*

The Honorable Bobby R. Baldock, Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit,

sitting by designation. 

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 06a0374p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

KEITH L. MOHN,

Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 05-1762

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.

No. 04-74427—George C. Steeh, District Judge.

Argued: September 22, 2006

Decided and Filed: October 12, 2006 

Before: SILER, CLAY, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Jack J. Mazzara, THE MAZZARA LAW FIRM, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, for

Appellant. Thomas J. Karr, SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Washington, D.C.,

for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Jack J. Mazzara, Lanalee C. Farmer, THE MAZZARA LAW FIRM,

Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, for Appellant. Thomas J. Karr, Kathleen Cody, SECURITIES

AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.

_________________

OPINION _________________

CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant, Keith L. Mohn, appeals a district court order granting the

application of Plaintiff Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for enforcement of its order

affirming sanctions levied against Defendant by the National Association of Securities Dealers

(“NASD”), pursuant to the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), 15 U.S.C. § 78a

et seq. The district court found that Exchange Act § 21(e), 15 U.S.C. § 78u(e)(1), authorized the

SEC to file an application for an enforcement order, and that the order was not precluded by § 21(f),

15 U.S.C. §78u(f), or barred by the statute of limitations as set forth by 28 U.S.C. § 2462.

For the following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision.

1
No. 05-1762 SEC v. Mohn Page 2

1

Defendant does not and cannot appeal the affirmance of the NASD sanction because he failed to appeal the

SEC order. See 15 U.S.C. § 78y(a)(1).

2

The SEC concedes that de novo review is appropriate. (Gov’t Br. 8.) Since the Exchange Act does not appear

to provide the SEC with interpretive discretion over Exchange Act § 21(e) and the SEC has not promulgated any official

interpretations of the provision, de novo review is appropriate under United States v. Mead, 533 U.S. 218 (2001), and

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).

BACKGROUND

Defendant was an investment broker and dealer with John Hancock Distributors, Inc. and

John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. (“brokerage firms”). (Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 26.)

Defendant and both brokerage firms are members of the NASD, a securities association registered

with the SEC. Defendant’s wife was also a registered representative in the securities industry. Id. Defendant directly solicited customers to purchase limited partnership interests sponsored by Citi

Equity Group, Inc. and arranged for his wife to effectuate the transactions through a third-party firm.

Id. The brokerage firms neither knew of nor approved these transactions. Id.

On January 30, 1998, the NASD Business Conduct Committee (“Committee”) found

Defendant to be in violation of NASD Conduct Rules for participating in private securities

transactions without prior notice to, and approval of, his brokerage firms. (J.A. at 26.) Defendant

was censured, barred from association with any NASD-member firm in any capacity, and fined

$56,377.50. Id. His appeal to the NASD National Adjudicatory Council (“Council”) affirmed the

Committee’s findings and sanctions on January 22, 1999. Id. The Council added $750.00 to

Defendant’s fine for appeal costs, thereby increasing the total fine to $57,127.50. Id. Defendant

appealed the NASD’s final decision to the SEC, pursuant to the SEC’s adjudicatory oversight

authority over national securities associations under Exchange Act § 19(f), 15 U.S.C. § 78s(f). (J.A.

at 11.) By order dated November 16, 1999, the SEC affirmed the NASD’s censure and bar, but

reduced Defendant’s fine to $54,905.50. Id. Defendant did not appeal the SEC’s order.1

On November 12, 2004, the SEC filed an application with the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Michigan, pursuant to Exchange Act § 21(e), 15 U.S.C. § 78u(e)(1), for

enforcement of its November 16, 1999 order affirming the NASD judgment against Defendant,

alleging that the fine levied against Defendant remained outstanding. (J.A. at 3-9.) The district

court granted the enforcement application in an opinion and order dated April 7, 2005. (J.A. at 94-

95.) 

DISCUSSION

I. Standard of Review 

Whether the SEC’s application to the district court for enforcement of its order is authorized

under Exchange Act § 21(e), precluded by §21(f), 15 U.S.C. §78u(f), or barred by the statute of

limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2462, is a question of statutory interpretation that this Court reviews de

novo.

2

 See United States v. Wagner, 382 F.3d 598, 606-07 (6th Cir. 2004). 

II. Exchange Act §21(e) Authorizes the SEC to Apply for Enforcement of its Orders

1. Statutory Framework

The NASD is a self-regulating, national securities association registered with the SEC. The

SEC exercises broad supervisory authority over the NASD, but the NASD is responsible for

enforcing securities laws and its own conduct rules against its member companies and their
No. 05-1762 SEC v. Mohn Page 3

employees. 15 U.S.C. § 78s(b). Any person or company subject to NASD disciplinary action may

seek review with the SEC pursuant to Exchange Act § 19(d)(2). 15 U.S.C. § 78s(d)(2). In turn, any

person aggrieved by an SEC order may appeal to the appropriate United States court of appeals.

15 U.S.C. § 78y(a)(1).

In addition to serving an appellate role over NASD actions, the SEC may also directly

enforce national securities laws and NASD rules by filing complaints against alleged violators in

district court pursuant to Exchange Act § 21(d), 15 U.S.C. § 78u(d). In pertinent part, § 21(d)

provides that

[w]henever it shall appear to the [SEC] that any person is engaged or

is about to engage in acts or practices constituting a violation of any

provision of this chapter, the rules or regulations thereunder, the rules

of a national securities exchange or registered securities association

of which such person is a member . . . it may in its discretion bring an

action in the proper district court . . . to enjoin such acts or practices,

and upon a proper showing a permanent or temporary injunction or

restraining order shall be granted without bond.

15 U.S.C. §78(u)(1). The SEC may pursue both injunctive relief and civil monetary penalties. Id.

The SEC may also seek a mandamus in a district court to enforce the Exchange Act and the rules

and orders issued thereunder. Exchange Act § 21(e), 15 U.S.C. § 78u(e). More specifically, 

[u]pon application of the [SEC] the district courts . . . shall have

jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, injunctions, and orders

commanding . . . any person to comply with the provisions of this

title, the rules, regulations, and orders thereunder, [or] the rules of a

national securities exchange or registered securities association of

which such person is a member . . . .

15 U.S.C. § 78u(e)(1). The SEC’s authority under Exchange Act § 21(e) is constrained by

provisions in § 21(f), 15 U.S.C. § 78u(f). The SEC may not 

bring any action pursuant to subsection (d) or (e) of this section

against any person for violation of, or to command compliance with,

the rules of a self-regulatory organization . . . unless it appears to the

[SEC] that (1) such self-regulatory organization . . . is unable or

unwilling to take appropriate action against such person in the public

interest and for the protection of investors, or (2) such action is

otherwise necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the

protection of investors.

15 U.S.C. § 78u(f).

2. The Plain Language of Exchange Act § 21(e) Authorizes the SEC to Seek

Judicial Enforcement of All Orders

Defendant contends that Exchange Act § 21(e) does not empower the SEC to seek

enforcement of the NASD order of January 22, 1999 because § 21(e) empowers the SEC to enforce

orders issued only in connection with its direct enforcement activities and not orders issued in

connection with its appellate authority over the NASD under Exchange Act § 19. He argues that

the SEC has separate and distinct roles under Exchange Act §§19 and 21. Section 19(d)(2)

authorizes the SEC to serve an appellate role over NASD disciplinary actions, while § 21(d)

empowers the SEC to directly enforce national securities laws and NASD rules. Defendant
No. 05-1762 SEC v. Mohn Page 4

maintains that § 21(e) does not authorize the SEC to seek enforcement of orders issued pursuant to

the SEC’s appellate role under § 19 because the mandamus provision of § 21(e) is structurally

separate from the SEC’s appellate powers. (Def. Br. 10-12.) Defendant contends that Congress

empowered the SEC to seek mandamus for enforcement of its orders under § 21(e), but did not

include a similar provision in § 19. Defendant maintains that the Court should interpret the

Exchange Act as precluding the SEC from seeking a mandamus in a district court for enforcement

of orders issued pursuant to its appellate authority under § 19, in accordance with the maxim inclusio

unius est exclusio alterius.

The Court finds that Defendant’s contentions are unpersuasive because they ignore the plain

language of Exchange Act § 21(e) and seek to create a structural separation in the Exchange Act

which simply does not exist. Exchange Act § 21(e) expressly empowers the SEC to solicit “writs

of mandamus, injunctions, and orders commanding [] any person to comply with the provisions of

this title, the rules, regulations, and orders thereunder [or] the rules of a national securities exchange

or registered securities association of which such person is a member.” 15 U.S.C. § 78u(e)

(emphasis added). The reference to “this title” in this provision implicates the entire Exchange Act,

and permits the SEC to apply to the district court for enforcement of orders issued pursuant to any

section in the Exchange Act, not just direct enforcement activities under § 21. Therefore, Exchange

Act § 21(e) simply does not differentiate between orders issued under § 21 and orders issued under

§ 19. 

Three circuit courts of appeals have had the opportunity to rule on the use of Exchange Act

§ 21(e) to enforce SEC orders which affirm NASD disciplinary rulings, and all three courts have

held that the SEC may use § 21(e) for applications to enforce orders originally issued pursuant to

the SEC’s appellate authority under§ 19. See SEC v. Vittor, 323 F.3d 930, 934 (11th Cir. 2003)

(“[W]e conclude that the SEC’s order sustaining the NASD’s disciplinary sanctions was

unquestionably an order [enforceable under § 21(e)].”); SEC v. McCarthy, 322 F.3d 650, 655 (9th

Cir. 2003) (“The [SEC] does not lose standing to enforce its orders in district court simply because

it fulfills an appellate function, rather than one of direct enforcement or regulation, in making such

an order.”); Lang v. French, 154 F.3d 217, 222 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Inasmuch as the SEC’s affirmance,

by order, of sanctions imposed by the NASD operates as an ‘order’ to the same degree and in the

same fashion as do orders issued by the agency pursuant to its own enforcement initiatives, [§ 21(e)]

indisputably endows district courts with the enforcement authority at issue in this case.”). In

addition, the Third Circuit – in a case concerning the SEC’s authority to seek judicial enforcement

of its orders, but that did not involve the NASD – has also found that Exchange Act § 21(e)

empowers the SEC to obtain judicial relief in district court against a defendant who fails to comply

with a SEC order. See SEC v. J.W. Barclay & Co., Inc., 442 F.3d 834, 844 (3d Cir. 2006).

Moreover, numerous district courts have also found that the plain language of Exchange Act § 21(e)

empowers the SEC to apply for enforcement of orders issued pursuant to the SEC’s appellate

function under § 19. See, e.g., SEC v. Pinchas, 421 F. Supp. 2d 781, 783 (S.D.N.Y. 2006); SEC v.

Peta, No. 1:00 CV 1437 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 26, 2000) (enforcing order affirming NASD-imposed

sanctions upon SEC’s §21(e) application). In the instant case, the Court reaches the same

conclusion found in these well-reasoned opinions – namely, that the plain language of § 21(e)

empowers the SEC to apply to the district court for enforcement of all orders issued pursuant to the

Exchange Act. 

III. Exchange Act § 21(f) Does Not Preclude the SEC’s Application for Enforcement of its

Order 

Defendant argues that even if the Court were to conclude that Exchange Act § 21(e)

authorizes the SEC to seek enforcement of its orders in district court, the language of § 21(f)

precludes the SEC from doing so in the instant case. Section 21(f) is designed to prevent the SEC

from usurping NASD’s self-regulatory role and provides that the SEC may not
No. 05-1762 SEC v. Mohn Page 5

bring any action pursuant to subsection (d) or (e) of this section

against any person for violation of, or to command compliance with,

the rules of a self-regulatory organization unless it appears to the

[SEC] that (1) such self-regulatory organization is unable or

unwilling to take appropriate action against such person in the public

interest and for the protection of investors, or (2) such action is

otherwise necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the

protection of investors.

15 U.S.C. § 78u(f). Defendant argues that this provision limits the SEC’s ability to bring direct

enforcement proceedings under § 21(d) and to seek a mandamus under § 21(e) for enforcement of

orders issued in its appellate role pursuant to § 19. (Def. Br. 17.) More specifically, Defendant

contends that the conditions set forth in § 21(f) have not been met – namely, there is no indication

that the NASD is unwilling or unable to enforce its own decision, and there is no allegation that this

litigation is necessary to protect the public interest. (Def. Br. 18.) 

Section § 21(f) expressly applies only to the SEC’s authority to enforce compliance with

NASD rules under § 21, but does not restrict the SEC’s ability to apply for enforcement of its own

orders under § 21. In the instant case, the SEC’s application for enforcement to the district court

was not for compliance with NASD rules, but to enforce its own order under § 21. The Eleventh

Circuit has found § 21(f) inapplicable to SEC applications to enforce its own previously issued

orders. See Vittor, 323 F.3d at 935. This Court reaches the same conclusion as the Eleventh Circuit

in Vittor and finds that § 21(f) does not preclude the SEC’s application for an enforcement order.

Moreover, adopting Defendant’s approach would undermine the purpose of § 21(f). Section

21(f) prevents the SEC from usurping the NASD’s self-regulating role. In the instant case, the

NASD fulfilled its self-regulatory role by taking disciplinary action against Defendant. The SEC’s

application for judicial enforcement promotes the NASD’s authority to pronounce judgment against

its members by requiring that Defendant satisfy the judgment issued against him. Since Defendant

has already demonstrated that he is not willing to pay the fine voluntarily, (J.A. at 3-9), the district

court’s order will permit the NASD to collect the fine levied against Defendant. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 71 (permitting enforcement of orders made in favor of third parties by those third parties). Since

the ability to pursue collection actions is a key component of a self-regulatory regime, the SEC’s

application for an enforcement order cannot be construed as usurping the NASD’s self-regulating

role.

IV. The Statute of Limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2462 Does Not Bar the SEC’s Application for

an Enforcement Order

Defendant contends that 28 U.S.C. § 2462 bars the SEC’s application to enforce its prior

order. (J.A. at 59.) In pertinent part, § 2462 provides that:

an action, suit or proceeding for the enforcement of any civil fine,

penalty, or forfeiture, pecuniary or otherwise, shall not be entertained

unless commenced within five years from the date when the claim

first accrued . . . .
No. 05-1762 SEC v. Mohn Page 6

3

For its part, the SEC relies on United States Dep’t of Labor v. Old Ben Coal Co., 676 F.2d 259 (7th Cir. 1982),

for the proposition that 28 U.S.C. § 2462 does not apply to collection proceedings. (Gov’t Br. 18-19.) In the Seventh

Circuit, district courts have cited Old Ben Coal for the proposition that the statute of limitations in § 2462 begins to run

for collection actions once the underlying administrative proceeding adjudicating liability becomes final, impliedly

holding that Old Ben Coal’s alternative finding – that 28 U.S.C. § 2462 does not apply to collection actions – is no longer

good law. See, e.g., United States v. Serfilco, Ltd., No. 98-C-2490, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14478, at *4-5 (N.D. Ill. Sept.

11, 1998). Moreover, the notion that § 2462 does not apply to collection actions is contrary to the plain language of the

statute and the overwhelming majority of case law. See United States v. Godbout-Bandal, 232 F.3d 637, 640 (8th Cir.

2000); United States v. Great Am. Veal, 998 F. Supp. 416, 424 (D.N.J. 1998); United States v. McCune, 763 F. Supp.

916, 918 (S.D. Ohio 1989); cf. Mullikin v. United States, 952 F.2d 920, 929 (6th Cir. 1991).

4

Were the “final” order of the NASD to commence the five-year statute of limitations under § 2462 for the SEC

enforcement action, as Defendant argues, a defendant could subvert the authority of both the NASD and SEC by

withholding payment and pursuing appeals. The combination of an appeal to the SEC, a subsequent appeal to a United

States court of appeals, and a request for certiorari to the Supreme Court could easily consume the entire five-year

statute of limitations following an NASD decision. This simply cannot be the intent of the statute. 

28 U.S.C. § 2462. This general, five-year statute of limitations provision applies to government

actions to enforce administratively assessed penalties.3 See, e.g., Johnson v. SEC, 87 F.3d 484, 492

(D.C. Cir. 1996) (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 2462 applies to an action under Exchange Act § 15(b));

SEC v. Caserta, 75 F. Supp. 2d 79, 89 (E.D.N.Y. 1999) (finding that 28 U.S.C. § 2462 applies to

SEC civil penalty claims); United States v. Meyer, 808 F.2d 912, 914 (1st Cir. 1987) (applying

§ 2462 to an action under 8 U.S.C. § 801 et seq.); cf. Mullikin v. United States, 952 F.2d 920, 929

(6th Cir. 1991) (evaluating whether 28 U.S.C. § 2462 applies in actions to collect already assessed

tax penalties). In applying the statue of limitations against the government, however, “the statute

of limitations must receive a strict construction in favor of the government.” Id. at 926. 

The parties agree that a claim accrues and the period of limitations begins to run on any

collection proceeding to which § 2462 applies once the underlying administrative action establishing

liability becomes final. See, e.g., Meyer, 808 F.2d at 914; Crown Coat Front Co. v. United States, 386 U.S. 503, 513-14 (1967) (holding that statute of limitations for bringing suit to contest

administrative ruling does not commence until administrative ruling becomes final). However, the

parties disagree as to when the SEC’s claim accrued for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2462. Defendant

argues that the SEC’s claim accrued when the NASD issued its final disciplinary order on January

22, 1999, and that the statute of limitations was not tolled during his appeal to the SEC because the

appellate proceedings did not impose any independent fine or assessment. (Def. Br. 20-21.) 

Defendant’s argument is contrary to the general understanding of finality in administrative

proceedings.4

 “A cause of action ‘accrues’ when a suit may be maintained thereon . . . .” Black’s

Law Dictionary 21 (6th ed. 1990). Admittedly, the January 22, 1999 order operated as the NASD’s

“final” order. However, the administrative proceeding against Defendant was not final until he

either exhausted or ceased to pursue his administrative appeals. In the instant case, the liability

proceeding against Defendant was not final on January 22, 1999, because he chose to pursue an

appeal as of right to the SEC. The SEC simply had no order to enforce until it issued the November

16, 1999 order affirming the NASD sanctions. Therefore, the underlying administrative action

adjudging liability was not final until at least November 16, 1999, the date of the SEC order. Since

the SEC applied for enforcement of its order on November 12, 2004, four days within the five-year

period of limitation, this action is timely. 

CONCLUSION

Exchange Act § 21(e) empowers the SEC to apply to the district court for enforcement of

an SEC order affirming NASD sanctions under § 19. The SEC’s application for an enforcement
No. 05-1762 SEC v. Mohn Page 7

order is not precluded by 15 U.S.C. §78u(f) or barred by the statute of limitations set forth in 28

U.S.C. § 2462.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s decision.