# Patent

## Title
Topic based recommender system and method

## Abstract

A recommendation system is used to provide suggestions in environments such as message boards, RSS aggregators, blogs and the like by comparing member interests and creating recommendation items corresponding to categorized topics or other members. In some instances, a natural language can assist in processing content to sort it into the appropriate topic bin. An advertising module cooperates with the system to provide content based ads relevant to the recommended items.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION DATA
The present application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of the priority date of Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/826,677 filed Sep. 22, 2006 which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to electronic recommendation systems and other related systems.
BACKGROUND
Recommender systems are well known in the art. In one example, such systems can make recommendations for movie titles to a subscriber. In other instances they can provide suggestions for book purchases, or even television program viewing. Such algorithms are commonplace in a number of Internet commerce environments, including at Amazon, CDNOW, and Netflix to name a few, as well as programming guide systems such as TiVO.
Traditionally recommender systems are used in environments in which a content provider is attempting to provide new and interesting material to subscribers, in the form of additional products and services. In some cases (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,703 incorporated by reference herein) recommenders have been employed for the purpose of informing members of an online community of content and/or preferences of other members. Nonetheless the use of recommenders has not been extended fully to such domains and other online areas, including social networks, which could benefit from such systems. Only recently for example have recommenders been proposed for generating user to user recommendations in a music related community. See e.g., US Publication No. 2007/0203790 to Torrens, incorporated by reference herein. Similar systems which recommend content/users are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,493,703 to Knight et al., also incorporated by reference herein.
Multi-dimensional recommenders have also been recently introduced. For an example of such systems, please see U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0103092 to Tuzhilin et al. and an article entitled “Incorporating Contextual Information in Recommender Systems Using a Multidimensional Approach” to Adomavicius et al., both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. In such systems, however, the extra dimensionality arises from additional content related to items which are nonetheless still traditional commerce items, such as movies.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention, therefore, is to reduce and/or overcome the aforementioned limitations of the prior art. A recommender system which evaluates multiple data sources is employed to generate more accurate and relevant predictions concerning data items and other users within a community.



DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an illustration of a multi-dimensional recommender system of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a preferred embodiment of a multi-dimensional recommender system 100. A user/item compiler and database 110 includes a schema in which ratings for individual items by individual users are identified in a typical matrix fashion well-known in the art. The primary difference, in this instance, is that the items are not products/services (i.e., books, movies, etc.) as in the prior art, but instead represent more generalized concepts, such as a rating identified by a user for an author, a social network contact, a particular message board or post, a particular blog or website, a particular RSS Feed, etc., as shown by the data received from sources.
Explicit Endorsement Data Sources 120
As an example of an explicit data source 120, in a typical message board application such as operated by Yahoo! (under the moniker Yahoo Message Boards) or the Motley Fool, users are permitted to designate “favorite” authors, and/or to “recommend” posts written by particular individuals. In accordance with the present invention these designations of favorite authors and recommendations for posts are monitored, tabulated, and then translated into ratings for such authors/posts and compiled in a database under control of an item/user compiler module. The ratings will be a function of the environment in which the information is collected of course, so that a recommendation by person A for a post written by person B can be scored as a simple 1 or 0. While current message board systems presently track these kinds of endorsements, it will be understood that the invention can be applied to any aspect of such environments in which subscribers are allowed to endorse, rate, or declare an interest or preference for a certain author, post, subject, etc.
The purpose of using a recommender algorithm (either collaborative filter or content filter as the case may require) would be of course to recommend additional authors, topics, or similar subject matter to members of such message boards based on their professed interests in other authors and topics. For example a first individual with favorite authors A, B, C may not realize that other individuals designating A, B, C as favorite authors also designate D and E as favorite authors, and this information can be passed on to such first individual increase the potential enjoyment of such site.
Similarly in other environments as data source a user's designation of favorite web-logs (blogs), favorite RSS feeds, etc. as evidenced by their inclusion in an RSS aggregator or as designated favorites within a web browser, or by some other mechanism could be similarly tabulated to create a user-item matrix of ratings for such items. This can be used to pass on recommendations for new blogs, RSS feeds, etc.
In some applications an e-commerce site includes social networking features whereby members link to each other explicitly as part of groups. For example in sites operated by Myspace, or Netflix, members can designate other members explicitly with the label friends. As with the other data sources, these user-friend associations can be tabulated into a form suitable for use by a recommendation algorithm. Again, while these sites specifically designate individuals as friends, other sites may allow members to designate some other favorite item, such as an image, a website, a video, etc.
It should be apparent therefore that the item/user compiler database may in fact be comprised of several different dedicated files unique to a particular site or domain of users.
Implicit Endorsement Data Sources 125
In contrast to explicit data sources, the data from implicit data sources 125 includes materials which typically must undergo further processing to determine both the item and the associated rating. That is, in the case of a search result for example, the item may be one of the pages presented in the search result, or one or more concepts derived from the content of such page. The rating may be based on a number of invocations of such page, a length of time spent at such page, or any other well-known attention metric used to determine a person's interest in a particular website.
Other sources of implicit data can include ads selected by an individual (during an online session or from another electronic interface which collects and presents ad related data, such as a Tivo box or the like), audio/video content, posts, blogs, podcasts, articles, stories and the like which are read and/or authored by the person. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such monitorings could be done in any situation where a person's selections can be identified.
Natural Language Classifier 130
Regardless of the source of the implicit data, the invention uses a natural language classifier/mapper module 130 to translate the raw data into one or more predefined concepts—representing the items in this instance—with reference to a topic/concept classification database 140. For example, a topic/concept may include such items as personal interests/hobbies, music bands, company names, stock symbols, brand names, foods, restaurants, movies, etc., depending on the intended application. These are but examples of course and it will be understood that such topics/concepts could include almost anything.
The items for the recommender database 140 can be mapped onto the topics/concepts either on a 1:1 basis, a 1:N basis, or an N:1 basis. In other words, if an item in the recommender database 140 is designated with the label “Sony,” there may be an identical entry in the topic/concept classification with such term. Semantic equivalents may also be used where appropriate. Similarly a single item “Sony” may be associated with multiple topics/concepts, such as a reference to a particular product or service offered by such company (for example Vaio) a stock symbol for Sony, a reference to a key employee/officer of Sony, and the like. Conversely some topics/concepts may also be mapped to multiple items, so that a reference to Sony Vaio may be linked to such items as Sony and personal state of the art computers.
The natural language classifier/mapper 130 is preferably trained with a training corpus 145 so that it can effectively learn the correct correlations between data and concepts. After training, the natural language classifier/mapper 130 can recognize words/phrases within a search page, ad, post, etc., and correlate them to one or more topics/concepts. Thus if a document contains the word Dell, the NL classifier can be taught to recognize such word as corresponding to such concepts as a particular brand name, a computer company, and the like.
The advantage of such approach, of course, is that documents authored/reviewed by individuals do not have to contain specific or explicit references to the item in question. Thus the system understands that an individual reading articles about Porsches, Ferraris, etc, is probably interested in high end sports cars, luxury items, etc. While NL classifiers are well-known and have been used in other contexts such as search engines and related indices, they do not appear to have been used to date to assist in the identification and rating of items for a recommender.
Ratings
As alluded to earlier the ratings in the above types of applications can be based on any convenient scale depending on the source of the data and the intended use. Some designations may be rated or scaled higher than others, depending on their recency, relative use, etc. The weightings again can be based on system performance requirements, objectives, and other well-known parameters. Thus with all other things being equal, older designations may receive higher scores than more recent designations, so long as the former are still designated as active in the user's day to day experience. So for example, after a predefined period, the first designated favorite author for a particular individual may receive a boosting to their rating if such author is still being read by the individual. Similarly, “stale” endorsements may be reduced over time if they are not frequently used. The degree of activity may be benchmarked to cause a desired result (i.e., endorsements receiving no activity within N days may receive a maximum attenuation factor) monitored to attenuate the ratings.
Quantitatively, the ratings therefore can be a simple mathematical relationship of usage frequency and age of the endorsement. The ratings may also be affected by the context in which they are generated, or in which the recommendation is solicited, as noted in the Tuzhilin materials above. The ratings can be updated at any regular desired interval of time, such as on a daily, weekly, or other convenient basis. For example, one approach may use the product of (frequency of use*age of the endorsement), with some normalization applied. This will result in an increase in score for older and more frequently used items. Other types of algorithms will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In this respect the invention attempts to mimic the behavior of a learning network which gives precedence to connections which are more strongly connected and reinforced regularly.
Recommendation Engine Module 115 Outputs
A recommendation engine module 115 thus generates outputs in a conventional fashion using a collaborative filtering algorithm, a content based filtering algorithm, or some combination therefore depending on the particular application and the data available in the item/user database. The outputs can include:
1) predictions on how much particular users will like particular items; for example, in a message board application, an indication of a rating at output 180 that a particular person would give to a specific post, specific author, specific topic, etc.;
2) recommendation outputs 170 on specific authors, topics, posts, etc. which a particular person may want to consider for review in their perusings at such site; this data can be presented to a user in the form of individual entries, top x lists, etc.
3) an output to adjust, adapt or personalize search engine (not shown) results presented to a user in response to a query on a specific subject. For example if a user performed a search at a site relating to video recorders, the result set typically includes a set of N distinct hits. The information from the recommendation engine 115 may be used to tailor the results more particularly to the user.
In a first instance, the user has a prior profile which can be determined and exploited from item/user database 110, so that the search results are modified accordingly. As an example, the user may have expressed a favorable interest, endorsement or inclination towards Sony. This data in turn could be used to optionally modify, bias or alter the N distinct hits to accommodate the prior experiences.
In a second instance, even if the user does not have a profile, the query can be compared against items in the item/user database to determine favored or highly rated articles. Thus, in the above example, any ratings for Sony, or other video recorder suppliers, could be evaluated to identify additional modifications to the search engine results. In this manner a recommender can supplement the performance of a search engine based on real world experiences and thus increase the chances of successful experiences by searchers.
To map search queries to items for the above enhancements, the topic/concept classification database 140 can be consulted as needed. Again this may result in a number of item related entries being used to modify the search results.
It should be apparent that the output could be used by a separate recommender system, as well, to supplement an existing data set.
Advertising Module 150
An advertising module 150 can be used to provide relevant advertising material based on the content of predictions, recommendations and other outputs of the recommendation engine. As seen in FIG. 1, an interface routine 153 permits third parties and site operators to enter well-known advertising campaign information, such as advertising copy/content, desired keywords, and other information well-known in the art. The ads can take any form suitable for presentation within an electronic interface, and may include text and multi-media information (audio, video, graphics, etc.)
In prior art systems ads are correlated to search engine results, such as in a system known as “Adwords” offered by Google. In such applications ads are presented to searchers based on one or more topics identified in a search query.
The present invention extends this concept to recommenders, so that ads are served in accordance with a topic determined from a recommendation. For example, on a message board application, if the system were to determine that (based on prior ratings for certain topics) the user should also be recommended to review content on a board devoted to vintage cars, the ads presented with such recommendation could be tailored to content of such vintage car board, and/or to the specific content of the recommendation itself.
As seen in FIG. 1, the advertising stock 152 offered by third parties is matched against one or more topics/concepts in the topic/concept classification database 140. The mapping of the advertising stock to such topics can again be done automatically by natural language classifier/mapper 130, or alternatively selected independently by the third party/system site operator. In the latter case some oversight may be necessary to prevent third parties from intentionally polluting the relevancy of ads by presenting them in inappropriate contexts.
An advertising engine 151 is invoked and cooperates with a recommendation engine 115 so that relevant ads are presented with an output of the latter. As noted above such ads may also be presented as suitable for inclusion with a modified set of search results for a search engine. In this fashion an advertising system can be superimposed over the recommender system, so that relevant ads are presented at 160 in response to, and in conjunction with, a recommendation, prediction, etc., either at the same time, or at a later time in the form of emails, alerts, printed copy or other suitable materials for consumer consumption.
Applications
As alluded to earlier, the present invention can be used advantageously in a number of e-commerce applications, including:

    
    
        Message boards: the invention can be employed to predict/recommend other authors, posters, topics, etc., which would be of interest to members;
        Social networking: the invention can be employed to predict/recommend other contacts, “friends,” topics, etc. which a member of an online community may enjoy based on such member's other friends, topics reviewed, etc. By measuring an adoption rate between members for particular friends, or determining which friends' interests are most often copied, the system can even provide suggestions to specific members so that they send invitations to other members predicted to be good candidates for friends within the community.
        RSS, Blogs, Podcasts, Ads: the invention can be employed to predict/recommend other Ads, RSS feeds, Blogs and Podcasts to individuals, based on adoptions/endorsements made by other online users.
    
    


Furthermore other options include monitoring group behavior and treating any such collection of individuals as a single entity for item/rating purposes. This aggregation can be used to recommend higher order logical groupings of individuals, particularly in social networking applications, to enhance the user experience.
That is, in conventional CF systems, individuals are automatically assigned to specific clusters based on a determination of a significant number of common interests/tastes. In the present invention the individual self-selected groupings within social networks can be broken down and treated as clusters so that comparisons can be made against particular user's interests, predilections, etc. Based on such comparisons groups can opt to extend invitations to new members which they would otherwise not notice or come into contact with. Conversely new members can be given some immediate insight into potentially fruitful social groups.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the above is merely an example and that countless variations on the above can be implemented in accordance with the present teachings. A number of other conventional steps that would be included in a commercial application have been omitted, as well, to better emphasize the present teachings.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the modules of the present invention, including those illustrated in FIG. 1 can be implemented using any one of many known programming languages suitable for creating applications that can run on large scale computing systems, including servers connected to a network (such as the Internet). The details of the specific implementation of the present invention will vary depending on the programming language(s) used to embody the above principles, and are not material to an understanding of the present invention. Furthermore, in some instances, a portion of the hardware and software of FIG. 1 will be contained locally to a member's computing system, which can include a portable machine or a computing machine at the users premises, such as a personal computer, a PDA, digital video recorder, receiver, etc.
Furthermore it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this is not the entire set of software modules that can be used, or an exhaustive list of all operations executed by such modules. It is expected, in fact, that other features will be added by system operators in accordance with customer preferences and/or system performance requirements. Furthermore, while not explicitly shown or described herein, the details of the various software routines, executable code, etc., required to effectuate the functionality discussed above in such modules are not material to the present invention, and may be implemented in any number of ways known to those skilled in the art.
The above descriptions are intended as merely illustrative embodiments of the proposed inventions. It is understood that the protection afforded the present invention also comprehends and extends to embodiments different from those above, but which fall within the scope of the present claims.

## Claims

1. A method of generating automatic recommendations for human readable content sources to a first user with a computing system comprising:
(a) processing a set of first ratings from the first user for a plurality of first content sources with the computing system, each of the first content sources including at least one of a human author, a non-human entity, or a social network contact, to derive a first set of interests for said first user;
(b) establishing a first user profile for the first user based on said step (a), the first user profile containing the ratings and the first set of interests derived for the first user for said one or more first user selected human readable content source entities;
(c) processing a set of second ratings from one or more second users for said first content source, to derive a second set of interests for said second users;
(d) correlating said set of first ratings with said set of second ratings using the computing system to predict a selected set of second users for inclusion as human readable content source entities within said first user profile;
(e) generating an automatic recommendation with a recommender system operating on the computing system or another computing system which identifies to the first user both: 1) Phone or more of said selected set of second users to said first user; and 2) one or more of the second set of interests based at least in part on step (c); and
(f) modifying said first user profile upon receiving a confirmation from the first user to include one or more of said selected set of second users and/or one or more of the second set of interests.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said correlation is determined by one or both of collaborative filtering or corroborative filtering.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said set of first ratings and said set of second ratings include implicit ratings data which is determined implicitly from actions taken by said first user and said one or more second users in reviewing content presented electronically during an Internet session including at one or more website separate from a website supported by the computing system.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said set of first ratings and said set of second ratings are recommendations given to authors of message board posts.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising presenting an advertisement to said first user which contains content predicted based on said correlation.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising presenting an advertisement along with said recommendation, the advertisement being based on a content of said recommendation.

7. A method of generating automatic recommendations at a website for content to a first user with a computing system comprising:
(a) providing a first database correlating a plurality of first individual data items and rankings for the first user, wherein at least some of said first individual data items represent first user selected second entities;
(b) providing a second database correlating a plurality of topics or concepts to one or more of said plurality of first individual data items as well as to one or more of a plurality of second individual data items, each of said first and second pluralities of first and second individual data items being associated with at least one corresponding topic or concept;
(c) identifying first content presented to the first user with the computing system;
(d) analyzing said first content with the computing system to classify said first content to one or more first topics or first concepts using a natural language engine classifier;
(e) identifying at least one individual data item from said second database corresponding to said first topics or first concepts;
(f) identifying a rating provided by said first user with the computing system for said first content;
(g) generating a ranking for said corresponding at least one individual data item from said rating provided by the first user for said first content;
(h) repeating steps (c) through (g) for other content presented for the first user to generate a plurality of rankings for a plurality of corresponding individual data items in said second database;
(i) comparing rankings for individual data items provided by said first user and one or more second users, including said user selected second entities, to identify correlations between such users and/or individual data items;
(j) generating and presenting an automatic recommendation with a recommender system operating on the computing system for the first user concerning an individual data item based in part on step (i); and
(k) generating and presenting a recommendation with the computing system for the first user to adopt selected ones of said one or more second users based in part on step (i).

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising training said natural language engine with a training corpus.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein said first content includes at least one of: (1) an advertisement presented to the first user; (2) a search result list; or (3) human readable content reviewed on the Internet.

10. The method of claim 7, further comprising customizing a search engine result by the first user concerning one of said topics or concepts based on one or both of said prediction or said recommendation.