Opinion issued August 27, 2015

In The 

## Court of Appeals For The 

## First District of Texas

————————————

NO. 01 - 13 - 00782 - CV

——————————— BANDIER REALTY PARTN ERS, LLC AND SWITCHBACK VENTURES, LLC , Appella nt s V. SSC OPPORTUNITY PART NERS, LLC , Appell e e
On Appeal from the 215th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Ca se No. 2011 - 43194

MEMORANDUM OPINION A jury awarded appellee SSC Opportunity Partners, LLC $15 million in actual damages for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty in connection with a real

estate transaction. Appellants Bandier Realty Partners, LLC and Switchback Ventures, LLC appeal from the ad verse judgment against them.2 We conclude that, as in the case of HMC Hotel Prop erties II LP v. Keystone

Texas Prop erty Holding Corp. , 439 S.W.3d 910 (Tex. 2014), the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s verdict with respect to its finding that any actual damages suffered by SSC were caused by the actions of Bandier Realty and Switchback. Since SSC did not pursue any o ther theory of recovery, we sustain the appellants’ fourth issue, reverse the judgment of the trial court, and render judgment that SSC take nothing. Background Douglas Britton formed SSC Opportunity Partners, LLC for the purpose of purchasing and develop ing real estate in the northern suburbs of Houston, where Exxon eventually built a corporate campus. Britton engaged the services of a real

estate broker, Bandier Realty Partners, LLC, in connection with this transaction. On August 2, 2010, SSC entered i nto an earnest

- money contract to purchase a 101

- acre tract of land in Harris County for approximately $5 million. Within three days of the contract’s execution, the buyer was required to deposit $25,000 in earnest money, which would become non

- refundable a fter a period of due diligence. A down payment of $1 million was due at closing, and the sellers agreed to finance the remaining $4 million balance if the purchaser or its assignee could demonstrate its “financial strength” and close the transaction within the time allotted by the contract.3 SSC lacked the $25,000 that was needed for the initial earnest

- money payment. Robert D. Banzhaf and L.S. “Trey” Halberdier, III, who jointly owned Bandier Realty, began working with Britton to find investors. On August 4, 2010, Switchback Ventures, LLC

— a company owned by Banzhaf and Halberdier

— deposited $25,000 as earnest money. Halberdier then asked Britton to sign a document that he said was intended to protect Switchback’s $25,000 investment. Halberdier had drafted this agreement, which the parties call the “Switchback Agreement,” in the form of a letter from Britton to Switchback, which identified Britton as “[t]rustee and agent to assist in the acquisition and/or contractual arrangements of . . . referenced land in Harris County.” It stated that Britton was authorized by Switchback “to represent the interest, monetary consideration of Earnest Money in said Contracts, and perform Contracts for Trey Halberdier or any other Managing Member of Switchback Ventures, LLC a nd any other subsidiaries, partners or affiliates.” The only land referenced was the 101 acres, and the only contract identified was the
earnest

- money contract that Britton had signed on behalf of SSC. The Switchback Agreement also stated that Britton woul d “take full directive from [Switchback] in terms of duties to perform, responsibilities, and any other actions that relate to the $25,000.00 earnest money deposit.” Without reading it, Britton signed the document.4 Britton, Halberdier, and Banzhaf then d ecided to search for a partner or purchaser to execute the real

- estate transaction, and the men concurrently began discussions with different potential investors. Britton began discussions with Larry Johnson, a successful Houston

- area real

- estate develope r, about partnering to purchase and develop the property. Without committing to the investment, Johnson began due diligence, which revealed several concerns, including the availability of utilities, lack of road access to the 101 acres, and the conditions upon which sellers had predicated their offer of financing. Halberdier and Banzhaf began discussions with other potential investors: Omero “Rocky” Del Papa, III, Kenneth R. Vaught, Jr., and their business entities Kenroc Development, LLC and Kenroc, LLC ( collectively “Kenroc”). Britton encouraged Halberdier and Banzhaf’s negotiations with Kenroc, and he gave them investment information to use in their presentations. Britton would later testify that he had authorized Bandier Realty to engage in these negoti ations. Bandier Realty negotiated a potential deal with Kenroc. Contemporaneous emails from Britton showed that he understood the terms of the proposed deal

— assignment of the
earnest

- money contract to Kenroc with both Bandier Realty and SSC later serving

a s real

- estate brokers for subdivided parcels of land and both sharing in the commissions.5 In addition, Bandier Realty negotiated its own contingent agreement with Kenroc and the sellers’ agent. In an email dated November 28, Halberdier told the sellers’ agent that if “Britton (SSC)” did not approve the Kenroc proposal, Bandier Realty would withdraw the earnest money from escrow, causing a default on the contract. At that point, Kenroc and Bandier Realty would enter into a new contract with the sellers wit h the same closing date, terms, and conditions. In another email sent later that day, Halberdier told Banzhaf, Del Papa, and Vaught that Britton had agreed to the Kenroc deal in principle. But the next day, Britton entered into a letter agreement with John son. In exchange for a loan of $32,500, which was secured by a promissory note, Britton agreed to obtain an extension of the inspection period in the earnest

- money contract and the deletion of its financial

- strength provision. Britton further agreed that h e would “work together exclusively” with Johnson “towards a mutually acceptable agreement for the assignment of the [earnest money] [c]ontract from Britton’s affiliate to an affiliate of Johnson.” That day, Britton gave Johnson a copy of the Switchback Agr eement, which he referenced as “the only single document I have executed with Bandier.” Britton delivered to the title company a cashier’s check in the amount of $32,500, representing the $25,000 earnest money and a payment of $7,500 to extend the inspect ion period. He also delivered a letter that he termed a “release,”6 addressed to Switchback Ventures. Britton instructed the title company that it was “not authorized to release the Cashier’s Check contained herewith until you receive a signed counterpart o f the release and return a copy to me by email.” The letter to Switchback stated that its purpose was to return the $25,000 earnest money in full satisfaction of any duties Britton owed by virtue of the Switchback Agreement. It continued: Please acknowle dge your receipt and acceptance of the foregoing in the appropriate place below, which shall in any event be deemed upon your acceptance of the Deposit being returned to you herewith, and which acceptance shall also be deemed an absolute quitclaim and rele ase of any interest you may claim to any earnest money heretofore deposited pursuant to that certain purchase and sale agreement by and between SSC Opportunity Partners, LLC and OU Land Acquisition, LP and OU Land Acquisition Two, LP for a certain 100.61 a cre tract of land located in Harris County, Texas (the “Contract”). You are hereby again advised that your offer to invest money with Purchaser under the Contract is not accepted. The foregoing shall not be deemed to otherwise affect any commission to whi ch you may be expressly entitled pursuant to the Contract. Halberdier refused to sign the release. Rather, he asked Britton to assign the
earnest

- money contract from SSC to Bandier Realty. The next day, the seller’s agent contacted the title company to inquire about the earnest money, which had not yet been transferred. The Switchback earnest money was then sent to the sellers, and Johnson’s earnest money was returned.7 By now hostility had grown among the parties. Britton, Halberdier, and Banzhaf met at Johnson’s office to attempt to resolve their differences. Johnson and the seller’s agent were also present, but they left the room to allow the men to work out their problems. Two days later, Johnson informed Britton that he was no longer interested in the investment opportunity. By early December 2010, there had been no showing of financial strength by SSC, Britton, Halberdier, Banzhaf, Switchback, or Bandier Realty. On December 6, the sellers informed SSC that it had two business days to deliver a letter of intent or an agreement among SSC, Bandier Realty, and Del Papa, the proposed equity partner, to be signed by all parties. In addition, the sellers offered one additional business day for Del Papa to satisfy the financial

- strength provision. On Decemb er 8, SSC, Bandier Realty, and Switchback entered into a memorandum of agreement (“MOA”) calling for the formation of a business entity called “Newco”

— to be owned by Bandier Realty, SSC, and a majority equity investor

— that would acquire and develop the 101 acres. Bandier Realty and SSC would own equal minority shares of the entity. The following day, the sellers approved Del Papa’s financial statements as satisfying the financial

- strength provision. Bandier Realty and Switchback then asked SSC to assign the earnest

- money contract to Del Papa as trustee of yet another entity to be formed in the future. The8 document that was sent to Britton, which the parties call the “Del Papa Assignment Agreement (DPAA),” included a provision, paragraph 8, which canceled and nullified the MOA signed the previous day by Bandier Realty and SSC. Britton struck out the language in paragraph 8 that canceled the MOA, signed the revised document, and sent it to Halberdier, Banzhaf, their attorneys, and the sellers’ agent. With Britt on’s revisions, there were then two documents purporting to assign the
earnest

- money contract: the MOA which assigned the contract to Newco; and the DPAA as revised by Britton, which assigned it to Del Papa, as trustee, without nullifying the MOA. The sell ers’ agent informed Britton that unless he executed the assignment without striking through paragraph 8, the sellers would declare the
earnest

- money contract in default. Britton thereafter signed a clean copy of the DPAA. The DPAA provided that SSC would s hare equally in any commission received by Bandier Realty as a result of the earnest

- money contract. But the DPAA made no provision for any further participation by SSC in the development of the 101 acres, and SSC did not participate further. In July 2011, after Exxon announced its plans to build a corporate campus adjacent to the 101 acres, SSC filed the underlying lawsuit against the Bandier parties (Halberdier, Banzhaf, Bandier Realty Partners, LLC, Switchback Ventures, LLC, and Bandier Management Partne rs, LLC), the investors who had worked with them, and the title company that had handled the escrow. SSC alleged various9 tort theories including breach of fiduciary duty and fraud. SSC also sought exemplary damages. The case was tried to a jury. Britton’s theory of the case was that SSC lost its opportunity to partner with Johnson to purchase and develop the 101 acres because the defendants

— including Bandier Realty and Switchback

— interfered and caused Johnson to back out of the transaction. Britton testifi ed about how he came up with the idea for this particular development and the time and effort he spent to research its potential viability. He also testified that he had no money to finance it and had even borrowed money from his parents. Britton testified that Johnson had been very interested in pursuing this opportunity. Although the sellers’ agent had already denied Johnson’s request to extend additional time, Britton nevertheless believed he could persuad e the sellers to extend the due

- diligence period. Britton testified that when Johnson loaned him the earnest money, it was for the purpose of moving “forward towards closing.” Britton contended that as a result of the defendants’ actions, “SSC lost the option which it valued at $20 million.” Johnson tes tified, however, that he and Britton never reached an agreement about purchasing the 101

- acre tract. He said that he had been confused about who had the rights to the contract and “still unsettled” on due diligence. He testified that there were numerous un resolved issues, any one of which would have been enough to end the deal. He identified a number of specific concerns, including: “when the10 roads would be built , ” “whether Exxon was really going to go forward with their deal , ” “how the drainage would end u p working , ” “getting road right

- of

- ways to extend some of the roads , ” and “how we were going to do the MUD districts.” Johnson also said that he was not prepared to finalize a deal without an extension of the inspection period, and the sellers had not agre ed to extend it. The jury found in favor of SSC on its claims for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty, awarding $15 million in actual damages, plus exemplary damages against Bandier Realty Partners, Banzhaf, and Halberdier in the amount of $500,000 each. Analysis “Generally, when a party presents multiple grounds for reversal of a judgment on appeal, the appellate court should first address those points that would afford the party the greatest relief.” Bradleys’ Elec., Inc. v. Cigna Lloyds Ins. Co. , 995 S. W.2d 675, 677 (Tex. 1999). Accordingly, we begin by addressing the appellants’ sufficiency

- of

- the

- evidence arguments because they apply to all claims and both remaining defendants. In addition, reversal on the grounds of legal insufficiency would result in rendition of judgment for Bandier Realty and Switchback. See id. ; see also T EX
. R. A PP
. P. 43.3 (“When reversing a trial court’s judgment, the court must render the judgment that the trial court should have11 rendered, except when : (a) remand is necessary f or further proceedings; or (b) the interests of justice require a remand for another trial.”). We review legal sufficiency challenges to determine whether the evidence “would enable reasonable and fair

- minded people to reach the verdict under review.” City of Keller v. Wilson , 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). In determining whether legally sufficient evidence supports a challenged finding, we must consider the evidence that favors the finding if a reasonable factfinder could, and we must disregard evidence contrary to the challenged finding unless a reasonable factfinder could not. Id. We may not sustain a legal sufficiency, or “no evidence,” point unless the record demonstrates: (1) a complete absence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact. Id. at 810. The factfinder may choose to “believe one witness and disbelieve others” and “may resolve inconsistencies in the testimony of any witness.” McGalliard v. Kuhlmann , 722 S.W.2d 694, 697 (Tex. 1986); see City of Keller , 168 S.W.3d at 820

– 21. Proximate cause is an element of each of SSC’s tort claims. See Nat’l Prop. Holdings, L.P. v. Westergren , 453 S.W.3d 419, 423 (Tex. 2015) (fraudulent inducement); ERI Consulting Eng’rs v. Swinnea , 318 S.W.3d 867, 881 (Tex. 2010)12 (civil conspiracy); Prudent ial Ins. Co. of Am. v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc. , 29 S.W

. 3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000) (tortious interference with a contract); Finger v. Ray , 326 S.W.3d 285, 291 (Tex. App.

— Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (breach of fiduciary duty). There may be more than one p roximate cause of an occurrence. Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith , 307 S.W.3d 762, 774 (Tex. 2010). “The components of proximate cause are cause in fact and foreseeability.” Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc. v. Fayette Cnty. , 453 S.W.3d 922, 929 (Tex. 2015) . “Cause in fact is essentially but

- for causation.” Id. A tortious act satisfies the cause

- in

- fact component of proximate cause when it is “a substantial factor in causing the injury and without which the injury would not have occurred.” Del Lago Partners , 307 S.W.3d at 774 (citing W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena , 162 S.W.3d 547, 55 1 (Tex. 2005)). “If the defendant’s negligence merely furnished a condition that made the injury possible, there can be no cause in fact.” Urena , 162 S.W.3d at 551. Proximate cause “can not be established by mere conjecture, guess or speculation.” Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, Inc. , 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex. 1995). To establish causation, the evidence “must show more than a possibility.” Lenger v. Physician’s Gen. Hosp., Inc. , 455 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex. 1970). “Verdicts must rest upon reasonable certainty of proof.” Id. Cause in fact may be established by direct or circumstantial evidence, including expert

- opinion testimony. See, e.g. , Havner v. E

- Z Mart Stores, Inc. , 825 S.W.2d 456, 459 (Tex.13 1992) . However, “[b]are baseless opinions will not support a judgment even if there is no objection to their admission in evidence.” City of San Antonio v. Pollock , 284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009). When an expert opinion is admitted without objection, it may be considered probative even if its basis is unreliable. Id. at 818. “But if no basis for the opinion is offered, or the basis offered provides no support, the opinion is merely a conclusory statement and cannot be considered probative evidence, regardless of whether there is no objection.” Id. “[A] claim will not stand or fall on the mere ipse dixit of a credentialed witness.” Burrow v. Arce , 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex. 1999). The jury in this case found that Bandier Realty breached its fiduciary duty to SSC, intentionally interfered with the earnest

- money contract, participated in a civil conspiracy that damaged SSC, and fraudulently induced SSC to enter into the Del Papa Assignment Agreement. The jury also found that Switchback participated in Bandier Realty’s breach of fiduciary duty, participated in a civil conspiracy that damaged SSC, and assisted or encouraged Bandier Realty’s interference with the
earnest

- mo ney contract. Appellants challenge the evidentiary basis for the jury’s conclusions. Specifically, they contend that SSC lacked the financial ability to exercise the option by purchasing the land for $5 million on its own, and its only potential investor, Larry Johnson, would not have invested in the project regardless of their14 actions. As such, the appellants argue there was legally insufficient evidence that their actions were a but

- for cause of SSC’s failure to acquire the property. In response, SSC ar gues that Johnson’s actions and testimony created a fact issue about whether he would have “proceeded with the SSC deal” but for the actions of Bandier Realty and Switchback. In particular, it contends that Johnson’s action in “giving SSC the non

- refundabl e earnest money,” despite knowing that the sellers had not extended the inspection period or deleted the financial

- strength provision, showed that he would have moved forward with the deal. SSC argues that this action conflicted with Johnson’s testimony, c reating a credibility issue that the jury resolved in its favor and which we must credit under the applicable standard of review. SSC argues that the jury was “free to conclude” that both the conduct of Bandier Realty and other concerns about the property “played a role in Johnson’s departure.” Thus, SSC reasons that the jury’s finding that Bandier Realty and Switchback proximately caused its injuries is supported by sufficient evidence. We disagree with SSC’s depiction of the record. First, the evidence s howed that SSC lacked the financial ability to purchase the land for $5 million without an investor or equity partner. Although Britton asserted at trial that he could have closed the deal, he conceded on cross

- examination that he could not have done so wi thout investors. Similarly, the sellers’ agent also testified that SSC lacked the15 financial ability to purchase the property independently. In addition, SSC never satisfied the financial

- strength provision, which was a necessary condition for the sellers t o finance the $4 million balance that would have remained after the $1 million down payment. Under the earnest

- money contract, the failure to satisfy the financial

- strength provision was grounds for the sellers to declare the contract in default. Second, t here is no evidence that Johnson intended to purchase the 101 acres, give or loan SSC the money to do so, invest in SSC, or form a joint business entity with SSC for the purpose of purchasing and developing the property. Johnson testified that he was inter ested in the property, but the unfinished due diligence would have been enough to end the deal for him. He testified that he was concerned about the lack of utilities, drainage, rights of way, access roads, and annexation by a MUD district. Without an exte nsion of the inspection period, any one of these unresolved issues was “a killer,” significant enough for him to decline the investment opportunity. Yet he never received any assurance that the inspection period would be extended, which meant that he would not go forward with the transaction. The only written agreement between Johnson and SSC was the November 29 “Letter Agreement Regarding Assignment of Contract.” This document did not purport to actually assign the earnest

- money contract. Instead,16 the par ties agreed “to work together exclusively towards a mutually acceptable agreement for the assignment of the Contract from Britton’s affiliate to an affiliate of Johnson which benefits both Britton and Johnson prior to the end of the Inspection Period.” It also required Britton to obtain an extension of the inspection period and deletion of the financial

- strength condition. This agreement did not provide any terms of financial compensation, carried interest, or any sort of profit sharing. By its plain terms it was an executory contract that did not immediately assign the earnest

- money contract. Still SSC argues that Johnson’s provision of $32,500 in nonrefundable earnest money showed, contrary to his testimony, that he was prepared to assume the contract an d consummate the deal and was willing to abandon his demands to delete the financial

- strength condition and extend the inspection period. However, the evidence in the record shows that the $32,500 was a loan secured by a promissory note. Thus, while the ea rnest money was nonrefundable as to SSC, Johnson’s investment was not at risk: he could recover his money from Britton. In addition, Johnson’s letter agreement with Britton provided that the consideration for the loan was Britton’s promise to obtain an ext ension of the inspection period and a deletion of the financial

- strength condition. There is no evidence in the record that Johnson abandoned these demands. Instead, his testimony unequivocally showed that he would not proceed with the deal without an17 exte nsion of the inspection period, an option that was available to him under the letter agreement with Britton. The insufficiency of this evidence is evident in light of a similar case recently decided by the Supreme Court of Texas, addressing an issue of b ut

- for causation in a case arising from a real estate deal that fell through. The case of HMC Hotel Prop ertie s II LP v. Keystone

- Texas Prop erty Holding Corp. , 439 S.W.3d 910 (Tex. 2014), involved the attempted sale of the Rivercenter Mall and the land bene ath the San Antonio Riverwalk hotel. HMC Hotel Props

. II LP , 439 S.W.3d at 911. The hotel leased the land beneath it from Keystone

- Texas Property Holding Corporation. Id. The lease included a right

- of

- first refusal provision, affording it up to 90 days to attempt to negotiate an agreement to purchase the land if Keystone decided to sell it. Id. at 911

– 12. Nothing in the lease required the hotel to execute a waiver of this provision if it chose not to purchase under those circumstances. Id. at 914

– 15. After the properties were listed for sale, a potential buyer emerged for the two properties, offering $166 million for both. Id. at 911. Keystone invited the hotel to make an offer to purchase, but it also requested the hotel waive its rights under the lea se provision. Id. at 912. The hotel initially indicated that it would sign the requested waiver, but after meeting with the potential buyer, the hotel suspected that the purchase price had been inflated to discourage it from making an18 offer. Id. At that po int, the hotel informed Keystone by letter that no waiver was forthcoming. Id. Notably, at all relevant times, the title insurers had stated that they required a waiver from the hotel in order to issue a “clean” title insurance policy. Id. at 913

– 14. When the sale of the land beneath the hotel fell through, the hotel sued for breach of contract , and Keystone countersued for tortious interference with a
contract. Id. at 912. The jury found for Keystone, which had argued that the letter from the hotel had be en “passed to the proposed title insurers, [and had] scuttled the sale

. ” Id. The court of appeals held that the evidence was sufficient to show that the letter “proximately caused the deal’s demise.” Id. In the Supreme Court, the hotel argued that there w as no evidence of but

- for causation, i.e., “no evidence show[ed] the outcome would have been different if [the hotel] had not sent its letter.” Id. at 913. The Supreme Court agreed. First, it observed that the hotel had no obligation to provide the waiver that the title insurers demanded, and that there was no evidence that the insurers would have dropped that demand. Id. at 915. Second it rejected testimony about how the title insurers might have “insured around” the lease provision after the expiration of 90 days and in the absence of the hotel’s letter. Id. at 916. The Supreme Court said, “[I]n the end, all of this testimony is simply speculation about what the title insurers might have done had [the hotel] handled itself differently. Testimony19 based on n othing but speculation is evidence of nothing at all.” Id. Third, the Court agreed that the evidence showed that the hotel’s letter had a “substantial effect” on the deal, but it explained that “testimony that the letter was a substantial factor in bringin g about harm to Keystone is only half of the cause

- in

- fact element. . . . Keystone also had to show that absent [the hotel’s] letter, the harm would not have occurred.” Id. at 917 (citation omitted). This case is similar to HMC Hotel Prop erties

. SSC’s arg ument that Johnson would have provided the funding it needed to exercise the option but for the actions of the appellants fails because it is too speculative. Nothing in the evidence shows that Johnson would have provided SSC with funding but for the actio ns of Bandier Realty and Switchback. Rather, the evidence shows that even if the substitute d earnest money had been accepted, and even if Halberdier, Banzhaf, and Britton had comported themselves amicably and with civility at the meeting on December 1, Johnson still would have harbored doubts about the investment because his due diligence was inc omplete. There is no evidence in the record that Johnson would have retreated from his demand to eliminate the financial

- strength condition or to extend the inspection period. And his loan of money to Britton did not require him to abandon those demands. T o the contrary, it was predicated upon them.20 Here, the evidence showed only that Johnson might have consummated the deal or provided SSC with the funds to do so. This is not sufficient to establish to the but

- for element of cause in fact, which requires reasonable certainty and cannot rest on a mere possibility. See Lenger , 455 S.W.2d at 706. SSC argues that because there can be more than one proximate cause, the jury was “free to conclude” that the conduct of Bandier Realty and Switchback “played a role in Johnson’s departure.” We agree that the evidence supports such a conclusion. Johnson testified that he became “disgusted” by the conduct of Bandier Realty, i.e., Halberdier and Banzhaf, as well as that of Britton. He testified that it created doubt as to who was in control of the earnest

- money contract. But the question before us is whether the evidence supports the verdict actually rendered, which included an award of actual damages. Actual damages require proof of causation. See Doe , 907 S.W.2d at 477 ; Lenger , 455 S.W.2d at 706. And evidence that the appellants played a role in bringing about the injury SSC complains of “is only half of the cause

- in

- fact element.” HMC Hotel Props. , 439 S.W.3d at 917. SSC also had to show that absent the conduct of Band ier Realty and Switchback, the injury would not have occurred. Id. This they failed to do. Finally, SSC argues that as a matter of policy, a finding that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdict as to causation would “create an unintended safe

- harbor from liability for defendants who breach their fiduciary duties early in21 a transaction.” It argues that the appellants’ actions “chas[ed] off Johnson before he could finalize the SSC deal.” It argues that we therefore should affirm based on “the se ttled principles that a fiduciary should be punished for its breaches and that relationships of trust should be protected.” Texas law provides equitable remedies for breach of fiduciary duty that are distinct from awards of actual damages. See, e.g. , ERI Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. , 318 S.W.3d at 874 (equitable forfeiture is distinguishable from an award of actual damages because it serves a separate function of protecting fiduciary relationships); Burrow , 997 S.W.2d at 240 (fee forfeiture available in absence of proof of actual damages for an attorney’s breach of fiduciary duty); Kinzbach Tool Co. v. Corbett

- Wallace Corp. , 138 Tex. 565, 573

– 74, 160 S.W.2d 509, 514 (1942) (“It would be a dangerous precedent for us to say that unless some affirmative loss can be shown, the person who has violated his fiduciary relationship with another may hold on to any secret gain or benefit he may have thereby acquired.”); Saden v. Smith , 415 S.W.3d 450, 469 (Tex. App.

— Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied) (“Even if a fiducia ry does not obtain a benefit by violating his duty, he still may be required to forfeit the right to compensation for his work.”). SSC did not seek the alternative remedy available to it under Texas law: fee forfeiture. Bandier Realty was SSC’s broker, an d its payment was the commission it earned when the sale of the 101 acres was closed. SSC did not seek recompense22 for the commission Bandier Realty earned. In addition, although SSC did seek damages for unjust enrichment, the jury returned a take

- nothing v erdict on that question. Thus, we reject SSC’s policy

- based arguments. We sustain the appellants’ fourth issue, and we hold that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the verdict as to causation. As a result of our resolution of this issue, it is unnecessary for us to address the other arguments raised by the appellants. T EX
. R. A PP
. P . 47.1. Conclusion We reverse the judgment of the trial court and render judgment that SSC take nothing from appellees Bandier Realty Partners and Switchback Venture s.

Michael Massengale Justice Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack, and Justices Higley and Massengale.