SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI 

en banc 

MELODY FRYE, ) 

 ) 

 Respondent, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) No. SC93471 

 ) 

RONALD J. LEVY, DIRECTOR, ) 

STATE OF MISSOURI, ) 

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES, ) 

CHILDREN’S DIVISION, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant. ) 

 

APPEAL FROM CIRCUIT COURT OF HOWELL COUNTY 

The Honorable Michael Ligons, Judge 

Opinion issued July 8, 2014 

 The Children’s Division of the Missouri Department of Social Services (“Children’s 

Division” or “Division”) appeals from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor 

of Melody Frye (“Mother”). The trial court ordered the Division not to include Mother’s 

name in the child abuse and neglect central registry because the Division failed to comply 

with the 90-day deadline for investigations and determinations under section 210.152.2, 

RSMo Supp. 2005.1

 Because this judgment imposes a sanction 

 

1

 All statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2013, with the exception of citations to §§ 210.145.14 

and 210.152.2. Citations to these statutes are to RSMo Supp. 2005, which is the version in effect on 

May 17, 2006, when the Division received the hotline report of child neglect by Mother.
for the Division’s noncompliance that the legislature neither created nor approved, the 

judgment is vacated and the matter remanded for further proceedings. 

Background

 Mother was married to Joseph Frye (“Frye”). Mother and Frye resided together with 

Mother’s three biological children. One of Mother’s biological minor children (“J.H.”) died 

May 10, 2006. 

 The Children’s Division received a hotline complaint on May 10, 2006, alleging Frye 

physically abused J.H. and this abuse resulted in J.H.’s death. On May 17, 2006, the 

Children’s Division received a hotline complaint against Mother, alleging she committed 

neglect because she knew Frye was abusive toward the three minor children but failed to 

supervise his conduct concerning them. 

 On June 27, 2006 (i.e., more than 45 days after receiving the complaint concerning 

Frye), the Children’s Division completed its investigation of Frye and determined that a 

preponderance of the evidence substantiated the complaint against him. Once this 

determination was affirmed by the Child Abuse and Neglect Review Board (“Review 

Board”), Frye’s name was added to the central registry. The state also brought criminal 

charges against Frye for the death of J.H. but later dismissed them. 

 On June 8, 2006, the Children’s Division noted that its investigation into the hotline 

complaint regarding Mother would be extended beyond 30 days for “good cause” because 

the Division needed certain reports it had been unable to obtain. The Division noted in its 

information system additional reasons for delay between June 8 and June 27 but, between 

June 27 and August 25, no further updates were made. On August 25, 2006, the Children’s 
Division concluded its investigation and determined that a preponderance of the evidence 

substantiated the hotline complaint that Mother failed to supervise adequately Frye’s 

interaction with J.H. But the Division also determined that the evidence did not substantiate 

the complaint that Mother failed to supervise Frye around her other two children. 

 On August 28, 2006, the Children’s Division sent a letter to Mother stating that the 

hotline complaint had been substantiated in part. Even though the Division sent this letter to 

the wrong address, Mother received actual notice of the Division’s determination and timely 

sought a hearing before the Review Board. After considering Mother’s arguments, the 

Review Board upheld the Division’s decision that the evidence substantiated the allegations 

about Mother’s conduct. 

 Mother then sought de novo review of the Board’s decision in circuit court pursuant 

to section 210.152.6. The trial court never reached the question of whether the evidence did 

– or did not – substantiate allegations of Mother’s neglect. Instead, it determined that the 

Children’s Division “lost jurisdiction” to investigate or make a determination regarding the 

hotline complaint alleging Mother’s neglect because the Division failed to comply with the 

90-day statutory deadline for investigations set forth in section 210.152.2. On that basis, the 

trial court entered judgment in Mother’s favor and ordered the Division not to include her 

name on the central registry. The Children’s Division appeals and, after transfer, this Court 

has jurisdiction. Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 10. 

Standard of Review

 “The criteria on appeal for testing the propriety of summary judgment are no 

different from those employed by the trial court to determine the propriety of sustaining the 

3
motion initially.” ITT Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 

S.W.2d 371, 376 (Mo. banc 1993). “Our review is essentially de novo.” Id. “Summary 

judgment is appropriate when the moving party has demonstrated, on the basis of facts as to 

which there is no genuine dispute, a right to judgment as a matter of law.” Am. Fed’n of 

Teachers v. Ledbetter, 387 S.W.3d 360, 362-63 (Mo. banc 2012). 

Analysis

 After completing its investigation of the hotline complaint alleging child neglect by 

Mother, the Children’s Division determined that some – but not all – of those allegations 

were supported by a preponderance of the evidence. That determination was upheld by the 

Review Board. When Mother petitioned the circuit court to review the Review Board’s 

decision, the trial court never reached the question of whether the Board erred in upholding 

the Division’s conclusion that the evidence substantiated the allegations of Mother’s 

neglect. Instead, the trial court decided that the consequence of the Division’s failure to 

comply with the 90-day deadline in section 210.152.2 in Mother’s case was that the 

Division lost all authority to continue its investigation or to make a determination regarding 

the hotline complaint against mother after the 90th day. The trial court determined that the 

moment this 90-day deadline passed, the hotline complaint concerning Mother’s neglect 

must be deemed unsubstantiated no matter what the evidence gathered to date by the 

Division showed or did not show. Accordingly, the trial court entered judgment for Mother 

and ordered the Division not to list Mother’s name on the central registry. This Court 

disagrees. 

I. Section 210.152.2 Provides No Sanction for Noncompliance, 

 and Courts are Not Authorized to Create One 

4
 The 90-day deadline for hotline investigations in section 210.152.2 was imposed by 

the General Assembly. Accordingly, it is for that body – not the courts – to decide what 

sanction (if any) is appropriate when the Children’s Division fails to meet that deadline in a 

particular case. Here, the trial court erred by imposing a sanction that barred the Division 

from taking any action on this hotline complaint after the 90th day because the legislature 

did not create or approve the use of such a sanction in these circumstances. 

Mother insists that the central issue in this case is what the legislature intended by its 

use of the term “shall” in the 90-day deadline provision in section 210.152.2. Her approach 

is understandable, but incorrect. “Shall” means “shall.” It unambiguously indicates a 

command or mandate. To suggest any other meaning is to ignore the plain language of the 

statute. More importantly, there is no reason to debate the sufficiency of this tautology in 

the present case because no one questions it. The Children’s Division does not argue – and 

this Court does not hold – that “shall” means “may” in section 210.152.2 or that the 90-day 

deadline in that statute is merely a suggestion and not an obligation. Accordingly, because 

section 210.152.2 requires that the Division “shall” complete its investigation and notify the 

perpetrator of its determination within 90 days of receiving a hotline report, the Division has 

a clear and unequivocal duty to do so. 

But Mother is not seeking a declaration that the Division has such a duty, nor is she 

seeking a writ of mandamus to compel the Division to perform that duty. Instead, she 

contends that, because the Division failed to comply with the 90-day deadline in her case, 

the Division lost all authority to complete its investigation of the hotline complaint about 

her, and it lost all authority to make the various determinations regarding the complaint that 

5
the Division is required to make under chapter 210. Accordingly, the central issue in this 

case is not whether “shall” means “shall” but what sanction (if any) the legislature intended 

to apply when the Division fails to do what section 210.152.2 says it “shall” do. 

If, as the trial court held, the legislature intended for the Division to be stripped of all 

authority to investigate or make a determination regarding a hotline complaint after the 90th

day, then section 210.152.2 is a “mandatory statute” and this intention will be enforced. 

But, if the legislature has not approved this sanction or otherwise indicated that this is the 

intended consequence of the Division’s non-compliance in a given case, then the statute is a 

“directory statute” and the trial court was wrong in creating this sanction on its own. This is 

the statutory construction question before the Court; not whether the word “shall” means 

“shall.” 

When the legislature imposes a deadline or other mandate, this Court has held that 

courts have no authority to impose a sanction for non-compliance when the legislature has 

chosen not to do so. See Farmers & Merchants Bank & Trust Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, 896 

S.W.2d 30, 33 (Mo. banc 1995) (“where the legislature fails to include a sanction for failure 

to do that which ‘shall’ be done,” courts are not free to impose one).2

 

2 See also State v. Tisius, 92 S.W.3d 751, 770 (Mo. banc 2002) (“where a statute or rule does not 

state what results will follow in the event of a failure to comply with its terms, the rule or statute is 

directory and not mandatory”); State ex rel. Rogersville Reorganized Sch. Dist. No. R-4, of 

Webster Cnty. v. Holmes, 253 S.W.2d 402, 404 (Mo. banc 1952) (“... if nothing is stated regarding 

the consequence or effect of non-compliance, the indication is all the stronger that it should not be 

considered mandatory.”); State ex Inf. Mitchell ex rel. Goodman v. Heath, 132 S.W.2d 1001, 1003 

(Mo. 1939) (“If a statute merely requires certain things to be done and nowhere prescribes the result 

that shall follow if such things are not done, then the statute should be held to be directory.”); State 

ex Inf. McAllister ex rel. Lincoln v. Bird, 244 S.W. 938, 939 (Mo. 1922) (same).

6
Farmers is merely one of the most recent and most relevant in a long line of 

decisions that categorize laws as either “mandatory statutes” or “directory statutes.” 

Under a general classification, statutes are either mandatory or directory; a 

determination of their character in this respect is of first importance in their 

interpretation. If mandatory, in addition to requiring the doing of the things 

specified, they prescribe the result that will follow if they are not done; if 

directory, their terms are limited to what is required to be done. 

Hudgins v. Mooresville Consol. Sch. Dist., 278 S.W. 769, 770 (Mo. 1925) (emphasis 

added). This line of authority is as long as this Court is old. In St. Louis Cnty. Court v. 

Sparks, 10 Mo. 117 (1846), this Court stated: 

It is a rule of construction, that a statute specifying a time within which a 

public officer is to perform an official act regarding the rights and duties of 

others, is directory merely, unless the nature of the act to be performed, or the 

phraseology of the statute is such, that the designation of time must be 

considered as a limitation of the power of the officer. The People v. Allen, 6 

Wend.; Jackson v. Hooker, 5 Cowen, 269; 2 Mass. 230. 

Id. at 121-22 (emphasis added).3

 In deciding whether a statute is “mandatory” or “directory,” however, the relevant 

statutory construction question is not whether the statute actually imposes an obligation (i.e., 

whether “shall” means “shall”). If the statute does not impose an obligation, the question 

never arises. Instead, when (but only when) a statute imposes an obligation, the statutory 

construction question embodied in the distinction between “mandatory statutes” and 

 

3

 This quote and the citations to the New York and Massachusetts decisions that follow it are taken 

from Justice Theodore Sedgwick’s treatise about the interpretation and construction of statutes and 

constitutional provisions. See Theodore Sedgwick, A Treatise on the Rules which Govern the 

Interpretation and Construction of Statutory and Constitutional Law, at 320-21 (2d ed. 1874) 

(with notes by John Pomeroy) (referred to herein as “Sedgwick”). Justice Sedgwick was a member 

of the Continental Congress in 1780, United States Senator in 1798, Speaker of the House of 

Representatives in 1800, and a member of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. His treatise, 

which was one of the touchstones of this Court’s early jurisprudence, remains available – and useful 

– today. See State v. Honeycutt, 421 S.W.3d 410, 419 (Mo. banc 2013).

7
“directory statutes” is whether the legislature intended to make all actions that fail to comply 

with that obligation void or ineffective. This was explained more than a century ago when 

this Court wrote: 

It is said that to ascertain whether a law is intended to be directory or 

imperative does not depend so much on the construction of the language of the 

law as of its application. “The statute is sufficiently clear; the only point is, 

what shall be the consequence of a disobedience of its directions.” 

W. v. Ross, 53 Mo. 350, 354 (1873) (quoting Sedgwick, at 369) (emphasis added). 

 As with any statutory construction question, the answer to whether a statute is 

“mandatory” or “directory” turns on the language chosen by the legislature. Two examples 

of when a statute that imposes an obligation will be construed to be “mandatory” are: (a) if 

the statute explicitly provides what the consequence of non-compliance will be (e.g., that 

any act performed after the stated deadline or in a manner different than the required method 

will be void or ineffective); and (b) if the statute explicitly provides that the required action 

can be taken only before the stated deadline or can be performed only in the stated manner. 

See, e.g., Ross, 53 Mo. at 354 (“the legislature has not only by the statute directed what shall 

be done, but has also declared what consequence shall follow disobedience”); Greene v. 

Holt, 76 Mo. 677, 680 (1882) (“Negative words are imperative.”) (citing Sedgwick, at 316, 

320, and 325). On the other hand, if a statute imposes an obligation and does not explicitly 

allow only compliant actions (or explicitly declare non-compliant actions void or 

ineffective), the statute likely is “directory” and courts are not free to create and impose a 

sanction that the legislature did not approve. 

 Here, section 210.152.2 imposes an obligation on the Children’s Division to 

complete its investigation and to make its determination within 90 days of receiving a 

8
hotline complaint. But this statute does not explicitly provide that the Division may only 

investigate or determine hotline complaints before the 90th day, nor does it explicitly 

provide that the Division lacks authority to investigate or determine such complaints after 

the 90th day. In the absence of such legislative intent, courts have no authority to impose 

such a sanction on their own. 

 The lack of statutory approval for a sanction in the event of non-compliance with a 

statutory obligation, or the lack of any language permitting only acts that are in compliance 

with that obligation, is an important factor in drawing the important “mandatory” or 

“directory” distinction. In Farmer and the other cases cited above, this factor was 

dispositive. But this Court has noted that it is not the only factor that may be considered. In 

Bauer v. Transitional Sch. Dist. of City of St. Louis, 111 S.W.3d 405 (Mo. banc 2003), this 

Court noted cases applying the basic rule that, “where a statute or rule does not state what 

results will follow in the event of a failure to comply with its terms, the rule or statute is 

directory and not mandatory.” Id. at 408. But the Court also noted that “the presence or 

absence of a penalty provision is ‘but one method’ for determining whether a statute is 

directory or mandatory.” Id. at 408. The Court’s authority for this observation was Sw. 

Bell Tel. Co., Inc. v. Mahn, 766 S.W.2d 443, 446 (Mo. banc 1989), which stated that the 

“absence of a penalty provision does not automatically override other considerations.”4

 

 

4

 The example the Court cited in Mahn was Garzee v. Sauro, 639 S.W.2d 830, (Mo. banc 1982), in 

which the due process principles in Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 

(1950) justified the conclusion that a notice statute was mandatory rather than directory despite the 

legislature’s failure to include any express sanctions for non-compliance. Mahn, 766 S.W.2d at 446 

(citing Garzee, 639 S.W.2d at 832). Finally, relying on this language in Mahn, a plurality of this 

Court in State v. Teer, 275 S.W.3d 258, 261 (Mo. banc 2009), held that a criminal conviction 

resulting from a violation of the statutory requirement that prior offender status be pleaded and 

9
Ultimately, whether a statute is mandatory or directory is a “function of context and 

legislative intent.” Bauer, 111 S.W.3d at 408 (citing Farmers, 896 S.W.2d at 32). 

Here, nothing in section 210.152.2, or elsewhere in chapter 210, states that the 

Children’s Division may only investigate or determine hotline complaints before the 90th

day or that the Division loses its authority to continue an investigation or make a 

determination regarding a hotline complaint when the 90-day deadline has come and gone. 

Instead, section 210.152.2 provides only that: 

Within ninety days after receipt of a report of abuse or neglect that is 

investigated,[5

] the alleged perpetrator named in the report ... shall be 

notified in writing of any determination made by the division based on the 

investigation. 

§ 210.152.2 (emphasis added). 

 Unable to identify any language in section 210.152.2 that creates or approves the 

sanction imposed by the trial court in this case, Mother relies on section 210.145.14, which 

states: 

The division shall complete all investigations within thirty days, unless good 

cause for the failure to complete the investigation is documented in the 

information system. If the investigation is not completed within thirty days, 

the information system shall be updated at regular intervals and upon the 

completion of the investigation. The information in the information system 

shall be updated to reflect any subsequent findings, including any changes to 

the findings based on an administrative or judicial hearing on the matter. 

 

proved before the case is submitted to the jury could not be affirmed merely because the statute did 

not expressly state the proper sanction for non-compliance.

5

 The phrase limiting the statute’s application to each report “that is investigated” is a reference to 

the fact that, when each report is received, the Division must decide whether to investigate or 

conduct a family assessment. See §§ 210.109.2 and 210.115.4. 

10
§ 210.145.14 (emphasis added). By its plain language, this statute says nothing about the 

90-day deadline in section 210.152.2. More importantly, section 210.145.14 does not even 

approve a sanction for cases in which the Division fails to comply with the statutory 

obligation to note “good cause” when it exceeds the 30-day deadline in that statute. 

Accordingly, section 210.145.14 does not support the trial court’s conclusion that the 

legislature intended for the Children’s Division to lose all authority to investigate or make 

determinations regarding a hotline complaint after the 90th day. 

 Not only is the trial court’s decision not supported by any express language in 

sections 210.145.14 or 210.152.2 (or elsewhere in chapter 210), it is contrary to the obvious 

intent of the legislature expressed throughout the Child Abuse Act. The trial court’s 

decision was based on its conclusion that the Children’s Division loses all authority to 

continue an investigation or make a determination after the 90th day. But the scope of the 

Children’s Division’s authority to do these things is not the subject of section 210.152.2. 

Instead, that authority is established in section 210.109.2: 

The child protection system shall promote the safety of children and the 

integrity and preservation of their families by conducting investigations or 

family assessments and providing services in response to reports of child 

abuse or neglect. 

 

§ 210.109.2 (emphasis added). 

 Nothing in this statute purports to limit the Division’s authority to a 90-day window, 

and nothing suggests that such a limitation is imposed (or reasonably may be inferred) 

elsewhere in chapter 210. If the legislature intended for the grant of investigative authority 

in section 210.109.2 to be contingent on compliance with the deadlines in sections 

210.152.2 and 210.145.14, it would have said so. It did not. The absence of such a 

11
limitation weighs strongly against the trial court’s conclusion that the legislature intended 

for the Division to be stripped of its authority the moment it fails to comply with the 90-day 

deadline in section 210.152.2. 

The trial court’s decision also fails to credit the importance that the legislature 

attaches to the Children’s Division’s investigative role. The “determination” referred to in 

section 210.152.2 is a “determination made by the division based on the investigation,” not 

a default determination that a court says must be deemed to occur because the Division loses 

all authority to act after the 90th day. In addition, under section 210.145.14 (which is the 

legislature’s only explicit statement about the permissible length of the Division’s 

investigations), the Division is explicitly permitted to extend an investigation 

for “good cause.”6

 Not only is there no restriction on the length of such extensions, the 

statute explicitly provides that all extended investigations should be pursued to 

“completion.” § 210.145.14. This provision would make no sense if, as the trial court held, 

the Division loses all authority to investigate or make a determination regarding a hotline 

complaint after the 90th day and all unresolved complaints must be deemed unsubstantiated 

at that time.7

 

6

 Mother does not challenge the sufficiency of the good cause identified by the Division and 

recorded in its information system. Nor would such a claim have succeeded, for the reasons set 

forth in the companion case Williams v. Department of Social Services, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Case No. 

93653) (Mo. banc 2014). The judicial review authorized by section 210.152.6 extends only to the 

decision made by the Board and, under section 210.152.4 and .5, the Board is authorized only to 

decide whether the Division’s determination is supported by a preponderance of the evidence and 

whether it is against the weight of the evidence. 

7

 Not only does it appear that the Child Abuse Act values complete investigations and 

well-informed determinations over arbitrary deadlines, but there also is no reason to conclude that 

these deadlines were included for the benefit of alleged perpetrators. It seems far more likely that 

the deadlines were intended to protect the present (and potential future) victims of child abuse or 

12
 Section 210.152.2, and the whole of the Child Abuse Act in chapter 210, is a 

remedial statute, and such statutes are to be “construed so they provide the public 

protection intended by the legislature.” Ross v. Dir. of Revenue, 311 S.W.3d 732, 735 (Mo. 

banc 2010) (emphasis added). In Jamison v. Dep’t. of Social Services, 218 S.W.3d 399, 410 

(Mo. banc 2007), this Court recognized that the legislative purpose behind the Child Abuse 

Act is to protect the victims of child abuse or neglect and any other children with whom the 

perpetrator may come into contact. See § 210.109.2 (purpose of the Act is to “promote the 

safety of children ... by conducting investigations ... and providing services in response to 

reports of child abuse or neglect”). Accordingly, the question of what sanctions (if any) the 

legislature has created or approved for use in the event the Children’s Division fails to 

comply with the 90-day deadline in section 210.152.2 must be answered in the context of – 

and in a way that is faithful to – this remedial purpose. The trial court’s decision in this 

case fails to do so. 

By imposing a sanction that deprives the Children’s Division of its authority to 

investigate or determine hotline complaints after the 90th day, the trial court’s decision 

subordinates the Act’s purpose of protecting victims of child abuse and neglect to the 

interests of alleged perpetrators. The legislature, of course, is free to make that choice and 

impose such a sanction when the Division fails to comply with the 90-day deadline. But 

that choice belongs to the legislature, not the courts, and nothing in section 210.152.2 (or 

else where in the Act) indicates that the legislature intended to make that choice or impose 

 

neglect by requiring prompt action and resolution of each hotline complaint. This makes the trial 

court’s imposition of a sanction that sacrifices that purpose to the interests of a perpetrator about 

whom the allegations already have been substantiated even more out of step with the legislative 

intent behind the Act as a whole.

13
that sanction. Instead, by requiring every determination that the Division makes to be 

“based on the investigation,” section 210.152.2 demonstrates the legislature’s intention that 

the best way to protect the victims of child abuse and neglect is to value complete 

investigations over arbitrary deadlines. 

 The basic premise of Mother’s argument is that the legislature’s intention to strip the 

Children’s Division of all authority to investigate or determine hotline complaints after the 

90th day is implicit in the legislature’s use of the word “shall” in section 210.152.2 when it 

imposed the 90-day deadline. In other words, because the legislature imposed this 

mandatory deadline, Mother contends that the Court should infer that the legislature meant 

to rescind the Division’s otherwise unlimited authority to investigate and determine hotline 

complaints the moment the deadline passes. This is precisely the argument this Court 

rejected in Farmers. 

 In Farmers, the director of revenue denied a taxpayer’s request for a refund. 

Conceding that the director has authority to decide whether to refund claims generally, the 

taxpayer claimed the Director lost that authority by failing to comply with a statutory 

requirement that the determination must be made within 120 days of the refund request. 

Farmers, 896 S.W.2d at 32-33. The taxpayer argued that because the statute said the 

Director “shall” give such a notice, the legislature must have intended for the Director to 

lose all authority to refuse refund requests after 120 days. As a result, the taxpayer argued 

that any request still pending after that deadline must be deemed approved. Id. at 32. The 

Court not only rejected that argument as inconsistent with prior cases holding that the 

legislature’s failure to include an express sanction for non-compliance precludes courts from 

14
creating one, it also pointed out the absurd consequences that such a result would likely 

produce: 

[W]e presume that taxpayers are better served by well-considered, though 

tardy responses to their claims for refund by the Director. Given time to 

contemplate, the Director may decide in the taxpayer’s favor, avoiding the 

necessity and expense of further litigation. If Farmers’ reading of the statute 

were correct, we imagine the Director would be forced to issue blanket 

denials of all claims for refund that reach the 120–day stage in order to 

avoid the automatic refunds Farmers claims the statute demands. 

Id. at 33 (emphasis added). See also Sparks, 10 Mo. at 122 (noting: “It would be strange if a 

statute specifying an early day at which an act must be done with a view to its speedy 

execution, should be construed that the act could not be done at all after the day when the 

necessity for its performance is as great, if not greater, afterwards than before.”) (emphasis 

added). 

 Using this same logic, it is not difficult to foresee the effects if the Court were to 

affirm the trial court’s ruling in this case. Faced with a 90-day deadline and no authority to 

investigate or determine hotline complaints after that date, the Division will have a great 

incentive to stop each investigation as soon as the allegations of abuse or neglect are 

substantiated (even minimally). This would allow the Division to communicate its decision 

to the alleged perpetrator prior to the deadline and keep looking for evidence to support the 

Division’s determination in the hopes that it could be used to supplement the record before 

the Board and/or during judicial review. As in Farmers, such a result serves no one. 

 The rationale for the “mandatory” vs. “directory” dichotomy, and the purpose served 

by that analysis, is to ensure that decisions regarding what sanctions (if any) are appropriate 

when a party fails to comply with a statutory deadline or other obligation are legislative

15
decisions – no more or less than the decision whether to impose such an obligation at all. 

Here, the choice of what sanction (if any) to apply when the Children’s Division fails to 

comply with the 90-day deadline in section 210.152.2 does not belong to the courts any 

more than it is up to the courts to decide whether to impose a deadline to begin with. Both 

choices belong exclusively to the legislature. Here, the trial court’s decision runs afoul of 

this rule because nothing in section 210.152 (or in section 210.145 or elsewhere in the Child 

Abuse Act) suggests that the legislature intended to strip the Division of all authority to 

investigate and determine hotline complaints after the 90th day, or to require that all pending 

complaints be deemed unsubstantiated at that time regardless of the evidence in hand or in 

prospect. Accordingly, the judgment is vacated and the case remanded for further 

proceedings on Mother’s petition. 8

II. A Sanction Requiring Reports to be Deemed Unsubstantiated after 

 90 Days is Not Required to Protect Mother’s Due Process Rights 

 Mother claims that the Children’s Division’s failure to comply with the 90-day 

deadline in section 210.152.2 violated her constitutional rights to due process and that this 

violation justifies the trial court’s decision to impose the sanction it did even though it was 

not approved by the legislature. This claim lacks merit. 

 

8 During the 2014 legislative session, the General Assembly passed bills amending sections 

210.145 and 210.152. As of the date of this opinion, however, the fate of these bills is uncertain 

because the Governor has not vetoed or approved these bills and the time for doing so has not 

expired. Because the Court’s decision is based on the law in effect at the time of the events at issue, 

these amendments would not have been controlling in this case even if these bills had been in effect 

at the time of this decision. But it is worth noting that these amendments do not address what 

sanction (if any) the legislature intends to be imposed when the Children’s Division fails to comply 

with the deadlines in these statutes and, therefore, these amendments would not have changed the 

analysis in this case even if they had been applicable. 

16
 In Jamison, this Court held that constitutional rights to due process protect against 

deprivation, not investigation, and that due process is satisfied for purposes of the Child 

Abuse Act and the central registry when an alleged perpetrator is given notice and an 

opportunity to be heard before his or her name can be listed in that registry. Jamison, 218 

S.W.3d at 410. Here, despite the Division’s determination that some of the allegations of 

child neglect by Mother were substantiated, her name never has been included in the central 

registry. She has suffered no deprivation of a property or liberty interest to date, and, as a 

result, her hearing before the Board and the de novo judicial review of the Board’s decision 

are exactly the sort of pre-deprivation protections that Jamison holds fully satisfy the 

demands of due process. 

 Whether an individual has a due process right to control the length or breadth of an 

administrative investigation is no longer an open question: 

The opinion of the Court in Hannah v. Larche, 363 U.S. 420, 80 S.Ct. 1502, 4 

L.Ed.2d 1307 (1960), leaves no doubt that neither the Due Process Clause of 

the Fifth Amendment nor the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment is 

offended when a federal administrative agency, without notifying a person 

under investigation, uses its subpoena power to gather evidence adverse to 

him. The Due Process Clause is not implicated under such circumstances 

because an administrative investigation adjudicates no legal rights .... 

S.E.C. v. Jerry T. O’Brien, Inc., 467 U.S. 735, 742 (1984) (emphasis added, citations 

omitted). 

 In Artman v. State Bd. of Registration for Healing Arts, 918 S.W.2d 247, 251 (Mo. 

banc 1996), this Court relied on O’Brien to hold that due process protections are not 

necessary during a state administrative agency’s investigation because no legal rights are 

being adjudicated. Under Artman and O’Brien, therefore, Mother has no due process right 

17
to be free from the Division’s investigation of the hotline report regarding her and no due 

process right to have such an investigation start or stop at any particular time. In fact, even 

if section 210.152.2 imposes a 90-day deadline on such investigations, a “violation of state 

procedures does not automatically equate to a violation of due process rights.” Mann v. 

Vogel, 707 F.3d 872, 881-82 (7th Cir. 2013). 

 Here, Mother does not (and cannot) claim she suffered any actual prejudice by the 

13-day delay between the 90-day deadline that she claims terminates the Division’s 

authority to determine the hotline complaint against her and the date she received notice of 

the Division’s determination that some, but not all, of the allegations in that complaint were 

substantiated by the evidence gathered in its investigation. For example, she does not claim 

that her ability to defend against these allegations was compromised by this delay, or that 

the Division made the wrong determination in her case as a result of this delay, or that the 

Division’s delay was motivated by animus or a desire to torment her. Though it may be 

conceivable that an investigation could continue so long that such prejudice could occur, 

that is not the case here. 

 This lack of prejudice not only dooms Mother’s constitutional claim, it underscores 

the weakness of the claim rejected in the preceding section of this opinion. In State ex rel. 

State v. Parkinson, 280 S.W.3d 70, 76 (Mo. banc 2009), this Court refused to apply a 

sanction for an administrative agency’s failure to do that which a statute said it “shall” do. 

In so holding, the Court noted the absence of prejudice to the individual seeking that 

sanction. Id. at 77. See also Garzee, 639 S.W.2d at 832 (statute requiring that notice of 

foreclosure sale “shall” be mailed voided the sale of homeowner’s property that occurred 

18
without such notice – even though such a sanction was not explicitly approved in the statute 

– because the lack of actual notice was so prejudicial to homeowner that it violated due 

process); Schlafly v. Baumann, 108 S.W.2d 363, 366 (Mo. 1937) (statute stating that tax 

sales of land “shall” occur on a particular day precluded sales on other days even though 

such a sanction was not explicitly provided because “[d]ue diligence on such date should 

avail land owners of information concerning any proceedings against their real estate for the 

collection of delinquent taxes”). 

 The lack of prejudice to the alleged perpetrators when the Children’s Division 

extends its investigation beyond 90 days before it decides whether a preponderance of the 

available evidence does (or does not) substantiate the allegations in the hotline complaint 

may explain why the legislature chose not to approve the sanction imposed by the trial court 

here. Until the Division completes its investigation of a hotline report of child abuse or 

neglect, the Child Abuse Act recognizes that all interests – those of the child, the alleged 

perpetrator, the parents, and society as a whole – are the same. At that point, what matters 

most is that the Division makes a fully informed and accurate determination as to whether 

abuse or neglect was committed and, if so, by whom. 

 Mother may claim an interest in truncating that investigation now, but that is only 

because she knows what the Division’s determination was in the end. If the Division had 

discovered evidence on day 99 that had exonerated her completely, every interest – 

including Mother’s – would have been served by that delay. It does not matter that the 

Division did not find that sort of evidence here; the legislature makes its decisions without 

the benefit of such hindsight. 

19
 It is only after the Division completes its investigation and notifies the relevant 

parties of its determination that the various interests can diverge. If the allegations are 

substantiated, the alleged perpetrator has an interest in challenging the Division’s 

determination before he or she suffers the loss of liberty or property that may result from 

being listed in the central registry. Jamison and sections 210.152.4 and 210.152.6 protect 

that interest with pre-deprivation administrative review and de novo judicial review, and the 

legislature provides such procedures to ensure that no one is listed in the central registry 

unless a preponderance of the evidence substantiates their acts of child abuse or neglect and

that everyone whose acts are substantiated will be listed in the registry. 

 The trial court’s ruling, if affirmed, would allow an alleged perpetrator to avoid being 

listed in the central registry on a basis that the legislature did not authorize and never could 

have envisioned. By imposing such a sanction, this ruling destroys the separation between 

the distinct pre- and post-determination phases that the legislature intended and the Child 

Abuse Act provides. Because such a rule would force the Division to decide some cases 

sooner and with less information than it should, it fails to protect the interests of those 

current and future victims of child abuse or neglect as well as the interests of those falsely 

accused of such acts. 

Conclusion

 For the reasons stated above, the Court vacates the judgment in favor of Mother and 

remands this case. 

 _________________________ 

PAUL C. WILSON, JUDGE

20
21

Russell, C.J., Breckenridge, and Stith, JJ., concur; Draper, J., dissents in separate opinion 

filed; Fischer and Teitelman, JJ., concur in opinion of Draper, J. 
SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI 

en banc 

MELODY FRYE, ) 

 ) 

 Respondent, ) 

 ) 

vs. ) No. SC93471 

 ) 

RONALD J. LEVY, DIRECTOR, ) 

STATE OF MISSOURI, ) 

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES, ) 

CHILDREN’S DIVISION, ) 

 ) 

 Appellant. ) 

 

DISSENTING OPINION 

 I respectfully dissent from the principal opinion in that I believe the trial court 

properly entered judgment in favor of Melody Frye (hereinafter, “Mother”), ordering 

Mother’s name to be removed from the central registry of child abuse and neglect 

perpetrators because the Children’s Division of the Missouri Department of Social 

Services (hereinafter, “the Children’s Division”) failed to comply with the applicable 

time limitations set forth in sections 210.145 and 210.152, RSMo Supp. 2005. The 

Children’s Division failed to comply with the statutory time limits, which I believe 

divested it of authority to continue to take action. 

 The Children’s Division is a statutory creation, and its authority is limited to that 

granted to it by the legislature. State ex rel. Missouri Pub. Defender Comm’n v. Waters, 
370 S.W.3d 592, 598 (Mo. banc 2012); see also In re C.W., 211 S.W.3d 93, 97 (Mo. banc 

2007). Accordingly, it is constrained by its articulated statutory authority. Hessel v. 

Missouri Dept. of Social Services, Children’s Div., 400 S.W.3d 813, 816 (Mo. App. E.D. 

2013) (citing State ex rel. MoGas Pipeline, LLC v. Missouri Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 366 

S.W.3d 493, 496 (Mo. banc 2012)). Looking at the entirety of our statutory scheme, I 

believe the legislature intended only to provide the Children’s Division ninety days in 

which to take action against an alleged perpetrator. Since the Children’s Division failed 

to act within that statutorily articulated timeframe, it had no authority to place Mother’s 

name on the central registry. 

Section 210.145.14 provides that after receiving a report of abuse or neglect, the 

Children’s Division “shall complete all investigations within thirty days, unless good 

cause for the failure to complete the investigation is documented in the information 

system. If the investigation is not completed within thirty days, the information system 

shall be updated at regular intervals and upon the completion of the investigation.” 

Section 210.152.2 provides that “[w]ithin ninety days after receipt of a report of abuse or 

neglect that is investigated, the alleged perpetrator ..., shall be notified in writing of any 

determination made by the [Children’s D]ivision based on the investigation.” This 

section then delineates that “the notice shall advise either: 

(1) That the [Children’s D]ivision has determined ... that abuse or neglect 

exists and that the division shall retain all identifying information regarding 

the abuse or neglect; that such information shall remain confidential and 

will not be released except to law enforcement agencies, prosecuting or 

circuit attorneys, or as provided by section 210.150; that the alleged 

perpetrator has sixty days from the date of the receipt of the notice to seek 

reversal of the [Children’s D]ivision’s determination through a review by 

2 
the child abuse and neglect review board as provided in subsection 3 of this 

section; or 

(2) That the [Children’s D]ivision has not made a probable cause finding 

or determined by a preponderance of the evidence that abuse or neglect 

exists.” 

Section 210.152.2 (emphasis added). The legislature did not bestow a provision 

for an extension of time for further investigation in this section as it did in section 

210.145.14. 

The legislature also compels the Children’s Division to notify the alleged 

perpetrator with the written description of the investigation process once it opens an 

investigation. Section 210.183.1. Section 210.183.1 contains language drafted by the 

legislature explaining the process of the investigation to the alleged perpetrator by putting 

sections 210.145 and 210.152 into plain words for the public. The Children’s Division’s 

notification letter must be drafted in substantially the same form as set forth in section 

210.183.1. This section states that the Children’s Division “shall make every reasonable 

attempt to complete the investigation within thirty days.” If the investigation is not 

completed within thirty days, “within ninety days you will receive a letter from the 

[Children’s] Division which will inform you of one of the following: 

(1) That the [Children’s] Division has found insufficient evidence of abuse 

or neglect; or 

(2) That there appears to be by a preponderance of the evidence reason to 

suspect the existence of child abuse or neglect in the judgment of the 

[Children’s] Division and that the [Children’s] Division will contact the 

family to offer social services.” 

3 
Section 210.183.1 (emphasis added). This notification language tracks the statutory 

language, delineating the Children’s Division’s authority, in sections 210.145.14 and 

210.152. 

 Justice Sedgwick concisely sets forth the general rules of interpreting statutes and 

determining when a statute should be treated as directory: 

The intention of the Legislature should control absolutely the action of the 

judiciary; where that intention is clearly ascertained, the courts have no 

other duty to perform than to execute the legislative will, without any 

regard to their own views as to the wisdom or justice of the particular 

enactment. 

The means of ascertaining that intention are to be found in the statute itself, 

taken as a whole with all its parts,-- in statutes on the same subject, 

antecedent jurisprudence and legislation, contemporaneous and more recent 

exposition, judicial construction and usage; and to the use of these means, 

and these alone, the judiciary is confined. No other extrinsic facts are in 

any way to be taken into consideration. 

It is not until these means fail, and until the attempt to ascertain the 

legislative intent is hopeless, that the judiciary can with propriety assume 

any power of construing a statute, strictly or liberally, with reference either 

to the particular character of the statute, or to their own ideas of policy or 

equity. Where the meaning of the statute, as it stands, is clear, they have no 

power to insert qualifications, engraft exceptions, or make modifications, 

under the idea of providing for cases in regard to which the Legislature has 

omitted any specific provisions. 

Theodore Sedgwick, A Treatise on the Rules which Govern the Interpretation and 

Construction of Statutory and Constitutional Law, at 325-26 (2d ed. 1874) (hereinafter, 

“Sedgwick”).1

 

1

 The principles expounded upon in Sedgwick’s treatise, while applicable, are difficult for 

citizens to locate; the Missouri’s Supreme Court library does not maintain a copy of any 

of his treatises for citizens. However, this Court still recognizes his writing as influential 

4 
 Section 210.152.2 provides that “[w]ithin ninety days after receipt of a report of 

abuse or neglect that is investigated, the alleged perpetrator ..., shall be notified in 

writing of any determination made by the division based on the investigation.” This 

section then delineates “the notice shall advise either: 

(1) That the [Children’s D]ivision has determined ... that abuse or neglect 

exists and that the division shall retain all identifying information regarding 

the abuse or neglect; that such information shall remain confidential and 

will not be released except to law enforcement agencies, prosecuting or 

circuit attorneys, or as provided by section 210.150; that the alleged 

perpetrator has sixty days from the date of the receipt of the notice to seek 

reversal of the [Children’s D]ivision’s determination through a review by 

the child abuse and neglect review board as provided in subsection 3 of this 

section; or 

(2) That the [Children’s D]ivision has not made a probable cause finding 

or determined by a preponderance of the evidence that abuse or neglect 

exists.” 

Section 210.152.2 (emphasis added). 

The legislature did not bestow a provision for an extension of time for further 

investigation in this section as it did in section 210.145.14. The legislature also mandated 

that the Children’s Division must inform the alleged perpetrator within ninety days of one 

of two possible outcomes. 

 In this case, the initial hotline call against Mother occurred on May 17, 2006. The 

Children’s Division was charged with conducting an investigation into the allegations. 

Section 210.145.14 provides that after receiving a report of abuse or neglect, the 

Children’s Division “shall complete all investigations within thirty days, unless good 

 

in our decision making. See State v. Honeycutt, 421 S.W.3d 410, 419-20 (Mo. banc 

2013).

5 
cause for the failure to complete the investigation is documented in the information 

system. If the investigation is not completed within thirty days, the information system 

shall be updated at regular intervals and upon the completion of the investigation.” 

 Within the initial thirty days contemplated by section 210.145.14, the Children’s 

Division informed Mother on June 8, 2006, that its investigation would be delayed for 

“good cause” because the reports it needed to make its final determination were not 

available. The Children’s Division continued to update the information system until June 

27, 2006. After the update on June 27, 2006, there were no updates in the information 

system until August 25, 2006. 

 On August 28, 2006, after the expiration of the ninety-day period delineated in 

section 210.152.2, the Children’s Division provided Mother with its decision, finding she 

neglected J.H.. The Children’s Division concedes the notification of its decision 

occurred beyond the ninety-day time frame. 

 The principal opinion curtails the actual analysis that should be performed by this 

Court when attempting to determine whether a statute is mandatory or directory by only 

noting the lack of a penalty provision within section 210.152.2. “Directory provisions are 

not intended by the legislature to be disregarded, but where the consequences of not 

obeying them in every particular are not prescribed the courts must judicially determine 

them.” State ex rel. Ellis v. Brown, 33 S.W.2d 104, 107 (Mo. banc 1930) (quoting 25 R. 

C. L. Sec. 14 pp. 766, 767).2

 Our “courts recognize that the term [‘shall’] is frequently 

 

2

 The principal opinion neglects to look at the other statutory provisions within the same 

act, covering the same procedures and authority granted to the Children’s Division, 

6 
used carelessly and indiscriminately, and they have not hesitated to hold that the intent of 

the legislative enactment will prevail over the literal sense of its terms.” Howard v. 

Banks, 544 S.W.2d 601, 604 (Mo. App. St. Louis Dist. 1976). “There is no absolute or 

universal rule by which statutory provisions may be distinguished and classified as 

mandatory or directory.” State ex rel. Hopkins v. Stemmons, 302 S.W.2d 51, 53 (Mo. 

App. Spring. Dist. 1957). “In the determination of this question, as of every other 

question of statutory construction, the prime object is to ascertain the legislative intention 

as disclosed by all the terms and provisions of the act in relation to the subject of 

legislation and the general object intended to be accomplished.” Brown, 33 S.W.2d at 

107 (quoting 25 R. C. L. Sec. 14 pp. 766, 767); see also Hopkins, 302 S.W.2d at 53; State 

ex rel. Rogersville Reorganized School Dist. No. R-4, of Webster Cnty., v. Holmes, 253 

S.W.2d 402, 404 (Mo. banc 1952) (“In determining whether either of the provisions of 

the schedule with which each relator failed to comply is mandatory or directory, the 

prime object is to ascertain the legislative intention as disclosed by all the terms and 

provisions of the act in relation to the subject legislation and the general object intended 

to be accomplished.”) (internal quotation omitted). 

 Since the Children’s Division’s authority is promulgated by statute, this Court 

must engage in statutory analysis to determine fully the extent of the authority delegated 

to the Children’s Division. The principal opinion’s decision to re-cast the statutory 

construction question to fit its conclusion allows the author seemingly to negate the 

 

thereby failing to give any meaning to every statutory provision enacted by our 

legislature.

7 
legitimacy of any opposing argument. This is a tactic of advocacy that is better employed 

by trial counsel rather than the judiciary, whose duty it is to address honestly and fully 

each issue timely and appropriately presented by the parties on appeal. Whether “shall” 

means “shall” is indeed a major issue in the resolution of this cause. 

 “As with all matters of statutory interpretation, determining if the word ‘shall’ is 

mandatory or directory requires courts to review the context of the statute and to ascertain 

legislative intent.” State v. Teer, 275 S.W.3d 258, 261 (Mo. banc 2009). When engaging 

in statutory construction, the primary purpose is to ascertain the legislature’s intent from 

the language used and to give effect to that intent if possible. Beard v. Missouri State 

Employees’ Retirement System, 379 S.W.3d 167, 169 (Mo. banc 2012). This Court 

presumes the legislature intended every word, clause, sentence, and provision of a statute 

to have effect and did not insert superfluous language into the statute. City of Shelbina v. 

Shelby County, 245 S.W.3d 249, 252 (Mo. App. E.D. 2008). “The construction of 

statutes is not to be hyper-technical, but instead is to be reasonable and logical and [to] 

give meaning to the statutes.” Lewis v. Gibbons, 80 S.W.3d 461, 465 (Mo. banc 2002) 

(internal quotations omitted). 

 “Provisions of an entire legislative act must be construed together and, if 

reasonably possible, all provisions must be harmonized.” Chester Bross Const. Co. v. 

Missouri Dept. of Labor and Indus. Relations, Div. of Labor Standards, 111 S.W.3d 425, 

427 (Mo. App. E.D. 2003) (quoting St. Louis County v. B.A.P., Inc., 25 S.W.3d 629, 631 

(Mo. App. E.D. 2000)). Statutory provisions relating to the same subject matter “must be 

considered in context and sections of the statutes in pari materia, as well as cognate 

8 
sections, must be considered in order to arrive at the true meaning and scope of the 

words.” Harpagon MO, LLC v. Bosch, 370 S.W.3d 579, 584 (Mo. banc 2012) (quoting 

South Metro. Fire Prot. Dist. v. City of Lee’s Summit, 278 S.W.3d 659, 666 (Mo. banc 

2009)); see also Sedgwick at 209 (“It is well settled, that in construing a doubtful statute, 

and for the purpose of arriving at the legislative intent, all acts on the same subject-matter 

are to be taken together and examined, in order to arrive at the true result.”) This allows 

the legislation to be read consistently and harmoniously. Crawford v. Div. of 

Employment Sec., 376 S.W.3d 658, 664 (Mo. banc 2012). “The rule that statutes in pari 

materia are to be consulted for the construction of each other, holds good, though some 

of the statutes may have expired, or even been repealed, and whether they are referred to 

or not.” Sedgwick at 212. Statutes are enforced as they are written, not as they might 

have been written. Turner v. School Dist. of Clayton, 318 S.W.3d 660, 667 (Mo. banc 

2010). Further, this Court presumes the legislature is aware of the existing law. Id.

 Our legislature created the statewide child abuse and neglect registry to “promote 

the safety of children ... by conducting investigations ... and providing services in 

response to reports of child abuse or neglect.” Section 210.109.2; Jamison v. State, Dept. 

of Social Services, Div. of Family Services, 218 S.W.3d 399, 402-03 (Mo. banc 2007). 

The central registry is a non-public list of people who committed child abuse or neglect. 

Sections 210.110(3) and 210.150.2. The central registry provides “a means to protect 

both victims of child abuse and other children with whom a perpetrator of abuse or 

neglect might come into contact by ensuring that information about cases of abuse is 

available to individuals and entities responsible for caring and protecting children.” Pope 

9 
v. Child Abuse and Neglect Review Bd., 309 S.W.3d 362, 366 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010). 

There is limited access to the central registry. Hessel, 400 S.W.3d at 817 n.2; see section 

210.150. 

 When a hotline call is received, the Children’s Division is charged with opening a 

thirty-day investigation. Section 210.145.14. The legislature clearly recognized that 

some investigations may have “good cause” to be extended beyond the initial thirty-day 

investigation period because the legislature included the qualifying language of “good 

cause.” Id. The legislature promulgated a procedure, requiring the Children’s Division 

to update the database with its progress on the investigation after the initial thirty-day 

period. Id. The legislature also required that the alleged perpetrator be given written 

notice of the investigative procedure, which states that the investigation should be 

completed within thirty days but may be extended out to ninety days. There is no 

additional provision for a lengthier investigation. Section 210.183.1. After the initial 

investigatory period, the legislature directs that the Children’s Division within ninety days 

shall provide notice to the alleged perpetrator that either the Children’s Division finds by 

a preponderance of the evidence that abuse or neglect exists or that the Children’s 

Division has not determined by a preponderance of the evidence that abuse or neglect 

exists. Section 210.152.2. 

 Section 210.152.2 does not state what consequence will ensue if the Children’s 

Division fails to provide the alleged perpetrator a written determination of its 

investigation within ninety days. The principal opinion believes that, because there is no 

delineated consequence from failing to inform an alleged perpetrator of its decision 

10 
within ninety days, section 210.150.2 should be construed as only a directory statute and 

the Children’s Division does not need to comply with the statutory deadline.3

 

In support of this proposition, the principal opinion cites Farmers & Merchants 

Bank & Trust Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, State of Mo., 896 S.W.2d 30, 33 (Mo. banc 1995), 

to justify its decision that one may merely look at a statute and determine the presence or 

absence of a penalty provision to determine whether a statute is mandatory or directory. 

In Farmers, this Court recognized “[w]hether the statutory word ‘shall’ is mandatory or 

directory is a function of context.” Id. at 32 (emphasis added). This Court in Farmers

only needed to analyze a single statute at issue—this is a stark contrast to the issue in this 

case wherein the provisions at issue are clearly a part of an interlinking act. 

While the principal opinion recognizes the proposition in Farmers that the 

presence of a penalty provision is not the only dispositive factor in determining whether a 

statute is mandatory or directory, it fails to engage in any statutory analysis in this case 

beyond the limited observation of noting there is not a penalty provision. (See slip op. at 

9). This curtailed and simplistic analysis is inappropriate. 

When engaging in statutory analysis, this Court consistently recognizes the 

requirement to consider other statutes with related or similar subject matter to illuminate 

the meaning of the statute at issue. BASF Corp. v. Dir. of Revenue, 392 S.W.3d 438, 444 

(Mo. banc 2012). “[W]hen the same or similar words are used in different places within 

 

3

 This Court has found reversible error by the circuit court in a termination of parental 

rights hearing when it failed to comply strictly with section 211.455.3, a section that 

includes the word “shall” but does not include a penalty provision. In re C.W., 21 

S.W.3d at 98 (abrogated on other grounds by In re B.H., 348 S.W.3d 770 (Mo. banc 

2011)). See also In re A.H., 169 S.W.3d 152, 158 (Mo. App. S.D. 2005) (same).

11 
the same legislative act and relate to the same or similar subject matter, then the statutes 

are in pari materia and should be construed to achieve a harmonious interpretation of the 

statutes.” Williams v. State, 386 S.W.3d 750, 754 (Mo. banc 2012) (quoting State v. 

Knapp, 843 S.W.2d 345, 347 (Mo. banc 1992)); see also BASF Corp., 392 S.W.3d at 

444; Crawford, 376 S.W.3d at 664, and Union Elec. Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, 425 S.W.3d 

118, 122 (Mo. banc 2014). Further, the words in a statute “must be considered in context 

and sections of the statutes in pari materia, as well as cognate sections, must be 

considered in order to arrive at the true meaning and scope of the words.” Harpagon MO, 

LLC, 370 S.W.3d at 584 (quoting So. Metro. Fire Prot. Dist., 278 S.W.3d at 666); see 

also Goerlitz v. City of Maryville, 333 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Mo. banc 2011). The principal 

opinion fails to look to any other statute or cognate section to arrive at the true meaning 

of the statute. The principal opinion simply ignores our basic tenets of determining the 

true intent of our legislature. 

If section 210.152.2 were to be read in isolation, the “shall” without more could be 

construed as directory because there is no delineated consequence for failing to meet the 

ninety-day deadline. However, by reading section 210.152 in pari materia with sections 

210.145 and 210.183, looking at the entire legislative act, and harmonizing its provisions, 

it is clear the legislature intended the language to be mandatory. See Chester Bross, 111 

S.W.3d at 427; Garzee v. Sauro, 639 S.W.2d 830, 832 (Mo. 1982) (finding a genuine 

issue of fact remained when reconciling two statutes regarding giving notice for a real 

estate sale, and stating, “giving the statute a directory meaning would imply that the 

publication of notice of foreclosure in section 141.430 satisfies the notice requirements 

12 
for in rem proceedings under the due process clause of the Missouri and United States 

constitutions.... [W]e cannot interpret section 141.440 as directory only.”) 

 The Children’s Division argues this Court should infer it has the authority to 

extend the ninety-day limit set forth in section 210.152 for written notification of an 

investigation’s outcome, if “good cause” exists.4

 The Children’s Division asserts that 

there is “good cause” to continue its investigation because it seeks to protect Missouri’s 

children. While this seems a laudable goal, the Children’s Division is a statutory creature 

and is vested only with the express authority bestowed to it by our legislature, which 

protects all of our citizenry. 

Yet, the principal opinion states that to enforce the written statutory timeframe 

would serve no one because the Children’s Division would stop its investigation as soon 

as allegations are substantiated. The principal opinion’s willingness to allow an 

administrative agency to continue any investigation in perpetuity will only be a disservice 

to those it is charged to protect. At no time prior to the Children’s Division 

substantiating an allegation of abuse are children protected. Until an investigation is 

completed and a perpetrator is listed on the central registry, that perpetrator is at liberty to 

have continued free access to children. Missouri’s children are not protected from those 

who seek to harm them by a lengthy investigation process. Had the legislature wished to 

allow the Children’s Division to have an unlimited amount of time to keep investigations 

 

4

 The Children’s Division raises its “good cause” argument for the first time to this Court. 

Rule 83.08(b). 

13 
about alleged perpetrators open, as argued by the principal opinion, it could have placed 

the same “good cause” language in section 210.152.2.5

 Similarly, Section 210.183.1 states that the Children’s Division will make every 

reasonable effort to complete the investigation within thirty days, but that “[w]ithin 

ninety days you will receive a letter from the [Children’s] Division which will inform you 

of” its decision. (Emphasis added). This statutory language supports interpreting “shall” 

in section 210.152 as the legislature’s intent to create a mandatory directive and not allow 

the Children’s Division to rest on its laurels rather than pursuing every investigation to a 

rapid conclusion to protect Missouri’s children.6

 Rather than subordinating the Act’s 

purpose by granting unlimited, unchecked, boundless inquiries as suggested by the 

principal opinion, the better interpretation reinforces the time limitations set forth by our 

legislature to remove an alleged predator swiftly and rapidly from the midst of innocent 

children. 

 Finally, this Court notes that the legislature modified section 210.145.14, RSMo 

Supp. 2007, and section 210.152, RSMo Supp. 2011. Statutory amendments can further 

elucidate the legislature’s intent. City of Columbia v. Henderson, 399 S.W.3d 493, 497 

(Mo. App. W.D. 2013); Anderson ex rel. Anderson v. Ken Kauffman & Sons Excavating, 

 

5

 An alleged perpetrator has no due process rights during the course of the Children’s 

Division’s limited investigation. Jamison, 218 S.W.3d at 410. Providing the Children’s 

Division with an unlimited amount of time to open files about and investigate alleged 

perpetrators is tantamount to authorizing an unlimited investigation with no protection for 

Missouri children. 

6

 The central registry is designed not only to protect children within families but also to 

protect children who are entrusted to others for care in a daycare or school setting. A 

lengthy delay in adding a perpetrator’s name to the central registry only allows that 

perpetrator more access to children, thereby further endangering all children.

14 
L.L.C., 248 S.W.3d 101, 109 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008). “When the legislature amends a 

statute, it is presumed to have intended the amendment to have some effect.” Wollard v. 

City of Kansas City, 831 S.W.2d 200, 203 (Mo. banc 1992). 

 Section 210.145.14, RSMo Supp. 2007, was amended to provide that in addition 

to extending an investigation for more than thirty days for “good cause” that “[i]f a child 

involved in a pending investigation dies, the investigation shall remain open until the 

[Children’s D]ivision’s investigation surrounding the death is completed.” 

 The legislature made it clear that the death of a child permits the Children’s 

Division’s investigation to continue indefinitely until its conclusion. Were the term 

“shall” to be merely directory, there would have been no need to legislate that an 

investigation could extend indefinitely in only one circumstance. This amendment to the 

statute is further evidence that the legislature intended to treat the death of a child 

differently from all other cases of alleged abuse and neglect by extending the 

investigatory time indefinitely. The plain language of the statute in this case 

demonstrates that the legislature intended to limit the time for which the Children’s 

Division could conduct an investigation for abuse or neglect. 

 Our legislature added subsection 3 to section 210.152 in 2011, allowing the 

Children’s Division to reopen a case 

for review at the request of the alleged perpetrator, the alleged victim, or 

the office of the child advocate if new, specific, and credible evidence is 

obtained that the [Children’s D]ivision’s decision was based on fraud or 

misrepresentation of material facts relevant to the [Children’s D]ivision’s 

decision and there is credible evidence that absent such fraud or 

misrepresentation the [Children’s D]ivision’s decision would have been 

different. 

15 
 This further clarifies the legislature’s intent to only provide the Children’s Division a 

maximum of ninety days to complete its investigation and notify the alleged perpetrator 

of its decision. The amendment now demonstrates that the investigation may be 

reopened to further protect children should there be new, specific, credible evidence that 

the Children’s Division’s decision was based on fraud or a misrepresentation of evidence. 

 The Children’s Division’s argument, seeking to extend its investigation and 

decision-making indefinitely, adds “good cause” language to section 210.152 that does 

not exist. This Court will not interpret a statute as a party wishes it were written. Turner, 

318 S.W.3d at 667. This Court will not add statutory language where it does not exist; 

this Court merely interprets the statutory language as written by the legislature. Ryder 

Student Transp. Services, Inc. v. Dir. of Revenue, State of Mo., 896 S.W.2d 633, 635 

(Mo. banc 1995). It is obvious the legislature knew how to grant the Children’s Division 

an extension of the statutory time limitations because it did so in section 210.145 by 

inserting the “good cause” language and a procedure to follow when the investigation 

was not completed. The legislature reiterated its intent that no investigation should 

extend beyond ninety days by promulgating the notice to the alleged perpetrator, 

providing he or she will be notified of the Children’s Division’s decision within ninety 

days. Section 210.183. Finally, the legislature’s subsequent statutory amendments to 

sections 210.145.14, RSMo Supp. 2007, and 210.152.3, RSMo Supp. 2011, further 

indicate the legislature’s intent to limit the time of the Children’s Division investigations 

in the normal course of its business. The legislature fully articulated a statutory scheme 

16 
17 

 

to investigate and protect all Missouri’s children in a prompt and efficient manner. See 

Jamison, 218 S.W.3d at 410. 

Conclusion

Accordingly, I believe the Children’s Division’s failure to operate within the 

enunciated statutory time frames divested it of the authority to take any other action in 

this case.7

 I would affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

__________________________ 

GEORGE W. DRAPER III, JUDGE

7

The principal opinion characterizes the outcome of this dissenting opinion as creating a 

sanction. Yet, this legally sound and historically approved approach does no such thing. 

Merely, the Children’s Division is required to follow the legislative mandates, and its 

failure to do so divests it from further action; this is the result of the Children’s Division’s 

failure to comply with the statutes, not a court-created sanction. To protect Missouri’s 

children, the legislature has required diligence and only authorized the Children’s 

Division to act during a statutorily created time period; its authority to act is limited to 

that granted to it by the legislature. State ex rel. Missouri Pub. Defender Comm’n, 370 

S.W.3d at 598; In re C.W., 211 S.W.3d at 97.