J-A02031-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

D.A.H AND B.A.H., IN THE SUPERIOR COURT

OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellants

v.

D.J.H. AND D.D.H.,

Appellees No. 1332 WDA 2017

Appeal from the Order Entered August 17, 2017

In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County,

Civil Division, at No(s): FD 16-007859-017.

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and KUNSELMAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED APRIL 03, 2018

Paternal Grandparents, D.A.H. and B.A.H., appeal from the order of 

court granting Father, D.J.H., primary physical and sole legal custody of

Father’s child, S.J.H. After careful consideration, we conclude that the trial 

court erred when it did not revisit the issue of standing, and when it did not 

complete a full custody analysis under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §5328(c). Accordingly, we 

are constrained to vacate the custody order and remand for further 

proceedings. 

The pertinent factual background and procedural history of the case is 

as follows. D.J.H. is the father of S.J.H. The child’s biological mother – D.D.H. 

the ex-spouse of Father – has never been involved in this case. On April 15, 

2016, Grandparents filed an initial complaint for custody, wherein they sought 
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primary physical and legal custody of the child. A rule to show cause was 

issued on the basis that the Grandparents had not sufficiently pled facts to 

establish standing under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §5324 (“Standing for any form of 

physical custody or legal custody.”) On May 16, 2016, Grandparents filed an 

amended complaint for custody seeking primary and legal custody under 

§5324, or, in the alternative, partial physical custody under §5325 (“Standing 

for partial physical custody and supervised physical custody”). On July 15, 

2016, the trial court held a hearing to determine standing. The trial court 

determined that while Grandparents lacked standing to seek primary physical 

or legal custody of the child under §5324, they still had standing for partial 

physical custody under §5325.1

The trial court then referred the matter to the hearing officer, who is 

authorized to make custody awards only in partial custody cases. But upon 

allegations of abuse in Father’s home, instead of the hearing officer awarding 

the Grandparents partial custody the trial court itself issued an interim custody 

order in September 2016 that granted Grandparents primary physical custody. 

____________________________________________

1 The trial court did not specify which of the statute’s three provisions applied. 

We can infer from the trial court’s findings, however, that the facts do not 

warrant standing under either §5325(1) or §5325(3), which left only 

§5325(2). Although the first clause of §5325(2) was struck down by our 

Supreme Court, in the months following the trial court’s July 2016 hearing on 

standing, it appears that the Grandparents qualified for standing under the 

second clause of §5325(2) as the parents of the child are divorced. See D.P. 

v. G.J.P., 146 A.3d 204 (Pa. 2016). The constitutionality of §5325(2)’s second 

clause has not been challenged.
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In December 2016, the trial court issued another interim custody order, which 

granted Father partial custody on the weekends. The trial court referred the 

case to the partial custody hearing officer for a second time. In doing so, it 

appears the trial court effectively equipped the hearing officer with only 

enough authority to grant Father some form of partial custody. The 

consequence of the trial court’s referral to the hearing officer was that the 

Grandparents would retain primary custody, despite the trial court’s earlier 

determination that the Grandparents did not have standing for primary 

custody.

In February 2017, the hearing officer issued an interim custody order 

essentially mirroring the trial court’s December 2016 interim order. The 

hearing officer recommended further that the child be appointed a guardian 

ad litem (“GAL”), and the hearing officer set the matter for a June 5, 2017 

review. But, in March 2017, when Father filed a motion for special relief, the 

trial court: canceled the June review; stayed the order for the GAL; set the 

case for an expedited conciliation before the trial court; and directed Father 

to file a formal complaint for primary custody. Father filed the complaint for 

primary custody on March 24, 2017. 

Following a conciliation in April, the trial court set the matter for a 

hearing on July 21 and 24, 2017. Before the trial, the trial court – again 

precipitated by motion – issued an interim order clarifying that the interim 

order of December 2016 governed until the trial, and clarified that Father shall 
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enjoy sole legal custody as well as two straight weeks of physical custody in 

June. This clarification was perhaps necessary as the trial court, on February 

23, 2017, issued an interim order setting physical custody at 50/50. This trial 

court order was issued mere days after the hearing officer’s February 17, 2017 

order, which kept the Grandparents as the primary physical custodians.

At the July trial – technically held to adjudicate Father’s complaint for 

custody – the Grandparents sought to present evidence that they had standing 

to remain the child’s primary physical custodians. They had been the child’s 

interim primary custodians for nearly a year. Father presented an oral motion 

in limine to preclude such evidence, which the court granted. Specifically, the 

court declined outright to revisit its previous determination, entered 12 

months prior, that the Grandparents did not stand in loco parentis, per 23 

Pa.C.S.A. §5324(2). The trial court additionally precluded the Grandparents 

from presenting evidence of abuse, whereby they might have demonstrated 

that they still had standing for primary custody under 23 Pa.C.S.A. 

§5324(3)(iii)(B). The trial court proceeded to conduct a custody inquiry based 

on only §5328(a). In its resulting August 17, 2017 custody order, from which 

Grandparents have taken this appeal, the trial court reverted primary custody 

back to Father at all times, except one day on the last weekend of every 

month.

Grandparents raise the following claims:

1. Whether the trial court committed an error of law by precluding evidence 

on the issue of the Grandparents’ standing for primary physical custody?
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2. Whether the trial court committed an abuse of discretion by finding that 

there were no credible allegations of abuse when such a finding is 

against the weight of the evidence produced at trial?

3. Whether the trial court committed an abuse of discretion in finding that 

one overnight per month with Grandparents, and no vacation or holiday 

schedule for Grandparents was sufficient to maintain the positive and 

close relationship the child has with Grandparents after determining that 

neither party would encourage contact?

“Generally, an appellate court’s standard of review of a trial court’s 

evidentiary ruling is whether the trial court abused its discretion; however, 

where the evidentiary ruling turns on a question of law, review is plenary.” 

Buckman v. Verazin, 54 A.3d 956 (Pa. Super. 2016). “A trial court’s decision 

to grant a motion in limine is subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion 

standard of review.” In re Fiedler, 132 A.3d 1010, (Pa. Super. 2016).

In their first matter, Grandparents argue that the trial court erred when it 

granted Father’s oral motion in limine and refused to revisit the issue of 

standing. They cite Kellogg v. Kellogg, 646 A.2d 1246 (Pa. Super. 1994),

to support the proposition that the trial court may make a standing 

determination at any time. This argument is not entirely accurate. 

We decided Kellogg before the promulgation of a 2014 amendment to Rule 

of Procedure 1915.5, which explicitly requires a standing objection be made 

within 20 days. See C.G. v. J.H., 172 A.3d 43, 56 n.10 (Pa.Super. 

2017)(discussing Kellogg). In our most recent discussion of Kellogg, we 

stated, “While standing in custody cases may be fluid under some 

circumstances, it certainly cannot be asserted at any time.” Id. (quoting M.G. 
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v. L.D., 155 A.3d 1083, 1087 n.5 (Pa. Super. 2017), appeal denied, 169 A.3d 

522 (Pa. 2017). “[W]hile we have re-evaluated a party’s standing following a 

factual change in circumstances, i.e., the termination of parental rights or 

adoption, our review of Pennsylvania jurisprudence does not support the ad 

hoc re-evaluation of standing....” M.G. 155 A.3d, at 1087 n.5. (Pa.Super. 

2017)(emphasis original). In limiting Kellogg, we have reaffirmed there still 

could be narrow circumstances when standing needs to be re-evaluated by 

the trial court at a later date in the litigation.

The circumstances in the instant matter reflect the very fluidity and 

factual change in circumstances we anticipated when we sought to safeguard 

the trial court’s flexibility in third-party custody matters. Here, the trial court 

conducted a proper standing determination in July 2016. But between then 

and the final custody award, from which the appeal was taken, the change in 

circumstances compelled the trial court to issue no less than four interim 

custody orders. Primary custodians were swapped entirely. 

In March 2017, this case’s complicated nature finally caused the trial 

court to revoke jurisdiction from the hearing office so the trial judge could 

hear the matter herself. Presumably, the learned trial court recognized its 

need to have available the full spectrum of possible legal remedies. The very 

fact that the trial court directed Father to file his own complaint for custody 

demonstrated the need for the court to revisit standing. While the trial court 

had yet to make final factual findings, its directive to Father carried with it the 
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implicit acknowledgement that the facts and circumstances might have 

drastically changed since the initial standing determination. 

We need look no further than the procedural disposition of this matter. 

No final determination of the Grandparents’ amended complaint for custody, 

filed in April 2016, was ever made; Father became the moving party by virtue 

of his March 2017 petition. After the initial standing hearing, when the court 

found Grandparents lacked standing for full custody, the trial court granted 

the Grandparents interim primary custody based on allegations that the child 

was substantially at risk of abuse when in the Father’s home. The custody trial 

was held on Father’s complaint to determine whether primary physical custody 

of the child should revert back to him. Grandparents should have been 

afforded the opportunity to present evidence why primary physical custody 

should remain with them. That is, they should have been afforded the ability 

to present evidence that there actually was a substantial risk of abuse at 

Father’s home.

When the trial court directed Father to file a complaint for custody, it 

would have been unrealistic for the Grandparents to raise a standing 

objection, per Pa.R.C.P. 1915.5. Parents always have standing for primary 

custody. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. §5324(1). This hypothetical standing objection 

would have improperly delayed the final custody trial, which finally came to 

fruition 15 months after the Grandparents’ amended complaint for custody. 
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No doubt the convoluted path of this case – complete with several 

interim custody orders and a full restart on litigation – was less than ideal for 

the trial court. Various motions, abuse allegations, and bureaucratic delays

all conspired to make this case procedurally atypical. Such can be the nature 

of contentious family court litigation, which is why precedent affords the trial 

court the aforementioned discretion or when to address standing issues.

Here, we believe the trial court abused its discretion when it granted 

Father’s motion in limine, thereby barring itself from re-evaluating the 

changed facts and circumstances from the time of its initial standing 

determination to the ultimate custody determination.

Because we conclude the trial court erred when it did not revisit 

standing, we decline to address Grandparents’ remaining appellate issues. We 

note for the trial court’s future reference, however, that it also erred in not 

considering both the custody factors captured in 23 Pa.C.S.A. §5238(a) and

those grandparent-specific factors listed in §5328(c). See M.G. v. L.D., 155 

A.3d 1083, 1100 (Pa. Super. 2017)(citing K.T. v. L.S., 118 A.3d. 1136, 1159 

(Pa. Super. 2015);(see also L.A.L. v. V.D., 72 A.3d 690,695 (Pa. Super. 

2013). The failure to consider both would have constrained this Court to 

vacate the trial court’s order and remand the matter for the preparation of a 

new order and memorandum. The failure to re-evaluate standing, however, 

necessitates a new hearing on the matter.
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Finally, in remanding the case for further proceedings, we recognize that 

proceedings in the custody court might not be appropriate for this family at 

this time. This Court learned at the oral argument on January 24, 2018, that 

this case is scheduled for dependency proceedings. We defer to the trial court 

to determine whether the custody action is moot in light of proceedings in 

dependency court.

2

 

Order vacated. Case remanded for proceedings consistent with this 

memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 4/3/2018

____________________________________________

2 Considering the hostility between Father and Paternal Grandparents, and the 

bitterness that the parties continue to display during this highly contentious 

child custody litigation, we recommend that the trial court appoint separate 

counsel for S.J.H. pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5335 and/or a guardian ad litem 

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5334. The appointment of independent 

representation is especially appropriate in light of the multiple allegations of 

child abuse that Paternal Grandparents have leveled against Father 

throughout these proceedings.
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