Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed July 28, 

2015.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-14-00208-CV

LETICIA LOYA, Appellant

V.

MIGUEL ANGEL LOYA, Appellee

On Appeal from the 257th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 2012-32502

DISSENTING OPINION

Miguel and Leticia signed a mediated settlement agreement (MSA) 

regarding their divorce, and based on this agreement, the trial court rendered a 

divorce decree. Under their agreement, Miguel’s future earnings and income were 

partitioned to Miguel. Nine months after the trial court rendered the divorce 

decree, Miguel received a bonus from his employer. Leticia petitioned for postdivorce division of community property, seeking division of the bonus, which 
2

Leticia contends is community property not divided in the divorce decree. She 

took the position that despite the terms of the agreement, the parties had not 

partitioned, divided, or allocated the bonus to either party. 

Miguel filed a summary-judgment motion asserting Leticia’s claim fails as a 

matter of law because, among other things, to the extent the bonus or any part of it

was community property, it was partitioned to Miguel under the parties’ 

agreement. The majority concludes that the bonus was not partitioned in the 

agreement because the bonus constitutes “earnings prior to the execution of the 

MSA.” But, under the unambiguous language of the agreement, Miguel’s bonus is 

encompassed by the provision partitioning future earnings and income to Miguel. 

For this reason, the agreement partitioned the bonus to Miguel. It belongs to him. 

The trial court properly granted summary judgment.

The Agreement’s “Future Earnings and Income” Provision

The agreement contains a detailed list of the parties’ marital property and 

divides that property between them. The list does not specifically refer to future 

bonuses, but the parties considered and partitioned “future earnings and income.” 

Their agreement includes the following provision: 

All future income of a party and/or from any property herein awarded 

to a party is partitioned to the person to whom the property is 

awarded. All future earnings from each party are partitioned to the 

person providing the services giving rise to the earnings. These 

partitions are to be effective pursuant to Section 4.102 of the Texas 

Family Code, and in this respect, each party waives further disclosure 

of property and debts of the other party.1

The agreement requires the parties to submit “(a) draft disputes, (b) issues

regarding the interpretation of this Mediated Settlement Agreement, and (c) issues 

 1 Emphasis added.
3

regarding the intent of the parties” to binding arbitration.2 While drafting their 

proposed agreed divorce decree, the parties disagreed about the language of the 

“future earnings” provision and arbitrated their drafting dispute. The arbitrator 

instructed the parties to include following language: 

All future income and earnings are partitioned as of June 13, 2010[,]

however[,] for tax purposes the partition of income for 2010, is as of 

Jan. 1, 2010. . . . If there is undisclosed property that occurred in this 

period of January 1, 2010 through June 13, 2010, that will have to be 

dealt with whether as undisclosed property or otherwise. 

Leticia asserts that the agreement’s “future earnings” provision does not 

address Miguel’s March 2011 bonus, and that the arbitrator’s determination 

confirms as much. Miguel asserts that the “future earnings” provision 

encompasses the March 2011 bonus and the arbitrator’s determination confirms the 

bonus was partitioned to him. 

Interpretation of the Provision

A mediated settlement agreement that meets certain statutory formalities is 

binding on the parties and requires the rendition of a divorce decree that adopts the 

 2 Leticia argues the arbitrator determined Miguel’s bonus was not divided. But, the 

arbitrator ruled that all future income and earnings are partitioned as of June 13, 2010, and noted 

that if undisclosed property “occurred” between January 2010 and June 13, 2010, the 

undisclosed property would need to be “dealt with.” The arbitrator did not determine whether 

the bonus constituted “future income and earnings,” nor did the arbitrator state the bonus was 

undisclosed property on June 13, 2010. Miguel asserts that he had no right to the bonus in June 

2010, and therefore no obligation to disclose it. Miguel also argues that even if he were required 

to disclose the possibility of a bonus, Leticia was aware of it. Presuming for the sake of 

argument that Miguel was required to disclose the possibility of a 2011 bonus, Miguel complied 

with this requirement. Indeed, Leticia had been married to Miguel for twenty-eight years and 

Miguel regularly had received a bonus in the spring for the past eighteen years. Miguel’s 2010 

bonus was included in Leticia’s portion of the community estate. Leticia was aware of the 

possibility that Miguel’s future income could include a bonus as in prior years. See Torres v. 

Torres, No. 14-12-00436-CV, 2013 WL 776278, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 

28, 2013, no pet.); Boaz v. Boaz, 221 S.W.3d 126, 130 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no 

pet.). And, the parties addressed partition of any future bonus in the “future income and 

earnings” provision of their agreement.
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parties’ agreement.3 Settlement agreements are subject to the rules of contract 

construction.4

 In construing contracts, the court’s primary concern is to ascertain 

and give effect to the intentions of the parties as expressed in the contract.5

 To 

ascertain the parties’ true intentions, the court examines the entire agreement in an 

effort to harmonize and give effect to all provisions so that none will be rendered 

meaningless.6

 Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law for the court.7 

A contract is ambiguous if its meaning is uncertain and doubtful or is reasonably 

susceptible to more than one interpretation.8

 But, when a written contract is 

worded so that it can be given a certain or definite legal meaning or interpretation, 

it is unambiguous, and the court construes it as a matter of law.9

 The court cannot 

rewrite the contract or add to its language under the guise of interpretation.10 

Rather, the court must enforce the contract as written.11 

The agreement partitions “future income and earnings” to Miguel. The 

agreement does not define the phrase or either of its components. To determine 

whether the partition includes the March 2011 bonus, we must look to the plain 

meaning of the language.12 According to Black’s Law Dictionary, “income” is

 3 Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 6.602(b)-(c) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.); Milner v. 

Milner, 361 S.W.3d 615, 617 (Tex. 2012).

4 In re Clayton, No.14-10-00193-CV, 2010 WL 3294322, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] Aug. 11, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). 

5 Kelley Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Ins. Co., 980 S.W.2d 462, 464 (Tex. 1998).

6 MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Tex. Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 652 (Tex. 1999). 

7 Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996). 

8 Id. 

9 Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154, 157 (Tex. 2003).

10 See id. at 162.

11 See Royal Indem. Co. v. Marshall, 388 S.W.2d 176, 181 (Tex. 1965). 

12 See Jacobs v. Jacobs, No. 14-12-00755-CV, 2013 WL 3968462, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 1, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.); Toler v. Sanders, 371 S.W.3d 477, 480 
5

“the return in money from one’s business, labor, or capital invested; gains, profits, 

salary, wages, etc.”13 “Income” is also defined as “the true increase in amount of 

wealth which comes to a person during a stated period of time.”14 Section 101.011 

of the Texas Family Code defines “earnings” broadly as “a payment to or due to an 

individual, regardless of source and how denominated.”15 Section 101.011 notes 

that the term includes “wages, salary, compensation received as an independent 

contractor, overtime pay, severance pay, commission, bonus, and interest 

income.”16 Similarly, Black’s Law Dictionary defines “earnings” as “income” and 

the dictionary notes that it is not limited to wages.17 The plain meanings of the 

terms “income” and “earnings” encompass Miguel’s March 2011 bonus. 

In negotiating the community property split in June 2010, the parties 

allocated to Miguel all future earnings and income. Miguel received the March 

2011 bonus after the execution of the MSA. Thus, under the clear terms of the 

agreement, the March 2011 bonus is allocated to Miguel under the “future 

earnings” provision. 

The majority applies Sprague v. Sprague and determines that a portion of the 

bonus is community property subject to division.18 Even if a portion of the bonus 

could be characterized as community property, Leticia and Miguel partitioned this 

community property to Miguel in their agreement when they allocated all future 

earnings and income to Miguel. The majority states that the March 2011 bonus 

 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.). 

13 BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 763 (6th ed.1990). 

14 WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1143 (3d ed. 1993).

15 Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 101.011 (West, Westlaw through 2015).

16 Id. 

17 BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 509 (6th ed. 1990). 

18 See 363 S.W.3d 788, 801–02 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). 
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was based “in part on work [Miguel] performed before the parties divorced.”19 

The majority then concludes that the bonus was “earned, at least in part, based on 

services [Miguel] provided during the parties’ marriage.”20 Thus, the majority 

reasons that a portion of the March 2011 bonus was past “earnings” or “income” 

not covered by the parties’ partition agreement.21 

In interpreting the agreement, the court is to give effect to the plain meaning 

of the words.22 “Future” is defined as “that is still to be,” and “existing or 

occurring at a later time.”23 The parties divorced in June 2010. Miguel’s employer 

awarded the bonus in March 2011. At the time the parties divorced, the bonus did 

not exist. Even if Miguel’s employer considered work Miguel performed before 

June 2010 in awarding the March 2011 bonus, none of the bonus came into 

existence until after June 2010. Therefore, under the wording of the agreement, 

the entire bonus fell within the provision relating to future earnings or income and 

was partitioned to Miguel. 

Conclusion

In their agreement, the parties partitioned all of the March 2011 bonus to 

Miguel. Miguel sought summary judgment on the ground that he was entitled to 

the entire bonus because the parties partitioned it all to him. The trial court did not 

err in granting Miguel’s summary-judgment motion. Because the majority reaches 

 19 See ante at p. 10.

20 See ante at p. 10 (emphasis omitted). Miguel provided evidence that his bonus was 

discretionary with his employer, meaning even if work Miguel performed before the divorce 

influenced the determination to pay Miguel a bonus, he had not earned the bonus until his 

employer awarded it.

21 See ante at p. 8.

22 See Jacobs, 2013 WL 3968462, at *2; Toler, 371 S.W.3d at 480.

23 WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 926 (3d ed. 1993).
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the opposite conclusion, I respectfully dissent.

/s/ Kem Thompson Frost

Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Boyce and McCally (McCally, J. 

majority).