NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 24a0147n.06

No. 23-1674

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

WEBSTER RASHADA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

CORRECTIONAL OFFICER FLEGEL, et al.

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE WESTERN 

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

OPINION

Before: BATCHELDER, CLAY, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

CLAY, Circuit Judge. Proceeding pro se, Plaintiff Webster Rashada, a Michigan state 

prisoner, filed a complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that two correctional officers used 

excessive force in retaliation against him for filing previous lawsuits against other officers in the 

same correctional facility. Rashada stated that he sued Defendants in their official, rather than 

individual, capacities. After screening Rashada’s complaint pursuant to the Prison Litigation 

Reform Act (“PLRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e, the district court1sua sponte dismissed Rashada’s 

claims as barred by sovereign immunity. For the reasons discussed below, we REVERSE the 

dismissal of Rashada’s complaint, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion.

1 Rashada consented to the adjudication of the entire proceeding by a magistrate judge. 

Throughout this opinion, we refer to the magistrate judge as “the district court.”
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I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

At the time of the incident described in the complaint, Rashada was a prisoner housed at 

the Ionia Correctional Facility (“ICF”). He alleges that two correctional officers at the ICF denied 

him access to his mail and assaulted him in retaliation for a previous lawsuit that he filed against 

other ICF officials. See Webster Rashada #493950 v. Unknown Sheldon, No. 1:21-cv-919 (W.D. 

Mich. dismissed on Oct. 25, 2022). Rashada claims that around 8:45 p.m. on April 8, 2022, 

Sergeant Morgan and Correctional Officer Flegel, the two Defendants named in this case, brought 

a food cart serving Rashada’s meal to his cell. Rashada noticed that Flegel also carried mail 

addressed to him. He asked Flegel for the mail, but Flegel refused to give it to him. Just after this, 

Morgan told Rashada: “All the staff saw the legal documents and grievances of the lawsuit you 

had filed.” Compl., R. 1, Page ID #4. Flegel then “smashed” Rashada’s hand between the food 

cart and the door to his cell, causing Rashada’s hand to become stuck. Compl. Att. 1, R. 1-1, Page 

ID #10. Morgan punched Rashada’s hand repeatedly and bent his fingers back until he cried out 

in pain. Then, Morgan told Rashada: “Now file or write a grievance . . . . Your hand all busted 

up!” Compl., R. 1, Page ID #4. After this alleged attack, Rashada experienced swelling, pain, and 

discoloration in his hand, and he “severely suffered mentally.” Id. at Page ID #4–5.

Rashada pursued his claims through the prison grievance process. After reviewing video 

footage that purportedly showed Rashada hitting and attempting to push the food delivery cart, the 

prison found that the correctional officers had not used excessive force.

B. Procedural History

On May 19, 2023, acting pro se, Rashada filed his complaint using a form complaint from 

the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan. He asserted that Flegel and 
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Morgan violated his First and Eighth Amendment rights, and requested $800,000 in compensatory 

damages and $800,000 in punitive damages. He further requested a declaratory judgment that the 

“acts and [o]missions described herein violated” his rights under the Michigan and United States 

Constitutions, and requested the fees and costs of bringing the civil action “pursuant to [42] U.S.C. 

§ 1983.” Compl., R. 1, Page ID #6. In response to a prompt on the form complaint asking whether 

Rashada intended to sue Defendants in their official or personal capacities—“[o]fficial and/or 

personal capacity?”—Rashada stated “suing official.” Id. at Page ID #3. Rashada also attached 

to his complaint his completed prison grievance form, the prison’s response to his initial grievance, 

and its response to Rashada’s two appeals of the grievance process.

After an initial screening, the district court dismissed Rashada’s complaint sua sponte. See

28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b); 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c). The district court dismissed Rashada’s claims for 

monetary damages because Rashada had indicated that he brought his suit against Flegel and 

Morgan in their official capacities. Because a suit for damages against an individual in his or her 

official capacity is the equivalent of a suit against the governmental entity, the district court 

construed the complaint as asserted against the Michigan Department of Corrections. 

See Matthews v. Jones, 35 F.3d 1046, 1049 (6th Cir. 1994). And, because the Eleventh 

Amendment bars § 1983 suits for damages in federal court against state entities that have not 

consented to suit, the district court dismissed Rashada’s claims for monetary damages against 

Flegel and Morgan based on sovereign immunity. See Harrison v. Michigan, 722 F.3d 768, 771 

(6th Cir. 2013). The district court explained that, had Rashada “named Defendants in their 

personal capacities, [it] would not dismiss this matter on screening, as Plaintiff has stated a 

plausible Eighth Amendment excessive force claim.” Opinion, R. 7, Page ID #42.
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The district court then addressed Rashada’s claim for declaratory relief. As it 

acknowledged, state officials sued in their official capacity do not receive Eleventh Amendment 

immunity against requests for non-monetary relief if they meet the Ex parte Young exception to 

sovereign immunity. See Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159–60 (1908). However, to meet this 

exception, the relief sought must remedy a prospective harm. Ladd v. Marchbanks, 971 F.3d 574, 

581 (6th Cir. 2020). Because Rashada had been transferred from the correctional facility where 

the events giving rise to his complaint occurred, the court dismissed Rashada’s claim for 

declaratory relief as similarly barred by sovereign immunity because he did not seek relief from 

future harm. The court dismissed Rashada’s complaint with prejudice. Through counsel, Rashada 

timely appealed the dismissal of his complaint. Because they were never served in the district 

court, Defendants Flegel and Morgan are not parties to this appeal. See Conway v. Fayette Cnty. 

Gov’t, 212 F. App’x 418, 418 (6th Cir. 2007).

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Rashada first argues that the district court erred by dismissing his complaint at 

all because the district court should have applied the “course of proceedings” test and construed 

his complaint as against Defendants in their individual capacities. Alternatively, he argues that 

the district court erred in dismissing his complaint with prejudice and without leave to amend. 

Although we disagree with his first argument, we agree with his second, and explain our reasoning 

below.

A. Course of Proceedings Test

This Court reviews the sua sponte dismissal of claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b), 

and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(c) de novo. Wershe v. Combs, 763 F.3d 500, 505 (6th Cir. 2014). Pro se

complaints should be “liberally construed” and “however inartfully pleaded, must be held to less 
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stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 

94 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)).

As the district court correctly concluded, the Eleventh Amendment bars § 1983 suits for 

damages against state officials in their official capacities. See Harrison, 722 F.3d at 771; 

Matthews, 35 F.3d at 1049. On appeal, Rashada does not challenge this conclusion. Instead, he 

argues that the district court erred by failing to construe his complaint as suing Flegel and Morgan 

in their individual capacities.

When a complaint does not clearly allege in which capacity defendants are sued, this 

Circuit applies a “course of proceedings” test to determine capacity. Moore v. City of Harriman, 

272 F.3d 769, 773 (6th Cir. 2001) (en banc). This test considers whether the pleadings as a whole 

put the defendant on notice that the plaintiff intended to hold him or her personally liable for 

damages. Id. To achieve this goal, it examines “the nature of the plaintiff’s claims, requests for 

compensatory or punitive damages, and the nature of any defenses raised in response to the 

complaint, particularly claims for qualified immunity, to determine whether the defendant had 

actual knowledge of the potential for individual liability.” Id. at 772 n.1.

Although Rashada’s pro se complaint contains certain indicia of an individual capacity 

suit, the course of proceedings test is inapplicable when the complaint clearly states the capacity 

in which defendants are sued. This Court’s en banc decision in Moore, which definitively 

recognized the course of proceedings test, stated that it applies “[w]hen a § 1983 plaintiff fails to 

affirmatively plead capacity in the complaint.” Id. at 773; see also Shepherd v. Wellman, 313 F.3d 

963, 967–68 (6th Cir. 2002) (“Where no explicit statement appears in the pleadings, this Circuit 

uses a ‘course of proceedings’ test to determine whether the § 1983 defendants have received 

notice of the plaintiff’s intent to hold them personally liable.”); Goodwin v. Summit Cnty., 703 F. 
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App’x 379, 382–83 (6th Cir. 2017) (“Because [the plaintiff] affirmatively pleaded capacity in the 

original complaint, we need not look to the course of proceedings to determine whether the 

[defendants] had sufficient notice of their potential for individual liability.”).

Rashada claims that this Court’s decision in Rodgers v. Banks applied the course of 

proceedings test when the plaintiff’s complaint affirmatively designated the capacity in which the 

defendant was sued. 344 F.3d 587 (6th Cir. 2003). But the operative complaint in Rodgers did 

not contain an explicit statement as to capacity. In that case, the initial complaint only raised a 

Title VII claim, but the plaintiff later amended it to include a § 1983 claim. Id. at 594. The 

amended complaint incorporated by reference the statement from the previous complaint that 

“Defendant was being sued in her ‘official capacity,’” but it was “otherwise silent as to whether” 

the defendant was “sued in her official or individual capacity.” Id. Because the operative 

complaint in Rodgers did not explicitly contain a statement as to capacity, but merely incorporated 

statements from the previous complaint, Rodgers does not stand for the broad proposition that the 

course of proceedings test applies to a complaint that does make such a clear statement of capacity. 

Even to the extent that Rodgers could be read to apply the course of proceedings test to 

complaints with clear statements of capacity, it does not aid Plaintiff’s position. Despite the fact 

that the plaintiff in Rodgers had requested monetary damages, a sign of an individual capacity suit, 

we emphasized the clear statement in the original complaint that the plaintiff sued the defendant 

in her official capacity when conducting the course of proceedings test. Id. We found that this 

clear statement, as well as other indicia of an official capacity suit, did not put the defendant on 

notice that she was being sued in her individual capacity. Id. at 594–95.

In contrast to the arguably ambiguous amended complaint in Rodgers, Rashada’s 

complaint explicitly states that he is suing Flegel and Morgan in their official capacities. The form 
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complaint contained a prompt asking “[o]fficial and/or personal capacity?”, and Rashada 

responded “suing official.” Compl., R. 1, Page ID #3. To be sure, as a pro se litigant, Rashada 

may not have known the import of the prompt on the form. Moreover, his response indicates that 

he may have meant to merely express that he was suing two individuals who are also officials in 

the correctional facility. Nevertheless, the ultimate inquiry we make when conducting the course 

of proceedings test is whether the defendants have sufficiently been put on notice that they will 

need to defend themselves in their individual capacity. Moore, 272 F.3d at 772 (“[W]hile it is 

clearly preferable that plaintiffs explicitly state whether a defendant is sued in his or her ‘individual 

capacity,’ failure to do so is not fatal if the course of proceedings otherwise indicates that the 

defendant received sufficient notice.”) (citation omitted). When a complaint specifically identifies 

that the plaintiff brings official capacity claims, defendants will not be on notice of an individual 

capacity claim against them. See Rodgers, 344 F.3d at 594–95. And, although this Court has 

stated in an unpublished opinion that “[t]o the extent doubt persists” in evaluating the factors for 

the course of proceedings test, “this doubt should be resolved in” the pro se plaintiff’s favor, 

Rashada’s clear statement of capacity in his complaint does not leave room for doubt. Lindsay v. 

Bogle, 92 F. App’x 165, 169 (6th Cir. 2004). Thus, the district court did not err in construing his 

complaint as asserted against Defendants in their official capacities.

B. Dismissal Without Leave to Amend

Rashada alternatively argues that the district court erred by dismissing his complaint with 

prejudice, thereby preventing him from filing an amended complaint. He makes two distinct 

arguments on this point. First, he claims that dismissal with prejudice, and, therefore, without 

leave to amend, was improper because the district court identified an amendment that would cure 

his complaint’s deficiencies. Second, he contends that dismissal with prejudice was improper 
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because the only basis for dismissal was jurisdictional. Because we agree that the district court 

should have permitted him leave to amend, we need not address his second charge of error.

The decision to dismiss a complaint with prejudice and without leave to amend is reviewed 

for an abuse of discretion. Lipman v. Budish, 974 F.3d 726, 740 (6th Cir. 2020). Rule 15(a)(2) of 

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states that courts should “freely give leave” to amend “when 

justice so requires.” Generally, a district court does not abuse its discretion when it fails to grant 

leave to amend when such leave was never requested. Total Benefits Plan. Agency, Inc. v. Anthem 

Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 552 F.3d 430, 438 (6th Cir. 2008). However, we have recognized that 

dismissing claims without permitting leave to amend can sometimes violate “the well-established 

preference for allowing claims to be decided on their merits where possible.” Burkeen v. A.R.E. 

Accessories, LLC, 758 F. App’x 412, 416 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 

182 (1962)). More specifically, “[d]ismissal with prejudice and without leave to amend is not 

appropriate unless it is clear on de novo review that the complaint could not be saved by 

amendment.” Newberry v. Silverman, 789 F.3d 636, 646 (6th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted)

(alteration in original); see also PR Diamonds, Inc. v. Chandler, 364 F.3d 671, 698 (6th Cir. 2004), 

abrogated on other grounds by Frank v. Dana Corp., 646 F.3d 954, 961 (6th Cir. 2011) (“[W]hen 

a motion to dismiss a complaint is granted, courts typically permit the losing party leave to 

amend.”).

That Rashada’s complaint was dismissed pursuant to screening under the PLRA does not 

change this analysis. LaFountain v. Harry, 716 F.3d 944, 951 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[U]nder Rule 

15(a) a district court can allow a plaintiff to amend his complaint even when the complaint is 

subject to dismissal under the PLRA.”). Instead, consistent with the liberal treatment afforded to 

pro se plaintiffs, we have previously recognized that district courts should afford pro se plaintiffs 
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special consideration when granting leave to amend complaints. See Berndt v. Tennessee, 796 

F.2d 879, 882 (6th Cir. 1986); see also Brown v. Matauszak, 415 F. App’x 608, 614–15 (6th Cir. 

2011) (“Particularly where deficiencies in a complaint are attributable to oversights likely the 

result of an untutored pro se litigant’s ignorance of special pleading requirements, dismissal of the 

complaint without prejudice is preferable.” (quoting Reynoldson v. Shillinger, 907 F.2d 124, 126 

(10th Cir. 1990))).

We have previously reversed the dismissal of a pro se plaintiff’s complaint without leave 

to amend under similar circumstances. In Berndt, a pro se plaintiff listed the state of Tennessee 

as a defendant, but, as the district court properly found, the Eleventh Amendment barred this kind 

of suit against a state. 796 F.2d at 881. We nevertheless reversed the dismissal and remanded 

with instructions to permit amendment because it was clear that the plaintiff could add new 

defendants who were not immune from suit. Id. at 882–84. The plaintiff in Berndt had not 

requested leave to amend his complaint, and, as we have continued to acknowledge, “[t]here is 

currently no rule of law in this circuit that requires the district court to give sua sponte a pro se

plaintiff leave to amend his complaint absent a request.” Id. at 882. But given the plaintiff’s pro 

se status and his ability to cure the deficiencies in his complaint, we found remand appropriate 

because “[i]t would be a miscarriage of justice to preclude this pro se plaintiff from seeking redress 

for his alleged injuries on a procedural defect.” Id. 

We have reaffirmed this approach in more recent unpublished decisions addressing similar 

situations. For example, in Brown, the pro se plaintiff failed to request leave to amend after 

defendants filed a motion to dismiss, and the district court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint with 

prejudice. 415 F. App’x at 614. Because it was “very clear” from information presented on appeal 

that the plaintiff could cure his complaint’s deficiencies through amendment, we remanded the 
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case to the district court to provide the pro se plaintiff with leave to amend his complaint. Id. at 

616–17. In Lucas v. Chalk, we similarly remanded to the district court with instructions to permit 

amendment when factual issues raised in appellate briefing made it clear that a pro se plaintiff 

whose complaint was dismissed after PLRA screening could state a claim. 785 F. App’x 288, 292 

(6th Cir. 2019); see also Gordon v. England, 354 F. App’x 975, 981 (6th Cir. 2009) (remanding 

with instructions to allow pro se plaintiff leave to amend because she was “likely . . . unaware” of 

the need to request leave to amend).

In this case, the district court acknowledged that “[i]f Plaintiff had named Defendants in 

their personal capacities, [it] would not dismiss this matter on screening, as Plaintiff has stated a 

plausible Eighth Amendment excessive force claim.” Opinion, R. 7, Page ID #42. That is, but for 

a procedural pleading deficiency in Rashada’s pro se complaint, the district court would have 

found that he stated a claim for relief as to at least one of his claims. Ordinarily, a plaintiff would 

have the opportunity to cure such a procedural deficiency without court involvement. Indeed, had 

the deficiency been raised by Defendants in response to Rashada’s complaint after having been 

served—or even if Rashada later discovered it on his own—he would have been entitled to amend 

his complaint “once as a matter of course” within 21 days of serving it or 21 days after being 

served with a responsive pleading or motion to dismiss. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). We are aware 

of no authority suggesting that PLRA screening is meant to foreclose this normal operation of Rule

15. Given Rashada’s pro se status in the district court and the highly technical nature of pleading 

official and personal capacity claims, in the “interest of justice,” Rashada should be permitted to 

amend his complaint and pursue his claims against Defendants in their proper capacities. Gordon, 

354 F. App’x at 982.
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III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we REVERSE the dismissal of the complaint and 

REMAND with instructions to grant Rashada leave to amend his complaint.