilo t p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s

re c

e

iv e p u blic re c

o

gn it

io n a

nd a re g i ve n a pe r

i od of ti me to cor r e ct a n

y

vi ol a t i o ns d i scove r e d d u r i ng the se e x

pe r

i me nta l pr oj e c

ts. ( C onta ct: T a i

- mi ng Cha n

g , E L P D i rect o

r , 202- 564- 5081 o r

R o b e rt

Fent ress, 202- 564- 7023) Pr oje c t X L Pro j ect X L w a s i n i t

i a

t

e

d i n M a rch 1995 as a part o f Presi d e nt C l i n t

o

n ' s R e inve nt ing E n vir o

nme n

t

a

l R e gulat i on i n i t

i a

ti ve . T h e

proj e c

ts se e

k to achi ev e co st ef f

e

ct

i v e env i ro nment a

l b e nef i t

s

b y

al l o wi ng part i c

i p ant s to re pl a c

e

or mod i f y

e

x

i s

ti ng r e gu l a tor y

r e q

u i r e m e

n

ts on the cond i t i o n tha t the y

prod uce g r e a

te

r

e n

vi r o nme n

ta

l b e ne f

i ts. E P A a nd pr og ra m p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s

will ne go t i a

t

e

a nd s i gn a Fina l P r o j e c

t A g re e

m e

n

t

, de t

a

ilin g s p e c

ific o b

je c

t iv e s

t

h

a

t t

h

e

re gu la t

e

d e n

t i t

y s h

a

ll sa t i s

f y. I n e

x c h

a

n

ge , EP A will a llo w t h

e

p a rt

ic

ip a n

t a

c

e

rt

a

i n de gre e o f re gu la t

o

r

y fle x

ibilit y a nd m a

y se e

k

c

h

a

n

ge s

in u nde rlyin g

re gu la t i o n

s

o r s t

a

t u t e

s . Part i c

i p ant s

are enco uraged t o

seek st akeho l d e r suppo rt

f r o m l o cal

S e p tem b e r 1995 105 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t g o ver n

ments, b u si nesses, and envi r o nmental g r oups. E P A hopes to im p l e m e

n

t fift y p ilo t p r o j e c

t s

in fo u r c a

t

e

go rie s

inc l u din g fa c

ilit ie

s , sector s, communi t i e

s, and g o ver n

ment ag enci es r e gu l a ted b y E P A. A p p lic a

t io n

s

will be a

c

c

e

p t e

d o n

a

ro llin g ba s

i s

a

nd p r o j e c

t s

will m o

v e t

o

im p l e m e

n

t

a

t i o n

wit h

in s

i x m o

n

t

h

s

o f t

h

e

i r se le

c

t io n . Fo r a ddit io na l in fo rm a

t io n

re ga rdin g X L P r o j e c

t s , inc l u din g a p p lic a

t io n p r o c

e

d u r e s and cri t eri a , see t h

e M a y 23, 1995 Fed e ral R e gi st er N o t i ce, o r co nt act J

o

n K e ssl er at E P A' s O f f

i ce o f Po l i c y Anal ysi s ( 202) 260- 4034. Gr een Lights Pr ogr am E P A' s Green L i g ht s pro g ram w a s i n i t

i a

t

e

d i n 1991 and has t h

e go al o f prev ent i ng po l l u t i o n

b y

enco uragi n g U. S
. i n st

i t

ut i o ns t o use energyef

f

i ci ent l i g ht i n g t e

chno l o gi es. T h e pro g ram has o v er 1, 500 p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s

wh ic

h

inc l u d e m a jo r c o

rp o ra t io n

s ; s m a

ll a nd m e

diu m s

i z e d bu s i ne s

se s ; Fe de ra l, S t a

t

e

a nd lo c

a

l go v e rn m e

n

t s ; no n - p r o f

it gro u p s ; sc h

o

o

l s ; u n iv e r

s

i t

i e

s ; a nd h e

a

l t

h

c a

re fa c

ilit ie

s . Ea c

h p a rt

ic

ip a n

t is re q

u ire d t o

s u rv e y

t

h

e

i r fa c

ilit ie

s

a nd u p gra d e ligh t in g wh e

re v e r it is p ro f

it

a

ble
. EP A p r o v ide s

t e

c

h

n

i c

a

l a s

s

i s

t

a

nc e

t o

t h

e par t i c

i p ants thro ug h a d e ci si on suppor t sof t w a r e pack ag e, w o r

k

shops and manual s, and a f i nanci n g regi st ry. E P A' s O f f

i ce o f Ai r and Ra d i a ti on i s re sponsi bl e f o

r

ope ra t i n g the Gr e e

n L i g hts Pr og ra m. ( C o n

t

a

ct : Susan B u l l a rd at 202- 233- 9065 o r t h

e Green L i g ht / E nergy St ar H o t l i ne at 202- 775- 6650) WasteWi $e P r ogr am T h e Wast e

Wi $e Pro g ram w a s st art e

d i n 1994 b y

E P A' s O f f

i ce o f So l i d W a

s

t

e

a nd Em e

r

ge nc y R e s

p o n

se . Th e

p r o g ra m is a i m e

d a t re du c i n g m u n ic

ip a l so lid wa s

t

e

s

by p r o m o

t i n g

wa s

t

e

m i n i m i z a t io n , re c

y c lin g col l e cti o n, and the manuf a

ctur i n g

and purc hase of r e cy cl ed pr od ucts. As o f 1994, t h

e pro g ram had ab o u t 300 co mpani e s as memb ers, inc l u din g a n u m b e r

o f m a jo r c o

rp o ra t io n

s . M e m b e r

s a g re e t o ide n

t ify a

nd im p l e m e

n

t a c

t i o n

s

t

o

re du c e

t

h

e

i r so lid wa s

t

e

s

a nd m u s t p r o v ide E P A w i th the i r w a ste r e d u cti o n g o a

l s a l ong w i th y e a

r

l y

pr og r e ss re por t s. E P A i n tur n

pr ovi d e s techni cal assi stance to memb er compa n

i e

s a nd a l l o w s the use of the W a

s

te

W i $

e

l o g o f

o

r

pr omoti ona l purpo ses. ( C o n

t

a

ct : L y nd a Wynn, 202- 260- 0700 o r t h

e Wast e

Wi $e H o t l i ne at 1- 800- 372- 9473)
. A ccord i n g to a re pr e se n

ta

ti ve f r om the B u si ne ss a nd I n sti t uti o na l F u r n

i t

ure Manuf a

ctur er s A ssoci ati o n ( B I F MA ) , B I F M A has r e centl y j o i ned t h

e E P A' s Wast e

Wi $e Pro g ram.

S I C C o d e 25 106 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es C lim a

te

W i s e R e c ognition Pr ogr a

m Th e

C lim a

t

e

C h a

n

ge A c t i o n

P l a n

wa s

in it

ia

t

e

d in re s

p o n

se t

o

t

h

e

U
. S
. commi tment to re d u ce g r eenhouse g a s emi ssi ons i n accor d ance w i th the C l i m ate C h ang e C o nventi on of the 1990 E a r

t h Summi t. As par t of t

h

e C l i m at

e C h ange Act i o n

Pl an, t h

e C l i m at

e Wi se R e co gni t i o n P ro g ra m is a p a rt

ne rs

h

i p in it

ia

t i v e ru n jo in t l y by EP A a nd t h

e De p a rt

m e

n

t o f Ene r

gy. Th e

p r o g ra m is de s

i gne d t o

re du c e g reenhouse g a s emi ssi ons b y

encourag i n g

r e d u cti o ns acr o ss al l sector s o

f t h

e e c

o

no m y, e nc o

u ra g in g p a rt

ic

ip a t io n

in t

h

e

fu ll ra n

g e o f C lim a

t

e C h a

n

ge A c t i o n

P l a n

in it

ia

t i v e s , a nd fo s

t

e

r

in g in no v a t i o n . P a rt

ic

ip a n

t s i n the prog ra m a r e r e q

u i r e d to i d e nti f y

a nd commi t to a c

ti ons tha t re d u ce g reenhouse g a s emi ssi ons. T h e prog ra m, i n tur n , g i ves o

r

gan i zat io n

s

early rec o

gn it

io n

fo r t h

eir redu c t io n

c o

m m i t

m en t s ; provi d e s techni cal assi stance thro ug h consul ti ng ser v i c es, w o r

k

shops, and gu i d e s; and pr ovi d e s access to the prog ra m's centra l i z ed i n f

o

rmat i o n syst em. At E P A, t h

e pro g ram i s o p erat ed b y

t

h

e Ai r and Ene r

gy P o lic y Div i s i o n

wit h

in t h

e

O ffic e

o f P o lic y P l a n

n

i n g

a nd E v al uat i o n . ( C o n

t

a

ct : Pamel a H e rman, 202- 260- 4407) NI C E 3 Th e

U
. S
. De p a rt

m e

n

t o f Ene r

gy a nd EP A ' s O ffic e o f P o llu t i o n Pre v e n

ti on a re j o i n tl y a d mi ni ste r

i n g

a g ra n

t pr og ra m ca l l e d T h e Na t i o na l I ndu s t

ria l C o m p e t it

iv e ne s

s

t h

ro u g h Ene r

gy, En v i ro n

m e

n

t

, a

nd Ec o

no m ic

s

(NI C E 3 ). By p r o v idin g gra n

t s

o f u p t o 5 0 p e rc e

n

t o f the tota l proj e c

t cost, the pr og ra m e ncoura g e s i nd u str y to r e d u ce i nd u str i al w a ste at i t s sour ce and b e come mor e ener g

y - ef f

i ci ent and cost- c ompe ti ti ve thr o ug h w a ste mi ni mi z a t i o n e f

f

o

r

t s. Gra n

ts a r e use d by indu s t

ry t o

de s

i gn , t e

s

t

, de m o

n

s

t

ra t

e , a nd a s

se s

s

t

h

e

fe a

s

ibilit y o f ne w proce sse s a nd /or e q

ui pme n

t w i th the pote nti a l to r e d u ce po l l u t i o n

and i ncrease energy ef f

i ci ency. T h e pro g ram i s o p en t o

al l indu s t

rie s ; h o

we v e r, p r io rit y

is giv e n t o p r o p o sa l s fro m p a rt

ic

ip a n

t s in t

h

e

p u lp a nd p a p e r, c h

e

m ic

a

l s , p r im a

r

y m e

t

a

ls , a nd p e t

r o l e

u m a nd co al pro d uct s

sect o

r

s. ( C o n

t

a

ct : D O E ' s Go l d e n Fi el d O f f

i ce, 303- 275- 4729)

S e p tem b e r 1995 107 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

V III. C
. Tra d e A sso ci a t

i o n / I ndus tr

y Spons or e d A c tivity Th e

fo llo win g

disc u s s

i o n

will p r o v ide a

n

o

v e r

v i e w o f t

h

e

la rge r t

rad e asso ci at i o ns represent i ng t h

e wo o

d f u rni t ure manuf a

ct

uri n g i nd u str y , w i th contact names, ad d r esses, and summar i es of act i v i t i es und e rt

aken b y

t

h

e asso ci at i o ns t o

hei g ht en t h

ei r memb er compani e s' aw areness of envi r o nmental r e gu l a ti ons and compl i a nce i ssues.
VIII. C
. 1. E n v i ro nm ent a

l P ro g ram s T h e

l a r

g e r

tra d e a ssoci a t i o ns w i th me mb e r

compa n

i e

s f r om the w ood fu rn it

u re m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g indu s t

ry h a

v e u nde rt

a

k e n

c a

m p a i gn s

t o ed ucat e f u rt her t h

ei r memb ershi p o n

env i ro nment a

l regul a t i o n

s and co mpl i a nce i ssues. T h e Ameri c an Furni t ure M a nuf a

ct

urers A ssoci ati o n ( A F M A ) , i n conj uncti o n w i th 3M E n vi r o nmental En gine e

r

in g, A k z o No be l, a nd R a dia n

C o rp o ra t io n , h a

s

de v e lo p e d a n indu s t

ry c o

m p lia nc e

no t

e

bo o

k

a nd t ra i n i n g

c o

u r se t

o

in fo rm fa c

ilit y ma na g e r

s of e n

vi ro nme n

ta

l r e gu l a ti ons w h i c

h coul d a ppl y to the i r m a

n

u fa c

t u r in g o p e ra t io n

s . S i m ila rly, Bu s i ne s

s

a nd I n s

t it

u t io na l F u r n

i t

ure Manuf a

ctur er s A ssoci ati o n ( B I F MA ) , A F MA , and the Ki tchen C a bi net Manuf a

cturer s Associ ati o n ( K C M A) have al re ad y cond ucte d f o

ur tra i ni ng se mi na r

s

on the d ra f t CT G a nd MA CT s

t

a

nda rds fo r t h

e

wo o

d fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry a nd h o

w t o c o

m p ly wit h t h

e ne w re q

u ire m e

n

t s . I n a ddit io n , A F M A , BI FM A , K C M A , a nd t h

e Na t i o na l P a in t a nd C o a

t in gs A s so c

i a

t io n

we re t

h

e

p r im a

r

y indu s t

ry tra d e a ssoci a t i o n re pr e se n

ta

ti ve s i n the l e ng thy re gu l a tor y

ne g oti a t i o n proce ss w i th E P A a nd othe r

i n te

r e ste d pa r

t i e

s on the CT G a nd MA CT stand a rd s.
VIII. C
. 2. Summary o f T rad e Asso ci at i o ns Ame ri c a

n

F u rn i tu re Ma n

u f

a

c

tu re rs Asso ci a t i o

n

(

A F M A) P
. O
. Bo x H P

- 7 Hig h

P o in

t , NC 27261 P h on e: (910) 884-5000 F a x : (910) 884-5303 M e mber s: 336 St

aff: 14

Fo und e d i n 1984, t h

i s

t rad e asso ci at i o n i ncl ud es manuf a

ct

urers se e

k in g t o

p ro v ide a

u n ifie d v o ic

e

fo r t h

e

fu rn it

u r e indu s t

ry a nd t o

a

i d i n the d e ve l o pme n

t of pe r

sonne l
. T h e

g r oup pr ovi d e s ma r

k e t r e se a

r ch

S I C C o d e 25 108 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es d a ta, i nd u str i al r e l a

ti ons ser v i c es, costs and operati n g stati s ti cs, and g e nera l manag e ment and i n f

o

r

m ati o n ser v i c es. T h e AF MA has annual m e

e

t in gs a

nd p u blis h

e

s

a

m e

m b e r

s

h

ip dire c

t

o

r

y o nc e

a

ye a

r .
Bu si n e

ss an d I n sti t u t

i on a

l F u rn i tu re M a n

u fac t u r e r

s

A ssoc i at ion (B IF M A ) 2680 Hor i zon D riv e S. E
. , Su it e A

- 1 Gr an d Rap i d s , M I 49546 F a x : (616) 285-3765 M e mber s: 221 St

aff: 6 B u d g et : $700, 000 Con t act: R u sse l l Coy n e

r , Exe c. D i r. P h on e: (616) 285-3963 T h i s trad e associ ati o n consi s ts of f i r

m s that manuf a

ctur e f u r n

i t

ur e in t

e

nd e d fo r u se in o ffic e

s , p u blic s

p a c

e

s , a nd no n - liv e - in in s

t it

u t io n

s (inc lu din g se a

t in g a nd s p a c

e div ide r m a

n

u fa c

t u r e r

s

)
. BI FM A is in v o lv e d in indu s t

ry re la

t i o n

s , go v e rn m e

n

t re la

t i o n

s , a nd m a

in t

a

in s a

nd p ro v ide s indu s t

ry in fo rm a

t io n

a nd s t

a

t is

t i c

s . Th e

gro u p c o

nd u c t s annual manag e ment conf er ences and publ i s hes an annual memb er shi p dire c

t

o

r

y, a bim o

n

t

h

l y ne ws le

t t

e

r, a nd v a rio u s s t

a

t is

t i c

a

l re p o rt

s fo r it s memb er shi p .
F u t on A ssoc i at ion In t e

rn

at

ion a

l (F A I ) P
. O. B o x

6548 Ch ic

o, CA 95927-6548 P h on e: (916) 534-7833 T o ll fr ee: (800) 327-3262 F a x : (916) 534-7875 M e mber s: 450 St

aff: 2 Con t ac

t : T i mot h

y Jac obs, Exe cu ti ve Di re ctor
T h e FAI i ncl ud es manuf a

ct

urers, suppl i e rs, who l esal ers, and ret a

i l e rs o

f fu t o

n

s . Th is

t

ra d e a

s

so c

i a

t io n

fa c

ilit a

t

e

s c o

n

t

a

c

t a nd c o

mmuni c ati o n wit h

in t

h

e

fu t o

n

indu s t

ry a nd ke e

p s m e

m b e r

s in fo rm e

d o f c h

a

n

ge s in t

h

e be ddin g indu s t

rie s c o

de s , la ws , a nd re gu la t i o n

s . Th e

FA I a n

n

u a lly h

o

s

t s

a Fu t o

n

EX P O a nd p u blis h

e

s

p e rio dic bu lle t i n s , m e

m b e r

s

h

ip dire c

t

o

r

ie

s , a nd a q u a r

t

e

rly do c

u m e

n

t e

n

t i t

l e

d Update s

.

S e p tem b e r 1995 109 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t

G r a n

d R a p i ds Are a

F u rn i tu re Ma n

u f

a

c

tu re rs Asso ci a t i o

n

( G R A F M A) 4362 Casc ad e Road , S. E
. , Su it e 113 Gr an d Rap i d s , M I 49506 P h on e: (616) 942-6225 F a x : (616) 942-1730 Me m

b

e

r

s: 5 6 St

aff: 2 B u d g et : $97, 000 Con t act: Carol K ooi stra, Exe cu ti ve Di re ctor T h i s

associ ati o n consi s ts of f

u r n

i t

ur e manuf a

ctur er s l o cated i n w e ster n Mi chi g an. T h e or g a ni zati o n cond ucts w a g e sur v ey s, compi l e s stati s ti cs, sponsor s

per i od i c semi nar s

on f u r n

i t

ur e technol o g

y , and publ i s he s b rochur e s, ne w s l e

tte r

s , a nd the d o cume nt e n

ti tl e d Roster.
In

t e

rn

at

ion a

l H o me Furn i s h in

gs

M a rk

et

in

g A ssoc i at ion (IHF M A ) P
. O. B o x

5687 Hig h

P o in

t , NC 27262 P h on e: (910) 889-0203 F a x : (910) 889-7460 Me m

b

e

r

s: 5 5 St

aff: 2 Co n

t a

c

t: R i ch a

r d Ba re

n

t i n

e , Exe cu ti ve Di re ctor
Fo und e d i n 1955, t h

i s

f

u rni t ure manuf a

ct

urers’ gro u p w o rks t o

creat e a co o

p erat i v e b u si ness env i ro nment . T h e IH FM A ho l d s semi annual m e

e

t in gs in No rt

h

C a ro lina a nd p u blis h

e

s

v a rio u s bro c

h

u re s

a nd pamphl ets.

In

t e

rn

at

ion a

l Wh olesale F u rn i t

u r e A ssoc i at ion (IWF A ) P
. O. B o x

2482 164 S. M a in

St r eet , Su it e 404 Hig h

P o in

t , NC 27261 P h on e: (910) 884-1566 M e mber s: 127 St

aff: 2 C ont a

c

t : S onny B e rr

y , Exe cu ti ve Di re ctor

T h e

I W F A consi s ts ma i n l y

of w h ol e s

a

l e

r

s of home f u r n

i t

ure b u t a l so i ncl ud es some suppl i e r

f i r

m s that manuf a

ctur e pr od ucts of f

e

r e d f o

r sa le by wh o

l e

sa l e

- dis t

r

ibu t o

r m e

m b e r

s . Th is

t

ra d e a s

so c

i a

t io n

h o

s

t s semi annual b a nquets and publ i s hes a monthl y new s l e

tter enti tl ed N a t

i on al Whol esal e F u r

n

i t

u

re Associ at i o

n

and an annual publ i c at

i o n W h

o

’ s

W h

o

in Fur nitur e

Dis tr

ibutio n.

S I C C o d e 25 110 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es IX. C ONTA C T S /A C K NOWL E DGME NTS /R ESO UR C E M AT ER I ALS /B I B LI O G R APH Y Fo r fu rt h

e

r in fo rm a

t io n

o n

se le

c

t

e

d t o

p ic s

wit h

in t h

e

fu rn it

u r e a nd fixt u r e s indu s t

ry, a lis t o

f p u blic a

t io n

s

is p r o v ide d be lo

w:
Ge ne r a

l Pr of ile E n cy cl op ed i a

of Associ at i o

n

s

, 2 7

t

h

e d ., De bo ra h

M
. Bu re k , e d ., G a le

R e se a

r c h

I nc . , D e t

ro i t

, M i chi g an, 1992. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1991 , U.S
. EP A, O ffic e

o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 300- R 92- 008) , Apri l 1992. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1992 , U.S
. EP A, O ffic e

o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 230- R 93- 001) , Apri l 1993. E n for c

e

m

e

n

t Ac c

o

mplis hme n

t

s

R e por t , FY 1993 , U.S
. EP A, O ffic e

o f En fo rc e

m e

n

t ( E PA/ 300- R 94- 003) , Apri l 1994. Sta n

da r

d

Indus t

r

i a

lC l a s

s

ific a

t

io

n M a nua l , O f f

i ce o f M a nagement and B u d g et , 1987. 1992 T o xic R e le

as

e

I n ve ntor y ( T R I ) P u blic Dat a R e le

as

e

, U
. S. E P A , Of f

i ce of Pol l u ti on Prevent i o n

and T o xi cs, Apri l 1994. ( E PA/ 745- R 94- 001) U. S
. I n du s

t

r

i al Ou t

l ook 1994 - Hou s

e

h

old Con s

u

m

e

r

Du r

a

ble s, D e par t

ment of C o mmer c e. 1987 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers, I n du st

ry S eri es: H o u

sehol d F u r

n

i t

u

re

, B u r e a

u

of the C e nsus. ( M C 87- I- 25A) 1992 Cen s

u

s

of Man u

f act u

rers, P re limina r

y R e po r

t Indus t

r

y

Se r

i e

s

: Ho us e

h

o

l d Fur nitur e, B u reau o f t

h

e C e nsus, M a y 1994. ( M C 92- I- 25A( P ) )
Pr oc es s Des c r

iptions D r af

t Gu i d

el i n es f o

r t h

e Con t

rol of Vol a t

i l e O r gan i c Com p

ou n

d

E m i ssi on s f r

om Wood F u r

n

i t

u

re Coat i n g

O p erat i on s

, U. S. E P A, O f f

i ce o f Ai r and R a d i a t i o n , O c t

o

b er 1991. E P A Do c

u

me nt AP -42

- C o mpila tio n

o

f Air P o lluta nt E mis s

i o

n

Fa c

to

r

s M c Gr a

w

-Hill E n c

y

c

l o

p

e

d

ia

o

f Sc ie

nc e

& T e c

h

no lo

gy , 6t h ed
. , vo l s . 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, M c G raw-Hill Bo o

k

C o m p an y, New Y o rk, New Y o rk, 1987.

S e p tem b e r 1995 111 S I C C o d e 25Wo o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es S ec tor No teb o ok P r o jec t R e gula tor y

Pr of iles Dr a

f t C o ntr o

l T e c

h

nique s

Guide line s

(C T G s ) - Appe ndix B : P r e

limina r

y Dr a

f t M o d

e

l R u le f o

r Wood F u r

n

i t

u

re F i n i shi n g an d Cl ean i n g

O p erat i on s , U. S
. E P A. E n v

i ron m

en t

a

l G u i d

e f o

r t h

e F u r

n

i t

u

re I n d

u

st

ry , A F M A , 3 M En v i ro n

m e

n

t

a

l En gine e

r

in g, A k z o No be l, R a dia n

C o rp o ra t io n , R e se a

r c h

Tria n

g le P a rk, No rt

h C a ro l i na, 1994. F u r

n

i t

u

re/ Wood Man u

f act u

ri n g

an d Ref i n i s

hi n g

, U. S
. E P A, R C R A Fac t S h eet . ( E PA/ 530- SW- 90- 027c)
Pollution Pr e

v e n tion P o l l u t

i on P reven t

i on O p t

i on s i n Wood F u r

n

i t

u

re Man u

f act u

ri n g

, A B i bl i o graphi c Report , U. S. E P A, O f f

i ce o f Po l l u t i o n

Prevent i o n

and T o xi cs, Feb r uary 1992. ( E PA/ 560/ 8- 92/ 001C )
Co n t act s * N a me Or g a ni zati o n T el ephone R o sal y n H u ghes U. S. E P A, R e gi o n

IV ( i nspect o

r

) Dav id S t o

u t B ro yh ill C o rp o rat io n Gary B e l l L a - Z

- B o y

C h ai r C o mpany St an Payne B asset t Furni t ure R o nal d Pri d g eo n N C D e part ment o f E n vi ro nment , He a

l t

h , a nd Na t u ra l R e so u r c e

s J

o

hn C u l l e n M asco C o rpo rat i o n L a rry R u nyan Ameri c an Furni t ure M a nuf a

ct

urers A ssoci ati o n B o b

N a b o i c

heck Fut o

n

Asso ci at i o n Int e

rnat i o nal Sho l eh Azar N C St at

e Uni v ersi t y Bo b M c C r illis U
. S
. EP A , O ffic e

o

f R e se a

r c h

a

nd D e vel o pment 404- 347- 2904 704-758-3111 313- 242- 1444 703- 629- 6000 919- 571- 4000 313- 274- 7400 910- 884- 5000 203- 549- 2000 919- 515- 6400 919- 541- 2733

* Ma ny of the conta c

ts l i s te

d a b ove ha ve pr ovi d e d va l u a bl e b a ckg r ound in fo rm a

t io n

a nd c o

m m e

n

t s

du rin g

t h

e

de v e lo p m e

n

t o f t h

is do c

u m e

n

t

. EP A a

p p re c

ia

t

e

s

t

h

is

s u p p o rt

a nd a c

kno w le dge s

t

h

a

t t

h

e indiv idu a l s lis t

e

d do no t ne c

e

s

sa rily e ndo rse a

ll s t

a

t

e

m e

n

t s

m a

de wit h

in t

h

is

no t

e

bo o

k
.

S I C C o d e 25 112 S e p tem b e r 1995S e c t or

No teb o o k P r o jec t W o o d F u r n itu r e

an d F ixtu r es B o b

M a rshal l U. S. E P A, O E C A 202- 564- 7021 M a d e l i e ne St rum U
. S
. E P A, R T P 919- 541- 2383 Paul E i sel e M asco C o rpo rat i o n 313- 274- 7400 N a me Or g a ni zati o n T el ephone Edyt h

M c K i n ne y S m a

ll Bu s i ne s

s

O m bu ds m a

n , N o rt

h C a ro l i n a 800- 829- 4841 J

o

hn L a nk U. S. E P A, R e gi o n

IV ( i nspect o

r

) 404- 347- 7603

S e p tem b e r 1995 113 S I C C o d e 25