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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LAKISHA M. HURT, 

 Plaintiff,

 v. Civil Action No. 11-2144 (JDB)

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al.,

 

 Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

Plaintiff Lakisha Hurt alleges she suffered severe and permanent injuries in February

2011 after employees of a Washington, D.C., nightclub escorted her outside and, joined by 

officers of the Metropolitan Police Department, threw her down the steps at the club’s front 

entrance. Hurt has sued the District of Columbia, MPAC (d/b/a The Scene nightclub), Officer 

Marques McRae, and other unidentified Metropolitan Police Department officers for assault and 

battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and violation of her Constitutional and 

statutory rights. 

Now pending before the Court are Hurt’s motion to remand the case to the Superior 

Court of the District of Columbia, defendant District of Columbia’s motion to dismiss, and

Hurt’s motion to strike or reply to defendant MPAC’s opposition to remand. For the reasons 

explained below, the Court will remand the case and deny the other motions as moot.

I. Motion for Remand

The District removed this case to this Court from Superior Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§§ 1441 and 1446. Under those statutory provisions, causes of action “founded on a claim or 
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right arising under the Constitution, treaties or laws of the United States” may be removed 

regardless of parties’ residence or citizenship. Def.’s Notice of Removal (Dec. 1, 2011) [Docket 

Entry 1] (“Def.’s Notice”). Plaintiff has now moved to remand the case back to the Superior 

Court, on the ground that not all defendants served at the time of removal consented to the 

District’s removal of the case. Pl.’s Mot. Remand (Jan. 3, 2012) [Docket Entry 6] (“Pl.’s Mot.”). 

The District and MPAC have opposed remand. Def. D.C.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. Remand (filed 

Jan. 3, 2012) [Docket Entry 8] (“D.C.’s Opp’n”); Def. MPAC’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. Remand 

(March 16, 2012) [Docket Entry 14] (“MPAC’s Opp’n”).

A. Timeliness of Filing 

The District of Columbia contends that plaintiff’s motion for remand, dated January 3,

2012, was untimely because the period allotted for making it, which began with the filing of the 

notice of removal on December 1, 2011, expired on January 2, 2012. D.C.’s Opp’n 2. To the 

contrary, plaintiff’s motion for remand was timely filed. A motion for remand must be made 

“within thirty days after the filing of the notice of removal.” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The deadline

for such a filing extends to the earliest day that is neither a weekend nor a federal holiday. Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 6(a). The thirty-day period for plaintiff’s response to the notice of removal thus ended 

on January 3, 2012, as December 31, 2011, and January 1, 2012, were weekend days and January 

2 was a federal holiday.

B. Rule of Unanimity

A notice of removal must be filed “within thirty days” after the defendant receives “a 

copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). The District

satisfied this requirement by filing for removal on December 1, 2011, after being served with the 
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complaint on November 14, 2011. Def.’s Notice; Pl.’s Mot. Remand ¶ 2 & Ex. A. Nonetheless,

removal to federal court additionally requires a timely demonstration of consent from all served 

defendants within thirty days of service of the complaint, under the widely recognized “rule of 

unanimity.” Balazik v. Cnty. of Dauphin, 44 F.3d 209, 213 (3d Cir. 1995) (citing Chicago R.I. & 

P. Ry. Co. v. Martin, 178 U.S. 245, 247 (1900)); Russell Corp. v. Am. Home Assur. Co., 264 F.3d 

1040, 1044 (11th Cir. 2001); Thorn v. Amalgamated Transit Union, 305 F.3d 826, 833 (8th Cir. 

2002); Ok Yeon Cho v. Dist. of Columbia, 547 F. Supp. 2d 28, 29-30 (D.D.C. 2008); Williams v. 

Howard Univ., 984 F. Supp. 27, 29 (D.D.C. 1997).1 If that condition is not met, a plaintiff’s 

timely motion for remand will generally be granted. See 28 U.S.C. 1447(c); Williams, 984 F. 

Supp. at 29-30 (“This case must be remanded . . . because defendants did not unanimously seek 

removal to this Court.”).

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A failure by defendants to obtain timely unanimous consent for removal is not a curable 

defect if the plaintiff objects to that removal within the thirty days granted under 28 U.S.C. § 

1447(c). Henderson v. Raemisch, 10-CV-335-BBC, 2010 WL 3282803, at *2 (W.D. Wis. Aug. 

19, 2010) (citing Loftis v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 342 F.3d 509, 516 (6th Cir. 2003)); Daniel v. 

Anderson Cnty. Emergency & Rescue Squad, 469 F. Supp. 2d 494, 496 (E.D. Tenn. 2007). All 

doubts about removal should be resolved in favor of remand. See Martin, 178 U.S. at 247.

MPAC was served on November 17, 2011. Pl.’s Mot. Ex. B. Yet it filed nothing with the 

court until filing its answer to the complaint on February 16, 2012. MPAC did not file its consent 

 1 Although different federal jurisdictions have varying interpretations of what specifically qualifies as 

consent to removal, there is a general consensus that every defendant must somehow show agreement 

within thirty days of being served. See, e.g., Christiansen v. W. Branch Cmty. Sch. Dist., 674 F.3d 927, 

932 (8th Cir. 2012) (“In this circuit, it is not necessary for all defendants to actually sign the notice of 

removal so long as there is some timely filed written indication from each served defendant . . . that the 

defendant has actually consented.” (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)). 2 In interpreting the deadline for consent to removal in a multi-defendant case, judges in this district have 

applied the rule that each defendant has thirty days from being individually served to demonstrate 

consent. See Ballard v. D.C., 813 F. Supp. 2d 34, 38 (D.D.C. 2011).
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to the case’s removal until March 16, 2012 (after plaintiff’s motion for remand was filed and 

more than thirty days after MPAC was served). See MPAC’s Opp’n ¶ 3(b).

3 Hence, MPAC 

failed to consent to the removal in a timely manner. There is no indication that MPAC requested 

leave to extend the time to file, nor has MPAC alleged "excusable neglect," in so many words,

for its delays in filing. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(1)(B). MPAC does state that it did not retain 

counsel in time to file promptly, which resembles a claim of excusable neglect; but this fact is 

insufficient to prevent remand. The removal statutes are strictly interpreted in favor of state 

court jurisdiction. See Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 100-07 (1941); 

Russell, 264 F.3d at 1050 (“There are several . . . bright line limitations on federal removal 

jurisdiction . . . that some might regard as arbitrary and unfair. Such limitations, however, are an 

inevitable feature of a court system of limited jurisdiction that strictly construes the right to 

remove.”). The failure of a party to obtain counsel is an insufficient ground to overcome this 

strict rule. 

The District of Columbia errs in arguing that this case falls within two of the three 

recognized exceptions to the rule of unanimity. The exceptions are: (1) where one or more of the 

defendants has not yet been served with the initial pleading when the removal petition was filed; 

(2) where a defendant is only a nominal or formal party-defendant; and (3) where the removed 

claim is separate and independent under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(c). Ok Yeon Cho, 547 F. Supp. 2d at 

30. While one defendant, McRae, had not yet been served at the time of removal, the rule

requires unanimity from those defendants who have been served. See LaPoint v. Mid-Atlantic 

Settlement Servs., 256 F. Supp. 2d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2003) (“In a multi-defendant case, removal 

requires unanimous consent of all defendants served with the complaint.”). Moreover, the claim 

providing the basis for removal is not “separate and independent” from the common law claims 

 3 The Court here refers to the second of the two ¶ 3s listed in defendant’s filing.
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made in the complaint’s other two counts, as all three counts arose out of the same event. See 

Neibuhr v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 955 F. Supp. 135, 138-39 (D.D.C. 1997); see also 

DiGirolamo v. Jillian’s Entm’t Corp., No. 02-656, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4557, at *5 (E.D. Pa.

March 19, 2002) (unanimous consent for removal required where the various claims arose from a 

“common nucleus of operative fact”).

III. Conclusion

Regardless of whether the District was implicated in the federal claim and thus had 

authority to initiate removal as a served defendant, the removal was defective; hence, this Court 

lacks jurisdiction to evaluate the merits of the case. Therefore, [3] defendant District of 

Columbia’s motion to dismiss and [15] plaintiff’s motion to strike or reply to defendant MPAC’s 

opposition to remand are moot, as the case cannot be adjudicated in this Court. Accordingly, 

upon consideration of [6] plaintiff’s motion for remand, the memoranda filed by the parties, and 

the entire record herein, and for the reasons stated above, it is hereby

ORDERED that [6] plaintiff’s motion for remand is GRANTED; it is further

ORDERED that [3] defendant District of Columbia’s motion to dismiss is DENIED AS 

MOOT; it is further

ORDERED that [15] plaintiff’s motion to strike or reply to defendant MPAC’s 

opposition to remand is DENIED AS MOOT.

This case is hereby remanded to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia for 

further proceedings.

 /s/ 

 JOHN D. BATES

 United States District Judge 

Dated: June 22, 2012