IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON, ] No. 74027-0-1

Respondent, ] DIVISION ONE

V.

BRIAN MICHAEL JERUE, ] UNPUBLISHED 0

Appellant. > FILED: November 14, 2016

Cox, J. — Brian Michael Jerue appeals his jury conviction of robbery in

the second degree. He argues that insufficient evidence supports his conviction

because the State failed to prove that he used or threatened to use force when

stealing liquor from a store. He also contends that the trial court violated his

constitutional right to confrontation by precluding him from cross-examining a

witness about his violation of company policy prohibiting physical confrontation.

We hold that there is sufficient evidence to support Jerue's conviction. We also

hold that the trial court properly exercised its discretion by excluding irrelevant

evidence of the witness's actions. We affirm.

On April 15, 2015, Mitchell Irons was working as a loss prevention officer

at a Safeway store in Marysville. That night he observed a man, who was later

identified as Brian Jerue, enter the store, walk to the liquor aisle, and take two

bottles of whiskey. Irons watched the man walk out of the store without paying

for the bottles. Irons was about twenty feet away when he followed Jerue out of

the store through the south exit. When they were both outside, Irons confronted

Jerue. He put both of his hands on the back ofJerue's shoulders, identified

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himself as a loss prevention officer and "swung him around." Irons' employer has

a company policy against physical contact with those being apprehended.

Jerue and Irons engaged in a physical confrontation that resulted in both

of them ending up on the ground. Irons brought Jerue back inside the store,

keeping his hand on Jerue's left shoulder. At least one of the two whiskey bottles

had been left outside the store. Once inside, however, Jerue unzipped his

jacket, slipping out of it and out of Irons' grasp. He ran through the store and out

through the north exit. Irons followed him back to the south exit, where Jerue

grabbled the smaller whiskey bottle and started running through the parking lot.

Irons chased after him until the pair reached the southeast corner of the parking

lot.

At that point Jerue turned around and raised the whiskey bottle over his

head. He yelled at Irons, asking if Irons had ever been hit over the head with a

bottle. Jerue also stated that he was a convicted felon and he wasn't afraid to hit

Irons with the whiskey bottle.

Irons was scared that Jerue would hit him with the bottle if he continued to

pursue him. He backed away and watched Jerue run out of the parking lot

toward the street. Irons called 911 and provided the dispatcher with a description

of Jerue.

Police located Jerue walking nearby and apprehended him. They found a

bottle of whiskey in his possession that still had the Safeway security tag on it.
No. 74027-0-1/3

Jerue was charged with one count of second degree robbery and one

count of third degree assault. Before trial, the State moved to exclude evidence

that Irons violated his employer's company policy when he used physical contact

to apprehend Jerue. The defense opposed the motion. It did so on the theory

that Irons lied or exaggerated events when he told police that Jerue threatened

him because he did not want to get in trouble for his own aggressive actions.

The trial court concluded Irons' violation of employee policy was not

relevant because Irons never denied it. The court was willing to allow Jerue to

revisit the issue depending on the results of Irons' defense interview.

The next day, Jerue argued that Irons admitted during his interview

violating policy at least 5 to 10 times when trying to apprehend shoplifters, due to

excitement and adrenaline. The trial court concluded that while Irons' prior

incidents of aggressive contact could be analyzed under ER 404 as character

evidence, the violation of policy had no relevance.

The jury found Jerue guilty on both charges. However, on double

jeopardy grounds, the court sentenced Jerue solely on the conviction for second

degree robbery. The trial court also found him to be indigent and appointed an

attorney for this appeal.

Jerue appeals.

EVIDENCE OF USE OR THREATENED USE OF FORCE

Jerue first argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he "used

or threatened to use force or violence in committing the theft." We disagree.
No. 74027-0-1/4

Due process requires the State to prove all necessary facts of the crime

charged beyond a reasonable doubt.1 The test for determining the sufficiency of

the evidence is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.2 Upon reviewing a criminal case, all reasonable inferences from the

evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly

against the defendant.3 Direct and circumstantial evidence are equally reliable;

however "inferences based on circumstantial evidence must be reasonable and

cannot be based on speculation."4

Robbery encompasses any "taking of. . . property [that is] attended with

such circumstances of terror, or such threatening by menace, word or gesture as

in common experience is likely to create an apprehension of danger and induce a

man to part with property for the safety of his person."5 Second degree robbery

requires that the accused take personal property "from the person of another or

in his or her presence against his or her will by the use or threatened use of

immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to that person."6 We use an objective

test to determine whether "the defendant used intimidation" and "an ordinary

1 State v. Colquitt. 133 Wn. App. 789, 796, 137 P.3d 892 (2006).

2 State v. Salinas. 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992).

3ld,

4 State v. Vasauez. 178Wn.2d 1, 16, 309 P.3d 318 (2013).

5 State v. Witherspoon. 180 Wn.2d 875, 884, 329 P.3d 888 (2014).

6RCW9A.56.190.
No. 74027-0-1/5

person in the victim's position could reasonably infer a threat of bodily harm from

the defendant's acts."7

RCW 9A.04.110(28) defines "threat" as it applies to robbery offenses.

Under the statute, to "'[t]hreat[en]' means to communicate, directly or indirectly

the intent" to take the applicable action.8 In the robbery context, therefore, the

"threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury" means a direct or

indirect communication of the intent to use immediate force, violence, or cause

injury.9 A threat need not be explicit to qualify but may be implied by words or

conduct.10

Here, it is undisputed that Jerue raised the bottle over his head and

indicated that he "wasn't scared" to hit Irons in the head with it. Irons testified

that he was afraid and that he "[absolutely" felt like he would get hit if he

continued to approach Jerue. An ordinary person in his position would likewise

reasonably infer that Jerue threatened to use force. In addition, Jerue's

statements that he was "not afraid to do it," and that he did not care about the

consequences, because of his prior conviction, reinforced the seriousness of his

threat.

Jerue argues that insufficient evidence supports the finding that he used

or threatened to use force, violence, or the fear of injury to obtain the liquor.

According to Jerue, there was no threat of violence or injury to Irons when he

7 Witherspoon. 180 Wn.2d at 884.

8 RCW 9A.04.110(28).

9 State v. Shcherenkov. 146 Wn. App. 619, 624, 191 P.3d 99 (2008).

10 State v. Farnsworth. 185 Wn.2d 768, 771, 374 P.3d 1152(2016).
No. 74027-0-1/6

asked whether Irons had "ever been hit over the head with a bottle." In view of

the undisputed evidence we just discussed, this argument is untenable.

Jerue argues that raising the bottle and asking Irons if he had ever been

hit with a bottle before was not an implied threat because "he did not lunge

toward him or otherwise act as if he were going to hit him." This is unpersuasive.

The classic example of a legitimate implied threat is brandishing a

weapon.11 Here, Jerue brandished the bottle over his head and implied his intent

to use it to hit Irons if he continued his pursuit. Whether Jerue refrained from

making additional physical advances toward Irons is of no consequence. "Any ...

threat, no matter how slight, which induces an owner to part with his property is

sufficient to sustain a robbery conviction."12 Viewed in the light most favorable to

the State, the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's finding that Jerue

obtained store property through the use of or threatened use of "immediate force,

violence, or fear of injury."

RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION

Jerue next argues that the trial court violated his right to confrontation by

excluding from his cross-examination of Irons the latter's violation of company

policy regarding physical contact with those being apprehended. We hold there

was no violation of his right to confrontation.

11 Shcherenkov, 146 Wn. App. at 626 (citing State v. Demerv. 144 Wn.2d 753, 755, 30

P.3d 1278(2001)).

12 State v. Handburqh. 119 Wn.2d 284, 293, 830 P.2d 641 (1992).
No. 74027-0-1/7

We review de novo constitutional claims, as questions of law.13 A

defendant has a constitutional right to present testimony in his defense and to

confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses.14 However, "the right to crossexamine adverse witnesses is not absolute."15

The confrontation right and associated cross-examination are limited by

general considerations of relevance.16 Relevant evidence is evidence that has

"any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be

without the evidence."17 Relevant evidence is admissible unless otherwise

prohibited; a defendant does not have a constitutional right to present irrelevant

evidence.18

Generally, evidence of bias is relevant to a witness's credibility.19 Where a

case stands or falls on the jury's belief or disbelief of essentially one witness, that

witness' credibility or motive must be subject to close scrutiny.20

Jerue argues that the evidence was at least minimally relevant to Iron's

possible bias and motive to lie. He contends that Irons' credibility was central to

the case because he was the only witness. According to Jerue, the jury was

13 State v. Jones. 168 Wn.2d 713, 719, 230 P.3d 576 (2010).

14 Washington v. Texas. 388 U.S. 14, 19, 23, 87 S. Ct. 1920, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1019 (1967),

accord State v. Hudlow. 99 Wn.2d 1, 14-15, 659 P.2d 514 (1983).

15 State v. Darden. 145 Wn.2d 612, 620, 41 P.3d 1189(2002).

16 Jd at 621 (citing ER 401. 403: Hudlow. 99 Wn.2d at 15).

17ER401.

18 ER 402; Hudlow. 99 Wn.2d at 15.

19 State v. Lubers. 81 Wn. App. 614, 623, 915 P.2d 1157(1996).

20 State v. Wilder. 4 Wn. App. 850, 854, 486 P.2d 319 (1971); State v. Peterson. 2 Wn.

App. 464, 466-67, 469 P.2d 980 (1970); State v. Tate. 2 Wn. App. 241, 247, 469 P.2d 999 (1970).

See also State v. Wilson. 70 Wn.2d 638, 642-43, 424 P.2d 650 (1967).
No. 74027-0-1/8

entitled to consider whether Irons had exaggerated Jerue's use of force to justify

his own aggressive actions and mitigate any consequences of violating his

employer's policy.

The central question is whether Jerue used or threatened to use force,

violence, or injury to person in his commission of the offense. Irons' admitted

violation of company policy is not relevant to this question. This is particularly

true because Jerue does not argue that he acted in self-defense.21

We also note that Irons admitted to violating the policy and the store

manager witnessed the violation when she saw him "tackle" Jerue. So, the jury

was aware of this information when deciding this case.

Finally, Jerue had other opportunities to cross-examine Irons and raise

questions about his credibility. For example, Jerue's attorney questioned Irons

about his failure to mention Jerue's threat to the 911 dispatcher as well as other

discrepancies in Irons' testimony regarding the incident.

There was no violation of Jerue's right to confrontation.

APPELLATE COSTS

Jerue argues that no costs should be imposed because the trial court

found him to be indigent. We agree.

In State v. Sinclair.22 this court recently determined that RAP 15.2(f)

created a presumption of continued indigency throughout review. Unless a trial

21 The State correctly points out self-defense is not available as a defense to robbery

(State v. Lewis, 156 Wn. App. 230, 239, 233 P.3d 891 (2010), and that Jerue could have asserted

self-defense as to the assault charge, but he chose not to.

22192 Wn. App. 380, 393, 367 P.3d 612 (2016).

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No. 74027-0-1/9

court finds that an indigent defendant's financial condition has improved, we

presume that the defendant continues to be indigent.23 Here, the trial court

imposed only what it deemed to be mandatory legal financial obligations, finding

that Jerue was "absolutely buried under financial obligations given his criminal

history." The trial court also entered an Order of Indigency authorizing Jerue to

seek review at public expense.

On this record, there is a presumption of continued indigency that the

State has failed to overcome. The State argues that "[tjhere is no reason in the

record to presume [Jerue] will be unable to obtain employment when released"

based on his age and his sentence length of 38 months. Jerue's financial

declaration, however, shows that he was unemployed and receiving public

assistance, with no financial assets and liabilities of around $10,000. We

therefore exercise our discretion to deny appellate costs to the State.

We affirm the judgment and sentence. No appellate costs shall be

awarded to the State.

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WE CONCUR:

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23 Id.