~ S :tisti I 

Chemical anO Min logic ......... .....,..."1 .. ....,... 

Tertiary KoQ,_ nahoa, Form 

so st r tas 

With EmphaSis on · 

UranJum Tho 
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A Statistical Analysis of 

Chemical and Mineralogic Data from the 

Tertiary Kootznahoo Formation in 

Southeastern Alaska, 

With Emphasis on 

Uranium and Thorium 

By KENDELL A. DICKINSON and CHARLES T. PIERSON 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1851 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988 

For sale by the 

Books and Open-File Reports Section 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425 

Denver, CO 80225 

Any use of trade names in this report is for descriptive purposes only and does 

not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. 

Ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Dickinson, Kendell A., 1931-

A statistical analysis of chemical and mineralogic data from the Tertiary 

Kootznahoo Formation in southeastern Alaska, with emphasis on uranium 

and thorium. 

(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin; 1851) 

Bibliography: p. 

Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:1851 

1. Geology, Stratigraphic-Tertiary. 2. Geology-Aiaska-Kootznahoo Inlet 

Region. 3. Geochemistry-Aiaska-Kootznahoo Inlet Region. 4. Kootznahoo 

Formation (Alaska) I. Pierson, Charles Thomas, 

1918- . 11. Title Ill. Series. 

QE75.B9 no. 1851 557.3 s [553'.09798'2] 88-600197 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Methods 2 

Geology 4 

Statistical analysis 5 

Data set I 5 

Factor one 7 

Factor two 8 

Factor three 8 

Factor four 9 

Factor five 10 

Factor six 11 

Data set II 11 

Data set III 12 

Uranium 12 

Uranium and thorium 12 

Uranium and other elements 13 

Conclusions 13 

References cited 14 

Appendices 16 

FIGURES 

1. Map of southeastern Alaska showing study areas 2 

2. Geologic map of the Zarembo Island area, including northern Prince of Wales 

Island, showing sample localities 5 

3. Geologic map of the Keku Strait area, Kuiu and Kupreanof Islands, showing 

sample localities 6 

4. Geologic map of the Little Pybus Bay area, Admiralty Island, showing sample 

localities 7 

5. Geologic map of the Kootznahoo Inlet area, Admiralty Island, showing sample 

localities 8 

6. Scatterplot relating communalities of uranium (squares) and thorium (crosses) 

to number of factors analyzed in data set I 11 

7. Scatterplots of uranium and thorium from samples of sedimentary rocks of the 

Kootznahoo Formation (data set I) 13 

8. Scatterplot of uranium and thorium from samples of intrusive and extrusive 

igneous rocks that are younger than the Kootznahoo Formation 

(data set II) 13 

TABLES 

1. X-ray diffractogram peaks measured for the Kootznahoo samples, 

data set I 3 

2. Means and standard deviations of elements in samples from all three data sets 

before log transformation 9 . 

3. Varimax factor matrix for six-factor model for data set I 10 

Contents Ill 
TABLES 

4. Varimax factor matrix for four-factor model for the chemical elements only in 

data set I ll 

5. Varimax factor matrix for three-factor model for data set II 12 

6. Varimax factor matrix for four-factor model for data set III 12 

IV Contents 
A Statistical Analysis of 

Chemical and Mineralogic Data From the 

Tertiary Kootznahoo Formation in 

Southeastern Alaska, with Emphasis on 

Uranium and Thorium 

By Kendell A. Dickinson and Charles T. Pierson 

ABSTRACT 

Statistical analysis of chemical and mineralogic data 

from the Tertiary Kootznahoo Formation and related rocks in 

southeastern Alaska suggests regional geochemical and 

petrologic trends and sedimentary processes. Three data 

sets were analyzed. Data set I contains chemical data 

including uranium and thorium values and X-ray diffraction 

mineralogic data from 41 samples of the Tertiary Kootznahoo 

Formation, Data set II contains chemical data including 

uranium and thorium from Tertiary igneous intrusive and 

extrusive rocks associated with the Kootznahoo Formation. 

Data set Ill contains chemical data from samples of the 

Kootznahoo Formation in the Petersburg quadrangle area. 

The samples used for data sets I and II were collected from 

four Kootznahoo outcrop areas; the Zarembo Island area, 

which includes California Bay on the northern end of Prince 

of Wales Island; the Keku Strait area, which includes parts of 

Kuiu and Kupreanof Islands; the Pybus Bay area in the 

southeastern part of Admiralty Island; and the Kootznahoo 

Inlet area along the western shore of Admiralty Island. Data 

set Ill was taken from published data for the Alaska Mineral 

Resource Appraisal Program of the Petersburg 1 o by 2° 

quadrangle. 

R-mode factor analysis suggests that much of the 

distribution of the elements and minerals in data set I can be 

explained by a six-factor model. The first factor contains 

siderite, iron, and vanadium in a positive association and the 

elements AI, K, Ba, Sr, and Na as a negative association. The 

iron-vanadium association probably represents alteration 

and the aluminum-potassium association probably 

represents the detrital feldspar and mica-illite minerals. The 

second factor contains uranium and lead representing epiPublication approved by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey 

April 6, 1988. 

genetic mineralization as one association and titanium, and 

chromium that are common in resistate minerals together 

with scandium in an opposite association. The third factor 

contains the detrital minerals quartz and plagioclase together 

with calcite as one association and the chalcophile elements-Co, Ni, and Cu-as the other. The fourth factor 

includes the cations Mn, Mg, Y, and Ca that are expected in 

general to represent the carbonates. A positive association in 

the fifth factor includes Zr, La, Th, and Ga. Except for gallium, 

this association probably represents heavy mineral 

assemblages. A negative association that includes only 

dolomite is also present in factor five. The sixth factor 

includes chlorite and illite-mica as a positive association and 

kaolinite and potassium feldspar as a negative association. 

The latter minerals in factor six appear to have formed, at 

least in part, from the former. Dolomite also shows a 

moderate negative association in factor six and it may be an 

alteration product. Similar interpretations can be made for the 

other two data sets. 

Scatterplots are a necessary complement to factor 

analysis for an adequate explanation of uranium and 

thorium. Uranium and thorium are distributed in three 

groups, one representing uranium enrichment, one 

representing thorium enrichment, and one representing 

detrital sediments enriched in neither uranium nor thorium. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Tertiary Kootznahoo Formation is a Paleocene through Miocene nonmarine clastic unit that crops 

out in southeastern Alaska. The main outcrop areas are 

found in a belt that stretches from the north end of Prince 

of Wales Island and Zarembo Island, in the south, to the 

Kootznahoo Inlet area on west -central Admiralty Island, 

in the north (fig. 1). The formation consists mostly of 

Introduction 1 
arkosic conglomerate and sandstone. The purpose of this 

report is to present statistical analyses of geochemical 

and mineralogic data from samples collected during the 

summers of 1979, 1980, and 1984, and to interpret the 

analyses in terms of regional trends and sedimentary and 

diagenetic processes. The data for sets I and II was 

originally collected as a part of a uranium-potential 

study of the area. The data for set III was taken from a 

study by Karl and others (1985). 

138° 134° 

58° 

56° 

50 MILES 

I 

100 KILOMETERS 

Methods 

Samples of the Kootznahoo Formation collected 

from four different areas were analyzed chemically and 

mineralogically. Uranium and thorium contents were 

determined by the delayed-neutron method (Millard, 

1976); abundances of other elements were determined by 

six-step semiquantitative spectroscopy (SQS) (Myers and 

-...... 

130° 

""'--~ '-""\ 

J 

Fig!-'re 1. Map of southeastern Alaska showing study areas. Outlined area represents Admiralty Trough. Boxes are areas 

of ftgures 2 through 5. 

2 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 
Table 1. X-ray diffractogram peaks (CuKa radiation) measured for the Kootznahoo samples, data set I 

(Appendix 1-B) 

Mineral X-ray diffraction 

peak (degrees 28) 

Crystallographic 

indices 

Siderite ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Dolomite ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Calcite •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Plagioclase •••••••••••••••••••••• 

Orthoclase 

and Microcline (K-feldspar) •••• 

Quartz ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Kaolinite •••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Chlorite ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

Illite ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

others, 1961) or by inductively coupled plasma 

spectroscopy (ICP) (Crock and others, 1983). Mineralogic determinations were by whole-rock X-ray diffraction 

(XRD). 

Three sample sets were examined for this study. 

The first (data set I) contains both chemical and mineralogic data from 41 samples of the Kootznahoo 

Formation from areas shown in figure 1 (data listed in 

Appendix 1). Data set II (see Appendix 2) contains 

chemical data from 18 samples of dikes and sills that 

intruded the Kootznahoo Formation and of ash flows and 

volcanic conglomerates overlying the Kootznahoo. Data 

set III contains chemical data from 38 samples of the 

Kootznahoo Formation from the Petersburg Quadrangle 

that was published by Karl and others (1985). Data sets 

II and III were included mainly for comparison with data 

set I. 

In the data sets numerical estimates were 

substituted for values that were reported below the lower 

limit of detection for the each analytical method. For 

values reported as "N" (not detected), one-half of the 

value for the lower detection limit was used, for "L's" and 

other less-than values, three-fourths of the value for the 

lower detection limit was used. Statistics are not 

presented for a given element if more than 20 percent of 

its values are qualified. The U.S. Geological Survey 

STATPAC programs (Grundy and Miesch, 1987) were 

used for the factor analysis. 

In data set I, 34 samples from the Zarembo Island 

area, the Keku Strait area, and the Little Pybus Bay area 

were analyzed for 22 elements by SQS, and seven 

samples from the Kootznahoo Inlet area were analyzed 

for the same elements except zirconium by ICP. All 

samples in data set I were analyzed for uranium and 

thorium by neutron-activation. Rather than deleting 

32 .1 

31.0 

29.4 

27.9 

26.9-27.2 

26.7 

12.3 

12.5 

8.8 

104 

104 

104 

002 

220, 202 

101 

001 

002 

001 

zirconium because of the missing data, we estimated 

values of zirconium for the Kootznahoo Inlet samples 

from the thorium values in the other 34 samples by using 

regression analysis (Zielinski and others, 1987). The 

correlation coefficient (r) between thorium and the log of 

zirconium is + 0.56. This procedure strongly biased the 

relation between thorium and zirconium but not the 

relations between zirconium and other variables. 

No attempt was made to calculate actual quantities 

of minerals from the samples in data set I. Instead, XRD 

diffractogram peak heights measured in centimeters 

from CuKa radiation were used as an indication of 

relative mineral content. Peak heights were used rather 

than peak areas because the crystallinity of the clay 

minerals appears uniform based on peak height to width 

ratios and because the heights can be more uniformly 

measured than the areas for small or interfering peaks. 

For a few peaks that went off scale the heights were 

arbitrarily increased by 10 percent. The 2 8 position of 

peak heights used to represent each mineral is given in 

table 1. 

R-mode factor analysis (Harman, 1960) was 

performed on an three data sets in an attempt to reduce 

variance in these sets to the lowest number of factors that 

results in an adequate explanation. Appropriate factor 

models were used for each data set as discussed below. 

For the statistical calculations in data set I original units 

(raw data) were used a priori for uranium, thorium, and 

XRD mineral data. Log transformations were used for 

the other elemental abundances in data set I because the 

SQS data (34 of 41 samples) is reported in logarithmic 

determination intervals. In data sets II and III log 

transformations were used for all the data in the factor 

analysis calculations. 

Introduction 3 
The results of these studies suggest many 

interesting relationships and the data can be interpreted 

to reflect regional geochemical and petrological trends, 

sedimentary processes, and mineralization. Some of the 

results, however, seem to defy interpretation, which 

probably reflects inadequacies in the methods, 

inaccuracies in the data, or various degrees of departure 

from normality of data distribution. 

GEOLOGY 

The Kootznahoo Formation consists mostly of nonmarine poorly sorted arkosic and lithic sandstone, 

conglomerate, and lesser amounts of shale. It was 

deposited primarily in fluvial environments in the 

Admiralty Trough, an elongate depression about 320 km 

long and 50 km wide (fig. 1; Miller and others (1959). 

Only scattered erosional remnants of the original 

formation remain, and it is not known whether Kootznahoo sediments were deposited in smaller basins in 

segments of the trough as suggested by Brew and others 

(1984) or whether deposition was in a single continuous 

basin as suggested by Buddington and Chapin (1929). 

Four main outcrop areas are known: (1) The Zaremba 

Island area which includes the California Bay area on 

northern Prince of Wales Island (figs.1, 2); (2) The Keku 

Strait area, which includes the Port Camden area on 

Kuiu Island and the Hamilton Bay area on northwestern 

Kupreanof Island (figs. 1, 3); (3) The Little Pybus Bay 

area on the southern end of Admiralty Island (figs. 1, 4); 

and ( 4) The Kootznahoo Inlet area near Angoon on 

west-central Admiralty Island (figs. 1, 5). Smaller areas 

of Kootznahoo exposure (not sampled for this study) are 

found at Murder Cove on the southernmost tip of 

Admiralty Island, at Threemile Arm at the southern end 

of Port Camden, and at additional isolated localities 

listed by Buddington and Chapin (1929, p. 261). 

In the Zaremba Island-California Bay area (fig. 2), 

the Kootznahoo consists of brown-weathering 

conglomerate, lithic and arkosic sandstone, and smaller 

amounts of mudstone and coal. The chief lithologies of 

the conglomerate pebbles are dark-gray phyllite and 

white chert. Kaolinite is a common constituent of the 

sandstone of California Bay, and chlorite is common on 

Zaremba Island. The base of the Kootznahoo is not 

exposed on Zaremba Island, but at California Bay the 

Kootznahoo unconformably overlies Paleozoic 

sedimentary rock, primarily the Silurian Heceta 

Limestone. On Zaremba Island the Kootznahoo is 

intruded by felsic and mafic dikes and sills, and it is 

overlain by volcanic flows and volcanic conglomerates 

that range from rhyolite to basalt in composition (Dickinson and Campbell, 1984). No datable fossils have been 

collected from the Zaremba Island area rocks. 

4 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 

In the Keku Strait area the Kootznahoo Formation 

consists mostly of poorly sorted light -brown or arkosic 

gray hard sandstone and small amounts of dark gray 

shale that generally dips about 10° southeastward (Buddington and Chapin, 1929; Muffler, 1967). The sandstone 

contains abundant carbonized wood fragments, spotty 

calcareous concretions and cement, and kaolinite. It 

ranges from silty fine-grained thin-bedded sandstone to 

medium- and coarse-grained, partly conglomeratic, 

medium- and thick-bedded sandstone. The shale is platy 

and contains abundant plant fossils and chlorite (Dickinson, 1979). In the Keku Strait area (fig. 3) the Kootznahoo overlies Triassic volcanic rock, is intruded by 

Tertiary gabbro, microgabbro, and basalt, and is overlain 

by Tertiary volcanic flows and volcaniclastic rock. The 

reported thickness of the Kootznahoo in this area is 1350 

feet (Buddington and Chapin, 1929). The age of the 

Kootznahoo in Keku Strait area is Paleocene and 

correlates with the Little Pybus Bay section (Wolfe, in 

Lathram and others, 1965). Upper parts of the Kootznahoo may be somewhat younger in this area, however 

(Muffler, 1967). 

In the western Pybus Bay and in the Little Pybus 

Bay areas (fig. 4) the Kootznahoo Formation consists of 

gently dipping conglomerate, arkosic and lithic 

sandstone, and minor amounts of shale. In this area the 

conglomerate to sandstone ratio is about three. The 

rounded cobbles of the conglomerate are composed 

mainly of argillite and plutonic rock. The matrix of the 

conglomerate is sandstone. The sandstone is 

characterized by an abundance of chlorite-bearing phyllite fragments, and it generally contains less than 15 

per~ent quartz (Lathram and others, 1965). Carbonized 

wood fragments are common in the sandstone. The 

2000-foot-thick Kootznahoo sequence unconformably 

overlies strongly deformed beds of the Upper Jurassic 

and Lower Cretaceous Seymour Canal Formation and 

the Devonian and Mississippian Cannery Formation. It is 

overlain by basaltic and andesitic flows of the Eocene and 

Oligocene Admiralty Island Volcanics and was intruded 

by felsic to mafic dikes and sills. Fossil leaves suggest a 

Paleocene age for the Kootznahoo in this area (Wolfe, in 

Lathram and others, 1965). 

In the Kootznahoo Inlet area, the type locality of 

the Kootznahoo Formation, the formation is comprised 

of a conglomerate facies to the north and west and a finer 

grained facies to the east. The conglomerate contains 

pebbles and cobbles of chert, quartz, argillite, graywacke, 

slate, schist, and plutonic rocks. The matrix is partly 

calcareous arkosic to lithic sandstone. The conglomerate 

is massive to indistinctly bedded and contains a few thin 

interbeds of sandstone and shale. The sandstone in the 

finer grained facies is light brown to light gray, poorly 

sorted, conglomeratic, lithic to arkosic and crossbedded. 

The shale is gray and carbonaceous. Lenses of coal as 
Os 

QTr 

OTa 

Tmaz 

Tmd 

Tk 

Kzs 

Kzv 

6 KILOMETERS 

EXPlANATION 

HOLOCENE AND (OR) PLEISTOCENE 

Surficial deposits 

QUATERNARY(?) AND TERTIARY 

Rhyolite, rhyodacite, and related siliceous 

intrusive and extrusive rocks 

Andesite and other intrusive and extrusive 

rocks 

TERTIARY 

Alkali granite containing amphibole and 

biotite 

Complex of flows, dikes, and sills ranging 

from rhyolite to basalt 

Kootznahoo Formation, sandstone and 

conglomerate with minor shale and coal 

MESOZOIC (CRETACEOUS?) 

Semis.c hist and phyllite, metamorphosed 

from graywacke and siltstone 

Greenschist and greenstone, metamorphosed 

from intermediate to mafic volcanic rock 

Sch 

Scp 

Stbg 

Stbo 

Stpg 

Stpc 

30 • 

QTr 

ZAREMBO ISLAND 

SILURIAN 

Haceta Limestone 

Polymictic conglomerate 

QTr 

Graywacke, turbidites, and limestone 

Olistostrome blocks of Haceta Limestone 

in turbidite matrix 

Graywacke, slate, and limestone 

Conglomerate, agglomerate and volcanic 

breccia 

Sample locality 

---- Formation boundary-Dotted 

where covered 

---- Fault-Dotted ~here covered 

Figure 2. Geologic map of the Zarembo Island area, including northern Prince of Wales Island, showing sample localities. 

thin as 1 inch and as thick as 4 feet are present in the finer 

grained facies. Siderite is abundant as concretions, thin 

layers, and cement in the finer grained facies. Chlorite is 

abundant as a detrital constituent in the sandstone and 

shale, and kaolinite is present in those samples that lack 

chlorite (Appendix 1-B) In the Kootznahoo Inlet area 

(fig. 5) the Kootznahoo overlies deformed plutonic and 

metamorphic Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. Beds of the 

Kootznahoo dip 30°-4SO to the southeast. In this area the 

fossil flora indicate an Eocene to early Miocene age 

(Wolfe, in Lathram and others, 1965). 

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 

The means and standard deviations for chemical 

contents for samples from all three data sets are given in 

table 2. R-mode factor analyses were also calculated for 

the three data sets. 

Data Set I 

The chemical contents with means and standard 

deviations for each of the four geographic areas for data 

set I are given in Appendix 1-A and mineral contents as 

represented by XRD peak heights are given in Appendix 

1-B. 

Rocks of the Kootznahoo Formation in the Little 

Pybus Bay area are relatively high in barium and low in 

siderite, dolomite, K-feldspar, and kaolinite. Kaolinite, 

dolomite, and siderite, which are believed to be 

Statistical Analysis 5 
QTb 

I 

4 MILES 

I 

6 KILOMETERS 

MOe 

Tk 

QTr 

Geology modified from Brew and others. 1984 

EXPLANATION 

OT 

Tmgb 

Tmgk 

Tk 

QUATERNARY AND TERTIARY 

OTr, Rhyolite, rhyodacite, and related 

siliceous intrusive rocks; OTf, altered 

dellenite extrusive rocks; OTb, basalt 

and other mafic intrusive rocks; OTc, 

volcaniclastic deposits including felsic 

to mafic tuff. 

TERTIARY 

Gabbro and microgabbro 

Heterogeneous granitic rocks including 

granite quartz syenite, quartz 

monzonite and quartz monzodiorite 

Kootznahoo Formation (Paleocene) continental 

arkosic sandstone and shale. 

Ksm 

"Rhh 

"Rhl 

"Rhb 

Pp 

MOe 

.30 

CRETACEOUS 

Lithic sandstone 

TRIASSIC 

Basaltic pillow breccia and pillow lava flows 

Hamilton Island Limestone 

Burnt Island Conglomerate 

PERMIAN 

Pybus Formation, limestone, dolomite, and chert 

MISSISSIPPIAN AND DEVONIAN 

Cannery Formation, thin-bedded gray 

volcanic argillite 

Sample locality 

---- Formation boundary 

Figure 3. Geologic map of the Keku Strait area, Kuiu and Kupreanof Islands, showing sample localities. 

associated with alteration, are low in the Little Pybus Bay 

area. Kootznahoo samples from the Kootznahoo Inlet 

area are also low in uranium, thorium, lead, and calcite. 

In the Keku Strait area the rocks appear to be high in 

uranium, thorium, lead, siderite, dolomite, and kaolinite 

and low in calcite, plagioclase, chlorite, and illite. In this 

area, however, the samples were biased toward high 

uranium by the sampling technique that was directed 

6 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 

toward evaluation of uranium potential. Kootznahoo 

samples in the Zarembo Island area are low in siderite, 

dolomite, and illite and high in K-feldspar and calcite 

(Appendix 1-B). 

Factor models for two through nine factors were 

computed for original units, logs of original units, and for 

the mixed units data set. The varimax six-factor model 

based on the mixed unit data set was chosen as the 
134°1 0' 134 ° 

EXPLANATION 

I TERTIARY 

I Ta Admiralty Island Volcanics. 

I andesitic basalt flow rocks 

Tk Kootznahoo Formation. 

Ta conglomerate, sandstone, and shale 

CRETACEOUS 

I KJs Seymour Canal Formation. 

I ~ slate and graywacke: KJsc, conglomerate 

I <:r PERMIAN 

I " Pp Pybus- Formation dolomite 

I S!J MISSISSIPPIAN AND DEVONIAN I 

I 

MOe Cannery Formation, graywacke, slate, phyllite, 

and conglomerate 

---- Formation boundaries-Dashed where 

approximate 

57" -----· Faults-Dashed where approximate 

15' 

Synclinal axis, approximate location 

_, Sample location 

~ 

" 

~ 

t Ta 

<:r 

Geology from Loney 11 964) and 

Lath ram and others 11 965) 

Figure 4. Geologic map of the Little Pybus Bay area, Admiralty Island, showing sample localities. 

optimum explanation of the variance in data set I with 

emphasis on uranium and thorium (table 3). The sixfactor model was chosen because the communality for 

uranium increases abruptly between factors five and six 

(fig. 6). A five-factor model adequately explains the 

variance in thorium but an extra factor is needed to 

account for additional variability in uranium that may 

result from alteration. The factors and the factor loadings 

are shown in table 3. 

In general the number of factors required to 

explain the variance of a given element or mineral 

depends on the complexity of distribution for that 

element or mineral. In the Kootznahoo Formation the 

complexity of distribution of each element and mineral 

could depend on (1) composition of the source area, (2) 

sorting of elements and minerals during erosion, 

transportation, and deposition of the sedimentary rocks, 

and (3) post-depositional alteration (diagenesis and 

authigenesis). The variation of an element or a mineral 

that is uniformly distributed in the source areas and is 

uninfluenced by depositional processes and 

post -depositional alteration, is defined by fewer factors. 

Consequently its communality (C), the proportion of 

variability defined by various factor models, is higher for 

fewer factors. In the two-factor model for data set I, the 

communalities of AI (C = 0.82), Cr (C = 0.70), and Ti 

(C = 0.66) are examples of these unaffected or slightly 

affected elements. On the other hand, the communalities 

for complexly distributed minerals, such as quartz, plagioclase, and dolomite, are below 0.5 even for the sixfactor model. In general, a six-factor model describes the 

variance of the less complex chemical elements (average 

C = 0.75) better than for the more complex minerals 

(average C=0.5). 

Factor One 

Factor one consists of both positive and negative 

groups that indicate where one group occurs the other 

will tend to be absent (table 3). The positive group in 

factor one consists of siderite, vanadium, and iron. The 

relation between siderite and iron is obvious because 

siderite (FeC03 ) contains iron. Vanadium and iron 

commonly occur together in iron deposits and are in the 

Statistical Analysis 7 
134°40' 

57 ° 

30' 

57" 

35' 

Dg 

134°20' 

Tkc 

Ki 

KANALKU MOUNTAIN 

EXPlANATION 

TERTIARY 

Tk Kootznahoo Formation 

TKs, sandstone, siltstone, shale, and 

minor amounts of conglomerate and 

coal; TKc, conglomerate and minor 

amounts of sandstone and shale 

CRETACEOUS 

Ki Intermediate plutonic rocks 

MESOZOIC AND PALEOZOIC 

MzPzu Metamorphic rocks undifferentiated 

DEVONIAN 

Dg Gambier Bay Formation; schist; Dgm, 

thick marble lenses 

---- Approximate formation boundaries 

• 6 Sample localities 

Figure 5. Geologic map of the Kootznahoo Inlet area, Admiralty Island, showing sample localities. 

same factor in all three data sets analyzed here. The 

other group consisting of AI, K, Ba, N a, and Sr are 

cations that have, except for aluminum, fairly large ionic 

radii, ranging from 0.97 A for sodium to 1.34 A for 

barium. They occur together probably representing a 

detrital mineral group composed mostly of feldspars. 

Factor Two 

In factor two uranium and lead are positively 

associated. Both elements are commonly solubilized in 

oxidizing ground water and transported to other areas 

where deposition (epigenetic mineralization) occurs. In 

addition they may be linked because lead is a radiogenic 

alteration product of uranium. Chromium, scandium, 

8 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 

and titanium make up a negative association in this 

factor. Titanium and chromium are common in resistate 

minerals found in placer concentrations of heavy 

minerals. The inclusion of scandium in this group is, 

however, not totally understood because scandium is 

generally found in the silicate minerals. These latter 

elements have high communalities when analyzed for 

fewer factors and would, perhaps, be adequately 

explained by a lower numbered factor model. 

Factor Three 

The minerals-quartz, plagioclase, and calciteare positively associated in factor three. Calcium, Na, and 

Sr are also associated, but to a lesser degree, in this 
Table 2. Means and standard deviations of elements in samp1es from all three data sets before log transformation 

[*, indicates missing values or more than 20% qualified values. Means in 

parts per million unless otherwise noted] 

u ..• .•• 

Th ••••• 

Fe ••••• 

Mg • • • • • 

Ca ••••• 

Ti ••••• 

Mn ••••• 

Ba ••••• 

Co ••••• 

Cr ••••• 

Cu ••••• 

La ••••• 

Ni ••••• 

Pb ••••• 

Sc ••••• 

Sr ••••• 

v .... . . y • ••••• 

Zr ••••• 

.A1 ••••• 

Na ••••• 

K • • • • • • 

Ga ••••• 

Zn ••••• 

Be ••••• 

Data set I 

Mean 

10 .s 

13.6 

5.11% 

1.43% 

2.58% 

0.23% 

976 

979 

15 .s 

44.4 

32 .o 

23.0 

23 .o 

17 .6 

11 .7 

406 

136 

16.4 

69 .s 

6.18% 

1 .82% 

1.70% 

15.6 

* * 

Standard 

deviation 

19.6 

225 

6 .12 

0.84 

2 .03 

0.13 

892 

1080 

15 .7 

35.5 

35.3 

15.8 

26.7 

30.6 

6.91 

326 

98.6 

6.23 

109 

2.49 

0.92 

0.79 

5.60 

Data set II 

Mean 

4 .11 

6.69 

4.36% 

1.59% 

2.95% 

0.50% 

897 

581 

15 .s 

33.0 

19.8 

* * 

* 20.6 

342 

145 

27.5 

120 

7.5% 

2 .47% 

1.51% 

15.6 

* * 

Standard 

deviation 

2.64 

6.42 

2.43 

1.02 

1 .93 

0.33 

434 

629 

10 .o 

48.4 

16 .2 

* * 

* 16.7 

230 

126 

8.04 

31 .6 

1 .12 

0.89 

0.79 

2 .29 

Factor four 

Data set III 

Mean 

* * 3.83% 

1.16% 

2.70% 

0.33% 

1097 

1130 

13 .9 

56.0 

22.9 

* 22.9 

31.6 

15.9 

443 

145 

26.1 

108 

* 

* 

* * 

68.0 

1 .65 

Standard 

deviation 

* * 

2 .49 

0.85 

4.24 

0.20 

812 

585 

9.46 

41.9 

27 .1 

* 13 .4 

27.6 

6.95 

234.9 

72 .7 

17 .s 

89 .9 

* 

* 

* * 

34.6 

0.86 

factor. Quartz and plagioclase are common detrital 

components in the clastic rocks and expected to occur 

together, but calcite is believed to be introduced during 

diagenesis. Calcium and strontium probably relate to the 

feldspars and calcium to the calcite. The negatively 

associated variables in this factor, Co, Ni, and Cu, are 

chalcophile elements that are expected to be associated. 

They are low or absent when quartz, plagioclase, and 

calcite are present. 

Manganese, magnesium, yttrium, and calcium and 

to a lesser extent strontium are associated in factor four. 

These elements are commonly found together in 

carbonates. The Mg, Ca, and, possibly, the Sr are in the 

dolomite, and the Mn probably substituted for Fe in the 

siderite. Mn, Mg, and Ca have a 2 + oxidation state, and 

yttrium has a 3 + oxidation state. Yttrium (atomic 

Statistical Analysis 9 
Table 3. Varimax factor matrix for six-factor model for data set I 

[Plag.=plagioclase, K-feld.=orthoclase and microcline] 

Siderite •••• 

v ••• •••••••• 

Fe •••••••••• 

Sr •••••••••• 

Na •••••••••• 

K • • • • • • • • • • • 

Ba •••••••••• 

Al ••• ••••••• 

u ••••.•••.•• 

Pb •••••••••• 

Ti •••••••••• 

Sc •••••••••• 

Cr •••••••••• 

Quartz •••••• 

Plag •••••••• 

Calcite ••••• 

Ni •••••••••• 

Co •••••••••• 

Cu •••••••••• 

Mn •••••••••• 

Mg • • • • • • • • • • 

y •••• ••••••• 

Ca •••••••••• 

Zr •••••••••• 

Th • ••••••••• 

La •••••••••• 

Ga •••••••••• 

Dolomite •••• 

Chlorite •••• 

Illite •••••• 

K-feld •••••• 

Kaolinite ••• 

Factor 1 

+0.74 

+0 .so 

+0.48 

-0.55 

-0.77 

-0.82 

-0.82 

-0.87 

+0.39 

-0.19 

-0.48 

-0.14 

+0.01 

-0 .oo 

-0.20 

-0.22 

+0.09 

+0 .22 

-0.14 

+0 .25 

-0.07 

-0.04 

-0.01 

+0 .oo 

+0.43 

-0.12 

-0.45 

+0 .18 

-0.16 

-0.15 

-0.38 

-0.13 

Factor 2 

-0.19 

-0.17 

-0.47 

+0 .15 

-0.01 

+0 .22 

-0.24 

-0.38 

+0.61 

+0 .61 

-0.57 

-0.58 

-0.75 

-0.24 

-0.17 

+0 .38 

-0.31 

-0.19 

+0.03 

-0.03 

-0.17 

+0 .02 

+0.18 

-0.43 

+0 .04 

+0 .17 

-0.24 

+0 .17 

-0.07 

-0.32 

+0.34 

-0.06 

Factor 3 

-0.05 

-0.47 

-0.32 

+0 .29 

+0.34 

-0.17 

+0.02 

+0 .15 

-0.31 

-0.46 

-0.11 

-0.32 

-0.28 

+0 .66 

+0.55 

+0 .so 

-0.80 

-0.81 

-0.90 

+0 .10 

-0.20 

-0.30 

+0.37 

+0.14 

+0.06 

+0 .02 

-0.27 

-0.07 

-0.07 

-0.12 

+0.01 

+0.03 

Factor 4 

+0.20 

-0.20 

-0.29 

+0 .44 

+0.28 

-0.21 

+0.10 

-0.08 

+0.28 

-0.23 

+0.14 

+0 .41 

-0.06 

-0.07 

-0.21 

+0 .12 

-0.04 

+0 .16 

-0.05 

+0 .85 

+0.77 

+0.67 

+0.61 

-0.07 

+0.04 

+0 .09 

-0.14 

+0 .12 

-0.08 

-0.04 

-0.07 

-0.21 

Factor five 

Factor 5 

+0.28 

+0 .38 

+0.06 

+0 .03 

-0.08 

+0 .13 

+0.17 

+0 .OS 

-0.05 

+0 .01 

+0.47 

+0 .17 

+0.25 

+0 .11 

-0.25 

-0.01 

-0.12 

-0.07 

+0.07 

-0.11 

-0.10 

+0 .21 

-0.48 

+0.78 

+0.78 

+0 .77 

+0.57 

-0.46 

+0.15 

+0 .09 

-0.04 

+0 .04 

Factor 6 

-0.23 

-0.09 

-0.14 

-0.41 

-0.10 

+0 .08 

-0.11 

+0 .03 

-0.17 

-0.23 

+0.10 

+0 .31 

+0.35 

-0.12 

+0.12 

+0 .29 

+0 .24 

-0.01 

+0.12 

+0 .03 

+0.33 

-0.06 

-0.38 

+0 .02 

-0.14 

+0 .45 

+0.02 

-0.40 

+0.83 

+0 .69 

-0.57 

-0.78 

radius= 0.92 A for the tripositive ion) may substitute for 

calcium (atomic radius=0.99 A for the dipositive ion), 

and in these rocks it probably substitutes for calcium in 

the authigenic dolomite rather than for the calcium in the 

introduced calcite. This conclusion is based on the higher 

correlation between yttrium and magnesium (r= +0.44) 

than between yttrium and calcium (r = + 0.18). 

Factor five contains a positive association among 

the elements, Zr, La, Th, Ga, and Ti and a negative 

association of calcium and dolomite. Except for gallium 

the positive elements are probably related to heavy 

mineral assemblages in placer concentrations formed 

1 0 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 
>- 0.9 

t: 

:::::i 0.8 

OJ <t:O:: 0.7 -0 O::u. 

<t:o 0.6 >w 

L.Lfoz 0.5 

z::J 

oo 

-u 1-u 

~<t: 0.3 

a.. 

0 0.2 a: 

a.. 

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

FACTORS 

Figure 6. Scatterplot relating communalities of uranium 

(squares) and thorium (crosses) to number of factors 

analyzed in data set I. 

during deposition. Sample 20 {Appendix 1) is from a 

placer in Kootznahoo sandstone and is high in these 

elements with the exception of gallium. Both thorium 

and gallium are partitioned between factors five and one. 

Thorium is associated with uranium in factor one but not 

in factor five. In factor one, gallium is associated with 

aluminum, a geochemically parallel element. The 

negative association between dolomite and calcium is 

consistent with the occurrence of dolomite as an authigenic product; it may have formed, at least in part, from 

alteration of the rocks containing the heavy-mineral 

assemblage. The loading for dolomite, however, is nearly 

as high in factor six (table 3), where it is associated with 

the other alteration minerals. 

Factor six 

The positively associated components of factor six 

are chlorite and illite, and the negatively associated 

components are kaolinite and K-feldspar. The minerals 

that formed the negatively associated group could have 

resulted from alteration of the minerals that formed the 

positive association. Or, the relation between these two 

groups could also be explained by differences in 

provenance areas, except that in the Kadake Point area 

the only clay mineral in the sandstone is kaolinite, and in 

the nearby Hamilton Bay and Dakaneek Bay areas the 

primary clay mineral in both shale and sandstone is 

chlorite (fig. 3). No other evidence was found, however, 

to indicate that the potassium feldspar is an alteration 

product. The alteration of chlorite probably also supplied 

the iron for authigenic siderite (factor one) and the 

magnesium for authigenic dolomite (dominant in factor 

five but also in factor six). 

A four-factor model based only on chemical 

elements from data set I is given in table 4. A four-factor 

model was chosen to represent variance in these data 

because in a five-factor model one factor is reduced to 

Table 4. Varimax factor matrix for four-factor model for the 

chemical elements only in data set I 

Element Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 

v •••••••••• -0.53 +0.49 +0.22 +0.01 

Fe ••••••••• -0.55 +0 .41 -0.06 -o .3o 

Cu •• ••••••• -0.63 -0.00 +0.35 +0.54 

Y •••••••••• -0.63 -0.11 -0.13 +0 .06 

Mg • • • •• •• • • -0.66 -0.21 -0.27 -0.21 

Sc ••••••••• -0.69 -o .17 +0 .25 -0.40 

Ni ••••••••• -0.72 +0.20 +0.27 +0 .21 

Co ••••••••• -0.77 +0.29 +0 .05 +0 .26 

Sr ••••••••• +0.07 -0.68 -0.39 +0.01 

K •••••••••• +0.09 -0.69 +0 .34 +0 .41 

Al ••••••••• +0.04 -0.85 +0.27 -0.22 

Na ••••••••• +0 .11 -0.86 -0.23 -0.10 

Ba ••••••••• -0.08 -0.87 +0.18 -0.07 

Zr ••••••••• -0.05 -0.05 +0.67 -0.42 

Ga ••••••••• -0.19 -0.42 +0.64 +0.02 

Cr ••••••••• -0.49 +0.04 +0.58 -0.47 

La ••••••••• -0.05 -0.13 +0.57 +0.02 

Ti ••••••••• -0.37 -0.52 +0 .54 -0.36 

Th •• •• ••••• +0.07 +0.16 +0.43 +0.24 

Mn ••••••••• -0.46 +0.03 -0.60 -0.26 

Ca ••••••••• +0 .01 -0.19 -0.91 -0.09 

Pb ••••• •••. +0 .03 -0.09 +0.02 +0.90 

u •••••••••• -0.11 +0.20 +0.04 +0.70 

only one element. In the four-factor model factor one, 

which includes V, Fe, Cu, Y, Mg, Sc, Ni, and Co generally 

represents the mafic minerals. Factor two contains Sr, K, 

AI, Na, and Ba and apparently represents the feldspars. 

The positively associated elements in factor three, which 

include Zr, Ga, Cr, La, Ti, and Th, appear to represent 

the heavy minerals; and the two negatively associated 

elements, manganese and calcium may represent calcite 

although manganese also has a minor association in 

factor one. Lead and uranium in factor four again 

apparently represent mineralization as discussed below. 

Data Set II 

Mean contents of elements for the intrusive and 

extrusive igneous rock set (data set II) are given in table 

2. The chemical composition of these younger igneous 

rocks is remarkably similar to the Kootznahoo 

Formation sedimentary rocks in data sets I and III. A 

three-factor model of the elements in data set II is given 

in table 5. A four-factor model included a factor with 

only one element, gallium. Factor one in data set II 

contains Th, Mn, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ca, Ti, Fe, V, and Sc. This 

group, except for thorium which is of opposite sign, 

generally represents the mafic and heavy minerals. 

Thorium also has a fairly high association in factor three, 

which, together withY, K, Zr, and U, may represent the 

felsic minerals. Factor two contains AI, Na, Ba, Sr, and 

Ga and for the most part represents feldspars. Uranium, 

like thorium, also has a fairly high loading in factor one. 

Statistical Analysis 11 
Table 5. Varimax factor matrix for three-factor model for 

data set II 

Element Factor Factor 2 Factor 3 

Th •••••••••• +0.61 -0.29 +0 .55 

Mn • ••••••••• -0.69 +0.33 -0.43 

Cr ••• ••••••• -0.70 -0.35 -0.08 

Cu •••••••••• -0.81 -0.21 -0.21 

Mg • • • • • • • • • • -0.84 +0 .16 -0.44 

Ca •••••••••• -0.86 +0.10 -0.20 

Ti •• •••••••• -0.87 +0 .22 -0.01 

Fe • ••••••••• -0.91 +0.24 -0.07 

v . .......... -0.92 -0.04 -0.14 

Sc • ••••••••• -0.98 +0.10 -0.03 

A1 •••••••••• -0.16 +0.86 -0.09 

Na • ••••••••• +0.16 +0.75 +0.10 

Ba •••••••••• +0 .30 +0 .72 +0 .46 

Sr •••••••••• -0.25 +0.70 -0.42 

Ga •• •••••••• -0.22 +0 .60 -0.14 

y • •••••••••• -0.34 -0.12 +0.80 

K • • • • • • • • • • • +0 .55 -0.01 +0 .73 

Zr • ••••••••• +0.25 +0.11 +0.72 

u . .....•...• +0 .so -0.47 +0 .56 

Data Set Ill 

The average chemical contents for data set III 

(table 2) correspond approximately to those for data set 

I. A four-factor model chosen to represent variance in 

data set III (table 6) is also somewhat similar to a 

four-factor model for the element-only part of data set I 

(table 4). The two analyses are different partly because 

data set III lacks K, AI, N a, Ga, La, Th, and U that are in 

data set I and contains zinc and beryllium that are lacking 

in data set I. As would be expected, similarities between 

these sets are found in the factor loadings. In data set III 

factor one consists of Ti, Sc, Zr, V, Y, Cr, and Fe and 

seems to represent a combination of detrital oxides and 

heavy minerals. Factor two, which includes Mg, Ca, and 

Mn, probably represents carbonate minerals. Factor 

three contains Be, Pb, Ni, and Ba. Except for nickel this 

group could represent late stage magmatic minerals if 

lead substitutes for potassium in the feldspar. Barium 

could also be from the feldspars, but in addition it has a 

minor association with strontium in factor four. There 

seems to be no explanation for nickel in this group, 

although it has a subordinate association in factor one. 

Factor four contains the chalcophile elements-Co, Cu, 

and Zn-in a negative association. 

12 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 

Table 6. Varimax factor matrix for four-factor model for 

data set Ill 

Element Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 

Ti ••••••• +0.89 +0 .01 -0.04 -0.23 

Sc • •••••• +0.87 +0.16 +0.10 -0.04 

Zr ••••••• +0.82 +0 .04 +0.15 -o .36 

v . ....... +0.70 +0.07 +0.41 -0.19 

y •••••••• +0 .69 +0 .52 -0.05 -0.25 

Cr • •••••• +0.69 -0.11 +0.11 +0.12 

Fe ••••••• +0 .66 +0 .30 +0 .36 -0.32 

Mg • • • • • • • -0.07 +0.86 +0.16 -0.13 

Ca ••••••• +0 .09 +0 .84 -0.12 +0 .35 

Mn • •••••• +0.28 +0 .72 +0.08 -0.00 

Be •••••• • -0 .oo +0 .25 +0 .78 -o .29 

Pb • •••••• +0.30 -0.03 +0 .73 -0.20 

Ni ••••••• +0 .53 -0.08 +0 .66 -0.08 

Ba • •••••• -0.35 +0.41 +0.46 +0.46 

Sr ••••••• -0.01 +0 .19 -0.01 +0 .72 

Co • •••••• +0.44 +0.16 +0.32 -0.60 

Cu ••••••• +0 .34 -o .o3 +0 .45 -0.67 

Zn • •••••• +0.20 +0.11 +0.19 -0.76 

URANIUM 

Uranium and Thorium 

The relation between uranium and thorium, which 

is generally simple in igneous rocks, is complex in 

sedimentary rocks, such as those of the Kootznahoo 

Formation. The complex relation between uranium and 

thorium in sedimentary rocks is indicated in the factor 

analysis of data set I. Uranium is partitioned between 

factor two where it is more dominant and associated with 

lead but not thorium and factor one where it is associated 

with thorium but not lead. Thorium, on the other hand, is 

most dominant in factor five where it is strongly 

associated zirconium and lanthanum but not with 

uranium. 

The scatterplots of uranium versus thorium (fig. 7), 

offer considerable insight in this relation. They show that 

the samples can be placed into one of three populations, 

a population enriched in thorium ()13 ppm Th) and 

containing moderate amounts of uranium, a population 

enriched in uranium ()8 ppm U) but not thorium, and a 

population probably representing unaltered detrital 

minerals that are enriched in neither uranium nor thorium. 

The samples enriched in thorium are believed to be 

those containing thorium minerals, such as monazite and 

thorianite. No thorium minerals were identified by XRD, 

however, even in the heavy-mineral-enriched sandstone 

sample 20 (appendix 1). That sample contains 144 ppm 
thorium and is also rich in lanthanum and zirconium, 

elements common in resistate, heavy-mineral 

concentrates. Th, La, and Zr together with gallium are 

associated in factor five for data set I (table 3). The Th/U 

ratio is about 5.7 in the thorium-enriched rocks, 

considerably higher than is generally found in igneous 

rock or that is average for the Earth's crust (Wedepohl, 

1971, p. 65). Judging from the scatterplot, (fig. 7A) a 

slight amount of uranium enrichment is also found in the 

thorium-enriched rocks. 

Samples in which uranium is enriched apparently 

are not enriched in thorium. These samples contain 

abundant carbonaceous material and represent epigenetic enrichment of uranium in a chemically reducing 

environment. 

Among sedimentary rock samples that were not 

enriched in either uranium or thorium, the simpler 

relation probably reflects the population of elements in 

the igneous source rocks. A simpler relation between 

uranium and thorium is also shown in the igneous rocks 

(data set II). Even in these rocks, however, uranium and 

z 160 0 

j 140 

~ 120 

a: 

w 

c.. 100 

(/) 

Ia: 80 

<( 

c.. 60 

z 

~ 40 

:J 20 

a: 0 

0 

I 10 I- 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 

A URANIUM. IN PARTS PER MILLION 

z 13 

Q 12 ..J 

..J 11 

~ 10 a: 

w 9 c.. 

(/) 8 

Ia: 7 

<( 

c.. 6 

z 5 

~ 4 

:J 

a: 3 

0 2 I 0 

I- 1 

0 2 4 6 8 

B URANIUM, IN PARTS PER MILLION 

Figure 7. Scatterplots of uranium and thorium trom 

samples of sedimentary rocks of the Kootznahoo Formation 

(data set I) . A, All samples; 8, only samples with less than 8 

ppm uranium and 13 ppm thorium. 

thorium are not strongest in the same factor in the 

three-factor model (table 5). They are, however, both 

strongly loaded in factors one and three. Uranium is 

more dominant in factor three where it is related to 

elements associated with felsic rocks, and thorium is 

more dominant in factor one where it occurs in 

opposition to the elements associated with mafic rocks. 

This simpler igneous rock relation between uranium and 

thorium is also indicated in a scatterplot (fig. 8). 

Uranium and other elements 

Uranium is related to lead in the sedimentary rocks 

(data set I) as shown in factor two (table 3). The 

uranium-lead association may result from the higher 

values of both lead and uranium in more felsic parts of 

the igneous source rock or from similar enrichment 

under reducing chemical conditions in the sedimentary 

environment of Kootznahoo deposition. This relationship 

could not be confirmed in data set II because that data 

set lacks uranium. In data set II, however, lead is related 

to beryllium (r = + 0.62,). The amount of beryllium in 

data set I (Appendix 1) was too small for a reliable 

statistical comparison, and a relationship between 

uranium and beryllium must be left in doubt based on 

this data. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Several conclusions with varying degrees of 

certainty could be drawn from the statistical analyses 

presented here. Three of the more certain ones are 

presented below. 

(1) Uranium and thorium are not well explained by 

the factor analysis or correlation coefficients. A scatterz 25 

Q 0 ..J 

..J 

~ 20 0 

a: 0 

w 

c.. 15 (/) 

Ia: 

<( 

c.. 10 0 0 

z 0 

~ 5 0 

:J 0 0 0 

a: [EJ 0 oo 

0 

I 0 

I- 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

URANIUM, IN PARTS PER MILLION 

Figure 8. Scatterplot of uranium and thorium from samples 

of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks that are younger 

than the Kootznahoo Formation (data set II). 

Conclusions 13 
plot indicates that uranium and thorium occur in three 

different populations. One population represents 

samples enriched in thorium that apparently represent 

placer concentration, one population that represents 

samples enriched in uranium probably by epigenetic 

processes, and one population in which neither the 

thorium nor the uranium is enriched, representing the 

relation in the detrital rock-forming minerals. 

(2) Uranium is grouped with lead in the factor 

analysis in data set I. They may be linked because the are 

both concentrated by epigenetic enrichment or because 

lead is a radiogenic alteration product of uranium. 

(3) Chlorite and illite form a positive association in 

a factor that includes kaolinite and K-feldspar as a 

negative association. It is concluded from this that the 

kaolinite and possibly the K-feldspar are alteration 

products of the decomposition of chlorite and illite, 

although no authigenic feldspar was seen in thin sections. 

The alteration of chlorite may provide magnesium for the 

authigenic dolomite and iron for the authigenic siderite, 

and the alteration of mica-illite minerals may provide 

potassium for the formation of K-feldspar. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Brew, D.A., Ovenshine, T.A., Karl, S.M., and Hunt, S.J., 1984, 

Preliminary reconnaissance geologic map of the Petersburg and parts of the Port Alexander and Sumdum 

1 :250,000 quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 84-405, 2 maps, 43 p. text. 

Buddington, A.F., and Chapin, Theodore, 1929, Geology and 

mineral deposits of southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 800, 398 p. 

Crock, J.G., Lichte, F.E., and Briggs, P.H., 1983, 

Determinations of elements in National Bureau of Standards' geological reference materials SRM 278 obsidian 

and SRM 688 basalt by inductively coupled argon 

plasma-atomic emission spectrometry: Geostandards 

Newsletter, v. 7, no. 2, p. 335-340. 

Dickinson, K.A., 1979, A uranium occurrence in the Tertiary 

Kootznahoo Formation on Kuiu Island, southeast 

Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

79-1427, 5 p. 

14 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 

Dickinson, K.A., and Campbell J.A., 1978, Epigenetic 

mineralization and areas favorable for uranium 

exploration in Tertiary continental sedimentary rock in 

south-central Alaska-A preliminary report: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-757, 13 p. 

___ 1984, Uranium geology of the Tertiary Kootznahoo 

Formation of the Admiralty Trough, southeastern 

Alaska: Journal of the Alaskan Geological Society, v. 4, 

p. 1-11. 

Grundy, W.D., and Miesch, A.T., 1987, Brief descriptions of 

STATPAC and related statistical programs for the IBM 

Personal Computer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 87-411A, 35 p. 

Harman, H.H., 1960, Modem factor analysis: University of 

Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 2nd Revised edition, 

471 p. 

Karl, S.M., Koch, R.D., Hoffman, J.D., Gay, G.W., Sutley, S.J., 

McDanal, S.K., 1985, Trace element data, for rock 

samples from Petersburg, and parts of the Port Alexander and Sumdum Quadrangles, southeastern Alaska: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-146.698 p. 

Lathram, E.H., Pomeroy, J.S., Berg, H.C., and Loney, R.A., 

1965, Reconnaissance geology of Admiralty Island, 

Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1181-R, 48 p. 

Loney, R.A., 1964, Stratigraphy and petrography of the PybusGambier area, Admiralty Island, Alaska: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1178, 103 p. 

Millard, D.J., Jr., 1976, Determinations of uranium and thorium in USGS Standard rocks by the delayed neutron 

technique: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

840, p. 61-65. 

Miller, D.J., Payne, T.G., and Gryc, G., 1959, Geology of 

possible petroleum provinces in Alaska with an 

annotated bibliography by E. H. Cobb: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1094, 131 p. 

Muffler, L.J.P., 1967, Stratigraphy of the Keku Islets and 

neighboring parts of Kupreanof Islands, southeastern 

Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1241-C, 52 p. 

Myers, A.T., Havens, R.G., and Dunton, P.J., 1961, A spectrochemical method for the analysis of rocks, minerals, and 

ores: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1084-I, p. 

1207-1229. 

Wedepohl, K.H., 1971, Geochemistry: New York, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 231 p. 

Zielinski, R.A., Otton, J. K., Wanty, R. B., and Pierson, C. T., 

1987, The geochemistry ofwater near a surficial organicrich uranium deposit, northeastern Washington State, 

U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 62, n. %, p. 263-289. 
APPENC~ICES 1 AND 2 
APPENDIX 1 

Chemical and mineralogic data for the Kootznahoo Formation sedimentary rocks 

1-A. Chemical data 

[*, statistic not calculated; ** , missing value; N, not detected; L, detected, but not determined. Elemental 

contents are given in parts per million unless otherwise noted. Uranium and thorium were determined by the neutronactivation technique, and other elements were determined by six-step semiquantitative or inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy] 

Sample No. Lithology u Th Fe% Mg% Ca% Ti% Mn Ba Be Co Cr Cu 

Little Pybus Bay area 

1 •••••••••• Cgl 2 .I 8.6 1.5 1.0 5 .o 0.15 1500 700 (1 7 30 10 

2 •••••••••• Ss 3.1 6.3 3 .o 1.5 2.0 .20 700 1000 (1 10 30 20 

3 •••••••••• Ss 1.8 3.5 3 .o 2 .o 1.5 .so 700 7000 (1 15 15 30 

4 •••••••••• Ss 1.6 4.9 1.5 1.5 3.0 .15 1500 3000 1.5 3 15 7 

5 •••••••••• Ss 2.6 9.6 3 .o 1.0 1.5 .20 1000 500 (1 5 30 7 

6 •••••••••• Ss 1.9 4.4 3.0 1.0 1 .5 .15 700 300 (1 7 20 15 

7 •••••••••• Ss 2.3 6 .o 3 .o 1.0 s.o .15 1500 700 (1 7 30 10 

8 •••••••••• Ss 14 51 3.0 1.5 .3 .70 1500 700 1.5 15 70 70 

9 •••••••••• Sh 2.3 3.9 3 .o 3 .o 1.5 .30 300 1000 1.5 15 30 50 

10 ••••••••• Sh 4.0 5.3 3.0 2.0 .15 .30 300 1500 1.5 20 150 70 

11 ••••••••• Sh 4.2 7 .o 5 .o 3 .o .07 .so 300 1500 1.5 7 150 70 

Mean •••••••••••••• 3.59 10.1 2.91 1.68 1.96 .300 909 1630 * 10 51.8 33 

Std. deviation •••• 3.43 13.8 .92 .75 1.73 .187 515 1930 * 5.3 50.1 27 

Kootznahoo Inlet area 

12 ••••••••• Ss 3.5 (2 .8 3.5 2.10 4.0 0.18 820 490 (1 6 64 16 

13 ••••••••• Ss 1.2 (1.8 3.6 1.40 5 .s .20 960 460 (1 10 64 14 

14 ••••••••• Ss 1.4 2.9 2.5 2.10 7.8 .20 1400 900 (1 11 61 14 

15 ••••••••• Ss 1.4 (1.8 20 1.40 4.1 .23 2100 330 (1 55 90 25 

16 ••••••••• Ss 1.9 3.4 4.4 1.80 1.4 .30 550 680 (1 15 110 22 

17 ••••••••• Mdst .35 1.7 32 1.50 4.6 .09 5000 220 (1 35 30 9 

18 ••••••••• Sh 1.4 3.6 22 3.20 1.8 .24 3500 740 2.0 29 94 33 

Mean •••••••••••••• 1.58 * 12.6 1.93 4.17 .206 2050 546 * 23 73.3 19 

Std. deviation •••• 1.46 * 11.0 .94 2.49 .130 1570 642 * 17 41.6 19 

Keku Strait area 

19 ••••••••• Sh 4.9 9 .1 7 .o 3 .oo 3 .o 0.30 500 1000 N 20 70 7 

20 ••••••••• Ss 21 144 10 .70 .7 .30 1500 300 N 20 70 15 

21 ••••••••• Ss 4 .1 4.7 1.5 .15 .07 .10 70 200 N 70 70 150 

22 ••••••••• Ss 1.6 10 3.0 .20 1.5 .20 200 1000 N 7 30 10 

23 ••••••••• Ss 12 (5.2 3 .o .70 3 .o .20 700 1000 N 15 30 20 

24 ••••••••• Ss 2.8 11 5.0 .70 1.5 .so 700 1500 L 20 50 70 

25 ••••••••• Ss 93 (20 7 .o 3 .oo 7 .o .30 1500 300 N 15 15 30 

26 ••••••••• Ss 85 (19 3.0 1.50 3 .o .02 1000 30 N 10 5 15 

27 ••••••••• Ss 46 (12 5 .o 1.50 5 .o .10 1500 1500 N 70 7 150 

28 ••••••••• Ss 25 (8 .3 3.0 1.50 5 .o .10 700 1000 N 20 7 100 

29 ••••••••• Ss 2.4 13 2 .o .so 3.0 .20 700 1000 N 5 20 15 

Mean ••••••••••••• 27 .o * 4.96 1.22 2.98 .210 825 803 * 25 34 53 

Std. deviation ••• 33.4 * 3.81 1.00 2.06 .135 503 513 * 23 27 56 

Zarembo Island area 

30 ••••••••• Ss 2.5 7 .1 1 .5 0.70 1.5 0.15 300 1000 N L 15 3 

31 ••••••••• Ss 3.5 12 3 .o .70 2 .o .15 700 1000 N 7 15 7 

32 ••••••••• Ss 18 (5 .1 1.5 .70 7 .o .15 1000 700 N 7 20 15 

33 ••••••••• Cgl 15 86 5.0 .70 .70 .15 700 700 N 7 30 15 

34 ••••••••• Sh 7 .o 10 3.0 3.00 .70 .30 700 1500 1.0 15 70 70 

35 ••••••••• Sh 4.7 7.3 3 .o 2 .oo 1.5 .30 700 1000 N 15 30 30 

36 ••••••••• Ss 2.8 3.6 1.5 .70 3.0 .15 500 1000 N L 7 5 

37 ••••••••• Ss 6.2 1 .2 7 .o .07 .15 .15 30 500 N 7 30 15 

38 ••••••••• Ss 3.3 3.6 1.5 .70 3.0 .15 300 700 N N 15 7 

39 ••••••••• Sh 6.5 7.6 3 .o 1.50 .15 .30 300 700 N 15 70 50 

40 ••••••••• Cgl 11 21 3.0 1.50 1.0 .15 700 300 N 7 30 15 

41 ••••••••• Cgl 8.9 23 2 .o 1.00 1.5 .30 700 500 N 5 30 7 

Mean •••••••••••••• 7 .34 16 .o 2.92 1.11 1.85 .200 553 800 * * 30 20 

Std. deviation •••• 4.87 23.9 1.66 .81 1.96 .075 269 327 * * 21 21 

16 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 
1-A. Chemical data-Continued 

Sample No. Lithology La Ni Pb Sc Sr v y Zr Al% Na% K% Ga 

Little Pybus Bay area 

1 •••••••••• Cgl 30 15 <10 7 500 50 15 30 3 .o 3 .o 1.5 15 

2 •••••••••• Ss 30 20 10 7 300 70 15 70 5.0 3 .o 1.5 15 

3 •••••••••• Ss <30 7 10 15 1500 150 15 150 10 3 .o .70 15 

4 •••••••••• Ss 30 5 15 7 700 50 10 30 7 .o 3.0 1.5 15 

5 •••••••••• Ss 30 7 30 10 300 70 15 30 7 .o 1.5 1.5 15 

6 •••••••••• Ss <30 10 15 300 70 <10 30 5.0 1.5 1.5 15 

7 •••••••••• Ss 30 7 10 7 1000 70 15 30 7 .o 3 .o 2.0 15 

8 •••••••••• Ss 100 15 10 20 150 150 30 100 7 .o 1.0 1.5 15 

9 •••••••••• Sh <30 30 <10 10 300 150 15 70 10 3 .o 1 .5 20 

10 ••••••••• Sh <30 70 15 15 150 90 15 70 10 1.5 3.0 30 

11 ••••••••• Sh 50 20 <10 30 150 300 10 100 10 1.0 3 .o 30 

Mean •••••••••••••••• * 19 * 12 486 111 14.8 64 .s 7.36 2.23 1.7 5 18.2 

Std. deviation •••••• * 19 * 7.3 426 74.1 6.75 39.8 2.42 .91 .69 6.03 

Koot.znahoo Inlet area 

12 ••••••••• Ss 11 13 9 12 190 120 15 ** 5.9 1.4 0.95 11 

13 ••••••••• Ss 10 23 8 10 270 110 14 ** 6 .o 1.9 .97 12 

14 ••••••••• Ss 12 20 4 10 370 94 11 ** 6.0 1.8 1.2 11 

15 ••••••••• Ss 11 64 <4 24 210 190 24 ** 3.9 1.1 .64 10 

16 ••••••••• Ss 17 33 4 15 320 130 12 ** 7.4 2.5 .75 15 

17 ••••••••• Mdst 9 9 <4 6 83 95 11 ** 1 .7 .47 .27 10 

18 ••••••••• Sh 16 77 <4 37 230 240 28 ** 4.3 .57 .73 12 

Mean •••••••••••••••• 12 34 * 16 239 140 16.4 * 5.03 1.39 .787 11.6 

Std. deviation •••••• 14 .24 * 11 150 84.9 7.89 * 2.98 .804 .830 7.71 

Kt~ku Strait area 

19 ••••••••• Sh N 30 N 20 700 150 30 70 7 .o 3 .o 1.5 30 

20 ••••••••• Ss so 1S 1S 7 1SO 500 1S 700 .70 .30 N 30 

21 ••••••••• Ss N 1SO 30 7 30 150 10 30 l.S .07 1 .5 1S 

22 ••••••••• Ss N 7 1S 10 1SOO 1SO 20 so 10 1.0 3.0 20 

23 ••••••••• Ss N 10 1S 10 700 200 15 50 7 .o 3 .o 2 .o 20 

24 ••••••••• Ss N 20 15 1S 700 150 15 100 10 2.0 3.0 20 

25 ••••••••• Ss N 10 10 7 500 1SO 20 20 2.0 1.0 1 .5 10 

26 ••••••••• Ss N 10 20 7 200 500 20 15 .10 .15 N 5 

27 ••••••••• Ss N so 1SO 7 500 100 20 10 5 .o 2 .o 2 .o 15 

28 ••••••••• Ss N 30 150 5 300 70 1S 15 5.0 3.0 3.~ 15 

29 ••••••••• Ss N s 10 10 soo 70 10 50 7 .o 2 .o l.S 15 

Mean •••••••••••••••• * 31 * 9.5 S25 199 17 .3 94.5 5 o03 l.S9 1.79 18 

Std. deviation ••••••• * 42 * 4.4 398 1S4 5.64 203 3.5S 1.15 .95 7.5 

Zarembo Island area 

30. 0. 0 ••••• Ss N 3 N 7 300 70 10 70 7 oO 3o0 1.5 10 

31ooooooooo Ss 30 3 10 7 700 1SO 20 70 7 .o 3 .o 1.5 15 

32oo•••···· Ss N 7 10 7 700 70 30 70 7 .o 3.0 3o0 15 

33 •• 0. 0 0 •• 0 Cgl 30 7 N 7 300 150 15 100 5.0 1.5 1.5 15 

34 0. 0 0. 0 0 •• Sh 30 30 20 15 300 150 20 1SO 7 oO 3.0 3.0 15 

35 •••••• 000 Sh 30 20 10 15 300 70 20 100 7 .o 1.5 3.0 15 

36 •••••• 0 0. Ss N 3 10 7 300 70 10 30 7 .o 2.0 2o0 10 

37 •• 0 0 ••••• Ss N 15 20 N 150 70 N 70 7 .o 1.5 1 .5 15 

38ooo•••••• Ss N 3 N 7 300 30 15 70 7 .o 1.S 1.S 1S 

39ooooooooo Sh 30 30 10 20 150 150 30 150 7 .o .70 3 .o 15 

40o ••••••• 0 Cgl 30 15 N 1S 150 150 15 70 7 .o 1.5 1.5 15 

41ooooooooo Cgl 30 10 N 15 200 70 15 150 7 .o .70 1.5 10 

Mean •••••••• o ••••••• * 12 * 10 321 100 17.1 91.7 6.83 1 .91 2.04 13.8 

Std. deviation •••••• * 10 * 5.4 197 46.5 7.51 40.4 .601 .85 .73 2.1 

Appendices 17 
1-8. Mineralogic data 

[X-ray diffractogram peak heights measured in centimeters for powdered whole-rock (bulk) samples in cell mounts. 

Cu!a radiation was used. An arbitrary 10% was added to peaks (underlined) that were off the chart} 

Sample No. Lithology Siderite Dolomite Calcite Plagioclase K-spar Quartz Kaolinite Chlorite Illite 

Little Pybus Bay area 

1 ••••••••••• Cgl o.o 0 .o 22 12 0 .o 3.6 o.o 2.9 0.9 

2 ••••••••••• Ss .o .o 9.3 21 .o 7.7 .o 5.9 2.0 

3 ••••••••••• Ss .o .o .o 24 .o 4 .o .o 3 .s .o 

4 ••••••••••• Ss .o 18 .o 23 .o 6.6 .o .o 1.4 

5 ••••••••••• Ss .o .o 7 .1 24 .o 11 .o 7.2 2 .o 

6 ••••••••••• Ss .o .o 8.9 13 .o 8.3 .o 14 2.3 

7 ••••••••••• Ss .o .o 24 12 .o 9 .o .o 7 .s 1 .s 

8 ••••••••••• Ss .o .o .o 6.5 .o 2.4 .o 4.4 1.2 

9-••••••••••• Sh .o .o 3.4 15 9.4 4.3 .o 2.1 .7 

10 •••••••••• Sh .o .o .o 7.3 .o 2.9 .o 11.2 5.1 

11 •••••••••• Sh .o .o .o 6.2 .o 2.0 .o 14 6.9 

Mean ••••••••••••••• .oo 1.7 6.8 14.9 .86 5.64 .oo 6.3 2.2 

Std. deviation ••••• .oo s.s 8.8 7.04 2.8 3.07 .oo s.o 2.0 

Kootznahoo Inlet area 

12 •••••••••• Ss s.o 22 o.o 19 4.0 12 2.9 o.o 1.3 

13 •••••••••• Ss 2.8 "'2'1t .o 24 .o 8.8 3.0 .o 1 .s 

14 •••••••••• Ss .o 13 .o 22 .o 7.8 .o 2.3 .3 

15 •••••••••• Ss .o .o .o 14 .o 8.0 .o 4.0 1.9 

16 •••••••••• Ss .o .o 3.2 24 .o 8.0 .o 6.0 1 .7 

17 •••••••••• Mdst s.s 9.2 .o ""'b.<; .o 4.5 .o 1.8 1.7 

18 •••••••••• Sh 9 .s .o .o 5.0 .o 4.1 2.4 .o 1.5 

Mean •••••••••••••• 3.3 7.9 .46 16.4 .57 7.60 1.2 2.0 1.5 

Std. deviation •••• 3.4 9.4 3.3 8.68 1.4 3.59 1.3 4.4 1 .8 

Keku Strait area 

19 •••••••••• Sh o.o 0 .o o.o 11 0 .o 1.9 o.o 3 .o o.o 

20 •••••••••• Ss 15 .o .o 5.2 .o 9.3 2.5 .o .o 

21 •••••••••• Ss .o .o .o 24 .o .o .o 3 .o .o 

22 •••••••••• Ss .o 4.5 2 .o .o 9.3 12 12 .o .o 

23 •••••••••• Ss .o 7 .9 1 .s 11 22 3.6 4.9 .o .o 

24 •••••••••• Ss .o 2.6 .o 5.7 6.0 6.2 4.7 .o 1.5 

25 •••••••••• Ss .o 13.7 .o 4 .o 6 .1 4.9 3.3 .o .o 

26 •••••••••• Ss 5.9 16 .o 1.0 .o 1.2 .o .o .o 

27 •••••••••• Ss .o 5.3 .o .o 6 .o 1.8 1 .7 .o .o 

28 •••••••••• Ss .o 21 .o 13 23 4.6 3.0 .o .o 

29 •••••••••• Ss .o 3.5 .o 24 6.2 5 .o 5 .o .o .o 

Mean •••••••••••••• 1.9 6.8 .32 8.9 7 .1 4.6 3.4 .55 .14 

Std. deviation •••• 4.7 7.2 .72 8.6 8.2 3.6 3.5 1.2 .45 

Zarembo Island Area 

30 •••••••••• Ss o.o o.o 4.0 24 o.o 12 1.6 o.o 0.8 

31 •••••••••• Ss .o .o 4 .o TI 19 10 .o 1.5 .6 

32 •••••••••• Ss .o .o 22 T6 11 .o .o 1.8 .6 

33 •••••••••• Cgl .o .o .o 23 5.3 9.4 .o 3.9 1.0 

34 •••••••••• Sh .o .o .o T4 4.6 4.9 .o 2.4 .6 

35 •••••••••• Sh .o .o .o 12 7.7 5.2 .o 4.5 .7 

36 •••••••••• Ss .o .o 9 .1 22 14 7.5 1.9 .o .8 

37 •••••••••• Ss .o .o .o 9.2 5.5 6.7 3.3 .o .o 

38 •••••••••• Ss .o 8.2 9.4 16 17 5.3 4.5 .o .7 

39 •••••••••• Sh .o .o .o 7 .o .o 10 .o 3.8 3.5 

40 •••••••••• Cgl .o .o 5.5 10 .o 8.2 .o 4.6 1.3 

41 •••••••••• Cgl .o .o 5.8 18 .o 12 .o 4.2 1.5 

Mean ••••••••••••••• .oo .68 5 .o 16.2 6.95 8.1 .94 2.2 1.0 

Std. deviation ••••• .oo 2.46 6.7 5.62 6.75 2.4 1.6 1.9 .91 

18 Statistical Analysis, Kootznahoo Formation, Alaska 
APPENDIX2 

Data set for ash-flows and volcanic conglomerates deposited above the Kootznahoo Formation and 

igneous rocks that intruded it or were extrud,ed above it. 

Samples are from the study areas indicated in figures 1-S. Elemental contents are given in parts per million unless 

otherwise noted. %, indicates elemental contents given in weight percent. * ' statistic not calculated. N, not 

detected. L, detected but not determined. 

Lithology abbreviations: 

Ignfg. = Fine-grained igneous Bas. = Basalt 

Volflo. =Volcanic flow rock Felsdik. = Felsic dike 

Ashflo. = Ash flow Basdik. = Basic dike 

Volcgl. =Volcanic conglomerate And. = And,esite 

Rhy. = Rhyolite 

AreaSample No. Lithology u Th Fe% Mg% Ca% Ti% Mn Ba Be Co Cr Cu 

PB12 •••••• Ignfg. 2.1 2.7 s.o l.S 2.0 o.so lSOO 3000 l.S 7 (1 2 

PB13 •••••• Ignfg. 1.3 3 .o 3 .o 2 .o 3 .o .so lSOO 700 (1 lS 10 20 

PB14 •••••• Ignfg. 0.99 2.2 7 .o 2 .o 3.0 1.0 1000 200 (1 30 7 .o 30 

PBlS •••••• Ignfg. 1.1 3.7 3 .o l.S 2 .o .30 700 300 (1 lS 7 .o lS 

KU30 •••••• Ignfg. 3.2 3.S 7 .o 3.0 7 .o .so 700 200 N 30 7 .o 15 

KU32 •••••• Ignfg. .94 2.4 10 3 .o 7 .o .70 1000 500 N 30 200 70 

ZE42 •••••• Volflo. 3.5 (2.3 7 .o 1.5 3.0 .70 700 300 1.0 20 30 30 

ZE43 •••••• Ashflo. 6.6 8 .o 3 .o .70 3 .o .30 700 700 1.0 15 30 15 

ZE44 •••••• Volcgl. 6.S 9.1 3.0 l.S 1.5 .30 1000 300 1.0 7 70 30 

ZE4S •••••• Rhy. 3.7 (2 .4 3 .o .70 3 .o .30 700 sao N 7 1.5 7 

ZE46 •••••• Ashflo. 8.2 19 l.S .30 1.0 .lS 300 700 1.0 5 7.0 7 

ZE47 •••••• Rhy. 9 .o 23 l.S .lS .lS .lS 150 700 1.0 N 3 .o 2 

ZE48 •••••• Bas. 2.2 2.2 7 .o 3.0 s .o .70 1SOO 300 N 30 70 30 

ZE49 •••••• Felsdik. 3 .o (2 3 .o 3 .o 3 .o .30 lSOO 150 N 15 70 30 

ZESO •••••• Basdik. 3.9 4.0 7 .o 3.0 s .o 1.5 1500 300 N 30 70 15 

ZESl •••••• And. 5.6 9.3 3 .o .70 3.0 .70 700 1000 N 10 7 .o 30 

ZE52 •••••• And. 3.3 5.6 3.0 .70 .70 .30 700 300 N 7 1.0 s 

ZES3 •••••• And. 9 .o 18 l.S .30 .70 .15 300 300 1.0 L 3 .o 3 

Mean •••••••••••••• 4.11 6.70 4.36 l.S9 2 .9S 0 .S03 897 S81 * 16 33 .o 20 

Std. deviation •••• 2.72 6.60 2.50 l.OS 1.98 0.344 447 647 * 10 50.0 17 

AreaSample No. Lithology* La Ni Pb Sc Sr v y Zr Al% Na% K% Ga 

PB12 •••••• Ignfg. 30 7 (10 1S 1000 30 30 1SO 10 5 .o 1.5 20 

PB13 •••••• Ignfg. 00 0 (10 15 500 !SO 15 100 10 3 .o 1.0 15 

PB14 •••••• Ignfg 00 7 (10 30 300 300 30 70 7 .o 1.5 .70 20 

PBlS •••••• Ignfg 00 0 (10 10 200 70 20 70 7 .o 3 .o 1.5 15 

KU30 •••••• Ignfg. N 7 N 30 !SO 300 30 100 7 .o 3.0 .70 15 

KU32 •••••• Ignfg. N 20 N 70 700 soo 30 100 10 3 .o .70 20 

ZE42 •••••• Volflo. N 7 N 30 !SO 150 so 150 7 .o 3.0 l.S 15 

ZE43 •••••• Ashflo. N 1S 10 1S 300 70 30 150 7 .o l.S 1.5 10 

ZE44 •••••• Volcgl. N 1S 10 1S 200 100 30 150 7 .o 2 .o l.S 1S 

ZE4S •••••• Rhy. N N N 7 .o 300 70 15 150 7 .o 2 .o 1 .s 15 

ZE46 •••••• Ashflo. 30 s 10 7.0 1SO 30 30 150 7 .o 2 .o 3.0 15 

ZE47 •••••• Rhy. 30 2 10 N 150 15 30 100 7 .o 3 .o 3 .o 15 

ZE48 •••••• Bas. N 30 N 30 300 200 30 100 7.0 1.S .70 15 

ZE49 •••••• Felsdik. N 30 N 15 700 70 15 70 7 .o 2 .o N 15 

ZESO •••••• Basdik. 30 1S N so 300 300 30 100 7.0 1.S 1.S 1S 

ZES1 •••••• And. 30 7 N 1S 300 150 30 150 7 .o 3 .o 3 .o 15 

ZE52 •••••• And. N N N 7.0 300 70 20 150 7 .o 3.0 1.5 1S 

ZES3 •••••• And. 30 .oo 3 10 7 .o 1SO 30 30 150 7 .o 1.50 2 .o 15 

Mean •••••••••••••••• * * * 20.6 342 145 27 .s 120 7 .so 2.47 1 .51 15.6 

Std. deviation •••••• * * * 17 .1 236 130 8.27 32.5 1.15 .915 .809 2.36 

Appendices 19 

*U.S. GPO: 1989 673-047/85,057 

SELECTED SERIES OF U.~S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS 

Periodicals 

Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly). 

Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly). 

Technical Books and Reports 

Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports of 

wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists and engineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies and of 

topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. Tht~y also include 

collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a single scientific topic. 

Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of lasting scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or 

geographic coverage than Professional Papers. They include the results 

of resource studies and of geologic and topographic investigations; as well 

as collections of short papers related to a specific topic. 

Water-Supply Papers are comprehensive reports that present significant interpretive results of hydrologic investigations of wide interest 

to professional geologists, hydrologists, and engineers. The series covers 

investigations in all phases of hydrology, including hydrogeology, 

availability of water, quality of water, and use of water. 

CIJ'culars present administrative information or irnpo1rtant scientific 

information of wide popular interest in a format designed far distribution 

at no cost to the public. Information is usually of short-teJm interest. 

Water-Resources Investigations Reports are papers 1of an interpretive nature made available to the public outside the formall USGS publications series. Copies are reproduced on request unlike formal USGS 

publications, and they are also available for public inspection at 

depositories indicated in USGS catalogs. 

Open-File Reports include unpublished manuscript reports, maps, 

and other material that are made available for public consultation at 

depositories. They are a nonpermanent form of publication that may be 

cited in other publications as sources of information. 

Maps 

Geologic Quadrangle Maps are multicolor geologic maps on 

topographic bases in 7 1/2- or 15-minute quadrangle formats (scales mainly 1 :24,000 or 1 :62,500) showing bedrock. surficial, or engineering geology. Maps generally include brief texts; some maps inc1ude structure 

and columnar sections only. 

Geophysical Investigations Maps are on topographic or planimetric 

bases at various scales; they show results of surveys usinjl: geophysical 

techniques, such as gravity, magnetic, seismic, or radioactivity, which 

reflect subsurface structures that are of economic or geologic significance. 

Many maps include correlations with the geology. 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps are on pllanimetric or 

topographic bases of regular and irregular areas at variom: scales; they 

present a wide variety of format and subject matter. The series also includes 7 1/2-minute quadrangle photogeologic maps on planimetric bases 

which show geology as interpreted from aerial photographs. Series also 

includes maps of Mars and the Moon. 

Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or 

planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial geology, stratigraphy, and structural relations in certain coal-resource areas. 

Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphic information 

for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having petroleum potential. 

Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases on quadrangle or irregular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology 

in relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit problems; post-1971 

maps are primarily black-and-white maps on various subjects such as 

environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations. 

Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or black-andwhite maps on topographic or planimetric bases presenting a wide range 

of geohydrologic dataofboth regular and irregular areas; principal scale 

is 1:24,000 and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale or smaller. 

Catalogs 

Permanent catalogs, as well as some others, giving comprehensive listings of U.S. Geological Survey publications are available under 

the conditions indicated below from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books 

and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, 

CO 80225. (See latest Price and Availability List) 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961" may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperbaek book form and as a 

set of microfiche. 

"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970" may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a 

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"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971-1981" may be 

purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form (two 

volumes, publications listing and index) and as a set of microfiche. 

Supplements for 1982,1983, 1984,1985,1986, and for subsequent 

years since the last permanent catalog may be purchased by mail and 

over the counter in paperback book form. 

State catalogs, "List of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic and 

Water-SupplyReportsandMapsFor(State),"maybepurchasedbymail 

and over the counter in paperback booklet form only 

"Price and Availability List of U.S. Geological Survey Publications," issued annually, is available free of charge in paperback booklet form only. 

Selected copies of a monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. 

Geological Survey" available free of charge by mail or may be obtained 

over the counter in paperback booklet form only. Those wishing a free 

subscription to the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. 

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Note.--Prices of Government publications listed in older catalogs, 

announcements, and publications may be incorrect. Therefore, the 

prices charged may differ from the prices in catalogs, announcements, 

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