[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 18

- 12425 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 4:17

- cr - 10024

- JEM

- 1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

versus DAVAUS L. MCCOWN,
De fendant

- Appellant.

________________________ No. 18

- 12495 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:10

- cr - 20628

- DLG

- 2

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 1 of 82 versus DAVAUS LEANARD MCCOWN, Defendant

- Appellant.

________________________ Appeals from the United States District Co urt for the Southern District of Florida

________________________ ( February 25, 2019 )

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, GRANT, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

In this consolidated appeal, Davaus McCown appeals his 2017 convictions for drug traffick ing and firearm offenses, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 922(g)(1), and 924(c)(1)(A)(i). McCown also appeals the district court’s revocation of his supervised release in an unrelated 2010 case . No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.

Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 2 of 83 I

.

McCown challenges the district court ’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence

-- including physical evidence and inculpatory statements

-- obtained during a 3 August 2017 search of McCown’s apartment. McCown contends that the information in the sea rch warrant affidavit failed to establish probable cause that evidence of criminal activity would be found in his apartment. McCown also contends that the information in the search warrant affidavit was stale when the warrant issued. We review a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence as a mixed question of law and fact; we review fact findings for clear error and the application of law to the facts de novo

. United States v. Jiminez , 224 F.3d 1243, 1247 (11th Cir. 2000). W e construe all facts “in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below.” United States v. Bervaldi , 226 F.3d 1256, 1262 (11th Cir. 2000). “Probable cause to support a search warrant exists when the totality of the circumstances allows the conclusion that there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” United States v.

Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 3 of 84 Kapordelis , 569 F.3d 1291, 1310 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotations omitted). A search warrant affidavit need not allege that unlawful activity occurred at the place to be searched ; the affidavit need only establish a nexus between the place and the criminal activity. Id .; Uni ted States v. Martin , 297 F.3d 1308, 1314 (11th Cir. 2002). “[T]he duty of a reviewing court is simply to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed.” Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213, 238

- 39 (1983) (quotation and alteration omitted). We afford “great deference” t o the lower court judge’s determination about probable cause. United States v. Gonzalez , 940 F.2d 1413, 1419 (11th Cir. 1991). We also “give due weight to inferences drawn from [the factual findings] by resident judges and local law enforcement officers. ” Jimenez , 224 F.3d at 1248.
T he search warrant affidavit in this case alleged these facts

. Using a confidential informant (“CI”), officers conducted two controlled drug buys from McCown on 10 July and 14 July 2017. On 10 July, officers saw McCown lea ve his apartment immediately before meeting with the CI. The CI gave McCown $50 in exchange for a baggy containing crack cocaine. McCown then returned directly to his apartment. On 14 July, McCown met again with the CI “in the vicinity of

Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 4 of 85 his apartment” and gave the CI a baggy containing crack cocaine in exchange for $50.
This information

-- viewed in the light most favorable to the government

-- was sufficient to establish a fair probability that contraband or evidence of drug trafficking would be found in side McCown’s apartment. The affidavit established that McCown left his apartment with drugs on his person, sold those drugs at a location near his apartment, and returned to his apartment with the proceeds from the sale of the drugs. That the af fidavit established a connection between McCown’s apartment and the criminal activity is enough. See Kapordelis , 569 F.3d at 1310. The affidavit need not establish that unlawful activity itself occurred
in side McCown’s apartment

. See id

. About stalenes s, “t he information supporting the government’s application for a warrant must show th at pro b able cause exis t s at the time the warrant issues.” United States v. Lopez , 649 F.3d 1222, 1246 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotations omitted). No “arbitrary time limitati on” exists for purposes of determining whether supporting information is “ stale. ” United States v. Harris , 20 F.3d 445, 450 (11th Cir. 1994). Instead, we consider the particular facts of each

case , including (1) the amount of time that elapsed between the date the information was obtained and the date the warrant issued , (2) whether the suspected crime is ongoing, (3) the “ habits of the accused, ” (4) the “ character of

Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 5 of 86 the items sought, ” and (5) the “ nature and function of the premises to be sear ched.” Id

. Here, t he information alleged in the affidavit was sufficient to show that McCown was engaged in an ongoing pattern of selling drugs within close proximity to his apartment . The allegations also support a conclusion that the items sought by the search warrant

-- drugs and evidence of drug

- trafficking activity

-- would likely be found in McCown’s apartment. Based on the circumstances of this case, we are unpersuaded that the 18

- day period between the second controlled drug buy and the filing of the search warrant application rendered the information in the affidavit impermissibly stale for purposes of applying for a search warrant. Cf. United States v. Green , 40 F.3d 1167, 1173 (11th Cir. 1994) ( concluding that information about a drug sale one month before officers applied for a search warrant was not stale); United States v. Domme , 753 F.2d 950, 955 (11th Cir. 1985) ( “When criminal activity is protracted and continuous, it is more likely that the passage of time will not d issipate probable
cause.” )

. Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 6 of 87 The district court committed no error in denying McCown’s motion to
suppress ; we affirm McCown’s convictions

. 1

II.

McCown also challenges the revocation of his supervised release in his 2010 case. McCown says that his 2017 judgment of conviction served as the sole basis for the district court’s determination that he violated the terms of his supervised release in the 2010 case. 2 McCown contends that

-- because his 2017 judgment should be vacated (based on suppression e rror )

-- no factual basis exists to establish a violation of his supervised release and, thus, the revocation of his supervised release in the 2010 case must be vacated. We have concluded, however, that the district court committed no error in denying M cCown’s motion to suppress . We affirm McCown’s 2017 convictions;
t he 2017 judgment relied upon during McCown’s revocation proceedings remains

1 Because we conclude that the search warrant affidavit established sufficiently probable cause, we need not address the district court’s alternative ruling based on the “good

- faith” exception to the exclusionary rule.

2 McCown raises no challenge to the sufficiency of the 2017 judgment as evidence that he violated the terms of his supervised release.

Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 7 of 88 valid. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s revocation of McCown’s supervised release in the 2010 case. AFFIRMED. Case: 18-12425 Date Filed: 02/25/2019 Page: 8 of 8