Descriptive Statistics and Spatial Distributions of 

Geochemical Variables Associated with Manganese 

Oxide-Rich Phases in the Northern Pacific 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1863 

Descriptive Statistics and Spatial Distributions of 

Geochemical Variables Associated with Manganese 

Oxide-Rich Phases in the Northern Pacific 

By JOSEPH MOSES BOTBOL and GERALD I. EVENDEN 

Tables, ogives, scatter plots, and gray-scale maps portray 

frequency characteristics, correlations, and spatial 

distributions of northern Pacific manganese oxide-rich 

phase geochemical data 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1863 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes 

only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989 

For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, 

Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Botbol, Joseph Moses. 

Descriptive statistics and spatial distributions of geochemical variables associated with manganese oxide-rich phases in the northern Pacific. 

(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 1863) 

Bibliography: p. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:1863 

1. Manganese nodules-North Pacific Ocean. 2. Manganese ores-North 

Pacific Ocean. I. Evenden, Gerald Jan. II. Title. Ill. Series. 

QE75.B9 no. 1863 557.3 s 88-600293 

[QE390.2.M35] [553.4'629'091644] 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Acknowledgments 1 

Raw Data 2 

Frequency Statistics 2 

Enrichment Transforms 2 

Small Samples 2 

Correlation Between Variables 2 

Spatial Distribution 3 

Frequency Distribution Characteristics 3 

Cobalt 5 

Nickel 11 

Manganese 17 

Iron 23 

Copper 29 

Zinc 35 

Lead 41 

Aluminum 47 

Silicon 53 

Depth 59 

Conclusions 62 

Future Work 62 

References 62 

OVERLAY 

Subregion boundaries and continental and 200-mile limits in pocket 

FIGURES 

1. Ogives of Co concentration in northern Pacific subregions 7 

2. Scatter plots of Co content versus content of Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 8 

3. Scatter plots of Co enrichment versus enrichment of Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 9 

4. Sample locations, distribution of Co content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 10 

5. Ogives of Ni concentration in northern Pacific subregions 13 

6. Scatter plots of Ni content versus content of Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 14 

7. Scatter plots of Ni enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 15 

8. Sample locations, distribution of Ni content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 16 

9. Ogives of Mn concentration in northern Pacific subregions 19 

Contents Ill 
IV Contents 

10. Scatter plots of Mn content versus content of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 20 

11. Scatter plots of Mn enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 21 

12. Sample locations, distribution of Mn content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 22 

13. Ogives of Fe concentration in northern Pacific subregions 25 

14. Scatter plots of Fe content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 26 

15. Scatter plots of Fe enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 27 

16. Sample locations, distribution of Fe content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 28 

17. Ogives of Cu concentration in northern Pacific subregions 31 

18. Scatter plots of Cu content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 32 

19. Scatter plots of Cu enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, AI, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 33 

20. Sample locations, distribution of Cu content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 34 

21. Ogives of Zn concentration in northern Pacific subregions 37 

22. Scatter plots of Zn content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, AI, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 38 

23. Scatter plots of Zn enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, AI, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 39 

24. Sample locations, distribution of Zn content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 40 

25. Ogives of Pb concentration in northern Pacific subregions 43 

26. Scatter plots of Pb content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, AI, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 44 

27. Scatter plots of Pb enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, AI, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 45 

28. Sample locations, distribution of Pb content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 46 

29. Ogives of AI concentration in northern Pacific subregions 49 

30. Scatter plots of AI content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Si, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 50 

31. Scatter plots of AI enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, 

Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 51 

32. Sample locations, distribution of AI content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 52 

33. Ogives of Si concentration in northern Pacific subregions 55 

34. Scatter plots of Si content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, and 

depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 56 

35. Scatter plots of Si enrichment versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, 

AI, and depth in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 57 

36. Sample locations, distribution of Si content, and enrichment in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of the northern Pacific study area 58 

37. Scatter plots of depth versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, and Si 

in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 60 

38. Scatter plots of depth versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, and 

Si in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases 61 
TABLES 

1. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Co concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 6 

2. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Co concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 6 

3. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Ni concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 12 

4. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Ni concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 12 

5. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Mn concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 18 

6. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Mn concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 18 

7. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Fe concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 24 

8. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Fe concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 24 

9. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Cu concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 30 

10. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Cu concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 30 

11. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Zn concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 36 

12. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Zn concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 36 

13. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Pb concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 42 

14. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Pb concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 42 

15. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Al concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 48 

16. Descriptive statistics for the distributions Al concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 48 

17. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Si concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 54 

18. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Si concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 54 

Contents V 

Descriptive Statistics and Spatial Distributions of 

Geochemical Variables Associated with Manganese 

Oxide-Rich Phases in the Northern Pacific 

By joseph Moses Botbol and Gerald I. Evenden 

Abstract 

Tables, graphs, and maps are used to portray the 

frequency characteristics and spatial distribution of manganese oxide-rich phase geochemical data, to characterize 

the northern Pacific in terms of publicly available nodule 

geochemical data, and to develop data portrayal methods 

that will facilitate data analysis. Source data are a subset of 

the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data 

Bank. The study area is bounded by oo N., 40° N., 120° E., 

and 100° W. and is arbitrarily subdivided into 14 20° by 20° 

geographic subregions. 

Frequency distributions of trace metals characterized in the original raw data are graphed as ogives, and 

salient parameters are tabulated. All variables are transformed to enrichment values relative to median concentration within their host subregions. Scatter plots of all 

pairs of original variables and their enrichment transforms 

are provided as an aid to the interpretation of correlations 

between variables. Gridded spatial distributions of all 

variables are portrayed as gray-scale maps. 

The use of tables and graphs to portray frequency 

statistics and gray-scale maps to portray spatial distributions is an effective way to prepare for and facilitate 

multivariate data analysis. 

INTRODUCTION 

Future exploitation potential of reserves of strategic 

minerals in manganese oxide-rich phase ocean crusts and 

(or) nodules, hereinafter referred to as crusts and nodules, 

has long been a subject of national and corporate interest 

(McKelvey, 1986; Johnson and others, 1985). In past years, 

numerous scientific and economic studies have been conducted. Consequently, data have been accumulated that 

have contributed significantly to the definition and description of the nature of crusts, nodules, and their environments. These data are available in a form that supports 

detailed studies dealing with geological attributes of marine 

Manuscript approved for publication, July 1, 1988. 

mineral deposits (Frazer and Fisk, 1980; De Young and 

others, 1984; Commeau and others, 1984). 

This report is the first part of a two-part study on 

modeling of marine manganese oxide-rich phase mineral 

deposits. Herein are presented tabular and graphical statistical summaries and maps of the spatial distributions of 

chemical components in oceanic manganese nodules. The 

two principal purposes of this report are ( 1) to assemble 

publicly available geochemical data and generate descriptive statistics and data transformation methods that can be 

used to characterize the manganese oxide-rich phase mineral deposits of the northern Pacific and (2) to present data 

portrayal methods that will facilitate multivariate data 

analysis. 

In 1985, at the inception of this project, the most 

widely known, comprehensive, and commonly available 

data base dealing specifically with manganese oxide-rich 

phase data was the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's 

(SIO) Sediment Data Bank (Frazer and Fisk, 1980) that 

deals with nodule geochemistry. Because of its consistent 

and well-organized nature, this data base was selected as an 

ideal basis for timely development of statistical data analysis and portrayal methods. 

All data subsets were retrieved by using the Geologic 

Retrieval and Synopsis Program (GRASP) (Bowen and 

Botbol, 1975) on a UNIX-based microcomputer system 

(UNIX is a trade mark of Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, 

N.J.). Statistical summaries were derived from procedures 

that were incorporated into GRASP and from computer 

programs that were written specifically for this application. 

Cartography and statistical graphics were produced entirely 

by the MAPGEN and PLOTGEN computer graphics systems (Evenden, 1988). 

Acknowledgments 

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of 

Frank Manheim for contributions to data interpretation, 

Candice Lane-Bostwick for assistance with the data base, 

Introduction 
Janet Fredericks for assistance in computer programming, 

and Allen Clark and Richard B. McCammon for their 

review of this manuscript. 

RAW DATA 

A northern Pacific Ocean subset of the SIO Sediment 

Data Bank was used for this study. Many of these data are 

the same as described by McKelvey and others (1983). The 

study area is bounded by 0° N. , 40° N. , 120° E. , and 100° 

W. For this study, the area was arbitrarily subdivided into 

14 20° by 20° geographic subregions. Each record in the 

SIO Sediment Data Bank contains the information that 

describes one ocean bottom sample; the retrieved subset that 

is used in this report makes use of the following variables: 

water depth above sample, geographic coordinates, and 

contents (in weight percent) of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, 

Al, and Si. The reader should note that many of the 

variables are not present in all samples. 

The fact that the SIO Sediment Data Bank is a 

relational data base of marine manganese nodule attributes 

implies that each record of the data base represents the 

chemical composition of a single marine manganese nodule. There are, however, many records in the data base 

whose chemical composition, location, and depth of occurrence suggest, according to recently developed criteria, that 

the records are more apt to be crusts than nodules. Inasmuch 

as the SIO Sediment Data Bank data subset that is used in 

this study was originally encoded without distinguishing 

between crust and nodule, no such distinction can be made 

in this study. Therefore, each unit record is considered only 

as a sample rich in manganese oxide phases. 

Two aspects of the SIO Sediment Data Bank that 

should be noted are ( 1) the absence of sample quality 

control data and (2) the probable sampling of mixed 

populations. In general, data originally collected primarily 

for one purpose may often be unsuitable for another 

purpose, particularly with respect to sample design. The 

spacing and number of samples collected are critical in 

establishing quantifiable relations among the variables of 

interest. Also, evidence of mixed populations is shown in 

both the frequency distributions and in the scatter plots; the 

strongest evidence is depth of sample shown in the scatter 

plots of the depth versus variables (see figs. 37, 38). For the 

purposes of this study, neither lack of sample quality 

control data nor presence of mixed populations invalidates 

the informational content of the data. 

FREQUENCY STATISTICS 

Raw data frequency statistics are presented here in the 

form of tabular frequency distributions, ogives (cumulative 

frequency distributions), and scatter plots of element pairs. 

Tabular frequency distribution characteristics and 

ogives show the frequency behavior of the variables in all of 

the subregions, and their comparison yields insight into 

differences in the geochemical landscape. Most importantly, one glimpse of the tables and graphics provides 

summary information necessary to describe the population(s) thereby enhancing the analyst's ability to recognize 

immediately differences in the data and, consequently, in 

the relevant geology. The descriptive statistics consist of the 

following: number of samples, mean, median, variance, 

standard deviation, minimum data value, maximum data 

value, and data range. For the tabular cumulative frequency 

distribution of all subregions considered collectively, 

Sturges' rule (from Huntsberger, 1963, p. 10) was used to 

determine the number of classes. 

Scatter plots facilitate visual assessment of correlation between all pairs of variables in all subregions considered collectively, particularly in context with outliers and 

(or) data extrema. 

Enrichment Transforms 

The raw data are viewed first in a geochemical 

landscape of the entire study area, and subregional 

geochemical trends are then portrayed as geochemical 

enrichments. Geochemical enrichment of an element is 

most often measured by the simple ratio of its concentration 

to some chosen criterion such as crustal abundance. Such a 

ratio is always a positive number. 

For the enrichment computation in this study, 1 is 

subtracted from the ratio of each datum to the ungrouped 

median for that variable in its host subregion. This subtraction results in an enrichment metric that is negative if the 

sample is impoverished and positive if the sample is 

enriched in a given element. Elemental content equal to that 

of the criterion has an enrichment of zero. Medians were 

selected rather than means because the median is less 

subject to perturbations by data extrema. 

Small Samples 

Many of the variables have low sample density in 

some subregions, and, in general, one should interpret these 

data with caution. Of major concern in the cartographic 

portrayal of small sample populations is the difficulty in 

establishing an area-of-influence to be used in the determination of reliable, quantitative interpolated data values. 

Correlation Between Variables 

Traditional product-moment linear correlation coefficients are not presented in this report because the distributions of the data values are not sufficiently well defined and 

2 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
both nonlinear correlations and outliers seriously affect the 

correlation coefficient. For example, consider the zinc 

versus manganese scatter plot in figure 22 in which the 

outliers have been removed and the bivariate correlation is 

depicted as a high-density curvilinear dot pattern. The linear 

correlation coefficient for this pair of variables as shown is 

0. 65. However, the linear correlation coefficient for the 

entire zinc population, including the three outliers that were 

dropped from the distribution, is 0.11, a very dramatic 

reduction attributable to the 3 highest of almost 700 

observations. 

Therefore, rather than forcing the interpretations of 

the bivariate distributions to fit the constraints of a linear 

model, an arbitrary, ordinal, threefold classification of the 

scatter plot patterns is used. A visual estimate of the density 

and alignment of the points in the plot classifies correlations 

implicit in the scatter plot patterns as strong, moderate, or 

weak. 

Spatial Distribution 

To portray the spatial distributions of the data, a 28 

by 77 grid was fit to the entire study area, and both raw data 

and enrichments were interpolated by using a 5-grid-unit 

search radius. The sizes of the grid mesh and search radius 

were selected on the basis of maximum areal coverage and 

minimum noise and smoothing. The interpolation weighting 

function used was a function of the inverse squared distance. Gray levels for each variable approximately correspond to the deciles of raw data frequency distribution. 

A transparency in the pocket of this report shows 

continental and subregion boundaries and 200-mile limits 

within the study area. The transparency is to be used as a 

direct overlay on the gray-level and sample location maps. 

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 

CHARACTERISTICS 

This section of the report discusses the frequency 

characteristics and spatial distribution of each variable and 

its enrichment transform in both sample space and variable 

space. The following are provided for each variable: 

1. A table showing the cumulative frequency distribution 

and its salient parameters for all samples in the entire 

northern Pacific study area; 

2. A table showing the salient frequency parameters in 

each subregion; 

3. Graphs of ogives for each subregion and all subregions considered collectively; 

4. Scatter plots of the raw data values for each variable 

versus raw data for all other variables; 

5. Scatter plots of enrichment transforms for each variable versus enrichments of all other variables; and 

6. Spot maps showing original sample locations and 

gray-scale maps of gridded spatial distributions of 

both raw and enrichment transformed data. 

The data will be discussed one variable at a time. 

Discussion of the attributes of each variable will be in the 

following order: 

1. Nature and occurrence of the data extrema as presented in the tables; 

2. Salient features in the figure of ogives; 

3. Salient features of raw data and enrichment scatter 

plots; and 

4. Spatial distribution of data and enrichments as presented on the maps. 

Each of the discussions is immediately followed by the 

relevant tables, graphs, and maps. 

Frequency Distribution Characteristics 3 

Cobalt 

Cobalt concentration ranges from 0.01 percent in 

subregions 00, 04, 05, 06, 07, and 12 to 1.64 percent in 

subregion 03 (compare tables 1 and 2). Except for subregion 11, the aggregate of ogives in figure 1 shows a narrow 

range of Co contents up to approximately the 80th percentile, at which point the concentration range increases 

dramatically. The ogive for subregion 11 more closely 

approximates a parabola than an S-shaped curve, and 

because of its high range of cobalt concentrations and low 

sample density (N = 22), it is a viable candidate for further 

investigation. 

In figure 2, cobalt shows a moderate positive correlation with both lead and iron. No correlation is apparent 

between cobalt and any of the other variables. This is also 

true of the enrichments (see fig. 3). 

As shown in figure 4, high cobalt concentrations form 

an east-trending zone in the center of the study area at about 

20° N. latitude. One lobe of this zone trends southward into 

subregions 9 and 10, and another lobe trends southward into 

subregion 11. Lowest cobalt concentrations occupy the 

northeast comer of subregion 05, almost all of subregion 

07, and small areas of subregions 00, 01, 02, 03, and 12. 

Cobalt enrichment is distributed similarly to the raw 

data except that the zones of highest positive enrichment are 

less continuous and the zones of moderately positive enrichment are broader than the distribution of raw-data values in 

those zones. 

Cobalt 5 
Table 1. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Co concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Class Count % Cumulative % 

• 0.01-

275 23.56 23.56 Numbei of nonblank observations = 1,167 0.16-

604 51.76 7532 

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule)= 11 0.31-

Class size = 0.14 182 15.60 90.92 

0.45-

45 3.86 94.77 

Mean= 0.26 0.60-

Median (ungrouped data) = 0.22 20 1.71 96.49 

Variance = 0.03 0.75-

19 1.63 98.11 Standard deviation = 0.18 0.90-

13 1.11 99.23 

Minimum value = 0.01 1.05-

Maximum value = 1.64 3 0.26 99.49 

1.20- Range= 1.63 2 0.17 99.66 

1.34-

2 0.17 99.83 

1.49-

2 0.17 100.00 

1.64-

Table 2. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Co concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 05 06 

Number of samples 8 33 40 50 52 39 89 

Mean 0.17 0.30 0.38 0.37 034 0.21 0.17 

Median (ungrouped) 0.21 0.22 031 0.25 0.28 0.17 0.13 

Variance 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.02 

Standard deviation 0.10 0.19 0.23 0.33 0.26 0.16 0.15 

Minimum value 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 

Maximum value 036 0.78 1.04 1.64 1.17 0.90 1.00 

Range 0.35 0.73 1.00 1.57 1.16 0.89 0.99 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 en 

Number of samples 26 20 22 219 367 139 63 

Mean 0.24 0.27 0.52 0.31 0.22 0.25 0.15 

Median (ungrouped) 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.13 

Variance 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.02 

Standard deviation 0.13 0.13 039 0.20 0.08 0.09 0.16 

Minimum value 0.03 0.01 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.01 

Maximum value 0.54 0.51 1.50 1.34 0.58 0.70 1.10 

Range 0.51 0.50 1.41 1.31 0.55 0.65 1.09 

6 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
1"'1 

c 

0 

:e 

0 

Aggregate of Co Ogives 

0.8 

c 

.Q 0.6 

t 

0 

a. 

~ 0.4J_CJ~ ....... 

0.2 

ov- I I I I I 

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Weight percent Co 

SROO 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

SR01 

e- 0.5 0 

0 

0 

0 a.. 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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Weight percent Co 

0 

SR12 

Ogive of Co for all subregions 

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§ 0.6 

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1.6 

~ Figure 1. Ogives of Co concentration in northern Pacific subregions. 

'I 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Co content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SROQ-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0°N., 40°N., 120°E., and 100°W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Co ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Co content for all subregions is a pooled, sorted plot of Co 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

p = proportion of population S corresponding Co content, 

i =integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 
I I I I 50 I I I I. 40 ~ 1.5 -. - """ . . • '!- • ~ ,: 

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- .:. ~ ~:. !I) . ·:; .. . .. :: . :. Q) 1 - Q) 

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0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.8 1.2 

Cobalt(%) Cobalt(%) 

I I I 

1.5 0.3 r-

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~ 

4l 

a. 

a. 

0 

u 

0.5 

.... ~ . :.· '-"" ....... ~ 0.2 r-·;1: ~·· : . . c .t-1,; 

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0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.8 1.2 

Cobalt(%) Cobalt(%) 

I I I I I I I 

7r-. - 25 ~ 

- 20-

5 r- .. - ~ ......., ' 

. ·. 

f' • : • I 

-

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0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.8 1.2 

Cobalt(%) Cobalt(%) 

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-

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Cobalt(%) 

0.4 0.8 1.2 

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1.6 

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1.6 

Figure 2. Scatter plots of Co content versus content of Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

8 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Q) 

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E-Cobalt 

5 6 

5 6 

I I 

-

-

-

-

-

I I 

5 6 

0 

c 

N 

I 

w 

c 

0 

.~ 

u; 

I 

w 

1.5 

-0.5 

-1 • -1 0 2 3 4 

E-Cobolt 

• I I I I I I I 

2 r- .=- .. 

·.· 

: .. 1 r- ;."... 

··:;.~::· ·. . .. ~ .. ···. .•. ·~ ...... 0 r- ..... • .. • I.. • ·•· .. (I-.: • • • • !-'....... . ~ : ...... :- . . -1 ~· • 

0

1 • I• I I I 

-1 0 2 3 4 

E-Cobolt 

2 

1.5 

... 

•• 0 

• •.::: 0 0 • 

0.5 :·:~ 0~0 ,.. 

-~~0. :· 

0 I~ I •• :" l'!~·. ·:."~;,.,.J,. • • 0 

. ·.: :" ....... -0.5 

: 

-1 

-1 0 2 3 4 

E-Cobolt 

I 

5 

5 

I 

6 

6 

-

-

-

c 

0 0.5 ~ 

I 

w 0 

-0.5 

"0 

0 

Q) 

--' 

I 

w 

,...... 

tJ) 

~ 

Q) 

..... 

Q) 

E 

..Q 

..._ 

~ 

..c 

..... 

a. 

Q) 

0 

5 

4 

3 

2 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

0 

0 

0 

2 3 4 

E-Cobolt 

2 3 4 

E-Cobolt 

2 3 4 

E-Cobalt 

5 6 

5 6 

5 6 

Figure 3. Scatter plots of Co enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Cobalt 9 
A 

B 

c 

,. ~ . 

·. 

. 

. 

.. 

. ... 

I 

.. 

. .. .. 

. . . .... 

. . 

. -. 

>0 

> -1 

' 

.. . . 

I 

. .. 

>0.11 

.. 

. 

.. ... 

"· ·. 

>0.14 

" .. 

. .. 

. .. .t. 

I •• 

.. 

.. 

. . 

. 

.. . · ..... ' ·. . . . . . ·. . ::;m.:·. r· = ,. • • :: • • ~k. • • 

. -~ ...... . .· ... I 

>0.18 >0.20 >0.22 

' 

, .. . . · .. . . . 

· . .· . :··r: 

:.-.. --~ 

. . · . . . . . .... . ~·. , , .. :·.; .. :-·./. ···: :·.· .. ··"- .. , . . . . . · .. . '"!~...:t"ti!~i . . • . • . :&:~·· ~-· . c •.• . .'r 

. ·. . . ·. .: . I 

>0.25 >0.29 >0.34 >0.44 

> ..0.70 > ..050 > ..0.40 > ..030 > ..0.20 > ..0.10 > 0.00 >0.20 >0.90 

-

. . 

.. .. 

Figure 4. A, Sample locations. 8, Distribution of Co content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases of 

the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

10 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Nickel 

Nickel concentration ranges from 0. 01 percent in 

subregion 04 to 1. 95 percent in subregion 08 (compare 

tables 3 and 4). The aggregate of ogives in figure 5 shows 

a partition in the pattern of ogives; subregions 06, 07, 08, 

and 09 have much higher nickel values than those of the rest 

of the subregions. This partition of high nickel value is also 

shown in the spatial distribution of nickel concentration as 

shown in figure 8. 

In the scatter plots (compare figs. 6 and 7), nickel 

shows a strong correlation with manganese, copper, and 

zinc. Although somewhat less well defined, this is also true 

for the enrichments of these variables. Nickel and nickel 

enrichment also show a strong negative correlation with 

iron. Nickel enrichment shows a very weak negative correlation with lead enrichment. 

In figure 8, high nickel concentrations are found in 

the southeast comer of the study area in subregions 05, 06, 

07, 08, and 09. None of the other subregions has nickel 

concentration above the overall median of 0. 92 percent. 

The high values in 07, 08, and 09 correspond to the trace of 

the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. 

The spatial distribution of high nickel enrichment 

forms a broad elliptical halo around a low enrichment 

nucleus that is roughly coincident with the east-west boundaries between subregions 03 and 10, and 04 and 09. The 

positive nickel enrichment area defined by subregions 05, 

06, 07, 08, and 09 ranges from slightly enriched to slightly 

impoverished. 

Nickel 11 
Table 3. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Ni concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Oass Count % Cumulative % 

0.01-

Number of nonblank observations= 1,228 47 3.83 3.83 

0.19-

120 9.77 13.60 

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule) = 11 0.36-

Class size = 0.17 169 13.76 27.36 

0.54-

149 12.13 39.50 

Mean= 0.87 0.72-

Median (ungrouped data) = 0.92 111 9.04 48.53 

Variance = 0.17 0.89-

140 11.40 59.93 Standard deviation = 0.42 1.07-

198 16.12 76.06 

Minimum value = 0.01 1.24-

Maximum value = 1.95 187 15.23 91.29 

1.42- Range= 1.94 89 7.25 98.53 

1.60-

15 1.22 99.76 

1.77-

3 0.24 100.00 

1.95-

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Ni concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 05 06 

Number of samples 8 33 40 50 56 40 127 

Mean 0.33 0.38 0.49 0.52 0.46 0.62 0.94 

Median (ungrouped) 0.34 0.33 0.46 0.48 0.44 0.52 1.09 

Variance 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.11 0.13 

Standard deviation 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.24 0.26 0.33 0.36 

Minimwn value 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.01 0.03 0.05 

Maxirnwn value 0.64 1.16 0.97 1.15 1.36 1.45 1.69 

Range 0.61 1.09 0.88 1.05 1.35 1.42 1.64 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 00 

Number of samples 28 20 22 219 370 148 67 

Mean 0.36 0.36 0.61 0.68 1.12 1.22 0.89 

Median (ungrouped) 0.28 0.31 0.55 0.60 1.19 1.27 1.00 

Variance 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.21 

Standard deviation 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.31 0.31 0.27 0.46 

Minimwn value 0.03 0.03 0.28 0.08 0.15 0.11 0.04 

Maximmn value 1.30 1.17 1.17 1.54 1.74 1.95 1.89 

Range 1.27 1.14 0.89 1.46 1.59 1.84 1.85 

12 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
z 

;::;-

=-:-

Aggregate of Ogives 

0 0 

0.8 

c 

0 0.6 :..=; 

~ 

0 

0... 

e o.4 

a.. 

0.2 

0 0.5 1 1.5 

Weight percent Ni 

I 

f 

I I o I 

eo 

0 -eo 

0 

0 

0 

0 

p I§ 

SR 01 

•• 0 

0 

c ~ .B 

0 

0 

0 0 rP 0 ·- 0 0 t:: 8 0 

0 0 0 

g- o.5 1 0 

0 

L.. 0 0 

a. i 0 

0 0 0 § 0 

0 0 

0 SR 13 0 

0 SR12 

oPo I I I 

0.5 1 1.5 

Weight percent Ni 

Ogive of Ni for all subregions 

0.8 

c 

0 0.6 :..=; 

~ 

0 

0... 

e o.4 

a.. 

0.2 

0 

0.5 1 1.5 

Weight percent Ni 

f I-'d 

I 

f 

0~ SR 02 

8 0 0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 SR 11 0 

!!. Figure 5. Ogives of Ni concentration in northern Pacific subregions . 

..... 

w 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Ni content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SROO-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0° N ., 40° N ., 120° E., and 100° W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Ni ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Ni content for all subregions is a pooled, sorted plot of Ni 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

p = proportion of population S corresponding Ni content, 

i = integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

rsP• 

eg 

.. /.l 

SR 06 

I SR07 
.......... 

t-e 

'-"' 

-0 

.c 

0 

u 

1.6 

1.2 

0.8 

0.5 , 1.5 

0.5 

I 

7-

6 -· • 

5-

:- . 

Nickel(%) 

, 

Nickel(%) 

I 

.. 

1.5 

I 

I • • • 

::: ::·: \/;: .: .:(.'i_ ... J.'•"; 

l-: ··.v" • •·. ~ .-J."' ~~-~·;·. · ~ ··.:.·: ·' ••• .·.-.. "'·· ......... . ·. ... ·:.-. . . ... -... ~-, . . .• I 

11- • :~·.:,.. =· , .. f •• ~ 1

il I 

0.5 1 1.5 

Nickel(%) 

-

-

-

-

.. -

-

-

50 

40 .......... I, 

&-e 

'-"' 

Q) 

(/) 

Q) 

c 

0 

0'1 20 c 

0 

~ 

0.5 1 1.5 

Nickel(%) 

I I I 

0 . .31-

... 

0 0.21- c 

.• i.· .• ·.: . ... I I IJI'-' .~ I 

N . . : ~71r;..J· .· 

.......... 

&-e 

'-"' 

c 

0 

. ~ 

Vi 

o oo I ·~~,,.~~ o 

• ·~~ !II. 

. . . : .. :·. ~ :.S,.,l: :;! 

0.1 1- • •• ·:.·~ ~· .. ····r;cf!~·· .. .,,,'.Jlli&.~~· .. · ·.: .. ~:···. ~:•? • •I • • 1

1 

• • '1 

0.5 1 1.5 

Nickel(%) 

I I I 

25 I15 I-

... .. 10 I- • .:. •• • ••• • ' ,.· • I •• ,•.:•': • • 

! ··:· •• • .\ == .: ,\· .... 

··t ... : ·.: .~. ~t."~~·'\,1·.·. s~· ... ·.~... . ... , ... ·. 

.. -... ~ .. r::.: ·~ ····~ 

0.5 1 1.5 

Nickel(%) 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

40 

.35 

.30 

.......... 25 &-e 

'-"' 

c 

0 

..= 

0.5 1 1.5 

Nickel(%) 

I I I 

0 . .3 I-

.......... 

&-e 

'-"' 

'0 0.2 1-

0 

Q) 

_j 

. . ..... . ......... . ....... .. ·- .. . . . ..... . . . . ···- .. . ..... 0.1 f; =~· :: :·:- : ::·-,.;. ... ··- ··--· -.... . ··- .. -.-...... . . .. . -- --·· ·--.... . . ..... ·-· ---·-·-. 

-

-

-

• •, -: • : L!~ • :' •• • __~-::.:-:;;;;.~_:•. • • • 

0.5 1 1.5 

Nickel(%) 

.......... (I) 

L.. 

Q) 

...... 

Q) 

E 

.2 

~ 

'-"' 

.c. 

...... 

Q. 

Q) 

a 

0 •• 0.5 1 1.5 

Nickel(%) 

Figure 6. Scatter plots of Ni content versus content of Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

14 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
~ 

0 

..0 

0 

u 

I 

w 

~ 

Q) 

a. 

a. 

0 

u 

I 

w 

6 

5 

4 

.3 

0 

2 

0 

0 1 

E-Nickel 

....... 

I 

0 1 

E-Nickel 

2 3 

2~------~----T~----~~----~ 

E 

::I 

c 

1.5 ~ 

1 -· .·. ... , . .E o.5 f-... ~=~ c. 

~ 'z'=', .:··.::;~:::':·: ••• 

I Of-':.:·,·~-": • w •• ~. 

.... •· .. A·~.:· 

-0.5 f-. • ·~ •• ~.:: • ..... 

-

-

-

-

-

• .• ·• I; 

-1~----~~-·---~~----~~----~ -1 0 1 2 

E-Nickel 

Q) 

(/) 

Q) 

c 

0 

0' 

c 

0 

~ 

I 

w 

0 

c 

N 

I 

w 

1.5 

~ ... 0.5 

0 

1 

E-Nickel 

I • I 

21-

1 1- ·~_,·.... ·-: . . . . . . . '._ 

o-.. ·#~f· . ,.: . .. .. ~.. . . .·:-~. ·.;~. . . 

I 

-

-

-

•/' • •' I• • I I 

-1~----~------~----~----~ -1 0 , 2 3 

[-Nickel 

2~----,~-.,,r----~~-----r-~----~ 

1.5 f- - .. 

c 1 =-· .. 0 .... .;. •. , 

.2 . .:,; :·.. . (i) 0.5 -· ••• :.~.,: ~ ' 

.1, ; •• ,. :· 0- • • ••• • • .. l':yo, .... . .· 

-0.5 !_'. • • :, • ·.,. 

. . 

-

-

-

-

-1~----~~-----~~----~~----~ -1 0 , 2 

E-Nickel 

1.5 

c e o.5 

T 

w 

"'0 

0 

~ 

I 

w 

I 

5f41-

31-, . . 

. ··. 

2 r- :,: ...... I .• •• 

1 

E-Nickel 

I 

1 ~: :_ • ·:.-.:. I 

·.~ ... ;.::_.t: .... '•, ,._~,~·I • 

I 

o 1-· • -:.:sEe:;i . . ~ :·r;_(.·. "!f#M"~;d: ~ -1 ~:·· .... ~~..-- ,., "7t'' •• • I" 

-1 0 1 2 

6 

5 

3 

2 

0 

E-Nickel 

1 

E-Nickel 

2 

-

-

-

-

-

-

3 

3 

Figure 7. Scatter plots of Ni enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Nickel 15 
.. .. 

.. ··. 

- ~ f . . ·. 

I 

A 

B 

>0 

c > -1 

. .. .• .. ··. ... 

·. 

>0.30 >0.45 

" .. 

.. .f 

... 

.. 

.. 

.. .. .· ..... ' ·. . . . . . ·. 

. · . . =;~:· r· = ,· •• • • ,a.. • • . -~ .. -· ... 

L" 

.. 

>0.57 >0.74 >0.93 

> -0.50 > -0.20 > -0.10 > 0.00 >0.10 

· . .. .. . . . . · .

· . ' 

.· . :··r: 

:.- . ·~ 

. ·. . . . ·. .~. . · . :· .:.· :-· ·/ ••• •· •• • • r; .• ! ,_·-· 

-

. . ' .. •'"- .. , . . . . . . .. .... ~ ••• .r:-i •• .. • • •• . . . . .,,. 4.. • . .. . .

\, .. 

.. ... . . . . . . ( 

. ·. . . ·. .: . I I 

>1.07 > 1.18 > 1.29 > 1.41 

>0.20 >030 >0.40 >0.70 

Figure 8. A, Sample locations. B, Distribution of Ni content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases of 

the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

16 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Manganese 

Manganese concentration ranges from 0. 07 percent in 

subregion 13 to 50.29 percent in subregion 11 (compare 

tables 5 and 6). The aggregate of ogives in figure 9 shows 

the vestige of two clusters of ogives: a cluster of higher 

grade distributions from subregions 06, 07, 08, and 09 and 

a rather narrow, lower grade band that falls within the 

remaining nine ogives. 

The scatter plots in figure 10 show that manganese 

has a very strong positive correlation with nickel and copper 

and a strong curvilinear correlation with zinc. These relations are somewhat subdued in the counterpart scatter plots 

of the enrichments (see fig. 11). Manganese has a moderate 

negative correlation with iron and is weakly negatively 

correlated with aluminum and silicon. These negative 

correlations appear to be slightly more well defined in the 

scatter plots of the enrichments. 

As shown in figure 12, manganese concentrations 

occur in two distinct areas; one area is defined by the 

subregions 06, 07, 08, and 09, and the other area is located 

almost entirely in subregion 11. The former group was also 

defined by the higher grade partition evident in the aggregate of ogives. 

Excepting the area of high manganese concentration 

in subregion 11 , distribution of manganese concentration is 

almost identical to that of nickel (see fig. 8). This also is 

true of the distribution of the manganese enrichments. 

Manganese 17 
Table 5. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Mn concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Oass Count % Cumulative % 

0.07-

Number of nonblank observations = 1,218 18 1.48 1.48 

4.64-

34 2.79 4.27 

Number of classes (by Stmges' Rule) = 11 9.20-

Class size= 4.56 74 6.08 10.34 

13.77-

227 18.64 28.98 

Mean= 21.56 18.34-

Median (ungrouped data) = 22.00 312 25.62 54.60 

Variance = 41.80 22.90-

347 28.49 83.09 Standard deviation = 6.46 27.47-

178 14.61 97.70 

Minimum value = 0.07 32.03-

Maximum value = 50.29 15 1.23 98.93 

36.60- Range = 50.23 10 0.82 99.75 

41.17-

2 0.16 99.92 

45.73-

1 0.08 100.00 

50.30-

Table 6. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Mn concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 OS 06 

Number of samples 8 33 40 so 57 40 127 

Mean 21.08 15.73 17.62 18.16 15.64 15.31 25.16 

Median (ungrouped) 18.17 16.54 19.01 18.41 16.00 15.33 26.20 

Variance 53.77 31.44 23.05 24.24 40.56 40.70 21.22 

Standard deviation 7.33 5.60 4.80 4.92 6.36 6.38 4.60 

Minimum value 14.65 1.90 2.20 6.73 0.17 0.60 11.70 

Maximum value 39.29 26.29 25.70 31.79 28.00 27.00 39.56 

Range 24.64 24.40 23.50 25.07 27.83 26.40 27.86 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 (J1 

Number of samples 28 20 22 219 365 144 65 

Mean 15.24 14.35 22.01 19.76 23.27 25.55 24.10 

Median (ungrouped) 15.20 15.00 18.74 18.85 23.95 26.40 25.79 

Variance 31.50 24.55 89.11 24.60 24.09 25.96 80.69 

Standard deviation 5.61 4.95 9.44 4.96 4.90 5.09 8.98 

Minimwn value 0.07 5.00 10.87 1.90 260 2.50 1.70 

Maximwn value 32.59 27.20 50.29 34.20 36.43 37.50 45.59 

Range 32.52 22.20 39.43 32.29 33.83 35.00 43.89 

18 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
~ I» 

::1 

~ ::1 

tl) 

~ 

.... 

<.C 

0.8 

§ 0.6 

:;::; 

!to... 

0 

0.. 

e o.4 

a.. 

0.2 

Aggregate of Mn Ogives 

0 

0 .... ,.-. rP I I I 1 

10 20 30 40 50 

Weight percent Mn 

• 

0 

a (' 0 

• Ia 0 

0 SROO l 0 SR 01 

'o 0 

0 0 

8 0 i 0.5f 

0 0 

0 0 

I 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 8 0 

8 0 

0 0 

' 0 

0 

0 0 

0 SR 13 0 

0 SR12 0 

0 

10 20 30 40 50 

Weight percent Mn 

Ogive of Mn for all subregions 1.---~----r---~=m------~ 

0.8 

§ 0.6 

t 

0 

0.. 

e o.4 

a.. 

0.2 

o--~~----~--~--~----~ 

10 20 30 40 50 

Weight percent Mn 

0 - o I I 

SR 02 

I I 0 0 0 

a 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

D 

0 

0 

0 SR 11 .f. J SR10 

Figure 9. Ogives of Mn concentration in northern Pacific subregions. 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Mn content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SROO-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0° N ., 40° N., 120° E., and 100° W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Mn ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Mn content for all subregions is a pooled. sorted plot of 

Mn content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

p = proportion of population ~ corresponding Mn content. 

i = integer rank of datum in population. and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

..I 

1.1 

SR09 

j' 

,J 

/ SR07 
-~ ........ 

..... 

0 

.c 

0 

u 

-~ ........ 

.... 

Q) 

a. 

Q. 

0 

u 

1.6 1- I I I I 

1.2-

: '• . ~· :. 

0.8 f- .... :-.. ·.= .. ~~~ .... . . , •..... : . 0.4 ~ •.. ~ . . . ·~ . • I :. II ...... • ~ A • ,..• ···"'~.,. : ~ .... : .. , .; • ·."I 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese(%) 

... 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese(%) 

.. 

.. . .. . .. . . -~,~-: ·: :- ... ~~·~:.,o:. ~ 

· .. ~~:~""' . ··~ ... '· . • II I'' • -·, •' 

.. · ... ·~·":'·:·.-.·. ... .. ' . . • I~·· • • • . ~ ...... .... 10 20 30 40 

Manganese(%) 

-1 

-

. -

-

50 

50 

50 

-~ ........ 

q; 

~ 

.~ 

z 

-~ ........ 

0 

c 

N 

1.5 

0.5 

25 r20 f-. 

c 15 f- 0 

.~ 

Vi 10~ 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese (%) 

· .. 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese(%) 

I I I 

·.;· '· ·· .. ..... ~ 

. ·~i.~: ···. ~ .. 'tf.~ . ·. --~;;: ;~:. . '. . .. 

I 

I "•I • ;. 1." ol 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese (%) 

50 

50 

-

-

-

-

-

50 

0.3~ 

-

~ ........ 

'U 0.21- 0 

~ 

-~ Q) 

-

Q) 

E 

~ 

~ ........ 

..c 

-

Q. 

Q) 

0 

0.1 ~ 

·. 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese(%) 

T I 

.. .. . . -.. . . ...... . -··-· .. - .. --· . .. ·--·-·· . ····- ··-·-· .. . ·-·--···· 

I 

... ·-········ . ... -·-·· ···----

I 

.,-.:..: •• •j• --~··- "J 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese (%) 

10 20 30 40 

Manganese (%) 

50 

-

-

-

50 

Figure 10. Scatter plots of Mn content versus content of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

20 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
.... 

Q,) 

a. 

a. 

0 

u 

I 

w 

2 

-0.5 0 0.5 1.5 

[-Manganese 

2~---,r----r-~---~~--~~--~ 

E 

:::::1 

c 

1.5 I-· 

1 I-' 

.E o.51- • :::::1 

< I 

w 01--

-0.51--

. , 

.. 

.. 

:~:... • • r • • 

.· ; ~ ·!·.,. • • •• t ;:£; ·t.. . ~-.:~ .. ~: .. '.· . : ~~ _..,~,·/ '· . : ... : : ... ~ .. . .; . . .. 

-

-

-

-

-

~ I :•: I I -1L----L----~--~--~~--~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.5 

E -Monqanese 

u 

c 

N 

I 

w 

c 

0 

I I I. I 

21- -

1 f- . ~··t..: .• ; 

·: . __ :rM.~ :,_:_.:·~--;·_ .. 01-

-

-

. : ..... ··-.. •• ;c , ••• •• 

-1~--~'----~'----··'----~'--~ -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 

[-Manganese 

2~---~~.----~~--~~r---~~~--~ 

1.5 f- -

1 f- -

.~ 

(i) 0.5 1- • 

·:· .. :i:···':~ . . :, . ·. . -."'·)·~··:. . - I 

w Of-

-0.5 f-

·.y,~··:.·; ...... . ~ ~v': : • "! , I • 

. \, ( ' ~ .. .• . . , .. 

-

-

-1~---~~---~~·---·~~~--~~~--~ -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.5 

E -Manqanese 

"0 

0 

(L) 

_J 

I 

w 

,...... 

(/) 

\.... 

Q) 

-

Q) 

E 

.2 

:i: 

~ 

..c 

-

Cl. 

Q,) 

Cl 

01-

'· ... I 

.. 

. ·- · .. . ·' 1:·. ·' . ... ·, ....... , 

I 

j ..... •.. ~-. ~~,¥~ . .: •• • 

.r.·~::,; "''· 

-

-

-

. -

-

-

:'' ,'', ::4~~ ~· ;,:;;• '• I -1LL--~---LU-~~~--~--~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.5 

E-Manganese 

7~--~,----~,----~,----~,--~ 

6~ ... .: ·..... ·-~ .... .. ~- . . . "''·' .. , ... 5 fo; .... 0 .::.i ::, : 1 

I 

1 

' ., ,•Ar. I • 

•••• , ... , 1"''" • • 41-- ':'. ':':"" "'. • 

3 ~... • .. :·,_:"!. ;_!,~·~"': :... .· 

• ,• I ··~: •• • I 

••• I '• 

21- • ,fn • I I I I ,.~ .. '11,,', . .. .... _ .. ,_., . 1 I- r ~ •._ o 

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

01 

a~--~~--~--~----~~~ ~ ' I I 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.5 

E-Manqanese 

Figure 11. Scatter plots of Mn enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Manganese 21 
.. .. 

... 

.... ; . . ... ·. 

I 

A 

B 

c 

. ... 

··. . .. .. .. .. . ··. ... 

'• ·. . . . 

• 

~ .. . . ... 

. 

.. 

. ... 

· .. . . .f . • 

.. .. .\ 

.· ..... ·. . . . . . ·. 

. . 

.. 

... =:~:· (: .... :· .~ .• ~=-: •.• • . . .· 

I 

:··· . . 

.· 

.. .. . . . . ·. 

. . . :··r: 

:.- . ·~ 

.· · . . ·. . .. ·. . ~-.. ! ,·.,: .·· .:.· :- ·/.· .. ·· .. ·: .. I •• •'"- ••\ • • • • • • • ... ~ ... 1':-i •• • • • • • . . . .,. "' . . .'• 

• • • • • • c . ·. . . ·. .: . I 

> 0 > 13.40 > 16.80 > 18.40 > 19.90 > 22.00 > 23.90 > 25.80 > 26.90 > 28.70 

>-1 > -0.30 > -0.20 > -0.10 > 0.00 >O.OS >0.10 >0.20 >0.25 >0.30 

-

. . 

-.· 

Figure 12. A, Sample locations. B, Distribution of Mn content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases 

of the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

22 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Iron 

Iron concentration values range from 0. 3 percent in 

subregion 07 to 41.9 percent in subregion 05 (compare 

tables 7 and 8). In figure 13, the aggregate of ogives, the 

frequency distributions of iron in subregions 08 and 09 are 

almost coincidental and constitute the distinct lower grade 

boundary of the aggregate pattern. 

The scatter plots in figures 14 and 15 show that iron 

has a strong negative correlation with nickel and copper and 

a moderate negative correlation with manganese and zinc. 

In the scatter plots of the enrichments, these correlations 

appear to be more subdued. Iron has a moderate positive 

correlation with cobalt and lead. This is also true for their 

enrichments. 

As is substantiated by the strong negative correlation 

of iron with nickel in the scatter plot, the spatial distribution 

of iron concentrations are almost exactly the opposite of 

those of nickel (compare figs. 8 and 16). Low-value iron 

content is concentrated in a well-defined area centered in 

subregion 08 and extending laterally into subregions 07 and 

09. The distribution of iron enrichments is also opposite to 

that of nickel. 

Iron 23 
Table 7. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Fe concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Class Count % Cumulative% 

0.30-

Number of nonblank observations = 1,211 38 3.14 3.14 

4.08-

444 36.66 39.80 

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule)= 11 7.86-

Class size = 3.78 355 29.31 69.12 

11.65-

221 18.25 87.37 

Mean= 9.90 15.43-

Median (ungrouped data)= 9.31 112 9.25 96.61 

Variance = 20.19 19.21-

32 2.64 99.26 Standard deviation = 4.49 22.99-

7 0.58 99.83 

Minimum value = 0.30 26.77-

Maximum value = 41.90 0 0.00 99.83 

30.55- Range = 41.60 1 0.08 99.92 

34.34-

0 0.00 99.92 

38.12-

1 0.08 100.00 

41.90-

Table 8. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Fe concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases of subregions in the northern Pacific area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 OS 06 

Number of samples 8 33 40 so 56 40 127 

Mean 15.02 13.72 13.36 12.78 14.21 11.23 10.67 

Median (ungrouped) 18.62 14.80 12.90 11.95 13.90 10.32 10.09 

Variance 72.99 15.42 6.00 8.92 27.14 35.09 12.43 

Standard deviation 8.54 3.92 2.45 2.98 5.21 5.92 3.52 

Minimum value 0.42 2.90 8.20 7.10 3.00 4.50 0.86 

Maximum value 24.20 20.00 19.77 20.20 31.00 41.90 22.10 

Range 23.78 17.10 11.57 13.11 28.00 37.40 21.24 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 (11 

Number of samples 28 20 22 219 364 140 64 

Mean 16.27 14.93 13.56 10.81 7.22 6.91 9.79 

Median (ungrouped) 17.36 14.92 14.47 11.02 6.35 6.64 9.10 

Variance 24.63 9.16 9.22 14.95 8.20 4.66 22.30 

Standard deviation 4.96 3.02 3.03 3.86 2.86 2.16 4.72 

Minimum value 2.97 9.87 6.89 2.37 1.78 0.50 0.30 

Maximum value 24.60 19.60 18.50 26.70 23.20 14.93 23.79 

Range 21.63 9.73 11.61 24.33 21.42 14.43 23.50 

24 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
c: 

0 

:;:; 

.... 

0 

0.8 

§ 0.6 :.;::; 

I... 

0 

0.. 

e o.4 

0.... 

0.2 

0 

Aggregate of Fe Ogives 

5 1 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Weight percent Fe 

0 

0 

• 

SROO SR 01 

e- 0.5 

a. 

0~ 5 1 0 , 5 20 25 30 35 40 

Weight percent Fe 

Ogive of Fe for all subregions 

11 I I I m 1:11 •• 

0.8 

§ 0.6 :.;::; 

I... 

0 

0.. 

e o.4 

0.... 

0.2 

0 .,....--1 I I I I I I I I 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 1 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Weight percent Fe 

§" Figure 13. Ogives of Fe concentration in northern Pacific subregions. 

= 

~ 

1.11 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Fe content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SROO-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0° N ., 40° N., 120° E., and 100° W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Fe ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Fe content for all subregions is a pooled, sorted plot of Fe 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

p = proportion of population S corresponding Fe content, 

i =integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

8 

SR05 SR06 

SR08 SR07 
-~ 

'-" 

-

0 

.D 

0 

(.) 

-~ 

'-" 

to.. 

II) 

a. 

a. 

0 

(.) 

1.6 

1.2 

0.8 

0.4 

, 

... ,_ . ,:~ .. . 

5 1 0 15 20 25 30 .:55 40 

Iron (%) 

.. ~ . . . •·. 

15 20 25 .:50 35 40 

Iron(%) 

. ·. : .:. \ . •; I~~::=.:\ ,• 

J &;?_~.:;. ·.· I~~: ... ,, I I 

2 •• .. • .. ·.-.·~· • , •• ....... 

·. -,.,. .... . ·.,· J.: • . . 5 1 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Iron (%) 

1.5 

O.J 

-

~ 

u 0.2 c 

N 

0.1 

25 

20 

5 1 0 15 20 25 30 .:55 40 

Iron(%) 

5 1 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Iron(%) 

5 1 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Iron(%) 

-~ 

'-" 

II) 

Ul 

II) 

c 

c 

0'1 

c 

c 

.::!! 

-~ Q) 

..... 

Q) 

E 

.2 

:it: 

'-" 

.c. 

....... 

a. 

Q) 

Cl 

0.1 

5 1 0 15 20 25 30 J5 40 

Iron(%} 

.... . .... . . . - ..... . . ··- .. --·· .... ... ···-·-··· --·. 

····--· 

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 

Iron(%} 

~ . ~-.. : ... . t··· ,. . : . ~ .. ,. I -I 

. .:.',: . .. ') . • • '- I •••• • ... :~:-.. f"' 

• • ... : I I 

-· ::.· ~- . .. . .. "' ··. . ••• I..... ,.... ~ 

·r:··~~ .. . . ., . . . 5 1 0 15 20 25 30 J5 40 

Iron(%} 

Figure 14. Scatter plots of Fe content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

26 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
I.-

II) 

a. 

a. 

0 

0 

I 

w 

E 

::J 

c .E 

::J 

<: 

I 

w 

2 

0 

2 

1.51-

1 I-. 

0.51-

0 1-' 

-0.5-

-1 

-1 

.. 

.·::. ·.· .. 

...... .. •'. :..: ' :. . ............ 

i',.; ... ·;·;,: . • r -r,.: ._ 

-0.5 0 0.5 

[-Iron 

I I I 

.· 

... ,.., 

. . . : ... : ~ 

. ·~~.:··; · .. : . . ······' ... · . '·f.''t/;" __ ,._ .. ~ ..•.... .. :~··r- .. \ ~-~' 

i ·.·=:.· 

:I •.'• •, .... 1 I I 

-0.5 0 0.5 

E-lron 

I I 

-

-

-

-

.. -

I I 

1 1.5 

u 

c 

N 

I 

w 

c 

0 

.~ 

iii 

I 

w 

21-

1 1-

01-

,I 

. 

.. 

... 

.. 

I 

. ·_;. :. : : 

I I 

,~a:=. . ·: ··~·. . .. • ·.-.=. .. . ., .•• • •• • .·:.. ..-~ •• Jo.:• : •• • 

• _. I• •. ·~=- • I • 

I 

-

-

-

j I • I • ', I I -11...----L----~---L----~--~~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.5 

[-Iron 

2 ,I I I I I 

1.5 I- -

11- -

.':t -:'·-. 

0.5 1- . . .. - I.: .. !'- :•: .::• I 

I ' ;;;,: ·~ • _, • 

01- ··.~.~~:~~--~ -

.--~'-1':."' · .. · ... :: .· .'. -0.5 r! - . . - -1 I •I •I I I 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 

E-lron 

"0 

0 

.3 

I 

w 

,........ 

Cll 

I.-

Cl) 

...... 

Cl) 

E 

.2 

:.i: 

'-" 

..c 

...... 

a. 

Cl) 

0 

7 

6 . ··~ 

-~· ... ...... -~ ··~ . . 5 .JI ~~ .... ':.: ... ~ . ... ..... \' ·' . .. · ~ ······. 

4 ... • ······~·."'.· • 1., •• , •••• ... ••• 4'4 •.4 . 3 ! . •. . .. -.; ... :. ·. ... 

. ... ...... .. · .._ .... . :.~ 2 . '~!·;.:~ ·.• 

.:·.1 :--: : -. . 0. 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.5 

E-lron 

Figure 15. Scatter plots of Fe enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Iron 27 
.. .. . . .. . .. .. . . 

. . .. . . . ·. 

A 

B 

>0 

c >-1 

~ .. . ... 

. .. .. .. . ··. ... .. · .

I 

>5.00 >6.00 

. .. 

. .. .f • • ... 

.. 

. . 

.\ 

.. .. . . . . . . ·. ' . . . . . . .: i :ii:i: ' (: ,. 

. . 

.. 

•• : .•• ~!-: ••• • . . .· L" 

>6.70 >7.90 >931 

> ~.30 > ..0.20 > ~.10 >~.OS > 0.00 

:· · . . . .. .. . . . . ·. . . .. ' 

.· . : ··r: :.-• • .. 1-

. . -.;.·. •• • • .. : • • • ••• •• • •• ·'=' •• ! ,_· .,: . .. . . /· . . . I •o •'"'- ••\ • • • • • • 

• .. ~ ... ;:-i •• • • • • • •• • • ••• 4 • 

• • • • • c . ·. . .. 'r 

· . 

.: . I I 

> 10.40 > 11.80 > 13.40 > 16.10 

>0.10 >0.20 >0.30 >0.50 

. . 

·.· 

Figure 16. A, Sample locations. B, Distribution of Fe content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases of 

the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

28 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Copper 

Copper concentration ranges from 0.01 percent in 

subregions 00, 04, and 06 to 1.9 percent in subregion 10 

(compare tables 9 and 10). In figure 17, the aggregate of 

ogives shows four distinct ogive patterns: (1) the similarity 

of the ogives for subregions 08 and 09, (2) the similarity of 

ogives for subregions 06 and 07, (3) the uniqueness of 

subregion 10, and (4) the clustering of the patterns for all 

other subregions. 

Scatter plots in figures 18 and 19 show that copper 

has a strong positive correlation with manganese, nickel, 

and zinc; a strong negative correlation with iron; and a weak 

negative correlation with lead. This is also true of the 

enrichments of these variables. 

In figure 20, most of the high copper content is 

localized in subregions 07, 08, and 09 in the vicinity of the 

trace of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. Subregion 10, however, appears quite distinct and, as illustrated in the map of 

enrichments, exhibits a high degree of increase in high 

copper content (above the 70th percentile). 

Areas of high enrichment occur in a halolike pattern 

around a nucleus of low enrichment near the intersection of 

subregions 03, 04, 09, and 10. The enrichment also shows 

a persistent moderate high in the areas included by subregions 07, 08, and 09. Subregions 10 and 11 constitute an 

isolated area of high enrichment. 

Copper 29 
Table 9. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Cu concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distributioo 

a ass Count % Cumulative % 

0.01-

Number of nonblank observations= 1,218 193 15.85 15.85 

0.18-

158 12.97 28.82 

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule) = 11 0.35-

Class size= 0.17 160 13.14 41.95 

0.53-

150 12.32 54.27 

Mean= 0.65 0.70-

Median (ungrouped data) = 0.64 159 13.05 67.32 

Variance = 0.16 0.87-

127 10.43 77.75 Standard deviation= 0.40 1.04-

145 11.90 89.66 

Minimum value = 0.01 1.21-

Maximum value = 1.90 80 6.57 96.22 

1.38- Range= 1.89 36 2.96 99.18 

1.56-

9 0.74 99.92 

1.73-

1 0.08 100.00 

1.90-

Table 10. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Cu concentration in Mn oxiderich phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 OS 06 

Number of samples 8 32 37 50 52 39 127 

Mean 0.17 0.14 0.23 0.30 0.27 0.40 0.55 

Median (ungrouped) 0.09 0.11 0.20 0.28 0.27 0.31 0.67 

Variance 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 

Standard deviation 0.16 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.27 

Minimum value 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.01 

Maximum value 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.70 1.10 1.03 1.04 

Range 0.49 0.46 0.51 0.67 1.09 0.93 1.03 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 (J7 

Number of samples 28 20 22 218 370 148 67 

Mean 0.22 0.23 0.30 0.56 0.91 0.99 0.67 

Median (ungrouped) 0.15 0.18 0.19 0.43 0.95 1.04 0.72 

Variance 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.13 

Standard deviation 0.19 0.17 0.22 0.40 0.32 0.29 036 

Minimum value 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 

Maximum value 0.98 0.80 0.82 1.90 1.66 1.60 1.50 

Range 0.96 0.75 0.73 1.88 1.62 1.55 1.46 

30 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Q 

"C 

"C 

IT> 

.. 

~ 

Aggregate of Cu Ogives 

0.8 

§ 0.6 

:.;:::; 

I... 

0.2 

I I o-- r- I ' 1,5 0.5 

Weight percent Cu 

0 l 0 

0 

0 

0 

SROO SR01 

0 

0 

c ~ • 

tl 0 o

0 

·- 0 t 8 0 8 g- 0.5 8 

0: 8 

! SR 12 I I I 

0.5 , 1.5 

Weight percent Cu 

Ogive of Cu for all subregions 

1~----~-----------=----~ 

0.8 

§ 0.6 

t 

0 

0... 

e o.4 

a.. 

0.2 

o~----~----------~----~ 0.5 1.5 

Weight percent Cu 

SR02 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

ii SR 11 

Figure 17. Ogives of Cu concentration in northern Pacific subregions. 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Cu content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SROO--SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0°N., 40°N., 120° E., and 100°W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Cu ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Cu content for all subregions is a pooled, sorted plot of Cu 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datwn is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

p = proportion of population S corresponding Cu content, 

i = integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

,I 

!" 

SR08 SR07 
-~ 

'--"' 

-0 

..c 

0 

u 

1.6 

40 

35 

30 

0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

~ 25 '--" 

g 20 

~ 

15 

0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

I I 

7~ 

6 ..... 

51- .. 4==· :..r. . •• ~ •• :. ~:· •• -c 

I ,."~~:: ~ :. '• I I I I • •' 3 ;; •.. :, ••• ••• =.::~ ~- :•:r· • ., : · -~ ..• ·.:. ~ -~ ):.~ . ·. . : 1' . 2 ~·. • • ,ot ... o"' ·" •• . . -.. 

I 

1 /.: • o': .. 0 

.l~ 00o I I'!. I 

0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

I • 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-~ 

'--"' 

Q) 

~ 

0 

z 

-~ 

'-"' 

0 

c 

N 

-~ 

'--"' 

c: 

0 

~ (i) 

·: •. 

1.5 

0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

0.3 

0.1 

0.5 1 

Copper(%) 

I I 

25-

20.! 

15.!, 

..___ .· ·:· ·. 1~. 0 0 

.. ~ ~ .... 1 0 t-"" ., "! •• ;. #' •• ~~· • • •• :·: •• 

~!', • 'I\ I • ~ o'•• • o 

':i. ':..•., ._:,. :~ := .. :.~·:._; -~. 5 ~\: •:•: ol I • ,• ~·~ ,• 

~~ .. ,.o, ... c.·.:· . 

r."' o I I 

I 

I 

0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

50 

-~ 

'--"' 

Q) 

(/) 

Q) 

c: 

0 

Ol 20 c: 

0 

~ 

0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

I .' I 

0.3~·. -

-

. ... . . o. 1 f.· - :·.:: .. ~=.::. : 0 ~ • • 

~. ·:.:...:..:.:.~·. -~ .. . -·· ---·· ...... . I! ·: •• ·.:---::::~~·. •• • .. • :. ~ •• • ~-.::":-::'~ • --!'.:!.L ... • 

0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

7 

- 6 ·~~-·· . .., ......... ·....... ... - ·w .... _,_ .. .. ~.· ...... ,. ... E - Q) 5 I#... ~~lf -~'• ..... ·~ ...... ~ ... 0 ... ~. ~ : ...... • Q) \.,'....:'• I ~~~ '• E 4 . ~.:., ... ,1 . : ~~:-~ .. -,. . . .':' - ~ ..... ,o~• 0 ofo oOO 0 I 

:l2 ~- .. '--" 3 I 'o 0 

..c:. .. .... - ...... Jo\o• o 

a. 2 '< ~ • Q) 

0 

-

0~------~---------~------~------~ 0.5 1 1.5 

Copper(%) 

Figure 18. Scatter plots of Cu content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

32 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
6 

5 

4 ~ 

0 

..0 

0 

u 

I 2 w 

0 1 2 

E-Copper 

1.5 

c e o.5 lt. ...... i31•-:.~·· 

I 

w 

0 1 

E-Copper 

2 

3 

3 

2~----~,------,~----~,----~ 

E 

::J 

c 

1.5..:. 

1-. 

. ' 

'E 0.5 - I : ... ·.~ ••• 

::J • .:·-:·:. •• • • 

<( ••• .;. i ~i,);-..~:- ·, • .. 

t1 0 ~ :;:.-·.i~;.:r,: = t;· ..... ' 

-0.5 ~ ..... .. :.: •• ::- • • .,. 

-

-

-

-

-

:II' '~ 01' I I 

-1~----~------~----~----~ -1 0 1 2 3 

E-Copper 

Q,) 

.Y. 

0 

z 

I 

w 

0 

c 

N 

I 

w 

3 

2 

0 

I 

2~· 

1~ 1, ; •• 

.. 

1 

E-Copper 

I 

~ 

.. 

.. 

I 

0 ~·~;~~:f:~_.: ··: 

.:-; 1: .. . ··; ... ~: ... -. ·.•· . 

-

. -

-

• •, •I I I 

-1~-----L------~-----L----~ 

-1 0 1 2 3 

E-Copper 

2rr----.-----~-----.----~ 

c 

0 

1.5-.. 

1-

.. .~ '· . :·,. \ 

(i) 0.5 1- .... - ·' ·: 

.. 

I • • : ·::·,-_, ·~ 

w 0 ~ •• :;J;;...~··.{. : ··.·~~~ .. :· 

-o.5 ~:·.:/: P~:·:· · ... . 

-

-

-

-

-

-1~----~~----~'----~'----~ -1 0 1 2 

E-Copper 

1.5 

Q,) 

(/J 

Q,) 

c 0.5 .... '! 0 

0'1 

c 

0 0 :::?! 

I 

w 

0 1 2 3 

E-Copper 

"'0 

0 

Q,) 

_J 

I 

w 

0 : 

-1 0 1 2 3 

E-Copper 

Figure 19. Scatter plots of Cu enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Copper 33 
. 

.. .. . .... 

... ··. . . . .. . . ·. 

I I 

A 

B 

>0 

c 

>-1 

. .. .. . .. ... ~. ·. 

. . 

>0.11 >0.24 

~ .. 

. .. .. .. ,f .. .. I ~ .. .. .· ..... ·. ·. . . . .· . :;~., r= ,. • ·::· .;z. •.• 

. 

. . 

. .~· ...... . . · 

>0.38 >0.50 >0.64 

> -0.70 > -0.40 > -0.20 > -0.10 > o.os 

:··· 

.· 

.. .. . . . . ·. 

. . . ···~ :.-· .. .. ~: 

. . ..~:. ~ . . . . . . ... ! ,_ .• : :· .:.· :-· ·,/ ... ·· ... ·':".: . . .... "- .... . . . . .. • '"!~..:tti!~i • . • • • • • . : &:.,;.:•· ~ . . . c • • • . ·. . . .: . I 

>0.75 >0.91 >1.00 >1.20 

>0.20 >030 >0.40 >0.90 

. . ', .. .. ·. 

Figure 20. A, Sample locations. 8, Distribution of Cu content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases 

of the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

34 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Zinc 

Subregion 07 hosts both the highest and the lowest 

zinc concentrations of the entire study area, 1.07 percent 

and 0.01 percent, respectively (compare tables 11 and 12). 

The frequency distribution for the entire study region shows 

that zinc is skewed toward the positive such that more than 

97 percent of the samples have concentrations of less than 

0.23 percent. In figure 21, the aggregate of zinc ogives 

shows that the distribution of zinc content in subregions 06, 

07, 08, and 09 are clustered and that they have a wider 

range of high Zn content values than the other subregions. 

The scatter plots in figures 22 and 23 show zinc to 

have strong positive correlation with copper, manganese, 

and nickel, and a moderate negative correlation with iron 

and lead. The same is true for the enrichments of these 

variables. 

In figure 24, three distinct areas of high zinc concentration are shown. One is centered about subregion 07, 

which is in immediate proximity to the eastern Pacific 

hydrothermally active areas. The trend of the second is 

truncated at the northern boundary of subregions 03 and 04. 

The third zone is centered about the boundary between 

subregions 01 and 12, projects into subregion 11, and is 

unresolved at its southernmost extent. Zinc enrichment 

exhibits a far more pervasive positive pattern than does that 

of zinc concentration. The distribution of positive zinc 

enrichment forms a broad halo around two negative enrichment nuclei located at the boundaries between subregions 

03 and 10 and subregions 05 and 08. In almost all relevant 

subregions, zinc enrichment increases with distance north 

or south from the 20° N. central latitude of the study area. 

Zinc 35 
Table 11. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Zn concentration in Mn oxide-rich 

phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Qass Count % Cumulative % 

Number of nonblank observations = 696 0.02-

434 62.36 62.36 

0.12-

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule) = 10 248 35.63 97.99 

Class size= 0.10 0.23-

11 1.58 99.57 

0.33-

Mean= 0.11 1 0.14 99.71 

Median (ungrouped data) = 0.10 0.44-

Variance = 0.003 0 0.00 99.71 

0.54- Standard deviation = 0.06 0 0.00 99.71 

0.65-

Minimum value= 0.01 1 0.14 99.86 

Maximum value = 1.07 0.75-

0 0.00 99.86 Range= 1.05 0.86-

0 0.00 99.86 

0.96-

1 0.14 100.00 

1.07-

Table 12. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Zn concentration in Mn oxiderich phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 OS 06 

Number of samples 2 16 25 27 15 21 78 

Mean 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.12 

Median (ungrouped) 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.13 

Variance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Standard deviation 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.05 

Minimum value 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 

Maximum value 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.38 0.16 0.10 0.26 

Range 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.34 0.12 0.07 0.23 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 en 

Number of samples 14 2 7 166 179 106 38 

Mean 0.05 0.38 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.13 

Median (ungrouped) 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.14 0.11 

Variance 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 

Standard deviation 0.01 0.34 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.15 

Minimum value 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 

Maximum value 0.07 0.73 0.09 0.23 0.25 0.27 1.07 

Range 0.04 0.69 0.04 0.21 0.20 0.23 1.05 

36 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
N 

0.8 

§ 0.6 :;:J 

I... 

0 

a. 

e o.4 

(L 

0.2 

Aggregate of Zn Ogives 

0 v.....- I I 1 1 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

0 

0 

0 

c ~. 0 0 

:;:; 0 

'- 0 

0 0 g. 0.5 0 

L. 0 

0.. 0 

0 

0 

0 

o'o I 

0.1 

Weight percent Zn 

SROO 

SR 13 

I I 

0.2 0.3 

0 

0 

u 

u 

0 

a 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

a 

0 

a 

I o 

i 

0 

0 

Weight percent Zn 

SR 01 

SR12 

Ogive of Zn for all subregions 

1 I I I -WU I U 9 

0.8 

§ 0.6 :;:J 

I... 

0 

a. 

e o.4 

(L 

0.2 

o~--~------~----~----~ 

a 0 

a 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

a 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Weight percent Zn 

0 0 0 

{ 

SR02 f SR03 

SR10 

~· Figure 21. Ogives of Zn concentration in northern Pacific subregions. 

w 

....... 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Zn content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SRoo-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0°N., 40°N., 120°E., and 100°W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Zn ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Zn content for all subregions is a pooled, sorted plot of Zn 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

p = proportion of population s; corresponding Zn content, 

i = integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 SR04 

SR09 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 SR06 

SR08 

II 

SR07 
1.6 1- I I 

1.2 1-

.......... 

~ 

~ .. -0 0.81- .. ..0 

0 

(.) 

0.4 

40 

35 

30 

~ 25 ~ 

~ 20 

~ 

5 

:''•' 

... 

. ·:r· : .. ~ ~ •. :., · .. . . ~,.... . \. ~.-· ·t· ~; ... !c.'•·, .• ,··. 

0.1 0.2 

Zinc(%) 

I 

I 

0.3 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Zinc(%) 

I I I 

71-

6 1- •• 

-~ ........ 51-

E 

::1 

c: 4 r. ···: • • . E ··. :,:·. : .. Jr- .... ,.·.: ,.: • :l 

< ·'·~·· ..... ,.~ . '(/. . . . . . . . 21;-' ", I• ~·~• . •.. . . 1 1-.. ,., 

"f.: I I I 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Zinc(%) 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-N 

~ 

G) 

~ 

-~ z 

-N 

~ 

'-

11.) 

a. 

a. 

-~ ~ 

c: 

0 

~ 

Vi 

I I I 

... 1.5 1-, • ·:~~~: 'Ia • I • 

-~ ., .... • t; ..• 

~: ~ lil• 1.~ • • ' 

. 1;"10.•,·. ·. 'I ~~J •' • 1 1- • • ~·-· ···~ • . . . . 

. ~ . ... 

::F:! . 0.5 r; .. "'"" , : •• 

. :l...._'.: . . .,., .. , . •:. .· .. I I I 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Zinc(%) 

1.5 

0.2 0.3 

Zinc(%) 

I I I 

25 1-

20r15 1-

. ... 

.... ; 

10 1- •• =· ,' ·::• (:' I ." • • .... , . ...... . : .. 5 r •,i. 1';' I:. • • • • .. ~=.. . . . . 

:I I I 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Zinc(%) 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

50 

....--. 

~ ~ 

Q.) 

rn 

Q.) 

c: 

0 

D' 20 c: 

0 

.:!: 

10 

....--. 

~ ~ 

"0 0.2 0 

.3 

0.1 

.. . . . 

:""~- : .. · "' . .. ,. , . .. .. ==-~· 

'.l.t::·: •• '· . ···r.-•.,1~ 

.·.~ . ..t. . . tl'•. 

I 

. .. 0.1 0.2 

Zinc(%) 

··-·--··· .. ----.. ··- ·---·--··· ..... -· .... 

0.3 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Zinc(%) 

7 I I I 

s~~· .. =-·:~, .... -· ....--. : ~ ..... ,.: (I) 

L.. 

Q.) 5 .... If.,:, • 4;1.i.··. • ...... 

Q.) " .. ,, "'~\~ ...... ~=· ...... :-'· E 4 ~ • ,.. ••• ,.. • • 

~ ... ~ ~-·· .. • '•~ \; • •• • I ~ • • 

~ ~ .3- ••• • • • 

.c: -'· ~ . .. ...... . . c. 

Q.) 2 -.!"' .· 0 ... ~~:·I I 

1 ,- ':, • • 

0 I I I 

0.1 0.2 0 . .3 

Zinc(%) 

-

-

-

-

-

-

Figure 22. Scatter plots of Zn content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

38 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
I I I 3 I I I 1.5 I I I 

6- -

5- - 1 ~ - 2- - (1,) 

4- - (/) 

~ Q) . . Q) :.. ·- c 0.5 .... .. 0 .X '• \ . 0 .,-·;·.·. . ... , ..0 3- - 0 0 . t· . Ol z , 1- - (.) : ~! ::.-• • : c • I • -• • • 

', ;._ I I 0 . . . .. , .. I 2'- - . ~·'. . . .. ~ 0 ~ ·.: ~- :· • - w . ~ w .,~ .. :· I .. •I' • -~~~ I : 

1 ~·. ·:.:·i. ·-:· . ·. - 0 f- • • • • 1-~:~· ;· w ....... _::,··i·: .. 

·;·-~ .... :Ci ' •• - ~ .. v, .... ,. ~ : .:.. ., .. : . . -0.5 - 0 f-.~.. ~.. •• • - . .... : .. •: . . \: .... -.. :.; .... ·~·::·r .. '··~·~:· •. .. ..... : .( . .t~ . . . I ,..J .. I I I ,•• • I -1 .... -1 ••• • _, I I 

-1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2 

E-Zinc E-Zinc E-Zinc 

I I I 3 I I I I I I 

1.5 ... - .... 5r- -

2f- .. - 4'- - 1f- ... .. - .. . : # .. ... L. 

c ·.· .... :..• Q) I I ~~~ "0 .3f- - a. 

. :-.~·~·.\'' 0 ": .. 0 0.5 f- , I .c-~-.. \.1 - a. .. Q) ~ 

·=·•r 0 , f- - _J 

I (.) ,..: I 2'- - w I w ,. 0 ~ ·. .. ~- •: .. - w . . - ~:" \ .. :: ~. =· - ,. .. 1 ... • ••• . . .. -

··7~-· •••• .. ~- • . ..... 

·""· !. .. 0~. •• . •. :· - -0.5 t- • . ':t.··· ~-·~:=.:i·,:.:. ··. , ... ' ; 

·. , .... .... .. 0 ...... _ ~·). • - ':' ~ ......... . ,;. .. ~.. . . • ~-~\J1;. I 

. .... -~·. ·:.·-: .~··.: ...... t 

-1 I I I _, I I _, • • • .. 'I 

-1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2 

E-Zinc E-Zinc E-Zinc 

2 I I I 2 ',I I I 7 

1.51-· - 1.5- - ... ... . ,...... 

(/) ··. ~·. L. 

E 1 f- .. - , - - Q) 

.... ::::J c (1,) 

c . .. 0 .. ~ I E . ~ .. .E 0.5 f- .. - 0.5 -' ) : - E ::::J .. (i) '· . .. ~ <( .. ·.:· -., .: I .. . ......., ~ . . .. .. I 0... •• !,.~~,.;~ ... w o- ·A..i.t.' ·. : . ..c .. - ' - .... w .· , ..... - ": -~· ... ~· . a. ·. · ..: . . ;. ···.· ~ ·• ~, . Q) 

' 0 ......... -0.5 ... . ... - -0.5-' - · ......... .. -~ .. -1 I' I I -1 I • I I 0 

-1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2 

E-Zinc E-Zinc E-Zinc 

Figure 23. Scatter plots of Zn enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Pb, AI, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Zinc 39 
' I • ' 

... ... .. .. ... ... . · .. 

::~ . :..: . ••""~.ot" • C 

·-:·· ·::-: ·.• . .· 

I ' L 

A 

B ~~~~~~~~~~~ m~~ g a 

>0 >0.05 >0.06 >O.(fl >0.09 >0.10 

c ~~~~~~~~~~~\ ~~~ m m > -1 >-0.40 >-030 > -0.20 > -O.OS >0.05 

... 

. . .--. • ·:,,;~"=-=·· . • •• ...,...,.~~~ ..... ....... :., 

II II 

>0.12 >0.14 

II II 

>0.20 >030 

.. 

.. 

II 

>0.15 

II 

>0.40 

· . .· 

.. .. . 

. :··r· 

: . .. . 

I 

II 

>0.17 

II 

>0.70 

-

-.. 

Figure 24. A, Sample locations. B, Distribution of Zn content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases of 

the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

40 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Lead 

Lead ranges in concentration from 0.01 percent in 

subregions 02, 06, 07, 09, 10, 11, and 13 to 0.41 percent in 

subregion 06 (compare tables 13 and 14). In figure 25, 

ogives of subregions 01 through 05 and 11 through 13 

constitute a cluster of higher values than the remaining 

subregions. Of this cluster, subregion 11 is the most 

anomalous in shape, but it, like the ogives of subregions 00, 

12, and 13, is composed of very few data points and 

therefore must be interpreted with caution. 

As shown in figures 26 and 27, lead has a moderate 

positive correlation with cobalt and iron. This correlation 

appears equally as moderate for their enrichments. Lead has 

a moderate negative correlation with zinc and a weak 

negative correlation with copper. These relations are 

slightly enhanced in their enrichment transforms. 

Three major zones of lead concentration are shown in 

figure 28: an isolated zone within subregion 13, an isolated 

zone in subregion 06, and a wide east-trending band with 

highest content centered about the 20° N. parallel and 

extending into subregions 01 through 04, and 09 through 

12. The major zone of high lead enrichment is an easttrending zone centered about the 20° N. parallel and 

extending from 180° W. to 150° W. Additional areas of 

high enrichment occur in subregions 05 and 06. 

Lead 41 
Table 13. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Pb concentration in Mn 

oxide-rich phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Class Count % Cumulative % 

Number of nonblank observations = 629 0.01-

318 50.56 50.56 

0.05-

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule)= 10 163 25.91 76.47 

Class size = 0.04 0.09-

64 10.17 86.65 

0.13-

Mean= 0.07 48 7.63 94.28 

Median (ungrouped data) = 0.05 0.17-

Variance = 0.003 19 3.02 9730 

0.21- Standard deviation = 0.05 9 1.43 98.73 

0.25-

Minimum value = 0.01 2 0.32 99.05 

Maximum value= 0.41 0.29-

3 0.48 99.52 Range= 0.40 0.33-

1 0.16 99.68 

0.37-

2 0.32 100.00 

0.41-

Table 14. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Pb concentration in Mn 

oxide-rich phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 05 06 

Number of samples 3 21 26 18 17 18 56 

Mean 0.06 0.11 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.07 

Median (ungrouped) 0.02 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.05 

Variance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Standard deviation 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 

Minimum value 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 

Maximum value 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.23 0.17 0.17 0.41 

Range 0.10 0.14 0.22 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.40 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 

Number of samples 17 4 11 162 146 86 44 

Mean 0.11 0.08 0.18 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.05 

Median (ungrouped) 0.11 0.08 0.17 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.04 

Variance 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Standard deviation 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 

Minimum value 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 

Maximum value 0.36 0.15 0.31 0.29 038 0.17 0.20 

Range 0.35 0.13 0.30 0.28 0.37 0.15 0.19 

42 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
,... 

Aggregate of Pb Ogives 

I ioel---ulo i •§ 8° I o 

ll

!ga 00ri a Sao 

···§0 a 00 

0.8 ~ 16 o a 6o a o 

I 

g a 0

0 a o 

0 0 o 0 Bo o 

~ 0.6t 1·:-:·:-. 0 II oo 

0 

a. 00 ° 

e 0.4 1 o

0

8 

8 

~ 0 

a_ DO o 

0.2 

a8 ~ 

11°oo 0 

o 11 8 ° 

oogao o 

00~0 

~ 0 "1 0 

0 

0 

- 0 

-

-

-

ol 0 0 I I I I 

i 0.5~ 9 

ol 

0 

0 

0 

0 

D 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

I 

0.1 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Weight percent Pb 

SROO 

I I 0 

D 

SR 13 

I 

0.2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Weight percent Pb 

SR01 

SR12 

Ogive of Pb for all subregions 

1 -

0.8 

§ 0.6 

:;::; 

L.. 

0 

a. 

e o.4 

a.. 

0.2 I 

•• II 

II 

•• 

•••• 

••• 

o~---~-------~-------~---~ 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Weight percent Pb 

0 

a 0 

0 0 0 0 0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 0 0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 

a 0 

0 0 

0 0 0 

SR02 0 Q 

0 0 SR03 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

SR 11 

1R Figure 25. Ogives of Pb concentration in northern Pacific subregions. Cl.. 

IN "'" 

0 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Pb content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SROO-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0°N., 40°N., 120°E., and 100°W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank . 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Pb ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Pb content for all subregions is a pooled, sorted plot of Pb 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

p = proportion of population S corresponding Pb content, 

i = integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

SR04 

SR09 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

SR05 

SR08 

SR06 

SR07 
1.6- I I I 

1.2-

-

0 0.8 .... ..0 

0 

(.) 

......... 

~ 

--c 

0 

..!:: 

····· . . . . . . . . . : :. : .. :. . . 0.4 ,.;a tll"l"l" I • • • :II' I' i. i! ·I:.. . I 111:•," I o ··~ :I' I 

al.ll ;fl:" I 

0.1 0.2 

Lead(%) 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 .. .• I • • • 

• 1

1 .•·•: 1 15 i I !I:::·'.: .. ·r·~.l·· ..... ··'I II I' .. i. ,: 

10 ·w 

. 0 ·•r··=• .... .•... Ill: I: 

5 ·. •. . .. 0.1 0.2 

Lead(%) 

I I 

71-

61- =· 

4 ~ :· •• • ••• 

• •; I • • I • • • I •I ••• ,. Jn:.·, I'"'• I •, 

II :-, •···· I .I! ..... 2 r~:!: .. : . 

1 1- • • I 

I 

0.3 

0.3 

I 

I :• '1! I 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Lead(%) 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.-

-

I I 

1.S itii; :~ ~ I Ill•"•• 

_. ilf!P ; Qi 1 ,... : ••• : • 

~ :.1· ·:··: . ·. 

z . :! ::•.i:::... . I. •I I• "I • i. • : 

o5 ..!'' 1 •• •• ••• ••• : 

-~ 

--... 

Q) 

a. 

a. 

0 

(.) 

• I 0 0 I ~~ii :=: !•!: I ' •I 1 • : , 1 

1.5 

0.5 

.• · .. I i I •• I • •I 'I' . . . . :··. !.1 • I 

0.1 0.2 

Lead(%) 

I 

I 

0.3 

0.2 0.3 

Lead(%) 

I 

25 r2a 1-

5 15 1-

~ I 

en 1or-· • • .. . ... .; ••• :· =: •• 

5t-';l;:i• .. =. . . ... . · .. 

I 

... 

.. 

I 

. . I I• I 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Lead(%) 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

40 

~ 30 (I) 

c 

0 g' 20 

0 

~ 

~ 

0.3 

':: 0.2 c 

i':i 

.. 

0.1 0.2 0.3 

Lead(%) 

.. 0.1 0.2 0.3 

Lead(%) 

o I o 

I ,I ::! • .. . . ... 

... . 0.1 0.2 0.3 

Lead(%) 

Figure 26. Scatter plots of Pb content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, AI, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

44 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
~ 

0 

.a 

0 

u 

I 

w 

c: 

e 

I 

w 

6 

5 

4 

0 

• I 

1.5 1-

1 f- :• 

I 

.. 

,•: I' 

2 .3 

E-Leod 

I I 

, 

0.5 f-' •• • •• 

.. ·- ...... . .. 0 ~-~ ~ : . ,.~· . •.: . -0.5 

, .... :::.:· 

•• := •• ~t ..•.. 

E 

~ 

c: 

... -1 

-1 

1.5 

.E o.5 ~ 

<: 

·. ~ 

0 

. ·: 

~· 

.. 

.... .... . . 

I 

•: •'• • I 

I I 

2 3 

E-Leod 

I 

w 

... ~-.. , .·~ 

0 'l':tl"\":0:' 

... .1. , .. ~~,. 

.. .. '·!: ....:··· 

5 

I I 

-

-

-

: -

-

I I 

4 5 

-1~--~--~--~--~--~--~~ 

-1 0 2 .3 

E-Lead 

4 5 

Q) 

.:.t. 

0 

z 

I 

w 

1-

Q) 

a.. 

a. 

0 

u 

I 

w 

3~--r-~--~~----~--·~--~~----1~ 

;(I 

1 """:II' • : :"li•', -· 

D:P~;t,;, ... : . ,~~1'-r.~·· :'··· .. . • -.;:-.··· -~! •••••••• • .. • ,.. • • I I 

-1 ::. .. :·; •• ·~·. ··r ··, 

-1 0 1 2 .3 

E-Leod 

3 I I I I 

.. 2 f-. •' : .... - :···. 

. I' . ;,'·-~ .. 1 f- •• :..-

: }::~ . . :~· (' ,... . .. o~·,, .~.· ~ ... . . ... ·-=='... '/-'• •• ... "'-' .. , ·t= •• ... ·!~ :f:~:: ..... :· ..... -1" ·'"r ·•• ·~ .• r•• oLI. 

-1 0 1 2 3 

E-Leod 

I 

4 

I 

I 

4 

I 

5 

I 

I 

5 

-

-

-

-

-

-

2r--.~--~~---~--,--.-l-~l 

1.5- -

-

·. -

. -

-0.5f-• •••••• -

-1~~·--~·--_.·---~'--~'~'~ -1 0 1 2 .3 4 5 

E-Leod 

1.5 ~~T--T~-T.----.....1--...--1---..,1.---. 

Q) 

(/) 

1 1-

·. Q) • • f o.:~Mj,;.~· ..... I ~ ······•· •• w '·~·· .·: .. ·;: ••• •• 

-0.5 f-. :j =-: ;·:· .. • i•t'' 

-

-

-

-

-1~-'~·--~'·--~·~~---~~~~~ 

0 

c 

N 

I 

w 

,..... 

~ Q) 

..... 

Q) 

E 

_Q 

~ 

'-' 

,$;. 

..... 

a. 

Q) 

0 

-1 0 2 J 4 5 

£-Lead 

T I T 1 I 1 

2 f-•• .-

..... 1~-,"• - • ·i.:- • .:i. -i '-, •• . : 

o~:· . "': .. ·,.·.· - II ''./' ~ :, 

• : .i•l =··· I ,::1 o o o ,• 

. :· !~ .. •.. . • 

-1 

. . ; I • .I I I I 

-1 0 2 3 4 5 

E-Leod 

o~--L---L---L---~--~--~ 

-1 0 2 J 

E-Lead 

4 5 

Figure 27. Scatter plots of Pb enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, AI, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Lead 45 
A 

B 

c 

. . . 

·. 

. 

.. .. 

. .. 

. 

. .... 

.. 

I 

>0 >0.03 

> -1 >-0.50 

I o 

.. .. . .. . .. .. 

L 

~1~1~I1m ~~ 11 

>0.04 >0.05 >0JJ7 

111~1~11111! ~il 11 

>-030 >-0.10 >0.00 

\ 

.· 

II 

>O.a! 

II 

>0.10 

:· . 

. . . . :, .. _.. . ... ., ... .. ..,.. . . .. ~-:~ ..... 

II II 

>0.11 >0.15 

II II 

>0.20 >050 

.. 

. . ·. 

II 

>0.60 

.. 

.. .. . . •. . . 

' . .:··,: . : . .. . . · 

. 

·~·. ! , • . . . .'r 

• c 

. 

II 

>130 

-.· 

Figure 28. A, Sample locations. B, Distribution of Pb content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases of 

the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

46 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 

-
Aluminum 

Aluminum concentration ranges from 0. 3 percent in 

subregions 02 and 03 to 7. 9 percent in subregions 04 and 05 

(compare tables 15 and 16). The aggregate of ogives in 

figure 29 shows no unique partitions, and the sampling 

density of the western part of the study area is quite low. 

In figure 30, aluminum shows a strong positive 

correlation with silicon, and in figure 31, this correlation is 

also true with their enrichments. A weak negative correlation appears to exist between aluminum and manganese as 

well as between their enrichments. No other scatter plot for 

aluminum and aluminum enrichment shows any visibly 

distinct positive or negative correlations. 

Figure 32 shows three well-defined areas of high 

aluminum concentration. The major one is centered in the 

southeastern part of subregion 04; a minor one is centered 

in the northern part of subregion 01, and another minor 

one is centered in subregion 05. Zones of aluminum 

enrichment approximately correspond to the zones of high 

concentration. 

Aluminum 47 
Table 15. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of AI concentration in Mn 

oxide-rich phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Class Count % Cwnulative % 

Number of nonblank observations = 313 0.30-

31 9.90 9.90 

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule)= 9 1.14-

Class size= 0.84 46 14.70 24.60 

1.99-

112 35.78 60.38 

Mean= 2.70 2.83-

Median (ungrouped data) = 2.68 75 23.96 84.35 

Variance = 1.59 3.68-

30 9.58 93.93 Standard deviation= 1.26 4.52-

8 2.56 96.49 

Minimum value = 0.30 5.37-

Maximum value = 7.90 5 1.60 98.08 

6.21- Range= 7.60 3 0.96 99.04 

7.06-

3 0.96 100.00 

7.90-

Table 16. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of AI concentration in Mn 

oxide-rich phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 OS 06 

Number of samples 3 10 7 14 24 16 43 

Mean 1.77 3.12 2.31 1.97 3.49 3.92 2.40 

Median (ungrouped) 0.35 2.92 2.30 1.50 3.00 3.78 2.15 

Variance 1.93 2.87 0.96 1.37 3.57 3.19 0.85 

Standard deviation 1.39 1.69 0.98 1.17 1.88 1.78 0.92 

Minimum value 0.35 0.62 0.30 0.30 0.94 0.48 0.70 

Maximum value 3.66 6.10 3.43 3.64 7.90 7.90 6.00 

Range 3.31 5.48 3.13 3.34 6.96 7.42 5.30 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 01 

Number of samples 6 10 6 49 62 41 22 

Mean 2.52 3.22 1.95 2.12 2.72 2.92 2.86 

Median (ungrouped) 2.28 2.77 0.70 2.22 2.76 2.80 2.65 

Variance 0.30 0.65 3.43 1.10 0.61 0.58 1.70 

Standard deviation 0.54 0.80 1.85 1.05 0.78 0.76 1.30 

Minimum value 1.90 2.08 0.39 0.47 0.44 1.44 0.40 

Maximum value 3.54 4.52 5.30 5.00 4.43 5.18 6.60 

Range 1.64 2.44 4.91 4.53 3.99 3.74 6.20 

48 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Aggregate of AI Ogives 

0.8 

§ 0.6 ~ 

~ 

0 

0. 

e o.4 

0.. 

0.2 

0 

0 

o~o e: o o 

0

°o 0 ooou 

0 S! 0 ° gel 

0 • 

o g:oo o 

0 OCXl 00 a 

0 

08: 0 

0 g 80 0 

8 o'l, 

lho ~ o o Oq a 0 § o.., o ~a 

o,l oft J 

0 

0 

ao atro 8uo ,lfl#o 

~ oea I 0 .,., 0 i 

2 3 4 5 

0 

0 

6 

0 

7 

Weight percent AI 

0 

t 0 

0 0 

0 

0 

SR 01 

-+-+-

0 

1 0.5f t 0 

D 0 

0 

0 0 

0 0 

0 

SR12 I I I I I I I I I 

1 2 J 4 5 6 7 

Weight percent AI 

0.8 

§ 0.6 

:;:::; 

~ 

0 

0. 

e o.4 

0.. 

0.2 

Ogive of AI 

o--~~--~--~~--~--~~ 

2 3 4 5 6 7 

Weight percent AI 

I I I I I 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

t 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 

0 

SR 02 r I I I 1. I I 

0 

II 

t 

I=· 

0 

SR 11 

;)> 

c 

3 

:r § Figure 29. Ogives of AI concentration in northern Pacific subregions. 

~ 

~ 

0 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of AI content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SR()()-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0° N ., 40° N., 120° E., and 100° W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datwn on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

AI ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of AI content for all subregions is a pooled, sorted plot of A1 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

0 

0 

0 

p = proportion of population :s; corresponding AI content, 

i = integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 0 0 0 

0 0 

0 SR06 10 

--+-o 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 SR 09 0 SR07 
1.6 

1.2 

........... 

~ 

--0 0.8 ..c 

0 

(.) 

0.4 

40 

35 

30 

2 3 4 5 6 

Aluminum(%) 

~ 25 

-

g 20 , •••• , • • ••• 

~ 15 ..... { l ...... ~ ... .. .. .. !. • • . 

. ····~~·-:-:.::· .-~~: .. ~ .. : 

10 • .~ .. ,., •• 

. ~?~ "l#!.c:. . . . . ··. 5 . -.~ ... 

2 3 4 5 6 

Aluminum(%) 

I .' I I I I 

0.3~ 

........... 

~ 

-

"0 0.2 ;..~ 0 

= 

. Q) 

...J . . . .· .. ... -- 0.1 1- .. .. ..... - . .. ····-.. .. .. 

·. ·-·- ... I ·,;--::.;-:. J ,· I 

2 3 4 5 6 

Aluminum(%) 

7 

7 

I 

-

-

I 

7 

Q) 

~ 

.~ 

z 

........... 

~ 

'-" 

L.. 

Q) 

a. 

a. 

0 

(.) 

........... 

~ 

c 

0 

.~ 

Vi 

I I I I I I I 

1.5- .·.'. .. ·:::~.~: 

:~;~~:· .. 1-

: :t .. c: .... 411.• ·'·-.··· • =· .... :. .. ... . .. . ·.• ...... , ., I ,.. I.-

0.5 ~ .. =: • ·1 ~~; . . ~.. - ....... .. a.:·:· ... ,:""· .: :· • .• IIIII 

I • "•I 

1 2 

·, •• "1 • • I t" • I 

3 4 5 6 7 

Aluminum(%) 

I I I I I I I 

1.5-

..... · ., . ·.,;.'~. .. ........ 1 ::...· ·"'· .-:. . ·.: --.. ~1.·· ~·= ··.., . .. ' .\·.· .. .... ,, . . . . .. .. . .. . . 0,5- " I .... ., 0 

I • ~.:· :: ... 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

... ··r.·,,· .• : . • ,.,· .... =~-= •• .. •• 

t!t..f"• "•.: 1:.' _.':""1 " •: "II • • 1 po " I 

2 3 4 5 6 7 

Aluminum(%) 

.... .. .· ··=·. '·' . .. :·:}.,..· ::- . ."' .. 

-~"' ·-~··"·· .· .... • •· ~ .. ..,.. •c. ·., ... ; . .. . . . . . :'. 

2 3 4 5 6 7 

Aluminum(%) 

-

-

-

-

-

-

· .

2 3 4 5 6 

Aluminum(%) 

7 

I I I I I I I 

0.3 r-

. . 

I 

0 0.2 rc 

N 

........... 

f! 

Q) 

-

Q) 

E 

~ 

:¥ 

-..c 

...... 

a. 

Q) 

0 

... 

~- ~>;". 

·&:.· .. •• 

0.1 - • : -:.·: : • 

. . . --"'"~- ... 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

0 

:-~;. ~ ~ ·:~·:--'-.:~:.: I \ .r • I •; of • I .. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

Aluminum (%) 

.... ,._ ..... ~·.. . o I •• ll 'II,.; "• ! .. •l ·~ ••• ,.. • •• •••• I I • 

. . . ~.·,"'·· ... .:-. . ""' .. ·. ·.~:-:-·······. \ •ai4• I I I I 

. ~ ... ·' .. · 

. .. .. 

3 4 5 6 

Aluminum (?o) 

I 

7 

7 

-

-

-

Figure 30. Scatter plots of AI content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Si, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

50 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
I I I I 

6~ 

5-

4- ~ 

0 

.a 

0 ,3f-, 

u 

I 2~ •'• w .. .. 1 - • • •• , ........ •• • • 

. . . · ... Y.-:··'·. ·. '·. . 01-- :.'· i~t;:·-~ .· ... ·.·.· .. ' '\ ... . . • I ."',I : ~ f' ' -1 •• '• 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 , 

E-Aiuminum 

I I I I 

, .51-

1 1- ·.· 

c 

e 0.51- ·. -~~. ·: .. ·:II .. . · .. I :. ,.·· ..... 'if:'.'. ·: w • ._, ~ •'•( ,• It ' .. 0 1-,, ,~ ......... 

.... ·• -~~·-~·.·· ....... . . -0.51-

'U 

0 

a> 

-' 

I 

w 

-1 

-1 

51-

41-

21-

1 1-

01-

.. I .,. I ; 

-0.5 0 0.5 1 

E-Aluminum 

I I 

... .. -

I 

:--,./,:: I .... 0 

.. J'".-,:.. ·: ., 

.. ":t:· .. ·.· ' 

I 

I 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.. ·, 

1.5 2 

I 

-

-

-

. -

.. -

I 

1.5 2 

I 

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

10 •,::·f· • • ~ ,• • ; I 

-1~--~---L----L---~---L--~ 

_, -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Aiuminum 

Cl.) 

.:L 

(.) 

z 

I 

w 

~ 

Q) 

a.. 

a.. 

0 

u 

I 

w 

c 

0 

.~ 

3 I I I I I 

21- -

, 1- - . : ·. .. .... · . ,. . : ·.: ~::;-: : ........ 01-.. , ·: ··~t:~., ... - '• I .... ,..,, ~ '• •• ,. . . :; .·:·.· .... _::.:·... ~ •. ' • .• •I :'i • • I 

I• '• • 'j:."", I • ; J -1 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Aiuminum 

3 I I I I I 

21- -

I : 1 f- -

.. ~ .... -· . 

01-~ ,\~·.·· 

I ,. '"."":·· - . :-· : .;:-:-:.,: ~ ... ; ~ .. I ~~ .. ; .·; f•• I I 

• 'J .. 

-1 ,"',.;." ;,'\ •: ;, ~.: I ' . ,. -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Aluminum 

2~~r-l--r-l--.1---.l---.l---, 

1.5- -

1 - -

(i) 0.5 I-

....... , .. .. · ,.,.. . . ~·. 

- I 

w ·~-: .. 01-.• .. 

• 

~,.,... 

·-~-~····.~ ·: . -0.5 t-' .: • ~ •• •• .. 

-

- I 

-t~--~~--~'--~'--~i--~1--~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Aiuminum 

1.5 I I I I I 

1 f- - Cl.) 

(/) 

Cl.) 

c 0.5 1- ~ - 0 ,• I . ·~ . 0'1 . . ....... ~ 

c 

0 , .... ~ •.. 

01- ~. ·.;. ·' ; .... :::e - I • .... :t~;}i ... · ... ;: . : ~ 

w • •••• !\·~ ......... 

.. -0.51-" .· . -

(.) 

c 

N 

I 

w 

.c 

-

-1 I I I I. i 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Aiuminum 

I T I I l 

2- -

1 1- - . 

. "' .. ·., .. 0 1-" i :"~f-" ... . . ~ ............ ,' Jf'•"' I • • .. .... ._It, ••• . . _, . . . : . . ·.· 

-1 I •• I I • I i 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Aiuminum 

7~--~r---Tr---~~--~~--·~--~ 

6f- ·=· ,J ,·:;..:.: •• ••• 

: -=~ .... ·~ ': ... .. 5 ~·:. =· .. -:J.:.:~--.= ·. . .. - .. ... ,..:.;. ... • ,,. ... 'i''IC • • • • 

4~ •• ...~~· ••• ..,~·=· ..... .3 1-•• .... 

-

-

-

-

fr 21- ~ 

... .. - 0 . · .. 1 1- .. -

OL---~~--~'--~~~--~~--~·~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Aiuminum 

Figure 31. Scatter plots of AI enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Si, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Aluminum 51 
' ' 

.· . .. .. .. . . . . 

.. - . . .: .. .,: .. : . . . - .. . . •. 0 .. ... I .. .-"· . ,. ' -· .. . ·' · .. · . . ( 

. I L I 

A 

B ~1~1~1~1~1~1~! ~~~ m II II II II II 

>0 > 1.16 > 1.80 >2.16 >2.47 >2.69 >2.80 >3.09 >3.43 >4.10 

c ~1~1~~m: ~~ e II II II II II > -1 > -0.50 >-0.25 >-0.10 >-0.05 >0.05 >0.20 >030 >0.40 >0.70 

Figure 32. A, Sample locations. B, Distribution of AI content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases of 

the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

52 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Silicon 

Silicon concentration ranges in value from 0. 24 

percent in subregion 00 to 28.5 percent in subregion 07 

(compare tables 17 and 18). Lack of data precludes substantive interpretation of the ogives that represent the silicon 

content (fig. 33) of most of the subregions. Vestiges of 

discontinuities and (or) wide ranges in concentration exist in 

subregions 01, 04, 07, and 11. 

As shown in figures 34 and 35, silicon shows a strong 

positive correlation with aluminum and a weak negative 

correlation with manganese. Enrichments of these variables 

are correlated essentially the same, but they are a bit more 

scattered. No visibly detectable correlations exist between 

silicon or silicon enrichment and any of the other variables. 

In figure 36, one major well-defined zone of high 

silicon concentration exists. It trends northward, is centered 

in subregion 04, and extends laterally into subregions 03 

and 05. The distribution of silicon enrichment is similar to 

that of silicon concentration. 

Silicon 53 
Table 17. Descriptive statistics for the distribution of Si concentration in Mn 

oxide-rich phases in the northern Pacific study area 

Frequency distribution 

Class Count % Cumulative % 

Number of non-blank observations = 268 0.24-

19 7.09 7.09 

Number of classes (by Sturges' Rule)= 9 3.38-

Class size = 3.14 96 35.82 42.91 

6.52-

94 35.07 77.99 

Mean= 7.55 9.66-

Median (ungrouped data)= 6.91 39 14.55 92.54 

Variance = 13.24 12.80-

12 4.48 97.01 Standard deviation= 3.63 15.94-

4 1.49 98.51 

Minimum value= 0.24 19.08-

Maximum value = 28.50 3 1.12 99.63 

22.22- Range = 28.26 0 0.00 99.63 

25.36-

1 031 100.00 

28.50-

Table 18. Descriptive statistics for the distributions of Si concentration in Mn 

oxide-rich phases of subregions in the northern Pacific study area 

Subregion ()() 01 02 03 04 OS 06 

NlDllber of samples 2 3 4 7 14 14 27 

Mean 0.40 10.73 6.83 10.08 8.73 9.217.80 

Median (ungrouped) 0.24 3.30 5.99 9.66 6.50 8.69 7.30 

Variance 0.02 53.65 0.93 7.24 21.98 1035 11.17 

Standard deviation 0.16 7.32 0.96 2.69 4.68 3.21 3.34 

Minimum value 0.24 3.30 5.78 6.14 2.79 4.80 1.10 

Maximum value 0.57 20.70 7.98 13.10 18.41 16.83 15.60 

Range 0.33 17.40 2.20 6.96 15.62 12.03 14.50 

Subregion 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 

NlDllber of samples 3 8 6 49 100 23 8 

Mean 6.46 8.13 6.47 5.48 7.84 7.79 9.39 

Median (ungrouped) 6.35 6.46 280 5.00 7.03 7.22 5.94 

Variance 0.01 6.73 42.94 6.34 9.01 4.14 57.62 

Standard deviation 0.10 2.59 6.55 2.51 3.00 2.03 7.59 

Minimum value 635 5.13 0.90 0.75 2.20 5.20 4.21 

Maximum value 6.60 12.42 20.00 14.85 20.43 14.35 28.50 

Range 0.25 7.29 19.10 14.10 18.23 9.15 24.29 

54 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
~ 

Aggregate of Si Ogives 

0.8 

a o.6 :;::; 

!o... 

0 

a. 

e o.4 

a. 

.,8 

§ 

0

8 OIDO 

~~~o 

a I o o o 0 

8 I! 0 0 

."}~ . 0 

0.2 ~ ;,: a (~ · a'lio «8o Jf..o 

o''A' 

5 10 

0 

0 

15 20 

Weight percent Si 

0 

0 

SROO + 

0 

0 I 0 

0 

0 

0.51- 0 + 0 

0 

0 1 0 

SR13 a 

o' I J I I I 

5 10 15 20 25 

Weight percent Si 

25 

0 

SR 01 

SR12 

Ogive of Si for all subregions 

0.8 

a o.6 

:e 

0 

a. 

e o.4 

a. 

0.2 

o~--~--_.----~--~--~--~ 

5 10 15 -20 25 

Weight percent Si 

0 

0 

1 0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

SR 02 0 SR03 

A o 

f.: 0 

f SR 11 t.l' SR10 

a· Figure 33. Ogives of Si concentration in northern Pacific subregions. :I 

~ 

1./1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

EXPLANATION 

Below are ogives of Si content in manganese oxide-rich samples from 14 subregions (SROO-SR13) of a Pacific Ocean study 

area bounded by 0°N., 40°N., 120°E., and 100°W. All data are 

from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography's Sediment Data Bank. 

The relative geographic positions of the subregions are as depicted 

by the positions of the ogives below. Each datum on each ogive is 

represented by a circle. 

In the upper left of this figure are two summary ogives showing frequency relations for the entire study area. The aggregate of 

Si ogives superimposes the individual subregion ogives, and the 

ogive of Si content for all subregions is a pooled. sorted plot of Si 

content of all subregions considered collectively. 

The proportion of each datum is calculated as follows: 

p = i I (N + 1) 

where: 

0 

0 

p = proportion of population S corresponding Si content, 

i = integer rank of datum in population, and 

N = number of data points in the array. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

SR04 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

a 

0 

0 

a 

0 

0 

0 SR05 0 

0 0 

0 

0 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 SR08 

01 0 

8 

0 

I 

8 

0 

I 

a 

0 0 

0 

00 SR06 0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 SR07 
.......... 

~ 

'-' 

..... 

0 

..0 

0 

(.) 

.......... 

~ 

'-' 

"0 

0 

Q) 

..J 

1.6 r- I I I I 

1.2 r-

. . 0.8 1-:• 

... . ... 0.4 - ··~"'·"'== •.. •• . • ":r.t:~ • •• 

..... ·'~·-·. ~ ):·'·.·: . •• • '7 .• .• '\ 

• • • ( r • •I • • •I I 

5 10 15 20 

40 

35 

30 

0.3 r0.2 ;" 

5 

I 

: 

Silicon(%) 

10 15 20 

Silicon(%) 

I I I 

... ~ 

.. .. -· .. 0.1 ~ . ... -· 

. ,-·:.::1~· I I 

5 10 15 20 

Silicon(%) 

I -

- .......... 

N 

........... 

- Q; 

..::t(. 

.~ 

z 

-

I 

25 

.......... 

~ ........... 

L. 

Q) 

a. 

a. 

0 

(.) 

25 

I 

- .......... 

~ ........... 

E - :J 

c .E 

:::J 

< -

I 

25 

I I I I 

1.5 r- .. . .. .· ·(!· • • I • 

.. :. . .{~.~· ... .. '.fj·; •.. 1 r-

·,. ·~·- :·.!: .. . -~:. : . :: . ··. ·v: ... .. 0.5 r.-.:-~. .~ · • • • • • •I . '.. " ' ....... .. ·:. T ~ .. ·:· I 

~ L" I• ,• I I 

5 10 15 20 

Silicon(%) 

I I I I 

.. 1.5 f- . 

: '/" 

• I • 

. . --= •· .. 

• :c.:-'• .· 1 >- ... .. "'··· .... .; .. n· . . : ,.- .. : . ~ i. ·. =~· -· . . 0.5 ~ ·_,,. .. :··.:~· ·: .. ., . -~-=- .,"'.-:;·,f. . . ,.• .... ~· .. .,<··~;~· ... !<# <4 ..... ,. J• 

5 10 15 20 

Silicon(%) 

I I I I 

7-

6r5- ... . : ·. ·,~ .. 4- ;. .... ·. . . : ..... ~ .. 3- "':~,~ .. · . "'• .. · ..... • '~=---~~. • 2- ·.:..,·:.: • 1 :. ... ~.~· 

, .. , .. I· •• I , I 

5 10 15 20 

Silicon(%) 

I 50 I I I I I 

40r - - .......... .. !5, : .. Q) 30 !-. .. ••• - 1/) ,. .. :if: .. - Q) 

c: : '~ .~· 0 ... ·".~::-- . 0\ 20 ~ ·~~" , •• .t'• - c: 

0 ... ~·z .. -·.,. . ~: 

:::!: ,, • ••• i". :" • .:·. - I' 10 r- .. - : . . I I' I' I ,. I 

25 5 10 15 20 25 

Silicon(%) 

I I I I I I 

- 0.3 f- -

.......... .. ~ '-' - 0 0.2 .... ... - c 

r::i 

·. 

.!'\: . 

, - . 0.1 - . .. . .. - .. ·~.·-

. ·:·,:·~:~ .,.;.,. · .. • I • I • 

1 I : •" I I I I 

25 5 10 15 20 25 

Silicon(%) 

I 7 I I I I I 

- 6 r- • • • - .......... '11-.... • • . - 1/) • •J • i • r •• • L.. 

5- *··~ .... Q) _,.,_ ~- .. - .. - -

Q) .. ,·ftl(#l· •• • • -· E 4- .... ,..~:: - _Q .;,' .. - ~ 

. . , ........... 3 f-. - - ..r::. 

-

Q. 

Q) 2 f-!- ',I - - 0 .... ·. . '.' 1 r. - - I 0 ~. I I I I I 

25 5 10 15 20 25 

Silicon{%) 

Figure 34. Scatter plots of Si content versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, and depth in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

56 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
6 

4 ~ 

0 

..0 

0 

(.) 

I 

w 2 

.. ~· ... ~~.:. ~:~~ ... ... U'L& I\ • • .. . . . .... .. ~ ... '- ..... • • • •• • •• • . ·• i . . • :. . 

-1 .. -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Silicon 

I I I I I 

1.5 :-- -

1 f- ... -

c e o.5 :--. - . . 

I • :::·' •' ... • :, 

I 

w 

'C 

0 

Q) 

.....J 

I 

w 

- : : 0: ~~ =• ~·: • I • : 

"I ~ •• ~·. •i•' •I • 

• • . 'l!t l' ~.".\., ... .,.,. .. -.. · ~ ..... _ ·. ·. 0:--

-0.5:-- .-

-1~--~'-'"---L-~--~~----~~~~~~ -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 

4-. 

3-

2:--

1 :--

OfI 

E-Silicon 

I 

.• .. •'. 

•• z·• • 

I 

.. 

.. 

: ....... ·. \ .. h,.... . .. -'-:. · .... ·. . ··' 

I I 

2 

-

-

-

-

-

·- '1 • ~ ;•• '· ·,. • • I I 

-1~--~--~--~--~----~~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Silicon 

Q) 

.::L 

0 

z 

I 

w 

L. 

Q) 

0.. 

a. 

0 

(.) 

I 

w 

E 

:::J 

c 

3 I I I I I 

2 .... -

1 :-- - ·. ~ 

. : ... , . . . -=~·····. ._ o- . . ') $.::.· . ..... :· ..... · : --..· ,. . .. ··.e-...... • . :\r·. • • • . .. . .. ·.. . . d t"' 1 • ... , .. l -1 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Silicon 

3.---.,---.lr---.-1--,1----.-1--, 

-

'. 1 :-- -

I • •' • • 

. r-r. . ..·::.~·'"·'. ... · . 0 - • • -~1$-;:. :- .. . •• --·:-:.·.~·: ... r,,. .... ~ 

···~· .. · ... ,···· . . ··: . -1 :•• • 1 :• .. ~~·· • l •., • I • • I 

-

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Silicon 

2r---.-l~l.--,1.--.l~-.l---, 

1.5 :-- -

1 f- .. -

.E o.5 ,_ :::J . . ).:~?·.·.· - <( 

I 

w Of-

-o.5-

·• ~li·· . ... ~· .... . ·..,·t.~ .. , .... 

.. : ,. ·=· 

-

-

1' ·~ I I I -1~--~--~--~~--~--~--~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1 .5 2 

[-Silicon 

1.5 I I I I I 

1- - Q) 

(/) 

Q) .. c 0.5- ':. .. - 0 

::~~ · ... 0\ 

c 

0 . . . ···~··. ~ 0 -· •• •.\• •• ,.. .... • ••• - I . '-"• ··:~ ··:·. w • ·~ "• •i.-.:•::. I .. -0.5- .. .. ·-

0 

c 

N 

I 

w 

-1 I • I I • I I 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Silicon 

I I I I I 

2- -

-

. .. • )"~l •• • ...... 

• a '/ •1•1 .. , A "• 

• "'..}tj.'·. :. : 

o- . ...., 

... ··=: -1~--~··---~1 __ ._, __ ._1 __ ._1~ 

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 

E-Silicon 

7~-.~--~~---~~--~~--.--1-, 

6f- I • • I IIIII" - "'~ .-..·:~: .. ~ .. ..: .. ... ~-· ..... 5 r- ••• ·... --.···. ~ • ._., • tl' r •• 

~-··· ... -

4 f- .. •• 

··.··~'' 

-

-

2- - I, • 

1- -

a~--~~~~~~~--~~--~·~~--~ 

-1 -o.5 a o.!l 1 1.5 2 

E-Silicon 

Figure 35. Scatter plots of Si enrichment (E) versus enrichment of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, and depth in northern 

Pacific Mn oxide-rich phases. 

Silicon 57 
' 

. . 

I 

A 

B ~~~m~~ >0 >3.87 >5.00 

c 1[1~m~~ > -1 > -0.40 >-0.25 

.. 

. ·. 

L 

~~ill~ >5.84 

m~j 

>-0.20 

I • 

' .. -·,. . ·. '·. 

a 

>6.35 

-

> -0.10 

. 

II 

>6.92 

II 

>0.00 

. · ... 

;: ::: . . .... 

I 

II II II 

>7.54 >8.49 >9.86 

II II II 

>0.10 >0.25 >0.40 

.... . . . . · .

. . 

.· . . . .,: 

' . ·. .. 

• I 

I 

II 

> 12.12 

II 

>0.70 

-

Figure 36. A, Sample locations. B, Distribution of Si content (weight percent). C, Enrichment in Mn oxide-rich phases of 

the northern Pacific study area. Subregion boundaries are provided by overlay in pocket. 

58 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
Depth 

The scatter plots for depth are provided to illustrate 

the dichotomy that exists in all distributions (compare figs. 

37 and 38). On each scatter plot, a weak to moderately 

well-defined partition occurs at approximately 3,000 m. 

Most known crusts occur in the shallower parts of the ocean 

at less than 3,000 m, and the data may reflect a possible 

crust versus nodule classification conflict. 

Depth 59 
........... 

~ 

'-"' 

~ 

c 

.0 

0 

u 

........... 

~ 

"U 

c 

QJ 

....J 

1.6 

1.2 

0.8 

0 2 J 4 5 6 7 

Depth (kilometers) 

; : :-·. .. . : . : , ..... ···J.:· ·~ .. ··' ••.••.• ·~ ..... " ... ·. ·. i .1~·':·:~\..r.:.).:.~~'.:. ... ' .. • • .. 'a I : :•• ,.., , I 

• '•j,'• • • •': ~ I 

.. : ... . ~: ·... ~f . . . .. .. . . .. 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 

0.2 

0.1 

0 

Depth (kilometers) 

·. 

. .. .. . .. . · 

·--· - I II. -·-· I III 

... - -- .. ....... -- ...... . ··----· ---· ... ----- . ··----- ··-----· 

2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

7 

~ '-"' 

I.. 

QJ 

a. 

a. 

0 

(.) 

........... 

~ 

'-"' 

E 

~ 

c: .E 

~ 

<( 

0 2 J 4 5 6 7 

1.5 

0.5 

0 

7 

6 

5 

2 .. 

0 

Depth (kilometers) 

2 3 4 5 6 7 

Depth (kilometers) 

.. 

. ' .. · ... .\ ·. 

: s • ... ·, .-... . . ·.-~· ... , ;,:.;.-. • r·. • • .. -·.·, .,.,r,~ • ~J·~ .... ., .... 

i: .. '-. ; ... ,· •• • .. . . ... ., . . 

2 J 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

7 

50--~~~~~---T-1--r-l--l~~~--~ 

40 -•• - ~ ... ·.· 

30 ~ -:::k~:i. _;~_ - 0) 20 ~ • • :0. •• •• .'1 • ./.:t ~ • • - c: ,t ...... ,l... J c •• " •• ,·; •• : -~-. • . ~ • ! -: .. \ . . , .. :... ., . 10 ~ • • • ........ ,. ••••• ,,. -

-~ 

'-"' 

0 

c 

N 

-~ 

'-"' 

c 

0 

~ 

(i) 

0 

0 . .3 ~ 

0.2 >-

.. . . .. .· .. .: · .. · .•.. .. . : . .. .. . . .. ' I ''I , I •' .I • • .I ""' ' I 

2 J 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

I I I I I I 

.. 

.. 

• •. ··.·"! •. J' .... • '· J. 

7 

-

-

0.11-

. .i:.~c!l· ;_ ~ . . . . . 'f~~~., '-!i . ·. -. ~ ....... ,... - .s ....... :""''~u·· 

· . 0 

25 .... 

20-

15-

10-

5-: • 

~ 

0 

• ...... ,. • .. ·~ ···~ .... ~. i.!.: ,:_,, :' _,., .· .... •·.. . ..... I \ I I • "' 'II I •I 

I 

2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

I I I I I 

. 

' 

.. 

I . · .. .. . ........... .. . ~' . ,:·.,·;., . f.'"'j",. ·'·· .. ·. ·'1"" :-... ·. -· . . ··:: .. ~ 

'I • • I• ·, I I I 

1 2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

7 

-

-

-

-

._ 

7 

Figure 37. Scatter plots of depth versus content of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, and Si in northern Pacific Mn oxide-rich 

phases. 

60 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific 
...... 

c 

.a 

0 

u 

I 

I.J.J 

c 

0 

._ 

I 

w 

'U 

c 

Q) 

_J 

I 

I.J.J 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

0 

2 3 4 5 6 7 

Depth (kilometers) 

I I I, I I I 

1.5 -. -

. .' ·:. 

1 - I ... .. ~ - .... . : . ·.... . . . . . ·. ·. ~,· ... ·. 

0.5- ,... • J.-' .·il~~ .. o..: - 0 • ., • ':~ ;,·~~ 

0 F- • • l:~ ,to• ... :ot • ., (~;. - ·.: :J~~; :·:: •. : . .,.. . . ~ 

. . .. ,._ ... ·(. :-::~ ... -0.51-

-1 

0 

4 

3 

2 

. : . :. ."'.: -"it· ..... ;.=-i ., ... · .. ···,.·I • 

I 

: . . : .. 1 I . ~ I I 

2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

-

7 

7 

3 

2 

Q) 

~ 

. ~ 

z 

I 

w 

0 

3 

2 

\.... 

OJ 

Q;; 

a. 

0 

u 

I 

w 

0 

-1 .. 

0 

2 

1.5 

E 

::J 

c .E 0.5 ::J 

<( 

I 

I.J.J 

2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

... .. ': 

: . . . , .. .. . ,. . \ ·-~ 

. : ..... , :: . . •.. .· f", . . . .. · : .. : •,. .. 

• ""i ro .: :·::. o, •o :0 ··~·:-· if ~ · . • : • .... '.·. :: ~.. illl ~ • 

. ·... ·. ·':. . .:· ,,,·., ..•... r.~· 

• o: :o .'o I·~··: :i-:r ,. . • •. .,.o,., 0 ... ., • 

·. . . . ·,'.• :,"': .... 2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

.. 

•. • ·.I •, • •, . ... . . , ·: ... · • • •I I' • • 

·: :~~4-'.i;_i:~~: 0 

olif\~~,)o 

... •• "'!-! ... -?:~: : . ..,'o • 

• • rl' ... • ... ::. ,. 

... . I •: '•:• 

2 3 4 5 6 

Depth (kilometers) 

7 

7 

7 

OJ 

Ill 

OJ 

1.5 ..---..--1--.-1-..... 1--.--1-..--1 ......... 1-..... 

1 1- -

. . . . .. ~ 

I • ••' .t ·- ... • • I •• :_:: .,,.... ,.,. 

• • ·:: ~ .. ".!. :.{.·.: • ., t,\ ; • 

c 0.51- c 

Cl 

c 

c 

~ 

I 

I.U 

0 

c 

N 

I 

w 

c: 

0 

0 

V5 

I 

w 

0 ~ o\, •!='rJ:••••~ ,.- 0 -

,.: ..... • "oo ~ 

0 o' 0 ~oO Jo•o oo'J ,. •• • • • • ..c .;-a: ... ~ 

-0.5t- 0 #' .. o 0 0 .,, ... 0_0,,.

0

, -

. .: ..... ~ ~. . .. ·. . l!l'a ••• 

I 1 1° •., I : .:"" 

1 

-1~~--~--~--~--~--~~ I 

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Depth (kilometers) 

2 0 

·: . .. . ,o 

.. 

0 

.. -1 

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Depth (kilometers) 

2~~~--.~~-----1--r-1~1~~,---, 

1.5-

1 -

: 

0.5-

o- . - -0.5-. 

-

- .. :\. 

·.~:'-'·' . - • • • t1 :-:-:: ~ 

00 • ···l·,.;.:t::·: •.. - . . ! i~·.: .. 0. .-: ::. • . . ., . - .. , ,. I 

-1~~·~~·---+-~--·~~~·~-·~·--~ 0 1 2 J 4 5 6 1 

Depth (kilometers) 

Figure 38. Scatter plots of depth versus enrichment (E) of Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, AI, and Si in northern Pacific Mn 

oxide-rich phases. 

Depth 61 
CONCLUSIONS 

Tabular, graphic, and cartographic portrayals of preliminary descriptive statistics and data provide a substantial 

background of information that clearly illustrates conditions 

and relations that will definitely affect subsequent data 

analysis and that might otherwise go unnoticed. Of particular importance is the direct relation between tabular and 

graphic statistics and spatial distributions. 

For example, the strong positive correlation of nickel 

and copper (compare figs. 8 and 20) in their scatter plots is 

also manifest in their almost identical spatial distributions. 

The inverse correlation between iron and copper is shown 

by spatial distributions that are exactly opposite to one 

another (compare figs. 16 and 20). 

Another interesting relation is that between aluminum 

and silicon (compare figs. 32 and 36). These elements show 

a strong scatter plot correlation, and yet their spatial 

distributions are by no means similar except in various parts 

of the eastern half of the study region. This relation is most 

likely due to very low sample densities of both elements and 

the preponderance of the silicon analyses being in the 

eastern half of the study area. 

The gray-scale maps used to portray spatial distributions proved to be very effective at rapid, accurate, and 

distinct presentation of the data and have high visual 

impact. The transparent overlay serves to reduce or eliminate annotative clutter from the gray-scale maps. Both the 

gray-scale maps and the overlay are patterned after the 

graphics in the Provisional Geochemical Atlas of Northern 

Ireland (Webb and others, 1973). 

FUTURE WORK 

All of the data and statistics presented in this report 

constitute the first part of a multivariate deposit modeling 

study. The ultimate objective of the study is to use the data 

and relations as presented in this report to develop models 

composed of criteria suitable for use in the identification 

and definition of marine manganese oxide-rich phase mineral deposits. Futher, the techniques used in the establishment of the manganese oxide-rich phase models will serve 

as guides to analytical methods used to define other types of 

marine deposits such as heavy metals, precious metals, and 

nonmetallics. 

REFERENCES 

Bowen, R. W. , and Botbol, J. M. , 197 5, The geologic retrieval and 

synopsis program (GRASP): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 966, 87 p. 

Commeau, R.F., Clark, A., Johnson, C., Manheim, F.T., Aruscavage, P.J., and Lane, C.M., 1984, Ferromanganese crust 

resources in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans: Proceedings of 

Oceans, IEEE Ocean Engineering Society, p. 421-430. 

DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Sutphin, D.M., and Cannon, W.F., 1984, 

International strategic minerals inventory summary reportmanganese: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930-A, 22 p. 

Evenden, G.I., 1988, MAPGEN-computer program for generating maps: U.S. Geological Survey unpublished Administrative Report, Woods Hole, Mass. 

---1988, PLOTGEN-computer program for generating 

graphics: U.S. Geological Survey unpublished Administrative Report, Woods Hole, Mass. 

Frazer, J.Z., and Fisk, M.B., 1980, Availability of copper, 

nickel, cobalt, and manganese from ocean ferromanganese 

nodules (Ill): La Jolla, Calif., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, SIO reference 80-16 (prepared for U.S. Bureau of 

Mines), 117 p. 

Hunts berger, D. V., 1963, Elements of statistical inference: Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 291 p. 

Johnson, C.J., Clark A.L., and Otto, J.M., 1985, Pacific Ocean 

minerals; the next 20 years, in Johnson, C.J., and Clark, 

A.L., eds., Pacific mineral resources; physical, economic, 

and legal issues: Proceedings of the Pacific marine mineral 

resources training course, Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West 

Resource Systems Institute, p. 21-40. 

McKelvey, V.E., 1986, Subsea mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1629-A, 106 p. 

McKelvey, V.E., Wright, N.A., and Bowen, R.W., 1983, 

Analysis of the world distribution of metal-rich subsea 

manganese nodules: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 886, 

55 p. 

Webb, J.S., 1973, Provisional geochemical atlas of Northern 

Ireland: London, Applied Geochemistry Research Group, 

Imperial College of Science and Technology, Technical 

Communication no. 60, 30 p. 

62 Statistics, Spatial Distributions of Geochemical Variables, Northern Pacific