Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before 

any court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

MATTHEW D. ANGLEMEYER GREGORY F. ZOELLER

Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana

Appellate Division

Indianapolis, Indiana AARON J. SPOLARICH

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

BRIAN McGILL, )

)

Appellant-Defendant, )

)

vs. ) No. 49A02-1211-CR-934

)

STATE OF INDIANA, )

)

Appellee-Plaintiff. )

APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Carol Orbison, Judge

Cause No. 49G22-1105-FB-30908

September 25, 2013

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BRADFORD, Judge 
2

On April 30, 2011, Appellant-Defendant Brian McGill was working security at a peashake house in Indianapolis that was owned and operated by his family. At some point 

during the evening, McGill became involved in an incident with Eric Kendrick. During this 

incident, McGill struck Kendrick on the left side of the face and shot Kendrick in the left 

knee. McGill was subsequently charged with and convicted of Class B felony aggravated 

battery. McGill was also found to be a habitual offender and in indirect contempt of court. 

He was sentenced to an aggregate term of twenty-three years, with six years suspended and 

the final four years served through community corrections.

On appeal, McGill raises numerous issues which we restate as follows: (I) whether the 

trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence recovered from the search of McGill’s 

residence; (II) whether the State committed prosecutorial misconduct; (III) whether the trial 

court abused its discretion in denying McGill’s request to give surrebuttal during closing 

arguments; (IV) whether the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the State to 

belatedly amend the charging information to include the allegation that McGill is a habitual 

offender; and (V) whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain the trial court’s determination 

that McGill is a habitual offender. We affirm. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

McGill’s family has owned and operated a pea-shake house on Columbia Street in 

Indianapolis for fifty to sixty years. A pea-shake house is an illegal gambling operation that 

runs a game of chance, akin to a lottery, where peas with numbers are selected from a cup to 

produce the winning four-digit combination. April 30, 2011, was customer appreciation day 
3

at the pea-shake house. On customer appreciation day, the pea-shake house would offer free 

beer to attract patrons. Customer appreciation day was usually scheduled near the time that 

people would receive their disability payments. 

On April 30, 2011, McGill was working as head of security at the pea-shake house. 

As head of security, McGill had no police powers. He wore a shirt denoting himself as 

“Security” and possessed a .32 caliber revolver, a stun gun, a night stick, pepper spray, and 

handcuffs. 

Eric Kendrick, a left leg below the knee amputee, arrived at the pea-shake house at 

approximately 6:30 p.m. After arriving at the pea-shake house, Kendrick purchased his 

numbers. He then went outside to reminisce with acquaintances.

While outside, Kendrick spoke with one of the employees of the pea-shake house 

known as “Twin.” Kendrick asked Twin if he could take ice from the container holding the 

free beer after all of the beer had been removed. Twin responded affirmatively. Once the 

beer was gone, Kendrick again asked Twin if he could take some of the leftover ice, and 

Twin again responded affirmatively.

Kendrick retrieved a bucket from his van and entered the pea-shake house to collect 

the ice. Kendrick encountered McGill, who was standing near the container holding the ice, 

and informed him that Twin had given him permission to take some of the ice. McGill told 

Kendrick that he was “a damn liar” and “[a]in’t nobody told you you could have some ice.” 

Tr. p. 39. McGill then offered to give Kendrick some ice in exchange for two or three 

dollars. Kendrick said he would not pay for the ice and attempted to leave the pea-shake 
4

house. McGill lunged at Kendrick before other people intervened and Kendrick was able to 

leave the building. 

While outside, someone brought Kendrick a bag of ice. Kendrick emptied the ice into 

a cooler in his van. Kendrick remained outside and spoke with people while waiting “for the 

shake to come out.” Tr. p. 42. 

At some point, McGill came out of the house and approached Kendrick “real fast.” 

Tr. p. 42. McGill confronted Kendrick, inquiring why Kendrick had told people that McGill 

had “made a gun play.” Tr. p. 42. Though Kendrick had not told anyone about the “gun 

play,” he told McGill that McGill had done so by having his hand inside of his pocket while 

talking to Kendrick inside the pea-shake house. Tr. p. 42.

McGill struck Kendrick on the left side of the face with a revolver, causing the 

revolver to fire one round. The impact of the blow knocked off and broke Kendrick’s 

glasses. McGill told Kendrick to “[g]et the hell off these people’s property.” Tr. p. 44. 

Then, while standing approximately five to six feet away from Kendrick, McGill shot 

Kendrick in the left knee. Kendrick hid between two cars and attempted to call the police on 

his cell phone. After McGill fired two more shots, Kendrick fled to a Masonic Lounge that 

was located next door to the pea-shake house, and McGill ran from the pea-shake house. 

Officer Timothy Westerhof of the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department 

responded to an emergency call that came in from the Masonic Lounge. When Officer 

Westerhof arrived at the Masonic Lounge, he found Kendrick sitting in a chair in the parking 

lot. Kendrick was suffering from a wound to the head and a gunshot wound to the left knee. 
5

Kendrick was able to describe his shooter to Officer Westerhof and told Officer Westerhof 

that he knew his shooter as “Gill.” Tr. p. 84. Gill was one of McGill’s nicknames. 

Paramedics transported Kendrick to Methodist Hospital, where he underwent 

emergency surgery to remove the bullet from his knee. Surgeons removed a .32 caliber bullet 

fragment from Kendrick’s knee. Kendrick spent two to three days at Methodist. He was 

unable to properly attach his prosthetic leg following discharge and required “extensive 

physical therapy.” As of the date of trial, Kendrick continued to suffer pain, and his knee 

would not bend the same as it did before he was shot. 

A few days after Kendrick was shot, Detective Peter Perkins met with Kendrick and 

showed him a photographic array. In this array, Kendrick recognized Reginald McGill, 

another family employee at the pea-shake house who was not involved in the incident, and 

informed Detective Perkins that Reginald was not the shooter. The photographic array did 

not include a picture of McGill. Detective Perkins showed Kendrick a second photographic 

array which included a picture of McGill. From this second array, Kendrick identified 

McGill as the shooter. 

At some point, police officers interviewed McGill. McGill told the officer that he had 

spent the entire evening of April 30, 2011, with his girlfriend at a tattoo party. He also 

informed the police that he did not work at the pea-shake house despite the fact that the 

police had discovered a pull tab ticket book on McGill when they arrested him. McGill 

indicated that he was unaware of the shooting until family members contacted him the 

following day. McGill, however, subsequently admitted that he shot Kendrick and claimed 
6

that he did so in self-defense. 

On May 6, 2011, the State charged McGill with one count of Class B felony 

aggravated battery. On May 15, 2011, McGill placed a phone call to his girlfriend from jail, 

during which he instructed her to give certain items to an individual known as “Tone-Bone” 

but to keep another item that was “on safety” in the closet for protection. Exhibits Vol. 1, p. 

123. On May 18, 2011, Detective Perkins obtained a search warrant for McGill’s residence,

which was located at 5819 East 39th Street, after discovering the May 15, 2011 phone call. 

Detective Perkins executed the warrant on May 19, 2011. 

During his search of McGill’s residence, Detective Perkins discovered a shoebox 

containing ammunition, four live .32 caliber rounds on an entertainment center, and a red box 

containing .32 caliber ammunition behind a bar. Detective Perkins also intercepted two 

letters that McGill had sent to his girlfriend, in which McGill included information about 

Kendrick and instructed his girlfriend to do “what needs to be done” to keep Kendrick from 

cooperating with Detective Perkins’s investigation and the upcoming criminal proceedings. 

Exhibits Vol. 1, p. 28. 

On September 23, 2011, the State requested permission to amend the charging 

information to include an allegation that McGill was a habitual offender. Following an 

October 12, 2011 hearing on the State’s request, the trial court permitted the State to file the 

habitual offender enhancement over McGill’s objection. 

On September 9, 2012 through September 11, 2012, the trial court conducted a jury 

trial. Just prior to the beginning of trial, McGill filed a motion to suppress the evidence that 
7

was recovered during Detective Perkins’s search of his residence. Upon reviewing the 

affidavit for probable cause and hearing argument from the parties, the trial court denied 

McGill’s motion. During trial, the State presented evidence of McGill’s guilt. McGill 

acknowledged that he possessed a .32 caliber revolver, stipulated to the fact that he had 

written the letters that had been intercepted by Detective Perkins, admitted that he initially 

lied to police, admitted that he made attempts to convince Kendrick not to cooperate with the 

police, and testified that he was acting in self-defense when he shot Kendrick. 

On September 11, 2012, following the conclusion of the presentation of evidence, the 

jury found McGill guilty of Class B felony aggravated battery. McGill then waived the right 

to have the evidence relating to the habitual offender allegation heard by the jury. On 

October 11, 2012, the trial court heard evidence relating to the habitual offender allegation. 

The trial court took the matter under advisement.

The trial court conducted a sentencing hearing on October 26, 2012. During the 

sentencing hearing, the trial court found McGill to be a habitual offender. The trial court 

sentenced McGill to twelve years for the aggravated battery conviction, enhanced by ten 

years as a result of McGill’s status as a habitual offender. The trial court ordered that six 

years of McGill’s sentence be suspended and that the final four years of McGill’s sentence be 

served through community corrections. The trial court also found McGill in indirect 

contempt of court and sentenced McGill to one year, which was ordered to be served 

consecutively to the rest of his sentence. This appeal follows.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION
8

I. Admission of Evidence

On appeal, McGill contends that the search warrant, which authorized Detective 

Perkins to search his residence, was not supported by probable cause. In raising this 

contention, McGill effectively argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to 

suppress the evidence obtained during the search of his residence. Although McGill 

originally challenged the admission of the evidence through a pre-trial motion to suppress, he 

appeals following a completed trial and thus challenges the admission of the evidence at trial. 

“Accordingly, ‘the issue is more appropriately framed as whether the trial court abused its 

discretion by admitting the evidence at trial.’” Cole v. State, 878 N.E.2d 882, 885 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2007) (quoting Washington v. State, 784 N.E.2d 584, 587 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)).

Our standard of review for rulings on the admissibility of evidence is 

essentially the same whether the challenge is made by a pre-trial motion to 

suppress or by an objection at trial. Ackerman v. State, 774 N.E.2d 970, 974-

75 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), reh’g denied, trans. denied. We do not reweigh the 

evidence, and we consider conflicting evidence most favorable to the trial 

court’s ruling. Collins v. State, 822 N.E.2d 214, 218 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), 

trans. denied. We also consider uncontroverted evidence in the defendant’s 

favor. Id.

Id. 

A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence. 

Washington, 784 N.E.2d at 587 (citing Bradshaw v. State, 759 N.E.2d 271, 273 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2001)). Accordingly, we will reverse a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of 

evidence only when the trial court abused its discretion. Id. (citing Bradshaw, 759 N.E.2d at 

273). An abuse of discretion involves a decision that is clearly against the logic and effect of 
9

the facts and circumstances before the court. Id. (citing Huffines v. State, 739 N.E.2d 1093, 

1095 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)).

A. Adequacy of Affidavit for Search Warrant

Again, in challenging the admission of the evidence recovered from the search of his 

residence, McGill contends that the search warrant, which authorized Detective Perkins to 

search his residence, was not supported by probable cause. McGill challenges the search 

warrant under both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, 

Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.

Both the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, 

Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution require probable cause for the issuance 

of a search warrant. Casady v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1181, 1188 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2010), trans. denied (citing Mehring v. State, 884 N.E.2d 371, 376 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2008), trans. denied). Probable cause is a fluid concept incapable of 

precise definition and must be decided based on the facts of each case. Id. In 

deciding whether to issue a search warrant, the issuing magistrate’s task is 

simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the 

circumstances set forth in the affidavit, there is a fair probability that evidence 

of a crime will be found in a particular place. Id. at 1188-89. 

Smith v. State, 982 N.E.2d 393, 404-05 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied.

The duty of a reviewing court is to determine whether the magistrate 

had a “substantial basis” for concluding that probable cause existed. State v. 

Spillers, 847 N.E.2d 949, 953 (Ind. 2006). In this sense, a “reviewing court” 

includes both the trial court ruling on a motion to suppress and an appellate 

court reviewing that decision. Id. A “substantial basis” requires the reviewing 

court, with significant deference to the magistrate’s determination, to focus on 

whether reasonable inferences drawn from the totality of the evidence support 

the determination of probable cause. Id. We review the trial court’s 

substantial basis determination de novo, but we nonetheless afford significant 

deference to the magistrate’s determination as we focus on whether reasonable 

inferences drawn from the totality of the evidence support that determination. 

Id. We consider only the evidence presented to the issuing magistrate, not 

after-the-fact justifications for the search. Casady, 934 N.E.2d at 1189. 
10

State v. Shipman, 987 N.E.2d 1122, 1126 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). In determining whether an 

affidavit provided probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant, doubtful cases should 

be resolved in favor of upholding the warrant. Id.

Indiana Code section 35-33-5-2 governs the appropriate information that an affidavit 

supporting a request for a search warrant must contain in order to justify the issuance of a 

valid warrant. In relevant part, Indiana Code section 35-33-5-2 provides that the affidavit 

must particularly describe the house or place to be searched and the things to be searched for. 

The affidavit must also (1) allege “substantially the offense in relation thereto and that the 

affiant believes and has good cause to believe that ... the things as are to be searched for are 

there concealed;” and (2) set forth “the facts then in knowledge of the affiant or information 

based on hearsay, constituting the probable cause.” Ind. Code § 35-33-5-2. “Thus, a 

probable cause affidavit is required to establish a logical connection, or nexus, between the 

suspect and the location to be searched.” Rader v. State, 932 N.E.2d 755, 759 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2010). 

1. Fourth Amendment

The Fourth Amendment reads as follows:

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 

effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and 

no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or

affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 

persons or things to be seized.

The Fourth Amendment is made applicable to the states via the Due Process Clause of the 
11

Fourteenth Amendment. W.H. v. State, 928 N.E.2d 288, 294 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citing 

Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 656 (1961)). “Evidence obtained in violation of a defendant’s 

Fourth Amendment rights may not be introduced against him at trial.” Id. (citing Mapp, 367 

U.S. at 648-60).

In challenging the sufficiency of the probable cause affidavit, McGill argues that the 

affidavit failed to establish a sufficient nexus between the items sought and the location to be 

searched. Specifically, McGill claims that there was nothing in the affidavit to link the 

sought-after items to the residence in question. We disagree. 

In Allen v. State, 798 N.E.2d 490 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), we considered whether there 

was a sufficient nexus between certain items listed in a search warrant and the location 

detectives sought permission to search. The record in Allen revealed that officers were 

looking for weapons that were used in a series of murders. 798 N.E.2d at 498. Although 

Allen was not a named suspect, his cousin was. Id. The affidavit set forth that Allen was 

related to one of the suspects in the murders and that the suspects all admitted to having spent 

time in Allen’s apartment. Id. at 498-99. The record revealed that the suspects had all spent 

time at the apartment after the series of murders occurred, that one of the suspects admitted to

having seen a handgun in the apartment, and that the suspects kept their guns at a “safe 

location.” Id. at 499. Upon review, we determined that it was reasonable for the detective to 

believe that the weapons could be found in the apartment and that a reasonably prudent 

person could make a practical, common-sense determination, given all of the circumstances 

set forth in the affidavit, that there was a fair probability that the weapons used in the series 
12

of murders would be found at the apartment. Id.

In the instant matter, the affidavit for probable cause read, in relevant part, as follows:

On May 13, 2011, Brian McGill made jail phone call (317) [***]-4115 to his 

girlfriend Tammy Miller in that conversation Brian McGill asked Tammy to 

collect items from a shoebox and from behind the bar and put those in a bag 

have a person by the name nickname of “Tone-Bone” put those up, but to keep 

the item in closet for protection and that it is on safety. 

During the interview of Mr. McGill stated his address to be 5819 East 39th St[.] 

I’m requesting a search warrant to search the residence of 5819 East 39th Street 

for any evidence of firearms, ammunition or pieces of ammunition spent or 

non spent and any other physical evidence pertaining to this incident. One 

story brick residence with white trim with a detached garage with number 5819 

affixed above the front door.

Exhibits Vol. 1, p. 123. Detective Perkins further averred that Kendrick had been shot in the 

left knee, and that Kendrick had identified McGill as the individual who had shot him. 

During Detective Perkins’s search of McGill’s residence, Detective Perkins found a .32 

caliber revolver and .32 caliber ammunition, the same caliber that McGill used to shoot 

Kendrick. 

Based upon the information presented in the affidavit, including McGill’s instruction 

to his girlfriend to “keep the item in [the] closet for protection and that it is on safety,” 

Exhibits Vol. 1, p. 123, we can say that it was reasonable for Detective Perkins to believe that 

the weapon used to shoot Kendrick could be found at McGill’s residence. One could 

reasonably infer from McGill’s instruction to his girlfriend that he was referring to a firearm 

of some kind, potentially the one used by McGill to shoot Kendrick. Further, to the extent 

that McGill claims that the affidavit could not support a finding of probable cause for the 

search warrant because it did not establish that the phone number that McGill called from jail 
13

was the phone number at his residence, we find McGill’s instructions to his girlfriend to be 

sufficient to support a common-sense determination that McGill was referencing items that 

were potentially located in his residence. 

Therefore, similar to the determination in Allen, we conclude that a reasonably prudent

person could make a practical, common-sense determination, given all the circumstances set 

forth in the affidavit, that there was a fair probability that the weapon used in the attack on 

Kendrick would be found at the residence. See generally Allen, 798 N.E.2d at 499. 

Accordingly, we reject McGill’s argument that the affidavit lacked a sufficient nexus 

between the items sought and the location to be searched. 

2. Article I, Section 11

Article I, Section 11 reads as follows:

Unreasonable search or seizure; warrant. The right of the people to be 

secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable 

search or seizure, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon 

probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing 

the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.

The legality of a governmental intrusion under the Indiana Constitution turns on an 

evaluation of the reasonableness of the police conduct under the totality of the circumstances.

Trotter v. State, 933 N.E.2d 572, 580 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (citing Litchfield v. State, 824 

N.E.2d 356, 359 (Ind. 2005)). “Although there may be other relevant considerations under 

the circumstances, the reasonableness of a search or seizure turns on a balancing of the 

following: (1) the degree of concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred, 

(2) the degree of intrusion the method of the search or seizure imposes on the citizen’s 
14

ordinary activities, and (3) the extent of law enforcement needs.” Id. (citing Litchfield, 824 

N.E.2d at 361). The burden is on the State to show that under the totality of the 

circumstances, the police intrusion was reasonable. Id. (citing State v. Gerschoffer, 763 

N.E.2d 960, 965 (Ind. 2002)).

Here, Detective Perkins discovered a phone call that McGill, the suspect in the 

shooting of Kendrick, placed to his girlfriend from jail. In this phone call, McGill instructed 

his girlfriend to box up certain items and to give them to an individual known as Tone-Bone. 

McGill further instructed his girlfriend to leave a different item in the closet for protection. 

McGill indicated that the latter item was currently “on safety.” Exhibits Vol. 1, p. 123. The 

above-stated facts relating to the affidavit for probable cause establish that Detective Perkins 

knew that a violation had occurred, i.e., that Kendrick had been shot in the left knee, and that 

McGill had been identified as the shooter. As a matter of public safety and the law 

enforcement need to investigate the incident between Kendrick and McGill, Detective 

Perkins’s need to find the weapon used to shoot Kendrick was great. Further, the degree of 

the intrusion into McGill’s ordinary activities was not affected as he was already in jail. The

search of his residence was limited to looking for weapons and ammunition, and nothing in 

the record suggests that Detective Perkins’s search exceeded the scope of the warrant. In 

light of these circumstances, we conclude that the search of McGill’s residence was 

reasonable. 

3. Admission Harmless

Furthermore, even if the search warrant lacked probable cause and it was error for the 
15

trial court to admit the evidence recovered from the search of McGill’s residence, the 

admission of such evidence was harmless as it was cumulative of McGill’s own testimony. 

“[E]rrors in the admission of evidence are to be disregarded as harmless error 

unless they affect the substantial rights of a party.” [McClain v. State, 675 

N.E.2d 329, 331 (Ind. 1996)]; see also Ind. Trial Rule 61. “In determining 

whether error in the introduction of evidence affected the defendant’s 

substantial rights, this Court must assess the probable impact of the evidence 

upon the jury.” McClain, 675 N.E.2d at 331. “Admission of hearsay evidence 

is not grounds for reversal where it is merely cumulative of other evidence 

admitted.” Id. at 331-32.

VanPatten v. State, 986 N.E.2d 255, 267 (Ind. 2013).

In the instant matter, the evidence established that Kendrick was shot with a .32 

caliber revolver. McGill testified that he carried a revolver as part of his security uniform, 

that the revolver was a .32 caliber revolver, and that he had fired a round from the revolver at 

Kendrick. In light of McGill’s testimony, the admission of the .32 caliber revolver and .32 

caliber ammunition recovered from McGill’s residence was not overly prejudicial, but rather 

was merely cumulative of other evidence that was properly admitted at trial. As such, any 

alleged error in admitting this evidence was harmless.

II. Prosecutorial Misconduct

McGill also contends that the State committed numerous instances of prosecutorial 

misconduct during trial. Specifically, McGill claims that the State committed prosecutorial 

misconduct by “throwing an evidentiary harpoon, vouching for the credibility of its witnesses 

and misstating the evidence.” Appellant’s Br. p. 17. We will address each claim in turn.

A. Standard of Review

When reviewing an allegation of prosecutorial misconduct, we make 
16

two inquiries. First, we determine by reference to case law and rules of 

conduct whether the prosecutor engaged in misconduct, and, if so, we next 

determine whether the misconduct, under all of the circumstances, placed the 

defendant in a position of grave peril to which he or she would not have been 

subjected. Hall v. State, 796 N.E.2d 388, 401 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). The 

gravity of the peril is measured by the probable persuasive effect of the 

misconduct on the jury’s decision rather than the degree of impropriety of the 

conduct. Id.

Ramsey v. State, 853 N.E.2d 491, 498 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied; see also Delarosa 

v. State, 938 N.E.2d 690, 696 (Ind. 2010).

Generally, in order to properly preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct for 

appeal, a defendant must not only raise a contemporaneous objection but must also request an 

admonishment; if the admonishment is not given or is insufficient to cure the error, then the 

defendant must request a mistrial. Neville v. State, 976 N.E.2d 1252, 1258 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2012) (citing Cooper v. State, 854 N.E.2d 831, 835 (Ind. 2006)), trans. denied. Where a 

defendant does not raise a contemporaneous objection, request an admonishment, or request 

a mistrial where the request for an admonishment is denied or the admonishment given is 

insufficient to cure the error, the defendant does not properly preserve his claims of 

prosecutorial misconduct. See generally Brown v. State, 799 N.E.2d 1064, 1066 (providing 

that because appellant failed to request an admonishment or move for a mistrial when the 

trial court overruled his objection, his claim of prosecutorial misconduct was procedurally 

foreclosed); Neville, 976 N.E.2d at 1258 (providing that because appellant failed to object to 

the prosecutor’s statements, his claim of prosecutorial misconduct was procedurally 

foreclosed). “To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct that has been procedurally 
17

defaulted, the defendant must establish not only the grounds for the prosecutorial 

misconduct, but also the additional grounds for fundamental error.” Neville, 976 N.E.2d at 

1258; see also Brown, 799 N.E.2d at 1066. 

Fundamental error is an “extremely narrow exception” to the 

contemporaneous objection rule that allows a defendant to avoid waiver of an 

issue. [Cooper, 854 N.E.2d at 835.] For a claim of prosecutorial misconduct 

to rise to the level of fundamental error, it must “make a fair trial impossible or 

constitute clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary principles of due 

process and present an undeniable and substantial potential for harm.” 

[Booher v. State, 773 N.E.2d 814, 817 (Ind. 2002)] (citation, quotation marks, 

and brackets omitted). “The element of harm is not shown by the fact that a 

defendant was ultimately convicted.” Davis v. State, 835 N.E.2d 1102, 1107 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied (2006). “Rather, it depends upon whether 

the defendant’s right to a fair trial was detrimentally affected by the denial of 

procedural opportunities for the ascertainment of truth to which he would have 

been entitled.” Id. at 1107-08.

Neville, 976 N.E.2d at 1258-59. 

B. Evidentiary Harpoon

McGill argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct by throwing an 

evidentiary harpoon when it allowed Detective Perkins to testify that McGill failed to 

complete a handwriting sample. “An evidentiary harpoon is the placing of inadmissible 

evidence before the jury with the deliberate purpose of prejudicing the jury against the 

defendant.” McDonald v. State, 542 N.E.2d 552, 554 (Ind. 1989). In order to obtain 

reversal, the defendant must show that 1) the prosecution acted deliberately to prejudice the 

jury and 2) the evidence was inadmissible. Jewell v. State, 672 N.E.2d 417, 424 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 1996), trans. denied. “In order to obtain reversal, the defendant need not show that an 

evidentiary harpoon injured him to the extent that he would not have been found guilty but 
18

for the harpooning.” Id. (citing Garcia v. State, 509 N.E.2d 888, 890 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987)). 

“The defendant need only show that he was placed in a position of grave peril to which he 

should not have been subjected.” Id. 

McGill claims that Detective Perkins’s testimony was not relevant because he had 

stipulated that he had written certain letters that were mailed to his girlfriend. “‘Relevant 

evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of 

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would 

be without the evidence.” Ind. Evidence Rule 401. “All relevant evidence is admissible, 

except as otherwise provided by the United States or Indiana constitutions, by statute not in 

conflict with these rules, by these rules or by other rules applicable in the courts of this State. 

Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” Evid. R. 402. McGill claims that the 

State knew it “did not need this evidence and knew it was irrelevant to any matter requiring 

resolution by the jury.” Appellant’s Br. p. 20. As such, McGill claims that because 

Detective Perkins’s testimony regarding his failure to complete the handwriting sample was 

not relevant, the only possible purpose of allowing said testimony was to show that McGill 

was uncooperative. 

Again, an “evidentiary harpoon is the placing of inadmissible evidence before the jury 

with the deliberate purpose of prejudicing the jury against the defendant.” McDonald, 542 

N.E.2d at 554. “In certain circumstances, the injection of an evidentiary harpoon by a 

prosecutor may constitute prosecutorial misconduct rising to the level of fundamental error

and requiring a mistrial.” Ramsey, 853 N.E.2d at 499. McGill objected to the admission of 
19

Detective Perkins’s testimony regarding his failure to complete the handwriting sample but 

did not request an admonishment or mistrial when the trial court admitted Detective Perkins’s 

testimony over McGill’s objection. As such, even assuming that Detective Perkins’s 

testimony regarding McGill’s failure to complete the handwriting sample was inadmissible, 

McGill would be required to show that the admission of the evidence amounted to 

fundamental error. McGill has failed to do so.

First, McGill has failed to show that the State acted with the deliberate purpose of 

prejudicing the jury against him. During Detective Perkins’s testimony, the State introduced 

two letters that McGill stipulated that he had sent to his girlfriend. In discussing the letters, 

the State asked Detective Perkins if he and a handwriting specialist had met with McGill to 

get a sample for the purpose of identifying that McGill had in fact written the letters. When 

Detective Perkins answered in the affirmative, the State asked Detective Perkins if McGill 

completed the sample. Detective Perkins indicated that he had not. 

McGill claims that the State deliberately attempted to prejudice the jury against him 

by asking Detective Perkins whether he completed the sample. It seems likely, however, that 

if the State would have been acting with the deliberate purpose of prejudicing the jury against 

McGill, the State would have phrased the question in less neutral terms such as whether 

McGill “refused to complete the sample” or “refused to cooperate.” Instead, the State 

phrased the question in neutral terms that did not frame McGill as uncooperative. The 

neutral phasing of the question is not such that would likely prejudice McGill, and, as a 

result, McGill has failed to prove that the State deliberately tried to prejudice the jury against 
20

him. 

Second, McGill has failed to show that the admission of Detective Perkins’s 

challenged testimony amounted to fundamental error. McGill stipulated that he authored and 

sent two letters to his girlfriend from jail. These letters were admitted into evidence during 

trial.

In the first letter, McGill wrote the following:

I’m sending this info to you make copies of it make sure the picture is clear 

make plenty give some to Cuz to pass out anything to keep this guy from doing 

those 3 depositions & coming to court. Talk to Mike he’ll let you know the 

day he is going to do the depositions so he want be there keep him the [f***]

away whatever needs to be done I got his information from in here and I don’t 

have a vehicle a computer assets and I got this much information on my own.

 

Now you got this info & picture what are you going to do with it?

Make sure you put it up in hiding after you made copies & gave to Cuzz ...

** **

Please take this shit serious get help from someone who knows what to do like 

Nikka /& Cuzz it’s really simple ...

Ask Mike Day once again to tell you the info he told me... He been trying to 

reach you ... go to the court RM 22 & catch him if you can’t contact him ask 

who he is They’ll show you ... This is no play thing ... I hope you want to start 

helping and taking things serious Burn this stuff after you read it. Hide the 

other info! Put in envelope & give to Crazy to hold ... Not at work & not at 

the house either

Exhibits Vol. 1, pp. 19-22 (Second, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth ellipses in 

original). McGill attached a photograph of Kendrick, Kendrick’s address and phone number, 

and documents including Kendrick’s social security number. McGill also referred to 

Kendrick as “one leg.” Exhibits Vol. 1, p. 24.

In the second letter, McGill wrote the following:

Get your stuff together for me to come home you are slipping out there 
21

seriously! Get with Cuzz & give him those copies make sure you handle 

business ... It is crunch time I can be home soon or never be home it’s all up to 

you & Cuzz on doing what needs to be done Nephew will tell you how to go 

about things.... Stay focus I’m tired of explaining things & it is not being 

tooking seriously ... I can behave if you listen & do what needs to be done. 

OR NEVER AGAIN ... FORGET CRYING & START TRYING. TO GET 

IT DONE.

Exhibits Vol. 1, p. 28 (last ellipsis in original).

We agree with the State that “[t]he contents of the letters decimated [McGill]’s 

credibility in the eyes of the jury far beyond the State asking one question about whether 

[McGill] completed a writing sample.” Appellee’s Br. p. 24. The letters instructed McGill’s 

girlfriend to do “what need[ed] to be done” to keep Kendrick from cooperating with the case 

against McGill and included personal information about Kendrick which McGill instructed 

his girlfriend to disseminate to “Cuzz” before destroying. Exhibits Vol. 1, pp. 19-24, 28. 

Accordingly, we cannot say, in light of the statements contained in these letters, that 

Detective Perkins’s challenged testimony presented an undeniable and substantial potential 

for harm, made it impossible for McGill to receive a fair trial, or that the challenged 

testimony constituted clearly blatant violations of the basic and elementary principles of due 

process. See Neville, 976 N.E.2d at 1259. McGill’s statements contained in the letters were 

far more prejudicial than any potential interpretation of Detective Perkins’s challenged 

testimony. McGill has failed to prove that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct in 

this regard.

C. Vouching

McGill also argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct by vouching for 
22

its witnesses. In making this argument, McGill directed us toward a statement made by the 

deputy prosecutor during closing argument in which the deputy prosecutor said the 

following: “As to the investigation, this was one of the most thorough investigations I have 

had to present. I never had detectives going and pulling all their ...”. Tr. p. 236 (ellipsis in 

original). At this point, McGill’s counsel objected, stating that “Your Honor, I am going to 

object to improper argument. The State is now making itself a witness by testifying.” Tr. p. 

236. The trial court overruled the objection, and the deputy prosecutor continued, stating:

We had a diligent detective pulling his mail. Innocently mailed through 

subterfuge that he tries to get, through another inmate, into his cohort’s hands. 

Listening to jail phone calls. Getting cell phone records. 

Tr. p. 236. McGill did not request an admonishment after the trial court overruled his 

objection but did subsequently request a mistrial. 

It is well settled that vouching for witnesses is generally impermissible. 

Lainhart v. State, 916 N.E.2d 924, 938 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). However, “‘a 

prosecutor may comment on the credibility of the witnesses as long as the 

assertions are based on reasons which arise from the evidence.’” Cooper, 854

N.E.2d at 836 (quoting Lopez v. State, 527 N.E.2d 1119, 1127 (Ind. 1988)). 

See also Hobson v. State, 675 N.E.2d 1090, 1095 (Ind. 1996) (prosecutor’s 

statement “I warned you that [defendants] are liars” was not misconduct 

because incongruities in testimony supported inference that someone had not 

been testifying truthfully). In addition, an attorney may properly argue any 

logical or reasonable conclusions based on his or her own analysis of the 

evidence. Bennett v. State, 423 N.E.2d 588, 592 (Ind. 1981);see also Turnbow 

v. State, 637 N.E.2d 1329, 1334 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (“A prosecutor may also 

properly comment on the evidence presented to the jury and argue logical 

conclusions from that evidence.”) trans. denied.

Neville, 976 N.E.2d at 1260 (brackets in original).

In Neville, the appellant argued that the prosecutor improperly vouched for the 
23

credibility of the State’s witnesses during closing argument by describing one witness as 

“courageous” and another as “one of the ‘good people.’” Id. Neville further alleged that the 

prosecutor told the jury that a witness “told you the truth” and stated that she had been 

“especially corroborated.” Id. The prosecutor also indicated that the crime scene technician 

who worked at the crime scene was “very good at what she does.” Id. Upon review, this 

court determined that the record demonstrated that the prosecutor’s comments did not amount 

to improper vouching because the statements were supported by the evidence and were 

consistent with the prosecutor’s analysis of the evidence and theory of the case. Id. at 1260-

61.

As in Neville, our review of the record in the instant matter shows that the deputy 

prosecutor’s comments were supported by the evidence. The evidence indicated that 

Detective Perkins completed what could reasonably be described as a thorough investigation. 

In completing his investigation, Detective Perkins pulled McGill’s mail and, after McGill’s 

ability to mail letters himself was cut off, discovered that McGill was using another inmate to 

mail letters to his girlfriend. Detective Perkins also listened to the phone calls McGill made 

from jail and recovered McGill’s cell phone records. McGill does not claim that Detective 

Perkins acted outside of the scope of his powers as the investigating detective but, rather,

merely claims that the deputy prosecutor vouched for Detective Perkins’s testimony by 

stating that the investigation completed by Detective Perkins was one of the most thorough 

that the deputy prosecutor had ever had to present to a jury. 

Similar to the prosecutor’s statements about the evidence technician in Neville, the 
24

deputy prosecutor attempted to demonstrate the thorough nature of Detective Perkins’s work 

through reliance on the evidence. Because the deputy prosecutor’s statements were 

supported by the evidence, the statements did not amount to improper vouching, and McGill 

has failed to prove that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct in this regard. See 

generally id. at 1261. 

Furthermore, even if McGill would have established that the deputy prosecutor’s 

statement amounted to improper vouching, McGill has failed to establish that the deputy 

prosecutor’s statement placed him in a position of grave peril. The instant matter is easily 

distinguishable from this court’s opinion in Gaby v. State, 949 N.E.2d 870, 881 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2011), in which the prosecuting attorney was found to have vouched for the victim’s 

credibility during closing argument. In this case, the deputy prosecutor did not comment on 

Kendrick’s credibility and provided evidentiary support for his statement that Detective 

Perkins conducted a thorough investigation. McGill claimed to have acted in self-defense 

when he shot Kendrick. However, McGill has failed to establish that the deputy prosecutor’s 

comment regarding the thorough nature of Detective Perkins’s investigation had any bearing 

whatsoever on the jury’s determination that Kendrick’s testimony regarding the 

circumstances that led to Kendrick getting shot was more credible than McGill’s testimony 

about the incident.

D. Misrepresentation of Evidence

McGill also argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct by 

misrepresenting the evidence during closing argument. 
25

We observe that “[i]t is proper for a prosecutor to argue both law and fact 

during final argument and propound conclusions based upon his analysis of the 

evidence. That said, a prosecutor’s comments can be prejudicial if they have 

an impact on the jury’s ability to judge the evidence fairly.” Steinberg v. State, 

941 N.E.2d 515, 531 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied (citations, quotation 

marks, and brackets omitted). Prosecutors may not argue facts not in evidence. 

Spangler v. State, 498 N.E.2d 1206, 1209 (Ind. 1986).

Neville, 976 N.E.2d at 1261.

McGill claims that the deputy prosecutor misrepresented the evidence by making the 

following statement: “The defense argued that the detective didn’t interview witnesses who 

were at the scene and all he said was that they wouldn’t cooperate. They were all his family. 

Of course, they weren’t going to cooperate with the police.” Tr. p. 236. McGill’s counsel 

objected to this statement on the grounds that there was no evidence that everyone at the peashake house was related to McGill. The trial court overruled McGill’s objection. McGill did 

not request an admonishment after the trial court overruled his objection but did subsequently 

request a mistrial. On appeal, McGill argues that the deputy prosecutor’s statement amounts 

to a misrepresentation of the evidence because the record showed that he was not related to 

all potential witnesses who were present outside the pea-shake house on the night the 

incident took place.

For its part, the State claims that, while it may be true that not everyone present at the 

pea shake house on the night of the incident was related to McGill, Detective Perkins did not 

visit the location that night but rather returned to the pea-shake house on a later date. On that 

date, no one at the pea-shake house was willing to cooperate with Detective Perkins. The 

State asserted that the evidence demonstrated that the pea-shake house had been owned and 
26

operated by McGill’s family for fifty to sixty years. The State argues that from this evidence, 

one could logically infer that those present at the pea-shake house on the later date were 

likely related to McGill.

Further, even if the deputy prosecutor’s comment did amount to a misrepresentation of 

the evidence, McGill has failed to establish that the deputy prosecutor’s statement placed him 

in a position of grave peril. Again, McGill admitted to shooting Kendrick. Both Kendrick 

and McGill testified at trial and presented their own version of what took place on the night 

in question. The evidence demonstrated that Kendrick’s version of the events had been 

consistent throughout the pendency of the criminal proceedings, while McGill admitted that 

he had lied to law enforcement on multiple occasions. The jury considered both McGill’s 

and Kendrick’s testimony and found Kendrick’s description of the incident to be credible. In 

light of McGill’s admission that he shot Kendrick and both McGill’s and Kendrick’s 

testimony at trial, McGill has failed to establish that the jury considered the deputy 

prosecutor’s statement regarding McGill’s relation to the potential witnesses, much less that 

any potential reliance on the statement by the jury placed him in grave peril. As such, we 

conclude that McGill has failed to establish that the State committed prosecutorial 

misconduct in this regard.

III. Denial of Request for Surrebuttal

McGill next contends that he was entitled to surrebuttal because the State’s final 

section of closing argument raised an additional point, i.e., motive to lie, that was not raised 

in the first part of the argument. The State, for its part, argues that McGill waived this 
27

argument on appeal.

“Failure to object to prosecutorial comments in a timely fashion results in 

waiver.” Cox v. State, 696 N.E.2d 853, 860 (Ind. 1998) (relying on Cox v. 

State, 475 N.E.2d 664, 670 (Ind. 1985)). “An objection to prosecutorial 

comments is untimely when raised after the State has concluded its final 

argument.” Cox, 696 N.E.2d at 860 (relying on Cleary v. State, 663 N.E.2d 

779, 782 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (citing Pavone v. State, 273 Ind. 162, 167, 402 

N.E.2d 976, 979 (1980)).

Jones v. State, 825 N.E.2d 926, 932 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.

Although he objected numerous times to other portions of the State’s closing 

argument, McGill did not object to the deputy prosecutor’s comments regarding motive to lie

during the State’s closing argument. The following exchange occurred after the State 

concluded its closing rebuttal argument:

[Defense Counsel]: Judge, may we approach?

[The Court]: You may.

[Defense Counsel]: Judge we are asking to re-open argument that the State 

got in to new evidence as far as motive to lie. I never mentioned that in my 

argument and the State brought it up for the first time in rebuttal. We would 

like a chance to address that under Jury Rule 27.

[The Court]: Address what?

[Defense Counsel]: They got into the fact that (inaudible) had a motive to lie. 

I did not mention that in my closing argument so I would like a chance to 

address that outside the presence of the jury.

[The Court]: Denied.

Tr. p. 239. McGill did not request a surrebuttal until after the State had concluded its closing 

rebuttal argument. Accordingly, McGill’s claim is waived. See Jones, 825 N.E.2d at 932 

(providing that appellant waived argument regarding surrebuttal because appellant did not 

request a surrebuttal until after the State had concluded its closing rebuttal argument).

Waiver notwithstanding, we will address McGill’s argument. McGill argues that the 
28

prosecuting attorney made an additional point regarding motive to lie in the State’s final 

section of closing argument that was sufficient to warrant McGill’s defense counsel to make 

additional argument. “The conduct of final argument is within the trial court’s discretion.” 

Hughes v. State, 508 N.E.2d 1289, 1299 (Ind. Ct. App. 1987). Indiana Code section 35-37-2-

2(4) provides, in pertinent part:

If the case is not submitted without argument, the prosecuting attorney shall 

have the opening and closing of the argument. However, the prosecuting 

attorney shall disclose in the opening all the points relied on in the case, and if 

in the closing he refers to any new point or fact not disclosed in the opening, 

the defendant or his counsel may reply to that point or fact, and that reply shall 

close the argument of the case.

Similarly, Indiana Jury Rule 27, describing “final arguments,” explains in part:

If the parties argue the case to the jury, the party with the burden of going 

forward shall open and close the argument. The party which opens the 

argument must disclose in the opening all the points relied on in the case. If, 

in the closing, the party which closes refers to any new point or fact not 

disclosed in the opening, the adverse party has the right to reply to the new 

point or fact. The adverse party’s reply then closes the argument in the case.

McGill argues that the State mentioned motive to lie for the first time in the final section of 

its closing argument. The State, for its part, argues that it mentioned motive to lie in the first 

part of its closing argument. 

The record shows that the State mentioned the fact that Kendrick did not have a 

motive to lie in the first part of its closing argument. During the first part of its closing 

argument, the deputy prosecutor stated the following:

If this was self defense, [McGill] would have told the detective that. Some 

interesting things about the defendant’s testimony when you are looking at 

weighing the testimony of these two. First of all, to believe the defendant you 

have to disregard Eric Kendrick, and that is a tall order, because what possible 
29

motive would he have to go through this process, and come in here and testify, 

and completely make up some story? It just doesn’t make sense. The 

statements he said today are the same that he has stated since the beginning, 

telling you what happened on April 30. The defendant, on the other hand, says 

it was self defense but admits to stepping outside and approaching him and 

here we have the victim who is waving a gun around outside and there are 

people around and nobody is interested in calling the police or concerned that 

this might be a problem? ... So what does he do? Approaches him? Fires 

warning shots then shoots him. And then what does he do after that? 

According to his testimony, he flees the scene and hides the gun in a car that is 

not his. And by the way, where is this gun that Eric Kendrick had? He got 

shot in the leg and then went up to the Lodge where he called the police. 

Where did this gun go? It doesn’t make any sense because it is not true. This 

is not a self defense case. It is not. It is just not. And the defendant is pushing 

your limits on how much you are willing to buy. He is pushing your limits and 

he is asking you for quite a bit. He is asking you for quite a bit. During the 

pendency of this case he had tried everything else, and self defense is the only 

thing he had to go with. You saw him testify. Did you believe him? You 

heard his answers. You saw his demeanor. Somebody once told me that in 

jury trials you can never underestimate a person’s ability to see the truth, to 

listen to someone speak, and determine whether or not they are telling the 

truth. Ladies and gentlemen, we are asking that you see the truth.

Tr. pp. 221-23. 

On rebuttal, the State argued:

I think we all agree, and I think you will agree, you have to decide who you 

will believe and who you won’t believe. There is no evidence of a gun on Mr. 

Kendrick. There are no signs of intoxication on Mr. Kendrick a half hour after 

the police were summoned. Mr. Kendrick has absolutely no motive to 

fabricate. Mr. Kendrick tells consistent stories of what happened. Then we 

have the defendant. Does an innocent man run? Does an innocent man hide 

the gun? Does an innocent man lie multiple times? Admittedly lie multiple 

times? Does an innocent man attempt to prevent the victim from cooperating 

with the State in the prosecution of this case? Does an innocent man send 

letters to try and take care of business? Does he try to get others to aid him in 

fabrication? His story is unbelievable. Now what happens? His cell phone 

did him in. Now he has to lie. What you are left with is the only reasonable 

version. You will be instructed by the Judge that when you hear two 

conflicting stories you will have to decide whom you will believe and whom 

you will disbelieve. And you should not discount the testimony of any witness 
30

without careful thought and consideration. Look at the things like who has a 

motive to lie? Eric Kendrick has no motive. [McGill’s] is huge. So you have 

to decide who you are going to believe. Someone who gets shot or someone 

who has admittedly lied on multiple occasions?

Tr. pp. 238-39. This argument was within the scope of the argument raised by the State 

during the first part of its closing argument regarding Kendrick’s lack of motive to lie. As 

such, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying McGill a surrebuttal closing 

argument. See Hughes, 508 N.E.2d at 1299 (providing that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in denying Hughes’s request to give surrebuttal because the alleged new facts and 

points were referred to in the first part of the State’s closing argument).

Further, even assuming the State’s argument relating to motive to lie had not been 

raised during the first part of the State’s closing argument, to obtain a reversal on appeal, 

McGill must show that the complained of error affected his substantial rights. Jones, 825 

N.E.2d at 935 (citing Ind. Trial Rule 61). McGill offers no analysis of how the denial of his 

request for surrebuttal violated his substantial rights and our review of the record shows no 

such violation. 

IV. Late Filing of Habitual Offender Allegation

McGill also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the State to 

belatedly file the habitual offender allegation. Indiana Code section 35-34-1-5(e)1 provides:

 

1

 Indiana Code section 35-34-1-5(e) was amended, effective July 1, 2013, to read, in relevant part:

An amendment of an indictment or information to include a habitual offender charge under IC 

35-50-2-8 ... must be made at least thirty (30) days before the commencement of trial. 

However, upon a showing of good cause, the court may permit the filing of a habitual 

offender charge at any time before the commencement of the trial if the amendment does not 

prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant. If the court permits the filing of a habitual 
31

An amendment of an indictment or information to include a habitual offender 

charge under IC 35-50-2-8 ... must be made not later than ten (10) days after 

the omnibus date. However, upon a showing of good cause, the court may 

permit the filing of a habitual offender charge at any time before the 

commencement of the trial.

McGill requests that we reverse his habitual offender enhancement because the filing was 

untimely and there was no showing of good cause. For its part, the State argues that it had 

demonstrated good cause for belatedly filing the habitual offender allegation because there 

was a delay in obtaining some of the records pertaining to McGill’s prior convictions.

The omnibus date in this case was June 23, 2011. The State filed its notice of 

intention to seek the habitual offender enhancement on September 23, 2011. McGill 

objected to the untimely filing. 

On October 12, 2011, the trial court conducted a hearing on the matter. During this 

hearing, the State admitted that the habitual offender allegation should have been filed before 

the omnibus date and indicated that “[a]pparently for some reason it fell through the cracks.” 

Tr. p. 321. The State, however, went on to provide an explanation which demonstrated good 

cause for the delay, stating that there was a delay because “there are two of the three priors 

alleged in the habitual charging information that are older that required getting those 

documents from old records.” Tr. p. 321. 

The State further indicated that its intent “from the beginning [was] to file the habitual 

offender enhancement,” and that as of May 23, 2011, McGill was aware that the State 

 

offender charge less than thirty (30) days before the commencement of trial, the court shall 

grant a continuance at the request of the: (1) state, for good cause shown; or (2) defendant, for 

any reason. 
32

intended to seek a habitual offender enhancement. Tr. p. 322. On that date, the State sent 

McGill a proposed plea deal which included the habitual offender allegation. The State also 

asserted that McGill would not be prejudiced by the late filing because if the State were 

permitted to file the habitual offender allegation, McGill could request a continuance. At the 

conclusion of the October 12, 2011 hearing, the trial court granted the State permission to file 

the belated habitual offender allegation. The trial court also granted McGill’s request for a 

continuance and found that with the continuance, the defense had ample time to investigate 

the paperwork relating to McGill’s alleged status as a habitual offender. 

“‘By permitting the State to file the habitual offender count, the trial court impliedly 

found good cause.’” Jackson v. State, 938 N.E.2d 29, 39 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Land 

v. State, 802 N.E.2d 45, 53 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied).

We review a trial court’s finding of good cause for an abuse of discretion. 

[Land, 802 N.E.2d at 53] (citing Watson v. State, 776 N.E.2d 914, 918 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2002)). “An abuse of discretion occurs ‘only where the decision is 

clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.’” Id.

(quoting Palmer v. State, 704 N.E.2d 124, 127 (Ind. 1999)).

Jackson, 938 N.E.2d at 39. Here, the record indicates that the State argued that it had good 

cause for belatedly filing the habitual offender allegation because of a delay in obtaining 

some of the records pertaining to McGill’s prior convictions. The trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in determining that this justification established good cause. See id. (concluding 

that the trial court acted within its discretion in allowing the State to belatedly file a habitual 

offender enhancement where the State argued that it had demonstrated good cause for the 

delay because it was unsure whether it would be able to obtain the records necessary to 
33

charge Jackson as a habitual offender).

Moreover, McGill did not demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the late filing of the 

habitual offender allegation. “A defendant who challenges the State’s filing of an habitual 

offender allegation on the ground that it is filed outside of the time limit must demonstrate 

that he was prejudiced.” Jackson, 938 N.E.2d at 39 (quoting Land, 802 N.E.2d at 53)

(emphasis added). “The purpose of Indiana Code section 35-34-1-5(e) is to allow a 

defendant sufficient time to prepare a defense for the habitual offender charge.” Id. (citing 

Land, 802 N.E.2d at 53). McGill does not argue that he had insufficient time to prepare his 

defense to the habitual offender charge. McGill requested a brief continuance which was 

granted, and McGill had approximately one year between the hearing and the October 11, 

2012 bench trial on his status as a habitual offender to prepare a defense. Because McGill 

has not presented any explanation of how he was prejudiced by the timing of the additional 

charge, his request that we reverse his habitual offender enhancement is denied. See 

Jackson, 802 N.E.2d at 53; Land, 802 N.E.2d at 53-54.

Furthermore, to the extent that McGill relies on the Indiana Supreme Court’s opinion 

in White v. State, 963 N.E.2d 511 (Ind. 2012), we note that White is easily distinguishable 

from the instant matter. In White, the State did not articulate any grounds for good cause in 

its written motion requesting permission to belatedly file the habitual offender allegation. 

963 N.E.2d at 517. There was no hearing on the State’s motion, and the trial court never 

made an explicit finding of good cause when it granted the State’s motion. Id. The Indiana 

Supreme Court found that appellant had waived his challenge to the trial court’s decision to 
34

permit the State to belatedly file the habitual offender allegation by not requesting a 

continuance, but noted that had the appellant preserved his claim for appellate review and the 

record continued to remain silent on the issue of “good cause,” the Court likely would have 

reached a different conclusion. Id. at 517-18. As we concluded above, here, unlike in White, 

the State demonstrated and the trial court implicitly found good cause. See Jackson, 938 

N.E.2d at 39; Land, 802 N.E.2d at 53-54. 

V. Sufficiency of Evidence to Sustain Habitual Offender Enhancement

Finally, McGill contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the trial court’s 

determination that he is a habitual offender. Specifically, he argues that the habitual offender 

determination must be set aside because the documentation provided by the State is 

unreliable and cannot prove that the offenses occurred in the requisite sequence.

To establish that the defendant is a habitual offender, the State must prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant has been previously convicted of 

two separate and unrelated felonies. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8. To be 

“unrelated,” the commission of the second felony must be subsequent to the 

sentencing for the first, and the sentencing for the second felony must have 

preceded the commission of the current felony for which the enhanced 

sentence is being sought. Toney v. State, 715 N.E.2d 367, 369 (Ind. 1999). 

Failure to prove the proper sequencing requires that the habitual offender 

determination be vacated. Henderson v. State, 534 N.E.2d 1105, 1109 (Ind. 

1989). In addressing the issue of sufficiency of evidence, we will affirm the 

conviction if, considering only the probative evidence and reasonable 

inferences supporting the verdict, without weighing evidence or assessing 

witness credibility, a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the defendant 

was convicted of two previous separate and unrelated felonies beyond a 

reasonable doubt. Id.

Flint v. State, 750 N.E.2d 340, 341 (Ind. 2001).

The evidence demonstrates that McGill was convicted of Class C felony carrying a 
35

handgun without a license on November 23, 1999. The charging information relating to this 

criminal conviction indicates that McGill committed the offense of Class C felony carrying a 

handgun without a license on or about January 19, 1999. McGill was sentenced for this 

conviction on November 23, 1999. The evidence further demonstrates that McGill was 

convicted of Class C felony battery on September 25, 2002. The charging information 

relating to this criminal conviction indicates that McGill committed the offense of Class C 

felony battery on or about January 26, 2002. McGill was sentenced for this conviction on

September 25, 2002.

In support of his claim that the documents submitted by the State are unreliable, 

McGill points to alleged inconsistencies between the dates listed in the arrest records for the 

offenses and the corresponding dates listed in the charging informations. With respect to the 

November 23, 1999 conviction, the arrest record suggests that McGill was arrested outright 

in connection to the offense on January 19, 1998, rather than January 19, 1999, as indicated 

in the charging information. The arrest record, however, also includes a booking date of 

January 20, 1999, which could potentially suggest that the reference to January 19, 1998, was 

a mere scrivener’s error. 

Further, even if the discrepancies in the dates listed in the arrest record relating to the 

November 23, 1999 conviction are sufficient to render the document unreliable, the charging 

information was sufficiently linked to the abstract of judgment and could properly be relied 

on by the trial court. In Beavers v. State, 566 N.E.2d 533, 535 (Ind. 1991), the Indiana 

Supreme Court held that “[t]he date upon which an offense may have been committed is in 
36

most instances to be found in the State’s charging instruments, in transcripts of guilty plea 

proceedings, within the evidence admitted at trial, and in jury instructions given by the Court. 

Such date is not part of the fact of a prior conviction, the proof of which is restricted to 

authenticated documents.” Again, the charging information relating to the November 23, 

1999 conviction was sufficiently linked to the abstract of judgment relating to that conviction 

as both documents named McGill as the defendant, contained the same cause number, and 

were certified by the Clerk’s Office as an authentic court documents. As such, we cannot 

conclude that the documents supplied by the State with respect to the November 23, 1999 

conviction are unreliable.

Furthermore, to the extent that McGill claims that the evidence is insufficient because 

the abstract of judgment relating to the November 23, 1999 conviction was not file stamped 

by the Clerk’s Office, we find McGill’s claim to be without merit. “It is well-settled that ‘the 

State must introduce into evidence proper certified and authenticated records of the 

defendant’s prior felony convictions in order to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the 

existence of those prior convictions.’” White, 963 N.E.2d at 518 (quoting Dexter v. State, 

959 N.E.2d 235, 238 (Ind. 2012)). We conclude that the Abstract of Judgment relating to the 

November 23, 1999 conviction qualifies as a properly certified and authenticated record 

because the Clerk’s Office certified the document as an authentic court document.

With respect to the September 25, 2002 conviction, the charging information indicates 

that McGill committed the offense on January 26, 2002. The arrest record indicates that 

McGill was arrested by warrant on February 19, 2002. It does not seem illogical that there 
37

might be a delay in arresting a perpetrator when the individual is not arrested outright at the 

time he committed the offense but rather is latter arrested by virtue of a warrant for the 

individual’s arrest. In addition, as was the case with the documents relating to the November 

23, 1999 conviction, the charging information relating to the September 25, 2002 conviction 

was sufficiently linked to the abstract of judgment relating to that conviction as both 

documents listed McGill as the defendant, contained the same cause number, and were

certified by the Clerk’s Office as an authentic court documents. As such, we cannot conclude

that the discrepancy in the date that McGill was alleged to have committed the offense and 

the date that he was actually arrested in connection to the offense does not render the 

certified documents unreliable. 

The evidence establishes that McGill has accumulated two prior, unrelated felonies. 

The evidence is sufficient to prove that the commission of the second felony occurred after 

McGill had been sentenced for the first. As a result, McGill qualifies as a habitual offender. 

McGill’s claim to the contrary essentially amounts to a request that we reweigh the evidence, 

which we will not do. Flint, 750 N.E.2d at 341.

CONCLUSION

Having concluded that the trial court acted within its discretion in admitting the 

evidence recovered from McGill’s residence, that McGill has failed to demonstrate that the 

State committed prosecutorial misconduct, that the trial court acted within its discretion in 

denying McGill’s request to give surrebuttal during closing argument, that the trial court 

acted within its discretion in permitting the State to file the belated habitual offender 
38

allegation, and that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the trial court’s determination that 

McGill is a habitual offender, we affirm.

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

BAILEY, J., and MAY, J., concur.