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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

MARK J. SOULARD,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

July 17, 2018

v No. 337381

Washtenaw Circuit Court

REPUBLIC PARKING SYSTEM INC., LC No. 16-000070-NO

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and GLEICHER and LETICA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Mark Soulard slipped and fell on black ice in a parking lot owned by Republic Parking 

System Inc. The parties dispute whether the ice was open and obvious as a matter of law. We 

need not decide this question, as Soulard failed to establish a question of fact concerning 

Republic’s notice that the ice had formed. We affirm.

I

We review the facts in the light most favorable to Soulard, as we must in reviewing a 

grant of summary disposition. See Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 

(1999).

Soulard drove to Ann Arbor on a February morning to accompany his sister to a medical 

appointment. He recalled that the roads were dry, and that it was not snowing or raining as they 

travelled. He parked his minivan on the ground floor of an enclosed, multilevel Republic 

parking structure. Although there was snow on the ground it was not deep, and Soulard believed 

that the sidewalks “were fairly clear.”

After the appointment, Soulard and his sister and niece had dinner at an Indian restaurant. 

As they walked back to the parking garage, Soulard observed that it had become cold and snowy. 

“When we went into the restaurant, the weather was fine,” he testified. “When we came out, it 

had turned.” Soulard and his family were in the restaurant for approximately an hour. 

According to undisputed evidence presented by Republic, the temperature fell from 19 degrees at 

5:53 p.m. to 8.1 degrees at 6:53 p.m., which was close to the time of Soulard’s fall.

Soulard and his family entered the parking garage and walked directly toward Soulard’s 

vehicle. The garage was “kind of dim,” he recounted, but he saw no ice or snow. As he reached 
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the back of his minivan, Soulard slipped and fell hard on black ice, fracturing his leg. He 

recalled that the EMTs who responded to his sister’s 911 call had difficulty negotiating the ice 

while attempting to maneuver him onto a gurney. Soulard admitted that he did not know 

whether Republic had any notice that ice had formed near his vehicle. 

Republic moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that the ice 

was open and obvious, that the garage lacked any special aspects, and that Republic had no 

notice of any icy conditions near Soulard’s vehicle. The circuit court held that the ice was open 

and obvious, explaining that “[y]ou may not see it, you have to really use just really careful 

care[.]”

II

By definition, black ice is invisible. As the circuit court expressed, this means that it 

cannot be seen. The Supreme Court has held that when there are other indicators of ice in an 

area, such as snow on the ground or falling precipitation, such “wintry conditions by their nature 

would have alerted an average user of ordinary intelligence to discover the danger upon casual 

inspection,” rendering the ice open and obvious. Janson v Sajewski Funeral Home, Inc, 486 

Mich 934, 935; 782 NW2d 201 (2010).

Viewed in the light most favorable to Soulard, there was no evidence of wintry 

conditions inside the parking garage where he fell. We decline to extend the Sajewski reasoning 

to an apparently clear and dry indoor environment. But while invisibility of the black ice enables 

Soulard to avoid summary disposition based on the open and obvious danger doctrine, it 

complicates an essential element of his case: that Republic knew or should have known of the ice 

and remedied it. The ice was not visible to Soulard, and there is no record evidence that it was 

visible to anyone else before Soulard fell. Nor does the record supply a reasonable inference that 

Republic should have detected the ice. 

To establish a premises liability claim, an invitee such as Soulard must prove that the

premises’ owner breached its duty of care by failing to remedy or warn of a defect on the land. 

Hoffner v Lanctoe, 492 Mich 450, 460; 821 NW2d 88 (2012). Evidence that the premises’ 

owner had actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition is essential to a plaintiff’s 

proof. Lowrey v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 500 Mich 1, 10; 890 NW2d 344 (2016). A defendant may 

“establish its entitlement to summary disposition by demonstrating that plaintiff failed to present 

sufficient evidence of notice.” Id.

Notice may be actual or constructive. Soulard admitted that he had no evidence of actual 

notice and the record otherwise contains no such evidence, so we consider only whether 

Republic should have been on notice that black ice had formed around Soulard’s vehicle. A 

premises possessor has constructive notice of a dangerous condition if the danger “ ‘is of such a 

character or has existed a sufficient length of time that he should have had knowledge of it.’ ” 

Serinto v Borman Food Stores, 380 Mich 637, 640-641; 158 NW2d 485 (1968), quoting 

Carpenter v Herpolsheimer’s Co, 278 Mich 697, 698; 271 NW 575 (1937) (emphasis omitted).

Soulard has offered no evidence that Republic should have known of the patch of black 

ice. While Republic indisputably had an obligation to reasonably inspect its premises to look for 
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dangerous conditions (particularly on a cold day in February), the record is devoid of evidence 

that the black ice had existed for a sufficient time that Republic should have discovered it. The 

Supreme Court recently emphasized that it “has never required a defendant to present evidence 

of a routine or reasonable inspection under the instant circumstances to prove [its] lack of 

constructive notice of a dangerous condition on its property.” Lowrey, 500 Mich at 10. And 

Soulard has not presented evidence that a routine inspection would have led to discovery in this 

case. Given the nature of the defect and the abrupt, dramatic change in climate conditions that 

occurred during the hour before Soulard fell, we are unable to reasonably infer that Republic 

should have detected and remedied the black ice before the accident.

We affirm.

/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause 

/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher 

/s/ Anica Letica