2024 IL 128587

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 128587) 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. 

SHAMAR GRIFFIN, Appellee.

Opinion filed March 21, 2024.

JUSTICE HOLDER WHITE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Neville, Overstreet, Cunningham, Rochford, and O’Brien concurred in 

the judgment and opinion. 

 Chief Justice Theis dissented, with opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Pursuant to a fully negotiated guilty plea agreement, petitioner, Shamar Griffin, 

pleaded guilty in the circuit court of Cook County to one count of first degree 

murder in exchange for a 35-year sentence and the dismissal of additional charges. 

Years later, petitioner filed a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction 
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petition, pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 

et seq. (West 2018)), alleging he was actually innocent and that his attorney failed 

to investigate his case before steering him to the plea agreement. The circuit court 

denied the motion for leave to file after finding that petitioner’s guilty plea 

precluded his actual innocence claim. On appeal the appellate court reversed, 

finding, under this court’s decision in People v. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, petitioner 

was permitted to file a petition alleging actual innocence despite his guilty plea. 

2022 IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 46. The appellate court further determined that 

under this court’s decision in People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, petitioner made 

a colorable claim of actual innocence and the circuit court should have granted his 

motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition. 2022 IL App (1st) 

191101-B, ¶ 66. The appellate court remanded petitioner’s entire petition without 

review of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Id. ¶ 68. At the request of the 

State, we granted leave to appeal. 

¶ 2 The issues raised in this appeal are whether (1) the standard applied to an actualinnocence claim at the leave-to-file stage differs based on whether the petitioner 

was convicted following a trial or he pleaded guilty and (2) each claim in a 

successive petition must meet the applicable standard to proceed to second-stage

postconviction proceedings. We hold that, in determining whether to grant leave to 

file a successive postconviction petition based on an actual innocence claim, the 

same standard applies to all petitioners. We further hold that each claim in a 

successive postconviction petition must meet the applicable standard in order to 

advance to second-stage postconviction proceedings. Accordingly, we affirm the 

appellate court in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings. 

 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 In 2010, petitioner was indicted on 24 counts of first degree murder for the 

shooting death of Milissa1 Williams. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2010). Petitioner 

was also indicted on four counts of attempted murder and one count of aggravated 

1The record on appeal includes documents in which the victim’s first name was spelled both 

“Milissa” and “Millisa.” We use the spelling used by the appellate court. 
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battery with a firearm in the shooting of Otis Houston. 

 

¶ 5 A. Guilty Plea Proceedings 

¶ 6 In June 2011, defense counsel informed the circuit court that the parties had an 

agreement where petitioner would plead guilty to one count of first degree murder 

in exchange for a 35-year sentence and the dismissal of the additional charges. The 

court admonished petitioner regarding the consequences of a guilty plea. The court 

also asked petitioner if he had been threatened or promised anything to induce his 

guilty plea, and he answered “No, Sir.” 

¶ 7 The State presented the factual basis for the plea agreement, stating that if the 

case went to trial, the evidence would show that petitioner shot Williams twice with 

a handgun and then chased Houston down and shot him four times. Houston would 

testify that he saw petitioner engage in these acts, identified petitioner in a lineup 

as the shooter, and would identify petitioner at trial. 

¶ 8 The State proffered the grand jury testimony of Lavertice Harmon, who would 

testify he was on North LeClaire Avenue in Chicago with Leroy Battle, Terrence 

Washington, Kevin Barnes, and others around 3 a.m. on the date of the shooting. 

Harmon observed a dark-colored, four-door vehicle with its headlights off drive 

south on LeClaire Avenue from Le Moyne Street. When the car pulled up to 

Harmon, he recognized the driver as petitioner, whom he had known for 10 years. 

Petitioner called Harmon over to the car, and Harmon saw a chrome-colored 

handgun with a black handle in petitioner’s lap, wrapped in a bandana. Harmon 

would testify that petitioner stated he was “fixin’ to merk that b***,” referring to 

Milissa Williams, because she had stabbed petitioner in the past. Harmon knew 

“merk” meant to kill. Harmon asked petitioner to wait so he could warn his friends 

to get off the street to avoid getting hurt. Petitioner agreed and told Harmon he 

would drive around the block. 

¶ 9 After petitioner left, Harmon went to Williams and Houston and told them to 

leave the area. Williams was initially reluctant to leave, but she agreed to leave and 

started to walk toward a park with Harmon and Houston. As they were walking, 

Harmon spotted the car petitioner was driving and then saw him get out. Petitioner 

and Williams had a brief conversation that Harmon could not hear; then petitioner 
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took out his gun and shot Williams once. Houston fled and petitioner chased him 

and fired multiple shots at him. Harmon reported that petitioner went back to 

Williams and fired an additional shot at her; she fell to the ground. Petitioner then 

ran back to the car and drove away. 

¶ 10 The State also presented grand jury testimony from Leroy Battle and Kevin 

Barnes. Both witnesses knew petitioner and would identify him as the shooter. The 

State next presented the grand jury testimony of Carlton Winters, to whom 

petitioner admitted he was the shooter. Finally, the State proffered the report from 

the medical examiner, which indicated Williams died from multiple gunshot 

wounds. Defense counsel stipulated to the State’s proposed evidence. Petitioner’s 

statement to the police—in which he admitted he shot Williams—was not included 

in the State’s factual basis for the plea. 

¶ 11 The circuit court accepted petitioner’s plea and sentenced him to 35 years in 

prison pursuant to the plea agreement. The court admonished petitioner that, if he 

wished to appeal, he needed to file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea within 30 

days. Petitioner failed to file a motion to withdraw his plea within 30 days, but he 

did file a notice of appeal. The court rejected the notice of appeal as untimely and 

noted that petitioner could seek leave to file a late notice of appeal from the 

appellate court. Petitioner sought leave to file a late notice of appeal, which was 

granted. 

¶ 12 On appeal, the appellate court granted an agreed motion for summary remand 

and directed the clerk of the circuit court to modify certain monetary assessments 

imposed against petitioner. People v. Griffin, No. 1-11-3210 (2012) (unpublished 

summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). 

¶ 13 B. Initial Postconviction Petition 

¶ 14 In September 2017, while his direct appeal was pending, petitioner filed an 

initial postconviction petition raising a claim of actual innocence based on newly 

discovered evidence. Petitioner alleged his confession should have been suppressed 

because the police officers who arrested him did so based on an investigative alert. 

He also alleged mistreatment while in police custody where for 30 hours he “was 

threatened and forced to confess.” Petitioner alleged his claim was newly 
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discovered because he did not previously know he was not arrested based on an 

arrest warrant. Finally, petitioner claimed his attorney was ineffective because he 

failed to investigate petitioner’s illegal arrest and determine it was not pursuant to 

an arrest warrant. 

¶ 15 The circuit court summarily dismissed the petition as frivolous and patently 

without merit. On appeal, appellate counsel filed a motion to withdraw pursuant to 

Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551 (1987). The court granted the motion, as 

“there [were] no issues of arguable merit to be pursued on appeal.” People v. 

Griffin, No. 1-18-0490 (2020) (unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme 

Court Rule 23(c)). 

¶ 16 C. Motion for Leave to File a Successive 

 Postconviction Petition 

¶ 17 In February 2019, petitioner sought leave to file a successive postconviction 

petition. Petitioner alleged he had cause for not bringing the claims in the 

successive petition earlier because he was unaware that Perrier Myles and Lavonte 

Moore had information regarding his case until all three men were incarcerated at 

the same facility. Petitioner further alleged he did not know that Detectives John 

Folino and Tim McDermott had multiple lawsuits against them until he filed a 

Freedom of Information Act request. See 5 ILCS 140/1 et seq. (West 2016).

Petitioner argued he was prejudiced because the claims in his successive petition 

“so infected [the] judgement [sic] of [his] conviction that [his] conviction or 

sentence violated due process under actual innocence.” 

¶ 18 Petitioner raised two claims in his successive petition. First, he alleged plea 

counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate Jerrell Butler as an alternate 

suspect. Petitioner claimed he informed counsel that while he was in jail pending 

trial, he heard “around the jail” that Butler was the person who killed Williams. 

Counsel responded that, because of petitioner’s confession, he had no defense that 

could help him. Petitioner told counsel the confession was false and resulted from 

duress, psychological abuse, sleep deprivation, and mental coercion while being 

detained for 30 hours by Folino and McDermott. 
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¶ 19 Second, petitioner argued he had newly discovered evidence of his actual 

innocence. Petitioner attached an affidavit from Lavonte Moore, in which Moore 

averred that he was across from Lafayette Park in Chicago at around 3 a.m. on June 

26, 2009. From his position, Moore could see a group of men and one woman 

standing around the area. Moore then saw a man he recognized as Butler exit an 

alley. Butler greeted Moore before pulling out a gun and jogging across the street 

toward the park. A few seconds later, Moore heard five gunshots and then saw 

Butler run back past Moore’s car and into the alley from which he had emerged. 

Moore explained he never mentioned what he saw because he was afraid of Butler 

and his friends. It was not until they were incarcerated together that Moore told 

petitioner that he witnessed the shooting. 

¶ 20 Petitioner also attached an affidavit from Perrier Myles in support of his claim 

of actual innocence. Myles averred he was incarcerated at the time of the shooting. 

Upon his release, Myles had a conversation with his friend Cornell McWilliams, 

who was Milissa Williams’s boyfriend, about the shooting. Myles asked 

McWilliams why petitioner was in prison for Williams’s murder. McWilliams 

responded that petitioner was a scapegoat “so that [Lavertice Harmon] and Kevin 

[Barnes’s] drug business [could] continue without further pressure from Chicago 

police.” Myles stated that McWilliams, Harmon, and Barnes did not see the 

shooter’s face but that he was light skinned with braids. Confused, Myles asked 

how McWilliams could not distinguish between the shooter and petitioner, who 

was dark-skinned with dreadlocks. McWilliams explained he identified petitioner 

because he wanted justice for his girlfriend’s murder and “it was known” that 

Houston and petitioner had a prior conflict. McWilliams added that Harmon and 

Barnes also falsely identified petitioner as the shooter. A year after the shooting, 

McWilliams discovered Houston owed Butler money from drug sales, and he 

believed that Butler was the actual shooter because of that debt. Myles was later 

incarcerated at the same facility as petitioner in June 2018, and he informed 

petitioner of his conversation with McWilliams. 

¶ 21 As part of his petition, petitioner included what he labeled “Newly Discovered 

Evidence of Police Misconduct” by Folino and McDermott, listing 11 lawsuits and 

attaching complaints related to these cases to the petition. On appeal, petitioner 

made no direct arguments regarding the police misconduct lawsuits. 2022 IL App 

(1st) 191101-B, ¶ 19.
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¶ 22 In April 2019, the circuit court denied petitioner’s motion for leave to file his 

successive petition. Citing People v. Simmons, 388 Ill. App. 3d 599 (2009), the 

court stated, “petitioner cannot make a claim of actual innocence after a proper 

constitutionally compliant guilty plea.” The court did not make any findings as to 

petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

¶ 23 Petitioner appealed the denial of his motion for leave to file a successive 

postconviction petition, arguing (1) his actual innocence claim was not barred by 

his guilty plea and (2) he made a colorable claim of actual innocence based on 

newly discovered evidence in the form of affidavits demonstrating that Butler was 

the actual shooter and two witnesses named in the factual basis for his plea provided 

false statements. 2022 IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 22. Petitioner further argued he 

established cause and prejudice for his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, 

which alleged counsel failed to investigate whether Butler was the actual shooter 

before allowing petitioner to enter a guilty plea. Id. 

¶ 24 On the actual innocence claim, the appellate court first recognized that the 

Simmons case relied on by the circuit court had been overruled by this court in 

Reed, 2020 IL 124940. 2022 IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 40. After Reed, a petitioner 

could raise a claim of actual innocence based on newly discovered evidence 

notwithstanding his guilty plea. Id. ¶ 46. 

¶ 25 The appellate court then addressed the question of what standard a guilty-plea 

petitioner must meet in order to obtain leave to file a successive postconviction 

petition. Id. ¶ 48. In Reed, a case on appeal following a third-stage evidentiary 

hearing, this court held that “a successful actual innocence claim requires a 

defendant who pleads guilty to provide new, material, noncumulative evidence that 

clearly and convincingly demonstrates that a trial would probably result in 

acquittal.” 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 49. Petitioner argued Reed’s “clear and convincing” 

standard would not be appropriate at the leave-to-file stage because reliability 

determinations as to the evidence can only be made at the third-stage evidentiary 

hearing. 2022 IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 51. Instead, petitioner argued the standard 

set forth in this court’s decision in Robinson should apply to guilty-plea petitioners 

at the leave-to-file stage. Id. In Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 44, this court held that 

“leave of court should be granted where the petitioner’s supporting documentation 

raises the probability that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would 
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have convicted the petitioner in light of the new evidence.” The appellate court 

agreed that the Robinson standard was applicable regardless of whether the 

underlying judgment stemmed from a guilty plea or a trial. 2022 IL App (1st) 

191101-B, ¶ 52. 

¶ 26 Applying the Robinson standard, the appellate court began by accepting the 

State’s concession that the Myles and Moore affidavits constituted new, material, 

and noncumulative evidence. Id. ¶ 60. The court concluded that Moore’s affidavit 

identified Butler as the actual shooter based on Moore’s eyewitness account and 

that his account was bolstered by Myles’s affidavit. Id. ¶ 62. The court also found 

the information in Myles’s affidavit undermined the veracity of Harmon’s and 

Barnes’s grand jury testimony and Harmon’s statement to the police. Id. ¶ 63. 

Therefore, the court concluded petitioner presented a colorable claim of actual 

innocence because the information in the affidavits placed the inculpatory evidence 

in the record and factual basis in a different light that undermined the court’s 

confidence in the conviction. Thus, petitioner’s motion for leave to file a successive 

petition should have been granted. Id. ¶¶ 66-67. The court remanded the petition in 

its entirety because it held that partial summary dismissals were not permitted under 

the Act. Id. ¶ 68 (citing People v. Cathey, 2012 IL 111746, ¶ 34). 

¶ 27 We granted the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315(a) (eff. Oct. 

1, 2021). 

¶ 28 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 29 On appeal before this court, the State argues that the appellate court (1) applied 

the wrong standard in evaluating whether petitioner’s motion for leave to file a 

successive petition sufficiently demonstrated actual innocence and (2) erred by 

remanding petitioner’s successive petition for further proceedings without finding 

he satisfied the cause-and-prejudice test as to his ineffective assistance of counsel 

claim. 
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¶ 30 A. Successive Postconviction Petitions 

¶ 31 Under the Act, any imprisoned person may institute a proceeding asserting there 

was a substantial denial of his rights under the Constitution of the United States or 

of the State of Illinois or both in the proceedings that resulted in his conviction. 725 

ILCS 5/122-1(a)(1) (West 2018). Any applicable claim not raised in an original or 

an amended petition is waived. Id. § 122-3. Only one postconviction proceeding is 

contemplated under the Act, and successive petitions may only be filed with leave 

of the court. Id. § 122-1(f); People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22. 

¶ 32 The bar to successive postconviction petitions is not absolute, and this court has 

recognized that the bar may be relaxed in two situations. First, the bar will be 

relaxed if a petitioner can establish cause and prejudice for not raising the claim in 

an initial postconviction petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018); People v. 

Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 459 (2002). A petitioner shows cause by identifying 

an objective factor that impeded his ability to raise a specific claim during his initial 

postconviction proceedings. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f)(1) (West 2018). The petitioner 

shows prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his initial 

postconviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or 

sentence violated due process. Id. § 122-1(f)(2).

¶ 33 The second exception to the bar to successive postconviction petitions applies 

when allowing the filing of a successive postconviction petition would avert a 

“ ‘fundamental miscarriage of justice.’ ” Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 23. For this 

second exception to apply, petitioner must show actual innocence. Id. Unlike the 

first exception, this second exception is not codified in the Act, and the Act is silent 

on the parameters of its use. However, the exception is well established under 

Illinois law. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 42. We review de novo the denial of leave 

to file a successive postconviction petition alleging actual innocence. Id. ¶ 40. 

¶ 34 B. The “Colorable Showing of Actual Innocence” Standard 

¶ 35 This court has previously announced that, at the leave-to-file stage, a petitioner 

seeking to file a successive petition based on actual innocence must make a 

“colorable claim of actual innocence.” Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24. When the 

petitioner relies on new evidence to meet this standard, he must show that the 
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evidence in support of the claim is newly discovered, material, and noncumulative 

and of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial. 

People v. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475, 489 (1996); Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32. 

We reaffirmed the applicability of this standard in Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47. 

“New” means the evidence was discovered after trial and could not have been 

discovered earlier through the exercise of due diligence. People v. Coleman, 2013 

IL 113307, ¶ 96. “Material” refers to evidence that is relevant and probative of the 

petitioner’s innocence. Id. “Noncumulative” evidence adds to what the jury heard. 

Id. “Conclusive” means the evidence, when considered along with the trial 

evidence, would probably lead to a different result. Id. 

¶ 36 However, this court has not previously addressed whether this standard differs 

based on whether the petitioner was convicted at trial or he pleaded guilty. In both 

Edwards and Robinson, the petitioners who sought leave to file successive petitions 

had been convicted at trial. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 7; Robinson, 2020 IL 

123849, ¶ 17. This question arises because in Reed, we espoused a new, higher 

standard at the third stage for guilty-plea petitioners seeking relief based on actual 

innocence. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 49. 

¶ 37 In Reed, the central question was whether a guilty plea prevented a defendant 

from asserting an actual innocence claim under the Act. Id. ¶ 20. After explaining 

the benefits, burdens, and purpose served by the plea-bargaining system, we 

ultimately held that a defendant’s guilty plea does not prevent him from asserting a 

claim of actual innocence under the Act. Id. ¶¶ 25-37, 41. Even so, we were 

sensitive to the State’s concerns that allowing a petitioner to raise an actual 

innocence claim following a guilty plea would “diminish its motivation to engage 

in plea negotiations” and potentially “ignore the interests of finality and certainty 

involving guilty pleas.” Id. ¶ 42. We found “the State’s interests and policy 

concerns are more appropriately accounted for and protected by the standard 

applicable to actual innocence claims involving defendants who plead guilty.” Id. 

In determining the applicable standard, we noted that the Washington standard 

was impractical because, where a petitioner pleaded guilty, the State does not admit 

the entirety of its evidence against defendant into the record. “Without the 

developed record produced by a trial, a court cannot determine whether the new 

evidence sufficiently undermines the evidence presented at trial such that it would 

probably change the result on retrial.” Id. ¶ 45. In light of all of these considerations, 
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we determined that a higher standard was required in order to strike “an equitable 

balance between the defendant’s constitutional liberty interest in remaining free of 

undeserved punishment and the State’s interest in maintaining the finality and 

certainty of plea agreements, while vindicating the purpose of the criminal justice 

system to punish only the guilty.” Id. ¶ 50. Therefore, we amended the Washington

standard for guilty-plea petitioners and held that “a successful actual innocence 

claim requires a defendant who pleads guilty to provide new, material, 

noncumulative evidence that clearly and convincingly demonstrates that a trial 

would probably result in acquittal.” Id. ¶ 49. We noted that this was a 

“comprehensive approach where the court must determine whether the new 

evidence places the evidence presented in the underlying proceedings in a different 

light and ‘undercuts the court’s confidence in the factual correctness’ of the 

conviction.” Id. (quoting Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 97). 

¶ 38 Reed was an appeal from a ruling following a third-stage evidentiary hearing. 

Thus, by amending the Washington standard, we necessarily raised the applicable 

burden of proof the petitioner needed to meet from preponderance of the evidence 

to the more stringent clear and convincing standard. However, Reed left open the 

question of what standard a guilty-plea petitioner raising a claim of actual 

innocence would need to satisfy at the leave-to-file stage. See id. ¶ 65 (Michael J. 

Burke, J., specially concurring) (“The majority opinion raises the burden from 

preponderance of the evidence to clear and convincing evidence at the third stage 

but says nothing about the burden a petitioner must meet at the first two stages.”). 

We now hold that the same standard applies at the leave-to-file stage regardless of 

whether the petitioner pleaded guilty or was convicted at trial. 

¶ 39 Initially, we note that the Act does not distinguish between petitioners who seek 

relief after a trial from those who seek relief following a guilty plea. This court 

made that distinction in Reed due to the interests at play when the parties enter into 

a mutually beneficial plea agreement (id. ¶¶ 45-48 (majority opinion)), particularly 

the concern that the petitioner’s guilty plea prevented the State from admitting the 

entirety of its evidence against petitioner. Id. ¶ 45. Therefore, when the petitioner 

later claims actual innocence based on new evidence, the circuit court can only 

weigh that evidence against an underdeveloped record and petitioner’s voluntary 

and knowing admission of guilt. Id. ¶ 46. This may leave the State at a disadvantage 

because it may have presented more evidence that would defeat petitioner’s claim 
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of innocence had the case gone to trial. These concerns remain valid but are more 

suitably addressed in an evidentiary hearing, where the petitioner’s evidence can 

be tested and where we have already held a higher standard applies to a guilty-plea 

petitioner’s claims. Id. ¶ 49. 

¶ 40 At the leave-to-file stage, the circuit court is limited to determining whether the 

petitioner has satisfied the applicable test to enable him to file his successive 

petition. In assessing whether a petitioner has satisfied the low threshold applicable 

to a colorable claim of actual innocence, the court considers only whether the new 

evidence, if believed and not positively rebutted by the record, could lead to 

acquittal on retrial. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 60. The circuit court cannot make 

credibility determinations at this stage. To create a different standard at the leaveto-file stage—under which the circuit court would necessarily make credibility or 

reliability determinations in order to conform with the clear and convincing 

standard—would create a confusing patchwork of rules. See Reed, 2020 IL 124940, 

¶ 50 n.2 (acknowledging the clear and convincing standard inherently requires the 

court to consider the new evidence to be reliable but noting that such determination 

should be made at a third-stage evidentiary hearing, as all well-pleaded facts must 

be taken as true at the pleading stages). 

¶ 41 The State’s argument illustrates the difficulty in applying the clear and 

convincing standard at the leave-to-file stage. At that stage, the State argues, a 

guilty-plea petitioner raising an actual innocence claim must make a colorable 

showing that he can satisfy Reed’s clear and convincing standard. However, the 

State’s argument relies on the premise that reliability refers to classes or types of 

evidence that can be significantly corroborated, such as forensic evidence, 

photographs, and credit card slips. The State argues that other categories, such as 

recantations and “11th hour affidavits,” should be deemed unreliable at the leaveto-file stage. As we did when the State previously raised similar arguments in Reed, 

we find such categorization inappropriate and leave reliability determinations to 

later stages of the postconviction proceedings. Id. ¶ 50; see also People v. Sanders, 

2016 IL 118123, ¶¶ 32-33 (rejecting the State’s argument that a threshold finding 

of trustworthiness must be made before a court may determine whether a 

postconviction petitioner has set forth a colorable claim of actual innocence because 

that determination is not made at the second stage of postconviction proceedings 

where well-pleaded facts must be taken as true). Without adding reliability as a 
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factor at the leave-to-file stage, the State’s argument for a colorable, yet clear and 

convincing, standard would not work. 

¶ 42 The dissent would accept the State’s colorable clear and convincing standard. 

The dissent asserts that the proper standard after Reed and Edwardsis that, to satisfy 

a colorable claim of actual innocence, the petitioner must present evidence that 

establishes “by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable juror would have 

found him guilty.” Infra ¶ 89. The dissent does not reconcile its requirement that 

petitioner adhere to the “clear and convincing” standard while also being allowed 

to proceed under the lower “colorable” standard applicable at the leave-to-file 

stage. Instead, the dissent summarizes the standard it would apply as follows. 

“In other words, a petitioner cannot meet the new heightened requirement 

unless the court finds at the leave-to-file stage that, as a matter of law, taking 

the well-pleaded new evidence as true, it is clear and convincing that no juror, 

acting reasonably, would have voted to find him guilty.” Infra ¶ 89. 

The dissent would therefore apply the third-stage standard established in Reed at 

the leave-to-file stage and do away with the colorable standard for guilty plea 

petitioners. If the petitioner could meet this standard at the leave-to-file stage, what 

would be the purpose of the other two stages? 

¶ 43 Additionally, to make its standard work, the dissent engages in the credibility 

and reliability determinations we have stated do not apply at the leave-to-file stage. 

See Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 50 n.2. For example, the dissent compares the 

evidence presented in the factual basis to the Moore affidavit and concludes the 

affidavit is insufficient because Moore did not observe the actual shooting, did not 

identify one of the victims as having been around prior to the shooting, and does 

not directly contradict the testimony of multiple eyewitnesses. Infra ¶ 100. The 

dissent essentially decides the affidavit from Moore is insufficient because it is 

inconsistent with the testimony from the witnesses in the record and Moore is not 

as credible as they are. These should be third-stage considerations. 

¶ 44 We note that applying the same standard at the leave-to-file stage for guiltyplea petitioners as for petitioners that proceed to trial would not result in every 

guilty plea petition advancing to the third stage. The same procedures and 

considerations that are currently in place to keep legally or factually insufficient 
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successive petitions from advancing to the next stage will remain in place and work 

to keep meritless petitions from advancing to the next stage. 

¶ 45 Accordingly, we hold that for all petitioners seeking relief on a claim of actual 

innocence, leave of court should be granted where the petitioner’s supporting 

documentation raises the probability that it is more likely than not that no 

reasonable juror would have convicted the petitioner in light of the new evidence. 

Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 44; Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24. To establish that 

colorable claim of actual innocence, the supporting evidence must be (1) newly 

discovered, (2) material and not cumulative, and (3) of such conclusive character 

that it would probably result in acquittal.2 See Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47; 

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32. 

¶ 46 The dissent recognizes that these are the requirements we established in 

Edwards. Infra ¶ 78. However, the dissent also asserts that

“the majority tentatively posits that leave to file should be granted if the 

evidence is ‘of such conclusive character that it would probably result in 

acquittal.’ Supra ¶ 45. At another point, the majority posits that leave to file 

should be granted if ‘the petitioner’s supporting documentation raises the 

probability that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have 

convicted the petitioner in light of the new evidence.’ Supra ¶ 45.” Infra ¶ 85. 

The dissent posits that this creates “two different and irreconcilable leave-to-file 

standards.” Infra ¶ 85. We disagree. The standards the dissent takes issue with are 

directly from this court’s decisions in Edwards and Robinson. Robinson, 2020 IL 

123849, ¶¶ 44, 47; Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 24, 32. We do nothing more than 

adhere to these rules in the context of the leave-to-file stage for a successive petition 

filed by a guilty plea petitioner. We break no new ground by relying on the 

2We note that, on the third element of an actual innocence claim, Edwards and Robinson use 

the phrase “of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial.”

(Emphasis added.) Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 47; Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32. We use the 

phrase “of such conclusive character that it would probably result in acquittal” because here the 

petitioner pleaded guilty, and this is the phrase used in Reed with reference to the standard the guilty 

plea petitioner has to meet at the third-stage proceeding. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 49 (“We therefore 

find a successful actual innocence claim requires a defendant who pleads guilty to provide new, 

material, noncumulative evidence that clearly and convincingly demonstrates that a trial would 

probably result in acquittal.”).
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standards this court has previously set forth for a claim of actual innocence based 

on newly discovered evidence. 

¶ 47 Having determined the applicable standard, we now look at the evidence 

petitioner presented to determine whether he made a colorable showing of actual 

innocence. 

¶ 48 C. Petitioner’s Claim of Actual Innocence 

 and Supporting Documentation 

¶ 49 1. Petitioner’s Newly Discovered Evidence 

 Supports Different Claims

¶ 50 First, we must review the evidence upon which petitioner relied when he sought 

leave to file his successive postconviction petition so we can determine whether the 

evidence he presented supported both claims in the petition. This is an important 

step in our analysis because a conflict has evolved regarding whether evidence 

submitted to support a claim that a petitioner’s constitutional rights were violated 

can simultaneously support an actual innocence claim. This conflict appears to stem 

from our decisions in Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475, and People v. Hobley, 182 Ill. 

2d 404 (1998). See 2022 IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶¶ 29-33. However, we agree with 

the appellate court that in this case, the evidence petitioner provided—while 

interrelated—was not relied on to simultaneously support both claims. Id. ¶ 35. 

Therefore, we leave for another day the question of whether a petitioner may raise 

his claim of actual innocence based on the same evidence petitioner uses to support 

his claims of constitutional violations.3 

¶ 51 In his petition, petitioner’s first argument was that counsel was ineffective for 

failing to investigate Butler after petitioner informed counsel that he heard rumors 

around the jail that Butler was the person who killed Williams. As part of that 

argument, petitioner noted he informed counsel that his confession was false and a 

result of duress, psychological abuse, and mental coercion from being detained for 

30 hours by Detectives Folino and McDermott with no sleep. Petitioner attached 

3We note that we recently allowed a petition for leave to appeal in People v. Flournoy, 2022 IL 

App (1st) 210587-U, ¶ 29, appeal allowed, No. 129353 (Ill. Mar. 29, 2023), which raises this issue.
- 16 - 

evidence he identified as “newly discovered evidence of police misconduct of Det. 

John Folino and Tim McDermott.” In his brief before this court, petitioner notes 

that his “allegation that his confession was coerced by the investigating detectives, 

as supported by the lawsuit documentation he attached to his petition, supports his 

claims that defense counsel failed to investigate his case before inducing him to 

plead guilty.” 

¶ 52 Petitioner’s second claim in his petition was that he had newly discovered 

evidence showing that he was actually innocent. Petitioner summarized and 

referenced the affidavits of Moore and Myles. Read in context, the evidence of the 

lawsuits filed against McDermott and Folino support petitioner’s first claim, and 

the affidavits petitioner provided support his actual innocence claim. We review 

these affidavits to determine whether they raise the probability that it is more likely 

than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted petitioner in light of the new 

evidence. See Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 33. 

¶ 53 2. Petitioner’s Affidavits Support His Colorable 

 Claim of Actual Innocence

¶ 54 Before the appellate court, the State conceded, and the court agreed, that the 

affidavits petitioner presented constituted new, material, and noncumulative 

evidence. 2022 IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 60. The State makes the same concession 

before this court, that the affidavits are new and noncumulative, but only concedes 

Moore’s eyewitness affidavit is material. The State notes that Myles’s affidavit is 

not material but adds that it does not argue this point, choosing to argue instead that 

Myles’s affidavit does not provide clear and convincing evidence of innocence. We 

accept the State’s concessions and note that, to the extent the State is making an 

argument that Myles’s affidavit is not material, the State does so in a footnote in its 

reply brief. As such, the State forfeits the argument. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. 

Oct. 1, 2020) (“Points not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply 

brief, in oral argument, or on petition for rehearing.”). 

¶ 55 The appellate court accepted the State’s concession because petitioner could not 

have discovered the information in either Moore’s or Myles’s affidavits earlier 

through due diligence, as he did not meet either individual until after he was 

sentenced and entered prison. 2022 IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 60. The court also 
- 17 - 

found the evidence “clearly material” because it addressed the identity of the 

shooter, suggested the State’s witnesses falsely identified petitioner as the shooter, 

and included a motive for the witnesses in falsely identifying petitioner as the 

shooter. Id. The evidence was not cumulative because the State’s factual basis did 

not present any witness who identified an alternate shooter. Id. We agree with the 

appellate court’s assessment. The only remaining question is whether the affidavits 

of Moore and Myles raise the probability that it is more likely than not that no 

reasonable juror would have convicted petitioner. In conducting this review, we 

must take the statements in the affidavits as true. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 45 

(“At the pleading stage of postconviction proceedings, all well-pleaded allegations 

in the petition and supporting affidavits that are not positively rebutted by the trial 

record are to be taken as true.”). 

¶ 56 In his affidavit, Moore averred that he was near the scene of the shooting and 

saw a man he recognized as Butler exit an alley. Butler pulled out a gun and jogged 

across the street toward the area where the shooting occurred. A few seconds later, 

Moore heard five loud gunshots and then saw Butler run back past Moore’s car and 

into the alley from which he had emerged. We agree with the appellate court that 

Moore’s alleged eyewitness account identified Butler as the actual shooter. 2022 

IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 62. While Moore does not aver he actually saw Butler 

shoot the victims, this is the reasonable inference that flows from the facts he 

provides in his affidavit. He thus provides sufficient information to raise the 

probability that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have 

convicted petitioner in light of Moore’s proposed testimony. 

¶ 57 The State argues that Moore’s affidavit should be rejected because it is an 

uncorroborated, “eleventh-hour affidavit” from an incarcerated inmate and, as such, 

it is not reliable enough to demonstrate petitioner’s innocence clearly and 

convincingly. The State and the dissent note that Moore’s affidavit is contradicted 

by the witness testimony provided in the State’s factual basis for petitioner’s guilty 

plea. These concerns are valid; however, as we have explained above, these 

arguments would be addressed at the evidentiary hearing. At that hearing, the court 

would hear directly from Moore and make a finding as to his credibility. 

Importantly, the State would also have the opportunity to test Moore’s eyewitness 

account in the crucible of cross-examination. 
- 18 - 

¶ 58 We find Myles’s affidavit similarly supports a decision to advance petitioner’s 

actual innocence claim to the second stage. Myles’s affidavit, taken as true, 

provides evidence that could undermine Harmon’s and Barnes’s identifications of 

petitioner as the shooter. Myles averred he had a conversation with McWilliams, 

who told Myles that petitioner was a scapegoat “so that [Lavertice Harmon’s] and 

Kevin [Barnes’s] drug business [could] continue without further pressure from 

Chicago police.” Myles stated that McWilliams told him that neither he nor Harmon 

nor Barnes saw the shooter’s face, but they all falsely identified petitioner as the 

shooter. A year after the shooting, McWilliams discovered Houston owed Butler 

money from drug sales and he believed that Butler was the actual shooter because 

of that debt. 

¶ 59 The State argues that Myles’s affidavit is unreliable because it is double 

hearsay, which should not be admissible at an evidentiary hearing. The State 

correctly acknowledges that hearsay evidence is allowed in postconviction 

proceedings. Ill. R. Evid. 1101(b)(3) (eff. Sept. 17, 2019) (providing that the rules 

of evidence do not apply to postconviction hearings). The plain language of the rule 

does not prohibit double hearsay or require corroboration of hearsay evidence. The 

State’s argument is also premature. At the leave-to-file stage, the circuit court has 

to accept Myles’s affidavit as true and reserve any determinations of credibility for 

the evidentiary hearing. The State can also argue that McWilliams’s evidence 

should be corroborated for petitioner to meet the Reed standard at the third stage. 

At the leave-to-file stage, Myles’s affidavit sufficiently undermines the factual 

basis as to present a colorable claim of petitioner’s actual innocence. Additionally, 

neither affidavit is affirmatively rebutted by the record. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, 

¶¶ 45, 60 (well-pleaded allegations in the petition and supporting documents are 

not affirmatively rebutted by the record unless it is demonstrated by the record that 

a trier of fact could never accept their veracity). 

¶ 60 We acknowledge that the evidence in the Moore and Myles affidavits conflict 

with the testimony of other witnesses that the State presented through the factual 

basis for petitioner’s plea. However, as we stated in Robinson, 

“This court has never held that a request for leave to file a successive petition 

must be denied if the new evidence conflicts with the trial evidence. And, 

indeed, such a requirement would be fundamentally illogical. If the new 
- 19 - 

evidence of innocence does not contradict the evidence of petitioner’s guilt at 

trial, the filing of the successive petition would be pointless, and the purpose of 

the Act would be rendered meaningless, which is a result that must be 

studiously avoided.” Id. ¶ 57. 

¶ 61 The dissent would find the Moore and Myles affidavits cannot be taken as true 

because they are not “well-pleaded” because they contain “mere conclusions 

unsupported by specific facts.” Infra ¶ 98. Specifically as to Moore’s affidavit, the 

dissent finds that it “contains no specific facts to suggest that he was positioned 

such that he could observe the shooting,” does not identify Houston and petitioner 

as having been at the scene, and does not contradict the testimony of multiple other 

eyewitnesses. Infra ¶ 100. Conclusory statements are statements that express “a 

factual inference without stating the underlying facts on which the inference is 

based.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Here, Moore avers in his affidavit, 

“I informed Shamar that I witnessed that shooting and that I knew who the shooter 

was Jerrell Butler.” However, the statement is preceded by Moore’s specific 

statements regarding where he was on June 26, 2009, at 3 a.m. when he observed 

Jerrell Butler exit an alley carrying a gun and head in the direction of the park where 

the shooting took place. Seconds later, Moore heard five loud gunshots and saw 

Butler running back to the alley. Given the specific facts provided in Moore’s 

affidavit, we find it is well pleaded and should be taken as true. Moore’s affidavit, 

taken as true, presents evidence of an alternate shooter. Although multiple 

witnesses identified petitioner as the shooter, at the leave-to-file stage, the court 

may not engage in an assessment of the relative weight of the evidence supporting 

petitioner’s plea as compared to petitioner’s new evidence of actual innocence. The 

fact that the affidavit conflicts with, but is not positively rebutted by, the State’s 

witnesses on the identification of the shooter is insufficient to reject it. See 

Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 73. Instead, it is a reason to allow petitioner to 

proceed, with counsel, on his colorable claim of actual innocence. Id. 

¶ 62 The dissent also finds Myles’s affidavit is not well pleaded because it “is rife 

with conclusory statements and is not based on specific facts but rather rumor, 

innuendo, and rank speculation.” Infra ¶ 101. The Myles affidavit described a 

conversation with McWilliams, where McWilliams provided information that 

could impeach the State’s eyewitnesses. McWilliams also told Myles that he saw 

the shooter and described him as a light-skinned man with braids. This description 
- 20 - 

of the shooter did not match petitioner. Myles’s affidavit, taken as true, presents an 

additional eyewitness who can testify that petitioner was not the shooter and can 

undermine the State’s eyewitness. Myles presented specific facts to explain the 

approximate timing and location of his conversation with McWilliams and the 

specifics of that conversation. Myles’s affidavit is therefore well pleaded. The 

shortcomings the dissent identifies regarding the information McWilliams provided 

should be addressed at a later stage where McWilliams can be questioned and his 

credibility assessed.

¶ 63 We agree with the appellate court that petitioner set forth a colorable claim of 

actual innocence based on Moore’s and Myles’s affidavits and the circuit court 

should have granted leave to file his successive postconviction petition. We affirm 

the appellate court’s decision remanding the case for further postconviction 

proceedings under the Act. 

¶ 64 D. Petitioner’s Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim

¶ 65 Having resolved petitioner’s actual innocence claim, we turn to his claim that 

he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to move 

for the suppression of his allegedly coerced confession and instead convinced 

petitioner to plead guilty. The circuit court failed to address this claim. The 

appellate court did not address petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim 

because it remanded petitioner’s case based on his actual innocence claim. The 

State argues the appellate court erred in remanding the petition in its entirety 

without separately reviewing the ineffective assistance of counsel claim. We agree 

with the State. 

¶ 66 Leave of court to file a successive postconviction petition may be granted only 

if a petitioner demonstrates (1) actual innocence or (2) “cause for his or her failure 

to bring the claim in his or her initial post-conviction proceedings and prejudice 

results from that failure.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018). The 

legislature codified the cause-and-prejudice test in the Act by adding section 122-

1(f) following this court’s holding in Pitsonbarger. People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 

330 (2009). In Pitsonbarger, this court was asked to determine how the cause-andprejudice test was to be used in granting leave to file successive postconviction 

petitions. The court held that “the cause-and-prejudice test is the analytical tool that 
- 21 - 

is to be used to determine whether fundamental fairness requires that an exception 

be made to section 122-3 so that a claim raised in a successive petition may be 

considered on its merits.” Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 459. When applying the test, 

this court was clear that “the fundamental fairness exception applies to claims, not 

to petitions, and the cause-and-prejudice test must be applied to individual claims, 

not to the petition as a whole.” Id. at 462. 

¶ 67 Earlier in Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at 489, in recognizing that there was “footing 

in the Illinois Constitution for asserting freestanding innocence claims based upon 

newly discovered evidence under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act,” we stated that 

“such claims should be resolved as any other brought under the Act.” Therefore, in 

Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 91, we held that, “[w]here a defendant makes a claim 

of trial error, as well as a claim of actual innocence, in a successive postconviction 

petition, the former claim must meet the cause-and-prejudice standard, and the 

latter claim must meet the Washington standard.” We thus reiterate that, in line with 

this court’s precedent, even if petitioner had a colorable actual innocence claim, 

petitioner was required to prove he satisfied the cause-and-prejudice test as to his 

ineffective assistance of counsel claim before he could be granted leave to file his 

successive postconviction petition. Any claim in a successive petition should not 

be advanced without a determination that the claim has met the appropriate 

standard. Id.

¶ 68 The appellate court relied on this court’s decision in Cathey, 2012 IL 111746, 

¶ 34, finding that partial summary dismissals are not permitted under the Act, to 

conclude that petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim could be 

remanded for further proceedings without a showing of cause and prejudice. 2022 

IL App (1st) 191101-B, ¶ 68. Cathey is distinguishable because the postconviction 

petition at issue in that case was an initial petition, which does not face the same 

restrictions as a successive petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018). When an 

initial postconviction petition is advanced to the second stage, the court advances 

the entire petition because partial summary dismissals are not permitted under the 

Act. Cathey, 2012 IL 111746, ¶ 34. However, as explained above, this is not the 

case with motions for leave to file successive postconviction petitions. 

¶ 69 Petitioner argues that this rule would be premature and would render 

meaningless the procedures under the Act and this court’s Rule 651(c). Ill. S. Ct. 
- 22 - 

R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017). This is because, even with a successive petition, a 

petitioner is allowed to amend a petition at the second stage once he is represented 

by counsel. The State then has an opportunity to seek dismissal of the petition on 

any grounds, including petitioner’s failure to prove cause and prejudice for not 

having raised the claims in an initial petition. People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, 

¶ 26. Petitioner’s argument is unconvincing because even at the second stage, if a 

petitioner sought to amend his successive petition to include a new claim, he would 

still have to satisfy the cause-and-prejudice test as to that claim. Requiring this 

showing at the leave-to-file stage does nothing to diminish or render meaningless 

counsel’s duty to amend a petition as necessary. 

¶ 70 Finally, relying on some language from Pitsonbarger, petitioner notes that “this 

Court did not foreclose an argument that prior proceedings on a petition might be 

so fundamentally flawed that an individual assessment of each claim for cause and 

prejudice was unnecessary.” See Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 463 (“We need not 

decide whether an initial proceeding could be so pervasively flawed that cause and 

prejudice are evident without individual claim-by-claim consideration, because this 

is not such a case.”). Petitioner fails to follow up this citation with any argument 

that his initial postconviction proceedings were so flawed that he should not have 

to show cause and prejudice as to each claim in his successive petition. We decline 

to address this aspect of petitioner’s argument because he failed to argue the point 

in his brief, which results in forfeiture of the issue. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. 

Oct. 1, 2020) (“Points not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply 

brief, in oral argument, or on petition for rehearing.”). Consistent with the plain 

language of the rule, this court has repeatedly held that the failure to argue a point 

results in forfeiture of the issue. Vancura v. Katris, 238 Ill. 2d 352, 369 (2010) 

(citing relevant cases).

¶ 71 Petitioner alternatively asks that we remand the case to the appellate court for 

its determination on whether he satisfied the cause-and-prejudice test for his 

ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Because neither the circuit court nor the 

appellate court evaluated this claim to determine whether petitioner could meet the 

cause-and-prejudice test, we grant petitioner’s request and remand the case to the 

appellate court to determine whether petitioner should be granted leave to file his 

successive postconviction petition based on his ineffective assistance of counsel 

claim. People v. Prante, 2023 IL 127241, ¶ 88 (“ ‘where trial errors were raised but 
- 23 - 

not ruled upon in the appellate court, it is appropriate for this court to remand the 

cause to the appellate court for resolution of those remaining issues’ ” (quoting 

People v. Lowery, 178 Ill. 2d 462, 473 (1997))). 

¶ 72 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 73 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part the judgment of the appellate court, 

which reversed the circuit court’s dismissal of petitioner’s motion for leave to file 

a successive postconviction petition. We reverse the appellate court’s decision 

remanding petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim to the circuit court 

for further proceedings. We remand the case to the appellate court for a 

determination of whether petitioner satisfied the cause-and-prejudice test as to his 

ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Should the appellate court find petitioner 

satisfied the test, the entirety of petitioner’s successive postconviction petition shall 

be remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings under the Act. Should the 

appellate court find petitioner failed to satisfy the cause-and-prejudice test, 

petitioner’s successive petition shall be remanded for further proceedings as to his 

claim of actual innocence.

 

¶ 74 Appellate court judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.

¶ 75 Cause remanded with directions.

¶ 76 CHIEF JUSTICE THEIS, dissenting: 

¶ 77 Today the majority holds that, in determining whether to grant leave to file a 

successive postconviction petition based on an actual innocence claim, the same 

standard applies regardless of whether a petitioner was convicted following a trial 

or following a plea of guilty. Supra ¶ 38. The majority has taken the latter type of 

claim, which requires clear and convincing evidence and which is supposed to be 

extraordinarily difficult to meet in a successive postconviction proceeding that is 

highly disfavored, and settles instead on a threshold that meets none of these 

requirements. Rather, as we have previously held, a plea necessarily places the 
- 24 - 

court in a different position than following a trial. Because the majority upends our 

precedent and undermines the value of a guilty plea, I respectfully dissent. 

¶ 78 In a line of decisions beginning with People v. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475 

(1996), this court has laid out the contours of establishing a postconviction actual 

innocence claim and the standards that apply based on various factors. In 

Washington, we first recognized that a claim of actual innocence was cognizable 

under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 

1992)) as a matter of due process. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at 487-88. We 

highlighted that, under the rubric of due process, the evidence of actual innocence 

must be “compelling” (id. at 489), indicating that the due process clause would 

provide a meaningful avenue to remedy a manifest injustice while ensuring that a 

petitioner’s case is truly extraordinary. Thus, to assert an actual innocence claim 

based on newly discovered evidence, we held that, procedurally, such a claim 

should be resolved like any other claim brought under the Act but that, 

substantively, the supporting evidence must be “new, material, noncumulative and, 

most importantly, of such conclusive character as would probably change the result 

on retrial.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. 

¶ 79 We have also explained that a petitioner seeking to file a successive 

postconviction petition is subject to a more heightened pleading requirement. 

People v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35; People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 43. 

This more demanding standard finds its support in the Act, which contemplates the 

filing of only one petition without leave of court, and the well-settled rule that 

successive postconviction petitions are highly disfavored by Illinois courts. People 

v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 39; People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 26-29. 

Successive petitions are disfavored because they “plague the finality of criminal 

litigation.” People v. Tenner, 206 Ill. 2d 381, 392 (2002). 

¶ 80 In Edwards, we specifically addressed this more demanding pleading standard 

at the leave-to-file stage for a successive petition claiming actual innocence. We 

held that in addition to the requirements that the evidence be newly discovered, 

material, and noncumulative, at the leave-to-file stage, “a petitioner’s request for 

leave of court and his supporting documentation must set forth a colorable claim of 

actual innocence, i.e., they must raise the probability that it is more likely than not 

that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of the new evidence.” 
- 25 - 

Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 33. Thus, the “no reasonable juror” standard in 

Edwards expressly established a higher threshold at the leave-to-file stage for 

successive petitions than the lower threshold set forth in a first-stage proceeding 

under Washington. 

¶ 81 We also highlighted that the “no reasonable juror” standard requires a stronger 

showing than that required to establish Strickland prejudice. Id. ¶ 40; see Strickland

v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In other words, a petitioner must show more 

than a reasonable probability that the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt 

with respect to guilt. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Rather, under the Edwards

standard a petitioner must show that it is more likely than not that no single juror, 

acting reasonably, would agree to convict him. We have since continued to restate 

that a “freestanding actual innocence claim raised in a successive postconviction 

petition is an extraordinary remedy.” People v. Taliani, 2021 IL 125891, ¶ 67. 

¶ 82 In Robinson, the procedural posture was the same. We reiterated the heightened 

Edwardsstandard for successive petitions at the leave-to-file stage. Robinson, 2020 

IL 123849, ¶ 44 (citing People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 24, and Edwards, 

2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24). In addition to the other pleading requirements that the 

evidence be new, material, and noncumulative, Robinson reaffirmed that leave of 

court should be granted only “where the petitioner’s supporting documentation 

raises the probability that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would 

have convicted the petitioner in light of the new evidence.” Id. (citing Sanders, 

2016 IL 118123, ¶ 24); see also id. ¶ 50; id. ¶ 61 (citing Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, 

¶ 24). 

¶ 83 We found the lower courts erred in employing this standard under the 

circumstances of that case. For example, we rejected the lower court’s erroneous 

standard that required evidence of total vindication or exoneration to support a 

claim of actual innocence. Id. ¶ 55. We rejected the lower court’s finding that a 

successive petition must be denied at the leave-to-file stage “if the new evidence 

conflicts with the trial evidence.” Id. ¶ 57. We corrected the appellate court’s 

erroneous belief that evidence would be positively rebutted by the record “simply 

because it was contradicted by the evidence presented at trial.” Id. ¶ 60. We 

reaffirmed that, given the procedural posture of the case, reliability arguments and 

credibility determinations were premature. Id. ¶ 81. 
- 26 - 

¶ 84 Robinson was merely an application of the Edwards standard to the 

circumstances of that case, which we reiterated multiple times, to determine 

whether the petitioner’s motion for leave to file the successive petition, along with 

the supporting affidavits, raised the probability that it is more likely than not that 

no reasonable juror would have convicted him, considering the new evidence. Id.

¶¶ 16, 50, 61. Tellingly, we never overruled the Edwards standard nor departed 

from stare decisis principles, which provide stability, predictability, and legitimacy 

to this court’s decisions. 

¶ 85 Thereafter, in People v. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, we were asked to consider 

whether a guilty plea precluded a subsequent claim of actual innocence. While 

recognizing such a claim was not precluded, we considered the effect of a 

petitioner’s guilty plea on an actual innocence claim. After thoroughly addressing 

the significant consequences that a plea entails for both parties (id. ¶ 28), we 

expressly articulated that such a claim “necessarily places the court in a different 

position” than an actual innocence claim made after a trial (id. ¶ 45). We 

specifically recognized that, when a defendant waives trial, the defendant 

“prevent[s] the State from admitting the entirety of its evidence against [the] 

defendant into the record, leaving only [the] defendant’s admission of guilt and 

stipulation of the factual basis of the plea.” Id. As such, we found that the State’s 

interests and policy concerns would be “accounted for and protected by the standard 

applicable to actual innocence claims involving defendants who plead guilty.” Id.

¶ 42. Thus, we expressly articulated that the standard for filing an actual innocence 

claim following a guilty plea must be higher than that for defendants convicted after 

a trial. 

¶ 86 We held that “a successful actual innocence claim requires a defendant who 

pleads guilty to provide new, material, noncumulative evidence that clearly and 

convincingly demonstrates that a trial would probably result in acquittal.” Id. ¶ 49. 

Because the case involved a third-stage dismissal, we recognized that the trial court 

acted as a factfinder, making credibility determinations and weighing evidence. Id.

¶ 51. As such, instead of de novo review, we reviewed the trial court’s decision to 

deny relief for manifest error. Id. 

¶ 87 Thus, to summarize, our precedent raised the standard of proof for a successful 

claim following a guilty plea to clear and convincing evidence and determined that 
- 27 - 

the calculus is clearly different when a petitioner pleads guilty and files a successive 

postconviction petition claiming actual innocence. The majority, however, ignores 

that clear precedent. Instead of articulating a colorable claim that aligns with that

heightened standard, it resigns itself to an ill-described lower threshold for a 

colorable claim. At one point, the majority tentatively posits that leave to file should 

be granted if the evidence is “of such conclusive character that it would probably 

result in acquittal” Supra ¶ 45. At another point, the majority posits that leave to 

file should be granted if “the petitioner’s supporting documentation raises the 

probability that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have 

convicted the petitioner in light of the new evidence.” Supra ¶ 45. The majority 

compounds the confusion that it creates by articulating two different and 

irreconcilable leave-to-file standards, with the unconvincing explanation that the 

higher threshold demanded by Reed and Edwards would “create a confusing 

patchwork of rules.” Supra ¶ 40. Instead, the majority creates confusion in the name 

of dispelling it and, in doing so, undermines the value of a knowing, voluntary, and 

intelligent plea of guilty and deals a serious blow to the well-settled consequences 

that this court has long attached to the decision to plead guilty. 

¶ 88 A petitioner seeking leave to file a successive petition raising an actual 

innocence claim must meet a standard that properly accounts for the differences, 

balances the due process interests of a defendant, and recognizes the finality of a 

plea. That calculus was already made by this court in Reed. The problem with the 

majority’s standard is that it fails to recognize that, while the petitioner’s burden 

regarding the new evidence is more stringent at each stage of the proceedings (from 

colorable, to substantial, to credible and reliable), the reasons for adopting that 

heightened “clear and convincing” standard in Reed apply with equal force at every 

stage of the postconviction proceedings. 

¶ 89 Additionally troubling and problematic in application is the majority’s failure 

to sufficiently account for the problem that arises every time a defendant is allowed 

to assert an actual innocence claim years after a guilty plea, where there is no prior 

trial record. “[B]y entering into a plea agreement, the State loses its opportunity to 

present its full case and instead provides only a summary of the evidence sufficient 

to establish a factual basis for the pleas.” Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 61, (Michael J. 

Burke, J., specially concurring). Unlike after a trial, where the record is preserved, 

the State is hampered in its ability to present the evidence because it may no longer 
- 28 - 

be available to the State, as witnesses may no longer be living or reachable and they

likely cannot recall the facts and circumstances years later. The trial judge is left 

having to compare the new evidence with only a summary of the evidence presented 

to establish the factual basis for the plea.

¶ 90 Thus, given this very real predicament, there must be real consequences 

attached to the decision to plead guilty that consistently apply at every stage of the 

postconviction proceedings. Stated differently, the leave-to-file standard for 

successive postconviction actual innocence claims following a guilty plea must 

account for both Reed and Edwards. At the leave-to-file stage, a petitioner asserting 

such a claim must make a colorable showing that the petitioner could meet the 

heightened Reed standard. A petitioner also must meet the heightened pleading 

standard espoused in Edwards for successive petitions claiming actual innocence 

at the leave-to-file stage. 

¶ 91 Following Reed and Edwards, to satisfy a colorable claim of actual innocence, 

our precedent requires that a petitioner must present sufficient evidence such that, 

based on the well-pleaded facts, the petitioner can establish by clear and convincing 

evidence that no reasonable juror would have found him guilty. In other words, a 

petitioner cannot meet the new heightened requirement unless the court finds at the 

leave-to-file stage that, as a matter of law, taking the well-pleaded new evidence as 

true, it is clear and convincing that no juror, acting reasonably, would have voted 

to find him guilty. That means the court must assess at the leave-to-file stage how 

reasonable jurors would have reacted to the new well-pleaded evidence, taking that 

evidence as true and comparing that evidence with the evidence presented by the 

State as the factual basis for the guilty plea, along with petitioner’s admission of 

guilt.

¶ 92 Applying that proper heightened pleading standard here, petitioner failed as a 

matter of law to meet the requirements for leave to file his actual innocence claim. 

Given the factual basis for the plea, including multiple eyewitnesses to the murder 

that identified defendant as the shooter and another witness that testified that 

defendant confessed to the murder to him, as well as petitioner’s admission of guilt 

at the plea hearing, a reasonable factfinder could still vote to convict petitioner even 

with the introduction of the affidavits of Moore and Myles. 
- 29 - 

¶ 93 In this case, the factual basis for the plea included the detailed, under oath, grand 

jury testimony of Harmon. Harmon, an eyewitness, stated that he was in the vicinity 

of the shooting with Battle, Washington, Barnes, and others around 3 a.m. on June 

26, 2009. Harmon saw a dark-colored, four-door vehicle without its headlights on, 

driving south on LeClaire Avenue from Le Moyne Street. When the car pulled up, 

Harmon recognized petitioner, whom he had known for 10 years. Petitioner called 

him over to the car, where Harmon saw a chrome-colored handgun with a black 

handle in petitioner’s lap, wrapped in a bandana. Petitioner told him he was going 

to kill Williams because she had previously stabbed petitioner. Petitioner agreed to 

allow Harmon to warn his friends and told Harmon he would drive around the 

block.

¶ 94 Harmon warned Williams and Houston to leave the area. Williams was 

reluctant but agreed, and they all walked toward a park. As they were walking, 

Harmon spotted petitioner, who had a brief conversation with Williams. He saw 

petitioner, armed with a handgun, take out his gun and shoot Williams. Houston 

fled. Petitioner chased him and fired multiple shots at him. Petitioner went back to 

Williams and fired an additional shot at her. She fell to the ground. Petitioner then 

ran back to his car and drove away. The autopsy report confirmed Williams died 

from multiple gunshot wounds. 

¶ 95 The grand jury testimony was corroborated by the eyewitness testimony of 

Houston, who was shot multiple times at the scene, in addition to the grand jury 

testimony of Battle and Barnes. Houston would have testified consistently with 

Harmon that he saw petitioner shoot Williams and that petitioner shot Williams 

twice with a handgun and then chased him down and shot him four times. He 

identified petitioner in a lineup as the shooter and would identify petitioner in court. 

Battle and Barnes testified to the grand jury that they knew petitioner and identified 

him as the shooter of Williams and Houston. 

¶ 96 The State also presented the grand jury testimony of Winters, who stated that 

he had a phone conversation with petitioner. Winters testified that petitioner 

confessed to him that he was the shooter. 

¶ 97 Petitioner’s actual innocence claim is predicated on the theory that another 

individual murdered Williams and that the eyewitnesses had a motive to lie to the 
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police and all decided to frame petitioner for the murder. In support, he presented 

two affidavits. 

¶ 98 Moore’s affidavit recounts that he was parked in his car across from Lafayette 

Park in Chicago at around 3 a.m. on June 26, 2009. There was a group of 6 to 10 

black men and 1 woman standing around. Moore then saw a man he recognized as 

Jerrell Butler exit an alley. Butler greeted Moore, pulled out a gun from his 

waistband, and jogged across the street toward the park. A few seconds later, from 

his car, Moore heard five gunshots. He then saw Butler run past his car and into the 

same alley from which he had emerged. Moore never mentioned what he saw 

because he was afraid of Butler and his friends. When he was incarcerated with 

petitioner in 2018, Moore told petitioner that he had witnessed the shooting. 

¶ 99 Myles’s affidavit recounts a conversation with his friend, McWilliams, in 2015 

about a shooting that “happened on June 25, 2009.” Aside from the fact that the 

shooting at issue in this case happened on June 26, 2009, Myles states that he was 

incarcerated at the time of the shooting but that his friends McWilliams, Barnes, 

and Harmon witnessed the shooting. McWilliams told Myles in 2015 that they lied 

in 2009 and told police that petitioner was the shooter so that Barnes’s and 

Harmon’s drug business could continue without pressure from the police. Myles’s 

affidavit does not explain why he never reached out to petitioner about this 

information for the three years between 2015 and 2018. Nor does he explain why 

McWilliams never reached out to petitioner with this information. 

¶ 100 In comparing the factual basis for the plea with the new evidence at the leaveto-file stage, the trial judge must test the legal sufficiency of the petition and 

supporting documentation. “At the pleading stage of postconviction proceedings, 

all well-pleaded allegations in the petition and supporting affidavits that are not 

positively rebutted by the trial record are to be taken as true.” (Emphasis added.) 

Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 45 (citing Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 42, 48, 

People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 455 (2002), and People v. Coleman, 183 

Ill. 2d 366, 380-81 (1988)). That means that, prior to third-stage proceedings, only 

well-pleaded allegations and supporting evidence will be taken as true. See id. 

“Well pleaded” means that, when examining the sufficiency of the petition, mere 

conclusions unsupported by specific facts are insufficient to meet Illinois’s factpleading standards. Today, the majority eviscerates this fundamental principle of 
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pleading, finding that this principle regarding “well-pleaded” facts somehow now 

only applies at the second stage of proceedings. Supra ¶ 43. This distinction is 

erroneous because both the leave-to-file stage and the second stage are stages in 

which only well-pleaded factual allegations are taken as true. See Robinson, 2020 

IL 123849, ¶ 45; Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 31, 33; see also People v. Wideman, 

2016 IL App (1st) 123092, ¶¶ 59-62 (supporting documentation that does not 

contain well-pleaded facts is insufficient to support granting leave to file a 

successive postconviction petition). 

¶ 101 Additionally, our precedent makes clear that at the leave-to-file stage, the trial 

court must act as a gatekeeper exercising its judgment “considering the prior 

evidence along with the new evidence.” Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 48. After 

today, under the majority’s analysis, the trial court no longer has this gatekeeping 

function but instead has no choice but to grant leave to file in every case regardless 

of whether the new evidence was based on mere conclusions unsupported by 

specific facts. 

¶ 102 Even under the Robinson standard, it cannot be said that it is more likely than 

not that no reasonable juror would convict defendant in light of the new evidence. 

Moore’s affidavit contains no specific facts to suggest that he was positioned such 

that he could observe the shooting. His affidavit makes it clear that he did not 

observe the shooting. Even though he knows Houston and it is undisputed that 

Houston was shot at the scene of the murder, Moore did not identify Houston as 

one of the people standing around prior to the shooting. Moore was across from the 

park in his car and simply stated that he “heard five gun shots,” from his position 

sitting in his car, but did not see the shooter. Nor does his affidavit state any specific 

facts to contradict the testimony from multiple eyewitnesses that saw petitioner 

shoot the woman in the group, chase Houston, shoot Houston, and then go back and 

shoot the woman again and observe her fall to the ground. Moore also stated that 

he knew petitioner from his neighborhood but never stated in his affidavit that he 

did not see petitioner at the scene of the murder. Moore’s affidavit, even taken as 

true, is anything but well-pleaded evidence to support petitioner’s innocence when 

compared to the factual basis of the plea. 

¶ 103 Myles’s affidavit is rife with conclusory statements and is not based on specific 

facts but rather rumor, innuendo, and rank speculation. Many of the statements are 
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not material to petitioner’s innocence. The affidavit fails to meet even the most 

liberal pleading standards and is replete with deficiencies. For example, 

McWilliams told Myles that he, Barnes, and Harmon “didn’t recognize the 

shooter[’s] face.” This statement regarding Barnes and Harmon is merely an 

unsupported conclusory opinion about what someone else saw or did not see. 

McWilliams’s statement that the reason he identified petitioner to police is that “it 

was known” that petitioner had a prior conflict with Houston is also a purely 

unsupported rumor. McWilliams does not provide any specific facts as to how he 

knows this information or any specific person who told him this information. Nor 

does he explain the conflict. 

¶ 104 Rather, the statement that petitioner had a prior conflict with Houston instead 

connects petitioner to the shooting and supports a motive for defendant to shoot 

Houston; it adds nothing toward exculpating petitioner for the shooting of 

Williams. It does not “significantly advance” his claim. See People v. Savory, 197 

Ill. 2d 203, 213 (2001) (holding that evidence that materially advances a claim need 

not be exonerating but must significantly advance the claim). 

¶ 105 McWilliams’s statement to Myles was that he “found out” a year and a half 

after the shooting that Houston owed a person named Jerrell Butler money from 

drug sales. Again, the statement is conclusory and merely based on rumor. 

McWilliams does not explain how he “found out” this information or from whom. 

Additionally, the statements that he thought Butler “could have been” the shooter 

and that “they needed to resolve the matter so [petitioner] was the perfect person to 

blame the murder on” are again vague and conclusory. And we have no idea when 

Houston owed Butler money as to even be remotely material to any motive for lying 

about the identity of the shooter. 

¶ 106 Furthermore, to the extent that McWilliams claims that he falsely implicated 

defendant in the shooting, this statement is not material to defendant’s innocence 

because no statement from McWilliams was used in the factual basis for the plea 

to convict defendant. See People v. Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 96 (stating that 

evidence is material when it “is relevant and probative of the petitioner’s 

innocence”). Petitioner’s conviction rested on evidence wholly independent of any 

statement McWilliams may have given to police. 
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¶ 107 Additionally, Myles’s affidavit never mentions the eyewitness Battle. 

McWilliams told Myles that he went to the police with Barnes and Harmon to make 

false accounts. There is no new evidence that would suggest that Battle had a 

motive to lie when he identified petitioner as the shooter under oath before the 

grand jury. Most importantly, there is no new evidence in Myles’s affidavit that 

undermines Winters’s testimony that petitioner confessed to him to being the 

shooter. 

¶ 108 Taking the new affidavits and comparing them with the factual basis for the 

plea, along with petitioner’s admission of guilt at the plea conference, petitioner 

has not presented sufficient well-pleaded and material evidence to meet the high 

standard for setting forth a colorable claim of actual innocence following a 

voluntary, knowing, and intelligent plea. Nothing in our precedent compels a 

different result. Accordingly, I would find that the circuit court properly denied 

petitioner leave to file his successive petition claiming actual innocence. 

¶ 109 I respectfully dissent.