1

Filed 12/12/22 Sandoval v. Nippon Life Ins. Co. of America CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

MICHAEL SANDOVAL,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

NIPPON LIFE INSURANCE 

COMPANY OF AMERICA,

Defendant and Respondent.

E077245

(Super.Ct.No. RIC2003903)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Craig Riemer, Judge. 

Affirmed.

Apex Trial Law and Ryan M. Ferrell for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Nippon Life Benefits, Justin Wax Jacobs; Hinshaw & Culbertson; Maynard 

Cooper and Gale and Misty A. Murray for Defendant and Respondent.
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I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff and appellant, Michael Sandoval, sued defendant and respondent, Nippon 

Life Insurance Company of America (Nippon), alleging a single cause of action for 

“violations of the Unruh Civil Rights Act” (Civ. Code, §§ 51, 52)

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(the UCRA). 

Sandoval dismissed his complaint, without prejudice, after the parties exchanged written 

discovery and Nippon sought further responses to its written discovery. Nippon then 

moved to recover $45,419.50 in attorney fees pursuant to two attorney fee shifting 

statutes: (1) Civil Code section 55, and (2) section 2000a-3b of the Americans with 

Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.) (the ADA).

Section 55 is part of the Disabled Persons Act (the DPA) (§§ 54-55.3) and is a 

mandatory, bilateral fee shifting provision (Jankey v. Lee (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1038, 1045 

(Jankey)). Section 55 entitles the prevailing party in an action to enjoin a violation of 

section 54 or 54.1 (provisions of the DPA) to reasonable attorney fees. (Ibid.) Under the 

UCRA, a prevailing defendant may not recover attorney fees. (Jankey, at pp. 1044-1045; 

§ 52, subd. (b)(3).) Under the ADA, a prevailing defendant may recover attorney fees 

only if the ADA claim was frivolous. (See Jankey, at p. 1047; 42 U.S.C. § 12205.)

In an April 23, 2021 order, the court awarded Nippon its requested $45,419.50 in 

attorney fees pursuant section 55. The court did not determine whether Nippon was also 

entitled to fees under the ADA. Sandoval appeals from the April 23 order, claiming the 

1

 Undesignated statutory references are to the Civil Code. Although the UCRA is 

set forth in section 51, remedies for violating section 51 (the UCRA) are set forth in 

section 52. (Flowers v. Prasad (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 930, 937-938.)
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fee award must be reversed for two reasons: (1) Nippon is not the prevailing party

because the complaint was dismissed without prejudice, and (2) section 55 does not apply

because the complaint did not allege a cause of action or seek any relief under the DPA. 

For its part, Nippon argues that the April 23 order is not appealable, and Nippon was 

entitled to attorney fees under section 55 and the ADA.

We affirm the order awarding Nippon attorney fees under section 55. As we first 

explain, the order is appealable, and Nippon is the prevailing party in this action for 

purposes of recovering its costs of suit, including attorney fees authorized by statute. 

(Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1032, subd. (a)(4), 1033.5.) Second, Nippon was entitled to recover 

reasonable attorney fees under section 55. The complaint alleged a single cause of action 

under the UCRA, but it did not limit its request for injunctive relief to injunctive relief 

under the UCRA. (§ 52, subd. (a).) Instead, it sought a form of injunctive relief that is 

only available under section 55 and that is not available under the UCRA. (Ibid.)2 Thus, 

the fee award was authorized under section 55.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Nippon’s Website

Nippon is an insurance company incorporated in the State of Iowa, and its 

principal place of business is in New York, New York. Nippon’s only form of business 

is “the sale of employer based (ERISA) group insurance policies for medical, dental, 

2

 In addition to its $45,419.50 in attorney fees, Nippon was awarded $1,450.99 in 

costs pursuant to Nippon’s unopposed memorandum of costs. (Cal. Rules of Court, 

rule 3.1700(a).) Sandoval did not move to tax these costs and does not challenge the 

$1,450.99 cost award in this appeal.
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vision, disability and life products.” Nippon does not sell individual insurance policies, 

nor does it sell group insurance policies “directly to individuals.” It only sells group 

insurance policies to employers, usually through brokers or general agents. Individuals 

are ineligible to be “ ‘ members’ ” of any Nippon-issued policy unless they are “part of 

an employer offered insurance group.”

Nippon has been licensed to sell its group insurance policies in 47 states and the 

District of Columbia. Nippon does business in California and owns and maintains a 

website that is available in California, but Nippon does not sell insurance products or 

services on its website. Nippon also has no “brick and mortar” locations that are open or 

accessible to the public.

B. The Complaint

The complaint alleges Sandoval is completely blind and uses a screen reader to 

access the internet and its content. In early 2020, Sandoval visited Nippon’s website but 

was denied access “due to numerus barriers” in the website that “negated the use of a 

screen reader.” The website did not comply with “nearly universally accepted” “Web 

Content Accessibility Guidelines” known as “ ‘WCAG 2.0.’ ” The website was a 

“ ‘public accommodation’ ” within the meaning of the ADA (42 U.S.C. §12181(7)) and a 

“ ‘business establishment’ ” within the meaning of the UCRA (Civ. Code, § 51, 

subd. (b)). The website’s inaccessibility to blind persons violated Title III of the ADA, 

which prohibits discrimination against disabled individuals in places of public 

accommodation (42 U.S.C. § 12182(a)), and the UCRA, which decrees that any violation 
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of any right of any disabled individual under the ADA is also a violation of the UCRA 

(Civ. Code, § 51, subd. (f)).

Based on these allegations, the complaint alleged a single cause of action for 

“violations” of the UCRA. The complaint more specifically alleged that Nippon’s 

actions in creating the inaccessible website constituted “intentional discrimination” for 

purposes of the UCRA and an ADA violation, which “also equates to” a UCRA 

violation.3 The complaint expressly alleged “[p]ursuant to the Unruh Civil Rights Act” 

that Sandoval was entitled to injunctive relief requiring Nippon to “remove the barriers” 

on its website “in order to provide full and equal access to Plaintiff and other blind 

consumers.” The complaint claimed Sandoval was entitled to statutory damages “for 

each discriminatory event,” “[p]ursuant to Civil Code § 52.”

In its prayer for relief, the complaint sought: (1) a judgment that Nippon violated 

Sandoval’s rights pursuant to the UCRA; (2) a preliminary and permanent injunction 

requiring Nippon to “take the steps necessary to make its website readily accessible to 

and usable by blind consumers” without specifying a statutory basis for this requested 

relief, (3) statutory damages of $4,000 per violation “pursuant to section 52(a),” and 

(4) attorney fees “pursuant to all applicable laws including, without limitation . . . 

[section] 52(a).” The complaint limited Sandoval’s total recovery to $74,999, inclusive 

of damages, attorney fees and costs, and injunctive relief costs. The complaint did not 

3 “A plaintiff can recover under the [Unruh Act] on two alternative theories: (1) a 

violation of the ADA (Civ. Code, § 51, subd. (f)); or (2) denial of access to a business 

establishment based on intentional discrimination.” (Martinez v. San Diego County 

Credit Union (2020) 50 Cal.App.5th 1048, 1059.)
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allege a cause of action under the ADA or the DPA, and it did not mention the DPA or 

any statutes comprising the DPA. (§§ 54-55.3.)

C. The Dismissal of the Complaint

Nippon answered the complaint, and the parties exchanged written discovery. 

After Nippon asked Sandoval to provide further responses to Nippon’s written discovery, 

Sandoval voluntarily dismissed the complaint and, thus, the entire action, without 

prejudice.

D. Nippon’s Motion for Attorney Fees and the Court’s Ruling on the Motion 

Following the dismissal, Nippon filed a motion for $45,419.50 in attorney fees,

claiming that, as the prevailing party in the action (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1032, subd. (a)(4), 

1033.5), it was entitled to reasonable attorney fees pursuant to Civil Code section 55 and 

the ADA (42 U.S.C. § 2000a-3b). Nippon submitted evidence that, before, after, and at 

the time Sandoval allegedly accessed the website, the website complied with “the WCAG 

2.0 Level AA standards,” “and such compliance was easily apparent and discernable to 

both visually impaired and non-impaired visitors alike.”

In opposition, Sandoval argued that section 55 did not apply because his complaint 

only alleged a cause of action and only sought relief pursuant to the UCRA, not the DPA

or the ADA. Sandoval relied on Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th 1038 for the proposition that a 

plaintiff alleging an ADA violation that also constitutes a violation of the UCRA and the 

DPA is “the master” of the plaintiff’s complaint and may pick and choose or elect 

whether to invoke the rights and remedies available under any one, two, or all three of the 

federal and state statutes.
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In an April 23, 2021 order, the court granted the motion for attorney fees. The 

court explained that, although the complaint did not expressly seek to enjoin a violation 

of Civil Code section 54 or 54.1, the complaint, “in substance if not in form,” alleged 

“acts or omissions that constitute violations” of “every statute that is violated by a 

violation of the ADA.” The court disagreed with Sandoval’s argument that a plaintiff can 

avoid the operation of section 55 merely by not expressly alleging a violation of section 

54 or 54.1 in the complaint, when, as here, the facts alleged in the complaint constitute a 

violation of section 54 or 54.1 (the DPA), as well as a violation of section 51 (the 

UCRA). Thus, the court ruled that Nippon, as the prevailing party, was entitled to 

attorney fees under section 55.

4 The court did not determine whether Nippon was 

entitled to fees under the ADA. Sandoval timely appealed from the April 23, 2021 order.

III. DISCUSSION

A. The April 23, 2021 Order Is an Appealable Judgment

We first consider Nippon’s claim that we lack jurisdiction to consider this appeal,

and this appeal must therefore be dismissed, because the April 23, 2021 order awarding 

Nippon $45,410.50 in attorney fees is not appealable. We disagree. The April 23 order 

is an appealable judgment: it is not interlocutory; it finally determined the right of the 

parties in this action. (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 577, 904.1, subd (a)(1).)

In California, the right to an appeal is conferred “exclusively by statute”; thus, an 

appellate court lacks jurisdiction to consider an appeal unless a statute authorizes the 

4

 Sandoval did not dispute the reasonableness of Nippon’s $45,419.50 in 

requested attorney fees; thus, the court awarded Nippon the entire amount.
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appeal. (Smith v. Smith (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1074, 1083.) Code of Civil Procedure 

section 904.1 is the “primary statute” addressing the appealability of judgments and 

orders in civil actions. (Ibid.) It “serves to avoid piecemeal litigation by limiting appeals 

to final judgments, postjudgment orders, and certain enumerated orders.” (Ibid.)

Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1, subdivision (a)(1), authorizes an appeal to 

be taken from a judgment, subject to exceptions that are inapplicable here. “A judgment 

is the final determination of the rights of the parties in an action or proceeding.” (Code 

Civ. Proc., § 577.) A postjudgment order is “an order made after a judgment made 

appealable” by section 904.1, subdivision (a)(1). (Code Civ. Proc., § 904.1, subd. (a)(2).)

As the parties agree, the April 23, 2021 order is not an appealable postjudgment 

order because it was not made following an appealable judgment. (Code Civ. Proc., 

§ 904.1, subd. (a)(2).) As the parties also agree, the clerk’s entry of Sandoval’s voluntary 

dismissal of his complaint without prejudice (Code Civ. Proc., § 581, subd. (b)(1))—

which preceded the April 23 order—is not an appealable judgment. (Gassner v. Stasa

(2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 346, 354 (Gassner).) But under this court’s 2018 decision in 

Gassner, the April 23 order is an appealable judgment. (Id., at p. 355.) In Gassner, this 

court, after acknowledging a split of authority on the question, concluded that a costs 

order entered following a voluntary dismissal of an action without prejudice is an 

appealable judgment. (Ibid.) Gassner reasoned that such orders are not interlocutory and 

“cannot be reviewed in an appeal from some subsequent final judgment. There is a need 

for some kind of review, but there is no need for the speedy and often summary review 

that a writ petition entails.” (Ibid.)
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Gassner’s reasoning is sound, and we follow it here. Under Gassner, the 

April 23, 2021 order awarding Nippon $45,419.50 in attorney fees as an item of costs 

(Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1032, 1033.5) is an appealable judgment (Gassner, supra,

30 Cal.App.5th at p. 355).

B. Nippon Is the Prevailing Party in This Action for Purposes of Recovering Its Costs,

Including Attorney Fees Authorized by Statute (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1032, 1033.5)

We next address Sandoval’s claim that Nippon is not the “prevailing party” in this 

action for purposes of recovering its costs, including attorney fees authorized by statute. 

(Code Civ. Proc., §§ 1032, 1033.5.) Sandoval points out that Black’s Law Dictionary has 

defined “ ‘prevailing party’ ” as a person in whose favor a judgment was entered (Black’s 

Law Dict. (11th ed. 2019); see Graham v. DaimlerChrysler Corp. (2004) 34 Cal.4th 553, 

569) and argues that no “judgment” was entered in Nippon’s favor.

A prevailing party in an action or proceeding is entitled to recover its costs as “as a 

matter of right,” “[e]xcept as otherwise expressly provided by statute.” (Code Civ. Proc., 

§ 1032, subd. (b).) For these purposes, a prevailing party includes “a defendant in whose 

favor a dismissal is entered . . . .” (Id. at subd. (a)(4).) Nippon is a defendant in whose 

favor a dismissal was entered. For this reason, and because no statute provides 

otherwise, Nippon is the prevailing party in this action for purposes of recovering its 

costs. (Id. at subd. (b).) Attorney fees are recoverable as an item of costs (ibid.), if, for 

example, a statute authorizes their recovery (§ 1033.5, subd. (a)(10)(B)). The central 

question in this case is whether Civil Code section 55 authorized the court to award 
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Nippon attorney fees as an item of costs. (§§ 1032, subd. (b), 1033.5, subd. (a)(10)(B).) 

We turn to this question.

C. Sandoval’s Complaint Alleged a Single Cause of Action Pursuant to the UCRA, But It 

Did Not Limit Its Claim for Injunctive Relief to Injunctive Relief That is Available Under 

the UCRA. Instead, It Sought Injunctive Relief That is Only Available Under Section 55. 

Thus, Nippon’s Attorney Fee Award Was Authorized Under Section 55 

Sandoval claims the court erroneously concluded that section 55 applied, and that 

Nippon was entitled to fees under section 55, “simply” because Sandoval could have pled 

a DPA cause of action based on the ADA violation he relied on to support his UCRA 

cause of action. Sandoval argues: the UCRA and DPA “may overlap but are recognized 

as completely separate causes of action”; a plaintiff may plead a UCRA cause of action 

and invoke UCRA remedies to the exclusion of a DPA cause of action and DPA 

remedies; the complaint “is crystal clear that it only pleads a single cause of action” 

under the UCRA; and the UCRA does not allow defendants to recover attorney fees 

“regardless of the outcome.”

1. Standard of Review

Generally, a trial court’s determination of whether a party is entitled to an attorney 

fee award is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (Turner v. Association of American 

Medical Colleges (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 1047, 1056 (Turner).) “[D]iscretion may not 

be exercised whimsically, and reversal is required where there is no reasonable basis for 

the ruling or when the trial court has applied the wrong test to determine if the statutory 

requirements were satisfied.” (Flannery v. California Highway Patrol (1988) 
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61 Cal.App.4th 629, 634.) But the judgment or order forming the basis of the appeal is 

presumed to be correct, and if it is correct on any theory, it must be affirmed regardless of 

the trial court’s reasoning. (Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564; Davey 

v. Southern Pacific Co. (1897) 116 Cal. 325, 329.) “If the decision itself is correct, there 

can be no prejudicial error from incorrect logic or reasoning.” (Hoover v. American 

Income Life Ins. Co. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1193, 1201.)

2. Statutory Overview

“The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in the enjoyment of

public accommodations, including with respect to access. (42 U.S.C. § 12182.) 

Businesses must ‘ “remove architectural barriers . . . in existing facilities . . . where such

removal is readily achievable.” ’ (Munson v. Del Taco, Inc. [(2009) 46 Cal.4th 661, 669],

quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv).) Liability does not depend on proof of

intentional discrimination, but a private litigant cannot obtain damages for the denial of

access, only injunctive relief.” (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1044; 42 U.S.C.

§ 12188(a).)

The ADA includes a bilateral attorney fee provision that allows the prevailing

party in an ADA action to recover reasonable attorney fees. (42 U.S.C. § 12205.) But

under established precedent, a prevailing defendant can only recover attorney fees if the

ADA claim was frivolous. (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1047-1048; 42 U.S.C.

§ 12205; Christianburg Garment Co. v. EEOC (1978) 434 U.S. 412, 416-417

(Christianburg).) That is, “prevailing defendants may receive fees only when the trial
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court finds that a plaintiff’s claim is ‘frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless, or that the

plaintiff continued to litigate after it clearly became so . . . .’ ” (Jankey, at p. 1048.)

“In 1992, shortly after passage of the ADA, the Legislature amended the state’s

disability protections ‘ “to strengthen California law in areas where it is weaker than the

[ADA] and to retain California law when it provides more protection for individuals with

disabilities than the [ADA].” ’ [Citation.] Two overlapping laws, the Unruh Civil Rights

Act (§ 51) and the Disabled Persons Act (§§ 54–55.3), are the principal sources of state

disability access protection.” (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1044.)

The UCRA “broadly outlaws arbitrary discrimination in public accommodations

and includes disability as one among many prohibited bases. (§ 51, subd. (b).) As part of

the 1992 reformation of state disability law, the Legislature amended the UCRA to

incorporate by reference the ADA, making violations of the ADA per se violations of the

[UCRA].” (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1044; § 51, subd. (f).) “This amendment was

intended to extend to disabled individuals aggrieved by an ADA violation the

full panoply of [UCRA] remedies.” (Jankey, at p. 1044.)

The UCRA is set forth in section 51 (§51, subd. (a)), but section 52 provides

remedies for section 51 violations (Flowers v. Prasad, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at pp. 937-

938). These remedies include “injunctive relief, actual damages (and in some cases as

much as treble damages), and a minimum statutory award of $ 4,000 per violation. (§ 52,

subds. (a), (c)(3) . . . .)” (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1044.) The UCRA’s attorney fee

provision is unilateral, that is, “the plaintiff can recover attorney fees if he or she prevails,
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but the defendant cannot.” (Molski v. Arciero Wine Group (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 786,

791 (Molski); see § 52, subd. (a).)

The DPA “substantially overlaps with and complements” the UCRA. (Jankey,

supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1044.) The DPA is “[m]ore narrow in focus” than the UCRA, and

it “generally guarantees people with disabilities equal rights of access ‘to public places,

buildings, facilities and services, as well as common carriers, housing and places of

public accommodation.’ ” (Ibid; see §§ 54, subd. (a), 54.1, subd. (a)(1).) ADA

violations are a basis for relief under the DPA (Jankey, at p. 1044; §§ 54, subd. (c), 54.1,

subd. (d)), as they are under the UCRA (§ 51, subd. (f)).

Available remedies under the DPA include actual damages (and in some cases as

much as treble damages), with a $ 1,000 minimum recovery, and attorney fees. (§ 54.3,

subd. (a); Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1044.) “Recognizing the overlap between” the

UCRA and the DPA’s damages provisions, “the Legislature expressly foreclosed double

recovery” for damages under both acts. (Jankey, at pp. 1044-1045; § 54.3,

subd. (c); Munson v. Del Taco, Inc., supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 675.) It is important to note

here, however, that injunctive relief under section 55 “is available as a cumulative

remedy” to injunctive relief under the UCRA (§52, subd. (c) (3)) and the DPA (§ 54.3,

subd. (c)). (Molski, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 792.)

Section 55 is part of the DPA, but it is “broader in two respects than the private

right of action” authorized by section 54.3: (1) it “extendsstanding to those ‘potentially

aggrieved,’ not just those who have been actually denied access,” and (2) injunctive relief

under section 55 may be predicated on potential violations, not only of sections
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54 and 54.1, but of various provisions of the Government Code and Health and Safety

Code. (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1045.) Section 55 “marks a clear departure” from

the UCRA and the ADA by requiring fee awards to prevailing defendantsin actions for

violating section 54 or 54.1. (Id., at p. 1047.)

As relevant here, section 55 provides: “Any person who is aggrieved or 

potentially aggrieved by a violation of Section 54 or 54.1 of this code . . . may bring an 

action to enjoin the violation. The prevailing party in the action shall be entitled to 

recover reasonable attorney’s fees.” (§ 55.) As its language indicates, fee awards to the

prevailing party are mandatory under section 55. (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1046.)

3. Analysis

Relying on Jankey, Sandoval argues that a plaintiff alleging a disability access 

cause of action that violates the ADA, UCRA, and DPA may allege causes of action and 

seek relief under only one of these statutes, two of them, or all three. We agree. (Jankey,

supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 1049-1055; Molski, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 792.) We 

explain Jankey’s reasoning in order to illuminate how Sandoval’s complaint could and 

did leave the door open for Sandoval to obtain injunctive relief under section 55, even 

though the complaint only alleged a cause of action under the UCRA.

Jankey held that the ADA’s attorney fee provision (42 U.S.C. §12205) does not 

preempt section 55. (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1047-1055, disagreeing with 

Hubbard v. SoBreck, LLC (9th Cir. 2009) 554 F.3d 742, 745.) In discussing preemption, 

Jankey reasoned that Congress did not intend the ADA to preempt state laws that, at least 
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in some respects, afforded greater protection for plaintiffs than the ADA, even if the state 

laws were less advantageous to plaintiffs in other respects. (Jankey, at pp. 1047-1052.)

Section 55 is such a law (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1051), and regarding such 

laws, Jankey noted, “the ADA as a whole should be read to preserve individuals’ rights to 

decide whether to sue under the state law as well, or instead” of suing under the ADA (id.

at p. 1050). Jankey noted: “Plaintiffs can always sue under the ADA alone, safe in the 

knowledge that even if they lose, defense fees will be available only in accordance with 

Christianburg [the action was frivolous]. Alternatively, they can add one or more state 

law remedies if they view the potential benefits as superior to the potential burdens. If 

instead the risks appear to exceed the potential rewards, they can omit a given state law 

claim, at no loss to enforcement of their ADA rights.” (Id. at p. 1055.) Thus, a plaintiff 

“might choose to sue under section 55, in addition to or instead of the ADA” given 

section 55’s “lower standing hurdle.” (Id. at pp. 1051.)

“Such a regime” that allows plaintiffs to pick and choose among available federal 

and state law remedies “is fully consistent with Congress’s apparent willingness to allow 

plaintiffs to freely determine what remedies they pursue. [Citation.] Congress’s concern 

about not discouraging would-be plaintiffs from availing themselves of the ADA thus 

offers no reason to preclude states from established different fee award regimes for 

independently establishing state law remedies.” (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1055.)

As Sandoval argues, his complaint alleged a single cause of action for UCRA 

violations, and it did not mention the DPA or any DPA provisions, including section 55. 

It only alleged that Nippon’s inaccessible website violated the ADA and the UCRA. But 
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contrary to Sandoval’s argument, the complaint did not limit its request for injunctive 

relief to injunctive relief under the UCRA. (§ 52, subd.(c)(3).)

The complaint alleged: “Pursuant to the Unruh Civil Rights Act, plaintiff is 

entitled to injunctive relief requiring that defendant remove the barriers on defendant’s 

website in order to provide full and equal access to plaintiff and other blind consumers.” 

(Capitalizations omitted.) But in its prayer for relief, the complaint sought “a preliminary 

and permanent injunction” without specifying the statutory basis for the requested 

injunction and without limiting its request for the injunctive relief available under the 

UCRA. (§ 52, subd. (c)(3).)

In other respects, the complaint was more specific in its prayer for relief. It sought 

statutory damages and attorney fees solely under the UCRA, and it limited Sandoval’s 

total recovery to $74,999. In contrast to these limitations, the complaint did not limit its 

request for injunctive relief to injunctive relief available under the UCRA. Instead, the 

language of the complaint allowed Sandoval to seek and obtain injunctive relief under 

section 55, ultimately by arguing that the alleged ADA violation, Nippon’s inaccessible 

website, violated sections 54 or 54.1, as well as section 51.

Seeking injunctive relief under section 55 is entirely consistent with alleging a 

single cause of action for UCRA violations and seeking damages and attorney fees solely 

under the UCRA. Although a plaintiff must elect between recovering damages under the 

UCRA or the DPA (§ 54.3, subd. (c)), injunctive relief under section 55 “is available as a 

cumulative remedy” to injunctive relief under the UCRA (§ 52, subd. (c)(3)) and the 

DPA (§ 54.3, subd. (b); Molski, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 792).
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Further, by seeking “injunctive relief mandating that [Nippon] comply with its 

accessibility obligations towar[d] the disabled,” the complaint sought to restrain potential 

violations of section 54 or 54.1 affecting potentially aggrieved persons. (§ 55.) The 

complaint expressly sought injunctive relief for plaintiff “and other blind consumers.” 

This injunctive relief necessarily includes injunctive relief for potential violations of 

section 54 or 54.1 affecting potentially aggrieved persons. (Ibid.) This injunctive relief 

is available under section 55 (Jankey, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1045), but it is not available 

under the UCRA (§ 52, subd. (c)(3)). Under the UCRA, only a person whose rights have 

been “ ‘personally violated’ ” may seek injunctive relief. (Flowers v. Prasad, supra, 

238 Cal.App.4th at pp. 943-944.) Thus, section 55 applied, and Nippon was properly 

awarded attorney fees under section 55.
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IV. DISPOSITION

The April 23, 2021 order and judgment awarding Nippon $45,419.50 in attorney 

fees is affirmed. Nippon shall recover its costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 

8.278.)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

FIELDS

J.

We concur:

MILLER

Acting P.J.

MENETREZ

J.