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Bibliography of Map Projections 

Edited by JOHN P. SNYDER and 

HARRY STEWARD 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1856 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DONALD PAUl HODEl, Secretary 

U.S. GEOlOGICAl SURVEY 

Dallas l. Peck, Director 

Any use of trade names and trade marks 

in this publication is for descriptive 

purposes only and does not constitute 

endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1988 

For sale by the 

Books and Open-File Reports Section 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425 

Denver, CO 80225 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Bibliography of map projections. 

(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin : 1856) 

Includes index. 

Supt. of Docs.: 119.3 

1. Map-projection-Bibliography. I. Snyder, John Parr, 192&- . II. 

Series 

QE75.B9 no. 1856 [Z6021] [GA110] 557.3s 88-{,0(}174 

[016.5268] 
PREFACE 

The discipline of cartography has a rich and 

complex history and a lengthy literature to 

accompany it. Cartographers have not only 

made maps; they have written about them in 

great detaiL One of the foremost of these topics 

has been that of map projections. 

The fascination, however, attendant upon 

the problems of getting "the round Earth on flat 

paper," to use a title by Chamberlin (1947), has 

captured the imagination of many others beyond 

the realm of practical mapmaking. The writings 

of cartographers, surveyors, and geodesists are 

thus accompanied not only by those of geographers, mathematicians, engineers, astronomers, 

and other physical scientists, but also by contributions from political scientists, artists, sociologists, school teachers, architects, and a host of 

others. Amateurs and professionals alike have 

been involved. 

The result is a body of literature, covering 

theory and practice, description and criticism, 

commentary and advocacy, that can lay good 

claim to being the most extensively discussed 

subtopic within the confines of cartography. An 

accounting of the many articles written not only 

delineates the considerable extent of these outpourings but also indicates that there are many 

lines of research yet to be explored. It is to assist 

the pursuit of such research, rather than to compile a mere inventory, that this bibliography has 

been assembled. 

The work itself has its origins in the earlier 

concerns of both editors, one having an accumulation of references deriving from a decade or 

more of active research in projection theory and 

practice, the other with involvement in a 

previous bibliographic project and many years of 

interest in the literature of cartography. 

The pr·esent compilation is preceded by other 

bibliographies, but apart from the numerous 

iii 

brief attachments to papers and books these 

have, for the most part, been sections of larger, 

more general, works. Chief among these has 

been the Bibliography of Cartography published 

by the Library of Congress in 1973 with a supplement in 1980 and an unpublished second 

supplement still in the process of assembly. 

Similar in significance are the near-annual 

listings of Bibliotheca Cartographica (1957-

1972) and its successor, Bibliographia Cartographica (1974 to present), both published in 

Germany but compiled from international 

contributions. 

Additional valuable material has been 

derived from the published bibliography of the 

American Geographical Society, the periodic 

compilations of Geographisches Jahrbuch, the 

card-index of the Royal Geographical Society in 

London, the annual listings of Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, the relevant sections of 

Geographical Abstracts and Ceo-Abstracts, the 

French Bibliographie Geographique Internationale, the International Catalogue of 

Scientific Literature, and the Russian publication, Referativnyy Zhurnal. Also of assistance 

have been the current-literature sections of a 

number of journals such as The American Cartographer, The Cartographic Journal, The Geographical Journal, Kartographische Nachrichten 

and others, and dozens of minor sources which 

provided many contributions not captured by the 

major compilations. 

'rhe editors' intention has been to compile a 

bibliography that is the most comprehensive yet 

in its subject area. They are confident that with 

over 2,500 entries they have done so (some 900 

entries through the second supplement of the 

Bibliography of Cartography comprise the most 

complete previous undertaking). Nevertheless, 

in the literal sense, they are well aware that this 

work is not complete. The nature of bibliographical work of such magnitude clearly prevents 
such an ideal from being attained; to check all 

journals, all references, all libraries, all sources, 

and all languages in an exhaustive manner is 

impossible without the provision of unlimited 

resources and time. 

The number of substantial references that 

have escaped, however, can be few. Others have 

been excluded deliberately on a basis of subjective evaluation, such as newspaper articles of 

insignificance, reviews unless deemed to add 

important information, many of the computer 

programs, and many minor and routine accounts 

in, for example, geography, navigation, or 

engineering texts. A few unpublished papers 

are included if they have been significantly 

referenced elsewhere. This bibliography still 

contains articles of lesser significance, but there 

is usually something special about them, or they 

bear the recommendation of other workers in 

this field. 

Because of the interrelation of map 

projections with other disciplines, especially 

geography and mathematics, somewhat arbitrary lines of separation have been drawn by the 

editors. A prominent example is the field of conformal mapping, a branch of mathematics often 

used for the mapping of physical phenomena 

having nothing to do with the shape of the Earth 

or its graticule of meridians and parallels. 

Therefore, with a few exceptions, conformal 

mapping is included in this bibliography strictly 

in a geographical (or celestial) context. 

A very quick appreciation of the growth and 

form of the literature may be obtained by a 

simple breakdown of the figures involved (see 

tables 1, 2, and 3). The 2,551 citations listed 

herein (treated for simplicity with equal weighting of the primary listing only) represent some 

28 languages which can be conveniently 

arranged in 4 arbitrary groups. Of the total, 

2,120 (some 83 percent) come from an initial 

group of 4: English, German, Russian, and 

French (table 1). Within these, English citations 

dominate, having over half the entries (1,094). 

German is a solid second with 591 (28 percent), 

while Russian and French follow, each with substantial totals, but having a combined figure less 

than that of German. The editors recognize that 

no matter how thoroughly these references have 

been sought without regard to geographical 

origin and date, there is a built-in bias tending 

iv 

to favor modern Western public~tions. It is 

believed that the effect is minor, however, and 

does not alter the qualitative aspect of the 

conclusions reached. 

The 431 remaining citations fall into some 

smaller groupings. Italian, Polish, Hungarian, 

and Spanish amount to 210 or some 8.2 percent 

of the overall total; a slightly smaller number, 

184, results from a larger group of 9 languages, 

ranging from Chinese with 30 entries to SerboCroatian at 11. Lastly, there is a minor category 

of 11 languages totaling only 33 entries among 

them, while 4 bibliographies, not assigned to a 

particular language, complete the picture. 

English, however, has been broken down a 

little further into 596 of United States origin, 

309 emanating from Great Britain, and 189 from 

miscellaneous other sources. These figures are 

based mainly on the national origin of the 

sources, such as the journals, assisted by some 

judicious interpretation on the part of the 

editors. They are meant to be no more than a 

general guide; writers publish outside their own 

country, English is used commonly as an 

international medium, some changes in nationality have been noted, and there is the general 

difficulty of identifying the native home of every 

individual. They are useful, however, along 

with the other language totals in seeing how the 

subject of map projections has varied worldwide 

over time. 

The chronology is summarized in tables 2 

and 3 and needs only a few additional remarks. 

The earliest reference in the bibliography is to 

the classical work of Ptolemy, which is circa 150 

A.D. and has been translated from the original 

Greek via Arabic and Latin to many. modern 

European languages. There then occurs the 

familiar literature gap of the Dark Ages, 

marked only by the ca. 1265 work of Roger 

Bacon, before the scattered writings of the 

Renaissance period appear. 

There are only 51 references, in 8languages, 

before 1800, and it is somewhat of a surprise to 

find that only 19 are in Latin, the common 

language of classically based European scholarship. Similarly unexpected is the appearance of 

3 citations in Swedish in the 1700's. English, 

German, and French lead the way with little 

difference among them in these early years, but 

it was German that pulled steadily ahead in the 
Table I.--Language totals of references cited 

Group I 1a English <U.S. I 596 

Cover 100 each) 1b English <British J 309 

1c English (other) 189 

Total English 1,094 

2 German 591 

3 Russian 255 

4 French 180 

Total 2,120 

Group II 5 Italian 72 

<30 to 100 each) 6 Polish 56 

7 Hungarian 46 

8 Spanish 36 

Total 210 

Group III 9 Chinese 30 

no to 30 each) 10 Bulgarian 27 

11 Czech 26 

12 Dutch 22 

13 Japanese 21 

14 Latin 19 

15 Swedish 16 

16 Portugese 12 

17 Serbo-Croatian !! 

Total 184 

Group IV 18 Danish 8 

(1 to 10 each> 19 Norwegian 5 

20 Greek 4 

21 Romanian 4 

22 Turkish 3 

23 Afrikaans 2 

24 Finnish 2 

25 Latvian 2 

26 Albanian 

27 Mongolian 

28 Slovakian ! 

Total 33 

29 Bibliographies 4 

Overall total2,551 <6 articles dual-language, but listed under principal language of author) 

v 
Table 2.--Chronological summary of references cited 

English 

U.S.A. British Other Total German Russian French Italian Polish Hungarian Spanish Others Total 

Language 

pre 1500 - - - - - - 2 2 

1500-99 1 1 1 - 6 8 

1600-99 - 1 1 2 - - 3 6 

1700-24 2 2 3 - - - 5 

1725-49 - 2 - 2 1 - 3 

1750-74 2 2 5 1 - - - 3 11 

1775-99 - 2 - 2 1 1 2 - 10 16 

1800-09 1 1 12 3 - 16 

1810-19 - - - 2 5 - - - - - 7 

1820-29 3 1 - 4 2 3 1 10 

1830-39 - 1 . 1 2 3 - - - 6 

1840-49 1 2 3 4 - 7 

1850-59 3 4 7 3 - 7 - - . - 17 

1860-69 3 5 8 10 - 10 1 - - 1 - 30 

:s. 1870-79 8 6 14 14 - 11 - - - - 1 40 

1880-89 7 5 - 12 36 - 14 9 - 1 - 2 74 

1890-99 3 5 2 10 44 2 11 15 - - 1 2 85 

1900-09 19 12 - 31 62 3 9 5 1 3 1 4 119 

1910-19 20 20 2 42 67 3 10 4 - 6 132 

1920-29 23 28 8 59 38 2 9 4 3 1 3 119 

1930-39 32 34 8 74 81 10 22 4 3 - 5 9 208 

1940-49 100 56 14 170 24 12 9 7 2 - 6 15 245 

1950-59 60 33 21 114 44 62 21 11 7 15 9 38 321 

1960-69 102 27 37 166 41 95 12 5 9 13 5 41 387 

1970-79 104 28 57 189 60 43 5 5 26 7 4 30 369 

1980-88 108 31 40 179 42 23 4 - 5 7 3 45 308 

596 309 189 1,094 591 255 180 72 56 46 36 221• 2,551 

*See breakdown in table 3. 
Table 3.--Breakdown of"Others" in table 2 

Chinese Bulgarian Czech Dutch Japanese Swedish Latin Portugese Serbo- Danish Norwegian Greek Romanian Turkish Afrikaans Finnish Latvian Totals 

Croatian 

Language 

pre 1870 11 32 193 14 Ill 25 

1870-79 1 1 

1880-89 1 1 2 

1890-99 1 1 - 2 

1900-09 2 2 4 

1910-19 2 2 1 1 6 

1920-29 1 1 1 3 

1930-39 1 2 5 1 9 

1940-49 1 2 1 1 1. 1 5 2 1 15 

1950-59 5 1 11 5 4 1 3 3 1 2 36 

1960-69 5 10 2 8 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 38 

1970-79 2 4 3 5 6 4 4 28 

< 1980-88 16 10 9 2 2 1 2 1 2 45 

-· ..... 

30 27 26 22 21 16 19 12 11 8 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 214 

11826 

21758,1782,1796 Above total 214 

31265:1; 1500-99:6; 1600-99:2; 1750-74:2; 1775-99:8 Albanian 1967 1 

41686 Mongolian 1966 

5A.D.150 I Ptolemy I Slovakian 1958 

Bibliographies 1957 

1967 

1973 

1974 

Total"Others" 221 
first decade of the 19th century. It retained this 

dominance throughout the 1800's, providing 125 

out of 292 recorded entries; French at 71 and 

English at 60 made up most of the rest. 

French was steadily overtaken by English in 

the early 20th century, but it was German that 

continued to predominate until the cataclysm of 

the First World War. Germany recovered this 

leadership briefly during the 1930's, but from 

1940 the majority position has been occupied by 

the United States with, from 1950, an increasing 

number of contributions from Russian sources. 

That the subject is healthy and thriving is indicated by the fact that over 1,000 of the entries 

in this bibliography have been published since 

1960. 

Thanks are due to a number of people. 

Ronald Grim, bibliographer in the Geography 

and Map Division, Library of Congress, kindly 

made available his card-files being prepared for 

the second supplement to the Bibliography of 

Cartography. John D. Hill, Arthur H. Robinson, 

and Waldo R. Tobler have taken time to study 

the manuscript, and we appreciate their suggested additions and corrections. The editors are 

grateful to reference librarians and facilities at 

the Library of Congress and at the libraries of 

the U.S. Geological Survey and of Clark 

University, and to Carlos B. Hagen. Additional 

translations have been provided by Karla 

Anderson, Andrew Grosz, Irena Kavalek, Ewa 

Katarzyna Raines, Nora Tamberg, and Paul 

viii 

Teleki. The editors especially thank Ann 

Yaeger and also Cynthia L. Sabatino and Joyce 

E. Yordy for their very considerable typing and 

formatting. 

Occasionally listings in the source bibliographies were found to have errors; in other cases, 

errors undoubtedly remain undetected. 

Similarly, the editorial process itself may have 

produced additional mistakes and omissions; the 

editors accept all responsibility for such and 

would be grateful to users for any corrections, 

suggested amendments, and general comments. 

The standard U.S. Geological Survey format 

used will be self-evident. The treatment of 

language is English-oriented; the family name 

of an author is given first, followed by a comma, 

even if local convention is different. Russian, 

Bulgarian, and Greek are generally transliterated following American/British convention 

(especially that of the U.S. Board on Geographic 

Names). English equivalents of Chinese and 

Japanese are usually given instead of transliteration. 'fhe language of the paper is identified if it is either different from that of the title 

as shown in the citation, or if other than 

English, French, German, Italian, or Spanish. If 

the paper is in English, non-English abstracts 

are not listed. If the paper is not in English, but 

there is an English, French, German, and/or 

Russian abstract, the first available language of 

the four is listed. 

John P. Snyder 

Reston, Va. 

Harry Steward 

Worcester, Mass. 
CONTENTS 

Preface iii 

Serial publications and organizations serving as major sources of 

papers on map projections x 

Abbreviations xii 

Bibliography 1 

Index 103 

TABLES 

1. Language totals of references cited v 

2. Chronological summary of references cited vi 

3. Breakdown of "Others" in table 2 vii 

lX 
SERIAL PUBLICATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS SERVING AS MAJOR SOURCES 

OF PAPERS ON MAP PROJECTIONS 

Over 400 periodicals are referenced in this bibliography. Relatively few journals have contained 

more than a half dozen papers each on the subject of map projections. This listing contains publications, agencies, and sponsors of conferences for which this bibliography contains 8 or more references of any type. In parentheses are the numbers of references, including the journal under its 

other names. In brackets are the current names of societies publishing the journal, if this is the case 

and the name is not included in the title. In some cases, a geographic journal contained papers on 

map projections only until a new cartographic journal began publication. 

Australia 

Cartography (1 0) [The Australian Institute of Cartographers] 

Austria 

Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie (preceded 

by Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen) (8) [Osterreichischer Verein fur 

Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie] 

Canada 

The Canadian Surveyor (1 0) [The Canadian Institute of Surveying and Mapping] 

Cartographica (17) (preceded by The Canadian Cartographer, preceded by The 

Cartographer) 

China 

Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica (23) 

Czechoslovakia 

GeodetickyaKartograficky Obzor (15) [Cesky Urad pro Geodesii a KartografiiJ 

France 

Annales Hydrographiques (II) I no longer issued] 

Societe de Geographic [Paris], Bulletin (16) lno longer issued] 

Germany 

Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten ( 14) 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie (39) [no longer issued) 

Geographische Zeitschrift ( 1 0) Lno longer issued) 

Geographisches Jahrbuch ( 15) [no longer issued] 

Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschri/~ (17) I no longer issued! 

Kartographische Nachrichten (34) [Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kartographie e.V.; 

Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur Kartographie; Osterreichische Kartographische Kommission 

in der Osterreichischen Geographischen GesellschaftJ 

Nachrichten a us dem Karlen- und Vermessungswesen ( 12) [lnstitut fur· 

Angewandte Geodasie, Frankfort-am-Main! 

Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen (preceded by Petermanns Mitteilungen, 

preceded by Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes' Geographischer Anstalt ... von Dr. A. 

Petermann) (64) 

X 
Zach ~ Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beforderung der Erd- und Himmels-Kunde 

(9)[nolongerissued) 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen (61) l Deutscher Verein fur Vermessungswesenj 

Hungary 

Acta Technica Academiae Scientiarum 11 ungaricae ( 1 0) [Magyar Tudomanyos 

Akademial 

Geodezia es Kartografia (30) [Geodeziai es Kartografiai Egyesuletl 

International 

Bulletin Geodesique (9) [The International Association of Geodesy] 

Internationalllydrographic Review (preceded by Hydrographic Review) ( 16) 

[International Hydrographic Organization] 

International Yearbook of Cartography (10) 

Italy 

Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Aft'ini (12) Ustituto Geografico 

Militare, f'irenze l 

Riuista Geografica Italiana (9) LSocieta di Studi Geografici e Colonialil 

Japan 

Chizu (Map) (14) I Japan Cartographers Association] 

Poland 

Geodez.ia i Kartografia (29) [Polska Academia Nauk, Komitet Geodezjij 

Polski Przeglq,d Kartograficzny (8) [Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne, 

Komisja Kartograficzna] 

Russia (U.S.S.R.) 

Akademiya Nauk (Imperial or Soviet) (8) 

Geodeziya iKartografiya (35) lGlavnoye Upravlenye Geodezii i Kartografii pri 

Sovete Ministrov SSSRI 

lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofoto~ 'emka (70) 

(English translations in Geodesy and Cartography, then Geodesy, Mapping and Photogrammetry, 

and finally Geodesy and Aerophotography, no longer published (53 of the above)) 

Khar'kovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, Trudy and Zapiski ( 11) 

MIIGAiK, Trudy (8) 

NIIGAiK, Trudy (12) 

TsNIIGAiK, Trudy (16) 

Switzerland 

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessung, Kulturtechnik und Photogrammetrie 

(preceded by Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessung, Photogrammetrie und K ulturtechnik, 

preceded by Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik) (27) 

(Schweizerischer Verein fur Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik; Schweizerischer 

Gesellschaft fiir Photogrammetrie 1 

United Kingdom 

The Cartographic Journal (21) [The British Cartographk Society I 

The Geographical Journal (56) [The Royal Geographical :Society I 

Geography (9) [The Geographical Association] 

XI 
Scottish Geographical Magazine (8) [The Royal Scottish Geographical Society] 

Survey Review (preceded by Empire Survey Review) (70) [The Commonwealth 

Association of Surveying and Land Economy] 

United States 

The American Cartographer (28) [American Congress on Surveying and Mapping] 

American Geophysical Union, Transactions (9) 

Association of American Geographers, Annals (25) 

Geographical Review (24) [American Geographical Society] 

Journal of Geography (18) [The National Council for Geographic Education] 

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (preceded by Photogrammetric 

Engineering) (9) [American Society ofPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing] 

The Professional Geographer (12) [Association of American Geographers] 

Surveying and Mapping (17) [American Congress on Surveying and Mappingj 

U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (preceded generaJly by 

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey) (36) 

U.S. Geological Survey (24) 

Other major sources of papers have been proceedings of conferences: 

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (22) 

International Cartographic Congress (10) [International Cartographic 

Association] 

International Geographical Congress (19) 

ABBREVIATIONS 

Because of the great variety of journals and publishers listed, most are listed in full, except for 

obvious abbreviations, such as Amer. In some cases, particularly Russian, lengthy agency names are 

used several times and are abbreviated. The following are abbreviations used herein: 

GUGK: Glavnoye Upravleniye Geodezii i Kartografii (Chief Administration of Geodesy and 

Cartography) 

MIJGAiK: Moskovskiy lnstitut lnzhenerov Geodezii, Aerofotos'emki i Kartografii (Moscow 

Engineering Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photo Survey and Cartography) 

NIIGAiK: Novosibirskiy Institut lnzhenerov Geodezii, Aerofotos'emki i Kartografii (Novosibirsk 

Engineering Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photo Survey and Cartography) 

TsNIIGAiK: Tsentral'nyy Nauchno-issledovatel'skiy Institut Geodezii, Aerofotos'emki i Kartografii 

(Central Scientific Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photo Survey and Cartography) 

UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator 

xii 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAP PROJECTIONS 

By John P. Snyder1 and Harry Steward,2 Editors 

1. Abate-Daga, G., 1928, Sulla applicazione del sistema 

proiezione Soldner alla formazione delle mappe catastalie 

italiane: International Congress of Mathematics, Bologna, 

Sept. 3-10, 1928, Atti, v. 6, no. 6, p. 317-325. 

2. Abbatt, Richard,1857, Orthographic projection of the 

globe on the plane of a given honzon; or, perspective view of 

the Earth: London, Day & Son, 15 p. 

3. Abbe, Cleveland, 1906, A modified polar projection 

adapted to studies in dynamic meteorology: A mer. 

Geographical Society, Bulletin, v. 38, no. 2, p.126-128. [Polar 

Azimuthal Equidistant projections, but reversed for south 

polar map.] 

4. ___ 1907, Comprehensive maps and models ofthe globe 

for special meteorological studies: Monthly Weather Review, 

v.35,no.12,p.559-564. 

5. Abelson, C.E.,1954, Common map projections 

(graticules): characteristics and uses: London, W.H. Smith, 

29 p. 

6. Abreu, Luis de Freitas,1952-53, A proje<;ao conforme de 

Gauss: Revista Cartografica, 1952, v. 1, no. 1, p. 115-126; 

1953, v. 2, no. 2, p. 135-139. [Portuguese.] 

7. ___ 1954, 0 sistema UTMe a quadricula universal das 

cartas militares: Ministerio da Guerra Directoria da Servico 

Geografico, Brazil, Anvario no. 4, 1951-2, pub. 1954, 

p. 135-144. [Portuguese.] 

8. Adamczik, Josef, 1907, Ueber rein-geometrische 

Kartenprojektionen: Zeitschrift fur V ermessungswesen, 

v. 36, no.l, p. 152-170. [Geometric projections.] 

9. ___ 1907, Ueber flachentreue Kegelprojektionen. 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 36, no. 10, p. 249-254. 

[Equal-area conic projections.] 

10. ___ 1912, Ein Beitrag zur stereographischen 

Horizontalprojektion: Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 10, p. 69-73. 

1U.S. Geological Survey, 521 National Center, Reston, VA 2~092 

2Graduate School of Geography, Clark Univers1ty, Worcester, MA OltHO 

-1-

11. Adamo, L.C., Baer, Ledolph, and Hosmer,J.P.,1968, 

Icosahedral-gnomonic projection and grid of the world ocean 

for wave studies: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, 

no.16,p.5125-5132. 

12. Adams, B.R., 1984, Transverse cylindrical stereographic 

and conical stereographic projections: A mer. Cartographer, 

v. 11, no. 1, p. 40-48. 

Adams, Mary (See Garnett, William.) 

13. Adams, O.S.,1918, Lambert projection tables for the 

United States: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 52, 

243 p. 

14. ___ 1918, General theory of the Lambert conformal 

_conic projection: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 

53,38 p. 

15. ___ 1919, General theory of polyconic projections: U.S. 

Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 57, 17 4 p. [Reprinted 

1934 .. Several projections with circular parallels oflatitude.] 

16. ___ 1919, A study of map projections in general: U.S. 

Coast and Geodetic Spec. Pub. 60,24 p. 

17. ___ 1921, Latitude developments connected with 

geodE~sy and cartography with tables, including a table for 

Lambert Equal-Area Meridional projection: U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. No. 67, 132 p. 

18. ___ 1924, Projections as framework for maps: Military 

Engineer, v. 16, no. 88, p. 320-322. 

19. ___ 1925, The rhombic conformal projection: Bulletin 

Geodesique, no. 5, p. 1-26. 

20. ___ 1925, Elltptic functions applied to conformal world 

maps: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 112, 118 p. 

[Presents numerous conformal projections of world or 

hemisphere bounded by polygons or ellipse.} 

21. ___ 1927, Tables for Albers projection: U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 130,24 p. [For maps of the 

Unit<ed States.] 

22. ___ 1929, Conformal projection of the sphere within a 

square: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub.153, 13 p. 
23. __ 1931, Parabolic equal-area projection world map: 

Military Engineer, v. 23, no. 129, p. 264·265. 

24. __ 1934, Flatland: not a romance but a necessary 

expedient: Washington Academy of Sciences, Journal, v. 24, 

no. 5, p. 201-216. 

25. ___ 1936, Conformal map of the world in a square, 

poles in the middle of opposite sides: Bulletin Geodesique, 

no. 52, p. 461-473. 

26. __ 1937, Development of State grid systems: Civil 

Engineering, v. 7, no. 1, p. 33-37. 

27. __ 1945, General theory of equivalent projections: U.S. 

Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 236,74 p. [Discusses 

existing equal-area projections; presents independently 

quartic authalic pseudocylindrical, originally by Siemon 

< 1937, Flachen ... ).) 

__ (See also Bowie and Adams; Deetz and Adams.) 

28. Adams, O.S., and Claire, C.N.,1935, Manual of traverse 

computation on the Lambert grid: U.S. Coast and Geodetic 

Survey, Spec. Pub.194, 235 p. 

29. __ 1935, Manual of traverse computation on the 

Transverse Mercator grid: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 

Spec. Pub.195,197 p. 

Adler, R.K. <See also Richardus and Adler.) 

30. Adler, R.K. and Papo, H .B., 1984, Change of projection 

following readjustment: Cartographic Journal, v. 21, no. 2, p. 

138-140. 

31. Adler, R.K., Reilly, J.P., and Schwartz, C.R., 1968, A 

generalized system for the evaluation and automatic plotting 

of map projections: Canadian Surveyor, v. 22, no. 5, 

p.442-450. 

32. Admiralty of Great Britain, 1965, Azimuthal 

Equidistant projection: FlightandAircraftEngineer, v. 50, 

p.198. 

33. Agajelu, S.I., 1987, On conformal representation of 

geodetic positions in Nigeria: Survey Review, v. 29, no. 223, 

p. 3-12. [Various ellipsoidal Transverse Mercator 

projections.) 

34. Agim, Shekhu, 1958,0 vybore postoyaunykh v 

pryamykh ravnougolhykh konicheskikh proyektsiyakh; 

MIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 30, p. 83-90. [Russian. The choice of 

constants on precisely conformal conic projections.) 

35. __ 1967, Nje variant i projeksionit pseudokonik: 

Tirana, Bul. U niv. shtetir. Tiranes Ser. Shkenc. e Natur, 

v. 21, no. 3, p. 61-69. [Albanian with French abstract. A new 

variant of a pseudoconic projection.] 

36. Agria Torres,Joao,1981, (Unified European net of 

longitudes]: Instituto Geografico e Cadastral, Revista, no. 1, 

p. 103-105. [Portuguese with English abstract.) 

-2· 

37. Ahlfors, L. V ., 1966, Lectures on quasiconformal 

mapping: New York, Van Nostrand. 

38. Airy, G.B., 1861, Explanation of a projection by balance 

of errors for maps applying to a very large extent of the 

Earth's surface; and comparison of this projection with other 

projections: LomJ.on, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical 

Magazine, series 4, v. 22, no. 149, p. 409-421. [Presents his 

minimum-error azimuthal projection. See correction by 

James and Clarke <1862>.1 

3.9. Aitoff, David, 1889, Projections des cartes 

geographiques: !!:! Atlas ck Geographie Moderne: Paris, 

Hachette. [Introduces his projection adapting the Azimuthal 

Equidistant projection. I 

40. __ 1892, Note sur la projection zenithale equidistante 

et sur les canevas qui en est derive: Nouvelles 

Geographiques, v. 6,June, p. 87-90. 

41. __ 1893, ProjecLion equivalente applicable au 

continent Americain: Nouvelles Geographiques, series 3, 

no. 5, p. 72-7 4. 

42. __ 1913, Projections des cartes geographiques,!!! 

Schrader, F. et alia, Atlas t:U Geograph.ie Mot:Urne, new ed.: 

Paris, Hachette & cie. 

43. Albani, Francesco, 1973, Sulla semplificazione dei calcoli 

geotopografici operando sui piano conforme di Gauss-Boaga: 

Associazione Italiana di Cartografia,Bollettino, v.lO, no. 28-

29, p. 71-94. 

44. Albers, H.C., 1805, Ober Murdoch's drey 

Kegelprojectionen: Zach k Monatliche Correspont:Unz zur 

Be{Ort:Urung ckr Erd- und Himmels-Kunt:U, v. 11, Feb., 

p. 97-114; Mar., p. 240-250. [Murdoch's three conic 

projections. J 

45. __ 1805, Beschreibung einer neuen Kegelprojektion: 

Zach k Monatliche Correspondenz zur Be{Ort:Urung der ErdundHimmel8-Kunt:U, v.12, Nov., p. 450-459. (Presents his 

equal-area conic projection.) 

46. Albinus, Hans-Joachim, 1979, Lokale und globale 

Aspekte bei Verzerrungsfunktionen kartographischer 

Netzentwurfe: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 29, no. 3, 

p. 90-93. 

47. __ 1981, Anmerkungen und Kritik zur 

Entfernungsverzerrung: Kartographische Nachrichten, 

v. 31, no. 5, p. 179-183. I Comments and criticism of distance 

distortion.) 

48. Alexander, William, and Allan, W.J.D., 1941, The 

observerk book on maps, charts and projections: London, 

George Allen and Unwin; simultaneously New York, 

Chemical Publishing Co., Inc., 91 p. 

49. Ale:r.ich, Carl, 1885, Uber Kartenprojectionen: 

Streffleur k Osterreichisch.e Militiirilch.e ZeiUchrift, new 

series, v. 3, p. 173-215. 
50. Ali, S.M., 1941, The simple theory of projections: Indian 

Geographical Journal, v.16, no. 4, p. 355-375. 

51. Allan, A.L., 1968, The graphical construction of map 

projections of the sphere: Cartographic Journal, v. 5, no. 2, 

p.125-134. 

Allan, W .J.D. (See Alexander and Allan.) 

52. Allard, P., 1948 ( 1949>, La projection conforme de 

deformation stationnaire le long d'une courbe: Annales 

Hydrographiques, series 3, v. 20, p. 101-172. 

53. Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden, 1815, Versuch 

einer deutlichen Darstellung der vorziiglichsten 

Entwerfungsarten einiger geographischen Korper und der 

Landcharten, fUr Chartenliebhaber, welche die praktische 

Geometric nicht kennen: v. 46, April, p. 409-424. 

54. Almagia, Roberto, 1941, Un prezioso cimelio della 

cartografia italiana. ll planisfero di urbano Monti: 

Bibliofilia, v. 43, no. 20, p. 156-193. 

55. Alpha, T.R., and Snyder,J.P., 1982, The properties and 

uses of selected map projections: U.S. Geological SUI·vey 

Misc. Investigations Series 1-1402, sheet. 

56. Amaturo, Enrico, 1904, A lcune que$tioni di pr:oiezione 

centrale: Naples, Accademia Reale delle Scienze Fisiche e 

Matematiche, 15 p. 

57. Amer. Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Bulletin, 

1977, Peters projection- to each country its due on the world 

map: no. 59, p. 13-15. [Reprint from The Bulletin, 1977, 

v. 25, no.17, p.126-127, issued by Press and Information 

Office, Govt. of Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn. See also 

separate comments by Robinson, A.H ., and Snyder, J.P., 

1978, no. 60, p. 27.} 

58. Amer. Geographical Society, Bulletin, 1904, 

Representation of the earth on a new star projection: v. 36, 

no. 6, p. 365-366. [Berthou's star projection, using polar 

Stereographic for inner hemisphere.] 

59. Amiantova, L.N., 1966, Transformirovanie 

azimutalhykh kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Geodeziya i 

Kartografiya, no.ll, p. 65-69. [Russian. Transformation of 

azimuthal projections.] 

60. 'A natupon ek ton "i'echnikon Chronikon, 1963, E 

azimouthiakh isapechousa pro bole tou Hatt: Athens, 21 p. 

[Greek. Hatt Azimuthal Equidistant projection for ellipsoid, 

used in Greece. Based on Hatt, Philippe, 1886, Definition et 

emploi des coordonnees azimutales: Annales 

Hydrographiques, v. 8, series 2, "semestre" 2, p. 477-504.] 

61. Anderson, D.P., 1982, An orientation method for central 

projection programs: Computers and Graphics, v. 6, no. 1, 

p. 33-37. 

62. Anderson, P.S.,1974, An oblique, poly-cylindrical, 

orthographic azimuthal equidistant cartographic projection: 

its purpose, construction and theory: Cartography, v. 8, no. 4, 

p.182-186. 

-3-

63. Andre, N eai, 177 4, Description et usuages de la 

mappemonde projettee sur l 'horizon de Paris: Paris, Merigo, 

l'aine. 

Andreev, Marin (See Andreyev, Marin.) 

Andrews, A.J. !See under MacDonald, R.R.l 

64. Andrews, H.J., 1935, Note on the use ofOblique 

Cylindrical Orthomorphic projection: Geographical Journal, 

v. 86, no. 5, p. 446. 

65. ___ 1938, A round-the-world map on Airy's projection: 

Geographical Journal, v. 92, no. 6, p. 537. 

66. ___ 1938, An Oblique Mercator projection for Europe 

and Asia: Geographical Journal, v. 92, no. 6, p. 538. 

67. ___ 1952, Aitotl's projection of the sphere: 

Geographical Journal, v. 118, pt. 2, p. 236-237. [Points out 

that projection usually called Aitoff's should be called 

Hammer's. I 

68. ___ 1952, A new net for a world map: Geographical 

Journal, v. 118, pt. 4, p. 513-514. [Oblique aspect of Eckert V 

projection.! 

69. Andreyev, Marin,l971,[Variantsofanorthogonal 

cartographic projection): Sofia,Izvestiya na Tsentralnata 

Laboratoriya po Geodeziya, v.12, 1971. {Bulgarian.} 

70. ___ 1972, Primeniniye giperboJicheskikh funktsiy pri 

polu<:henii novykh kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: lzvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aero.fotos emka, no. 3, p. 95-100. [Russian. Translated to 

English as A use of hyperbolic functions to obtain new map 

proje·ctions: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1972, no. 3, 

p. 174-177.) 

71. ___ 1973, Anwendung der Funktion von Schukowski 

in der mathematischen Kartographie: Sofia, Bulgar. Akad. 

d. Wissenschaften, VladimiruK. HristovSeptuagenario, 

p.159-163. 

72. ___ 1978, [A possibility of obtaining variations of nonorthogonal circular projections]: Glavn. Upravlenie po 

Geodeziya, Kartografiya i Kadastar, lzvestiya, no. 1-2, 

p. 17-21. [Bulgarian.] 

73. ___ 1978, !Blending perspective and non-perspective 

azimuthal projections and obtaining new variations of 

azimuthal projections): Glavn. Upravlenie po Geodeziya, 

Kartografiya i Kadastar, lzvestiya, no. 6, p. 35-38. 

[Bulgarian.} 

74. ___ 1980, !Obtaining azimuthal projections with the 

use of an auxiliary sphere as an intermediate projection 

plane]: Geodeziya,Kartografiya iZemeustroystvo, v. 20, no. 

3, p. 31-34. (Bulgarian. Generalization of some ofM.L. 

Solov'ev's work.) 

75. ___ 1 981, I Conical projections using an auxiliary 

sphere]: Vissa Geodeziya, v. 7, p. 47-52. [Bulgarian.} 
76. __ 1981, [Obtaining pseudocylindrical projections 

with images of meridional ellipses]: Geodeziya,Kartografiya 

i Zemeustroystvo, v. 21, no. 2, p. 26-27. [Bulgarian.! 

77. __ 1982, [Obtaining cylindrical projections by the use 

of an auxiliary sphere as intermediate projection surface 1: 

Godisnik - V issiya I nstitut po Arhitektura i Stroitelstvo, 

1981-82, v. 29, no. 3, p. 81-90. [Bulgarian. English abstract 

in Geo Abstracts,1984, no. 5, p. 341.] 

78. __ 1982, [Variants of orthogonal circular projections 

for the presentation of hemispheres]: Vissa Geodeziya, v. 8, 

p. 60-64. [Bulgarian. English abstract in Geo Abstracts, 

1984, no. 5, p. 341.) 

79. __ 1983, V'rchu obshchata teoriya na ortogonalnite 

kr'govi proyektsii: Geodeziya, Kartografiya i Zemeustroystuo, 

v. 23, no. 6, p. 27-29. [Bulgarian. On the general theory of 

orthogonal circular projections.) 

80. __ 1984, Ortogonalni krugovi proyektsii s malki 

ploshchni deformachii: Geodeziya, Kartografiya i 

Zemeustroystvo, v. 24, no. 5, p. 21-25. [Bulgarian. 

Orthogonal circle projections with little area deformation.] 

81. Anesi,J., 1948, Aspectos graficosde la cartogratia: 

Revista Geographica Americana, Oct. 

82. Angel, Shlomo, and Hyman, G.M., 1972, 

Transformations and geographic theory: Geographical 

Analysis, v. 4, no. 4, p. 350-367. [ Cartograms. I 

83. Angus-Leppan, P.V.,1968, Plane coordinate systems in 

surveying: Australian Surveyor, v. 22, no. 3, p. 185-197. 

Anliker, Ernst <See Bonacker and Anliker.) 

84. Ansermet, Auguste, 1915, La ligne geodesique et le 

nouveau systeme de coordonnees: Schweizerische Zeitschrift 

fur Vermessungswesen undKulturtechnik, v.13, p. 17611'. 

85. __ 1923, A propos du nouveau systeme de projection: 

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und 

Kulturtechnik, v. 21, p. 22911'. 

86. ___ 1925, Du choix d'un systeme de projection: 

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und 

Kulturtechnik, v. 23, p.145ff. 

87. __ 1928, Le probleme des projections au Congresde 

Prague 1927: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik, v. 26, p. 73ft'. 

88. __ 1931, Des projections a pole deplace: 

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und 

Kulturtechnik, v. 29, p. 7211'. 

89. __ 1941, Quelques caracteristiquesdu Systeme de 

coordonnees Bonne: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik, v. 39, no. 7, 

p.189-192. 

-4-

90. __ 1957, Les projections geodesiques conformes a 

variables non dissociees: Schweizerische Zeitschri{t fur 

Vermessung,Kulturtechnik undPhotogrammetrie, v. 55, 

no. 6, p. 164-168. [French with German abstract.) 

91. __ 1962, Le calcul des deformations dans le nouveau 

systeme suisse de projection conforme: Schweizerische 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessung, K ulturtechnik und 

Photogrammetrie, v. 60, no.1, p. 7-11. 

92. __ 1967 ,Sur le choix d'un systeme de coordonnees 

geodesiques conformes: Schweizerische Zeitschri{t fur 

Vermessung, Photogrammetrie und K ulturtechnik, v. 65, 

no. 11, p. 349-354. [French with German abstract.) 

93. Aran, Muhiddin,1951, Gauss-Kruger projeksiyonu ve 

tatbikati: Ankara, Harta Gene I Mudtirlugu, Harta dergisi 

ozel yayini No. 1, 27 p. [Turkish. Gauss-Kruger or 

Transverse Mercator projection.) 

94. Araya Vergara,J.F., 1969, La proyeccion conica 

conforme de Lamberty los paralelos normales de Chile: 

Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografia, no. 137, p. 143-147. 

[Lambert Conformal Conic projection.) 

Arcos y Miranda, Antonio los (See Cabrian Yusti and Arcos 

y Miranda.) 

Arden-Close, C.F. (See Close, C.F. Arden-.) 

95. Armstrong, Terence, 1966, The Northern Hemisphere on 

a polar projection: Geographical Magazine, v. 39, no. 7, 

November, p. 540-541. (See alsop. 493. Polar Lambert 

Azimuthal Equal-Area projection.] 

96. Arnold, G.C., 1984, The derivation of the mapping 

equations and distortion formulae for the Satellite Tracking 

map projections: Blacksburg, V a., Va. Polytechnic Inst. and 

State U niv ., Master's thesis. 

97. Arnold, K., 1954, Die Krfunmung der GaussKrugerschen Gitternetzlinien in der Polyederprojektion: 

Vermessungstechnik, v. 2, no. 4, p. 71-73. 

98. Arrowsmith, Aaron, 1794, A companion to a map of the 

world: London, G. Bigg. [Relates to his Map of the world on a 

globular projection, exhibiting particularly the nautical 

researches ofCapn. James Cook, with all the recent 

discoveries to the present time: London, 1794. Discusses 

Nicolosi's Globular projection.] 

99. __ 1825, Geometrical projection of maps: London. 

100. Artamonov, G. V ., 1938, 0 vybore proyektsiy dlya 

shkolhykh geograficheskikh kart: Geodezist, no. 11. 

[Russian. On selecting projections for school geography 

maps.] 

Arthur, D.W.G. (See under Barton, B.A.) 

101. Ask, R.E., 1937, The construction of map projections by 

modern methods: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 3, no. 4, 

p. 7-12. 
102. Asmus, J ., 1879, Darstellung eines grossten Kreises in 

Mercator-Projektion: Annalen der Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 7, p. 151-154. 

103. Asplund, Lars, 1966, De geodetiska riksnaten: RAKinformation, Meddelande B 9/(966, p. 1-9. [Swedish. The 

geodetic graticule in Sweden.] 

104. Auernheimer, Arthur, 1979, Gitternetz und 

Planquadrat. Eine EinfUhrung. 3. Jahrgangsstufe, 

Sachunterricht, Erdkunde: Ehrenwirth 

Grundschulmagazin, v. 6, no. 7, p. 9-12. 

105. August, F.,1874, Ueber eine conforme Abbildung der 

Erde nach der epicycloidischen Projection: Gesellschaft fiir 

Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift, v. 9, p. 1-22. [His conformal 

projection of world bounded by two-cusped epicycloid.) 

106. Averdunk, H., and Muller-Reinhard,J.,1914, Gerhard 

Mercator und die Geographen unter seinen Nachkommen: 

Peter manns Mitteilungen, Erganzungsheft no. 182, 188 p. 

[Mercator projection and 1569 world map discussed, 

p. 65-75.) 

Avezac, d'tSee d'A vezac.) 

107. Ayala Torales, Julio, 1946, Mapas isogonicos polares: 

Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman Serie de 

Geografia Matematica y l•'isica no. 2, 21 p. [Polar isogonic 

maps.] 

108. Baar, E.J ., 194 7, The manipulation of projections for 

world maps: Geographical Reuiew, no. 1, v. 37, p. 112-120. 

109. Babinet,Jacques,1859, Geographie nouvelle: 

mappemondes et cartes, systeme homalographique: Paris, 

Ernest Bourdin, 16 p. [Independent derivation ofMollweide 

projection.! 

110. ___ llH611, Planisphere Babinet, physique el 

politique. Projection homalographique de M. Babinct,!..!.! 

Atlas Universe[ de Geographie: Paris, E. Bourdin. {Same as 

Mollweide projection.l 

Ill. Buchan, G.S., 1973, Standard azimuthal projection: 

Cartography, v. 8, no. 1, p. 40. [New pseudoazimuthal 

projection.! 

112. Bachmann, W .K., 1939, Projections conf(>rmes a double 

axe neutre: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik, v. 37, p. 89ff. 

113. ___ 1939, Le theoreme de Tissot et les lignes de 

deformation: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und K ulturtechnik, v. 37, p. 253tr. 

114. ___ 1952, Etude des projections conformes d'une 

surface quelconque sur un plan: Osterreichtsche Zeit::;chrift 

fur Verme::;sungswesen, SonderverOfientlichung No. 14, 

p. 15-32. 

115. Bacon, C.J ., 1979, Choosing the projection for an alias 

mapping of physical oceanographic data: Hydrographic 

-5-

Journal, v. 16, p. 21-28. [Abstract only in program, 4th 

National Oceanographic Symposium, Johannesburg and 

Capetown, South Africa, July 1979.] 

116. Bacon, G.W., 1913, Map, chart, and geographical 

diagram: U.S. Patent 1,050,596, dated Jan. 14. [Mercator 

projection modified in polar regions to have finite points for 

poles.] 

117. Bacon,Roger,ca.1265-68, The opus majus,2 v.: 

Translated by R.B. Burke, 1928: Philadelphia, Univ. of 

Pennsyltvania Press. Reprinted New York, Russell and 

Russell., 1962. [Originally Latin. Includes his globular map 

projection.) 

118. Baer, Ledolph, 1965, Pacific ocean wave forecasting: 

Lockheed Report No. LR 19354, 36 p. 

___ 1:See also Adamo, Baer, and Hosmer.) 

119. Baer, Ledolph, etal., 1966, The icosahedral gnomonic 

grid of the world ocean for wave studies: Lockheed Report 

No. LR 20457. 

120. Baeschlin, C.F., 1911, Die neue Projektionsmethode der 

schweizerischen Landesvermessung: Schweizerische 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und K ulturtechnik, v. 9, 

p. 165tf. I Also in F'rench as Le nouveau systeme de projection 

de la mensuration cadastrale suisse (same issue), p. 194ff.) 

121. __ 1918, Einige Entwicklungen zur Bonne'schen 

Kartenprojektion: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen undKulturtechnik, v.16,p.193ff. [Some 

developments with respect to Bonne's map projection.] 

122. __ 1935, U ntersuchung iiber das Verhaltnis 

endlicher Flachen bei der winkeltreuen, schiefachsigen 

Zylinderprojektion: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik, v. 33, p. 109fT. 

123. Baetsle, P.L., 1970, Optimalisation d'une 

representation cartographique: Societe Belge de 

Photogrammetrie, Bulletin trimestriel, p. 11-26. 

124. __ 1979, Nouvelles formules pour les 

representations cylindriques conformes transverses de 

l'ellipsoide: Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze 

Affini, v. 38, no. 4, p. 565-57 4. [Transformation using an 

intermediate gaussian-curvature sphere for each point.] 

125. Bagrow, Leo, 1945, The origin of Ptolemy's Geographia: 

Geograliska Annaler, v. 27, no. 3-4, p. 318-387. [See 

Supplementary notices: Imago Mundi, 1947, v. 4, p. 71-72.] 

126. Hahn, Catherine, 1957, World aeronautical charts: 

Special Libraries Assn., Geography and Map Div., Bulletin, 

no. 29, p. 15-18. l Projection information. 1 

127. Badey, H.P., 1956, A grid formed of meridians and 

paralle Is for the comparison and measurement of area: 

Geographical Remew, v. 46, no. 2, p. 239-245. [Parallels are 

spaced along meridians for equal intervals of area rather 

than equal degree intervals, regar·dless of projection.) 
128. __ 1956, Two grid systems that divide the entire 

surface of the earth into quadrilaterals of equal area: Amer. 

Geophysical Union, Transactions, v. 37, no. 5, p. 628-635. 

129. Baily, Walter, 1886, A map of the world on Flamsteed's 

projection: London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical 

Magazine, series 5, v. 21, no. 132, p. 415-416. [Same as 

Sinusoidal projection.] 

130. Bain, lain, 1984, Will Arno Peters take over the world?: 

Geographical Magazine, v. 56, no. 7, p. 342-343. [Peters 

projection. See also editorial, p. 337 .] 

Baker, A.M. <See Green, Baker, Deeth, Nuzzo, and Faludi.) 

131. Baker, Andrew, 1986, Computers bring map projections 

back to life: Geography, v. 71, pt. 4, p. 333-338. [Comments 

on Peters projection.] 

132. Baker,J.G.P., 1986, The "Dinomic"world map 

projection: Cartographic Journal, v. 23, no. 1, p. 66-67. 

[Mercator projection 45° N. to 45°S.; interrupted modified 

Mercator poleward with pointed poles.] 

133. Bakker, Ribeiro de,1963, Representa~ao dos ctrculos 

menores na carta de Mercator: Anais Hidrografico~. v. 21, 

p. 105-114. [Portuguese. Representation of small circles on 

Mercator charts.) 

134. Balcerzak,Jerzy, and Panasiuk,Jan, 1983, Obliczanie 

wspot'rz~dnych prostokQtnych plaskich Gaussa-Krugera w 

szerokiej strefie potudnikowej powierzchni elipsoidy: 

Geodezja i Kartografw, v. 32, no. 4, p. 311-326. I Pol ish with 

English abstract. Calculation of Gauss-Kruger planar 

rectangular coordinates in a wide meridional zone of the 

ellipsoid surface.] 

1~5. Balch,S.W., 1926, Map: U.S. Patent 1,610,413,dated 

Dec. 14. [Oblique Mercator and Gnomonic projections of 

ellipsoid projected onto special conformal sphere.] 

136. Balchin, W.G.V.,1947,Airmaps: Empire Survey 

Review, v. 9, no. 66, p. 138-147. 

137. __ 194 7, Air transport and geography: London, 

Royal Geographical Society, 23 p. [Includes map projections.] 

138. ___ 1954, The choice of map projections: Empire 

Survey Review, v. 12, no. 92, p. 263-276. 

139. __ 1957, Map projections in history: Impulse, v. 2, 

p. 9-13. 

140. Baldacci, Osvaldo, 1939, Metodo pratico di esercizi 

ca rtografici peril biennia di geografia del corso superiore dei 

R .R .I nstituti nautici: Padova, CEDAM, Casa editrice dott. 

A. Milani, 55 p. 

141. __ 1951, Nota introduttiva alla lettura delle carte 

topografiche con costruzione Gauss-Boaga e con 

quadrettatura chilometrica: Societa Geografica ltaliana, 

Bollettino, series 8, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 16-25. !Gauss-Boaga is 

-6-

slight variation ofGauss-Krti.ger Transverse Mercator 

projection.] 

142. Balea, V., 1960, Consideratii privind aplicarea 

sistemului de projectie Gause Ia intocmirea si editarea haqii 

moderne a tarii: Revista de Geodezie §i Organizarea 

Teritoriului, v. 4, no. 1, p. 32-42. [Romanian with French 

abstract. Reflections on the use of the Gauss projection 

systems for the issuing of modern landmaps.] 

143. Balgarska Akademiya Nauk,1960-61, Tablica za 

izchislenie sas smetachna mashina na geogra(ski koordinati, 

meridianna konvergenciya i mashchab ot Gausovi koordinati 

varchu elipsoida na F N. Krasovski za vsichki shirochini: 

Sofia, 136 p. [Bulgarian. Tables for intermediate calculation 

with calculating machine from geographic coordinates, 

meridian convergence and scale to Gaussian coordinates on 

the ellipsoid ofF.N. Krasovskiy for all parallels oflatitude.) 

144. Balinska, Krystyna, 1949, Uproszczone siatki 

kartograficzne dla Eurazji, Europy i ZSRR: Geogra{ia w 

Szkole, v. 2, no. 1, p. 31-40. [Polish. Simplified cartographic 

grid for Eurasia, Europe, and the Soviet Union.] 

145. Balodis, Jan is, 1881, Kartogra(ija (Kartogra(isko 

projekciju teorijaJ: Riga. [Latvian.] 

146. Balser, Ludwig, 1928, Ein(uhrung in die Kartenlehre 

(Kartennetze): Leipzig, B.G. Teubner, 59 p. [2nd ed.,1951, 

64 p.] 

147. Balthasart, M., 1935, L'emploi de Ia projection 

cylindrique equivalente dans l'enseignement de Ia 

geographie: Societe Beige d'Etudes Geographiques, Bulletin, 

v.5,no.2,p.269-272. 

Bambach, R.K. <See Scotese, Bambach, Barton, van der V oo, 

and Ziegler.) 

148. Bamt fUr Eich- und V ermessungswesen, 1962, Die 

Osterreichischen Meridianstreifen (Gauss-KrugerProjektion) ... : Vienna, 4th ed., Dienst.vorschrift. no. 8, 55 p. 

149. Banerjee, Bireswar, and Betal, H.R.,1965, Perspective 

on the nature of map projection: Geographical Review of 

1 ndia, v. 27, no. 2, p. 72-84. 

150. Baptist, A.D., 1964, A little book on map projections: 

Kandy, Ceylon, Gunasena, 49 p. 

151. Baranyi, Janos, 1968, A vilagvetti.letek es az alakhti.seg: 

Geodezia es Kartogra{ia, v. 20, no. 4, p. 282-290. [Hungarian 

with German abstract. World projections and conformity.] 

152. __ 1968, The problems of the representation of the 

globe on a plane with special reference to the preservation of 

the forms of continents: Budapest, Foldmeresi Intezet, 

Hungarian Cartographical Studies, p. 19-43. [New 

pseudocylindrical projections, with seven examples.] 

153. __ 1970, Projection problems in school atlases: 

Budapest, l<'oldmeresi Intezet, ll ungarian Cartographical 

Studies1970, p. 5-19. 
154. __ 1985, Szemlelteto foldvetU.letek szerkesztese: 

Geodezia es Kartografw, v. 37, no. 5, p. 340-346. [Hungarian 

with English abstract. Construction of illustrative map 

projections.] 

155. ___ 1987, Konstruktion anschaulicher 

Erdabbildungen: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 37, no. 1, 

p. 11-17. 

___ (See also Karsay and Baranyi.) 

156. Baranyi, Janos and Foldi, Ervin, 1976, Megjegyzesek 

egy uj terkepvetU.lethez: Geodezia es Kartografw, v. 28, no. 5, 

p. 383-386. [Hungarian. Compares Robinson projection with 

Baranyi's projections. In English as Remarks on a new 

projection: Budapest, Foldmeresi Intezet, Hungarian 

Cartographical Studies 1976, p. 7-13.] 

157. Baranyi,Janos, and Karsay, Ferenc,1971, Alakhiibb 

vilagterkep-vetiiletek: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 23, no. 2, 

p. 108-114. [Hungarian with German abstract. World maP. 

projections of greater conformity.] 

158. __ 1972, World map projections with better shapekeeping properties: Budapest, Foldmeresi Intezet, 

Hungarian Cartographical Studies 1972. 

159. ___ 1976, Projections with a stressed center: 

Budapest, Foldmeresi Intezet, Hungarian Cartographical 

Studies 1976, p. 15-45. 

Baratova, V.F. (See Ziman and Baratova.) 

160. Barbie d u Bocage, J.D., and Lacroix, S.F ., 1803, Notice 

historique et analytique sur la construction des cartes 

geographiques: France, Ministere de laguerre, Memorial 

topographique et militaire, Paris, v. 1, p. 11-49. [Also in 

Journal des Sciences Militaires, 1825, v. 1, p. 62-85.] 

161. Barbier,J.V., 1818,Atlas uniprojectionnel. 

Developpement de La surface terrestre par zones coniques 

egales: Nancy, Berger-Lavrault& cie., 12 p. [Also see 

Societe de Geographic, Bulletin, 1878, series 6, v.16, Aug., 

p. 169-176.] 

162. ___ 1883, De l'emploi de la projection conique dans un 

atlas systematique uniprojectionnel: Societe de Geographie 

de l'Est,Bulletin, v. 5, p. 396-406,661-667. 

163. Barker, N., 1982, Ancient mariner's projection: Times 

Literary Supplement, no. 4179, p. 471-472. [Portolan charts.] 

164. Barnes, J .A., 1952, Simple method of constructing the 

oblique Stereographic projection: Surveying and Mapping, 

v. 12, no. 1, p. 30-31. 

165. Bartel,Jiirgen, 1965, Zur Gliederung und Benunnung 

von Kartennetzentwiirfen: Kartographische Nachrichten, 

v.15,no.6,p.212-217. 

166. Barton, B.A., 1976, A note on the transformation of 

spherical coordinates: A mer. Cartographer, v. 3, no. 2, 

-7-

p. 161-168. [See also comments by Arthur, D.W.G., 1978, 

Orthogonal transformations: v. 5, no. 1, p. 72-74.] 

Barton, Colleen (See Scotese, Bambach, Barton, van der Voo, 

and Ziegler.) 

167. Bartsch, Eckhard, 1983, Umbezifferung von 

Kartennetzen: Zeitschrift fiir V ermessungswesen, v. 108, 

no. 11, p. 471-478. [German with English abstract.] 

168. Basch in, Otto, 1912, Teifenkarten der Ozeane in 

fhi.chentreuer Projektion: Annalen der Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 40, no.lO, p. 537-541. [Ocean 

depth maps.] 

Baschlin, C.F. <See Baeschlin, C.F. l 

Ba§oglu, Umit <See Hilliard, Ba~oglu, and Muehrcke.) 

169. Bastien, J .B., 1887, Cuurs de projections et de 

perspective: Mons, H. Manceaux, 12 p. 

170. Bathe, Joseph, 1915, Zur Geschichte der Tafeln der 

Meridionalteile: Gottingen and Berlin, Dissertation, 43 p. 

I History oftablesofmeridian parts. Also in Annalen der 

Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 1915, v. 43, 

no. 10, p. 425-440; no.11, p. 482-488; no. 12, p. 537-548.] 

171. Batson, R.M., 1973, Cartographic products from the 

Mariner 9 mission: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 78, 

no. 20, p. 4424-4435. [Projections used for Mars.) 

172. Bauer, Hubert, 1942, Globes, maps and skyways: New 

York, Macmillan, 75 p. 

173. Bause, Ewald, 1923, Kartenprojektion, in his Lexikon 

der Geographie, 2 v.: Brunswick and Hamburg, v. 1, 

p. 708-710. 

174. Beck, Willi, 1957, Geliindeformen, Repruduktion, 

tupographische Karten und Karten-A bbildungen: Stuttgart, 

J.B. Metzlersche, 504 p. 

175. Beckenbach, E.F., 1952, Construction and applications 

of conformal maps: National Bureau of Standards, Institute 

of Numerical Analysis, Symposium, June 22-25, 1949, Los 

Angeles, Univ. of California (at) Los Angeles, Proceedings. 

176. B€1gat, Pierre, 1839, Traite de geodesie a l 'usage des 

marine,: ou methodes et formules trigonometriques relatives 

au leve eta la construction des cartes hydrographiques: Paris, 

Imprimerie royale, 288 p. 

177. Beguyer de Chancourtois, A.-E., 1874, Programme d'un 

systeme de geographic fonde sur l'usage des mesures 

decimales, d'un meridien Og international, et des projections 

stereographique et gnomonique: Societe de Geographie, 

Bulletin, series 6, v. 8, Sept., p. 240-258. 

178. __ 1874, Carte du globe en projection gnomique avec 

le reseau pentagonal superpose: Societe de Geographic, 

Bulletin, series 6, v. 7, p. 291-297. [Dodecahedral globe.) 
179. ___ 1884, Programme raisonne d 'un systeme de 

geographie fonde sur l 'usage des mesures decimates, d'un 

meridien 0. grade international et des projections 

stereographiques et gnomoniques ... : Paris, Gauthier Villars, 

70p. 

180. Behrmann, Walter, 1909, Zur Kritik der flachentreuen 

Projektionen der ganzen Erde und einer Halbkugel: 

Sitzungberichte der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der 

Wissenschaften Matematisch-physikalische Klasse, v. 13, 

48 p. [Equal-area projections for whole world and 

hemisphere.] 

181. ___ 1910, Die beste bekannte flachentreue Projektion 

der ganzen Erde: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 56-2, no. 3, 

p. 141-144. [His Cylindrical Equal-Area projection with 

standard parallels at 30° N. and S.l 

182. ___ 1919, Eine neue Projektion mit geradlinigen 

grossten Kugelkreisen: Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, 

Zeitschrift, no. 1/2, p. 86-87. [Two-Point Azimuthal 

projection. Includes comments on lmmler ( 1919 land 

Thorade 0919).) 

183. Heinecke, Hans-Dieter,1983, Automationsgerechte 

Koordinaten-Transformation fiir kleinmassstabige 

Kartennetzabbildungen mit Hilfe der Tensorrechnung: 

Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 33, no. 2, p. 55-63. 

184. Belgium, Ministere des colonies, Cartographie et 

cadastre, 1950, Kadastrale conforme projectie van ''Gauss." 

Ellipsoide van ''Clarke" 1880: Brussels, 38 p. [Dutch. Gauss 

Conformal or Transverse Mercator projection for Clarke 1880 

ellipsoid.] 

185. Bencini, P.,1968, Sul calcolo di trasformazione delle 

coordinate dal sistema geocentrico al sistema geografico: 

Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, v. 27, no. 3, p. 357-367. 

[Italian with English abstract. About the computation of 

transformation of coordinates from the geocentric system 

into the geographic system.) 

___ (See also Trombetti and Bencini. l 

186. Bencker, H.,1951, Generalization of Mercator 

projection: International Hydrographic Review, v. 28, no.1, 

p. 95-96. 

187. Bensch, E., 1881, Die stereographische Projektion: 

Leipzig, Teubner. 

188. Bentzen, B.E.,1919, Norges Geografiske Opm&lings 

Landkarterogderes bruk: Christiania <Oslo), Utgitav Norges 

Geografiske Opm&ling. [Norwegian.] 

189. Benzing, A.G., 1975, Die Peters-Karte im 

Geographieunterricht: Erdkundelehrer, v.15,no.1, p.1-2. 

190. ___ 1976, Die Peters-Karte exemplarisch fiir 

Erdkarten in kartographischen Ubungen: Freiburger 

Geographische Mitteilungen, no. 1-2, p. 125-131. 

-8-

191. __ 1979-80, Gradfeldtabellen, Gradabteilungen, 

Meridian- und Parallel- kreisbogen, Kriimmungsradien aus 

dem Kleinrechner: Geographisches Taschenbuch, p. 93-99. 

192. Beresford, P.C.,1953, Map projections used in polar 

regions: Institute ofNavigation,Journa/, v. 6, no.1, p. 29-37. 

193. Berghaus, Hermann, 1858, Uber H. James' und J. 

Babinet's Entwurfsarten fiir Planigloben: 

Mittheilungen ... von Petermann, v. 4, no. 2, p. 63-69. 

194. Berkeley, L.M., 1925, Great circle sailing: New York, 

White Book Supply, 73 p. 

195. Berls, N.J.,1987,A program for Transverse Mercator 

projections: Geobyte, v. 2, no. 1, p. 18-21. 

196. __ 1987, A program for Lambert Conformal Conic 

projections: Geobyte, v. 2, no. 2, p. 26-29. 

197. ___ 1987, A program for American Polyconic 

projections: Geobyte, v.2, no. 3, p. 15-17. 

198. Bernasconi, Carlo,1953, Proiezioni cartografiche di 

carattere speciale: Geofisica Pura e Applicata, v. 24, p. 5-10. 

199. Berndt, H., and Oszvald, E., 1982, Rechnergestutzte 

Bearbeitung kartographischer Netzentwurfe, dargestellt am 

Beispiel von Azimutalprojektionen: Wiss. Kolloq.: 25 Jahre 

Hochschulausbildung, Fachrichtung Kartographie, Dresden, 

45p. 

200. Berry, R.M., 1972, Plane coordinate survey system for 

the Great Lakes: Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, Columbus, Ohio, Technical Sessions, ACSM-ASP 

Fall Convention, Proceedings, p. 163-176. 

___ (See also Stoughton and Berry.) 

201. Berry, R.M. and Bormanis, Valdis, 1970,Plane 

coordinate survey system for the Great Lakes based on the 

Hotine Orthomorphic projection: U.S. Lake Survey Misc. 

Paper 70-4, 16 p. 

202. Bertacchi, Cosmo, 1905, Quale forma ed estensione si 

daliba dare all'insigna manlo delle proiezioni geografiche 

nelle scuole medie e neUe facolta di lettere: Congresso 

Geografico ltaliane, v. 2, p. 417-422. 

203. Berthon, ... , 1902, Une representation du globe terrestre 

sur une projection etoilee a quatre branches: Bulletin 

Geographique Hist. et Descriptive, p. 282-284. 

204. Bertin, Jacques, 1967, L'identification en situation les 

projections, in his Semiologie Graphique: Paris, Mouton, 

Gauthier-Villars, p. 287-295. [Book translated as Semiology 

of graphics, diagrams, networks, maps: Madison, U niv. of 

Wisconsin Press, 1984,415 p.J 

205. Bertschmann, S., 1935, Einfluss der 

Projektionsverzerrungen und der Hohenlage auf das 

Flachenmass: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik: v. 33, p. 2tf. 
206. Bhattacharji, J .C., 1964, A rapid machine computation 

method of conversion between Lambert grid and spherical 

coordinates: International Hydrographic Review, v. 41, 

no. 2, p. 53-62. 

Bibby, H.M. <See Reilly and Bibby.> 

207. Bibliographia Cartographica, 1974-: Munich, K.G. 

Saur, v. 1-. [Section VB of each volume lists papers on map 

projections, chiefly for the previous year.] 

208. Bibliotheca Cartographica, 1957-1972: Bonn-Bad 

Godesberg, v.1-30. [Section VB of each volume lists papers 

on map projections, chiefly for the previous year.] 

209. Bieberbach, Ludwig, 1956, Eirzfuhrung in die kon{ormt' 

Abbildung: Berlin, W. de Gruyter. [Earlier <4thl ed. 

translated by F. Steinhardt as Conformal mapping: New 

York, Che !sea Pub. Co., 1953, 234 p.j 

210. Bieck, W., 1955, Ein Lehrmittel fUr den Unterricht in 

der Kartenprojektion: Zeitschrift fur den Erdkund.e -

Unterricht, v. 7, p. 187. 

211. Beirnacki, Franciszek, 1949, Teoria odwzorowan 

powierzchni dla geode tow i Kartograf6w: Warsaw, G 16wny 

Urzqd Pomiar6w Kraju, Prace Geodezyjnego Instytuto 

Naukowo-Badawczego, no. 4. [Polish. Translated into 

English as Theory of representation of surfaces for surveyors 

and cartographers: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1965.1 

212. ___ 1973, Podstawy teorii odwzorowati 

kartograficznych: Warsaw, 195 p. [Polish. Foundations of 

cartographic projection theory .1 

213. ___ 1975, Odwzorowania izoperymetryczne: Geodez..Ja 

i Kartografia, v. 24, no. 1, p. 57-61. [Polish with English 

abstract. Isoperimetric projections.] 

214. Biernacki, Franciszek, and Panasiuk, Jan, 195 7, 

Projections obliques en cartographie: Presented to 

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, General 

Assembly, Toronto, Sept. 3-14. 

215. ___ 1957, Odwzorowania ukosne w kartografii: 

Geodezja iKartografia, v. 6, no. 3, p.151-160. [Polish with 

French abstract. Oblique projections in cartography .I 

216. ___ 1957, Projections obliques en cartographte: 

Warsaw, Academic Polonaise des Sciences, Comite de 

Geodesic, 11 p. 

217. ___ 1958, Siatki kartograficzne ukosne: GeodezJa i 

Kartografia, v. 7, no. 3, p. 149-161. [Polish with French 

abstract. Oblique projections.] 

218. Biernacki, Franciszek, and Sfomczynski, Josef, 1932, 

Odwzorowanie quasi-stereograficzne Wojskowego Tnstytutu 

Geograficznego: Warsaw, Wojskowy lnstytut Geograficzny, 

35 p. + 139 tables. [Polish. Quasistereographic projections 

ofthe Military Institute of Geography. Translated into 

French as Projection quasi-stereographique dt> I'Institut 

Geographique Militaire de Pologne: International Union of 

Geodesy and Geophysics, Geodesy Assn., 5th General 

-9-

Assembly, Lisbon, Sept. 17-25,1933, Trauaux, Rapports 

generaux, v. 12.} 

219. Biernacki, Mieczystaw, 1955, Geometria r6iniczkowa: 

Warsaw, Panstwowe Wydawn, 2nd ed. [Polish.] 

220. Biesheuvel, H., 1955, Maps and land use; an inaugural 

address delivered at Durban on Apr. 21, 1955: Natal, Univ. 

Press. 

221. Bingyan, Fang, 1982, An analytical method for 

researching polyconical projections for world maps: Paper 

presented at the 11th International Cartographic 

Conference, Warsaw, 24 p. 

222. Birardi, Giuseppe, 1950, Rappresentazione di GaussBoaga e reticolate chilome-trico nella nuova cartografia 

italian:a: Uniuerso, v. 30, no. 5, p. 668-692. [Gauss-Boaga is 

slight variation on Gauss-Kruger Transverse Mercator 

projection.] 

223. Birch, T.W., 1949, Maps, topographical and statistical: 

Oxford Univ. Press, 240 p. [2nd ed., 1964.] 

224. Birdseye, C.H., compiler, 1929, Formulas and tables for 

the construction of polyconic projections: U.S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 809, 126 p. 

225. Birkin, I<'.J., 1956, Note on the Lambert and polar 

Stereol~raphic projections: Empire Survey Review, v. 13, 

no. 102, p. 386-387. 

226. Bjerknes, V ., 1920, Surles projections et les echelles a 

choisir pour Jes cartes geophysiques: Geografiska Annaler, 

v. 2, p. 1-12. 

227. Blaha, Georges, 1974, Methode de calcul des superficies: 

application pour l 'ileA nticosti: Quebec, Ministere Des 

Terres et F'on~ts, Direction Generale, 69 p. 

Blome, Richard (See under Varenius, Bernard.) 

228. Bludau, Alois, 1890, Die flachentreue Azimutprojektion 

von Lambert und ihre Verwendung bei Karlen von Asien 

und Europa: Gesellschaft fUr Erdkunde zu Berlin, 

Zeitschrift, v. 25, no. 4, p. 263-276. [Lambert Azimuthal 

Equal-Area projection.} 

229. ___ 1891, Die flachentreue transversale KegelProjektion fUr die Karte von Afrika: Gesellschaft fUr 

Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift, v. 26, no. 2, p. 145-158. 

[Transverse Equal-Area Conic projection.] 

230. ___ 1892, Die flachentreue Azimut-Projektion 

Lamberts fur die Karte von Afrika: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 38, no. 9, p. 214-218. [Lambert Azimuthal 

Equal-Area projection.] 

231. ___ 1892, F'lachentreue Gradnetz-Projektionen fUr 

die Karten von Sud- und Nord-Amerika und Australien: 

Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift, v. 27, no. 3, 

p. 221-247. [Equal-area projections.] 
232. __ 1895, Zur Abbildung der Halbkugeln: 

Gesellschaft fiir Erdk unde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift, v. 30, no. 5, 

p. 406-416. [Projections of a hemisphere.] 

233. __ 1895, Uber die Wahl der Projektionen fur die 

Uinderkarten der Hand- und Schulatlanten: Geographische 

Zeitschrift, v.1, no. 9, p. 497-516. 

234. __ 1896, Uber die Projektionen der Erdkart~n: 

Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 2, no. 9, p. 495-511. 

235. __ 1901, Was gehortausder Projektionslehre auf die 

Schule?: Deutschen Geographentag, Verhandlungen, v. 13, 

p. 124-130. 

236. __ 1913, Die Kartenprojectionen in elementarer 

Behandlung: DUsseldorf, L. Schwann, 72 p. 

__ <See also under Netzhammer.) 

237. Boaga, Giovanni,1947,Sulle carte geografiche: 

Universo, v. 27, no. 5, p. 569-612. 

238. __ 1959, Costruzioni geometrico-analitiche delle 

carte geografiche e loro classificazioni: Rivista del Catasto e 

dei Servizi Tecnici Erariali, new series, v. 14, no. 2, p. 89-101. 

239. Bocchio, 1'~ .• 1969, Sui campi di curve superficiali a 

transformata geodetica neUe rappresentazioni cartografiche 

di tipo generale: Trieste, I st. Geod. Geofis. 93, 5 p. 

Bocharov, A.Ye. (See Bugayevskiy and Bocharov.) 

240. Bode muller, Hellmut, 1934, Uber die konforme 

Abbildung der Erdoberflache mit gunstigster Richtungs- und 

Langenreduktion fur die Zwecke einer Landesvermessung: 

Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 46, no. 28, 

p. 550-566; no. 29, p. 569-578; no. 30, p. 585-593; no. 31, p. 

601-607. [Also as Dissertation, 1934, Karlsruhe. I 

241. __ 1944, Ellipsoidische Abbildungen von RotationsEllipsoiden mit Hilfe von Differentialformeln: Chefs des 

Kriegs-Karten- und V ermessungswesens, Mitteilungen, 

June, p. 291-339. 

242. Bogdanov,J.A., 1957, Uproshchennyi priyem 

vychisleniya stadimetricheskoy setki na merkatorskoy 

karte: Leningradskoye Vysshiye Inzhenerskoye Morskoye 

Uchilishche, Uchenye Zapiski, no. 6, p. 95-102. [Russian. 

Approximate method of calculating stadimetric grids on 

Mercator charts.] 

243. Boggs, S. W., 1929, A new equal-area projection for 

world maps: Geographical Journal, v. 73, no. 3, p. 241-245. 

[His Eumorphic projection, a pseudocylindrical combination 

of the Sinusoidal and Mollweide projections.] 

244. __ 1945, ''This hemisphere": Journal o{Geography, 

v. 44, no. 9, p. 345-355. [Also issued as U.S. Dept. ofState 

Bulletin, 1945, v. 12, no. 306, p. 845-850. Also separate 

reprint, 13 p.) 

__ <See also under Geographical Journal, 1929.) 

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245. Boggs, S.W., and Lewis, D.C.,1945, Map projections: !.!! 

The classification and cataloging of maps and atlases: New 

York, Special Libraries Assn., p. 81-91. [Library 

classification of map projections. 1 

246. Boginskiy, V.M., 1967, Matematicheskiye sposoby 

polucheniya novykh kartograficheskikh proyektsiy 

melkomasshtabnykh kart s ispol'zovaniyem EVM: lzvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 4, p. 45-50. [Russian. Same title in 

Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 1967, no. 7, p. 64-68, except 

"sposoby" (methods) is "osnovy" (principles). First paper is 

translated to English as Mathematical methods of deriving 

new cartographic projections of small-scale maps using an 

electronic computer: Geodesy and Aerophotography,1967, 

no. 4, p. 227-229.) 

247. __ 1967, Automatized method for developing the 

cartographic projections of the small-scale maps: 

International Cartographic Assn., 3rd technical conference, 

Amsterdam, paper, 10 p. 

248. __ 1968,lzyskaniye proyektsiy kart Sovetskogo 

Soyuza dlya nachal'noy shkoly s ispol'zovaniem EVM: 

Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 5, p. 53-58. [Russian. A survey 

of the projections for maps of the Soviet Union for the 

elementary school using electronic calculating machines.) 

249. __ 1969, Sposob izyskaniya proizvol 'nykh proyektsiy 

melkomasshtabnykh kart: Moscow, Nedra. [Russian. A 

method for developing arbitrary projections of small-scale 

charts.] 

250. __ 1971, A pproksimiruyushchie funktsii dvukh 

peremennykh v matematicheskoy kartografii: TsNIIGAiK, 

Trudy, no.189. [Russian. Approximation functions oftwo 

variables in mathematical cartography.] 

251. __ 1985, Proyektsii dlya sozdaniya originalov 

plastmassovykh globusov: Geodeziya i Kartogra{iya, no. 11, 

p. 52-55. [Russian. Projections for making plastic globe 

prototypes.) 

252. Boginskiy, V.M. and Ginzburg,G.A.,1971, lzyskaniye 

yedinoy proyektsii dlya kart dvukh materikov s 

ispol'zovaniyem EVM: Geodeziya iKartografiya, no. 7, 

p. 54-60. [Russian. The search for a unified projection for the 

maps of two continents (North and South America) using a 

computer.) 

253. Bohnstedt, Hans, 1932, Zur Darstellung der 

Erdkugeloberflache: Petermanns Mitteilungen, 

Erganzungsheft no. 214, p. 19-24. 

254. Bolliger,Jakob, 1964,0 her Aquideformaten: 

Geographica Helvetica, v. 19, no. 1, p. 42-49. 

255. __ 1965, Zur Flachenverzerrung der 

Kugelprojektion: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessung, 

Kulturtechnik und Photogrammetrie, v. 63, no.lO, 

p.356-358. 
256. ___ 1967, Die Projektionen der schweizerischen Planund Kartenwerke: Winterthur, Switz., Druckerei Winterthur 

AG, 130 p. [Oblique Mercator of ellipsoid using double 

projection.] 

257. Bolotov, A.P., 1855, Expose de Ia projection de m. 

Gauss: St. Petersburg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences 

Classe Physico-Mathematique, Bulletin, v. 13, no. 1, p. 1-13. 

lGauss Conformal Transverse Mercator projection. Also in 

St. Petersburg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences Melanges 

Mathematiques et Astronomiques Rires du Bulletin PhysicoMathematique, 1859, v. 2, p. 84-101.] 

258. Bol shaya Souetskaya Entsiklopediya, 1953, 

Kartograficheskiye proyektsii: Moscow, v. 20, p. 269-277. 

[Russian. Map projections. Also in 1973 ed., v.11, 

p. 469-474.] 

259. Bolt, Mladen,1974, Transformacija koordinata izmedu 

susjednih koordina(nltnih sistema Gauss-Kriigerove 

projekcije: GeodetskiList, v. 28,no. 1-3, p. 18-22. [SerboCroatian with English abstract. Coordinate transformation 

between adjacent coordinate systems of the Gauss-Kruger 

projection.] 

260. Bolt, W.H., 1889, A point in great circle sailing !by 

gnomonic projection): Nautical Magazine, v. 58, p. 104-105. 

[See also 1890, v. 59, p. 785-787.] 

261. Bolton, R.M., 1968, Programming of cartographic 

projection transformations,!.!! Computer-assisted 

cartography: Association for Computing Machinery, 

7th Annual Technical Symposium, National Bureau of 

Standards, Gaithersburg, Md., May 16, 1968, p. 39-56. 

262. Boltz, I-1.,1942-1943, Formeln und Tafeln zur 

numerischen <nicht logarithmischenl Berechnung GaussKruger'schen Koordinaten aus den geographischen 

Koordinaten: Potsdam, Geodatisches Institut, 

Veroffentlichung, new series, 1942, no. 11 0~ 1943, no. 111. 

263. Bomford, A.G., 1962, Transverse Mercator arc-to-chord 

and finite distance scale factor formulae: Empire Suruey 

Reuiew, v. 16, no. 125, p. 318-327. 

264. Bonacker, Wilhelm, 1954, Gegen den Wirrwahr im 

Gebrauch kartographischer Begriffe und Konstanten: 

Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 4, no. 3, p. 4-9. 

265. Bonacker, Wilhelm, and Anliker, Ernst, 1930, Heinrich 

Christian Albers, der Urheber der flachentreuen 

Kegelrumpfprojektion: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 76, 

no. 9-10, p. 238-240. 

266. ___ 1932, Donnus Nicolaus Germanus, sein 

Kartennetz, seine Ptolemaus-Rezensionen und Ausgaben zur 

Erinnerung an die 450. Weiderkehr des Ausgabejahres 1482 

der Ulmer Ausgabe: Schweizerisches Gutenbergmuseum 

Zeitschrift fur Buchdruck, Bibliophzle- und Pressegeschichte, 

v. 18,no. 1,p. 19-48. 

267. Bonifacino, Bartolomeo, 1966, Sulle pili generali 

corrispondenze conformi delle rappresentazioni cilindriche 

oblique e caso particolare della rappresentazione di Gauss: 

-11-

Rivista. del Catasto e dei Seruizi Tecnici Erariali, new series, 

v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 133-139. lOn the most general conformal 

correspondencies of oblique cylindrical projections and the 

special case of the Gauss projection.} 

268. ___ 1966, Sull' impiego della rappresentazione di 

Gauss peril calcolo sui piano di reti ellissoidiche di notevoli 

dimensioni: Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, v. 25, 

no. 1, p. 57-73. 

269. Bonnet, D., 1852, Sur la theorie mathematique des 

cartes geographiq ues: Journal de Mathematiq ues, v. 17, 

p. 301-340. 

270. Boorman, J.M., 1877, Improvement in geometric blocks 

for mapping: U.S. Patent 185,889,dated Jan. 2. [Polyhedral 

map projection on solids with 15, 22, 23, 24, 32, and 37 faces.j 

271. Borcic, Branko, 1955, Gauss-Kriigerova projekcija; 

teorija i primena u driavnon premeru: Belgrade, Geografski 

lnstitutJNA, 201 p. {Serbo-Croatian. Gauss-Kruger 

projection.] 

272. ___ 1955, Matematicka kartografija: Zagreb, 

Tehni(:ka Knjiga, 407 p. (Serbo-Croatian.] 

273. ___ 1958, Tablice za transformaciju koordinata 

izmedu susjednih koordinatnih sistema kud Gauss-Krugerov 

projekcije: Belgrade, lzdanje Savezne geodetske uprave, 

55 p. {Serbo-Croatian with English abstract. 'Pables for 

coordinate transformation involving the Gauss-Kruger 

projection.} 

274. ___ 1960, Transformacija koordinata izmedu 

susjednih koordinatnih sistema kod Gauss-Krugerove 

projekcije: Geodetski List, v. 14, no. 10-12, p. 261-277. 

[Serbo-Croatian. Coordinate transformation between two 

adjacent coordinate systems of the Gauss-Kruger projection.] 

275. ___ 1962, The mathematical base(map projection of 

the International Map of the World on the millionth scale): 

Zagreb [Agram], Yugoslavia, Institute of Cartography and 

Map Reproduction, Faculty of Architecture, Civil 

Engineering and Geodesy, University of Zagreb, 28 p. 

276. ___ 1969, Auswahl der gunstigsten Projektion fiir die 

Weltkarte der Polargebiete im Massstab 1:1 000 000 und 

1:2 500 000: Technische Universitat Dresden, 

Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, v. 18, no. 2, p. 597-600. 

277. Bordyukov, M.P., 1967, Elektronnyi sposob 

transfimnirovaniya kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: 

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos'emka, no. 4, p. 55-63. !Russian. Translated to 

English as Electronic method for transformation of 

cartographic projections: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 

1967, no. 4, p. 232-235.1 

278. ___ 1968, K voprosu o tochnosti transformirovaniya 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodezzya i Aerofotos'emka, no. 4, 

p. 119-124. [Russian. Translated to English as Accuracy in 

transtorming cartographic projections: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1968, no. 4, p. 266-268.1 
Bormanis, Valdis <See Berry and Bormanis.) 

279. Bormann, G.E., and Vozikis, E., 1982, Photographische 

Kartenumbildung mit dem Wild-A VIOPLAN OR1: 

Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 32, no. 6, p. 201-206. 

[Essentially translated as Map projection transformation 

with digitally controlled differential rectifiers: 

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1983, 

v. 49, no. 9, p. 1317-1323.) 

280. Borodin, A. V ., 1968, Sposob transformirovaniya 

izobrazheniy: USSR patent Kl. 42 e,10/04 CG01c), no. 215 

525; approved May 26, 1966; published June 4, 1968. 

[Russian. Tools for transformation of representations.] 

Borsdorf, W. <See Schmid, W., and Borsdorf.) 

281. Botley, F.V., 1949, A tetrahedral gnomonic projection: 

Geography, v. 34, pt. 3, p. 131-136. 

282. __ 1951,A new approach to world distribution maps: 

Geographical Journal, v.117,pt. 2, p. 215-217. [Proposes 

Oblique-Gore cylindrical or azimuthal equal-area 

projections.) 

283. __ 1951, A new use for the Plate Carn~e projection: 

Geographical Review, v. 41, no. 4, p. 640-644. [Oblique 

Equidistant Cylindrical projection.) 

284. __ 1951, Air routes of the world: Today and 

tomorrow: New Commonwealth, v. 22, no. 3, p.169-172. 

[Shows Oblique-Gore cylindrical equal-area projection.) 

285. __ 1952, British and American world map 

projections from 1850-1950: U niv. of London, Master's thesis 

in Geography, 262 p. 

286. __ 1953, World air routes 1953: Aeroplane, v. 85, 

p. 733-734. (Gnomonic projection onto octahedron, then 

developed. I 

287. __ 1954, Contracted equal-area projections: 

Geographical Journal, v. 120, pt. 1, p. 116-118. [Suggests 

slightly compressing equal-area pseudocylindrical 

projections, interrupted or not, in east-west direction.] 

288. __ 1954, An octahedral gnomonic projection: Empire 

Survey Review, v.12. no. 94, p. 379-381. • 

289. __ 1956, A map of world air routes: Geographical 

Journal, v. 122, pt. 3, p. 397-399. [Gnomonic projection onto 

octahedron, then developed.) 

290. Bourgeois, R. and Furtwangler, P., 1909, Kartographie: 

Enzyklopadie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, Leipzig, 

v. 6, pt. 1, p. 245-296. [Treatise on projections used by 

various governments.] 

291. Bourgonnier, C., 1933, Note au sujetd'une projection et 

d'un diagramme pour l'etude et le trace du segment capable 

spherique: Annales Hydrographiques, series 3, v. 12, 

p. 63-72. 

-12-

292. __ 1933, Note sur les representations 

orthodromiques de la sphere: Annales Hydrographiques, 

series 3, v.12, p. 73-82. 

293. Bowditch, Nathaniel, 1802ff, The new American 

practical navigator. (Revised many times, currently pub. as 

American practical navigator. Washington, Defense 

Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center, Pub. No.9. Recent 

editions have considerable discussion on map projections, e.g. 

1966,esp. p. 69-92; 1977, v. 1, esp. p. 64-89.] 

294. Bowie, E.H., 1925, Daily world charts essential to 

progress in meteorology: Third Pacific Science Congress, 

Tokyo, Proceedings. 

295. Bowie, William, and Adams, O.S.,1919, Grid system for 

progressive maps in the United States: U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 59,227 p. [Using Polyconic 

projection.] 

296. Bowring, B.R., 1976, Transformation from spatial to 

geographical coordinates: Survey Review, v. 23, no. 181, 

p. 323-327. 

297. __ 1986, The Lambert Conical Orthomorphic 

projection and computational stability: Bulletin Geodesique, 

v. 60, no. 4, p. 345-354. [Adaptation of formulas to permit use 

for Mercator and Polar Stereographic limits.) 

298. Bowyer, R. and German, G.A., 1959,A guid£ to map 

projection: London,John Murray,43 p. 

299. Boyce, G.K., 1948,A letter of Mercator concerning his 

Ptolemy: Bibliographical Society of America, Papers, v. 42, 

p.129-139. 

300. Bradley, A.D., 1938, Mathematics of map projections 

and navigation: New York, the author, 103 p. [Map 

projections, p. 10-38.) 

301. __ 1939, Maps and map projection: A mer. 

Mathematical Monthly, v. 46, no. 10, p. 650-652. 

302. __ 1941, Great-circle sailings: U.S. Navallnstitute 

Proceedings, v. 67, no. 456, p. 175-178. 

303. __ 1945, Azimuthal equidistant projection of the 

sphere: A mer. Mathematical Monthly, v. 52, no. 3, 

p.l48-151. 

304. __ 1946, Equal-area projection on the icosahedron: 

Geographical Review, v. 36, no.1, p.101-104. 

305. Bragg, L.E., 1986, Developing the conventional 

Transverse Mercator projection calculation method: Amer. 

Congress on Surveying and Mapping--Amer. Society for 

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Annual Convention, 

Washington, Technical Papers, v. 1, p. 40-48. 

306. Brandenberger. A.J ., 1959, Heading compatibility 

study: Columbus, Ohio State University, Institute of 

Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Report no. 8, 

20 p. [Polyhedral projections.] 
307. __ 1959, Preliminary report about polyhedral 

projections: Columbus, Ohio State University, Mapping and 

Charting Research Laboratory, Technical Paper No. <816)-1-

284,46 p. 

308. Brandenberger, C.G.,1985, Koordinaten 

transformation fur digitale kartographische Daten mit 

Lagrange- und Spline-! nterpolation: Institut fiir 

Kartographie, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule 

Zurich, 189 p. [German with English abstract. 1 

309. Braun, Carl, 1867, Ueber zwei neue geographische 

entwurfsarten: Wochenschriftfur Astronomie, Meteorologie 

und Geographie, v.10, no. 33, p. 259-263; no. 34, p. 269-272; 

no. 35, p. 276-278. [Presents stereographic perspective conic 

and two perspective cylindrical projections.] 

310. Brazier, H.J-1.,1951, A skew orthomorphic projection 

with particular reference to Malaya: Conference of British 

Commonwealth Survey Officers, London, 1947, Report of 

Proceedings, pp. 42-62. [Oblique Mercator projection of 

ellipsoid.] 

311. Breckman, Jack, 1962, The theory and use of B -charts: 

Radio Corp. of America, manuscript, 18 p. [Breckman 

projection for plotting Earth-orbiting satellite groundtracks.] 

312. Breton, R., 1983, Le canevas triangulaire: une 

representation pratique du globe terrestre: Cahiers de 

Geographie du Quebec, v. 27, no. 70, p. 99-103. [The 

triangular projection network: a practical representation of 

the globe.] 

313. Breusing, Arthur, 1892, Das Verebnen der 

Kugeloberfliiche fur Gratnetzentwurfe: Leipzig, H. Wagner & 

E. Debes, 71 p. [Presents azimuthal projection with radii at 

geometric means of those for Stereographic and Lambert 

Azimuthal Equal-Area projections.l 

314. Briesemeister, William, 1953, A new oblique equal-area 

projection: Geographical Review, v. 43, no. 2, p. 260-261. 

[His oblique aspect of Hammer projection, with axes 1.75 to 1 

instead of2 to 1.] 

315. __ 1959, A world equal-area projection for the 

future. The selection of the most suitable equal-area 

projection for the purpose of plotting world wide statistics in 

this present day of super speed, jet planes and 

intercontinental missiles: Nachrichten a us dem Karten- und 

Vermessungswesen, series 2, no. 3, p. 60-63. [Published 

separately, 1958: Chicago, Rand MeN ally, 4 p. Translated to 

German as Eine flachentreue Weltkarten-Projektion fiir die 

Zukunft: Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und 

Vermessungswesen,1958,series 1, no. 7, p. 72-74.) 

316. ___ 1959, A new equal area projection for the future: 

Second International Cartographic Conference, Chicago, 

1958, Proceedings: Verlag des lnstituts fur Angewandte 

Geodasie, p. 60-63. 

317. Bromley, R.H., 1965, Mollweide modified: Professional 

Geographer, v. 17, no. 3, p. 24. [Mollweide vertically 

compressed to eliminate distortion at Equator.] 

-13-

318. Bronnimann, F., 1904, Oas neue Projektionssystem der 

schweizerischen Landestopographie: Schweizerische 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und K ulturtechnik, v. 2, 

p. 60ff. 

319. Brooks, W.O., 1986, An algorithm for selected arcs of 

longitude on projections of the world: Amer. Society for 

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing--Amer. Congress on 

Surveying and Mapping, 1986 Fall Convention, Anchorage, 

Alaska, ACSM Technical Papers, p. 288-297. 

320. Brooks, W.O., and Roberts, C.E., Jr., 1976, An analysis 

of a modified van der Grin ten equatorial arbitrary oval 

projection: A mer. Cartographer, v. 3, no. 2, p. 143-150. 

[Independent derivation of Vander Grin ten III projection. 

See comment by Snyder, J.P.,1979, v. 6, no. 1, p. 81.] 

321. ___ 1986, A mathematical analysis and comparison of 

three circular world graticules: Cartographica, v. 23, no. 3, 

p. 28-41. [Vander Grinten I, Vander Grinten III <but called 

Brooks-Roberts Modified Vander Grinten), and incorrect 

version of Lagrange projection originated by Lambert. See 

comment by Snyder,J.P., 1987, v. 24, no. 3, p. 85.] 

322. Brosche, Peter, 1983, Zur kartographischen 

Darstellung der Kontinentaldrift <Uberlegungen fur einen 

"Wegener-Atlas"): Intemational Yearbook of Cartography, 

v. 23, p. 53-62. [German with English abstract. On the 

cartographic representation of continental drift. 1 

323. Brown, B.H., 1935, Conformal and equiareal world 

maps: A mer. Mathematical Monthly, v. 42, no. 4, p. 212-223. 

[Generates a series of equal-area projections using straight 

lines and conic sections for graticules.] 

324. Bruins, G.J ., 1968, College map projections: Delft, 

Laboratory for Geodesy. 

325. Brun, Robert, 1931, L'art des portulans et des cartes 

marines: Revue de l~rtAncien et Moderne, v. 59, no. 325, 

p.183-192. [Shows 1555 star projection in Le Testu's atlas.] 

326. Brunner, Kurt, 1981, Transformation des 

Karteninhalts durch Orthoprojektion: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 31, no. 5, p. 183-186. [Transformation of map 

contents by orthoprojection.) 

327. Brunt, David, 1933, A form of projection suitable for a 

world weather map: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly 

Journal, v. 59, no. 252, p. 406-408. [Cahill's Butterfly 

projection.] 

328. Bryan, G.S.,1940, Commercial oversea aviation routes: 

U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, v. 66, no. 452, p. 1427-1438. 

[Contains a series of gnomonic maps.] 

329. __ 1942, Aeronautical charts: U.S. Naval Institute 

Proceedings, v. 68, p. 349-356. 

330. __ 1944, World maps: Scientific Monthly, October, 

p. 245-262. 

331. Bu, Kong-shu, 1957, Di Tu Tou Ying Xue: Taiwan, 

College ofSurvey, 296 p. [Chinese. Map projections.] 
332. Buchanan, R., 1890, Treatise on tke projection oftke 

sphere, with precepts and tables for facilitating tke 

orthographic and stereographic projections of any portion of 

tke Earth~ surface: Washington, Gibson Bros. 

Buchar, Petr _(See Hojovec and Buchar; Hojovec, Jokl, and 

Buchar.) 

333. Buchholz, Walter, 1980,Petersoder Winkel? Zur Wahl 

der Kartenabbildungen fur die H intergrundkarten im 

Fernseken: [Graz], Akademische Verlagsanstalt, 8leaves. 

334. Buchwaldt, F., 1970, UTM projektioner: [Aarhus] 

Laboratoriet for Fysisk Geografi, Geografisk Institut, 

Aarhus Univ. [Danish. Universal Transverse Mercator 

projection.] 

335. __ 1971, Kortprojektioner. Laerebog for 

topografelever: Copenhagen, Geodaetisk Institut, 

Topografisk Afdeling, 59 p. [Danish. Map projections.] 

336. __ 1973, UTM -nettet. Universal Transverse 

Mercator Grid. Opbygning og anvendelse: Copenhagen, 

Geodaetisk Institut, 26 p. [Danish.] 

337. __ 1976, Den danske kortprojektionsystem 1934: 

Copenhagen, Dansk Kartografisk Selskab, 16 p. [Danish. 

The Danish map projection system 1934.] 

338. Buchwaldt, F.A., 1914, Danmarks "0konomiske" 

Kortprojektion: Opmaalings-og Matrikulsvaesen, 

Tidsskri{t, v. 7, p. 54-65. [Danish. An "economic" map 

projection of Denmark.] 

339. Bugayevskiy, L.M., 1967, Vychisleniye ravnougol'nykh 

proyektsiy na elektronno-vychislitel'noy mashine: 

Geodeziya i Kartogra{iya, no. 9, p. 65-71. [Russian. The 

calculation of conformal projections on a computer.] 

340. __ 1971, Problemy izyskaniya i is pol zovaniya 

ravnougol 'nykh i blizkikh k nim proyektsiy dlya tseley 

kartogra{ii i geodezii: A vtoreferat Loktorskoy Dissertatsii, 

Moscow, 49 p. [Russian. Also in MIIGAiK, Avtoref. na 

Soisk. Uchen. Stepeni d-ra Tekhn. Nauk, 1971.] 

341. __ 1980, Vneshniye perspektivnye azimutal'nye 

kartograficheskiye proyektsii ellipsoida s positivnym 

izobrazheniyem: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 2, p. 85-92. [Russian. • 

Translated to English as External perspective azimuthal 

cartographic projections of an ellipsoid with positive image 

(projections of cosmic photographs of the surfaces of heavenly 

bodies): Geodesy, MappingandPhotogrammetry, 1978, v. 20, 

no. 3, p. 169-174.] 

342. __ 1980, Perspektivnye azimutal'nye 

kartograficheskie proyektsii ellipsoida: lzvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 5, 

p. 76-81. [Russian. Perspective azimuthal cartographic 

projections of the ellipsoid.] 

343. __ 1982, Kriterii otsenki pri vybore 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotosemka, no. 3, 

-14-

p. 92-96. [Russian. Criteria for the selection of cartographic 

projections.} 

__ <See also Starostin, Vakhrameyeva, and 

Bugayevskiy.) 

344. Bugayevskiy, L.M. and Bocharov,A.Ye.,1974, 0 

primenenii asimmetrichnykh ravnougol'nykh proyektsiy 

dlya sozdaniya kart na obshirnye territorii: Geodeziya i 

Kartogra{iya, no. 11, p. 61-65. (Russian. Translated to 

English as The use of asymmetrical conformal projections for 

compiling maps of extensive territories: Geodesy, Mapping 

and Photogrammetry,1914, v. 16, no. 3, p. 177-179.] 

345. Bugayevskiy, L.M., Deputatova, V.N., and Portnov, 

A.M.,1984, Primeneniye metodov zonal'nosti i ekonomizatsii 

vychisleniy v matematicheskoy kartografii: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 6, p. 103-107. [Russian. Application of 

zoning methods and economy of computations in 

mathematical cartography.] 

346. Bugayevskiy, L.M., and Slobodyanik, I. V ., 1985, 

Obobshchennaya ravnopromezhutochnaya vdol' meridianov 

konicheskaya proyektsiya N.A. Urmayeva: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 5, p. 69-72. [Russian. The generalized 

equidistant (along meridians) conic projection of N .A. 

Urmayev.] 

347. Bugayevskiy, L.M., Volkov, N.M., and Ginzburg, G.A., 

1976, Voprosy izyskaniya nailuchshikh kartograficheskikh 

proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 4, p. 85-91. [Russian. 

Problems of developing optimal cartographic projections.] 

Bugayevskiy, Yu.L. <See Vakhrameyeva and Bugayevskiy.) 

348. Bunge, W.W.,1966, Tkeoreticalgeography: Lund, 

Sweden, Royal University of Lund, Dept. of Geography, 

2nd ed., 289 p. [Cartograms and other spatial studies, espec. 

p. 38-71.] 

349. Bli.rger, Kurt, 1930, Bemerkungen zur Untersuchung 

zweier Eckertscher Kartenentwiirfe durch R. Schumann: 

Peter manns Mitteilungen, v. 76, no. 9-10, p. 237-238. [Two 

Eckert projections.] 

350. Burke, J .J ., 1973, Stereographic projection of radar data 

in a netted radar system: U.S. Govt. Report AD-771-544/4, 

59p. 

351. Burky, Charles,1934-35, Un nouveau systeme de 

projection cartographique, projection de Ia sphere sur un 

polyedre de 32 faces, icosaedre tronque par le dodecaedre, 

selon construction de M.O. Dallwigk, a Geneve: Le Globe, 

Bulletin, v. 74, p. 30-33. [Projection of sphere onto truncated 

icosahedron.] 

352. Burney, James, 1803, Remarks on the projection of 

charts and particularly on the degree of curvature proper to 

be given to the parallels oflatitude, in his A chronological 

history of tke discoveries in tke South Sea or Pacific Ocean: 

London, v. 1, p. 385-391. 
353. Burnham, G.H., 1934, Map projections as a basis for 

maps: Journal o(Geography, v. 33, no. 4, p.142-147. 

354. Burns, E.L.M., 1934, Point-to-point working for the 

conical orthomorphic projection: Empire Survey Review, v. 2, 

no.11,p.278-282. 

Bustamente, Octavio <See Sanchez and Bustamente.) 

355. Butler & Co., E. H., [1871 ], The hemispheres in 

homolographic projections, in Mitchell, S.A., Mitchells New 

Outline Maps: Philadelphia, large series, no. 7. 

356. Byrd, W.O., 1948, Universal military grids and 

referencing systems: Columbus, Ohio State University, 

Mapping, Charting, and Reconaissance Laboratory, 

Technical Paper No. 11, Research Foundation Project No. 

307, 15 p. + 2 appendices, 9 and 11 p., resp., by J .B. 

Schreiter. [Alternatives to UTM.) 

357. C., J ., 1943-44, Grid bearings and distances on the 

conical orthomorphic projection: Empire Survey Review, 

1943,v.7,no.48,p.68-79;1944,no.51,p.211-22I;no.52, 

p. 248-254. 

358. Cagnoli, Antonio, 1799, Della piu esalta costruzione 

delle carte geografiche: Societa Italiana, Memorie di 

Matematica e Fisica, v. 2, p. 658-664. 

359. Cahi 11, B.J .S., 1909, An account of a new land map of 

the world: Scottish Geographical Magazine, v. 25, no. 9, 

p. 449-469. [Butterfly Map.] 

360. __ 1913, An account of a land map of the world on a 

new and original projection: Assn. of Engineering Societies, 

Journal, v. 51, no. 4, p. 153-207. [Butterfly Map.l 

361. __ 1913, Mapofthe world: U.S. Patent 1,054,276, 

dated Feb. 25. [Four northern and four southern octant 

lobes, symmetric about North Pole.] 

362. __ 1913, Geographical globe: U.S. Patent 1,081,207, 

dated Dec. 9. [Rubber ball cut into globe octants for use as 

globe or flat Butterfly Map.] 

363. ___ 1914, A new map ofthe world, comprehensive 

accurate projection of the globe on a flat surface: Engineering 

Magazine, v. 46, Jan., p. 583-586. [Butterfly Map.] 

364. __ [1914?], The Butterfly Map, the surface of the 

world shown on an eight-part decentralized projection: 

Oakland, Calif. 

365. ___ 1929, Projections for world maps: Monthly 

Weather Review, v. 57, no. 4, p. 128-133. [Butterfly Map, 

world in eight conformal equilateral triangles, also 

nonconformal variant.] 

366. __ 1931, Daily synoptic charts from one base map: 

Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of Science, Pasadena 

meeting, June 1931. 

-15-

367. __ 1934, A world map to end world maps: 

GeografiskaAnnaler, v.16, no. 2-3, p. 97-108. [Butterfly 

Map.] 

368. __ 1934, Static and dynamic world maps: Amer. 

Meteorological Society, Bulletin, v. 15, no. 11, p. 261-265. 

369. __ 1937, Die Schmetterlingskarte; das oktaedrische 

System der Projektion der Erdkugel: Peter manns 

Mitteilungen, v. 83, no. 5, p. 129-131. [Comments by Max 

Eckert-Greifendorff, p. 131-132.] {Gnomonic projection onto 

octahedron.] 

370. __ 1939, Progress of the Butterfly Map- the three 

variants: Architect and Engineer, v. 137, May, p. 47-49. 

371. __ 1940, One base map in place of five: Monthly 

Weather Review, v. 68, no. 2, p. 41. [Eight conformal octants 

of globe as equilateral triangles joined as Butterfly Map.] 

___ <See also under Marvin; under Coleclough (1932 >; 

under Brunt. l 

372. Calderera, Gastono, 1910, Sulla classificazione delle 

proiezioni geografiche: Rivista Geografica ltaliana, v. 17, 

no. 9, p. 473-487. [Classification of projections.] 

373. Calkoen,J.F.v.B., 18lO,Nouvelle theorie de 

construction pour les mappemondes: Utrecht, Mortier, 

Covens & Zoon. 

374. Camargo De Parada, Luis, 1973, Las ciencias 

cartognificas vel ordenador ... El primero de ellos se refiere a 

los diferentes calculos en Ia proyecci6n U.T.M., haciendo un 

estudio previo de dicha proyecci6n: Servicio Geografico del 

Ejercito, Bole tin de I nformaci6n, no. 21, part 1, p. 25-44. 

Camm, G.L. <See Pye and Carum.) 

375. Campbell, Eila, 1974, Verdict on the Vinland map: 

Geographical Magazine, v. 46, no. 7, p. 307-312. [Says form of 

Vinland map may be based on Aitoffprojection.l 

376. Campbell, John, 1984, Map projections: establishing 

the graticule, in his Introductory cartography: Englewood 

Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 31-79. 

Campbell, W.J. <See Ling, Rasmussen, and Campbell.) 

377. Capello, C.F., and Chionetti, M.L., 1958, Le proiezioni, 

in their Elementi i cartografw: Turin, v. 7, p. 31-63. 

378. Caputo, Michele, 1956, Alcune considerazioni sulle 

serie delle rappresentazioni diretta ed inversa di una 

superficie di rotazione sui piano secondo Gauss: Bollettino di 

Geodesia e Scienze Affini, v. 15, no. 4, p. 477-483. [Italian 

with English abstract.} 

379. __ 1956-57, Su alcuni problemi al contorno della 

teoria delle rappresentazioni conformi: Istituto Veneto di 

Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Atti, Classe Scienze Mat. Nat., 

v.115. 
380. __ 1957, Scale error in Gaussian ( U.T.M.) projection; 

Columbus, Ohio State University, Mapping and Charting 

Research Laboratory, Technical Memorandum No.ll, 13 p. 

381. Carandell, Juan, 1934, La perspectiva estereografica 

una materializaci6n didactica: Sociedad Espanola de 

Historia Natural, Publicado en Roseiias Cientificas, v. 9, 

p.101-105. 

382. Carder, D.W., 1962, Lunar charting on the scale 

1:1,000,000: in Kopal, Z., and Mikhailov, Z.K., The Moon: 

London and New York, Academic Press, Symposium no. 14 of 

the International Astronomical Association, 1960, 

p. 117-129. [Map projections for lunar charting.] 

383. Carpenter, J .C., 1948, Plane co-ordinates for highway 

maps: Military Engineer, v. 40, no. 276, p. 464-467. 

384. Carty, W.P.,1984, The new map makers: Americas, 

v. 36, no. 5, p. 24-25. [Peters, Gollege and Levine.] 

385. Carvalho da Costa, Antonio, 1686, Compendio 

geographico distribuido em tres tratados, o primeiro, da 

projecfam das Espheras em plano, construcfam dos mappas 

uniuersaes, & particulares, & fabrica das cartas 

hydrographicas ... : Lisbon, 150 p. [Portuguese.] 

386. Caspari, C.E., 1905, Mappemonde circulaire; projection 

de M. Alphonse van den [sic) Grinten: Societe de Geographie, 

Bulletin, v. 11, part 1, p. 58-60. 

387. Castillo, C.J. del, 1961 [1962],Aplicaci6n practica de La 

proyeccion Mercator Transversal Universal (U.T.M.); 

Caracas. 

388. Castner, H. W., 1971, An Ontario regional development 

atlas: Cartographica, Monograph no. 2, p. 77-84. ["Folded" 

projection to foreshorten northern Ontario.] 

389. Cayley, Arthur, 1875, On the Mercator's projection of a 

skew hyperboloid of revolution: Messenger of Mathematics, 

series 2, v. 4, p. 17-21. 

390. Cebrian, Priamo, and Arcos y Miranda, Antonio los, 

1895, Teoria general de las proyecciones geogrtificas y su 

applicacion a la formacion de un mapa de Espana: Madrid, 

Instituto Geografico y Estadistico, 270 p. 

391. Cerny,J.W., 1971, A computer program for azimuthal 

map transformations: Professional Geographer, v. 23, nO. 2, 

p.144-145. 

392. Chagas, C.B., 1959, Teoria a prtitica do sistema UTM da 

projeflio conforme de Gauss: Publica!;iiO especial, Rio de 

Janiero, Ministerio da Guerra, Estado-Maior do Exercito, 

Directoria do Servi!fo Geografico, 76 p. [Portuguese. Gauss 

Conformal Transverse Mercator projection used for UTM.] 

393. Chamberlin, Wellman, 1947, The round Earth on flat 

paper: map projections used by cartographers: Washington, 

National Geographic Society, 126 p. 

-16-

394. __ 1949, Projections,!!! A hypothetical map of North 

America (a panel discussion): Surveying and Mapping, v. 9, 

no. 4, p. 276-277. 

395. Champagne, R.H., and Giese, R.P.,1984, A guide to 

map projections: Houston, Texas, Shell Oil Co., 7 4 p. 

396. Changming, Li, [Li, Changming],1979, [On the 

classification of map projections]: Acta Geographica Sinica, 

v. 34, no. 2, p. 139-155. [Chinese.] 

397. Chebyshev, P.L., 1856, Sur la construction des cartes 

geographiques: St. Petersburg, Academie Imperiale des 

Sciences, Classe Physico-Mathematique,Bulletin, v.14, 

p. 257-261. [Presents principles for minimum-error 

projections. Reprinted in Oeuvres de PL. Tchebychef. New 

York, Chelsea Pub. Co., 1962, v.l.] 

398. __ 1946, Chercheniye geograficheskikh kart,!!! 

lzbrannyye matematicheskiye trudy [Selected mathematical 

works]: Moscow-Leningrad. [Russian. The drafting of 

geographic maps.] 

Chen, Zi-tan (See Tobler and Chen.) 

399. Cheng, Yang, 1985, [Complex function and conformal 

projection]: Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 14, 

no. 1, p. 51-60. [Chinese with English abstract.] 

400. Chernuchin, L.S.,1966, Formuly i vspomogatel'nye 

tablicy dlya ispol'zovaniya gorizontal'noy stereograficheskoy 

proyektsii (s sekushchey kartinnoy ploskostyu) pri 

kartografirovanii territoriy otdel'nykh respublik, krayev i 

oblastey: Omskiy Sel'skokhoziaistvennyy Institut, 

Nauchnye Trudy, v. 56, p. 47-62. [Russian. Formulas and 

auxiliary tables for use in the Stereographic horizontalprojection <with the sphere intersecting the map plane) for 

the mapping of republics, regions, and provinces.] 

Chiang, Tao-chang <See under Robinson (1960).) 

Chionetti, M.L. (See Capello and Chionetti.) 

401. Chislov, P.A.,1969,Proyektsionnoyechercheniye. 

(Usheb posobiye): Moscow. [Russian. Discusses 

Orthographic projection.] 

402. Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers Assn., 

1975, Eckert's projection: v. 13, no. 3, p. 41. [Japanese.] 

403. Chovitz, B.H., 1952, Classification of map projections in 

terms of the metric tensor to the second order: Bollettino di 

Geodesia e Scienze Affmi, v. 11, no. 4, p. 379-394. 

404. __ 1954, Some applications of the classification of 

map projections in terms of the metric tensor to the second 

order: Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, v. 13, no.1, 

p. 47-67. [English and Italian.] 

405. __ 1956, A general formula for ellipsoid-to-ellipsoid 

mapping: Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, v. 15, no. 1, 

p. 1-20. [English and Italian.] 
406. ___ 1978, Perspective projections in terms of the 

metric tensor to the second order: Bollettino di Geodesia e 

Scienze Affini, v. 37, no. 2-3, p. 451-463. 

407. ___ 1979, A general theory of map projections: 

Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, v. 38, no. 3, p. 458-479. 

___ (See also under Stoughton and Berry.) 

408. Chu, G.H.-Y ., 1974, The rectangular grid in Chinese 

cartography: Madison, Univ. ofWisconsin, Master's thesis. 

409. Churski, Zygmunt, and Galon, Rajmund, 1968, Siatki 

kartograficzne: Toruri, Uniwersytet Mikotaja Kopernika, 

205 p. [Polish. Cartographic projections. 2nd ed.,1974. 

3rd ed., 1982.] 

410. Chuvikov, N.T., 1957,Preobrasovaniyeortogonal'nykh 

proyektsiy: Moscow, Sovetskaya Nauka, 172 p. [Russian. 

Orthogonal projection.] 

411. Claire, C.N ., 1968, State plane coordinates by a utom(ltic 

data processing: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Pub. 62-4, 

68 p. [Projections used for each zone.] 

___ (See also Adams and Claire.) 

412. Clark, Alexander, 1911, A world map on the sinusoidal 

net and its advantages: Geographical Teacher, v. 6, part 2, 

no.30,p.l14-117. 

413. ___ 1911, Clarks measurement map. A new world 

map on the sinusoidal curve projection (2nd ed.): Sheffield, 

Pawson & Brailsford. 

414. Clark, R., 1977, Regional and world maps based on an 

octahedron: Classroom Geographer, Oct., p.17-20. 

415. Clarke, A.R., 1879, Geography- mathematical 

geography: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., v. 10, 

p. 197-210. [Same text, vol., and page nos. in lOth ed.,l902. 

For 11th to 14th ed., see Close and Clarke.] 

___ (See also Close and Clarke; James and Clarke.) 

416. Clarke, F.L., 1973, Zone to zone transformation on the 

transverse Mercator projection: Australian Surveyor, v. 25, 

no. 4, p. 293-302. 

417. Clendinning, J ., 1939, Conformal representation: 

EmpireS urvey Review, v. 5, no. 31, p. 38-50. 

418. ___ 1942, The modified meridian distance in the 

conical orthomorphic projection: Empire Survey Review, v. 6, 

no. 43, p. 27 4-284. 

419. Clos-Arceduc, Albert, 1956 ( 1957 J, L'enigme des 

portulans; etude sur la projection et le mode de construction 

des cartes a rumbs du XIV e. et du XV e. siecle: Comite des 

Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Section de Geographic, 

Bulletin, v. 69, p. 215-231. 

-17-

420. ___ 1967, Les origines de la projection de Mercator: 

Louvain, Volumejubilaire offert a L.G. Polspoel, <Acta 

Geographica Lovanensia. 5), p. 21-29. 

421. Close,C.F.,1901,A sketchofthesubjectofmap 

proJections: London, H.M. Stationery Office, 39 p. 

[Reprinted 1904: London, Harrison, 40 p.] 

422. __ 1905, Textbook of topographical and geographical 

surveying: London, H.M. Stationery Office, 288 p. [2nd ed., 

1913,412 p.; 3rd ed., 1925,336 p. Includes discussion of 

projections.! 

423. __ 1908, Map projections: Geographical Teacher, 

v.4,part4,no.20,p.l52-161. 

424. __ 1910, Tables for the projection ofgraticules for 

maps on the scale of 1:1,000,000: Prepared by the 

Geographical Section of the General Staff. To be used as 

Appendix 12, Text-book of topographical surveying: London, 

Wyman. 

425. __ 1921, Note on a Doubly-Equidistant projection: 

Geographical Journal, v. 57, no. 6, p. 446-448. 

426. __ 1922, Note on two double, or two-point, map 

projections: Ordnance Survey, Professional papers, new 

ser·ies, no. 5, 8 p. [See review by Young, A. E., 1922, Two new 

map projections: Geographical Journal, v. 60, no. 4, 

p. 297-299.) 

427. __ 1926, New War oflice maps of Africa and Asia: 

Geographical Journal, v. 68, no. 3, p. 253-257. [Modified 

IMW Polyconic projection for Africa and Lambert Conformal 

Conic projection with two standard parallels for Asia. 

Includes comments by A.R. Hinks.] 

428. ___ 1927, The transverse elliptical equal-area 

projection of the sphere, otherwise transverse Mollweide: 

London, Ordnance Survey, Professional papers, new series, 

no. 11,6 p. 

429. __ 1927, Some new map projections: Geography, 

v. 14, part 2, no. 78, p.l01-110. [Discusses several recently 

published projections.} 

430. __ 1929, An oblique Mollweide projection of the 

sphere: Geographical Journal, v. 73, no. 3, p. 251-253. 

431. ___ 1930, The transverse elliptical equal-area 

projection ofthe sphere: 12th International Geographical 

Congress, Cambridge, Eng., 1928, Report of the Proceedings, 

p. 109-112. [Transverse Mollweide projection.] 

432. ___ 1934, Recent British contributions to the study of 

map projections: Zbior prac. Recueil de Trauaux dedie par La 

Societe Geographique de Lw6w a Eugenjusz Romer, 

p. 111-117. 

433. __ 1934, A Doubly Equidistant projection of the 

sphere: Geographical Journal, v. 83, no. 2, p. 144-145. 
434. __ 1935, Two-Point Azimuthal-Equidistant 

projection: Geographical Journal, v. 86, no. 5, p. 445-446. 

__ <See also Close, C.F. Arden-.) 

435. Close, C.J:t'. Arden-, 1938, A polar-azimuthal retroazimuthal projection: Geographical Journal, v. 92, no. 6, 

p. 536-537. [Formerly Close, C.F.] 

436. __ 1939, A combined cylindrical projection: Empire 

Survey Review, v. 5, no. 32, p. 66-67. [Arithmetic average of 

Mercator and Cylindrical Equal-Area projections.] 

437. __ 1941, An oblique rectangular cylindrical 

projection: Geographical Journal, v. 97, no. 6, p. 349-350. 

438. __ 1942, The map of the Pacific: Geographical 

Journal, v. 100, no. 2, p. 64-72. [With comments by 

A.J. Dilloway, G.T. McCaw, and A.R. Hinks. Several 

possible alternative projections.] 

439. __ 1943, A combined projection: Empire Survey 

Review, v. 7, no. 49, p. 135-136. [A mean between Cylindrical 

Equal-Area projection and its transverse aspect. I 

440. __ 1947, Some curious map projections, in his 

Geographical byways and some other essays: London, 

E. Arnold, p. 68-88. 

__ (See also under Craig,J.I. (1910).) 

441. Close, C.F., and Clarke, A.R., 1911, Map projections: 

Encyclopaedic~. Britannica, 11th ed., v. 17, p. 653-663. [Same 

text, vol., and page nos. in 12th ed.,l922, and 13th ed.,1926. 

For 14th ed., 1929 (reprintings to 1960), text abridged and 

revised in v. 14, p. 846-851. For 15th ed., see Miller, O.M. 

(1962).] 

442. Close, C.F. Arden- and George, Frank, 1952, A 

forgotten pseudo-zenithal projection: Geographical Journal, 

v. 118, pt. 2, p. 237. [Wiechel projection.] 

443. Coatpont, G.H.A.L. de, 1877, Propriete~ et construction 

d'une carte des deux continents en projection azimutale 

eq uivalente: Societe de Geogra phie, Bulletin, series 6, v. 13, 

Feb., p.l51-169. [Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area 

projection.] 

444. __ 1878, Analyse d'une carte representant l'Asie et 

l'Europe en projection azimutale equivalente: Societe de 

Geographie, Bulletin, series 6, v. 16, July, p. 5-17. [Lambert 

Azimuthal Equal-Area projection.] 

445. __ 1894, Note, sur les projections des cartes 

geographiques. Expose et application de la projection la 

moins dissemblable: Societe de Geographie, Bulletin, series 

7,v. 15,no.4,p.605-616. 

446. Cogley, J .G., 1983, An analysis of the Miller oblated 

stereographic projection: Cartographica, v. 20, no. 3, 

p. 45-54. 

-18-

447. __ 1984, Map projections with freely variable 

aspects: Amer. Geophysical Union, Eos Transactions, v. 65, 

no. 34, p. 481-482. 

448. Cohen, Jaques, 1962, Calculo da proje~ao azimutal 

equidistante em computador digital: Anais Hidrograficos, 

v. 20, p. 87ft'. [Portuguese. Calculation of the Azimuthal 

Equidistant projection on the digital computer.) 

449. Colas, J .A., 1904, Map: U.S. Patent 752,957, dated 

Feb. 23. [Oval-shaped world map projection.] 

450. Cole, J .H.,1942, Map projections in practice: Giza 

(Orman), Egypt, Ministry of Finance, Survey of Egypt, 

Survey Paper no. 45,43 p. [Supplement, 1943,5 p.] 

451. __ 1943, The use of the conformal sphere for the 

construction of map projections: Giza (Orman), Egypt, 

Ministry of Finance, Survey of Egypt, Survey Paper no. 46, 

32p. 

452. Coleclough,J.K.,1932, The "Butterfly" map projection: 

Nature, v. 130, no. 3286, p. 635. [See corrections by Cahill, 

B.J.S.: no. 3295, p. 973-974.1 

453. Coleclough,J.K.,and Toy, H.S.,1926, Methods of 

making maps: Science Progress, no. 82, p. 292-306. 

454. Collignon, Edouard,1865, Recherches sur la 

representation plane de la surface du globe terrestre: Ecole 

Polytechnique,Journal, v. 24, p.125-132. 

455. Collins, F.H.,1963, Co-ordinate transformation: 

Technical Report NAVTRADEVCEN 1907-7315,192 p. 

[Abstract in U.S. Government-wide Research Reports, v. 39, 

no. 5, (sup pl.) order no. AD-604 169. Study of computer 

transformation of map on one projection to another.] 

456. Colvocoresses, A.P., 1959, Projection and horizontal 

reference system, in his A study of the needs and 

specifications for a national city mapping program: 

Columbus, Ohio State University, Dept. ofGeodetic Science, 

p.14-20. 

457. __ 1965, A unified plane co-ordinate reference 

system: Columbus, Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic 

Science, Doctoral dissertation, 161 p. 

458. __ 1969, A unified plane co-ordinate reference 

system: World Cartography, v. 9, p. 9-65. [Essentially a 

reprint of Colvocoresses (1965).] 

459. __ 1974, The map projection ofthe ERTS 

multispectral scanner: A mer. Society of Photogrammetry, 

40th annual meeting, St. Louis, Mo., Papers, p. 607. 

[Abstract only. Space Oblique Mercator projection.) 

460. __ 1974, Space Oblique Mercator: Photogrammetric 

Engineering, v. 40, no. 8, p. 921-926. 
461. __ 1975,Space Oblique Mercator- a new map 

projection of the Earth: International Society of 

Photogrammetry Commission Ill, Stuttgart, Sept. 2-6, 1974, 

Proceedings of the Symposium. Deutsche Geodatische 

Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der 

Wissenschaften, series B: Angewandte Geodasie, no. 214, 

p. 259-265. 

462. ___ 1977, Planimetric mapping from spacecraft, in 

Uotila, U.A., ed., The changing world of geodetic science: 

Columbus, Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic Science, 

Report no. 250, p. 352-358. [Status of Space Oblique 

Mercator projection.] 

463. ___ 1977, Map projection options for Landsat: Reston, 

Va., U.S. Geological Survey memo EC-50-Landsat, 4 p. 

[Compares UTM, Oblique Mercator, and Space Oblique 

Mercator projections.] 

___ <See also under Stoughton and Berry; under U.S. 

Geological Survey (1979).) 

Colwell, R.N. <See under Snyder 0982, Map projections 

for .... ).) 

464. Conn, C., 1960, The conversion of co-ordinates from the 

Cassini to the Transverse Mercator projection: Empire 

Survey Review, v.15, no. 116, p. 274-277. 

465. Consolidated V ultee Aircraft Corporation, 1943, Maps 

and how to understand them: 2nd ed., 32 p. 

466. Conzett, Rudolf, 1975, Kartenprojektionen und 

Computer: Vermessung,Photogrammetrie,Kulturtechnik, 

v. 73, no.l, p. 82-84. [Conformal projections, especially Swiss 

Oblique Mercator.] 

467. Coordes, C., 1882, Kleines Lehrbuch der LandkartenProjektion: Kassel, F'. Kessler, 61 p. [Later ed.,1891, 86 p.] 

468. Cortesao, Armando, 1969, History ofPortuguese 

cartography: Lisbon, Junta de I nvestigar6es do Ultra mar, 

v. 1, p. 97-110. [Projections used in Ptolemy editions.] 

469. Costa, Luciano, 1978, Principi di cartografza tecnica; 

Genoa, Universita di Genova, Facolta di lngegneria, Istituto 

di Trasporti, Cattedra di Topografia, Bozzi, 96 p. 

470. Cotter, C.H., 1966, Map projections, in his The 

astronomical & mathematical foundations of geography: 

New York, American Elsevier, p. 172-233. 

471. ___ 1977, The development of the mariner's chart: 

International Hydrographic Review, v. 54, no.1, p. 119-130. 

472. Courtier, ... , 1940-45 < 1946), Expose de Ia projection de 

Lambert: Annates Hydrographiques, series 3, v. 17, 

p. 101-114. 

473. Cousin, J .A.J ., 1777, 1778('?), De figura terrae 

commentatio,!!! K. Akademie gemeinniitziger 

wissenschaften zu Erfurt: Acta Academiae electoralis 

-19-

moguntinae scientiarum quae Erfurti est, ad annum,Erfurti, 

p. 209-216. [Latin.] 

474. Cox, J .F'., 1934, La geographic mathematique: 

Universite de Brux:elles,Revue, v. 39, no. 3, p. 358-373. 

475. ___ 1935, Representation de la surface entiere de la 

terre dans un triangle equilateral: Academie Royale de 

Belgique, Bulletin de la Classe des Sciences, series 5, v. 21, 

no. 1, p. 66-71. [Conformal projection of world within 

equilateral triangle.] 

476. __ 1939, Projection meridienne equivalente de Ia 

sphere entiere dans une circonference: Ciel et Terre, v. 55, 

p. 45-47. 

477. __ 1946, The doubly equidistant projection: Bulletin 

Geudesique, new series, no. 2, p. 74-76. [Supplement with 

same name, 1951, no. 19, p. 57-60. Both papers in French.] 

478. ___ 1954, Notions sur les projections equiualentes; 

(cane vas de cartes geographiques qui conservent les aires 

elementaires): Brussels, Office de Publicite, Centre Beige de 

Navigation, Publications no. 13,31 p. 

479. Cox, J.F., and Jehle, H., 1948, Sur le choix d'un 

planisphere: Scientia, series 4, annus 34, v. 68, no. 7-8, 

p. 47-51. 

480. Craig, J .I., 1910, Map-projections (Technical lecture, 

1909). The theory of map-projections, with special reference 

to the projections used in the Survey Department: Cairo, 

Egypt, Ministry of Finance, Survey Dept., paper no. 13, 

25 + 80 p. [Presents his "Mecca" retroazimuthal projection. 

See also review by Close, C.F. Arden-, 1911: Geographical 

Journal, v. 37, no. 2, p. 208-209.] 

481. ___ 1912, A class of map projections- retroazimut.hal: 

British Association for the Advancement of Science, 81st 

Meeting, Portsmouth, 1911, Report, p. 448-449. 

482. Craig, Thomas, 1880, Orthomorphic projection of an 

ellipsoid upon a sphere: A mer. Journal of Mathematics, v. 3, 

no. 2, p. 114-127. 

483. ___ 1882, A treatise on projections: U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey, 247 p. [Also U.S. Dept. ofTreasury, 

Document 61.] 

484. Cramer, R.E., 1963,A workshop inessentials of 

cartography and mapping: Dubuque, Iowa, W.C. Brown, part 

II, Projections, p. 55-85. 

485. Craster, J .E.E., 1929, Some equal-area projections of 

the sphere: Geographical Journal, v. 74, no. 5, p. 471-474. 

fPresents pseudocylindrical projections, especially his 

parabolic. See also 1931, v. 78, p. 194-195.] 

486. ___ 1934, Cylindrical map-projections: Empire 

Survey Review, v. 2, no. 14, p. 493-496. 
487. __ 1938, Oblique Conical Orthomorphic projection 

for New Zealand: Geographical Journal, v. 92, no. 6, 

p. 537-538. 

488. Crepin Bourdier de Beauregard, P.E.E.A.,1912, 

... Guide scienti{ique du geographe-explorateur: Paris, 

Gauthier-Villars, 250 p., chap. 5. 

489. Crone, G.R., 1952, A new world map: Some significant 

features: New Commonwealth, v. 24, no. 13, p. 620-621. 

[Oblique Eckert V projection proposed by Andrews 11952, A 

new ... ).) 

490. Csepregni, Szabolcz, and Soha, Gabor, 1983, Szabatos 

vetiileti szamitasok: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 35, no. 4, 

p. 247-257. [Hungarian with English abstract. Precise 

projection calculations.] 

491. Cueni, B.,1932, Bie Flachenverzerrung der 

winkeltreuen, schiefachsigen Zylinderprojektion: 

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und 

Kulturtechnik: v. 30, p. 35ff. 

492. Curie, J ., 1900, Systeme de construction des cartes de 

Babinet et Sanson: Assoc. Fran~aise pour l'Avancement des 

Sciences, 28th session, Boulogne-Sur-Mer,1899, Compte 

Rendu: Paris, p. 73-86. 

493. Dahlberg, R.E., 1961, Maps without projections: 

Journal ofGeography, v. 60, no. 5, p. 213-218. [Maps without 

gra ticules.] 

494. ___ 1962, Evolution of interrupted map projections: 

International Year book of Cartography, v. 2, p. 36-54. 

[Detailed history. I 

495. __ 1969, The elements of a map: Journal o( 

Geography, v. 68, no. 9, p. 527-534. 

496. Dahler, Thomas, 197 5, Der schweizerischc 

Koordinatennullpunkt bei Bordeaux: Schweizerische 

Bauzeitung, v. 93, no. 14, p. 202-205. 

497. d'Aiguillon, Fran~ois, 1613, De projectionibus, in his 

Francisci Aguilonii opticorum libri sex,philosophisJUXta ac 

mathematicis utiles: Paris, book 6, p. 453-636. [Latin. 

Discusses earlier map projections.] 

498. Daly, C.P., 1879, On the early history of cartography, or 

what we know of maps and map-making before the time of 

Mercator: A mer. Geographical Society, Journal, v. ll, 

p. 1-40. [Also discusses projections.] 

499. Danielsen, Jan, 1987, Recursion-formulae for the 

Gauss-Kruger series: Survey Review, v. 29, no. 224, p. 79-84. 

500. Dania, M., 1958, Stereograficka valcova sinusoidalna 

projekcia: Bratislava, Sbornik Fak.lni. Stavi, no. 2, 

p. 137-149. [Slovakian. Stereographic sinusoidal cylindrical 

projection. 1 

-20-

501. Darboux, Gaston, 1911, Sur Ia construction des cartes 

geographiques: Bulletin des Sciences Mathematiques, series 

2, v. 35, p. 23-28. 

502. __ 1911, Sur un probleme pose par Lagrange: 

Bulletin des Sciences Mathematiques, series 2, v. 35, p. 28-30. 

503. 1911, Sur methode de Tissot relative a Ia 

construction des cartes geographiques: Bulletin des Sciences 

Mathematiques, series 2, v. 35, p. 55-64. 

504. Dardano, Achille, 1913, Cartografia elementare pratica, 

con figure nel testo e 4 tavole: Novara, Istitut.o Geografico de 

Agostini, 97 p. 

505. ___ 1919, La proiezioni in planisfero perle carte di 

geografia economica: La Geogra(w (Rivista di Propaganda 

Geografica), v. 7, no. 1, p. 24-41. 

506. Darwin, George, 1875, On maps of the world: London, 

Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, series 4, 

v. 50, no. 333, p. 431-434. [Polyhedral globes.] 

507. Darwin.Leonard,1890, On the projection of maps for 

military purposes: London, War Office, 10 p. 

508. Daskalova, M., 1964, Normalna ekvivalentna konichna 

proyektsiya s nay-malka sredna kvadratia deformatsiya v 

dalzhina: Sbornik Statey poKartogra{ii, no. 6, p. 9-14. 

[Bulgarian. A normal equivalent conic projection with the 

least mean-square deformation of distance.! 

509. __ 1982,(Deducing the constants of the conformal 

and equal-area conical projection with the application of 

Airy's criterion J: Godisnik - V issiya I nstitut po A rhitektura i 

Stroitelstvo, 1981-82, v. 29, no. 3, p. 41-52. [Bulgarian. 

English abstract in Geo Abstracts,1984, no. 5, p. 341.] 

510. Daskalova, M., Todorova, E., and Dilov, C.,1982, 

[Variants of non-perspective conical projections]: GodisnikVissiyalnstitutpo Arhitektura i Stroitelstvo, 1981-82, v. 29, 

no. 3, p. 109-127. [Bulgarian. Englh;h abstract in Geo 

Abstracts, 1984, no. 5, p. 341.] 

511. Daule, P.F., 1887,Nouvelle et ingenieuseprojection de la 

mappemonde proposee aux geographes, aux instituleurs, aux 

geometres, etc.: Saint Quantin, Moureau, 8 p. 

512. d'Avezac de Castera-Macaya, M.A.P.,1841, Notice de 

quelques procedes expeditifs et d'un nouvel instrument pour 

le trace du canevas des projections glwgraphiques les plus 

usuelles, proposes par m. Larcade, professeur de 

mathematiq ues a Paris: Societe de Geographie, Bulletin, 

series 2, v. 16, sect. 1, p.120-126. 

513. __ 1863, Coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des 

cartes de geographie: Societe de Geographie, Bulletin, series 

5, v. 5,Apr-May, p. 257-361;June, p. 438-485. [Detailed 

history of projections. Classification and nomenclature, 

p. 473-485. Reprinted in Acta Cartographica,l977, v. 25, 

p. 21-173.) 
514. Davies, Arthur, 1949, An interrupted zenithal world 

map: Scottish Geographical Magazine, v. 65, no. 1, p. 1-6. 

[Oblique Azimuthal Equidistant projection centered on 

Balearic Islands, for inner hemisphere, and interrupted 

beyond to reduce distortion.} 

515. Davies, Charles, 1826, Elements of descriptive geometr·y, 

with their application to spherical trigonometry, spherical 

projections and warped surfaces: Philadelphia, 228 p. [Also 

other editions.] 

516. Davis, C.M., 1942, Maps in a changing world: Michigan 

Alumnus Quarterly Review, v. 48, no. 24, p. 268-275. ["Airage" projections.] 

517. DBA Systems Inc., 1976, Map projections for satellite 

imagery: Melbourne, Florida, prepared for USGS under 

contract no. 24395,71 p. [Attempt to develop Space Oblique 

Mercator projection.] 

518. de Beaumont, H.B., 1888, De La projection dan~> La 

cartographie et del 'heure universelle: C. Schuchardt, 56 p. 

519. ___ 1888, De Ia projection en cartographie et 

presentation d'une nouvelle projection de la sphere entiere 

comme planisphere: Societe de Geographie de Geni.we, 

Globe, Memoires, v. 27, p. 3-26. 

520. __ 1889, Map: U.S. Patent 400,642, dated Apr. 2. 

{Also patented in Belgium Mar. 27, 1888, no. 81,202. World 

map projection with most meridians and parallels as circular 

arcs.] 

521. ___ 1890, De Ia projection en cartographie: Ht?vue 

Geographique lntemationale, v. 15, Feb.-May, p. 2930, 

61-62,85-87, 109-111. 

522. ___ 1891, Presentation, avec cartes nouvelles, d'une 

cartographie generale pour le meilleur enseignement de la 

geographie: Societe de Geographie de Geneve, Globe, v. 2, 

5th series, p. 214-218. [Also in 5th Intl. Geographical 

Congress, Berne,1892, Comptes rendus: Schmid, Francke & 

cie., p. 351-354.] 

523. Debenham, F'rank, 1942, Astrographics: Cambridge, 

Eng., W. Heffer, and New York, Chemical Publishing Co., 

118 p. [Includes navigational use of map projections.] 

524. Debes, Ernst, 1883, Dr. Neils modifizierte GlobularProjektion: Verein fur Erdkunde zu Leipzig, Mitteilungen, 

v.12, p. 19-34. 

deChancourtois, B. ISee Beguyer de Chancourtois, A.-E.) 

De Cicco, John I See Kasner and De Cicco.> 

525. Decleir, H., 1980, Het nieuwe wereldbeeld in 

Petersprojektie: Quardrijkskunde, v. 4, no. 2, p. 125-132. 

[Dutch. New world map on Peters projection.] 

Deeth,A.L. <See Green, Baker, Deeth, Nuzzo, and Faludi.) 

526. Deetz, C.H., 1918, The Lambert Conformal Conic 

projection with two standard parallels, including a 

-21-

comparison of the Lambert projection with the Bonne and 

Polyconic projections: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. 

Pub. 47,61 p. 

527. ___ 1918, Lambert projection tables with conversion 

tables. Supplement to the Lambert conformal conic projection 

with two standard parallels: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 

Spec. Pub. 49, 84 p. 

528. ___ 1928, Map projections and nomenclature: A mer. 

Journal of Science, series 5, v. 16, no. 91, p. 73-75. 

529. ___ 1932, Map projections: U.S. Coast and Geodetic 

Survey, Assn. of Field Engineers, Bulletin 5, p. 1-13. 

530. ___ 1932, Map projections, a review: Presented before 

the Board ofSurveys and Maps, Mar. 8, 13 p. 

531. ___ 1936, Map projections, in his Cartography: A 

review and guide for the construction and use of maps and 

charts: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 205, 

1st ed., p. 39-56. [2nd ed., 1943.} 

532. Deetz, C.H., and Adams, O.S.,1921, Elements of map 

projection with applications to map and chart construction 

(lsted.l: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 68, 

163 p. l2nd ed., 1928; 3rd ed., 1931, 173 p.; 4th ed., 1934, 

200 p.; 5th ed., 1944, 226 p., reprinted by Greenwood Press, 

1969.1 

533. Defossez, L., 1910, Les cartes geographiques et leurs 

projections usuelles: Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 119 p. 

534. de Graff, Hunter, 1921, Graticules of maps,!!! Auxiliary 

tables of the Survey of India, pt. 1: Debra Dun, Survey of 

India, Trigonometrical Branch. [Revised and extended.] 

535. de Henseler, Max, 1963, An oblique azimuthal 

equidistant projection centered on Addis Ababa: 

Geophysical Observatory, Addis Ababa, Bulletin, v. 3, no. 2, 

p. 169-172. 

536. ___ 1971, A retro-azimuthal equidistant projection 

centered on Addis Ababa: Geophysical Observatory, Haile 

Selassie-University, Addis Ababa, Bulletin, v. 13, p. 103-105. 

537. __ 1985, Geschichte der Flagge der Vereinten 

Nationen: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 35, no. 4, 

p. 145-146. [Use of Azimuthal Equidistant projection for 

United Nations flag.] 

de Jongh, J.P. CSee Lincklaen Arriens, Vrijmoed, van 

Willigen, and de Jongh.) 

538. De Ia Herverie, 8., 1933, La mappemonde de l'Avenir: 

Le Miroir du Monde, Paris, Sept. 2. 

539. de La Hire, Philippe, 1704, Construction d'un nouvel 

astrolabe universe!: Paris, H istoire del 'Academie royale des 

sciences annee MDCCI, avec les Memoires de mathematique et 

de physique pour/a meme annee, p. 97-101 ofHistoire; 

p. 253-260 of Memoires <presented Dec. 3, 1701 l. [Discusses 

bis perspective projection.] 
540. Delambre,J.B.J.,1804, De la projection 

stereographique: Institut National du Sciences et Arts, 

Sciences mathematiques et physiques, Memoires, v. 5, 

p. 393-416. 

541. Oelevsky,Jacques, 1942, L'invention de la projection de 

Mercator et les enseignements de son histoire: Isis, v. 34, 

pL2,no.94,p.110-117. 

542. Delisle, Guillaume, 1722, Determination geographique 

de la situation et de l'etendue des diflerentes parties de la 

terre: Paris, Academie Royale des Sciences, Histoire, 1720, 

p. 365-384. 

543. DeLucia, A.A., and Snyder, J.P., 1986, An innovative 

world map projection: A mer. Cartographer, v. 13, no. 2, 

p. 165-167. [Orthographic projection of world plotted 

conformally on hemisphere of globe.] 

544. De Marchi, Luigi, 1919, La rappresentazione della 

superficie terrestre: Scientia, series 2, v. 25, p. 186-195. 

545. Demmel, Anton, 1961, Koordinatensystem und 

Flurkartenblattschnitt. Eine Betrachtung anlasslich der 

Einfuhrung des Gauss-Kruger-Systems in die bayerische 

Katastervermessung: Allgemeine VermessungsNachrichten, no. 9, p. 282-286. 

546. __ 1964, Die Abgrenzung der Koordinatenbereiche 

des 9°- und 12°-Meridianstreifensystems in der bayerischen 

Katastervermessung und die Abbildungsverzerrungen der 

Gauss-Kruger-Projektion: Deutschen Vereins fur 

V ermessungswesen I .and-V ermessung Bayern, 

M itteilungsblatt, v. 16, no. 1, p. 7-11. 

547. De Morgan, Augustus, 1836, An explanation of the 

gnomonic projection of the sphere; and of such points of 

astronomy as are most necessary in the use of astronomical 

maps being a description of the construction and use of the 

larger and smaller maps of the stars; as also of the six maps of 

the Earth: London, Baldwin & Cradock, 126 p. 

548. Denes, Agnes, 1979, Isometric systems in isotropic 

space: map projections from the study of distortions series 

1973-1979: Rochester, N.Y., Visual Studies Workshop Press, 

100 p. 

549. Denmark. Geodaetisk Institut, 1981, UTM-nettet, 

Universal Transverse Mercator Grid, opbygning og 

anvendelse: Copenhagen, Geodaetisk Institut, 22 p. 

[Danish.) 

550. Denoyer, L.P., 1943, Instructor's manual, 

accompanying charts of the map reading series, ed. by Henry 

M. Leppard: Chicago, Denoyer-Geppert Co., 20 p. 

___ <See also Leppard and Denoyer.) 

551. Dent, B.D., 1985, Employment of map projections, in his 

Principles of thematic map design: Reading, Mass., AddisonWesley Pub. Co., p. 63-70. 

552. Deputatova, V.N., 1969,0 razvitii perspektivnykh 

proyektsiy c mnogokratnymi izobrazheniyami: Izvestiya 

-22-

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 1, p. 121-131. [Russian. Translated to 

English as Development of perspective projections with 

multiple representations: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 

1969, no.1, p. 58-62.1 

553. __ 1969, Obobshchennye formuly perspektivnykh 

proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aero{otos emka, no. 2, p. 95-102. [Russian. 

Translated to English as: Generalized formulas of 

perspective projections: Geodesy and Aeroplwtography, no. 2, 

p.117-121.] 

554. __ 197 4, Opredeleniye planetograficheskikh 

koordinat tochek snimka po ikh pryamougol'nym 

koordinatam: lzvestiya vuzov; Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 

2, p. 97-101. [Russian. Determination of the planetary 

coordinates of the points of a photograph from their 

rectangular coordinates.) 

555. ___ 1983, Matematicheskaya osnova kart Luny: 

lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos'emka, no. 1, p. 47-51. [Russian. Mathematical 

basis of maps of the Moon.] 

__ (See also Bugayevskiy and Deputatova.) 

556. Depuydt,l''rans, 1982, The equivalent quintuple 

projection: Paper presented at the 11th International 

Cartographic Conference, Warsaw, 4 p. 

557. __ 1983, The equivalent quintuple projection: 

International Yearbook o{Cartography, v. 23, p. 63-74. 

[Equal-area map of world in five contiguous sections adapted 

from Bonne and Sinusoidal projections.} 

558. ___ 1985, Localisation dans l'espace: projections et 

canevas: La formation des Cartographes, 8eminaire Rabat, 

Morocco, Apr. 16-21, 1984, Compte rendu: Enschede, 

p.63-90. 

559. Derman is, A., and Livieratos, E., 1981, Strain analysis 

of map projections: Quaterniones Geodaesiae, no. 2-3. 

[Greek.} 

560. Descotes, Pierre-M., 1933, Courbes isodiastematiques, 

nouvelle metlwde pour les calculer: La Paz, Bolivia, 

Observatorio de San Calixto, 17 p. [Discusses computation of 

curves of equal distance and azimuth on Mercator world 

map.) 

561. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kartographie, 1981, Die 

sogenannte Peters-Projektion. Eine Stellungnahme der 

Deutschen GeseJlschaft fur Kartographie: Geographische 

R undschau, v. 33, no. 8, p. 334-335. f Also in Kartographische 

Nachrichten, 1982, v. 32, no. 1, p. 33-36; LehrmittelAktuell, 

1981, v. 7, no. 5, p. 6-8; Osterreichische Geographische 

Gesellschaft, Mitteilungen, 1983, v. 125, p. 209-213. 

Translated to English as The so-called Peters projection: 

Cartographic Journal, 1985, v. 22, no. 2, p. 108-110;South 

African Journal of Plwtogrammetry, Remote Sensing and 

Cartography, 1987, v. 14, part 6, p. 391-395.) 
562. __ 1986, The "new cartography": [United Nations] 

Secretariat News, v. 41, no. 10, p. 11-13. [Peters projection.! 

563. Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Kartographie & Verband der 

Kartographischen Verlage und Institute, l985,ldeologie 

statt Kartographie: Die Wahrheit uber die "PetersWeltkarte": Dortmund/Frankfurt am-Main, 11 p. [Peters 

projection and relation to other projections.! 

de Villiers, D.J. <See Senekal, LeRoux, and de Villiers.J 

564. D'Ilollander, M., 1953 ( 1954), Note sur la projection de 

Goode: Comite des Travaux Historiques et Scientifique::;, 

Section de Geographie,Bulletin, v. 66, p.l77-184. [Note on 

Goode's projection. 1 

565. Dias Coverrubies, Francisco, 1864, Tablas para 

construir la proyecci6n de la car·ta general de Mexico, por el 

ingeniero ge6grafo con ... : Sociedad Mexicana de Geogr. y 

Estidistica, v. 10, p. 118-124. 

566. Diemler, Wilhelm, 1914, ... Konforme A bbildung des 

ganzen Erdellipsoids auf die Kugel: Munich, Koniglich 

bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 71 p. fC.onformal 

projection of the ellipsoid.] 

Diense, P. <See Gelcich, Sauter, and Diense.) 

567. Diercke, Paul, 1929, Zwei Probleme der 

Kartenwissenschaft und ihre Beziehungen zu Albn'cht 

Durer: Geographischer Anzeiger, v. 30, p. 146-156. 

568. ___ 1929, Die graphische Konstruktion der 

Mercatorkarte: Annalen der Hydrographie und Manti men 

Meteorologie, v. 57, no. 2, p. 61-66. 

569. Dilke, O.A.W. and M.S., 1985, The imprint of Ptolemy: 

Geographical Magazine, v. 57, no. 10, p. 544-549. 

570. Dilloway, A.J., 1942, The cartographic solution of great 

circle problems: Royal Aeronautical Society, Journal, v. 46, 

no. 373, p. 4-31. 

571. __ 1945, Graphics of world aviation: Royal 

Aeronautical Society,Journal, v. 49, no. 411, p. 112-140. 

[Stresses oblique aspects of several projections.] 

___ CSee also under Close 0942).) 

Dilov, C. <See Daskalova, Todorova, and Dilov.) 

Dinse, Paul <See Gelcich, Sauter, and Dinse.) 

572. Doergens, Richard, 1870, Theorie und Praxis der 

geographischen Kartennetze. !.Theil: Die perspektivischen 

Projektionen: Berlin, S. Schropp'sche HofLandkartenhandlung, 46 p. [Only this portion publi::;hed.] 

573. Domokos, Gyorgynd,1973, A kornyezeti artalmak 

feltarasa es terkepezese: Geodezia es Kartografia, V. 25, 

no. 6, p. 433-438. [Hungarian with German abstract. 

Detection and mapping of environment damages.] 

-23-

574. Donald, J.K., 1957, Donald Elliptic projection: New 

York, Amer. Telephone and Telegraph Co., unpublished 

manuscript, 16 p. [Modified Two-point Equidistant 

projection of eliipsoid for 48 United States and southern 

Canada, used by Amer. Telephone and Telegraph Co. to 

establish long-distance telPphone rates.] 

Dorflinger,Johannes <See under Kertschmer<I986).) 

575. Dorozynski, Alexander, 1977, A new world map that 

puts the Third World in its proper perspective: Science 

Forum, v. 10, no. 6, p. 15-1H. [Reprinted as The Peters world 

map: Is it an improvement?: Canadian Geographic, 1978, 

v. 97, no. 1, p. 24-28. See comments by Wray (1978).] 

576. Dorzzancan, B., 1966, Mongol orny gazryn zurag 

zochiochod chereglech zuragzuyn trusgagiyn tuchay: Mongol 

Omy Gazarzuyn Asuudlund, no. 6, p. 3-12. [Mongolian with 

Russian abstract. A map projection for the map of the 

People's Republic of Mongolia.] 

577. Doyle, F.J., 1973, Federal mapping and a national grid: 

Surveying and Mapping, v. 33, no. 3, p. 305-312. 

578. Doytsher, Y ., and Shmutter, B., 1981, Transformation 

of conformal projections for graphica I purposes: Canadian 

Surveyor, v _ 35, no. 4, p. 395-404. 

579. Dozier, Jeff, 1980, Improved algorithm for calculation of 

UTM and geodetic coordinates: Washington, National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Technical 

Report NESS 81, 19 p. [Adaptation of Lee's (1976) closed 

formulas for exact Transverse Mercator of ellipsoid.] 

580. Drecker, Josef, 1917, Ein Instrument, eine Karte und 

eine Schrift des Nurnberger Kartographen und 

Kompastmachers Erhard Etzlaub: Annalen der 

Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 45, June, 

p. 217-224. [Etzlaub's earlier use of Mercator projection. See 

comments by Hammer ( 1917>.] 

581. ___ 1921, Zur Geschichte der Mercatorprojektion: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 67, Jan.-Feb., p. 27. [Comments 

on Eckert ( 1920, Zur .... ).] 

582. Driencourt, Ludovic, 1934, Le planisphere de Mercator 

et la navigation maritime ou aerienne par relevements 

radiogoniometriques pris du bord: Annates 

Hydrographiques, series 3, v. 13, p. 87-97. 

583. Driencourt, Ludovic, and Laborde, Jean, 1932, Traite 

des projections des cartes geographiq ues a l 'usage des 

cartographes et des geodesiens: Paris, Hermann et cie, 4 v. 

[See review by Vanssay de Blavous, P. de, 1933: 

Hydrographic Review, v. 10, no. I, p. 80-87.] 

584. Drogaytsev, D.A., 1958, Poperechnaya sistema 

koordinat dlya Arktiki: Moscow, Problemy Severa, v. 1, 

p. 346-353. [Russian. A transverse coordinate system for the 

Arctic.] 
585. Duchesne, Charles,1907, L'enseignement des 

projections cartographiques: Societe Royale de Geographie 

d'Anvers, Bulletin, v. 31, p. 65-94. [Also published in 

separate form, at Liege. I 

586. ___ 1907, Les projections cartographiques: Societe 

Royale des Sciences de Liege, Memoires, series 3, v. 7, 

p.1-178. 

587. Dufour, G.H., 1868, Observations relatives a Ia "Note 

sur les projections gnomoniq ues, par Julien Thoulet": 

Soceite de Geographie, Bulletin, series 5, v. 15,Jan.-June, 

p.390-393. 

588. Dufour, H.M., 1969,Laprojection UTM calculs 

electroniques: lnstitut Geographique National, 15 p. 

589. Dufton, A.F.,1941, The world mapped in 

complementary segments: London, Edinburgh and Dublin 

Philosophical Magazine, series 7, v. 32, Nov., p. 436-437. 

[Use of equal-area sinusoidal-like projection in two parts. 

See comments in Geographical Journal, 1942, v. 99, no. 4, 

p. 206, probably by A.R. Hinks.] 

590. Duken, A.J ., 1984, Die mathematische Rekonstruktion 

der Portolankarte des Giovanni Carignano (ca.1310). Ein 

Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie: Biickeburg, Ger., 

Driftman, 46 p. 

591. Dumitrescu, Victor, 1957, 0 metoda de construire 

derivata a proiectiilor azimutale pentru hartile geografice: 

Bucharest, Analene Universitii, Seria $tiintele Naturii, 

Geologie-Geografie, no. 16, p. 175-187. [Romanian with 

French abstract. One method of constructing derivatives of 

azimuthal projections for geographic maps. I 

592. ___ 1962, Noi metode de construire a proiectiilor 

azimutale ortografice: Bucharest, Analene Universitii, Seria 

$tiinJele Naturii, Geologie-Geogra{ie, v. 11, no. 32, 

p. 203-206. [Romanian. A new method of construction of 

azimuthal orthographic projections.] 

593. ___ 1965, Perspectivele cosmografice- un nou sistem 

de projectii azimutale: Natura, Seria Geografie-Geologie, 

v. 17, no. 6, p. 16-22. [Romanian. Perspective projection.] 

594. ___ 1966, Perspectives cosmographiques- un systeme 

utile de projections azimutales: International Year book of 

Cartography, v. 6, p. 25-32. [French with English abstnrct. 

Perspective projection.] 

595. ___ 1966, Cosmographic perspectives- a useful 

system of azimuthal projections: Revue Roumaine de 

Geologie, Geophysique et Geographie, Serie de Geographie, 

v. 10, no. 1, p. 21-27. 

596. __ 1966, Primeneniye kosmograficheskikh 

perspektiv pri deshifrirovanii fotografiy, sdelanykh v 

kosmose: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 10, p. 59-62. 

[Russian. The use of"cosmographic" perspectives for making 

photographs from space.] 

597. ___ 1967, Construction des perspectives 

cosmographiques: Revue Roumaine de Geologie, 

-24-

GeophysiqueetGeographie,Serie de Geographie, v.11, no.l, 

p. 73-78. [Perspective projections.] 

598. __ 1968, Cartographic solution for deciphering 

space-photographs: International Yearbook of Cartography, 

v. 8, p. 66-74. [Tilted perspective projection.] 

599. __ 1969, Images calculeespseudocosmophotographies de Ia Terre: Revue Roumaine 

Geologie, Geophysique et Geographie, Serie de Geographie, 

v.13, no.1, p. 83-89. [French with English abstract.] 

600. __ 1971, Mathematische Grundlagen schrager und 

senkrechter kosmographischer Perspektiven: Allgemeine 

Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 78, no. 5, p. 163-172. [Oblique 

and vertical perspective projections.] 

601. __ 1973, The cartographic-mathematical theory of 

cosmographic perspective projections: Revue Roumairie de 

Geologie, Geophysique et Geographie, Serie de Geographie, 

v.17,no. 1,p.67-82. 

602. __ 197 4, Kosmographische Perspektiv-Projektionen: 

Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 81, no. 4, 

p. 142-151. 

603. __ 1975, La base cartographique-mathematique de 

l'Atlas geographique national de la Republique Socialiste de 

Roumanie: Revue Roumaine de Geologie, Geophysique et 

Geographie, Serie de Geographie, v. 19, no. 2, p. 291-297. 

I French with English abstract.] 

604. ___ 1977, Cosmographic perspective projections - the 

mathematical model of space photographs,!!! Kretschmer, 

Ingrid, ed., Beitriige zur theoretischen Kartographie <Studies 

in Theoretical Cartography): Vienna, Franz Deuticke, 

p. 91-106. 

605. Dupraz, Hubert, 1976, Formules pour La transformation 

de coordonnees geographiques en coordonnees planes et la 

transformation inverse dans la projection suisse: Lausanne, 

Ecole Polytechnique Federale, Institut de Geodesie et 

Mensuration, 17 p. (Coordinate transformation for projection 

used for Switzerland. See also Vermessung, 

Photogra~metrie,Kulturtechnik, 1976, v. 74, no. 11-76, 

p. 313-315.] 

606. Durazzo, Pompeo, 1885, Il disegno delle projezioni 

geografiche; guida allo studio della cartogra{ia: VeronaPadova: Drucker & Tedeschi, 2nd ed., 82 p. [1st ed.,1884.} 

607. Durer, Albrecht, 1538, U nterweysung des Messung mit 

dem Zirckel und Richtscheyt, v. 4. (Includes discussion of 

polyhedral globes.) 

Durfee, R.C. <See Edwards and Durfee. I 

608. Dwivedi, R.L., 1966, A critique on the construction of 

the conical map projection (with two standard parallels): 

Indian Journal of Geography, v. 1, no. 1, p. 57-60. 

609. Dyer, G.C., 1971, Polar navigation- a new Transverse 

Mercator technique: Institute of Navigation, Journal, v. 24, 

no. 4, p. 484-495. 
610. Dziadkowsky, Bruno, 1928, Erdkarten fUr--Uhren: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 74, no. 7-8, p. 205-206. 

[Projections and time zones.J 

611. ___ 1929, Die kartographische Projektion der 

Kugelgrosskreise: Annalen der Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 57, no. 7, p. 241-247. 

612. E, Syue-an', 1957, [Formulae for the coordinate 

transformation between zones of the Gauss-Kruger and 

Lambert Conformal Conic projections): Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v. 1, no. 2, p. 181-194. [Chinese.] 

613. Eberhart, H.O., 1978, Map coordinate conversion. Final 

report. Dec. 1977-Mar. 1978: Alexandria, Va., Potomac 

Research Inc., 11 p. [Set of 12 FORTRAN subroutines.] 

614. Ecker, Erhart, 1977, Uber die Gauss-KrugerAbbildung: Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie, v. 65, no. 3-4, 

p. 108-117. [German with English abstract. The GaussKruger projection.] 

615. __ 1978, Conformal mappings of the earth ellipsoid: 

Manuscripta Geodaetica, v. 3, p. 229-251. 

616. __ 1980, Uber die inverse Gauss-Kruger-Abbildung: 

Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und 

Photogrammetrie, v. 68, no. 2, p. 71-78. [German with 

English abstract.] 

617. Eckert, Max, 1906, Neue Entwiirfe fUr Erdkarten: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 52, no. 5, p. 97-109. [New 

projections for world maps. Six pseudocylindrical projections 

with lines for poles.] 

618. ___ 1909, Eine neue Isochronenkarte der Erde: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 55, no 9, p. 209-216; no. 10, 

p. 256-263. [Azimuthal Equidistant projection used for 

isochrone map.] 

619. ___ 1910, Die Kartenprojektion: Geugraphische 

Zeitschrift, v. 16, no. 6, p. 297-318; no. 7, p. 385-398; no. 8, 

441-454. 

620. ___ 1920,Abanderung flachentreuer Netze: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 66, June, p. 125-126. 

621. ___ 1920, Zur Geschichte der Mercatorprojektion: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 66, Sept., p. 202. [Note on 

Etzlaub versus Mercator. See comments by Drecker < 1'921 ).] 

622. ___ 1921, 1925, Die Kartenwissenschaft; Berlin & 

Leipzig, Walter de Gruyter & Co., 2 v. [Projections especially 

discussed v.1, p.115-207; v. 2, p. 62-89,227-231,276-280, 

315-317,775-787 .] 

623. ___ 1923, Die Projektion der geologischen Karte: 

Naturwissenschaften, v. 11, no. 38, p. 792-795. 

624. ___ 1931, Geographisches prakticum: Leipz1g, H. 

Wagner and E. Debes, v. 1. 

-25-

625. __ 1950, Kartenkunde, durchgesehen von Wilhelm 

Kleffner: Berlin, W. de Gruyter, 149 p. 

___ (See also Eckert-Greifendorff; Kriimmel and Eckert). 

626. Eckert-Greifendorff, Max, 1935, Eine neue flachentreue 

(azimutaloideJ Erdkarte: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 81, 

no. 6, p. 190-192. [Formerly Max Eckert. Compresses 

equatorial Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection to onequarter its height, quadrupling longitude; inspired by 

Hammer t 1892 l. J 

627. ___ 1935, Die kartographischen Projektionen und 

ihre Anwendung, insbesondere die Anwendung 

flachentreuer Projektionen in der Geographie: International 

Geographical Congress, Warsaw, Proceedings, v.1, 

p. 145-150. 

628. ___ 1937, Bemerkungen zu Cahills 

Schmetterlingskarten: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 83, 

no. 5, p.131-132. [Comments on Cahill's weathermap 

projection.] 

629. __ 1938, Die Zielsetzung geographischer 

Kartenprojecktionen: 15th International Geographical 

Congress, Amsterdam, Proceedings, v. 2, sect. 1, p. 3-13. 

__ (See also under Cahill ( 1937).) 

630. Edwards, R.G., and Durfee, R.C.,1917,Digital 

geographic data with OR/DOT. A generalized program for 

drawing overlay grids in various map projections: Oak 

Ridge, Tenn., Oak Ridge National Lab, ORNURUS-17, 

127 p. 

631. Edwards, R.L., 1969, Archaeological use ofthe 

Universal Transverse Mercator Grid: A mer. Antiquity, v. 34, 

no. 2, p. 180-182. 

632. Edwards, Trystan, 1953, A new map of the world, the 

Trystan Edwards Homolugraphic projection: London, B.T. 

Batsford Ltd., 18 p. [Cylindrical Equal-area projection with 

standard parallels at about 37° N. and S. Reprinted 1955.] 

633. Eggert, Otto, 1930, Rechtwinklige Koordinaten auf 

dem Ellipsoid, auf der Kugel und in der Ebene: Zeitschrift 

fur Vermessungswesen, v. 59, p. 413ff. 

634. __ 1936, Die stereographische Abbildw1g der 

Erdellipsoids: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 65, p. 

153-164. 

___ (See also Jordan and Eggert.) 

635. Eilingzfeld, Ferenc and Szadeczky-Kardoss, Gyula, 

1957, A Hazay-fele Gauss-Kr·i.iger koordinataatszamitasi 

mOdszer hasznalhat6sagi tartomanyanak kiterjesztese: 

Geodezia es Kartografw, v. 9, no. 3, p. 148-158; no. 4, 

p. 256-261. (Hungarian with German abstract. Extension of 

the Gauss-Kruger coordinate transformation method of Prof. 

Hazay.) 
636. Eisele, Carolyn, 1959, Charles S. Peirce. Nineteenth 

century man of science: Scripta Mathematica, v. 24, no. 4, 

p. 305-324. 

637. ___ 1962, The Quincuncial map-projection ot' Charles 

S. Peirce: 1Oth International Congress of the History of 

Science and Technology,lthaca, N.Y., v. 2. [Abstrat'l of 

paper later expanded in Eisele ( 1963>.] 

638. ___ 1963, Charles S. Peirce and the problem of mapprojection: Amer. Philosophical Society, Proceedings, v. 107, 

no. 4, p. 299-307. 

639. Eisenlohr, Friedrich, 1870, Ueber Flachenabbildung: 

Journal fur Reine und Angewandte Mathematik [Crelle's], 

v. 72, no. 2, p. 143-151. [His conformal projection of world 

with minimum overall error.] 

640. ___ 1875, Ueber Kartenprojection: Gesellschaft fUr 

Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift, v. 10, no. 59, p. 321-334. 

641. Ekstedt, lvar, 1933, Centralperspektivisk projektion: 

Globen, v. 12, no. 7, p. 63-65. [Swedish. Gnomonic 

projection.] 

642. Elliott, D.A., and Schwartz, A.A., 1977, 

Transformations from an oblate spheroid to a plane and oice 

versa: The equations used in the cartographic projection 

program MAP2: Pasadena, Cal., Jet Propulsion Lab., 268 p. 

[Pasadena, Calif.lnst. ofTech., Publication 77-7.] 

643. Emerson, William, 1749, The projection ofthe :;phere, 

orthographic, stereographic and gnomical; both 

demonstrating the principles, and explaining the practice of 

these various sorts of projections: London. 

644. Epshteyn, M.M., ca. 1963, Vybor konformnoy proyektsii 

dlya izabracheniya chasti zemnoy poverkhosti: GUGK, 

Sbornik, no. 26. [Russian. Selection of a conformal projection 

for representation of a part of the Earth's surface.] 

645. ___ 1964, lzmenenie velichiny masshtaba v 

proyektsiyakh Chebysheva i blizkikh k nom: lzvest.iya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 4, p. 79-84. [Russian. Translated to 

English as: Scale change in the Chebyshev and similar 

projections: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1964, no. 4, 

p. 222-224.] 

646. Erdi-Krausz, Gyorgy, 1958, Vettiletanalizis: Budapest, 

Terkeptudornanyi Tanulmanyok. Studia Cartologica. Az 

Eotvos Lunind Tudomtmyegyetem Terkeptudomanyt 

Tanszekenek Evkonyve. 1956-1958, p. 194-270. [Hungarian. 

Analysis of map projections.] 

647. __ 1959, Foldrajzi vetiiletek (kezirat): Budapest, 

Felsooktatasi Jegyzetellat6 Vallalat. [Hungarian. 

Cartographic projections (manuscript>.] 

648. __ 1960, Foldrajzi vetiiletek: Matematikai 

kartografia. Geodezia Kezikonyv, v. 3: Budapest, 

Kozgazdasagi es Jogi Kiad6. [Hungarian. Geographical 

projections <mathematical cartography>.) 

-26-

649. __ 1960, A legikozlekedes terkepei: Geodezia es 

Kartografia, v. 12, no. 1, p. 12-16. [Hungarian with German 

abstract. Maps for air travel.) 

650. __ 1968, Combined equal-area projection for world 

maps: Budapest, Hungarian Cartographical Studies, 

p. 44-49. [Fused Mollweide and flat-polar sinusoidal 

projections to form a new pseudocylindrical.] 

651. Eriksson, J. V ., 1916, 0 m kartprojektioner. En ofversiki: 

U ppsala a.b. Akademiska Bokhandeln, 64 p. [Swedish. On 

map projections; an overview. Also Stockholm: Generalstabens litografiska anstalts fOrlag, 1925, 2nd ed., 95 p.) 

652. Ermolaev, G.G., 1965,Kartograficheskie proyektsii i 

morskie karty: Moscow, "Transport", 128 p. [Russian. 

Cartographic projections and sea charts. Also 1971, 128 p.) 

653. Erokan, Islam, 1960, Merkator projeksiyonu: Harita 

Dergisi, v. 26, no. 61, p. 5-15. (Turkish. Mercator projection.] 

654. Erritt, W.A., 1938, The fixation of minor triangulation 

on the Transverse Mercator Projection: Empire Survey 

Review, v. 4, no. 30, p. 462-466. 

655. ___ 1939, Transformation of rectangular co-ordinates 

on the Transverse Mercator Projection: Empire Survey 

Review, v. 5, no. 32, p. 85-89. 

656. Euler, Leonhard, 1777, De repraesentatione superficiei 

sphaericae super plano: St. Petersburg, Academia 

Scientiarum lmperialis Petropolitanae, Acta, part 1, 

p.107-132. !Latin. Translated into German as one of Drei 

Abhandlungen iiber Kartenprojection,!!.! Ostwald's Klassiker 

der Exakten Wissenschaften, no. 93: Leipzig, Wilhelm 

Engelmann, 1898, with editing by Albert Wangerin, p. 3-37.] 

657. ___ 1777, De projectione geographica superficiei 

sphaericae: St. Petersburg, Academia Scientiarum 

Imperialis Petropolitanae, Acta, part 1, p. 133-142. [Latin. 

Translated into German as one of'Drei Abhandlungen iiber 

Kartenprojection, ill Ostwald's Klassiker der Exakten 

Wissenschaften, no. 93: Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann,1898, 

with editing by Albert Wangerin, p. 38-52.] 

658. ___ 1777, De projectione geographica de Lisliana in 

mappa generali Imperii Russici usitata: St. Petersburg, 

Academia Scientiarum lmperialis Petropolitanae, Acta, part 

1, p. 143-153. [Latin. Equidistant conic projection used for 

map of Russia. Translated into German as one of Drei 

Abhandlungen iiber Kartenprojection,.!.!! Ostwald's Klassiker 

der Exakten Wissenschaften, no. 93: Leipzig, Wilhelm 

Engelmann, 1898, with editing by Albert Wangerin, 

p. 53-64.1 

659. ___ 1959,/zbrannye kartograficheskiye stat'i. Tri 

stat 'i po matem. kartografii Pereuod s nemeckim: Moscow, 

G. V. Bagratuni, Geodezizdat, 80 p. [Russian. Selected 

cartographic contributions: Three contributions on 

mathematical cartography. Translation from German.] 

Evans, Frederick (See Gordon and Evans.) 
660. Evans, J .J ., 1940, Projections and map-making: 

Columbus, Ohio State University, Master's thesis. 

661. Evenden, G .1., 1983, Forward and inverse cartographic 

projection procedures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 83-623, 85 p. 

662. Everett, J.D., 1904, On a flat model which solves 

problems in the use of the globes: Geographical Journal, 

v. 23, no. 2, p. 234-242. [Small segments of globe, each on 

conic projection, arranged to suit need.] 

663. Evomarov, K., 1953, Kartenentwurfslehre: Berlin, 

Verlag Technik, 182 pp. [Translated from Russian original, 

1951.1 

664. Ewe, Thorwald, 1977, U nsere Erde ist ganz anders: 

Quick, v. 52, p. 69-72. [Peters Projection.) 

665. Faccin, Francesco, 1905, Nuovo planisfero ad uso della 

marina: Riuista Pisica Matematica e Scienze Naturali, v. 11, 

p. 113-117. 

666. Faintich, Marshall, 1986, The politics of geonwtry: 

Computer Graphics World, May, p. 101-102,104. [Peters and 

other projections.] 

667. Fairgrieve,J., 1928, A new projection: Geography, 

v.l4, part 6, no. 82, p. 525-526. [Oblique Mollweide 

projection. See also Geographical Journal, 1929, v. 73, no. 3, 

p. 248-249.) 

Faludi, R. <See Green, Baker, Deeth, Nuzzo, and Faludi. l 

Fang, Chiin <See Fang, J.T.l 

668. Fang, J .T., 1934, Ti-t'u t'ou-ying-hsueh: Peking,}( ohsii.eh ch 'u-pan-she, 128 p. [Chinese. The study of map 

projection. 1952 ed.: 303 p. 1957-58 ed.: 1957, v. 1, 343 p.; 

1958, v. 2, 268 p.] 

669. 1943, Lambert projection tables for China: 

Chungking, National Geological Survey of China, 

Cartographic Records 3, 155 p. [Chinese and English.! 

670. ___ 1948-1949, On the Lambert conformal projection 

as applied in China: Empire Survey Review, 1948, v. 9, 

no. 70, p. 357-363; 1949, v. 10, no. 71, p. 30-37. 

671. ___ 1949, Transformations between the Lambert 

conformal and Gauss-Krueger <Transverse Mercator) 

projections: Empire Survey Review, v. 10, no. 74, p. 181-186. 

672. ___ 1950, Azimuth and distance corrections f(Jr the 

geodetic lines on the Lambert Conformal projection: E.rnpire 

Survey Review, v. 10, no. 75, p. 218-227. 

673. ___ 1957, The equation on the geodetic line tHl 

conformal projection and the direction and distance 

corrections for them: Acta Geodetica et Cartographtca 8inica, 

v. 1, no. 2, p. 166-169. [J<:nglish.l 

-27-

674. ___ 1957, [Formulae and tables for conversion of the 

geographical latitude to the authalic and isometric 

latitudes): Acta Geographica Sinica, v. 23, no. 4, p. 379-388. 

[Chinese with English abstract.) 

675. Farrar, John, 1822, An elementary treatise on the 

application of trigonometry to orthographic and stereographic 

projection ... surueying and leveling: together with logarithmic 

and other tables ... : Cambridge, Mass., Hilliard and Metcalf, 

153 p. !2nd ed., 1825; 3rd ed., 1833; 4th ed., 1840.] 

676. Fasching, Antal, 1906, Jauaslat a magyar orsz6.gos 

felmeresek ujj6.szeruezesere vonatkoz6lag: Budapest, 18 p. 

[Hungarian. Reorganization of Hungarian land surveying. 

Emphasizes projections.] 

677. ___ 1908, A magyar orsz6.gos foldmeres ujj6.szeruezese 

alkalm6.ual figyelembe veendO legczelszerubb matematikai 

vetitesi m6dok: Budapest, Doctoral dissertation, 44 p. 

[Hungarian. New projections and projection methods for 

oflicial mapping in Hungary.) 

678. ___ 1925, Die stereogtaphische Projektion ist fur 

kreisformige Gebiete his ca. 600 km Durchmesser zugleich 

die Abbildung der uberhaupt moglichen kleinsten 

Verzerrungen: Zeitschrift (ii.r Vermessungswesen, v. 54, 

no. 3-4, p. 42ff. 

679. Fave, L., 1921, Graphiques destines ala determination 

des routes orthodromiques: Academie des Sciences, Comptes 

Rendus, v. 172, no. 5, p. 252-254. 

680. Fawcett, C.B., 1949, A new net for a world map: 

Geographical Journal, v. 114, no. 1-3, p. 68-70. [Oblique 

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection centered on 

London for inner hemisphere; oblique Bonne in sections for 

outer continents. Some oceans incomplete.} 

681. ___ 1952, Maps in the study of international 

relationships,!.!:! Year Book of World Affairs: New York, 

Praeger, p. 211-221. 

682. Faye, Harold, 1948, Earth sits for her portrait; maps 

picture the earth as man sees it- and he sees it in many 

different ways: Science Illustrated, v. 3, no. 9, p. 34-47. 

Ferrer, R.M. tSee under Robinson, Sale, Morrison, and 

Muehrcke.) 

683. Ferschke, Hans, 197 4, Anmerkung zur "PetersProjektion": Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 24, no. 2, p. 79. 

684. ___ 1981, Eine gnomonische Weltkarte,!.!:! 50 Jahre 

Photogrammetrie an der TV Berlm: Berlin, Technische 

UniversiUit Berlin, p. 69-80. 

685. Fester, Gustav. 1934, Larnberts Projektion in 

Anwendung auf den 4., 5., 6. und 7. Erdteil: Petermanns 

M itteilungerz, v. 80, no. 1, p. 6-7. [Lambert's Transverse 

Mercator projection of sphere.) 
686. l<~iala, I<~ranticek, 1952, Kartograficke zobrazovtini: 

Prague, Statni Pedagocke Naki, 240 p. [Czech. Translated to 

German as Mathematische Kartographie: Berlin, VEB 

V ertag Technik, 195 7, 316 p.] 

687. Fiedler, H., 1957, Die Kreis- und Winkeltreue der 

stereographischen Projektion; eine Studie zur 

U nterrichtsgestaltung: Allgemeine VermessungsNachrichten, no. 12, p. 391-397. [Stereographic projection.) 

688. I<'ield, N.J., 1980, Conversions between geographical 

and Transverse Mercator coordinates: Sun1ey Review, v. 25, 

no.195,p.228-230. 

689. Fine, Oronce, 1532, Oronti.i Finaei Delphinatis opus 

varium: Paris. [Latin. Discusses equatorial Stereographic 

projection.) 

690. ___ 1544, Planisphaerium geographic urn: Paris. 

[Latin. Promotes polar Stereographic projection for 

geographical maps.] 

691. Finsterwalder,S., 1919-23,Die Kernpunkte,die 

gnomonische Projektion und die Reziprokalprojektion in der 

Photogrammetrie: lnternationales Archiv fur 

Photogrammetrie, v. 6, p. 22-35. 

692. Fiorini, Matteo, 1881-82, Sopra la proiezione 

cartografia isogonica: Nota 1-2. Accademia delle Scienze 

dell'Istituto di Bologna, Memorie, 1881, v. 3, p. 499-523; 

1882, v. 4, p. 593-610. [Isogonic projections. Also published 

separately.! 

693. __ 1881, Le projezioni delle carte geografiche: 

Bologna, Nicola Zanichelli, 703 p. 

694. ___ 1886, Misure linerari, superficiale ed angolari 

offerle dalle carte geografiche: (<'Iorence, G. Garnesecchi & 

Figli,38 p. 

695. ___ 1887, Le projezioni quantitative ed equivalenti 

della cartografia: Societa Geografica Italiana, Bollettino, 

(v. 24), series 2, v.12, no. 10-11, p. 856-891; no. 12,951-997. 

(Also published separately.) 

696. ___ 1889, Curiosita cartografiche: Istituto 

Cartografico Italiano, A nnuario, Anno terso e quarto, p. 1-9. 

697. ___ 1889, Le projezioni cordiformi della cartografia: 

Societa Geografica Italiana, Bollettirw, v. 26, p. 554-579, 676. 

[Cordiform projections. Also published separately: Rome, 

28 p. Reprinted in Acta Cartographica,1970, v. 7, 

p. 110-135.) 

698. ___ 1891, Le projezioni cartografiche di A lbiruni: 

Prazzo du Societa Geografica Italiana .. [Also see Societa 

Geografica Italiana, Bullettino, 1891, v. 28, p. 287-294. 

Reprinted in Acta Cartugraphica, 1969, v. 6, p. 131-138. See 

comment by Keuning ( 1955, p. 8 ).J 

-28 

699. __ 1893-94, Le sfere cosmografiche e specialmente le 

sfere terrestri: Rome, Societa Geografica Ita Iiana, Bollettino, 

1893,v.30,no.10-11,p.862-888;1894,v.31,no.1-2, 

p.121-132; no. 4, 271-281; no. 5, 331-349; no. 6, 415-435. 

[Globe history and construction with mathematics and 

projections, esp. p. 331-349, 415-435.) 

700. __ 1894, 11 mappamondo di Leonardo da Vinci ed 

altre consimile mappe: Rivista Geografica ltaliana, v.1, 

p. 213-223. [Reprinted in Acta Cartographica, 1969, v. 4, 

p.188-198.J 

701. ___ 1895, Sopra una speciale trasformazione delle 

projezioni cartografiche atta alla delineazione dei 

mappamondi: Societa Geografica Italiana, Memorie, v. 5, 

p. 33-44. 

702. ___ 1895, Sopra tre speciali projezioni meridiane e i 

mappamondi ovali del secolo XVI: Societa Geografica 

Italiana, Memorie, v. 5, p. 165-201. [Reprinted in Acta 

Cartographica, 1967, v. 1, p. 37 -73.] 

703. __ 1896, Le projezioni per ribaltamento nella 

cartografia: Rivista Geografica ltaliana, v. 3, p. 282-287, 

371-387. [Also published separately.) 

704. ___ 1900, Proiezioni cartografiche cicloidali: Rivista 

Geografica Italiana, v. 7, no. 4, p. 177-186. [Analysis and 

modification of Jervis Cycloidal projection.] 

705. Fischer, Ernest-Ulrich,1979, Zur Transformation 

digitaler kartographischer Daten mit Potenzreihen: 

Nachrichten a us dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, 

series 1, no. 79, p. 23-42. [German with English abstract. 

Transformation of digital cartographic data with power 

series.] 

706. I<~ischer, G.A., 1809, Anbitung zur practischen 

Entwurfung und Projection der vorziiglichsten 

geographischen Netze ... : Dresden. [Review.) 

707. Fischer, T., 1886, Sammlung mittelalterlicher Welt- und 

Seekarten: Venedig. 

708. Fisher, D.J ., 1941, A new projection protractor: Journal 

ofGeolog)', v. 49, no. 3, p. 292-323; no. 4, p. 419-442. 

[Stereographic and gnomonic projections applied with special 

protractor to sphere and crystallography.] 

709. Fisher, lrving,1943, A world map on a regular 

icosahedron by Gnomonic projection: Geographical Review, 

v.33,no.4,p.605-619. 

710. __ 1948,Global map: U.S. Patent2,436,860,dated 

Mar. 2. [Gnomonic projection plotted onto foldable regular 

icosahedron. I 

711. Fisher,lrving, and Miller, O.M., 1944, World maps and 

globes: New York, Essential Books, 168 p. 
712. Flegg, Graham, 1975, Map projections, ill Projection ill 

History of Mathematics, Unit 5: The Open University, Milton 

Keynes, U.K., Open University Press, p. 22-25. 

713. Fleming, M.S., and Swanson, W.G., 1972, CROPP- a 

conformal representation of the prairie provinces with 

computer application: Winnipeg Grain and Crop Statistics 

Symposium, Ottawa, Oct. 13-14, 1971,Proceedings, 

Statistics Canada, p. 82-96. 

714. __ 1972, CROPP (Conformal representation of the 

prairie provinces): Environment Canada -Canadian 

Transportation Commission, Occasional Paper No.1, 56 p. 

[English and French. UTM and Lambert conformal conic 

projections.) 

715. Flexner, W.W., 1943, Azimuth line of position: A. mer. 

Mathematical Monthly, v. 50, no. 8, p. 475-484. 

716. ___ 1943, Mathemat£cal properties of military maps: 

Paper presented at 26th summer meeting of the 

Mathematical Assn. of America, Rutgers Univ., New 

Brunswick, N.J. [Noted in A mer. Mathematical Monthly, 

1943, v. 50, Nov., p. 591.] 

717. Flexner, W.W., and Walker, G.L., 1942, Military and 

naval maps and grids: their use and construction: New York, 

Dryden Press, 96 p. 

Foldi, Ervin (See Baranyi and Foldi.) 

718. Folkers, J., 1958, Theorie und Praxis der 

kartographischen Entzerrung: Hamburg, 

Fortschrittsberichte. auf d. Gebeit d. Kartendrucks und d. 

Kartenreproduktion, p. 50-68. 

719. Foramitti, Hans, 1981, Bezugsebenen fur Projektionen 

von Kulturgutbestii.nden: Aachen, Geodatischen Instituts 

der Rheinisch Westfalischen Technischen Hochschult~ 

Aachen, Veroffentlichung, no. 32, 143 p. 

720. Forest, B.A.,1966, Spherical zone boundaries in 

perspective projections: Bedford, Mass., Mitre Corp., S2 p. 

[Prepared for the U.S. Air Force.) 

721. Forni, G., 1936, Lo sviluppo conico conforme di 

Lambert, come proiezione di lavoro peril rilievo idrografico 

della Sirte: Annali ldrografici, v. 12, part 2, 1925-19:~8, 

p.181-199. 

722. Fortune, 1943, Air navigation for global war: Jan., p. 7. 

723. Foucaut, H.-C.-A. de Prepetit, 1862, Notice sur la 

construction de nouvelles mappemundes et de nouveaux atlas 

de geographie: Arras, France, p. 5-l 0. 

724. Foucou, Felix, 1869, Sur une grande carte manuscrite 

de l'Europe et des con trees adjacentes, dressee dans le 

systeme de la projection gnomonique, pour servir a l't~tude de 

la figure de la terre: Societe de Geographie, Bulletin, 

series5, v.17,June, p. 471-476. [Gnomonic projection.] 

725. ___ 1870, On the construction of three maps of Europe, 

France, and North America, in the gnomonic projection, with 

-29 

a view to the distribution of mineral wealth and the study of 

the earth's figure: Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of 

Science, Proceedings, v. 18, p. 45-47. 

726. Fournier, Georges, 1643, Des cartes, in his 

Hydrographie, contenant la theorie et la pratique de toutes les 

parties de la navigation, book 14: Paris, p. 504-528. [2nd ed., 

1667. Discusses various existing projections, also his 

Globular.] 

727. Fowler, G.H., 1916, Charts: their use and meaning: 

London, J.D. Potter, 47 p. 

728. Francula, Nedjeljko, 1971, Die vorteilhaftesten 

Abbildungen in der Atlaskartographie: Bonn, W. Ger., lust. 

fti.r Kartographie und Topographie, Dipl. Ing. dissertation, 

102 p. 

729. ___ 1974, Prenumeracija kartografskih mre:ia 

elektronickim racunalima i crtacima: GeodetskiList, v. 28, 

no. 1-3, p. 13-17. [Serbo-Croatian. Numbering of map 

graticules with the aid of electronic automation of 

calculation and symbols.] 

730. ___ 1980,Komp;uterskiprogram zu racunanja u 

Gauss-Krugerouoj projekciji: Zagreb, Zbornik radova 

Geodetskog fakulteta Sveucilista u Zagrebu, Niz A- RadoviSv.br. 23,57 p. {Serbo-Croatian. A computer program for 

calculations in transverse Mercator projection.] 

731. ___ 1980, Ober die Verzerrungen in den 

kartographischen Abbildungen: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 30, no. 6, p. 214-216. 

732. ___ 1981, Erwiderung auf die Anmerkungen zu einer 

Theorie kartographischer Abbildungen: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 31, no. 5, p. 190-191. 

733. ___ 1985, Inverse Abbildungsfunktionen der echten 

kartographischen Abbildungen, ill Betrachtungen zur 

Kartographie: Bonn, p. 47-57. 

734. Frank, Alfred, 1940, Beitrage zur winkeltreuen 

Abbildw1g des Erdellipsoides: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 69, no. 7, p.145-160. 

735. Franke, J .H., 1901, Coordinaten und Projectionen: 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 30, no. 20, p. 517-531. 

736. Frankich, Kresho, 1977, A study in conformal mapping: 

Fredericton, N.B., Canada, Univ. of New Brunswick, 

Technical Report No. 45, 45 p. 

737. ___ 1982, Optimization of geographic map projections 

for Canadian territory: Burnaby, B.C., Canada, Simon 

Fraser Univ., Dissertation. 

738. Freiesleben, H.C., 1958, Karten fUr die Seenavigation. 

Netzentwurfe fur Seekarten: Truppenaxis, v. 5, p. 373-376. 

739. Freitag, Ulrich, 1968, Zeittafel zur Ge[s]chichte der 

Kartennetzlehre: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 18, no. 3, 

p.92. 
740. ___ 1974, The map projections ofthe revised edition of 

the National Resources Atlas of Thailand: Warasan Paenthi, 

Royal Thai Survey. Dep.,Journal, v. 16, no. 4, p.115-124. 

7 41. Frischauf, Johannes, 1891, Beitriige zur Geschichte und 

Construction der Karten-projectionen: Graz, Lauschner & 

Lubensky, 14 p. 

742. ___ 1897, Bemerkungen zu C.S. Peirce Quincuncial 

Projection: A mer. Journal of Mathematics, v. 19, no. 4, 

p. 381-382. 

743. ___ 1905, Die Abbildungslehre und deren Anwendung 

auf Kartographie und Geodasie: Zeitschrift fur 

Mathematischen und Naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht, 

v. 36, p. 393-404, 4 77-497. 

744. __ 1908, Zur Abbildungslehre und deren 

Anwendung aufLandesaufnahme: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 37, p. 225-240. 

745. __ 1908, Zur Abbildung des Erdspharoids: 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 37, p. 326-330. 

746. ___ 1908, Zur Wahl der Projektion fur Karten grossen 

und mittlern Massstabs: Peter manns Mitteilungen, v. 54, 

no. 7, p. 161-163. 

747. __ 1909, Zur Abbildung der Flachen: Osterreichische 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungsweserz, p. 12. 

7 48. __ 1909, Zur Polyederprojektion: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 38, no. 19, p. 515-516. [Polyhedric 

projection. I 

749. __ 1910, Das Hilfsdreieck der Abbildungder Kugel 

auf der Ebene: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 39, 

no. 18,p.473-484. 

750. ___ 191 0, Die Polyederprojektion: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 56-2, no. 1, p. 29-30. [Polyhedric projection.] 

751. ___ 1913, Die mathematischen Grundlagen der 

Landesaufnahme und Kartugraphie des Erdsphiiroids: 

Stuttgart, 204 p. [See also Frischauf0919).] 

752. ___ 1914, Zum kartographischen Bilde des Gross- und 

Parallel-Kreises: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 43, 

no. 1, p. 1-15. 

753. ___ 1919, Beitriige zur Landesaufnahme und 

Kartographie des Erdsphi:J.roids: Leipzig, Teubner. 

(Supplement to Frischauf( 1913).] 

754. Frolov, Yu.S., 1961, lssledovaniye iskayenii 

ravnoyelikikh pseudo-tsilindaricheskikh proyektsii: 

Leningradskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet, Vestnik, no. 12, 

p.148-157. (Russian. Investigationofdistortionsof 

conformal pseudocylindrical projections.] 

755. ___ 1961, Otsenka ravnovelikikh proyektsii po 

srednim kvadraticheskim iskazheniyam napravleniy: 

Leningradskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet, Vestnik, no. 6, 

-30 

p. 46-64. [Russian with English abstract. Evaluation of 

conformal projections from the least-square distortions of 

directions.] 

756. __ 1963, Ot Klavdiya Ptolemeya do Rigoberta 

Bonna: Leningradskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet, 

Vestnik, no. 6, Seriya Geologii i Geografii U'g.1, p.118-125. 

[Russian. History of pseudoconic projections from Claudius 

Ptolemy to Rigobert Bonne. I 

757. ___ 1964, Sposob sravnitel'noy otsenki 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 5, 

p. 96-102. [Russian. Translated to English as Method of 

comparative evaluations of cartographic projections: 

Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1964, no. 5, p. 301-304.] 

758. __ 1968, Obshchiy pokazate1' iskazheniy 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 5, 

p. 119-124. [Russian. Translated to English as A general 

index of map projection distortions: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1968, no. 5, p. 333-335.] 

Fujiwara, Yoshiko <See Nomura and Fujiwara.) 

759. FuJler, Buckmin:;ter, 1943, Dymaxion World: Life, 

v. 14, no. 9, Mar. 1, p.41. (Sections of polyhedral globe on 

cuboctahedron.] 

760. __ 1944, Fluid geography: A mer. Neptune, v. 4, no. 2, 

p. 119-136. 

761. __ 1946,Dymaxion map: U.S. Patent2,393,676, 

dated Jan. 29. [Fuller projection of world onto cuboctahedron 

(and later icosahedron).] 

762. __ 1963, Fluid geography, in hisldeasand 

integrities, edited by R.W. Marks: Englewood Cliffs, New 

Jersey, Prentice-Hall, p. 119-141. 

763. ___ 1969, Ideas and integrities: New York, Collier. 

[Dymaxion (icosahedra}) world map discussed on p. 123-124.] 

764. ___ l971,Education automation: New York, 

Doubleday, Anchor Books, 85 p. [Original ed., 1962. 

Dymaxion world map, p. 15-20.] 

765. ___ 197 4, Re-mapping our world: Today s Education, 

v. 63, November-December, p. 40-44, 107, 109-110. 

766. Fuller, Buckminster, and Marks, R.W., 1973, The 

Dymaxion world ofBuckminster Fuller: New York, 

Doubleday, Anchor Books. (Southern Illinois Press, 1960. 

Contains material on Dymaxion world map, p. 50-55.] 

Furtwangler, P. tSee Bourgeois and Furtwangler.) 

767. Fuss, N icolaas, 1786, De superficiei terrestris 

proiectione stereographica: Acta Academiae Scientiarum 

lmperialisPetropolitanae, v. 2, p. 170-182. [Latin.] 
768. Galante, N6colo, 1940, Schemi de carte nautiche e loro 

eventuali ulteriori suiluppi: Rivista Aeronautica, v. 16, no. 4, 

p. 47-58. [Skeletons of nautical charts and their possible 

ulterior developments.! 

769. Gall, James, 1H55, On improved monographic 

projections of the world: British Assn. for the Advancement 

of Science, Sept., 25th mtg., Report, p. 148. [Two perspective 

secant cylindrical projections, orthographic and 

stereographic <the "Gall proj."), and an equirectangular.l 

770. ___ 1871, On a new projection for a map of the world: 

Royal Geographical Society, Proceedings, v. 15, July 12, 

p. 159. [His stereographic projection.] 

771. ___ 1885, Use of cylindrical projections for 

geographical, astronomical, and scientific purposes: Scottish 

Geographical Magazine, v. 1, no. 4, p. 119-123. [Reports his 

1855 projections.] 

772. Gallois, L.L.G., 1H90, Les geographes allemands de La 

Renaissance: Paris, E. Leroux, 266 p. 

773. Galan, Rajmund, 1951, Siatki kartograficzne; 

podr~cznik praktyczny dla geografow: Warsaw, Pan~iwowe 

Zaklady Wydawn, Szkolnych, 223 p. LPolish. Cartographic 

networks; a practical handbook for geographers.] 

___ (See also Churski and Galon.) 

77 4. Gannett, S.S., 1900, Coordinates for projection of maps, 

scale 1145,000, latitude 26° to latitude 49°: Washington, 

U.S. Geological Survey, 10 p. 

775. Gannett, S.S., and Hawkins, G.T., 1910, Coordinates for 

projection of maps, scale 1/24,000, latitude 0° to latitude 24°: 

Washington, U.S. Geological Survey, 11 p. 

776. ___ 191 0, Coordinates fur projection of maps scale 

1148,000, latitude 50° to latitude 64°: Washington, 

U.S. Geological Survey, 7 p. 

777. Gan'shin, V .N ., 1961, Fundamental'nyy trud o 

koordinatakh Gaussa-Kryugera: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 

no. 11, p. 72-75. [Russian. Translated to English as A 

fundamental work on Gauss-Kruger coordinates: Geodesy 

and Cartography, 1961, no. 11-12, p. 539-540.] 

778. Garcia Amaro, Angel, 1969, Calculo de canevas en el 

sistema de proyecciones conicas de dos paralelos tipn cad a dos 

gradus: Anuario de Geugrafia [Mexico}, 1968, pub. 1969, v. 8, 

p. 217-220. [Conic projections with two standard parallels.] 

779. Gardner, Martin, 1975, Mathematical games: On map 

projections (with special reference to some inspired ones): 

Scientific American, v. 233, no. 5, p. 120-125. 

780. Garnett, William, (Mary Adams, pseudonym), 1914, A 

little book on map prcl)ectiun: London, G. Philip & Sons, 

108 p. [2nd ed., 1920; 3 rd ed ., 1924; 4th ed., 1928.] 

781. Gasparovic, Ratimir, 1967-68, Osnovni uslovi izbora 

kartografskif projekcija kao podloga za geografske karte 

-31 

sitnih razmjera: Geografski Pregled, v. 11-12, p. 119-132. 

[Serbo-Croatian with German abstract. Basic conditions for 

the selection of map projections as a basis for small-scale 

geographic maps.] 

782. Gauld, A.C., 1945, An azimuthal equidistant projection 

with Salisbury as the pole: Rhodesia &~ientific Association, 

Proceedings and Transactions, v. 40, p. 30-43. 

783. Gauss, C.F., 1825, Allgemeine Auflosung der Aufgabe: 

Die Thiele einer gegebnen Flache auf einer andern gegebnen 

Flache so abzubilden, class die Abbildung dem Abgebildeten 

in den kleinsten Theilen ahnlich wird: Preisarbeit der 

Kopenhagener Akadernie 1822, Schumachers Astronomische 

Abhandlungen, Altona, no. 3, p. 5-30. [Reprinted, 1894, 

Ostwald's Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften, no. 55: 

Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, p. 57-81, with editing by 

Albert Wangerin, p. 97-101. Also inHerausgegeben von der 

Gesellschaft der Wissenschafterz zu Gottingen in Kommission 

bei Julius Springer in Berlin, 1929, v. 12, p. 1-9.] 

784. Gdowski, Bogustaw, 1964, Odwzorowanie GaussaKrugera catej sferoidy: Geodezja i Kartografra, v. 13, no. 3, 

p. 209-229. [Polish with English abstract. The GaussKruger representation of the entire spheroid.] 

785. ___ 1969, Metody wariacyjne w p6tgeodezyjnych 

odwzorowaniach powierzchni na pfaszczyznie: Geodezja i 

Kartografia, v. 18, no. 4, p. 299-322. I Polish with French 

abstract. The method of variations in semigeodesic 

projections of the surface onto the plane.) 

786. ___ 1969, Minimalizacja znieksztatcen w 

odwzorowaniach powierzchni: Wydawnictwa Politechn. 

Warszawa, Seria Geodezja: v. 6. [Polish. Minimization of 

distortion in projections of the surface.] 

787 . ___ 1973, 0 pewnych wtasnosciach odwzorowari 

Czebyszewa: Geodezja z Kartografia, v. 22, no.1, p. 69-74. 

[Polish with French abstract. Some properties of the 

Chebyshev projection.] 

788. ___ 1973, Odwzorowania pofgeodezyjne centralne: 

Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 22, no. 2, p. 117-127. [Polish with 

French abstract. Central semigeudesic projections.] 

789. ___ 1974, Minimalizacja znieksztatcen w klasie 

uogolnionych odwzorowan walcowych: Geodezja i 

Kartogra(w, v. 23, no. 3, p. 205-211. [Polish with French 

abstract. Minimization of distortion in the general class of 

cylindrical projections.] 

790. ___ 1974, Metody wariacyjne minirnalizacji 

znieksztatcen w odwzorowaniach powierzchni: Geodezja i 

Kartografia, v. 23, no. 4, p. 281-293. [Polish with French 

abstract. Minimization of distortion of projections of the 

surface using the method of variations.] 

791. ___ 1975, Optymalne odwzorowania r6wnopolowe: 

Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 24, no. 3, p. 191-204. [Polish with 

French abstract. Optimal equivalent projections.] 
792. ___ 1976, Optymalne odwzorowanie konforemne 

obszaru zawierajEJcego lini~ geodezyjnl! odwzorowujl)cl) si~ na 

lini~ prosU!: Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 25, no. 2, p. 91-103. 

[Polish with French abstract. The optimal conformal 

representation of an area containing a geodesic represented 

as a straight line. I 

793. ___ 1978, Konstrukcja odwzorowania r6wnopolowego 

pewnego obszaru o minimalnych zniekszta.tceniach 

kl!towych: Geodezja i Kartografw, v. 27, no. 2, p. 147-154. 

[Polish with English abstract. Construction of the equalarea projection possessing the minimal angular distortions. I 

794. ___ 1979, 0 pewnej klasie uog6lnionych odwzorowan 

azymutalnych: Geodezja i Kartografw, v. 28, no. 4, 

p. 247-253. (Polish with English abstract. On some class of 

generalized azimuthal projections.] 

795. ___ 1982, On the conformal points of projection: 

Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 31, no.1, p. 23-30. [English.J 

796. ___ 1984, 0 pewnym uogolnieniu odwzorowania 

Gaussa-Kri.igera calej elipsoidy: Geodezja iKartografw, 

v. 33, no. 1-2, p. 3-13. [Polish. On a certain generalization of 

the Gauss-Kruger representation of the whole ellipsoid.) 

__ <See also under Lee, L.P. ( 1962 ).) 

797. Gedney, Austin, 1977, Distortion in map proje<·tions -its 

effect on the interpretation of maritime boundaries and 

related activities: University of Rhode Island, Master's 

thesis. 

798. Gedymin,A.V., 1946,Kartografiya: Moscow,Gos. 

Ucheb.-Pedagog. Izd-vo, 180 p. [Russian. 2nd ed., 1952. 

Emphasizes map projections.] 

799. ___ 1950, 0 sootnoshenii iskazheniy ploshchadey i 

form v kartograficheskikh proyektsiyakh: NauchnoTekhnicheskiye i Proizvodstvennye Statey GUGK, Sbomik, 

no. 30. [Russian. On the correspondence of areal and shape 

distortion of cartographic projections. I 

800. Gelcich, Eugen, 1883, Vermischte Studien zur 

Geschichte der mathematischen Geographic: Zeitschrift fur 

Wissenschaftliche Geographie, v. 4, p. 291-315. 

801. ___ 1894, Die gnomonische Kartenprojection in ihrer 

Bedeutung fUr die praktische Schiffahrt ... : Mittheilungen 

aus dem Gebiete des Seewesens, v. 12, p. 28-40. [Gnomonic 

projection.] 

802. ___ 1904, Die astronomische Bestimmung der 

geographischen Koordinaten: DieErdkunde, v. 7: Leipzig 

and Vienna, F. Deuticke, 126 p. 

803. Gelcich, Eugen, and Sauter, Friedrich, 1897, 

Kartenkunde geschichtlich dargestellt: Leipzig, 

G.J.Goschen, lsted., 168 p. 

804. Gelcich, Eugen, Sauter, Friedrich, and Dinse, Paul, 

1901, Kartenk unde geschichtlich dargestellt: Leipzig, 

-32 

G.J. Goschen, 2nd ed. [3rd ed. rev. by Max GroU, 1909: 

Leipzig, 177 p.) 

805. Geo Abstracts (formerly Geographical Abstracts), 1967-. 

[Abstracts of map projection papers and books included, 

6 issues per year in part B <Biogeography, Climatology and 

Cartography), 1967; part D (Social Geography and 

Cartography), 1968-73; part G <Remote Sensing and 

Cartography), 1974-84; part G (Remote Sensing, 

Photogrammetry and Cartography), 1985- . Became Geo 

Abstracts in 1972.] 

806. Geodetizba avaelningen, Sweden, 1935, ... Tabeller fur 

Gauss' H annoverska projektion: Stockholm, Statens 

reproduktionsanstalt, 468 p. [Swedish.] 

807. Geografw nelleScuole,La, 1956,Goode. Quali 

caratteristiche ha Ia proiezione di?: p. 60-61. [Goode. What 

characteristics does this projection have?] 

808. Geographical Journal, 1914, A new projection: v. 43, 

no. 1, p. 86-87. [Comments on Cahill's paper presented Oct. 

1 i , 1912. Sphere in octants; projection not clear.) 

809. __ 1929, New map projections: Discussion on the 

papers read at the afternoon session of the Society on 1Oth 

December 1928 [i.e. papers ofS.W. Boggs, A.R. Hinks, and 

E.A. Reeves], v. 73, no. 3, p. 248-250. 

810. __ 1941, Maps for long flights: v. 97, no.1,p. 70-71. 

(Presumably by A.R. Hinks. Mercator, Gnomonic, and 

Oblique Mercator projections mentioned.] 

811. __ 1944, The geography of post-war air routes: 

v.103, no. 3, p. 89-100. [Discussion with several 

participants.] 

812. Geographical Review, 1929, Recent developments in 

map projections: v.19, no. 4, p. 686-688. [Review ofthe work 

of Adams, Boggs, Close, Goode, and CahilJ.) 

813. __ 1947, Aeronautical charts and the Oblique 

Mercator projection: v. 37,no. 4, p. 674-675. 

814. Geographie und Schule, 1979, Mercator oder PetersSinnvolle Alternative?: v. 1, no. 1, p. 56-57. 

815. George, Frank, 1960, A spiral transformation for the 

conical orthomorphic projections, and a graphical 

construction: Empire Survey Review, v. 15, no. 115, 

p. 215-222. 

___ <See also Close and George.) 

816. Gerke, K., 1955, Zum Gedenken an Carl Friedrich 

Gauss: Kartographische Nachrichten, no. 4, p. 8-11. 

817. Germain, Adrien, L1866], Traite des projections des 

cartes geographiques, representation plane de la sphere et du 

sphero'ide: Paris, Arthus Bertrand, 385 p. [See comments by 

Lambert, Gustave, 1867: Societe de Geographie,Bulletin, 

series 5, v. 14,July-Dec., p. 155-168.] 
818. ___ 1868, Note sur deux nouvelles projections 

geographiques, par le r.p. Braun, de la compagnie de ,Jesus. 

Lettre aM. d'Avezac: Societe de Geographie, Bulletin, 

series 5, v. 16, Nov.-Dec., p. 510-513. [Two Braun perspective 

projections.] 

German, G.A. (See Bowyer and German.) 

German Cartographic Society (see Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir 

Kartographie.) 

819. Germany, Kriegsmarine, Oberkommando,1943;, 

Formeln und Tafeln zur Berechnung von Merkatornet;~en: 

Berlin, Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine, Amtsgruppe 

Nautik, 132 p. [Formulas and tables for the Mercator 

projection.) 

820. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, ed., 

1929, Aus dem Briefwechsel zwischen Gauss und Hansen,!!!. 

Carl Freidrich Gauss Werke, v. 12: Berlin, Julius Springer, 

p. 1-9. [Map projection correspondence on mathematics.) 

821. Ghesq uiere, Paul, 1878, Note sur les divers systemes de 

projections: Societe Royale de Geographie d'Anvers, 

Bulletin, v. 3, p. 366-371. 

Gibson, J .R. (See under Melnikova.) 

Giese, R.P. <See Champagne and Giese.) 

822. Gigas, Erwin, 1962, Die Universale Transversale 

Merkatorprojektion <UTM>: Vermessungstechnische 

Rundschau, v. 24, no. 9, p. 329-334. 

823. Gilbert, E.N.,ca.1973,Anatlas of oddities: Murray 

Hill, N.J., Bell Laboratories, unpublished manuscript, 30 p. 

[Several existing or adapted projections.) 

824. __ 1974, Distortion in maps: SIAM [Society ~Gr 

Industrial and Applied Mathematics) Review, v. 16, no. 1, 

p. 47-62. 

825. Gilbert, Henry, 1903, De l'emploi des projection 

lumineuses d'une l'enseignement de Ia geographie et des 

moyens de Ia propager efficacement: Congres National des 

Societe Franc;aises de Geographie, 23rd session, Oran, 

Algeria, 1902, Comptes Rendus, p. 97-103. 

826. Gilfillan, S.C.,1946, World projections for the a1ir age: 

Surveying and Mapping, v. 6, no. 1, p. 12-18. 

827. Gilmartin, P.G., 1983, Aesthetic preferences for the 

proportions and forms of graticules: Cartographic Journal, 

v.20,no.2,p.95-100. 

828. Gingery, W.G., 1944,Mapprojection: U.S. Patent 

2,352,380, dated June 27. [Oblique Azimuthal Equidistant 

projection of portion of hemisphere, surrounded by several 

gores completing world map.] 

-33-

829. Ginzburg, G.A.,1935, [A practical method of 

determining distortion on maps]: Geodezist, no.10, p. 49-57. 

[Russian.] 

830. ___ 1936, Novye azimutal'nye proyektsii: Geodezist, 

no. 2. [Russian. New azimuthal projections.] 

831. __ 1940, Zritelnaya otsenka kartograficheskikh 

izobrazheniy: Ucheni, Zapiski Hark' v 'skogo Derzhavnogo 

Uniuersitetu im O.M. Gorkogo, p. 67-81. [Russian. Visual 

evaluation of cartographic representations.] 

832. ___ 1949, Pseudotsilindricheskaya proyektsiya 

TsNIIGAiK: Sbornik Nauchno-Tekhnicheskikh i 

J>roizvudstuennikh Statey GUGK, no. 24, p. 68-72. [Russian. 

A pseudocy lindrical projection.) 

833. __ 1949, Matematicheskaya osnova shkol'nykh kart 

polushariy: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 55, p. 35-55. [Russian. 

Mathematical basis of school maps of hemispheres.] 

834. ___ compiler,1949,Sbornik nomogramm po 

matematicheskoy kartografii: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 57. 

[Russian. A collection ofnomographs on mathematical 

cartography.) 

835. ___ 1951, 0 matematicheskoy osnove shkol'nikh kart 

mira: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 88, p. 38-44. [Russian. On the 

mathematical basis of school maps of the world.] 

836. __ 1952, Kartograficheskiye proyektsii s izokolami v 

vide ovalov i ovoid: Sbornik Statey po-Kartografii, no. 1, 

p. 39-48. [Russian. Cartographic projections with oval or 

oval-like lines of constant distortion.] 

837 ·--~1954, Novye varianty polikonicheskikh i 

azimutal'nykh proyektsiy: TsNIIGAiK, Sbornik Referatov, 

no. 2. {Russian. New variants ofpolyconic and azimuthal 

projections.) 

838. __ 1957, 0 proyektsiyakh kart regional'nykh 

atlasov: Geod.eziya i Kartografiya, no. 11, p. 68-71. [Russian. 

Projections for maps in regional atlases.] 

839. ___ 1957, Postroeniye setok meridianuv i paralleley 

geografisskikh kart a usnounom graficheskimi priyemami: 

Moscow, Geodezizdat, 26 p. [Russian. Construction of 

graticules for geographic maps using primarily graphic 

methods.]. 

840. ___ 1958, 0 sootnosheniyakh mezhdu iskazheniyami 

v proyektsiyakh geograficheskikh kart: lzvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geod.eziya i Aeru{otos emka, no. 6, 

p. 103-110. [Russian. The relationship between distortions 

on geographic map projections. I 

841. __ 1958, 0 zadachakh matematicheskoy kartografii 

v SSSR v oblasti melkomasshtabnykh kart: Geodeziya i 

Kartografiya, no.12, p. 48-53. [Russian. On problems of 

mathematical cartography in the USSR in the field of smallscale maps.] 
842. __ 1959, Issledovaniye voptosov problemy 

matematicheskogo obosnovaniya melkomasshtabnykh 

geograficheskikh kart v trudakh TsNIIGAiK: MIIGAiK, 

Trudy, no. 31, p. 133-136. [Russian. Investigation of 

questions concerning the mathematical foundations of smallscale geographic maps in the work ofTsNIIGAiK.] 

843. __ 196J, 0 matematicheskikh elementakh 

mnogolistnoy karty mira: Geodeziya iKartografiya, no. 3, 

p. 40-47. [Russian. Translated to English as The 

mathematical elements of a multisheet map of the world: 

Geodesy and Cartography, 1961, no. 3-4, p. 125-129.) 

844. __ 1966, Novyy variant polikonicheskoy proyektsii: 

Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 3, p. 55-57. [Russian. A new 

variant of the Polyconic projection.] 

845. __ 1968, Matematicheskaya kartografiya: ltogi 

Nauki, Kartografiya, v. 3, p. 7-22. [Russian. Mathematical 

cartography.] 

846. __ 1969, Az 1:2 500 000 meretaninyu nemzetkozi 

vilagterkep matematikai elemei: Geodezia es Kartogra{w, 

extra no. 3, p. 20-30. [Hungarian with Russian abstract. 

Mathematical elements ofthe world map 1:2,500,000.) 

847. __ 1971, 0 kartograficheskikh proyektsiyakh i 

prakticheskom ikh ispol'zovanii: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 

v. 15, no. 3, p. 63-68. [Russian. Cartographic projections and 

their practical applications.] 

848. __ 1976, Vorposy izyskaniya nailuchshikh 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotos'emka, no. 4, 

p. 85-91. [Russian. Problems in the research for the best 

cartographic projection.] 

849. __ 1977, Mathematische Elemente der Weltkarte 

1:2,500,000: Arbeiten a us dem Vermessungs- und 

Kartenwesen der DDR, v. 37, no.1, p. 57-88. 

Ginzburg, G.A. (See also Boginskiy and Ginzburg; 

Bugayevskiy, Volkov, and Ginzburg.) 

850. Ginzburg, G.A., Karpov, H.C., and Salmanova, T.D., 

1955, Matematicheskaya kartografiya v SSSR: TsNIIGAiK, 

Trudy, no. 99. [Russian. Mathematical cartography in the 

USSR.] 

851. Ginzburg, G.A., and Larin, D.A., 1952, 0 tipizatsii 

proyektsiy v sovetskoy kartografii: Sbornik Statey po 

Kartografii, no. 3. [Russian. On the typification of 

projections in Soviet cartography.] 

852. Ginzburg, G.A. and Ledovskaya, L.S., 1976,0 

matematicheskoy osnove melkomasshta'nykh kart Luny: 

Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 4, p. 56-61. [Russian. 

Translated to English as Small scale moon maps: Geodesy, 

MappingandPhotogrammetry,1975, v.17, no. 3, p. 146-149.) 

853. Ginzburg, G.A., and Salmanova, T.D., 1957, Atlas dlya 

vybora kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, 

-34-

no. 110,239 p. [Russian. Atlas for the selection of 

cartographic projections.] 

854. __ 1962, Primeneniye v matematicheskoy 

kartografii metodov chislennogo analiza: TsNIIGAiK, 

Trudy, v. 153, p. 6-80. [Russian. Application of methods of 

numerical analysis in mathematical cartography.] 

855. __ 1964, Posobiye po matematicheskoy kartografii: 

TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 160. [Russian. Manual of 

mathematical cartography.] 

856. Ginzburg, G.A., and Shabanova, A.l., 1955, Novye 

proyektsii dlya stennykh kart: TsNIIGAiK, Sbornik 

Referatov, no. 3. [Russian. New projections for wall maps.] 

857. Givry, ... , 1833, Note relative ala construction des 

relevements sur la carte reduite: Kritischer Wegweiser im 

Gebiete der Landkartenkunde, v. 4, p. 367-369. 

858. Glareanus, Henricus, 1527, Poetae laureati de 

geographia tiber unus: Basle. [Latin. Describes construction 

of gore maps.] 

859. Goode, J.P., 1905, A new method of representing the 

earth's surface: The Van Der Grinten projection: Journal of 

Geography,v.4,no.9,p.369-373. 

860. __ 1917, A new idea for a world map: a substitute for 

Mercator's projection: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, 

v. 7, p. 75-76. [Abstract only. Interrupted Mollweide 

projection.) 

861. __ 1919, Studies in projections· adapting the 

homalographic projection to the portrayal of the earth's 

surface entire: Geographical Society of Philadelphia, 

Bulletin, v. 17, no. 3, p. 103-113. [Pagination for no. 3 alone: 

p. 21-31.) 

862. __ 1925, The Homolosine projection- a new device for 

portraying the Earth's surface entire: Assoc. of Amer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 15, no. 3, p. 119-125. 

863. __ 1929, A new projection for the world map- the 

Polar Equal Area: Monthly Weather Review, v. 57, no. 4, 

p. 133-136. [Interrupted Werner projection.] 

864. __ 1929, The Polar Equal Area, a new projection for 

the world map: Assoc. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 19, 

no. 3,p.157-161. [Interrupted Werner projection.] 

__ <See also under Marvin.) 

865. Gordon, G. V ., and Evans, Frederick, 1925, A concise 

guide to map projections: Cambridge, Eng., W. Heffer, 9 p. 

866. Gorton,C.D.,and Wainwright, P.,1980, Map 

projections in marine science: Cartographica, v. 17, no. 2, 

Monograph no. 25, p.1-24. 

867. Gougenheim, Andre, 1930 ( 1931 ), Formules relatives a 

l'emploi de Ia projection Lambert dans les travaux 

hydrographiques: Annales Hydrographiques, series 3, v. 10, 

p. 95-115. 
868. ___ 1950, Sur une nouvelle famille de planisph•eres 

conformes. Annates Hydrographiques, series 4, v. 1, 

p. 169-186. 

869. ___ 1952, Sur une generalisation des mappemondes: 

Annales Hydrographiques, series 4, for 1951, v. 2, p. 1'77-188. 

870. ___ 1953, Emploi des projections conformes en 

cartographie: Bulletin Geodesique, new series, no. 27, 

p. 7-38. 

871. ___ 1953 (1954>, Emploi des projections conformes en 

cartographic: Comite des Travaux Historiques et 

Scientifiques, Section de Geographie, Bulletin, v. 66, 

p.143-170. 

872. ___ 1954, Application des transformations 

homographiques aux projections cartographiques: Geofisica 

Pura e Applicata, v. 27. 

873. __ 1965, Navigational chart of the North Atlantic 

using an oblique conformal map projection: International 

Hydrographic Reuiew, v. 42, no. 2, p. 67-79. 

874. Goussinsky, Boris, 1951, On the classification of map 

projections: Empire Suruey Review, v. 11, no. 80, p. 75-79. 

875. ___ 1960, Rechtwinklige spharische Koordinat.en oder 

Kartenprojektionen?: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswe~1en, 

v.85,no.5,p.141-143. 

Graf, Otto (See Groll and Graf.) 

876. Graf, Ulrich, 1938, Trigonometric der Ebene, sphii.rische 

Geometrie undKartenentwurfe: Leipzig, Quelle and Meyer, 

191 p. 

877. ___ 1941, Uber die Aquideformaten der flachentreuen 

Zylinderentwiirfe: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 

v. 87, no. 7-8, p. 281-290. 

878. __ 1951, Mathematik fiir Kartographen: 

Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, Erganzungsheft 

244,138 p. 

879. Grafarend, E., and Niermann, A., 1984, Beste echte 

Zylinderabbildungen: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 34, 

no. 3, p. 103-107. 

880. Gram bow, J ., 1936, Kartenprojektion in der Nautik: 

Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 48, p. 92-94. 

881. Grano,J.G.,1911, Matematis-maantieteellisia ohjeita 

ja tauluja: Geografiska Foreningens Tidskrift, v. 23, 

p. 187-222. [Finnish. Mathematical-geographical 

mensuration ... rules and tables.] 

882. Grasso, Renato, 1938, Le carte per la navigazione 

oceanica: L 'Ala d7talia, v. 16, p. 19-24. 

883. Graur, A.V.,1938, Matematicheskaya kartografiya: 

Leningrad University, lsted., 312 p. [Russian. 2nd ed., 

1956, 371 p. Translated to English by A.A. Pavlov, 

Leningrad Univ., as Mathematical cartography: St. Louis, 

-35 

Mo., U.S. Air Force, Aeronautical Chart and Information 

Center, 1970,671 p.] 

884. Grave, D.A., 1896, Sur la construction des cartes 

geographiques: Journal de Mathematiques Pures et 

Appliques, series 5, v. 2, p. 317-361. [Doctoral dissertation, 

St. Petersburg Univ., 1896. Develops series of equal-area 

projections with straight lines and circular arcs for meridians 

and parallels.] 

885. ___ 1896, Ob osnounykh zadachakh matematicheskoy 

teorii postroyeniya geograficheskikh kart: St. Petersburg. 

[Russian. Basic problems of the mathematical theory of 

geographical map construction.] 

886. Great Britain. Hydrographic Ofti<:e, 1953, Projections 

in hydrographic surveys; adoption ofTransverse Mercator: 

London, Professional Paper no. 15,39 p. 

887. Great Britain. Ordnance Survey, 1950, Pro;ection 

tables for the transverse Mercator projection o(Great Britain: 

London, H.M. Stationery Office. 

888. __ 1950, Constants, formulae and methods used by 

the Ordnance Survey for computing in the Transverse 

Macator projection. With some notes on the triangulation of 

Great Britain and choice of projection: London, H.M. 

Stationery Ofllce, 31 p. 

889. __ 1951, An introduction to the projection for 

Ordnance Survey maps and the National Reference System: 

London, H.M. Stationery Office, 4 p. [Reprinted 1968.] 

890. ___ 1951, The projection for Ordnance Survey maps 

and plans and the National Reference System: London, 

H.M. Stationery Oflice, 4 p. (Reprinted 1962. Cassini and 

Transverse Mercator projections.] 

891. Great Britain. War Office, 1907, Tables for the 

projection of graticules for squares of 1° side on a scale of 

1:250,000 and for squares ofl/2 "side on a scale ofl :125,000, 

with other tables used in projecting maps: London, 

H.M. Stationery Office, 32 p. 

892. __ 1910, Tables for the projection ofgraticules for 

maps on the scale of'l: 1 ,000,000: London, Harrison, 6 p. 

[Prepared by the General Staff, Geographical Section.] 

893. Grebe, L., 1905, Zur Darstellung geographischer 

Karten in Kegelprojektion: MathematischeNaturwissenschaftliche Blatt, v. 2, p. 21-22. 

894. Green, D.R., Baker, A.M., Deeth, A.L., Nuzzo, A., and 

Faludi, R., 1985, SAS/GRAPH for Cartography: Map 

projections and labelled choropleth maps: Cartographica, 

v.22,no.2,p.63-78. 

Green, John (See Mead, Bradock.) 

Greenberg, Allen <See O'Keefe and Greenberg.) 

895. Greenhood, David, 1944, Flat maps with round 

meanings: Projections, in his Down to earth: mapping for 

everybody: New York, Holiday House, p. 98-154. 
896. __ 1964, Flat maps with round meanings: 

Projections, in his Mapping: Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, 

p.ll3-171. [RevisionofGreenhood<l944l.] 

897. Gregg, W .R., and Tannehill, I.R., 1937, International 

standard projections for meteorological charts: Monthly 

Weather Review, v. 65, no.l2, p. 411-415. [International 

Meteorological Committee in 1937 adopted the polar 

Stereographic with std. parallel60°, the Lambert Conformal 

Conic with std. parallels 30° and 60°, all N. or all S., and the 

Mercator with std. parallels 22.5° N. and S.] 

Gregory, Christopher (See Wong, Gregory, and 

Handschumacher.) 

898. Gregson, R.J ., 1962, A method of plotting meridians and 

parallels on the Gnomonic projection: Cartography, v. 4, 

no. 4, p. 155-156. 

899. Gretschel, H.F., 1873, Lehrbuch der Karten-Projektion, 

enthaltend eine Anweisung zur Zeichnung der Netze fur die 

verschiedensten Arten von Land- und Himmelskarten: 

Weimar, B.F. Voigt, 260 p. 

900. Gridgeman, N.T. and Zuker, M., 1978, Mercator, the 

antigudermannian, and a fluke: Canadian Cartographer, 

v. 15,no.1,p.50-57. 

Griffin, P.E. (See White and Griffin.) 

901. Griffin, T.L.C., 1980, Cartographic transformations of 

the thematic map base: Cartography, v. 11, no. 3, p. 163-174. 

[ Cartograms. 1 

Griffin, Trevor (See Smith and Griffin.) 

902. Grime, A.R.,1980, Map projections: Bath, Ont., 

Longview House, 2nd printing,l3 p. 

903. Gringorten,I.I., 1972, A square equal-area map ofthe 

world: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v.ll, no. 5, 

p. 763-767. 

904. __ 1973, A polar equal area map of the world: 

U.S. Air Force, Cambridge Research Labs, Air Force Surveys 

in Geophysics, Report AFCRL-TR-73-0349, 21 p. 

905. Groll, Max, 1912,Kartenkunde.l. Die Projektionen: 

Berlin and Leipzig, G.J. Goschen, no. 30. 

___ (See also under Gelcich, Sauter, and Dinse.) 

906. Groll, Max, and Graf, Otto, 1922, Kartenkunde.l. Die 

Projektionen: Berlin and Leipzig, Vereinigung 

Wissenschaft.licher Verleger. [2nd ed. Berlin and Leipzig: 

W. de Gruyter& Co., 1931.] 

907. Grossman, Marcel, 1913, Perspektivische 

Konstruktionen ftir stereographische Netzenwurfe: Archiv 

der Mathematik undPhysik, v. 21, p. 296-298. 

908. Grossmann, W.,1962, Die Odermattsche 

Grundgleichung des schweizerischen Projektionssystems: 

-36-

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessung, Kulturtechnik 

undPhotogrammetrie, v. 60, no. 3, p. 71-73. 

909. __ 1964, Geodiitische Rechnungen undAbbildungen 

in der Landesvermessung: Stuttgart, Wittwer. 

910. Groszyk, Marzena, 1986, Odzorowanie Petersdemagogia zamiast kartografii: Polski Przeglq,d 

Kartograficzny, v.18, no. 2, p. 76-79. [Polish. Peters 

projection- demagoguery instead of cartography.] 

911. Grotzsch, H.,1934, Uber die Geometrie der schlichten 

konformenAbbildung: Berlin, de Gruyter,13 p. 

912. Grti.ll, Josef,1973, Heinricb Christian Albers (1773-

1833>: Leben und Wirken des Lti.neburger Kartographen: 

Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 23, no. 5, p. 196-203. 

913. Grygorenko, Wiktor, 1975, Odwzorowanie Sl'utby 

Topograficznej WP dla map swiata: Polski Przeglq,d 

Kartograficzny, v. 7, no. 2, p. 65-71. [Polish with English 

abstract. Polish Army Topographical Service projection for 

world maps.] 

914. __ 1985, Ukfad wspotrz~dnych i kroj map 

topograficznych do celow gospodarczych w odwzorowaniu 

quasi-stereograficznym GUGIK-1980: PolskiPrzeglqd 

Kartograficzny, v.17, no. 2, p. 63-73. (Polish with English 

abstract. Coordinate system and sheet lines of Polish 

topographic maps for economic purposes in 

quasistereographic projection "GUGIK-1980!') 

915. Gulatee, B.L.,1946, Angular corrections for the 

Lambert orthomorphic conical projection: Empire Survey 

Review, v. 8, no. 62, p. 311-314. 

916. Gti.nther, Siegmund, 1877-79, Studien zur Geschichte 

der mathematischen und physikalischen Geographie: Halle, 

in 6 parts. 

917 . __ 1878, Johannes Werner von N urnberg und seine 

Beziehungen zur matematischen und physikalischen 

Erdkunde: Halle. 

918. __ 1882, Die Kartenprojektionslehre im verlaufe des 

letzten Jahrzehntes: Geographisches Ja.hrbuch, v. 9, 

p. 407-442. 

919. __ 1883, Die gnomonische Kartenprojecktion: 

Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrifi, v. 18, 

no. 104, p. 137-149. [Gnomonic projection.) 

920. 1884, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre: GeographischesJahrbuch, v.10, 

pt. 2, p. 323-354. 

921. __ 1888, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre: Geographisches Jahrbuch, v. 12, 

p. 1-24. 

922. 1891, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre: Geographisches Jahrbuch, for 

1890-1891, v.14, p.185-198. 
923. __ 1891, Zur Geschichte und Theorie des 

kartographischen Methoden Tissots: Petermanns 

Mituilungen, v. 37, no. 8, p.197-200. 

924. __ 1892, Die erste Anwendung der gnomonischen 

Kartenprojektion: Ausland, v. 65, no. 33, p. 520-523. 

925. __ 1908, Ober die Genesis der nautischen 

Kartenprojektion G. Mercator's: Naturwissenschaft Vereins 

zu Krefeld, Festschrift zum 50jahr. Beste hen: Krefeld, M. 

Plaeschke, p. 219-232. [Reprinted in Acta Cartograph,ica, 

1977, v. 25, p. 303-316.1 

926. __ 1921, Astrolabium und Kartenprojektion: 

Kartographische und Schulgeographische Zeitschrift, v. 9, 

p. 33-36. 

927. Gurba, Stefania, 1970, Ortodroma na globusie 

dwunastosciennym: Polski Przeglfld Kartograficzny, v. 2, 

no. 4, p. 160-168. [Polish with English abstract. The 

orthodrome on a dodecahedron globe.] 

928. __ 1971, Siatki dla map tematycznych swiata: 

Problemy Kartografii Tematycznej: Lublin, Warsaw, p. 5-20. 

[Polish. Projections for thematic world maps.] 

929. Gusta wicz, Bran isla w, 1902, ( Contribution to the theory 

of cartographic projections): Czasopismo Techniczne, v. 20, 

p. 83-85. [Polish.] 

930. Guyou, Emile, 1886, Sur un nouveau systeme de 

projection de la sphere: Academie des Sciences, Comptes 

Rendus, v. 102, no. 6, p. 308-310. 

931. __ 1887, Nouveau systeme de projection de la s:phere: 

Generalisation de la projection de Mercator: Annales 

Hydrographiques, series 2, v. 9, p. 16-35. [Also in Revue 

Maritime et Coloniale, 1887, v. 94, Aug., p. 228-247. 

Mosaickable conformal projection of hemisphere within 

square.] 

932. Gysi, Kurt, 1966, Zur Einfiihrung des Gradnetzes der 

Erde: Neue Schulpraxis, v. 36, no. 6, p. 217-223. 

933. Haack, Hermann, 1904, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre, Kartenzeichnung- und 

Vervielfaltigung, sowie der Kartenmessung fur 1903: 

Geographisches Jahrbuch, v. 26, p. 359-422. 

934. __ 1907, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre, Kartenzeichnung- und 

Vervielfaltigung, sowie der Kartenmessung fur 1904/05: 

GeographischesJahrbuch, v. 29, p. 321-410. 

935. __ 1910, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre, Kartenzeichnung- und 

Vervielfaltigung, sowie der Kartenmessung fUr 1906-08: 

Geographisches Jahrbuch, v. 33, p. 119-204. 

936. __ 1931, Die Fortschritte der Kartographie 1909-30: 

GeographischesJahrbuch, v. 46, p. 35-47. 

937. __ 1936, Die Jl'ortschritte der Kartographie, 1930-36: 

GeographischesJahrbuch, v. 51, p. 230-312. 

-37 

938. __ 1942, Die Fortschritte der Kartographie 1936-

1942: Geographisches Jahrbuch, v. 57, p. 4ft' and p. 365ft'. 

939. Habenicht, H., 1901, Neue Methode zur 

Veranschaulichung der Kartenmassstabe: Petermann& 

Mitteilungen, v. 47, no. 5, p.119-120. [Relationship between 

map scale and eye position of observer.] 

940. Haentzschel, E.E.R., 1903, Das Erdsphiiroid und seine 

Abbildung: Leipzig, B.G. Teubner,140 p. 

941. __ 1904, Neuer Beweis einer Grunert'schen Forme} 

a us der Kartenentwurfslehre: Zeitschrift fur Mathematik 

und Physik, v. 51, p.l65-168. [New demonstration offormal 

principles in teaching map projections.) 

942. Hagen, C.B.,l955, Nueva representacion cartografica 

para Chile y sus territorios: Clio, Reuista de H istoria y 

Geografia, v. 20, no. 27, p. 10-13. [Use of Azimuthal 

Equidistant maps as complements for school and wall maps. 

Azimuthal Equidistant world map centered on Easter 

Island.] 

943. __ 1957, The Azimuthal Equidistant projection: 

Seattle, Univ. ofWashington, Master's thesis. 

944. Hagerstrand, Torsten, 1957, Migration and area,!!:! 

Migration in Sweden: Lund, Sweden, Royal University of 

Lund, Dept. of Geography, Lund studies in geography, series 

B, Human Geography, no. 13, p. 27-158. [Azimuthal 

Logarithmic projection shown, p. 73.] 

945. Hagiwara, Yasuchi, 1979, [A study on the equal-area 

projection for a global map with length-breadth ratio of2:3]: 

Chizu (Map),Journal of Japan Cartographers Assn., v. 17, 

no. 4, p. 1-8. [Japanese with English abstract. New 

pseudocylindrical projection derived from Eckert IV.] 

946. __ 1984, A retro-azimuthal projection of the whole 

sphere: International Cartographic Association, 12th 

Conference, Perth, Australia, August 6-13, 1984, Technical 

Papers, v. 1, p. 840-848. 

947 . __ 1985, A retro-azimuthal projection of the whole 

sphere-- an attempt to make a "Mecca Map": Chizu (Map), 

Journal of the Japan Cartographers Assn., v. 23, no. 2, p. 1-6. 

[Japanese with English abstract.) 

948. Haines, G.V.,1981, The modified polyconic projection: 

Cartographica, v. 18, no.1, p. 49-58. (Bousfield's version as 

used for northern Canada, not the modification for the 

International Map of the World.) 

949. Hajela, D.P.,l967,A comparisonoftheconformaldirect 

projection of the ellipsoid and the corresponding double 

projection using the Gaussian sphere: Columbus, Ohio State 

University, Dept. of Geodetic Science, Master's thesis, 81 p. 

950. Hake, Gunter,1973, Kartographie und 

Kommunikation: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 23, no. 4, 

p.137-148. 
951. Hake, Giinter,and Heissler, V.,1970,Kartographie I. 

Kartenaufnahme, Netzenwiirfe, Gestaltungsmerkmale, 

topographische Karten: Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 233 p. 

952. Hall, E.F., 1878, Gerard Mercator: his life and works: 

American Geographical Society,Journal, v. 10, no. 4, 

p.l63-196. [Mercator projection discussed p.178-184.) 

953. Halley, Edmond,1695-96, An easie demonstration of 

the analogy of the logarithmick tangents to the meridian line 

or sum of the secants: with various methods for computing 

the same to the utmost exacteness: Royal Society, 

Philosophical Transactions, v. 19, no. 219, p. 202-214. 

[Discusses computation for Mercator projection. Reprinted in 

abridged Philosophical Transactions: London, C. and R. 

Baldwin, 1809, v. 4, p. 68-77.) 

954. Halsey, G., 1979, Oblique projections for the 

geographer: Cartography, v. 11, no. 2, p. 92-95. 

955. Hamerska, Hedvika, 1956, Ekonomicke vyufiti 

soustavy §estistupnovych pasli Gaussova zobrazenl pro 

mapovani ve velkych meritkach: Kartograficky Pfehled, 

v. 10, no. 2, p. 49-51. (Czech. The efficient utilization of6° 

grid zones of the Gauss projection for large-scale maps.] 

956. Hamilton, A.C., 1889, The world on the projection of 

ColonelA.C. Hamilton: London, Griggs. 

Hamilton, A.C. <younger)_(See Hradilek and Hamilton.) 

957. Hamilton, A. C., and Hradilek, L.R., 1973, A systematic 

analysis of distortions in map projections: University of New 

Brunswick, Dept. of Surveying, Lecture Notes, No. 34. 

958. Hammer, Ernst, 1887, Darstellung einer Erdhalbkugel 

in Cassini-Soldner's Projektion: Zeitschrift fur 

Wissenscha{tliche Geographie, v. 6, p. 47-52. 

959. __ 1889, Uber die geographisch wichtigsten 

Kartenprojektionen, insbesondere die zenitalen Entwurfe, 

nebst Tafeln zur V erwandlung uon geographischen 

Koordinaten in Azimutale: Stuttgart, J .B. Metzlerschler, 

148 p. 

960. __ 1891, Zur Abbildung des Erdellipsoids: Zeitschrift 

fur Vermessungswesen, v. 20, no. 22, p. 609-617; no. 24, 

p. 641-661. 

961. ___ . 1892, Ober die Planisphare von Aitow und 

verwante Entwiirfe, insbesondere neue flachentreue 

ahnlicher Art: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 38, no. 4, 

p. 85-87. [Presents his equal-area world map projection 

obtained after compressing equatorial Lambert Azimuthal 

Equal-Area projection of hemisphere to halfthe height and 

doubling longitudes. Inspired by Aitoff(1889).] 

962. ___ 1894, Die flachentreue Azimutal-Projektion fur 

die Karte von Afrika: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 40, no. 5, 

p. 113-115. 

963. __ 1894, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre, der Kartenzeichnung und der 

Kartenmessung, nebst einer Einlt:itung tiber neue Arbeiten 

-38 

zur Geschichte der Kartographie: Geographisches Jahrbuch, 

v. 17' p. 41-90. 

964. __ 1896, Fortschritte der Kartenprojektionslehre, 

der Kartenzeichnung und der Kartenmessung: 

GeographischesJahrbuch, v.19, p. 1-30. 

965. __ 1897, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre, der Kartenzeichnung und der 

Kartenmessung: Geographisches Jahrbuch, v. 20, 

p. 425-462. 

966. __ 1897, Die Kartennetzentwiirfe: Geographische 

Zeitschri{t, v. 3, no. 2, p. 65-79. 

967 . ___ 1898, Naherungsweise Konstruktion der 

Mercator-Projektion. Annalen der Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 26, no. 5, p. 163-169. 

968. __ 1898, Vergleichung einiger Abbildungen eines 

kleinen Stiicks der ellipsoidischen Erdoberflache ( Karte von 

S.W. Deutschland): Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische 

Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher, Abhandlungen, 

v. 71, p. 447-470. [Comparison of projections for 

Wurttemberg.) 

969. __ 1900, Unechtcylindrische und unechtkonische 

flachentreue Abbildungen. Mittel und Auftragen gegebener 

Bogenlangen auf gezeichneten Kreisbogen von bekannten 

Halbmessern: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 46, no. 2, 

p. 42-46. [Pseudocylindrical and pseudoconic equal-area 

projections. I 

970. __ 190 1, Die Fortschritte der 

Kartenprojektionslehre, der Kartenzeichnung und der 

Kartenmessung: Geographisches Jahrbuch, v. 24, p. 1-62. 

971. __ 1904, Zwei praktische Beispiele schiefachsiger 

zylindrischer Kartennetzentwiirfe: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 50, no. 12, p. 277-281. [Oblique cylindrical 

projections. 1 

972. __ 1906, Ein neuer Vorschlag fiir den Netzentwurf 

topographischer Karten: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 52, 

no. 4, p. 92-94. [A projection proposed by F.J. Muller(1905).] 

. 973. __ 1910, Gegenazimutale Projektionen: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 56-1, no. 3, p. 153-155. [His retroazimuthal 

projection.) 

97 4. __ 1914, Die neue Weltkartenprojektion von Cahill: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 60-1,June, p. 323. [Butterfly 

Map.) 

975. ___ 1915, Die Nomenklatur der theoretischen 

geographischen Kartographie- im Anschluss an den Aufsatz 

von H. Maurer: Die Definitionen in der 

Kartenentwurfslehre usw: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 61-1, 

March, p. 95-98; Apr., p.134-137. [Comments on Maurer 

(1914).) 

976. __ 1917, Die Mercator-Projection und Erhart 

Etzlaub: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 63, Oct., p. 303-304. 
977. __ 1918, Zur Geschichte der Abbildungslehre: ein 

Gausscher Satz: K artographische und Schulgeographische 

Zeitschrift, p. 86-88. 

978. ___ 1922, Einige Bemerkungen zur 

Kartenprojektionslehre: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 68, 

Apr.-May, p. 86-88. [Comments on various earlier papers.] 

979. ___ 1923, Entwurfe fUr eine Karte des 

Nordpazifischen Ozeans: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 69, 

no.l-2,p.18-19. [DiscussionofPolyconicvs. Transverse 

Polyconic projections for the North Pacific.] 

980. __ 1923, Zahlentafeln zur Verwandlung uon 

sphiirischen geographischen Koordinaten in transversale 

sphiirische Koordinaten, nebst Anleitung zum 

kartographischen Gebrauch dieser Tafeln. Beitrag zur Praxis 

der geographische K artennetze: Stuttgart, Metzler, no. 1, 

1 o graticule, 48 p. text, 60 p. tables; no. 2, 10' graticule, 68 p. 

___ (See also under Tissot, 1887; under Muller, F.J.) 

Handschumacher, D.W. <See Wong, Gregory, and 

Handschumacher.) 

981. Hantzsch, Viktor, 1897, Die deutschen Geographen der 

Renaissance: Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 3, no. 9, 

p.507-514;no. l0,p.557-566;no.1l,p.618-624. 

982. Hanusse, F., 1892, Formules pour transformer les 

projections planes en cartes: Annates Hydrographique, series 

2, v. 14, p. 240-271. 

983. Harada, Takehisa, 1962, The method ofthe direct 

transformation between the plane rectangular coordinate 

and the coordinates by (sic) the Universal Transverse 

Mercator projection: Japan, Ministry of Construction, 

Geographical Survey Institute, Bulletin, v. 8, parts 2-4, 

p.103-130. [English.] 

984. Hardy, J .R., 1981, Map projections: British national 

grid and UTM systems: Remote Sensing Society, New.sletter, 

v. 28, p. 10-13. 

985. Harley, J.B., and Woodward, David, ed., 1987fl'., The 

history of cartography: Chiutgo, Univ. of Chicago Press, 6 v. 

planned (v. 1 pub. 1987). I Map projections in v. 1 discussed 

esp. p.179-180, 185-189,322,385-386.] 

986. Harpers Magazine, 1985, The real world: v. 268, no. 4, 

p. 15. [Peters projection.] 

987. Harris, C.D., and McDowell, G.B., 1955, Distorted 

maps, a teaching device: Journal of Geography, v. 54, no. 6, 

p. 286-289. [Cartograms.] 

988. Harris, R.M., 1960, The Rand McNally handbook of 

mapandglobe usage: Chicago, Hand McNally. [Map 

projections discussed p. 206-212.] 

989. Harrison, R.E., 1942, Making maps tell the truth: 

Travel, v. 80, no. 2, p. 10-13. 

-39-

990. ___ 1943, The nomograph as an instrument in map 

making: Geographical Review, v. 33, no. 4, p. 655-657. [Use 

of one azimuthal projection to help plot another.] 

991. ___ 1943, A new method for constructing map grids: 

Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 33, no. 4, p. 226-227. 

lDiscussion of Harrison (1943, The nomograph ... ).] 

992. __ 1944, Look at the world: The Fortune atlas for 

world strategy: New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 67 p. [Uses 

Orthographic and Perspective projections.] 

993. ___ 1944, The face of one world: five perspectives for 

an understanding of the air-age: Saturday Review of 

Literature, v. 27, no. 27, p. 5-6. 

994. Harrison, R.E., and Strausz-Hupe, R., 1942, Maps, 

strategy, and world politics: Infantry Journal, v. 5, Nov., 

p. 38-43. {Comments on maps and map projections and their 

use in global geography and strategy.] 

995. Hartl, Heinrich, 1884, Die Projectionen der Wichtigsten 

von K.K. Generalquartier Meisterstabe und von K.K. 

Militiir-geographischen Institute herausgegebenen 

Kartenwerke: Vienna, K.K. Militiir-geographisches 

Institute, Mitteilungen, v. 6, p.120-177. 

996. __ 1896, Studien uber flachentreue 

Kegelprojectionen: Vienna, K.K. Militiir-geographisches 

Institute, Mitteilungen, v. 15, p. 203-249. [Equal-area conic 

projections.] 

997. Hasek, Ales,1957, Matematicke zaklady geografickych 

map: Geodetickj a Kartografickj Obzor, v. 3, no. 8, 

p. 151-156. [Czech. Mathematical principles of geographic 

maps.] 

998. Hassan, A.K., and Szadeczky-Kardoss, Gyula, 1983, 

Simple determination ofthe convergence of the meridians for 

Egypt: Acta Geodaetica, Geophysica et Montanistica 

H ungarica, v. 18, no. 1-2, p. 59-65. [UTM Grid system.] 

999. Hassler, F.R., 1825, On the mechanical organisation of 

a large survey, and the particular application to the Survey 

of the Coast: A mer. Philosophical Society Transactions, new 

series, v. 2, p. 385-408. [Proposes Polyconic projection.] 

1000. Hatano, Masataka, 1966, [A proposal ofthe new 

method for an interrupted map projection of the world]: 

Geographical lleuiew of Japan. Chirigaku-hyoron, v. 39, 

no. 4, p. 229-239. [Japanese with English abstract.] 

1001. ___ 1967, [Air age and world maps]: Chizu (Map), 

Journal of Japan Cartographers Assn., v. 5, no. 4, p. 1-7. 

[Japanese with English abstract.] 

1002. ___ 1972, Consideration on the projection suitable 

for Asia-Pacific type world map and the construction of 

elliptical projection diagram: Geographical Review of Japan, 

v. 45, no. 9, p. 637-647. [English translation. Flat-polar 

equal-area elliptical pseudocylindrical projections.] 

Hatt, Philippe (See under 'Anatupon .... ) 
1003. Hauer, F.,1941, Flachentreue Abbildung kleiner 

Bereiche des Rotationsellipsoids in die Ebene durch Systeme 

geringster Streckenverzerrung: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 70, no. 9, p. 194-215. 

1004. __ 1943, Entwicklung der flachentreuen Abbildung 

kleiner Bereiche des Rotationsellipsoids in die Ebene, bis 

einschliesslich Glieder 4. Ordnung: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 72, no. 9, p. 179-189. 

1005. Haussman, K., 1931, Gnomonische Projektion in 

Projektions-Mitte~ = 75°,A0 = 70°. 1:2,000,000: Berlin, 

Int. Ges. Aeroarcti;_Berlin, Gisevius. 

1006. Ha verberg, J .E., 1983, Project coordinate system as 

developed by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation: 

American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 43rd Annual 

Meeting, Washington, Technical Papers, p. 590-598. 

Hawkins, G.T. (See Gannett and Hawkins.) 

Hayes, J .L. (See Hoke, Hayes, and Renninger.) 

1007. Hazay, Istvan, 1950, Atszamitas a Gauss-Kruger 

vetuletnel az egyik veUileti savr6l a szomszedos vetuleti 

sa vra: Foldmerestani Kozlemenyek, v. 2, no. 3-4, p. 77-87. 

[Hungarian. Transformation, in using the Gauss-Kruger 

projection, from a projection zone to the neighboring zone.) 

1008. __ 1951, Gauss Kriiger koordinatak atszamitasa 

keskeny savr6l szelesebb savra: Foldmerestani Kozlemenyek, 

v. 3, no. 2, p. 49-54. [Hungarian. Transformation of GaussKruger coordinates from narrow bands to broader bands.] 

1009. __ 1954, Foldi vetuletek: Budapest, Akademiai 

Kiado, 508 p. [Hungarian. Earth projections.] 

10 10. __ 1954, Mathematische Grundlage zur 

einheitlichen Tabelle verschieden angeordneter, 

winkeltreuer Zylinderprojektionen: Acta Technica 

Academiae Scientiarum H ungaricae, v. 8, no. 3-4, p. 369-388. 

[German with English abstract. Mathematical basis of a 

uniform table for orthomorphic cylindrical projections of 

different positions.] 

10 11. __ 1955, Die U mrechnung von der 

stereographischen Projektion und der konformen 

Zylinderprojektion auf die Gauss-Krugersche Projektion: 

Acta Technica Academiae Scientiarum H ungaricae, v. 10, 

no. 1-2, p. 139-154. [German with English abstract. 

Conversion ofStereographic and conformal cylindrical 

projections to the Gauss-Kruger system.] 

1012. __ 1955, Vizsgalatok a kwonbozoellipszoidok 

kozotti vetites korebol: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 7, no. 1, 

p.1-6;no.2,p.71-75;no.3,p.151-157;no.4,p.217-224. 

[Hungarian with French abstract. Transformation of one 

ellipsoid onto another.] 

1013. __ 1955, Zeitgemasse Formeln fur Reduktionen von 

winkeltreuen Zylinderprojektionen: Acta Technica 

AcademiaeScientiarum Hungaricae, v. 11, no. 1-2, 

-40 

p.185-216. [German with English abstract. Modern 

formulae for the reduction of orthomorphic cylindrical 

projections. 1 

1014. __ 1961, Vizsgalatok a Gauss-Kriiger-fele 

abrazolasi m6d magyarorszagi alkalmazasahoz: EpitOipari 

esKozl. MiiszakiEgyetem Tud.Kozl., v. 7,no. 2, p.13-36. 

[Hungarian. Investigation into the use ofthe Gauss-Kriiger 

projection in Hungary.] 

1015. __ 1961, Untersuchungen zur Anwendung der 

Gauss-Kriigerschen Abbildung in Ungarn: Acta Technica 

Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, v. 37, no.1-2, p. 91-119. 

[German with English abstract. Investigations on the 

application of the Gauss-Kruger projection method in 

Hungary.] 

1016. __ 1963, Szogtart6 vetwetekjellemz6 fuggvenyenek 

meghatarozasa a szogtart6sag alapegyenletevel: Geodezia es 

Kartografia, v. 15, no. 5, p. 317-321. [Hungarian with 

German abstract. Conformal projection theory.] 

1017 . __ 1964, Bestimmung der charakteristischen 

Funktion der winkeltreuen Projektionen mit Hilfe der 

Grundgleichung der konformen Abbildung: Acta Technica 

Academiae Scientiarum H ungaricae, v. 47, Series Geodaetica 

etGeophysica, v. 5, no. 3-4, p. 351-363. [German with 

English abstract. Determination of the characteristic 

function of conformal projections by means of the 

fundamental equation ofconformality.) 

10 18. __ 1964, A lox:odromar6l es az ortodromarol: 

Geodezia es Kartografia, v.16, no. 2, p.ll0-119. [Hungarian 

with German abstract. Lox:odromes and great-circle paths, 

with appearance on Gnomonic and Mercator projections.) 

1019. __ 1964, VetUlettan: Budapest, Tankonyvkiado. 

[Hungarian. Study of projections.] 

1020. __ 1965, A fokhal6zat kepe ferdetengelyu 

hengervetiileten: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 17, no. 1, p. 1-4. 

[Hungarian. Oblique cylindrical projections, such as 

Mercator and Cylindrical Equal-Area.] 

1021. __ 1965, Die Bedeutung der Tissot-Indikatrix: Acta 

Technica Academiae Scientiarum H ungaricae, v. 52, Series 

Geodaetica et Geophysica, v. 6, no. 1-2, p. 171-201. [German 

with English abstract. The significance of the Tissot 

indicatrix.] 

1022. __ 1967, Darstellung eines gr08Seren Gebietes in 

einem einheitJichen Projektions-Koordinatensystem: Acta 

Geodaetica, Geophysica et Montanistica, v. 2, no. 3-4, 

p. 367-378. [German with English abstract. Representation 

of a larger area in a uniform projection coordinate system.] 

1023. __ 1967, Nagyobb ter\ilet abrazolasa egyseges 

vetuleti koordinata-rendszerben: Geodezia es Kartografia, 

v. 19, no. 3, p. 161-165. [Hungarian with English abstract. 

Representation of a larger area in a uniform projection 

coordinate system.] 
1 024. ___ 1969, Anwendung von Projektionen bei 

ellipsoidischen Berechnungen: Acta Geodaetica, Geophysica 

et Montanistica, v. 4, no. 3-4, p. 257-279. [German with 

English abstract. The use of projections for computations on 

the ellipsoid.] 

1025. __ 1972, Nehany vetiileti szempont es az egyseges 

orszagos vetuleti koordinata-rendszer gyskorlati kerdesei: 

Geod.ezia es Kartografw, v. 24, no. 3, p. 178-183. [Hungarian. 

Some aspects of projection and the practical problems of the 

integrated national projection coordinate-system.] 

1 026. __ 1972, Ket hossztartO paralelkoru szogtart.O 

hengervetUlet geodeziai alkalmazasa: Geodezia es 

Kartografw, v. 24, no. 4, p. 241-244. [Hungarian with 

German abstract. Geodetic application of a conformal! 

cylindrical projection with two standard parallels.] 

1027. __ 1974, Constructing length- and area-pres•erving 

maps on the Gauss-Kruger projection: Acta Geodaetica, 

Geophysica et Montanistica, v. 9, no. 1-2, p. 29-38. 

1028. ___ 1975, Eine bingen- und flachentreue, 

grossmassstabige Kartendarstellung in winkeltreuem 

Rahmen: Geodezja G6rnicza w Krajack Socialistycznych, 

no. 6, p. 69-77. 

1029. __ 1982, Gyors atszamitas hengervetuleti 

rendszereink kozott: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 34, no. 5, 

p. 323-328. [Hungarian with English abstract. Fast 

calculation technique for conversion between Hungarian 

Gauss-Kruger Transverse Mercator projection systems.] 

1030. ___ 1983, Quick zone-to-zone transformation i[n the 

Gauss-Kruger projection: Acta Geodaetica, Geophysica et 

Montanistica Hungaricae, v. 18, no. 1-2, p. 71-81. 

__ (See also under Eilingzfeld and Szadeczky-Kardoss.) 

1031. Hazay, Istvan, and Tarczy-Hornoch, Antal, 1951, A 

Gauss-Kriiger koordinatak szamitasa: Budapest, Aka.demiai 

Kiad6. [Hungarian. Gauss-Kruger coordinate calculations.] 

1032. Hazay, Stefan, 1951, Zur Umrechnung der GaussKrugerschen Koordinaten von einen Projektionsstreifen in 

den Benachbarten: Acta Technica Academiae Scientiarum 

Hungaricae, v. 1, no. 2, p. 55-73. [Conversion ofthe GaussKruger coordinates from one projection band to the adjacent 

one.] 

1033. ___ 1952, Die Transformation Gauss-Kruger'1:;cher 

Koordinaten zwecks Darstellung in kleinem 

Massstabsverhaltnis: Acta Technica Academiae Scierttiarum 

Hungaricae, v. 4, no. 1-4, p. 107-122. [Conversion ofGaussKruger coordinates belonging to different ellipsoids.) 

1034. Healy, P. W., 1939, Some properties of projections used 

in mapping the sphere on the plane: Columbus, Ohio State 

University, Master's thesis. 

1035. Heawood, Edward, 1942, A new representation of the 

colonial empire: Crown Colonist, v. 12, Oct., p. 650-661. 

-41 

1036. Hebecker, 0., 1931, Der Projektionskompass: Annalen 

der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 59, no. 12, 

p. 447-451. 

1037. Hebert, A., 1867, Note sur l'isometrie dans les cartes 

geographiques et expose d'un nouveau systeme de projection: 

Societe d'Agriculture, Sciences et Arts de la Sarthe, Bulletin, 

v.ll, p. 436-449. 

Hedrick, E.R. (See under Klein.) 

1038. Hegemann, E., 1909, Uber die konforme Ubertragung 

von der Kugel auf die Ebene: Landwirtschaftiche 

Jahrbiicher. Erganzungsband 5, v. 38, p. 537-549. 

Heissler, V. <See Hake and Heissler.) 

1039. Hendrickson, W.W., 1905, Notes on stereographic 

projection: Annapolis, U.S. Naval Institute. 

1040. Hendrikz,D.R., 1946-47, Thetheoryofmap 

projections: Pr(ltoria, Union ofSouth Africa, Government 

Printer. Trigonometrical Survey, Spec. Pub. No.4, 127 p. 

1041. Henrici, Peter, 1986, Conformal maps, in his Applied 

and computational complex analysis: John Wiley & Sons, 

v. 1, p. 286-432. [See also same, v. 3, p. 323-506 for 

Construction of conformal maps.] 

1042. Henrikson,A.K., 1975, The map as an "idea": The role 

of cartographic imagery during the second world war: A mer. 

Cartographer, v. 2, no. 1, p. 19-53. 

1043. ___ 1980, America's changing place in the world: 

From "periphery" to "centre"? i!! Gottmann, Jean, ed., 

Centre and periphery: spatial variation .in politics: Beverly 

Hills, Calif., Sage Publications, p. 73-100. 

1044. Henry,J.F., 1810,Memoire sur la projection des cartes 

geographiques adoptee au d.epetgeneral de laguerre: Paris, 

Imprimerie Imperiale, 220 p. [See also Puissant(1831).) 

1045. Hentschel, Wolfgang, 1972, Beitrag zum 

automatischen Berechnen und Zeichnen von 

kartographischen Netzentwurfen: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 22, no. 6, p. 239-241. 

1046. Herbertson, A.J., 1910, The teaching of simple map 

nets: Geographical Teacher, v. 5, part 6, no. 28, p. 295-302. 

1047. Herrera, Emmanuel, 1943, Cartes orthometriques. A 

double projection. Brevetees. Le monde orthometrique. 

Notice descriptive, instruction- emploi: Paris, Blondella 

Rougery, ed., 15 p. 

1048. Herrick, Samuel, 1944, Grid navigation: Geographical 

Review, v. 34, no. 3, p. 436-456. [Comparison of Mercator and 

Lambert Conformal Conic projections.] 

1049. Herrmann, Albert, 1930, Marinus von Tyrus: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, Erganzungsheft no. 209, p. 45-54. 
1050. Herschel, J.F.W., 1859, On a new projection of the 

sphere: Royal Geographical Society,Proceedings, v. 3, 

p. 17 4-177. [Lambert Conformal Conic projection with cone 

constant of 113.] 

1051. __ 1860, On a new projection of the sphere: Royal 

Geographical Society,Journal, v. 30, p.l00-106. [See 

Herschel ( 1859).] 

1052. Herz, Norbert, 1885, Lehrbuch der 

Landkartenprojektionen: Leipzig, B.G. Teubner,312 p. 

1053. __ 1914, Mathematische geographie, ill Kende, 0., 

ed.,Handbuch der geographische Wissenschaft, v.1: Berlin, 

p.38-82. 

1054. Heupel, Aloys, and Schoppmeyer, Johannes, 1979, Zur 

Wahl der Kartenabbildungen fur Hintergrundkarten im 

Fernsehen: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 29, no. 2, 

p. 41-51. [Separately published, 1978: Bonn, Institut fiir 

Kartographie und Topographie, 18 p. See also Peters, A.B. 

(1979>.] 

1055. Heuvelink, H.J., 1918, De stereografische 

kaartprojectie en haar toepassing bij de Rijksdriehoekmeting; 

Delft. [Dutch. The stereographic map projection and its 

application in national triangulation.) 

1056. Hilding, S., 1949, Computation oflattice charts for the 

Decca Navigator System in the Gauss conformal projection: 

International Hydrographic Review, v. 26, no. 2, p. 46-51. 

1057. Hilgard, J .E., 1856, Table for projecting maps of large 

extent: U.S. Coast Survey. Report of Superintendent, 

Appendix no. 58, p. 296-307. 

1058. __ 1876, Note on the polyconic projection: Analyst, 

v.3. 

1059. Hill, G.W., 1907, On the construction of maps. 

Collected works ofGeorge William Hill: Washington, 

Carnegie Institution of Washington, v. 4, p. 408-418. Memoir 

no.83. 

1060. __ 1908, Application ofTchebychefs principle in the 

projection of maps: Annals of Mathematics, series 2, v. 10, 

no. 1, p. 23-36. 

1061. Hill, J.D., 1983, Critique ofthe OCLC map projection 

code: Special Libraries Assn., Geography and Map Div., 

Bulletin, no. 132, p. 36-39. [See also comments by Snyder, 

J.P., and Hill, 1984: no. 135, p. 46-47.1 

1062. __ 1984, Graticules for OCLC map projection code: 

Special Libraries Assn., Geography and Map Div., Bulletin, 

no. 136, p.ll-22. 

1063. Hilliard,J.A., Ba~oglu, Omit, and Muehrcke, P.C., 

1978,A projection handbook: Madison, Univ. ofWisconsin, 

Cartographic Laboratory, 85 p. [See review by Snyder, J.P., 

1980: A mer. Cartographer, v. 7, no. 2, p. 178-179.} 

1064. Hillman, H.l''., 1977, Conversion between latitude and 

longitude and state plane and other coordinate systems with 

-42-

modern portable calculators: Amer. Congress on Surveying 

and Mapping, Little Rock, Ark., Oct., Proceedings, 

p.345-366. 

1065. __ 1980, Power series algorithm for conversion 

between latitude and longitude and the plane coordinate 

systems: Amer. Congress on Surveying and Mapping--Amer. 

Society of Photogrammetry, Annual Convention, St. Louis, 

Mo., Mar., Technical Papers, p. 168-179. 

1066. Hiltner, W.l<'., 1946, Sphero-metric navigation for our 

air age: U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, v. 72, no.1, 

p. 69-79. 

1067. Hinckley, Arthur, 1942, Map projections by practical 

construction: London, G. Philip & Son, Ltd., 84 p. 

1068. Hinks, A.R., 1911, The galactic distribution of spiral 

nebulae, preliminary note: Royal Astronomical Society, 

Monthly Notices, v. 71, May, p. 588-595. 

1069. __ 1912, Map projections: Cambridge, Eng., 

Cambridge Univ. Press, 126 p. [2nd ed., 1921,158 p.] 

1070. __ 1912, Map projections in actual use: Royal 

Engineers Journal, v. 15, Feb., p. 91-106. 

1071. __ 1912, A numerical estimate of various 

projections for atlas maps: British Association for the 

AdvancementofScience, Portsmouth, 81st Meeting, 1911, 

Report, p. 449. 

1072. __ 1918, Notes on the construction of a general map 

of Africa, 1/two million: Geographical Journal, v. 52, no. 4, 

p. 218-237. [Uses extension of Modified Polyconic projection 

for IMW, discussed on p. 219-222.1 

1073. __ 1921, On the projection adopted for the Allied 

maps on the Western Front: Geographical Journal, v. 57, 

no. 6, p. 448-451. [Approximation to Lambert Conformal 

Conic projection.] 

1074. __ 1921, The projection of the sphere on the 

circumscribed cube: Geographical Journal, v. 57, no. 6, 

p. 454-457. 

1075. __ 1927, The projection ofthe International Map: 

Geographical Journal, v. 70, no. 3, p. 289-291. [Discussion of 

papers by~mnicki, 1927, and of Modified Polyconic 

projection for Inti. Map of the World.] 

1076. __ 1927, A reply to the criticisms of Dr. Antoni 

-tomnicki on the projection of the International Map of the 

World on the scale of 1/M: Wiadomosci Sluzby Geograficznej, 

v. 1, p. 33-38. (Also reply by Antoni-t.omnicki.} 

1077 . __ 1927, W sprawie projekcji mapy 

miQdzynarodowej 1/M; A reply to the criticisms of Dr. Antoni 

-lAmnicki on the projection of the International map on the 

scale of 1/M: Polski Przeglqd Kartograficzny, v. 3, no. 18-20, 

p. 33-38. [English with Polish introduction. Reply by Antoni 

'Ulmnicki, also in English. 1 
1078. ___ 1929, A retro-azimuthal equidistant projection of 

the whole sphere: Geographical Journal, v. 73, no. 3, 

p. 245-247. [Independent presentation of Hammer 

Retroazimuthal projection.! 

1079. __ 1930, Edward Wright and Mercator's projection: 

12th International Geographical Congress, Cambridge, Eng., 

1928, Report of the Proceedings, p. 109. [Abstract only.] 

1080. __ 1940, Maps of the world on an Oblique Mercator 

projection: Geographical Journal, v. 95, no. 5, p. 381-383. 

1 081. ___ 1941, More world maps on Oblique Mercawr 

projections: Geographical Journal, v. 97, no. 6, p. 353-356. 

[See also comments on p. 362.] 

1082. ___ 1941, Murdoch's third projection: Geographical 

Journal, v. 97, no. 6, p. 358-362. 

1083. __ 1942, Making the British Council Map: 

Geographical Journal, v. 100, no. 3, p. 123-129. [Murdoch's 

third projection.] 

1084. ___ 1943, A new map of Hispanic America: 

Geographical Journal, v. 101, no. 4, p. 187-188. [Bipolar 

Oblique Conic Conformal projection.] 

1 085. ___ 1944, Some new effects in map projection: 

Geographical Journal, v. 104, no. 3-4, p. 123-127. [Discusses 

recent publications by Harrison, Miller, and l''isber and 

Miller.] 

___ (See also under Geographical Journal ( 1929 J; C'lose 

0926, 1942>; Geographical Journal <1941 >; Dufton ( 1941 ).) 

1086. Hinrichs, Oscar, 1869-1871, Methods ofprojection and 

map drawing: Coltons Journal of Geography, no. 4, 

p.61-64;no.5,p.70-76;no.6,p.86-90;no.7,p.106-108. 

1087. Hirt, H.F., 1960, Reducing distortion: a useful 

approach in augumenting the understanding of map 

projections: Journal of Geography, v. 59, no. 7, p. 308-:314. 

1088. Hirvonen, R.A., 1938, Transformation der GaussKriigerschen Koordinaten von einem Streifen zu dem 

benachbarten: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 67, 

no.11, p. 321-326. 

1 089. ___ 1945, Geodeettisista karttaprojektiosta ja niiden 

kayttiimisestii Suomen kartastoissa: Terra, v. 57, no. 2, 

p. 56-68. [Finnish with English abstract. On map 

projections, especially those used in Finland.] 

1090. Hodgson,James,1723, The lawsofstereographic 

projection: London: Miscellanea Curiosa, v. 2, p. 362-:l72. 

1091. Hoffmeister, H.A., 1946, Construction of map 

projections: Bloomington, Ill., McKnight & McKnight, 41 p. 

1092. Hofmann, Walther, 1951, Polarkarte mit Gitternetz: 

Zeitschriftfur Vermessungswesen, v. 76, no. 7, p. 220. 

-43-

1093. __ 1951, Eine Anwendung der 

Kartenentwurfslehre im Bauwesen: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 76, no. 10, p. 313-315. 

Hogenbirk, K. <See Teunissen and Hogenbirk.) 

1094. Hojovec, Vladislav, 1969, Pouziti polynomu pri 

vyvozeni kartografickych zobrazeni: Geodeticky a 

Kartograficky Obzor, v. 15, no. 6, p. 140-144. [Czech with 

English abstract. Use of polynomials for the derivation of 

map projections.] 

1 095. ___ 1977, Priblizna metoda transformace daneho 

zobrazeni podle Airyho kriteria: Geodeticky a Kartograficky 

Obzur, v. 23, no. 7, p. 159-164. [Czech. Approximate method 

of transformation of a given projection using the Airy 

criterion.] 

1096. __ 1984, Nektere moznosti ziskani novych 

ekvivalentnich zobrazeni: Geodeticky a Kartograficky Obzor, 

v. 30, no. I, p. 2-5. [Czech. Some possibilities of obtaining 

new equivalent projections.] 

1097. Hojovec, Vladislav, and Buchar, Petr, 1984, K pojeti 

Gaussova zobrazeni polednikovych pasu elipsoidu: 

Geodeticky a Kartograficky Obzor, v. 30, no. 8, p. 181-182. 

[Czech. Conception of the Gauss's projection of ellipsoidal 

longitude zones. I 

1098. Hojovec, Vladislav,Jokl, Ludek, and Buchar, Petr, 

1981, Kartografi.cke zobrazeni podle exaktnich kriterii: 

Geodeticky a Kartograficky Obzor, v. 27, no. 6, p. 151-156. 

[Czecb. Cartographic projections in accordance with exact 

criteria.! 

1099. Hoke, J.K, Hayes, J.L., and Renninger, L.G., 1981, 

Map projections and grid systems for meteorological 

applications: Offutt AFB, Nebr., U.S. Air Force Global 

Weather Center, AFGWCtrN-79/003, 103 p. 

1100. Holdgreve, D.E., and Ward, A.W., 1972, Comparing 

map projections: A new look at an old pwblem: Amer. 

Congress of Surveying and Mapping, Columbus, Ohio, 

Technical Sessions, ACSM-ASP Fall Convention, 

Proceedings, p. 27-44. 

1101. Hollaender, Eugen, 1891, Uberaequivalente 

Abbildung: Halle, Friedrichs Universitat, Dissertation. 

1102. __ 1891, Ueber flii.chentreue Abbildung: Mulheim 

a.d.R. 

1103. Holway, R.S., 1921, Maps illustrating the special 

properties of a few type:; of projections: Berkeley, Univ. of 

Calif. Press, Univ. of Calif., Map Series, No.3, 15 p. 

1104. Holz, R.K., 1970, A note on the earth's grid system: 

Commerce, Texas, Ecumen, no. 2, p. 24-32. 

1105. Holzmuller, Gustav, 1882, Einfuhrung in die Theorie 

der isogonalen Verwandtschaften und der conformen 

A bbildung: Leipzig, Teubner. 
1106. __ 1883, Einege Aufgeben der darstellenden 

Geometrie und der Kartographie, die mit der Theorie der 

isogonalen verwandtschaft.en Zusammenhangen: Zeitschrift 

fiir Mathematischen und Naturwissenschaftlichen 

U nterricht, v. 14, p. 403-427. 

1107. Homewood, E.T., 1962, The least squares adjustment 

of geodetic figures in which both angles and sides have been 

measured and of geodetic traverses on the transverse 

Mercator projection: Empire Survey Review, v. 16, no. 124, 

p. 248-259; no. 125, p. 290-301. 

1108. Homor6di, Lajos, 1959, Az uj vetilleti rendszerOnkkel 

kapcsolatos kerdesek: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 11, no. 2, 

p. 99-110; no. 3, p.177-182. [Hungarian with French 

abstract. Problems with projection system for Hungary.] 

1109. Honig mann, Ernst, 1767-1795, Marin us von Tyros, 

Geograph und Kartograph: Paulys Real Encyclopiidie, Neue 

Bearbeitung, v.14. 

1110. Honl, I van, 1955, K nejstarAfm zobra~ovacim 

zpl)sobUin kartografickym: Kartografic~j Pfehled, v. 9, no. 4, 

p. 173-178. [Czech. The oldest methods of cartographic 

representation.] 

1111. Hooper, R.M., 197 4, A practical method to transform 

ERTS-1 imagery for mosaicking on Albers equal-area 

projection: Amer. Society ofPhotogrammetry, 40th annual 

meeting, St. Louis, Mo., Papers, p. 589-606. 

1112. __ 197 4, The mosaic king of ERTS-1 imagery on 

Albers' Equal-Area projection: Amer. Cartographer, v.1, 

no. 1, p. 29-38. 

1113. Hopfner, E., 1938, Die heiden Kegelprojectionen des 

Ptolemaios,!.!! Theorie und Grundlagen der darstellenden 

Erdkunde: Vienna, Des Klaudios Ptolemaios Einfiihrung in 

die darstellende Erdkunde, 1st part. [With comments by 

Hans von M!ik. Ptolemy's two conic projections.] 

1114. Horvat, Esteban, 1952, Determinacion exacta de las 

reducciones en proyeccion Mercator: Revista Cartografica, 

no. 1, p. 193-202. 

1115. __ 1960, Proyeccion Gauss-Kruger con coordenadas 

reducidas (cilindro secante): Revista Cartografica, no. 9, 

p. 73-97. 

1116. Hoschek, Josef, 1969, Mathematische Grundlagen der 

Kartographie: Mannheim, Zurich, Bibliographisches 

Institut, 167 p. [2nd ed.,1984, 210 p.] 

Hosmer, J.P. (See Adamo, Baer, and Hosmer.) 

1117. Hotine, Martin, 1946, Nomenclature of map 

projections: Empire Survey Review, v. 8, no. 61, p. 276-277. 

1118. __ 1946-4 7, The orthomorphic projection of the 

spheroid: Empire Survey Review, 1946, v. 8, no. 62, 

p.300-311;1947,v.9,no.63,p.25-35;no.64,pr52-70;no.65, 

p. 112-123; no. 66, p. 157-166. [Includes his ellipsoidal 

Oblique Mercator projection.) 

-44-

1119. Hough, F.W., 1952, Geodesy and the Universal 

Transverse Mercator grid system (with particular reference to 

the Caribbean, Central and South A me rica): Pan American 

Institute ofGeograpliy and History, 6th Pan American 

Consultation on Cartography, Ciudad Trujillo, paper 

presented, 6 p. [Translated into Spanish as La geodesia y la 

proyeccion del sistema universal transversal de Mercator, 

especialmente para las zonas del Caribe, centro y sud 

America: Revista Cartografica,1953, v. 2, no. 2, p.145-158.] 

1120. __ 1955, The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid 

(with particular reference to Africa): Conference of 

Commonwealth Survey Officers 1951, Report of Proceedings, 

paper no. 7. 

1121. __ 1956, A conformal and world-wide military grid 

system: Amer. Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, 

v.121, p. 633-640. [Universal Transverse Mercator <UTM) 

projection.) 

1122. Hradilek, L.R., and Hamilton, A.C., 1973, A systematic 

analysis of distortions in map projections: Fredericton, N .B., 

Canada, U niv. of New Brunswick, Department of Surveying 

Engineering Lecture Notes no. 34, 37 p. [Rev. 197 4, 37 p.] 

Hristow, W.K. (see Khristov, V.K.) 

1123. Hsu, Mei-Ling, 1981, The role of projections in modern 

map design: Cartographica, v.18, no. 2, p.151.-186. 

1124. Hsu, Mei-Ling, and Vox:land, P.M.,1983, Automation 

and map projection's: Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, 43rd Annual Meeting, Washington, Technical 

Papers, p. 241-247. 

1125. Hu, Peng,1981, [An analysis on the pseudo-azimuthal 

projection]: Wuhan College of Geodesy, Photogrammetry 

and Cartography, Journal, no.1, p. 98-121. [Chinese with 

English abstract.] 

1126. __ 1982, [The semi-numerical method for the map 

projection transformation]: Acta Geodetica et Cartographica 

Sinica, v. 11, no. 3, p. 191-202. [Chinese with English 

abstract.) 

1127. Hua, Tang,1983, [The research and application of 

description on sphere from ellipsoid]: Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v.12, no. 2, p.134-151. [Chinese with 

English abstract.] 

1128. __ 1984, [The selection of spherical radius for 

gnomonic projection on large and medium scale): Acta 

Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 13, no. 2, p. 141-151. 

[Chinese with English abstract.) 

1129. Huang, Guoshou, 1985, [Map projections for changing 

scale city maps): Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, 

v.14, no. 3, p.188-195. [Chinese with English abstract.) 

1130. Hufnagel, Herbert, 197 4, Die Peters-Projektion--eine 

neue und/oder aktuelle Abbildung der Erde?: Allgemeine 

Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 81, no. 6, p. 225-232. 
1131. Hughes, William, 1843, Principles of mathematical 

geography; comprehending a theoretical and practical 

explanation of the construction of maps ... : London, J. Weale, 

157 p. 

1132. ___ 1864, A treatise on the construction of maps; 

comprehending an inquiry into the principles of 

mathematical geography and the relations of geography and 

astronomy: With rules for the formation of map projections: 

London, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green, 

156 p. 

1133. Hugueney de Mattos, Allyrio, 1941, Teoria e practica 

da proje~ao conforme de Gauss: Revista Medica BrasUeira, 

Rio [de Janiero] oficinas graficas, 75 p. [Portuguese.) 

1134. Hunger, Siegfried, 1972, Mathematische Methoden 

zur Kartennetzerrung: Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und 

Vermessungswesen, series 1, no. 56, p. 5-21. [German with 

English abstract.) 

1135. ___ 197 4, Zur Transformation von 

Kartenprojektionen: Nachrichten a us dem Karten- und 

Vermessungswesen, series 1, no. 65, p. 57-66. 

1136. Hunt, E.B., 1854, Notes on map projections: A mer. 

Journal of Science and Art, v. 68, Nov., p. 326-340. 

1137. Hunt, E.B., and Schott, C.A., 1854, Tables for 

projecting maps, with notes on map projections: Washington, 

U.S. Coast Survey, Report ofsupt., 1853, appendix no. 39, p. 

96-163. 

1138. Hunt, Peter, 1948, Transformation method for oblique 

projections: Geographical Journal, v. 112, no. 4-6, p. 257-258. 

1139. Hunter,J.M., and Young,J.C.,1968, A technique for 

the construction of quantitative cartograms by physical 

accretion models: Professional Geographer, v. 20, no .. 6, 

p. 402-407. 

1140. Hutchinson, M.F., 1981, MAPROJ- a computer map 

projection system: Australia, Div. of Land Use Research, 

Technical Paper no. 39, 38 p. 

1141. __ 1982, MAPROJ--a computer map projectipn 

system: Cartography, v. 12, no. 3, p. 144-145. 

Hyman, G.M. (See Angel and Hyman.) 

1142. Immler, W., 1919, Ein doppelazimutaler 

gnomonischer Kartenentwurfund seine Anwendung auf 

Kreuzpeilungen fi.ir grosse Entfernungen: Annalen d.er 

Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 47, no. 1-2, 

p. 22-36. [Two-Point Azimuthal projection. See also 

Behrmann (1919> and Thorade ( 1919>. See also samtejournal, 

1919,v.47,no.5-6,p.140.] 

1143. ___ 1928, Analytisch-geometrische Untersuchungen 

i.iber die Azimutgleiche in der Merkatorkarte: Deutsche 

Seewarte,Archiv, v. 45, no. 2, 40 p. 

-45-

1144. __ 1928, Zur Struktur des Lambert-Littrowschen 

Kartennetzes (Weirs Azimutdiagramm): Annalen der 

llydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 56, no. 11, 

p. 337-345. 

1145. __ 1931, Der Meridianstandige Littrowsche 

Kartentwurfzum Gebrauch in polnahen Breiten: Annalen 

der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 59, no. 12, 

p. 462-465. lThe transverse Littrow map projection for use in 

polar regions. Extract in Hydrographic Review, 1932, v. 9, 

no. 1, p. 251-252. See also comments by Wedemeyer, August, 

1932: Annalen ... , v. 60, p. 221.] 

1146. __ 1938, Kartenbeschickung der Funkpeilung: 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 

v. 66, p. 186-190. 

1147. India, Survey oflndia, 1952, A map in the making: 

Map Publication Office, Survey of India. 

1148. Indian Surveyor, 1978, New map projection for 

satellite imagery: v. 19, no. 2, p. 113-114. 

1149. Institut l<,ran~ais du Transport Aerien, Paris, 1951, 

Technical aspects of air transport. The use of the gnomonic 

projection in the air navigation chart established by the 

Institut Geographique National: Paris, I.F.T.A. Research 

Paper no. 205, Paris, 33 p. 

1150. lnstituto Pan Americano de Geografia e Historia, 

1931, Proyecci6n polic6nica de Lallemand para la Republica 

de Honduras: Mexico City, Primer informe rendido por el 

Director, Publicaci6n rw. 3, p. 17-19. [Modified Poly conic 

projection for IMW.] 

1151. ___ 1950, Reuni6nPanamericana de Consulta sobre 

Cartografw, 5, Santiago, Chile, Compleme11to al lnforme 

general de La Delegaci6n Boliviana. Desarrollo de la teo ria de 

Tissots y proyecci6n Lambert: [La Paz?), 18 p. 

1152. International Association of Geodesy, 1951,Report on 

Projections: Brussels. 

1153. International Cartographic Association, 1973, List of 

[234] named map projections; Supplementary list of[7 4] 

groups or categories of map projections, in their Multilingual 

dictionary of technical terms in cartography: Wiesbaden, 

Ger., Franz Steiner, appendix. A, p. 365-384; appendix B, 

p. 385-388, respectively. [Entries in English, German, 

French, Russian, and Spanish.) 

1154. Irmedi-Molnar, L., 1955 (1959), Foldrajzi fokhal6zatok 

szerkesztese (Vetiilettan): Budapest, Felsooktatasi 

Jegyzetsokszorist6, 161 p. <Budapest. Eotvos Lorand 

Tudomanyegyetem Termeszettudomanyi Kar jegyzetei.) 

[Hungarian. Geographical graticules; map projection 

concepts. I 

1155. Istituto Geografico Militare, 1946, Tavole peril calcolo 

delle coordinate rettilinee nel piano di Gauss delle coordinate 

geografiche. Elltssotde mternazionale: F'lorence, Italy, 46 p. 
1156. Ivanov, I.B., 1959, V arhu nyakoi kartograficheski 

proyektsii: Sofia, Godishnik na Minogeolozhkiya I nstitut, 

1957-1958, v. 5, no. 2, p. 55-60. [Bulgarian with German 

abstract. Several cartographic projections.) 

1157. __ 1962, Stoynosti na gradientite na geografskite 

koordinati v kartnata ravnina: lzv. Centr. Labor. Geod. Balg. 

Akad. Nauk, v. 3, p.105-110. [Bulgarian with German 

abstract. Formulas for the gradients of functions of 

geographical coordinates in the plane of projection.] 

1158. Jackson, J.E., 1968, On retro-azimuthal projections: 

Survey Review, v.19, no.149, p. 319-328. 

1159. ___ 1978, Transverse Mercator projection: Survey 

Review, v. 24, no.188, p. 278-285. 

1160 . __ 1980, Sphere, spheroid and projections for 

surveyors: New York, John Wiley & Sons,138 p. 

1161. James, Henry, 1860, Description of the projection used 

in the Topographical Department of the War Office for maps 

embracing large portions of the Earth's surface: Royal 

Geographical Society,Journal, v. 30, p.106-111. 

[Rectangular Polyconic projection.] 

___ (See also under Murchison.) 

1 162. James, Henry, and Clarke, A.R., 1862, On projections 

for maps applying to a very large extent of the Earth's 

surface: London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical 

Magazine, series 4, v. 23, no. 154, p. 306-312. [Correction to 

Airy 0861).] 

1163. Jameson, A.H., and Ormsby, M.T.M., 1927 and 1929, 

Mathematical Geography, 2 v.: London, Pitman. Vol.1: 

Elementary surveying and map projections,1927. Vol. 2: 

Simple astronomical and trigonometrical surveying, and the 

more advanced study of map projections, 1929. 

1164. ___ 1942, Elementary surveying and map projection: 

London, Sir I. Pitman & Sons, Ltd. 

1165. Jamieson, Alexander, 1846,A manual of map-making 

and mechanical geography: London, A. Fullarton & Co., 97 p. 

[3rd. ed., 1853,97 p.] 

1166. Jankowski, K.,1922, Zastosowanie geodezji; 

kartografji przy wyborze projekcji mapy: Przeglqd 

Geograficzny, v. 3, p. 43-56. [Polish. Choice of map 

projections.] 

1167. Janosi, Imre, 1909;1910, A Postel-vetulet es 

alkalmazasa a szeizmologiaban: Foldrajzi Kozlemenyek, 

1909, v. 37, no. 1-2, p. 68-72 and sect. A, p. 35-39; 1910, 

p. 35-39. LHungarian. Postel's Azimuthal Equidistant 

projection.] 

1168. Jansa, J., and Vozikis, E., 1985, KartenTransformation mittels optischer Differentialumbildung: 

Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 92, no. 7, 

p. 262-271. 

-46-

1169. Jansch, R.D., 1910,DieBerechnung von 

Entzerrungsdaten auf Grund der projektiven Beziehungen 

zwischen den Koordinaten der Bild- und Kartenebene: 

Munich, Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 74 p., 

Veri:iffentlichungen der Deutschen Geodatischen 

Kommission, series C, no. 154. 

1170. Japan Cartographers Association, 1971, [Technical 

terms on cartography: map projections (essential terms of 

map projections)]: Commission for Cartographic Terms: 

Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers Assn., v. 9, 

no. 2, p. 45-49. [Japanese.) 

1171. J archo, Saul, 1945, Equal-area projections and the 

azimuthal equidistant projection in maps of disease: A mer. 

Journal of Public Health, v. 35, no. 10, p. 1005-1013. 

1172. Jefferson, Mark, 1930, The Six-Six world map giving 

larger, better continents: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, 

Annals, v. 20, no.1, p.1-6. [Equal-area maps, probably 

azimuthal, oflandmasses at six convenient centers.) 

1173. __ 1931,An adventure in cartography: Journal of 

Geography, v. 30, no. 5, p. 201-204. [''Six-six" map with 

interruption.) 

Jehle, H. <See Cox and Jehle.) 

1174. Jenkins,J.A., 1958, Univalent functions and 

conformal mapping: Berlin, Springer, 167 p. 

1175. Jensch, Georg, 1970, Die Erde und ihre Darstellung im 

Kartenbild: Brunswick, Ger., Georg Westermann Verlag, 

176 p. 

1176. Jervis, T.B., 1895, New cycloidal projection, by which 

entire continents may be represented with the least distortion 

of any projection hitherto known: Turin. [Posthumous 

publication (he died in 1857), probably by his son.) 

1177. Jesty, Chris, 1974, Surveying the view from the 

summit ofSnowdon: Society of University Cartographers, 

Bulletin, v. 8, no. 2, p.17-19. 

1178. Jez, Bogumit, 1971, Bt~d potozenia powierzchni na 

mapie w uj~ciu innych wzor6w: Przeglqd Geodezyjny, v. 43, 

no. 10, p. 428-430. [Polish. Map errors resulting from 

formula changes.] 

1179. Joerg, W.L.G., 1912, On the proper map for 

determining the location of earthquakes: Assoc. of A mer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 2, p. 49-54. [Azimuth Equidistant, 

Stereographic, and other projections for seismology.] 

1180. Johansson, V., 1945, UberdieRichtungs-reduktion bei 

der Ga uss-K rugerschen Projektion: Stockholm, Rikets 

Allmanna Kartverk, Meddeland Nr. 4. 

1181. Johnson, W.E., 1907,Mathematicalgeography: New 

York, American Book Company, 336 p. [Chapter 10 

discusses map projections.] 
1182. Johnson, W.W., 1876, Note on the correction ofan 

error in the theory ofpolyconic projections: Analyst, v. 3. 

1183. Johnston, W.O., 1979, Computer generated maps: 

BYTE, v. 4, no. 5, p. 10-12, 76-101; no. 6, p.100-123. 

[Programming for a few projections.] 

Jokl, Ludek <See Hojovec, Jokl, and Buchar.) 

1184. Jones, A.E., 1944, A plane map from a sphere by 

double projection: Amer. Geophysical Union, Transactions, 

v.25,pt.2,p.219-220. 

1185. Jones, S., 1964, The Hereford map projection: Ann 

Arbor, Univ. of Michigan, Dept. of Geography, Master's 

thesis, 39 p. 

1186. Jones, W.M., 1948, Notes on azimuths, distances and 

equidistant azimuthal projections in the South Pacifi,;: New 

Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, v. 29, no. 6, 

p. 325-330. [Also published as New Zealand Dept. of 

Scientific and Industrial Research: Dominion Observatory 

Bulletin,l949, no. S-86, 13 p.] 

1187. Jong, W.J ., 1958, De projectie van het weerkaartje: 

Geografisch Tijdschrift, v. 11, no. 4-5, p. 218. [Dutch. 

Projection for weather maps.] 

1188. Jordan, Frank, [ 1969], Computer assisted instruction 

(CAl) units on map projections and the concept of scale,!!! 

Computer assisted instruction in geography: Washington, 

Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Commission on College 

Geography, Technical paper no. 2, p. 9-32. 

1189. Jordan, Wilhelm, 1875, Zur Vergleichung der 

Soldner'schen rechtwinkligen spharischen Coordinaten mit 

der Gauss'schen conformen Abbildung des Ellipsoids auf die 

Eht'ne: Zeitschrift fiir Vermessungswesen, v. 4, p. 27-32. 

LCassini-Soldner and Gauss conformal projections.] 

1190. ___ 1891, Kartenprojection in Soldner'schen 

rechtwinkligen Coordinaten: Zeitschrift fiir 

Vermessungswesen, v. 20, no. 11, p. 289-294. [CassiniSoldner projection.] , 

1191. Jordan, Wilhelm, and Eggert, Otto,1939, 1941, 

Handbuch der Vermessungskunde, v. 3: Stuttgart,J.B. 

Metzlersche, 1st half,1939, 590 p.; 2nd half, 1941,528 p. 

[Projections discussed in 1st half, ch. 6, Abbildung der 

Kugelflache auf die Ebene, p. 377 -437; 2nd half, ch. 4., Die 

Abbildung des Erdellipsoids, p. 142-221; ch. 5, Konfurme 

Abbildung des Ellipsoids auf die Kugel und konforme 

Doppelprojektion, p. 222-271. 2nd ed., 1959. Translated to 

English by Carta, M.W., 1962, as Jordan s HandbooA~ of 

Geodesy, v. 3 (selected portions): U.S. Army, Corps of 

Engineers, Army Map Service. Projections discussed in 1st 

half, ch. 6, Projection of the spherical surface on the plane, 

p. 185-245; 2nd half, ch. 4, The projection of the terrestrial 

ellipsoid, p. 151-240; ch. 5, Conformal projection of the 

ellipsoid on the sphere and conformal double projection, 

p. 241-288.1 

1192. Junkins,J.L., and Turner,J.D., 1977, Formulation of a 

Space Oblique Mercator map projection: Final Report No. 

-47-

UV N525023/ESS77/105, submitted to Computer Science 

Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories, 

122 p. [Equations not used due to distortion levels and 

complexity. See Snyder (1978, The ... ).] 

1193. Jurisch, C.L.H.M.,1890,A treatise on mapprojection ... : Cape Town, 88 p. 

1194. Kadmon, Naftali, 1975, Data-bank derived hyperbolicscale equitemporal town maps: International Yearbook of 

Cartography, v. 15, p. 47-54. [Enlargement of center of 

projection. I 

1195. __ 1982, Cartograms and topology: Cartographica, 

v. 19, no. 3-4, p. 1-17. [Polyfocal projection discussed, 

p. 12-14.] 

1196. __ 1983, Photographic, polyfocal and polardiagrammatic mapping of atmospheric pollution: 

Cartographic Journal, v. 20, no. 2, p. 121-126. 

1197. Kadmon, Naftali, and Shlomi, Eli, 1978, A polyfocal 

projection for statistical surfaces: Cartographic Journal, 

v.15,no.1,p.36-41. 

1198. Kadner, O.E., 1954, Ptiblizna konstrukce Mercatorovy 

site (mapyl: Kartograficky Pfehled, v. 8, no. 4, p. 162-164_ 

[Czech. Precise construction ofthe Mercator map.] 

Kadnichanskiy, S.A. (See Tyuflin, Ledovskaya, 

Kadnichanskiy, and Ostrovskiy.) 

1199. Kaestner, A.G., [ca. 1766], Vorlesung von der Theorie 

der stereographischen horizontale Projection. [Reviewed in 

Gottingische A nzeigen, 1766, v. 1, p. 81·-84.1 

1200. __ 1771, Additio a theoriam suam projectionie 

stereographicae horizontalis coordinatarum proiectionie 

formulas calculo aptiores exhibens: Gottingen, K. 

Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Novi 

commentarii, 1760, p. 138-143. [Latin.] 

1201. Kaestner, Walter, 1953, Vortii.ge iiberdie 

Kartenentwurfslehre: Bad Godesberg, 66 p. 

1202. Kahn, L., 1929, Sur une extension de la projection de 

Mercator ... : Academic de Marine, Communications et 

Memoires, v. 8, p. 63. 

1203. Kaiser, Andreas, 1974, Die Peters-Projektion: 

Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 24, no. 1, p. 20-25. 

1204. Kaiser, W.L., 1985, New global map presents accurate 

worldview: Interracial Books for Children Bulletin, v.16, 

no. 1, p. 5-6_ [Peters projection.] 

1205. __ 1987, A new view of the world: A handbook to the 

world map: Peters projection: New York, Friendship Press, 

42p. 

__ (See also under Snyder <1988).) 

1206. Kalus, W.,1933, Kartennetzlehre: Unterricht und 

Forschung, p. 69-75, 105-112. 
1207. Kammerer, Albert,1940, L'hemisphere australe en 

projection polaire equidistante du portulan Portugais 

anonyme du vieux serai d'Istanbou1...: Sociedade de 

Geografia de Lisboa, Boletim, v. 58, p. 373-378. 

1208. Kanazawa, Kei, 1957, [On the distortion ofmap 

projection]: Chigakuzasshi, v. 66, no. 2, p. 98-124. (Japanese 

with English abstract.] 

1209. __ 1957, [The distortions of map projections]: 

Journal ofGeography Tokyo, v. 66, no. 2 (704), p. 40-56. 

[Japanese with English abstract.] 

1210. __ 1970, [Map projection--some topics referred to]: 

Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers Assn., v. 8, 

no. 2, p. 1-10. [Japanese with English abstract.] 

1211. Kanev, Dinju, 1962, Za kartografskite proyektsii v 

geografskite stenni karti: Istoriya i Geografiya, v. 5, no. 2, 

p.14-18. [Bulgarian. Map projections on geographical wall 

maps.] 

1212. Kao, R.C.,1959, Geometric projections and radar data: 

Santa Monica, Calif., Systems Development Corp., TR -1, 

p. 32ff. 

1213. __ 1961, Geometric projections ofthe sphere and the 

spheroid: Canadian Geographer, v. 5, no. 3, p.12-21. 

1214. __ 1967, Geometric projections in system studies: 

Quantitative Geography, II: Evanston, Ill., Northwestern 

Uniuersity Studies in Geography, no.14, p. 243-323. 

Karpov, H.C. (See Ginzburg, Karpov, and Salmanova.) 

Karsay, Ferenc (See also Baranyi and Karsay.) 

1215. Karsay, Ferenc, and Baranyi,Janos, 1975, Kiemelt 

kozeppontu vetiiletek: Geodezia es Kartogra{w, v. 27, no. 5, 

p. 313-327. [Hungarian with English abstract. Projections 

with emphasized central portion, using straight meridians 

and parallels broken along central meridian and central 

parallel to enlarge center.] 

1216. Karssen, A.J., 1972, De projektie met partiele 

schaalvergroting: Kaartbulletin, v. 28, Jan., p. 13-18. 

[Dutch. Projection with partial scale enlargement.] 

1217. Karsten, W.J.G., 1768, TheorievondenProjectionen 

der Kugel zum astronomischen und geographischen 

gebrauch: Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich, 

A bhandlungen, v. 5, p. 109-164. 

1218. Karstens, K.,1895, Fliichenmessung aufMercators 

Karten: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 41, no. 4, p. 98-99. 

1219. Kasner, Edward, and De Cicco,John,1943,Scale 

curves in cartography: Science, v. 98, no. 2545, p. 324-325. 

1220. __ 1944, Ovals should be used to map airplane 

ranges: Science News Letter, v. 45, March 25, p. 200. 

[Conformality.] 

-48-

1221. __ 1944, Scale curves in conformal maps: National 

Academy ofSciences,Proceedings, v. 30,no. 7, p.162-164. 

1222. __ 1944, Scale curves in general cartography: 

National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, v. 30, no. 8, 

p. 211-215. 

1223. __ 1945, Converse of Ptolemy's theorem on 

stereographic projection: National Academy ofSciences, 

Proceedings, v. 31, no.10, p. 338-342. 

1224. __ 1945, Geometry of scale curves in conformal 

maps: A mer. Journal of Mathematics, v. 67, no.1, p.157-166. 

1225. __ 1946, Converse theory of gnomic and equiareal 

perspectivities: National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, 

v.32,no.1,p. 16-19. 

1226. __ 1946, The distortion of angles in general 

cartography: National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, 

v.32,no.4,p.94-97. 

1227. Kasser, Jorg, 1967, Gnomonische Projektion der 

Erdkugel aufeinen Ikosaeder: Vermessungstechniker, v. 39, 

no. 1, p. 1-3. [Gnomonic projection ofthe sphere onto an 

icosahedron.) 

1228. Katsambalos, K., 1983, Fast coordinate 

transformation from one projection to another using complex 

numbers: Quaterniones Geodaesiae,-v. 4, no. 3, p.169-186. 

[Greek with English abstract.] 

1229. Kautsch, lgnatius,1784, Geographia practica seu 

methodus facilis ope projectionis sphaerae terraquese 

coMtruendi quaeuis planisphaeria, mappas geographicas 

generales et specialis, cum erorundem artefactorum figuris et 

usu: Kalitz, Skarniczl. [Latin.] 

1230. Kavrayskiy, A.V., 1974,0 vybore proizol'nykh 

postoyannykh ravnougol'noy konicheskoy proyektsii: 

Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 4, p. 58-61. [Russian. The 

question of the free selection of equidistant conformal conic 

projections.] 

1231. __ 1976, 0 kolichestvennoy otsenke iskazheniya 

ortodromiy v ravnougol'nykh proyektsiyakh: Geodeziya i 

Kartografiya, no. 1, p. 61-63. [Russian. The quantitative 

evaluation of distortion of orthodromes in conformal 

projections. 1 

1232. Ka vrayskiy, V. V ., 1933, Issledovaniya po 

matematicheskoy kartografii: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 6, 

150 p. [Russian with English abstract. Investigation in 

mathematical cartography.] 

1233. __ 1934, Matematicheskaya kartografiya: MoscowLeningrad, 276 p. LRussian. Applies least squares and other 

qualifications to equidistant conic projection. Also presents 

pseudocylindrical and his version of conformal conic 

projections. I 
1234. ___ 1936, [Investigations in mathematical 

cartography. I. On the criteria of the value of map projections 

and selected projections for a given country. II. On the 

Polyhedric projections for maps of middle scale.]: Baltique, 

Commission Geodesique, 1935, Session 8, Comptes Rendus, 

p. 257-286. [Russian with English abstract.] 

1235. __ 1937, Tablitsa proyektsii Gaussa-Kryugera dlya 

shirokoy polosy i ee primenenie k vychikleniyu 

ravnougol'nykh proyektsiy obshchego tipa, 

prisposoblyayemykh k ochertaniyu strany: TsNIIGAiK, 

Trudy, no. 16. [Russian. A wide-band Gauss-Kruger 

projection table and its application to the computation of a 

general conformal projection suitable for surveying the 

country.] 

1236. __ 1949, Sovremennyye zadachi matematicheskoy 

kartografii: 6th Scientific Conference of Leningrad Sttate 

University. [Russian. Present tasks in mathematical 

cartography. Summaries of papers presented.] 

1237 . __ 1956, [Mathematical cartography}; Moscow. 

[Russian.] 

1238. __ 1958-59, Izbrannyye trudy: Gidrograficheskoy 

Sluzhby Voyenno-morskoy Akademii, lzdaniye Nachal 'nika 

Upraveleniya, 2 v. [Russian. Selected works.] 

1239. Kazakova, Z.L., 1971, K voprosu o kriteriyakh otsenki 

dostoinstva kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos'emka, no. 5, p. 135-138. [Russian. Translated to 

English as Criteria for estimating the advantages of different 

map projections: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1971, no. 5, 

p. 289-291.] 

1240. Kellaway, G.P., 1946, Map projections: London, 

Methuen & Co., Ltd. [2nd ed., 1949; reprinted 1962, 1970.] 

1241. Kelnhofer, Fritz, 1977, Kartennetzberechnun1~ mittels 

einfacher Computerprogramme--dargelegt an Beispielen 

abstandstreuer und flachentreuer Kegelentwiirfe, ~ 

Kretschmer, Ingrid, ed., Beitriige zur theoretischen 

Kartographie (Studies in theoretical cartography>: Vienna, 

Franz Deuticke, p. 65-90. [German with English abstract. 

Calculation of map projections and coordinates by means of 

simple computer programs--examples of equidistant and 

equal-area conical projections.] 

1242. __ 1980, Darstellungs- und Entwurfsprobleme in 

topographischen Karten mittlerer Massstiibe: Vienna, 

Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. [Projection 

problems for medium-scale topographic maps.) 

1243. Kelvin, Lord l William Thomson], 1892, Generalization 

of"Mercator's" projection performed by aid of electrical 

instruments: Nature, v. 46, no.1195, p. 490-491. 

1244. ___ 1892, To draw a Mercator chart on one sheet 

representing the whole of any complexly continuous closed 

surface: Nature, v. 46, no. 1197, p. 541-542. 

-49-

1245. Kerr, C.F., 1962, Trends in map projections: Canadian 

Cartography, v.1, p. 48-52. 

1246. Kesseli, J .E., 1946, Some remarks concerning the 

Mercator and the secant conic projections: Assoc. of Amer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 36, no. 1, p. 93-·94. 

1247. Keuning,Johannes,1955, The historyofgeographical 

map projections until1600: Imago Mundi, v. 12, p. 1-24. 

__ (See also under Fiorini 0891).) 

1248. Kharchenko, A.S.,1951, Novaya perspectivnotsilindricheskaya proyektsiya: NIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 3. 

[Russian. A new perspective cylindrical projection.] 

1249. Khristov, V.K.,1933, Einige Bemerkungen zu 

Kriigers Koordinaten-Transformation: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 62, p. 329fT. [See further remarks 

1934, v. 63, p. 246ff., 402fT.] 

1250. ___ 1934, Ober die Transformation von MercatorKoordinaten in Gauss-Kriigersche Koordinaten und 

umgekehrt: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 63, 

p. 465tf. 

1251. 1935, Ober die Transformation von Mercator- und 

Gauss-Kriigerschen Koordinaten in stereographische 

Koordinaten und umgekehrt: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 64, p. 47fT. 

1252. ___ 1935, Ober die Transformation von Mercatorund Gauss-Kriigerschen Koordinaten in Mecklenburgische 

Koordinaten w1d wngekehrt: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 64, p. 129ff. 

1253. ___ 1935, Ober die Transformation von MercatorKoordinaten in konforme quer- und schiefachsige 

Koordinaten und un1gekehrt: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 64, p. 289-296. 

1254. __ 1936, Ober die konforme Abbildung der 

Erdellipsoids auf die Kugel: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 65, p. 305-311. 

1255. __ 1936, Ober die flachentreue Abbildung der 

Erdellipsoids auf die Kugel: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 65,416-419. 

1256. __ 1937, Potenzreihen zwischen den 

stereographischen und den geographischen Koordinaten und 

umgekehrt: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 66, 

p. 84-89. 

1257. ___ 1937, Potenzreihen zwischen den GaussKrugerschen und den geographischen Koordinaten und 

wngekehrt mit Anwendung auf Deutschland: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 66, p. 289fT. 

1258. _1938, Allgemeine Formeln fiir die Richtungs- und 

Entfernungsreduktion f\ir eine beliebiges Flache und eine 

beliebiges konforme Abbildung: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 67, no.15, p. 457-466. [See his further 

comments, 1940, v. 69, no. 4, p. 81-88.] 
1259. __ 1938, Entwicklung des Massstabes der GaussKrtigerschen, der stereographischen, der Mecklenburgischen 

und der Dessauer Projektion als Potenzreihe der KatasterKoordinaten: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 67, 

no. 18, p. 545-554. 

1260. ___ 1938, Ueber das Vergrosserungsverhaltnis der 

Gauss-Krugerschen Projektion: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 67, no.19, p. 595-598. 

1261. ___ 1938, Reihenentwicklungen fUr die ebene 

Meridian-Konvergenz der Gauss-Krtigerschen Projektion: 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 67, no. 20, p. 609-619. 

1262. ___ 1938, Ueber die Transformation zwischen zwei 

Gauss-Krtigerschen Streifen mit Anwendung auf 

Deutschland: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 67, 

no. 17, p. 534-540. 

1263. ___ 1938, Transformationsformeln zwischen den 

Gauss-Krtigerschen und den geographischen Koordinaten 

und umgekehrt: Zeitschriftfur Vermessungswesen, v. 67, 

no.19, p. 598-600. 

1264. ___ 1 938, U ebergang von einer normalen 

winkeltreuen Kegel-Abbildung zu einer normalen 

flachentreuen Kegel-Abbildung und umgekehrt: Zeitschrift 

fur Vermessungswesen, v. 67, no. 22, p. 693-697. 

1265. ___ 1939, Zusammenhang zwischen den 

Potenzreihen fur Gauss-Krtigersche und geographische 

Koordinaten und den Transformationsformeln nach 

Schreiber's Art: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 68, 

no. 10, p. 304-307. 

1266. __ 1 939, Reihenentwicklung fur das 

Vergrosserungsverhaltnis der Gauss-Krtigerschen 

Projektion: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 68, no. 20, 

p. 605-613. 

1267 . ___ 1 940, Reihenentwicklungen fUr die ebene 

Meridiankonvergenz der stereographischen Projektion: 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 69, no. 8, p. 186-188. 

1268. ___ 1940, Ober den Einfluss der Drehung eines 

Gauss-Krtigerschen, stereographischen, Mecklenburgischen 

und Dessauer Koordinaten-Systems auf die Koordinaten: 

Zeitschrift fur V ermessungswesen, v. 69, p. 417ff. 

1269. ___ 1940, Bemerkungen tiber die stereographische 

Projektion: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen: v. 69, no. 20, 

p. 465-468. 

1270. ___ 1941, Allgemeine Formeln zur Transformation 

zwischen zwei Gauss-Kri.igerschen Streifen: Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 70, no. 14, p. 283-287. 

1271. ___ 1943, Die Gauss-Krugerschen Koordinaten auf 

dem Ellipsoid: Leipzig and Berlin, B.G. Teubner. 

[Translated to English by the Army Map Service~ The 

Gauss-Kruger coordinates on the ellipsoid; unpublished.] 

-50-

1272. ___ 1944, Transformationsformeln zwischen den 

Gauss-Krtigerschen und den Soldnerschen Koordinaten: 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 73, no. 7, p. 157-165. 

1273. ___ 1946, Gausz-Kryugerovite koordinati vyrhu 

rotacionniya elipszoid: Sofia, Pecsatnicata na Dyrzsavniya 

Geografszki lnsztitut. [Bulgarian. Gauss-Kruger 

coordinates on the ellipsoid of rotation.] 

127 4. ___ 1949, Kartii proyektsiy matematicheska 

kartografie: Sofia, 196 p. [Bulgarian. Map projections in 

mathematical cartography.] 

1275. __ 1950, Oberden Obergangzwischenden 

Soldnerschen und den Gaussschen Koordinaten: Zeitschrift 

fur Vermessungswesen, v. 75, no. 3, p. 88-91. 

1276. __ 1955, Die Gaussschen und geographischen 

Koordinaten auf dem Ellipsoid von Krassowsky: VEB Verlag 

Technik, Berlin. 

1277 . __ 1957, Koordinaty Gaussa -K rug era na ellipsoide 

vrashcheniya: Moscow, Geodezizdat, 263 p. [Russian. 

Gauss-Kruger coordinates on the ellipsoid of rotation.] 

1278. __ 1961,Matematicheska kartografiya: Sofia, 

Tekhtsmka, 155 p. [Bulgarian. Mathematical cartography.) 

1279. Kiechle, Wa1ter,l975,ZurBerechnungder 

geographischen Breite a us rechtwinkligen Gitterkoordinaten 

einer Fliegerkarte in winkeltreuer Kegelprojektion: Deutsche 

Geodatische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der 

Wissenschaften, series B, Angewandte Geodasie, no. 210, 

Mi.inchen,19 p. [Air charts.] 

1280. Kirby, M.E., 1979, A method to correct digitized UTM 

map control points for paper distortions: Amer. Society of 

Photogrammetry, 45th Annual Meeting, Washington, 

Proceedings, p. 399-405. 

1281. Kirsh, R.S., 1982, Computer-assisted map projection 

selection: Columbus, Ohio State University, Master's thesis. 

1282. Kir'yakov, G.M.,1959, Linii polozheniya i ikh 

izobrazhenie na kartograficheskikh setkakh: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 5, p. 125-136, no. 6, p. 111-133. 

rRussian. Line position and their representation on map 

gralicules.] 

1283. __ 1962, Opredelenie krivizny nekotorykh krivykh 

v geodezii i kartografii: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 6, p.105-122. 

(Russian. Translated to English as Determination ofthe 

curvature of certain curves used in geodesy and cartography: 

Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1962, no. 6, p. 418-425.] 

1284. Kish, George, 1964, Cordiform maps of the sixteenth 

century: International Geographical Union, 26th Congress, 

London, Abstracts of Papers, p. 22-23. 
1285. ___ 1965, The cosmographic heart: cordiform maps 

ofthe 16th century: Imago Mundi, v.19, p. 13-21. [Werner 

and similar projections.] 

1286. Kishimoto, Haruko, 1977, Raumliche Transformation 

in der Kartographie,!..!.! Kretschmer, Ingrid, ed., Beitriige zur 

theoretischen Kartographie lStudies in theoretical 

cartography): Vienna, Franz Deuticke, p. 39-50. [German 

with English abstract. Spatial transformation in 

cartography.] 

1287. Kitada, K., 1957, [Creation of new map projection 

suitable tor the world maps]: Chiri, v. 2, p. 595-602, 

1124-1133. [Japanese.] 

1288. Klein, Felix, 1948, Elementary mathematics fmm an 

advanced standpoint: Geometry: New York, Dover 

Publications. [Republication of the 1939 translation from the 

German (by E.R. Hedrick and C.A. Noble) of Klein's threevolume work Elementarmathematik vom hoheren 

Standpunkte, v. 2, Geometrie, 1st ed. 1908. Contains a short 

section on map projections in general, with mathematical 

context.] 

1289. Kleinn, Hans, 1970, Entwurfund Andwendung von 

Karten (Kartographischer Kurs 1): Munich, Beihefte zu 

Westfalische Geographische Studien, 120 p. 

1290. Kleinn, K.E., 1982, Geographic data bases from 

multiple map projections: Amer. Congress on Surve:ying and 

Mapping--Amer. Society ofPhotogrammetry, Fall Technical 

Meeting, Miami, l<,la., Technical Papers, p. 232-244. 

1291. Kleinschmidt, E., 1883, Die wichtigsten 

Kartenprojection: Vienna, 12. Jahresber. der K.K. OberRealschule in der Leopoldstadt in Wien. 

1292. Kleritj, Ljub, 1902, Konstruktion der 

Parallelkreisbilder im Netze der Mercator-Projektilln: 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 

v.30,no.7,p.343-347. 

1293. Klimczak, Halina, 1982, Wyb6r odwzorowansa przy 

opracowaniu map solnictwa w srednich i mafych skalach dla 

obszoru Polski: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej we 

Wroetawiu. Geodezji i Urzqdzenia Rolne, v. 2, p. 65-69. 

[Polish with English abstract. Selection of the projection for 

middle- and small-scale agricultural maps concerning 

territory of Poland.} 

1294. Klingatsch, A., 1897, Zur ebenen rechtwinkligen 

Abbildung der Soldnerschen Coordinaten: Zeitschnft fur 

Vermessungswesen, v. 26, p. 431-436. 

1295. Klingenberg, K.S., 1944, Kartprojeksjoner anvendt i 

Norges Geografiske Oppmaling: Norsk Geografisk 

Tidsskrift, v. 10, no. 3, p. 104-116. [Norwegian witln English 

abstract. General properties of projections used in 

Norwegian surveys.] 

1296. Klotz, Otto, 1911, Stereo graphic projection tables: 

Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Journal, v. 5, 

p. 205-215. I Also in Ottawa, Canadian Dominion 

Observatory Publications, 1913, no. 1, p. 1-20.] 

-51-

1297. ___ 1912, Ober die stereographische Methode zur 

Herdbestimmung von Erdbeben: Beitriige zur Geophysik, 

v.11, p. 501-514. 

1298. Knaus, Heinrich, 1971, Zur Neukonstruktion der 

Internationalen Geologischen Karte von Europa im 

Massstab 1:1 500 000: Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und 

Vermessungswesen, series 1, no. 50, p. 31-38. 

1299. Knaus, Heinrich, and Knorr, Herbert, 1973, Proposal 

for the projection of the maps 1:5,000,000 of the Regional 

Economic Atlas for Asia and the Far East: Nachrichten aus 

dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, series 2, no. 29, p. 5-19, 

plus 10-page annex. [Albers Equal-Area projection.] 

1300. Knoll, Oswald, 1973, Das Abbildungsgesetz der 

Ubersichtskarte von Osterreich 1:500 000: Osterreichische 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 61, no. 1, p. 20-26. 

[German with English abstract.! 

1301. Knorr, Herbert, 1961, Vergleich der Abbildungen fur 

die Internationale Weltkarte und fur die Weltluftfahrtkarte im 

Massstab 1:1 000 000: Frankfurt-am-Main, Deutsche 

Geodatische Kommission, series B, no. 76, 47 p. 

1302. ___ 1962, Comparison of the projections for the 

International Map of the World and the World Aeronautical 

Chart 1:1,000,000: Frankfurt-am-Main, Deutsche 

Geodatische Kommission, 52 p. 

1303. __ 1962, Zu den Abbildungen der Internationalen 

Weltkarte und der Weltluftfahrtkarte im Massstab 1:1 000 

000 in hohen Breiten: Frankfurt-am-Main, Deutsche 

Geodatische Kommission, 40 p. 

1304. __ 1962, The pro;ections of the International Map of 

the World and of the World Aeronautical Chart 1:1,000,000 

in high latitudes: Frankfurt-am-Main, Deutsche 

Geodatische Kommission, 44 p. 

1305. __ 1965, Zur Anwendung der winkeltreuen 

Kegelabbildung mit zwei langentreuen 

Bezugsbreitenkreisen fi.ir eine neue Ubersichtskarte 1:500 

000: Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, 

series 1, no. 31, p. 5-31. [German with English abstract.] 

___ <See also Knaus and Knorr.) 

1306. Kobbe, ... , 1908, Angenaherte Darstellung des 

Hauptbogens in der Merkatorkarte: Annalen der 

Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, Nachtrag, v. 36, 

p. 497-501,552-558. 

1307. Kobold, F., 1938, Zur Berechnungder 

l<,lachenverzerrung bei der winkeltreuen Zylinderprojektion: 

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und 

Kulturtechnik, v. 36, p. 20ff. 

1308. ___ 1940, Eine einfache Herleitung der 

Flachenverzerrung, des Vergrosserungsverhaltnisses und 

der Azimutreduktion dei der winkeltreuen 

Zylinderprojektion: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen und Kulturtechnik, v. 38, no. 1, p. 8-15. 
1309. Kobylyatskiy, S.F.,1959, Nekotorye soobrazeniya o 

ravnovelikikh perspektivno-konicheskikh koordinatakh i 

proyektsiyakh: Khar'kovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy 

Institut, Zapiski, v. 49, no. 12, p. 189-204. [Russian. An 

examination of equivalent perspective conic coordinates and 

projection.] 

1310. __ 1959, Ravnovelikiye perspektivno-konicheskiye 

proyektsii dlya sostavleniya krupnomasshtabnykh 

sel'skochozyaystvennykh kart: Khar'kovskiy 

Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, dissertation. (Russian. 

Equivalent perspective conic projections for the design of 

large-scale agricultural maps.] 

1311. __ 1961, Ravnougol'nye i ravnopromezhutochnye 

perspektivno-konicheskiye proyektsii: Khar'kovskiy 

SeJ'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, Trudy, no. 31 C68), p. 7-15. 

[Russian. Conformal and equidistant perspective conic 

projections.) 

1312. __ 1962, Ravnovelikaya tsilindricheskaya 

proyektsii obladaynshchya svoystvani proyektsii Tisso: 

Penzenskiy Inzhenerstroit.lnstitut, Uchenye Zapiski, no. 2, 

p. 77-80. [Russian. An equal-area cylindrical projection with 

the characteristics ofTissot's projection.] 

1313. ___ 1965, Ravnovelikiye perspektivno-konicheskiye 

i proizvodnye ot nich proyektsii: Khar'kovskiy 

Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, Trudy, no. 46 <83J, p. 58-67. 

[Russian. Equivalent perspective conic and their derivative 

projections.] 

1314. __ 1966, 0 vzaymosvyazi konicheskikh, 

tsilindricheskikh i azimutal'nykh proyektsii: I nzhenernaya 

Geodeziya. Mezhved. Resp. Nauchn. Sbornik, v. 2, p. 106-111. 

[Russian. Reciprocal relationships of conic, cylindrical, and 

azimuthal projections.] 

1315. Koeman, Cornelis, 1973, Wat moet de geograaf als 

redakteur van kleinschalige kaarten van de afbeeldingsleer 

we ten?: Geografisch TiJdschrift, new series, v. 7, no. 1, 

p. 65-70. [Dutch. What should the geographer as editor of 

small-scale maps know about reproduction theory?] 

1316. Kohler, Alfred, 1978, Die Verebnung von Globen- eine 

neue Methode zur Losung eines alten Problems: 

Globusfreund, no. 25-27, p. 47-53. [German with English 

abstract. Globe representation in the plane - a new method of 

solving an old problem. Suggests producing gores using 

photography.] 

1317. Kohr, Julius, 1973, Uber eine gnomonische Abbildung 

der ganzen Erde in einer Karte: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 23, no. 1, p. 2-9. 

1318. Kolatny, Antonin,1964, Matematicky zaklad map 

Narodniho atlasu CSSR: Geodetickya Kartograficky Obzor, 

v. 10, no. 7, p. 160-164. [Czech. Mathematical basis of maps 

for the National Atlas of Czechoslovakia.] 

1319. Kolb, Leopold, 1964, Graphische Bestimmung der 

Richtungsreduktionen in der Gauss-Kruger Projektion: 

-52-

Munich, Deutsche Geodatische Kommission bei der 

Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, series D, 

Tafelwerke, no. 5, 4 p. 

1320. Komarenko, A.S.,1967, 0 vybore proyektsii dlya 

karty "Mestopolozheniye USSR v predelach SSSR": Kiev, 

Kompleksnoe Kartogra{irovaniye proizvod. sil USSR, Nauk 

Dumka, p. 219-222. [Russian. The selection ofthe projection 

for the map "Position of the U<krainian>SSR inner half of the 

USSR".) 

Konig, Gerhard <See Mehlbreuer and Konig.) 

1321. Konig, R., and Weise, K.H.,1951, Das Erdspharoid 

und seine konformen Abbildung, v. 1: ill Mathematische 

Grundlagen der hOheren Geodiisie und Kartographie: Berlin, 

Springer Verlag, 541 p. [Conformal projections.] 

1322. Konusova, G.l.,1957, 0 proyektsiyakh Chebysheva 

dlya kart SSSR: NIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 8, p. 15-24. [Russian. 

Chebyshev's projections for maps of the USSR.] 

1323. __ 1961, Zamechaniya k teorii proyektsii Gaussa: 

NIIGAiK, Trudy, v.14,p.ll9-123. [Russian. Remarks 

about the theory of the projection of Gauss.] 

1324. __ 1964, 0 primenenii ryadov funktsiy 

kompleksnogo peremennogo dlya vychisleniya proyektsiy 

Chebysheva: NIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 17, p. 95-102. [Russian. 

Use of series functions of a complex variable for the 

calculation of the Chebyshev projection.] 

1325. __ 1973, 0 kriteriyakh otsenki kachestva 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Novosibirsk Academiya 

Nauk NIIGAiK i NOV AGO, XXIII Naucho-Tekhnicheskaya 

Konferentsiya, Materialy. [Russian. Quality-evaluation 

criteria for cartographic projections.] 

1326. __ 1973, Ob izyskanii proyektsiy s ortogonal'noy 

kartograficheskoy setkoy: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAero{otosemka, no. 6, p. 93-98. 

[Russian. Translated to English as Finding projections with 

an orthogonal cartographic grid: Geodesy, Mapping and 

Photogrammetry,1973, v.15, no. 4, p. 161-163.) 

1327. __ 1975, 0 klassifikatsii kartograficheskikh 

proyektsiy po kharaktery iskazheniy: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

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p. 129-134. [Russian. Classification of cartographic 

projections by type of distortion.) 

1328. __ 1975, K voprosu o nailuchshikh 

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1329. __ 1976, On the problem of optimal cartographic 

projections: Moscow, Paper presented to the 8th 

International Cartographic Conference,12 p. 
1330. Kordyuk, L.l.,1965, Novaya proyektsiya, blizkaya k 

proyektsii Gaussa: Geodeziya, Kartografiya i 

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approximating the Gauss projection.] 

1331. ___ 1965, Logarifmicheskiye formuly novoy 

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Logarithmic formulas for the new projection approximating 

the Gauss projection.] 

1332. Korkine, A., 1890, Surles cartes geographiques: 

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1333. Kosack, Hans-Peter and Meine, Karl-Heinz, 1955, 

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1334. Kotscher, V.F., 1952, Map projections and their 

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1335. Kovarik, J arosla v, 1954, Geometricka presnost 

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1336. __ 1959, Aktuality z volby kartografickych 

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p. 202-206. [Czech. Actual questions about the selection of 

map projections.l 

1337. Kovesligethy, R. 'de, 1907, La meilleure mappemonde 

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1338. Krack, K., 1981, Die Umwandlung von Gaussschen 

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1339. __ 1982, Zur direkten Berechnung der 

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1340. Krakiwsky, E.J., 1973, Conformal map projections in 

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1341. Krashennikova, N.N., 1961, Formula dlya 

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scale for the optimum conformal projection.] 

-53-

1342. Krasovskiy, F.N., 1922, Nouye kartograficheskiye 

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[Russian. Presents his approximate equidistant conic and 

other projections. Reprinted in Zakatov, P.S., and Solov'ev, 

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Moscow, 219 p.] 

1343 . __ 1925, Vychisleniye konicheskoy 

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prisposoblennoy dlya izobrazheniya dannoy strany: 

Geodezist, no. 6-7. [Russian. Presents his approx. 

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1344. Krasovskiy, F.N., and Izotov, A.A., 1946, Tablitsy dlya 

logarifmich£skogo uychisleniya koordinat Gauss-Kryugera: 

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Kratky, Vladimir (See under U.S. Geological Survey, 1979.) 

1345. Kraus, Karl, and Vozikis, Evangelos, 1978, Die 

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Globusfreund, no. 25-27, p. 55-61. !German with English 

abstract .. Globe representation in the plane with the aid of 

digitally controlled differential rectification.} 

1346. Krebs, Wilhelm, 1892, Einfache Kartenprojektionen 

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1347. Kretschmer, Ingrid, 1970, Zur Wahl der NetzentwUrfe 

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1348. __ 1978, Der Weg zu Mercatorglobus und 

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[German with English abstract. The process leading to the 

Mercator globe and projection.] 

1349. ___ 1978, Irrefiihrende Meinungen iiber die "Peterskarte": Osterreichische Geographische Gesellschaft, 

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1350. ___ 1986, Kartenprojektion, ill Kretschmer, Ingrid, 

Dorflinger, Johannes, and Wawrick, Franz, ed., Lexikon zur 

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___ <See also under Kelnhofer; Kishimoto; Tobler.) 

1351. Kretschmer, Konrad, 1911, A nleitung zum 

Kartenzeichnen: Berlin, H. Spamer, 72 p. 

1352. Kreutzer, K., 1944, Die Winkelverzerrung in 

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1353. Kreyszig, E., 1957, Die stereographische und die 

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p.247-256. 

1354. Krochmal', E.M.,1959, Vychislenie i postroyenie 

kartograficheskoy setki mePidianov i paralleley v 

marshrutnoy kosoy ortograficheskoy perspektivnokonicheskoy proyektsii: Khar'kovskiy 

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graticules of meridians and parallels in an oblique 

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1355. Kruger, Louis, 1912, Konforme Abbildungdes 

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Geodatisches Institut, Veroffentlichung, new series, no. 52, 

172 p. [He published formulas for the Prussian land survey 

as Formeln zur konformen Abbildung des EllipsoidP in der 

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1356. __ 1914, Transformation der Koordinaten bei der 

konformen Doppelprojektion des Erdellipsoids auf die Kugel 

und die Ebene: Potsdam, Koniglich Preussiches 

Geodatisches lnstitut, VerOffentlichung, new series, no. 60, 

43 p. 

1357 . __ 1922, Zur stereographischen Projektion: Berlin, 

Preussisches Geodatisches Institut, Veroffentlichung, new 

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1358. Krummel, Otto, and Eckert, Max, 1908, 

Geographisches Praktikum fur den Gebrauch in den 

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1359. Kubatek, Lubomfr, 1957, Poznamka k transformaci 

soufadnic stereograficke projekce (stereobodu) do Ktovakova 

zobrazeni: Geodetickj a Kartografickj Obzor, v. 3, no. 10, 

p.185-191. [Czech. Thequestionofcoordinate 

transformation from the Stereographic projection into that of 

Kfovak.] 

1360. Kuchat, Karel,1964, Retroazimuthalson a globe and 

their images in a map: Czechoslovak Geographical Society, 

Journal, supplement for the 20th International Geographical 

Congress, London, p. 179-186. 

1361. __ 1970, Zobrazeni mapy sveta 1:2 500 000 

CPrispevek k dejinam dne~nf kartogratie): Sbornik Praci 

Geografickjch Kateder UK k 75. narozenintim prof. dr. 

Jaromtra Korcaka, DrSc: Prague, Universita Karlova, 

p.105-116. [Czech. Projectionofa 1:2,500,000-scalemapof 

the world.) 

1362. Kuester, G.,1937, Zentrale Azimutalprojektionen: 

Seewart, v. 6, no. 11, p. 427-431. 

1363. Kuestner, A.G., 1777, Theoria projectionis emperificiei 

sphaericae, in planum tangens, veulo in centro posito: 

Akademie Gemunnutziger Wissenscha.ften zu Erfurt. 

-54-

Erfurti, Acta Academiae electoralis moguntinae deuntiarum 

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1364. Kuntz, Eugen,1983,Kartennetzentwurfslehre. 

Grundlagen und Anwendungen: Karlsruhe, Wichmann, 

no. 12,201 p. 

1365. Kuroyedov, S.D.,1961, Perspektivno-konicheskie 

koordinaty i proyektsii professora A.P. Petrenko: 

Khar'kovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, Trudy, no. 31 

<68), p. 3-6. [Russian. Perspective conic coordinates and the 

projections of Prof. A.P. Petrenko.] 

1366. Kuska, FrantiAek, 1960, Matematickti kartografia: 

Bratislava, Slovenske Vydavatel'stvo Technickej Literatary, 

475 p. [Slovakian.] 

1367. Kuznetsov, A.A., 1981, lzyskaniye novy kh 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy metodom obrashcheniya 

peremennykh: lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aerofotos ~mka, no. 5, p. 109-116. [Russian. 

Selection of new cartographic projections with the method of 

variable rotation.) 

1368. __ 1981, 0 standartizatsii kartograficheskikh 

proyektsiy: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 12, p. 41-46. 

[Russian. On cartographic projection standardization.) 

1369. __ 1984, Obshchie uravneniya ravnougol'nykh 

tsilindricheskikh proyektsiy v geotsentricheskoy sisteme 

koordinat: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 8, p. 50-52. 

[Russian. General equations of conformal cylindrical 

projections in geocentric coordinate system.] 

1370. Kweta, Walter, and Misar, Karin,1977, Weltkarte in 

flachentreuer Projektion: DFVLR-Nachrichten, v. 21, p. 866. 

1371. Kwisthout, T.L.,1908, Stereographische projectie 

coordinatenberekening: Tijdschrift voor Kadaster en 

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Stereographic projection.) 

1372. __ 1909, Soldnersche coordinaten: Tijdschrift voor 

KadasterenLandmeetkunde, v. 25, p. 76-100. [Dutch. 

Coordinates on Soldner projection. 1 

1373. Kyewski, Bruno, 1951, Ober die Mercatorprojektion: 

Erdkunde, v. 5, no. 2, p. 97-105. 

1374. __ 1961, Oberdie Mercatorprojektion: Duisburger 

Forschungen, Schri{tenreihe fuer Geschichte und 

Heimatkunde Duisburg, v. 6, p.115-130. [German with 

English abstract.) 

1375. Laborde,Jean, 1928,La nouvelleprojectionduService 

Geographique de Madagascar: Tananarive, Cahiers du 

Service Geographique de Madagascar, no. 1, 70 p. 

1376. __ 1944, La geometrie des spheroides a l 'usage des 

ingenieurs geographes: Paris, Institut Geographique 

National. 

__ (See also Driencourt and Laborde.) 
1377. Laclavere, G., 1938, Emploi des cartes en projection 

conique conforme pour la solution graphique des problemes 

de navigation radiogoniometrique aerienne ou maritime: 

International Geographical Congress, Amsterdam 1938, 

Comptes Rendus, v. 2. Travaux de la Section 1: 

Cartographie: Leiden, E.J. Brill, p. 70-82. 

1378. La Condamine, C.M. de,1735, Description d'un 

instrument qui peut servir a' determiner, sur la surface de Ita 

terre, tousles points d'uncercie parallele a l'equateur: Paris, 

Academia Royale des Sciences, Histoire, 1733, p. 294-301. 

1379. Lacroix, S.F ., 1811 ,Introduction a la geographie 

mathematique et critique, ala geographie physique: Paris, 

Bachelier (1847), 2nd ed., 427 p. 

___ CSee also Barbie du Bocage and Lacroix.) 

1380. Lagrange, J .L. de, 1779, Sur la construction des cart.~s 

geographiques: Nouveaux memoires de l'AcacUmie Royale 

des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Berlin, p. 161-210. [Also in 

Oeuvres de Lagrange, 1869: Paris, Gauthier-Villars, v. 4, 

p. 635-692. Also in German,1894, as Ueber die Construction 

geographischer Karten: Ostwald's Klassiker der Exakten 

Wissenschaften, no. 55: Leipzig, Wilhelm Engelmann, 

p.l-56, with editing by Albert Wangerin, p. 82-97. Analyzes 

conformal projections with circular arcs for meridians and 

parallels, including "Lagrange projection" developed by 

Lambert< 1772 ).] 

La Hire, Philippe de <See de La Hire, Philippe.) 

1381. Lallemand, Charles, 1911, Sur les deformations 

resultant du mode de ~onstruction de Ia Carte internationale 

du monde au millionieme: Academie des Sciences, Compte:~ 

Rendus, v. 153, no. 12, p. 559-567. [Modified polyconic 

projection for Inti. Map of the World.} 

1382. ___ 1912, La carte du monde au millionieme et les 

erreurs dues a son mode de construction: Association 

Fran~ais pour l'Avancement des Sciences, Compte Rendus de 

la 40e session, Dijon, 19ll,Notes et Memoires, p. 89-101. 

1383. Lambert, B.P., 1977, Map coordinate systems: 

Cartography, v. 10, no. 2, p. 83-85. [As used in Australia.] 

Lambert, Gustave (See under Germain [ 1865 ]. ) 

1384. Lambert, J .H., 1772, Beitriige zum Gebrauche der 

Mathematik und deren A nwendung: Part III, section 6: 

Anmerkungen und Zusatze zur Entwerfung der Land- und 

Himmelscharten: Berlin. [Translated into English and 

introduced by W.R. Tobler as Notes and comments on the 

composition of terrestrial and celestial maps: Ann Arbor, 

Univ. Michigan,1972, Mich. Geographical Publication no. 8, 

125 p. Also reprinted in German, 1894, Ostwald's Klassiker 

der Exakten Wissenschaften, no. 54: Leipzig, Wilhelm 

Engelmann, with editing by Albert Wangerin. Presents 

Conformal Conic, Equal-Area Conic, including "Isospheric 

Stenoteric," Transverse Mercator, Cylindrical Equal-Area, 

Transverse Cylindrical Equal-Area, "Lagrange," Azimuthal 

Equal-Area projections. See also review ofTobler translation 

by Wray, Thomas, 1975: Canadian Cartographer, v. 12, 

no. 2, p. 231-233.] 

-55-

1385. Lamme, Ary and Linda, 1967, Utilizing the earth's 

grid: Journal of Geography, v. 66, no. 8, p. 425-427. 

1386. Lang, W.,l926, Schweizer geographische 

Koordinaten: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen undKulturtechnik, v. 24, p. 129ft'., 192ft'. 

1387. Lanman,J.T.,1987, On the origin ofportolan charts: 

Chicago, Newberry Library, 56 p. [Discusses possible 

projections, esp. p. 47 -54.] 

1388. La Porte, Florian,1937, The track of the orthodron1ic 

curve on Mercator charts: Hydrographic Review, v. 14, no.1, 

p. 21-31. 

Larin, D.A. (See Ginzburg and Larin.) 

1389. Laskowski, P.H., 1987, Map distortions and singular 

value decomposition: A mer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, 1987 ASPRS-ACSM Annual Convention, 

Baltimore, Md., Technical Papers, v. 4, p. 42-51. [Discusses 

Tissot indicatrices.] 

1390. Laubscher, A.L., 1965, A basic investigation of 

perspective map projections: Columbus, Ohio State 

University, Master's thesis. 

Laubscher, R.E. (See O'Neill and Laubscher.) 

1391. Lauf, G.B., 1947, A new method for the transformation 

of Gauss conform coordinates from one system to the next: 

South African Survey Journal, v. 7, part 2, no. 43, p. 81-95. 

1392. ___ 1975, Transformation of coordinates from the 

Gauss conform projection to the Universal Transverse 

Mercator projection: Australian Surveyor, v. 27, no.l, 

p.5-10. 

1393._· __ 1975, The Transverse Mercator projection: 

South African Geographical Journal, v. 57, no. 2, p. 118-125. 

1394. __ 1983, Geodesy and map projections: 

Collingswood, Victoria, Australia, TAFE Publications Unit, 

127 p. 

1395. Lauf,G.B.,and Young,F.,1961,Conformal 

transformations from one map projection to another, using 

divided difference interpolation: Bulletin Geodesique, no. 61, 

p. 191-212. [Translated to German as Konforme 

Transformationen von einer Kartenprojektion auf die andere 

unter Verwendung einer Interpolation mit geteilter 

Differenz: Nachrichten a us dem Karten- und 

Vermessungswesen, 1968, series 1, no. 38, p. 26-47.] 

1396. Laugwitz, D., 1957, Eine Bemerkung uber 

Fliichenabbildungen: Deutsche Mathematikervereinigung, 

Jahresbericht, v. 60, no. 3, p. 93-96. 

1397. Laurila, S.H., Mathur, S., and Li, L., 1969, Fortran 

programs for transformation between rectangular and 

geographic map coordinates: Honolulu, University of Hawaii 

Institute of Geophysics, 31 p. 
1398. Lawes, A. y., 1948, Conical orthomorphic projection: 

Simplification of computations in low latitudes: Empire 

Survey Review, v. 9, no. 67, p. 220-222. 

1399. Le Baut, L., (1951J,Plansetcartes,graphiqueset 

diagrammes: Paris, Librairie lstra, 54 p. [Projections 

discussed p. 8-22.] 

1400. Ledersteger, K.,1954, 'Die Rolle der Grundlinien bei 

der Netzprojektion: Osterreichische Zeitschrift fiir 

Vermessungswesen,v.42,no.4,p.106-113;no.5,p.143-148. 

1401. __ 1958, Internationale Bezugsflachen und 

einheitliche Weltprojektion: Zeitschrift fiir 

Vermessungswesen, v. 83, no. 8, p. 260-267. 

1402. Ledovskaya, L.S., 1967, Primeneniye EVM v 

matematicheskoy kartografti: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 

no. 3, p. 58-62. [Russian. The use of electronic calculating 

machines in mathematical cartography.] 

1403. __ 1969, Novyy variant proyektsii dlya uchebnykh i 

drugikh massovykh kart Evrazii: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 

no.12, p. 61-66. [Russian. Translated to English as A new 

variant of projection for educational and othi!r popular maps 

of the Eurasian continent: Charlottesville, Va., Army 

Foreign Science and Technology Center, Report no. FSTCHT-23-881-71, 1971, 12 p.] 

1404. __ 1975, Dopolneniye k Atlasy dlya vybora 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 110, 

108 p. [Russian. Supplement to the Atlas for the selection of 

cartographic projections. See Ginzburg and Salmanova 

<1957).) 

1405. __ 1979, Nekotorye sposoby polucheniya 

vidoizmenennykh proyektsiy: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 

no. 1, p. 49-53. [Russian. Translated to English as Some 

methods for producing modified projections: Geodesy, 

Mapping andPhotogrammetry,1977, v.19, no. 4, p. 247-249.) 

___ (See also Ginzburg and Ledovskaya; Tyuflin, 

Ledovskaya, Kadnichanskiy, and Ostrovskiy.) 

1406. Lee,J.E.,and Walsh,J.M.,1984,Mapprojectionsfor 

use with the geographic information system: Washington, 

Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of 

Biological Services, Publication FWS/OBS-84117, 60 p. 

[Adaptation of USGS General Cartographic Transformation 

Package (software).) 

1407. Lee, L.P., 1944, The nomenclature and classification of 

map projections: Empire Survey Review, v. 7, no. 51, 

p. 190-200. 

1408. __ 1945, The transverse Mercator projection ofthe 

spheroid: Empire Survey Review, v. 8, no. 58, p. 142-152. 

1409. __ 1946, The nomenclature of map projections: 

Empire Survey Review, v. 8, no. 60, p. 217-219. 

141 0. __ 1946, Marginal scales of latitude and longitude 

on transverse Mercator maps: Empire Survey Review, v. 8, 

no. 60, p. 220-221. 

-56-

1411. __ 1946, The convergence ofmeridians: Empire 

Survey Review, v. 8, no. 61, p. 267-271. [See also 1954, v. 12, 

no. 91, p. 237-238.] 

1412. __ 1947, A stereographic device for the solution of 

spherical triangles: Flmpire Survey Review, v. 9, no. 65, 

p.123-131. 

1413. __ 1947, The equidistant azimuthal projection of 

the sphere: New Zealand Geographer, v. 3, no. 1, p. 41-58. 

1414. __ 1950, The planets 1950: New Zealand 

Astronomical Handbook, p. 22. [Oblique Mercator 

projection.] 

1415. __ 1953, A transverse Mercator projection of the 

spheroid alternative to the Gauss-Kruger form: Empire 

Survey Review, v.12, no. 87,p.12-17. [See also 1954, v.l2, 

no. 91, p. 237-238.] 

1416. __ 1954, The oblique Mercator projection: New 

Zealand Geographer, v.lO, no. 2, p.151-164. [Reprinted in 

Empire Survey Review, 1956, v. 13, no. 101, p. 321-335.) 

1417 . __ 1962, The transverse Mercator projection of the 

entire spheroid: Empire Survey Review, v. 16, no. 123, 

p. 208-217. [See also 1964, v.17, no.133,p. 343;commentsby 

Gdowski, Bogustaw, 1966, v. 18, no. 141, p. 339-341.] 

1418. __ 1963, Scale and convergence on the transverse 

Mercator projection of the whole spheroid: Empire Survey 

Review, v.17, no. 127, p. 49-51. 

1419. __ 1965, Some conformal projections based on 

elliptic functions: Geographical Review, v. 55, no. 4, 

p. 563-580. [Conformal projections of world or hemisphere 

bounded by a polygon or an ellipse, or on a polyhedron. See 

also 1968, v. 58, no. 3, p. 490-491.) 

1420. __ 1973, The search for an improved coordinate 

system for New Zealand surveys and maps: Wellington, N.Z., 

Department of Lands and Survey, Computing Branch, Head 

Office, 20 p. 

1421. __ 1973, The conformal tetrahedric projection with 

some practical applications: Cartographic Journal, v.10, 

no. 1, p. 22-28. 

1422. __ 1974, A conformal projection for the map of the 

Pacific: New Zealand Geographer, v. 30, no.l,p. 75-77. 

[Complex-algebra modification of oblique Stereographic 

projection.] 

1423. __ 197 4, The computation of conformal projections: 

Survey Review, v. 22, no. 172, p. 245-256. 

1424. __ 1975, Conformal projection with specified scale 

at selected points: Survey Review, v. 23, no.178,p.187-188. 

1425. __ 1976, Conformal projections based on elliptic 

functions: Cartographica, Monograph no. 16, supplement 

no.1 to Canadian Cartographer, v.13,128 p. [Based on his 

1965 and other papers.] 
1426. Lee, T.J.,1849, Tables and formulas useful in 

surveying,geodesy, and practical astronomy, including 

elements for the projection of maps, and instructions for field 

magnetic observations, 1st ed.: Washington, Govt. Printing 

Office, 95 p. [Papers relating to the duties of the Corps of 

Topographical Engineers, no. 3. 2nd ed.,1853; 3rd ed.,1873, 

310 p.] 

1427. Leeman, W.,1934, Oberdie Berechnungder 

Flachenverzerrung der winkeltreuen, schiefachsigen 

Zylinderprojektion a us den Projektionskoordinaten: 

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen und 

Kulturtechnik, v. 32, p. 81-84. 

1428. Lehmann, G., 1939, Ueber die Lagrangeschen 

Projektionen: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 68, 

no.11,p.329-344;no.12,p.361-376;no.14,p.425-432. 

[Lagrange projection.] 

1429. __ 197 4, Ober die Lagrangeschen Projektionen: 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 99, no. 1, p. 32-35. 

[Sequel to above.] 

1430. LehrmittelAktuell, 1981, Die Peters-Karte: v. 7, no. 3, 

p. 30-31. [Peters projection.] 

1431. Leighly, J .B., 1955, Aitoff and Hammer: An attempt 

at clarification: Geographical Review, v. 45, no. 2, p. 246-249. 

[Points out that Aitoff and Hammer projections are not 

identical.] 

1432. __ 1956, Extended use ofpolyconic projection 

tables: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 46, no. 1, 

p. 150-173. 

1433. Lemmer, Albert, 1962, Die Projektion der 

lnternationalen Weltkarte 1:1 000 000: Munich, Bayerische 

Akademie der Wissenschaften, 63 p. 

1434. Lenox-Conyngham, G.P., 1944, Nomenclature of map 

projections: Empire Survey Review, v. 7, no. 53, p. 276-278. 

1435. Leppard, H.M., and Denoyer, L.P., 1943, Map 

projection studies: Chicago, Denoyer-Geppert Co., No. P208, 

20p. 

1436. __ 1944, Students handbook of map projections: 

Chicago, Denoyer-Geppert Co. 

1437. Lepschi, Albert, 1962, Die Gauss-Kruger-Koordinaten 

in Osterreich: Osterreichische Verein fUr 

Vermessungswesen und der Osterreichische Gesellschaft fur 

Photogrammetrie, Mitteilungsblatt, Beil. z. 50. Jg. der 

Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, no. 2, 

p. 9-12. 

LeRoux, J.S. (See Senekal, LeRoux, and de Villiers.) 

1438. Letoval'tsev, I.G.,1950, [Gauss's equiangular 

projection of the geoid onto a plane in equations with constant 

coefficients]: Moscow, Sbornik Glavnogo upravleniya 

Geodezii i Kartografii, no. 28. [Russian.] 

-57-

1439. __ 1959, Stereograficheskaya proyektsiya sferoida 

v opredelenii Gaussa: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 5, 

p. 54-62. [Russian. Translated to English as Stereographic 

projection of a spheroid in the Gauss determination: Geodesy 

and Cartography, 1959, no. 5-6, p. 254-258.) 

1440. __ 1963, Obshchiy metod redutsirovaniya 

napravleniy i dlin pri perekhode s ellipsoids na ploskost'. 0 

formulakh ortodromicheskoy popravki: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 4, 

p. 3-11. [Russian. Translated to English as A general 

method for the reduction of directions and lengths in 

transformations from an ellipsoid to a plane on orthodromic 

(arc of a great circle) correction formulas: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1963, no. 4, p. 183-186.] 

1441. __ 1963, Obobshcheniye gnomonicheskoy 

proyektsii dlya sferoida i osnovnye geodezicheskiye voprosy 

prolozheniya nazemnykh trass: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 5, 

p. 61-68. [Russian. Translated to English as Generalization 

of the gnomonic projection for a spheroid and the principal 

geodetic problems involved in the alignment of surface 

routes: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1963, no. 5, 

p. 271-274.) 

1442. __ 1968, 0 proyektsii Russilya: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 2, 

p. 51-55. [Russian. Translated to English as The Roussilhe 

projection: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1968, no. 2, 

p. 92-94. A stereographic projection of the ellipsoid. See 

correction by Morozov, V.P.,1968: lzvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 6, 

p.142, translated to English in Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1968, no. 6, p. 418.] 

1443. ___ 1969, K voprosu o redutsirovanii 

masshtabaizobrazheniya v proyektsii Gaussa-Kryugera: 

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotosemka, no. 6, p. 41-42. [Russian. Translated to 

English as On the question of reduction of scale of 

representation in the Gauss-Krueger projection: Geodesy 

and Aerophotography, 1969, no. 6, p. 392-393.] 

1444. ___ 1971, Redutsirovaniye prostranst vennoy 

pryamoy na ploskost' i na poverkhnost' ellipsoids: lzvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos'emka, no. 1, p. 26-30. [Russian. Translated to 

English as Mapping a line in space onto a plane and onto the 

surface of an ellipsoid: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1971, 

no. 1, p. 9-11.] 

1445. Levasseur, Karl, 1960,50 Jahre Gauss-KrugerKoordinaten in Osterreich: Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen,v.48,no.4,p. 120-135;no.5,p.145-160. 

1446. Levine, Daniel (and various contributing authors), 

1960, Radargrammetry: New York, McGraw-Hill, 330 p. 

[Includes map projections relevant to radar.] 

1447. Levison, M.E., 1960, Mercator vs. polar projection: 

World of difference: Social Studies, v. 51, no. 4, p. 133-135. 
1448. Lewent, L., 1925, Conformal representation: London, 

Methuen, 146 p. 

1449. Lewicke, V., 1955,A Laborde projection: Washington, 

Army Map Service TR17, 54 p. 

Lewis, D.C. (See Boggs and Lewis.) 

1450. Leymonnerie, E.A., 1843, Notice sur la projection des 

cartes geographiques: Paris, Roret. 

Li, Changming <See Changming, Li.) 

1451. Li, Guozao, 1981, [Cylindrical transverse conformal 

projection with two standard meridians]: Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v. 10, no. 4, p. 309-312. [Chinese with 

English abstract.] 

1452. Li,Jiaquan, 1985, [A research on transformation of 

finite element between conformal projections]: Acta 

Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v.14, no. 3, p. 214-225. 

[Chinese with English abstract.] 

Li, L. (See Laurila, Mathur, and Li.) 

1453. Libault, Andre,1952, Decheance de l'Equateur: 

Geographia, no. 6, p. 33-37. 

1454. __ 1962, Un nouveau canevas conforme: 

Geographia, v. 15, Dec., p. 46. ["Double butterfly" 

projection.] 

1455. Librairie Hachette, 1889, Projections des cartes 

geographiques,!!! Atlas de Geographie Moderne: Paris. 

1456. Library of Congress, Geography and Map Div., 1973, 

The Bibliography of Cartography: Boston, G.K. Hall & Co., 

v. 3, p. 527-561. [Map projection bibliography. See also 1st 

supplement, 1980, v. 2, p. 60-65.] 

1457. Lichtner, Werner,1979, Kartennetztransformation 

bei der Herstellung thematischer Karten: Nachrichten a us 

dem Karten- and Vermessungswesen, series 1, no. 79, 

p. 109-119. [German with English abstract.] 

1458. Lilly, J.E., 1940, Plane co-ordinates for extended 

areas: Canadian Surveyor, v. 6, no. 11, p. 2-8. 

1459. __ 1960, Plane co-ordinates for surveyors: 

Canadian Surveyor, v. 15, no. 2, p.l00-106. 

1460. __ 1964, Skew plane co-ordinates: Presented at 

Sept. 1964 convention, Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, Kansas City, Mo. 

1461. Lim, K., 1982, On cyclic maps: Australian 

Mathematical Society,Journal, v. 32, no. 3, p. 349-357. 

1462. Lincklaen Arriens, H.J., Vrijmoed, Hans, van 

WilJigen, Durk, and de Jongh, J.P., 1978, Electronic 

conversion from a scanning radiometer to a stereographic 

projection geometry: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 17, 

no. 7, p. 1071-1076. 

-58-

Lindenkohl, A. (See under Zoppritz (1884).) 

1463. Ling, Chi-Hai, Rasmussen, L.A., and Campbell, W .J., 

1978, Flight path curvature distortion in side-looking 

airborne radar imagery: Photogrammetric Engineering and 

Remote Sensing, v. 44, no. 10, p. 1255-1260. 

1464. Lipson, L.B.,1948, Polar mapping applied to 

seismology: Amer. Geophysical Union, Transactions, v. 29, 

no. 1, p. 32-35. 

1465. Lisichanskiy, A.S., 1961, Klassifikatsiya 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: L'vovskiy Politekhnichnyi 

Institut, Nauchnye Zapiski, Seriya Geodezicheskaya, no. 6, 

p. 94-113. [Russian. Classification of map projections.] 

1466. __ 1962, Proizvodnye ravnougol'nye proyektsii: 

L'vovskiy Politekhnichnyi Institut, Nauchnye Zapiski, 

no. 85, Seriya Geodezicheskaya, no. 9, p. 100-104. [Russian. 

Derivative conformal projections.] 

1467 . __ 1964, 0 vychislenii proitsvodykh konformnykh 

proyektsiy s ellipsovidnymi izokolami: Geodeziya, 

Kartografiya iAerofotos'emka, no.1, p. 109-114. [Russian. 

The calculation of derived conformal projections with 

elliptical isocols.J 

1468. __ 1965, Formuly kosykh konformnykh proyektsiy 

ellipsoida: Geodeziya, Kartografiya i Aerofotos 'emka, no. 3, 

p.105-lll. [Russian. Formulas for oblique conformal 

projection of the ellipsoid.] 

1469. __ 1970, Teoriya obobshchennogo klassa 

konformnykh azimutal'no-konicheskikh proyektsiy: 

Geodeziya, Kartografiya i Aerofotos 'emka, no. 11, p. 83-87. 

[Russian. A theory of the general class of conformal 

azimuthal and conic projections.] 

1470. __ 1970, Ekvivalentnye azimutal'notsilindricheskie proyektsii: Geodeziya, Kartografiya i 

Aerofotos'emka, no.12, p. 96-98. [Russian. Equivalent 

azimuthal and cylindrical projections.] 

1471. __ 1970, Obobshchennyi klass ekvivalentnykh 

azimutal'no-konicheskikh proyektsiy: Geodeziya, 

Kartografiya i Aerofotos 'emka, no. 12, p. 99-103. [Russian. 

The general class of equivalent azimuthal and conic 

projections.] 

1472. __ 1974, Ob 'yedinennyye sistemy konformnykh i 

ekvivalentnykh kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Doctoral 

dissertation, Moscow. [Russian. Combined systems of 

conformal and equivalent cartographic projections.] 

1473. Liss, C.C., 1973, Zum Problem der Verzerrungen auf 

Weltkarten; Kritik des Kartennetzentwurfes von A. Peters: 

Geographische R und.schau, v. 25, no. 10, p. 399-401. [Peters 

projection.] 

1474. Littlehales, G.W., 1905, Vander Grinten's circular 

projection: Amer. GeographicalSociety,Bulletin, v. 37, no.1, 

p.14-18. 
14 7 5. Littrow, J .J., 1833, C horographie; oder, A nleitung alle 

Arten von Land-, See- und H immelskarten zu verfertigen: 

Vienna, I<,. Beck, 208 p. [Presents his conformal 

retroazimuthal projection.] 

1476. Liu, Fuchang, 1985, [Map projection and calculatinggraphic for determining the positions and scope of beam 

region of communication satellite]: Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v. 14, no. 3, p. 196-204. [Chinese with 

English abstract.] 

1477. Liu, Hongmo, 1985, [The numerical method of 

transformation of conformal projection): Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v. 14, no.1, p. 61-72. [Chinese with 

English abstract. Polynomial transformations.] 

1478. Liu, Jia-hao, 1965, [On the law of conversions of 

distortions in the cylindrical, azimuthal and conic 

projections]: Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 8, 

no. 3, p. 210-217. [Chinese with Russian abstract.] 

1479. Liu, Ti-sheng, 1957, Bei-tzin da-hsue hsue-bao {tzushan ke-hsue): Acta Scientiae Naturalis Univ. Pekinensis, 

v. 3, no. 2, p. 253-258. [Chinese. Construction of a cylindrical 

equal-area projection with two standard parallels.] 

1480. Livieratos, E., and Papadopoulou, M., 1983, A 

comparison of potential type convolution processes in two 

dimensions: Quaterniones Geodaesiae, v. 4, no. 3, p. 261-275. 

__ (See also Dermanis and Livieratos.) 

1481. Lobanov, A.N., and Zhurkin, I.G., 1972, 

Analiticheskoye transformirovanye snimkov dlya 

sostavleniya topograficheskikh kart i fotokart v zadannoy 

proyektsii: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 5, p. 79-88. [Russian. 

Translated to English as Analytic rectification for the 

compilation of topographic maps and photomaps in a given 

projection: Geodesy andAerophotography, 1972, no. 4-6, 

p. 315-319.] 

1482. Lobell, I<'., 1942, Allgemeine Theorie der 

FHichenabbildungen: Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme, 

Mitteilungen, v. 18, no. 5, p. 299-307. 

1483. Lochar, Felix, 1943, Great circles on Mercator maps: 

Griffith Observer, v. 7, no. 12, p. 138-147. 

1484. Lohse, J ., 1837, Zweck der zeichnenden Erdkunde und 

eines elementarisch-methodischen Lehrgangs fur Denselben: 

Berlin, 101 p. 

1485. Lomba Minlndola, M.J., 1986, Calculating and 

plotting great circles and rhumb-lines: Santa Barbara, Univ. 

ofCalifornia, Master's thesis. 

1486. t.omnicki, Antoni, 1927, Kartografja matematyczna: 

Lwow-Warsaw. [Polish. 2nd ed., 1956: Warsaw, Panstwowe 

Wydawnictwo Nankowe, 179 p. Mathematical cartography.] 

1487. __ 1927, Projekcja miedzynarodowej mapy swiata: 

The International Map Projection 1/M: Polski Przeglqd 

Kartogra(zczny, v. 3, no. 17, p. 1-14. I English with Poli~h 

-59-

introduction. Derivation offormulas and criticism of 

Modified Polyconic projection for Inti. Map of the World. See 

also Hinks <1927).] 

1488. __ 1927, Matematyczna analiza projekcji mapy 

miedzynarodowej w skali 1:1,000,000: Warsaw, Wiadomosci 

Sluzby Geograficznej, no. 1, p. 3-31. [Polish with French 

abstract. Criticism of Modified Polyconic projection for Inti. 

Map ofthe World. See also Hinks 0927).) 

1489. __ 1928, Sur le choix de Ia projection pour la carte 

du monde au millionieme tmateriaux pour la discussion): 

Warsaw, Wiad.omosci Sluzby Geograficznej, p. 137-196. [Also 

published separately: Warsaw, pub. no. IN-8, 57 p.] 

1490. __ 1934, Projekcje o dw6ch punktach wyr6tnionych: 

PolskiPrzeglqdKartograficzny, v. 6, no. 47,p.l85-193. 

[Polish with French abstract. Projections from two separate 

points. Two-Point Azimuthal and Equidistant projections.] 

__ (See also under Hinks 0927).) 

1491. Loomer,S.A.,1986, Mathematical analysis of 

medieval sea charts: Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping--Amer. Society for Photogrammetry and Remote 

Sensing,1986 Annual Convention, Washington, Technical 

Papers, v.1, p.123-132. [Possible projection bases for 

portolan charts.] 

1492. L6pez,J.S.,1977, Transformaci6n de coordenadas 

Lambert a UTM., y viceversa, con auxilio de la calculadora 

Hewlett-Packard 25: Servicio Geografico del Ejercito, 

Boletin de I nformacitm, no. 36, p. 45-54. [Transformation of 

coordinates between Lambert Conformal Conic and UTM 

projections, using Hewlett-Packard 25 calculator.] 

1493. Lopez Santoyo, Alberto, 1969, Variaci6n de la escala 

en las proyecciones geograficas y ejemplo de su 

determinacion en Proyecci6n de Mercator: U niversidad 

Nacional Aut6noma de Mexico, Institut de Geografia, 

Boletin, v. 2, p. 139-149. 

1494. Lorgna, A.M., 1789, Principi digeografia astrorwmicogeometrica: Verona. [In chap. 9-11, p. 68-94, he discusses 

projections and independently derives the polar Lambert 

Azimuthal Equal-Area projection.] 

1495. Lowry,John,1825, Construction d'une mappemonde: 

Societe de Geographie, Bulletin, v. 4, no. 27-32, p.127-130. 

1496. Loxton, John, 1980, Topographical map projections, 

azimuthal projections, conical projections, cylindrical 

projections, choice of projection, map grids, in his Practical 

map production: Chichester, New York, etc., John. Wiley and 

Sons, p. 5-26. 

1497. __ 1985, The Peters phenomenon: Cartographic 

Journal,v.22,no.2,p.106-108. 

1498. Lukasiewicz, Eugeniusz, 1958, Panstwowy uktad 

wsp6trz~dnych: Przeglq,d Geodezyjny, v.14, no. 7, p. 253-256; 

no. 8, p. 301-304. [Polish. The State coordinate system of 

Poland.] 
1499. Luyten, W.J.,1943, Those misleading new maps: 

Harpers Magazine, v.187,no.1121,p.447-449. [Def(mseof 

Mercator against "new" air-age maps.] 

1500. McBryde, F. W ., 1977, New equal-area world map 

projections and base maps for biological data: Washington, 

Transemantics, Inc., 19 p. [Merges standard 

pseudocylindricals with his flat-polar forms.] 

1501. __ 1978, A new series of composite equal-area world 

map projections: International Cartographic Assn., 9th 

International Conference on Cartography, College Park, 

Mary land, Abstracts, p. 76-77. 

1502. __ 1981, Pondering projections: Amer. Geophysical 

Union, Eos Transactions, v. 62, no. 48, p.1162. [Proposes his 

interrupted equal-area pseudocylindricals for ocean maps.] 

1503. __ 1982, Homolinear composite equal-area world 

projections: U.S. Patent4,315,747, dated Feb. 16. 

[Especially his S3 projection, a merging of the regular 

Sinusoidal with his Flat-Polar Sinusoidal projections.] 

1504. __ 1982, Mollweide graticule shortcomings: Amer. 

Geophysical Union,Eos Transactions, v. 63, p. 522. 

1505. McBryde, F.W., and Thomas, P.D.,1949, Equal-area 

projections for world statistical maps: U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. No. 245, 44 p. [Presents flatpolar forms of sinusoidal, quartic, and parabolic 

pseudocy lindrical projections, and two other 

pseudocylindricals.] 

1506. McCaw, G.T., 1921, A modified Rectangular Polyconic 

projection: Geographical Journal, v. 57, no. 6, p. 451-454. 

1507. __ 1930, The polyconic as a world map: 12th 

International Geographical Congress, Cambridge, England, 

Report of the Proceedings, p.l12-117. 

1508. __ 1938, The transverse Mercator projection: 

Empire Survey Review, v. 4, no. 27, p. 275-281. 

1509. __ 1940, The transverse Mercator projection: A 

critical examination: Empire Survey Review, v. 5, no. 35, 

p. 285-296. 

1510. _1941,AmapoftheEmpire: EmpireSurvey 

Review, v. 6, no. 41, p. 160-166. [Oblique Mercator 

projection.] 

__ (See also under Close (1942).) 

1511. McCullough, C.B., and Smith, H.G., 1945, Oregon uses 

Lambert conformal conic projection in highway surveys: 

Civil Engineering, v. 15, no. 5, p. 209-212. [Reprinted in 

Surveying and Mapping, 1946, v. 6, no. 1, p. 46-53.] 

1512. Macdonald, R.R.,1968, An optimum continental 

projection: Cartographic Journal, v. 5, no. 1, p. 46-47. 

[Hybrid for map of Old World continents, mosaicking 

Rectangular Polyconic, Equidistant Conic, Bonne, and 

-60-

Equirectangular depending on region. See comments by 

Andrews,A.J., no. 2, p. 89.] 

1513. McDonnell, P.W.,Jr.,1979,Introduction to map 

projections: New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 174 p. 

McDowell, G.B. (See Harris and McDowell.) 

1514. Mackay, J.R., 1954, Experiments with some symbols 

and map projections: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, 

v. 44, no. 2, p. 225-226. [Abstract only.] 

1515. __ 1958,Conformality: Mathematical and visual: 

Professional Geographer, v. 10, no. 5, p. 12-13. 

1516. __ 1969, The perception of conformality of some 

map projections: Geographical Review, v. 59, no. 3, 

p.373-387. 

1517. McKinney, W.M.,1963, Laboratory demonstrations in 

mathematical geography: Professional Geographer, v. 15, 

no. 3, p. 7-10. [Cylindrical and Gnomonic projections.] 

1518. __ 1965, The stereographic projection as a 

nomogram: Professional Geographer, v.17, no. 3, p. 15-17. 

1519. __ 1969, The Wright projection: Journal of 

Geography, v. 68, no. 8, p. 472. [Edward Wright's 1599 

refinements of Mercator projection.] 

1520. _1978, A new map projection?: Journal of 

Geography, v. 77, no. 3, p. 114. [Peters projection.] 

1521. MacLeod, M.N.,1938, Map projections for Africa: 

International Geographical Congress, Amsterdam,l938, 

Comptes Rendus. Tome 2 Travaux de Ia Section 1: 

Cartographie: Leiden, E.J. Brill, p. 91-97. 

Macon, A.M. (See Mifsuty Macon.) 

1522. Maddison, Francis, 1966,HugoHeltandtheRojas 

Astrolabe projection: Junta de lnvestiga~oes do Ultramar, 

Agrupamento de Estudos de Cartografia Antiga, Separatas. 

1523. Mad war, M.R.,1933, On the choice of a suitable 

projection for representing the aspect of the heavens: Egypt, 

Helwan Observatory, Physical Department, Bulletin no. 36. 

1524. Maercklein, L.A., 1968, The development of a statewide mapping program and projection-grid system: Albany, 

New York, New York State DepartmentofTransportation, 

Planning Division, Program Analysis Bureau, 11 p. 

[Extended-zone Universal Transverse Mercator projection.] 

1525. __ 1969, The development of a statewide mapping 

program and projection-grid system for use with a computerbased information system: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, New 

York-New Jersey Div., 9th Annual Meeting, Oct. 11-12, 

1968,Albany, N.Y.,Proceedings, v. 2, p.1-7. [Extended-zone 

Universal Transverse Mercator projection.] 

1526. Maes, Valere, 1901,Projection spherique,comparee 

aux autres projections: Brussels, F. Larcier, 14 p. 
1527. __ 1902, Ober Herstellungvon Globusscheiben: 

Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift, no. 1, 

p. 59-63. [Effect of elliptical Earth-figure on mapping and 

projections for non-global maps.] 

1528. Maezawa, Yoshio, 1963, [Some educational problems 

of map projection]: Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan 

Cartographers Assn., v. 1, no. 1, p. 38-43. lJapanese.) 

1529. Maffiotti, G.B., 1901, I sistemi di proiezione nei 

rilevamenti catastali moderni: Rivista di Topografw e 

Catasto, v. 14, p. 125. [Projections and cadastral mapping.] 

1530. Mafis, J ., 1938, Calcul du canevas de la representation 

conforme de Ia sphere entiere dans un triangle equilateral: 

Bulletin Geodesique, no. 59, p. 247-256. [Conformal 

projection of sphere in equilateral triangle.] 

1531. Magistris, L.F. de, 1949, Sulla proiezione gl6bulare di 

Nicolosi: Bologna, 14 Congresso Geografico Italiano, Atti, 

1947, p. 516-518. [Nicolosi Globular projection.] 

1532. Mainwaring, James, 1942, An introduction to the 

study of map projection: London, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 

113 p. 

1533. Malachov, N.V., 1980, lzpolzovaniye 

mezhpredmetnikh svyazey pri kharahteristike proyektsiy i 

iskazhaniy na kartakh: Geografiya v Shkole, no. 4, p. 40-42. 

[Russian. The using of interdisciplinary references at 

cartographic projections and map drawing.] 

1534. Maling, D.H., 1960, A review of some Russian map 

projections: Empire Survey Review, v. 15, no. 115, p. 203-215; 

no. 116,p.255-266;no.117,p.294-303. 

1535. ___ 1962, The Hammer-Aitoffprojection and some 

modifications: Edinburgh, Univ. ofGlasgow, Geography 

Dept., Cartographic Symposium, Proceedirtgs, p. 41-57. 

1536. ___ 1965, Suitable projections for maps ofthe visible 

surface of the moon: Cartographic Journal, v. 2, no. 2, 

p. 95-99. 

1537 . ___ 1966, Some notes about the Trystan Edwards 

projection: Cartographic Journal, v. 3, no. 2, p. 94-97. 

1538. ___ 1968, The terminology of map projections: 

International Yearbook ofCartography, v. 8, p.11-65. 

1539. ___ 1973, Coordinate systems and map projections: 

London, George Philip, 255 p. [Reprinted 1980.] 

1540 . ___ 197 4, Peters' Wunderwerk: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 24, no. 4, p. 153-156. [English. Peters 

projection. I 

1541. ___ 1974, A minor modification to the Cylindrical 

Equal-Area projection: Geographical Journal, v. 140, no. 3, 

p. 509-510. I Peters projection.] 

-61-

1542. __ 1974, Personal projections: Geographical 

Magazine, v. 46, no. 11, p. 599-600. [Behrmann, Trystan 

Edwards, and Peters projections.] 

1543. __ 1983, "A little, round, fat, oily man of God": Rev. 

Patrick Murdoch and his contributions to eighteenth-century 

cartography and geography: Cartographic Journal, v. 20, no. 

2, p. 110-118. 

1544. ___ 1984, Mathematical cartography, !B_Basic 

Cartography for students and technicians: International 

Cartographic Association, v. 1, p. 32-78. 

1545. Malinin, S.P., 1966, Issledovaniya kartograficheskikh 

proyektsiy na ortodromichnost': Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 

no. 6, p. 61-67. [Russian. Investigation of map projections 

with orthodromic properties. I 

1546. ___ 1969, Nesoosnye perspektivno-tsilindricheskiye 

proyektsii: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 1, p. 58-68. 

[Russian. Non-coaxial perspective cylindrical projections. 

Summarized in English in Geographical Abstracts D, Social 

Geography and Cartography, 1971/1, p. 82-83.] 

1547. Malovichko, A.K., 1947, K voprosu o proyektsiyakh 

dlya kart polushariy: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 1. [Russian. On 

the question of projections for maps of a hemisphere.] 

1548. __ 1950, 0 naibol'shikh iskazheniyakh uglov i 

otsenke dostoinstv proyektsiy: Sbomik NauchoTekhnicheskikh i Proizvodstvennikh Staley GUGK, no. 32, 

Moscow. !Russian. Greatest angular distortions and 

estimations of the merits of projections.] 

1549. Malte-Brun, V .A., 1857, Du nouveau systeme de 

projection homalographique de M. Babinet, membre de 

l'Academie des Sciences, et de son application a la 

construction des cartes geographiques: Nouvelles Annates 

des Voyages, series 6, v. 11-12, p. 129-141. [Babinet 

homalographic projection, independent derivation of 

Mollweide projection.] 

1550. Mammano, Augusto, 1966, Deformazioni angolari e 

superficiali nelle proiezioni centrali: Bollettino di Geodesia e 

Scienze Affi.ni, v. 25, no. 1, p. 41-54. [Italian with English 

abstract. Gnomonic projection.] 

1551. Mamuzsich, L., 1956, Vetiilettan. <Fels6geodeziai 

tanfolyam szamara): Budapest. [Hungarian. Map projection 

concepts.] 

1552. Mantyla, A.W.,1982, Projection ponderings: Amer. 

Geophysical Union, Eos Transactions, v. 63, no. 9, p. 179. 

[Recommends interrupted Moll we ide projection to show 

oceans.] 

1553. Mapes, C.H., 1947, A method of constructing 

azimuthal air charts with any selected place at the center: 

Assn. of Amer. Geographers,Anrwls, v. 37, no. 1, p.17-18. 

[Abstract only.) 
1554. Marchant, R., 1952, Application des proprietes de Ia 

projection gnomonique a Ia mesure graphique des distances 

et des azimuts: Societe Beige de Photogrammetrie, Bulletin, 

no. 36, p. 27-39. 

1555. __ 1961, Notions sur la theorie des projections 

cartographiques a l'usage des agents cartographes: 

Brussels, lnstitut Geographique Militaire, 89 p. 

1556. Marcus, C.F., 1966, The stereographic projection in 

vector notation: Mathematics Magazine, v. 39, no. 2, 

p. 100-102. 

1557. Marelius, Nils,1782, Om geographiska chartor: 

Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlinger, v. 3, 

p. 249-263. [Swedish.] 

1558. Marinelli, Olinto,1899, Brevi considerazioni sull' 

impiego delle curve isometriche: Rivista Geografica Italiana, 

v.6,no.7,p.393-402. 

1559. Markov, Andre, 1895, [On the most suitable 

representations onto planes, of some part of a given surface of 

rotation]: Akademiya Nauk [St. Petersburg], Izvestiya, 

series 5, v. 2, no. 3, p. 177-187. [Russian.) 

Marks, Robert <See Fuller and Marks.) 

1560. Markushevich, A.I.,1961, Complex numbers and 

conformal mapping: Delhi, Hindustan Pub. Corp., 62 p. 

[English translated from Russian.] 

1561. Marricas, M.L.F.,1889,Sur laprojectionzenithale 

equivalente de Lambert: Lisbon, Sociedado de Geographie de 

Lisboa, 11 p. 

1562. Mars, D.,1914, Eenige beschouwingen over de 

nautische kaartprojecties: Zee, v. 36, no. 4, p. 255-268. 

[Dutch. Continued as Eenige beschouwingen in verband met 

de gedaante der aarde: no. 8, p. 575-587; no. 9, p. 651-668; 

no. 11, p. 795-816; 1915, v. 37, no.1, p. 8-21; no. 4, p. 193-210.] 

1563. Marschner, F .J ., 1944, Structural properties of 

medium- and small-scale maps: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, 

Annals, v. 34, no.1, p. 1-46. 

1564. Marsengo,John, 1904, Marsengo's projection. A new 

system of projection for maps and charts to determine 

distances between points on the surface of the earth ... : 

Washington, R. Beresford, 3 p. [Also published 1904: Perth, 

Western Australia.] 

1565. Martorell Otzet, Ram6n,1946, La proyeccion 

gnomonica sobre el horizonte de Ciudad Trujillo: Ciudad 

Trujillo, Dominican Rep., lnstituto Geografico y Geologico, 

Publicaciones de Ia Universidad de Santo Domingo, v. 39, 

no. 2, 131 p. [Oblique Gnomonic projection.) 

1566. Martynenko, A.l.,1967, Avtomatizatsiya protsessa 

sozdaniya matematicheskoy osnovy kart: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 4, p. 51-54. (Russian. Automated 

plotting of map projections. Translated to English as 

-62-

Automation of the process of producing the mathematical 

base of maps: Geodesy andAerophotography,1961, no. 4, 

p. 230-231.] 

1567. Marussi,Antonio,1951, Determinazione a priori del 

modulo di deformazione lineare nella rappresentazione 

conforme di Gauss: Rome, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 

Classe di Scienze Fisichi, Matematiche e Naturali, 

Rendiconti, series 8, v.ll. 

1568. __ 1959, Une nouvelle position dans Ia theorie des 

cartes geographiques: Brussels, Observatoire Royal de 

Belgique, Communications, no. 152 (series geophysique, 

no.49), 7 p. 

1569. Marvin, C.F., and others, 1929, Projections for world 

maps: Monthly Weather Review, v. 57, no. 4, p.127-136. 

[.,Others•• are Cahill 0929) and Goode (1929, A new ... ). 

Marvin notes are on p. 127 .] 

Mathur, S. (See Laurila, Mathur, and Li.) 

1570. Matthieu, P.,1898, Eine neue Anwendung der 

orthographischen Aequatorialprojektion in der Nautik: 

Annalen Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 26, 

no. 9, p. 359-362. [Orthographic projection.] 

15 71. Mattos, A.H. de, 1941, Teo ria e pratica dO projefdO 

conforme de Gauss: Rio de Janiero, Oficinas Graficas, 

.. Revista Medica Brasileira ", 75 p. [Portuguese. Gauss 

Conformal Transverse Mercator projection.) 

1572. __ 1946, Uma proje~ao conforme adequada ao mapa 

geral do Brasil: Revista Brasileira de Geografia, v. 8, no. 1, 

p. 119-124. [Portuguese with English abstract. Oblique 

conformal conic projection.] 

1573. Maurer, Hans, 1905, Eine neue graphische Azimutund Kurs-Tafel und eine winkeltreue Kartenprojektion: 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 

v. 33, no. 3, p. 125-130. [See also no. 7. p. 323.] 

1574. __ 1905, Uber Auflosung von Poldreiecks-Aufgaben 

durch Diagramme, die aufzenitalen Kartenprojektionen 

beruhen: Annalen der Hydrographie und Mariti men 

Meteorologie, v. 33, no. 8, p. 355-367. 

1575. __ 1911, Gegenazimutale Projektionen: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 57-1, no. 5, p. 255-256. 

I Retroazimuthal projections.] 

1576. __ 1911,Neue Weltkarte zurDarstellungder 

Isogonen: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 57-2, no. 2, p. 91-92. 

1577 . __ 1914, Die Definitionen in der 

Kartenentwurfslehre im Anschluss an die Begriffe zenital, 

azimutal und gegenazimutal: Petermanns Mitteilungen, 

v. 60-2, Aug., p. 61-67;Sept., p.116-121. [Presents Two-Point 

Azimuthal projection. See also Hammer ( 1915 ).] 

1578. __ 1919, Das winkeltreue gegenazimutale 

Kartennetz nach Littrow (Weirs Azimutdiagramm): 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 

v. 47. no. 1-2, p. 14-22. 
1579. __ 1919, "Doppelbuschelstrahlige, orthodromische" 

statt "doppelazimutale, gnomonische" Kartenentwurfe. 

Doppel-mittabstandstreue Kartogramme. <Bemerkungen zu 

den Aufsatzen von W. Immler und H. Thorade. Ann. d. Hydr. 

usw 1919, S. 22 und 35.): Annalen der Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 47, no. 3-4, p. 75-78. [Two-Point 

Azimuthal projection. See Immler (1919) and Thorade 

(1919).) 

1580. ___ 1919, Kann die Winkeltreue in Einzelpunkten 

winkeltreuer Karten fehlen?: Annalen der Hydrographie 

und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 47, no. 9-10, p. 212-223. 

1581. __ 1919, Zenitale und azimutale Abbildungen: 

Gesellschaft fUr Erdkunde in Berlin, Zeitschrift, no. 3-4, 

p. 164-168. 

1582. ___ 1922, Uber Bezeichnungen von 

Kartenentwurfen, insbesondere uber doppelsymmetrische 

unecht-abstandstreue Weltkarten mit Pol-Punkten: 

Gesellschaft fUr Erdkunde in Berlin, Zeitschrift, no. 3-4, 

p. 115-126. 

1583. __ 1925, Schiefachsige und querachsige KartenAbbildungen: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 54, 

p.142ff. 

1584. ___ 1929, Loxodrome und Mercatorprojektion: 

Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 58, p. 257-259. 

1585. __ 1935, Ebene Kugelbilder: Ein Linnesches 

System der Kartenwurfe: Petermanns Mitteilungen, 

Erganzungsheft no. 221,87 p. [Translated to English by 

Peter Ludwig as Plane globe projection--a Linnean system of 

map projection, with editing and foreword by William 

Warntz, Harvard Papers in Theoretical Geography, 

Geography and the Properties of Surfaces series, paper no. 

23, 1968,224 p. Extensive discussion of existing projections 

and several new ones. See also Annalen Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, 1938, v. 66, no. 4, p. 194 for 

corrections. See also review by Kohlschutter, Ernst, in 

Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift,l936, no. 7-

8, p. 278-281.] 

1586. ___ 1936, Uber winkeltreue in Kartenentwurfen: 

Annalen Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 64, 

no. 10, p. 421-433. [Conformal projections.] 

1587. ___ 1938, Winkeltreue Kartennetze: Annalen 

Hydrographie und Mantimen Meteorologie, v. 66, no. 4, 

p.190-194. [Conformal projections.) 

1588. ___ 1939, Kartennetze fur meteorologische zwecke; 

allgemeine Weltkarten; neuartige breitenkreistreue 

(aquiparallele) Weltkarten: Annalen Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 67, no. 4, p. 177-192. 

__ (See also under Wedemeyer (1919, Karten ... ; 1919, 

Das .... ).) 

1589. Mayer, J .T., 1794, Vollstiindige und grundliche 

Anweisung zur Verzeichnung der Land- See- und 

Himmelscharten und der Netze zu Coniglabren und Kugeln: 

-63-

Erlangen, J .J. Plam. [Vol. 4 of his Grundlicher und 

A usfuhrlicher unterricht zur Praktischen Geometrie. Rev. 

1801, 1815.] 

1590. __ 1826-27, Volledige engrondige handleiding tot 

het teekenen van land-, zee- en hemelkaarten, en van netten tot 

coniglobien en globen ... : Amsterdam, G. Portielje. [Dutch.] 

1591. Mayerne Turquet, Louis de, 1648, Discours sur la carte 

universelle, en laquelle le globe terrestre est entierement ... : 

Paris, 78 p. 

1592. Mayr, Franz, 1964, Fliichentreue Plattkarten. Eine 

bisher vernachliissigte Gruppe unechter 

Zylinderprojektionen: International Yearbook of 

Cartography, v. 4, p. 13-19. {German with English abstract. 

His equal-area pseudocylindrical projection, a mean ofthe 

Cylindrical Equal-Area and the Sinusoidal.] 

1593. Mayr, W., 1961,Zurperspektivischen 

Flachenabbildung: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 86, 

no. 6, p. 194-197. 

1594. [Mead, Bradock, alias John Green], 1717, The 

construction of maps and globes. In two parts: First, contains 

the various ways of projecting maps, exhibited in fifteen 

different methods, with their uses; second, treats of making 

divers sorts of globes: London, T. Horne [etal], 216 p. [Map 

projection construction described p. 1-117.] 

1595. Meade, B.K.,1987, Program for computing Universal 

Transverse Mercator <UTM) coordinates for latitudes north 

or south and longitudes east and west: Surveying and 

Mapping, v. 47, no.1, p. 37-49. {See corrections, 1987, v. 47, 

no. 3, p. 240.] 

1596. Mehedinti,S., 1899, Ueberdiekartographische 

Induktion ... Inaugural dissertation: Leipzig, Sellman and 

Herme, 52 p. 

1597. Mehlbreuer, Alfred, and Beineke, H.D.,1981, 

MAPNET- ein Programm zur Berechnung und Zeichnung 

van Kartennetzen,!.!:! 50 Jahre Photogrammetrie an der TU 

Berlin: Berlin, Technische UniversitiitBerlin, p.157-191. 

1598. Mehlbreuer, Alfred, and Konig, Gerhard, 1983, 

Software-Entwicklungen zur rechnergestlitzten 

Kartographie an der Technischen Universitat Berlin: 

Nachrichten a us dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, series 

1, no. 92, p. 83-93. [German with English abstract.] 

Meine, Karl-Heinz (See Kosack and Meine.) 

1599. Melluish, R.K., 1931, An introduction to the 

mathematics of map projections: Cambridge, Eng., 

University Press,l58 p. 

1600. Melnikova, T.N ., 1954, [The mathematical basis of 

Russian maps of the 18th century]: Geograficheskiy Sbornik, 

v. 3, p. 117-130. [Russian. Translated by J.R. Gibson to 

English in Canadian Cartographer, 1969, v. 6, no. 2, 

p. 91-104. Discussion of projections used, p. 101-102.] 
1601. Mendeleev, 0.1.,1907, K poznanyuRossi: Academiya 

Nauk [St. Petersburg], Izvestiya, series 6, v. 1, p. 141-157. 

[Russian. Introduces his version of equidistant conic 

projection; one of the standard parallels is the pole.] 

Mepham, M.P. (See Thomson, Mepham, and Steeves.) 

1602. Mercator, Gerard us, 1569, Nova et aucta orbi:; terrae 

ckscriptio ad usum navigantium emendate accommodata: 

Duisburg, Ger. [Latin. A new and enlarged description of 

the Earth with corrections for use in navigation. 1.3 by 2 

meter map. Contains description of his conformal cylindrical 

projection as used for this map.] 

1603. Merkel, Heinrich,1952, Die allgemeine 

perspektivische Abbildung der Erdkugel, !!!Festschrift 

Eduard Dolezal: Vienna, p. 169. 

1604. __ 1956, 1958, Grundziige der 

Kartenprojektionslehre: v. 1, Die theoretischen Grundlagen, 

1956,39 p.; v. 2,Abbildungsverfahren,1958, 80 p.: Munich, 

Deutsche Geodatische Kommission bei der Bayerischen 

Akademie der Wissenschaften, 39 p. [Fundamenta Is of map 

projections: v. 1, The theoretical basis; v. 2, Methods of 

representation.} 

1605. Merriman, A.D.,1947,An introduction to map 

projections: London, G.G. Harrup, 112 p. 

1606. Meshcheryakov, G.A.,1958, Obobshcheniye ponyatiya 

stereograficheskoy proyektsii: NIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 11, 

p. 87-102. [Russian. Generalization ofthe concept of a 

Stereographic projection.] 

1607. _1958, 0 postroenii obshchey teorii proyektsiy 

Eylera: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 6, p. 111-113. [Russian. 

Construction of the general theory of the Euler projection.] 

1608. __ 1959, Obshchaya teoriya proyektsiy Eylera: 

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotosemka, no. 4, p. 93-103. [Russian. General theory 

of the Euler projection. Also in Inz.-Stroitel'n. Fakulteta 

Chelyabinskogo Politechn. Inst., Trudy,1959, v. 2, p. 41-53.1 

1609. __ 1959, Postroyeniye teorii konformny kh 

proyektsiy: NIIGAiK, Trudy,Aerofotosemki i Kartografii, 

v. 12. [Russian. The development of conforma I projection 

theory.] 

1610. _1959, K teorii perspektivnykh proyektsii: Inz.-

Stroitel'n. Fakulteta Chelyabinskogo Politekhn. Inst., 

Trudy, v. 2, p. 54-56. [Russian. Theory of perspective 

projections.] 

1611. _1960, Novyy sposob vychisleniya kosykh 

konformnykh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 4, p. 79-91. 

rRussian. New treatment of the calculation of oblique 

conformal projections.] 

1612. __ 1961, Osnovy geneticheskoy klassifikatsii 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy <V poryadke obsuzhdeniya>: 

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

-64-

Aerofotosemka, no. 4, p.109-118. [Russian. Principles of 

the genetic classification of cartographic projections. See 

also comments by Pavlov, A.A., 1963: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, no. 3, p. 177-179 (translated to English 

from above Russianjournal,1963, no. 3, p.139-142).] 

1613. __ 1961, Postanovka problemy o nailuchshikh 

ekvivalentnykh proyektsiyakh: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 5, 

p. 91-101. [Russian. Formulation of the problem of the best 

equivalent projections.] 

1614. __ 1961, 0 novykh ekstremal'nykh problemakh: 

Akademiya Nauk SSSR,Doklady, v.136, no. 5, p.1026-1029. 

[Russian. New extremal problems.] 

1615. __ 1962, 0 nailuchshikh ekvivalentnykh 

proyektsiyakh: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geockziya iAerofotosemka, no. 2, p. 115-125. [Russian. 

Translated to English as The best equal-area projections: 

Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1962, no. 2, p. 132-137.] 

1616. __ 1963, Obobshcheniye sistemy Eylera-Urmayeva: 

NIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 17, no. 1, p. 63-73. [Russian. 

Generalization of the Euler-Urmayev systems.] 

1617. __ 1963, 0 konformnom otobrazhenii 

proverchnostiy na ploskost': NIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 17, no. 1, 

p. 75-79. [Russian. The conformal representation of a 

spherical surface.] 

1618. __ 1964, Vychisliniye na TsAM varianta 

nailuchshey eylerovoy proyektsii: NIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 17, 

no. 2, p. 75-94 (Cartography). [Russian. Calculation of the 

best Eulerian projection with a digital computer.] 

1619. __ 1965, K probleme naivygodneyshikh 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotos'emka, no. 4, 

p. 115-127. [Russian. Translated to English as The problem 

of choosing the most advantageous projections: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1965, no. 4, p. 263-268.] 

1620. __ 1965, Ob osnovnykh uravneniyakh 

matematicheskoy kartografii: NIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 18, no. 2, 

p. 65-75. [Russian. Basic equations of mathematical 

cartography.] 

1621. __ 1967, 0 sobremennykh zadachakh 

matematicheskoy kartografii: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, v. 20, 

p. 75-83. [Russian. Present-day problems of mathematical 

cartography.) 

1622. __ 1968, 1'eoreticheskiye osnovy matematicheskoy 

kartografii: Moscow, Nedra,160 p. [Russian. Theoretical 

foundations of mathematical cartography.] 

1623. Meshcheryakov, G.A., and Topchilov, M.A., 1970,0 

novykh klassakh kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 2, p. 98-106. [Russian. Translated to 

English as New classes of cartographic projections: Geodesy 

and Aerophotography, 1970, no. 2, p. 119-123.] 
1624. Mettler, Jacobo, 1937, Por que la proyecci6n GaussKruger conviene al territorio Argentino: Buenos Aires, (1st) 

Conferencia Argentina de Coordinaci6n Cartognifica, 

p.91-96. 

1625. ___ 1955, La proyecci6n Gauss-Kruger: Reuista 

Cartotopografica Argentina, v. 1, no. 4, p. 8-12. 

1626. Meyer, O.L., 1913, Einfiihrung in die Kartenkunde mit 

besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Arbeiten der konigl. 

Preussischen Landesaufnahme: Habelschwerdt, J. Wolf, 

126 p. 

1627. Meyer, Ueli,1985, Praktische Erfahrungen bei der 

Umprojektion von Karten mit dem WILD Orthophotogerat 

OR-1 und dem Programm SO RA-MP: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 35, no. 4, p. 140-144. 

1628. Michalik, Kazimierz, 1971, Kryterium okreslenia 

wielko8ci obszar6w aproksymowanych afinicznie w 

problemie afinicznogo przenoszenia tresci zjednej mapy na 

druga: Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 20, no. 2, p. 89-101. [Polish 

with French abstract. Criterion for defining the range of 

scale of affine approximation in the problem of 

transformation from one map to another.] 

1629. Michels, F.W., 1959, Drie nieuwe kaartvormen: 

Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrujkskundig Genootschap, 

Tidjschrift, v. 76, p. 203-209. [Dutch with English abstract. 

Three new map shapes.) 

1630. Mielecke, W., 1957, Zur Projektion der kunftigen 

geologischen Karten der DDR: Zeitschrift fur Angewandte 

Geologie, v. 3, no. 7, p. 310-312. 

1631. Mifsut y Macon, Arturo, 1905, Geodesia y 

cartografw ... : Madrid: Talleres del Deposito de la guerra, 

821 p. [Chap. 2 has an extensive discussion of projections.] 

1632. Mikhaylov, A.A., 1913,0 proyektsiyakh na 

sekushchem konuse, sokhranyayushchikh razmery po 

meridianam: Otchet Moskuu, O-va Lyubiteley Astronomii za 

1912-1913 gg. M., p. 46-56. [Russian. Secant conic 

projections at constant scale on the meridians.] 

1633. __ 1953, 0 naivygodnayshikh proyektsiyakh dlya 

zvezdnykh kart: Glavnaya Astronomicheskaya 

Observatoriya v Pulkove, Izuestiya, v. 19, no. 3 (150>, p. 1-11. 

[Russian. Optimal projections for star maps.] • 

1634. __ 1982, 0 proyektsiyakh zvezdnykh kart: Pisyma 

u Astron. Zhumal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 60-62. [Russian. On 

projections for star maps.] 

1635. __ 1983, 0 ravnopromezhutochnykh proyektsiyakh 

kart: Geodeziya £ Kartografiya, no. 7, p. 42-44. {Russian. On 

equidistant map projections.] 

1636. Military Engineer,1953, New oblique equal-area 

projection of the world: v. 45, no. 304, p. 133-134. 

[Briesemeister projection.] 

-65-

1637. Miller, O.M., 1941, A conformal map projection for the 

Americas: Geographical Review, v. 31, no.1, p. 100-104. 

[Presents Bipolar Oblique Conic Conformal projection.] 

1638. __ 1942, Notes on cylindrical world map projections: 

Geographical Review, v. 32, no. 3, p. 424-430. [Presents his 

cylindrical projection. See also 1943, v. 33, p. 328-329.] 

1639. ___ 1953, A new conformal projection for Europe and 

Asia [sic; should read Africa]: Geographical Review, v. 43, 

no. 3, p. 405-409. {Presents his Oblated Stereographic 

projection as applied to Europe and Mrica only.] 

1640. __ 1955, Specifications for a projection system for 

mapping continuously Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australasia 

on a scale of1:5,000,000: New York, American Geographical 

Society. Contract report to Army Map Service, May 1955. 

Also corrections in letter by Miller, June 2, 1955, and 

Supplement, January 31, 1956. [Extends hisOblated 

Stereographic projection to most landmasses of Eastern 

Hemisphere. See note in Geographical Review, 1956, v. 46, 

no. 2, p. 258.) 

1641. __ 1962, Map projections: Encyclopaedia 

Britannica, 15th ed., v. 14, p. 841-844. [Reprinted to 1972. 

Text less than one page by others in later editions.) 

1642. ___ 1965,Some equivalent map projection 

transformations in the plane: Survey Review, v. 18, no. 136, 

p. 73-77. 

__ (See also Fisher and Miller.) 

1643. Miller, Robert, and Reddy, Francis, 1987, Mapping the 

world in Pascal: BYTE, v. 12, no. 14, p. 329-334. 

1644. Miller, Ronald, 1948, Map projections ofthe entire 

sphere: Scottish Geographical Magazine, v. 64, no. 3, 

p.113-122. [Proposesequirectangular and equidistant 

pseudocylindrical projections of particular shapes, the latter 

identical with one of Winkel ( 1921 ), as acknowledged by 

Miller, 1951: Geography, v. 36, pt. 4, p. 270.] 

1645. ___ 1949, Orthographic hemispheres centred on 

Edinburgh and its antipode: Scottish Geographical 

Magazine, v. 65, no. 3, p. 138-139. 

1646. ___ 1949, An equi-rectangular map projection: 

Geography, v. 34, pt. 4, p. 196-201. [Standard parallels 50°28' 

N. and S. See also correction, 1951, v. 36, pt. 4, p. 270.1 

1647. Milnor, John, 1969, A problem in cartography: A mer. 

Mathematical Monthly, v. 76, no. 10, p.1101-1112. [A 

method of minimizing distortion.] 

1648. Minow, Helmut, 1983, 100 Jahre Internationaler 

Nullmeridian von Greenwich: Ver·messungsingenieur, v. 34, 

p. 113-115. 

Misar, Karin (See Kweta and Misar.) 
1649. Mitchell, H.C., and Simmons, L.G., 1945, The State 

coordinate systems (a manual for surveyors): U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 235, 62 p. 

1650. Mitchell, S.A., [1871], The hemispheres in 

homolographic projections, in his Mitchells new outline 

maps: Philadelphia, E.H. Butler and Sons. 

1651. Mladenovska, P., 1979, Prilosheniye na chisleniya 

analiz za polucavane na novi kartografski proyekchii: 

Geodeziya, Kartografiya i Zemeustroystvo, v. 19, no. 4, 

p. 30-33. [Bulgarian. Numerical analysis application in 

producing new cartographic projections.] 

1652. __ 1981, [Application ofthe Lagrange formula for 

the transformation of coordinates]: Geodeziya, Kartogra/iya i 

Zemeustroystvo, v. 21, no. 5, p. 12-14. [Bulgarian.] 

1653. Mockel, Werner, l976,Kartennetzefurdiegesamte 

Erdoberfliiche: Dresden, Ingenieurschule fUr Geodasie und 

Kartographie, pt. 1: Grundlagen, no. 1, 28 p.; pt. 2: 

Anwendungen, no. 1, 51 p. 

1654. Mohr, K.F., 1865, Ueber eine neue Art der Projection 

fUr Land-Karten: Verein der Preussischen Rheinlande und 

Westphalens, Verhandlungen des Natur-historischen, year 

22, series 3, 1st half, p. 14-18. 

1655. Mollinger, Oskar, 1882, Lehrbuch der wichtigsten 

Kartenprojektionen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung der 

stereographischen, Bonne 'schen und Mercatorprojektion: 

Zurich, Caesar Schmidt, 142 p. 

1656. Mollweide, C.B., 1805, Mappirungskunst des Claudius 

Ptolemaeus, ein Beytrag zur Geschichte der Landkarten: 

Zach s Monatliche Correspondenz zur Be{Orderung der ErdundHimmels-Kunde, v.11,Apr.,p.319-340;June, 

p. 504-514; v.12,July, p.13-22. 

1657. ___ 1805, Ueber die vom Prof. Schmidt in Giessen in 

der zweyten Abtheilung seines Handbuchs der Naturlehre S. 

595 angegebene Projection der Halbkugelflache: Zach 's 

Monatliche Correspondenz zur Be{Orderung der Erd- und 

Himmels-Kunde, v. 12, Aug., p. 152-163. [Presents the 

Mollweide pseudocylindrical equal-area projection. See 

Schmidt, G.G. 0801-03>.] 

1658. __ 1806, Beweis, dass die Bonne'sche 

Entwurfungsart die Lander ihrem Flacheninhalte auf der 

Kugelflache gemass darstellt: Zach 's Monatliche 

Correspondenz zur Be{Orderung der Erd- und HimmelsKunde, v. 13, Feb., p. 144-152. 

1659. __ 1806, Analytische Theorie der stereographischen 

Projection: Zach 's Monatliche Correspondenz zur 

Be{Orderung der Erd- und Himmels-Kunde, v. 14, Nov., 

p. 427 -437; Dec., p. 528-539. 

1660. __ 1807, Beytrag zu der trigonometrischen 

Differenzenrechnung, in Bezeihung aufDelambre's 

Methodes analytigues pour Ia determination d'un arc du 

Meridien: Zach 's Monatliche Correspondenz zur 

-66-

Be{Orderung der Erd- undHimmels-Kunde, v.15, May, 

p. 441-451. 

1661. __ 1807, Einege Projectionsarten der 

spharoidischen Erde: Zach s Monatliche Correspondenz zur 

Be{Orderung der Erd- undHimmels-Kunde, v.16, Sept., 

p.l97-210. 

1662. Monier, R.B., 1959, Globes, projections, and maps ill 

Military aspects of world political geography: Maxwell Air 

Force Base, Ala., p. 20-37. 

1663. Moriarty, T.F.,and Worley, W.J., 1968, The conformal 

mapping of the interior of the unit circle onto the interior of a 

class of smooth curves: Urbana, Univ. of Illinois, Dept. of 

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, report no. 315,45 p. 

1664. Morozov, V.P., 1962, K voprosu o konformnom 

izobrazhenii ellipsoida na share: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Za vedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos ~mka, no. 4, 

p. 3-18. [Russian. Translated to English as The problem of 

the conformal projection of an ellipsoid on a sphere: Geodesy 

andAerophotography, 1962, no. 4, p. 215-221.] 

__ <See also under Letoval'tsev, 1968.) 

1665. Morozova, L.J., 1959, Vychisleniye koordinatdlya 

postroeniya kartsetki v perspektivno-konicheskoy 

ortografcheskoy proyektsii po gotovym formulam: 

Khar'kovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, Zapiski, 

v. 49,no.12, p.133-140. [Russian. Coordinate calculation for 

the construction of map graticules i11 perspective conic 

orthographic projection with prepared formulas.] 

1666. Morris, J.A., 1975, Peters projection,!!! The peoples 

almanac: Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 2 unnumbered 

pages including map between p. 266-267. [Peters projection. 

Reprint of article in the Los Angeles Times]. 

Morris, W.F. (See Parsons and Morris.) 

1667. Morrison, G.J., 1901, Maps, their uses and 

construction. A short popular treatise on the advantages and 

defects of maps on various projections ... : London. Edward 

Stanford,110 p. [Rev. ed., 1911. Also translated to Russian 

by D.V. Roitman, 1907: St. Petersburg, 127 p.] 

Morrison,J.L. (See Robinson, Sale, and Morrison; Robinson, 

Sale, Morrison, and Muehrcke.) 

1668. Moser, Christian, 1887, Uber Gebilde, welche durch 

Fixation einer sphiirischen Curve und Fortbewegung des 

Projectionscentrumsentstehen: Bern, K.J. Wyss,31 p. 

1669. Moser, Werner, 1978, Mathematische Erdkunde. 

Berechnung der Breitenkreise und der Geschwindigkeit 

daraufliegender Punkte als Folge der Erddrehung: 

Schweizerische Lehreizeitung, v. 123, no. 6, p. 210-211. 

1670. Moszner, Zenon, 1962,0 pewnych odwzorowaniach 

izopowierzchniowych: Geodezja i Kartogra(za, v. 11, no. 3-4, 

p. 243-246. [Polish with French abstract. On some 

isosuperficial projections.) 
1671. Motta, Giuseppe, 1972, Una carta d'Italia in proiezione 

conica equivalente di Lambert: Associazione Italiana di 

Cartografia, Bollettino, no. 26, p. 17-21. 

1672. Mottelay, P.F.,1922, Mercator's projection: The just 

claim of the-English mathematician, Edward Wright, in his 

Bibliographical History of Electricity and Magnetism: 

London, C. Griffin, p. 559-564. 

1673. Mountaine, William, 1758, A short dissertation on 

maps and charts: Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions, 

v. 50, p. 563ff. [Discusses Mercator <Wright) and Murdoch 

projections. Reprinted in abridged Philosophical 

Transactions: London, C. and R. Baldwin, 1809, v. 11, 

p. 218-220.) 

1674. Mours, E.M.A. de, 1946, Elementos de cartogra(r.a, 

construs:tio de reeks cartogrtificas: Lisbon, Depositaria, 

Livraria Didactica, 78 p. [Portuguese.) 

1675. Mouths, F.E.,1912, .. .LinienmessungaufKarten: 

Stuttgart, Strecker & SchrOder, 105 p. 

1676. Muehrcke, P.C.,1978, Map projections, in his Map use 

-reading, analysis, and interpretation: Madison, Wis., JP 

Publications, p. 417-430. [2nd ed., 1986, p. 457-474.) 

___ (See also Hilliard, Ba~glu, and Muehrcke; Robinson, 

Sale, Morrison, and Muehrcke.) 

1677. Mugnier, C.J., 1982,Mathematical basis of the 

Laborde projection of Madagascar: manuscript, 15 p. 

___ (See also under Snyder 0982, Map projections 

used ... ).) 

1678. Mulford, R.A., 1987, Fun with stereographic 

projections: Sky and Telescope, v. 7 4, no. 4, p. 407-408. 

[Computer plotting for star maps.) 

1679. MUller, A. von, 1910, Karte der Hauptazimute und der 

Entfernungen der Erdorte von gegebener Station a us: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 56-2, no. 5, p. 263-264. 

1680. Muller, F.J.,1905,Ein neu Netzentwurffur 

topographische Karten: Suddeutsche Techniker-Zeitung. 

[Discussed by Hammer <1906). A modified oblique 

cylindrical projection.) 

1681. ___ 1907, Abbildung eines Spharoidstreifens auf die 

Ebene (Nebst einem Zusatz von E. Hammer): Zeitschri{t 

Geometerver., v. 10, p. 217-243; v. 11, p. 229-231. 

1682. Muller, Jean-Claude, 1978, The mappingoftravel 

time in Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Geographer, v. 22, 

no. 3, p. 195-210. 

1683. __ 1980, The geometry ofpossible/impossible maps: 

AUTO-CARTO IV, Reston, Va.,Proceedings, v.1, p. 63-76. 

1684. __ 1983, Die nichteuklidische Darstellung 

funktionaler Raume: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 33, 

no. 1, p. 10-19. 

-67-

Muller-Reinhard, J. <See Averdunk and Muller-Reinhard.> 

1685. Muller, Roberto, 1937, La proyecci6n Gauss-Kruger, 

en la definicion de los limites de la propiedad publica y 

privada: Buenos Aires, (1st) Conferencia Argentina de 

Coordinacion Cartografica, p. 97-103. 

1686. __ 1955, Actualizaci6n del problema de la 

. proyecci6n Gauss-Kruger: Revista Cartotopogrtifica 

Argentina, v. 1, no. 2, p. 19-21. 

1687. Munchen-Solln, Universum-Verlag, [1980),Die 

Peters-Projektion im U rteil der Fachwelt: 20 leaves. 

1688. Muramatsu, Yoshio, 1965, [Charts--their projections 

and scales]: Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers 

Assn., v. 3, no. 3, p.19-22. [Japanese with English abstract.] 

1689. __ 1968, [Today's aeronautical charts and their 

projections]: Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers 

Assn., v. 6, no. 2, p. 29-33. [Japanese with English abstract.] 

1690. Murchison, R.I., 1857, New geometrical projection of 

two-thirds of a sphere, in his Address to the Royal 

Geographical Society of London, ... 25th May, 1857: Royal 

Geographical Society, Journal, v. 27, p. cxli-cxlii. [Oblique 

perspective projection by Henry James. Also in Royal 

Geographical Society,Proceedings,1857, v. 1, p. 421-422.) 

1691. Murdoch, Patrick, 1741, Mercator's sailing applied to 

the true figure of the earth, with an introduction concerning 

the discovery and determination of that figure: London, 

printed for A. Millar, 38 p. 

1692. __ 1758, On the best form of geographical maps: 

Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions, v. 50, no. 2, 

p. 553-562. [Presents two equidistant and one perspective 

conic projections. Reprinted in abridged Philosophical 

Transactions: London, C. and R. Baldwin, 1809, v. 11, 

p. 215-218.) 

1693. Murdych, Zdenek, 1980, Nektere moznosti 

kartografickeho vyjadrovani socialnegeografickychjevu s 

pouzitim promenlivych meritek: Acta Universitatis 

Carolinae, Geographica, suppl.15, p. 177-185. [Czech. Some 

possibilities of cartographic presentation of social geographic 

phenomena with the use of variable scales.] 

1694. Myers, D., 1969, An investigation of map projections 

for use in lunar cartography: Columbus, Ohio State 

University, Master's thesis, 70 p. 

Miik, Hans von <See under Hopfner ( 1938).) 

1695. Naelten, M. van, and Sadza, K., 1979, Mercator. 

Handboek bij een vereenvoudigd aanstuurprogramma voor 

automatische kartografie: Nijmegen, Geografisch en 

Planologiscg lnstitut, 53 p. <Nijmeegse planologische 

Cahiers. 10.) rDutch. A handbook for a simplified 

introductory program for automated cartography.] 

Nagai, Nobuo tSee under Robinson, Sale, and Morrison.) 
1696. National Mapping Council of Australia. 1968, The 

Australian map grid; technical manual: Canberra, 84 p. 

1697. Nazarov, V.N.,1959, Metod nepreryvnoiy 

kartogrammy: Geodeziya iKartografiya, no. 10, p. 57-61. 

[Russian. Translated to English as The method of continuous 

cartograms: Geodesy and Cartography. 1959, no. 9-10, 

p. 503-506.] 

1698. Negron, J .R., 1962, Map projections in Puerto Rico: 

Columbus, Ohio State Univ., Master"s thesis, 56 p. 

1699. Nehari, Zeev, 1952, Conformal mapping: New York, 

McGraw-Hill, 396 p. [Reprinted by Dover Publications, 

1975,416 p.] 

1700. Neis, 8.,1943, Die Lambertsche winkeltreue 

Kegelprojektion als Netz f\ir meteorologische 

Arbeitswetterkarten: Meteorologische Zeitschrift, v. 60, 

no. 6, p. 204-211. 

1701. Nel,A.,1965, Kaartprojeksies volgensdie nuwe 

leerplan: Journal for Geography, v. 2, no. 7, p. 60-68. 

[Afrikaans. Map projections following the new syllabus.] 

1702. Nell. A.M., 1852, Vorschlag zu einer neuen charten 

Projektion: Mainz, Inauguralschrift ... , F'. Kupferberg. 

[Combines Nicolosi Globular and equatorial Stereographic 

projections.] 

1703. __ 1885-86, Fischers perspektivische Projektion zur 

Darstellung der Kontinente: Peter manns Mitteilungen. 

1885,v.31,no.8,p.295-297;1886,v.32,no.8,p.247-248. 

1704. __ 1890, Aquivalente Kartenprojektionen: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 36, no. 4, p. 93-98. [Presents 

equal-area combination ofBonne and Lambert Conical 

Equal-Area projections. Also in Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen,1890, v.19, no. 21, p. 577-588.1 

1705. Nemeth, Ferenc,1957, Nomogrammok hasznalata 

vetweti atszamitasokhoz: Geodezia es Kartogrtifia, v. 9, 

no. 4, p. 279-282. [Hungarian with French abstract. 

Nomograph for transformation of projection coordinates.] 

1706. __ 1965, Sztereografikus vetiileti iranyszog 

szamitasa csillagaszati azimutb61: Geodezia es Kartogrtifia, 

v. 17, no. 6, p. 401-403. [Hungarian. Calculation of direction 

angles on the Stereographic projection from the astronomical 

azimuth.] 

1707. Netherlands, Departement van Marine, 1951, 

Kaartprojecties beschouwd vit een hydrografisch oogpunt: 

The Hague, 167 p. [Dutch. Map projections from a 

hydrographic viewpoint.] 

1708. Netzhammer, Raymond,1910,/Jie Landkarten, 

Entstehung und Gebrauch: Einsiedeln, Benziger,142 p. [See 

review by Bludau, Alois,1912: Petermanns Mitteilungen, 

v. 58-1, Jan., p. 41-42.1 

1709. Neugebauer,Otto,1975,A historyofancient 

mathematical astronomy: New York, Springer-Verlag. 3 v. 

-68-

[Ptolemy's discussion of map projections analyzed, v. 2. 

p. 839-890, esp. p. 879-888.] 

1710. Neumann, ~'riedrich,1906, Kugelkreise aufMercators 

Seekarte, in elementarer Darstellung: Jahresbericht des 

Koniglich Domgymnasiums in Halberstadt. Ostern 1905 bis 

1906: Halberstadt, C. Doelle, p.1-15. 

1711. Neumann, L., 1923, Mathematische Geographie und 

Kartennetzentwurfslehre, fur Hochschulen bearbeitet: 

Breslau, F. Hirt,140 p. 

1712. New International Encyclopedia, The,1916, Map: New 

York, p. 41-55. (Summary article on cartography dominated 

by several pages on map projections.] 

1713. Newsom, S.K., 1965, A computer program which 

constructs interrupted cylindric map projections: Seattle, 

Univ. ofWashington, Master's thesis. 

1714. Newton, G.D., 1985, Computer programs for common 

map projections: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1642,33 p. 

[Lambert Conformal Conic, Polyconic, and Transverse 

Mercator projections.] 

1715. Ney, C.H., 1949, The modified Lambert conformal 

projection for polar atlas: Canadian Journal of Science, v. 27, 

section F, p. 269-283. 

1716. Nicholson, N.L., 1983, Map projections and map 

stamps: Carlo-Philatelist, v. 27, no. 4, p.12-15; v. 28, no. 1. 

p.12-15~v.28,no.2,p.11-14. 

1717. Niermann, A., 1984, A comparison of various 

advantageous cartographic representations: Quaterniones 

Geodaesiae, v. 5, no.1, p. 11-16; no. 2, p. 61-104. 

__ (See also Grafarend and Niermann.) 

1718. Nischan, H.,1964, Untersuchungen zur Moglichkeit 

der Anwendung konformer Netzentwurfe fUr Karten des 

Stillen Ozeans: Vermessungstechnik, v.12. no. 2, p. 71-72. 

[Investigations of the possibilities of conformal projections 

for maps of the Pacific Ocean. Essentially translated into 

Russian as Nishan, Khorsta, 1962,0 primenenii 

konformnykh proyektsiy dlya kart Tikhogo okeana: 

MIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 49, p. 105-116.] 

1719. __ 1970, Neue Variante eines Netzentwurfs f\ir 

Schulkarten und andere Massenpublikationen Eurasiens: 

Vermessungstechnik, v. 18, no. 5, p. 193. [Report on 

Ledovskaya ( 1969 ).] 

1720. Nishiyama, Makira, 1982, [The expression of the 

world ocean floor by Azimuthal Equidistant projection from 

Tokyo!: Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers Assn., 

v. 20, no. 3, p. 19-22. (Japanese with English abstract.] 

Noble, C.A. (See under Klein.) 

1721. Nomura, Shoshichi, 1949, [Projections to be applied to 

the synoptic charts of Japan and her neighborhood]: 

Tirigakallyoron, v. 22, no. 9, p. 308-315. [Japanese.] 
1722. __ 1953, [Map projections to be used in the Air Age]: 

Humanities, Journal of the Yokohama National University 

Library, sec. 1, Philosophy and Sociology, no. 2, p. 11-20. 

[Japanese with English abstract.] 

1723. __ 1963, [Cylindrical projection]: Chizu(Map), 

Journal of Japan Cartographers Assn., v. 1, no. 2, p. 29-33. 

[Japanese with English abstract.] 

1724. Nomura, Shoshichi and Fujiwara, Yoshiko, 1973, 

[World maps constructed by Two Point Equidistant 

projection]: Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers 

Association, v. 11, no. 2, p. 1-5. [Japanese with English 

abstract.] 

1725. Nordenskiold, A.E., 1889, Facsimileatlas till 

lcartografums iildsta historia inneMllande avbildningar av 

de viktigaste kartor tryckta fOre fzr 1600: Stockholm, 1889. 

[Swedish. Translated to English by J .A. Ekelof and C.R. 

Markham as Facsimile-atlas to the early history of 

cartography with reproductions of the most important maps 

printed in the XV and XVI centuries: Stockholm, 1889, and 

reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1973. 

Pages 84-98 deal in detail with the historical development of 

projections used before 1600 with many illustrations. The 

subject is touched upon throughout the text.] 

1726. Nordmark, Zacharias, 1796, Afhandlung om 

gransarna for ogats tjenligaste stallen vid sphaerens 

stereographiska projection: Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens 

nya Handlingar, v. 17, p. 192-203. [Swedish. Treatise on the 

most suitable boundaries to the eye for the stereographic 

projection of the sphere.] 

1727. Nowicki, A.L., 1962, Topographic lunar mapping: 

Canadian Surveyor, v. 16, no. 3, p. 141-148. [Presents 

perspective projection to show more than half the moon from 

one center .1 

1728. __ 1963, Topographic lunar mapping at the Army 

Map Service: Nachrichten aus dem Karten- und 

Vermessungswesen, Sonderdruck, v. 5, p. 59-66. 

1729. Nunn, T.P., 1917, Theteachingofmapprojections: 

Geographical Teacher, v. 9, part 2, no. 48, p. 98-101; part 3, 

no. 49, p. 116-121. 

Nuzzo, A. <See Green, Baker, Deeth, Nuzzo, and Faludi.) 

1730. Ocagne, P.M. d',l889, Formules nouvelles pour 

resoudre le probleme de la carte au moyen de donnees 

particulieres: Revue Maritime et Coloniale, v. 100, 

p. 305-310. 

1731. Odel, C.B., 1965-66, Map projections: What and why?: 

Geographical Research Institute, Cartocraft Teaching Aids, 

v. 6, no. 1, p. 1-7. 

1732. Odermatt, Hans, 1960, Tafeln zum Projektionssystem 

der schweizerischen Landesuermessung: Zurich, Leeman. 

1733. __ 1961, Eine neue Darstellung des 

schweizerischen Projektionssystems: Schweizerische 

-69-

Zeitschrift fur Vermessung, Kulturtechnik und 

Photogrammetrie, v. 59, no.10, p. 350-362. 

1734. O'Keefe, J.A., 1948, The new military grid of the 

Department of the Army: Surveying and Mapping, v. 8, 

no. 4, p. 214-216. [Universal Transverse Mercator projection 

and grid. I 

1735. __ 1952, The Universal Transverse Mercator grid 

and projection: Professional Geographer, v. 4, no. 5, p.19-24. 

1736. ___ 1953, The isoparametric method of mapping one 

ellipsoid on another: Amer. Geophysical Union, 

Transactions, v. 34, no. 6, p. 869-875. 

1737. O'Keefe, J .A., and Greenberg, Allen, 1977, A note on 

the van der Grinten projection of the whole earth onto a 

circular disk: A mer. Cartographer, v. 4, no. 2, p. 127-132. 

[See also comments by Snyder, J.P., 1979, v. 6, no. 1, p. 81, 

and by Rubincam, D.P., 1980, v. 7, no. 2, p.176-177. The best 

known([) of the van der Grinten projections.) 

1738. Oldham, R.D., 1908, An unconventional map ofthe 

world, and a plea for its use in schools: Geographical 

Journal, v. 32, no. 4, p. 377-380. [Oblique Azimuthal 

Equidistant projection centered on Greenwich.} 

1739. Olliver, J.G., 1981, A zone to zone transformation 

method for the Universal Transverse Mercator grid (Clarke 

1880 spheroid): Survey Review, v. 26, no. 199, p. 36-45. 

1740. O'Neill, E.M., and Laubscher, R.E., 1976, Extended 

studies of a quadrilateralized spherical cube earth data base: 

Silver Springs, Md., Computer Sciences Corp., Systems 

Sciences Div., CSC/fR-76/6008, final report Jul75-Mar 76, 

114 p. 

1741. Ording, F.B.,1961, KartunderSS"kelser: Teknisk 

Ukeblad, v. 108, no. 11, p. 239-241. [Norwegian with English 

abstract. Map investigations.] 

1742. Ormeling, F.J., 1984, Global view: Kartografisch 

Tijdschrift, v.10, no.1, p. 37-38. [Dutch.] 

17 43. Ord-Smith, R.J ., 1985, Transverse Mercator projection 

-a simple geometrical approximation: Survey Review, v. 28, 

no. 216, p. 51-62. 

Ormsby, M.T.M. (See Jameson and Ormsby.) 

17 44. Osada, Edward, 197 4, 0 odwzorowaniu rownopolowym 

i skalach di'ugosci: Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 23, no. 3, 

p. 199-204. [Polish with French abstract. Equal-area 

projection and linear scale.] 

1745. Oshima, Taichi, 1961, Chizu no tOeizuho: Sokuryo, 

v. 11, no. 1, p. 40-45. [Japanese. Map projection.] 

1746. Osterwald, Peter von, 1763, Kurze Einleitung, wie die 

geometrischen Operationen bey Aufhebung geographischer 

Landkarten vortheilhaft, genau und zuverlassig unzustellen: 

Munich, Blurfurstlich Baierischen Akademie der 

WissenschaftenAbhandlurlg, v. 1, p. 55-124. 
Ostrovskiy, M. V. -<.See Tyuflin, Ledovskaya, Kadnichanskiy, 

and Ostrovskiy.) 

Oszvald, E. (See Berndt and Oszvald.) 

1747. Otte, H.,1926, Neue Forschungsergebnisse tiber 

Tissots kompensative Landkartenprojektion: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 72, no. 7-8, p.159-162. 

1748. Otti,Hans,1911,Hauptfragen undHauptmethoden 

der Kartentwurfslehre unter besondere Riicksichtnahme auf 

die Abbildung der Schweiz: Aarau, H.R. Saueriinder & Co., 

50p. 

17 49. Owen, R.J ., 1957, Triangulation, map projection and 

grids in New Zealand: New Zealand Surveyor, no. 1, p. 36-43. 

Oxtoby, P.J. <See Sijmons and Oxtoby.) 

1750. Pahaut, R., 1950, Notes sur l'emploi geodesique des 

projection conformes; sur Ia projection de Gauss, utilisee an 

Congo Beige: Brussels, Institut Royal Colonial Beige, 

Section des Sciences Techniques, Memoires, collection 4, v. 5, 

no. 2,130 p. 

1751. Pahl •...• 1968, UTM- ein weiteres Koordinatensystem 

im zivilen Vermessungs- und Kartenwesen: VermessungsAmt Hamburg, Mitteilungsblatt. v. 2, no. 50, p. 67-73. 

[Universal Transverse Mercator system.] 

1752. Paladini Cuadrado, Angel,1974, La reduccion angular 

ala cuerda en la proyeccion U.T.M.: Servicio Geografico del 

Ejercfto, Bole tin de I nformaci6n, no. 27. p. 57-69. 

1753. __ 1980, La proyeccion UTM. y su empleo: Servicio 

Geografico de 1 Ejercfto, Bole tin de I nformaci6n, v. 46, no. 2, 

p. 63-79. [UTM projection and its use.} 

1754. Paludan,C.T.,1975,Procedure for locating 10 km 

UTM grid on Alabama County general highway maps: 

Huntsville, Ala .• U.S. National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 22 p. 

Panareda i Clopes. J .M. (See under Robinson, Sale, 

Morrison, and Muehrcke.) 

1755. Panasiuk, Jan. 1965, Siatki kartograficzne map w 

skalach malych w odwzorowaniach stotkowych: Geodezja i 

Kartografw, v. 14, no.1. p. 47-64. [Polish with French 

abstract. Cartographic approach for small-scale maps on 

conic projections.] 

1756. __ 1968, Odwzorowania ukosne spr-:tone elipsoidy 

obrotowej na phlszczyzn-:: Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 17, no. 1, 

p. 3-8. [Polish with French abstract. Oblique combined 

projections of the ellipsoid of revolution.] 

1757. __ 1973, Siatki kartograficzne w pewnym 

poprzecznym pseudowalcowym i r6wnoodleglo8ciowym 

odwzorowaniu powierzchni elipsoidy obrotowej sptaszczonej 

na pl'aszczynzn-:: Geodezja iKartografia, v. 22, no. 2, 

-70-

p.129-138. (Polish. Transverse pseudocylindrical 

projections.} 

1758. __ 197 4, Siatki kartograficzne w ortograficznym 

rzucie okosnym powierzchni elipsoidy obrotowej splaszczonej 

na ptaszczyzn-:: Geode"zja i Kartogra{ia, v. 23, no. 1. p. 53-60. 

[Polish with French abstract. Graticules for the oblique 

Orthographic projection of an ellipsoid of revolution.] 

1759. __ 1976. Zastosowanie schema tOw r6tnicowych w 

problemie przyblitonego rozwiQzania zagadnienia 

odwrotnego w odwzorowaniu kartograficznym: Geodezja i 

Kartogra{ia, v. 25, no.1. p. 51-58. (Polish with French 

abstract. Application of difference tables to the approximate 

solution of the inverse problem in cartographic projection.] 

1760. __ 1979. 0 rzucie pseudo-stereograficznym caiej 

sferoidy w ptaszczyzn-:: Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 28. no. 1, 

p. 45-48. [Polish with English abstract. On 

pseudostereographic projection of the whole spheroid on 

plane.] 

1761. __ 1979, 0 pewnej formie przedstawienia 

elementarnej skali dtugo8ci w odwzorowaniu GaussaKrO.gera: Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 28, no. 2, p. 123-126. 

[Polish with English abstract. On a form of presentation of 

elementary length scale in Gauss-Kruger projection.] 

1762. __ 1979, 0 pewnym uszeregowaniu podzbior6w 

odwzorowar\ kartograficznych: Geodezja i Kartografia, v. 28, 

no. 4, p. 255-271. [Polish with English abstract.. On some 

arrangement of subsets of cartographic projections.] 

1763. __ 1982, The concept of a solution of fundamental 

reverse geodetic problem in the Gauss-Kruger projection: 

Geodezja iKartogra{w, v. 31, no.1, p. 3-21. 

__ (See also Balcerzak and Panasiuk; Beirnacki and 

Panasiuk.) 

Papadopoulou. M. (See Livieratos and Papadopoulou.) 

Papo. H.B. (See Adler and Papo.) 

1764. Papp, G., 1950, Atszamitas a budai stereografikus 

vetuleti rendszerbol a harom hengervetweti rendszerbe 

negyzethal6zat segitsegevel: Foldmerestani Kozlemenyek, 

p. 111-122. [Hungarian. Calculation ofthe Stereographic 

projection system in the three-cylinder projection system 

with the help of the square grid.) 

1765. Pap worth. K.M .• 1955, The conversion of co-ordinates 

from the Cassini to the transverse Mercator projection: 

Empire Survey Review, v. 13, no. 98, p. 177-184. 

1766. Paquentin, E., 1956, Proyeccion conica conforme de 

Lambert. Calculo de la proyeccion respectiva de 5 en 5: 

Ingeneria Hidraulica Mexico, v. 10, no. 3, p. 57-70, 1-11. 

[Spanish with French abstract.] 

1767. Paradis, M.G.,1967. The Mercator projection and its 

ooriations: Washington, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, 

May,l8 p. 
1768. Parent, Antoine, 1704, Determination des projections 

cylindriques et spheriques les plus parfaites pour la 

construction des cartes geographiques. Histoire de 

l'Academie Royale des Sciences, annee MDCCII, avec les 

Memoires de mathematique et de physique pour la me me 

annee: Paris, v. 2, p. 613-630. Additions on p. 917-921: Sur 

les projections de la sphere le plus egales qu'il se puisse 

(presented Dec. 20, 1702). 

1769. Paroli, Alfredo, 194 7, Sui calcolo numerico delle 

coordinate rettilinee e delle coordinate geografiche nel 

sistema di proiezione conforme di Gauss-Boaga: Riuista del 

Catasto e dei Servizi 1'ecnici Erariali, new series, v. 2, no. 1, 

p. 5-12. 

1770. Parrinello, Joseph, 1969, Computer programs and subroutines for automated cartography: U.S. Naval 

Oceanographic Office, IR No. 69-23, 17 p. [Programs for 15 

different projections.] 

1771. Parsons, KJ.S., 1937, Wright-Mollineux map ofthe 

world: Bodleian Quarterly Record, v. 8, no. 93, p. 320-322. 

1772. Parsons, E.J .S., and Morris, W.F., 1939, Edward 

Wright and his work: Imago Mundi, v. 3, p. 61-71. 

1773. Paschinger, Herbert, 1953, Grundriss der allgemeinen 

Kartenkunde Part II [with the assistance of Otto Schimpl 

Netzenwurfe geographischer Karten (Projektionslehre): 

Innsbruck, 1st ed., 67 p. [2nd ed., 1962. 3rd ed., 1966. 3rd ed. 

also published in Munich, Universitatsverlag Wagner.] 

1774. Paterno, I<'.M., 1907, Di una proiezione geografica per 

isviluppo conico equivalente: Riuista Geografica Italiana, 

v.l4,no.1,p.27-31. 

1775. Pattison, W.O., 1960, The star of the AAG: 

Professional Geographer, v. 12, no. 5, p. 18-19. [Berghaus 

Star projection. I 

1776. Patton, C.P., 1957, An improved combination ofthe 

Sinusoidal and Moll we ide grids: Assoc. of Amer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 4 7, no. 2, p. 17 4. [Abstract of paper 

given at AAG Meeting, Cincinnati, 1957 .] 

1777. Pauling,J.J., 1895, Memoire ubereine neue Situatione 

plane und Landkartendarstellungs methode: Vienna. 

1778. Pavlov, A.A., 1956, 0 klassifikatsii i 

naimenovaniyakh kartograficheskikh proyektsii: 

Leningradskiy Universitet, Vestnik, Seriya Geologii i 

Geografii, no. 12, p. 103-109. {Russian. Classification and 

naming of map projections.] 

1779. __ 1958, 0 proyektsiyakh dlya mirovykh kart s 

perekrytiem: Leningradskiy Gosudarstvenniy Universitet, 

Uchenye Zapiski, no. 226, p. 152-165. [Russian. Projections 

for world maps with overlapping.] 

1780. __ 1958, 0 proyektsiy i komponovke kart 

vostochnogo i zapadnogo polushariy v geograficheskom 

atlase dlya nechal'noy shkoly: Leningradskiy 

Gosudarstvenniy Universitet, Uchenye Zapiski, no. 226, 

-71-

p. 222-224. [Russian. Projection and composition ofthe maps 

ofthe Eastern and Western Hemispheres in a geographic 

atlas for elementary schools.] 

1781. ___ 1958, 0 terminologii y matematicheskoy 

kartografii: Geograficheskiy Sbornik, v. 13, p. 49-62. 

[Russian. Terminology of mathematical cartography.] 

1782. __ 1964, Obzor klassifikatsii kartograficeskikh 

proyektsiy: Leningradskiy Universitet, Vestnik, Seriya 

Geologii i Geografii, no. 24, p. 145-153. [Russian with 

English abstract. Overview of classification of map 

projections.] 

1783. ___ 1964, Preobrazovaniye koordinat iz odnoy 

proyektsii v druguyu: lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 5, p. 90-95. 

[Russian. Translated lo English as Transformation of 

coordinates from one projection to another: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1964, no. 5, p. 298-301.} 

1784. __ 1966, Vychisleniye nekotorykh 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy na EVM: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos'emka, no. 1, 

p. 123-130. I Russian. Translated to English as Computation 

of some cartographic projections on electronic computers: 

Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1966, no. 1, p. 55-58.] 

1785. ___ 1967, Preobrazovaniye kartograficheskikh 

proyektsiy na elektronnykh vychislitel'nykh mashinakh: 

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotosemka, no. 4, p. 27-33. [Russian. Translated to 

English as Transformation of cartographic projections on 

electronic computers: Geodesy andAerophotography, 1967, 

no. 4, p. 219-222.1 

1786. ___ 1973, 0 primenenii ravougol'nykh proyektsiy, 

prisposoblyayemykh k ochertaniyam izobrazhayemoy 

territorii: Leningradskiy U niversitet, Vestnik, GeologiyaGeografiya, v. 6, no. 1, p. 125-128. [Russian. Optimal 

conformal projections for medium and small-scale maps of 

certain territories, e.g., USSR and W. Europe.] 

___ <See also under Graur; Meshcheryakov (1961, 

Osnovy ... ).) 

1787. Pavlova, O.A., 1970, Perspektivnye azimutal'nye i 

tsilindricheskiye proyektsii s pozitivnym izobrazheniyem 

zemnoy poverkhnosti i ikh primeneniye dJya sostavleniya 

kart i geograficheskoy privyazki kosmicheskikh fotografiy 

zemli: Leningradskiy Universitet, Vestnik, no. 12, 

p. 126-130. [Russian with English abstract. Perspective 

azimuthal and cylindrical projections with a positive 

representation of the Earth's surface and their use for the 

handling of maps and geographic data from photography of 

the Earth and cosmos.] 

1788. Pazourek,Jifi, and Vesely, Miroslav, 1985,0 mapach 

pro potfeby soucasne vystarby: Geodeticky a Kartograficky 

Obzor, v. 31, no. 4, p. 109-113. [Czech with English abstract. 

On maps for temporary-construction requirements.) 
1789. Pearson, Frederick 11,1977, Map projection equations: 

Dahlgren, Va., Naval Surface Weapons Center, 329 p. [See 

review by Snyder,J.P.,1980: A mer. Cartographer, v. 7, no. 2, 

p.178-179.] 

1790. __ 1984, Map projection methods: Blacksburg, 

Virginia, Sigma Scientific, Inc., 292 p. [Revision of Pearson 

(1977>. See review by Snyder,J.P., 1984: Photogrammetric 

Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 50, no. 10, p. 1464-1465.] 

1791. Pecsi, Albert, 1966, An oblique Hammer projection: 

Professional Geographer, v. 18, no. 4, p. 235. 

Peet, Olmstead <See Raisz, Peet, and Taylor.) 

1792. Peirce, C.S., 1879, A quincuncial projection of the 

sphere: A mer. Journal of Mathematics, v. 2, no. 4, p. 394-396. 

[Also in U.S. Coast Survey Report for the year ending with 

June 1877, pub. 1880, appendix no.15, p. 191-192. A 

conformal projection of hemisphere within a square.] 

1793. __ 1889, Map projection,!!!. Century Dictionary and 

Encyclopedia, p. 4762-4 763. (General, concise, 

comprehensive, incl. Quincuncial projection. Also in later 

editions.) 

1794. Pellehn, G., 1935, Merkatornetz una Preussische 

Projektion: Allgemeine Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 47, 

no. 12, p. 224-225. 

1795. Penck, Albrecht, 1901, Ueber die Herstellung einer 

Erdkarte in Massstab von 1:1,000,000: International 

Geographical Congress, 7th, Berlin,1899, Proceedings, v. 2, 

p. 65-71. [The possible projections for the IMW map are 

discussed in detail with equations.] 

1796. __ 1910, Uie Weltkartenkonferenz in London 16-22. 

November 1909: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 56-1, no.1, 

p. 33-35. {Discussion oflnternational Map ofthe World 

(1:1M scale) and its projection. Similar article by Penck as 

Die Weltkarten-Konferenz in London in November 1909: 

Gesellschaft fUr Erdkunde zu Berlin, Zeitschrift, 1910, no. 2, 

p. 114-127.] 

1797. Penev, Pen'o, 1973, [Derivation of a formula for 

conversion of three-dimensional rectangular coordinates into 

geographic coordinates}: Sofia, lzvestiya na GUGK, book 4. 

[Russian.] 

1798. __ 1980, Transformatsiya pryamougol'nykh 

koordinat v geograficheskiye s primeneniyem zamknutykh 

formul: lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 3, p. 30-33. (Russian. 

Translated to English as Transformation of rectangular 

coordinates into geographical by closed formulas: Geodesy, 

Mapping and Photogrammetry, 1978, v. 20, no. 3, p. 175-177 .) 

1799. Penfield, S.L., 1901, The Stereographic projection and 

its possibilities from a graphical standpoint: A mer. Journal 

of Science, series 4, v. 11, no. 61, p. 1-24; no. 62, p. 115-144. 

[Reprinted 1901: New Haven, Morehouse and Taylor, 54 p. J 

-72-

1800. 1902, On the use of the Stereographic projection 

for geographical maps and sailing charts: A mer. Journal of 

Science, series 4, v.13, no. 76, p. 245-275; no. 77, p. 347-376. 

1801. Pepper,J.V.,1967 ,Harriot's work on mathematical 

navigation: University ofLondon, Master's thesis. 

[Discusses Mercator and Stereographic projections, 

conformality, and loxodromes.] 

1802. __ 1971, Harriot's work on the true sea-chart: XII 

Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences, Paris,1968: 

Paris, Albert Blanchard, Actes, v. 4, p. 135-138. (Discussion 

of Mercator and Stereographic projections, conformality, and 

loxodromes.) 

1803. Pernarowski, Lech, 1970, Odwzorowania 

izopametryczne: Geodezja i Kartogra{ia, v. 19, no. 4, 

p. 279-303. [Polish with French abstract. Isoparametric 

projections. Should be isoperimetric projections (see 

Biernacki < 1975 )).] 

1804. Perone, Seconde, 1882, Cenni elementari surre 

projezioni geogra(zche ed uso degli istituti tecnici: Novara, 

73p. 

1805. Peters, A.B., 1975, Wieman unsere Weltkarten der 

Erde ahnlicher mac hen kann: Kartographische Nachrichten, 

v. 25, no. 5, p.173-183. [German with English abstract. 

World maps with greater similarity to the Earth.] 

1806. __ 1978, Ober Weltkartenverzerrungen und 

Weltkartenmittelpunkte: Kartographische Nachrichten, 

v.28,no.3,p.106-113. 

1807. __ 1979, Die Winkelsche Abbildung geringster 

Verzerrung: Anmerkung zum Gutachten von A. Heupel und 

J. Schoppmeyer: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 29, no. 5, 

p.179-182. 

1808. __ 1981, Anmerkungen zu einer Theorie 

kartographischer V erzerrungen: Kartographische 

Nachrichten, v. 31, no. 5, p. 189-190. 

1809. __ 1982, Zur Theorie der Entfernungsverzerrung 

(mit einer Kartenbeilage ): Kartographische Nachrichten, 

v. 32, no. 4, p. 132-134. [On the theory of distance distortion, 

with map supplement.) 

1810. __ 1984, Distance-related maps: Amer. 

Cartographer, v.11, no. 2, p. 119-131. 

1811. __ 1984, A world map with Australia as focal point: 

Cartography, v. 13, no. 3, p. 185-188. [Oblique equal-area 

projection based on truncated Sinusoidal projection.] 

1812. Peters, Arno, 1976, Der europa-zentrische Charakter 

unseres geographischen Weltbildes und sein Oberwindung: 

Dortmund, W. Grosse hen-Verlag, 24 p. [Lecture on Peters 

projection.) 

1813. __ 1977, Neue kartographische Kategorienlehre: 

Gastvorlesung an der Universitat Kairo am 2. 4., 

Akademische Verlagsanstalt. 
1814. ___ ca. 1983, Die neue Kartographie/The new 

cartography: Klagenfurt, U niversitats Carinthia; New York, 

Friendship Press, 163 p. [German and English. Promotes his 

use of Cylindrical Equal-Area projection. See review by 

Robinson 0985).] 

1815. ___ 1983, The new flat earth: New lnternatiorwlist, 

no. 123, p. 22-24. [Peters projection.! 

1816. __ 1983, This land is my land. Part 2: A new map of 

the earth: New Internationalist, no. 124, map. 

1817. Peters, F.H., 1984, Map projections: Canadian 

Surveyor, v. 38, no. 3, p. 274-283. 

1818. Petersen, Johannes, 1939, Ober die Darstellung 

grosser Raume aufSchulkarten: Zeitschrift fur Erdkunde, 

v.7,no.8,p.336-339. 

1819. Petrenko, A.J., 1959, Perspektivno-konicheskiye 

koordinaty, kak prochnaya osnova dlya sostavleniya 

sel'skochozyaystvennykh kart v krupnykh masshtabakh: 

Khar'kovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, Zapiski, 

v. 49, no. 12, p. 15-18. [Russian. Perspective conic 

coordinates as a solid foundation for the projection oflargescale agricultural maps.] 

1820. Petrich, M.,and Tobler, W.R.,1984, The globular 

projection generalized: A mer. Cartographer, v. 11, no. 2, 

p. 101-105. 

1821. Peucker, Karl, 1898, Kartographische Studien: 

Vienna, Artaria & cie., 129 p. 

1822. __ 1899-1900, Studien am atlante scholastico per Ia 

geografia fisica e politica di Guiseppe Peones; Istituto 

cartografico italiano: K.K. Geographische Gesellschaft in 

Wien, Mitteilungen, 1899, v. 42, p. 235-246; 1900, v. 43, 

p. 31-48,268-299. 

1823. __ 190 1, Zur kartographischen Darstellung der 

dritten Dimension: Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 7, no.1, 

p. 22-41. 

1824. __ 1902, Drei Thesen zum Ausbau der 

theoretischen Kartographie: Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 8, 

no.2,p.65-80;no.3,p. 145-160;no.4,p.204-222. 

1825. Philbrick, A.K., 1953, An oblique equal area map for 

world distributions: Assoc. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, 

v. 43, no. 3, p. 201-215. [His Sinu-Mollweide projection, an 

oblique interrupted merging of the Sinusoidal and Mollweide 

projections.] 

1826. Phillips, F.C., 1954, The use of the stereographic 

projection in structural geology: London, Arnold, 86 p. 

[3rd ed., 1971,90 p.] 

1827. Pick, Milus, 1955, Prevod soufadnic mezi konformnimi 

soustavami a jeho pouziti pro Gauss- Krugerovo zobrazenf: 

Geodetickj a Kartografickj Sbornik, p. 42-49. [Czech with 

German abstract. Transformation of coordinates between 

-73-

conformal systems and their use for the Gauss-Kruger 

projection.] 

1828. ___ 1959, Ober zwei Varianten der Kfovakschen 

Koordinatentransformation trigonometrischer Punkte von 

einem Ellipsoid auf ein anderes Ellipsoid: Studia Geophysica 

et Geodaetica, v. 3, no. 2, p. 112-115. 

1829. Piedmont, Christiane, 1987, Le choix d'une projection: 

Revue de Carto-Quebec, v. 8, no. 2, p. 14-16. 

Pierce, N.L. (See Stewart and Pierce.) 

1830. Pierpont, James, 1896, Note on C.S. Peirce's paper on 

"A quincuncial projection ofthe sphere": A mer. Journal of 

Mathematics, v.18, no. 2, p. 145-152. 

1831. Pinther, Miklos, 1984, Dymaxion world oH,uller: 

Carlo-Philatelist, v. 29, no. 1, p. 8-11. 

1832. __ 1985, The viewofourworld: [United Nations) 

Secretariat News, v. 40, no. 2, p. 5-7. (Evaluation of Peters 

projection. Reprinted in New Zealand Cartographic Journal, 

1985, v. 15, no. 2, p.12-18. See also [United Nations] 

Secretariat News, 1985, v. 40, no. 6, p. 2.] 

1833. __ 1985, Peters' view of the world: CarloPhilatelist, v. 29, no. 4, p. 12-16; v. 30, no. 1, p. 12-14. 

1834. Pi tie, Jean, 1952, U ne nouveaute cartographique: 

Groupe Poitevin d'Etudes Geographiques, Bulletin, v. 5, 

no.3. 

1835. Pitner, L.K., ca. 1943,A correct understandingofthe 

world. For the first time in history ... a map which projects the 

round world onto a flat piece of paper without distorting 

shapes, sizes, and distances .... : Milwaukee, L.K. Pitner, 16 p. 

[World in eight spherical octants, similar to oblique Lambert 

Azimuthal Equal-Area projections symmetrical for each 

octant.] 

1836. Plassman,Joseph, 1904, Gradnetz-Entwlirfe fUr Erdund Himmelskarten: Westfalische Provinzialvereins fUr 

Wissenschaft und Kunst, Jahresbericht, v. 32, (1903-1904), 

p. 160-163. 

1837. Plouff, Donald, 1968, Determination ofrectangular 

coordinates for map projections. Modifications of basic 

formulas and application to computer plotting: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 600-C, p. 17 4-176. 

[Polyconic, Transverse Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic, 

and Albers Equal-Area Conic projections.] 

1838. Pobanz, Wolfram, 1974, VorlauferderPetersProjektion: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 24, no. 5, 

p. 196-197. 

1839. Podlacha, Krystyna, 1970, Mapy swiata w 

odwzorowaniu azymutalnym wiernoodlegto8ciowym dla 

potrzeb radiokomunikacji morskiej: Polski Przeglqd 

Kartograficzny, v. 2, no. 1, p. 15-22. [Polish with English 

abstract. World maps on the Azimuthal Equidistant 

projection for marine radio communication.] 
1840. Pollak, M.J.,1938, The construction of an azimuthal 

equidistant map centred about the geomagnetic north pole: 

Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, v. 43, 

no. 4, p. 473-475. 

Pomashina, T.A. <See Shingareva and Pomashina.) 

1841. Poole, H., 1934, An oblique Cylindrical Equal-Area 

map: Geographical Journal, v. 83, no. 2, p. 142-143. 

1842. __ 1935, A map projection for the EnglandAustralia air route: Geographical Journal, v. 86, no. 5, 

p. 446-448. [Modified Mercator projection.] 

1843. Porter, Phil, and Voxland, Phil,1986, Distortion in 

maps--the Peters projection and other devilments: Focus, 

v.36,no.2,p.22-30. 

1844. Portnov, A.M., 1977,0 vybore modeli kontura dlya 

rascheta proyektsiy P.L. Chebysheva: Geodeziya i 

Kartografiya, no. 5, p. 62-63. [Russian. About the choice of 

models for the calculation of projections ofP.L. Chebyshev.] 

1845. __ 1977, Issledovaniye simmetrichnoy proyektsii 

P.L. Chebysheva: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos'emka, no. 2, p.121-126. 

{Russian. A study of the symmetrical projections ofP.L. 

Chebyshev .1 

___ <See also Bugayevskiy, Deputatova, and Portnov.) 

1846. Poruba, J., 1891, Die Verwendung von 

Projektionsapparaten fiir den geographischen Unterricht: 

Berlin, 9th Deutscher Geographentag, Vienna, 1891: 

p. 176-188. 

1847. Potter, A.J., 1923, Mercator's net: Geographical 

Teacher, v. 12, part2, no. 66, p.136-139. 

1848. __ 1925, The tetrahedral gnomonic projection: 

Geographical Teacher, v.13, part 1, no. 71, p. 52-56. 

1849. ___ 1933, The stereographic solution of the spherical 

triangle: Empire Survey Review, v. 2, no. 10, p. 226-238. 

1850. Prasad, Narvedeshwar, 1955, A true-meridian equalarea projection: National Geographical Journal of! ndia, 

v. 1,pt. l,p.43-46. 

1851. __ 1956, An empirical law for Mollweide's 

projection: National Geographic Journal of India, v. 2, no. 2, 

p. 84-90. 

1852. Prochazka, Emanuel, 1955, Transformace Gaussovych 

soutadnic mezi dvema sousednimi ttistupnovymi pasy: 

Geodetickj a Kartografickj Sbornik, p. 50-59. [Czech with 

German abstract. Transformation of Gaussian coordinates 

between contiguous zones of3°.] 

1853. Pross, E., 1980, Mathematische Grundlagen 

kartographischer Entw\i.rfe: Vermessungstechnik, v. 28, 

no.12, p. 419-421. 

-74-

1854. Pruss, W.,1924, Vorschlag einiger neuer Entwurfe fur 

Erdkarten: Dresden, Dissertation. 

Pryde, D. (See under Strachan.) 

1855. Ptolemy, Claudius, ca. A.D. 150, Geography: 

Alexandria. [Greek manuscript printed in many translated 

editions in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. 

Chaps. 20-24 discuss his conic and pseudoconic projections. 

He also evaluates Trapezoidal and Equirectangular 

projections. See also Stevenson 0932).] 

1856. Puissant, Louis, 1807, Traite de topographie, 

d arpentage et de nivellement: Paris, Courcier, 331 p. 

l857. __ 1810,Supplementausecond livre du Traite de 

topographie, contenant la theorie des projections des cartes: 

Paris, Courcier,112 p. 

1858. ___ 1812, Me moire sur la projection de Cassini,pour 

servir de supplement a sa theorie des projections des cartes 

geographiques: Paris, Courcier, 44 p. 

1859. __ 1826, Memoire sur la determination de la figure 

de la terre par les mesures geodesiques et astronomiques: 

Paris, Depot General de laGuerre, France, Memorial, 1825, 

v. 3, p. 61-100. 

1860. __ 1828, Notice sur les tables de projection calculees 

par le captaine Plessis, ingenieur-geographe, et adoptees 

pour Ia construction du canevas de la nouvelle carte de 

ft~rance: Paris, Depot General de Ia Guerre, France, 

Memorial,1826, v. 4, p. 13-30. 

1861. ___ 1831,Additions au memoire de M. Henry, sur la 

projection des cartes geographiques: Paris, Depot General de 

laGuerre, France, Memorial, 1803-1805 & 1810, C. Picquet, 

v. 2, p. 588-610. [See Henry (1810).) 

1862. PutniQs, R. V ., 1934, J aunas projekci jas pasaules 

kartem: Geografiski raksti, Folia Geographica 3 and4, 

p. 180-209. [Latvian with extensive French resume. New 

projections for world maps. Describes 12 pseudocylindricals, 

half equal-area and half with equally spaced parallels, half 

pointed-polar and half with pole-lines, using elliptical, 

parabolic, or hyperbolic meridians.] 

1863. __ 1934, Application de Ia projection quadratique 

equivalente a l'etude des cartes anciennes: International 

Geographical Congress, Paris,1931, Comptes Rendus, v. 3, 

p. 719-729. 

1864. ___ 1935, Sur quelques nouvelles projections a 

meridiens elliptiques: International Geographical 

Congress, Warsaw,1934, Comptes Rendus, v. 1, p.151-157. 

1865. Pye, Norman, 1947, Azimuthal equidistant projection 

of the world centred on London: Geography, v. 32, part 2, 

p. 83-86. 

1866. __ 1948, A graphical method of calculating 

meridional parts for Mercator's projection: Surveying and 

Mapping, v. 8, no. 3, p. 141-148. 
1867 . __ 1949, Notes on some problems in presentation of 

map projections: Geography, v. 34, part 2, p. 68-78. 

1868. __ 1949, The orthomorphism of the Stereographic 

projection: Empire Survey Review, v. 10, no. 72, p. 90-92. 

1869. __ 1950, The oblique Gnomonic projection: Empire 

Survey Review, v.10, no. 75, p. 227-232. 

1870. Pye, Norman, and Camm, G.L., 1954, A semigraphical construction for the conical orthomorphic 

projection with one standard parallel: Empire Survey 

Review, v.12, no. 93, p. 316-321. [Also in 17th International 

Geographical Union Congress, Washington, Proceedings, 

1952, p. 453 (abstract), and Abstracts of Papers, p. 72-73 

(same meeting).) 

1871. Pysek, J iti, 1979, Obecne pojeti kartografickych 

zobrazeni: Geodetickya Kartograficky Obzor, v. 25, no. 11, 

p. 295-300. [Czech. General conception of cartographic 

projections.) 

1872. __ 1982, K obecnemu tesenijednoduchych 

valcovych zobrazenL Geodeticky a Kartograficky Obzor, 

v. 28, no. 7, p. 17 4-1 7 8. [Czech. To the general solution of 

simple cylindrical projections.] 

1873. __ 1983, Obecne tesenf azimutalnich zobrazeni: 

Geodetickja Kartograficky Obzor, v. 29, no.1, p. 9-14. 

[Czech. A general solution of azimuthal projections.] 

1874. __ 1983, Nektera netradicni valcova zobrazem a 

jejich porovnani: Geodetickya Kartograficky Obzor, v. 29, 

no. 6, p. 141-152. [Czech. Some non-traditional cylindrical 

projections and their comparisons.) 

1875. __ 1984, Obecne teseni kuzelovych zobrazeni: 

Geodetickya Kartograficky Obzor, v. 30, no. 9, p. 211-220. 

[Czech with English abstract. General use of conic 

projections.] 

1876. Quinlan, Charles, 1969, Orthographic projection 

simplified (2nd ed.>: Bloomington, Ill., McKnight and 

McKnight Pub. Co., 128 p. 

1877. Quiroga, P.R., 1937, La proyecci6n Gauss-Kruger: 

Buenos Aires, (1st) Conferencia Argentina de Coordinaci6n 

Cartografica, p. 73-90. 

1878. Raber, Brian, 1985, An evaluation of map projections 

for small scale world thematic maps: Moscow, Idaho, U niv. of 

Idaho, Master's thesis. 

1879. Radosevic, N ikolo, 197 4, Petersova nova karta sveta: 

GeodetskiList, v. 28, no. 7-12, p.157-167. [Serbo-Croatian. 

The new world map of Peters.] 

1880. Rafiullah, S.M., 1951, Selecting suitable projections 

for India: Geographer, v. 4, no. 1, p. 30-38. 

1881. Rahman, G.M., 1974, Map projection: Karachi, Oxford 

University Press, 41 p. 

-75-

1882. Rainsford, H.F., 1940, Minor triangulation on the 

transverse Mercator projection: Empire Survey Review, v. 5, 

no. 38, p. 481-495. [Expanded in 1946, v. 8, no. 60, 

p. 221-227.] 

1883. Raisz, Erwin, 1934, The use of the oblique ortlwgraphic 

projection in sclwol maps: International Geographical 

Congress, Warsaw, Resume 5. 

1884. __ 1934, The rectangular statistical cartogram: 

Geographical Review, v. 24, no. 2, p. 292-296. 

1885. __ 1936, Rectangular statistical cartograms of the 

world: Journal o{Geography, v. 35, no.1, p. 8-10. 

1886. __ 1938, Projections. The conic group of projections. 

The azimuthal projections, in his General cartography: New 

York, McGraw-Hill, p. 81-117. [2nd ed., 1948, p. 54-96.) 

1887. __ 1943, Orthoapsidal world maps: Geographical 

Review, v. 33, no.1, p. 132-134. [Armadillo and other 

orthographic projections of a sphere with intermediate 

projection onto another solid.] 

1888. __ 1944, Our lopsided Earth: Journal o{Geography, 

v. 43, no. 3, p. 81-91. [Use ofvarious projections to show or 

offset the irregular arrangement ofland masses.] 

1889. __ 1946, Map projections and the global war: 

Teaching Scientist, v. 2, no. 2, p. 33-39. 

1890. __ 1962, Map projections; azimuthal projections, 

grid systems, in his Principles of Cartography: New York, 

McGraw-Hill, 2nd. ed., p. 166-194. 

1891. Raisz, Erwin, Peet, Olmstead, and Taylor, Horace, 

1942, Tables for construction of oblique Stereographic 

hemispheres: Cambridge, Mass. 

1892. Ramphal, S.S., 1985, A world turned upside down: 

Geography, v. 70, part 3 (no. 308), p. 193-205. [Mercator vs. 

Peters projections, p.194-196.] 

1893. Ramsayer, Karl, 1951, Polarkarte mit Gitternetz: 

Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 95, no. 1, 

p. 65-67. [Magnetism and maps/map projections.) 

1894. __ 1976, Grossraumige Flugkarten: Allgemeine 

Vermessungs-Nachrichten, v. 83, no. 2, p. 37-4 7. [Projections 

for various air-charts.] 

1895. __ 1977, Anzeige des Standorts eines Flugzeugs in 

der Karte mit automatischer Beriicksichtigung des Wechsels 

der Kartenprojektion: Allgemeine VermessungsNachrichten, v. 84, no. 6, p. 224-231. 

1896. Ranucci, E.R., 1978, The world ofBuckminster Fuller: 

Mathematics Teacher, v. 71, no. 5, p. 568-577. 

Rasmussen, L.A. <See Ling, Rasmussen, and Campbell.) 

1897. Raupach,J.l''., 1816,Die Theorie der geographischen 

Netze oder Entwurfungen der Kugelfliiche: Liegnitz, Ger. 

(now Legnica, Poland),J. F. Kuhlmey, 124 p. 
1898. Raven !till, William, 1978, John Adams, his map of 

England, its projection and his 'Index Villaris' of 1680: 

Geographical Journal, v.144, pt. 3, p. 424-437. [A 

combination of equatorial Stereographic and Bonne-like 

projections. See also 1979, v. 145, pt. 3, p. 521.] 

1899. __ 1981, Projections for the large general maps of 

Britain,1583-1700: Imago Mupdi, v. 33, p. 21-32. 

1900. Ray,J.M., 1976, Properties of map projections: Special 

Libraries Assn., Geography and Map Div ., Bulletin, no. I 05, 

p. 6-11. 

1901. Read,J.R., 1981, A coordinate system for North 

America based upon the 6° U.T.M. zone: Surveying and 

Mapping, v. 41, no. 1, p 83-87. 

Reddy, Francis <See Miller, Robert, and Reddy.) 

1902. Redfearn, J .C.B., 1948, Transverse Mercator formulae: 

Empire Survey Review, v. 9, no. 69, p. 318-322. 

1903. Redway,J.W.,1890, Thereproductionofgeographical 

forms, Part 2: Map drawing and map projection: Boston, 

D.C. Heath & Co. 

1904. Reed, J .H., 1895, The elements of map projection: 

Manchester Geographical Society,Journal, v. 11, no. 7-9, 

p. 232-247. [Reprinted in Acta Cartographica, 1972, v.13, 

p. 327-342.] 

1905. Reeds, C.A., 1929, Base maps ofthe world: Geological 

Society of America, Bulletin, v. 40, p. 761-770. 

1906. Reeves, E.A., 1904, Vander Grinten's projection: 

Geographical Journal, v. 24, no. 6, p. 670-672. 

1907 . __ 191 0, Maps and map-making: London, Royal 

Geographical Society,145 p. 

1908. __ 1929, A chart showing the true bearing of Rugby 

from all parts of the world: Geographical Journal, v. 73, 

no. 3, p. 247-248. {Independent use ofHammer 

Retroazimuthal projection, centered on Rugby.] 

1909. __ 1929, A true bearing and distance diagram for 

setting a frame-aerial on a distant station: London, Royal 

Geographical Society, Technical Series, no. 5, 12 p. 

1910. __ 1930, True bearing and distance diagram: 

International Geographical Congress, Cambridge, Eng., July 

1928, Report of the Proceedings, p.147-148. 

__ <See also under Geographical Journal ( 1929).) 

1911. Regis, Domenico, 1891, Delle proiezioni perle carte 

geografiche e della gnomonica, in his Corso di applicazioni 

della geometria descrittiva nella R. Scuola ... : Turin, Fratelli 

Bocca, v. 4, 88 p. 

1912. Regoczi, Emil, 1961, VetUleti kerdeseink az ido 

tukreben: Geodezia e:; Kartogrci{ia, v. 13, no. 4, p. 249-254. 

-76-

[Hungarian. Our projection problems as a reflection of the 

time.] 

1913. Reguera Sierra, Ernesto,1958, El planisferio de 

Gaboto: Revista de Geodesia, v. 2, no. 3, p. 74-81. [Cabot's 

planisphere.] 

1914. Rehders, Adolf, 1982, Oberf\ihrung von 

Koordinatenkataster System Hamburg in das GaussKrUger-Koordinatenkataster: Vermessungs-Amt Hamburg, 

Mitteilungsblatt, v. 70, p. 11-24. 

1915. Reichard, C.G.,1803,Atlasderganzen Erdkreises, 

nach den besten astronomischen Bestimmungen, neuesten 

Entdeckungen in eigenen Untersuchungen in der CentralProjection auf6 Tafeln entworfen: Weimar, Ger., Lander 

Industrie Comptoirs, 6 plates. [Gnomonic projection of the 

Earth onto a cube.) 

1916. Reichsamt fUr Landesaufnahme, 1925, 

Blatteckenwerte fur die amtlichen Kartenwerke des 

Reichsamts fur l...andesaufnahme in 

Meridianstreifenprojektion: Berlin, 2nd ed. [Gauss-Kruger 

projection.] 

1917. Reignier, Fran~ois, 1957, Les systemes de projection et 

leurs applications ... : Paris, Institut Geographique National, 

v. 1 (text), 312 p.; v. 2 (graphics), 48 plates. (Details of many 

projections. See review by Botley, F.V.,1958: Geographical 

Journal, v. 124, pt. 3, p. 410-411.) 

Reilly, J.P. <See Adler, Reilly, and Schwartz.) 

1918. Reilly, W .1., 1973, A conformal mapping projection 

with minimum scale error, (part 1 ): Suruey Review, v. 22, 

no. 168, p. 57-71. [See Reilly and Bibby for parts 2 and 3. 

Projection for New Zealand, using complex algebra.) 

1919. Reilly, W.I.,and Bibby, H.M.,1975-76,A conformal 

mapping projection with minimum scale error (parts 2 and 

3): Survey Review,1915, v. 23, no. 176, p. 79-87; 1976, v. 23, 

no. 181, p. 302-315. {See Reilly, W.l.,for part 1.) 

1920. ___ 1980, New Zealand Map Grid Projection: 

Examples of scale and bearing correction maps for Northland 

and Canterbury: Wellington, N.Z., N.Z. Geophysical Div., 

8p. 

1921. Renner, G.T., 1943, Air age geography: Harpers 

Magazine, v. 187, no. 1117, p. 38-41. [Polar Azimuthal 

Equidistant projection.] 

1922. Renner, Klaus, 1975, Gerat zur Projektion von 

azimuta)en Abbildungen mit stetig verschiebbarem 

Hauptpunkt: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 25, no. 1, 

p. 12-15. [German with English abstract. Equipment for 

azimuthal projection with a point of zero distortion which can 

be moved steadily.] 

Renninger, L.G. (See Hoke, Hayes, and Renninger.) 

1923. Renouard, Alfred, 1885, De Ia construction des cartes: 

Societe de Geographie de Lille, Bulletin, v. 3, p. 394-396. 
1924. Rens, I<,.J ., 1964, A Fortran program for coordinate 

mapping: Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan, 

Master's thesis. 

1925. Resnick, Nathan, 1970,1 nvestigation of small-scale 

map projections for space imagery: U.S. Geological Survey, 

Topographic Division, 11 p. 

1926. Reusch, E., 1881, Die stereographische Projection: 

Leipzig, Teubner. 

1927. Revista de la Academia Colombia de Sciencias Fisicas 

y Naturales, 1944, Estudio de la proyecci6n sinusoidal para el 

mapa de Colombia: August. [Compares Sinusoidal 

projection with Transverse Mercator projection used by 

Colombia.] 

1928. Rey-Pailhade,J. de, 1894, Surles modifications a 

apporter dans Ia graduation des meridiens et des paralleles 

en cartographie. Societe de Geographie de Toulouse, 

Annuaire, 13th year, no. 7-8, p. 294-307. 

1929. Reyes Lorite, Ildefonso, 1980, Metodo para la 

transformacion de coordenadas Lambert a UTM: Servicio 

Geografico Ejercito, Bole tin de 1 nformaci6n, no. 46, p. 99-114. 

1930. ___ 1983, Tablas de parametros para la 

transformaci6n de coordenadas Lambert a U.T.M. y 

coordenadas U.T.M. entre husos contiguos: Servicio 

Geografico Ejercito, Bole tin de I nformaci6n, no. 55, p. 7-31. 

1931. Reyt, A.,1961,Les bases mathematiques et numeriques 

des cartes del' I.G.N., v. 1: Paris, Institut Geographique 

National, 154 p. 

1932. Reyt, M., 1962, Emploi des projections en 

cartographie: Comite /t,ranfais de Techniques 

Cartographiques, v.13, p. 18-22. 

1933. Riagain, M.O., 1966, Students map projections: 

Dublin, Educational Company oflreland, 55 p. 

1934. Ricchieri, G., 1921, Nuove proposte di classificazione e 

nomenclatura delle projezioni cartografiche: Florence, VIII 

Congresso Geografico Italiano, Florence,Atti, v. 2. [Also 

published separately by Istituto di Edizioni Artistiche, 

Fratelli Alinari, Florence, 1923, 16 p.] 

1935. ___ 1922, Sulle proiezioni da preferire nei planisferi: 

La Geogra(Ul ( R ivista di Propaganda Geografica), v. 10, no. 1, 

p. 32-37. 

Richardson, R.S. <See Skilling and Richardson. l 

1936. Richard us, Peter, and Adler, R. K., 1972, Map 

projections for geodesists, cartographers and geographers: 

Amsterdam, North-Holland Pub. Co., 174 p. 

Ridd, M.K. <See Williams and Ridd.) 

1937. Rigg,J.B., 1957, Maps and the meteorologist: 

Weather,v.12,no.5,p.154-157. [Projectionsfor 

meteorological maps.) 

-77-

1938. Ristow, W.W., 1962, Maps and map making: Grolier 

Encyclopedia: New York, Grolier, v.13, p. 205-209. 

[Includes section on map projections.) 

Robella i Vives, J .M. (See under Robinson, Sale, Morrison, 

and Muehrcke.) 

Roberts, C.E. <See Brooks and Roberts.) 

1939. Robinson, A.H., 1949, An analytical approach to map 

projections: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 39, no. 4, 

p. 283-290. 

1940. ___ 1950, Possibilities for precision in selecting map 

projections: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 40, no. 2, 

p. 159-160. [Abstract.] 

1941. __ 1951, The use of deformational data in 

evaluating world map projections: Assn. of A mer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 41, no. 1, p. 58-74. 

1942. __ 1953, The employment of map projections; the 

construction of projections; Appendix D, Tissot's Indicatrix; 

in hisElementsofCartography: New York, John Wiley and 

Sons, 1st ed., p. 25-55, p. 56-79, p. 226-227. 

1943. ___ 1953, Interrupting a map projection: a partial 

analysis of its value: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, 

v. 43, no. 3, p. 216-225. [Shows interruptions ofWerenskiold, 

McBryde-Thomas, and Eckert pseudocylindrical projections.] 

1944. ___ 1960, The nature of map projections; the 

employment of map projections; the construction of 

projections; proof ofTissot's law of deformation, in his 

Elements ofCartography, 2nd ed.: New York, John Wiley 

and Sons, p. 50-120,324-329. [Translated to Chinese by 

Chiang, Tao-chang, 1966: Taipei, Taiwan Normal Univ. 

Press.] 

1945. __ 1960, Map projections, ill McGraw-Hill 

Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: New York, 

McGraw-Hill. [Subsequent editions 1966, 1971, 1977 (v. 8, p. 

125-127>, 1982.] 

1946. __ 1963, The circle ofbest fit: Geographical Review, 

v. 53, no. 1, p. 139-141. [Use ofStereographic projection to 

find best circle fitting points falling in cin:ular pattern.] 

1947. ___ 1974, A new map projection: Its development 

and characteristics: International Yearbook ofCartography, 

v.14, p. 145-155. [His pseudocylindrical projection.] 

1948. __ 1985, Arno Peters and his new cartography: 

A mer. Cartographer, v. 12, no. 2, p. 103-111. [Peters 

projection.l 

1949. ___ 19M6, Which map is best? Projections for world 

maps: Falls Church, Va., Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, Amer. Cartographic Assn., Committee on Map 

Projections, 14 p. 

1950. ___ 1987, Reflections on the Gall-Peters projection: 

Social Education, v. 51, no. 4, p. 260-264. 
1951. __ 1988, Choosing a world map -attributes, 

distortions, classes, aspects: Falls Church, Va., Amer. 

Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Amer. Cartographic 

Assn., Committee on Map Projections, 15 p. 

___ (See also Wallis and Robinson; under Amer. Congress 

on Surveying and Mapping, Bulletin 0977).> 

1952. Robinson, A.H., and Sale, R.D., 1969, Fw1damentals of 

map projections; the employment of map projections; 

directions for the construction of projections, in their 

Elements ofCartography, 3rd ed: New York, John Wiley and 

Sons, p.l99-248, 370-390. 

1953. Robinson, A.H., Sale, R.D., and Morrison, J.L.,1978, 

Map projections and plane coordinates, in their Elements of 

Cartography, 4th ed.: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 

p. 49-75. [Translated to Japanese by Nagai, Nobuo, 1984: 

[Tokyo], International Cartographic Information Center.] 

1954. Robinson, A.H., Sale, R.D., Morrison, J .L., and 

Muehrcke, P.C., I 984, Map projections, in their Elements of 

Cartography, 5th ed: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 

p. 76-105. [Translated to Spanish by Ferrer, R.M., Spanish 

revisions by Robe1la i Vives, J.M., and Panareda i Clopes, 

J.M., 1987: Barcelona, EditionesOmega,S.A.] 

1955. Roblin, H.S., 1969,Mapprojections: London, Edward 

Arnold Ltd., 60 p. 

1956. Rochmann,G.W.,1751,De perficiendismappis 

geographicis, imprimis universalibus, per idoneas scalas 

metiendis dist.antiis inversientes: Commentarii Academiae 

Scientiarum lmperialis Petropolitanae, 1741-43, v.13, 

p. 300-311. I Latin. J 

1957. Rodgers, John, 1952, Use of equal-area or other 

projections in the statistical treatment of joints: Geological 

Society of America, Bulletin, v. 63, no. 4, p. 427-430. 

1958. Rogev, Boris, 1963, Konformni kartni proyektsii, 

mashtabat na koito priema zadadeni stoynosti ve dadeni 

tochki: Balgarska Akademiya na Naukite, Tsentralna 

Laboratoriya po Geodeziya,lzvestiya, v. 4, p. 101-104: 

[Bulgarian with German abstract. Conformal map 

projections with prescribed scale values at given points.] 

1959. ___ 1963, Kartni proyektsii s usporedni obrazi na 

paralelite: Sbornik Statey poKartografii, no. 5, p.13-16. 

[Bulgarian. Map projection with parallel representation of 

the parallels of latitude.] 

1960. ___ 1964, Poluchavane na karti proyektsii s 

usporedni obrazi na paralelite: Balgarska Akademiya na 

Naukite, Tsentralna Laboratoriya po Geodeziya,lzvestiya, 

v. 5, p. 67-73. [Bulgarian with German abstract. Realization 

of a map projection with parallel representation ofthe 

parallels of latitude. I 

1961. ___ 1965, Konformni preobrazuvaniya ot 

matematichnata geodeziya i kartografiya i izsledvane 

-78-

schodimostta na technite redove: Balgarska Akademiya na 

Naukite, TsentraJna Laboratoriya po Geodeziya, Izvestiya, 

v. 6, p. 119-126. [Bulgarian with German abstract. 

Conformal projections in mathematical geodesy and 

cartography and research on the convergence of their series.] 

1962. Romano, Ferdinanda, 1948,Jordan e la proiezione 

conforme: Rivista del Catasto e dei Servizi Tecnici Erariali, 

new series, v. 3, no.l, p. 60. 

1963. Romano, J.E.,1959, Proyecci6n polic6nica: Revista de 

Geodesia, v. 3, no. 4, p. 39-42. (Polyconic projection.] 

1964. Rose, Stephen, 1945, The projection ruling machine of 

the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey: Surveying and 

Mapping, v. 5, no. 3, p. 49-52. 

1965. Rosen, P.G.,1876, Om den vid svenska topografiska 

kartverket anviinda projektionsmetoden: Stockholm. 

[Swedish. On the projection method used for the Swedish 

topographic atlas.] 

1966. Rosenmund, Max, 1903, Die A nderung des 

Projektionssystems der schweizerischen Landesvermessung: 

Bern, Switz., Militardepartements, Abteilung fUr 

Landestopographie, Verlag, 147 p. (Oblique Mercator 

projection of ellipsoid as used for large-scale mapping of 

Switzerland.) 

1967 . ___ 1904, Zur Projektion unserer 

Landestopographie: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur 

Vermessungswesen undKulturtechnik, v. 2,p.1ff. 

1968. Rosenthal, L.D.,and Lewis,J.E.Jr., 1974, The 

Hereford Mappa Mundi and the azimuthal logarithmic 

projection: Presented at Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, St. Louis, Mo., March 10-15,Proceedings, p. 27. 

[Abstract only.] 

1969. Rosser, W.H.,1883-84,Mercator'schart. Its history, 

use, and abuse: Nautical Magazine,l883, v. 52, p.105-111, 

288-291; 1884, v. 53, p. 278-286,448-451. 

1970. Roth, E.A., 1957, Photograph and map 

transformations: Photogrammetric Engineering, v. 23, no. 3, 

p.588-593. 

1971. Rotha, R.E., 1914,Darstellende geometrie des 

geliindes: Leipzig and Berlin, B. G. Teubner, 67 p. 

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1973. Rothe, Eckhard, 1974, Eine neue Weltkarte: die 

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197 4. Rothwell, S.C., 1968, Map projections, in his A 

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1976. Rowland, J.B., 1977, The Hotine Obhque Mercator 

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___ (See also under U.S. Geological Survey ( 1979U 

1977. Roy, Phanibbusan, and Sarkar, Ashis, 1981, Some 

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1979. Rozycki, Jan, 1950, Krotki zarys teorit odwzorowan 

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1980. ___ 1973, Kartografm matematyczny: Warsaw, 

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___ !See also under O'Keefe and Greenberg. l 

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-79-

1987. Ruston, G., 1972, Map transformations of point 

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1989. Saastamoinen, J ., 1964, A Canadian grid system in 3° 

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1995. Salmanova, T.D., 1950,0 variante kosoy 

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1996. ___ 1951, Vidoizmenennaya polikonicheskaya 

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1997. __ 1958, V zashchitu proyektsii Chebysheva: 

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1998. ___ 1960, 0 sgushchenii setok proyektsiy na primere 

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Salmanova, T.D. (See also Ginzburg and Salmanova; 

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1999. Samatan, E.L., 1953, Mapa de Ia Republica Argentina 

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2000. Sanchez, P.C., and Bustamente, Octavia, 1928, 

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2001. Sanchez, R., and Theriault, Y ., 1985, Les algorithmes 

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2002. Sandford, H.A., 1986, Son of Peters': Cartographic 

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2003. Santa Maria, Domingo, and Schneider, Jorge, 1942, 

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magnitud las distancias polares respecto a Santiago: 

U niversidad Catolica de Chile, Revista U niversitaria, v. 27, 

no. 2, sub-series Publicaciones del Observatorio del San 

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Sarkar,Ashis <See Roy and Sarkar.) 

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2004. Schachter, Bruce, 1978, A nonlinear mapping 

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2005. Scheer, A., 1936, Einfache Veranschaulichung 

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2006. Scheffers, G.W., 1934, Wie findet und zeichnet man 

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2007. Schellhammer, F., 1878, Ober aquivalente Abbildung: 

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2008. Schilder, Gunter, 1979, WilliamJansz. Blaeu'swall 

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2009. Schiltz, M.E., [ 1986], Plotting azimuthal stress data on 

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2010. Schinzel, W., 1957, Kartenprojektionen: Radebeul, 

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2011. Schive, J ., 1923, Om de ved Norges Geografiske 

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2012. Schjerning, W., 1904, Ober mittabstandstreue Karten: 

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2013. SchlOtzer,Adolf, 1925, Die Verwendungder 

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2014. Schmid, Erwin, 1961, Transformation of rectangular 

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20 15. __ 1962, The earth as viewed from a satellite: U.S. 

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2016. __ 1964, Plane coordinate systems & map 

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2017. ___ 1972, Inversion of Mercator coordinates: Amer. 

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20 18. __ 197 4, World maps on the August Epicycloidal 

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2019. Schmid, W.,and Borsdorf, W., 1955, 

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2020. Schmidt, ... , 1829, Lehrbuch der mathematischen und 

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2021. Schmidt, Ad., 1898, Bemerkungen zur Karte der 

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2022. Schmidt, G.G., 1801-03, Projection der 

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2023. Schmidt, H., 1916, Uber die giinstigste Wahl der 

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Noske, 113 p. 

2024. Schmidt, Wilhelm, 1903, Astronomische Erdkunde: 

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2025. Schmiedeberg, W., 1906, Zur Geschichte der 

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2026. Schneider, Helmut, 1971, Untersuchungen am 

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Schneider, Jorge <See Santa Maria and Schneider.) 

2027. Schoolbauer, A.,1981, Gausssche konforme Abbildung 

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2028. Schoeps, Dietrich, 1964, Die LOsung der geodiitischen 

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2029. Schone, Theodor, 1909, Die Gradnetze des Ptolemiius 

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zu Chemnitz,Jahresbericht, 1908-1909, no. 726. [Ptolemy's 

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2030. Schoner, Johannes, 1551, Planispherium, seu 

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Schoppmeyer, Johannes (See Heupel and Schoppmeyer .) 

2031. Schott, C.A., 1882, A comparison of the relative value 

of the Polyconic projection used on the Coast and Geodetic 

Survey, with some other projections: U.S. Coast and 

Geodetic Survey, Report of the Superintendent, June 1880, 

Appendix 15, p. 287-296. 

__ (See also Hunt and Schott.) 

2032. Schoy, Carl,1912, Bemerkungen zu dem in der 

Mercatorprojektion auftretenden Integral y = J<d~P/cos ~P>: 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 

v. 40, no. 8, p. 430-433. [See also Thiemann< 1912).] 

2033. ___ 1913, Azimutale und gegenazimutale Karlen 

mit gleichabstandigen parallelen Meridianen: Annalen der 

Hydrugraphie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 41, no. 1, 

p. 33-42. [Azimuthal u::,i retroazimuthal projections.] 

2034. ___ 1913, Die gegenazimutale mittabstandstreue 

Karte in konstruktiver und theoretischer Behandlung: 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 

v. 41, no. 9, p. 466-473. [Retroazimuthal projection.] 

2035. __ 1915, Nochmals "Azimutale und gegenazimutale 

Karten": Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 61-1, Apr., p. 137-138. 

[Azimuthal and retroazimuthal projections.] 

2036. __ 1915, Erdkarte mit Paskalscher Schnecke als 

Umrandungskurve: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 61-1, May, 

p.184-186. 

2037. __ 1917, Die Mekka- oder Qiblakarte 

(Gegenazimutale mittabstandstreue Projektion mit Mekka 

als Kartenmitte l: Kartographische und Schulgeogmphische 

Zeitschrift, p. 1K4ff. [Explanation and construction of 

retroazimuthal projections like the Mecca projection of 

Craig. I 

-81-

Schoy, Karl <See Schoy, Carl.> 

2038. Schreiber, Oscar, 1897, Die konforme 

Doppelsprojektion der trigorwmetrischen Abteilung der 

konigl. preussischen Landesaufnahme: Berlin, 99 p. 

2039. ___ 1900, Zur konformen Doppelprojection der 

preussischen Landesaufnahme. Spharoid und Kugel. 

Gauss'sche Projection: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, 

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2040. __ 1908, Die Gleichung und der Laufder Bildkurve 

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2041. __ 1927-1938, Theory of the co-ordinate systems of 

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no.7,p.327-336;1928,v.3,pt.2,no.18,p.44-51;1931,v.4, 

pt. l,no.26,p.6-9;1931,v.4,pt.2,no.27,p.44-46;1936,v.4, 

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2042. __ 1943, Tables for the Gauss Conformal projection 

Clarke 1880 spheroid: South African Trigonometrical 

Survey Special Publication no. 1. 

__ <See also under Khristov (1939).) 

2043. Schreiter, J.B., 1960, Forty strip projections 

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University, Reportsofthe Institute ofGeodesy, 

Photogrammetry and Cartography, Report no. 13, 58 p. 

2044. __ 1961, Conformal projection with the same scale at 

arbitrary boundary points: Columbus, Ohio, Institute of 

Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Ohio State 

University Research Foundation, unpublished manuscript, 

5p. 

2045. Schubert, Jj'.T., 1789-93, De proiectione sphaeroidis 

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p. 149-161. [Latin.] 

2046. Schulman, Jane, 1986, The statistical analysis of 

density equalized map projection: Berkeley, Univ. of 

California, Computer Science Research Dept., Doctoral 

dissertation, 229 p. [Use of maps on which area is 

proportional to population, for disease studies.} 

2047. Schumacher, Arnold, 1930, Grosskreiskarten fur 

Luftnavigation: Annalen der flydrographie und Maritimen 

Meteorologie, v. 58, no. t 0, p. 355-358. [Azimuthal 

projections.j 

2048. Schumann, Richard, 1929, Eine Untersuchung zweier 

Kartenentwiirfe nach M. Eckert: Petermanns Mitteilungen, 

v. 75, no. 11-12, p. 291-296. 

Schwartz, A.A. (See Elliott and Schwartz.) 

Schwartz, C.R. <See Adler, Reilly, and Schwartz.) 
2049. Schwarz, H.A.,1869, Ueber einege 

Abbildungsaufgaben: Journal fur die Reine und 

Angewandte Mathematik [Crelle'sJ, v. 70, no. 2, p. 105-120. 

[Also in Gesammelte Mathematische Abhandlungen, v. 2, 

p. 65-83. Discusses conformal transformation of circle into 

regular polygons, useful for special map projections.] 

2050. __ 1869, Conforme Abbildung der Oberflache eines 

Tetraeders auf die Oberflache einer Kugel: Journal fur 

Reine und Angewandte Mathematik [Crelle's], v. 70, no. 2, 

p. 121-136. [Conformal projection of a sphere onto a 

tetrahedron. Also in Gesammelte Mathematische 

Abhandlungen, v. 2, p. 84-101.] 

2051. __ 1869, Notizia sulla rappresentazione conforme di 

un' area ellittica sopra un' area circolare: Annali di 

Matematica Pura edApplicata, ii, v. 3, p. 166-170. [Also in 

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2052. __ 1883, Zur conformen Abbildung der Flache eines 

Rechtecks auf die Flache einer Halbkugel: Nachrichten von 

der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der 

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2053. Schwendeman,J.R., 1963, The Geomatic as a world 

map projection: Assn. of A mer. Geographers, Annals, v. 53, 

no. 4, p. 620-621. [Abstract only.] 

2054. Science and Industry, 1900, Construction of a Mercator 

chart: v. 5, no. 5, p. 257-262. 

2055. Scotese, C.R., Bambach, R.K., Barton, Colleen, van der 

Voo, Rob, and Ziegler, A.M., 1979, Paleozoic base maps: 

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Mollweide, and polar Stereographic projections. I 

2056. Sear, W.J., 1957, Map projection by transformation: 

Cartography, v. 2, no. 1, p. 23-26. 

2057 . __ 1967, The projection story: Cartography, v. 6, 

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2058. Sebert, L.M., 1969, The Mercator and transverse 

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TR69-1,14 p. [2nd ed.,1975.] 

2059. __ 1970, The lines of correct scale on the transverse 

Mercator projection: Canadian Cartographer, v. 7, no. 2, 

p. 152-153. 

2060. __ 1984, Geodesy for map librarians, part III. The 

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Bulletin, v. 50, p. 8-13. 

2061. Secondary Schools Mathematics Curriculum 

Improvement Study, 1973, Unified modern mathematics, 

course 6, booklet E, Geometric mappings and 

transformations: New York, Columbia University, Teachers 

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-82-

2062. Sen, A.K., 1976, On a class of map transformations: 

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2063. Senecal, Clovis-Omer, 1929,A transverse Polyconic 

projection for general maps of Canada: Ottawa, Dept. of 

Mines, Natl. MuseumofCanada, Bulletin No. 57,17 p. 

2064. Senekal, W.F.S., Le Roux,J.S., and de Villiers, D.J., 

1966, Kaartkompilasie Deel2. Die Suid-Mrikaanse 

Koordinaatsisteem: Tydskri{vir Aardrykskunde, v. 2, no. 9, 

p. 33-41. [Afrikaans. The South African coordinate system.) 

2065. Senninger, Earl, 1967, Map projection exercises: 

JournalofGeography,v.66,no.3,p.183-185. 

2066. Serapinas, B.B., 1983, Otsenka iskazheniy v 

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Distortion estimation in cartographic projections of the 

triaxial ellipsoid.] 

2067. __ 1984, 0 poluchenii ravnougol'nykh 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy trekhosnogo ellipsoids: 

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the calculation of conformal cartographic projections of the 

triaxial ellipsoid.] 

2068. Shabanova, A.l., 1952, K voprosu o razrabotke novykh 

tsilidricheskikh proyektsiy: Sbornik Statey po Kartografii, 

v. 2, p. 67-72. [Russian. On the question of development of 

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__ (See also Ginzburg and Shabanova.) 

2069. Shalowitz, A.L., 1964, Multiple projection lines on 

early surveys, in his Slwre and sea boundaries: U.S. Coast 

and Geodetic Survey Publication 10-1, v. 2, ch. 3, p. 131-158. 

(Includes discussion of Bonne, Polyconic, Rectangular 

Polyconic, and Equidistant Polyconic projections.] 

2070. __ 1969, The chart that made navigation history: 

Wash. Academy ofSciences,Journal, v. 59, nos. 7-9, 

p.180-186. [Mercator projection.] 

2071. Shaposhnikov,A.V., 1959, Issledovaniye 

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2072. __ 1961, K probleme perspektivno-konicheskikh 

koordinat i proyektsii: Khar'kovskiy 

Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, Trudy, no. 31(68), p. 23-31. 

[Russian. A problem concerning the perspective conic 

coordinates and projection.] 

2073. __ 1961, Obosnovaniye i analiz tablic 

kartografisheskikh setok perspektivno-konicheskikh 

proyektsii: Khar'kovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy Institut, 

Trudy, no. 31(68), p. 137-150. [Russian. Foundation and 

analysis of tables for cartographic graticules on the 

perspective conic projection.] 
2074. __ 1967,1ssledovaniye iskazheniy perspektivnokonicheskikh proyektsiy: Khar'kovskiy 

Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy lnstitut, Materialy Nauchnoy 

Konferencii, v. 6, p. 36-37. [Russian. Research on the 

distortion of the perspective conic projection.) 

2075. __ 1967, Obshchiye formuly koordinat 

perspektivno-konicheskikh i proizvodnykh ot nikh 

proyektsiy ellipsoida: Khar'kovskiy Sel'skokhozyaystvenniy 

Institut, Trudy, v. 68, no. 105. [Russian. General coordinate 

formulas for perspective conic and derived ellipsoidal 

projections. 1 

2076. Sharp,J.I., 1911,Atlas maps and the real world: 

Distortion patterns of map projections and their application to 

oblique and transverse cases: Newcastle upon Tyne, 

University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Department of 

Geography, 68 p. 

2077. Shingareva, K.B., 1976, Analiz proyektsiy 

sovremennykh kart Luny: lzvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos'emka, no. 2, p. 93-101. 

[Russian. Analysis of the projections of actual maps of the 

Moon.) 

2078. Shingareva, K.B., and Pomashina, T.A., 1980, 

Kartograficheskiy aspekt izucheniya planety Merkuriy: 

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos 'emka, no. 3, p. 112-117. [Russian. Cartographic 

aspects of the study of the planet Mercury.] 

2079. Shirley, R.W., 1980, All the world within a circle: 

some unusual world maps on a single polar projection: Map 

Collector, no. 10, p. 2-11. 

2080. Shlomi, Eli, 1977, A poly focal projection--development 

and applications: Tel-Aviv University, Master's thesis. 

__ <See also Kadman and Shlomi.) 

2081. Shmutter, 8.,1981, Transforming conic conformal to 

TM [Transverse Mercator) coordinates: Survey Review, v. 26, 

no.201,p. 130-136. 

__ <See also Doytsher and Shmutter.) 

2082. Siemon, Karl, 1935, Neue Netzentwurfe fiir 

Kurskarten von Gebieten hoherer Breite: Reichsamt fiir 

Landesaufnahme,Mitteilungen, v. 11, no.l, p. 21-35. 

2083. __ 1935, Wegtreue Ortskurskarten: Reichsamt fUr 

Landesaufnahme, Mitteilungen, v. 11, no. 2, p. 88-95. 

[Presents projection with loxodromes plotted straight and of 

correct length from central point.] 

2084. ___ 1936, Die Ermittlung von Kartenentwurfen mit 

vorgegebener Fhichenverzerrung: Deutsche Mathematik, 

v. 1, no. 4, p. 464-47 4. [The determination of map projections 

with areal distortion given in advance.] 

-83-

2085. ___ 1936, Die Verzerrungen und Massstabe der 

loxodromlinearen Entwurfe; die Berucksichtigung der 

Abplattung: Reichsamt fUr Landesaufnahme, Mitteilungen, 

v. 12,no. l,p.6-18. 

2086. ___ 1937, FHichenproportionales U mgraden von 

Kartenentwurfen: Reichsamt fur Landesaufnahme, 

Mitteilungen, v. 13, no. 2, p. 88-102. [Presents new 

pseudocylindrical equal-area projections.] 

2087. __ 1937, Das Zonen- und das Streifenverhaltnis in 

Kartennetzen: Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen 

Meteorologie, v. 65, no. 2, p. 75-90. 

2088. __ 1938, Flachenproportionales U mbeziffern der 

Punkte in Kartenentwiirfen: Reichsamt fiir 

Landesaurnahme, Mitteilungen, v. 14, no. 1, p. 34-41. 

2089. Sigl, Rudolf, 1977, Ebene und sphiirische 

Trigonometrie mit A nwendungen auf Kartographie, Geodiisie 

und Astronomie: Karlsruhe, Wichmann, 482 p. [Sammlung 

Wichmann, N. F.: Buchreihe, 9.] 

2090. Sijmons, K., and Oxtoby, P.J.,1977, Map projections 

for post-graduate students: Enschede, Netherlands, 

International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences, 

93 p. 

2091. Siklosi, Miklos, 1986, Vetitesi eljan1s tematikus 

terkepek tartalmi kiemelesere: Geodezia es Kartografw, 

v. 38, no. 5, p. 354-357. [Hungarian with Russian abstract. 

Technique of projecting for the enhancement of content of 

thematic maps, by enlargement of center.] 

2092. Simeon, Guiseppe,1957, Curve inducatrici delle 

deformazioni lineari di una carta: lstituto Navale di Napoli, 

Annali, v. 26, p. 217-222. 

2093. Similien, M., 1841, Des projections obliques: Angiers, 

Ecole Royale d'Arts et Metiers d'Angers, 44 p. 

2094. ___ 1842, Des projections orthogonales: Angiers, 

Ecole Royale d'Arts et Metiers d'Angers, 61 p. [Orthogonal 

projections.] 

Simmons, L.G. (See Mitchell and Simmons.) 

2095. Singh, K.N., 1962, Oblique azimuthal projections and 

their special suitability for India: National Geographical 

Journal oflndia, v. 8, pt. 1, p. 45-58. 

2096. Singh, Vijay, 1973, An integrated survey system for 

India: SurveyReview,v.22,no.170,p.174-179. [Transverse 

Mercator projection.] 

2097. Sinzi, Akira, 1966, [Navigation and map projection]: 

Chizu(Map),Journal ofJapan Cartographers Assn., v. 4, 

no. 1, p. 1-9. [Japanese with English abstract.] 
2098. SjO&trom, W.,1906,Elementarbok i 

kartprojektionsliira: Helsinki, 46 p. [Swedish. Rev. 1916. 

Textbook on principles of map projection.) 

2099. Skilling, W.T., and Richardson, R.S., 1942, The 

practical essentials of pre-training navigation; celestial 

navigation--meteorology--map projection: New York, H. Holt 

& Co.,113 p. 

2100. Skop,Jacob,1951, The evolution of military grids: 

Military Engineer, v. 43, no. 291, p. 15-18. 

2101. Sliwa, Antoni,1978, Kartograficzne metody 

ekonomicznej transformacji przestrzeni: Folia Geographica, 

Series Geografr.ca Oeconomica, v. 11, p. 149-160. [Polish. 

Cartographical methods of economic space transformation. 

Extension ofHagerstrand (1957) Azimuthal Logarithmic 

projection techniques.} 

Slobodyanik, I.V. (See Bugayevskiy and Slobodyanik.) 

Stomczynski,Josef <See Biernacki and StomczyskU 

2102. Smith, Derek, and Griffin, Trevor, 1976, Maps and th~ 

human statistical landscape: Globe, v. 1, no. 5-6, p. 63-69. 

(Azimuthal Logarithmic projection centered on Adelaide, 

Australia.] 

Smith, H.G. (See McCullough and Smith.) 

2103. Smith,J.A.,1939,Globe: U.S. Patent2,153,053,dated 

Apr. 4. [Gnomonic map projection plotted on foldable regular 

dodecahedron.] 

2104. Smith, Stephen,1909, New land maps ofthe world: 

Scottish Geographical Magazine, v. 25, no.11, p. 597-600. 

[Discusses Butterfly Map and proposes alternative.] 

2105. Smotlacha, Vladimir, 1947, Nova pseudoazimutillni 

mapa: Kartografickj Pfehled, v. 2, no. 11-12, p.128. [Czech. 

New pseudoazimuthal maps of Karel Kuchar.J 

2106. Smythe, C.P.,1870, On an equal-surface projection for 

maps of the world, and its application to certain 

anthropological questions: Edinburgh, 40 p. 

2107. Snyder,J.P.,1949, Graphical construction ofthe 

Gnomonic map projection: Navigation, v. 2, no. 1, p. 2-5. 

2108. __ 1973, Flat maps for a curved State: 

projections, ... , in his The mapping of New Jersey--the men 

and the art: New Brunswick, N.J., Rutgers Univ. Press, 

p.134-141. 

2109. __ 1977, A comparison ofpseudocylindrical map 

projections: A mer. Cartographer, v. 4, no.1, p. 59-81. [See 

corrections in 1979, v. 6, no. 1, p. 81.] 

2110. __ 1978, The Space Oblique Mercator projection: 

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 44, 

no. 5, p. 585-596. [Two pages reprinted in Explorers Journal, 

1978, v. 56, no. 3, p.ll2-113.) 

-84-

2111. __ 1978, Equidistant Conic map projections: Assn. 

of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 68, no. 3, p. 373-383. 

2112. __ 1979, Map projections for satellite applications: 

Amer. Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 38th annual 

meeting, Washington, Proceedings, p. 134-146. [Space 

Oblique Mercator and Satellite-Tracking projections.} 

2113. __ 1979, Calculating map projections for the 

ellipsoid: A mer. Cartographer, v. 6, no.1, p. 67-76. [See 

correction in 1981, v. 8, no. 2, p. 160.] 

2114. __ 1981, Map projections for satellite tracking: 

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 47, 

no. 2, p. 205-213. 

2115. __ 1981, Space Oblique Mercator projection--

mathematical development: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

1518,108 p. [Also see review by Loon,J.C.,1982: 

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 48, 

no. 10, p. 1581.} 

2116. __ 1981, Map projections used by the U.S. 

Geological Survey: Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, Fall Technical Meeting, San Francisco, Technical 

Papers, p. 61-70. (Reprinted in Revista Cartografica, 1982, 

no. 42, p.109-115.] 

2117 . __ 1981, The perspective map projection of the 

Earth: Amer. Cartographer, v. 8, no. 2, p.149-160. (See 

corrections in 1982, v. 9, no. 1, p. 84.1 

2118. __ 1982, Map projections for larger-scale mapping: 

NASA Workshop on Registration and Rectification, 

[Leesburg, Va.}, Proceedings, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pub. 

82-23, p. 224-241. [Essentially reprinted in Colwell, R.N., ed. 

in chief, 1983, Manual of Remote Sensing: Falls Church, Va., 

Amer. Society ofPhotogrammetry, 2nd ed., v.1, p. 901-910.] 

2119. __ 1982, Geometry of a mapping satellite: 

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 48, 

no.10, p.1593-1602. (Use of'Space Oblique Mercator 

projection, p. 1601-1602.] 

2120. __ 1982,Map projections used by the U.S. 

Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1532, 

313 p. [2nd ed.,1983, 313 p. See also review by Mugnier, 

C.J.,1983: SurveyingandMapping, v.43,no.4,p.417-420.] 

2121. __ 1982, The Modified Polyconic projection for the 

IMW: Cartographica, v. 19, nos. 3-4, p. 31-43. 

2122. __ 1983, Efficient transfer of data between maps of 

different projections: Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, 43rd Annual Meeting, Washington, Technical 

Papers, p. 332-340. 

2123. __ 1984, A low-error conformal map projection for 

the 50 States: A mer. Cartographer, v. 11, no. 1, p. 27-39. 

[Uses complex algebra. See correction in Snyder (1987, 

Map ... , p. 207).] 
2124. __ 1984, Map-projection graphics from a personal 

computer: A mer. Cartographer, v. 11, no. 2, p.132-138. 

[Abridged reprint as Map-projections on your PC: 

Professional Surveyor, 1985, v. 5, no. 5, p. 7-10, 50.] 

2125. __ 1984, Minimum-error map projections bounded 

by polygons: Cartographic Journal, v. 21, no. 2, p.112-120. 

[Conformal projections using complex algebra. See also 

corrections in 1985, v. 22, no. 1, p. 73.] 

2126. __ 1985, Computer-assisted map projection 

research: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1629, U.S. 

Government Printing Office, 157 p. [See correction in Snyder 

(1987, Map ... , p. 207.>.) 

2127 . __ 1985, Conformal mapping of the triaxial 

ellipsoid: Survey Review, v. 28, no. 217, p.130-148. 

2128. __ 1985, The transverse and oblique Cylindrical 

Equal-Area projection of the ellipsoid: Assn. of Amer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 75, no. 3, p. 431-442. 

2129. __ 1986, A new low-error map projection for Alaska: 

Amer. Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing--

Amer. Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Fall 

Convention, Anchorage, Alaska, Technical Papers, 

p. 307-314. 

2130. __ 1986, Map projections used for large-scale 

quadrangles by the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological 

Survey Circular 982,6 p. [Supersedes U.S. Geological 

Survey, 1949, Circular 57.] 

2131. __ 1987, Labeling projections on published maps: 

Amer. Cartographer, v. 14, no. 1, p. 21-27. 

2132. ___ 1987, "Magnifying-glass" azimuthal map 

projections: A mer. Cartographer, v.14, no.1, p. 61-68. 

2133. __ 1987, Differences due io projection for the same 

USGS quadrangle: Surveying and Mapping, v. 47, no. 3, 

p.199-206. 

2134. __ 1987, Map projections--a working manual: U.S. 

Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1395,383 p. [General work 

superseding Snyder, 1982, Map projections used by the U.S. 

Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 1532.] 

2135. __ 1987, Optimizing equal-area map projections 

using least squares: A mer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, Reno, Nev., ASPRS-ACSM Fall Convention, 

ACSM Technical Papers, p. 5-13. 

2136. __ 1988, Social consciousness and world maps: 

Christian Century, v. 105, no. 6,190-192. [Peters projection. 

See comments by Kaiser, W.L., and others: no. 8, p. 259; 

no.12, p. 369-370.] 

___ (See also Alpha and Snyder; DeLucia and Snyder; 

Sprinsky and Snyder; under Amer. Congress on Surveying 

and Mapping, Bulletin, 1977; under Brooks and Roberts 

(1976,1986>; under Hill, J.D. 0983); under Hilliard, et. al. 

0978); under O'Keefe and Greenberg (1977); under Pearson 

(1977,1984); under U.S. Geological Survey (1979).) 

-85-

2137. Snyder,J.P.,and Voxland, P.M.,1988,Analbum of 

map projections: U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 1453, in 

press. [Graticules for 90 projections, with brief descriptions 

and formulas. I 

2138. Soderlund, Alfred, 1931, Formforandringen hos nagra 

kartprojektioner: Globen, v.10, no. 5-6, p. 35-42. [Swedish. 

Distortion studies using the Tissot indicatrix.] 

2139. __ 1935, Val av kartprojektioner: Globen, v.14, 

no. 2, p. 14-19. [Swedish.) 

Soha, Gabor tSee Csepregni and Soha.) 

2140. Solari<:, Radovan, 1980, Racunanje koordinata tocaka 

u Mercatorovoj projekciji primjenom dzepnog racunala: 

GeodetskiList, v. 34, no. 7-9, p.181-187. [Serbo-Croatian 

with German abstract. Calculation of point-coordinates in 

the Mercator projection using pocket calculator.} 

2141. Solov'ev, M.D., 1937, Kartografr.cheskiye proyektsii: 

Moscow, Izd-vo Geodezicheskoy i Kartograficheskoy dit-ry, 

239 p. [Russian. 2nd ed., 1946,417 p.; also rev.1964. 

Cartographic projections.] 

2142. __ 1939, Issledovaniya v svyazi s vyborom 

proyektsii dlya uchebnoy fizicheskoy karty SSSR 

geograficheskogo atlasa dlya nachal'noy shkoly v masshtabe 

1:22 000 000: Issledovaniya po Kartografii, TsNIIGAiK, 

Sbornik, no. 4. [Russian. Studies related to the selection of 

projections for the school physical map of the USSR in the 

geographic atlas for elementary schools at 1:22,000,000 

scale.] 

2143. __ 1949, Atlas kartograficheskikh proyektsiy 

TsNIIGAiK: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 61. [Russian. Atlas of 

cartographic projections for the TsNIIGAiK.} 

2144. __ 1950, Perspektivnye proyektsii dvoinogo 

izobrazheniye: MIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 6, p. 32-47. [Russian. 

Perspective projections of a double image.] 

2145. __ 1952, Prakticheskoye posobiye po 

matematicheskoy kartografii: Moscow, Geodezizdat, 178 p. 

[Russian. Practical manual for mathematical cartography.] 

2146. __ 1957, V vybore proyektsiy dlya ostavleniya kart 

sel'skochozyaystvennogo naznacheniya: Tashkentskiy 

Institut lnzhenerov Irrigatsii i Mechanizatsii Sel'skogo 

Chotsyaystva, Trudy, no. 7, p. 157-166. [Russian. Selection 

of projections for the compilation of agricultural maps.] 

2147. __ 1959, Perspektivnyye proyektsii s 

mnogokratnymi izobrazheniyami (perspecktivami): 

MIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 31, p. 137-164. (Russian. Perspective 

projections with multiple representations.] 

2148. __ 1964, Kartogra{icheskie proyektsii: Moscow, 

Geodezizdat. [Russian. Cartographic projections.] 

2149. __ 1969, Matematicheskaya kartografiya: Moscow, 

Izd-vo "Nedra," 286 p.(Russian. Mathematical cartography.) 
__ (See also under Krasovskiy (1922, 1925).) 

2150. Soukop,Joao, 1949, Mapasem proje~ao azimutal 

equidistante e obliqua: Bole tim Paulista de Geografia, v. 3, 

October, p. 3-20. [Portuguese. Azimuthal Equidistant 

projection.] 

2151. Spain. Servicio Geografico Ejercito, 1945, Cartografia 

militar; caracteristicas y tablas de la proyecci6n Lambert de 

Canarias: Madrid, 123 p. 

2152. Speert, J .L., 1937, Formulas and tables for the 

transformation of geodetic to plane coordinates on the 

Lambert and transverse Mercator projections: Washington, 

U.S. Geological Survey, 13 p. [2nd ed., 1943,14 p.] 

2153. Spilhaus, Athelstan, 1942, Maps of the whole world 

ocean: Geographical Review, v. 32, no. 3, p. 431-435. 

[Transverse oblique aspect of Hammer and August 

projections.) 

2154. __ 1975, Geo-art: plate tectonics and platonic 

solids: Amer. Geophysical Union,Eos Transactions, v. 56, 

no. 2, p. 52-57. [Discusses several projections.] 

2155. __ 1976, New look in maps brings out patterns of 

plate tectonics: Smithsonian, v. 7, no. 5, p. 54-63. [See also 

his Plate tectonics in geoforms and jigsaws: Amer. 

Philosophical Society, Proceedings, 1984, v.128, no. 3, 

p. 257-269.] 

2156. __ 1979, Map shows us our planet's oceans are one 

(To see the oceans, slice up the land): Smithsonian, v.10, 

no. 8, p.116-122. [See also his World ocean maps: the proper 

places to interrupt: Amer. Philosophical Society, 

Proceedings, 1983, v.127, no.l, p. 50-60. Interrupted 

combination of projections for ocean maps.] 

2157. __ 1986,Map puzzle having periodic tesselated 

structure: U.S. Patent 4,627 ,622, dated Dec. 9. [Use of 

modified Lee Tetrahedric projection.] 

2158. Spittal, H.E., 1949, An analytical key to map 

projections: Journal of Geography, v. 48, no. 9, p. 362-366. 

[Classification.l 

2159. Springfeldt, ... ,19ll,Das Gradnetz in den 

Schulatlhnten: Lotzen, P. Kuhnel, 32 Jahresbericht uber das 

Koniglich Gymnasium zu LOtzen, p. 1-15. 

2160. Sprinsky, W.H.,andSnyder,J.P., 1986, The Miller 

Oblated Stereographic Projection for Africa, Europe, Asia 

and Australasia: A mer. Cartographer, v. 13, no. 3, 

p. 253-261. 

2161. Spykman,J.N., 1944, Thegeographyo{thepeace: New 

York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 66 p. [Chap II: Mapping and 

map projection (Azimuthal Equidistant).J 

2162. Stanley, A.A., 1946, A quincuncial projection of the 

world: SurveyingandMapping,v.6,no.l,p.l9. [Peirce 

projection.] 

-86-

2163. __ 1947, World charts on the Azimuthal 

Equidistant projection: Geographical Review, v. 37, no. 2, 

p. 326-327. 

2164. __ 1948, Map projections for modern charting: 

Military Engineer, v. 40, no. 268, p. 55-58. 

2165. __ 1978,AnAmericanphilosopher,CharlesPeirce: 

scholar, cartographer, mathematician and metrologist [sic]: 

Washington, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration, NOAA Reprint, v. 8, no. 2, 4 p. 

2166. Starostin, F.A.,1959, Osnovnye puti razvitiya 

matematicheskoy kartografii: MIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 31, 

p. 87-95. [Russian. The main directions of development of 

mathematical cartography.] 

2167 . __ 1971, 0 matematicheskoy osnove 

sovremennykh kart grazhdanskoy aviatsii: lzvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos emka, no. 6, p. 95-99. [Russian. Translated to 

English as The mathematical basis for contemporary civil 

av'iation maps: Geodesy andAerophotography,1971, no. 6, 

p. 340-342. Several projections discussed.] 

2168. Starostin, F.A., Vakhrameyeva, L.A., and 

Bugayevskiy, L.M., 1981, Obobshchennaya klassifikatsiya 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy po vidu izobrazheniya 

meridianov i paralleley: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotos~mka,no.6,p.111-116. 

[Russian. Generalized classification of cartographic 

projections in regard to the representation of meridians and 

parallels. I 

2169. Steers, J .A., 1927, An introduction to· the study of map 

projections: University ofLondon Press,189 p. (2nd ed. 

1929; 3rd ed., 1933,252 p.; 4th ed.,1937, 237 p.; 5th ed.,1942, 

258 p.; 7th ed., 1949,299 p.; 8th ed., 1950,312 p.; 9th ed., 

1953,320 p.; lOth ed., 1956,324 p.?; 11th ed., 1957,328 p.; 

12th ed., 1959,330 p.; 13th ed.,1962, 288 p.; 14th ed.,1965; 

15th ed.,1970, 294 p.] 

Steeves, R.R. <See Thomson, Mepham, and Steeves.) 

2170. Stefanac, Slavko, 1977. Mreze kao oblik grafickog 

izr&Zavanja: Savjetovanje Kartografska dokumentacija u 

druAtveno-politickim zajedicama (opcinama): Dubrovnik, 

p. 247-256. [Serbo-Croatian. Grids as graphical expression.] 

2171. Steinhauser, Anton, 1857, Grundzii.ge d.er 

mathematischen Geographie und d.er Landkart.mprojektion: 

Vienna, F. Beck, 138 p. [2nd ed., 1880. 3rd ed.,1887.] 

2172. __ 1880, Elemente der mathematischen Geographic 

und Kartenprojektion: Vienna. 

2173. __ 1883, Ueber die Anwendung der Kegelprojection 

aufDarstellungen der ganzen Erde: Zeitschrift fiir 

Wissenschaftliche Geographie, v. 4, p. 34-36. 

217 4. __ 1883, Stab ius Redivivus, eine reliquie a us dem 

16. J ahrhundert: Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche 

Geographie, v. 4, p. 289-291. 
2175. Steppes, 0.,1934, Das Netz der Seekarte 

(Merkatorkarte): Seewart, v. 3, no. 6, p. 255-259. 

2176. Stevenson, E.L., 1932, Geography of Claudius Ptolemy: 

New York, New York Public Library, p. 39-45 et passim. 

[English translation of Ptolemy's classic account of map 

projections. See also Ptolemy <ca. A.D. 150).] 

2177. Steward, Harry, 1970, Map projections: Approaches 

and themes: Journal o{Geography, v. 69, no. 7, p. 390-400. 

[Discussion of projections and suggestions on how to simplify 

instruction.] 

2178. Stewart,J.Q.,1943, The use and abuse of map 

projections: Geographical Review, v. 33, no. 4, p. 589-604. 

2179. Stewart, J.Q., and Pierce, N.L., 1944, Marine and air 

navigation: Boston, Ginn, 472 p. [Several projections 

discussed p. 19-45.] 

2180. Stilgenbauer, F.A., 1946, An improved {polar) lobate 

globoid grid for a polar map· of the world and its significance 

in air navigation: Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and 

Letters, Papers, v. 32, p. 265-284. 

2181. __ 1946, The improved <polar) lobate globoid grid 

for a polar map of the world: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, 

Annals, v. 36, no. 1, p. 105-106. [Abstract only.] 

2182. Stirling, I.F., 1973, New Zealand Map Grid: 

Wellington, N.Z., DepartmentofLandsand Survey, Head 

Office, Technical Circular 1973/32,7 p. 

2183. __ 1974, The new map projection: New Zealand 

Cartographic Journal, v. 4, no. 1, p. 3-9. [Conformal 

projection for New Zealand Map Grid.] 

2184. Stochdorph, Otto, 1985, Equidistant Cylindrical 

projection as a blend of cosmographic and perspective 

mapping on a sixteenth century map,!!! Marzoli, Carla 

Clivio, ed., Imago et mensura mundi: IX Congresso 

Internazionale di Storia della Cartografia, Atti: Rome, 

Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, p. 279-281. 

2185. Stooke, P.J., 1986, Automated cartography of nonspherical worlds: International Cartographic Assn., 2nd 

International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Seattle, 

Wash., July 5-10, Proceedings, p. 523-536. [Projections for 

irregular natural satellites of Mars, Saturn, etc.] 

2186. Storkan, F., 1954, Kartogra{icke tabulky pro nove 

mapy 1:5000 i 1:2000 ( elipsoid Krasovskeho): Prague, SNTL, 

88 p. [Czech. Cartographic tables for the new maps ( 1:5,000 

and 1:2,000)- Krasovskiy ellipsoid.] 

2187. Stott; P.H., 1977, The UTM Grid Reference System: 

Society for Industrial Archeology, Journal, v. 3, no. 1, p. 1-14. 

2188. Stoughton, H.W., 1982, Simple algorithms for 

calculation of scale factors for transverse Mercator systems: 

Survey Review, v. 26, no. 206, p. 386-391. 

2189. __ 1984, Analysis of various algorithms to compute 

scale factors· on the Lambert Conformal Conic projection: 

-87-

Amer. Society ofPhotogrammetry--Amer. Congress on 

Surveying and Mapping, Fall Convention, San Antonio, 

Texas, Technical Papers, p. 136-146. 

2190. Stoughton, H.W.,and Berry, R.M.,1985,Simple 

algorithms for calculation of scale factors for plane 

coordinate systems (1927 NAD and 1983 NAD): Surveying 

and Mapping, v. 45, no. 3, p. 247-259. (See also comments by 

B.H. Chovitz and A.P. Colvocoresses, no. 4, p. 361-362. Also 

published separately,1980, by U.S. Defense Mapping 

Agency, Hydrographic and Topographic Center, 25 p.] 

2191. Strachan,J.P.,1912, A new graphic map: Scottish 

Geographical Magazine, v. 28, no. 1, p. 35-39. [See comment 

by D. Pryde: no. 2, p. 89-90, that the projection is SansonFlamsteed <Sinusoidal).] 

2192. Strahler, A.N., 1963, Map projections, Appendix I,!..!! 

his The Earth Sciences: New York, Harper and Row, 

p. 633-643. 

2193. Strasser, Georg,1962, UTM-Projektion und GaussKriiger-Abbildung: Vermessungstechnische R undschau, 

v. 24, no. 9, p. 335-336. 

Strausz-Hupe, R. <See Harrison and Strausz-Hupe.) 

2194. Strickner, R., 1913, Ein Apparat zur praktischen 

Veranschaulichung der verschiedenen Kartenprojektionen: 

Kartographische und Schulgeographische Zeitschri{t, 

p.164-168,181-183. [Anapparatusforthepractical 

illustration of different projections.] 

2195. Strohl, L.,1950, Le vrai visage nouveau du monde au 

XXe siecle: La Nature; Revue des Sciences et de leur 

Applications, no. 3187, p. 321-340. 

2196. Strom, K.M.,1945, Four world maps for use in biology 

and geophysics: Norsk Geografisk Tidsskri{t, v. 10, no. 5-8, 

p. 179-183. (Boggs Eumorphic projection in four formats.] 

2197. Stromyer, C.E., 1901, Surface equivalent projections: 

7th International Congress on Geography, 1899, 

Verhandlungen: Berlin, W.N. Stiihl, v. 2, p. 99-102. 

2198. __ 190 1, A conical surface equivalent projection: 

Manchester Geographical Society, Journal, v. 17, no. 7-9, 

p. 183-185. [Suggests mapping on conical equal-area with a 

series of zones having different cone constants.] 

2199. Strong, H.M., 1927, A world map on an equal-area 

basis; a new map prepared for the correct presentation of 

commercial facts: Washington, Dept. of Commerce, 

Commerce Reports, no. 37, p. 645-647. 

2200. Struve, H., 1887, Landkarten: ihre Herstellung und 

ihre Fehlergrenzen: Berlin, J. Springer, 79 p. 

2201. Stutz, F.P., 1974, World map projections on the 

computer: Canadian Cartographer, v. 11, no. 1, p. 59-68. 

2202. Sust, 0., 1958, Geographische, Soldnersche und 

Gauss-Kriigersche konforme Koordinaten: 

Vermessungstechnik, v. 6, no. 8, p. 190-192. 
Swanson, W.G. (See Fleming and Swanson.) 

2203. Swedberg, Sven, 1929, Negotom Kartprojektioner: 

Ymer, v. 49, no. 4, p. 376-379. [Swedish.] 

2204. Sweden, Rikets Allmonne Kartverk, Geodetishe 

Avdolningen,1935, ... Tabeller furGauss11annoverska 

projektion: Stockholm, Statens Reproduktionsanstalt, 458 p. 

[Swedish. Tables for the Gauss-Hannover projection.] 

2205. Swonarew, K.A., 1953, Kartenentwurfslehre: Berlin, 

VEB VerlagTechnik, 182 p. 

2206. Sydow, Emil von, 1866, Drei Kartenklippen. 

Geokartographische Betrachtung: Geographisches 

Jahrbuch, v. 1, p. 348-361. 

2207. __ 1866, 1869, Obersichtder neueren 

topographischen Spezialkarten europaischer Lander: 

GeographischesJahrbuch,1866, v.l,and 1869, v. 4. 

2208. Szabo, Bela, 1971. Gondolatok vetiileti rendszeriink 

megvalasztasahoz: Geodesia es Kartografia, v. 23, no. 6, 

p. 406-411. (Hungarian. Some remarks about choosing 

Hungary's projection system.] 

2209. Szabo, K.E., 1986, A vetilleti fokhalozatok eloallitasa 

programvezerelt rajzgeppel: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 38, 

no. 5, p. 357-363. [Hungarian with English abstract. Some 

problems of producing projection grids drawn by plotters.] 

2210. Szadeczky-Kardoss, Gyula,l960, Ober eine raschere 

Berechnungsmethode der Uingenverzerrungen bei den 

Gauss-Kruger Koordinaten: Acta Technica Academiae 

Scientiarum H ungaricae, v. 30, Series Geodaetica et 

Geophysica, v. 2, no. 3-4, p. 313-317. [German with English 

abstract.) 

___ (See aJso Eilingzfeld and Szadeczky-Kardoss; Hassan 

and Szadeczky-Karduss; Tarczy-Hornoch and SzadeczkyKardoss.) 

2211. Sza va-Kovats, G .S., 1964, Notes for an introductory 

course in map projections based on the lectures of I. I. Mueller. 

Columbus, Ohio State Univ., Dept. of Geodetic Science. 

2212. Tamaki, Masao,1972,[Gnomonicchartfor 

navigation}: Chizu (Map), Journal of Japan Cartographers 

Assn., v. 10, no. 1, p. 26-28. [Japanese with English 

abstract.) 

Tannehill, I.R. <See also Gregg and Tannehill.) 

2213. Tannehill, I.R., and Woolard, E.W., 1936, Gall's 

projection for world maps: Monthly Weather Review, v. 64, 

no. 9, p. 294-297. 

2214. Tarczy-Hornoch, Antal,1960, A Gauss-Kriigerkoordinatak harom-csatlakoz6pontu atszamitasahoz: 

Geodezia es Kartografia, v.12,no.1, p. 9-12. [Hungarian with 

German abstract. Transformation ofGauss-Kriiger 

coordinates using three control points.] 

-88-

__ <See also Hazay and Tarczy-Hornoch.) 

2215. Tarczy-Hornoch, Antal, and Szadeczky- Kardoss, 

Gyula, 1959, Atszamitas a Gauss-Kruger vetiileti savok 

kozott ket csatlakoz6pont segitsegevel: Geodezia es 

Ka rtografia, v. 11, no. 1, p. 2-12. [Hungarian with French 

abstract. Transformation between zones ofGauss-Kriiger 

projection.] 

2216. __ 1960, Ober die U mrechnung der Gauss-KriigerKoordinaten von einem Streifen in den anderen mit 

mehreren Anschlusspunkten: Acta Technica Academiae 

Scientiarum H ungaricae, v. 30, Series Geodaetica et 

Geophysica, v. 2, no. 3-4, p. 259-312. [German with English 

abstract.] 

2217. Tardi, Pierre,1938, Questions relatives aux 

projections cartographiques: 15th International 

Geographical Congress, Amsterdam, Comptes Rendus, v. 2, 

p. 12-28. Also see his Rapport sur les projections: 

Association de Geodesie, Trauaux, 1936.) 

2218. Taylor, Griffi.th,1919, Air routes to Australia: 

Geographical Review, v. 7, no. 4, p. 256-261. [Uses southern 

Sylvanus (Werner) projection to show isolation of Australia.] 

Taylor, Horace (See Raisz, Peet, and Taylor.) 

2219. Taylor, W.A., 1890, Map projections: Scottish 

Geographical Magazine, v. 6, no. 6, p. 306-315. 

2220. Teunissen, J., and Hogenbirk, K., 1979, De 

Mercatorprojectie: Geodesia, v. 21, no. 4, p. 125-134. [Dutch.] 

Theriault, Y. <See Sanchez and Theriault.) 

2221. Thiemann, C., 1912, Bemerkungen zudem inder 

Merkatorprojektion auftretenden Integral y = I dct>/cos cp: 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Mariti men Meteorologie, 

v. 40, p. 502-503. [See also Schoy 0912).] 

2222. Thomas, P.O., 1952, Conformal projections in geodesy 

and cartography: U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 

no. 251, 142 p. 

2223. __ 1970, Spheroidal geodesics, reference systems, & 

local geometry: Washington, U.S. Naval Oceanographic 

Office SP-138, 165 p. [Map projection formulas discussed 

p. 98-1 00 (azimuthal) and p. 103-105 (Two-Point 

Equidistant).) 

__ <See also McBryde and Thomas.) 

2224. Thompson, E.H., 1938, The condition for the 

construction of a conformal projection: Empire Survey 

Review, v. 4, no. 30, p. 480-481. 

2225. __ 1946, An introduction to map projections: 

Chessington, Surrey, Eng., Ordnance Survey, 19 p. 

2226. __ 1975, A note on conformal map projections: 

Survey Review, v. 23, no. 175, p. 17-28. 
2227. Thompson, M.M., 1979, Map projections, reference 

systems and geodetic control, in his Maps for America: U.S. 

Geological Survey, p. 237-246. [2nd ed., 1982; 3rd ed., 1988.] 

Thomson, William <See Kelvin, Lord.) 

2228. Thomson, D. B., Mepham, M.P., and Steeves, R.R., 

1977, The Stereographic double projection: Frederidon, 

N.B., Canada, Univ. of New Brunswick, Tech. Report. No. 46, 

47 p. 

2229. Thorade, Hermann, 1919, Zur Umwandlung von 

Kartenprojektion tBemerkungen zu der vorangehenden 

Abhandlung lmmlersJ: Annalen der Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorulogie, v. 47, no. 1-2, p. 36-38. [Two-Point 

Azimuthal projection. See Immler (1919), and comments by 

Behrmann ( 1919 ). 1 

2230. ___ 1928, Elementares zur stereographischen 

Projektion: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 7 4, no. 9-10, p. 260. 

2231. Thornthwaite, C.W., 1927, The Cylindrical EqualArea projection for a new map of Eurasia and Africa: 

Berkeley, Univ. of Calif. Publications in Geography, v. 2, 

no. 6, p. 211-230. [Oblique aspect.] 

2232. Thoulet, Julien, 1868, Note sur les projections 

gnomoniques: Societe de Geographic, Bulletin, series 5, 

v. 15, Jan.-June, p. 78-86. [Gnomonic projection. See also 

Dufour (1868).) 

2233. ___ 1874, Note sur les projections gnomoniques: 

Societe de Geographic, Bulletin, series 6, v. 8, Aug., 

p. 171-186. [Gnomonic projection.] 

2234. ___ 1875, Note sur les projections orthographiques: 

Societe de Geographic, Bulletin, series 6, v. 10, Nov., 

p. 468-484. [Orthographic projection.) 

2235. ___ 1876, Carte du globe terrestre en projection 

gnomonique sur l'horizon du pole nord: Academic de~ 

Sciences, Comptes Rendus, v. 82, no. 4, p. 264-266. 

[Gnomonic projection.] 

2236. ___ 1877, Note sur les projections stereographiques: 

Societe de Geographic, Bulletin, series 6, v. 14, Nov., 

p. 489-508. !Stereographic projection.] 

2237 . ___ 1879, Note sur la projection cylindrique ou de 

Mercator: Societe de Geographic, Bulletin, series 6, v. 17, 

Apr., p. 305-318. [Mercator projection.] 

2238. Thrower, N.J.W., 1972, Maps and man: Englewood 

Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 184 p. [Numerous references to 

specific map projections.] 

2239. Tiedemann, C.E.,1975, Cartographic reconstructions 

ofGondwanian fractures for continental and smaller regions: 

A mer. Cartographer, v. 2, no. 2, p. 169-177. [Selection of 

projections for optimum fit of continents when joined.] 

2240. Ting, Jia-bou,l982, [A complement to the analytical 

transformation between conformal projections]: Acta 

-89-

Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 11, no. 1, p. 46-50. 

[Chinese with English abstract.] 

2241. Tissot, N .A., 1858, Sur le developpement modifie de 

Flamsteed: Academie des Sciences, Comptes Rendus, v. 46, 

no. 13, p. 646-648. [Modification of Sinusoidal projection 

using hyperbolic curves.] 

2242. ___ 1859-60, Surles cartes geographiques: 

Academic des Sciences, Comptes Rendus, 1859, v. 49, no.19, 

p.673-676;1860,v.50,no. 10,p.474-476;1860,v.51, 

p. 964-969. [See also 1865, v. 60, p. 933-934.) 

2243. ___ 1881, Memoire sur la representation des surfaces 

et les projections des cartes geographiques: Paris, Gauthier 

Villars, 337 p. + 60 p. tables. [Details the use of his 

indicatrix, introduced earlier. Also presents his version of 

equal-area conic projection. Note: The preamble and first 

four chapters of this work, p. 1-126, first appeared in 

Nouvelles Annales de Mathematiques, series 2, 1878, v. 17; 

1879, v. 18; 1880, v. 19.] 

2244. ___ 1887, Die Netzentwtirfe geographischer Karten: 

Stuttgart, German edition by Ernst Hammer. 

2245. Tobler, W.R., 1959, Automation and cartography: 

Geographical Review, v. 49, no. 4, p. 526-534. 

2246. ___ 1959, Some 11otes on azimuthal projections: 

Seattle, Univ. of Wash., 23 p. 

224 7 . ___ 1960, Generalized cylindrical projections: 

Seattle, Univ. of Washington, Dept. of Geography, 

Discussion Paper No. 36, Apr. 19,4 p. 

2248. __ 1960, Projection pitfalls: Assoc. of Amer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 50, no. 1, p. 58. 

2249. ___ 1961, Map transformations of geographic space: 

Seattle, University ofWashington, Doctoral dissertation. 

2250. __ 1961, World map on a Moebius strip: Surveying 

and Mapping, v. 21, no. 4, p. 486. 

2251. ___ 1962, The polar case of Hammer's projection: 

Professional Geographer, v. 14, no. 2, p. 20-22. [Flattening of 

polar Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection. See 

correction by Tobler in Survey Review, 1964, v. 17, no. 131, 

p. 242.] 

2252. ___ 1962, A classification of map projections: Assoc. 

of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 52, no. 2, p. 167-175. 

2253. ___ 1963, Geographic area and map projections: 

Geographical Review, v. 53, no. 1, p. 59-78. I Equal-area 

projections and cartograms. Translated to German as 

Geographischer Raum und Kartenprojektionen, !!!: 

Wirtschafts- undSozialgeographie. Hrsg. v. Dietrich Bartels: 

Cologne and Berlin, Kiepenheuer und Witsch, 1970, 

p. 262-277.] 

2254. __ 1963, Map projection research by digital 

computer: Denver, Colo., paper presented to Assoc. of Amer. 

Geographers, Sept. 
2255. __ 1964, A comparison of spherical and ellipsoidal 

measures: Professional Geographer, v.16, no. 4,p. 9-12. 

2256. __ 1964, Illustrations of map projection distortion: 

London, Nelson, 20th International Geographical Union 

Congress, Abstracts of Papers, p. 35. 

2257 . __ 1964, Some new equal area map projections: 

Survey Review, v.17, no. 131, p. 240-243. [Compresses 

equatorial and polar aspects of Lambert Azimuthal EqualArea projection of entire world by half to make outline 

elliptical, and compresses Hammer and Mollweide by half to 

make outline circular.) 

2258. __ 1964, Geographical coordinate computations: 

Part I, General considerations; Part II, Finite map projection 

distortions: Ann Arbor, Mich., University of Michigan, Dept. 

ofGeography, Technical Reports no. 2 and 3, ONR Task 

No. 389-137. 

2259. __ 1966, Medieval distortions: The projections of 

ancient maps: Assn. of Amer. Geographers, Annals, v. 56, 

no. 2, p. 351-361. 

2260. __ 1966, Notes on two projections: Cartographic 

Journal, v. 3, no. 2, p. 87-89. [Two-point Equidistant 

projection and independent derivation of projection 

originally by Siemon (1935, Wegtreue ... ), which Tobler calls 

Loximuthal.) 

2261. __ 1973, A continuous transformation useful for 

districting: New York AcademyofSciences,Annals, v. 219, 

p. 215-220. [Construction ofcartograms with areas 

proportional to population.} 

2262. __ 1973, The hyperelliptical and other new pseudo 

cylindrical equal area map projections: Journal of 

Geophysical Research, v. 78,no.ll,p.1753-1759. 

2263. __ 1974, Local map projections: Amer. 

Cartographer, v. 1, no. 1, p. 51-62. 

2264. __ 197 4, Cartogram programs: Ann Arbor, U niv. of 

Michigan, Dept. of Geography, Cartographic Laboratory 

Report No.3, [110 p.]. 

2265. __ 1976, The geometry of mental maps,!..!! Spatial 

Choice and Spatial Behavior:· Columbus, Ohio State 

University Press, p. 69-81. 

2266. __ 1976, Analytical cartography: A mer. 

Cartographer, v. 3, no. 1, p. 21-31. 

2267 . __ 1977, A transformational view of cartography,.!.!! 

Uotila, U .A., ed., The changing world of geodetic science: 

Columbus, Ohio State University, Dept. of Geodetic Science, 

Report no. 250, p. 270-280. [Also in A mer. Cartographer, 

1979, v. 6, no. 2, p.101-106.) 

2268. __ 1977, Bidimensional regression -a computer 

program: Santa Barbara, University of California, 

-90-

Geography Dept., manuscript, 71 p. [Shows use to determine 

fit of possible projections for "Gough" map of England.] 

2269. __ 1977, Numerical approaches to map projections, 

.!.!! Kretschmer, Ingrid, ed., Beitriige zur Theoretischen 

Kartographie (Studies in Theoretical Cartography): Vienna, 

Franz Deuticke, p. 51-64. 

2270. __ 1978, A proposal for an equal area map of the 

entire world on Mercator's projection: A mer. Cartographer, 

v.5,no.2,p.149-154. 

2271. __ 1979, Cartograms and cartosplines: U.S. Dept. of 

Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, 

Automated Cartography and Epidemiology,1976 Workshop, 

Hyattsville, Md., Proceedings, DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 79-

1254, p. 53-58. 

2272. __ 1986, Pseudo-cartograms: A mer. Cartographer, 

v.13,no.1,p.43-50. 

2273. __ 1986, Polycylindric map projections: A mer. 

Cartographer, v.13, no. 2, p. 117-120. 

227 4. __ 1986, Measuring the similarity of map 

projections: A mer. Cartographer, v. 13, no. 2, p.135-139. 

__ (See also Petrich and Tobler; under Lambert (1772); 

under Williams, R.LJ. 

2275. Tobler, W.R., and Chen, Zi-tan, 1986, A quadtree for 

global information storage: Geographical Analysis, v. 18, 

no. 4, p. 360-371. [Selection of world rna p projection as base 

for storage grid.] 

Todorova, E. <See Daskalova, Todorova, and Dilov .) 

2276. Tokmulin, M.Ch.,1958, 0 raschete kartograficheskoy 

setki dlya seysmicheskikh issledovaniy: Akademiya Nauk 

Kirgizskoy SSR, Izvestiya, no. 6, p. 65-77. [Russian. The 

calculation of cartographic graticules for seismic research.] 

2277. Tolstova, T.l., 1969, Kriteriy eyri v primenenii k 

azimutal'nym proyektsiyam: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 6, 

p.115-118. [Russian. Translated to English as The Airy 

criterion as applied to azimuthal projections (onto the 

tangent plane): Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1969, no. 6, 

p. 427-429.] 

2278. __ 1970, Obobshchennye konicheskie proyektsii: 

MIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 57, p. 94-116. [Russian. Generalized 

conic projections.] 

2279. __ 1981. Obobshchennye polikonicheskie 

proyektsii: Akademiya Nauk SSSR,Doklady, v. 259, no.l, 

p. 61-65. [Russian. Generalized polyconic projections.] 

2280. __ 1984, 0 polikonicheskikh proyektsiyakh dlya 

kart SSSR: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 4, p. 37-40. 

[Russian. On polyconic projections for the maps of the 

USSR.) 
2281. Tomelleri, Valentino, 1972, Le coordinate piane 

gaussiane nella determinazione del modulo di deformazione 

lineare puntuale per fusi di notevole ampiezza nella 

proiezione conforme U.T.M. dell'ellissoide di rotazione sul 

piano: Rivista del Catasto e dei Servizi Tecnici Erariali, new 

series, v. 27, no.1-6, p. 12-25. [The plane coordinates of 

Gauss in the determination of the modulus oflinear-point 

deformation for large meridian strips in the conformal UTM 

projection of the ellipsoid of rotation onto the plane.l 

2282. Tonta, Luigi, 1928, A new type of polar chart; method 

of navigating in the polar regions with the magnetig [sicl 

compass: Hydrographic Review, v. 5, no. 2, p. 51-60. 

["Mercator's inverse projection."] 

2283. __ 1929, Notes and tables on polar cartography: 

Hydrographic Review, v. 6, no. 1, p. 83-110. [Lambert 

Conformal Conic and "inverse Mercator" projections. See 

also no. 2, p.179.] 

2284. __ 1930, Cartes orthodromiques pour la 

construction du point radiogoniometrique: Revue 

Hydrographique Internationale, p. 32-38. 

2285. __ 1930, Use ofthe Lambert conformal conical 

projection for the plotting of hydrographic surveys: 

Hydrographic Review, v. 7, no. 1, p. 35-45. 

2286. Topchilov, M.A., 1969, Ob odnom obobshchenii klassa 

konformnykh proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 2, p.103-108. 

[Russian. Translated to English as A generalization of a 

class of conformal projections: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography,1969, no. 2, p.121-124.] 

2287 . ___ 1970, 0 rasprostranenii teoremy Chebyshev a na 

nekotorye klassy kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aero{otos emka, no. 4, p. 91-96. [Russian. Translated to 

English as On an extension of Chebyshev's theorem to 

certain classes of cartographic projections: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1970, no. 4, p. 251-254.] 

__ (See also Meshcheryakov and Topchilov .) 

2288. Topfer, Friedrich,1959, Betrachtungen zur 

Aquidistanz einer topographischen Karte 1:2000 der 

Deutschen Demokratischen Republik: Vermessungstechnik, 

v. 7, no. 6, p. 151-154. 

2289. Torbert, J .B., 1902, Maps and map-making: American 

Geographical Society, Bulletin, v. 34, no. 3, p.197-210. 

[Projections discussed p. 202-209.] 

2290. T6th, Adol-t61 von,1888, Eine neue, allgemeine, Ieicht 

u. genau construirbare Projektion des geographischen 

Gradnetzen mit genau ueberinstimmenden flacheninhalten: 

Foldrajzi Kozlemenyek, v. 16, no. 7, p. 81-84. 

2291. __ 1888, A roldrajzi fokhal6zatnak uj altahinos, 

egyenteriiletii es barmely kisebbitesi aranyban egyenlo 

konnyOseggel szerkeszthet.O vetulete: Foldrajzi 

-91-

Kozlemenyek, v. 16, no. 7, p. 369-387. [Hungarian. An easily 

constructed equal-area projection of the geographic grid that 

may be evenly reduced at any ratio. I 

2292. Town Planning Inst.,Journal, 1957, The Trystan 

Edwards projection, an outline map showing areas ofland 

and of sea, and the political boundaries: v. 43, no. 5, 

p. 114-115. 

Toy, H.S. <See Coleclough and Toy.) 

2293. Troeder, H., 1961, Ober Kartenprojektionen: 

Vermessungsverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz, Nachrichtenblatt, 

v.4,no.3,p. 13-18. 

2294. Troll, Carl, 1975, Proyeccion Peters: Sociedad 

Cartografica de Colombia, Boleti.n, v. 12, no. 23, p. 87-88. 

[Peters projection.] 

2295_ Trombetti, C., and Bencini, P., 1954, Proiezioni di 

Gauss-Boaga: Florence, Istituto Geografico Militare, 293 p. 

2296. Trutat, Eugene, 1897-[1902], Traite general de:; 

projections: Paris, C. Mendel, 391 p. [2nd volume published 

1902, discussing lantern projections.] 

2297. Tschamler, lngas, 1902-1906, Leitfaden der 

Kartographie, 2 vol.: Mahr-Neustadt, L. Fehr. 

2298. Tsinger, N. Y a., 1906, La projection de Lagrange 

appliquee a Ia carte de la Russie d'Europe: Academie des 

Sciences, Compte:; Rendus, v. 143, p. 211-213. 

2299. __ 1913, [About the transformation of the elliptical 

terrestrial surface onto a sphere with conservation of area 

where there is conformality of infinitely small figures]: 

lmperatorskaya Akademiya Nauk [St. Petersburg], 

Izvestiya, series 6, v. 7, p. 383-404. [Russian.] 

2300. __ 1916, 0 naivygodneyshikh vidakh konicheskikh 

proyektsiy: Akademiya Nauk [St. Petersburg],lzvestiya, 

series 6, v_ 10, no. 17, p. 1693. [Russian. Applies least 

squares to conformal and equal-area conic projections.} 

2301. Turner, H.H., 1915, Report on the state of science: 

Seismological investigations: London, British Association 

for the Advancement of Science, 84th Meeting, Australia, 

1914, Report, p. 41-69. (P. 44-45 describe a new projection by 

A. Milne with details of construction for ~arthquake 

mapping.} 

Turner, J.D. <See Junkins and Turner.) 

2302. Turner, R.J., 1978, A model ofPhobos: Icarus, v. 33, 

no. 1, p. 116-140. [Use of elliptical modification of polar 

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection for Mars satellite 

as triaxial ellipsoid.] 

2303. Turkey. Barta Genet Mudtirlugii, 1951, Gauss-Kriiger 

projeksiyonu ve tatbikati: Ankara, Yazan, Yuksek miihendis, 

Muhiddin Aran, 27 p. (Turkish.] 
2304. Turturici, Lorenzo, and Vassallo, Andrea, 1974, 

Considerazioni sull' isogonismo o non delle principali 

proiezioni cartografiche e su alcuni procedimenti operativi: 

Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, v. 33, no. 4, p. 407-422. 

[Italian with English abstract. Considerations on the 

isogonism or not of the main cartographic projections and on 

some operational procedures.] 

2305. Tyuflin, Yu.S., Ledovskaya, L.S., Kadnichanskiy, 

S.A., and Ostrovskiy, M.V., 1985,0 razgrafke poverkhnosti 

Venery na trapetsii i vybore kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: 

Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 8, p. 56-58. [Russian. On the 

Venus surface division on trapeziums and selection of 

cartographic projections.] 

2306. U, Tszon-sin, 1963, [The state and capabilities of 

mathematical cartography]: Acta Geodetia et Cartographica 

Sinica, v. 6, no. 1, p. 39-43. [Chinese with Russian abstract.] 

2307. U.S. Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, 

[ 1956?], Projections in general: St. Louis? 

2308. U.S. Army, 1973, Universal Transverse MercatorGT"id: 

U.S. Army Technical Manual TM 5-241-8. 

2309. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Lake Survey, N.Y 

Office, 1944, Laborde projection tables, Madagascar. 

2310. U.S. Army Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, 

1966,/ntroduction to map projections: Lesson Reference File 

T.002-200, 57 p. 

2311. ___ 1967, Computations for gridding a map: Lesson 

Reference File T.006-29, 13 p. 

2312. __ 1967, Lambert Conformal Conic projection 

construction: Lesson Reference FileT .221-050, 36 p. 

2313. ____ 1967, Transformationofcoordinates: Lesson 

Reference File T.006-74, 12 p. 

2314. __ 1967, Traverse computations on the UTM grid: 

Lesson Reference File T.006-40, 17 p. 

2315. __ 1968, Geographic to UTM grid coordinates and 

inverse: Lesson Reference File, T.230-403, 35 p. 

2316. __ 1968, Lambert Conformal Conic projection 

computations: Lesson Reference File T.315-06, 35 p. 

2317 . __ 1968, Polar Stereographic projection and 

Universal Polar Stereographic grid: Lesson Reference F'ile 

T.310-05, 25 p. 

2318. U.S. Army Map Service, 1943, World Polyconic Grid: 

A.M.S. Bulletin 1. 

2319. __ 1943, Methods of computing and plotting grids: 

A. M.S. Bulletin 2. 

2320. __ 1944, Transformation of grid coordinates: 

A.M.S. Bulletin 7. 

-92-

2321. __ 1949, Universal Polar Stereographic grid tables 

for latitudes 79°30 '- 90°. International spheroid (meters): 

19 p. [Rev.1958, TM 5-241-9,20 p.] 

2322. __ 1949-1951, Universal Transverse Mercator grid 

tables. Clarke 1866 (Technical Manual nos. 7, 21, 37), Clarke 

1880 (nos. 9, 48 ), Everest (nos. 11, 49 ), Bessel (nos. 8, 39 ), 

International (no. 6) spheroids. 

2323. __ 1950, Grids and grid references. [Also issued by 

Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1962, 199 p.; 1967, 192 p.; 

and 1983,143 p., as Technical Manual TM 5-241-1.] 

2324. __ 1951, Universal Transverse Mercator grid: 

Technical Manual no.19,66 p. [Corr.,1952. Rev.1958, TM / 

5-241-8.} 

2325. __ 1951, Zone to zone transformation tables, 

Universal Transverse Mercator Grid: Technical Manual 

no. 50. 

2326. __ 1958, Universal Transverse Mercator grid tables, 

Clarke 1866 spheroid: Army Technical Manual TM 

5-241-4/1. 

2327. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 1973, Projection 

handbook: 14 p. 

2328. __ 1973, CAM, Cartographic Automatic Mapping 

Program Documentation--Version 3. [Earlier versions 

internal. Versions 4 (1975), 5 (1977), 6 ( 1980), 7 (1987). 

Permits plotting of 16-18 map projections. See also under 

U.S. Geological Survey 0982).] 

2329. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,1885, Methods and 

results. Tables for the projection of maps on a polyconic 

development: Report for 1884,Appendix no. 6, p.135-321. 

2330. __ 1900, Tables for a Polyconic projection of maps: 

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Spec. Pub. 5. [2nd ed., 1900; 

3rd ed., 1910,189 p.;4th ed., 1917,189 p.; 5th ed.,1930, 

189 p.; 6th ed.,1935,189 p.] 

2331. __ 1948, Plane coordinate systems: Serial no. 562, 

rev. ed., 5 p. 

2332. __ 1950-54, Plane coordinate projection tables. 

[Pamphlets on State plane coordinate systems with tables.] 

__ <See also under Adams, O.S. (several); Bowie and 

Adams; Claire; Deetz (several); Hilgard ( 1856); Hunt and 

Schott; McBryde and Thomas; Mitchell and Simmons; Peirce 

(1879 ); Schmid, Erwin (1961, 1962 ); Schott; Shalowitz 

(1964);Thomas (1952); Zeskind. Also see U.S. National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.) 

2333. U.S. Geological Survey, 1949, State coordinates and 

polyconic maps: Circular 57, 7 p. [Superseded by Snyder 

(1986, USGS Circular 982).] 
2334. __ 1979, Oblique Mercator projections: Landsat 

Data Users Handbook, rev. ed., Appendix D, p. AD-1 to AD26. [Hotine and Space Oblique Mercator projections, from 

reports by A.P. Colvocoresses, Vladimir Kratky,J.B. 

Rowland, and J.P. Snyder.] 

2335. __ 1980, Map projections for Landsat data: Landsat 

Data Users Notes, no. 10, p.1-3. [The Hotine Oblique 

Mercator projection: no. 11, p. 4-5. The Space Oblique 

Mercator projection: no. 12, p. 2-3.] 

2336. __ 1981, General cartographic transformation 

package(GCTP): Reston, Va. [Computertransformation 

package with forward and inverse formulas for 18 

projections. Issued also by National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration with format changes as 

Version 2,1987: Rockville, Md.) 

2337. __ 1982, Geological Survey- Cartographic 

automatic mapping (GS-CAM>: Reston, Va. [Computerized 

projection package combining CAM of Central Intelligence 

Agency with GCTP (above).) 

__ (See also under Birdseye; Colvocoresses ( 1977, 

Map .... ); Evenden; Gannett; Newton; Plouff; Resnick; 

Rowland; Snyder (several); Thompson, M.M.; Woodward, 

R.S.) 

U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(See under Dozier; Schmid, Erwin ( 197 4); U.S. Geological 

Survey ( 1981 ). Also see U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.) 

2338. U.S. Navy Department, Bureau of Navigation, 1869, 

Projection tables for the use of the United States Navy; 

comprising a new table of meridional parts for the Mercator 

projection with reference to the terrestrial spheroid [flattening 

1/299.1528] and the tables of the Polyconic projection ... : 

236p. 

2339. Uhden, Richard, 1937, An [Azimuthal] Equidistant 

and a Trapezoidal projection of the early fifteenth century: 

Imago Mundi, v. 2, p. 8. 

2340. Uhorczak, Franciszek, 1962, Obraz swiata w siatkach 

kartograficznych: Warsaw, Geografia Powszechna, v. 1, 

p. 102-120. (Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.) [Polish. 

The world in map projections.] 

2341. Ulrich, Otto, 1878, Die perspektivischen 

Kartenprojektionen, deskriptiv behandelt: Breslau, 

Gymnasium zu St. Elisabet. 

2342. Umlauft, Friedrich,l889, Die gebrauchlichsten 

Kartenprojectionen: DeutscheR undschau fur Geographie 

undStatistik, v.11, no. 5, p. 219-222. 

2343. Unguendoli, Marco, 1975, Modified IcosahedralGnomonic projection: Bollettino di Geodesia e Scienze Affini, 

v.34,no.2,p.137-144. 

-93-

2344. University of Chicago Magazine, 1952, The flat world, 

v.44,no.8,p.4. 

2345. Urmayev, N.A., 1941, Matematisheskaya kartografiya: 

Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Voyennoinzhenernoy Akademii. 

[Russian. Mathematical cartography.] 

2346. __ 1947, Metody izskaniya novykh 

kartograficheskikh proyektsiy: Moscow, VTU GSh VSSSR. 

[Russian. The approach to establishment of new 

cartographic projections. I 

2347. __ 1950, lzyskaniye nekotorykh novykh 

tsilindricheskikh, azimutal'nykh i psevdotsilindricheskikh 

proyektsiy: N auchno-Tekhnicheskiye i Proizvodstvennye 

Statey GUGK, Sbornik, no. 29. [Russian. The search for 

some new cylindrical, azimuthal, and pseudocylindrical 

projections.] 

2348. __ 1953, Issledovaniya po matematicheskoy 

kartografii: TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no. 98,107 p. [Russian. 

Studies in mathematical cartography.) 

2349. __ 1962, Osnovy matematisheskoy kartografii: 

TsNIIGAiK, Trudy, no.144, 128 p. [Russian. The 

fundamentals of mathematical cartography. Rev.1969.] 

2350. Uzefovich, A.M., 1938, Cartographical projections for 

geographical maps: School Science and Mathematics, v. 38, 

no. 4, p. 378-390. 

2351. __ 1949, Global distance scale: Surveying and 

Mapping,v.9,no.2,p.87-92. 

2352. Vahl, Martin, 1911, De vigtigste Kortprojektioner: 

Nyt Tidsskrift for Matematik, series A, v. 22, p. 33-64. 

[Danish. The "most important" projections of the sphere.] 

2353. Vakhrameyeva, L.A., 1960, [Certain investigations of 

the formulas for rectangular coordinates for the Lambert 

Conformal Conic projection]: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 2. [Russian.] 

2354. __ 1960, Sravneniye proyektsiy, ispol'zuemykh dlya 

sovremennykh t.opograficheskikh kart: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 4, 

p. 93-101. [Russian. A review of projections used for modern 

topographic maps.] 

2355. __ 1961, 0 metode polucheniya perspektivnykh 

proyektsiy s mnogokratnymi izobrazheniyami, 

predlozhennom Prof. M.D. Solov'evym: MIIGAiK, Trudy, 

v. 47, p.117-126. [Russian. Obtaining a perspective 

projection with multiple aspects as suggested by Prof. M.D. 

Solov'ev.] 

2356. __ 1963, Obobshchennye formuly konformnykh 

proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka,no. 1, p. 109-115. [Russian. 

Translated to English as Generalized formulas for conformal 

projections: GeodesyandAerophotography,1963,no.1, 

p. 48-51.] 
2357 . ___ 1969, Konformnye proyektsii, poluchennye s 

pomoshch'yu garmonicheskikh polinomov: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotosemka, no.1, p. 111-116. [Russian. Translated to 

English as Conformal projections obtained with the aid of 

harmonic polynomials: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1969, 

no. 1, p. 53-55.} 

2358. __ 1971, Konformnye proyektsii s 

asimmetrichnymi izokolami: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotosemka, no. 1, 

p. 133-138. [Russian. Translated to English as Conformal 

projections with asymmetric distribution of distortion: 

GeodesyandAerophotography,1971, no.1, p. 52-54.) 

2359. __ 1971, Konformnye proyektsii, poluchayemye s 

pomoshch'yu ryadov, i ikh primeneniye: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos emka, no. 6, 

p. 91-94. [Russian. Translated to English as Conformal 

projections obtained from series and their application: 

Geodesy and Aerophutography, 1971, no. 6, p. 338-340.] 

2360. __ 1975, Teoriya konformnykh proyektsiy s 

upravlyayemymi izokolami i metody ikh izyskoniya: Moscow, 

Doctoral dissertation. rRussian. Theory of conformal 

projections with controlled isocols and methods to find them.] 

__ (See also Starostin, V akhrameyeva, and 

Bugayevskiy.) 

2361. Vakhrameyeva, L.A., and Bugayevskiy, Yu.L., 1985, 

Issledovaniye peremennomasshtabnykh proyektsiy dlya 

sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh kart: Izvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 3, 

p. 95-99. [Russian. Analysis of variable-scale projections for 

socio-economic maps. I 

2362. Van Burkalow, Anastasia, 1955, Teaching map 

projections in introductory geography courses: Journal of 

Geography,v.54,no.2,p.82-88. 

2363. van der Craats, W.J.,and vander Krogt, P.C.J.,1979, 

Partieel vervormde kaarten: Kartogra{&&ch Tijdschrift, v. 5, 

no. 4, p. 24-30. [Dutch. Partially transformed maps.] 

2364. van der Grinten, A.J.,1904, Map: U.S. Patent 

751,226, dated Feb. 2. [His best known circular map 

projection. Also patented in Ganada, Great Britain, and 

France (van der Grinten (1905, New .... )).] 

2365. __ 1904, Darstellung der ganzen Erdoberflache auf 

einer kreisiormigen Projektionsebene: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 50, no. 7, p.lSS-159. [World map projections 

bounded by circles and having circles for meridians and 

parallels. See also corrections, no.10, p. 250; 1905, v. 51, 

no. 2, p. 48. See also his supplementary comments, 1905, Zur 

Verebnung der ganzen Erdoberflache: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 51, no. 10, p. 237.) 

2366. __ 1905, New circular projection of the whole 

earth's surface: A mer. Journalo{Science,series 4, v.19, 

no. 113, p. 357-366. 

-94-

van der Krogt, P.C.J. <See van der Craats and van der 

Krogt.) 

2367. Vander linn, J ., 1888, Lehrbuch des 

Projektionszuchmens: Stuttgart,J. Maier,182 p. 

van der Voo, Rob <See Scotese, Bombach, Barton, van der 

Voo, and Ziegler.) 

2368. Van Roon,J.,1929, De equivalente cilinderprojectie 

voor wereldkaarten: Tijdschrift voor Economische 

Geographie, v. 20, no. 4, p. 129-132. [Dutch. Equivalent 

cylindrical projections for world maps.] 

2369. __ 1936, Kaartprojecties: Zee, v. 58, no. 8, 

p. 410-418. [Dutch. Map projections.] 

2370. __ 1939, Gnomonische kaarten: Zee, v. 61, p. 67-72. 

[Dutch. Gnomonic maps.] 

2371. __ 1940, Kaartprojecties bij het zeevaartonderwijs: 

Zee, v. 62, no.l, p. 12-20. [Dutch. Map projections in 

navigation instruction.] 

2372. Vanssay de Blavous, P.M.J.F.A.de,1930,Systemsof 

plane projection for plotting hydrographic surveys: 

Hydrographic Review, v. 7, no.1, p. 8-34. 

2373. __ 1937, Generalization of the conformal conic 

projection and the double circular projection of the sphere: 

Hydrographic Review, v. 14, no. 1, p. 39-69. 

237 4. __ 1939, Stereographic projections: Hydrographic 

Review, v. 16, no. 1, p. 24-45. 

2375. __ 1939-40, Conformal projections of the ellipsoid: 

Hydrographic Review, 1939, v. 16, no. 2, p. 25-43; 1940, v.17, 

no. 2, p. 11-22. 

__ (See also under Driencourt and Laborde.) 

van Willigen, Duck (See Lincklaen Arriens, Vrijmoed, van 

Willigen, and de Jongh.) 

2376. Van Zyl, A.S., 1979, Bonnes projection ofMeteosat 

images: Pretoria, Natl. Physical Research Lab., Optical 

Sciences Div ., 20 p. 

2377. Vapotitsch, Franz, 1893, Zur Aitowschen 

Kartenprojektion: Ausland, v. 66, no. 21, p. 325-326. [Aitoff 

projection.] 

2378. Varenius, Bernard, 1650, Mappas geographicas 

componere, in his Geographia generalis, in qua affectiones 

generalis telluris explicantur ... : Amsterdam, book 3, chap. 

32, proposition 6, p. 691-725. [Latin. Construction of several 

existing projections described. Other editions at Amsterdam, 

1664,1671, 1672;Cambridge,1672, 1681;Jena,1693. 

Translated to English by Blome, Richard,1682, as To 

compose geographical maps,!!! Cosmography and geography 

in two parts: The first ... being a translation from ... 

Varenius: London, p. 316-334. Translations also to English 

(1733), Dutch 0755), French (1755), Russian (1718, 1790).) 
2379. Vargo, Jozsef, 1983, A Lambert-fete szogtart6 

kupvetilletrol: Geodezia es Kartografia, v. 35, no. 1, p. 25-30. 

[Hungarian with English abstract. The Lambert Conformal 

Conic projection. I 

2380. Vasilevskiy, L.I., 1968, Variavalentnye proyektsii i 

ikh primeneniye dlya kart naseleniya i drugikh special'nykh 

geograficheskikh kart: Moscow, Materialy vtorogo 

Mezhduvedomstvennogo Soveshch. po Geogr. Naseleniya, 

v. 3, 1967, p. 22-25. [Russian. Many-valued projections and 

their application for settlement and other special maps.) 

2381. Vasmut, A.S., 1978, Mashinnoye proyektirovaniye i 

konstruirovaniye kart: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos'emka, no. 4, p. 90-100. 

[Russian. Machine map projection and map construction.] 

Vassallo, Andrea (See Turturici and Vassallo.) 

2382. Velten, A.W., 1898, Neue Methode, eine in azimutaler 

Projection entworfene geographische Karte in eine andere 

mit beliebig gegebener Kartenmitte zu O.bertragen: 

Zeitschriftfur Vermessungswesen, v. 27, no, 4, p.103-113. 

2383. Venturi, A., 1898, Sopra alcune proprieta 

rappresentative degli angoli e sulla proiezione isodromica: 

Rivista Geografica ltaliana, v. 5, no. 9, p. 437-456; no.10, 

p. 501-518. 

2384. V erste lle, J. T ., 1951, Kaartprojecties beschouwd uit 

een hydrografisch oogpunt: The Hague, Neth., Min. van 

Marine, Afdeling Hydrografie, Staatsdruckerei, 167 p. 

[Dutch. Map projections for hydrography, Royal Dutch Navy 

Hydrographic Service.] 

Vesely, Miroslav (See Pazourek and Vesely.) 

2385. Vilenkin, N.Ya., 1961,0 konformnykh proyektsiyakh, 

blizkikh k chebyshevskoy proyektsii: lzvestiya Vysshikh 

Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos 'emka, no. 5, 

p. 79-89. [Russian. On conformal projections similar to the 

Chebyshev projection.] 

2386. Vincenty, T., 1984, Proposal for a unified state plane 

coordinate system: Amer. Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, Bulletin, no. 92, p. 17-20. 

2387. __ 1985, Precise determination ofthe scale factor 

from Lambert Conical projection coordinates: Surveying and 

Mapping,v.45,no.4,p.315-318. 

2388. __ 1986, Use of polynomial coefficients in 

conversions of coordinates on the Lambert Conformal Conic 

projection: Surveying and Mapping, v. 46, no. 1, p. 15-18. 

2389. Vincze, Vilmos, 1959, Nagymeretaranyu terkepeink uj 

vetO.leti rendszere: Geodezia es Kartografza, v. 11, no. 3, 

p.167-169. [Hungarian. New map projection for large-scale 

maps ofHungary.l 

2390. __ 1968, Einheitliche Ableitung und 

allgemeingO.ltige Grundgleichungen der reellen 

-95-

Projektionen: Acta Geodaetica, Geophysica et Montanistica, 

v.3. 

2391. __ 1982, Az ellipszoid valos veto.letei. AvalOs 

vetiiletek altalanos egyenletei: Geodezia es Kartogra{ia, 

v. 34, no. 4, p. 235-242. [Hungarian with German abstract. 

True ellipsoidal projections. General equations of the 

projections.] 

2392. __ 1983, Fundamental equations with general 

validity of real projections: Acta Geodaetica, Geophysica et 

Montanistica, v.18, no. 4, p. 383-401. 

2393. Vinge, C.L., 1950, Mercator projection: its basis in 

elementary mathematics: School Science and Mathematics, 

v.50,no.439,p.394-401. 

2394. __ 1951, Mercator grid: its practical and pedagogic 

merits: Journal o{Geography, v. 50, no.1, p. 30-34. 

2395. Visintin, Luigi, 1921, Sulle migliori proiezioni in 

planisfero: La Geogra(za (Rivista di Propaganda Geogra{ica), 

v.9,no.6,p. 181-203. 

2396. __ 1930, Una costrusione geometrica del planisfero 

ellitico di Eckert: La Geografia (Rivista di Propaganda 

Geografica), v. 18, no. 1-6, p. 95-97. [Eckert's elliptical 

projection.] 

2397. Vital, Arthur, 1903, Die Kartenentwurtslehre: Die 

Erdkunde, v. 26: Leipzig and Vienna, F. Deuticke, 96 p. 

2398. Vitkovskiy, V.V., 1900, (Advantages of an equal-area 

conical projection]: lzvestiya Russ. G.S., v. 36, p. 457-462. 

[Russian. I 

2399. __ 1907, Kartografiya; teoriya kartograficheskikh 

proyektsiy, 14: St. Petersburg, Yu.N. Erlikh,463 p. 

!Russian. Presents his versions of equidistant, equal-area, 

and conformal conic projections.] 

2400. Volkov, N.M., 1964, Vneshniye perspektivnye 

proyektsii s pozitivnym izobrazheniyem poverkhnosti 

zemnogo shara: Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 4, p. 70-73. 

[Russian. External perspective projections with positive 

image of the surface ofthe globe.] 

2401. __ 1969, Automatisierung und Mechanisierung in 

der mathematischen Kartographie: Technische Universitat 

Dresden, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, v. 18, 

no. 2, p. 589-596. 

2402. __ 1973, Kartograficheskaya proyektsiya 

fotosnimkov nebesnykh tel, poluyayennykh iz kosmosa: 

Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotos'emka, no. 2, p. 91-99. [Russian. Translated to 

English as Cartographic projection of photographs of 

celestial bodies taken from outer space: Geodesy, Mapping 

and Photogrammetry, 1973, v. 15, no. 2, p. 87-91.) 

Volkov, N.M. <See also Bugayevskiy, Volkov, and Ginzburg.) 
2403. von Textor,Johann-Christoph, 1808, Vorschlag zu 

einer Projection eines Iangen und schmalen Streifens der 

Erdflache, dessen Richtung mit dem Aequator einen schiefen 

Winkel macht, nebst einigen Bemerkungen ii.ber 

Landcharten-Projectionen: Zach s Monatliche 

Correspondenz zur Be{Orderung der Erd- und HimmelsKunde, v.l8,Sept.,p.l85-196. 

2404. VonderMii.hll, Karl, 1868, Ueber die Abbildung von 

Ebenen aufEbenen: Journal fiir die Reine und Angewandte 

Mathematik [Crelle's], v. 69, no. 3, p. 264-285. [Generalizes 

Lagrange's ( 1779) approach to produce a series of conformal 

projections with straight lines and conic sections for 

meridians and parallels.] 

2405. __ 1868, UbereinProblem der Kartenprojektion ... : 

Leipzig, B.G. Teubner, 18 p. 

2406. Voss, A.,1933, Abbildung und Abwickelung zweirer 

Flachen aufEinander, !!!_Encyklopiidie der Mathematischen 

Wissenschaften, v. 3, part 3, D6a, p. 355-440. 

2407. Voxland, P.M., 1982, World projection and mapping 

program reference manual: Minneapolis, Minn., Social 

Science Research Facilities Center, Univ. of Minnesota. 

[Computer program with over 100 projections.] 

__ <See also Hsu and Voxland; Porter and Voxland; 

Snyder and Voxland.) 

2408. Vozikis, E.,1983, Unconventional applications of 

differential rectification: Photogrammetria, v. 38, no. 6, 

p. 201-208. 

__ (See also Bormann and Vozikis;Jansa and Vozikis.) 

Vrijmoed, Hans (See Lincklaen Arriens, Vrijmoed, van 

Willigen, and de Jongh.) 

2409. Vul'fovich, B.A.,1962, Issledovaniya formy 

tsiklecheskoy krivoy 1 tipa na merkatorskoy proyektsii 

ellipsoida: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya iAerofotos'emka, no. 6, p. 21-27. [Russian. 

Translated to English as Investigations of the shape of type 1 

cyclic curve on the Mercator projection of the ellipsoid: 

Geodesyand.Aerophotography, 1962, no. 6, p. 378-381.) 

241 0. __ 1967, Analiz iskazheniy modifitsirovannoy 

mezhdunarodnoy proyektsii: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh 

Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i Aerofotos 'emka, no. 3, p. 99-109. 

[Russian. Translated to English as Analysis of distortions of 

the Modified International projection: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography, 1967, no. 3, p. 183-187.) 

2411. Wagner, Hermann, 1900, Die geographische Karte,!!! 

his Lehrbuch der Geographie: Hannover and Leipzig, Hahn, 

v.l,p.171-227. [Also 1920ed.) 

2412. __ 1905, Das Erdspharoid und seine Abbildung: 

Geographischer Anzeiger, v. 6, p. 153-154. 

2413. __ 1914, Der Kartenmassstab -- Historischkritische Betrachtungen: Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde in 

Berlin, 

-96-

Zeitschrift, no. 2, p. 81-117. [Map scales. A detailed 

discussion related to map projections.] 

2414. __ 1915, Gerhard Mercator und die ersten 

Loxodromen aufKarten: Annalen der Hydrographie und 

MaritimenMeteorologie, v. 43, no. 7, p. 299-311; no. 8, 

p. 343-352. 

2415. __ 1915, Kartometrische Analyse der Weltkarte G. 

Mercators vom Jahre 1569: Annalen der Hydrographie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 43,no. 9, p. 377-394. [Reprinted 

in Acta Cartographica, 1977, v. 25, p. 435-452.] 

2416. Wagner, Karl Heinrich,1973, Das neue Kartenbild 

des Herrn Peters: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 23, no. 4, 

p.162-163. [Peters projection.) 

2417. __ 1982, Bemerkungen zum Umbeziffern von 

Kartennetzen: Kartographische Nachrichten, v. 32, no. 6, 

p. 211-218. 

2418. Wagner, Karlheinz,1932, Die unechten 

Zylinderprojektionen: Deutsch Seewarte, Archiv, v. 51, no. 4, 

68 p. 40. [Presents two flat-polar pseudocylindrical 

projections with sinusoidal meridians, one equal-area and 

one with equally spaced parallels.] 

2419. __ 1941, Neue okumenische Netzentwii.rfe f\ir die 

kartographische Praxis: Jahrbuch der Kartographie, 

p. 176-202. (Presents modifications of Hammer projection 

with curved lines for poles.] 

2420. __ 1944, Umformung von Mercator-Netzen: 

Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 90, no. 11-12, 

p.299-306. 

2421. __ 1949, Kartographische Netzentwurfe: Leipzig, 

Bibliographisches Institut, 262 p. [2nd ed. 1962. Presents 

four new flat-polar pseudocylindrical projections with 

sinusoidal or elliptical meridians. Also combines Aitoff and 

equatorial Azimuthal Equidistant projections.] 

2422. __ 1966, Ober das Zusammenfugen von 

geographischen Kartennetzen und die Netze der "Deutschen 

Weltkarte" und "Deutschen Meereskarte": 

Bibliographisches Institut, Hauszeitschri(t, 

Wissenschaftliche Redaktion, no. 2, p. 89-117; no. 3, p. 7-55. 

Wainright, P. (See Gorton and Wainright). 

Walker, G.L. (See Flexner and Walker.) 

2423. Walker, George, 1775, On the doctrine of the sphere. In 

six books: London, for J. Johnson, 338 p. (Also 1777 edition. 

Books IV and V discuss Orthographic and Stereograpbic 

projections, respectively.] 

2424. Wallis, D.E., 1983, Formulas for precise transverse 

Mercator projection: Pasadena, Calif, Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory, NASA Tech Brief, v. 7, no.l, item #87, 23 p. 

[Harmonic formulas for ellipsoid; do not properly converge in 

general case.) 
2425. Wallis, Helen, [ 1982 ], Understanding maps, !..!! The 

great geographical atlas: London, Mitch ell Beazley, 

p. 98-103. 

2426. Wallis, Helen, and Robinson, A.H., eds.,1987: Map 

projections, in their Cartographical innovations: Tring, 

Herts., Eng., Map Collector Publications ( 1982) Ltd., 

p.191-194. 

Walsh,J.M. (See Lee,J.E.,and Walsh.) 

Wangerin, Albert <See under Euler; Gauss; Lagrange; and 

Lambert.) 

Ward, A.W. <See Holgreve and Ward.) 

2427. Ward, K.W.,and Bateman, Carol,1967, The oblique 

zenithal equidistant projection: Cartographic Journal, v. 4, 

no. 2, p. 127-137. [Centered on Glasgow.] 

2428. Ward, Ken, 1979, Cartography in the round--the 

Orthographic projection: Cartographic Journal, v. 16, no. 2, 

p.104-116. 

2429. Wargentin, Peter, 1758, Im geographiska longituden: 

Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar, v. 19, 

p. 167-178, 239-250. [Swedish. On geographic longitudes. 

Translated to German as Von der geographischen Hinge: 

Schwedische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, 

1759, v. 20, p. 163--172, 231-240.) 

2430. Warntz, William, 1967, Implicit map projections in 

computer print-outs: Harvard Papers in Theoretical 

Geography, Geography and the Properties of Surfaces Series, 

no.3,21 p. 

__ (See also under Maurer C 1935).) 

2431. Warntz, William, and WoUI: Peter,1971, Ptolemy: 

The classical synthesis and Mercator in their Breakthroughs 

in geography: New York, New American Library, p. 13-78. 

[Detailed discussion of the projections of Ptolemy and 

Mercator including a complete translation of the relevant 

parts of the former's Geography.) 

2432. Warren, S.E., 1860, General problems from the 

orthographic projections of descriptive geometry with their 

applications to oblique - including isometrical -projections, 

graphical constructions in spherical trigonometry, 

topographical projection ( '0 ne plane descriptive '? and 

graphic transformations: New York,J. Wiley,412 p. 

2433. Watts, D.G., 1970, Some new map projections of the 

world: Cartographic Journal, v. 7, no. 1, p. 41-46. [Describes 

55 new combinations of pseudoconic or pseudocy I ind rica I 

projections with others. I 

2434. __ 1970, Pseudo-conical world maps: Cartographic 

Journal,v.7,no.2,p. 101-102. 

2435. __ 1972, Map projections are easy: Milford Haven, 

Wales, C.I. Thomas, 63 p. 

-97-

2436. __ 1974, The graphical construction ofLambert's 

Equal-Area Conic projection with one standard parallel: 

Cartographic Journal, v.ll, no. 2, p.121. 

Wawrick, Franz (See under Kretschmer (1986).) 

2437. Weber, H., 1867, Ueber ein Princip der Abbildung der 

Theile einer krummen Oberflache auf einer Ebene: JourruJl 

fur Reine und Angewandte Mathematik [Crelle's), v. 67, no. 3, 

p. 229-247. 

2438. Wedemeyer, August, 1917, Das Messen auf 

geographischen Karten: Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde in 

Berlin, Zeitschrift, no. 2, p. 96-114. (Discusses map 

projeetions and relative distortions.] 

2439. __ 1919, Kartenentwurf zur Ortsbestimmung nach 

funkeltelegraphischen Peilungen: Petermanns Mitteilungen, 

v. 65, May-June, p.102-103. [Gnomonic projection. See 

comments by Maurer, Hans,1920: v. 66, Mar., p. 57-58. See 

also Hammer (1922).) 

2440. __ 1919, In welchem Entwurfisteine Arbeitskarte 

fiir Kiistenvermessungen herzustellen?: Annalen tkr 

Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 47, no. 3-4, 

p. 49-75. [Discusses several major projections for coastal 

mapping.] 

2441. __ 1919, Das winkeltreue gegenazimutale 

Kartennetz nach Littrow: Annalen der Hydrograph.ie und 

Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 47, no. 7-8, p. 183-188. (See 

comments by Maurer, Hans, no. 11-12, p. 280, with response 

by Wedemeyer, p. 280.) 

2442. __ 1935, Winkeltreue Kartennetze und 

Abbildungen: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 64, 

p. 267-273. [Conformal projections.] 

2443. __ 1936, Winkeltreue Kartennetze in elementarer 

Behandlung: Deutsche Seewarte, Archiv, v. 55, no. 2, p. 1-42. 

[Conformal projections.) 

2444. __ 1937, Die stereographische Karte: A nruJlen tkr 

Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 65, no. 6, 

p. 282-286. 

2445. __ 1938, Grosskreiskarten: Seewart, v. 7, no. 7, 

p.195-202. 

2446. __ 1938, Winkeltreue Kartennetze: AnruJlentkr 

Hydrographie undMaritimen Meteorologie, v. 66, no. 2, 

p. 75-78. [Conformal projections.) 

__ (See also under Immler C 1931).) 

244 7. Wehner, Heinrich, 1911, Geeignete Kartenprojektion 

zur Darstellung der erdmagnetischen Elemente: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 57-2, Dec., p. 351. [Appropriate 

map projection for representing the elements of the Earth's 

magnetism.] 

2448. Weightman,J.A., 1961, A projection for a triaxial 

ellipsoid: the generalised stereographic projection: Empire 

Survey Review, v. 16,no. 120, p. 69-78. 
2449. Weiler, A., 1903, Geometrisches uber einige 

Abbildungen der Kugel in der Kartenentwurfslehre: 

Zeitschrift fur Mathematik und Physik, v. 49, p. 169-210. 

Weise, K.H. (See Konig and Weise.) 

Weiss, C.C. (See Wray and Weiss.) 

2450. Wendin, B., 1934, Graphische Bestimmungen von 

orthodromischen Distanzen mit Hilfe der orthographischen 

und gnomonischen Projektion: Geographische 

Wochenschrift, v. 2, p.1165-1167. [Use ofOrthographic and 

Gnomonic projections.] 

2451. Wenedikoff, M.,1942, Formeln fOr die winkeltreue 

schiefachsige Zylinderprojektion: Schweizerische Zeitschrift 

fur Vermessungswesen undKulturtechnik: v. 40, no. 3, 

p.64-69. 

2452. Wenz, Gustav,1871,Die TheoriedesLandkarten- und 

Planzuchnens: Munich, Lindauer, 32 p. 

2453. __ 1876,Atlascommentar: Theoretische und 

praktische Einfi.ihrung in die Landkartenprojection: 

Nuremberg, F. Korn'sche Buchhandlung, 86 p. 

2454. __ 1883, Die mathematische Geographie in 

Verbindung mit der Landkarten-Projektion; fur Schulen und 

zum Selbstunterricht: Munich, R. Olden bourg, 299 p. 

2455. Werenskiold, Werner, 1945, A class of equal area 

projections: Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, Oslo, 

Matematisk-naturvidenskapelig Klasse 1944,Auhandlinger, 

no. 11. [Redeveloped three earlier pseudocy lind rica Is with 

poles as lines halfthe length of the Equator, and parabolic, 

sinusoidal, and elliptical meridians.] 

2456. __ 1945, Kartprojeksjoner: Oslo, Aschehoug, 60 p. 

[Norwegian.] 

2457. __ 1953, Theory of map projections: Bulletin 

Geodesique, new series, no. 28, p.153-161. 

2458. Werkmeister, Paul, 1909, Gradabteilungskarte, 

Polyederprojektion, Gradkartensystem, natlirliche 

Projektion: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, v. 38, no. 12, 

p. 281-291. (Also in Petermanns Mitteilungen, 1911, v. 57-1, 

June, p. 309-310.] 

2459. Werner, Johannes,1514, Libellus de quatuor terra rum 

orbis in plano figurationibus, in his Noua translatio primi 

librigeographiae Cl. Ptolemaei: Nuremberg. [Latin. 

Describes three cordiform or heart-shaped pseudoconic 

projections developed by Johannes Stabius about 1500, also 

oblique Stereographic as if it were Stabius' fourth.! 

2460. Wessely, Viktor,1907,DieKartographie nach 

Einfuhrung der Terraindarstellung in Karten und Pliinen, 

3 v.: Bremerhaven and Leipzig, L.V. Vangerow. 

2461. Westfall, J .E., 1970, The ecumenical projection: 

Canadian Cartographer, v. 7,no.1, p. 42-47. [Uses oblique 

-98-

Albers Equal-Area Conic projection to show the ancient 

known world.] 

2462. __ 1977, Map projection atlas: San Francisco, San 

Francisco State Univ. [60 plots from computer program, 

showing 11 projections in various aspects, using various 

parameters.) 

2463. Weyer, G.O.E.,1890, Bericht uber die neuen 

amerikanischen Seekarten in gnomonischer oder 

Centralprojektion fur die Schift'ahrt im gr08sten Kreise: 

Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 

v.18,no. 5,p.161-172. [Comments on American seacharton 

Gnomonic projection for great-circle sailing.] 

2464. __ 1892, Ueber eine neue Ausgabe der 

amerikanischen Seekarten in gnomonischer Projektion fOr 

die Schiffahrt im grossten Kreise: Annalen der 

Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, v. 20, no. 6, 

p.185-190. 

2465. White, M.S., Jr., and Griffin, P.E., 1980, Coordinate 

free cartography: AUTO-CARTO IV, Reston, Va., 

Proceedings, v. 2, p. 236-245. 

2466. Whitten, C.A.,1951, Rapport General no. 2 sur les 

projections--1951: Brussels, International Union of Geodesy 

and Geophysics, Geodesy Association, Trauaux, 64 p. 

[National usage of projections--various countries listed and 

detailed.) 

2467. Wiechel, H., 1879, Rationelle Gradnetzprojectionen: 

Civilingenieur, new series, v. 25, columns 401-422. [His 

pseudoazimuthal projection.) 

2468. Wilford, J .N ., 1981, Mercator squares the circle, in his 

The mapmakers: New York, Alfred A. Knopf, p. 73-86. [Map 

projections.] 

2469. Wilgat, T.,1959, Podstawy kartogra{ii: Warsaw,159 

p. [Polish. Principles of cartography, with emphasis on 

projections.] 

2470. Wilhelmy, Herbert, 1966, Kartographie in 

Stichworten, I. Kartenprojektionen: Kiel, Hirt, 71 p. 

2471. William-Olsson, W.,1968, A new equal area projection 

ofthe world: Acta Geographica (Helsinki), v. 20, p. 389-393. 

[Combines polar Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 

south to lat. 20° N. with four identical modified Bonne lobes 

to South Pole.) 

2472. Williams, C.E., and Ridd, M.K., 1960, Great circles 

and the Gnomonic projection: Professional Geographer, v. 12, 

no. 5, p. 14-16. 

2473. WiJliams, H.S., 1962, Nomographic treatment of the 

Cassini-Soldner projection correction terms: Empire Survey 

Review, v. 16, no.124, p. 266-276. 

2474. 1980, Panel-to-panel transformation on the 

Gauss conform projection using auxiliary polar co-ordinates: 

South African Surveying Jourool, v. 17, no. 4, p. 4-15. 
2475. ___ 1980, Transformation of Gauss conform coordinates from one system to an adjoining one: South 

AfricanSurueyingJournal, v.17, no. 5, p. 21-27. 

2476. Williarns,J.E., 1950, A globe-map activities program: 

Journalo(Geography,v.49,no.4,p.141-150. 

2477. Williams, Joseph,1943, New maps for the study of 

global geography: California Journal of Secondary 

Education, March, p. 173-176. ["Air-age" projections.] 

2478. Williams, R.L., 1959, Map projections, linear scale, 

and the representative fraction: Assn. of Amer. 

Geographers, Annals, v. 49, no. 1, p. 88. [See also comments 

by Tobler, W.R.,1960, v. 50, no.1, p, 58.] 

2479. Williams, W.B.P.,1982, The transverse Mercator 

projection-- Simple but accurate formulae for small 

computers: Survey Review, v. 26, no. 205, p. 307-320. 

2480. Wilski, logo, 1978, Map projection change--some 

programs for the transformation of the contents of available 

maps according to different map projections: Nachrichten 

aus dem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, series 2, 

translation, no. 35, p. 115-127. [This issue consists of papers 

presented to the 9th International Cartographic Association 

meeting, College Park, Maryland, 1978. Also in German as 

Anderung kartographischer Abbildungen--Einige 

Programme fur die U nformung des Inhalts vorhandener 

Karten in Abhangigkeit unterschiedlicher 

Kartenabbildungen: 1 nternational Year book of Cartography, 

1979, v.19, p.139-149. !German with English abstract.]) 

2481. Winchester, D.R.,1965, Azimuthal Equidistant 

projection centred on Da Nang 1:80,000,000: Pacific 

Viewpoint, v. 6, no. 2, p. 240. 

2482. Winkel, Oswald, 1909, Fliichentreue, schiefachsige 

Zylinderprojektion mit langertreuem Grundkreis fUr eine 

Karte von Nord-, Mittel- und Siidamerika: Petermanns 

Mitteilungen, v. 55, no. 11, p. 329-330. [Oblique Cylindrical 

Equal-Area projection. See also table of coordinates at 1 :60M 

in no. 12, p. 379-380.11 

2483. __ 1911, Fliichentreue, zwischenstiindige, 

azimutale Projektion fUr eine Karte der Britischen Inseln als 

praktisches Beispiel eines Kartenentwurfes: Geographischer 

Anzeiger, v.12, p. 30-31. 

2484. __ 1913, Beitrag zur Entwicklung schiefachsigen, 

speziell zylindrischer Projektionen unter Annahme der 

Kugelgestalt der Erde: Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 59-2, 

Dec., p. 304-306. [Oblique cylindrical projection.] 

2485. __ 1921, Neue Gradnetzkombinationen: 

Peter manns Mitteilungen, v. 67, Dec., p. 248-252. [Proposes 

three combinations of l!:quirectangular with Sinusoidal, 

Mollweide, and Aitoffprojections, respectively.) 

2486. __ 1922, Die azimutaleschen Erdkartenentwurfe 

von D. Aitoft' und E. v. Hammer: Geographische Zeitschrift, 

v. 28, p. 112-114. [Aitoff and Hammer projections.] 

-99-

2487 . __ 1922, Allgemeine Betrachtungen fiber die 

Abbildung sehr breiter "Zonen": GeographiM:he Zeitschri(t, 

v. 28, no. 5-6, p. 177-181. [General projection considerations 

in representing latitude zones. 1 

2488. __ 1927, Die Gewinnung geeigneter 

Landkartennetze: Geographische Zeitschrift, v. 33, no. 10, 

p.599-604. 

2489. __ 1928, Ubersicht der Gradnetzkombinationen: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 74, no. 7-8, p. 201-204. 

[Pseudocy lindrical projections. 1 

2490. __ 1933, Fliichentreue oder abstandstreue 

Projektionen?: Geographische Wochenschrift, p. 207tf. 

2491. __ 1933, Die Projektionswahl bei Erdkarten: 

Petermanns Mitteilungen, v. 79, no. 5-6, p.125. 

2492. __ 1939, 25 Jahre neue Netzkombinationen: 

Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, v. 85, no. 9, 

p. 278-280. 

2493. __ 1951, K urzgefasste Kartenentwurfsleh.re: 

Frankfurt-am-Main, Atlantik-Verlag, 44 p. 

2494. Winkler, E.,l913, Beitrage zur Benutzungder 

Messtischblatter in den hoheren Schulen: GeographiM:her 

Anzeiger, v. 14, p. 58-63. 

2495. Winterbotham, H.S.L., 1919, British survey on the 

Western Front: Geographical Journal, v. 53, no. 4, 

p. 253-276. [Bonne, conformal, and other projection 

considerations, p. 261-262.] 

2496. __ 1924, The choice of a grid for British maps: 

Geographical Journal, v. 63, no. 6, p. 491-508. 

Witkovsky, B. CSee Vitkovskiy, V.V.) 

2497. Wittke, Heinz, 1943, Ein Beitrag zur 

Merkatorprojektion: Zeitschrift fur Vermessungswesen, 

v.72,no.12,p.267-269. 

2498. Wittstein, T.L., 1868, Ueber conforme KartenProjectionen: Astronomisch.e Nach.rich.ten, v. 71, no. 1704, 

columns 369-378. [Conformal projections.] 

2499. Wolf, E.W.,1954, A common coordinate system for the 

utilization of data from several radars: Cambridge, Mass. 

Inst. of Tech., Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report No. 67. 

[Analyzes Stereographic, Oblique Mercator, Gnomonic, and 

Lambert Conformal Conic projections.) 

Wolff, Peter (See Warntz and Wolff.) 

2500. Wolfrum, D.,1975, Potential formulae for Gauss 

conformal co-ordinates: South African Journal, v. 90, no. 3, 

p. 26-32. 

2501. 1976, Transformation of Gauss conform coordinates: South African Surveying Journal, v. ,15, no. 5, 

p.45-53. 
2502. Wolkenhauer, W.,1881, Die kartographische 

Darstellung der lenkrechten GleichirWlg der Erdoberflache: 

DeutscheR undschau fur Geographie und Statistik, v. 3, no. 1, 

p.1-ll. 

2503. __ 1895, Leitfaden zur Geschichte der Kartographie: 

Breslau. 

Wolkow, N.M. (See Volkov, N.M.) 

2504. Wong, F.K.C.,1965, World map projections in the 

United States from 1940 to 1960: Syracuse, N.Y., Syracuse 

University, Master's thesis, 193 p. 

2505. Wong, P.P.K., Gregory, Christopher, and 

Handschumacher, D.W ., 1975, Computer program projecting 

fictitious longitude and latitude systems onto standard 

Mercator grids: Honolulu, Univ. ofHawaii, Hawaii Institute 

of Geophysics, data report 30. 

2506. Woodward, David, 1979, Early Gnomonic projection: 

Mapline, no.13, p. (1-2]. 

__ (See also Harley and Woodward.) 

2507. Woodward, R.S., 1889, Formulas and tables to 

facilitate the construction and use of maps: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 50, 124 p. 

Woolard, E.W. CSee Tannehill and Woolard.) 

Worley, W.J. <See Moriarty and Worley.) 

2508. Woznicki, Jozef, 1937,0 loksodromie i budowie siatki 

kartograficznej dla map morskich: Wiadomosci Sluzby 

Geogra{icznej, no. 3-4, p. 327-354. [Polish. Lox.odomes and 

construction of projections of marine charts.] 

2509. Wray, Thomas, 197 4, The seven aspects of a general 

map projection: Cartographica, Monograph no. 11,72 p. 

2510. ___ 1974, An integrated approach to map projections 

and plane coordinates: Canadian Surueyor, v. 28, no. 5, 

p.637-642. 

2511. __ 1978, Contrary view: The Peters map is a 

"myth": Canadian Geographic, v. 97, no. 1, p. 28-29. [Peters 

projection. Comments on Dorozynski (1977) as reprinted 

1978.] 

___ (See also under Dorozynski; under Lambert ( 1772).) 

2512. Wray, Thomas, and Weiss, C.C.,1982, Auxiliary 

spheres of common spheroids: Canadian Surueyor, v. 36, 

no. 2, p.191-196. 

2513. Wright, Edward, 1599, Certaine errors in nauigation ... : 

London. [Reproduced 1974 in facsimile as no. 703 ofthe 

English Experience: Amsterdam and Norwood, N.J., Walter 

J. Johnson Inc. and Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.] 

2514. Wright,John,1981,11eavenly geometry: Astronomy 

and surveying: Geographical Magazine, v. 53, no.12, 

p. 755-756. 

-100-

2515. Wroth, L.C.,1937, Mercator, Edward Wright, and the 

problem of map projection, in his The way of a ship: Portland, 

Me., Southworth-Anthoensen Press, p. 61-64. 

2516. Wu, Zhong-xing,1965, [Elementary analysis of 

conflicting movements in map projection. Some 

understanding of the work and philosophy of Chairman 

Mao]: Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 8, no. 2, 

p.115-124. (Chinese.] 

2517 . __ 1979, [How to transform co-ordinates of points 

from one kind of map projection to another): Acta 

Geographica Sinica, v. 34, v.1, p. 55-68. [Chinese.] 

2518. __ 1980, A research on the transformation of map 

projections in computer-aided cartography: Paper presented 

at the lOth International Cartographic Conference, Tokyo, 

unpublished manuscript, 22 p. 

2519. Wu, Zhong-xing and Yang, Qi-he, 1981, [A research on 

the transformation of map projections in computer-aided 

cartography}: Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 10, 

no. 1, p. 20-44. [Chinese with English abstract.] 

2520. Yang, Qi-he,1965, [The use of numerical method for 

establishing optional conical projections]: Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v. 8, no. 4, p. 295-318. [Chinese with 

Russian abstract.] 

2521. __ 1982, [On the numerical method for 

transforming the zones of Gauss projection): Acta Geodetica 

etCartographicaSinica, v.ll,no.1,p.18-31. [Chinese with 

English abstract.] 

2522. __ 1982, [A research on numerical transformation 

between conformal projections]: Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v. 11, no. 4, p. 268-282. [Chinese with 

English abstract.} 

2523. __ 1984, [On the general formulas for the projection 

from ellipsoidal surface onto spherical surface and the 

characteristics of flexibility]: Acta Geodetica et 

Cartographica Sinica, v. 13, no. 3, p. 225-236. (Chinese with 

English abstract.] 

__ (See also Wuand Yang.> 

2524. Young, A.E., 1920, Some investigations in the theory of 

map projections: London, Royal Geographical Society, 

Technical Series, no. 1, 76 p. [Discussion of minimum-error 

projection, including co~i~. See review by Close, C.F., 

GeographicalJournal,,19~l, v. 57, no. 2, p.l33-135.) 

I 

2525. __ 1923, Note on Professor J.D. Everett's 

application of Murdoch's third projection: Geographical 

Journal, v. 62, no. 5, p. ~59-361. 

I 

2526. __ 1930, Conformal map projections: Geographical 

Journal, v. 76, no. 4, p. 348-351. (Discussion of Laborde 

0928> projection for Madagascar.) 

__ (See also under Close ( 1922).) 
Young, F. (See Lauf and Young.) 

Young, J .C. (See Hunter and Young.) 

2527. Yuan, Yinxiang,1983, [A numerical method of the 

transformation of map projections by densifYing with spline 

function]: Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 12, 

no. 4, p. 300-308. [Chinese with English abstract.) 

2528. Yuzefovich, Yu.M.,1971, Raspostraneniye teoremy 

Chebysheva-Grave na odin novyy klass kartograficheskikh 

proyektsiy: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya iAerofotosemka, no. 3, p. 97-102. [Russian. 

Translated to English as Extension of the Chebyshev-Grave 

theorem to a new class of cartographic projections: Geodesy 

and.Aerophotography,1971, no. 3, p. 155-157.] 

2529. Zachariae, G.C.G. von, 1896, Notits om geografiske 

kaartprojektioner: Copenhagen, Oversigt over det Kongelige 

Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, p. 135-149. 

(Danish.] 

2530. Zakatov, P.A.,1962,A course in higher geodesy: 

translated from the Russian, published for the National 

Science Foundation and the DepartmentofCommerce, 

Washington, D.C., by the Israel Program for Scientific 

Translations, Jerusalem, 2nd ed., 390 p. [Original Russian: 

Kurs vysshei geodezii.) 

__ (See also under Krasovskiy 0922,1925).) 

2531. Zapasskiy, S.l., 1970, Opredeleniye elementov ellipsa 

iskazheniy dlya proizvol'noy tochki dvuazimutal'noy 

proyektsii: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aero(otos emka, no. 4, p. 97-102. [Russian. 

Translated to English aS Determination of the elements of 

the ellipse of distortions for an arbitrary point of a twoazimuth projection: Geodesy and Aerophotography, 1970, 

no. 4, p. 255-257.] 

2532. Zargaryan, T.G., 1981, Razrabotka ravnougol'nykh 

proyektsiy dlya kart otdel'ny kh regionov Marsa: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aerofotosemka, no. 2, p. 81-87. [Russian. Working at equal 

angular projections for maps of special Mars regions.) 

2533. Zatonskiy, L.K.,1958, Kartograficheskaya setka v 

proizvol'noy proyektsii dlya karty mira: Akademiya Nauk 

SSSR, Institut Okeanologii, Trudy, no. 1, p. 38-41. [Russian. 

A cartographic graticule on an arbitrary projection for a 

world map.] 

2534. ___ 1962, Proizvol'naya sostavnaya ellipticheskaya 

proyektsiya dlya kart mira: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 

Institut Okeanologii, Trudy, v. 55, p. 173-184. [Russian. An 

arbitrary composite elliptical projection for a world map.) 

2535. Zenin, V.N.,1968, 0 svyazi mezhdu nekotorymi 

sistemami ploskikh pryamougol'nykh konformnykh 

koordinat: Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy. 

Geodeziya i Aero(otos emka, no. 5, p. 60-64. [Russian. 

-101-

Translated to English as Relationship between some systems 

of plane rectangular conformal coordinates: Geodesy and 

Aerophotography,1968, no. 5, p. 306-308.) 

2536. __ 1968, K voprosu o vybore geodezicheskoy 

proyektsii dlya inzhenerno-geodezicheskikh rabot: Izvestiya 

Vysshikh Uchei>nykh Zavedeniy. Geodeziya i 

Aero(otos emka, no. 6, p. 63-66. [Russian. Translated to 

English as Selecting a geodetic projection for use in geodetic 

engineering: Geodesy and Aerophotography,1968, no. 6, 

p. 381-383. Modification ofStereographic projection that is 

considered superior to Gauss-Kriiger and Roussilhe 

projections for geodetic maps.] 

2537. Zeskind, L.M., 1950, Projection distortion in nautical 

charts: [U.S.] Coast and Geodetic Survey, Journal, no. 3, 

p. 89-90. [Distortion due to physical reproduction in printing 

of charts.] 

2538. Zhong, Ye-xun, and others [sic], 1965, [The design and 

analytical calculating method ofpolyconic projection in 

unequal scales]: Acta Geodetica et Cartographica Sinica, v. 8, 

no. 3, p. 218-236. [Chinese with Russian abstract.) 

Zhurkin, I. G. (See Lobanov and Zhurkin.) 

2539. Zickwolff, Gerhard, 1980, Vorzuge der 

stereographischen Projektion: die Karten Nr. 2812 und 2813 

des Deutschen Hydrographischen lnstituts: Seewart, v. 41, 

no. 6, p. 269-283. [Also in English as The advantages of 

stereographic projection: charts 2812 and 2813 ofthe 

"Deutsches Hydrographisches lnstitut": International 

Hydrographic Review, 1982, v. 59, no. 1, p. 119-130.) 

Ziegler, A.M. (See Scotese, Ram bach, Barton, van der Voo, 

and Ziegler.) 

2540. Zielinski, J erzy, 1960, Zagadnienie wykorzystanie 

wsp6J:rzednych panstwowych na plaszc:Zyrie Gaussa Kr\igera 

do lokalnych uklad6w sieci miejskich: Wydawnictwa 

Politechniki Warszawskiej, Zeszyty Naukowe, p. 37-74. 

[Polish. The problem of the use of land coordinates on the 

Gauss-Kruger network for local systems of urban 

triangulation.) 

2541. Ziman, Ya.L.,and Baratova, V.F.,1975, 

Transformirovanie snimkov v zadannuyu 

kartograficheskuyu proyektsiyu s promoshchyu ECVM: 

Geodeziya i Kartografiya, no. 6, p. 38-46. [Russian. 

Translated to English as Computerizing the conversion of 

photographs to a specified cartographic projection: Geodesy, 

Mapping, and Photogrammetry, 1975, v. 17, no.l, p. 11-16.) · 

Zinger, N.J. (See Tsinger, N.Ya.) 

2542. Zlatyanov, Georgi,1965, Proizvolna neortogonalna 

kragova proyektsiya za drebnomashchabni svetovni. Karti: 

Sbornik Statey po Ka rtografii, no. 7, p. 7-11. [Bulgarian. An 

arbitrary non-orthogonal circular projection for small-scale 

world maps.] 
2543. Zollinger, H., 1927, Bestimmung der 

Zylinderkoordinaten mit Hilfe der Kugel-Langen undBreiten: Sch.weizerische Zeitsch.rift fur V ermeBBungswesen 

und K ulturtech.nik: v. 25, p. 179ft". 

2544. Zona,J., 1882, Proiezione gnomonica: Giornaledi 

Scienu Naturali ed Economich.e, v. 15, p. 79-82. 

2545. Zondervan, Henri,1898, Proeve eener algemeene 

luJrtografie: Leiden, 162 p. [Du~h. A sampler of general 

cartography.] 

2546. __ 1901, Allgemeine Kartenkuntk. EinAbriss ih.rer 

Gesch.ich.te und ih.rer Meth.otkn: Leipzig, Teubner, 210 p. 

2547. ZOppritz, K.J.,1884, Tissot's Untersuchungen uber 

Kartenprojektion: Zeitsch.riftfur Vermessungswesen, v.13, 

no.13,p. 293-316. 

-102-

2548. __ 1884, Leitfaden der Kartenentwurfslehre, in his 

Die Projektionslehre: Leipzig, v. 1. [3rd ed. by A. Bludea~ 

1912, Leipzig and Berlin, Druck und Verlag, B.G. Teubner, 

264 p. See review by Lindenkohl, A., 1900: Science, new 

series, v. 11, no. 266, p. 181-186.) 

2549. 1884, Die Wahl der Projektion fur Atlanten und 

Handkarten. Ein Mahnwort an die Kartographen: 

Gesellchaft.f\ir Erdkunde zu Berlin,Zeitsch.ri(t, v.19, 

no.109. 

2550. Zshou, Zen-gun, 1957, [Problems with the discovery of 

new map projections with the distortion ellipse on hand): 

Acta Geotktica et Cartograph.ica Sinica, v. 1, no. 1, p. 1-14. 

[Chinese with Russian abstract.) 

Zuker, M. (See Gridgeman and Zuker.) 

2551. Zvonarev, K.A.,1951,Kartografiya. [Russian. 

Translated to German as Kartenentwurfsleh.re: Berlin, 

VerlagTechnik,1953, 182 p.j 
INDEX 

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAP PROJECTIONS 

(Note: This index is based, with a few exceptions on words 

~ntained in or translated from the listings. Listings not 

mdexed under a given topic may provide much more 

significant information.) 

A 

Adams projections 19, 20, 22, 25,27 

Aeronautical charts 128,329, 582,722,813, 1149, 1279, 

1304,1889,1895,2047,2187,2179,2180 

See also air-age maps; air routes, maps for 

Africa, maps of 230,427,982, 1072, 1120, 1521,1639, 1840 

2180 ' 

Agricultural maps 1310, 1819,2148 

Air-age maps 828,993, 1001, 1066, 1499, 1722 

Air routes, maps for 138, 137,284,286,289,328,571,849, 

810,811,1220,1553,1842,1894,2218 

See also aeronautical charts; air-age maps 

Airy projection 38, 85, 509, 1095, 1182, 2277 

Aitotfprojection 39, 40, 87,375,981, 1431,2377,2421,2485 

~86 ' 

Alabama, maps of 1754 

Alaska, maps of 2129 

Albers Equal-Area projection 21, 45,285,912, 1111, 1112, 

1299,1837,2481 

See also equal-area conic projections 

Albiruni projections 898 

Americas, maps of 41, 231, 252, 1119, 1637 

Archaeology, maps for 831 

Argentina, maps of 1999 

Armadillo projection 188'1 

Asia, maps of 427 

See also Eurasia, maps of 

Astrolabes and projections 928 

August Epicycloidal projection 105,2018,2153 

Australasia, maps of 1840, 2160 

Australia, maps of 231, 1383, 1698,2057 

Austria, maps of 148, 1300, 1437, 1445 

Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 282, 1470, 1471,2483 

See also Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 

Azimuthal Equidistant <Postel) projection 32, 39, 40, 80, 62, 

303,448,514,535,537,818,782,828,942,943, 

1187,1171,1179,1186,1207,1337,1413,1720, 

1738,1839,1840,1865,1909,1910,1921,2003, 

2012,2057,2150,2181,2183,2339,2421,2427, 

2481 

Azimuthal Logarithmic projection 944, 1988,2101,2102 

Azimuthal (or zenithal) projections 59, 73, 74,199,391,591, 

794,830,837,959,1172,1314,1489,1478,1498, 

1553,1574,1577,1581,1873,1888,1890,1922, 

2033,2035,2047,2095,2223,2246,2277,2347, 

2382 

See also Airy, Azimuthal Equidistant, Azimuthal 

Logarithmic, Gnomonic, Lambert Azimuthal 

Equal-Area, "Magnifying-Glass" 

Azimuthal,Orthographic, Perspective, 

-103-

Pseudoazimuthal, Retroazimuthal, and 

Stereographic projections 

B 

Babinet projection 109, 110, 193,492, 1549 

See also Mollweide projection 

Bacon Globular projection 117 

Baranyi projections 151, 158, 157, 158, 159 

Behrmann projection 180, 1542 

BelgianCongo,mapsof 1750 

Bibliography, extensive 207,208,805, 1333, 1458 

Biology, maps for 2198 

Bipolar Oblique Conic Conformal projection 1084, 1837 

Boggs Eumorphic projection 243,2198 

Bonne projection 89,121,528,557,680,756,1512,1655, 

1658,1704,1898,2089,2378,2471,2495 

Bousfield Modified Polyconic projection 948 

Braun projections 309,818 

Breckman projection 311 

Breusing projection 313 

Briesemeister projection 314,315,316, 1638 

British Empire, map of 1510 

British Isles, maps of 887,888,889,890,984, 1898, 1899, 

2483,2498 

Butterfly projection 327, 359, 380, 382, 363, 384, 385, 367, 

370,371,452,828,808,974,1454,2104 

c 

Cabot projection 1913 

Cadastral maps 184,545,546, 1259,1529 

See also topographic maps 

Cahill projection 

See Butterfly projection 

Canada, maps of 713,714,737, 1989,2063 

Canary Islands, maps of 2151 

Cartograms 82, 348, 901, 987, 1139, 1195, 1197, 1897, 1884, 

1885,1987,2048,2082,2253,2281,2284,2171, 

2272 

Cassini -Soldner (or Cassini or Soldner) projection 1, 464, 

958,1189,1190,1272,1275,1294,1372,1785, 

1858,1972,2202,2473 

Celestial maps 547,1088,1217,1523, 1633,1834,1878, 

1915,2008 

Central projection 

See Gnomonic projection 

Chebyshev projections 397, 398,845,787, 1080, 1322, 1314, 

1844,1845,1997,2187,2385,2518 

China, maps of 408,669,870 

Cities, maps of 456,1129,1194 

Classification of projections 238, 245, 372, 396, 403, 404, 

874,1061,1062,1327,1407,1485,1585,1811, 

1623,1782,1778,1782,1934,1993,21~2168, 

2252 

See also nomenclature of projections 

Coastal maps 2440 

Colombia, maps of 1927 
Complex: algebra in conformal mapping 399, 1228, 1324, 

1422,1580,1918,1919,1920,2123,2125 

Computer-assisted map projection production 31, 61, 131, 

183,196,196,197,246,247,248,252,261,277, 

279,308,339,345,391,411,455,630,642,661, 

705,713,714,729,730,894,1064,1124,1140, 

1141,1183,1188,1281,1290,1345,1397,1402, 

1492,1566,1597,1598,1618,1627,1643,1695, 

1713,1714,1770,1784,1785,1837,1924,2009, 

2124,2126,2139,2201,2209,2245,2254,2264, 

2268,2328,2336,2337,2381,2401,2407,2430, 

2479,2505,2516,2518,2541 

Conformal azimuthal projections 1469 

See also Stereographic projection 

Conformal conic projections 34,487, 509, 1230, 1233, 1264, 

1279,1305,1311,1377,1469,2373,2399 

See also Bipolar Oblique Conic Conformal, Lambert 

Conformal Conic, and oblique conformal conic 

projections 

Conformal cylindrical projections 1307, 1308, 1369, 1451 

See also Mercator, Oblique Mercator, and Transverse 

Mercator projections 

Conformal (orthomorphic) projections 52, 90, 92, 112, 114, 

175,209,240,323,339,344,379,417,451,482, 

566,578,615,644,673,734,736,754,755,795, 

868,870,871,873,911,1016,1017,1038,1041, 

1105,1174,1191,1220,1221,1224,1231,1253, 

1254,1258,1321,1340,1341,1355,1356,1395, 

1421,1423,1424,1448,1452,1466,1467,1468, 

1472,1477,1515,1516,1573,1580,1586,1587, 

1609,1611,1617,1663,1664,1699,1718,1786, 

1958,1961,1962,2038,2044,2049,2050,2051, 

2052,2067,2222,2224,2226,2240,2286,2299, 

2358,2357,2358,2359,2360,2375,2442,2443, 

2446,2495,2498,2522,2535 

See also Adams, August Epicycloidal, Chebyshev, 

conformal azimuthal, conformal conic, conformal 

cylindrical, Eisenlohr, Guyou, Lagrange, Littrow, 

Miller Oblated Stereographic, Modified 

Stereographic Conformal, Peirce, Space Oblique 

Mercator, and Triangle projections, complex 

algebra, and elliptic functions 

Conic conformal projections 

See conformal conic projections 

Conic equal-area projections 

See equal-area conic projections 

Conic equidistant projections 

See equidistant conic projections 

Conic projections 12, 75, 161, 162,510,608,662,778,893, 

1241,1246,1314,1478,1496,1755,1855,1875, 

1886,2173,2278,2520,2524 

See also conformal conic, equal-area conic, equidistant 

conic, perspective conic, Polyconic, and SatelliteTracking projections 

Continents, maps of ll72, 1512, 1703 

See also specific continent 

Convergence of meridians 1261,1411 

Cordiform maps 697,1284,1285 

Craig Retroazimuthal projection 480, 481, 2037 

Craster projection 

See Parabolic projection 

Cyclic maps 1461 

Cycloidal projection 

See Jervis Cycloidal projection 

-104-

Cylindrical equal-area projections 147,436,439,877,1020, 

1312,1384,1470,1479,1592,1863,2128,2368 

See also Behrmann, Gall, Oblique Cylindrical Equal-

~a. Oblique-Gore, Peters, and Trystan Edwards 

projections 

Cylindrical equidistant projections 

See Cassini-Soldner and Equirectangular projections 

Cylindrical projections 12, 77,309,437, 486, 500,788,879, 

971,1020,1248,1314,1478,1496,1517,1838, 

1880,1723,1768,1872,1874,2002,2088,2147, 

2347,2484 

See also Cassini-Soldner, conformal cylindrical, 

cylindrical equal-area, Equirectangular, Gall, 

Miller Cylindrical, perspective cylindrical, 

polycylindrical, pseudocylindrical, and SatelliteTracking projections 

Czechoslovakia, maps of 1318,2186 

de La Hire projection 539 

De l'lsle projection 658 

Denmark, maps of 337, 338 

Dinomic projection 132 

Disease,mapsof 1171 

D 

Dissertation 170,240,340,457,877,737, 1101,1472, 1596, 

1854,1046,2249,2360 

Distance-related maps 1810 

See also equidistant projections 

Distortion on maps 47,255,548,731,754,758,786,788, 

797,824,829,836,840,1087,1122,1208,1109, 

1327,1389,1548,1847,1808,1809,1843,1941, 

2066,2084,2258,2258,2259,2410,2537 

See also Tissot indica trices 

Donald Elliptical projection 574 

Donnus projection ~66 

Double projection 74, 75, 77, 124,258,451,949, 1047, 1184, 

1191,1356,2038,2039,2144,2228,2373 

Doubly Azimuthal projection 

See Two-Point Azimuthal projection 

Doubly Equidistant projection 

See Two-Point Equidistant projection 

D\irer, A., projections used by 567 

Dymaxion map or Fuller projection 759,781,763,764,766, 

1831,1896 

E 

Eckert projections 68, 349, 402, 489, 617, 945, 2048, 2396 

Eckert-Greifendorff projection 626 

Economic maps 282,505, 1299, 1826,2361,2380 

Ecumenical projection 2461 

Eisenlohr projection 639 

Ellipsoid (spheroid), Earth as 60, 124, 135,241,256,268, 

341,342,405,482,566,574,615,633,634,842, 

745,751,753,940,949,960,988,1003,1004,1012, 

1024,1127,1191,1213,1254,1255,1271,1273, 

1278,1277,1321,1338,1339,1355,1358,1408, 

1415,1417,1418,1439,1440,1441,1442,1444, 

1468,1527,1661,1664,1681,1738,1756,1758, 

1760,1828,1966,2045,2075,2113,2128,2223, 

2255,2299,2338,2375,2391,2412,2512,2523 
See also Gauss-Kruger, Universal Polar Stereographic, 

and Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM> 

projections, and triaxial ellipsoid 

Elliptic functions, conformal projections based on 20, 1419, 

1425 

Elliptical projection 

See Mollweide projection 

England, maps of 

See British Isles, maps of 

Enlarged centers on projections 

See magnified centers on projections 

Epicycloidal projection 

See August Epicycloidal projection 

Equal-area azimuthal projections 

See azimuthal equal-area projections 

Equal-area conic projections 229, 508, 509,996, 1241, 1264, 

1309,1313,1471,1774,2198,2300,2398,2399 

See also Albers Equal-Area Conic, Isospheric Stenoteric, 

Lambert Equal-Area Conic, and Oblique Albers 

Equal-Area Conic projections 

Equal-area cylindrical projections 

See cylindrical equal-area projections 

Equal-area (equivalent) projections 27, 41, 168, 180,231, 

304,323,476,478,556,557,620,626,627,650, 

791,793,884,903,904,969,1003,1004,1096, 

1101,1102,1171,1225,1255,1370,1396,1472, 

1613,1615,1642,1704,1744,1825,1850,1957, 

2007,2086,2106,2135,2197,2199,2253,2257, 

2262,2270,2471,2490 

See also Boggs Eumorphic, Briesemeister, cartograms, 

cordiform, cylindrical equal-area, equal-area conic, 

Goode, Hammer, Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area, 

McBryde, McBryde-Thomas, Mollweide, Parabolic, 

PutniQS, Quartic Authalic, Wagner, and 

Werenskiold projections 

Equidistant conic projections 346,1233,1241,1311,1342, 

1343,1512,1602,1632,1692,2057,2111,2399 

See also De l'Isle, Euler, and Everett projections 

Equidistant Cylindrical projection 

See Cassini-Soldner and Equirectangular projections 

Equidistant Polyconic projection 2069 

Equidistant projections 1635,2490 

See also Azimuthal Equidistant, Equidistant Conic, 

Equidistant Polyconic, and Equirectangular 

projections 

Equirectangular projection 283,437, 1512, 1644, 1646, 

1855,2184,2485 

See also Gall projections 

Equivalent projections 

See equal-area projections 

Elzlaub projection 621,976 

Euler projection 657, 1607, 1608,1618 

Euler-Urmayev projections 1616 

Eurasia, maps of 66, 144,228,443,444, 1403, 1640, 1719, 

2160 

Europe, maps of 724,725,1639,2207 

Everett projection 2525 

Extraterrestrial bodies, maps of 171,341, 554, 2078, 2305, 

2402,2532 

See also Moon, maps of; satellites, mapping of irregular 

F 

Finland, maps of 1089 

-105-

Fischer projection 1703 

Flamsteed projection 

See Sinusoidal projection 

Fournier Globular projections 726 

France, maps of 725,1860,1931 

Fuller projections 

See Dymaxion map 

Gaia projection 2002 

Gall-Peters projection 

See Peters projection 

G 

Gall projections 769, 770,771,2213 

Gauss-Boaga projection 43, 141,222, 1769,2295 

Gauss-Hannover projection 806, 1985,2204 

Gauss-Kruger tor Gauss) projection 93, 97, 134,142, 143, 

148,184,257,259,262,267,268,271,273,274, 

378,499,545,546,612,614,616,635,871,777, 

783,784,796,816,820,955,1007,1008,1011, 

1014,1015,1027,1029,1030,1031,1032,1033, 

1056,1088,1097,1115,1133,1155,1180,1189, 

1249,1250,1251,1252,1257,1259,1260,1261, 

1262,1263,1265,1266,1268,1270,1271,1272, 

1273,1275,1276,1277,1319,1323,1330,1331, 

1338,1344,1391,1392,1415,1437,1438,1439, 

1443,1445,1567,1571,1624,1625,1685,1686, 

1750,1761,1763,1827,1852,1877,1914,1916, 

2027,2039,2042,2193,2202,2210,2214,2215, 

2216,2281,2303,2474,2475,2500,2501,2521, 

2536,2540 

See also Gauss-Boaga, Gauss-Hannover, Transverse 

Mercator, and Universal Transverse Mercator 

( UTM l projections 

General projection discussion (significant) 272, 393, 409, 

441,483,513,532,583,586,622,668,686,693, 

711,780,817,883,895,896,899,906,1009,1040, 

1052,1069,1116,1237,1240,1274,1278,1388, 

1394,1426,1486,1513,1532,1539,1544,1563, 

1585,1594,1599,1604,1605,1622,1667,1789, 

1790,1917,1936,1942,1944,1952,1953,1954, 

2000,2120,2134,2137,2141,2143,2145,2148, 

2149,2169,2243,2296,2345,2349 

Geodesic lines 84, 792 

Geologic maps 322,623, 1298, 1630, 1826,2055, 2154,2155, 

2239 

Geomatic projection 2053 

Geophysics, maps for 226 

Germany, maps of 545, 546, 968, 1252, 1257, 1259, 1268, 

1626,1630,1794,1914,1985,2023,2038,2039, 

2204,2288 

Ginzburg projections 830,832,836,837,844 

Globular projections 98, 117, 524, 726, 1531, 1702, 1820, 

2022 

Gnomonic <Gnomic, Central) projection 11, 56, 119, 135, 

177,178,179,260,281,286,288,289,328,369, 

547,587,641,643,684,691,708,709,710,724, 

725,801,898,919,924,1005,1018,1128,1149, 

1225,1227,1317,1362,1441,1517,1550,1554, 

1565,1848,1869,1911,1915,2103,2107,2212, 

2232,2233,2235,2343,2370,2439,2450,2463, 

2464,2472,2499,2506,2544 

See also Two-Point Azimuthal projection 

Goode projections 564, 807, 860, 861,862, 863,864 
Gore maps 858, 1316 

Great Britain, maps of 

See British Isles, maps of 

Great-circle (orthodromic) charts and paths 102, 194, 292, 

302,570,611,679,927,1018,1231,1352,1388, 

1440,1483,1485,1545,1579,1999,2005,2040, 

2043,2047,2284,2445,2450 

See also Gnomonic projection 

Great Lakes, maps of 200, 201 

Greenwich Prime Meridian 1648 

Guyou projection 930, 931 

H 

Hamilton projection 956 

Hammer Retroazimuthal projection 973,1078, 1908 

Hammer (or Hammer-Aitoft) projection 67,314,626,961, 

1431,1535,1791,2153,2251,2257,2419,2486 

Hatt projection 60 

Helt projection 1522 

Hemispheres, maps of 78, 95, 180,232,355,833,931,958, 

1207,1547,1650,1780,1792,2022,2052 

Hereford map 1185,1988 

Herschel projection 1050, 1051 

History of projections 139, 180, 170,265,285,420,493,498, 

513,541,567,581,621,636,707,741,756,772, 

800,912,916,917,952,963,977,981,985,1049, 

1079,1109,1247,1350,1656,1725,2165,2259, 

2503,2504,2546 

See also portolans 

Homolographic projection 

See Mollweide projection 

Homolosine projection 564, 806, 862 

Honduras, maps of 1150 

Hotine Oblique Mercator projection 201, 1118,2334,2335 

Hungary, maps of 676,677,1014,1015,1025,1029,1108, 

2208,2389 

Hydrographic maps 176, 866, 867, 886, 1707, 2285, 2372, 

2384 

Hyperbolic functions 70 

Hyperelliptical projection 2262 

I 

Icosahedron, maps of 

See polyhedral globe 

India, maps of 1880, 1977, 2095, 2096 

International Map of the World <IMW> projection 275,427, 

1072,1075,1078,1077,1150,1301,1302,1303, 

1304,1381,1382,1433,1487,1488,1489,1795, 

1796,2121,2410 

Interrupted projections 287,494,514,589,680,860,861, 

862,863,864,1000,1173,1502,1552,1825,1835, 

1943,2158,2157,2471 

Inverse projection formulas 818,661,733, 1759, 1798, 2017 

lsodromic projectiQns 2383 

Isogonic charts 107, 892, 1105, 1106, 1576, 2304 

See also magnetism, maps for 

Isoparametric projections 1803 

Isoperimetric projections 213, 1803 

Isospheric Stenoteric projection 1384 

Isosuperficial projections 1670 

Italy, maps of 1, 222, 1671 

-106-

James projection 193,1690 

Japan, maps of 1721 

J 

Jervis Cycloidal projection 704, 1176 

K 

Kavrayskiy projections 1233 

Krasovskiy ellipsoid 1276,2186 

Krasovskiy projections 1342, 1343 

Ktovak projection 1359, 1828 

Kuchaf projections 2105 

L 

Labeling projections 2131 

Laborde projection 1375, 1449, 1677,2309, 2526 

Lagrange projection 321, 502, 1380, 1384, 1428, 1429,2298, 

2404 

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 17, 228, 230, 

313,443,444,626,680,961,962,1384,1494,1581, 

2251,2257,2302,2471 

See also Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 

Lambert Conformal Conic (Conical Orthomorphic) 

projection 13, 14, 28, 94,196,206,225,297,354, 

357,418,427,472,526,527,612,669,670,671, 

672,714,721,815,867,897,915,1048,1050,1051, 

1073,1151,1384,1398,1492,1511,1700,1715, 

1766,1837,1870,1929,1930,2081,2151,2152, 

2189,2285,2312,2316,2353,2379,2387,2388, 

2499 

See also conformal conic projections, oblique conformal 

--;;ic projection, State Plane Coordinate System 

Lambert Equal-Area Conic projection 1384, 1671, 1704 

Lambert-Littrow projection 1144 

Landsat maps 

See space imagery, maps for 

Lantern projections 2296 

Large-scale maps 

See topographic maps 

Leonardo da Vinci projection 700 

Littrow projection 1144,1145,1475,1578,2441 

Lobate Globoid projection 2180, 2181 

Logarithmic azimuthal projection 

See Azimuthal Logarithmic projection 

Lorgna projection 1494 

Loximuthal projection 2260 

Loxodromes 

See rhumb lines 

Lunar maps 

See Moon, maps of 

M 

McBryde projections 1500, 1501,1502,1503 

McBryde-Thomas projections 1505 

Madagascar, maps of 1375, 1677, 2526 

Magnetism, maps of 1840, 1893,2021,2447 

Magnified centers on projections 159, 1194, 1215,2091, 

2132 

See also Azimuthal Logarithmic projection 

"MagniJYing-glass" Azimuthal projections 2132 
Malaya, maps of 310 

Marinos projection 1049, 1109 

Marsengo projection 1564 

Master's thesis 96, 285, 408, 660, 797, 943, 949, 1034, 1185, 

1281,1334,1390,1485,1694,1698,1713,1801, 

1878,1924,2080,2504 

Mecca projectionSee Craig Retroazimuthal projection 

Mendeleyev projection 1601 

Mental maps 2265 

Mercator atlas 299 

Mercator projection 102, 106, 116, 132, 133, 186,242, 297, 

389,420,436,541,580,568,580,581,582,621, 

653,814,819,860,897,900,925,931,952,953, 

967,976,1010,1011,1013,1018,1026,1048,1079, 

1114,1143,1198,1202,1218,1243,1244,1246, 

1250,1251,1252,1253,1292,1306,1348,1353, 

1373,1374,1388,1447,1483,1493,1499,1519, 

1584,1602,1655,1672,1873,1691,1695,1710, 

1767,1794,1801,1802,1842,1847,1866,1892, 

1969,2008,2016,2017,2032,2040,2054,2055, 

2058,2060,2070,2140,2175,2220,2221,2237, 

2270,2282,2338,2393,2394,2409,2414,2415, 

2420,2431,2468,2497,2515 

See also Oblique Mercator, Transverse Mercator, and 

Wright projections 

Meridian parts, tables of 170 

Meteorological maps 3, 4, 294, 327, 369, 628, 897, 1099, 

1187,1588,1700,1937 

Mexico, maps of 565 

Miller Cylindrical projection 1638 

Miller Oblated Stereographic projection 448, 1839, 1640, 

2160 

Miller (Ronald) projections 1644, 1646 

Milne projection 2301 

Modified Polyconic projection 948, 1996 

See also International Map of the World (IMW) 

projection 

Modified-Stereographic Conformal projection 1422, 1760 

See also Miller Oblated Stereographic projection 

Moebius strip 2250 

Mollweide (or Babinet or Homolographic) projection 109, 

110,317,355,428,430,431,650,667,860,861, 

862,1504,1549,1552,1650,1657,1776,1825, 

1851,2055,2257,2485 

Mongolia, maps of 576 

Moon,mapsof 382,555,852,1536,1694,1727,1728,2077 

MUller projection 972, 1680 

Murdoch conic projections 44, 1082, 1083, 1543, 1673, 1692, 

2525 

N 

National Reference System (Great Britain) 889,890 

Navigational (sea) charts 471, 523,609,665, 707, 717, 738, 

768,873,882,1048,1066,1562,1602,1800,1801, 

1802,2097,2099,2179,2371,2463,2464,2508, 

2537 

See also Gnomonic and Mercator projections 

Nell Globular projection 524, 1702 

NewJersey,mapsof 2108 

New York, maps of 1524,1525 

New Zealand, maps of 487, 1420, 1749, 1918, 1919,1920, 

2182,2183 

-107-

Nicolosi Globular projection 98, 1531, 1702 

Nigeria, maps of 33 

Nomenclature of projections 513, 528, 975, 1117, 1153, 

1170,1407,1409,1434,1538,1778,1781,1934, 

1978,2131 

See also classification of projections 

Nomographs for projections 834,990,991, 1705,2473 -

North America, maps of 394,725, 1901 

Norway, maps of 188, 1295,2011 

0 

Obloated Stereographic projection 

See Miller Oblated Stereographic projection 

Oblique Albers Equal-Area Conic projection 2461 

Oblique Bonne projection 680 

Oblique conformal conic projection 487, 1572, 1837 

Oblique Cylindrical Equal-Area projection 1841,2128, 

2231,2482 

Oblique Eckert projection 68,489 

Oblique Equirectangular projection 283,437 

Oblique-Gore projections 282, 284 

Oblique Hammer projection 1791 

Oblique Mercator projection 64,66, 122,135,256,267,310, 

463,466,491,813,1020,1080,1081,1414,141~ 

1427,1510,1966,1976,2016,2451,2499 

See also Hotine Oblique Mercator and Laborde 

projections; Switzerland, maps of 

Oblique Mollweide projection 430, 667 

Oblique projections, misc. 62,214,215,216, 217,873,954, 

971,1020,1138,1253,1354,1468,1583,1611, 

1680,1756,1811,1825,1988,1995,2076,2093, 

2484,2509 

See also Azimuthal, Briesemeister, Sinu-Mollweide 

projections, and under specific oblique ... ptojection 

Oceans, maps of 11, 115, 118, 119, 168, 438, 979, 1422, 1502, 

1718,1720,2153,2156 

See also navigation charts 

Octahedron, maps on 

See polyhedral globe 

Ontario, maps of 388 

OrElgon, maps of 1511 

Ort.hoapsidal projections 1887 

Orthodromic charts and paths 

See great-circle (orthodromic) charts and paths 

Orthogonal projections 69, 78, 79, 80, 168, 410, 1326, 2094 

See also conic, conformal, and cylindrical projections 

Orthographic projections 2, 62,332,401, 543, 592,643,875, 

992,1354,1570,1645,1665,1758,1876,1883, 

1887,1991,2234,2423,2428,2432,2450 

Orthomorphic projections 

See conformal projections 

p 

Pa1rabolic projection 23, 485, 1505 

Pa1rent perspective projections 1768 

Patents 116, 135, 270, 280,361,362,449, 520,710,761,828, 

1503,2103,2157,2364 

Peiirce ( Quincuncial) projection 636, 637, 638, 7 42, 1792, 

1793,1830,2162,2165 

Pe1rspective conic projections 309, 1309,1310,1311,1313, 

1354,1365,1665,1692,1819,2071,2072,1073, 

2074,2075 
See also Murdoch conic projections 

Perspective cylindrical projections 309, 1248, 1546, 1787, 

1995 

See also Gall projections 

Perspective projections 2, 73, 169,341,342,406,552,553, 

572,593,594,595,596,597,598,600,601,602, 

604,720,818,992,993,1390,1593,1603,1610, 

1703,1727,1768,1787,2005,2015,2117,2144, 

2147,2341,2355,2400 

See also Fischer, Gnomonic, de Ia Hire, James, 

Orthographic, perspective conic, perspective 

cylindrical, and Stereographic projections 

Peters or Gall-Peters projection 57, 130, 131, 189, 190,333, 

384,525,561,562,563,575,664,666,683,814, 

910,986,1130,1203,1204,1205,1349,1430,1473, 

1497,1520,1540,1541,1542,1666,1687,1812, 

1813,1814,1815,1816,1832,1833,1838,1843, 

1879,1892,1948,1950,1973,2136,2294,2416, 

2511 

Petrenko projection 1365 

Pitner projection 1835 

Planets, maps of 

See extraterrestria I bodies, maps of 

Plate Carree projection 

See Equirectangu!ar projection 

Poland, maps of 914, 1293, 1498 

Polar projections and rna ps 3, 95, 107, 192, 225, 361, 435, 

584,609,897,904,1092,1145,1196,1447,1464, 

2055,2079,2180,2181,2282,2283,2317,2321 

See also azimuthal projections 

Polyconic projections 15, 197,221,224,295,526,837,844, 

979,999,1058,1182,1432,1507,1837,1963,2031, 

2063,2069,2279,2280,2318,2329,2330,2333, 

2338,2538 

See also Modified Polyconic and Rectangular Polyconic 

projections 

Polycylindrical projections 62,2273 

Polyfocal projection 1195, 1196, 1197, 2080 

Polyhedral globe or projection on Cube 1074 

Cuboctahedron 759,761 

Dodecahedron 178,927,2103 

Icosahedron 11,119,304,709,710,761,763,764,766, 

1227,2343 

Miscellaneous 270,306,307,607, 1419,1425 

Octahedron 286,288,289,369,414 

Tetrahedron 281,1421,1848,2050,2157 

Truncated icosahedron 351 

Polyhedric projection 97, 7 48, 750, 1234, 2458 

Portolans 163,419,590,1387,1491 

Postel projection 

See Azimuthal Equidistant projection 

Pseudoazimuthal projection 111, 1125 

See also Wiechel projection 

Pseudoconic projections 35, 756, 969, 1855,2433,2434, 2459 

See also Bonne and Werner projections, cordiform maps 

Pseudocylindrical projections 76, 287,650,754,832, 945, 

969,1002,1233,1592,1644,1757,2086,2109, 

2262,2347,2433,2489 

See also Adams, Babinet, Baranyi, Boggs Eumorphic, 

Eckert, Goode, Kuchar, McBryde, McBrydeThomas, Mollweide, Parabolic, Pitnif!s, Quartic 

Authalic, Robinson, Sinusoidal, Wagner, 

Werenskiold, and Winkel projections 

Pseudostereographic projection 1760 

-108-

Ptolemy projections 125,468,569,756, 1113, 1223,1656, 

1709,1855,2029,2176,2431,2459 

Puerto Rico, maps of 1698 

Putniqs projections 1862, 1864 

Q 

Quartic Authalic projection 27, 1505 

Quasiconformal maps 37 

Quasistereographic projections 218,914 

Quebec, maps of 227 

Quincuncial projection 

See Peirce projection 

R 

Radar, projections for 350, 1212, 1446, 1463 

Radio communication, maps for 1839 

See also Azimuthal Equidistant projection 

Raisz projections 1887 

Rectangular Polyconic projection 1506, 1512, 1161,2069 

Retroazimuthal projections 435,480,481, 536,946,947, 

973,1078,1158,1360,1475,1575,1577,1578, 

1~2033,2034,2035,2037,2441 

Rhombic conformal projection 19 

Rhumb lines(or loxodromes) 1018, 1485, 1584,1801,1802, 

2005,2083,2085,2260,2508 

See also Mercator projection 

Robinson projection 156, 1947 

Rojas Astrolabe projection 1522 

Romania, maps of 603 

Roussilhe projection 1442, 1975,2536 

Russia (or Soviet Union), maps of 144., 248, 400, 657, 838, 

1320,1322,1600,1786,1996,1998,2142,2280, 

2298 

Russian map projections 1534 

See also under specific Russian inventor 

s 

Sanson projection 

See Sinusoidal projection 

Satellites, mapping of irregular 2185,2302 

See also triaxial ellipsoid 

Satellite-Tracking projections 96,311,2112,2114 

Schmidt Globular projection 2022 

Schoy Retroazimuthal projection 2033, 2034, 2035 

Sea charts 

See hydrographic maps; navigational charts; oceans, 

maps of 

Secant conic projections 1246 

See also conic projections 

Seismology, maps for 1179, 1464, 2003, 2276, 2301 

Selection of projections 86, 92, 100, 115, 138,343,479,644, 

746,757,758,781,853,1100,1166,1239,1293, 

1328,1336,1367,1404,1496,1619,1829,1940, 

1951,2305 

Semigeodesic projections 785, 788 

Sinu-Mollweide projection 1825 

Sinusoidal projection 129, 412, 413, 492, 500, 557, 589, 650, 

1503,1505,1592,1776,1811,1825,1927,2191, 

2241,2485 

Six-Six projection 1172, 1 173 
Skew orthomorphic projection 

See Oblique Mercator projection 

Small circles 133 

Soldner projection 

See Cassini-Soldner projection 

Solov'ev projections 2144,2147,2355 

South Africa, maps of 2041, 2042, 2064 

Space imagery, maps for 593,594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 

600,601,604,1111,1112,1148,1925,2335,2376, 

2402 

See also Satellite-Tracking and Space Oblique Mercator 

projections 

Space Oblique Mercator projection 459,460,461,462,463, 

517,1192,2110,2112,2115,2119,2334,2335 

Spain, maps of 390 

Spheroid 

See ellipsoid 

Stabius projections 2174,2459 

Stamps, projections on 1716 

Standardization of projections 1368 

Star charts 

See celestial maps 

Star(-shaped) projections 58,203,325, 1775 

State Plane Coordinate System 26,411, 1649,2190,2331, 

2332,2333,2386 

Statistical projections 

See cartograms 

Stereographic (azimuthal) projection 10, 58, 164, 177, 179, 

187,218,225,297,313,332,350,381,400,540, 

634, 643, 675, 678, 687' 689, 690, 708, 767' 897' 

907,1011,1039,1055,1090,1179,1199,1200, 

1223,1251,1256,1259,1267,1268,1269,1296, 

1297,1353,1357,1359,1371,1412.1439,1442, 

1462,1518,1556,1606,1655,1659,1678,1702, 

1706,1726,1760,1764,1799,1800,1801,1802, 

1826,1849,1868,1891,1898,1926,1946,2028, 

2055,2228,2230,2236,2317,2321,2374,2423, 

2444,2448,2459,2499,2536,2539 

See also Modified-Stereographic Conformal projection 

Stereographic (cylindrical or conic) projections 12,309, 

500,2071 

See also Gall projections 

Sweden, maps of 103, 1965, 1984 

Switzerland, maps of 91, 120,256,318,466,496,605,908, 

1386,1732,1733,1748,1966 

T 

Terminology of projections 

See nomenclature of projections 

Tetrahedral (tetrahedric) projection 

See polyhedral globe 

Thailand, maps of 740 

Thematic maps 1347,1457 

Time zones, projections for 610 

Tissot indicatrices 113,923, 1021, 1151, 1389, 1942, 1944, 

2092,2138,2243,2531,2547,2550 

Tissot projection 503, 1312, 17 4 7, 2243 

Topographicmaps 174,223,422,744,751,753,909,914, 

-109-

1242,1496,1680,1727,1728,1856,1857,1965, 

1966,1967,2023,2118,2130,2133,2288,2354 

Transverse August projection 2153 

Transverse Cylindrical Equal-Area projection 1384,2128 

Transverse Equal-Area Conic projection 229 

Transverse Hammer projection 2153 

Transverse Mercator projection 29, 33, 195,263,305,416, 

464,609,654,655,685,688,730,886,887,888, 

1107,1159,1338,1384,1393,1408,1410,1415, 

1417,1418,1451,1508,1509,1743,1765,1837, 

1882,1902,1986,1989,2016,2058,2059,2081, 

2096,2152,2188,2424,2479 

See also Gauss-Boaga, Gauss-Hannover, Gauss-Kr\iger, 

and Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 

projections; State Plane Coordinate System 

Transverse Mollweide projection 428,431 

Transverse Polyconic projection 979, 2063 

Transverse pseudocylindrical projections 1757 

Trapezoidal projections 1855, 2339 

Triangle, projection of Earth in 475, 1530 

Trinxial ellipsoid, maps of 2066,2067,2127,2302,2448 

Trystan Edwards projection 632, 1537,1542,2292 

Two-Point Azimuthal projection 182,426, 1142, 1400, 1577, 

1579,2229,2531 

Two-Point Equidistant projection 425, 426, 433,434,477, 

574,1490,1724,2223,2260 

u 

U.S., maps of 13, 21,295,577,774,2123 

USSR, maps of 

See Russia, maps of 

Uniiversal Polar Stereographic Grid 2317,2321 

Uniiversal Transverse Mercator(UTM) projection 7,334, 

336,356,374,380,387,392,463,549,579,588, 

631,714,822,983,984,998,1119,1120,1121, 

1280,1392,1492,1524,1525,1595,1734,1735, 

1739,1751,1752,1753,1754,1901,1929,1930, 

2187,2193,2281,2308,2314,2315,2322,2324, 

2325,2326 

See also Transverse Mercator projection 

U rmayev projections 346, 2346, 234 7 

v 

Vander Grinten projections 320,321,386,859,1474,1737, 

1906,1981,1982,1983,2364,2365,2366 

V itkovskiy projections 2399 

w 

Wagner projections 2418, 2419, 2421 

Weather maps 

See meteorological maps 

Weir's azimuthdiagram 1144, 1578 

Werenskiold projections 2455 

Werner projection 863,864, 917, 1284, 1285, 2218,2459 

Wi1echel projection 442, 2467 

Winkel projections 333, 1807, 2482,2484,2485 

Wi:sconsin, maps of 1006 
World map projections 63,151,155,156,157,158,180,181, 

221,234,243,276,282,294,323,330,359,360, 

361,362,363,364,365,449,475,476,511,519, 

520,538,543,556,557,626,650,684,700,702, 

707,711,723,835,846,849,869,903,904,913, 

928,956,961,1000,1001,1172,1287,1361,1370, 

1401,1495,1569,1576,1582,1588,1779,1805, 

1806,1811,1905,1941,1949,1951,2106,2195, 

2199,2201,2340,2422,2434,2471,2533,2534, 

2542 

See also Adams, Aitoff, Armadillo, August Epicycloidal, 

-110-

Azimuthal Equidistant, Briesemeister, Butterfly, 

Cabot, cylindrical, Eisenlohr, Guyou, Lagrange, 

Peirce, pseudocylindrical, triangle, and Vander 

Grin ten projections, and polyhedral globes 

World Polyconic Grid 2318 

Wright projection 1079, 1519, 1672, 1771, 1772, 2513,2515 

z 

Zenithal projections 

See azimuthal projections 


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