National Park Service

U.S. Department of InteriorManzanar National Historic SiteCalifornia

Garden Management PlanGardens and Gardeners at Manzanar

Jeffery F. Burton

2015
Merritt Park (hand-colored photograph by 

Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
Garden Management Plan

Gardens and Gardeners at ManzanarManzanar National Historic SiteCaliforniaJeff ery F. BurtonDecember 2015
Block 34 Mess Hall Garden. 
One of the most signifi cant collections of Japanese gardens in North America, the gardens at Manzanar National Historic Site are important symbols of how the World War II Japanese American internees modifi ed and improved their prison surroundings. Manzanar’s Japanese gardens incorporate stylistic concepts and design elements developed over hundreds of years of garden-building tradition, and refl ect Japanese history, culture, world-view, religion, and aesthetics. The gardens are character-defi ning elements of Manzanar’s cultural landscape. In addition, they are also important in their own right, meeting all four criteria required for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, and many of the criteria for National Historic Landmarks. In Manzanar’s General Management Plan and subsequent planning documents, the restoration and rehabilitation of gardens was identifi ed as a priority. This Garden Management Plan identifi es specifi c treatments to meet the goals set forth in the General Management Plan. Implementing the Garden Management Plan will provide the public with the opportunity to see the full range of gardens types at Manzanar. All work will be designed to comply with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for the Treatment of Historic Properties. To meet the Historic Site’s sustainability objectives, new planted vegetation will be drought-resistant and non-invasive, and any irrigation and water features installed will utilize water-saving techniques. Gardens will be suitable for accessible interpretation, with barrier-free paths and the potential for diff erent forms of interpretive media. MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

Three gardens located along the drivinplanted with vegetation and their waterecreated: • Block 33 Arai Fish Pond. • Block 34 Mess Hall Garden (San-s

 • Merritt Park.These gardens represent a family barragarden, and the most well-known comzanar. Because of their proximity to earoad they could easily be accessed on a Water can be brought to these three gathanks to a nearby well and orchard irrIn the administration area, two gardenmaintained in their original historic codiff erences between the gardens internsian staff versus for themselves:  • Entrance Garden. • Administration Circle Garden.These are dry gardens with rocks, JoshAlthough they may require occasional periodic plant replacement, no irrigatiManzanar was the only relocation centso the Children’s Village and the adjacpartially restored as particularly poignament. Archeological excavation would identify and document features to be r
iv Garden Management Plan

To enhance interpretation in the Demolawns and gardens in Block 14 would bthere is a replica building to provide thand where historic and archeological dinformation for an accurate replacemedefi ning features or attributes at the HBlock 9, 12, and 22 mess hall gardens wother important gardens are known frooral histories; archeological investigatiocover them and assess their condition.The majority of Manzanar’s gardens wmaintained as-is. For these gardens, prof abandonment will allow the gardens conditions of Manzanar when interneeinexorable way the desert has reclaimeImplementation of the Garden Managupon supplemental project funding, buwith current staffi ng. Stabilization, regmonitoring, and staff training will be nterm success. The impact of implementation of the Gis expected to be significant: visitors whthe restored gardens will learn more abtors who come mainly to learn about inabout how internees coped with confindraw people out into the site itself, to e

connection to the past. Manzanar’s ga

the past and remain so today, as physictation, resistance, resilience, and hope. vice is committed to preserving this vit

Kuichiro Nishi at Merritt Park (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS). aesthetic, and inspirational legacy for f
マンザナー国定史跡の庭園は、第二次世界対戦時、日系アメリカ人の被抑留者による、収容所の環境修正、及び改善に関する、重要な歴史的象徴です。マンザナーの日本庭園は、スタイリッシュなコンセプトと、何百年を超える庭園づくりの伝統により育まれた要素を混ぜ合わせ、日本の歴史、文化、世界観、宗教、美学を表象しています。ここにある庭園は、マンザナーの文化的風景を特徴付ける存在であり、アメリカ合衆国国家歴史登録財に登録されるための 4 つの要件、さらに、アメリカ合衆国国定歴史建造物として認定されるために必要な条件の多くを満たしているのです。マンザナー総合管理計画と、それに付随する計画書類において、庭園の保存と復興に重きが置かれました。この庭園管理計画では、総合管理計画で設定された目標を達成すべく、特定の手法が規定されます。庭園管理計画の実施により、あらゆる人が、マンザナーの庭園の全貌を知る機会を得ることでしょう。全ての業務は、内務長官の定める基準や、 歴史的財産の取り扱い指針に適うよう手配されます。史跡の持続性を確保するため、新たに育てられる植物は、干ばつに強く、無造作に繁殖することのないものであり、設置される、全ての灌漑やその他の水に関する設備は、水節約の機能を持ったものが選定されます。庭園は、さらに、バリアフリー通路、及び、様々な形態での理解をサポートする媒体により、広く開かれた空間としても存在感を発揮することでしょう。ツアーロードに沿って位置する三つの庭園には、植物が植えられ、水に関連した設備が設けられます。 • ブロック 33 ─アライ養魚池 • ブロック 34 ─山紫園 • メリット公園これらの庭園は、マンザナーの、最も知名度の高い地区公園、そして、兵舎公園、軍食堂公園を表しています。それぞれが近くに位置していること、さらにツアーロードがあることで、簡単に徒歩で見て周ることができます。付近には、井戸や、果樹園の灌漑パイプラインが存在するので、ここへ水を引くのは比較的容易だと考えられます。管理地区内では、被抑留者により、白人のために設計された庭園と、彼ら自身のために製作された庭園、それぞれの違いが観察可能なように、二つの庭園が歴史的状態を鑑み、復元、保護されます。 • 玄関口庭園 • 管理環状庭園

これらは、岩、ヨシュアの木、さぼてんに彩られ手作業での水やりや、定期的な植物の植え替えありません。マンザナーは、孤児院の併設された、唯一の強子供の村と、チェリー公園は、心に訴えかけるされるべきでしょう。さらに深く、保護の対象考古学的発掘が必要となります。デモンストレーションブロックでの理解を深め芝生や庭園を利用し、レプリカの建物を設置す加え、適切な施工の助けともなる歴史的、考古を提供することが可能となります。病院庭園、庭園の、重要性の高い独自の機能や特質の復元歴史的な記録や、口頭伝承により、様々な庭園きました。これをより明確にし、さらに状態の的な調査が必須だと言えるでしょう。マンザナーにある多くの庭園は、そのままの状す。そのような庭園の “手つかず状態” を維持み入れた当時の、マンザナーの乾燥した、過酷の雰囲気を喚起することができるのです。庭園管理計画の実行は、プロジェクトにおける追現在のままの職員態勢で実現することが可能でメンテナンス、モニタリング、職員トレーニン要素です。本管理計画の実行により得られる効果は、圧倒された庭園を楽しみにやってくる訪問者は、抑できるでしょう。また、これについて既に興味被抑留者の実績を理解するようになるのです。過去との物質的な接触点を提供します。マンザ復、希望の印として、過去から現在に至るまで、重アメリカ合衆国国立公園局は、この文化的、教育知的刺激を兼ね備えた遺産を、後の世代へと継す。

庭園管理計画マンザナー国定史跡の庭園とその生みの親たち
vi Garden Management Plan

Volunteers excavating the Block 33 Arai Fish Pond in 2011.
The gardens are among the most meaningful, symbolic, iconic, and poignant cultural resources at Manzanar. Whereas fences and guard towers attest to confi nement, and latrine slabs and foundation blocks tell of daily life, gardens speak of hope, resistance, and beauty. Although sometimes diffi cult to interpret, the gardens are easy to comprehend, and have inspired visitors, artists, garden scholars, and even archeologists. This Garden Management Plan has actually been in the making since 1993, when I fi rst saw boulders at Merritt Park and wondered what lay beneath the sands there. Thus, there are many people to thank for their help over the past two decades. Keith Anderson and George Teague, my supervisors at the now-defunct archeology program at the National Park Service’s Western Archeological and Conservation Center in Tucson, fi rst sent me to Manzanar to do an archeological survey in 1993. Keith and George had so much confi dence in me that they expected me and my crew to record the entire site in three weeks. Since that fi rst survey, I have returned nearly every year to Manzanar to do additional work.Rose Ochi, the late Sue Embrey, the late Keith Bright, and other members of the Manzanar Advisory Commission provided early, and crucial, inspiration and encouragement. Manzanar’s fi rst superintendent, Ross Hopkins, got me hooked on garden archeology by suggesting I excavate a small pond at Block 2 and then the much larger garden at the Block 34 mess hall. Superintendent Frank Hays, who stuck with me through my three bouts with cancer, encouraged investigations in the administration area which continue to this day. Superintendent Tom Leatherman optimistically (and correctly) decided that excavating Merritt Park was not too big of a project to take on. Superintendent Les Inafuku hired me in my permanent job at Manzanar, which made possible not only continued investigations of the gardens, but also more diligent day-to-day maintenance and repair. Current superintendent Bernadette Johnson ensured the completion of this Garden Management Plan by supporting long-range planning and facilitating public involvement.I would like to express my very great appreciation to the dozens of former internees who have shared their stories about gardens with me, informally and through formal oral histories. Continued thanks are due to the archeologists, interns, and hundreds of volunteers who have helped uncover the gardens. 

Many of the volunteers return year after year in spite of the frequent high temperatures and high winds that give a small glimpse into the conditions endured by the internees. I am especially honored to have worked with former internees and their families uncovering the history of Manzanar. Archeologist Laura Ng merits special acknowledgement for her work leading archeological 

excavations at several gardens, and analyzing artifacts from many more. For the past 25 years Dick Lord, with his custom-engineered equipment, has taken overhead and “ground-level” photographs to document the changing ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

conditions and visibility of the gardens as they 

and stabilized. Tom Clayton photographed Ryoat cemeteries in the Los Angeles area. Ron Bectional Park, created beautiful maps of the fi rst gularly grateful for the leadership provided by JiDave Goto, each of whom has headed up majoworking with other staff , interns, and volunteeand Paul Hoornbeek each provided expertise iMy understanding of Japanese gardens has benparticipation in seminars lead by Dr. Seiko GoAndreas Hamacher (Kosugi Zohen Co. Ltd.), DNational University), and Dr. David Slawson (SJapanese gardeners, Japanese garden experts, amy appreciation for the gardens at Manzanar, bKendall Brown of California State University Lof Kobayashi International, Ljuin Yo and Eddie Television (NHK), and professional gardeners Oguchi of Japan. Yukinori Aida, Kaori Akiyama, Satoshi Kanai, aJapanese characters in historic photographs to interpretations. Rose Masters and Marie Masuprovide additional details and depth to my undgardens. Art Williams off ered insight about the administration area.Alan Miyatake gave permission to use an inordMiyatake’s beautiful professional photographsMuto Knight, and Edith Nishi Yamamoto allowphotographs. The National Archives and the Lare a comprehensive source of Ansel Adams, Doffi cial photographs. Dozens of families have dcollections to Manzanar, providing an invaluabthe following, many of their photographs are uphotographs and maps are by the author. The support of my family has been essential to Burton helped get information into and out of made sense. Mary Farrell has been my research almost every other project I have done over thcountless hours editing earlier versions of this Finally, I want to express my deep admiration fbuilders, who in spite of unjust accusations, dilimited materials, created unsurpassed beauty b
Barracks beautifi ed by fl owers, lawn, and a 

small Japanese garden (Dorothea Lange, July 1942; National Archives).
MANAGEMENT SUMMARY iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii1 INTRODUCTIONA Legacy of Beauty, Resistance, and Resilience 1 Scope and Outline 3 Relationship to Other Management Plans 3 General Management Plan 4 Landscape Stabilization Plan 4 Cultural Landscape Report 4 Long-Range Interpretive Plan 5 Foundation Document 6 Consultation 7 Postscript 92 HISTORICAL OVERVIEWTo Beautify Manzanar 11 Internee Residential Block Layout 17 Barracks Gardens 18 Mess Hall Gardens 23 Community Parks 32 Hospital Gardens 32 Cherry Park 35 Merritt Park 37 Other Gardens and Landscape Features 48 Administration Area and Entrance 48 Military Police Compound 56 Auditorium 56 Cemetery 57 Chicken Ranch 59  Children’s Village 59 Judo Dojo 61 Plant Nursery Lath House 62 Reservoir 62 Picnic Areas 63 Bairs Creek Picnic Area (Picnic Ground No. 1) 63 North Park 64 South Park (Manzanar Park) 66 Lawns 69 Tree Planting 72 Victory Gardens 73 Manzanar’s Winter of Discontent 1942-1943 77

3 THE GARDEN BUILDERSSeeds in Their Suitcases 81 Gardener Demographic 83 Before the War 86 Imprisoned Gardeners 89 Manzanar’s Garden Builders 91 Jack Hanshiro Arai 92 Toyoshige Ioki 93 Ryozo Kado 93 William Katsuki 95 Seiichi Kayahara 96 Gunsaburo Kono 96 George Goichi Kubota 97  Munejiro Matsuyama 97 George Futoshi Murakami 97 Kiichiro and Tom Takio Muto 97 Yasai Nakata 98 Kuichiro and Akira Nishi 98 Chotaro and Mark Mokutaro Nishimura  William Nintaro Ogami 102 Harry Oshio 102 Shunzo Shiraki 102 Roy Shinichi Sugiwara 103 Moiichiro Tachibana 103 George Saburo Takemura 103 Harry Ueno 104 Francis Miyoji (F.M.) Uyematsu 105 Bunyemon Wada 105 Frank Teruo Yasuda 106 A Training Ground 106 A Gardener’s Tale 1074 EXISTING CONDITIONSMemories of Gardens Built 111 Environmental Background 111 Barracks and Mess Hall Gardens 114 Block 1 115 Block 2 116 Block 3 119 Block 4 121 Block 5 121 Block 6 122 Block 7 124 Block 8 124 Block 9 124

CONTENTS
x Garden Management Plan

 North Park 256 South Park (Manzanar Park) 257Victory Gardens 2595 JAPANESE GARDENSNature in Miniature 261 Japanese Gardens in Japan 261 Asuka and Nara Periods (ca. AD 538-794 Heian Period (794-1185) 263 Kamakura Period (1185-1333) 265 Muromachi Periods (1133-1573) 265 Azuchi-Momoyama Period (1573-1603)  Edo Period (1603-1867) 268 Meiji Period (1868-1912) 271 Taisho and Early Showa Periods (1912-19 Japanese Gardens in the United States 273 World’s Fair Gardens 273 Public and Private Gardens 276 Japanese Gardens – A Defi nition 286 Japanese Gardens at Manzanar 2886 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCEGarden Art of a Very High Order 293 Site Signifi cance 293 The Signifi cance of Manzanar’s Gardens 29 Association with Signifi cant Events 29 Association with Signifi cant Persons 2 Embodiment of the Distinctive Character Potential to Yield Information Important  Gardens as Character-Defi ning Elements  Integrity 3017 OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHTools to Experience the Landscape 305 Management Objectives 305 Applying the Secretary of the Interior Standar Rehabilitation Priorities 310 General Treatments 312 Topography 313 Vegetation 313 Circulation Systems (Paths) 314 Water Features 314 Structures, Furnishing, and Objects 31 Accessibility 315 Sustainability 3158 GARDEN MANAGEMENTCaring and Fostering a Garden 317 Routine Maintenance 317 Cleaning 317 Inspection 317

 Block 10 131 Block 11 132 Block 12 132 Block 13 138 Block 14 140 Block 15 144 Block 16 155 Block 17 156 Block 18 161 Block 19 162 Block 20 163 Block 21 168 Block 22 169 Block 23 179 Block 24 180 Block 25 187 Block 26 189 Block 27 191 Block 28 193 Block 29 194 Block 30 195 Block 31 196 Block 32 198 Block 33 199 Block 34 204 Block 35 211  Block 36 212Community Parks 214 Hospital Gardens 214 Cherry Park 220 Merritt Park 223Other Gardens and Landscape Features 236 Administration Area 236 Entrance Sign 238 Sentry Posts and Police Station 238 Administration Circle 239 Administration Building 242 Town Hall Building 243 Post Offi ce 243 Mess Hall 243 Staff Housing 243  Military Police Compound 247 Auditorium 249 Cemetery 249 Chicken Ranch 251 Children’s Village 252 Judo Dojo 253 Plant Nursery Lath House 254 Reservoir 254Picnic Areas 255 Bairs Creek (Picnic Area No. 1) 255
 Preventive Maintenance and Repairs 318 Tamarisk Removal 319 Stabilization 319 Training 3229 GARDEN TREATMENTInvolve All The Senses 325 General Treatments for Rehabilitated Gardens 325 Ponds and Water 326 Water Use 327 Vegetation 328 Specifi c Treatments for Rehabilitated Gardens 331 Block 9 Mess Hall Garden 331 Block 12 Mess Hall Garden 331 Block 14 Barracks Gardens 332 Block 22 Mess Hall Garden 333 Block 33 Arai Fish Pond 333 Block 34 Mess Hall Garden 334 Hospital Gardens 335 Cherry Park and Children’s Village 335 Merritt Park 337 Merritt Park Phase 1 339 Merritt Park Phase 2 339 Merritt Park Phase 3 340 Administration Area Landscaping 341 Entrance Sign Garden 342 Administration Circle Garden 342 Other Administrion Area Landscape Features 343 Interpretation 345 Value of Rehabilitation 34710 FURTHER RESEARCHLives Made More Tolerable 349 Barracks Gardens 351 Mess Hall Gardens 354 Community Parks 354 Archeological Techniques 355 Faunal Analysis 356 Floral and Pollen Analyses 356 Soil Analysis 356 Geophysical Prospecting 356 Logistics and Recruitment of Labor 357 Historic Photographs 358 Oral Histories 358 Afterword 359REFERENCES CITED 361

FiguresMerritt Park. front coverMerritt Park. inside front coverBlock 34 Mess Hall Garden. iiKuichiro Nishi at Merritt Park. ivVolunteers excavating the Block 33 Arai Fish Pond in 2011Barracks beautifi ed by fl owers, lawn, and a small Japanese Figure 1.1. First Impression of Manzanar, June 1942. xxiiFigure 1.2. Along with American pastimes, Japanese cultuFigure 1.3. A portrait in beauty. 1Figure 1.4. Excavated and cleared landscape features at MFigure 1.5. Ranger-led garden tour in 2012. 3Figure 1.6. Dr. Kendall Brown leading a garden tour in 201Figure 1.7. Ranger-led school group tour at Merritt Park in Figure 1.8. Landscape Stabilization Plan team at the WildeFigure 1.9. Documenting resource damage, November 200Figure 1.10. Overgrown tamarisk at the Block 12 mess halTablesTable 3.1. Pre-War Occupations of Internee Men at ManzaTable 3.2. Pre-War Occupations of Internee Women at MaTable 3.3. Pre-War Gardener Occupations Represented at Table 3.4. Identifi ed Builders of Japanese Gardens at ManzTable 7.1. Timeline of Major Restoration and RehabilitatioTable 10.1. Non-Japanese Internees at Manzanar. 353Table 10.2. Professional Photographers Interned at ManzaAppendices APPENDIX ADocumented Garden Builders 369APPENDIX B Ryozo Kado Portfolio 371APPENDIX CArcheological and Preservation Work at APPENDIX D1944 Aerial Photographs 383APPENDIX EVegetation List 431
xii Garden Management Plan

Figure 1.11. Cultural Landscape Report team at the Block 34 mess hall garden in 2003. 5Figure 1.12. Sign on driving tour road. 6Figure 1.13. Wayside exhibit at the Block 22 mess hall garden. 6Figure 1.14. Block 33 Arai fi sh pond with water, April 2014. 7Figure 1.15. Japanese gardeners from Japan. 7Figure 1.16. Garden tour for representatives of the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii. 8Figure 1.17. Block 34 mess hall garden after a rare snowfall. 8Figure 1.18. Jean Watanabe holding a photograph of her mother. 9Figure 2.1. Aerial view of Manzanar, June 1942. 10Figure 2.2. New arrivals at Manzanar. 11Figure 2.3. Japanese Americans walking to their new barracks homes. 11Figure 2.4. Construction at Manzanar. 12Figure 2.5 Making a barracks a home. 12Figure 2.6. Propagating plants in the lath house. 13Figure 2.7. Propagating plants in the lath house. 13Figure 2.8. Roy Nash, Manzanar’s fi rst WRA Director. 14Figure 2.9. Boulders on the Sierra bajada west of Manzanar. 14Figure 2.10 Shepherd Creek northwest of Manzanar. 14Figure 2.11. Tearing down Manzanar, November 28, 1942. 15Figure 2.12. Camp layout. 16Figure 2.13. Block layout. 17Figure 2.14. Manzanar street scene. 17Figure 2.15. Manzanar barracks. 17Figure 2.16. First landscape garden at Manzanar. 18Figure 2.17. Katsuki’s barracks garden. 18Figure 2.18. Katsuki’s “Ide Hermitage.” 19Figure 2.19. Miniature bridge at Katsuki’s garden. 19Figure 2.20. Faucet running at Katsuki’s garden. 19Figure 2.21. Garden at Barracks 7 in Block 15. 20Figure 2.22. Garden at Barracks 5 in Block 15. 20Figure 2.23. Bridge and Japanese lanterns at 15-7-2 barracks garden. 21Figure 2.24. Takemura’s garden well. 21Figure 2.25. Takemura’s “Manzanar Showplace.” 22Figure 2.26. Umbrella at Takemura’s “Manzanar Showplace.” 22Figure 2.27. Garden well at the Block 22 mess hall garden. 23Figure 2.28. Block 22 mess hall garden covered in snow. 24Figure 2.29. Date in pond made with imbedded stones. 25Figure 2.30. Inscribed date on bridge at the Block 22 mess hall garden. 25Figure 2.31. Block 6 mess hall garden. 26Figure 2.32. Block 6 mess hall garden. 26Figure 2.33. Detail of Block 6 mess hall garden. 26Figure 2.34. Block 6 mess hall garden. 27Figure 2.35. Amos Hashimoto at the Block 9 mess hall garden. 27Figure 2.36. Block 9 mess hall garden. 28Figure 2.37. Detail of the Block 34 mess hall garden. 29Figure 2.38. Block 34 mess hall garden. 29Figure 2.39. Block 34 mess hall garden . 29Figure 2.40. Fence at the Block 34 mess hall garden. 29Figure 2.41. Waterfall and cascade at the Block 12 mess hall garden. 30Figure 2.42. Detail of “Hill” at the Block 34 mess hall garden. 30Figure 2.43. Block 34 mess hall garden. 30Figure 2.44. Block 12 residents at their mess hall garden. 31Figure 2.45. Fence post and rock border at the Block 12 mess hall garden. 31

Figure 2.46. Landscaping at the hospital wards. 32Figure 2.47. Overview of the hospital pond garden. 32Figure 2.48. California poppies and petunias at the hospitFigure 2.49. Steps and landscaping at the hospital wards. Figure 2.50. Faux-wood bench at the hospital. 33Figure 2.51. Steps at the hospital wards. 33Figure 2.52. Faux-wood stump at the hospital. 33Figure 2.53. Faux-wood stump and bench at the hospital wFigure 2.54. Pond and stream course at the hospital pond Figure 2.55. Hospital pond garden. 34Figure 2.56. Cherry trees planted at Cherry Park. 35Figure 2.57. Wisteria arbor and fl owing stream at Cherry PFigure 2.58. Earth-covered bridge at Cherry Park. 36Figure 2.59. Arched wood bridge at Cherry Park. 36Figure 2.60. Earth-covered bridge and arbor at Cherry ParkFigure 2.61. Arbor at Cherry Park. 37Figure 2.62. Upper pond and island at Merritt Park. 37Figure 2.63. Nishi in the rose garden at Merritt Park. 38Figure 2.64. Roses at Merritt Park. 38Figure 2.65. Rose garden at Merritt Park. 38Figure 2.66. Upper pond and arched bridge at Merritt ParkFigure 2.67. Merritt Park. 39Figure 2.68. Lower pond at Merritt Park. 39Figure 2.69. Waterfall at Merritt Park. 39Figure 2.70. “Hill” and waterfall at Merritt Park. 40Figure 2.71. Turtle rock in upper pond at Merritt Park. 41Figure 2.72. Rock bridge at Merritt Park. 42Figure 2.73. Lower pond and cascade at Merritt Park. 42Figure 2.74. Cascade between ponds at Merritt Park. 42Figure 2.75. Arched bridge at Merritt Park. 42Figure 2.76. Arched bridge at Merritt Park. 42Figure 2.77. Kuichiro Nishi at his iconic bridge. 42Figure 2.78. Merritt Park tea house. 43Figure 2.79. Log table at the Merritt Park tea house. 43Figure 2.80. Merritt Park tea house in winter. 43Figure 2.81. Merritt Park tea house. 43Figure 2.82. Merritt Park tea house. 43Figure 2.83. Tea house and stele at Merritt Park. 43Figure 2.84. Bridge across lower pond at Merritt Park. 43Figure 2.85. Bridge across lower pond at Merritt Park. 43Figure 2.86. “Manzanar Bridge” at Merritt Park. 44Figure 2.87. Boulders and vegetation at Merritt Park. 44Figure 2.88. Stepping stones on island in upper pond at MFigure 2.89. Southwest stele with “Pleasure Park” ascriptioFigure 2.90. Southwest stele without “Pleasure Park” ascrFigure 2.91. Back side of southwest stele at Merritt Park. Figure 2.92. Southeast stele at Merritt Park. 45Figure 2.93. Nishi's Merritt Park dedication. 46Figure 2.94. Translation of Nishi's Merritt Park dedication. Figure 2.95. Dedication sign inside the Merritt Park tea hoFigure 2.96. Southeast stele and dedication sign at Merritt Figure 2.97. “Dutch oven” at Merritt Park. 47Figure 2.98. “Wada and Crew” inscription at the administ
Figure 2.99. Joshua trees and cactus at the administration circle. 48Figure 2.100. Administration circle. 49Figure 2.101. Administration circle. 49Figure 2.102. Administration circle. 50Figure 2.103. Administration circle. 50Figure 2.104. Administration building. 51Figure 2.105. Wisteria at the administration building. 51Figure 2.106. Grass lawn in the staff housing area. 51Figure 2.107. Internal police post and military police post at the camp entrance. 52Figure 2.108. Ryozo Kado at the internal police post he built. 52Figure 2.109. Entrance sign with rock and cactus garden. 52Figure 2.110. Entrance sign with light fi xture. 52Figure 2.111. Staff housing plan and plant list. 53Figure 2.112. Staff housing “as-built.” 54Figure 2.113. Staff housing. 54Figure 2.114. Building construction dates for the administration area. 54Figure 2.115. Recreation layout, Farm Security Administration, July 10, 1942. 55Figure 2.116. Rock alignments in the military police compound. 56Figure 2.117. Military police with grass lawn in the background. 56Figure 2.118. Military police soldier with a patch of grass lawn in background. 56Figure 2.119. Auditorium with small deciduous trees. 57Figure 2.120. Petunias at the auditorium. 57Figure 2.121. Small pine trees and hedge at auditorium entrance. 57Figure 2.122. Concrete monument and wood plaque at cemetery. 58Figure 2.123. Cemetery monument. 58Figure 2.124. Cemetery monument plan. 58Figure 2.125. Monument drawing showing exposed rockwork. 58Figure 2.126. Fenced grave. 58Figure 2.127. Chicken Farm. 59Figure 2.128. Orphans and staff at Children’s Village. 59Figure 2.129. Street side of Children’s Village. 59Figure 2.130. Back side of the easternmost building at Children’s village. 59Figure 2.131. Vegetation at Children’s Village. 60Figure 2.132. Gardeners who built the gazebo and fences at Children’s Village. 60Figure 2.133. Lawn at Children’s Village. 61Figure 2.134. Judo dojo. 61Figure 2.135. Pathway at the Judo dojo. 61

Figure 2.136. Rock border and lawn at the judo dojo. 61

Figure 2.137. Lath house. 62Figure 2.138. Lath house. 62Figure 2.139. Reservoir. 62Figure 2.140. Stacked rocks at Reservoir inlet. 62Figure 2.141. Stacked rocks at the reservoir resembling a Japanese lantern. 63Figure 2.142. Bairs Creek. 63Figure 2.143. Bridge at Bairs Creek Picnic Area. 63Figure 2.144. Bairs Creek Picnic Area. 64Figure 2.145. Bairs Creek Picnic Area. 64Figure 2.146. Bairs Creek Picnic Area. 64Figure 2.147. Bairs Creek Picnic Area. 64Figure 2.148. Road to North Park. 65Figure 2.149. Rock grill at North Park. 65Figure 2.150. Rock grills at North Park. 65Figure 2.151. Picnic area west of North Park. 66

Figure 2.152. Picnic area west of North Park. 66Figure 2.153. Japanese lantern at picnic area west of North Figure 2.154. South Park boundary sign. 67Figure 2.155. Stove at South Park. 68Figure 2.156. Stove at South Park. 68Figure 2.157. Playing in the water at South Park. 68Figure 2.158. Mounted police patrol. 68Figure 2.159. Barracks lawn. 69Figure 2.160. Barracks lawn. 69Figure 2.161. Distribution of shared lawn mowers at ManzFigure 2.162. Cutting grass at Children’s Village. 70Figure 2.163. Small trees planted between road and barracFigure 2.164. Trees between road and barracks. 71Figure 2.165. Barracks with tamarisk trees. 71Figure 2.166. Trees in the staff housing area. 71Figure 2.167. 1942 aerial view showing Victory gardens in Figure 2.168. Victory garden worker. 72Figure 2.169. Victory garden worker. 73Figure 2.170. Victory gardens workers. 73Figure 2.171. Victory gardens. 74Figure 2.172. Working in the Victory gardens. 74Figure 2.173. Staff Victory garden. 74Figure 2.174. Flower gardens. 75Figure 2.175. Flower gardens. 76Figure 2.176. Irrigating the Victory gardens. 76Figure 2.177. Military police soldier and internees. 77Figure 2.178. Area limits warning sign. 78Figure 2.179. Guard tower. 78Figure 2.180. A new home. 79Figure 3.1. A barracks fl ower garden. 80Figure 3.2. Pruning trees at Manzanar. 81Figure 3.3. Farmers and work mules at Manzanar. 81Figure 3.4. Pre-war occupations of internee men at ManzaFigure 3.5. Pre-war occupations of internee women at MaFigure 3.6. Pre-war gardener occupations represented at aFigure 3.7. Ages of internees in the fi ve general WRA gardFigure 3.8. Place of birth of Issei in the fi ve general WRA g

Figure 3.9. Year of entry for Issei in the fi ve general WRA gFigure 3.10. Age of entry for Issei in the fi ve general WRA 

Figure 3.11. Unloading fl owers at the Southern California Figure 3.12. Pre-war Japanese American nursery. 87Figure 3.13. F.M. Uyematsu directing cherry tree planting a

Figure 3.14. Kiichiro Muto at the fi rst Griffi th Park cherry t

Figure 3.15. Five general WRA gardener occupations in eaFigure 3.16. Gardeners and groundskeepers occupation in Figure 3.17. Nursery owners and fl ower growers occupatioFigure 3.18. Jack Hanshiro Arai at Manzanar. 92Figure 3.19. Toyoshige Ioke at Manzanar. 93Figure 3.20. Ryozo Kado at Manzanar. 93Figure 3.21. “Lourdes of the West” at St. Elizabeth of HunFigure 3.22. Grotto built by Kado at Holy Cross Cemetery Figure 3.23. Ryozo Kado building a backyard garden in Los Figure 3.24. Ryozo Kado installing the California Historical 
xiv Garden Management Plan

Figure 3.25. William Katsuki at Manzanar. 95Figure 3.26. William Katsuki as depicted in the Manzanar Free Press 1942. 95Figure 3.27. Builders of the hospital gardens. 96Figure 3.28. Kiichiro Muto at Manzanar. 97Figure 3.29. Tom and Masako Muto, ca. 1945. 98Figure 3.30. Tom Muto at his Encinitas home, 1990s. 98Figure 3.31. Kuichiro Nishi at Manzanar. 99Figure 3.32. Builders of Merritt Park. 99Figure 3.33. Pre-war garden exhibit by Kuichiro Nishi. 100Figure 3.34. Chotaro Nishimura at Seabrook Farms, ca. 1945. 101Figure 3.35. Mark Mokutaro Nishimura after internment. 101Figure 3.36. John Barrymore at his Japanese garden. 101Figure 3.37. William Nintaro Ogami prior to internment. 102Figure 3.38. George Saburo Takemura at Manzanar. 103Figure 3.39. Umbrella built by George Saburo Takemura. 103Figure 3.40. Harry Ueno and sons prior to internment. 104Figure 3.41. Francis Miyoji Uyematsu and family in 1935. 104Figure 3.42. Uyematsu family at their Manhattan Beach property in 1941. 105Figure 3.43. Camp Director Ralph P. Merritt. 107Figure 3.44. Large pine tree at Merritt Park transplanted by Kuichiro Nishi. 108Figure 3.45. Kuichiro Nishi at the large pine tree he transplanted to Merritt Park. 109Figure 4.1. Aerial view of Manzanar, July 2005. 110Figure 4.2. Inyo Mountains from Manzanar. 111Figure 4.3. Alabama Hills from Manzanar. 111Figure 4.4. Bairs Creek within Manzanar National Historic Site. 112Figure 4.5. Sierra Nevada from Manzanar. 112Figure 4.6. Row of Barracks. 114Figure 4.7. Communal buildings between barracks. 114Figure 4.8. Known gardens and landscaping at Manzanar. 115Figure 4.9. Rock and concrete storm drain in Block 1. 116Figure 4.10. Rock alignment at men's latrine in Block 1. 116Figure 4.11. Brick entry at Block 1 Barracks 11 Apartment 4. 116Figure 4.12. Barracks 8 through 14 in Block 2. 117Figure 4.13. Excavation of Block 2 pond in 2000. 117Figure 4.14. Pond at Block 2 Barracks 1 Apartment 4. 117Figure 4.15. Overfl ow gate at Block 2 pond. 118Figure 4.16. Young men at Block 2 Barracks 1 Apartment 4. 118Figure 4.17. Block 3, June 11, 1944. 119Figure 4.18. Rock circle in Block 3. 119Figure 4.19. Vertical rock at the Block 4 mess hall garden. 120Figure 4.20. Small boulders at Block 4 mess hall garden. 120Figure 4.21. Northern portion of Block 4 mess hall garden. 120Figure 4.22. Rock setting at Block 4 mess hall garden. 121Figure 4.23. Rock setting at Anderson Japanese Gardens in Illinois. 121Figure 4.24. "Tiger" designed by Motomi Oguchi in Lone Pine, California. 121Figure 4.25. Rocks at Block 5 ironing room. 122Figure 4.26. Automobile part at Block 5 ironing room. 122Figure 4.27. Block 6 mess hall garden. 122Figure 4.28. Block 6 mess hall garden. 122Figure 4.29. Block 6 mess hall garden. 123Figure 4.30. Concrete fountain at Block 6 mess hall garden. 123Figure 4.31. Bamboo growing at Block 6 mess hall garden in 1993. 123Figure 4.32. Rows of stumps between Barracks 12 and13 in Block 6. 123

Figure 4.33. Nobedon entry at Block 8 Barracks 9 in 2002. 

Figure 4.34. Excavation of Block 9 mess hall garden in 200Figure 4.35. Removing boulders from the pond at Block 9 Figure 4.36. Block 9 mess hall garden prior to excavation. Figure 4.37. Block 9 mess hall garden after excavation. 1Figure 4.38. Stream channel at 33 Block 9 mess hall gardeFigure 4.39. Upper portion of Block 9 mess hall garden. Figure 4.40. Lower portion of Block 9 mess hall garden. Figure 4.41. Block 9 mess hall garden. 128Figure 4.42. Waterfall at Block 9 mess hall garden. 129Figure 4.43. Waterfall modifi ed with mortar and rocks at BFigure 4.44. Faux-wood log at Block 9 mess hall garden. Figure 4.45. Faux-wood log at Block 9 mess hall garden. Figure 4.46. Pond at Block 9 mess hall garden. 129Figure 4.47. Rock-lined pond at Block 9 mess hall garden. Figure 4.48. Mound at Block 9 mess hall garden prior to stFigure 4.49. Mound at Block 9 mess hall after stablization. Figure 4.50. Rock-lined pathway at Block 9 mess hall gardeFigure 4.51. Faux-wood entry at Block 9 mess hall. 130Figure 4.52. Stepping stones at Block 9 Barracks 3 ApartmFigure 4.53. Concrete feature at Block 9 Barracks 6. 130Figure 4.54. Entry at Block 9 Barracks 6 Apartment1. 130Figure 4.55. Block 10 Barracks 13 garden. 131Figure 4.56. Faux-wood log at Block 10 Barracks 13 gardeFigure 4.57. Block 10 Barracks 13 garden. 131Figure 4.58. Vertical water pipe at Block 10 Barracks 13 gaFigure 4.59. Rock alignment at Block 10 Barracks 6. 132Figure 4.60. Rock alignment at the Block 11 mess hall. 1Figure 4.61. Block 12 mess hall garden in 1993. 133Figure 4.62. Block 12 mess hall garden. 134Figure 4.63. South end of Block 12 mess hall garden. 13Figure 4.64. North end of Block 12 mess hall garden. 13Figure 4.65. East entry to Block 12 mess hall garden. 135Figure 4.66. Retaining wall at Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.67. Block 12 mess hall garden. 135Figure 4.68. Divided stream at Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.69. Stream channel at Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.70. Divided stream at Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.71. Cascade at Block 12 mess hall garden. 136Figure 4.72. Turtle and crane rocks at Block 12 mess hall gFigure 4.73. Rock at Block 12 mess hall garden entrance. Figure 4.74. Pond at Block 12 mess hall garden fi lled with 

Figure 4.75. Retaining wall at Block 12 mess hall garden pFigure 4.76. Retaining wall at Block 12 mess hall garden afFigure 4.77. Retaining wall at Block 12 mess hall garden afFigure 4.78. Waterfall at Block 12 mess hall garden prior to Figure 4.79. Waterfall at Block 12 mess hall garden after reFigure 4.80. Restored rangui post wall at Block 12 mess haFigure 4.81. Restored fence at Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.82. Entry garden at Block 12 Barracks 14 ApartmeFigure 4.83. Historic photograph of Block 12 Barracks 11 AFigure 4.84. Fire station in Block 13. 139Figure 4.85. View of Block 13 Barracks 8 and 9 from guard 
Figure 4.86. Rock circle at Block 13 mess hall. 140Figure 4.87. Rock alignments and entry at Block 13 Barracks 9 Apartment 4. 140Figure 4.88. Entry garden at Block 14 Barracks 1 Apartment 4. 140Figure 4.89. Entry garden at Block 14 Barracks 7 Apartment 4. 141Figure 4.90. Stepping stones at Block 14 Barracks 10. 141Figure 4.91. Concrete sidewalk at Block 14 Barracks 12 Apartment 1. 141Figure 4.92. Peach trees at Block 14 Barracks 13. 141Figure 4.93. Entry and rock alignments at Block 14 Barracks 13. 141Figure 4.94. Block 14 ironing room garden. 142Figure 4.95. Excavation of Block 14 ironing room garden in 2010. 143Figure 4.96. Excavating rangui posts at Block 14 ironing room garden. 143Figure 4.97. Remains of rangui posts at Block 14 ironing room garden. 143Figure 4.98. Block 14 ironing room garden after excavation and resetting of rocks. 143Figure 4.99. Block 14 ironing room garden. 143Figure 4.100. Concrete walkway at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1. 144Figure 4.101. Rock alignment at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1. 144Figure 4.102. Embedded automobile driveline at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1. 144Figure 4.103. Inscribed concrete at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 3. 145Figure 4.104. Rock alignment at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 4. 145Figure 4.105. Rock feature between Barracks 8 and 9 in Block 15. 145Figure 4.106. Rock circle between Barracks 1 and 2 in Block 15. 146Figure 4.107. Recycled concrete used as a border at Block 15 Barracks 1 Apartment 4. 146Figure 4.108. Recycled concrete used as a border at Block 15 Barracks 1 Apartment 4. 146Figure 4.109. Cobble entry at Block 15 Barracks 1 Apartment 1. 147Figure 4.110. Block 15 Barracks 5 garden prior to excavation. 147Figure 4.111. Block 15 Barracks 5 garden. 148Figure 4.112. Excavation of the Block 15 Barracks 5 pond in 2010. 149Figure 4.113. Excavation of the Block 15 Barracks 5 pond in 2010. 149Figure 4.114. Kyoto gardeners and the author at the Block 15 Barracks 5 garden. 149Figure 4.115. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond showing scalloped edge. 149Figure 4.116. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond showing embedded and missing rocks. 149Figure 4.117. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond showing embedded and missing rocks. 149Figure 4.118. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond showing scalloped edge. 149Figure 4.119. Outlet gate at Block 15 Barracks 5 pond. 149Figure 4.120. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond showing damaged concrete edge. 149Figure 4.121. Excavation of Block 15 Barracks 7 pond in 2010. 150Figure 4.122. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond after restoration. 150Figure 4.123. Kyoto gardeners and the author at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 150Figure 4.124. Rock “snow-scene” lantern at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 150Figure 4.125. Rock “crouching” lantern at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 150Figure 4.126. Stream channel and stacked footers at the Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 151Figure 4.127. Historic photograph showing stacked footers at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 151Figure 4.128. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond showing copious small rocks used in side walls. 151Figure 4.129. Repair of bridge at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 151Figure 4.130. Detail of bridge at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond showing Japanese inscription. 151Figure 4.131. Small pools at the pond edge at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 151Figure 4.132. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond. 152Figure 4.133. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond after excavation. 153Figure 4.134. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond after restoration. 153Figure 4.135. Rocks and rock alignment at Block 15 Barracks 2 Apartment 1. 154Figure 4.136. Rocks and rock alignments at Block 15 Barracks 3 Apartment 1. 154Figure 4.137. Distinctive blue granite rock at Block 15 Barracks 3 Apartment 1. 155Figure 4.138. Rocks and concrete feature at Block 15 mess hall. 155

Figure 4.139. Rocks between Barracks 3 and 4 in Block 16Figure 4.140. Rocks eroding between Barracks 3 and 4 in Figure 4.141. Rock alignments between Barracks 5 and 6 iFigure 4.142. Reverend Nagatomi at Block 17 Barracks 1 AFigure 4.143. Concrete walkway at Block 17 Barracks 1 ApFigure 4.144. Inscription in concrete walkway at Block 17 Figure 4.145. Historic photograph of Block 17 Barracks 3 AFigure 4.146. Concrete walkway at Block 17 Barracks 3 ApFigure 4.147. Block 17 Barrack 8 garden. 158Figure 4.148. Historic photograph of the Block 15 Barracks Figure 4.149. Block 17 Barracks 8 garden prior to excavatioFigure 4.150. Excavation of the Block 17 Barracks 8 garden Figure 4.151. Block 17 Barracks 8 garden after excavation. Figure 4.152. Block 17 Barracks 8 garden pond after excavFigure 4.153. Faux-wood log at Block 17 Barracks 8 gardeFigure 4.154. Stream channel fi lled with rocks at Block 17 Figure 4.155. Rock borders between Barracks 8 and 9 in BFigure 4.156. Rock feature with cactus between Barracks 2 Figure 4.157. Beavertail cactus between Barracks 2 and 3 Figure 4.158. Entry garden at Block 17 Barracks 8 ApartmeFigure 4.159. Stepping stones at Block 18 Buddhist churchFigure 4.160. Remnant of concrete walkway at Block 18 BFigure 4.161. Rock alignments at Block 18 Barracks 1 ApaFigure 4.162. Rock feature between Barracks 5 and 6 in BlFigure 4.163. Rock alignments at Block 18 Barracks 6 ApaFigure 4.164. Entry garden at Block 18 Barracks 7 ApartmeFigure 4.165. Rock alignments at Block 18 Barracks 7 ApaFigure 4.166. Rocks at Block 18 Barracks 9. 162Figure 4.167. Rock alignment at Block 18 Barracks 10. 1Figure 4.168. Overview of Block 19 from guard tower, 1Figure 4.169. Overview of Block 19 from guard tower, 1Figure 4.170. Possible fountain at Block 19 Barracks 5 ApaFigure 4.171. Wood posts with wire at Block 19 Barracks 8Figure 4.172. Stepping stones at Block 19 Barracks 6 AparFigure 4.173. Gateway at between Bararcks 10 and 11 in Figure 4.174. Gateway and fence at Barracks 10 and 11 in Figure 4.175. Lawn area between Barracks 10 and 11 in BFigure 4.176. Gateway and fence at Block 20 Barracks 10 Figure 4.177. Remnants of gateway and fence at Block 20 Figure 4.178. Gateway at Block 20 Barracks 10 and 11 todFigure 4.179. Historic photograph of Block 20 Barracks 12 Figure 4.180. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 12 ApartmFigure 4.181. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 4 ApartmeFigure 4.182. Wood post between Barracks 2 and 3 at BloFigure 4.183. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 9 ApartmeFigure 4.184. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 13 ApartmFigure 4.185. Rocks at Block 21 mess hall. 169Figure 4.186. Rock feature at Block 21 Barracks 6. 169Figure 4.187. Rock alignment set in concrete at Block 21 BFigure 4.188. Entry garden at Block 21 Barracks 11 ApartmFigure 4.189. Rock alignments at Block 21 Barracks 11. Figure 4.190. Concrete curb at Block 21 Barracks 12. 16Figure 4.191. Winter snow at the Block 22 mess hall garde
xvi Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.245. Postholes in concrete and possible garden poFigure 4.246. Entry garden at Block 24 Barracks 8. 185Figure 4.247. Stepping stones at Block 24 Barracks 8. 18Figure 4.248. Block 24 mess hall. 186Figure 4.249. Volunteers clearing debris at Block 24 mess hFigure 4.250. Concrete basin at Block 24 mess hall. 187Figure 4.251. Concrete stream channel and bridge at Block Figure 4.252. Concrete channel at Block 24 mess hall. 18Figure 4.253. Rock-lined concrete walkway on north side oFigure 4.254. Rocks embedded in concrete at Block 24 meFigure 4.255. Boulders around cut tamarisk tree between BFigure 4.256. Rock topped with concrete platform betweeFigure 4.257. Entry garden at Block 25 Barracks 6 ApartmeFigure 4.258. Double rock alignment at Block 25 Barracks Figure 4.259. Stepping stones and rock borders at Block 2Figure 4.260. Wooden border and stepping stones at BlocFigure 4.261. Wooden border at Block 25 Barracks 12 ApaFigure 4.262. Rock and wooden borders at Block 25 BarraFigure 4.263. Rock alignments at Block 25 Barracks 9. 18Figure 4.264. Entry garden at Block 26 Barracks 1 ApartmeFigure 4.265. Rock circle, boulders, and tree stumps at BloFigure 4.266. Walkway at Block 26 Barracks 1 Apartment 4Figure 4.267. Entry garden at Block 26 Barracks 4 ApartmeFigure 4.268. Entry garden at Block 26 Barracks 5 ApartmeFigure 4.269. Garden between Barracks 8 and 9 in Block 2Figure 4.270. Japanese American soldier at Japanese lanteFigure 4.271. Lantern leg between Barracks 8 and 9 in BloFigure 4.272. Concrete sidewalk and curb between BarracFigure 4.273. Garden between Barracks 13 and 14 in BlocFigure 4.274. Raised feature at garden between Barracks 1Figure 4.275. Garden pond between Barracks 13 and 14 in Figure 4.276. Block 27 mess hall workers. 193Figure 4.277. Nobedon entry and wood post at Block 27 BFigure 4.278. Wood fence posts at Block 27 Barracks 5 ApFigure 4.279. Wood post and wire fencing at Block 27 BarFigure 4.280. Wood posts and wire fencing at Block 27 BaFigure 4.281. Rock alignment at Block 27 Barracks 13 ApaFigure 4.282. Rock alignment at Block 28 Barracks 5. 19Figure 4.283. Stone walkway at Block 28 Barracks 3 ApartFigure 4.284. Entry garden at Block 29 Barracks 10 ApartmFigure 4.285. Concrete sidewalk and wood posts at Block Figure 4.286. Entry garden at Block 29 Barracks 14 ApartmFigure 4.287. Wood post with wire between Barracks 11 aFigure 4.288. Christmas photograph of Block 31 residentsFigure 4.289. Rock circle and small boulders between BarrFigure 4.290. Concrete curb between at Block 31 Barracks Figure 4.291. Rock alignment at Block 31 Barracks 6 ApartFigure 4.292. Rock alignment between Barracks 12 and 13 Figure 4.293. Rock alignment cut by diversion ditch at BlocFigure 4.294. Border of recycled concrete fragments at BloFigure 4.295. Entry garden and downed fencing at Block 3Figure 4.296. Entry garden at Block 32 Barracks 13 ApartmFigure 4.297. Entry garden at Block 32 Barracks 13 Apartm

Figure 4.192. Filled pond at the Block 22 mess hall garden after a spring rain. 170Figure 4.193. Well at Kairakuen, Mito, Japan. 171Figure 4.194. Found objects (wagon wheels) in Japanese garden, Odawara, Japan. 171Figure 4.195. Mapping Block 22 mess hall garden in 1993. 171Figure 4.196. Block 22 mess hall garden. 172Figure 4.197. Waterfall at north end of pond at Block 22 mess hall garden. 173Figure 4.198. North end of pond at Block 22 mess hall garden showing deeper area. 173Figure 4.199. Walkway and bridge at Block 22 mess hall garden. 173Figure 4.200. Island and decorative stump at Block 22 mess hall garden. 173Figure 4.201. Rock setting at Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.202. Concrete textured to look like wood at Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.203. Concrete pool at edge of pond at Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.204. Concrete pedestal on rock at Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.205. Embedded automobile steering linkage at Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.206. Date inscribed in concrete at Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.207. North end of Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.208. Decorative stump at Block 22 mess hall garden. 174Figure 4.209. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 1 Apartment 4. 175Figure 4.210. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 2 Apartment 1. 175Figure 4.211. Concrete walkway and rocks at Block 22 Barracks 5. 175Figure 4.212. Rocks at Block 22 Barracks 6 Apartment 4. 175Figure 4.213. Post at Block 22 Barracks 7. 175Figure 4.214. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 8 Apartment 8. 175Figure 4.215. Rocks at Block 22 Barracks 8. 176Figure 4.216. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 10 Apartment 1. 176Figure 4.217. Nobedon entry at Block 22 Barracks 10 Apartment 1. 176Figure 4.218. Painting showing a portion of Nishi’s Block 22 Barracks 12 garden. 176Figure 4.219. Garden remnants at Block 22 Barracks 12. 176Figure 4.220. Top of concrete pedestal at Block 22 Barracks 12. 176Figure 4.221. Garden remnants at Block 22 Barracks 12. 177Figure 4.222. Possible boat-shaped rock at Block 22 Barracks 12. 177Figure 4.223. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 13 Apartment 1. 177Figure 4.224. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 14 Apartment 1. 177Figure 4.225. Small boulder at Block 23 Barracks 9 Apartment 4. 179Figure 4.226. Small boulder at Block 23 Barracks 10 Apartment 4. 179Figure 4.227. Rock alignment at Block 23 Barracks 6. 179Figure 4.228. Sidewalk and rocks at Block 23 Barracks 6. 179Figure 4.229. Rock circle at Block 23 Barracks 6. 179Figure 4.230. Rock circle at north end of Barracks 6 in Block 23. 179Figure 4.231. Entry garden at Block 23 Barracks 14 Apartment 2. 180Figure 4.232. Rocks embedded in concrete at Block 23 mess hall. 180Figure 4.233. Rock-lined concrete channel at Block 23 mess hall. 180Figure 4.234. Historic photograph of Block 24 Barracks 5 garden. 181Figure 4.235. Excavation of the Block 24 Barracks 5 garden in 2012. 181Figure 4.236. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden. 182Figure 4.237. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden after excavation. 183Figure 4.238. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden after excavation. 183Figure 4.239. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden after excavation. 183Figure 4.240. Rocks surrounding in situ Joshua tree stump. 183Figure 4.241. Broken bridge to Apartment 2 at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden. 184Figure 4.242. Concrete bridge to Apartment 3 at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden. 184Figure 4.243. Remains of miniature wooden bridge at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden. 184Figure 4.244. Resetting displaced boulder at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden. 184
Figure 4.298. Excavation of Block 33 Barracks 4 garden pond in 2011. 199Figure 4.299. Block 33 Barracks 4 garden pond. 199Figure 4.300. Block 33 Barracks 4 garden. 199Figure 4.301. Block 33 Barracks 4 garden. 200Figure 4.302. Block 33 Barracks 4 pond fi lled with water. 201Figure 4.303. Rock-lined channel at Block 33 Barracks 4 garden with water. 201Figure 4.304. Excavation of wood planting boxes at Block 33 Barracks 4 pond. 201Figure 4.305. Fish tunnel at Block 33 Barracks 4 garden pond. 201Figure 4.306. Water inlet at Block 33 Barracks 4 garden pond. 201Figure 4.307. Garden at the Block 33 recreation building location. 202Figure 4.308. Entry garden at Block 33 Barracks 12 Apartment 4. 203Figure 4.309. Downed fence at Block 33 Barracks 11 Apartment 4. 203Figure 4.310. Excavation at Block 33 Barracks 7 Apartment 1 entry garden in 2011. 203Figure 4.311. Exposed features at Block 33 Barracks 7 Apartment 1. 203Figure 4.312. Waterfall at Block 34 mess hall garden in 1993. 204Figure 4.313. Block 34 mess hall garden. 204Figure 4.314. Rock with Japanese characters at Block 34 mess hall garden. 204Figure 4.315. Block 34 mess hall garden before excavation. 205Figure 4.316. Excavation of the Block 34 mess hall garden in 1999. 205Figure 4.317. Block 34 mess hall garden after excavation. 205Figure 4.318. Block 34 mess hall garden before restoration. 205Figure 4.319. Block 34 mess hall garden. 206Figure 4.320. Waterfall at Block 34 mess hall garden. 207Figure 4.321. Stream, rock bridge, and entry gate at Block 34 mess hall garden. 207Figure 4.322. Shelf at Block 34 mess hall garden. 207Figure 4.323. Rock bridge at Block 34 mess hall. 207Figure 4.324. Waterfall into pond at Block 34 mess hall garden. 207Figure 4.325. Divided stream at Block 34 mess hall garden. 207Figure 4.326. Restored gate at Block 34 mess hall garden. 208Figure 4.327. Mortar and wood dam in stream at Block 34 mess hall garden. 208Figure 4.328. Crane and turtle rocks at Block 34 mess hall garden. 208Figure 4.329. Restored fence at Block 34 mess hall garden. 208Figure 4.330. Block 34 mess hall garden after a winter storm. 208Figure 4.331. Pond at Block 34 mess hall garden fi lled with fl ood water. 209

Figure 4.332. Concrete feature at the southeast corner of Block 34 mess hall. 210Figure 4.333. Rock circle and tree stumps at the block 34 mess hall. 210Figure 4.334. Entry garden at Block 34 Barracks 14 Apartment 1 after excavation. 210Figure 4.335. Entry garden at Barracks 14 Apartment 1 showing fl ood damage. 210Figure 4.336. Entry garden at Block 34 Barracks 5 Apartment 1. 210Figure 4.337. Rock and concrete planter at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 4. 211Figure 4.338. Fence remnants and rock alignments at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 4. 211Figure 4.339. Rock alignments at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 4. 211Figure 4.340. Concrete bridge and rock alignments at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 4. 211Figure 4.341. Concrete stoop and rock alignments at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 2. 211Figure 4.342. Concrete bridge and rock alignments at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 3. 211Figure 4.343. Beavertail cactus at Block 35. 212Figure 4.344. Excavation of garden pond at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4 in 2013. 212Figure 4.345. Partially excavated garden at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4. 213Figure 4.346. Mound and pack rat nest at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4 garden. 213Figure 4.347. Stepped water course at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4 garden. 213Figure 4.348. Concrete bridge at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4 garden. 213Figure 4.349. Cholla cactus at Block 36 Barracks 14 garden. 214Figure 4.350. Cholla cactus at Block 36. 214

Figure 4.351. Hospital pond garden in 1993. 215Figure 4.352. Hospital pond garden showing fence. 215Figure 4.353. Fence remnant at hospital pond garden. 2Figure 4.354. Hospital pond garden. 216Figure 4.355. Hospital pond garden. 217Figure 4.356. Rocks at edge of hospital pond. 217Figure 4.357. Rangui post holes at the hospital pond gardeFigure 4.358. Rangui post holes and shallow planting area Figure 4.359. Stream and mound at hospital pond gardenFigure 4.360. Stream with planting holes at hospital pond Figure 4.361. Winding pathway at hospital pond garden. Figure 4.362. Wood steps at hospital pond garden. 218Figure 4.363. Stepping stone stream crossing at hospital pFigure 4.364. Stepping stones at hospital pond garden. 2Figure 4.365. Retaining wall at hospital. 219Figure 4.366. Boulders, steps, and retaining wall at hospitaFigure 4.367. Steps at hospital. 220Figure 4.368. Boulders and steps at hospital. 220Figure 4.369. Faux-wood bench at hospital. 220Figure 4.370. Detail of faux-wood bench at hospital. 220Figure 4.371. Faux-wood stump covering manhole at hospFigure 4.372. Retaining wall at hospital laundry. 221Figure 4.373. Large cottonwood trees at Cherry Park. 22Figure 4.374. Large cottonwood trees at Cherry Park todayFigure 4.375. Black locust at Cherry Park. 222Figure 4.376. Pond fi lled with wild rose at Cherry Park. 2Figure 4.377. Willow trees in pond at Cherry Park. 222Figure 4.378. Wood post at Cherry Park. 222Figure 4.379. Mound at Cherry Park. 222Figure 4.380. Chinese elm at Cherry Park. 222Figure 4.381. Roses at Merritt Park. 222Figure 4.382. Roses and furrows at Merritt Park. 222Figure 4.383. Wild rose at Merritt Park. 222Figure 4.384. Takashi Kato family at Merritt Park, March 17Figure 4.385. Merritt Park. 223Figure 4.386. Bridge at Merritt Park. 224Figure 4.387. Waterfall at Merritt Park in 1993. 225Figure 4.388. Tea house at Merritt Park in 1993. 225Figure 4.389. Rocky mound at Merritt Park in 2002. 225Figure 4.390. Tamarisk at Merritt Park in 2007. 225Figure 4.391. After tamarisk removal at Merritt Park. 225Figure 4.392. Excavation of upper pond at Merritt Park in 2Figure 4.393. Excavation of stream at Merritt Park in 2008Figure 4.394. Removing tree stumps at Merritt Park tea hoFigure 4.395. Excavation at Merritt Park in 2009. 225Figure 4.396. Trees and rock at upper pond at Merritt Park Figure 4.397. Trees and rock at upper pond at Merritt Park Figure 4.398. Rebuilding rangui post walls at Merritt Park. Figure 4.399. Replacing concrete slab at Merritt Park tea hFigure 4.400. Resetting rocks at Merritt Park. 227Figure 4.401. Henry Nishi rebuilding his father’s bridge in 2Figure 4.402. Rebuilding bridge at Merritt Park in 2011. Figure 4.403. Merritt Park. 228
xviii Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.457. Replacing faux-wood stumps at military policFigure 4.458. Faux-wood stump under construction at miliFigure 4.459. Police station with restored and painted rock Figure 4.460. Restoring entrance parking area. 241Figure 4.461. Restored and painted entrance parking areaFigure 4.462. Administration circle in 1973. 242Figure 4.463. Administration circle in 1983. 242Figure 4.464. Administration circle in 2004. 242Figure 4.465. Watering Joshua trees at the administration Figure 4.466. Boulders and painted rock alignments at admFigure 4.467. Sidewalk, planter, and fl agpole at administraFigure 4.468. Rock and concrete planter at administration Figure 4.469. Town hall entrance. 244Figure 4.470. Post offi ce entrance. 244Figure 4.471. Staff housing Building A after a snow storm. Figure 4.472. Stone paving at Staff housing Building A. 2Figure 4.473. Rock-and-concrete feature at staff housing BFigure 4.474. Fence posts at staff housing Building A. 24Figure 4.475. Fence at staff housing Building A. 245Figure 4.476. Playground equipment at the location of BuiFigure 4.477. Staff housing Building C. 246Figure 4.478. Clearing and mapping staff housing Building Figure 4.479. Cleared slab at staff housing Building C. 24Figure 4.480. Rock and concrete pedestal with faux-wood Figure 4.481. Rock and concrete pedestal with faux-wood Figure 4.482. Patio wall at staff housing Building D. 247Figure 4.483. Clearing landscape features at staff housing Figure 4.484. Restoring rock alignments at staff housing BFigure 4.485. Restored rock alignments at staff housing BuFigure 4.486. Director Merritt and family at staff housing BFigure 4.487. Entry sidewalk at staff housing Building G. Figure 4.488. Patio wall at staff housing Building G, ca. 19Figure 4.489. Patio wall at staff housing Building G today. Figure 4.490. Possible stepping stones at staff housing BuiFigure 4.491. Ditch and bridge at staff housing Buildings RFigure 4.492. Rock-lined ditch south of staff housing buildFigure 4.493. Excavation of the military police compound sFigure 4.494. Foundation of sentry post at the military polFigure 4.495. Scattered rocks at the military police compouFigure 4.496. West side of the auditorium in 1993. 250Figure 4.497. West side of the auditorium after excavation Figure 4.498. West side of the auditorium today. 250Figure 4.499. Cemetery monument. 250Figure 4.500. Restored cemetery graves. 250Figure 4.501. Restored cemetery fence. 250Figure 4.502. Circular rock alignment at the chicken ranchFigure 4.503. Rock alignments at the chicken ranch offi ce Figure 4.504. Rock planter at the chicken ranch. 251Figure 4.505. Chicken ranch incinerator. 251Figure 4.506. Building footers at Children’s Village. 252Figure 4.507. Black locust at Children’s Village. 252Figure 4.508. Erosion channel within 7th Street at the nortFigure 4.509. Repair of 7th Street in 2009. 252

Figure 4.404. Upper pond aand bridge at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.405. Rock edges and rangui post wall at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.406. Rocks at pond edge at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.407. Grassy pond slope at Merritt Park . 229Figure 4.408. Stabilized slope of upper pond at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.409. Large fl at boulder at upper pond edge at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.410. Waterfall and rocky mound at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.411. Crane rock at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.412. Faucet at Merritt Park. 229Figure 4.413. Waterfall at Merritt Park. 230Figure 4.414. Waterfall at Merritt Park. 230Figure 4.415. Detail of waterfall at Merritt Park. 230Figure 4.416. Turtle rock and large boulder in upper pond at Merritt Park. 230Figure 4.417. Turtle rock in upper pond at Merritt Park. 230Figure 4.418. Turtle rock on edge of upper pond at Merritt Park. 230Figure 4.419. Cascade between upper and lower ponds at Merritt Park. 230Figure 4.420. Drain between upper and lower pond at Merritt Park. 231Figure 4.421. Lower pond overfl ow stream at Merritt Park. 231Figure 4.422. Lower pond overfl ow stream at Merritt Park. 231Figure 4.423. Drain pipe at lower pond at Merritt Park. 231Figure 4.424. Merritt Park tea house. 232Figure 4.425. Concrete slab at Merritt Park tea house. 232Figure 4.426. Retaining walls at Merritt Park tea house. 232Figure 4.427. Stepping stones between tea house and rock bridge at Merritt Park. 232Figure 4.428. Stepping stones between tea house and rock bridge at Merritt Park. 232Figure 4.429. Rock bridge at Merritt Park. 232Figure 4.430. Rock bridge at Merritt Park. 232Figure 4.431. Rock bridge at Merritt Park. 232Figure 4.432. Stepping stones on island within upper pond at Merritt Park. 232Figure 4.433. Histroic bridge at upper pond of Merritt Park. 233Figure 4.434. Reconstructed bridge at upper pond of Merritt Park. 233Figure 4.435. Southwest stele at Merritt Park in winter. 234Figure 4.436. Southeast stele at Merritt Park. 234Figure 4.437. Boat-shaped rock and other rocks at Merritt Park. 234Figure 4.438. Boat-shaped rock and other rocks at at Merritt Park. 234Figure 4.439. Maple tree and rocks at Merritt Park. 234Figure 4.440. Location of maple tree and rocks at Merritt Park today. 234Figure 4.441. Remains of “Dutch oven” at Merritt Park. 235Figure 4.442. Remains of “Dutch oven” at Merritt Park. 235Figure 4.443. Flood damage to upper pond at Merritt Park. 235Figure 4.444. Upper pond at Merritt Park after repair of fl ood damage. 235Figure 4.445. Resetting boulders at upper pond of Merritt Park in 2014. 236Figure 4.446. Bridge reconstruction at lower pond of Merritt Park in 2014. 236Figure 4.447. “Manzanar Bridge” at lower pond of Merritt Park. 237Figure 4.448. Reconstructed “Manzanar Bridge” at lower pond of Merritt Park. 237Figure 4.449. Reconstructed “Manzanar Bridge” at lower pond of Merritt Park. 237Figure 4.450. Entrance sign garden cleared by Boy Scout Troop 99. 238Figure 4.451. Sentry post being cleared of debris by Boy Scout Troop 99. 238Figure 4.452. Entrance sign. 239Figure 4.453. Entrance sign garden. 239Figure 4.454. Historic entrance at Manzanar. 240Figure 4.455. Military police sentry post. 241Figure 4.456. Internal police post. 241
Figure 4.510. 7th Street at the north end of Children’s Village after restoration. 252Figure 4.511. Nobedon entry at Children’s Village. 252Figure 4.512. Judo dojo. 253Figure 4.513. Detail of walkway at Judo dojo. 253Figure 4.514. Nobedon and concrete walkway at Judo dojo. 253

Figure 4.515. Location of the plant nursery lath house. 253Figure 4.516. Stacked rocks at the reservoir. 253Figure 4.517. Vertical rock at reservoir. 253Figure 4.518. Reservoir inlet with vertical rocks. 254Figure 4.519. Rock with possible Japanese characters at reservoir. 254Figure 4.520. Vertical rock on top of boulder within settling pond at reservoir. 254Figure 4.521. “Peace” lantern at reservoir. 254Figure 4.522. Grill near Bairs Creek picnic area. 255Figure 4.523. Bairs Creek picnic area. 255Figure 4.524. Concrete steps and other debris on the edge of Bairs Creek. 255Figure 4.525. Road to North Park. 256Figure 4.526. Fireplace with chimney at North Park. 256Figure 4.527. Fireplace at North Park. 256Figure 4.528. Picnic area northwest of North Park. 256Figure 4.529. Location of South Park today. 256Figure 4.530. Internee picnic at South Park. 256Figure 4.531. Sign to toilets at South Park. 257Figure 4.532. Rock building with fi replace at Abernathy Ranch. 257Figure 4.533. Fireplace at Abernathy Ranch. 257Figure 4.534. Rock building with fi replace at Albers Ranch. 258Figure 4.535. Fireplace at Albers Ranch. 258Figure 4.536. Kispert Ranch on George Creek. 258Figure 4.537. Fence, ditch, and wood sluice gates at Victory garden north of Block 34. 259Figure 4.538. Wood sluice gate in Victory garden. 259Figure 4.539. Possible remnants of sundial in Victory garden between Blocks 11 and 17. 259Figure 5.1. An elaborate Japanese hill garden. 260Figure 5.2. Presence of kami, Shimogamo Shrine, Kyoto. 261

Figure 5.3. Atomic bomb-damaged camphor tree, Sanno Shrine, Nagasaki. 261Figure 5.4. Torii gate at entrance to Izumo-Taisha Grand Shrine. 262

Figure 5.5. Torii gate at Hachimangu Shrine, Kamakura. 262

Figure 5.6. Torii gates at Tofuku-ji, Kyoto. 262

Figure 5.7. Manipulated stream at Kamigamo Shrine, Kyoto. 262Figure 5.8. Restored stream garden, Kyusaku-teien, Nara. 263Figure 5.9. Restored pond garden, To-in, Nara. 263Figure 5.10. Pure Land Buddhist temple, Byodo-in, Uji. 264Figure 5.11. Entrance gate at Byodo-in, Uji. 264Figure 5.12. Pure Land garden pond at Mōtsū-ji Temple, Hiraizumi. 265

Figure 5.13. Pond garden at Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto. 265Figure 5.14. Dry waterfall, Kyoto. 266Figure 5.15. Waterfall with symbolic carp stone, Ryoan-ji, Kyoto. 266Figure 5.16. Pond garden with “borrowed scenery” at Shugakuin Imperial Villa, Kyoto. 266Figure 5.17. Dry landscape garden at Ryoan-ji, Kyoto. 267Figure 5.18. Dry landscape garden at Korin-in, Kyoto. 267Figure 5.19. Dry landscape garden with crane and turtle “islands” at Funda-in, Kyoto. 267Figure 5.20. Wabi-sabi, Yoshida Residence, Kyoto. 267Figure 5.21. Jo-an tea house, Urakuen, Inuyama. 268Figure 5.22. Tea garden gate, Sento Goshen, Kyoto. 268Figure 5.23. Stepping stones, Koto-in, Kyoto. 268

Figure 5.24. Water basin, Funda-in, Kyoto. 268Figure 5.25. Meisho of Amanohashidate sandbar at KoishiFigure 5.26. Daimyo pond garden, Kiyosumi Teien, Tokyo. Figure 5.27. Daimyo pond garden, Rikugi-en, Tokyo. 269Figure 5.28. Large boulder cut and reassembled at KorakuFigure 5.29. Hermitage garden at Shisen-do, Kyoto. 270Figure 5.30. French formal garden, Shinjuku Gyoen, TokyoFigure 5.31. Grass lawn, Hibiya Park, Tokyo. 270Figure 5.32. Japanese garden, Hibiya Park, Tokyo. 270Figure 5.33. Sculpture in Japanese garden pond, Hibiya PaFigure 5.34. Meiji Period stroll garden, Murin-an, Kyoto. Figure 5.35. Use of found object (mill stone) at Murin-an, Figure 5.36. Western-style villa and rose garden, Kyu FurukFigure 5.37. Japanese garden at Kyu Furukawa Gardens, TFigure 5.38. Rocks representing the immortal islands at HoFigure 5.39. Square-cut stone and moss, Hojo Hasso, KyotFigure 5.40. Dry landscape garden at Komyo-in, Kyoto. 2Figure 5.41. Japanese model display at 1873 Vienna World Figure 5.42. Japanese garden at 1873 Vienna World ExposFigure 5.43. Japanese garden at the 1876 Centennial ExpoFigure 5.44. Wooded Island at the 1893 World’s ColumbiaFigure 5.45. Japanese exhibit at 1894 California MidwinteFigure 5.46. Japanese tea garden at 1894 California MidwFigure 5.47. Japanese pavilion at 1904 St. Louis Louisiana Figure 5.48. Japanese garden at 1904 St. Louis Louisiana PFigure 5.49. Japanese pavilion at 1915 Panama-Pacifi c InteFigure 5.50. Japanese pavilion at 1915 Panama-Pacifi c InteFigure 5.51. Japanese tea house at 1915 Panama-CalifornFigure 5.52. Japanese garden at 1933 Century of Progress Figure 5.53. Japanese garden at 1933 Century of Progress Figure 5.54. Japanese garden at 1939 New York World’s FaFigure 5.55. Japanese garden at 1939 Golden Gate InternaFigure 5.56. Japanese pavilion at 1939 Golden Gate InternFigure 5.57. Marsh’s Coronado Japanese garden. 277Figure 5.58. Tea house at Marsh’s Coronado Japanese gardFigure 5.59. Marsh’s Pasadena Japanese tea garden. 278Figure 5.60. Japanese tea house and pond at Sonnenberg Figure 5.61. Waterfall at Sonnenberg estate Japanese gardFigure 5.62. Buddha statue at Sonnenberg Japanese gardeFigure 5.63. Japanese garden at Wattles Estate. 279Figure 5.64. Japanese garden at Huntington estate. 279Figure 5.65. Moon bridge at Huntington estate Japanese gFigure 5.66. Torii gate at Huntington estate Japanese gardFigure 5.67. Waterfall and grotto at Huntington estate JapFigure 5.68. Japanese garden on hillside at Bernheimer estFigure 5.69. Miniature Japanese village at Bernheimer estaFigure 5.70. Hollywood Scenic Gardens brochure cover. Figure 5.71. Japanese garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden Figure 5.72 Japanese garden at Italia Mia. 282Figure 5.73. Early-twentieth-century view of Hakone. 28Figure 5.74. Japanese garden at East San Pedro School undFigure 5.75. Japanese garden at East San Pedro School undFigure 5.76. Red lacquer bridge at East San Pedro School J
xx Garden Management Plan

Figure 5.77. Oldest portion of Kubota Garden today. 283Figure 5.78. Historic bridge at Kubota Garden today. 283Figure 5.79. Japanese garden at Stoner Park today. 283Figure 5.80. Japanese garden at Sierra Madre School. 284Figure 5.81. Japanese garden at Sierra Madre School today. 284Figure 5.82. Japanese garden at Theodore Roosevelt High School today. 284Figure 5.83. Storrier-Stearns Japanese garden. 285Figure 5.84. Nature in miniature, Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto. 286Figure 5.85. Winter snowfall at Kenroku-en, Kanazawa. 286Figure 5.86. Fall colors at Shusuitei, Kyoto. 286Figure 5.87. Arched bridge at Imperial Palace, Kyoto. 287Figure 5.88. Turtle island, crane island, and Horai-san at Ryugen-in, Kyoto. 287Figure 5.89. White gravel “sea” at Shokoku-ji, Kyoto. 287Figure 5.90. Integration of interior and exterior space, Nishimura-tei, Kyoto. 287Figure 5.91. A single rock used as symbolic mountain water source, Block 33 Arai pond. 288Figure 5.92. Turtle and crane rocks, Block 12 mess hall garden. 288Figure 5.93. Two vertical stones fl anking the entrance to Block 12 mess hall garden. 288Figure 5.94. Boat-shaped stone at Daisen-in, Kyoto. 289Figure 5.95. Boat-shaped stone at Merritt Park. 289Figure 5.96. Otowa waterfall at Kiyomizudera Temple, Kyoto. 289Figure 5.97. Garden well at Block 22 mess hall garden. 289Figure 5.98. Courtyard garden, Yoshida Residence, Kyoto. 290Figure 5.99. Home entrance garden, Nikko. 290Figure 5.100. Barracks entrance garden, Manzanar. 290Figure 5.101. Wybe Kuitert lecturing at Konchi-in, Kyoto. 291Figure 5.102. “... and for a while not be a prisoner at all.” 291Figure 6.1. Merritt Park in the snow. 292Figure 6.2. Exclusion poster. 293Figure 6.3. Child awaiting transport to internment camp. 293Figure 6.4. Stele at Merritt Park in 1993. 294Figure 6.5. Military police post in 1973. 294Figure 6.6. Flagpole at administration building in 1983. 294Figure 6.7. A young woman's photograph taken at Merritt Park belies her incarceration. 295Figure 6.8. Appropriated space for lawns and gardens. 296Figure 6.9. Harry Ueno at the Leupp Isolation Center. 297Figure 6.10. Pond, island, and waterfall at Merritt Park. 298Figure 6.11. Unidentifi ed barracks pond possibly in Block 15. 298Figure 6.12. Documentary fi lm director Yo Ijuin at Manzanar. 299Figure 6.13. Archeologist Laura Ng accepts Powell Award. 299Figure 6.14. Block 34 mess hall garden. 300Figure 6.15. Waterfall at Merritt Park. 301Figure 6.16. Rustic stone lantern at Block 15 Barracks 7 garden. 301Figure 6.17. Waiting in line at the Block 12 mess hall garden. 302Figure 6.18. Block 12 mess hall footings and garden. 302Figure 6.19. Block 33 Arai pond demarcating the space between barracks. 303Figure 6.20. Hope and defi ance manifested at Merritt Park. 303Figure 7.1. Waterfall at the Block 9 mess hall garden. 304Figure 7.2. Gardens for contemplation. 305Figure 7.3. Gardens for education. 305Figure 7.4. Gardens as a focal point for tours. 305Figure 7.5. Preservation: military police sentry post. 306Figure 7.6. Rehabilitation: auditorium visitor center. 306Figure 7.7. Restoration: Lydston Orchard. 307

Figure 7.8. Reconstruction: Guard tower. 308Figure 7.9. Film crew atreconstructed barracks. 309Figure 7.10. Accessible bridge at Merritt Park. 310Figure 7.11. Historic Site showing driving tour road and gaFigure 7.12. Entrance sign. 312Figure 7.13. Administration circle garden. 312Figure 7.14. Tule elk entering Historic Site through access gFigure 7.15. Flooding at Merritt Park in 2013. 313Figure 8.1. Internee pruning tree at Manzanar. 316Figure 8.2. Raking leaves at Block 33 Arai pond. 317Figure 8.3. Pulling Russian thistle at Block 14. 317Figure 8.4. Resetting fallen rock at Merritt Park in 2014. Figure 8.5. Cutting tamarisk at Block 12 mess hall garden Figure 8.6. Small garden pond at Block 2 Barracks 1. 319Figure 8.7. Large boulder to be moved at Block 9 mess halFigure 8.8. Rocks removed from pond at Block 9 mess hall Figure 8.9. Faux-wood log recovered from pond at Block 1Figure 8.10. Broken concrete bridge at Block 24 Barracks 5Figure 8.11. Broken concrete pond edge at Block 34 mess Figure 8.12. Missing portion of crane rock at Block 34 mesFigure 8.13. Oven at North Park showing size of missing chFigure 8.14. Moving rocks with tripod and roller. 322Figure 8.15. Japanese gardener’s tools. 323Figure 8.16. Setting rocks with Dr. David Slawson. 323Figure 9.1. Merritt Park, 1945. 324Figure 9.2. Block 33 Arai pond. 325Figure 9.3. Block 34 mess hall garden. 325Figure 9.4. Lower pond at Merritt Park. 325Figure 9.5. Lower pond at Merritt Park fi lled with fl ood wa

Figure 9.6. Historic black locust trees at Block 22 mess hall Figure 9.7. Cottonwood trees within barracks footprint at Figure 9.8. Tamarisk tree at barracks garden at Block 19 BaFigure 9.9. Willow tree growing within 8th Street at MerritFigure 9.10. Tree-of-Heaven at Block 11 in 2015. 329Figure 9.11. Grass at Wilder Orchard in 2015. 330Figure 9.12. Grass at Block 33 Arai pond in 2015. 330Figure 9.13. Wild rose at Merritt Park in 2012. 330Figure 9.14. Silver lupine. 330Figure 9.15. Detail of fence at Block 9 mess hall garden. Figure 9.16. Block 12 mess hall garden showing lush grass Figure 9.17. Block 14 Barracks 8 in 1945. 332Figure 9.18. Flower garden at Block 14 Barracks 13. 332Figure 9.19. Garden well at Block 22 mess hall garden. 3Figure 9.20. Japanese characters to be painted in black at Figure 9.21. Block 34 mess hall garden showing wood cribFigure 9.22. Breached rock retaining wall at hospital. 33Figure 9.23. Sewer manhole and faux-wood bench at hospFigure 9.24. Broken faux-wood piece from sewer manhole Figure 9.25. Children’s Village and Cherry Park. 336Figure 9.26. Gazebo at Children.s Village. 337Figure 9.27. Merritt Park based on historic photographs anFigure 9.28. Dedication plaque at Merritt Park, 1943. 33Figure 9.29. Overgrown tamarisk to be removed at Merritt 
Figure 9.30. Detail of perimeter fence at Merritt Park. 339Figure 9.31. Fallen black locust tree at Merritt Park, December 2012. 340Figure 9.32. Large black locust tree on island at Merritt Park to be replaced. 340Figure 9.33. Rangui post enclosure at southeast stele. 340Figure 9.34. Detail of faux-wood arbor at the Huntington Japanese garden. 340Figure 9.35. Fence with rope and two strands of barbed wire at Merritt Park tea house. 341Figure 9.36. Log table at Merritt Park tea house. 341Figure 9.37. Wire strung between posts on island at Merritt Park. 341Figure 9.38. Bevertail cactus at entrance sign garden. 342Figure 9.39. Trees to be planted at camp entrance. 342Figure 9.40. Rocks and cactus around exterior of administration circle. 343Figure 9.41. Rocks and cactus around exterior of administration circle. 343Figure 9.42. Administration circle garden. 344Figure 9.43. Overturned steps in administration area at Building L. 345Figure 9.44. Patio wall and elm tree at camp director’s residence in 1993. 345Figure 9.45. Flagpole and planter at administration building. 345Figure 9.46. Madelon Arai Yamamoto leading a tour at her father’s pond in Block 33. 346Figure 9.47. Gardens for healing. 346Figure 9.48. Gardens to connect to the past. 347Figure 9.49. Gardens for all the senses. 347Figure 10.1. Director Merritt seeing off the last internees to leave Manzanar. 348Figure 10.2. Archeological excavation at Block 9 mess hall garden in 2007. 349Figure 10.3. Archeological excavation at Merritt Park in 2008. 349Figure 10.4. Archeological excavation at Block 17 Barracks 8 garden in 2013. 349Figure 10.5. Waterfall at Merritt Park prior to excavation. 350Figure 10.6. Waterfall at Merritt Park after excavation and before stabilization. 350

Figure 10.7. Former internee Hank Umemoto excavating aFigure 10.8. Compact and lipstick tube recovered during eFigure 10.9. Toy fi re truck recovered during excavation at MFigure 10.10. Artifacts recovered during excavation of BlocFigure 10.11. Artifacts recovered during excavation of BlocFigure 10.12. Milk bottle recovered during excavation of BFigure 10.13. Bridge and broken planter at Block 35 BarracFigure 10.14. Desert olive growing at Block 10 Barracks 13 Figure 10.15. Block 6 mess hall garden today. 354Figure 10.16. Mounds and depressions at Cherry Park todaFigure 10.17. Belgium fi lm crew at hospital garden. 354Figure 10.18. Total station mapping at Block 26 Barracks 8 Figure 10.19. Overhead photography at Block 15 Barracks Figure 10.20. Excavation of surface scrape units at Block 1Figure 10.21. Screening sediments at Block 33 Arai pond. Figure 10.22. Fish vertebra recovered during excavation of Figure 10.23. Today, at the location of a pond between BaFigure 10.24. Faucet at Block 4 Barracks 3 showing at leasFigure 10.25. Possible Japanese garden in Block 16 betweeFigure 10.26. Block 15 Barrack 7 pond in the background Figure 10.27. Entrance garden at Block 24 Barracks 7 ApaThe Handa family’s entry garden. 360Kado working on a residential Garden in Gardena. 370Barracks entry garden. 433Barracks entry garden. 433Block 34 mess hall garden. back cover
xxii Garden Management Plan
Figure 1Collecti

Manzanar National Historic Site was established by Congress in 1992 to protect and interpret historical and cultural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II. Appropriately, the National Park Service’s dominant storyline at Manzanar focuses on the episode’s unnecessary and shameful abrogation of civil rights. Much of the public interpretation is stark and somber: inside the Visitor Center, visitors learn about the racism that led to the internment and the economic, social, and personal losses experienced by the internees. The harsh 

environment of the Relocation Center is also well-documented in mess hall and barracks exhibits: the crowded conditions, absence of privacy, inadequate housing, shortages of food and supplies, long lines for toilets, showers, and meals, and the heat, cold, wind, and dust. Outside, sentry 

posts, barbed-wire fences, and a replica guard tower epitomize the incarceration.

However, in spite of the harsh and restricted living conditions (Figure 1.1), the prisoners made many changes to improve their surroundings. Contemporary newspaper accounts, oral histories, historic photographs, and archeological investigations reveal a resurgence of Japanese cultural traditions, including martial arts, calligraphy, fl ower-arranging, and language (Figure 1.2). Some of the most iconic improvements made by the internees at Manzanar were gardens. “Gardens had sprung up everywhere, in the fi rebreaks, between the rows of barracks – rock gardens, vegetable gardens, cactus and fl ower gardens” (Houston and Houston 1973:84). Gardens reduced dust, added beauty, and provided a more normal, less prison-like backdrop for daily activities and special occasions (Figure 1.3). In many cases, gardens provided a place for families to gather, couples to meet, and children to play, and helped relieve the monotony of waiting in lines at mess halls. Most of these gardens were Japanese gardens, built by and for the internees. But, internees also 

planted traditional American-style lawns and “Victory Gardens” and completed landscaping in what might be called “American Military” style for the administration and staff areas of camp. After the relocation center closed, most of the gardens at Manzanar were bulldozed and buried along with other remnants of the camp. Carefully arranged stones and other landscape features were upended and pushed into ponds and other depressions such as basements. Those gardens that survived the dismantling of the camp have been buried by fl ood- and wind-borne sediments or overgrown with trees and brush. They have fallen into disrepair and some elements have been stolen. During a park-wide archeological survey by the National Park Service in 1993, only a few large gardens were still apparent (Burton 1996a). Since the 1993 archeological survey, over 20 gardens and landscaping features have been archeologically excavated, including the largest and most elaborate 

1 INTRODUCTIONA Legacy of Beauty, Resistance, and Resilience

FigurJune 19courtesFigure 1Japanes(Nancy 
2 Garden Management Plan

Japanese garden at Manz1.4). Most of these have bthat is, stabilized rather tees have repeatedly stresgardens they, their parenbuilt to improve their grizanar’s General Managemtifi ed restoration of the loThe National Park Servic

restoring gardens to give Manzanar as a fi gurative how the internees impromake Manzanar more livzanar stand out as symboience of the human spiritthat the internees embraeven in the face of persecnant culture had defi ned be afraid of, and ashamed tage of their creators, ma“American” elements likwith “Japanese” elementponds and rocks. Today, the gardens help vzanar’s past in a gentle, nures 1.5-1.7). People who vare interested in Japanese about the history of the iin the history of internmpersevered and even fl ouAccording to Japanese ga(personal communicatiooriginated as an enshrineand so were very symbolreasons they were createto provide a “space to ble

Figure 1.4. Excavated and clearelandscape features at Manzanar National Historic Site.
Scope and OutlineThis Garden Management Plan provides the National Park Service (NPS) with objectives and guidance for the routine and long-term management of gardens and other landscape features at Manzanar National Historic Site. Below, this Chapter outlines how the Garden Management Plan builds on the direction provided by the Manzanar General Management Plan and subsequent plans, such as the Landscape Stabilization Plan (Bellavia and Pepper 2005) and the Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a). It also describes how the gardens can contribute to the interpretive themes listed in Manzanar’s Long-Range Interpretive Plan (NPS 2007) and Foundation Document (NPS 2015), and summarizes the consultation about garden stewardship that has occurred to date. Chapters 2 and 3 provide a brief historical overview of gardens and gardeners at Manzanar. Chapter 4 describes the original and current physical condition of 

the gardens, with archeological data supplementing the oral and archival histories. Chapter 5 provides an overview of Japanese gardens in Japan and the United States to show how Manzanar’s gardens are authentic Japanese gardens in terms of tradition, form, style, and meaning. Chapter 6 describes the signifi cance of 

the gardens, both in themselves and in the broader cultural landscape, and how they relate to the NPS’s responsibilities to preserve the cultural resources of the National Historic Site. Chapter 7 discusses the objectives for the gardens, designed to meet the goals of the General Management Plan and other planning documents and respond to public input. Also in Chapter 7 is a discussion of how those objectives shape the selection of a treatment approach, per the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties and Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes. Chapter 8 lists ongoing maintenance activities, and Chapter 9 lists specifi c treatment proposals. Chapter 10 includes recommendations for further research. Management objectives and recommended treatment actions presented here- in are consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (NPS 1996b), Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Man- agement Guidelines (NPS 1997a), and National Park Service Management Policies (NPS 2006b). As for scope, this Garden Management Plan applies to ornamental gardens and similar landscaping, parks, and picnic areas, and “Victory” or hobby gardens, many of which had fl owers as well as vegetables. Management of historic trees and other vegetation is discussed in the Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a) and Orchard Management Plan (NPS 2010). Relationship to Other Management Plans The gardens at Manzanar are unique historic resourc- es with high interpretative value, and restoration and rehabilitation have been identifi ed as the preferred management options. Because this Garden Manage- ment Plan builds on the framework provided by Man- Figure 1

Merritt Figure 1(photogFigure 1garden 
4 Garden Management Plan

zanar’s General Management Plan (1996) and subsequent studies, key elements in previous management documents related to gardens are outlined below. General Management PlanA general management plan outlines the long-term strategies for dealing with resource protection and visitor use. The planning process to produce a general management plan includes extensive public involvement. The implementation of this Garden Management Plan would fulfi ll part of the vision provided in Manzanar’s General Management Plan:

The site would be managed as a cultural landscape based on the World War II relocation center period. Management as such would require rehabilitation of the gridwork of the camp road system, thinning and clearing of some areas of dense tree growth, reconstruction of the camp’s perimeter fence, and rehabilitation of some of the rock gardens and ponds constructed by the internees. (emphasis added; NPS 1996a: ii)

The General Management Plan also calls for maintenance of landscape features:

There are a number of other intact structures on the site, including stone barbecues, stone planters, rock garden structures, etc., and many structural remnants such as walls, steps, etc. A number of these structures and structural remnants, especially those located at interpretive sites throughout the camp area, would be preserved through regular maintenance. Other structural remnants would be protected from theft and vandalism but would not be actively maintained. (NPS 1996a:10)

Landscape StabiThe Landscape Stabilizat(Bellavia and Pepper 200park-wide landscape, incwas prepared to provide the further deterioration in lieu of a treatment plation many of the Historic condition (Figure 1.9). Hoorchards and trees. The owere the Block 12 and Blorock work at the judo dojgarden the plan called fo1.10), reducing the canoppatching the concrete porocks. Problems identifi egarden included bouldersettings, erosion undermand decaying locust post

were sidewalks impacted of large tree limbs fallingmendations of the Landsconcerning these gardenertheless, since the compbilization Plan, additionadiscovered, and the geneLandscape Stabilization Pof the other gardens and 

Cultural LandscaManzanar’s Cultural Lanprovides treatment recomSite as a whole, including Those recommendations 

Figure 1.8. Landscape Stabilization Plan team at the Wilder Orchard in November 2001.Figure 1.9. Documenting resource damage, November 2001.Figure 1.10. Overgrown tamarisk at the Block 12 mess hall garden in 2001.
for future treatment, and many of the recommendations have been initiated or completed. For example, the Cultural Landscape Report emphasizes stabilization of existing historic material (e.g., plants and garden features); additional research on the gardens; reconstruction of gardens based on additional historical documentation and archeological investigations; protection of historic features and vegetation from the impacts caused by wildlife; and the need for additional cultural resource staffi ng. Specifi c maintenance and 

stabilization recommendations in the Cultural Landscape Report include raking, weeding, and cleaning garden features; removing non-historic vegetation; preserving the historic character of trees; stabilizing eroding features; and the use of soil stabilizers to retain historic grades and stabilize features.The Cultural Landscape Report was prepared to provide general guidance, while this Garden Management Plan, like the Orchard Management Plan (NPS 2010), contains more specifi c recommendations needed to implement the Cultural Landscape Report’s recommendations. This Garden Management Plan is consistent with the Cultural Landscape Report, but elaborates and refi nes it in four ways. First, it incorporates information about the history and condition of the Manzanar gardens that was not available at the time of (or not included in) the Cultural Landscape Report. Second, it includes management treatments and recommendations based on this new information. Third, it provides more specifi c treatment recommendations. Finally, it takes into account changes in the staffi ng at the Historic Site: when the Cultural Landscape Report was prepared, there was no year-round cultural resources staff at Manzanar. There is now a Cultural Resources Program Manager, a Preservation Specialist position (currently vacant), and an Arborist, as well as term and seasonal staff . 

Long-Range Interpretive Plan According to Manzanar’s Long-Range Interpretive Plan (NPS 2007), all interpretive eff orts at the Historic Site should relate to at least one of fi ve identifi ed primary themes:

1) Causes of internment, 2) Water history, 3) Disruption of ways of life, and forced displace- ment and exile,4) Mosaic of experiences, and5) Grassroots struggle to preserve the place, stories,  and lessons.

The gardens at Manzanar relate to theme 3, in that they are physical manifestations of the way people responded to the Relocation, and to theme 4, in that they refl ect diff erent experiences both before the war and in camp. Garden management and stewardship should also help the Historic Site implement some of the specifi c recommendations in the Long-Range Interpretive Plan, namely:

One goal [is] ... to encourage people ... to explore the site. Currently, except perhaps for the cemetery, most visitors experience the site from the inside of their vehicle. There are no identifi ed trailheads or other features to compel visitors to get out and walk around. (NPS 2007:7)Explore the potential of restoring one of the Japanese ornamental gardens, such as Block 34 .... (NPS 2007:17)

Restoration of gardens would not only draw visitors out into the site, it would help orient visitors in space, and viscerally connect them with the past. The LongRange Interpretive Plan also calls for more archeological surveys, providing more information to the public, and for the development of self-guiding tours (NPS 2007:27, 31-33).

Figure 1at the B
6 Garden Management Plan

The implementation of these recommendations for interpretation of the gardens and landscaping at Manzanar to date has included: 

• The driving tour brochure highlights four gardens: the Block 12 mess hall garden, the Block 34 mess hall garden, the Hospital pond garden, and the buried Block 6 mess hall garden. All of these gardens are adjacent to the auto tour road and are signed (Figure 1.12).• There are also signs along the driving tour indicating parking areas to walk to the Block 9 mess hall garden, the Block 33 Arai family fi sh pond, and Merritt Park. • A walking tour map shows the location of most of the excavated and cleared gardens. • There are wayside exhibits at the Block 22 mess hall 

garden, the Block 34 mess hall garden, and at Merritt Park (Figure 1.13). • The gardens closest to the Visitor Center (the excavated Block 9 mess hall garden and two excavated barracks gardens in Block 15) are frequently a part of ranger-led tours. • In 2014 and 2015 the Arai family fi sh pond in Block 33 was the site of a special interpretive event during the weekend of the Manzanar Pilgrimage: the pond was fi lled with water and the daughter of the pond’s creator was present to greet visitors, share stories, and answer questions (Figure 1.14).

Given the signifi cance and beauty of the gardens, more interpretation could be done now and when some of the gardens are more fully restored. The gardens could serve as a focal point drawing visitors out into the site to discover them on their own or on ranger-led tours. 

Foundation DocA foundation document management guidance; it signifi cance, fundamentainterpretive themes. Two developed for Manzanar 

Cultural Resources: Manis one of the best-presertion camps and protects scape resources, includinremnant Japanese gardenpreserves layers of historthousands of years of huLandscape and Scenery: between the towering Sitains, Manzanar’s dramaremarkably unspoiled. Amunicates the visual and experienced by Japanese Manzanar during World 

The Manzanar gardens mrelate to other draft Signthose concerning injusticChildren’s Village; the “Mand relevance. Fundamental Resources asystems, processes, expesounds, smells, or other arant primary consideratioment decisions because tthe purpose of the Histosignifi cance (NPS 2015). Tresources and values idenlandscape elements:

Historic Resources: MSite protects thousands o

Figure 1.13. Wayside exhibit at the Block 22 mess hall garden.Figure 1.12. Sign on driving tour road.
provide visitors with a tangible connection to the wartime incarceration. Historic structures include an auditorium, two sentry posts, and a cemetery monument. Historic features include, but are not limited to, Japanese gardens and ponds, building foundations, inscriptions in concrete, and orchards and other historic vegetation. Buried historic resources include basements and trash dumps. Environmental Setting: Defi ned by two prominent mountain ranges and expansive viewsheds, the 

dramatic setting of Manzanar National Historic Site and adjacent areas is largely intact. Historic and contemporary water use and land ownership by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) have signifi cantly infl uenced the landscape and environmental setting, resulting in the incidental preservation of the wide open spaces and undeveloped land 

that characterize the Owens Valley.Cultural Traditions: A spectrum of cultural values, practices, and identities infl uenced the way Japanese Americans and Japanese immigrants experienced incarceration under the U.S. government during World War II. Some values helped people to persevere and endure, while others moved people to protest and resist. In many instances, American and Japanese cultural values and identities blurred and melded into new and distinct cultural values and identities. At Manzanar, both American and Japanese cultural practices like baseball and judo and the creation of Japanese gardens left lasting remnants on the landscape. 

New cultural practices, like the annual Manzanar Pilgrimage, have developed as a result of the World War II incarceration. 

Gardens may also be integral to the two other Fundamental Resources and Values that have been identifi ed in the draft: Stories and Collections and Public Engagement. Gardens have elicited stories, can can connect people to the site, have have yielded signifi -cant artifacts.

One of the resources and values identifi ed as important, but not fundamental to the purpose of Manzanar, relates to garden building:

Natural Resources: Although impacted by human use, the natural resources of Manzanar National Historic Site provide habitat for wildlife, such as resident and migrating birds, reptiles, and mammals. Riparian areas such as Bairs Creek were important throughout history and were sought out by Japanese Americans in camp for respite from the harsh environment. Japanese Americans used certain natural resources, such as native vegetation and rocks, to construct gardens and art.

The Interpretive Themes identifi ed in the draft Foundation Document for the most part mirror the themes of the Long-Range Interpretive Plan, discussed above. However, the draft places more emphasis on the physical setting and the history of the site before World War II, and garden interpretation could be integrated into those themes. For example, as discussed later in this Plan, gardens were adapted to the physical setting, but also played a large role in improving that setting. Gardens could provide an entry point for discussing pre-World War II history, because they incorporated vegetation and landscape elements remaining from the earlier town and ranching occupations. If restored with water and vegetation, the gardens could provide a glimpse of how verdant Owens Valley was prior to the large-scale water export to Los Angeles.Consultation This document incorporates the ideas of the Japanese American community, landscape architects, archeologists, Japanese garden experts, professional gardeners, and scholars from the United States and Japan. 

Figure 1water, AFigure 1from Ja
8 Garden Management Plan

volunteers. In addition, twide variety of people (Fat professional meetings ally, and attended Japaneseminars in the United StA summary of the Gardesented at public meetingOwens Valley, and Las Va variety of opinions abobe restored or rehabilitatagreed with the proposed stated that they would likwith plants and fl owing wChildren’s Village was alsthe Garden Management comment to the CalifornOffi ce, garden scholars, a

During consultations with the Paiute and Shoshone of Owens Valley, one of the ideas tribal members suggested for interpretation and management was to “reconstruct some of the beautiful Japanese American gardens, with waterways and bridges, the design of which became a distinguishing characteristic of Manzanar” (Van Horn 1995:8).Discussions with former internees, other cultural resources specialists, and Japanese garden experts have been pivotal in developing this treatment plan (Figure 1.15). This collaboration has also informed which gardens are important to uncover and which gardens should be restored. This plan also refl ects ideas shared by the public during the author’s 20-plus years of experience at Manzanar, excavating and stabilizing gardens, working alongside former internees, their 

children and grandchildren, and hundreds of other 

Figure 1.16. Author leading a garden tour for representatives of the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii (photograph by Mary M. Farrell).

Figure 1.17. Block 34 mess hall garden after a rare snowfall.
PostscriptAs affi rmed by the General Management Plan (NPS 1996a), Landscape Stabilization Plan (Bellavia and Pepper 2005), Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a), and draft Foundation Document (NPS 2015), Manzanar’s gardens are a unique and irreplaceable resource. The Long-Range Interpretive Plan (NPS 2007) and draft Foundation Document also highlight their interpretive potential. While only some of the garden vegetation planted by the internees has survived Manzanar’s harsh climate, abundant traces of gardens remain. The gardens have the potential to draw people not only to the visitor center, but also out into the Historic Site itself. There, beyond the climatecontrolled environment of the exhibits, the visitor can feel the cold or heat, the dust and wind, which were so much part of internees’ lives (Figure 1.17). By walking where internees walked, and seeing gardens that the internees made, visitors can connect to the experience of those who were imprisoned (Figure 1.18). World War II would seem an unlikely time for Japanese Americans to assert their Japanese heritage. Yet the Japanese Americans incarcerated at Manzanar left a legacy of beauty, resistance, and resilience in the gardens they built. The physical changes the internees made in their environment were important 

ways of taking control over their own lives. Schooled in the American values of equality and fairness but imprisoned for their ethnicity, many of the Japanese Americans embraced their Japanese heritage by building gardens. And not just gardens, but in many cases, Japanese gardens. Gardens symbolize normalcy and beauty, and highlight the distinctions between the reality of the incarceration and the dream of freedom and justice. Manzanar’s gardens can be seen as manifestations of both the internees’ defi ance of their present situation and their hope in the future. This hope may be the lasting legacy of the gardens and garden-builders of Manzanar. 

Figure 1.18. Jean Watanabe holding a photograph of her mother sitting on the sarcheological work at Merritt Park in 2008).
10 Garden Management Plan
On March 21, 1942, the fi rst Japanese Americans, 61 men and 21 women, made the 235-mile trip by bus from Los Angeles to Manzanar (Manzanar Free Press

March 20, 1943; Figures 2.2 and 2.3). The next day six more Japanese Americans arrived by private car. Organized by the Maryknoll Japanese Catholic Church in Los Angeles, they had volunteered to go early to help build the camp (Time April 6, 1942). The men were mostly plumbers, carpenters, and mechanics. The women were recruited to do offi ce and fi rst aid work (Tateishi 1984:223). More volunteers soon followed. On March 23, 500 Japanese American men in 140 cars and trucks departed under military escort for Manzanar from Pasadena’s Rose Bowl. “Some [of these] trucks carried delicately packed boxes of fl owers and tomato plants, all ready for replanting” (Silverman 1942:9). Also on March 23, another 500 Japanese Americans, mostly older men, departed from Los Angeles by train for Manzanar via Lone Pine. By the time these volunteers arrived, only 38 buildings had been completed at Manzanar. Water pipes had been laid, but there was no running water or roofs on any of the mess halls. The fi rst group of forced internees, 227 people from Bainbridge Island, Washington, arrived at Manzanar on March 26. By mid-April, up to 1,000 Japanese 

Americans were arriving a day (Los Angeles ExaminerApril 19, 1942) and by mid-May Manzanar had a population of over 7,000 (Time May 18, 1942). The residential blocks at Manzanar were fi lled in order as new internees arrived. For example, Bainbridge Islanders were placed in Block 3, and across from them were Terminal Islanders in Block 9. Block 22 was fi lled with people from West Los Angeles, Block 28 with people from San Fernando Valley, and Block 30 with people from near Stockton in central California. Internees continued to arrive through the summer and fall, and the population of Manzanar did not peak until December. Over 90 percent of the Manzanar population came from the Los Angeles area.When the former townsite of Manzanar was selected for the internment camp in 1942, an area about a mile square was cleared. Eventually, over 850 buildings were built to serve as barracks, mess halls, latrines, and administrative facilities, all surrounded by barbed wire and guard towers (Figure 2.4). The residential 

area for the 10,000 internees was divided into thirty six blocks, each with fourteen barracks, a women’s latrine, a men’s latrine, a laundry, an ironing room, a recreation hall, and a mess hall. Each 20-foot-by100-foot barracks was divided by wood partitions into four or fi ve “apartments,” each housing one or 

Manzanar is located in the Owens Valley of eastern California, a remote, sparsely populated, very dry area with cold winters and hot summers (Figure 2.1). The site selected for the Japanese American relocation center was the former townsite of Manzanar, an orchard community established in the early twentieth century on lands that had been long occupied by the Paiute, and then, for a couple of decades at the end of the nineteenth century, by ranchers. The City of Los Angeles bought out the town for its water rights, and it was completely abandoned and razed by 1936. 2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEWTo Beautify Manzanar

FigurJune 19Figure 2(NationFigure 2their ne(Time L
12 Garden Management Plan

more families. The wood-frame barracks had no indoor plumbing, but residents could get water from an outdoor faucet at one end of each barracks. Exterior walls and roofs of the barracks had board siding covered with tarpaper. Dust and sand blew in through cracks and knotholes in the walls and fl oorboards.The War Relocation Authority (WRA), the federal agency charged with administering the Japanese American internment, initiated some measures to upgrade living conditions. However, the bulk of the eff orts to improve Manzanar came from the internees themselves. To make the barracks more habitable, they 

patched knotholes with tture out of scrap lumber, curtains to form room diure 2.5). To serve the comstores, and canteens. Onprovements was the creaexterior spaces at Manzautilitarian and uniformly propriated the spaces beyards or neighborhood psuch as the fi rebreaks betcommunity gardens, as w

outdoor theater. 

Figure 2.4. Construction at Manzanar, note the small boulder dug up in trench at left (Clem Albers, National Archives).

Figure 2.5 Making a barracks a 
The fi rst grass lawn at Manzanar was planned and planted by the internees of Block 6, Barracks 12 and 13, as reported in Documentary Report No. 3, June 11, 1942:

BLUE GRASS LAWN IS TWO-BARRACK ENTERPRISESome one day, shrubbery and trees will dot the lawns of Manzanar, according to landscaping plans. This will do two things: (1) keep down the dust and (2) beautify surroundings. Occupants of barracks 12 and 13 on block 6, however, decided to initiate their own beautifi cation program. Sixty persons live in the eight rooms in these two buildings. Each evening they would gather around, sitting on steep steps, facing each other across the 40 feet separating the barracks. “Let’s plant a lawn,” suggested a gardener. Next morning, he was down to get permission and instructions for landscaping from administrative offi ce. That was six weeks ago. For 30 days, everyone pitched in: fi lling hollows, spading the earth, watering, bringing in top soil – all by hand. Three dollars worth of seeds from Sears & Roebuck, ordered by mail from the catalogue, did the job. Today, 11 days after planting, Manzanar has its fi rst green lawn. “We don’t have much dust here at all,” say the residents of 12-13.

A few days later, Documentary Report No. 5, June 14, 1942, reported more gardening throughout the camp:

House-Side Gardens SproutAn average of fi ve out of 14 barracks – or nearly every other apartment building – at Manzanar has some planting around it. Flowers as well as vegetables are laid out by housewives and menfolk alike. Potatoes, onions, Chinese Cabbage and watermelon vie with chrysanthemums, nasturtiums, roses and carnations.

Gardens were created through the internees’ own design, planning, expertise, labor, and in most cases, at their own expense (Figures 2.6 and 2.7). Documentary 

Report No. 12, dated June 24, 1942, stated:

HORTICULTURAL NURSERY LATH HOUSE NOW ‘HALF FULL’Over 5000 plants, in individual containers made of halved milk cartons, are now growing in the nursery lath house. Plantings include perennials, annuals, shrubbery and trees. The nursery is now half full, with new additions being planted each day. Manzanar will be landscaped with these plantings. Growing here is in charge of experienced professional nurserymen who maintained successful businesses prior to evacuation: Joe Kishi, former owner and operator, Wilshire Nursery, Los Angeles; Sho Komai, proprietor, Westgate Nursery, West Los Angeles; Henry Nishi, owner of the Pacifi c Rose Company, located on the grounds of the Veterans Home in West Los Angeles, who, despite private off ers of purchase, donated $6000 worth of nursery stock to the government before evacuation. [Underlining in original]

In an oral history recorded in 2009, Henry Nishi clarifi ed that he and his friends were actually the sons of nursery owners, but their fathers were not available because they had been interned elsewhere. In Henry’s case, his father, Kuichiro Nichi, had built his nursery on land that he leased from the Veterans’ Association. Kuichiro was picked up by the FBI the day Pearl Harbor was attacked, and taken fi rst to Terminal Island and then to Fort Missoula, Montana. Kuichiro did not join his family at Manzanar until June of 1942. When it became apparent that the rest of the family would be forced to leave southern California too, Kuichiro’s wife Hiroko decided to donate the nursery to the Veterans’ Association rather than sell it at a loss. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, $6,000 in 1942 would be equivalent to over $86,000 in 2015 dollars. In his oral history Henry Nishi also added Frank Fukuhara to the list of young men who started the nursery at Manzanar. They got permission from the administration, requisitioned materials, and built a lath 

Figure 2house (Figure 2house (
14 Garden Management Plan

house to protect young seedlings from the summer sun. They had good success with locust trees, Henry recalled, because they were easy to grow from seeds acquired in the vicinity, and they could be transplanted easily (Henry Nishi, Oral History MANZ 1254B). Landscaping eff orts were encouraged by Manzanar’s fi rst WRA director, Roy Nash (Figure 2.8), in a notice published in the Manzanar Free Press on July 27, 1942: 

FROM THE PROJECT DIRECTOR ROY NASHWhen I came to Manzanar in mid-May, everything that is ugly struck the eye – endless rows of tar-paper barracks, dust ankle-deep, paint smeared with blown sand, rigid rectangles where every building met the ground, the architecture of ugliness and monotony surrounded by sage brush and stone. By mid-July, however, a new pattern has emerged. Certainly half of the barracks reveal the impulse toward decoration. Vegetables and fl owers make delightful foundation plantings; dead wood has been woven into decorative fence patterns; lawns have made their appearance between barracks; a cactus garden adorns the circle near headquarters. There are changes which every visitor to Manzanar comments upon. Let us go from those beginnings to a campaign of beautifi cation which will make Manzanar a garden spot next spring. Mrs. George Putman, garden editor of the Los Angeles Examiner, has promised us a hundred rose bushes. Our own lath house is full of decorative plants which soon can be transplanted to garden plots; conifers can be transplanted in the fall. Your director is trying to get a light colored paint which can be sprayed on these tar paper walls. Free grass seed is available to all who will plant and tend a lawn. To beautify Manzanar is one campaign in which all can enlist with a will. (signed) Roy Nash, Project Director

By early October 1942, there were enough gardens to inspire a contest: 

Best Garden to be ChoWhich is the best garden will be answered as soon garden contest” conductment of the Free Press cWith the abundance of cthrough the center, the curday, is evoking unprecden lovers. Votes can be in the Japanese section iwhen the contest will cloIn announcing the contesection said, “Six monthren, uninhabited desert. picturesque gardens with lanterns, bridges over poother original, decorativpeople’s traditional love reproducing the beauty ohope that through this cgardens of Manzanar to 

side public.” 

Manza

In his book Beauty Behin

1952, Allen Eaton notes thvolumes to adequately redens of the ten RelocatioAdams and Dorothea Laof Manzanar gardens, anevated awareness of the gJapanese American internManzanar’s Japanese garnumber, size, and complehave contributed to this arocks from the nearby Si(Figure 2.9), and Alabamgarden design; the availabponds and other water fe

Figure 2.8. Roy Nash, Manzanar’s fi rst WRA Director (National Archives).Figure 2.9. Boulders on the Sierra bajada west of Manzanar.Figure 2.10 Shepherd Creek northwest of Manzanar.
high number of professional gardeners, landscapers, and nursery owners who were incarcerated there. However, for decades it was not known how much of the physical remains of the few known gardens had survived. After Manzanar closed in 1945, the gardens disappeared, along with most other traces of the 10,000 people who had been confi ned here. Buildings were removed or demolished, and debris was often pushed into ponds and other depressions, burned, and buried (Figure 2.11). Wind blown and water deposited sands and silts slowly covered much of the site, and vegetation obscured building foundations and landscaping features. Still, enough evidence of the gardens remained so that they were included in the Historic Site’s General Management Plan (NPS 1996a), which called for the site to be “managed as a cultural landscape.” Compared to most of the other internment sites, Manzanar has retained a relatively good state of preservation: the site has been buried over the years, but there has not been any subsequent farming or other development (see Burton et al. 2002).Visible portions of gardens were recorded during an archeological survey of the National Historic Site in 1993 (Burton 1996a). Today we know that there are the remains of dozens, if not hundreds, of ornamental gardens at Manzanar, ranging in size from a few square feet to over 5 acres in size, and from simple rock outlines to elaborately landscaped Japanese gardens. To date, over 20 gardens and other landscape features have been excavated, mapped, and stabilized (see Figure 1.4). Some of these were among those fi rst recorded in 1993, while others were new discoveries. 

Even more gardens are now known from historical sources, and archeological evidence suggests the presence of additional gardens not mentioned in historic documents. It is likely that some gardens lie buried and forgotten. 

The uncovering of the physical remains of gardens at 

Manzanar has spurred further research and investigations, and led to the recognition of the meaning and signifi cance of these important landscape features. Notable studies include Anna Noah’s (1999) consideration of the gardens’ archeological potential and Ron Beckwith’s (2013) analysis of Japanese design elements in a sample of Manzanar’s gardens. Anna Tamura’s comparison of the gardens at Minidoka and Manzanar highlights how the gardens refl ected culture 

and tradition, but also carried underlying symbolism that could vary from resistance to patriotism (Tamura 2002, 2004). Recently, Laura Ng (2014) has shown that the creation of ornamental gardens at Manzanar reveals how alterations to the camp environment helped internees strengthen family ties and create community under the stresses of confi nement. Discussions of the 

gardens at Manzanar have been presented to national 

Figure 2.11. Tearing down Manzanar, November 28, 1942 (Los Angeles Times).
16 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.12. Camp layout (WRA, National Archives).
and international audiences, and published in both academic and popular journals (e.g., Beckwith 2008; Burton 1996b, 2008a; Burton and Farrell 2004, 2015; Funk 2006; Helphand 2006; McCarty 2006; Masumoto 2008; Tamura 2004). The Cultural Landscape Report prepared for Manzanar National Historic Site (NPS 2006), which provides a historical overview as well as broad treatment guidelines, divided the gardens at Manzanar into four types. Most researchers use a similar classifi cation scheme for Manzanar’s gardens, comprising:

1. Barracks, Residential, or Family Gardens2. Mess Hall, Block, or Neighborhood Gardens3. Community Parks 4. Other Landscape Features, which include land- scaping in the administration area, picnic areas,  lawns, trees, and Victory gardens.

What follows is a detailed history of the gardens of Manzanar based on historic documentation and oral histories, with special attention to each of these garden types. In addition, Chapter 3 summarizes available historical data about the gardeners themselves, and Chapter 4 provides an extensive review of the current condition of Manzanar’s gardens, block by block and area by area.Internee Residential Block LayoutThe way the internee residential blocks were laid out bounded potential garden areas. Manzanar was divided into 36 residential blocks, separated by fi rebreaks into nine groups of four blocks (Figure 2.12). 

The blocks were numbered beginning in the southeast corner of the residential area with Block 1, running 

west so that Block 6 was on the southwest corner of the residential area. The next row of blocks north began with Block 7 on the east, and continued to Block 12 on the west. North of this row was the South Firebreak, which eventually contained an auditorium and Victory gardens. North of the South Firebreak were Blocks 13 through 18, east to west, and north of that row were Blocks 19 through 24. North of these blocks was the North Firebreak, which contained orchards from the early-twentieth-century town of Manzanar, an orphanage, hospital staff housing, baseball fi elds, 

and a park. West of the North Firebreak, beyond the barbed wire security fence of the residential area, is 

the Manzanar Cemetery. North of the North Firebreak were Blocks 25 through 29, east to west, and north of those blocks were Blocks 30 through 34. The Hospital was located west of Blocks 29 and 34. Blocks 35 and 36 are in the northeast corner of the residential area, separated from Blocks 30 through 34 by a fi rebreak.

Each block contained fourteen 20-by-100-foot barracks set in two rows, with the rows 120 feet apart (Figures 2.13-2.15). Within each row, the barracks were 40 feet apart. Barracks 1 through 7 ran east to west in the south row of each block and Barracks 8 through 14 ran east to west in the north row. The mess hall, twice as wide as a barracks, was located in the northwest corner of each block. The recreation building, the same size as a barracks but not divided into rooms and with entries only on the north and south gable ends, was located across from the mess hall, in the southwest corner of each block. The spacing between the recreation building and Barracks 7 was 60 feet. Between the two rows of barracks, from east to west, were a men’s latrine, women’s latrine, laundry, ironing room, and fuel oil tank. The open area east of the men’s latrine between the rows of barracks was generally used for sports facilities, such as basketball or volleyball courts, or held playground equipment. 

FiguNati

Figure 2ArchiveFigure 2Archive
18 Garden Management Plan

Barracks were divided into four or fi ve apartments. Entrances to the end apartments were on the gable ends of the barracks buildings. Entrances to the two or three middle apartments were along the west side 

for most of the odd-numbered barracks and the east side for even-numbered barracks, so that the doors to most middle rooms faced across an open space 40 feet wide to the entry doors of the next barracks. This arrangement created a potential “courtyard” between adjacent barracks, but because each row of barracksin a block had an odd number of barracks, the westernmost barracks in each row had no facing barracks. The entry doors for the middle apartments of Barracks 7 faced west across an empty space 60 feet wide toward the door-less east side of the recreation building. The entry doors for the middle apartments 

of Barracks 14 faced east, side” of Barracks 13. Throughout the internm

scaping were focused on yards, in the 40-foot-widbarracks. Areas between were treated more like “bused for utilitarian purpovegetable gardens, or left photographs, one can see made to provide access tthe largest and most elabblock was located in the the mess hall and BarrackThree of the 36 residenti

clusively, or permanently1 had offi ces and internee WRA staff housing. Blocand Caucasian teacher aning. Most of Block 16, oriconverted into a grade sc

Barracks GardThe most common gardeat Manzanar were small prated the exterior of theifocusing on entrances: 

Entry gardens were part dooryard gardens, linkinand function[ing] as entrcraft and skill of the resi

the barracks and the com

The fi rst ornamental barr

Figure 2.16. First landscape garden at Manzanar (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).Figure 2.17. Katsuki’s barracks garden (National Archives).
19, 1942, less than a month after the camp opened, by William Katsuki, in front of his barracks in Block 24 (Manzanar Free Press June 30, 1942; Figures 2.16 

and 2.17). Katsuki, a noted landscaper from southern California, and other internees had been tasked by the camp administration to do landscaping in the administration area. Katsuki probably worked on his own 

barracks garden in his free time. On June 30, 1942, while working for the U.S. government, Dorothea Lange took two photographs of Katsuki’s garden. The caption of one photograph reads 

“William Katsuki, former professional landscape gardener for large estates in Southern California, demonstrates his skill and ingenuity in creating from materials close at hand, a desert garden alongside his home 

in the barracks at this War Relocation Authority center.” The other caption reads “A view of the garden strip arranged by William Katsuki, former landscape gardener from Southern California, alongside his home in the barracks at this War Relocation Authority center for internees of Japanese ancestry.”According to the Manzanar Free Press, the narrow garden featured a small stream channel edged with rocks that Katsuki had collected by hand, or with a borrowed wheelbarrow or truck, from inside the relocation center. The stream he built meandered along 

the west side of Barracks 5 from the water faucet at the north end of the building 100 feet down to the south end, with small pools formed along the way. 

LANDSCAPER DESIGNSUNIQUE DESERT GARDENAmong this center’s greatest attractions is the unique garden designed by William Katsuki, former Bel Air landscaper, in front of his home between buildings 5 and 6 in Block 24.The three large Joshua trees planted between the buildings, the six smaller ones along the west side of 

Bldg. 5, the four small lakes with numerous miniature 

bridges and the rock garden all combine to present an attractive sight to the passerby.Katsuki started to work on his garden on April 19 by carrying home rocks from all round the center. Later he borrowed a wheelbarrow to do the hauling. Then the neighbors helped him in getting a truck. The Joshua trees came from Death Valley, 65 miles away. 

Manzanar Free Press June 30, 1942

The Death Valley reference is likely an exaggeration; it is actually 100 miles from Manzanar to Death Valley, but before getting there they would have driven past thousands of Joshua trees, the closest to Manzanar being about 45 miles west near the turnoff to Darwin or the same distance south towards Los Angeles just beyond Olancha. The Joshua trees were most likely collected at same time as were some Joshua trees used in landscaping in the administration area.In addition to Dorothea Lange’s photographs, there are now four other known historic photographs of 

Figure 2(TakayaFigure 2garden Figure 2den (Do
20 Garden Management Plan

Katsuki’s garden, each taand distances by diff eren2.18-2.20). Taken togetherentire garden, but apparethere are some minor diff photographs confi rm the in the Manzanar Free Preset against the wall of Batire length of the barrackponds starts at the exterithe barracks and drains (In addition to the Joshua top cactus, and a few beacactus. There are also debrush and branches, two a short section of rangui constructed of wood poswater course. One of the photographs a simple gateway with “idcharacters and a sign nexnames “Wm. Katsuki, D. Hayashi” as the occupanwidower, is listed in the M

name is listed as ManjiroAmerican name. Takamawidowers. According to tzanar in March 1945, but list gardeners for work in 

Katsuki Visits Here Fr... he is assisting gardenedeners with or without tKatsuki who loans them own car to assist those wof their own. ... He is curmen ... .

Manz

Two historic photograph

Figure 2.21. Garden at Barracks 7 in Block 15 (Shiro Nomura Collection, Eastern California Museum).Figure 2.22. Garden at Barracks 5 in Block 15 (Shiro Nomura Collection, Eastern California Museum).
the Eastern California Museum provide clues about two other early garden ponds at Manzanar (Figures 2.21 and 2.22). Notes on the photographs, probably written by museum staff from information provided by the donor, indicates that both were taken “around Memorial Day 1942.” If so, these two gardens were also among the fi rst built at Manzanar. After archeological investigation and comparison with other historic photographs, it was determined that both gardens were located in Block 15, one at Barracks 5 and one at Barracks 7. The historic photograph of the Barracks 5 garden shows a large pond with a concrete edge. In the center of the pond is a rocky island, with two trees just beginning to bud. There is a possible stone lantern next to the pond. The water level looks to be several inches below the pond edge, but a hose is visible; the photograph may have been taken while the pond was being fi lled. This garden won third prize in the garden contest run by the Manzanar Free Press. The garden’s 

creator, Yasaji Nakata, was a gardener from Pasadena, age 62 at that time, who lived with his wife and two adult daughters in Barracks 5, Apartment 2. The other photographed garden in Block 15, with two rustic Japanese stone lanterns and a concrete bridge, was built by Keichiro Muto and Roy Sugiwara at Barracks 7. Muto and his wife lived with their three adult daughters in Barracks 7, Apartment 3. Muto was 62 years old in 1942. The Sugiwara family lived next door in Apartment 2. The garden appears in other historical photographs and in a few seconds of a color home movie (Figure 2.23), and was mentioned in the August 12, 1942, edition of the Manzanar Free Press:

Fish Ponds Appear One of the most beautiful fi sh ponds in the center is found at Block 15 recreation hall. The pond is kidney shaped with a miniature bridge at the narrowest points. Roy Sugiwara, former gardener, and Keichiro Muto, former fl ower grower, designed and constructed the pond. The public works division, however, discourages the building of more ponds because of cement shortage. Another early barracks garden was the work of 61-year-old George Saburo Takemura, who lived at Block 23, Barracks 9, Apartment 4 with his wife and 

fi ve children. There are four historic photographs of Takemura’s barracks, two of which were offi cial WRA photographs taken June 17, 1942, and distributed by the Associated Press. The photographs show the north end of Takemura’s barracks. The captions read “Manzanar Showplace – George S. Takemura (left), landscape gardener from West Los Angeles, now occupies the showplace of Manzanar, a war relocation authority center for Japanese. He has built a wishing well and other rustic articles for his quarters.” In addition to the wishing well, there were “chairs and [an] umbrella ... made from remnants, twigs and tree branches” (Manzanar Free Press Pictorial Edition, September 10, 1943, page 16; Figures 2.24-2.26). In July 1942 a “glorifi ed fi sh pond” was under construction in Block 1 between Barracks 12 and 13 with fi ve sacks of cement received from the engineer’s offi ce (Manzanar Free Press July 29, 1942). By early August 1942, there were 155 lawns, six fi sh ponds stocked with carp, several “picturesque rock gardens bordered with local shrubbery,” and fl ourishing Victory gardens (Manzanar Project Report, August 8, 1942). The cement shortage noted August 12 appears to have become more serious a week later: 

Shortage of CementThere will be no more fi sh pond building in the center! That was the order issued by Harvey Brown, Senior engineer, to center residents since the construction of 12 fi sh ponds has already consumed more than 50 sacks of cement. 

Manzanar Free Press August 19, 1942 

Figure 2StewartFigure 215-7-2 bfi lm, Ea
22 Garden Management Plan

The senior engineer arguter’s allotment of cement foundations and fl oors oed, like the motor pool gbakery. Nevertheless, intIn the August 26 issue of “Canteen Cowboy” note

Manzanites’ individual aup ... all over the camp ..summer house in block fi sh pond in block one sh

beside the large pond is one ... Lawns are sproutilipses in original]

The Manzanar Free Press spurred more garden bui25 between Barracks 5 anhave red carp in it as sooAngeles” (Manzanar Fre

all barracks ponds were aManager’s Report for No“A complaint was made bblock concerning the unnursery school, which he dren. Therefore Mr. Nascover up the pond or put Reports of barracks gardPress and Block Managerquent as gardens became the content of the Manza

more national news. How“miniature park” was nobetween Barracks 1 and 2 March 18, 1943). In spite of the cement shtration must have continuof the garden-creation eff 

Figure 2.25. Takemura’s “Manzanar Showplace” (Francis Stewart, National Archives).

Figure 2.26. Umbrella at Takemura’s “Manzanar Showplace” (WRA photograph, UCLA Special Collections).
larger mess hall gardens were reported being started, under construction, and nearing completion in the summer and fall of 1942 and more would be built in 1943.Mess Hall GardensThree times a day, internees stood in line outside their 

block’s mess hall for meals. The line entered through a double door near the south end of the east side of the mess hall. While a mess hall could seat all of the residents of a block at the same time, with up to 400 people in a block the serving lines were often long and slow-moving. Many former internees vividly remember the heat, cold, wind, or rain that often made the wait even more tedious. Gardens were constructed at many of the 36 mess halls in the 40-foot-wide and 100-foot-long area between the mess hall and the barracks to the east, to give block residents something 

pleasant to look at while they waited in line.The fi rst mess hall garden, in Block 22, was conceived by kitchen worker Harry Ueno and fi nished in August 1942. As Ueno explained in an oral history interview in 2000, he was inspired while waiting in the mess hall line himself:

Ueno: So fi rst thing I did was I told a friend of mine. He also came from the same place I [was] born and he [was] born in the same place, but he is younger than I – 10 years younger. So I said, “Let’s dig the pond next to the mess hall so there won’t be too dusty out there.” And at that time we open the mess hall is June. The high altitude and the sun is hitting you pretty hot.So then we started digging and then one middle-aged [man] about 55 or so came over, “What are you doing?” “I am going to dig a big pond over here so there won't be too [much] dust blowing off and cool water.” Plenty of water from upstream there, you know the snow melting water is coming and make the big pond over here so people could sit around the pond. There won't be no dust and water is there to feel cool. So he said, “Oh, that is good idea. I will draw the plan for you. I have got experience in making ponds.” He is a nurseryman you know. He had a nursery on the outside. So, [I said,] “Oh, please do.” Then he drew the map and then the block people hear that and there are about 20 or 30 people. “Oh, that is good idea. Let’s do it.” Then fi rst time I build there a big one and bring – borrowed truck and a sled and bring a big rock all around the pond and people could sit around there and water is cool and we get some trout. The farmers bring it in, and some carp. The garbage man bring in some carps. So we had fi sh in there and that work out very nice. That is the fi rst pond. If you go to Manzanar, you see that is my pond right there.Japanese American National Museum 2000 Ueno was a pivotal fi gure in the December 1942 Man- zanar Riot and the building of his garden is often cited as being an act of resistance (e.g., Embrey et al. 1986; Tamura 2002, 2004). Ueno’s initial pond-digging work had caught the attention of Akira Nishi, who provided the design for the garden. George Takemura made a wishing-well fountain for the pond (Figures 2.27 and 2.28). According to the Manzanar Free Press (October 17, 1942), the Block 22 mess hall garden was leading in the voting for “Best Garden”: Kitchen 22 Leads With the Garden Contest by the Japanese section of the Free Press going on, votes are gradually coming in for favorites. “Otoba no Ike,” garden by Kitchen 22, is leading with 49 votes, while “San-shi-en.” located near Kitchen 34, is second with 30 votes. The contest Figure 2

mess haSpecial 
24 Garden Management Plan

will end on the 28th of this month and the judges will be both Japanese and Caucasians.

Seven judges were announced on October 24: 

JUDGES CHOSEN FOR CONTESTWith the last day to vote looming near for the “best garden in Manzanar,” seven judges have accepted to give fi nal judgement according to the Japanese department editors.Those to serve on the judging committee are: Mrs. Willard Schmidt, wife of the local police commissioner and well known authority on gardening as well as author of many garden articles; Ned Campbell, 

assistant project directorperintendent of educatiorepresentative; Masao TaNakamura, community emess halls.Since votes cast by resid

in the Japanese papers wsions, people are urged tfore the deadline, Oct, 2at the Free Press at 1-1.

 When the winners were Press November 5, 1942), den placed second:

GARDEN CONTEST WMost appealing to the jugarden “San Shien” of Bous green slopes and dip

greenery in a garden connese department of the FRunning a close second from Block 22 with a hugsign. Placing third was a 

The results of the populaand it is tempting to spechall garden was slighted bwith Harry Ueno. Ueno the administration and hers union at Manzanar (Eoriginal announcement fFree Press October 8, 194would be decided by vot

... as soon as returns froconducted by the JapanePress can be tabulated.

Figure 2.28. Block 22 mess hall garden covered in snow (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
With the abundance of clever and original gardens all through the center, the contest, which began last Saturday, is evoking unprecedented interest among garden lovers. Votes can be cast through ballots printed in the Japanese section in every issue until Oct. 28 when the contest will close.

The announcement that judges would make the fi nal decision coincided with the article that indicated the Block 22 garden was in fi rst place. However, it is not clear how strongly the Block 22 garden was associated with Ueno at the time of the contest: in a 2003 oral history, Edith Nishi Yamamoto recalled that her father, Kuichiro Nishi, took the lead in building the Block 22 mess hall garden, with Ueno providing assistance (Ishizuka et al., Oral History MANZ 1299A). The garden was referred to as otaba no Ike and Otoha 

no ike in the Manzanar Free Press articles (October 17 

and November 5, 1942), and in an oral history Ueno says the garden name derives from the source of pure and sacred water that fl ows to the Kiyomizu Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan, otowa-no-taki (literally 

“sound of feathers”). It is not known if the Manzanar Free Press spellings are typos, translation mistakes, or a deliberate use of a name that refers more to the sound of the falling water, translated as “like the wind in the leaves.” Either way, the wishing well constructed by Takemura and visible in historical photographs is certainly evocative of the spring at otowa-no-taki.

The Block 22 garden also has another name, “Three Sack Pond.” This name, which seems to have originated with Ueno’s 1986 oral history interview with Sue Embrey, is based upon the Manzanar administration’s rule that each block was allotted only three sacks of cement a month for landscaping projects. According to Harry Ueno’s oral history, the creators of “Three Sack Pond” successfully erased and forged paperwork, returning eight times, collecting three sacks each time, to acquire 24 sacks of cement for their mess hall garden. The story is often cast as an 

example of how the internees could put one over on the administration, and it seems likely that such rulestretching was common enough at camp. However, the story may be more apocryphal than factual. First, it is possible that the pond itself was constructed with the block’s monthly allotment: calculations of the areal extent, depth, and thickness of the concrete of the pond suggest only 300 pounds of cement, mixed with local sand, would have been needed to make the pond. We do not know the size of the cement bags provided, but 100-pound bags would not have been uncommon at a military facility. Second, the July 31, 1942, Block 22 Manager's Report noted receipt of “three sacks of cement from Warehouse No. 1” and the pond concrete was fi nished one week later (a date in the concrete indicates it was completed on August 7 [Burton 1996a:280]; Figure 2.29). The August 8, 1942, Block 22 Manager’s Report noted: “two sacks of cement” and a date inscribed in the concrete bridge is “8-9-42” (Burton 1996a:280: Figure 2.30). Since construction of the pond and garden spanned two months, the project could have been offi cially 

allotted three bags in July and three bags in August. Third, the foreman and workers at the cement warehouse were internees themselves, so if more cement was indeed needed for the garden, it seems likely that a more informal requisition process could have occurred, not requiring the forging of paperwork. However, the administration did claim that a large amount 

of cement had disappeared during this time period:

Mr. Harvey Brown, engineer, once mentioned that 700 sacks of cement had been stolen by residents of Manzanar. 700 sacks of cement is almost a load. I for one cannot believe this to be true. I hope that the Caucasians will check all incoming articles and see to it that the correct amount is being hauled in here. Let us not blame the innocent Japanese without any evidence or backing.  Block 24 Manager’s Report, August 12, 1942

Figure 2Block 2

Figure 2ded sto
26 Garden Management Plan

Ueno also claimed that his garden won fi rst place the next year (Embrey et al. 1986:30), and continued work on the Block 22 mess hall garden is documented in the newspaper and block manager’s reports:

Busy spading and planting roses in our garden by the mess hall. Finished about 1:30 PM.

Block 22 Manager’s Report, March 16, 1943 

Around the BLOCKS... Block 22 residents say “Our garden is going to be 

the number one garden in Manzanar.” Who’s going to top that? 

Manzanar Free Press March 24, 1943 

Wednesday morning - Hauled dirt for our mess hall 

garden.

Block 22 Manager’s Report, March 31, 1943

Working on the mess hall garden (F. Yasuda)

Block 22 Manager’s Report, April 8, 1943

Sat - Worked on the kitchen garden. Sun - Planted lawn in the mess hall garden. Made a wind stop for the chrysanthemum garden. Also planted some iris tubers. Block 22 Manager’s Report, April 19, 1943Hauled in truckload of black dirt for kitchen garden.

Block 22 Manager’s Report, April 20, 1943

Made a rock garden at the 22 mess hall.

Block 22 Manager’s Report, May 27, 1943

However, no other evidence has been found of a second garden contest, and Ueno himself was removed from Manzanar and taken to the Moab Isolation Center after the Manzanar Riot, so he would not have been present the following year. Another mess hall garden was being built in the summer of 1942, this one in B

Daily Report for August 5cates that “a rock garden the kitchen crew between 14.” The “Canteen Cowboy” Block 22 and the Block 6 

CANTEEN COWBOY ... The fi sh pond situated beauty ... wishing well ankitchen 6 is also a beaut original] Manzana

The September 28, 1942, Press elaborates on the B

Unique Trout’s ShangrA home for a turtle, 100 carp is the dream come tbeing competed between 14 of Block 6. Under the the kitchen crew is puttiThe trees and plants donUyematsu, Munejiro MaTachibana include pine, waterfall, trickling out of an air of distinction to thing 16 inches in length, bred color and can be easother fi shes. For the comfrozen has been started wswim in icy contentment3, an open house will be 

“Mochi tsuki,” being the hio is responsible for thi

Uyematsu, Matsuyama, anursery operators who li

Figure 2.31. Block 6 mess hall garden (Katsumi Taniguchi Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2.32. Block 6 mess hall garden (Katsumi Taniguchi Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2.33. Detail of Block 6 mess hall garden (Aileen Endo Collection, Manzanar NHS).
a noted stone mason, lived in Block 17. Harry Oshio, fi rst credited only with providing the mochi for the open house, also lived in Block 6, and, along with Kado, was later recognized for his part in the garden creation: 

CANTEEN COWBOY Sez:... All credit goes to R.F. Kado, Harry Oshio and the kitchen gang who helped to build the fi sh pond and garden, ... 

Manzanar Free Press October 1, 1942

CANTEEN COWBOY Sez:... VERY PROUD of the fi sh pond and garden is Harry Oshio – he contributed some fi shes. ... 

Manzanar Free Press October 10, 1942

Token of thanks extended to Mr. Kado for the time devoted in making a wonderful rock garden which Block 6 is proud of. 

Block 6 Manager’s Report, October 13, 1942

Historical photographs of the Block 6 mess hall garden show a large pond with two rocky islands, many rocks, a small stream, small pine trees, and a wood fence (Figures 2.31-2.34). The south and west areas are mostly grass with rocks; the east and north parts of the garden are mounds with rock and dirt, with trees and shrubs but no grass. Adjacent to the garden is a rock and concrete walkway that would have been located along the side of the mess hall. Kado also built a mess hall garden in Block 9, where Terminal Islanders lived, later explaining:

The bitterest group were some fi shermen evacuated on 24 hours notice from their homes on Terminal Island in Los Angeles harbor. I was anxious to do something special for these men. Far from the sea, fi shermen must suff er more than the rest of us in this 

heat stricken desert. To beautify their Block’s dining room, I made a fi sh pond and fountain.This started a rash of requests. Every block wanted a beauty spot. I used free Saturdays and even Sundays to brighten the drab spots....” 

Kado n.d. 

Two historic photographs of the Block 9 mess hall garden were discovered only after the garden was archeologically excavated in 2007. The photographs show a large pond edged with rocks, a stream lined with rocks emanating from a two-tiered waterfall, many locust trees, and grass, all enclosed by a rustic wood fence (Figures 2.35 and 2.36). Although the Block 6 mess hall garden and Kado’s Block 9 mess hall garden may have been entered in the Manzanar Free Press garden contest, neither is mentioned in newspaper articles about the contest. The mess hall garden in Block 34 was the fi rst place winner. 

Figure 2(ManzaFigure 2mess hamoto).
28 Garden Management Plan

Construction of the Block 34 mess hall garden is mentioned in the September 23, 1942, Block Manager’s Report: “The men in our block are hard at work on building of the fi sh pond and garden in front 

of kitchen #34. Mr. Kubota, Mr. Kayahara and Mr. Murakami are more or less supervising the project.” The Manzanar Free Press reported on October 1, 1942, “Block 34: The men of this block are engaged in putting the fi nishing touches on the fi sh pond and garden 

in front of Kitchen 34. Supervising the project are Mr. Kubota, Mr. Kayahara, and Mr. Murakami.” Of the three men, only George Kubota had any previous gardening experience: the 70-year-old Kubota is listed as a gardener in the 1940 U.S. census. Kubota lived in Block 34 at Barracks 2 Apartment 4; the addresses of the other builders are not known.

The Block 34 mess hall ghistorical photographs an2.37-2.40). The elaborate mound, a concrete-lined rock bridge, rock alignmmade of locust poles and in the garden are red- annic rocks, possibly from tthe Alabama Hills, rather used Sierra Nevada graniwas named san-shi-en, or number; not coincidentalate as “purple mountainhill created at its northerTwo mess hall gardens, in built until the summer of 

zanar Free Press notice shpoints of interest even fostar: 

JOHN PAYNE PAYS SU... From there they toureto see Block 12’s new fi shpswamped by autograph s

The Block 12 Manager’s Rfi sh pond in front of the 

completed. The garden todesigner and builders of but like others at Manzancollaboration of several pNovember 30, 1942, Manthat “Block 12 boasts the over the age of 16.” The mfi rst landscaping project 1942, the Manzanar Free the entire block is covereThere are 12 historic phoa color movie showing th

Figure 2.36. Block 9 mess hall garden (courtesy of Danny Hashimoto).
Figure 2.37. Detail of the Block 34 mess hall garden (hand-colored photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.38. Block 34 mess hall garden (photograph by Tpermission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.39. Block 34 mess hall garden (Tami Oda Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2.40. Fence at the Block 34 mess hall garden (Ma
30 Garden Management Plan

from several diff erent van2.45). The space between cent barracks is divided icrete sidewalk constructemess hall entrance. The sof a level grass lawn and two-thirds included a hilrocks, low earthen mouna split stream, a large ponlands, stepping stones, anRangui (wood-post wallsand pond. Besides grass, trees. In some photograptall fl owers and in others fence made of locust posA mess hall garden at BloJune 26, 1943, issue of the 

kutaro] Mark NishimuraChotaro Nishimura, is mbarrack 14 and the mess hlived at Block 4 Barracks Nishimura, Chotaro’s so2 Apartment 1. Chotaro Nand Ryozo Kado’s fatherfew at Manzanar formallgardens. The last known 4 may have been a dry gaconstruction date, the adthe internees many times save water. However, the October 19, 1943, indicateall day; he does not specied, but it may well have b4. No historic photograpIt is likely that there are oManzanar still to be dischall garden is not mentioPress, Block Manager ReThe Block 9 mess hall ga

Figure 2.41. Waterfall and cascade at the Block 12 mess hall garden (WRA photograph, UCLA Special Collections).

Figure 2.42. Detail of “Hill” at the Block 12 mess hall garden (Yoshiko Hosoi Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.43. Block 12 mess hall garden (Mary Mizuta Collection, Manzanar NHS).
was visible on the ground surface, and Kado refers to it in his reminiscence, but other mess hall gardens may be completely buried, and not mentioned in oral histories. There are some tantalizing hints of gardens in some of the Block Manager Reports, for example, on August 5, 1942, the Block 16 Manager’s Report noted that a “Request [was] sent to Mr. Brown for three sacks of cement for a rock garden in our block.” On April 22, 1943, the Block 16 Manager’s Report noted that he “Went after some rocks for the garden by the kitchen.” Similarly, a project involving rocks and cement took place at Block 11: on March 31, 1943, the Block Manager’s Report noted “Went with a small group of block residents to go up on the mountain 

to gather rocks for the mess hall.” On April 11, 1943, the Block 11 Manager’s Report noted “Went with the block crew to get rocks for the mess hall.” A couple months later, on July 20, 1943, the Block 11 Manager’s Report includes “Helped Kitchen’s cement work.” 

Of course, the rocks and cement in Block 11 may have been for a mess hall cellar, instead of a garden, but the potential for either construction would be worth investigating.

Another question that bears investigation is if mess hall gardens correlate with intra-block harmony and 

cooperation. Documentary Report No. 89, dated August 16, 1943, lists Blocks 8, 15, 20, and 35 as the most “contentious” blocks. For example, Block 8 was considered “one of the most turbulent,” possibly at 

least in part because its residents were from diverse 

locations, and there is neither historical nor archeological evidence of a mess hall garden at Block 8. Nor do we know of gardens at the other “contentious” blocks listed in the report. If such a correlation holds, it might be diffi cult to attribute it as a cause or a result. That is, harmony might be required to build a mess hall garden, but mess hall gardens might also increase harmony, if the environment where all residents come together three times a day to wait for meals is a pleasant garden rather than a dust-blasted or sunbaked desert. Even a presumed correlation would have be examined closely through diff erent sources, since WRA administrators might be more likely to attribute harmony to a block with a mess hall garden than one without, because of their own biases. 

Figure 2.44. Block 12 residents at their mess hall garden (Sumiko Hayamizu Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2the BloCollecti
32 Garden Management Plan

It is obvious from historizanar’s mess hall gardens photographs, hinting at t

have felt for their mess hspurred informal competzanar Free Press contest. tinually modifi ed and imcan be seen in historical often reported continued evidence indicates that a the Block 34 garden after 

Community PaCompetition between bloeration as the internees tdens and parks that woumunity. These gardens inorphanage), Merritt Park Blocks 33 and 34), and gaBlocks 29 and 34). Hospital GardenThe hospital complex incthree doctors’ and nurseadministration building, a heating plant, three waand a garbage can washinings were connected by ehospital, two distinct Japone in front of the wards east side of the doctors’ qpatients, staff , and visitorserved as a refuge: vegetaprovided comfort to the 

Figure 2.46. Landscaping at the hospital wards (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios). Figure 2.47. Overview of the hospital pond garden (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
ing imparted cultural familiarity and an expression of pride.The garden in front of the hospital wards is shown in color movie footage and dozens of historic photographs, including a photograph by Ansel Adams (Figures 2.48-2.53). It included a rock retaining wall and steps, a faux-wood concrete bench, and faux-wood concrete tree stumps camoufl aging sewer manholes. On the east side of of the doctors’ quarters were a 

pond, stream, and other landscaping. There are only fi ve photographs and a few seconds of color movie footage of the doctors’ quarters garden, suggesting more limited public access (Figures 2.54 and 2.55). The street east of the hospital was lined with rocks painted white, similar to the rock-lined streets and paths in the administration area. Lawns can also be seen on the front and sides of the hospital administration building as well as in the areas surrounding the doctors’ and nurses’ quarters. Flowerbeds were established, and locust, birch, poplar, pine, and pear trees were transplanted to the hospital grounds from other locations in the camp (NPS 2006). All of these landscaped areas are apparent on the 1944 aerial photograph, and in addition, the area between the doctors’ quarters and the hospital administration building appears to be landscaped.On July 31, 1942, the Manzanar Free Press reported 

that Ryozo Kado was at work at the hospital administration area: “... Kado is working in front of the hospital administration building.” It seems likely, however, that the gardens were not completed until almost a year later when the May 26, 1943, edition of the Manzanar Free Press reported:

Hospital NotesShunzo Shiraki, 14-10-3, foreman of the rock garden landscape crew has been working since July, 1942, at the hospital, supervising the beautifying of the Ground Area.

Figure 2.48. California poppies and petunias at the hospital (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.49. Steps and landscap(Mary Ichino Collection, Manzan

Figure 2.50. Faux-wood bench at the hospital (Ansel Adams, Library of Congress).

Figu(Tam

Figure 2.52. Faux-wood stump at the hospital (Merritt Collection, Eastern California Museum).

Figure 2.53. Faux-wood stump and benchscaping at the hospital wards (Merritt Co
34 Garden Management Plan

The pond and garden by ledges along the front of rock arrangement in fronof driveways and grass ission and work. Poplar, ball transplanted and placgrounds.At present he is doing spand trees in back of the hplant.It is largely Shiraki's eff oof the most beautiful in M

A week later the Manzan

acknowledged others’ wo

Landscaping Work Be... The rocks were laid aned under the direction oWada of the Public Workwith Nintaro Ogami, forcrew.

The July 24, 1943, ManzaKado’s work at the hospi

experiences on masonry 

ability on the hospital garentrance.” Nintaro Ogamprovided an oral history Manzanar; the younger Ofather building a pond, bworking on a rock wall athe hospital (Tamura 200history Sus Ioki noted thdesigned the hospital garMANZ 1165). Historical pfather’s participation.

Figure 2.54. Pond and stream course at the hospital pond garden (Francis C. Dieterich fi lm, Eastern California Museum).Figure 2.55. Hospital pond garden (Merritt Collection, Eastern California Museum).
Cherry ParkCherry Park was located in the fi rebreak between Blocks 23 and 29 near the Children’s Village, the only orphanage among the ten relocation centers. Sparked by an interned nursery owner’s donation of cherry trees, construction of Cherry Park had begun by January 1943 (Figure 2.56). The donor, F. M. Uyematsu, was given special permission to retrieve 1,000 cherry trees and wisteria from his pre-war business, Star Nurseries, in Montebello, California. 

CHERRY BLOSSOMS FOR MANZANARSomeday Manzanar will vie with Washington D.C. during cherry blossom time as 1000 cherry trees donated by F. Uyematsu of Pomona Assembly Center will be brought up and planted in this center. 

Manzanar Free Press June 16, 1942

After Uyematsu arrived at Manzanar, the WRA secured a military permit for him to travel to his nursery and bring the trees to Manzanar in his own truck during late 1942 (Unrau 1996:277). The Manzanar Free Press (January 13, 1943) reported: 

‘BEAUTY SPOTS’Plenty of dust?It’s been partially due to the work being done in the fi rebreak adjacent to the Children’s Village.Roughly the plan calls for a small park with three ponds, each on a diff erent level, with fl owing water. The project is under Land Improvement and supervised by [William] Katsuki, a well known landscaper.

While Katsuki is credited with designing the park, Uyematsu supervised the planting and care of the cherry trees and wisteria. He may have had to handwater the trees, and certainly he pruned them, so perhaps it is not surprising that he urged his fellow internees to preserve them:

Residents Requested To Help Preserve Park Cherry TreesBecause he holds a personal sentiment for the four hundred cherry trees located in the park area near the vicinity of the children’s village, M. Uyematsu, in charge of park construction and the planting of the trees, requests that the residents refrain from breaking these and other trees in the areas. “I have a deep 

personal sentiment for these trees and I would like to see that they receive proper care and attention,” he said. He declared that some residents during the 

past few months have been unthinkingly destroying some of these trees for their personal uses in making canes and other souvenir articles as well as replanting them near their homes. He wishes that the residents would cooperate to conserve these trees, since, he believes, they will receive more benefi t from them later when they bloom and beautify this center. 

Manzanar Free Press April 3, 1943

Figure 2.56. Cherry trees planted at Cherry Park, Children’s Village in background zanar NHS).
36 Garden Management Plan

He also noticed when on“Mr. Uyematsu of Block valuable cherry trees had Block 20-3 garden. Thereanother plant in exchangManager’s Report, MarcAppearing in several phoground of photographs tlage, Cherry Park includecovered (dobashi) bridgewisteria arbors (Figure 2.a popular design element of the arbors is on a low straddles the stream. Nonany rocks or water-fi lled photographs is any water course is dry. According Activity Section fi nal repthere was not enough wathey were seeded with gr

Figure 2.57. Wisteria arbor and fl owing stream at Cherry Park (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.58. Earth-covered bridge at Cherry Park (Yoshie Sakamoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.59. Earth-covered bridg(Mary Ichino Collection, Manzan
Merritt ParkIn the fi rebreak between Blocks 33 and 34 is the largest and most elaborate of Manzanar’s gardens, Merritt Park (Figure 2.62). A sanctuary of beauty and nature within the confi nes of the internment camp, it was one of Manzanar’s most photographed places: it was one of the few places in camp where one could be photographed in a beautiful setting without a backdrop of barracks buildings. Merritt Park was even included, along with the mess hall garden in Block 34, in an offi cial visitor tour guide developed by the WRA staff (Burton 1996a:121-122). According to letters he wrote in 1946, camp director Ralph Merritt wanted to keep Merritt Park intact as part of a tourist resort, but when the camp was abandoned, so was Merritt Park.The park was started in the fall of 1942 as a Western style “Rose Garden” by Kuichiro Nishi, and featured domestic rose buds grafted to wild rose root stock (Figure 2.63). Kuichiro was the older brother of Akira Nishi, who helped design the Block 22 mess hall garden; both were involved with the Nishi family Figure 2.62. Upper pond and island at Merritt Park (Ansel Adams, Library of ConFigure 2.60. Arched wood bridge at Cherry Park (Manzanar NHS). Figure 2

Collecti
38 Garden Management Plan

Hoosier Beauty Sov. C. PHollywood Beauty C. ArmsJohn N. Hill CaladonKaisrin Victoria Cecil BrLos Angeles Etoile dAfter the receipt of these lowing months, Mr. Nish15,000 wild shoots. The up leaving the cultivated in the fall, the budded roanother fi rebreak which mainly to the cultivation 

The roses that Mr. Nishi rose plants were later traritt 1946:835: Figures 2.64 worked with Takio Muto improvements to the rosgardeners also contributigroup was allowed to colside the barbed wire, giviboulders with distinct coWhat they built was a Japlarge ponds. One of the pated over a natural spring 

business, which included a nursery, fl ower shop, and farms specializing in roses before the war. The origins of Rose Park are described in Manzanar’s Final Report (Merritt 1946:820-821):

The fi rebreak chosen for the [victory] garden was covered at one end with thousands of wild rosebushes. This led to an off er from an expert in roses, Mr. Kuichiro Nishi, who volunteered to bud and cultivate these wild roses if we would get him some cultivated plants and buds. Thereupon, with the cooperation of the procurement offi ce, four plants each of the following kinds of roses were purchased:Autumn Margaret McGrady EclipseAttraction McGrady’s Scarlet Page RobertBetter Time McGrady Yellow Short SilkCondesa Sastago Pink Radiance General McArthurCrusader President Hoover G.A. Van RossionDame Edith Hellen Queen Alexandria C.E. Van RossionE.P. Thom Red Radiance F. J. LooymanE.G. Hill Red Talisman S.P. DupongFrau Karl Druschki Rose Marie Sister ThurisaGolden Dawn Talisman Pink Evening StarHadley Talisman Yellow NightGolden Emblem Angeles Pernet Orliance Rose 

Figure 2.65. Rose garden at MerNHS).

Figure 2.63. Nishi (left) in the rose garden at Merritt Park (photo- Figure 2.64. Roses at Merritt Park (WRA1946).graph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
the relocation center was constructed. The Manzanar Free Press reported:

Lakes, Island, Tearoom To Beautify Largest PondUndoubtedly the largest fi sh pond in the center is now under construction between blocks 33 and 34 under the supervision of Tak Muto of the Community Activities Division. In an area approximately 100 by 160 feet, there will be two miniature lakes, with an island on the upper lake and a waterfall connecting it with the lower one. Overlooking both lakes, a tearoom, constructed of logs, will be built soon, covering an area 16 by 20 feet. There will also be a unique bridge between the island and the teahouse, made of cement and rocks. Muto’s crew of four landscaper experts has already dug the lake bed and also planted picturesque pine trees around it. One of the lakes is on the site of a natural spring which was covered up by Army engineers when the center buildings were constructed. Progress of building the novel recreation center is hindered because of lack of suffi cient men, Muto stated. In the springtime, he expects to plant perennials and annual fl owers abundantly throughout the pond area labeling each variety of fl ower with botanical and common name as an educational feature. As a showplace of the center, the big pond is expected to attract center residents to spend pleasant hours 

viewing the greenery there. 

Manzanar Free Press November 28, 1942

The pond was not universally appreciated at fi rst; the January 28, 1943, Block 33 Manager’s Report complained that:

The rain water which has been piling up in the park pond in the fi rebreak between Blocks #33 and #34 should not be drained down the street. The reason for the muddy street is because of this draining. Someone has been constantly draining water in the night. The pond, with or without water is a hazard and should be fenced off .

Such problems likely abated once construction was completed.The garden was the backdrop for hundreds of photographs and home movies, including two well-known Ansel Adams photographs. The photographs refl ect Merritt Park’s importance: internees and camp staffalike came here to enjoy solitude as well as companionship. Mas Okui, 11 years old at the time, recalls going to Merritt Park with his friends to watch young couples on dates make out (personal communication 2007). In the book Farewell to Manzanar, Jeanne 

Wakatsuki Houston remembered Merritt Park as a place of solace within the camp confi nes. She wrote, “You could face away from the barracks, look past a tiny rapids toward the darkening mountains, and for a while not be a prisoner at all. You could hang suspended in some odd, almost lovely land you could not escape from yet almost didn’t want to leave” (Houston and Houston 1973:85).True to the description in the Manzanar Free Press, Merritt Park had two connected ponds (Figures 2.66-2.68), with an island in the upper, larger pond. A waterfall fell into the upper pond from a symbolic mountain constructed of rocks. An immense boulder said to resemble a turtle was placed at the top of 

Figure 2.66. Upper pond and arched bridge at Merritt Park (Hisa Hayshida Matsudaira Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2(Kiyoko Figure 2CollectiFigure 2Ichino C
40 Garden Management Plan

lower pond was also formals (Figure 2.78-2.83). Alththe Manzanar Free Press, records of tea ceremoniePark. Rather, the tea houat Manzanar and appreciToday, similar structures Within the tea house was diameter log, set verticaland used as a table. Other features included a sign in Japanese reading 2.84-2.86), boulders (Figuthe island (Figure 2.88), bpond edges, fences along and decorative stumps. Phistoric photographs incelm trees, willows, tamarety of fl owers, including Horsetails grew in the poisland and in lawns surroThe ponds were stocked 

PARENTS GIVEN WA“Parents of young childrchildren from fi shing at is forbidden,” Kuichiro Nannounced, according to Munemori. The announhardly any fi sh left in the 

Ma

With the addition of the Garden was renamed PlePark in honor of the camcally set stones were instthe southwest and southesouthwest one was paintethat, when pronounced o

Figure 2.70. “Hill” and waterfall at Merritt Park (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS). the waterfall; the water fl owed over the back of the turtle and the turtle’s head divided the stream into two fl ows (Figures 2.69 and 2.70). Another turtle rock “swims” in the pond below the waterfall (Figure 2.71). One bridge to the island was composed of two large boulders (Figure 2.72), and there was a wide cascade fl owing over rocks into the lower pond (Figures 2.73 and 2.74). Kuichiro Nishi created one of the most iconic fea- tures of the garden, a rustic bridge constructed of natural tree branches and limbs. The bridge appears in many of the historical photographs, including one by Ansel Adams (see Figure 2.62; Figures 2.75-2.77). A small open-sided pavilion or gazebo at the edge of the 
Figure 2.71. Turtle rock in upper pond at Merritt Park (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).proximation to “Merritt Park” (Figures 2.89 and 2.90). A close examination of the Ansel Adams photograph in Figure 2.62 shows a portion of the back of the stele with Japanese characters reading “Constructed by ...,” but the builders’ names are obscured (Figure 2.91). The southeast stele has in Japanese, “memorial stone” and “October 1943” (Figure 2.92). Both steles also have, in English, “Pleasure Park” and “1943,” 

however in later photographs “Pleasure Park” is gone from the “Merritt Park” stele. The writing was done by Keiji Arataka, an Issei born in 1887, who was a former nurseryman and long-time friend of Kuichiro Nishi (Manzanar Relocation Center 1943). Nishi also designed a memorial stone with Japanese characters dedicating the park “to the memory of 
42 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.72. Rock bridge at Merritt Park (Kiyoko Tanka Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.73. Lower pond and cascade at Merritt Park (Mary Ichino Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.74. Cascad(photograph by Topermission © Toyo 

Figure 2.75. Arched bridge at Merritt Park (Mary Ichino Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.76. Arched bridge at Merritt Park (Stan Yogi Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.77. Kuichiro Nishi at his iconic bridManzanar NHS).
Figure 2.78. Merritt Park tea house (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.79. Log table at the Merritt Park tea house (Manzanar Committee Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 2.80. Merritt Park tea house in winter (WRA photograph, UCLA Special Collections).

Figure 2.81. Merritt Park tea house (Ansel Adams, Library of Congress).

Figure 2.82. Merritt Park tea house (Rose Maruki Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.83. Tea house and stele at Merritt Park (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.84. Bridge across lower by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced wStudios).Figure 2.85. Bridge across lower erich fi lm, Eastern California Mu
44 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.86. “Manzanar Bridge” at Merritt Park (Thea Arai Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.87. Boulders and vegetation at Merritt Park (Manzanar Committee Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2.88. Stepping stones on island in upper pond at Merritt Park (Japanese A
Figure 2.89. Tea house and southwest stele with “Pleasure Park” ascription at Merritt Park (Japanese American National Museum).Figure 2.90. Southwest stele without “Pleasure Park” ascription at Merritt Park (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.91. Back side of southwest stele at Merritt Park with Japanese characters translated as “Made by ...” (Ansel Adams, Library of Congress).

Figure 2.92. Southeast stele at MEastern California Museum).
46 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.93. Nishi's Merritt Park dedication (National Archives). Figure 2.94. Translation of Nishi's Merritt Park d
12 vertical lines of Japanese characters. Unfortunately the photographs are not of suffi cient resolution to read the characters. One photograph shows the same sign moved to the “Memorial Stone” stele for a group photograph that includes Nishi (Figure 2.96). Two native Japanese speakers both independently (and without prior knowledge of Nishi) identifi ed the last three characters in the last column (read right to left) as Kuichiro Nishi’s name. Therefore, it seems this sign is how Nishi included his dedication, rather than inscribed on a stone (cf. Goto 2015; Tamura 2004). In the northwest part of the park was a “Dutch oven,” depicted on the Manzanar 1945 “Other Improvements” map and partially visible in the background of historic photographs (Figure 2.97). Most of the feature is obscured but it appears to have had a chimney like an oven at North Park. 

Figure 2.95. Dedication sign inside the Merritt Park tea house (Madelon Arai Yamamoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2(Thea A

fellow Japanese Immigrants” who, although ushered to “this place with the breaking of friendly relations between the two countries ... have come to enjoy this quiet, peaceful place” and “for the enjoyment of the people and to the memory of the time of our residence here.” A drawing on Nishi’s nursery stationery indicates he had proposed putting the inscription on one of the two steles at Merritt Park (Figures 2.93 and 2.94). However, Director Merritt questioned the use of a long Japanese inscription on such a prominent stone, believing that it would “not make for friendly understanding” with the people of the Owens Valley, upon whom “we must depend to maintain the park in later years” (Unrau 1996:278). Although the inscription was not used on a stele, it was apparently inscribed on a small wood sign located inside the teahouse (Figure 2.95). The sign has 

Figure 2.96. Southeast stele and dedication sign at Merritt Park, Kuichiro Nishi aEdith Nishi Yamamoto).
48 Garden Management Plan

Other Gardens and Landscape FeaturesOther landscape features at Manzanar include gardens and other landscaping at the administration area, camp entrance, military police compound, Children’s Village orphanage, judo dojo, plant nursery lath 

house, Victory gardens, picnic areas, and cemetery. Nearly every building of importance had landscaping added, with the notable exception of the churches. 

Administration Area and EntranceThe main entrance to the relocation center, located near the southeast corner of the fenced part of the camp, included a divided road with rock-outlined parking spots, an entrance sign and garden, two sentry posts, a processing building, and the internal police station. The administration offi ce block, located south of the entrance road, contained an administration building, a town hall, a post offi ce, a mess hall, 

and fi ve staff apartment b

the staff housing area thebuildings, three dormitorThe administration offi ce dimension as all of the otwas built on a grid followlayout. On the ground, th

between staff apartments probably the nicer constrnal latrines in the staff homents each had indoor pThere were several main administration and staff a

tion in 1942, all construct(Williams 2014:53). The fi administration area was trock and concrete planteroad (Figures 2.98 and 2.concrete top of the wall rAND CREW JUNE 10, 19Houston and Houston 19to add to the planter werments: 

Figure 2.98. “Wada and Crew” inscription at the administration circle. Figure 2.99. Joshua trees and cactus at the administration circle (Katsumi Ta
PLANT JOSHUA TREE IN GARDENOutstanding attraction of the rock garden now being constructed under direction of B. Wada [Bunyemon Wada], landscape gardener, is the huge 3/4-ton Joshua tree. The garden is located by the new administration building.... The Joshua tree was hauled to the center from Death Valley, 65 miles away. Many varieties of cactus plants are also being planted in this unique garden.

Manzanar Free Press June 27, 1942

JOSHUA TREES, CACTI, ROCKS, LAWNS TO LANDSCAPE ADMINISTRATION CIRCLEDirected by foreman B. Wada, a crew of men from the Construction Department is now speeding completion of landscape work in the Administration Circle. “Although we would like to have shrubbery and trees brought here from Los Angeles, we are making out the best we can with native plants and cacti taken from surrounding hills,” Wada said. A giant Joshua tree, planted on an upraised, rock walled circle, is the center of attraction. Numerous cactus plants border the road which is yet to be surfaced. Administration buildings are surrounded by green lawns which have already been seeded.

Documentary Report No. 16, July 1, 1942

... a cactus garden adorns the circle near headquarters.

Manzanar Free Press July 27, 1942

This project was not without controversy; on June 26, 1942, an editorial in the Inyo Independent, the weekly newspaper of the closest town in Owens valley, suggested that the project was unpatriotic and a sign that Manzanar’s prisoners were treated too well:

And why is it, [Project Director] Mr. Nash, that a truck laden with Japanese, can go almost a hundred miles round trip from Manzanar to near Darwin to secure a Joshua tree for use in adorning a rock garden 

being built at Manzanar. And here we are joining with the nation in a scrap rubber drive to secure rubber to keep the needed wheels of our nation moving. Maybe it’s more worthwhile to get Joshua trees by driving many miles on valuable rubber than it is to conserve rubber. 

What might be interpreted today as a petty comment refl ects diffi culties that civilians experienced on the “home front” – tires were the fi rst items to be rationed during World War II, because Japan’s conquests of Malaya and the Dutch East Indies in early 1942 had eliminated over 90 percent of America’s usual rubber supply. Civilians were allowed to keep fi ve tires per automobile, and were required to surrender any others. At the time of the Independent’s editorial, the 

nation was in the middle of a rubber drive, in which used rubber was collected (Ames Historical Society n.d.; Cohen 1991:100-106; Sundin 2011). However, it seems likely that Manzanar’s project director could have easily responded to such criticism, if he had been inclined, since the internees had been forced to give up hundreds of their own private automobiles and trucks when they were sent to Manzanar; those who drove their own vehicles to the camp had them confi scated by the government. The administration circle was a favorite backdrop for photographs, for both staff and internees (Figures 2.100-2.103). The circle garden included Joshua trees, several varieties of cactus, and, as shown in a couple of photographs, a few small pine trees. In the background of some of the photographs, there appears to be a dry landscape Japanese garden, or at least the closest thing to a Japanese dry landscape that we have evidence for at Manzanar. With large boulders, cactus, and gravel, it was located around the outside 

perimeter of the circle road.For the most part all of the landscaping in the administration area was built, planted, and maintained by 

Figure 2Maruki Figure 2Hosoi C
50 Garden Management Plan

internees, and the administration area appears to have taken priority over the internees’ residential blocks: 

the Block 12 Manager's Report for August 18, 1942, laments: “No lawns planted yet, gardeners seem to be very busy at the new administration building.” The Plant Propagation Monthly Report for July 31, 1942, indicates that over half of their stock “15 fl ats of annuals [1500 plants] were used by Mr. Wada in landscaping the Administration Building.” However the administrative area landscaping was in a vastly diff erent style from what internees constructed in their own residential area. There were expansive grass lawns and rock-lined and unlined gravel pathways (Figures 2.104-2.106). Other than at the administration circle, all of the rock alignments are straight lines and those along roads are painted white. There are some fenced yards, several small lath-shaded patios, and abundant trees, fl owers, and other vegetation. Because of its many green lawns and white-painted rocks, some internees referred to this area as “Beverly Hills” (Williams 2014:55).Although the administration area landscaping was predominantly “Caucasian” or military in style, there was an early plan for a Japanese-style garden there. The May 9, 1942, edition of the Manzanar Free Press contained the entry:

Rock GardenA noted Southern California landscape architect is busy drawing designs for an original rock garden to be built in the administrative block as soon as plans receive fi nal release by offi cials here. Kado, whose exhibits have received numerous prizes at the L.A. County Fair at Pomona, has drawn considerable interest from the offi cials because he plans to use native rocks and plants in this garden. 

The Manzanar Relocation Center June 24, 1942, Documentary Report No. 12 

WATER-FALL AND POADMINISTRATION GNow under construction within a month is a rockextending 100 feet in froistration building. Diggincrew of four young men ment. Supervising the prsional rock garden artistwhere he operated the KThe pond has been Mr. arrival here. Plans and sphas been a consistent wiment prizes in the Los A

However, the constructioadministration building w

WATERFALL ROCK GTO BE RELOCATED Plans for completion of in front of the Administrupset in a sudden changconstruct a new wing of proposed site. The excavcarefully placed rocks regarden specialist Ryozo K“start all over” at an apparea. Documen

Eventually, however, Kadstructures and a few landnese infl uence in the Admconstruction of the militaternal police post at the estylistic elements (Figure tary police post includes stumps and two rock-andform a gateway. Started in 

Figure 2.103. Administration circle (Olive Atwood Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 2.102. Administration circle (Merritt Collection, Eastern California Museum).
terly Progress Report, Manzanar Relocation Center July 1 to September 30, 1942), a photograph dated December 7, 1942, shows one of the sentry posts still without a roof. The next summer, Kado created a new entrance sign for Manzanar that incorporated a rock garden (Figures 2.109 and 2.110): 

Manzanar Receives New Entrance SignManzanar now has its sign at the entrance to its “city”! Erected yesterday by R.F. Kado, well-known rock garden specialist and his crew, “Manzanar War Relocation Center” is written on the beautiful 31⁄2 x 6 foot sign with an antiqued background.The sign is supported by two 12 x 12 inch posts. These ten foot high posts stand in the middle of a little rock and cacti garden constructed by Mr. Kado and his crew.

Manzanar Free Press August 4, 1943

Not all of the administration area buildings followed the standard Manzanar grid pattern. In January 1943 additional staff housing was added to the south of the administration block, and most of the new buildings in this phase of construction were set at an angle to the established grid. Designed by the Farm Security Administration (FSA), it included a new larger director’s residence. Buildings set at an angle were a typical 

FSA design feature at the time (Figure 2.111). The FSA design included landscaping by Garrett Eckbo, who would later become a famous American landscape architect notable for his seminal 1950 book Landscape for Living. While working for the Farm Security Administration, Eckbo applied his modernist ideas to migrant agricultural worker camps in California, Arizona, and Texas, attempting to improve the workers’ 

living environments. Eckbo made at least one visit to Manzanar, but it is not clear how much input he had into the fi nal design of the added buildings and landscaping. Of the twelve structures built, only six are where they are shown 

in Eckbo’s plans (Figures 2.112-2.114). According to Professor Marc Treib of the University of California, Berkeley (personal communication 2012), Eckbo was not at all happy to discuss his work at Manzanar, as 

he was against the entire project. Treib went on to say that “certainly the planning of the camp would not be attributed to him and I do not know how much, if any, of the landscape was his rather than indigenous to the people interned there.” Eckbo had also developed a recreation plan for the internee residential area and for then-proposed elementary and high schools that included landscaping (Figure 2.115). However, his plans were never realized; instead, the already-built standard barracks were adapted for use as classrooms. Eckbo’s plan for the internee residential area called 

for curving rows of trees superimposed over the rigid camp grid, but again, there is no evidence this design element was used.In March 1944 six more staff apartment buildings were constructed in the administration area, but these were laid out on the original camp grid. The buildings were placed in two closely spaced rows to form a courtyard-like common yard between them. Towards the interior there were parallel and connecting pathways, and around the exterior there was automobile parking. 

Figure 2(Nation

Figure 2building 

Figure 2area (MNHS).
52 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.107. Internal police post (left) and military police post at the camp entrance (Mary Ichino Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.108. Ryozo Kado at the Izuno Collection, Manzanar NHS

Figure 2.109. Entrance sign with rock and cactus garden (Ansel Adams, Library of Congress). Figure 2.110. Entrance sign with 

Manzanar NHS).
Figure 2.111. Staff housing plan and plant list, Farm Security Administration, September 8, 1942 (Garrett Eckbo Collection, Environmental Des
54 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.114. Building construction dates for the ad

Figure 2.113. Staff housing (Ron Izuno Collection, Ma

Figure 2.112. Staff housing "as-built" (in orange) superimposed on Farm Security Administration housing plan.
Figure 2.115. Recreation layout, Farm Security Administration, July 10, 1942 (Garrett Eckbo Collection, Environmental Design Archives, U
56 Garden Management Plan

Military Police CompoundThe Manzanar Sentry, the newspaper for Manzanar’s military police that was issued twice monthly, reported on June 16, 1942, that the recently completed military police barracks would be landscaped:

Trees are being planted and landscaping of the camp proper is being carried out. The entire premises have been graded and leveled and an athletic fi eld laid out. Landmark of the camp is the huge white fl agpole. White-washed rocks help decorate the premises, but it is planned to plant shrubs in the shape of a huge star to encircle the fl agpole and add to the general attractiveness.

Historic photographs show little of the landscaping at the military police compound (Figures 2.116-2.118). In one a line of boulders can be seen. WRA blueprints indicate that the compound also had a rock sentry post at its entrance. Now gone, it was likely made by Kado.

Figure 2.116. Rock alignments in the military police compound (Dave Cruse Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.117. Military police with grass lawn Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.118. Military police soldier with a small patch of grass lawn in background (Russell Demo Collection, Manzanar NHS).

AuditoriumUsed by the high school the 12,500-square-foot wlocated in the fi rebreak band staff housing) and BlFarm Security Administrbuilding was begun by inThe auditorium was fi rst work was not completed a detailed history and desee Carper et al. (1999).At the main entrance on um there was a concrete planters within raised cotographs show a changinplanters, along the edge othe building (Figures 2.11taken soon after the reloclow hedge along the outsa small pine tree on each building (Figure 2.121).
CemeteryThe fi rst person buried at the Manzanar cemetery was Matsunosuke Murakami, a 62-year-old Issei who died May 16, 1942. It was not until a year later that plans to erect a monument at the cemetery were proposed:

... At a recent Block Managers’ Assembly at Town Hall, two representatives from the Buddhist church were present to reveal plans for the building of a memorial marker for the cemetery in memory of those who have died in Manzanar. The cooperation of all the residents of Manzanar in the undertaking was 

asked for. Help in getting rocks for this memorial is being planned. 

Manzanar Free Press May 19, 1943

Ryozo Kado was recruited to supervise the work and each family contributed $0.15 to purchase cement for the memorial (Manzanar Committee 1998:28). Work began in late July:

Construction On Monument BeginsCenter of the Manzanar Cemetery has been chosen as the site for the construction of the cemetery monument ... Consenting to Town Hall’s request R.F. Kado, manager of the masonry department, will begin construction on the monument. He has had years of experiences on masonry work and has shown his ability 

on the hospital garden and the guard-house entrance.

Manzanar Free Press July 24, 1943 

MonumentSpeaking before the block Manager’s Assembly on July 23rd, Eizo Masuyama, Block 25 manager, announced that some 50 Young Buddhist Association boys have volunteered to help construct the memorial monument supervised by R.F. Kado. These boys will assist in bringing rocks, sand and other materials for the construction of the monument which will weigh about 100 tons when completed. 

Manzanar Free Press July 31, 1943

Figure 2.119. Auditorium with small deciduous trees (Mary Ichino Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2

(Pete MFigure 2at auditEastern 
58 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.122. Concrete monument and wood plaque at cemetery (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).Figure 2.124. Cemetery monument plan (Nagatomi-Okabe Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.123. Cemetery monument (Pete Merritt fi lm

Figure 2Manzan

Figure 2.125. Monument drawing showing exposed rockwork not present in fi nal design (Ansel Adams, Library of Congress).
The monument was dedicated in mid-August 1943 (Manzanar Free Press August 18, 1943; Unrau 

1996:279). Its fi nal cost was about $1,000 (Wentner and Fox 1945).The monument is a large concrete obelisk on a stepped base, fronted by a concrete slab and surrounded by nine faux-wood concrete stumps (Figures 2.122-2.125). The monument was painted white, with Japanese characters incised and painted black on the east and west sides. The three characters on the front (east side) of the cemetery monument translate as “soul consoling tower” (I REI TO). The back side reads “Erected by the Manzanar Japanese August 1943.” The inscriptions were written by Manzanar’s Buddhist minister Shinjo Nagatomi.In addition to the monument, historic photographs show a wood plaque with Japanese characters, a low fence around one of the graves, a rustic fence made of locust poles around the cemetery, a few scattered fruit trees, and a row of locust trees along the west edge (Figure 2.126). The trees were remnants of the abandoned town. The graves have stone markers, wood posts with Japanese characters, or, in the case of one grave, a concrete marker. For more information on the cemetery, see Burton et al. (2001).

Chicken RanchBuilt by the internees in 1943, the chicken ranch is located just outside the southwest corner of the security 

fence (Figure 2.127). Even though it was a working farm, the 1944 aerial photograph shows that it did include landscaping elements. Lawns or other vegetation are visible around the offi ce/processing building and other areas. A large circle located southwest of the offi ce appears to have vegetation growing within it. At this time, there are no known historic accounts 

or historic photographs of landscape features at the chicken ranch. 

Children’s VillageThe Children’s Village orphanage was located among remnant pear and apple orchards in the fi rebreak south of Block 29. The facility consisted of three 25-by-120-foot internee-built buildings (Figures 2.128-2.130). One building housed boys and a laundry, one housed girls and a nursery, and one had a caretaker’s apartment, social hall, kitchen, and dining room. Sixty-one children from orphanages and foster homes were brought by bus to Manzanar in June 1942; 101 children would eventually pass through Children’s Village before it closed in September 1945. The Manzanar Free Press July 7, 1942, reported on planned improvements: 

LANDSCAPING PLANNEDLandscaping of grounds around Children’s Village is now being planned. Volunteer veteran gardeners will 

Figure 2(photogwith pe

Figure 2building moto Co

Figure 2.127. Chicken Farm (Manzanar Committee Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2Village 
60 Garden Management Plan

help the older boys of thden. Persons possessing loan them to the worker

The Plant Propagation M1942, states that “10 fl ats oused by the gardener of CHistoric photographs anwood fences, gates, and alined and some with smacrossing pathways; a rustequipment; and trees, shgrass lawn (Figures 2.131-the Manzanar Relocation gret D’Ille of the Commuabout the landscaping at 

In July 1942, the superintthe gardeners have put in the buildings, which will eff ect of the dust.” Trees

set out to beautify broad ings and to the rear. A bawest of the buildings to tof the lawns was built a cleyball. Around the entirrustic fence of tree limbsFlowering vines were plafence. The 21,000 square spot of the Center, and odesert-weary eye. Later the back lawn, built to ma pleasant retreat for smdants. 

The reported size of the ing the lawn was expandareas planted with seed wIn August of 1942, the Ma

Figure 2.131. Vegetation at Children’s Village (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.132. Gardeners who built the gazebo and fences and maintained the lawns and fl owers at Children’s Village (Lillian Matsumoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).
that the Children’s Village lawn was the largest at Manzanar, at 10,600 square feet (August 12, 1942). But in “Memories of Manzanar: The Story of the Children’s Village” (n.d.), Lillian Matsumoto, who ran the orphanage, remembered the ground around the orphanage as bare until 1943:

Around the buildings the ground was bare. We thought having a lawn would provide a cooler place for the children to play. In the spring of the second year (1943) we put out a call for gardener help. Several men from the internee population came. We asked them to put in a lawn between the buildings and in the south end where we had a large open space available to us. Not knowing anything about gardening, I wasn’t able to communicate our needs much beyond that. One of the gardeners was an experienced landscapist and led the group to a more adventurous view of our lawn project. They just seemed to know what to do and their results were far beyond the simple grass covered ground we had envisioned. The gardeners got permission to go out beyond the camp limits to collect tree trunks and branches. These were used to construct a fence that completely bordered our lawn. Trees and shrubbery were also brought back and replanted in the grassy area and along the fence. 

They put together a gazebo that was a lacework of 

tree trunks and large branches. It sat opposite the middle building just inside the fence on the far side 

of the lawn area. It was thanks to these wonderfully imaginative gardeners that we had a park-like setting, unique to the entire camp, where we could take the infants and children for afternoon play and where staff could fi nd relaxation while watching over them. Our grounds were now a cool place, somewhat free of the desert dust.

Judo DojoThe judo dojo (Figure 2.134), built by internees, was sited within a group of large cottonwood trees that remained from the Ed Shepherd House, which had been built at the turn of the century and removed by the City of Los Angeles in 1934 (Burton 1996a:421). The dojo and attached storage and dressing room diff ered from the rest of the camp in that they were angled to true north to match the existing foundations. Large trees, rock-edged concrete walkways, rock alignments, and small lawn areas can be seen in historic photographs (Figures 2.135 and 2.136).

Figure 2.133. Lawn at Children’s Village (Lillian Matsumoto Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2.134. Judo dojo (Roy Murakami Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2MatsunFigure 2judo dozanar N
62 Garden Management Plan

Plant Nursery Lath HouseHistoric photographs show ornamental landscaping along the front of the guayule lath house, facing 1st Street. A rustic fence made of tree trunks and large limbs paralleled 1st Street. In this narrow space, transplanted trees and sculptural tree trunks formed a distinctive garden space. A walkway to the lath house was fl anked by railings made of tree limbs and a low lattice-work fence (Figures 2.137 and 2.138). Reservoir One of the reasons Manzanar was selected as the site of an internment camp was the availability of water: Shepherd Creek, just north of the site, fl ows yearround, fed by the melting snows of the high Sierra 

Nevada. At fi rst the intersystem that had been devof Manzanar; water was center via a pipeline connIt was soon discovered thfor a small farming commdense concentration of ppacity was needed. Designed to provide watthe reservoir bears witneManzanar Relocation Ceconcrete reservoir was bucontractors Vinson and Pnorthwest of the Historic was transported to the reby means of an unlined dtling basin, sand trap, chlat the reservoir. In the wtion was 953,745 gallons iages 112 gallons per perso4 gallons per person per 1944 was 1,849,587 gallonper month, the increase lgardens and lawns. For cage Inyo County resident 

water in a single day.In February and March 1

added a low rock-and-coand settling basin to raise ity of 900,000 gallons. Laconstructed a concrete dments. As part of their w

decorative fl ourishes sucrocks at wall corners (Figphotograph, faint markincould be painted Japaneshistoric photographs is a a large boulder, a represe(Figure 2.141).

Figure 2.137. Lath house (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).Figure 2.138. Lath house (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).Figure 2.139. Reservoir (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.140. Stacked rocks at Reservoir inlet (Jack Iwata Collection, Manzanar NHS).
Picnic AreasThe internees developed picnic areas within the security fence southwest of the residential area at Bairs 

Creek and north of the residential area at the former site of the Shepherd Ranch (North Park). After restrictions for leaving the camp were loosened in 1943, a picnic area was also established to the south outside 

the security fence (South Park or Manzanar Park).

Bairs Creek Picnic Area (Picnic Ground No. 1)In the early summer of 1942, the military police sentry line was moved south 100 yards, placing Bairs Creek within the area internees were allowed to freely enter. After internees were assured that the area would remain open when the security fence was completed (by the end of 1942), they constructed walkways, bridges, and open-air fi replaces for a picnic area (Figures 2.142 and 2.143). The area became so popular that permits had to be issued (Nielsen and Fox 1945), with the an- nouncement in the newspaper and a statement in a Documentary Report: PICNIC PERMITS ... Open for reservation now is picnic ground No. 1 by the creek near the lath house. ... Manzanar Free Press June 25, 1942 BAIR’S CREEK OPENED AS PICNIC GROUND NUMBER ONE Complete with three resident-constructed barbecue pits (named Angel’s Haven, Cupid Pit, Bum’s Roost), Bair’s Creek park has been opened to Manzanar as Picnic Ground Number One. Average number of visi- tors on weekdays alone is 800. The creek is located in Figure 2.141. Stacked rocks at the reservoir resembling a Japanese lantern (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.142. Bairs Creek (Do

Figure 2Area (SNHS).
64 Garden Management Plan

the southwest corner of yule lath house.

Document

A picnic in August was atager’s Report, August 24, show two rustic bridges wstructed of tree limbs, otboulder-plating along the In the photographs, childthe water, and friends, coAmerican soldiers pose o2.147). North ParkNorth Park was located w

area north of Block 32 anthe pioneer-era Shepherd Picnic grounds on the noresidential area were menManzanar Free Press, and noted that a fi replace waphotographs show childra tree- and boulder-lined ranch house driveway (Fphotographs, internees pand in others there are twthe background (Figures North Park appears to hation: in several of the histfamily surrounds a young served other functions, tently considered it a sourManager’s Report for Apthe need to write up a noPress about not cutting trEaster Sunrise Service w

Figure 2.144. Bairs Creek Picnic Area (Kay Sakai Nakao Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2.145. Bairs Creek Picnic Area (photo- graph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.146. Bairs Creek Picnic Area (Katsumi Taniguchi Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2.147. Bairs Creek Picnic Area (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).
zanar Free Press April 5, 1944). North Park may even have included a zoo:

Catechism Class Enjoys Picnic At Center’s Park Zoo ... enjoyed at picnic Wednesday, June 13, at the center’s park zoo which is situated opposite block 32, ... pigeons, chickens, rabbits, turtle, road runners, hawk, owls, fl ickers and chipmunks ... .

Manzanar Free Press June 23, 1945

North Park could well be the location implied, since Block 32 is just south, across the road. Plans for a zoo developed shortly after Manzanar opened, but at that time, its proposed location was between Blocks 22 and 28, which would have been just east of Cherry Park, two blocks south and a block west of North Park:

ZOO MAY BE STARTEDPlans for starting a zoo near the trees between lots 22-28 are being considered. Those interested in raising pets are asked to see Mr. A. G. Nielson who will 

procure the pets. 

Manzanar Free Press June 11, 1942

Wherever its location, the zoo was shut down as part of plans to close the Relocation Center:

Manzanar Zoo DisbandedThe Manzanar Zoo is out of existence with the pigeons, chickens, rabbits presented to the Mess Operations Division and the road runners, magpies, chipmunks, owls and other wild life released by the custodian to their natural habitat. Plans are completed for Public Works to dismantle the hutches, pens and cages which have housed the animals and the birds. 

Manzanar Free Press September 1, 1945

Historic photographs indicate there was another distinct picnic area in a wooded area about 500 feet 

Figure 2.148. Road to North Park (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced wiStudios).Figure 2.149. Rock grill at North Park (Mary Ichino Collection, Manzanar NHS).
66 Garden Management Plan

Figure 2.152. Picnic area west of background (photograph by Toysion © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

west of the North Park fi replaces (Figure 2.151). The location can be identifi ed by correlating a ravine and a building seen in the photographs with a ravine (now deeper) and a building foundation still present. The building is shown on WRA blueprints, but its function is not listed. In the photographs, near several wooden picnic tables, there is a wood Japanese lantern with painted Japanese characters (Figures 2.152 and 2.153). The creek bed is now dry, but appears to have been the course of Shepherd Creek when John Shepherd settled here in the 1860s. Madelon Arai Yamamoto remembers it with fl owing water when the camp was in operation (personal communication 2014), perhaps fed by overfl ow from nearby Victory gardens located to the south and west. South Park (Manzanar Park)In 1943 picnic areas were established 1/2 mile and 1 mile south of the security fence; both had large trees and one was crossed by George Creek (Nielsen and 

Fox 1945). These areas ar

National Historic Site boThere were many restrictfi res; no wading; no swimpicking of fl owers; plantsout a license; no disturbano trespassing on farm lawithin the signed area (M

1943, June 12, 1943; Figurethe opportunity to go bey“welcomed by all residen

the small limited area” (BMay 31, 1943). The Manza

reported: 

Acting Project DirectoApproves Opening of SApproval of the opening parties without the use ogranted this week... .PARK LAWS PASSEDManzanar Park laws alre

Figure 2.151. Picnic area west of North Park (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).Figure 2.153. Japanese lantern at picnic area west of North Park (Merritt Collection, Eastern California Museum).
require that residents refrain from harming birds or 

animals, destroying tree branches, picking fruit or fl owers, swimming, fi shing, or going near the farming grounds and ask that residents cooperate by obeying 

limited area signs and by making certain that all fi res are out before leaving the area. ... Tentative plans call for the installation of six latrines without chemical barrel, building of six outdoor fi replaces, rubbish disposal, and 12 picnic tables... .MOUNTED POLICEOther plans call for the assigning of police offi cers to patrol the area on horseback ... . Entrance to this two-mile strip will be located between blocks two and three, near warehouse 35 ... .

Even before much of the park infrastructure was complete, Chief of Police Thomas Takeyama reported that South Park had approximately 250 visitors a week, about 200 of them on the weekends. He also said that: 

... the parks are being cleaned gradually and remarked that steps will be taken to improve the muddy path leading to the parks. “The area will be graded suffi ciently or a ditch will be installed to take care of the overfl ow water,” he disclosed. “If necessary, one may secure fresh drinking water by going a little past the posted areas near park 2,” he concluded.

Manzanar Free Press July 31, 1943

Within a year, the Manzanar Free Press wrote that South Park was idyllic:

Find ‘Haven’ Beyond Barbed-Wire FenceOften referred to by residents as “paradise beyond the 

fence,” Manzanar picnic areas can be reached upon showing one’s identifi cation card at the west gate entrance. The trail to the park runs past the southwest corner of the center. Upon walking along the one mile journey, one sees sage brush and willow patches with frightened rabbits popping into view along the way now and then while large groves of willow, locust and 
68 Garden Management Plan

poplar trees can be seen in the park area. Surrounding these areas in the form of boundary lines are George Creek to the south and Baird’s [Bairs] Creek on the north. The east and west areas have warning signs posted to mark the boundary lines. Under the shady trees a group of picnickers admire a stone barbeque pit. Nearby an ancient Indian well is being reconstructed. In the distant [sic] youngsters can be seen playing various games while young couples stroll along gravel paths. As the sun sets toward the snowcapped Sierra Nevada ranges the fi ve-o’clock siren sounds and the residents prepare to leave for their respective homes; refreshed and ready to tackle any and all problems confronting them during the week. 

Manzanar Free Press April 12, 1944

It appears that the procedure necessary for an internee to visit South Park became a little more complicated within a few months: 

Release Ruling On PicRules regarding the use owere released recently bing to the Community Mleaving or entering the cin and out of the gate wiguard. The Farm and mated leave the center by pbadge, which each membwhich is held by the forePersons going to the picnleader's pass, or, if a grouTown Hall to the gate guing the center. Persons gmay use the north or wego through the same gatetransportation of food, sor infi rm to the picnic ar

Figure 2.155. Stove at South Park (Yuri Matsunaga Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 2.156. Stove at South Park (photograph b

permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 2.157. Playing in the water at South Park (Yuri Matsunaga Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 2.158. Mounted police patrol (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
available to the swimming pool. Responsibility for enforcing the above regulations is given to the mounted patrol section or the Internal Police, who are also equipped to apply fi rst aid to the injured. Residents 

are asked to cooperate with them on this matter. 

Manzanar Free Press August 12, 1944

LawnsWhile lawns at Manzanar were fi rst initiated by internees at their own expense, the WRA Administration soon began encouraging the planting of lawns to combat the omnipresent dust that had been stirred up during construction (Figures 2.159 and 2.160). The availability of seeds and tools was noted in the newspaper and in block managers’ reports:

Lawn Seeds AvailableA beautiful green lawn is now yours for the asking – and working. Grass seeds – perennial rye domestic – are now available for distributing to center residents, announced Harvey Brown Jr., Chief of Public Works Division. Those desiring seeds must fi rst spade and work their plots into shape and then obtain requisitions through their block leaders. Spades and rakes may also be borrowed through them.

Manzanar Free Press July 9, 1942

Each block will be provided with six shovels and 200 lbs. of rye seeds. No need of worrying about water, according to Mr. Brown. Block 24 Manager’s Report, July 11, 1942

As documented in Block Managers’ Reports, internees lost no time in taking up the off er:

Ground broken up between buildings 8 and 9 preparatory for planting grass seed.

Block 16 Manager’s Report, July 14, 1942

The residents in this block are starting to make a 

lawn. One of them is already planted between building 1 and 2.

Block 8 Manager’s Report, July 17, 1942

Ground leveling between the barracks was completed and ready now for the planting of grass seed for the lawns. Block 30 Manager’s Report, July 17, 1942Several young men came to this offi ce for the rakes and shovels. They dug in the ground between barracks 5 and 6 in order to make a lawn. Block 10 Manager’s Report, July 17, 1942First lawn project to start in the 24 block was between buildings 3 and 4.  Block 24 Manager’s Report, July 21, 1942

Figure 2.159. Barracks lawn (Kiyoko Tanka Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 2Collecti
70 Garden Management Plan

The gardening crew planBuildings 10-13, which juwith the exception of on

Block 30 M

Made another lawn todacomplete in the block bethere are doors. Block 12 MaAfter supper last night uunteers (Block 12 Citizenboys dug and broke the gto make a garden and platrine to the washroom, lgonna look pretty good.

Block 12 Man

Yesterday some the men lawn around the men anis putting lawns for otheto put in their own.

Figure 2.161. Distribution of shared lawn mowers at Manzanar. Block 34 Man

Figure 2.162. Cutting grass at ChCollection, Manzanar NHS).
Ground leveling between the barracks 12-13 was completed and ready now for planting of grass seed for the lawn. Block 36 Manager’s Report, September 4, 1942

It did not take long to see results, enough so that the one lawn mower available was quite popular:

Hundreds of sprouting lawns And one solitary lawn mowerSure enough, it can happen in Manzanar; amazed residents rubbed their eyes in amazement at the thing which they hadn’t seen since evacuation. Bob L. Brown, assistant in charge of project reports, blew into the Free Press room last Friday afternoon with the one and only lawn mower on sale in Lone Pine. Now, it has the distinction of being the one and only government lawn mower in Manzanar. Initiation of the mower took place immediately as the newspaper staffand Brown proceeded to the new administration lawn for publicity shots. 

Manzanar Free Press August 5, 1942

The August 6, 1942, issue of the Manzanar Free Pressfeatured several articles about lawns, and the battle against dust:

LAWNS ... vs. dustSo that Manzanar's dust troubles may become a thing of the past, Manzanites are industriously planting lawns between barracks. In a block-to-block survey conducted by the Free Press, it was disclosed that 

there are now 149 lawns in the center with 15 in the planting stage. Approximately 420,000 square feet of ground is devoted to lawns.MOST LAWNS IN BLOCK 30At the time of the survey, the greatest number of lawns was found to be in block 30 which had 12 fullsize lawns and a couple of half-size lawns. According to the latest reports, however, Block 19 now has 

Figure 2road anKakehaFigure 2barrackFigure 2(Pete M

Figure 2(photogwith pe

planted a lawn between all its barracks. In spite of the handicap because of lack of equipment, such as hose and sprinklers, the people are helping conquer the dust by increasing the number of lawns day by day.LAWNS SURVIVE HEATMost lawns appear to be surviving the heat although some lawns show excessive brown spots caused by lawn moths. Many lawns are not receiving enough water. They should be watered in the mornings and evenings only. Grass mowing is a problem at the present time. With only one lawn mower, operated jointly by Sam Yoshimura and Sam Masuda, the job of cutting lawns is not progressing fast enough to catch up with the growing grass.

By the following spring, more lawnmowers were available:

Lawnmowers Secured For Residents’ Use

A number of lawnmowers has been secured for the use of the residents ... They have been placed in the 

charge of B. Wada, head of the landscapers, who has distributed them to various blocks ... . A man will be employed and attached to Wada’s crew who will service and oil the [14] lawn mowers twice a week, it was disclosed. When more lawns are planted, adjustments of the use of the lawn mowers will be made. 

Manzanar Free Press April 14, 1943

Figure 2.161 shows the distribution of the lawnmowers at that time; in some cases one mower was shared by two blocks, in other cases, by four. Both the Manzanar Free Press and Block Managers' Reports documented internees young and old planting lawns in front of barracks, mess halls, and offi ces. 

Most of the lawns were planted by the residents of each block, but Bunyemon Wada and his landscaping crew provided assistance where requested (Manzanar Free Press May 29, 1943; Figure 2.162). On October 18, 
72 Garden Management Plan

1943, the Block 14 Manager’s Report noted that the departure of internees created a need for lawn care assistance, writing “Would like to have some arrangement made for care of lawns and garden of residents 

who left for Tulelake.”

Tree PlantingHundreds, if not thousands of trees were planted at Manzanar by the internees (Figures 2.163-2.166). Trees were grown from seeds and cuttings in a lath house and gathered from the nearby streams and mountains. Locust, elm, cottonwood, willow, tamarisk, 

Figure 2.167. 1942 aerial view showing Victory gardens, at right, in the fi rebreak between Blocks 11 and 17 (Nagatomi-Okabe Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 2.168. Victory garden worker (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).

pines, fruit, and other spline streets and encircle bspecimens decorated spetransplanting of trees beglawn-planting eff orts, wit

A Large tree was transplground on Sunday by budisenchanting #24 mess considerably.

Block 24 M

Trees being grown by the camp use included (Planport, July 31, 1942):

Black Pine (2000 in fl atsCatalina Cherry (500 in Catalpa (1000 in pots)CedarCottonwood (700 in potJapanese Cheesewood CypressElmMonterey Pine (2000 in 

By the end of 1943, Block zanar Free Press had repo5, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, certain that trees or bushblocks as well. The same ment was also in charge oReport, August 6, 1942), bcrews were able to go int(Block 20 Manager’s RepManager’s Report, Marcer’s Report, April 1, 1943; 

31, 1943). Many of the cootrees focused on providinthe mess halls and by the block.
The variety of trees that may have been planted at Manzanar can be imagined from the Farm Security Administration’s (1942) suggested plant list for the staff housing area:

Lombardy Popular Western CatalpaColumnar White Popular Purple PlumEugene Popular Flowering Tamarisk Chinese Popular (not articulata)Cottonwood Russian Olive Carolina, Balm-of-Gilead, Hawthorn Fremont, or Thornber CrabapplesCalifornia Black Walnut SumacBlack Locust Pine, Spruce, Fir, Cedar, Chinese Elm Cypress, Juniper, ArborArizona Ash Vitae (as available if hardy)Silver Maple Regal PrivetBox Elder English PrivetOsage Orange Japanese BarberryNorway Maple Bridal WreathLondon Plane Firethorn

Victory GardensPlans for Victory gardens (also referred to at the time as hobby gardens) were begun shortly after the fi rst internees arrived at Manzanar (Figures 2.167 and 2.168):

GREEN GARDENS TO GROWFirebreaks, like the one between blocks 3 and 4, will be converted into fertile vegetable gardens to provide fresh greens for the community kitchens.

Manzanar Free Press April 25, 1942

FOR BETTER LIVING: HOBBY GARDENS PLANNED“Grow your own vegetables for vitamins, fl owers for morale, gardening for recreation,” declared Tak Muto 

as he completed plans for Hobby gardens in the fi rebreak between Blocks 11 to 17 and 12 to 18. 

Manzanar Free Press May 26, 1942

Mr. Muto put a sizable contribution of his own toward the Victory Gardens: Documentary Report No. 2, dated June 10, 1942, noted that he donated $1,000 worth of seeds to residents for these gardens.

The western part of the south fi rebreak, between Blocks 11 and 12 and 17 and 18, and an adjacent small portion of the west fi rebreak just east of Block 11, covers a little over 10 acres. Tak Muto, who lived nearby in Block 15, apparently chose this area because of its black soil. A thicket of wild roses had to be removed; these were dug up and planted elsewhere by rose expert Kuichiro Nishi. Roses that were not removed were left in neat rows. Individual garden plots were 10 by 50 feet and 30 by 50 feet in size with a few larger group plots. There were paths between the plots and a decorative sundial (Manzanar Free Press June 9, 1942; 

Nielsen and Fox 1945). Over 120 internee families worked community gardens (Figures 2.169-2.172). The administration staff also had their own largescale Victory garden, which encompassed about 6 acres between the administration area and the security fence to the east (Figure 2.173). A basketball court within this area, visible on the 1944 aerial photograph, was not added until late 1944 (Williams 2014:121). Mostly vegetables were grown in these Victory gardens, but there were also extensive plantings of fl owers. Manzanar’s Final Report (Nielsen and Fox 1945:60) noted:

In the fi rst year of Manzanar’s existence, paper fl owers had to be used for occasions such as funerals, 

weddings, parties and the like, as fresh fl owers were not available in the Owens Valley, and Manzanar was too far from Los Angeles to supply cut fl owers. This need was relieved when the CACA [Community 

Figure 2(DorothFigure 2photog
74 Garden Management Plan

Activities Cooperative Association] cultivated half an acre of land and planted fl owers and vegetables therein. Goods were sold at popular prices either at the shed in the garden or through the Consumers’ Enterprises canteen.

The Victory gardens are easily visible on the 1944 aerial photograph. In addition to these community Victory gardens, historic photographs and oral histories indicate that many internees planted small vegetable and fl ower gardens at their barracks. The Manzanar 

Free Press (June 9, 1942) described a smaller vegetable garden in Block 6 as well as the fi rst community Victory garden in the fi rebreak:

GARDENS: Harvest Time to be Here Soon“The desert smells as a rose”, Not roses perhaps, but certainly other fl owers in the hobby garden between fi rebreaks 11 and 17, are sprouting under the ministrations of director Tak Muto and his volunteer crew. “Turning green with envy” are the vegetables planted between barracks 12 and 13 in block six while a rustic rock garden nearby imparts an artistic aura to the scene.

A notice in the newspaper later that summer suggests there was plenty of water available, since irrigation water fl ooded nearby blocks:

ECONOMIZE ON IRRIGATION WATERIt has come to our attention that irrigation water on the hobby gardens between Block 11 and 17 overfl ows into neighboring blocks and many complaints have been made. Owners of these miniature farms are requested to use care in irrigating plants.

Manzanar Free Press July 7, 1942

In the same issue, internees were “requested to refrain from touching the fruit trees,” because the fruit would be harvested when it was ripe and used in meals:

DON’T TOUCH THE In about four or fi ve weebe ready to eat. These frumeals. However, green frand often branches brok

M

As reported in the Auguszanar Free Press, the fi rst 

HARVEST TIME FOR ... composed of three acrmost a thousand people vegetables have been rairadishes, spinach, pumpcumbers, egg plants, turncorn, cabbage, celery, pathree thousand crates arfrom the garden before falone has already receivefrom this garden. Flowertory Garden. There are abudded already and manfall. These plants will be in the various areas in Mcenter. Besides roses theperennial and annual fl o10,000 fl ower plants havIt has been found with vthe people growing the golder men who are incapothers working in their s

Although there is no reasbounty, the characterizatgardeners as “older men other jobs” must be taken cussed in Chapter 3, becaanti-Japanese discriminamany Issei turned to gardin the United States beca

Figure 2.171. Victory gardens (Dorothea Lange, National Archives). Figure 2.172. Working in the Victory gardens (Dorothea Lange, National Archives). Figure 2.173. Staff Victory garden (Fredrick Causey Jr. Collection, Manzanar NHS).
cupations open to them. It seems likely that many of the older Issei chose to work in the Victory gardens 

because that is where their experience, skills, and interests were. Moreover, WRA rules prevented Issei from holding certain jobs in the camps; Issei were not allowed to be block managers, for example. These restrictions prevented the Issei from maintaining their traditional leadership role in the community. As for the women, the fl exible schedule and outdoor setting may have made Victory gardening more compatible with caring for children than other occupations. On September 7, 1942, the newspaper announced that Masao Tanaka would take over as lead for the Victory gardens, and Tak Muto was put “in charge of the Rose Garden as well as experimental work and crossbreeding of various species of fl owers and plants.”

Interest in Victory gardens grew, perhaps inspired by the successful harvest of 1942 or by the free time that internees had once they had completed some basic improvements in their barracks. In the December 1,1942, Manzanar Free Press there was a notice that “Persons with lots in block 11 and 34 Victory gardens, or would like to have a lot, are requested to hand in their names and address ...” The next month, the Manzanar Free Press (January 13, 1943) announced “Tentative plans for additional Victory Gardens are in the making as a plot of ground in fi rebreak 22-23 has been broken.” In the spring of 1943 a new 14-acre area was opened up for gardens: “Land for Hobby Gardens Available ... north of camp opposite blocks 32 and 33 ...” (Manzanar Free Press March 6, 1943). Manzanar’s Community Activity Section Final Report notes that internees took on the production of vegetables and fl owers themselves: a community cooperative “cultivated half an acre of land and planted fl owers and vegetables therein. Goods were sold at popular prices either at the shed in the garden or through the Consumers’ Enterprises canteen” (Nielsen and Fox 

Figure 2graph, 

1945:60; Figures 2.174 and 2.175). A few other community Victory gardens are mentioned in the Manzanar Free Press, including a “school plot on the north side of the center” (April 14, 1943) and a garden in the west fi rebreak, between Blocks 22 and 23. But in addition to the designated garden areas in the fi rebreaks, internees also began Victory gardens at their own barracks and blocks: 

The residents are taking up Victory gardening in 

earnest and almost every building has a small patch plowed up. 

Block 21 Manager’s Report, March 24, 1943

Since spring is here the residents are busily making their victory garden in front of their apartments and 
76 Garden Management Plan

hurrying and scurrying about borrowing the garden implements. Block 20 Manager’s Report, March 30, 1943With the coming of warm days our residents are busy 

with rakes and shovel to make their own small gardens.

Block 25 Manager’s Report, April 8, 1943

Dug up ground by block offi ce for victory garden.

Block 31 Manager’s Report, April 21, 1943

With onset of warm weather many block residents are 

busy making lawns and victory gardens on the side of 

their barracks.

Block 36 Manager’s Report, April 21, 1943

Around the BLOCKSBlock 3 ... Bachelors of this block are busily working on their lawns and Victory gardens during these warm days ...They constitute 25 percent of the block residents ....

Manzanar Free Press April 24, 1943

In fact, some considered the Victory gardeners almost too enthusiastic:

Trespassing AgainTwenty-nine blockers have been complaining of persons who are planting victory gardens which obstruct the peoples’ premises. Victory gardens are splendid, but there is a limit to everything and they are wishing that these responsible parties would “wise up.”

Manzanar Free Press April 28, 1943

By the spring of 1943 it was apparent that there was not an unlimited supply of water. Even though the reservoir had been raised in February 1943, the internees were urged to conserve water to insure there would be enough for fi re protection and domestic use. Fire hydrants could not be used for Victory gardens, 

and the number of “offi cdens was restricted:

Low Water Pressure HPrevents Use of HydraUse of the fi re hydrants ftion purposes was frownfi re department head. Hresidents to abide with thlic use of fi re hydrants. 

Manza

SHEPHERD CREEKThe water supply receiveis believed to be adequatgardens and the school p

center and would be avaVictory gardens now on eight acres on the north school purposes and six six acres plus three acres lute limit of land allotted The school and Victory ga water schedule to be dwater increases.... Gardens and evacuees tory gardens will be prohthe fi re hydrants or from 

Man

Nevertheless, internees chobby or Victory garden

Planted fl owers to impro

Block 15 M

With the setting in hot wdents are busy caring for dens. 

Block 36 M

Figure 2.175. Flower gardens (Shindo 1980).Figure 2.176. Irrigating the Victory gardens (National Archives).
People seem to be enjoying more of their surroundings, such as vegetable and fl ower gardens ... .

Block 14 Manager’s Report, June 21, 1943

Since the fi re notice has been posted on the bulletin board, people in this block took out the brush fence around the vegetable garden between the barracks. 

Block 17 Manager’s Report, June 30, 1943

Did a little gardening in front of the block offi ce. 

Block 19 Manager’s Report, August 21, 1943

By September 1, 1943, water conservation measures were announced in the Manzanar Free Press (Figure 2.176):

CONSERVATION OF H2O REQUESTEDFire Chief Frank E. Hon requested the aid of block managers in curtailing unnecessary waste of water in the center. Meters placed at the inlet tank gauging the fl ow of water into the camp and a meter gauging the amount of sewage show that over a million gallons of water are being used daily in the camp, he stated. “Beginning Monday morning, August 30 it will be necessary for all center residents to discontinue use of 

water for lawns, gardens, trees and shrubs and the use of running water for fi sh ponds, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6:30 p.m. ...

A year later, the conservation of water was regulated and explained by the Project Director:

REGULATIONS ON WATER USE RELEASED BY MERRITTCommencing this week irrigation of gardens and the watering of lawns within the center area will be prohibited between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. on weekdays until further notice, an announcement from Project Director Ralph P. Merritt disclosed. Merritt asked that all residents cooperate with this ruling and in addition 

save as much water as possible where it is necessary 

to use water for domestic purposes. “Water supply of Manzanar depends upon melting of snow packs in the high Sierra. At this season of the year, the hot afternoons melt the snow in the mountains and the run-off comes down our creeks during the night. The run-off in the daytime at this season of the year is so much reduced that all of the water must be saved for essential purposes.” Merritt declared. 

Manzanar Free Press August 16, 1944

Victory gardens themselves were likely considered essential, since watering them was prohibited only during seven hours of the day. Nielsen and Fox (1945) report that 120 individuals and families were working in 

Victory gardens under the WCCA (Wartime Civilian Control Authority; responsible for camp management unitil June 1, 1942) and over 1,000 worked Victory gardens under the WRA. The number of gardens decreased as internees left. In June 1945 there were only 250 gardens (Nielsen and Fox 1945:91) and by August 1945 only 83 remained. At least some of the hobby gardens were maintained almost until Manzanar’s last days:

Mr. Ikari who has been raising varieties of beautiful fl owers gave cut fl owers to all the neighbors who appreciated and benefi ts his generous thought.

Block 14 Manager’s Report, November 26, 1945

Manzanar’s Winter of Discontent 1942-1943Although this chapter focuses on the relatively benign history of gardens at Manzanar, it bears repeating and emphasizing that the Relocation Center was a prison, not a garden paradise (Figures 2.177-2.179). In fact, Manzanar was the site of one of the most serious civil disturbances to occur at the relocation centers, 

Figure 2interne
78 Garden Management Plan

Japan since 1936. This latMERRITT to be the mocamp.7. The residents have les

The morale is low, and lithe residents to beautify 

8. Manzanar has had mocenters. It has had two wof the WCCA and three These administrators weNASH; (c) NED CAMPProject Director); (d) COProject Director); (e) KIProject Director); (f) MrProject Director since N9. The evacuees have brcertain problems, among diff erences brought on bnese American Citizens conditions existing outsi

mors that certain of the of the FBI.10. The 10,000 evacuees one square mile, althouglarger. Even those who apursuits must obtain per

11. Manzanar does not hpolice force. The Japaneupon, and cannot be usearea. They do not protecstarts they disappear. Mthe time of the riot on Dthe 84 Japanese police mMERRITT stressed thatlished no Intelligence unadministration in the int

the “Mananar Riot” or “Manzanar Revolt.” More information about the riot can be found in Hansen and Hacker (1974), Hayashi (2004), Kurashige (2001), and Okihiro (1973). Here, suffi ce to say that the deadly incident refl ected increasing tensions related to the diffi cult conditions at Manzanar, and divisions within the Japanese American community regarding the best way to address those inadequate conditions. Project Director Ralph Merritt had arrived at Manzanar less than two weeks before the riot. In January of 1943, Merritt met with Robert Cozzens, the Assistant Field Director of the WRA, who was stationed in San Francisco, to explain what had happened (WRA 1943:201-202):

On the afternoon of January 18th, a conference was had with ROBERT COZZENS and RALPH P. MERRITT, Project Director. MERRITT pointed out that Manzanar is diff erent from other relocation centers, for the following reasons:1. It is the oldest center.2. More mistakes have been made at Manzanar than at other centers.3. The buildings constructed are poorer.4. Other centers have profi ted by the mistakes made at Manzanar.5. The population at Manzanar is predominantly Issei. If all of those residents under the age of 18 years were omitted, there would remain 52% Issei and 48% Nisei and Kibei. If all those under 24 years were omitted, the ratio would then be 65% Issei to 35% Nisei and Kibei.6. The Kibei group at Manzanar is larger than at any other Center. There are approximately 800, of whom 150 to 200 have returned to the United States from Figure 2.179. Guard tower (Yuri Matsunaga 

Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 2.178. Area limits warning sign (National Archives).
In the near future, however, MERRITT intends to set up such an Intelligence unit, so that he may be kept advised as to the development of all trends and movements within the Center.12. There exists a serious housing problem at Manzanar. Because of the arrangement of the barracks, it has been found necessary, in many cases, to put married couples in the same room with unmarried people. This had tended to create serious moral problems. Attempts are being made to adjust this housing problem by the administration, but because of the limited facilities available, progress in this direction is slow.MERRITT stated that at the present time the situation at Manzanar is most unsettled, the atmosphere is very tense, and any incident is liable to stir up the residents to a point where another riot or disturbance 

will occur. 

It is diffi cult to say whether Manzanar was truly different from all the other camps; civil disturbances had erupted at other camps, most notably at Poston (Leighton 1945). But Merritt certainly was not exaggerating the tension in the camp. The WRA administration undermined traditional cultural norms, and many incidents occurred before the riot; several examples of the growing tension between members of the Japanese American Citizens League and more traditional leaders and values are detailed in Hansen and Hacker (1974). The January 1943 conference record suggests that Merritt equated camp morale and pride with the internees’ eff orts to beautify their surroundings. Gardens could be seen as a refl ection of camp pride or symbols of rebellion, as was the Block 22 mess hall garden (Embrey et al. 1986), but in all cases gardens were intended to improve the surroundings and experience of the camp. In the end gardens could only 

provide a fl eeting refuge from the harsh conditions and monotony of camp life. While living conditions improved as time passed, lives were changed, years were lost (Figure 2.180):

Out of the desert’s bosom, storm swept with wind and dust,Out of smiles and curses, of tears and cries forlorn; Mixed with broken laughter, forced because they must;Toil, sweat and bleeding wounds, red and raw and torn.Out on the desert’s bosom – a new town is born.

James Shinkai March 1943 (in Embrey 1972:43)

Figure 2Nationa
80 Garden Management Plan
Figur(photogduced wStudios

But the WRA wanted to further diff erentiate those who could supervise and direct these tasks from those who did them under the supervision of others: 

In order to diff erentiate those people who have the knowledge and skill necessary to enable them to plan gardens and execute the plans, from those who merely do work as directed, use the GARDENER code for the former (3-40) and the DAY WORKER code for the latter (2-01).

Under their defi nition, “day workers” could be permanent and skilled employees. Other delineations in 

the categories seem arbitrary, too: “houseman” and “yardman” were combined, both being considered 

domestic service, even though a yardman’s duties were similar to those of a gardener or day worker: a 

yardman “works by the day, performing any outdoor duties assigned by employer: mows the lawn and cares for fl owers and shrubbery” (WRA 1942).Therefore, when looking for pre-war occupations most conducive to garden-building, fi ve WRA job categories were examined: gardeners and groundskeepers, day workers, house and yard men, nursery owners and fl ower growers, and garden and nursery 

laborers. As WRA records indicate (Final Accountability Rosters of Evacuees at Relocation Centers, 1942-1946; Japanese-American Internee Data File, 1942-1946), Manzanar certainly contained the expertise for garden-building (Tables 3.1 and 3.2; Figures 3.1-3.5). Among the Relocation Centers, only Topaz had a higher number of internees with primary occupations in these fi ve general gardening categories (Table 3.3; Figure 3.6). Of the 4,072 men at Manzanar whose pre-war occupations were listed, over 40 percent had been in farming or gardening as their primary occupation before they were interned. Farmers and farm laborers comprised 21 percent of the male population of working age, or 858 men. There were 453 in the “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.” category, 148 “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers,” and 81 “Nursery and Landscaping Laborers.” The 85 men listed as day workers and the 58 listed in the category of “Housemen and Yardmen” are also considered to fall within the gardener category. Of the 1,837 women at Manzanar whose pre-internment occupations were noted, 225 (12 percent) were classifi ed as farmers and farm laborers, and 77 (4 perAs would be expected of any group of 10,000-plus people, Manzanar’s internees came from all walks of life. To assist in the recording of the pre-war occupations of the internees, the War Relo- cation Authority (WRA) provided their staff with defi nitions to help them distinguish the various job categories (WRA 1942). Gardeners were defi ned as anyone who Keeps fl owers, trees, and premises about home in a healthy and attractive condition: plants, transplants, fertilizes, sprays, prunes, and otherwise tends to the cultivation of fl owers, bushes, fruit trees, or other shrubbery on premises or in a greenhouse. May perform other duties ...

3 THE GARDEN BUILDERSSeeds in Their Suitcases

Figure 3boulderNationaFigure 3Manzan
82 Garden Management Plan

cent) fell into the fi ve genthere were 50 female nurers, 22 nursery operators workers, two in the housand one in the “GardeneParks, Cemeteries, etc.” cAt Manzanar 274 other peral gardening categories tiary occupation. In addi

for whom no occupation many of them may have bduring their careers.

Table 3.1. Pre-War Occupations of Internee Men at Manzanar.

Occupation Number Percent

Farmers and Farm Laborers 858 21%Gardeners* 825 20%Retail Occupations 784 19%Hotel and Restaurant Occupations 349 9%Fishermen 189 5%Chauffeurs, Drivers, and Routemen 138 3%Wholesale Managers, Warehousing, and Related Occupations 85 2%Salesmen 76 2%Food Production Occupations 69 2%Laundry Occupations 59 1%Clerical Occupations 56 1%Motor Vehicle Mechanics 51 1%Managerial Occupations 47 1%Janitors and Sextons 38 1%Domestic Workers 37 1%Medical Occupations 37 1%Construction Occupations 32 1%Barbers 30 1%Purchasing Agents and Buyers 20 nil50+ Other Occupations 292 7%

4072

*Gardeners NumberGardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc. 453Nursery Operators and Flower Growers 148Day Workers 85Nursery and Landscaping Laborers 81Housemen and Yardmen 58

Figure 3.4. Pre-war occupations of int
Gardener Demographics The WRA collected additional demographic data about the internees at Manzanar which can be used to further characterize the 902 men and women listed in the fi ve general gardener categories. Their mean age in 1942 was 38, but the age distribution indicates three generations of gardeners, including a sizable number of young Nisei between the ages of 18 and 30 (Figure 3.7). 

Of the 902 total, the WRA noted that 286 were fl uent only in Japanese, 19 only in English, 574 could speak, write, or read both languages, and 23 could speak Japanese, English, and another language. Most of the 902 listed in the gardener categories had been living in southern California when the war started, with 641 removed to Manzanar from Los Angeles 

Table 3.2. Pre-War Occupations of Internee Women at Manzanar.

Occupation Number Percent

Retail Occupations 292 16%Farmers and Farm Laborers 225 12%Domestic Workers 215 12%Production of Food Products 213 12%Hotel and Restaurant Occupations 168 9%Clerical Occupations 125 7%Bookkeepers and Cashiers 75 4%Dressmakers, Seamstresses, and Tailors 68 4%Secretaries, Stenographer, and Typists 67 4%Beauticians and Manicurists 57 3%Nursery and Landscaping Laborers 50 3%Teachers 44 2%Manufacturing Occupations 40 2%Medical Occupations 34 2%Laundry Occupations 27 1%Nursery Operators and Flower Growers 22 1%Managerial Occupations 15 1%Day Workers 2 nilHousemen and Yardmen 2 nilGardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc. 1 nil25+ Other Occupations 95 5%

1837

Figure 3.5. Pre-war occupations of inte
84 Garden Management Plan

and 212 more from the grcame from other Californington, and three from MThe majority, 556, were Isthe Southern Division, 15Central Division, 51 from from Shikoku, and 17 froKyoto, Osaka, and Tokyo the U.S. in the fi rst decadbefore the end of the MeThe 346 Nisei were born waii (34), Washington anstates (17), and an unspecFor 893 of Manzanar’s gabeen born in Japan; six hand for three, both parenAlthough most of the wocategories were married and 12 never married), thsingle men (404, includinowed, 12 divorced, and 8 (421) in the gardener occ

Table 3.3. Pre-War Gardener Occupations Represented at All Relocation Centers.

Relocation Center Gardeners and Groundskeepers Nursey Owners and Flower Growers Nursey and Landscaping Laborers Day Workers Housemen and Yardmen 

Topaz 303 148 142 227 Manzanar 454 170 131 87 Gila River 450 121 142 10 Heart Mtn 334 93 88 72 Poston 176 63 73 12 Tule Lake 118 90 64 14 Amache 183 44 31 10 Jerome 137 58 57 8 Rohwer 104 82 84 1 Minidoka 76 31 35 25 Total 2335 900 867 466 

Figure 3.6. Pre-war gardener occupations represented at all relocation centers.
The WRA’s data on how much time internees in the gardening occupation categories had spent in Japan might provide clues about how much these internees had been exposed to, or infl uenced by, gardens in Japan. For Issei, the mean age at which they came to the 

U.S. was 16; the mode was 18 (Figure 3.10). While 122 of the Nisei had never visited Japan, the other 224 Nisei had made at least one visit to Japan. Twenty-seven 

of these had gone to Japan for schooling, making them Kibei; one Issei, who had probably been brought 

to the U.S. as a child, returned to Japan for schooling. Given the distance and time involved, a surprising number of Issei (92) had returned to Japan at least twice, and 31 of the Nisei who were not Kibei had 

made at least two trips to Japan. The WRA also tallied up how much time each internee had spent in Japan before the war. Of the 556 Issei who had been born in 

Japan and the 224 Nisei who had been to Japan at least 

once, 30 had spent a total of less than 1 year in Japan, 31 had spent a total of 1 to 5 years there, 47 had spent 5 to 10 years there, 100 had spent 10 to 15 years there, 300 had spent 15 to 20 years there, and 270 had spent a total of over 20 years in Japan. Among the 902 internees in the gardening categories, nine had a bachelor’s degree, and one had a master’s degree in agriculture. Five had at least fi ve years of college, 23 had attended college in Japan, and 39 had attended college in the United States. Two hundred sixteen had attended high school in Japan, 187 had attended high school in the United States. Two had gone to high school or college in another country. Twenty had gone to elementary school in the United States, but not continued beyond eighth grade; 394 had gone to elementary school in Japan up to eighth grade. Fifteen were listed as having had no schooling, and for one person, no information was provided. Fifteen of the 902 gardeners had attended Japanese Language School. Six had served in the Japanese military, seven had served in the U.S. military.

Figure 3.8. birth of Issgeneral Wcategories 
86 Garden Management Plan

Compared to the rest of 

Manzanar, those in the fi egories had made more ttotal time there. There is centage of internees in thwere fl uent only in Japan

Before the WaThe predominance of gathe internees at Manzanaof southern California’s Jtheir citizen children beccause anti-Japanese racismade it diffi cult or imposDiscussing the developmfl ower-growing businessthe increasingly restrictivimmigrants encountered land law prohibited Japanalready prohibited from bzens, from owning land. were prohibited from owlaws were passed to previn 1923, restrictions were immigrants could not evecontracts to farm land.Legislation pushed Japanand into the laboring claspushed them toward domneu-Sotelo 2014: 61). In guse of their experience wrigation, without needing Professionals trained in oopportunities in the Unitto gardening. For exampinterned at Heart Mounta teacher in Japan before 

Figure 3.9. Year of entry to the United States for Issei in the fi ve general WRA gardener categories at Manzanar.Figure 3.10. Age of entry to the United States for Issei in the fi ve general WRA gardener categories at Manzanar.
Southern California gardeners” (Hirahara 2000). Most of the gardening work was “maintenance gardening” of Western-style yards (Tsukashima 2000). In fact, according to Hondagneu-Sotelo (2014:60): 

It was Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans ... who invented the occupation of residential gardening. They also developed plant and fl ower nurseries, cultivating carnations and chrysanthemums for sale and cut fl owers, as well as plants for sale to local residents looking to spruce up their yards. For them, the nurseries and gardens became a suburban source of ethnic entrepreneurship and eventually the means for social mobility. 

Hondagneu-Sotelo (2014:60-63) argues that Japanese immigrants were able to corner the market on domestic gardening in California, with their numbers increasing just as the number of suburban neighborhoods expanded from the 1890s to 1920s. Having a gardener, especially a Japanese gardener, was a status symbol. Thanks to the popularity of Japanese gardens at early-twentieth-century world fairs, Japanese were stereotyped as natural gardeners, and Japanese immigrants were considered less threatening than 

other, more numerous, immigrant groups such as the Chinese. By the 1930s all along the West Coast, residential maintenance gardening was institutionalized as a Japanese American man’s job, and small crews consisting of brothers, uncles, and cousins prevailed (Hondagneu-Sotelo 2014:60-63). A notice in the Manzanar Free Press (June 6, 1942) 

provides poignant evidence that some gardeners had been working for their southern California clients for 

decades: 

VISIT GARDENERTo visit their gardener of the past 30 years, Mr. and Mrs. A. Clark and daughter, Jeane, of Glendale, came to see K. Ishii, Thursday afternoon. 

Gardener Kichizaemon Ishii, born in 1877, was 65 years old at the time, and lived at Block 22 Barracks 7 Apartment 1 with a bachelor and a divorced man. Ishii is registered as married, but no family or wife is listed as present at Manzanar. His World War I draft card lists him as a gardener living in Glendale, California, with his closest relative as Mura Ishii in Japan. WRA records list his occupation in the “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.” category.Another fi eld where Japanese immigrants could use their agricultural and business skills was fl ower growing. Jinnosuke Kobata began the fi rst fl ower nursery in southern California in 1902, and Shinkichiro Shima established the fi rst fl ower shop in downtown Los Angeles in 1904 (Hirahara 2004:11). Japanese Americans established the fi rst wholesale fl ower market, the Southern California Flower Market, in 1912 with 54 Issei fl ower growers as shareholders (Hirahara 2004:12; Figure 3.11). The Japanese organized their produce and fl ower industries vertically, resulting in a system in which all operations were owned and operated by Japanese, from raising the plants to retail sales (Figure 3.12). Hirahara (2004:112) notes:

Of all the camps, Manzanar had the most visible presence of fl ower growers. In addition to the Yokomizos, other San Fernando Valley growers, including the Takeyasus, Mutos, and Imais, were incarcerated in the dry desert of the Owens Valley. [Francis Miyoji (F.M.)] Uyematsu, in fact, being from Montebello, should have gone to Rohwer, Arkansas, but his Star Nursery employee Paul Bannai was politically connected and convinced administrators to send the Uyematsu family to Manzanar instead. This enabled their caretaker, Wally Naphas, to drive the 220 miles up to Manzanar from Montebello and give weekly updates about Star Nursery. Informal meetings among fl ower growers took place in Manzanar. 

Lee McCarthy (2006) provides a slightly diff erent verFigure 3

ern Calern Cal

Figure 3nursery Manzan
88 Garden Management Plan

sion of how Uyematsu and his family came to be at Manzanar: while he was still being held in Pomona Assembly Center, Uyematsu off ered to donate 1,000 cherry and wisteria trees to Manzanar and even ship them at his own expense, provided that he and his family would be allowed to move to Manzanar instead of being relocated out of state. Uyematsu was also one of the leading camellia contractors in the United States. When interned in 1942, “he sold part of his prized inventory of camellias – 300,000 plants – to Manchester Boddy, the wellheeled publisher of the Los Angeles Daily News. Boddy’s estate, Rancho del Descanso, soon would come to thrive as a camellia nursery and cut-fl ower operation” (McCarthy 2006; Mori 2015). Los Angeles 

County purchased Ranchin 1953, and now Descanworld-class public treasuWhen Uyematsu left Maparently did not take the with him. McCarthy repoby Inyo County residentstheir yards. Uyematsu coter the war (Figure 3.13): 

By 1956, he had donated nese cherry trees for plain Griffi th Park. In 1958, cherry trees, grafted on Ain Exposition Park’s rose trees was also made to ththose years.

Donating trees and fl oweWar II, become a Japanesshow their desire to assimhomeland, nursery growother landscaping to comample, in November 1933 would build a Japanese gzanar, donated trees for tCity of Los Angeles’s beaing a cherry grove in Gri3.14). Nursery growers continuand labor to community terned, but Hirahara (20how the forced relocatioexample: 

An even larger loss was aand seeds. Morizo Yokothe ranunculus ... He ha– wife Chiyoko and four 

Figure 3.14. Kiichiro Muto (second from left) at the ceremony for the fi rst Griffi th Park 

cherry tree planting, 1933 (Acme 1933).

Figure 3.13. F.M. Uyematsu directing cherry tree planting at Griffi th Park, 1953 (Uyematsu Family Collection, Pasadena City College).
packages of seeds in their suitcases en route to the camp in Manzanar, California. The rest of his plants ... were left with Manchester Boddy, the publisher of the Daily News and a horticultural enthusiast. 

Imprisoned Gardeners Internees were brought to Manzanar by geographic location, and blocks and barracks were fi lled in the order internees arrived. Although most of Manzanar’s internees were from Los Angeles, Block 3 housed Bainbridge Islanders, and Blocks 9 and 10 held Terminal Islanders. Farmers from central California ended up mostly in Block 30.Internees in the fi ve WRA gardening categories were distributed throughout the camp (Figures 3.15-3.17). The most in any block was 30 in Block 24, excluding Blocks 1 and 7 which were used for offi ces and staffhousing. The fewest lived in Block 16. The number of internees per block classifi ed as “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.” varied from 0 to 18 (Block 24). Nursery owners ranged from 0 to 8 (Blocks 12 and 17).The distribution of gardeners indicates where labor and expertise would have been available. However, that expertise and experience may not have been as important as other factors in garden creation and distribution. For example, professional gardener Ryozo Kado lived in Block 17, but built gardens throughout camp, most notably for the Terminal Island fi sherman in Block 9. Building gardens was in some cases a paid profession at Manzanar, as noted in a September 19, 1942, article in the Manzanar Free Press: “August Payments Get Under Way [for] ... landscape gardeners, ... land improvement staff , ground laborers ... .” The landscapers Kuichiro Nishi and Miyoji (F.M.) Uyematsu, who were on the payroll of the Public Works Section, each had a crew to assist them. In the summer of 1943 Nishi’s and Uyematsu’s paid crews were reduced to three men each, due to a reported lack of funds (memo by Robert L. Brown, Assistant Project Direc- tor, June 24, 1943). 

Figure 3.15. Number of internees classifi ed in one of the fi ve WRA general gaoccupations living in each block (darker shade denotes higher number; the resiof all internees is not known).
90 Garden Management Plan

The Manzanar Relocation Center Engineering Section Final Report (Sandridge and Sisler 1946:65-68) records that the WRA hired 45 men to plant lawns, trees, and shrubs, and maintain and care for them after they were planted. In addition, a “Grounds and Yard Crew” of 36 men cut and disposed of all weeds, grass, and other combustible material, as well as collected and disposed of al

and the inside of blocks. 

for aesthetics or morale: to address the dust that cweeds were considered a 

the dust condition extenand trees were made aro

Figure 3.16. Number of internees classifi ed in the gardeners and groundskeepers occupation living in each block (darker shade denotes higher number; the residences of all internees is not known).

Figure 3.17. Number of internees classied in the nurseoccupation iving in each block (darker shade denotes all internees is not known.
Village, administrative offi ces, staff housing, and other 

public buildings” (Sandridge and Sisler 1946:67-68). In Manzanar’s Final Report, Director Merritt (1946:880-881) noted:

During the fi rst and second summer, a number of gardeners were employed by the WRA. These workers beautifi ed the general garden area by planting borders of fl owers along the fi rebreak which was used for the Victory garden. They dug and maintained all irrigation ditches. They made out water schedules and regulated irrigation hours. Furthermore, they supervised gardeners cultivating their own gardens.Opportunity to work in a garden did much for the older people, for many of the Issei did not know how to enjoy themselves in social activities. On the other hand, these same individuals would derive tremendous pleasure out of being able to raise what they pleased in their little plots. Sometimes the enjoyment of dining on their own harvest would be added to their pleasure, but usually the garden products were donated to the block kitchen.

Merritt’s belief that “the Issei did not know how to enjoy themselves in social activities” may have been at least partially true: according to the community social analyst’s interviews with Issei who had been fl ower growers before the war, their work was so demanding that they had no time for leisure or social activities (Opler 1944).Manzanar’s Garden Builders The names of 26 who built Japanese gardens at Manzanar are known (Table 3.4; Appendix A); however, not all garden work, and not all garden workers, are identifi ed in the Manzanar Free Press, Block ManTable 3.4. Identifi ed Builders of Japanese Gardens at M

Name Age in 1942 Age to U.S. Issei, Nisei, or Kibei Pr

Jack Hanshiro Arai 43 16 I Wholesale Toyoshige Ioki 54 18 I Nursery ORyozo Kado 52 21 I Nursery OWilliam Katsuki 60 21 I Gardeners Seiichi Kayahara 42 14 I Retail MaGunsaburo Kono 60 24 I Truck FarmGeorge Goichi Kubota 68 25 I Gardeners Munejiro Matsuyama 56 22 I Nursery OGeorge Futoshi Murakami 42 19 I ChauffeurKiichiro Muto 62 26 I Nursery OTom Takio Muto 26 - N Nursery OYasaji Nakata 62 20 I Gardeners Akira Nishi 53 17 I Nursery OKuichiro Nishi 56 20 I Nursery OChotaro Nishimura 76 35 I Nursery OMark Mokutaro Nishimura 44 14 I Nursery ONintaro Ogami 55 17 I Gardeners Harry Oshio 51 21 I Managers Shunzo Shiraki 45 19 I Gardeners Roy Shinichi Sugawara 44 17 I Gardeners Moiichiro Tachibana 58 17 I Nursery OGeorge Saburo Takemura 61 23 I Nursery OHarry Ueno 35 - K Sales Clerk Miyoji (F.M.) Uyematsu 60 23 I Nursery OBunyemon Wada 54 16 I Nursery OFrank Teruo Yasuda 33 - N Hotel and 
92 Garden Management Plan

ager Reports, and other documents. For example, the work of Toyoshige Ioki is known only because of an oral history by his son, in which Sus Ioki indicated that his father designed the hospital garden and helped to build Merritt Park (Sus Ioki, Oral History MANZ 1165). Historical photographs corroborate his father’s participation. Twenty-three of the 26 known garden builders were Issei, three were Nisei, and one of the Nisei was Kibei. Prior to internment almost half (n=12) had been nursery owners or workers, and six had been in gardening and grounds-keeping fi elds. It is interesting that 

available archival documents suggest women did the majority of work in the Victory gardens (see, for example, Manzanar Free Press August 28, 1942) but no women are credited with creating Japanese gardens (Ng 2014). Since at least 302 women at Manzanar had pre-war experience in farming or garden occupations, their absence in the record of garden builders probably refl ects culturally derived gender-based divisions of labor, rather than lack of strength or skill, but it is also possible that women-built ornamental gardens were under-reported to an unknown extent. Ng (2014: 69-70) documents that a few of the internees who built ornamental gardens at Manzanar had at least some experience making Japanese gardens, even if only at their own house. However, most of the known garden builders at Manzanar did not have the type of formal training and apprenticeship in Japanese garden construction that would have been common in Japan. The only Manzanar gardener known to have had formal training in Japan was Chotaro Nishimura, who did not arrive in the United States until he was 35 years old. In contrast, of the 22 other Issei garden 

builders, eleven arrived in the United States while they were still teenagers, and eleven arrived in their early- to mid-20s. Although one Issei, Toyoshige Ioki, 

went to Japan for a month when he was about 48 to study Japanese gardens, it seems unlikely that any 

of these young men wougardening training in Japtaught, using their familiaJapanese gardens inspireperson or in newspapers Further, one did not have World War II to build a Jternment, as illustrated blisted in Table 3.4. No doothers who built gardens tifi ed only through oral hgraphs, and archeologicagood probability that entconstructed by the residement, and in many casesby archeological remainsentry garden, then, can b

amining the Manzanar roapartment. Although the builders at Manzanar is eformation is provided alpgardeners identifi ed to d

Jack Hanshiro A

Arai built a large pond anand 4 in Block 34, next to 4 and his brother’s family

thanks to an oral history Madelon Arai Yamamotoprovide a place for his foto relax, thus helping to kton and Farrell 2014). AraKakunosuke, to the Unitteenager, and was fl uent lish. Before internment, hwholesale business in Lohe worked fi rst as a carpe

Figure 3.18. Jack Hanshiro Arai at Manzanar (Madelon Arai Yamamoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).
butchers, where his language skills allowed him to communicate well both with English-speaking meatdelivery personnel and the mostly Japanese-speaking camp butchers. Jack Arai left Manzanar for Los Angeles in July 1945, daughter Madelon followed in August, and the rest of the family followed in October.Jack Arai never built a pond or garden before internment, but Kakunosuke Arai had a small pond at his home, not far from Jack’s. After internment Jack Arai started his own gardening business, since it required little investment, but his daughter attributes his premature death to the extremely hard work involved.Toyoshige Ioki (Figure 3.19)

Ioki helped build the hospital gardens and Merritt Park. At his own barracks apartment, he created an elegant fl ower garden bordered by rocks (see Figure 3.1). Born in Japan in 1888, Toyoshige Ioki came to the United States as a young man. He lived in Venice, California, and was operating a nursery at the start of the war. At Manzanar he lived with his wife, three sons, and two daughters in Block 14 Barracks 13 Apartment 1. They returned to Venice in June 1945. Sus Ioki explained that his father was so interested in Japanese gardens before World War II that he took a month off work in 1936 to go to Japan to learn how to 

create gardens (Sus Ioki, Oral History MANZ 1165). Toyoshige could speak English and speak, read, and write Japanese.

Ryozo Kado (Figure 3.20)

Kado’s work is the most prominent and recognizable at Manzanar. He built the sentry posts at the 

camp entrance and the military police compound, the 

cemetery monument, and several large gardens. He also helped build the hospital garden. Born in 1890, Kado came to the United States in 1911. He had been interested in gardens in Japan, but was a tea merchant for his fi rst years in the United States. Kado did not become a professional gardener until he became Chotaro Nishimura’s apprentice in southern California. Through Nishimura, Kado did receive the kind of years-long apprenticeship required of professional garden designers in Japan. In fact, in a 1961 interview Kado joked that by marrying Nishimura’s daughter Hama Mary, he became a “fi fth generation rock man – by marriage” (Taylor 1961:36). In Santa Monica, where he operated the Kado Cactus and Rock Gardens, Kado was known as a professional rock garden artist (Manzanar Relocation Center Documentary Report No. 12, June 24, 1942). Before the war, Kado built some pond gardens, but he specialized in rock shrines and grottoes for Catholic clients, at both private estates and churches (Appendix B). Built in 1939, his “Lourdes of the West” grotto at St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church in Altadena, California, was his thirty-fi rst rock sculpture in Los Angeles 

(Fundter 2013; Figure 3.21). That grotto shrine is a signifi cant landscape feature of the St. Elizabeth historic property, according to the nomination for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (Fundter 2013). At Manzanar, Kado lived in Block 17 Barracks 8 Apartment 4, with his wife Hama Mary, son Louis, and daughter Ida. Louis Kado left Manzanar in August of 1943 to attend college in Pennsylvania, and the rest of the family left Manzanar two months later to go to Ossining, New York, where Ryozo did landscaping for the headquarters of the Catholic Maryknoll sisters. The family returned to Los Angeles in 1946, and Kado devoted the rest of his life to landscaping for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles (Taylor 1961:37; Figure 3.22).

Figure 3(photogwith peFigure 3Izuno C
94 Garden Management Plan

The Saturday Evening Post published a feature article on Kado in 1961 almost 20 years after the internment. In that article Kado recalled that he started gathering rocks for gardens the day after he arrived at Manzanar, and that he started at once on building a fi sh pond to revive the morale of the Japanese fi shermen from Terminal Island. According to the article, Kado laid out fi ve mess hall gardens and the hospital garden, and planted grass and trees for picnic areas. Four of Kado’s gardens have been uncovered: the 

Block 9 mess hall garden, the hospital pond garden, the entrance sign garden, and his own barracks garden in Block 17. Other known or suspected Kado gardens at Manzanar include the Block 6 Mess Hall 

garden (reported in the M

barracks garden in Block wood, one of Kado’s tradbuild fi ve mess hall gardediscovered.In 1972 Kado built a backson of a Block 9 resident 

supported Kado at Manzbeen removed (Marie Mnication 2015; Figure 3.23Manzanar in 1973 to builHistoric Landmark plaqutrance (Figure 3.24).

Figure 3.21. “Lourdes of the West” at St. Elizabeth of Hungary Church in Altadena, California (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Figure 3.22. Grotto built by Kado at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Figure 3a backyHashimManzan
daughters and a widowed sister at Manzanar (Tad Takamatsu, personal communication 2013). Katsuki constructed the fi rst decorative garden at Manzanar, according to the Manzanar Free Press (Figure 3.26), and was employed by the WRA as a landscaper. Katsuki’s Block 24 barracks garden has been excavated, but was found to be in very poor condition. What may be Katsuki’s greatest achievement at Manzanar, Cherry Park, remains buried. He continued in landscaping and gardening after he left Manzanar in March 1945, as indicated by the Manzanar Free Press notice that he returned later in 1945 to recruit gardeners for work in Los Angeles. 

William Katsuki (Figure 3.25)

Katsuki was born in 1882 and immigrated to the United States in 1903. A 1916 Glendale, California, city directory lists him under “Gardeners – Landscape and Lawns.” The 1930 U.S. census gives his profession as landscape architect, working on his own for the nursery industry, and living in Santa Monica. In 1931 he was one of the builders of the Stoner Park Japanese garden in Sawtelle (West Los Angeles). The Manzanar roster lists him as a widower, living in Block 24 Barracks 5 Apartment 2 with two other widowers. According to a grandson, Katsuki had two married 

Figure 3.24. Ryozo Kado installing the California Historical Landmark plaque at the entrance to Manzanar in 1973 (Manzanar Committee Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 3.25. William Katsuki at Manzanar (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).

Figure 3the Ma
96 Garden Management Plan

ferred to the Gila River R1943. Gunsaburo Kono 

Kono was identifi ed as a dens during interviews fosion documentary about interviewed two daughteKimiye Margaret and Yoview 2011). The daughters and remembered their facrew, and that he worked Ryozo Kado. Gunsaburo Kono had beand his wife Yoriko (born one old enough (age 19 in zanar early as part of the one born at Manzanar in WRA records as a truck fspeak Japanese. He lived Barracks 2 Apartment 1. TSeabrook, New Jersey, in of their children who had Gunsaburo Kono was idea historic photograph as the hospital (see Figure 3have been identifi ed: Toyhistory by his son (Sus Ioand Nintaro Ogami by coother known photographunknown, but there are tbears a slight resemblancRyozo Kado, but he left MThe other men in the phuntil 1945 and the vegetatpears more established th

Seiichi KayaharaOne of three men who supervised the construction of the Block 34 mess hall garden, Seiichi Kayahara had been born in Japan in 1900, and immigrated to the United States in 1914. He could speak, read, and write both Japanese and English, and worked as a retail manager before internment. He was married to Hideko, who was a U.S. citizen born in 1906, and they had a daughter, Teruyo Janice, born in 1935. Their Manzanar address is not known; the family transFigure 3.27. Builders of the hospital gardens, right to left: Toyoshige Ioki, Nintaro Ogami, Gunsaburo Kono, and possibly Shunzo Shiraki (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
1943. The Manzanar Free Press reported that work on the garden was still under way in May 1943, with its competition possibly in July 1943, so the photograph was most likely taken after Ryozo Kado left Manzanar. If this photograph documents the hospital gardens’ creators it is likely Shunzo Shiraki, but there are no known photographs of him for comparison.George Goichi Kubota Listed as a gardener in the 1940 census, Kubota was the only one of the three men credited with supervising the Block 34 mess hall garden construction who had pre-war gardening experience. George Kubota was born in Japan in 1873, and arrived in the United States in 1898. His pre-war occupation was listed in the “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.” category. Kubota was married to Matsu, who was born in Japan in 1876; they lived with four other members of their family, presumed to be their son, his wife, and two grandchildren, in Block 34 Barracks 2 Apartment 4. George and Matsu left Manzanar October 11, 1945, returning to Los Angeles. The others had relocated to Cleveland in May 1943.Munejiro Matsuyama Born in 1885, Munejiro Matsuyama arrived in the United States in 1907. His pre-internment occupation is listed in the “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers” category, and at Manzanar he donated trees and plants to the Block 6 mess hall garden. Matsuyama and his wife Masano lived with their two adult daughters and one son in Block 6 Barracks 6 Apartment 5. One daughter went to Denver November 20, 1944; the rest of the family relocated to Brighton, Colorado, July 10, 1945.

George Futoshi MurakamiGeorge Murakami is one of three men credited with supervising the Block 34 mess hall garden construction. Murakami was born in 1901 in Japan and arrived in the United States in 1920. He was bilingual, and had had one year of college in the United States. His occupation was listed as chauffeur. He and his wife Helen Hiroko left Manzanar for Freeport, Illinois, in April 1943; their barracks address at Manzanar is unknown. Kiichiro (Figure 3.28) and Tom Takio Muto (Figure 3.29)

Tak Muto is usually given credit for being the cobuilder of Merritt Park with Kuichiro Nishi, but historic documents and photographs indicate that Tak’s father Kiichiro Muto also played a role in the park’s construction (WRA 1943). Tak built a garden at his barracks and was co-director of the fi rebreak Victory gardens (Manzanar Free Press May 

26, 1942). Kiichiro built one of the fi rst six garden ponds at Manzanar at his barracks with the help of his neighbor Roy Sugawara.Kiichiro Muto was 62 years old in 1942; he had immigrated to the United States in 1908, and his wife Hatsu Goto had followed in 1913. He and Hatsu had nine children, who in 1942 ranged in age from 20 to 36 years old. Not all of his children were at Manzanar, and not all of those at Manzanar lived with him. According to the 1940 U.S. census, Kiichiro Muto was a fl oriculturist working 60 hours a week, his wife and four sons were unpaid family farm laborers, and two daughters worked 48 hours a week as unpaid family sales ladies. No occupation was listed for the two youngest daughters, who 

Figure 3(Doroth
98 Garden Management Plan

were 18 and 19 years old at the time. One daughter was not living at home, but her husband Kodo Muto worked for the family. One of Kiichiro and Hatsu’s sons was in the U.S. military, and was one of the fi rst graduates from the Military Intelligence Language School at Camp Savage, Minnesota. The Manzanar roster lists Kiichiro’s and Hatsu’s jobs in the category of “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers,” and Kiichiro’s World War I draft card list his occupation as “Farmer.” Kiichiro could speak, read, and write only Japanese. At Manzanar Kiichiro and Hatsu lived in Block 15 Barracks 7 Apartment 3 with their three youngest daughters, Nobuko, Ayako, and Kuniko. Two of the daughters later married and moved out, Ayako in 1943 and Kuniko in 1944. Kiichiro, Hatsu, and Nobuko left Manzanar for San Fernando on June 5, 1945. In 1943 the family had been notifi ed that their ten-acre San Fernando Valley fl ower farm had been sold for back taxes six months earlier. While incarcerated at Manzanar, they had no recourse to either pay the taxes or to protest the land sale (Knight 2015). The land was purchased by the Caucasian man they had entrusted their farm to and was never returned (Michelle Warth, personal communication 2015).Born in 1916, Tom Takio Muto was Kiichiro and Hatsu’s youngest son. He married Masako in late 1941 and had a daughter born at Manzanar in September 1942. They lived at Block 15 Barracks 8. The Manzanar roster lists Tom’s job in the category of “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers,” but according to the Block Manager's Report of July 31, 1942, Tom Takio Muto was also an experimentalist at Ohio State College as well as a well-known San Fernando fl oriculturist and a specialist in crossbreeding (Manzanar Free Press May 26, 1942). Tak could speak, read, and write English and speak Japanese. He and his family left Manzanar for Blackfoot, Idaho, in April 1943, where they lived in a converted pig pen while working on a potato farm. Tom was drafted into the Army July 24, 

1945, and was sent to MilSchool at Fort Snelling in after the war he later rejotime before moving to Enhis own wholesale fl ower pond and garden in the fchelle Warth, personal coManzanar well before Mbut his youngest daughtefondly of the gardens he 3.30; Susan Muto Knight2015).

Yasaji NakataBuilder of the garden thazanar Free Press best gardwas a gardener from Pasaborn in Japan in 1880, anin 1900; he was fl uent in bManzanar, Nakata lived wand their two adult daugBlock 15 Barracks 5 Aparlists Nakata as a gardener ter indicates that Yasaji aManzanar until Novemblast of the Barracks 5 resi

ters had left February 26

Kuichiro (Figure 3.3and Akira Nishi 

The brothers Kuichiro anUnited States in 1906. KuAkira, in 1889. At Manzan“Nursery Operators and 

Figure 3.29. Tom and Masako Muto, ca. 1945 (coustey of Susan Muto Knight). Figure 3.30. Tom Muto at his Encinitas home, 1990s (coustey of Susan Muto Knight).
Figure 3.31. Kuichiro Nishi at Manzanar (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 3.32. Builders of Merritt Park, from left to right: Kiichiro Muto, Akira Nishi, Kidentifi ed by Nishi family members as former employees of the Nishi’s nursery (cou
100 Garden Management Plan

Kuichiro lived with his wKenichi, and daughters BMichiko, Mary Satoko, aracks 12 Apartment 1. An married in camp (Ishizuk1299A). Mary and Midor

Nebraska, November 194September 1944, and BarSeptember 1945. Kuichiro Angeles in late October 1Next door in Apartment ku, sons Soichiro and GeYuriko. Soichiro went to George and Yuriko went and Akira and Yasugiku wKuichiro Nishi, whose w

Rose Park, Merritt Park, den, clearly had experienbefore internment. In heifornia fl ower market, Hiincludes a photograph of at the 1934 fi rst spring fl o

ROSE CO. / DESIGN BY K

had experience building Harry Ueno credits him Block 22 mess hall gardenManzanar has been uphe2011 at 92 years of age spestruction of Kuichiro’s icChotaro (Figure 3.34and Mark Nishim

Chotaro Nishimura and Nishimura are two of the documented to have madinternment. Chotaro had 

Figure 3.33. Pre-war garden exhibit by Kuichiro Nishi (Hirahara 2004:76). tion category, and both were married. Kuichiro is listed as able to speak, read, and write Japanese and English; Akira only Japanese. Kuichiro was picked up by 

the FBI the day the war began, or soon after, probably because of his leadership roles and association with the Japanese Nurseryman’s Association, the Buddhist church, the Japanese Chamber of Commerce, and the Japanese language school (Henry Nishi, Oral History MANZ 1254A). The Manzanar roster indicates he came to Manzanar from Ft. Missoula, Montana, on June 17, 1942. The rest of both families had arrived June 1. 
Figure 3.34. Chotaro Nishimura at Seabrook Farms, ca. 1945 (courtesy of Aileen Ellis).

Figure 3.35. Mark Mokutaro Nishimura after internment (courtesy of Aileen Ellis).

Gardens in Japan and the Presidential Garden in Mexico City before coming to California in the early twentieth century, and he and his son Mokutaro had landscaped John Barrymore’s 14-acre Hollywood estate. Chotaro, born in Japan in 1866, arrived in the United States in 1901. Mokutaro, born in 1898, arrived in 1912. In the Manzanar roster, no formal schooling is listed for Chotaro, but it seems likely he served an apprenticeship in gardening. Mokutaro, who had gone to school in Japan, could read, write, and speak in both Japanese and English. After completing the landscaping project at Barrymore’s estate, the Nishimura family moved to Roscoe (near San Fernando), to start a fl ower business. When this business failed to yield adequate returns for the labor involved, the Nishimura family returned to Los Angeles, where Mokutaro became reacquainted with 

Mr. Barrymore. The family then moved to Mr. Barrymore’s estate where Mokutaro, and presumably Chotaro, worked as live-in gardeners until the family 

was forced to move to Manzanar. A 1941 photograph shows a Japanese garden at the estate (Figure 3.36). According to the Manzanar Free Press, Chotaro 

Nishimura supervised his son Mokutaro in the building of a mess hall garden in Block 4 in 1943. Chotaro and Mokutaro may have built or helped build other gardens, but to date there is no evidence to indicate so. In the Manzanar roster, Chotaro is listed as living in Block 4 Barracks 3 Apartment 1. Mokutaro is listed as living in Block 4 Barracks 2 Apartment 1 with his wife Take, born in 1902, and sons Richard Shigeru, born in 1922, Donald Shintaro, born in 1931, and daughters Laura Miyako, born in 1923, Flora Shizuko, born in 

Figure 3.36. John Barrymore at Magazine 1941).
102 Garden Management Plan

1925, and Katherine Mitsue, born in 1930. Two others with the same family number as Mokutaro (1142) are listed as living with Chotaro in Block 4 Barracks 3 Apartment 1: Bryce Yoshitani Nishimura, born in 1928, and George Hiroshi Nishimura, born in 1926. If, as the roster indicates, there were nine people in Mokutaro and Take’s nuclear family, it would not be surprising if two of their sons stayed with their grandfather. Today, no evidence of gardens can be seen on the ground surface at either Chotaro or Mokutaro’s former barracks locations.Son George Hiroshi Nishimura left Manzanar to go to college in Iowa in June of 1944. Mark Mokutaro and daughters Laura Miyako and Flora Shizuko left Manzanar for Seabrook on April 12, 1945, and Chotaro and Take followed on May 22 with Katherine Mitsue, Donald Shintaro, and a son, Kazuyuki John, born in 1944. Richard Shigeru left to join the military in July 1945, and Bryce Yoshitani left Manzanar to attend college in Pennsylvania the following month. William Nintaro Ogami (Figure 3.37)

Born in 1887, Nintaro Ogami came to the United States in 1904. In the Manzanar roster, he is listed in the “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.” category, and able to read, speak, and write Japanese and speak English. In the roster he is listed as living with his wife, Tane, two sons, Arthur Mitsuro (born in 1922), and Benny Mizuchi (born in 1925), and a daughter, Grace Kiku (born in 1923). The parents went to Tule Lake at the end of 1943; the three younger Ogamis followed in February of 1944. In oral histories, Arthur reported that the family lived in Block 16 at fi rst, and then moved to Block 34 when his mother got a job working at the hospital mess hall 

(Arthur Ogami, Oral History MANZ 1031A; Tamura 2002, Appendix B). Nintaro Ogami was in charge of 

the landscaping and grouArthur remembers him wother garden features the

Harry Gen Oshio Along with Ryozo Kado ited with helping build thOshio also contributed fi Oshio was born 1891, and 1912. He had completed tand could read, write, anEnglish. His pre-internmthe “Managers and Offi cwife Yukari and fi ve childto 19, lived in Block 6 Barfamily returned to Los AManzanar in July and the Shunzo Shiraki (

Along with several otherwith building the hospitaJapan, he came to the Unpleted grade school in Jaand write only Japanese. in Japan in 1902 and arriv1915. She could speak, wrEnglish. WRA records list Shunzooccupation in the “GardeParks, Cemeteries, etc,” coccupation as “Farm Hanworked in this fi eld since but at diff erent locations

Figure 3.37. William Nintaro Ogami prior to internment (NHK 2011).
Figure 3at ManArchiveFigure 3Saburo Bancrof

lists his occupation as a farmhand working for a Japanese employer in Santa Clara. U.S. Census data put Shiraki in Gilroy in 1930 and 1935, but by 1940 Shiraki lived in Oakland and was a gardener for private homes. He had returned to Japan twice (California Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959). His fi rst trip back was in 1918 with his brother Harukichi Shiraki, who was born in Japan in 1902 and had come to the U.S. in 1916. Harukichi also lived in Gilroy in 1935, and the 1940 census lists him as a gardener living in Palo Alto. In March 1941 Shunzo Shiraki and his wife and children traveled to Japan. The family apparently had moved to West Los Angeles by early 1942; their oldest daughter Grace married Roy Hajime Masuda in Los Angeles on April 24, 1942. Harukichi, who was married by 1942, stayed in the Bay Area and was sent to Heart Mountain. WRA records list Harukichi’s occupation as “House and Yardman.”At Manzanar Shunzo and Chiyeno lived at Block 14 Barracks 10 Apartment 3 with their daughter Michiko (age 17). No Manzanar address is known for his married daughter Grace Atsuho (age 19), but in March 1944 she and her husband relocated to Cleveland, followed by Michiko in 1945. Shunzo and Chiyeno left Manzanar for Los Angeles on October 18, 1945.Roy Shinichi SugawaraRoy Shinichi Sugiwara and his family lived in Block 15 Barracks 7 Apartment 2, and Sugiwara helped Kiichiro Muto build the barracks garden at Barracks 7 in Block 15. The 1940 U.S. census shows Shinichi’s job as a gardener, and the Manzanar roster lists his job in the category of “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.” Shinichi had come to the United States in 1915, when he was 17 years old, and was listed as profi cient only in Japanese.

The Sugiwara family included seven individuals: husband Shinichi (age 44 in 1942), wife Sakae (40), widowed Fuyo (60), and four children, Kiichi (21), George (20), Billy (18), and Michiko (16). Kiichi went to Chicago in April 1943, George went to Chicago in Feburary 1944, and Billy joined the Army in October 1944. The rest of the family returned to San Fernando in 1945: Michiko in June, Sakae in July, and Fuyo and Shinichi in September.

Moichiro Tachibana Born 1883, Moichiro Tachibana came to the United States in 1900. Listed in the “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers” category, Tachibana donated trees to the Block 6 garden. He, his wife Kiyoe, and their four children lived in Block 6; Barracks 7 is listed as the address for three of the family members, and it can be assumed that they all lived in one apartment, though the apartment is not specifi ed. Their oldest son, born in 1920, was sent to Tule Lake in February 1944; the second son, born in 1921, left for Chicago in December of that year. Their 17-year-old daughter Miyoko left for Gardena, where the family lived before internment, in September of 1945; Mr. and Mrs. Tachibana and their youngest daughter left Manzanar for Los Angeles on November 14, 1945. George Saburo Takemura (Figure 3.38)

Creator of the “Manzanar Showplace” outside his 

residence in Block 23 Barracks 9 Apartment 4 (Figure 3.39), Takemura was born in 1881, and came to the United States in 1904. He attended three years of college in Japan, and could read, speak, and write in not only Japanese and English, but also another, unspecifi ed language. Takemura’s primary occupation was 
104 Garden Management Plan

listed in the “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers” category, but he also had a secondary occupation listed, that of “Teacher/Instructor.” He and his wife Kisei and their fi ve children (ranging in age from 13 to 22 in 1942) were at Manzanar, presumably in the same apartment. Takemura also built a rustic well for the Block 22 mess hall garden. One of his children left Manzanar in the fall of 1942 for college in Iowa, and the rest of the family departed Manzanar at three separate times in 1943 for the Midwest.

Harry Ueno (Figur

Ueno, head of the Mess ited with starting the fi rst zanar, in Block 22. Ueno 1907, and went to grade sin both Japanese and Engoccupation was listed as Yaso and their three sonslived in Block 22 (but the numbers are unknown). of a Japanese American C

Figure 3.40. Harry Ueno and sons prior to internment (NHK 2011). Figure 3.41. Francis Miyoji Uyematsu and family in 1935 (Uyematsu Family Colle
Figure 3.42. Uyematsu family at their Manhattan Beach property in 1941 (UyemaCity College).

Ueno’s subsequent arrest that sparked the Manzanar Riot. Soon after the riot, in January 1943, Ueno was transferred to Moab Isolation Center and then the Leupp Isolation Center. He was eventually reunited with his family at the Tule Lake Segregation Center. Francis Miyoji Uyematsu (Figure 3.41)

Francis Miyoji (F.M.) Uyematsu, whose prized camellias formed the basis of Los Angeles’s famed Rancho del Descanso, worked with Kado, Katsuki, and Muto in several landscaping projects at Manzanar. Born in 1881, Uyematsu came to the United States in 1904, and became a very successful nursery operator. Uyematsu owned and operated Star Nursery in Montebello and owned 126 acres in Manhattan Beach. A historic photograph of the Manhattan Beach property shows many small trees, possibly cherry trees, likely being grown for resale (Figure 3.42). His donation of 1,000 cherry and wisteria trees became the principal components of Cherry Park, and other donated vegetation graced the Block 6 mess hall garden. In the Manzanar roster, he is listed as fl uent in both Japanese and English. Uyematsu, his wife Kuni, plus Genichiro Francis (born in 1921), Alice Kumiko (born in 1923), Marian Sachiko (born 1927), and Samuel Michiro (born 1933), are listed as living in Block 6 Barracks 10 Apartment 2. Genichiro left Manzanar for college in Lincoln, 

Nebraska, in October 1943; Francis Miyoji Kuni, and Samuel returned to Sierra Madre in March 1945; Alice went to La Crescenta in April 1945; and Marian went to Sierra Madre in June 1945.

Bunyemon WadaIn charge of the landscaping crew at Manzanar, Bunyemon Wada is known to have worked on the 

administration circle garden and the hospital garden. He was born in Japan in 1888, and came to the United States in 1904. His occupation was listed in the “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers” category, with a secondary occupation as farm manager and foreman, and a tertiary occupation as cook. He could read, write, and speak in Japanese, and knew at least some English. He and his wife Kimiyo (born in Japan in 1900) lived in Block 6 Barracks 4 Apartment 2 with fi ve children: Mary Hatsuko (born in 1920), Roy Fumiwo (born in 1924), George Mitsuhiro (born in 1927), Kikumi Florence (born in 1931), and Richard Osamu (born in 1939). Mary went to Cleveland in May 1944 and George went to Chicago in September 1944. Bunyemon left Manzanar for Los Angeles in January 1945, Roy followed in September, and the rest of the family left Manzanar for Burbank in November.
106 Garden Management Plan

Frank Teruo YasudaFrank was on Kuichiro Nishi’s Merritt Park gardenbuilding crew, and according to block manager’s reports, he worked on the Block 22 mess hall garden 

and “Manzanar Park” (this could be a reference to North Park or Merritt Park). He must have served as block manager at some point, since Documentary Report No. 89 (August 16, 1943) noted Yasuda was well liked and his replacement was having a harder time. Yasuda was listed as Secretary of the Block Managers’ Town Hall at an informal hearing held in Project Director Merritt’s offi ce in October of 1943 (discussed below). Born in California in 1909, Frank Yasuda was fl uent in both Japanese and English. In the 1940 U.S. census his occupation was listed as proprietor; at Manzanar, he was listed in the “Hotel and Restaurant Managers” category. Yasuda lived in Block 22 Barracks 8 Apartment 2 with his wife Mitsuye, born in 1916, and children Richard Masao, born in 1934, Grace Sadako, born in 1935, Donald Tadashi, born in 1940, and Joanne Reiko, born in 1944. All left Manzanar in June of 1945. 

A Training GroundSkilled landscapers interned at Manzanar also provided opportunities for others to work with them, 

sometimes as a trainee: 

Landscapers wantedWant to help make Manzanar a more attractive town? Landscape Foreman B. Wada desires ten experienced landscapers immediately.

Manzanar Free Press July 27, 1942

ROCK MASONRY INSTRUCTIONAn opportunity to learn rock masonry and rock craftsman under the experienced guidance of R. F. 

Kado, noted Southern Csigner, is extended to ten sizes that he is not lookinteach interested young ppractical details of rock at 17-8-4 or during the daKado is working in front tion building.

Ma

In July 1942, Ryozo Kado working under him to co(Unrau 1996:277). In an omond Chomori recountebuild a pond and garden MANZ 1003); this was at so this may not have been Hashimoto remembered uncle Shig helped Kado b10 (Masumoto, personal George Masami Ozamotview with NHK, describeKatsuki at Cherry Park. Wdoing the garden work at it as something meaningfimportant thing that he hincarceration, he asked n(George Ozamoto, NHK was born in California in attending school in Japancould speak, read, and wlish (in his NHK intervieAlthough he was only 19 widower. In October 194Tule Lake, and in 1946 to and three siblings were aColorado May 28, 1943. 
A Gardener’s Tale Although gardeners and landscapers were allowed to go outside the security fence to collect rocks and 

plants for Manzanar’s gardens, a transcript of an informal hearing indicates they were still subject to strict security regulations and could be punished if they did not acquire the proper permits and passes. The transcript, dated October 25, 1943, is the record of a meeting between Project Director Merritt (Figure 3.43), the project attorney, the internal security police chief, two block managers, the chairman of block managers, the secretary of the block managers, and seven internees who had been “picked up out of bounds”: 

K. NishiK. Muto Minoru Nakashima Masaji TakenouchiH. Nakauchi K. Okano Keiji Arataka 

The seven had been caught by the military police outside of the security fence without a permit. The group 

had gone 7 or 8 miles west of Manzanar to get a pine tree, which had previously been prepared and boxed for transplanting to Merritt Park. According to the transcript, some on the trip were gardeners working 

with Nishi at Merritt Park and others had just gone along to help if needed.In the transcript, Merritt repeats numerous times that to have been found without a permit and the proper military police escort, which they could have obtained if they had asked, was a very serious off ense. Merritt’s admonitions take up most of the nine-page transcript. Merritt said he was embarrassed personally, especially since the park was named after him, and that such disregard for the rules would cause the military police 

Figure 3.43. Camp Director Ralph P. Merritt (Manzanar Committee Collection, Mato tighten security for all of Manzanar’s internees. For punishment, Merritt decreed that all seven men would be ineligible for passes for the following three months. Because the group was under the leadership of Kuichiro Nishi, Nishi was given the additional punishment of reporting to the Internal Police Station weekly, to convince them he was aware of the regulations and the “serious situation” he caused. Merritt even stated he could have sent them all to jail.The incident must have been mortifying for the seven internees. Nishi and Muto were very successful and outstanding members of their community before internment. Masaji Takenouchi was the driver of the 
108 Garden Management Plan

truck, which had been asgarden crew. Keiji Aratakshi’s, had gone along to balso involved with Merritworking on the lettering fenders undoubtedly thojobs, for the benefi t of thinterpreter Nishi explainhad been relaxed. There sion about where one wain the hearing, Merritt stNishi and his crew had pand into the Area, but hathe Area.” The location ois not defi ned during the thought it should have beThe only unsolicited comhearing, other than directions, was that he was wothe military police had foritt replied that the tree csend someone else to picwhat needed to be done, to help. This must have bhear, since he had spent of months preparing the The transcript does make as October 1943, interneeas they pleased, and that cate the military police. Talso important in that it ppotential gardeners on Nwas Kiichiro Muto with twho is usually credited aritt Park. Minoru Nakashthe Manzanar roster) had 

Figure 3.44. Large pine tree at Merritt Park transplanted by Kuichiro Nishi. The movie camera was rotated 90 degrees to capture the full height of the tree (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS).
married. His pre-war occupation was listed as in the “Farm Hand, Vegetable” category. Masaji Takenouchi, the driver of the truck, was single, born in 1917, and his pre-war occupation was listed in the “Semiskilled Chauff eurs and Drivers, Bus, Taxi, Truck, and Tractor” category. H. Nakauchi, born in 1904, is listed in the roster as Henry Hidemitsu Nakauchi, and married. He lived in Block 24 Barracks 6 Apartment 4, and his occupation was listed as in the “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers” category. K. Okano is listed in the roster as Kameichi Kay Okano, born in 1889 and separated from his wife. Okano lived in Block 34 Barracks 8 Apartment 2, and his primary occupation is in the “Cooks, Except Private Family” category, with a second occupation as “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.” Keiji Arataka is listed as divorced, born in 1887, and in the “Semiprofessional Occupations” category, but in the hearing he characterized himself as a former nurseryman. He was not an offi cial member of the Merritt Park crew at the time, but had off ered to help his friend Nishi with the tree. Of the seven men, three were transferred to Tule Lake in February 1944: Nakashimo, Takenouchi, and Arataka. It is not far-fetched to speculate that these three, who had been willing to go out of their way to improve conditions at Manzanar, were disillusioned by Merritt’s reprimand. Nakauchi left Manzanar in 1944 to relocate in the Midwest. Kiichiro Muto left in June 1945. Okano and Nishi left Manzanar in October 1945, less than a month before the camp closed. As for Merritt and Nishi, they were apparently able to put the episode behind them: a color home movie of Merritt Park taken in late 1944 or 1945 either by Director Merritt or his adult son includes Nishi posing at the pine tree, which had been planted at Merritt Park (Figures 3.44 and 3.45).

Figure 3.45. Kuichiro Nishi at the large pine tree (behind the stele) he transplantManzanar NHS).
110 Garden Management Plan
Hundreds of historic photographs have been donated to the National Park Service. Some of these photographs include landscape features as the principle subject, but many more show landscape features in the background of group or individual portraits. In addition, some information about landscapes has been derived from oral histories. The oral history project is ongoing, and although it is too late to interview the garden builders themselves, some of the Nisei now being interviewed have memories of gardens their parents built.Copies of 1944 aerial photographs of Manzanar were received from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) and other sources as early as 1993, but this garden plan benefi ts greatly from the discovery of the original negatives at the Map and Imagery Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara. Using the original negatives allowed for high resolution scans, which show previously unseen details (Appendix D). Internees focused their landscaping eff orts where they lived, so for the residential area, the gardens are 

discussed block by block. Following the residential 

blocks, landscaping in the administration block, at important buildings, and at outlying facilities is considered. Finally, the largest gardens, including parks 

and victory gardens located within fi rebreaks between 

blocks, are discussed. First, some general environmental background is provided to outline the terrain, climate, and soil conditions that set the stage for Manzanar’s gardens.

Environmental SettingManzanar is located in Owens Valley, between the Sierra Nevada range to the west and the Inyo Mountains to the east (Figure 4.1). Just west of the Historic Site, Mount Williamson, the second highest peak in the Sierra Nevada, rises to 14,375 ft. The Sierra Nevada is composed predominantly of granite, but metavolcanic rocks can be found in the Inyo Mountains and 

in the Alabama Hills to the south (Figures 4.2 and 4.3). The Owens River fl ows from north to south through 

This chapter describes the gardens and other landscaping at Manzanar, based on historical documents and photographs, 1944 aerial photographs, oral histories, surface evidence, and archeological investigations. A park-wide archeological survey in 1993 recorded hundreds of remnant landscape features, but all of the gardens were either buried or overgrown with vegetation (Burton 1996a). By the time the General Management Plan (NPS 1996a) was written, only three gardens had been uncovered. When the Cultural Landscape Report was done in 2006, three more gardens 

had been excavated and recorded, and the Report recommended the archeological investigations continue. Now over 20 gardens and other landscaping features have been excavated, recorded, and stabilized (Appendix C; see Figure 1.4). 

4 EXISTING CONDITIONSMemories of Gardens Built

FigurJuly 200Figure 4(photogwith peFigure 4(Ansel A
112 Garden Management Plan

cold winters. Owens Vallformed by the Sierra Nevdence has a mean annual inches (13 cm) and Lone (15 cm). There are occasibut the highest precipitatber and February as a resCalifornia’s current droution has decreased signifi recorded less than 31⁄2 incHowever, in spite of the lity, the valley was historicran streams, and the area meets the valley fl oor benSurface water from meltithrough the coarse sedimfaced as springs and seepsediments on the more gfl oor. Previous occupatiofavorable conditions: Nacal sites within the Histoof years. In the late ninet

the valley, once emptying into Owens Lake. In the last 50 years, however, groundwater pumping and stream water diversions by Los Angeles have lowered the water table and dried out most of the former lakebed.The Historic Site is located at 3840 ft (1170 m) to 3970 ft (1210 m) elevation. Soils, consisting of sands, gravels, and cobbles, are derived from Holocene and Pleistocene fan deposits, colluvium, and lake sediments. West of Manzanar alluvial fans converge to form a continuous apron or bajada with an average slope of about 6 degrees. The bajada is rocky with numerous large boulders deposited by catastrophic mud fl ows. Two perennial streams fl ow east from the Sierra Nevada near the Historic Site: Shepherd Creek is less than 1 mile north, and George Creek is 11⁄4 miles south. Both streams are now diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct just east of the Historic Site. The stream fl ow of Bairs Creek, which crosses the southwest corner of the Historic Site, is intermittent in the site vicinity (Figure 4.4).Today’s climate is arid, with hot dry summers and 

Figure 4.4. Bairs Creek within Manzanar National Historic Site.Figure 4.5. Sierra Nevada from Manzanar.
selected by John Shepherd for his ranch, and George Chaff ee established his planned orchard community at Manzanar in the early 1900s. Historical accounts mention artesian wells in the north-central part of the Historic Site at the old Shepherd Ranch, and areas of dark soil suggest there were once several springs in the Historic Site. Temperatures range from over 100 °F in the summer to less than 0 °F in the winter, and the growing season averages 197 days. Manzanar National Historic Site lies within the desert scrub community, with greasewood, shadscale, saltbush, spiny hopsage, and Ephedra (Appendix E). However, over 100 years of ranching, agriculture, and groundwater pumping have spurred opportunistic native plants and introduced species (DeDecker 1988). Twenty species of nonnative trees have been identifi ed within the Historic Site and extensive fi elds of rabbitbrush and dry barren areas are common. The trees, mostly black locust, cottonwood, tamarisk, and fruit trees from abandoned ranches, farms, and the relocation center, form a band across the site. Located just below the break in slope, 

these introduced species have likely survived by tapping into the high water table.Within a few miles of Manzanar, the great vertical relief of the Owens Valley and adjacent ranges supports diverse fl ora and fauna. From the Sierra Nevada crest on the west to the Inyo Mountains on the east are several distinct plant communities, in general determined by elevation and the concomitant precipitation and temperature gradients. To the west of the National Historic Site on the rockier Sierran bajada, sagebrush and bitterbrush dominate a diverse assemblage of shrubs, wildfl owers, and cactus. There are narrow riparian zones along Shepherd and George Creeks, and the upper portion of Bairs Creek, where willows, water birch, and some cottonwoods grow. Larger riparian zones occur along the Owens River and along lower, slow-moving reaches of its Sierran tributaries. Pinyon and juniper occur between 5,000 and 7,000 ft elevation, while mixed white fi r and Jeff rey pine occur 

between 7,000 and 8,000 ft. In higher areas of the Sierra Nevada red fi r, lodgepole, whitebark, and foxtail pine, and even Alpine Tundra species can be found. In 
114 Garden Management Plan

the Owens Valley in the 1Manzanar is within a CitBefore the Historic Site woften spread across the bThis fl ooding aff ected th

tons of sediments were dWar-II-era features and eother areas, the increased mine foundations and diSite is no longer purposethe gullies have been fi lleexposes the site to new thprolonged drought has stleaving soils more susceposition during fl ash fl ood

2013 and 2014 caused fl ooof historic landscape feat

Barracks and Mess Hall GarThe way the internee resdefi ned the exterior spacden areas. Most of Manzwere bordered by roads. each block were laid out with the communal latrinironing room between thures 4.6 and 4.7). Within feet apart, leaving a 40-fo(or occasionally mud) beof the entry doors faced entry doors of the next bfect, a communal courtyaentry doors were located“back” or door-less side 

the mess hall, in the nort

the Inyo Mountains there are extensive pinyon juniper woodlands and a subalpine forest of limber pine and bristlecone pine. Major fauna present in the vicinity of the Historic Site today include tule elk, mule deer, black bear, mountain lion, coyote, and bobcat. Other common animals in the area are black-tailed jackrabbit, cottontail, woodrats, kit fox, skunks, raccoon, ground squirrels, quail and other birds. Tule elk are a subspecies of elk native to central California; they were introduced into 

Figure 4.7. Communal buildings between barracks (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).Figure 4.6. Row of barracks (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).
was another 40-by-100-foot space; between Barracks 7 and the recreation building, the space was 60 feet wide by 100 feet long. Two main sources provide address information for those interned at Manzanar, but determining who lived where is not always straightforward. Internees in crowded barracks often moved when other apartments became available as people left Manzanar, and some internees were forced to change barracks because their original residence blocks were dedicated 

to other uses. The “Final Manzanar Roster,” which presumably dates to sometime in 1945, includes the names of all Manzanar residents, but no addresses for 

those that left prior to December 31, 1944. A “Quarterly Census Roster of Residents” dated March 31, 

1944, includes names and addresses only for those at Manzanar at that time (over 3,000 had already left Manzanar). No other Quarterly Census Rosters have yet been located. Mentions in the Manzanar Free Press (especially birth and marriage announcements) 

and oral histories provide additional addresses.

Block 1Originally, the barracks in the south half of this block were used for administrative offi ces and barracks in the north half housed internee bachelors. The laundry and ironing rooms were connected and used to manufacture shoyu and tofu. The women’s latrine was converted to a laundry. Barracks 1 housed the Manzanar Free Press, Barracks 2 Public Works, Barracks 3 Adult Education, Barracks 4 Education, Barracks 5 Personnel and Statistics, Barracks 7 Housing, and Barracks 8 housed Mail Delivery. The bachelors were apparently moved out as more offi ce space and staff

housing was needed and as internee barracks space opened up elsewhere. Williams (2014:210-230) lists administration staff residing in Barracks 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13. By the time the Manzanar roster was com- Figure 4.8. Known gardens and landscaping at Ma
116 Garden Management Plan

maintenance work, or thhave removed whatever rplaced there to take to thAt least on the surface, ofeatures are still in place central concrete slabs for room, and the ironing roand placed in piles. Howremain at the locations onecting building between two storm drains along ‘Aconstructed of concrete rock alignment between ter of large rocks at the n6 suggests there may havlandscape features includments east of the men’s lpaving at the north end oand a concrete stoop on 

Block 1 suff ered minor dawith some erosion and dlandscape features were ing ones buried (Burton 

Block 2Block 2 was also reporteding (Figure 4.12). Out of tbeen living in this block fwere women (one marrieincluded seven widowersmen, and ten men listed not living with their wiveare incomplete, especiallzanar early.No information about lanin Block 2 has been foun

piled, the original Block 1 residents had moved elsewhere, and the only internees listed in this block are 

Mrs. Haru Tsuda, a widow, and her two adult children in Barracks 7 Apartment 1. Mrs. Tsuda left Manzanar November 21, 1945, which would have made her one of the very last to leave. Her children had left in February and September of 1945. Historical information indicates there was at least one garden pond in this block. The July 27, 1942, Block 1 Manager’s Report states that “Cement was given to the block residents who made a fi sh pond between building 12 and 13 of Block 1” (see Figure 4.8 for location). Under supplies received, the report indicates “Cement, 5 sacks from the Engineer’s Department (on July 25).” A short note in the August 26, 1942, Manzanar Free Press may refer to the same pond: “a fi gure eight, two island fi sh pond in block one shows 

a lot of hard work ... beside the large pond is an abbreviation of the larger one ... ” [ellipses in original]. Nine months later, more landscaping work was documented: 

Beautifi cationB. Wada and his landscaping crew is busy planting lawns between the block 1 barracks ... [ellipses in original)]

Manzanar Free Press May 29, 1943 

Indeed, the 1944 aerial photograph shows lawns between most of the barracks, pathways between barracks with facing doors, and a row of small trees along the north side of 1st Street, which bordered Block 1 on 

the south. There is no mess hall garden apparent in the aerial photograph. The aerial photograph shows only bare ground between Barracks 12 and 13, suggesting the pond built there was abandoned and most likely buried by then. Williams (2014:210-230) lists administration staff living in Barracks 12 and 13. If the pond was in fact buried by 1944, it is possible that the new residents considered the pond to be too much 

Figure 4.9. Rock and concrete storm drain in Block 1.Figure 4.10. Rock alignment at men's latrine in Block 1.Figure 4.11. Brick entry at Block 1 Barracks 11 Apartment 4.
Press or the block manager’s reports, but the 1944 aerial photograph does show landscaping (lawns and trees) evident between most of the facing barracks, except in the communal areas between Barracks 10 and 11. However, a rectangular lawn is visible in the “backyard” area between Barracks 11 and 12. Barracks 14 appears to be encircled by trees and there is a large lawn between Barracks 7 and the recreation hall. No garden is visible between the mess hall and Barracks 14.A small concrete-lined pond at the southwest corner of Barracks 1 was excavated in 2000 (Figure 4.13; Beckwith 2000). The top of the pond was visible and interpretive staff wanted the pond excavated to better show a typical small garden pond on ranger-led tours. This miniature pond includes many typical Japanese garden elements. Measuring about 3 by 7 feet overall and 20 inches deep, the top edge of the pond is outlined with gray granite, black volcanic, and Figure 4.12. Barracks 8 (foreground) through 14 in Block 2 (Ansel Adams, Library Figure 4.13. Excavation of Block 2 pond in 2000. Figure 4.14. Pond at Block 2 Barracks 1 Apartm

in Burton 2001a)
118 Garden Management Plan

racks 1 are not known. A several unidentifi ed younfront door of Barracks 1 Athe closest to the pond. TCensus Roster lists the re1 Apartment 4 as Jim Y. ASekine. Amano was born worked as a chauff eur. Aprobably spoke at least soroster lists his primary lais listed as an alien born ifell in the Gardens and GHe could speak, read, anEnglish. The three listed 

2 Apartment 4, the barrawere: Einso Yamada, borower; Eataro Ishii, born iworked as a servant; and Japan, in 1882.

reddish metavolcanic cobbles, along with some concrete shaped into long mounds, perhaps to simulate tree limbs. The concrete lining forms two basins so that below the rim the pond approximates a fi gure-8 shape (Figure 4.14). A large fl at reddish rock was placed across the narrow waist of the pond to form what looks like a bridge, now that the pond is dry, but if the pond were fi lled to the rim, the “bridge” would have been underwater. It may have functioned as the top of a tunnel to provide shade for fi sh, or as a shelf for potted water plants. Other rocks within the pond bound what appears to be a planting ledge. There is a row of post impressions in the concrete from a ranguipost wall. The pond bottom held several inches of water-worn pebbles. The east end of the pond has an overfl ow gate (Figure 4.15).Judging by its location, the garden was probably made by internees who lived at the southern end of Barracks 1 or possibly Barracks 2. The residents of BarFigure 4.15. Overfl ow gate at Block 2 pond. Figure 4.16. Young men at Block 2 Barracks 1 Apartment 4 (Ansel Adams, Library of Congress).
The Cultural Landscape Report mentions remnant bamboo root clusters on the east side of Barracks 2 (NPS 2006a). Other landscaping features visible today in this block include a concrete sidewalk between 

Barracks 4 and 5, rock alignments and a concrete sidewalk between Barracks 11 and the men’s latrine, a 

rock alignment between Barracks 8 and 9, rock circles around trees east of Barracks 8, and two other minor rock alignments. Rock concentrations near some of the faucets may have been dry wells, but at some faucets elsewhere at Manzanar these were incorporated into gardens, so that is a possibility here, too. There is one concrete stoop each at Barracks 5, 7, and 14, and an asphalt stoop at Barracks 2. Block 2 suff ered 

very minor damage during a fl ood in 2013, with some erosion and deposition. However, no new landscape features were exposed and none were buried (Burton 2013a). 

Figure 4.18. Rock circle in Block 

Block 3 Bainbridge Islanders (Washington State) lived in this block until February 24, 1943, when they were transferred to the Minidoka Relocation Center. No historic 

information about landscaping in this block has been found, but the 1944 aerial photograph shows lawns, trees, or other vegetation on both sides of all of the barracks. Vegetation visible in the aerial photograph suggests there may have been a mess hall garden in the northern half of the space between Barracks 14 and the mess hall. A historic photograph shows a lawn and small trees between Barracks 10 and 11 and mature trees between the men’s and women’s latrine where a town-era home would have been (Figure 4.17). Landscape features evident within this block today include a circle of rocks around a tree stump between 

Figure 4.17. Block 3, June 11, 1944 (Hisa Hayashida Matsudaira Collection, Manzanar NHS).
120 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.19. Vertical rock at the Block 4 mess hall garden.Figure 4.21. Northern portion of Block 4 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.20. Small boulders at Block 4 me
Today Block 4 is deeply buried by alluvium. Nevertheless, several large boulders and rock alignments are visible in a small grove of black locust trees between Barracks 14 and the mess hall (Figures 4.19-4.21). The black locust trees, or their progenitors, were likely planted as part of the garden. The boulders are diff erent colors and shapes, and appear to have been chosen and placed for their distinctive characteristics. At least two boulders are set vertically. One grouping of fi ve rocks is similar to a “tiger” present at the Anderson Japanese Gardens in Illinois and one designed by Kyoto master gardener Motomi Oguchi in Lone Pine (Figures 4.22-4.24). Other landscape features visible today are rock circles on the east and west sides of Barracks 13. The rest of the block is buried by sand at least 1 foot deep, based on the short distance the in-situ faucets extend above the current ground surface. All of the central slabs are buried as well. Flooding in 2013 and 2014 caused minor erosion along 1st Street (Burton 2013a, 2014a).Block 5 The Manzanar Free Press reported on March 31, 1943, that the “residents of Block 5 busily decorated their 

block and mess hall with trees and bushes which were brought from the hills.” Within this block there is a lot of vegetation visible on the 1944 aerial photograph, including north-south rows of orchard trees. The area between Barracks 7 and the recreation hall is barren in the aerial photograph, but a possible mess hall garden is suggested by dense vegetation. The abundance of vegetation in much of this block in the aerial photograph indicates that many landscape gardens are likely. Today several small rock concentrations are visible within this block, the most intriguing of which is a 

the men’s and women’s latrines (Figure 4.18), and several rock alignments, located north of Barracks 2, between the north ends of Barracks 10 and 11, and east of the mess hall. On the south side of the men’s latrine slab there is a rock-bordered concrete entry slab. Flooding in 2013 and 2014 caused minor erosion and deposition, but did not damage any landscape features (Burton 2013a, 2014a). During tamarisk removal in 2014, a wood post was exposed between Barracks 1 and 2; this may have been part of a fence or other landscaping feature (Burton 2014b).

Block 4 The Manzanar Free Press (June 26, 1943) states that “[Mokutaro] Mark Nishimura, under the supervision of Chotaro Nishimura, is making a rock garden between barrack 14 and the mess hall.” The last known mess hall garden built, it may have been started as a dry garden, since by its June 1943 construction date, the administration had exhorted the internees many times to stop making ponds to save water. However, a pond may have been added by the following fall: the Block Manager’s Daily Report for October 19, 1943, indicates the block manager “helped dig a fi sh pond all day.” The location of the pond is not included in the report, but it seems likely the block manager would have noted if he had been digging in a diff erent block. The garden-builders noted in the newspaper article did live in Block 4: Chotaro Nishimura lived at Barracks 3 Apartment 1 and Mark Nishimura at Barracks 2 Apartment 1. Chotaro Nishimura was one of the few garden builders at Manzanar trained in making Japanese gardens in Japan. The 1944 aerial photograph shows vegetation around most of the barracks. No water features can be discerned, but the most likely areas for gardens appear to be between Barracks 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 8 and 9. 

Figure 4gardenFigure 4JapanesFigure 4Oguchi 
122 Garden Management Plan

cluster of rocks adjacent (Figure 4.25). A car part (gear) has been set into thdecorative element or a fer landscaping features mby the dense vegetation, and duff . Flooding in 201sion along 1st Street (BurBlock 6 The residents of Barrackthe fi rst to plant a lawn amess hall garden, built in tioned in both the ManzaManager’s Daily Report. “Trout Shangri-La” was ccrew under the supervisicontributions by Frances Matsuyama, Harry Oshio

Figure 4.25. Rocks at Block 5 ironing room. Figure 4.26. Automobile part at 

Block 5 ironing room.

Figure 4.27. Block 6 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.28. Block 6 mess hall garden.
There are four historic photographs of the Block 6 mess hall garden from three diff erent sources (see Figures 2.31-2.34). The photographs indicate that the garden extended the entire length of the mess hall, and included a nobedon sidewalk, a rustic wood fence, 

numerous rocks, several mounds, one large pond and a possible second smaller pond, two rocky islands, a small stream, grass, and pine and black locust trees. There appears to be some faux-wood logs on the pond edge, a hallmark of Ryozo Kado’s work. The 

mess hall garden can be discerned on the 1944 aerial photograph, and vegetation is present around all of the barracks, suggesting the possibility of other gardens. Today, Block 6 is heavily wooded and covered with deep sand, debris, and leaf litter. Deep fl ood deposits from the relocation center dump cover the mess hall garden. However, numerous distinctive boulders and cobbles are visible at the garden’s location, many of which appear to be in-situ (Figures 4.27-4.29). Some of the rocks are vertically set, and an earthen mound with a concrete fountain may be the location of the original waterfall, now mostly buried (Figure 4.30). In 1993 now-dead bamboo was noted as living (Figure 4.31; Burton 1996a). Between Barracks 12 and 13, the site of Manzanar’s fi rst lawn, are two rows of tree stumps (Figure 4.32). The stumps are about 6 inches high and 6-18 inches in diameter. Spaced 10 feet apart, they are too close together to have been left over from the town of Manzanar’s orchards. Likely black locust, the trees were undoubtedly planted by the internees. A post-WorldWar-II road track recorded in 1993 passes near the stumps, suggesting that the trees had died and were cut for fi rewood. Other landscape features visible in the block are a rock alignment east of the laundry room slab and numerous rock concentrations. Flooding in 2013 and 2014 caused minor erosion in Block 6, mostly along 1st Street (Burton 2013a, 2014a).

Figure 4.29. Block 6 mess hall garden.Figure 4.30. Concrete fountain at Block 6 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.31. Bamboo in 1993.

Figure 4.32. Rows of stumps between Barracks 12 and13 in Block 6.
124 Garden Management Plan

This is one of the most tblocks. Its residents conparts of Southern Califoto make for frequent disdescribed as an elderly g

split into two groups, bumanager. Both groups arthey have no candidates 

Documentary R

In 2002 this block was cland diagnostic artifacts fcollected; limited subsured (Burton 2002). Five lafi ed: a rock alignment at cobblestone or nobedon ure 4.33), a rock alignmenof Barracks 10 and 11, and east side of Barracks 12. T

midway between Barracktion of the noted playgroremnants of a brick and rfunction beyond the sout

Block 9 Ryozo Kado (n.d.) tells ofor the Terminal Islander10. There is no mess hall so the garden Kado built garden, which can be seegraph. The aerial photogbe more landscape featurare lawns and other vegethe barracks. The Block 9 mess hall gabilized in 2007 (Figures 420 cubic meters of sedim

Figure 4.33. Nobedon entry at Block 8 Barracks 9 in 2002 (Dick Lord).

Block 7This block was used for the relocation center high school and staff housing. Williams (2014:210-230) lists Caucasian teachers and staff as living in the seven easternmost barracks (Barracks 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, and 11). In the 1944 aerial photograph, the only landscaping visible in this block are small trees around most of the barracks and a lawn between Barracks 1 and 2. The north part of this block was included in Inyo County’s post-World-War-II road maintenance facility, and a road, fence, and several small buildings (since removed) were installed across the original footprints of Barracks 8 through 14. The only landscaping features apparent in the block today are scattered black locust trees and rock alignments on the east side of Barracks 2.These cobble-sized rocks may have outlined a path adjacent to the barracks, the border of the lawn, or other landscaping feature. The concrete slabs for the men’s latrine, the women’s latrine, the laundry room, and the ironing room have been removed: all that remains of them is a small pile of concrete rubble and a grease trap at the laundry room. Block 8 The 1944 aerial photograph indicates lawns and pathways between most facing barracks and even on the back sides of barracks. Some of these areas may have had landscape gardens. There was playground equipment between Barracks 1 and 8 (WRA Other Investments Map 1945). Barracks 14 was used for a canteen and the ironing room was used for a fi sh market, both run by the Manzanar Co-op. However, there was no mess hall garden in this block, perhaps because it was impossible to reach the consensus necessary for such a group eff ort:

Figure 4.34. Excavation of Block 9 mess hall garden in 2007.

Figure 4.35. Removing boulders from the pond at Block 9 mess hall garden (Dick Lord).
a winding stream course and two large ponds. The removed fi ll included building debris and left-behind artifacts that were dumped into the pond and burned. This disposal, evidently done with heavy machinery, pushed in many of the rocks of the garden and damaged other features.The mess hall garden includes abundant rock and extensive rock work, a divided concrete-lined stream, waterfalls and cascades, two large connected ponds, and numerous faux-wood logs created from concrete (Figures 4.39-4.47). The garden also includes a large landscaped mound of dark brown to black soil at its north end, supported by a rock retaining wall. The soil itself is mounded 4 feet high, and a few rocks rise another 2 to 3 feet. The rocks and a large amount of dirt had been removed from the mound before the National Historic Site was established in 1992 (Figures 4.48 and 4.49), and a former internee reported taking some rocks from this garden to use in his garden in southern California. There are large vertically set rocks at the upper end of the stream, which form the sides of a two-tiered 

Figure 4mess ha

Figure 4.37. Block 9 mess hall garden after excavation.waterfall; the upper waterfall was about 20 inches high, the lower waterfall about 24 inches. From the top waterfalls, the water would have fallen into a small pool. At the lower end of the pool, a dividing rock divides the stream in two. Both streams are bordered by boulders with large accent boulders along the banks. The west stream, 18 feet long, includes small pools. The east stream, 12 feet long, is a series of descending cobbles that underlie cascades. The island between the two streams is 41⁄2 by 9 feet.Both streams end in waterfalls that fall into a small pool 41⁄2 by 7 feet in plan, and up to 18 inches deep. The waterfall along the west stream is 16 inches high; the waterfall along the east stream has two tiers, 10 and 6 inches high. From the small pool, the water fl ows over and through cobbles and boulders to a pond that measures, at its maximum, 25 by 9 feet. From this pond the water would have cascaded over a 3-foot-wide rock dam to an even larger pond, measuring up to 33 by 18 feet in size, with depth ranging from 18 to 30 inches. The two ponds, at the lower end of the garden, are each lined with concrete, and 

Figure 4.36. Block 9 mess hall garden prior to excavation.
126 Garden Management Plan

each contains both shallothat runs under the rock could have been used to lower pond has an overfl prevented fl ooding; it dratrap. Five historic black locust mess hall garden, and stumore trees at one time. Thave been outlined with end and north quarter of rocks form a retaining wa“hill” of this hill and ponis missing in most of the appears that when the cathat bordered the garden the ponds were pushed iThere are two other rockside of the mess hall, one 4.50), and one at the soutoutlines encircle black loone includes a large fl at-tadjacent concrete stoop fsimulated wood pattern Stabilization of the Block included re-setting a few been displaced, restoring patching concrete. One fNumerous boulders werand stockpiled for later rafter the archeological wof the garden found. Two were donated to Manzanin Block 9 (see Figures 2.photographs focused on they only show a small pbackground, but numerovisible. Many of the trees matched to still-living bla

Figure 4.39. Upper portion of Block 9 mess hall garden.
The faux-wood at Block 9 is now known to be a hallmark of Kado’s work, both at Manzanar and in his later landscaping projects (Beckwith 2008; see Appendix B). Another characteristic of Kado’s work is an unusual abundance of rocks piled to form mountains, reminiscent of a Chinese garden style. As quoted in Chapter 2, above, Kado said he was not building Japanese gardens, but natural gardens. Interestingly, when Japanese master gardener Motomi Oguchi visited the Block 9 garden in 2012, he commented that it was indeed a Japanese garden, at least as evidenced by the high waterfall at the north end of the garden. Oguchi surmised that the waterfall, in his opinion the best feature at the garden, was likely built by a diff erent person than the rest of the rockwork. The waterfall bears a resemblance to the Dragon’s Gate waterfall at Tenryu-ji. Perhaps Chotaro Nishimura, Kado’s fatherin-law and the only gardener at Manzanar known to have been trained in garden-making in Japan, helped arrange the rocks for the waterfall.At Barracks 3 Apartment 4, seven large stones form a path that leads to a stone landing at the apartment’s entrance (Figure 4.52). The stepping stones, which range in color from light gray to dark gray to reddish brown, are set so that a fl at surface faces up, but the stones appear to be buried boulders rather than fl at slabs. Two small subrectangular concrete features on the east side of Barracks 6 may have been part of a pond 

(Figure 4.53). The nearest residents would have been 

in Apartments 2 and 3 of that barracks: Tomitaro Marumoto, born in Japan in 1899, and his wife Fumi (listed as working in the canning fi eld) and their four 

children in Barracks 6 Apartment 2, and Wakichi Yada, born in Japan in 1898 and listed as a vegetable farm hand with his wife Mitsuko and their three children in Barracks 6 Apartment 3. On the north end of the west side of Barracks 6 is a concrete slab with the address “9=6=1” neatly in- Figure 4.40. Lower portion of Block 9 mess hall garden.
128 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.41. Block 9 mess hall garden (adpated from Beckwith 2013). 
Figure 4.45. Faux-wood log at Block 9 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.50. Rock-ligarden.Figure 4.49. Mound stablization.Figure 4.48. Mound stabilization.

Figure 4.46. Pond at Block 9 mess hall garden.Figure 4.47. Rock-lined pond at Block 9 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.43. Waterfall modifi ed with mortar and rocks at Block 9 mess hall garden.Figure 4.44. Faux-wood log at Block 9 mess hall garden.Figure 4.42. Waterfall at Block 9 mess hall garden.
130 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.51. Faux-wood entry at Block 9 mess hall. Figure 4.52. Stepping stones at Block 9 Barracks 3 ApartmeFigure 4.53. Concrete feature at Block 9 Barracks 6. Figure 4.54. Entry at Block 9 Barracks 6 Apartment1.
scribed in a diagonal, descending left to right (Figure 4.54). This slab was probably a step landing at the entry to the apartment; its location on the west side of 

the apartment rather than at the north end indicates the residents moved the original apartment entryway so that it faced the backyard of the barracks rather than the latrines and laundry building. When the Cultural Landscape Report was written, there were remnant bamboo root clusters at the north end of Barracks 2 (NPS 2006a). Other landscaping features in Block 9 include rock alignments at Barracks 1, 2, 6, 9, 11, and 14. A Kado-style faux-wood concrete stoop recorded in 1993 on the east side of 

Barracks 2 is now missing (Burton 1996a, 2006). During tamarisk removal in 2014, a concrete entry and an embedded automobile steering linkage that may have been a decorative element were found at the north end of Barracks 3 (Burton 2014a).

Block 10 The 1944 aerial photograph indicates that there was no mess hall garden in this block, but lawns and other vegetation at many of the barracks can be discerned, as well as a large garden at the southeast end of Barracks 13. Today that garden is mostly buried and overgrown with brush, but one can see the edges of a concrete-lined pond bordered with a faux-wood log, an earthen mound and possible terracing, and rock alignments (Figures 4.55-4.57). There is a 2-foothigh vertical water pipe in the center of the mound (Figure 4.58). Two large desert olive shrubs, possibly on islands within the pond, may have been purposefully planted. The faux wood has patches of simulated bark, and defi nes the edge of the pond. Next to the faux wood is a historic black locust tree, and other historic locust trees and stumps occur in the area. The faux wood suggests that Ryozo Kado, who lived in 

Figure 4.55. Block 10 Barracks 13 garden.Figure 4.57. Block 10 Barracks 13 garden.

Figure 4racks 13 Figure 4Barrack
132 Garden Management Plan

presence of shade trees. preserved gardens at Manot buried until the fl ood 2013a). The 1944 aerial phhall garden, vegetation arlawns with well-worn tramen’s and women’s latri

possibly north side) of th

tween the women’s latrinThe Block 12 mess hall gabuilt gardens at Manzanazanar Free Press refers to and the Block 12 Managestates “The fi sh pond in ffi nally been completed. Tcompleted.” Who built aknown, but like other meit was likely the collaborafact, it has much in commhall garden and the hospThere are twelve historic clip in a color movie shogarden (see Figures 2.41-2into two sections outlinetographs show that there wood posts and a single the rock alignments. Thealong the eastern side, fopond section. The entranstones (nioeki) which are toric photographs shows 

along the rock alignmentthis is an earlier photograwas constructed. In some grows along the stream earea is covered with grastrees. Historic photograpconcrete indicate that smtically along the stream ataining walls (rangui).

Figure 4.59. Rock alignment at Block 10 Barracks 6.Figure 4.60. Rock alignment at the Block 11 mess hall.

Block 17, worked on the garden, but it is not known 

for whom he built it or why. The residents of the closest barracks apartment, Block 10 Barracks 13 Apartment 1, are not known. 

In addition to the Barracks 13 garden, landscaping visible in this block includes rock alignments at the south end of Barracks 6 (Figure 4.59), around a cottonwood tree southwest of Barracks 6, and between Barracks 11 and 12. During fl ooding in 2013 there was minor erosion and deposition, disturbance to some landscape features, and ponded water against the west side of the Barracks 13 garden (Burton 2013a). 

Block 11 Referring to Block 11, the Manzanar Free Press (September 18, 1943) indicates “The young boys of this 

block made a lawn between the kitchen and building 14.” The 1944 aerial photograph shows extensive vegetation throughout this block. Today, one can see rock alignments between Barracks 14 and the mess hall (Figure 4.60), at the north end of Barracks 11, and between Barracks 7 and the recreation building. The rock alignments at the mess hall suggest a more elaborate garden than just the lawn mentioned in the Manzanar Free Press, but heavy duff and alluvium as 

well as numerous trees of heaven obscure the historic ground surface here and throughout the block. Flooding in 2013 impacted several landscape features (Burton 2013a).

Block 12 The Block 12 mess hall garden is one of the most frequently visited gardens at Manzanar due to its easily accessible location near the driving tour road and the 
When fi rst recorded in 1993 the concrete pond was overgrown with tamarisk and damaged. Some repairs evident defi nitely pre-date the establishment of the Historic Site. Some historic trees are still present, but vastly overgrown. The garden was mapped in 1993 and in 2007 the tamarisk were cut. In the middle of stabilization and restoration work in the summer of 2013, the garden was fl ooded and buried by fl ood deposits from an unusually heavy rainstorm. Restoration of the garden was completed in 2014 (Figures 4.62-4.71).The earthen mound at the north end of the garden is 4 feet high. On top of the mound vertical rocks, 12 to 14 inches high, form a waterfall that drops 18 inches into a cascading stream 16 feet long. The stream drops 19 inches at another waterfall and travels 4 feet more before it splits in two, with the east branch 10 feet long and the west branch 16 feet long. The island created by the two branches measures 7 by 11 feet; a tree on the island is now a stump. Both branches fall directly into a pond that measures 22 by 14 feet overall; the pond width narrows about half-way down its length to 6 feet. Most of the pond is 24 to 28 inches deep, but a basin in the south end reaches 40 inches deep. A vertical overfl ow pipe in the south end of the pond would have kept the water level about 5 inches below the concrete pond rim.The garden encompassed most of the area between the mess hall and Barracks 14; it was divided into two sections by a concrete sidewalk constructed directly across from the main mess hall entrance. The larger northernmost section featured many traditional Japanese garden elements, including a water source or fountain (izumi), waterfalls (taki), cascades (daki), a 

stream separated by a water-dividing stone (mizuwake ishi) at the upstream end of an island, a large gourdshaped pond, and a hill and mounds created with earth and rocks. Concrete lines the stream channel and pond, and was used as mortar to cement rocks in place. Within the concrete are small circular planting holes, and the concrete bottom of the upper portion 

of the stream course is lined with pebbles to provide a rippling eff ect. Within the pond are symbolic crane and tortoise (tsuru-kame) islands. The crane rock, composed of two 

rocks (24 by 13 by 13 inches and 21 by 25 by 5 inches) set vertically on a pedestal constructed of rock and concrete, would have reached 16 inches above the water level (Figure 4.72). The turtle rock (28 by 18 by 13 inches) would have risen about 6 inches above the water. The two vertical rocks that fl ank the garden entrance on the east side are 20 inches and 24 inches high. The shorter one has a repair likely made when it was originally placed (Figure 4.73). Six stepping stones lead from the entrance to the edge of the pond; from there, four stepping stones parallel the edge of the pond to the north, and nine to the south. Rocks also border the pond and set back from the southwest edge on the pond there was a low fl at 

viewing stone (reiseki, “worship stone” or “reverence rock”). The stone was stolen sometime after 1993. Because of its traditional design, Japanese garden experts consider the Block 12 mess hall garden one of the three best gardens at Manzanar. For more description and interpretation of this garden see Beckwith (2013) and Noah (1999).Restoration work included removing the fl ood deposits (Figure 4.74), non-historic stumps and trees, and trees with roots damaging features; excavating and rebuilding a rock retaining wall; uncovering rock features; resetting and replacing rocks; repairing the concrete pond and stream; replacing wood posts to form 

rangui walls; and constructing a replica fence (Figures 4.75-4.81). During this work, a small concrete slab at the back (north) entrance to the mess hall was uncovered. Located adjacent to where the stairs would have 

been, the slab has a date in the southwest corner, “4-3-43.” Following the restoration work a new detailed map of the garden was prepared.

Figure 41993.
134 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.62. Block 12 mess hall garden.
Figure 4.63. South end of Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.64. North end of Block 12 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.65. East entry to Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.66. Retaining wall at Block 12 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.67. Block 12 mess hall garden. Figure 4.68. Divided stream at Block 12 mess hall garden
136 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.69. Stream channel at Block 12 mess hall garden showing planting holes and embedded pebbles.

Figure 4.70. Divided stream at Block 12 mess hall garden showing water-dividing rock and Figure 4.71. Cascade at Block 12 mess hall garden.water-turning rock.
During the mess hall garden restoration work, small gardens were exposed at each end of Barracks 14. The garden at the north end of Barracks 14 would have been the entry garden for Apartment 4. It includes a concrete landing, a black locust tree on either side of 

the entry (one is still growing, the other is a stump), and an assortment of cobbles and boulders (Figure 4.82). The garden at the south end of Barracks 14, which would have been the entry for Apartment 1, consists of a small concrete landing and rock borders to either side. Along the north half of the east side of Barracks 14 is a sidewalk; part of this sidewalk is regular poured concrete, and part is composed of pieces 

of recycled concrete mortared together. Another barracks entry garden depicted in historic photographs was at Barracks 12 Apartment 1, where 71-year-old Saiki Izuno lived with his 58-year-old wife Mitsu (Figure 4.83). Saiki’s occupation is listed as a retail manager; he could speak, read and write Japanese and English. They returned to Los Angeles in July 1945. In the photographs, the garden is on either side of the apartment entry steps; at the barracks edge it is defi ned with vertically set rocks and trellises or barracks skirting made of small branches, and in the front it is defi ned with curved branches. The area between the borders looks freshly tilled, with no vegetation yet growing. There is nothing visible at this location now.Elsewhere in Block 12, part of a concrete entry was exposed at Barracks 7 when a large tamarisk tree was removed (Burton 2007b), and some partially buried rock alignments are visible in watering basins recently constructed around some historic fi g trees at the south end of Barracks 8. Other landscaping visible in this heavily wooded block includes a stepping-stone pathway constructed of well-buried fl at-topped boulders leading to what would have been the doorway of Barracks 8 Apartment 4 and rock alignments at Barracks 9. One unique vegetation specimen is a catalpa tree, still growing, between the locations of the womFigure 4.73. Rock at Block 12 mess hall gar- den entrance showing past repair likely done by internees.

Figure 4.72. Turtle and crane rocks at Block 12 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.75. Retaining wall at Blto preservation work.

Figure 4.76. Retaining wall at Bexcavation.

Figure 4.77. Retaining wall at Blrestoration.

Figure 4.74. Pond at Block 12 mess hall garden fi lled with fl ood deposits.
138 Garden Management Plan

en’s latrine and the laundthe area and must have bBlock 12 is also the only bwere also planted by inteDuring fl ooding in 2013 mblock was impacted; sommuch new silt was deposBlock 13The Manzanar Fire Statioend of this block in a speBarracks 1 and 8 (Figure 4tograph, there is no mess vegetation is visible arouAnsel Adams photograph shows orchard trees withfront yards at the north eracks 8 and 9 (Figure 4.85Landscaping features curinclude a circular rock albeen the area between th14 (Figure 4.86); this rock rocks, may have been aroof Barracks 9 there is a nfl anked by two parallel roeast and west the width oAt the south end of Barraline rectilinear areas on b

Other features include casurrounding a stump betalignments on the west, eracks 10; rock alignments 13; and a rock alignment 12. A concrete slab coveriBarracks 13 and 14 cannoaerial photograph; its fun

Figure 4.79. Waterfall at Block 12 mess hall garden after restoration. 

Figure 4.78. Waterfall at Block 12 mess hall garden prior to restoration.

Figure 4.81. Restored fence at Block 12 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.80. Restored rangui post wall at Block 12 mess hall garden.
Figure 4.82. Entry garden at Block 12 Barracks 14 Apartment 4.Figure 4.83. Historic photograph of Block 12 Barracks 11 Apartment 1 (Ron Izuno Collection, Manzanar NHS).In 2012, a very large tamarisk was cut and all duff removed at the south end of Barracks 8 (Burton 2012b). A concrete entry edged with granite cobbles was exposed, with two postholes on either side of what 

would have been the entry walkway. The postholes likely held posts for a gate or fence. In addition, alignments of upright wallboard and scattered wallboard outlines an area 11 feet north-south by 22 feet eastwest. The wallboard may have been a border for a yard or lawn. Figure 4.85. View of Block 13 Barracks 8 and 9 from guard tower (Ansel Adams p

Figure 4.84. Fire station in Block 13 (WRA 1945).
140 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.87. Rock alignments and nobedon

and concrete entry at Block 13 Barracks 9 Apartment 4.

Block 14This block is being reconstructed as a “demonstration block,” so visitors can see a typical block layout. To date a World War II-era mess hall has been moved to the block and two new replica barracks have been constructed at the locations of Barracks 1 and 8. Plans call for additional replica buildings to be constructed, with fi rst priority the latrines and then the laundry and ironing room. The basketball court at the east end of the block, between Barracks 1 and 2 and Barracks 8 and 9, was rebuilt in 2015.The 1944 aerial photographs indicate that there was no mess hall garden, nor discernible vegetation around the mess hall, recreation hall, or Barracks 14. The rest of the barracks have trees, lawns, or other vegetation on all sides. There is a historic photograph 

of a fl ower garden at Baroral history with Mike Shlived at Barracks 3 Apartma bridge between Barrackbetween Barracks 6 and side of the barracks, and have faced that area. Todgarden or pond visible on Barracks 6 and 7. It seemwould have been betweebut again there is no evidthose areas.Barracks landscape featuand mapped in 2000 and ton 2009a). At the south landing and walkway ext

Figure 4.86. Rock circle at Block 13 mess hall. Figure 4.88. Entry garden at Block 14 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.
Figure 4.90. Stepping stones at Block 14 Barracks 10.

ment 4 (Figure 4.88). The landing is formed of rocks set in mortar, like nobedon. From the landing extending south are seven stepping stones. Rectangular rock alignments defi ne a large space on either side of the 

stepping stones. A few years ago there were historic black locust trees within that rock-defi ned rectangle, 

but they have since died and been removed. At the south end of Barracks 2 there was also a rectangular rock alignment defi ning a yard or garden at the Apartment 4 entrance. At the corner of the rock alignment is a distinctive vertically set rock. At Barracks 4 there is a broken concrete stoop and rock alignments. At the south end of Barracks 7, there are rectangular rock alignments on either side of the walkway that extends straight out south from the entry. The rock alignments also defi ne another walkway that goes east-west across the end of the barracks. Large rocks were vertically set at the corners, and a concrete slab forms a stoop where the entry would have been. There may have been stepping stones along the walkway that extends south from the entry (Figure 4.89). Barracks 8 has a rock-lined ditch that extended along part of the west side of the building from the southwest corner; the ditch would have been located under the roof’s drip line (Burton 2010a). At the north end of Barracks 8 are eight square concrete “stepping stones” extending out from Apartment 4; the one closest to the entry is set parallel to the building; the other seven are set at an angle, so that each is a diamond shape. At the south end of Barracks 10 there is a possible rock path. On the east (back) side of Barracks 10 

about at the middle of the barracks there are fi ve stepping stones in an east-west alignment (Figure 4.90). 

On the west (front) side of Apartment 3 there are two rectangular rock alignments that enclose yard areas and outline a path to the door. Shiunzo Shiraki, one of the creators of the hospital gardens, lived at Apartment 3.

Figure 4.89. Entry garden at Block 14 Barracks 7 Apartment 4.

Figure 4.91. Concrete sApartment 1.

Figure 4.92. Peach trees at Block 14 Barracks 13. Figure 4.93. Entry and 

Barracks 13.
142 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.94. Block 14 ironing room garden.
Figure 4.98. Block 14 ironing rooting of rocks.

Figure 4.95. Excavation of Block 14 ironing room garden in 2010.Figure 4.97. Remains of rangui posts at Block 14 ironing room garden.Figure 4.99. Block 14 ironing room garden.

At the south end of Barracks 12 is a T-shaped concrete sidewalk. The top of the T would have been parallel to and adjacent to the end of the barracks, and the “stem” would have extended straight south from the doorway (Figure 4.91). In addition there are numerous scattered rock concentrations nearby. On the east side of Barracks 13 are two peach trees (Figure 4.92). Too close together and in the wrong location to have been part of the pre-war town orchard, these trees would have been planted by an internee. At the south end of Barracks 13 where the entry to Apartment 1 would have been is a nobedan pavement 

made of cobbles (Figure 4.93). To the west of the entry is a rock alignment that extends straight south from where the corner of the barracks would have been, then curves back to the northwest. Five or six large boulders are adjacent. In 2010 a pile of displaced boulders and concrete west of the ironing room was investigated (Burton 2010b). Excavation revealed a small garden, with a central concrete sidewalk leading from the ironing room door, artfully placed landscape rocks, and a low rangui partition made of short birch posts (Figures 4.94-4.99). The posts were set vertically in the ground in concrete, to create a separate area adjacent to the rock garden. Dark soils in this area indicate it was likely once a grass lawn or fl ower garden. After excavation some of the garden rocks were reset, as was a section of displaced sidewalk and a concrete step. The Block 

14 ironing room was used as an offi ce and residence until January 1944, after which it was used as a classroom. The garden is not apparent on the 1944 aerial photograph.Other features in Block 14 include a walkway, a stoop, and rock alignment at the south end of the recreation building; an L-shaped rock retaining wall between Barracks 1 and 8; and part of a concrete-lined wading pool discovered east of the men’s latrine in 2000. 
144 Garden Management Plan

Block 15Historic documents indiat least four notable barrsurface evidence of two oexcavation in 2010.Tak Muto’s barracks gardracks 8, was the fi rst gardThe July 31, 1942, Block Ma “rock garden has been Tak Muto.” The early datfi rst completed at the relresidential rock garden mManagers’ Daily Reportswould later go on to help Today at the south end oconcrete sidewalk to the of the T is adjacent to the the whole width of the bsidewalk that extends ouand bordered by cobbles it reaches rock alignmenteast and the west to defi nrock alignments, the sidepad, where the concrete “4/15/43,” two days after left Manzanar. From the go beyond the edge of thright turn to extend nortthe south, east, and west rocks that make up the al4.101). The sidewalk extewhat would have been thand then angles back eassidewalk a 3-foot-high au

into the ground vertically(Figure 4.102). Fallen blaceast rock alignment; the t

Figure 4.102. Embedded automobile driveline at Block outside the planting area15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1.

Figure 4.101. Rock alignment at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1.

Figure 4.100. Concrete walkway at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1.
of the barracks, in the east planting area, may have been a locust. The date inscribed in the sidewalk extension and the 

incorporation of large rocks, likely from outside the security fence, indicate that work continued on the 

garden after its fi rst mention in the Block Manager’s Report. Because each barracks room was supposed to house eight people whether they were related or not, Tak Muto and his wife may have shared their apartment with others. For example, the Manzanar Roster lists Toshio Paul Yamamoto and his family as residents of the same apartment. However, it is not known if Toshio lived there while the Mutos were still there, or if he and his new bride moved in after the Mutos had left in April of 1943. Toshio Paul Yamamoto was born in Hawaii in 1915, and prior to internment he was a retail manager in Los Angeles. Toshio could speak, write, and read Japanese and English. He married Miyo Kikuchi (born 1917) at Manzanar on March 21, 1943, a month before the Mutos departed Manzanar. A son, Ronald Tomio Yamamoto, was born in December 1944. The Yamamoto family left Manzanar for the East Coast in May 1945. The Manzanar Roster also lists Hanzo Morita as a resident of Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1. However, the March 1944 Quarterly census recorded him as living at Block 15 Barracks 14 Apartment 4, indicating that Morita moved to Barracks 8 Apartment 1 after that date. Hanzo Morita, a widower, was born in Japan in 1879. He could speak, write, and read only Japanese and his occupation was listed as “Fruit and Vegetable Graders and Packers.” Originally from San Fernando, he left Manzanar November 14, 1945, for Burbank. Although Tak Muto is known to be the builder of the main part of the Barracks 8 Apartment 1 garden, the sidewalk is inscribed April 15, 1943, two days after the Muto family left Manzanar, suggesting Toshio Yamamoto added the sidewalk. The Yamamotos and Morita likely cared for and added to Muto’s 

garden.

Figure 4.105. Rock Block 15.

Figure 4.104. Rock alignment at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 4.Figure 4.103. Inscribed concrete at Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 3.
146 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.107. Recycled town-era concrete used as a border at Block 15 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.

Figure 4.108. Recycled town-era concrete used as a border at Block 15 Barracks 1 Apartment 4. 

Also at Barracks 8, outsidalignment that would havracks, enclosing a plantinrock alignment also enclothat would have served ascribed with names. Becaburial, not all of the namOnishi” and “M. NakazaAt the north end of Barra4 entry would have beenof rocks vertically set int4.104). A small concrete s

barracks suggests the resto face the common courends of Barracks 8 and 9 ture composed of mortarthe feature may have origplanter (Figure 4.105).Another garden was loca2: the March 18, 1943, Blostates “A miniature park between building 1 and 2alignment between the soand a circular rock alignmonce formed a planter fo(Figure 4.106). At the souconcrete curb, a concrete alignments, and a nobedables (Figures 4.107-109). Trecycled pieces of concreborder. More features likA third garden was ment1942, Manzanar Free Pressults of the best pond conprivate garden at 15-5-2.” cavation in 2010, only a con the surface in front of racks 5 Apartment 2 (Figuindicate this was the apar

Figure 4.106. Rock circle between Barracks 1 and 2 in Block 15.
Figure 4.109. CBarracks 1 Ap

the Nakata family: Yasai Nakata, a gardener from Pasadena, age 62 in 1942, his wife Kino, and their two adult daughters, Yuriko and Ayako. The archeological work revealed a large concrete pond, measuring 35 by 20 feet in plan and mostly 16 inches deep, though two deeper basins occur at each end. The pond was centered between Barracks 5 and 6, and large enough that four apartment doors would have faced on to it (Figures 4.111-4.120). After the garden was uncovered, it was determined that one historic photograph may be of this garden (see Figure 2.22). The photograph is dated Memorial Day 1942, Figure 4.110. Block 15 Barracks 5 garden prior to excavation; rocks to the left of the boulder were uncovered during probing to determine the pond’s loc
148 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.111. Block 15 Barracks 5 garden.
Figure 4.118. Block 15 Barracks (photograph by Dick Lord).

Figure 4.120. Block 15 Barracks 5 edge.

Figure 4.117. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond showing embedded and missing rocks.

Figure 4.115. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond show- Figure 4.119. Outlet gate at Bloing scalloped edge.

Figure 4.116. Block 15 Barracks 5 pond showing embedded and missing rocks.Figure 4.114. Kyoto gardeners and the author at the Block 15 Barracks 5 garden (photograph by Mary M. Farrell).

Figure 4.113. Excavation of the Block 15 Barracks 5 pond in 2010.

Figure 4.112. Excavation of the Block 15 Barracks 5 pond in 2010.
150 Garden Management Plan

indicating this pond was Manzanar. It appears thaand uncared for before Mbeen fi lled partially with building debris. Above thfound domestic trash datthe abandoned pond was by residents. 

There are two black locuwest edge of the pond anstump remnants 111⁄2 feet Measuring 34 feet north-the pond has a scalloped The pond has sloping sidof the pond the depth vato 1 foot 6 inches deep, brounded depressions at tIn the center of the pond in size. The island edge, wbordered by small and lacrete, with the large rockone boulder visible prior rock in the pond, measurhad been set in concrete the island. At the south eor peninsula of concrete into it as well as a rock mwould have been. It apperocks are missing from thlarge displaced rock on tin the pond, and these medge. However, the rocks larger than the rock imprThe outer edge of the pobeen lined with rocks: thinches wide, was troweleHowever, on the south enalignment of about seven 

Figure 4.121. Excavation of Block 15 Barracks 7 pond in 2010.

Figure 4.125. Rock “crouching” lantern at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond.Figure 4.124. Rock “snow-scene” lantern at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond.

Figure 4.122. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond after restoration.Figure 4.123. Kyoto gardeners and the author at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond (photograph by Mary M. Farrell).
parallel to and about 12 inches from the pond edge. It may have been part of a path edging or planting bed, but could not be traced farther. Other than some large rocks in the north and south ends of the pond and small rocks of the kind around the edge of the island, very few rocks were found in the pond fi ll. The north rim of the pond has an overfl ow notched for a wooden gate. The pond has suff ered some damage to the concrete along the edge, and empty impressions along the perimeter of the island indicate missing rocks, but otherwise the pond is in good condition. It is noteworthy that such a large amount of concrete was used in the construction of the pond, over a month before the Manzanar Free Press admonishment in August 1942 not to build ponds because of the shortage of cement.The fourth known garden in Block 15 is a pond located at Barracks 7. This garden appears in six historic photographs and a few seconds of color movie fi lm, and was described in the August 12, 1942, edition of the Manzanar Free Press (see Figures 2.21 and 2.23). 

Kiichiro Muto built it in front of his barracks entry with the help of his neighbor Roy Sugawara. The photographs and movie show a low arched bridge and two stone lanterns. Although the newspaper article mentioned the pond could be found at the Block 15 recreation hall, the best clues to its location came from photographs of the Protestant church that show the garden in the background. The church was labeled on WRA blueprints, which provided a datum for the location of the pond. No evidence of the pond or garden was visible when the archeological investigations began in 2010, but excavation found the outline of the pond (Figures 4.121- and 4.132). Many of its border rocks had been pushed into the pond and some of the pond walls were crushed, as though by a bulldozer. The pond also contained burned building debris, refl ecting the hurried Figure 4.131. Small p

two “falling-water” Figure 4.129. Repair 

Figure 4.127. Historic photograph showing stacked footers at Block 15 Barracks 7 pond (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 4.130. Detail opond showing Japan

Figure 4.128. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond showing copious small rocks used in side walls.Figure 4.126. Stream channel and stacked footers at the Block 15 Barracks 7 pond.
152 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.132. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond.
cleanup and dismantling that occurred at the close of the relocation center. The bridge had been broken, probably during camp demolition, but the pieces were still there (Burton 2010b).The pond measures 23 feet by 12 feet overall, and has roughly a fi gure-8 shape, with a 30-inch-long and 20-inch-wide bridge across the narrow center. The pond is 24 to 32 inches deep, being the deepest under the bridge. The pond walls contain abundant cobbles, possibly attesting to the scarcity of cement rather than a design element. The pond was fi lled via an 8-foot-long stream channel and a series of small basins that overfl owed at two points into the northeast edge of the pond. There are impressions of wood gates in the channel and at the overfl ows. Four inches below one of the overfl ows 

there is a protruding rock to break the fall of the water (rakusui seki, “falling-water rock”). The stream 

channel was also connected by a buried pipe to the southeast edge of the pond where there likely were more basins and one or more overfl ows. This area of the pond was badly damaged, but there is an intact falling-water rock, and broken concrete with wood gate impressions was recovered from the pond. The bridge was made of recycled concrete slab fragments held in place with new concrete. In the new concrete there is a faint Japanese inscription, the characters possibly translating as “Made by Muto.” The pieces of the rock lanterns were also discovered 

within the pond depression. The pond was surrounded by stepping stones created of more recycled concrete slab fragments, which also created a path from the Muto family’s door around the tallest stone lantern, across the bridge, and toward the Protestant church. The last stepping stone in the path toward the church was made of several small cobbles rather than a concrete fragment. The recycled concrete slab fragments most likely came from the abandoned town of Manzanar.

Figure 4.134. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond after restoration.

Figure 4.133. Block 15 Barracks 7 pond after excavation.
154 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.135. Rocks and rock alignment at Block 15 Barracks 2 Apartment 1.Figure 4.136. Rocks and rock alignments at Block 15 Barracks 3 Apartment 1.

As part of the 2010 projereassembled. The taller lathree-legged “snow-scenmade of reddish metamotern, 18 inches high, is a “doro) made of granite coof lantern is typically plaThese would have been swas no actual lamp box oin Japanese gardens lanterations and not as actual The bridge, pond edge, arepaired in 2010 (Figures feature is composed of twfrom a town-era buildingmake a small tower 18 incfound in the pond fi ll; it hspike that was part of the footers, reminiscent of a toric photographs. Surroremoved in 2013 and 2014 In addition to the barraclandscaping elements in Block Manager’s Report 

“beautifying the block by May 1, 1943, Block Managjob was complete: “PlantIn the 1944 aerial photogthe recreation hall (used have vegetation around tlandscaping between Bar9, and 12 and 13. There apBarracks 10 and 11, and a centered between the meible. The pond at Barrackphotograph, but the one aerial photograph is cleaIn fact, a historic photogformer resident of this bl
Figure 4.137. Distinctive blue granite rock at Block 15 Barracks 3 Apartment 1.another, as yet unidentifi ed, garden pond in Block 15 (see Figure 6.11).Today several landscape features are visible in this block, in addition to the excavated ponds. There are concrete fragments and mortared rocks at the south end of Barracks 2. At the north end of Barracks 2 rock alignments on either side of the Apartment 1 entry 

extend outward to defi ne two planting areas (Figures 4.135); however, the eastern rock alignment and planting area have been eroded away by a recent arroyo. At the north end of Barracks 3, rectangular rock alignments defi ne two large planting areas divided by a walkway (Figure 4.136). Larger rocks, up to small boulder in size, were placed at each corner. The walkway is formed of stones and concrete slab fragments arranged as steppingstones. One rock set into the west planting area appears to have been selected for its unique color and shape (Figure 4.137). Other rocks were added to the planting areas, too. A semi-circular concrete stoop at the entry has the date inscribed: “4-13-43.” At the north end of Barracks 11 there are rock alignments, and between the north end of Barracks 10 and 

11 there is a substantial double-course rock alignment. At the south end of Barracks 12 and between Barracks 11 and 12 are concrete sidewalks. There is a concrete stoop at the north end of Barracks 13 that has an address of embedded pebbles (“15-13-4” signifying block, barracks, and apartment number) and a rock alignment that extends from the stoop to Barracks 12. Rock alignments encircle trees north of Barracks 11, northeast of Barracks 12, and west of Barracks 13, and there are numerous other rock concentrations and possible alignments.At the southeast corner of the Block 15 mess hall there is a short rock alignment, a concrete entry, and a grouping of small boulders (Figure 4.138). 

Block 16This block was at fi rst a typical residential block, and 

three of the Block Manager’s Daily Reports mention landscape gardens. The August 5, 1942, Block Manager’s Daily Report documents a request for cement to build a rock garden: “Request sent to Mr. Brown for three sacks of cement for a rock garden in our block.” 

Figure 4BarrackFigure 44 in BloFigure 4racks 5 

Figure 4.138. Rocks and concrete feature at Block 15 mess hall.
156 Garden Management Plan

show what appears to be from the building layout, den was between BarrackAt the location of the garlarge boulders and numeing many that are erodin4.139 and 4.140).Currently visible landscainclude rock alignments One of these rock alignmarea incorporated into a the barracks (Figure 4.141alignments between Barrindicate a mess hall gardehall itself is now a dense Block 17 Three historic photograpscape features in this blothe Nagatomi family’s phbook, shows the ReverenApartment 4 at Barracks the apartment include a sside the apartment door, 

around the deck. While twere constructed of 2-bycal posts at the corner anopening appear to be conlumber, suggesting there photograph frame. Part oincised decorative interseat Reverend Nagatomi’s 

(Figure 4.143). The scorinfragments at the Block 18 gatomi was the minister. crete sidewalk has a date 

ure 4.144); the similar des

A later Block Manager’s Report (April 22, 1943) indicates that the author “went for rocks for garden and kitchen.” The third mention of landscaping in a Block 16 Manager’s Report (July 9, 1943) states that “new lawns and gardens [are] very successful.” However, all three reports predate Block 16’s change in use: by the fall of 1943, the block had been converted into a relocation-center-wide elementary school, and the scattered elementary classrooms were consolidated there. All the Block 16 residents were moved to other blocks.The 1944 aerial photograph was taken after the block had been converted to a school. In the photograph, there are no lawns, and very little other vegetation. The few large trees visible are likely trees that pre-date the relocation center, but there are also north-south alignments of small trees on the east and west sides of the mess hall. Historic photographs of the Oda family 

Figure 4.144. Inscription in concrete walkway at Block 17 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.

Figure 4.143. Concrete walkway at Block 17 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.Figure 4.142. Reverend Nagatomi at Block 17 Barracks 1 Apartment 4 (Nagatomi-Okabe Collection, Manzanar NHS). 
led to the Apartment 4 entrance and the curving rock alignments and trees are visible, but the concrete stumps or logs are gone (Figure 4.146). In the Barracks 3 photograph, three men, a woman, and a girl stand on the steps or in the doorway, all looking toward the camera or toward a fourth man, who stands at the bottom of the steps and holds a clipboard. One sign to the right of the entrance door shows the location as “BLK 17 / BLDG 3”; another sign says “APT 4,” and another lists the residents 

as H. Akano, S. Ishikawa, S. Kano, and M. Kitahara. Hatszo Akano was a single male born in 1876, who worked as a cook. Shigeto Ishikawa was a divorced male born in 1890, whose pre-internment job was listed in the “houseman/yardman” category (although the 1937 city directory lists him only as “houseman”). Sonojiro Kano was listed as a single male born in 1875 

17 and the Buddhist temple sidewalks were made by 

the same person and close in time.A historic photograph shows a lush garden across the south end of Barracks 3, with a concrete entry sidewalk to Apartment 4 fl anked by two short decorative concrete posts and two black locust trees (Figure 4.145). On either side of the sidewalk are rock-outlined fl ower gardens, with a curving alignment of vertically-set wood posts dividing a front row of shorter fl owers from a back row of taller fl owers, shrubs, and 

what looks like an aloe or agave plant. Up against the wall of the barracks on either side of the doorway are trellises, each made of long vertical strings or wires supported by cut branches. Another distinguishing characteristic of this barracks entry visible in the photograph is what looks like wooden clapboard skirting below the tar-paper walls. Today, the sidewalk that 

Figure 4.145. Historic photograph of Block 17 Barracks 3 Apartment 4 (WRA photograph, UCLA Special Collections).

Figure 4.146. Concrete walkway and rock alignments at 
158 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.147. Block 17 Barrack 8 garden.
Figure 4.149. Block 17 Barracks 8 garden prior to excavation.

Figure 4.148. Historic photograph of the Block 15 Barracks 8 garden (Ray Chomori Collection, Manzanar NHS). 

Figure 4.150. Excavation of the Block 17 Barracks 8 garden in 2013.Figure 4.151. Block 17 Barracks 8 garden after excavation.

Figure 4.153. Faux-wood log at 

Figure 4.152. Block 17 Barracks Figure 4.154. Stream channel fi lgarden.
160 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.155. Rock borders between Barracks 8 and 9 in Block 17.

the pond, which was keptograph the pond is surrofew shrubs or small treesvation in 2013, only a few and a few rock alignmensurface. Excavation reveaarea and up to 31⁄2 feet defaux-wood concrete logs 

4.147-4.154). To the south with a short watercourse that falls into the pond. A

cavation of Kado’s pond defi ned the lawn area beture 4.155). Black locust anin the garden area, but sorepresented only by stumIn the 1944 aerial photogscape features are visibleeach barracks; a possible racks 3 and 4; and a posssouthern portion of the aand Barracks 14. Landscape features eviderock garden with a beaveof the space between Barpears to be part of a rockthe barracks. The beaveruntil 2011; it is now much (Figures 4.156 and 4.157). ments and a stoop on the rock alignments at Barrareation building; and a p

walk north of Barracks 1. there is a low cement and by 8 feet long with two wthe top. At the south end of BarraApartment 4 would have of mortared rock. Heavy 

who had been a cook. Tom Masataka Kitahara was listed as married, born in 1901, with his occupation within the “Gardeners and Grounds Keepers” category. This seems likely the same Kitahara who appears in the 1940 U.S. census as a gardener living in Venice. He had arrived in Los Angeles in 1927; his wife must have stayed in Japan. Former internee Ray Chomori donated a photograph of a garden he helped Ryozo Kado build between Barracks 8 and 9. Ryozo Kado lived in Barracks 8 and Ray Chomori lived in Barracks 9. According to Chomori’s oral history (MANZ 1003), there were carp in 
Figure 4.156. Rock feature with beavertail cactus between Barracks 2 and 3 in Block 17 in 2006.Figure 4.157. Beavertail cactus between Barracks 2 and 3 in 2015.

area likely obscure other features. At the south end of Barracks 8 there is a concrete-and-rock landing for the entry, which connects to a concrete sidewalk that parallels the end wall of the barracks (Figure 4.158). Cobbles outline the landing and the sidewalk, and 

continue to the east even after the sidewalk ends. The 

rock alignment turns 90 degrees to the north, where it becomes a low retaining wall to make the space east of Barracks 8 level. A cottonwood tree stump to the west of the entry landing indicates the tree had been part of the entryway garden, and was likely matched by another tree, indicated by decayed wood, on the east side of the landing.

Block 18 The mess hall in this block was used for a Buddhist church starting in May 1944. The 1944 aerial photograph suggests only a lawn between it and Barracks 14. In the aerial photograph all of the other barracks in this block have vegetation on both sides. There appears to be vegetables or fl owers growing in rows between Barracks 7 and the recreation building. Historic 

photographs of the Buddhist church show a stepping stone path leading to the entrance on the south side 

(Figure 4.159) and trees on the south and west sides. Today the mess hall location is heavily disturbed by erosion and construction of a fl ood-control ditch and berm and a small settling pond, but one can see sections of a broken-up concrete sidewalk with the same decorative intersecting-arc scoring as the sidewalk 

found at Block 17 Barracks 1 Apartment 4, where the Buddhist minister Nagatomi lived (Figure 4.160).Rock alignments circle several dispersed trees, and numerous other rock concentrations occur throughout the block. There is abundant vegetation and duffthat may be obscuring many other features. There are rock alignments between Barracks 1 and 2, Barracks 2 Figure 4.158. Entry garden at Block 17 Barracks 8 Apartment 1.

Figure 4Buddhistion, MFigure 4at Block 
162 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.163. Rock alignments at Block 18 Barracks 6 Apartment 4.

Figure 4.165. Rock alignments at Block 18 Barracks 7 Apartment 4.Figure 4.164. Entry garden at Block 18 Barracks 7 Apartment 3.

Figure 4.161. Rock alignments at Block 18 Barracks 1 Apartment 1.Figure 4.162. Rock feature between Barracks 5 and 6 in Block 18.

and 3, Barracks 3 and 4, aracks 1 Apartment 1 there ment surrounding a stumlar alignment surrounds 4 Apartment 1 there is a rlarge rocks are scattered In front of Barracks 5 Apdispersed rocks, apparentween Barracks 5 and 6 rrectangle in the shared spand south of Barracks 5 (There is also a broken co

east side of Barracks 5.On the east side of Barrathat may have fl anked an unusual rocks, one set veeach with companion smNear the small rock gardeted pipe that may have cden. South of the Barrackrock alignment, with somgether (Figure 4.165). Thescattered concrete slabs aend of Barracks 7. Between the north ends and 10, are straight and Ucomposed of large rocks Rock rings surround treeracks 8 and the south end 

Block 19 The Manzanar Free Press that “Block 19 has now pits barracks.” The 1944 aeand other vegetation aroin this block. Also on the 

Figure 4.166 Rocks at Block 18 Barracks 9.
space between the mess hall and Barracks 14 is divided by an east-west pathway, suggesting there may be other landscape elements there. The area between the recreation building and Barracks 7 is divided into quarters by pathways. Two Ansel Adams photographs taken from a guard tower show some of the landscaping improvements in Block 19. One of the photographs shows a fenced garden on the east side of Barracks 1, a lawn between Barracks 1 and 2, a clothesline 

between Barracks 3 and 4, and fenced gardens on the east and north side of Barracks 3 Apartment 1 (Figure 4.168). The second photograph shows fenced and unfenced gardens, clotheslines, pulled stumps, and small trees along the east side of Barracks 8 and an elaborate yard with trees at the north end (Apartment 4) of 

Barracks 8 (Figure 4.169).Landscape features evident in this block today consist of concrete or concrete-and-rock stoops and rock alignments at Barracks 1, 3, 4, 5, and 11. At the south end of Barracks 5 there are rock alignments, what may have been a rock and concrete fountain (Figure 4.170), and stumps or posts. In the middle of the east side of 

Barracks 8 is a concrete curb and two posts connected by wire (Figure 4.171) that can be seen in an Ansel Adams photograph (see Figure 4.169). Other remains include scattered rocks at the north end of Barracks 7, a concrete sidewalk at the northeast corner of Barracks 12, and a double row of stepping stones made of rocks and concrete fragments at the south end of Barracks 6 (Figure 4.172). During tamarisk removal at the north end of Barracks 8, fencing, a wood post, and a metal post were discovered (Burton 2013a).

Block 20 The 1944 aerial photograph shows no mess hall garden, but there are vegetation and pathways between facing barracks and between the back sides of many 

of the barracks. The Block 20 Manager’s Report of Figure 4.167. Rock alignment at Block 18 Barracks 10.
164 Garden Management Plan

November 30, 1942, states that an “unfi nished pond near 20-15 [the recreation building, which was used for a pre-school] nursery dangerous to children, will cover up or fence.” There is no evidence of a pond in the area now, but it may be hidden by a large tamarisk growing at the north end of Barracks 7. The June 25, 1943, Block 20 Manager’s Report notes that “Mr. Sano planted all sorts of plants around the restroom and made the place look nice.” Hirokichi Sano lived at Barracks 8. Mr. Sano was 54 in 1942; he was single, and his previous occupation was retail manager. There also must have been a garden at Barracks 3, since as mentioned in Chapter 2, nursery owner F.M. Uyematsu found one of the cherry trees he had donated for Cherry Park planted “in front of Block 20-3 garden” (Block 20 Manager’s Report, March 25, 1943). Nothing is visible at that location today.

There is a unique landscathe north end of the area 11: two standing posts witwith wire (Figures 4.173-4bor is shown in historic Tas part of a beautiful rusttrimmed hedge of black doors appear to be made skirting hides the bottom hedge look very solid. Anarea inside the hedge as atrees, and fl owers; a roperacks 10; and entry gardethe barracks with trelliseshrubs. Awnings provide dows, and foundation pl

Figure 4.168. Overview of Block 19 from guard tower, Barracks 1 at left foreground (Ansel Adams photograph, Library of Congress).
Figure 4.169. Overview of Block 19 from guard tower, Barracks 8 at left foreground (Ansel Adams photograph, Library of Congress).

Figure 4.170. Possible fountain at Block 19 Barracks 5 Apartment 4; note embedded metal spring.

Figure 4.171. Wood posts with wire at Block 19 Barracks 8. Figure 4.172. S

Barracks 6 Ap

two posts

pulled stump

pulled stump
166 Garden Management Plan

The arbor, incorrectly no(1996:476), is the only onManzanar. The arbor is cthe two limbs used as vertop. The top limb still fi ts rotated 90 degrees so thaarched as in the historic pused in the arbor are wratrellis netting. Short postthatch skirting are still steast of the arbor gate, anThe arbor and hedge encBarracks 10 and 11, and wedge of the barracks, whiApartment 5 in both barreither barracks in Apartmated the feature, the mosIsamu Ikebuchi, an Issei tion is listed as in the Gacategory. Mr. Ikebuchi livment 5, with his wife Shizin 1937, and son Sumio JaApartment 5 in Barracks Mike Hochi, his wife ShiBorn in 1886, his pre-war of Janitors and Sextons.One historic photograph Block 20 Barracks 12 Apashows a concrete sidewalawn, trees, fl owers, and to the barracks (Figure 4fence defi nes the front of that is a planter area with 

spaced plants. A wood sler area, at the end of the family garden location, a appear to be in the same graph (Figure 4.180). The are not visible, likely burzanar roster lists the Azek

Figure 4.173. Gateway at between Bararcks 10 and 11 in Block 20 (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
Jenyemon James Azeka, born in Japan in 1896, his wife Mumeno Mary born in 1901, and children Chikaye (female, born in 1936), Mitsuru (male, born in 1925), Sumiko Lillian (female, born in 1930), and Tomiko (female, born in 1923). Since one daughter is missing from the photograph, it likely dates to after Tomiko left Manzanar for school in Texas in January 1944. It is also interesting to note that the youngest, Chikaye, is holding a cat. Internees were not permitted to bring their own pets to the Relocation Center, but resourceful children and pets were able to fi nd each other. Both the Azeka parents were listed as in the laundry business, and the eldest daughter was listed as a sales clerk. At the north end of Barracks 4 are rectangular rock alignments defi ning the entry of Apartment 1. The alignments are disturbed, but one corner still has a tall, vertically set rock (Figure 4.181. There is a vertically set post, about 5 feet tall, still standing between Barracks 2 and 3 (Figure 4.182). With evidence of a missing cross-piece, the post was likely used for a clothesline. Other landscape features evident in Block 20 today include a concrete sidewalk at the south end of Barracks 2; rock alignments, posts, and edging boards at the north end of Barracks 6; a rock alignment and rock stepping stones at the south end of Barracks 9 (Figure 4.183); rock alignments at the south and north ends of Barracks 10; and rock alignments at Barracks 1, between Barracks 1 and 2, west of Barracks 5, west of Barracks 7 (for a pathway), northwest of Barracks 8, and at the northwest corner of Barracks 14. At the south end of Barracks 13 there are many large rocks, some in alignments. This rock garden is distinctive in that many of the rocks are reddish metamorphic rocks rather than the granite commonly found in Manzanar’s gardens. Some of the rocks are mortared together, and other rocks may form a stepping-stone 

Figure 4.178. Gateway at Block 20 Barracks 10 and 11 today.

Figure 4.177. Remnants of gatewBlock 20 Barracks 10 and 11 todFigure 4.175. Lawn area betweeand 11 in Block 20 (photograph yatake, reproduced with permisMiyatake Studios).

Figure 4.174. Gateway and fence at Barracks 10 and 11 in Block 20 (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).Figure 4.176. Gateway and fence at Block 20 Barracks 10 and 11 some years after abandonment (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
168 Garden Management Plan

path and a rock-borderebeen heavily disturbed (FBlock 21 The 1944 aerial photograsible mess hall garden in ways are visible between of the residential barrack

In contrast, the recreatioany plantings.Today there are many smmaining in this block. At hall there is a rock semicconnected the northeast building. The semicircle cobbles placed in a curveor two wide (Figure 4.185been a cobblestone path, rounding area seem to haOther features in Block 2at the south end of Barraside of Barracks 2; rock a3 and 4 and at the northwlow mound with some dinorthwest corner of Barrrock alignments between ments at the south end ocentrations at the north a7. At the north end of Baa mortared rock alignmea large dead tree fallen atarroyo may have carried There are a concrete sidebetween Barracks 8 and at Barracks 10 Apartment 

Figure 4.183. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 9 Apartment 1.

Figure 4.181. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 4 Apartment 1.Figure 4.180. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 12 Apartment 1.

Figure 4.184. Entry garden at Block 20 Barracks 13 Apartment 1.

Figure 4.179. Historic photograph of Block 20 Barracks 12 Apartment 1 (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 4.182. Wood post between Barracks 2 and 3 at Block 20. 
rock alignments at Barracks 11 Apartment 4 (Figure 4.188); a concrete sidewalk and rock alignments along 

the east side of Barracks 10; rock alignments and 

wood edging between Barracks 10 and 11; rock alignments at the south end of Barracks 12; and a concrete curb and rocks at the north end of Barracks 13. During tamarisk removal in 2014, rocks and a concrete sidewalk were uncovered at the north end of Barracks 10 (Burton 2014b). Between Barracks 10 and 11 are mortared rock alignments that suggest the edge of a buried pond (Figure 4.189). Another water feature is suggested by a concrete curb defi ning an oblong space with rounded corners, with the long dimension running east-west between Barracks 12 and 13 (Figure 4.190). 

Block 22This block includes the fi rst mess hall garden built at Manzanar (Figures 4.191 and 4.192). Attributed to Harry Ueno, Akira Nishi, and George Saburo Takemura, it was started in July 1942 and completed by August 1942. Ueno and Nishi lived in Block 22, Takemura lived in Block 23. Kitchen worker Harry Ueno fi rst conceived the idea for the mess hall garden and was later joined by Akira Nishi who drew up plans for a Japanese garden. Akira was the brother of Kuichiro Nishi, who led the construction of Merritt Park. Ueno worked with the kitchen workers and other men in the block to obtain the materials and construct the garden. Takemura made a wishing well fountain for the pond. Reportedly, carp and trout were collected in garbage cans for the pond (NPS 2006a:134). The garden was named otoba no ike (Manzanar Free Press October 17, 1942).Three historic photographs show the Block 22 mess hall garden (see Figures 2.27 and 2.28). Two are of the wishing well and show only small portions of the rest 

Figure 4.185. Rocks at Block 21 mess hall.

Figure 4.190. Con13 in Block 21.Figure 4.188. EntApartment 4.

Figure 4.187. Rock alignment set in concrete at Block 21 Barracks 10 Apartment 1.Figure 4.186. Rock feature at Block 21 Barracks 6 Apartment 1. Figure 4.189. Roc

Apartment 2.
170 Garden Management Plan

of the garden. The third pden from a distance covetree and cactus are locatewood forms the railing foin the background was nwere common throughoufi re suppression, and shotographs, usually betweefaucet so they would be eof the Block 12 mess hall equivalent position, fi lled 1943, Manzanar Free Presthat water barrels were c

And the RAINS CAME... Starting Sunday afternthe north, sweeping dowthe snow mantled Sierra dropped rapidly. Residenday morning and encounice on all the water barre

some sections of the comfrozen solid. [emphasis a

In the Engineering Sectioand Sisler (1946:69) note in the “Water Barrel Crewand inspect water barrels blocks and around the hofi ce buildings. Wells, like the wishing wpopular garden elements in the fi rst Japanese gardin the nineteenth centuryin the historic photograpsuch a wagon wheel, largbile parts. The use of fouis common in Japanese gwabi-sabi aesthetic (FiguThe Block 22 mess hall g

Figure 4.191. Winter snow at the Block 22 mess hall garden. Figure 4.192. Filled pond at the Block 22 mess hall garden after a spring rain.
ied, was cleared and mapped in 1993 (Figure 4.195; Burton 1996a). The garden is in good condition and no stabilization work has been needed. The garden includes a concrete-lined pond, 20 to 30 inches deep and 45 by 17 feet in plan overall in a fi gure-8 shape, with a cobble-edged arched concrete bridge about 4 feet wide across the narrowest point (Figures 4.196-4.208). North of the bridge the pond is 14 feet wide, south of the bridge the pond is 17 feet wide, while the narrowest point, at the bridge itself, is about 5 feet wide. Inscribed in the concrete top of the bridge is “AUG. 9, 42” and in the north end of the pond the date “8-7 / 1942” is formed with small stones imbedded in concrete. An island in the south portion of the 

pond measures about 10 by 4 feet. The largest rock on the island, on the south end, is topped with a small concrete pad, roughly oval in plan, a few inches tall, and fl at on top. The concrete pad may have supported a lantern or other ornament. Also on the island is a large decayed uprooted stump. There are deep areas in the pond and wood-textured (but not colored) concrete resembling logs around the pond edge. A 20-foot-long and 5-footwide concrete sidewalk bordered in cobbles leads 

from the mess hall to the bridge. There is a 1-foothigh rock-outlined mound at the north end of the pond where the wishing well was located; next to Figure 4

in Japa

Figure 4.1893 Well at Kairakuen, Mito, Japan. Figure 4.195. Mapping Block 22 mess hall garden in 1993.
172 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.196. Block 22 mess hall garden (adapted from Beckwith 2013).
Figure 4.198. North end of pond at Block 22 mess hall ga

Figure 4.199. Walkway and bridge at Block 22 mess hall garden. Figure 4.200. Island and decorative stump in south end o

Figure 4.197. Waterfall at north end of pond at Block 22 mess hall garden.
174 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.204. Concrete pedestal on rock at Block 22 mess hall garden. Figure 4

linkage 

Figure 4.206. Date inscribed in concrete at Block 22 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.202. Concrete textured to look likgarden.

Figure 4.201. Rock setting at Block 22 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.207. North end of Block 22 mess hall garden. Figure 4

mess ha

Figure 4.203. Concrete pool at edge of pond at Block 22 mess hall garden.
Figure 4.209. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.Figure 4.210. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 2 Apartment 1. 

Figure 4.211. Concrete walkway and rocks at Block 22 Barracks 5.

Figure 4.212. Rocks 

Figure 4.214. Entry Apartment 8.

Figure 4.213. Post a

the wishing well was a 42-inch-high rock, still standing. Water from the wishing well splashed into a small concrete pool bordered in rocks before it fl owed into the pond. North of the mound is a large rock circle, in the center of which is another large decayed stump (now fallen over) which appears in historic photographs (see Figures 2.27 and 2.28). There are many historic black locust trees in the garden area. A wayside exhibit includes historic photographs of the pond. For more description and interpretation of this garden, see Beckwith (2013).The mess hall garden is discernible in the 1944 aerial photograph, as are what appear to be other gardens, and all of the buildings in Block 22 are surrounded by vegetation. There appears to be a small pond between the north ends of Barracks 8 and 9. Many landscape features are visible in the block today. At the south end of Barracks 1 there is a nobedon path, disturbed 

by a fallen tree (Figure 4.209). At the north end of Barracks 2, there is a rectangular rock alignment defi ning an entry garden for Apartment 1 (Figure 4.210). An opening in the alignment would have led to the original entry door. Nearby on the west side of the barracks, there is a large concrete pad, suggesting the residents added a door and landing to their “backyard.” On the east side of Barracks 3, there is a concrete sidewalk and a broken concrete stoop. Along the west side of Barracks 5 are concrete slabs and a sidewalk (Figure 4.211). The south end of Barracks 6 has a rectangular rock outline and some large rocks, but much of the area is buried (Figure 4.212).Along the west side of Barracks 7 is a post (Figure 4.213), rock alignment, and large trees and stumps. A rock alignment is visible around one of the trees. These features may have been part of a garden created by Kichizaemon Ishii, who had been born in Japan in 1877. Ishii lived in Barracks 7 Apartment 1 with a bachelor and a divorced man. His occupation is listed 
176 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.218. Painting showing a portion of Nishi’s Block 22 Barracks 12 garden Manzanar NHS).

Figure 4.220. Top oBarracks 12.

Figure 4.219. Garden remnants at Block 22 Barracks 12.

Figure 4.216. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 10 Apartment 1.Figure 4.215. Rocks at Block 22 Barracks 8.Figure 4.217. Nobedon entry at Block 22 Barracks 10 Apartment 1.
Figure 4.221. Garden remnants at Block 22 Barracks 12.

Figure 4.222. Possible boat-shaped rock at Block 22 Barracks 12.

Figure 4.223. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 13 Apartment 1.Figure 4.224. Entry garden at Block 22 Barracks 14 Apartment 1. 
178 Garden Management Plan

In the painting, besides t

boulders, mounds, leafl esmaller green plants (poslents). There may be a poand there is a small woodwooden bucket, and somlets) between this barracless trees and snow on thsuggest winter. Today, brtal are still present, as weof a small concrete-lined scattered rocks (Figures 415 by 13 inches in size, looishi; Figure4.222). Recyclset vertically into the groAt the south end of Barrasidewalk and rock alignmApartment 1. Broken piecsidewalk may have been sidewalk along the end otending straight out from The end of the sidewalk apparently colored. Therside of the sidewalk in throck alignments. At the south end of Barraslab outlined in cobbles (sidewalk at the mess hall

large black locust trees. A22 include rock alignmenon the south sides and bethe north end of Barrack9, at the north end of Barnorth sides of Barracks 11

Barracks 13. During tamapost and a vertical pipe w

end of Barracks 8 (Burto

as gardener in WRA records.At the north end of Barracks 8 is a rectangular alignment made of large rocks defi ning the entry garden of Apartment 4 (Figure 4.214). An opening in the center of the alignment would have led to the doorway. Between Barracks 8 and 9 is a large tree surrounded by a pavement of cobbles, some of which are mortared and some of which are set into the ground (Figure 4.215). Nearby are more scattered cobbles and a rock alignment that probably bordered a walkway. The north end of Barracks 10 has a rectangular rock outline defi ning a yard area for Apartment 4, but the alignment is disturbed and partially buried (Figure 4.216). Nobedon pavement was placed at the doorway (Figure 4.217). Barracks 11 has a short rock alignment at the south end, where Apartment 1 was located.A 1944 painting signed by M. Kumano indicates there was a garden at the southeast end of Barracks 12 outside Apartment 1 (Figure 4.218). The painting, which was donated to Manzanar by Henry Nishi, shows a rock and concrete pedestal at the corner of a barracks, with a large “22” at a barracks in the background. The barracks with the rock pedestal would have been Barracks 12 Apartment 1. The Manzanar roster says the artist, Masasuke Kumano, lived at Block 23 Barracks 11 Apartment 3, and the residents of Block 22 Barracks 12 Apartment 1 were the Kuichiro Nishi family. In an interview with Anna Tamura, Henry Nishi, son of Kuichiro, was asked if there was an ornamental garden at his barracks. Henry Nishi demurred, calling it “crude landscaping” (Tamura 2002: Appendix C). One could argue with Henry’s characterization as a manifestation of modesty, considering the materials available and the fact that the painting is of the “back side” of a barracks, where there were no entry ways. 
Figure 4.226. Small boulder at Block 23 Barracks 10 Apartment 4.Figure 4.225. Small boulder at Block 23 Barracks 9 Apartment 4.

Figure 4.230. RocBlock 23.Figure 4.228. SideBarracks 6.Figure 4.229. Roc

Figure 4.227. Rock alignment at Block 23 Barracks 6.

Block 23At Barracks 9 Apartment 4 was George S. Takemura’s “Manzanar Showplace” depicted in offi cial WRA photographs taken June 17, 1942, and distributed by the Associated Press. The photographs show a wishing well made of logs and limb wood with a square bucket made of dimensional lumber hanging from a rope. There is a shade structure in front of the barracks door entrance, and a rock alignment and limbwood fence outline a garden area. Today all that remains visible at Takemura’s garden location is a small granite boulder, possibly the same large corner rock seen in one of the historic photographs (Figure 4.225, cf. Figures 2.25 and 2.26). More remnants of Takemura’s garden may lie buried under recent alluvium and duff . Takemura also built a wishing well for the Block 22 mess hall garden. Adjacent at Barracks 10 Apartment 1 is also a single small boulder (Figure 4.226).The 1944 aerial photograph shows vegetation around all of the barracks in Block 23 and possible gardens at the mess hall and between Barracks 7 and the recreation building. Landscape features evident today include rock alignments at the south end of Barracks 1 (diffi cult to discern because of slash and duff ); a rock alignment defi ning an entry garden and a rock ring around a stump at the south end of Barracks 2; and a rock alignment between Barracks 2 and 3 at the south end of the buildings, bordering what would have been their backyards. At the northwest corner of Barracks 6, near Apartment 1, there is a large stump in a circular rock-andconcrete planter. A similar stump and planter is located on the east side of the barracks, with a rock alignment extending from the planter to a concrete sidewalk that paralleled the east side of the barracks 

(Figure 4.227-4.230). 
180 Garden Management Plan

There are small boulders 7, and rock alignments al

There are also rock alignBarracks 8, and between racks 13 near the faucet is like a rock, possibly to sethe east side of Barracks intersecting curvilinear rA little to the north are lamay be related to each otgarden.There is a garden on the side Apartment 2. Disturders and two rectangular on either side of an appa

have led to the apartmenthe outlined areas includstumps and one is still alizanar roster, Tokizo Tom Ota was a self-employed 1886, and separated from gardens at private homes and WWII draft registratWRA records).There are remains of rocsouth and east sides of thA rock-lined concrete chsoutheast corner of the mchannel likely served the as similar features at the halls. 

Block 24There are two notable baand landscaping features fi rst reported ornamenta

Figure 4.232. Rocks embedded in concrete at Block 23 mess hall. Figure 4.233. Rock-lined concrete channel at Block 23 mess hall. Figure 4.231. Entry garden at Block 23 Barracks 14 Apartment 2.
racks 5 and 6. The Manzanar Free Press (June 30, 1942) describes the garden built by William Katsuki as having three large Joshua trees, four small ponds, and miniature bridges. Katsuki started the garden on April 29 gathering rocks from within the camp. The article says the Joshua trees came from Death Valley, 65 miles away. The Death Valley reference is likely an exaggeration; it is actually 100 miles from Manzanar to Death Valley, but before getting there one drives past thousands of Joshua trees, the closest to Manzanar being about 45 miles (near the turnoff to the town of Darwin). They were likely collected at the same time as some Joshua trees used in landscaping the administration area.On June 30, 1942, Dorothea Lange took two photographs of Katsuki’s garden. One photograph caption reads “William Katsuki, former professional landscape gardener for large estates in Southern California, demonstrates his skill and ingenuity in creating from materials close at hand, a desert garden alongside his home in the barracks at this War Relocation Authority center.” The other caption reads “A view of the garden strip arranged by William Katsuki, former landscape gardener from Southern California, alongside his home in the barracks at this War Relocation Authority center for internees of Japanese ancestry.”There are four other photographs of Katsuki’s garden taken from diff erent angles and distances. Together, the historic photographs show the entire garden, but apparently at diff erent times since there are some differences (see Figures 2.16-2.20). The photographs confi rm the description of the garden in the Manzanar 

Free Press. The garden is narrow, set against the wall of Barracks 5, and runs the entire length of the barracks. A watercourse with small ponds starts at the exterior faucet at the north end of the barracks and would have sunk into the sand or overfl owed at the south end (Figure 4.234). In addition to the Joshua trees, there are many cottontop cactus, and a few beavertail, hedgehog, and cholla cactus. There are also 

Figure 4.234. Historic photograph of Block 24 Barracks 5 garden (WRA photograFigure 4.235. Excavation of the Block 24 Barracks 5 garden in 2012.
182 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.236. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden.
Figure 4.237. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden after excavation.Figure 4.238. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden after excavation.

Figure 4.239. Block 24 Barracks 5 garden after eFigure 4.240. Rocks surrounding in situ Joshua t
184 Garden Management Plan

decorative logs or stumpa short section of rangui and two little wood bridgshow the watercourse as One of the Katsuki gardesimple gateway with “idle a sign next to the door in Katsuki, D. Takamatsu, acupants. Only one “Katsuroster, who lived at Barrafi rst name Manjiro, so Wname. Sixty years old in 1matsu and Hayashi were two married daughters asister (Tad Takamura, perKatsuki left Manzanar in August to enlist gardener

Katsuki’s garden was exc4.244). The four ponds mFree Press are wide spots with the largest 7 feet in wstream channel had nevebut two concrete bridges apartment entryways on At the south edge of the 2 is the tallest rock still in of the boulders along the place, but the area near tof the garden had been bbarracks demolition. A cer for one of the Joshua twas uncovered, along wit

Displaced boulders and s

and stream crossings sugused to dismantle barracfacts were recovered durThe second known barraon the west side of Barranobedon and concrete sto

Figure 4.242. Concrete bridge to Apartment 3 at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden.Figure 4.241. Broken concrete and wood bridge to Apartment 2 at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden.

Figure 4.243. Remains of miniature wooden bridge at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden.

Figure 4.2344 Resetting displaced boulder at Block 24 Barracks 5 garden.
alignments (Figures 4.245-4.247). Some of the rocks are large and mostly buried nearly fl ush to the ground. There is also an irregularly shaped concrete slab with post holes, which may be the edge of a small concretelined pond. It is not known who lived in Barracks 8. No preservation or stabilization work has been done 

at this garden.Besides dense vegetation around Barracks 5, 6, and 8, the 1944 aerial photograph shows lawns and other vegetation between all facing barracks. The space between Barracks 7 and the recreation building is barren, but there is some vegetation between the mess hall and Barracks 14. There are no known ground-level historic photographs of the mess hall area, but landscape features were visible on the surface, including remnants of two concrete stoops along the east side and a more 

fragmentary concrete stoop on the west side. The mess hall location was archeologically investigated in 2012 (Figures 4.248-4.254). At the southeast corner of the mess hall there is a small concrete-lined basin with a concrete and rock stream, 30 feet long, leading away from it. Unfortunately, the roots of a huge cottonwood tree are damaging it. The stream course goes under a low concrete bridge that is 4 feet long by 5 feet wide, and arched 6 to 8 inches high. After the stream course passes under the bridge, it becomes a concrete-lined channel that simply drains into a large sandy area. The upper part of the channel appears to have been painted or stained brown.Because the 2012 excavation at the mess hall showed that there was no pond or other feature at the end of the stream course, a dark area between Barracks 14 and the mess hall on the 1944 aerial photograph is most likely just wet ground and not a garden feature. The concrete basin may be a catch basin for a handwashing station; a similar basin was found at the Block 34 mess hall. 

Figure 4.246. Entry garden at Block 24 Barracks 8. Figure 4.247. SteFigure 4.245. Postholes in concrete and possible garden pond at Block 24 Barrac
186 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.248. Block 24 mess hall. 
At the north end of the mess hall there are two concrete stoops. A decorative curving sidewalk of cement 

bordered with cobbles leads from the north end to the east side. At both of the stoops, the sidewalk incorporates cobbles to make a nobedan-like walkway. 

A 24-inch-wide concrete sidewalk ran along the entire east side of the mess hall, expanded at the entrances; the sidewalk may have been painted or stained brown, 

at least at its south end. However, the original condition of the sidewalk is diffi cult to discern, since the area between the two east-side stoops is shattered and 

partially missing, likely from camp demolition. Today, there is a row of four trees (two stumps, one dead tree, and one live tree) between the mess hall and Barracks 14. Some of the features at the mess hall may have been constructed by William Katsuki, since he lived in this block.Other landscape features still visible in this block include a rock alignment on the east side of Barracks 10 and rock alignments north of Barracks 14.

Block 25There was at least one garden pond in this block: the Manzanar Free Press (October 5, 1942) reports that “the fi sh pond between building 5 and 6 will soon have red carp in it as soon as they arrive from Los Angeles.” What may be a fi gure-8 pond with a bridge can be discerned between these barracks on the 1944 aerial photograph. In 2013, a huge tamarisk thicket growing between Barracks 5 and 6 was cut and treated. Numerous boulders and two broken-off forked posts were exposed during that work, but deep tamarisk duff remains (Burton 2013a). The boulders appear to have formed rings around two removed trees, but they could also have been part of landscaped mounds or islands (Figure 4.255). The pond likely remains burFigure 4.249. Volunteers clearing debris at Block 24 mess hall in 2012 (Hank Umemoto). Figure 4.252. Concre

Figure 4.250. Concrete basin at Block 24 mess hall. Figure 4.251. Concrete stream channel and bridge at Block 24 mess hall. Figure 4.254. Rocks 

mess hall. Figure 4.253. Rock-liof Block 24 mess ha
188 Garden Management Plan

ied, but it may have been vertically set rock is topppossibly for a lantern or o(Figure 4.256).The barracks apartment the 1944 aerial photograp1; the Manzanar roster lis

nemasa John MuramatsuAnn (born in 1916), and t1942. Muramatsu was listoperators and fl ower grothat he spoke Japanese anwrite English. The 1944 aerial photograden. There is an unusual Barracks 12 and 13 and a rside of the recreation bui

on the east side of the rec

vegetation around most oAt the north end of Barraments defi ning the entry though the shape encloseend barracks, the rock alparallel rows of vertically 4.258). Small planters wethe rock alignment with a of cobbles. An opening in ment formed the entry to appear to lead to the apastones are fl anked by two addition, large rocks are barracks would have beeas skirting for the buildinOn the west side of Barra2 entry would have beendered by cobbles. At the stepping-stone path bordfrom the Apartment 1 ent

Figure 4.260. Wooden border and stepping stones at Block 25 Barracks 12 Apartment 1. Figure 4.257. Entry garden at Block 25 Barracks 6 Apartment 1.

Figure 4.255. Boulders around cut tamarisk tree between Barracks 5 and 6 in Block 25. Figure 4.258. Double rock alignment at Block 25 Barracks 6 Apartment 1.Figure 4.256. Rock topped with concrete platform between Barracks 5 and 6 in Block 25.

Figure 4.259. Stepping stones and rock borders at Block 25 Barracks 12 Apartment 1.
other stepping stone path extends west from the entry path, extending about 2 feet beyond the edge of the building. To the east is a nobedan path and a steppingstone path; stepping stones also extend to the north along the east side of the barracks. Some of the rocks 

at the entry garden appear to have been set in asphalt. Wooden boards set into the ground defi ne a large 

rectangular garden area, and trees (one fallen, one still standing) were planted in each corner. Several large rocks to the west of where the entry door would have been were likely a landscape feature.Other visible landscape features in this block today include rock alignments between Barracks 8 and 9 (Figure 4.263; broken concrete and asphalt on the west side of Barracks 9; wooden edging between Barracks 

10 and 11; and a lumber border on the west side of the 

north end of Barracks 12. Flooding in 2013 and 2014 caused minor erosion and deposition, impacting several of the landscape features (Burton 2013a, 2014a).

Block 26The 1944 aerial photograph shows vegetation and pathways around nearly all of the barracks in this block, trees between Barracks 14 and the mess hall, and a lawn on the east side of the recreation building. 

The aerial photograph suggests there was a pond between Barracks 10 and 11, but a known pond between Barracks 13 and 14 cannot be discerned in the photograph. Visible today in Block 26 at Barracks 1, outside of 

Apartment 4, is a rock feature composed of a circular rock alignment surrounding boulders and tree stumps (Figures 4.264 and 4.265). In addition, an entry landing was made for Apartment 4 out of concrete and pebbles (Figure 4.266). An extension of the landing, also made of concrete and pebbles but with a raised 

Figure 4.261. Wooden border at Block 25 Barracks 12 Apartment 1.Figure 4.262. Rock and wooden borders at Block 25 Barracks 12 faucet.

Figure 4.263. Ro
190 Garden Management Plan

edge, angles off toward thAlong the west side of Bathat parallels the barrackthe barracks wall, with opApartments 2 and 3 (FiguApartment 3 is bordered ken-up concrete stoop at entry path is a concrete ssouth end of Barracks 4 aments on either side of th

but the alignments have bend of Barracks 5 appearrock alignments defi ning ment 1, but the area is palarge tamarisk that has beBetween Barracks 8 and rocky mounds, part of a rocks, a possible pond, roand stumps (Figure 4.269is composed of rocks moarch. This arch feature mtograph of an unnamed J(Figures 4.270 and 4.271)is capped by additional rtally and vertically, so thalantern. A tree is just budAlong the west side of Basidewalk, now broken (Frecord of who lived in thment 2), but the remains alignments indicate they Japanese garden. The remains of another ebetween Barracks 13 and recent arroyo is eroding garden. Flooding in 2013 erosion (Burton 2013a, 20a large irregularly shaped 

Figure 4.266. Walkway made of concrete and pebbles at Block 26 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.

Figure 4.265. Rock circle, boulders, and tree stumps at Block 26 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.Figure 4.264. Entry garden at Block 26 Barracks 1 Apartment 4.
dered with rocks of several colors. There is a rock mound on the south side of the pond. A raised rectangular feature outlined in cobbles, fi lled with dirt, and topped with a fl at concrete slab (now broken) may have been a shelf or bench. There is also a rectangular rock alignment surrounding the entire garden; part of the alignment is several courses high and forms a retaining wall. Adjacent to the garden at Barracks 14 Apartment 3 is a concrete sidewalk; given the orientation of the mound and pond, this apartment’s entry 

would have been the primary viewing point for the garden. The only recorded residents at Barracks 14 in 

the Manzanar roster was the Fujimori family in Apartment 3. George Yoshio Fujimori may have been the garden’s creator. He and his wife Esther Ritsuko were only 21 years old in 1942, and they had a son born in Manzanar in November 1942. They left Manzanar in the summer of 1944. George’s occupation was listed as “Semiskilled Chauff eurs and Drivers, Bus, Taxi, Truck, and Tractor,” Esther’s job was listed as “Clerical and Kindred Occupations.”Other features visible in Block 26 today include a rock alignment between the north ends of Barracks 3 and 4; a rock and concrete stoop west of Barracks 10; a broken concrete stoop at the south end of Barracks 12; and a concrete stoop on the south side of the mess hall. During 2013 tamarisk removal, an east-west alignment of posts and a wood stake, likely part of a fence, were discovered in the duff at the south end of the open area between Barracks 5 and 6.Block 27The 1944 aerial photograph shows sparse vegetation in this block, but there are lawns, pathways, and possibly other landscaping features visible between Barracks 1 and 2, Barracks 5 and 6, Barracks 8 and 9, Barracks 10 and 11, and Barracks 11 and 12. There is a Figure 4.269. Garden between Barracks 8 and 9 in Block 26.

Figure 4.268. Entry gApartment 1.

Figure 4.267. Entry garden at Block 26 Barracks 4 Apartment 3.
192 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.273. Garden between Barracks 13 and 14 in Block 26. Figure 4.274. Raised rectangular feature at garden betw

Figure 4.272. Concrete sidewalk aBlock 26.

Figure 4.271. Lantern leg made of rock and concrete between Barracks 8 and 9 in Block 26.

Figure 4.270. Japanese American soldier at Japanese lantern (Mary Ichino Collection, Manzanar NHS).
divided lawn between Barracks 7 and the recreation building and a north-south row of trees between Barracks 14 and the mess hall. An undated historic photograph of the mess hall shows a small tree stump (possibly re-sprouting) and some fl owers (possibly marigolds) within a circular watering basin, but no elaborate garden (Figure 4.276).Today, at the entry of Barracks 3 Apartment 2, one can see a nobedon landing and a 21⁄2-foot-high post with a 

nail on top (Figure 4.277). There was also apparently a nobedon landing next door at Apartment 3, now disturbed. At the south end of Barracks 5 at Apartment 4, there is a post-and-wire fence defi ning the entry garden 

(Figures 4.278-4.280). The wire and posts still remain, with the posts extending less than 18 inches above the ground surface. The posts may have been taller historically and are now partially buried; there has been a lot of sand deposited in the vicinity. 

At Barracks 13 Apartment 1 there are rectangular rock alignments on either side of the entry and defi ning an entry garden (Figure 4.281). Recent fl ooding has 

caused both siltation and erosion at this garden (Burton 2013a, 2014a). Other landscape features evident today include a rock stoop on the west side of Barracks 

1, a rock and concrete stoop on the east side of Barracks 2, rock alignments on the south end of Barracks 

8, and rock alignments on the east side of Barracks 13.

Block 28The 1944 aerial photograph shows abundant trees around the buildings, including the area between Barracks 7 and the recreation building, but no apparent lawns. There are pathways between Barracks 3 and 4, Barracks 5 and 6, and Barracks 12 and 13. There may be a landscaped mess hall garden. Jeanne Wakatsuki 

Figure 4.275. Garden pond between Barracks 13 and 14 in Block 26. Figure 4.276. Block 27 mess hall workers (Yoshiko Hosoi 
194 Garden Management Plan

Houston’s father’s gardeblock, at Barracks 5 Aparton 1973). The only featurock alignments south anwhich would have been cure 4.282).Remains of other landscablock today include a nobalignment at Barracks 3 Ascattered rocks likely from of Barracks 2 and south oon the west side of Barranortheast of Barracks 13; of the mess hall, likely froblock has many trees, anlikely obscure more featu2014 caused minor erosiothe block (Burton 2013a, Block 29The 1944 aerial photogration in this block. There dens and ponds between and at the mess hall, and gardens or a lawn in the and the recreation buildiSato (personal communithere being a pond in thihall. At the south end of Barrais a T-shaped sidewalk; it then paralleled the end oOn either side of the entrrock alignments. This gartrees falling over and fl oo

Figure 4.280. Wood posts and wire fencing at Block 27 Barracks 5 Apartment 4. Figure 4.279. Wood post and wire fencing at Block 27 Barracks 5 Apartment 4.Figure 4.278. Wood fence posts and cottonwood trees at Block 27 Barracks 5 Apartment 4.

Figure 4.277. Nobedon entry, small boulder, and wood post at Block 27 Barracks 3 Apartment 2.
At the south end of Barracks 8, a concrete sidewalk led from the entry to the water faucet around the corner. Short wood posts are located on either side of the doorway (Figure 4.285). Rock alignments may have defi ned the entrance yard; today only the southwest corner of a rock alignment is visible. Other landscape features evident today include a concrete sidewalk north of Barracks 2; a rock alignment at the south end of Barracks 7; broken concrete and a section of concrete sidewalk south of Barracks 9; a rock walkway and rock alignment at the south end of Barracks 14 (Figure 4.286); and a rock stoop on the east side of the mess hall. West of Barracks 11, located in the “backyard” of Apartment 3, is a 5-foot-tall post with wires still attached, probably a clothesline pole (Figure 4.287). Block 29 was located across from the hospital, and rock alignments with traces of white paint border the road intersections in the northwest and southwest corners of the block.Flooding in 2013 and 2014 caused erosion and deposition throughout this block and damaged the Barracks 8 and 10 landscape features (Burton 2013a, 2014a). Block 30 The internees in this block came from the farming community of Florin, near Sacramento. The Manzanar Free Press (August 12, 1942) reported that Block 30 has the “... greatest number of lawns in any one block ....” This claim may be substantiated by the 1944 aerial photograph which shows lawns between most of the buildings, the only exceptions being between Barracks 7 and the recreation building, Barracks 13 and 14, and Barracks 14 and the mess hall. There are pathways visible between facing barracks. There is no indication of a mess hall garden. 

Figure 4.285. Concr29 Barracks 8 Apart

Figure 4.284. Entry ment 1.

Figure 4.282. Rock alignment at Block 28 Barracks 5.

Figure 4.286. Entry ment 1. Figure 4.283. Stone walkway at Block 28 Barracks 3 Apartment 3.

Figure 4.281. Rock alignment at Block 27 Barracks 13 Apartment 1.
196 Garden Management Plan

Block 31In a historic photograph block population at that visible at the ends of the alignments and trees (Fiphotograph, there are trbarracks and also betwewhere no doors faced. His visible, and it appears ground in the area betwreation building. Barraclittle vegetation.

Today, a few landscape features can be seen in this block. They include a possible rock stoop on the east side of Barracks 1; a rock alignment west of Barracks 13; concrete and rocks at the northeast corner of Barracks 2; rocks at the southeast corner and a possible walkway on the west side of Barracks 8; and a possible asphalt entry on the south side of Barracks 7. Additional features could be buried. Flooding in 2013 and 2014 caused erosion and deposition throughout much of this block and damaged the rock alignment at Barracks 13 (Burton 2013a, 2014a). 

Figure 4.287. Wood post with wire between Barracks 11 and 12 in Block 29.

Figure 4.288. Christmas photograph of Block 31 residents (Julia Hirosawa Tafel Collection, Manzanar NHS
Today, there is a slightly mounded circular rock alignment enclosing some large rocks between the locations of Barracks 4 and 5; this feature is unusual in that it would have been on the back sides on the barracks, rather than in the area where the entry doors were located. Floods in 2013 and 2014 deposited a lot of sediment in this area, almost burying the feature (Figure 4.289; Burton 2013a, 2014a). Also at Barracks 5 is a concrete border for a yard on the west side, near the entry of Apartment 2 (Figure 4.290). On the east side of Barracks 6 at Apartment 2 are large rocks that probably outlined a yard (Figure 4.291). There may have been a garden or rock-bordered lawn between Barracks 12 and 13; a large area is outlined with rocks and recycled concrete slab fragments mortared together. This feature has been disturbed by a fl ood-control ditch (Figures 4.292-4.294).Other landscape features visible in this block today include rocks from a possible stoop on the west side of Barracks 1; a rock alignment on the south end of Barracks 3; a concrete sidewalk, a stone-lined entryway, 

and rock alignments between Barracks 3 and 4; two concrete stoops on the east side of Barracks 4; rocks 

at the southeast corner of Barracks 5; a two-coursehigh rock wall segment on the west side of Barracks 6; rock alignments at the south end of Barracks 7; remains of concrete stoops and rock alignments between Barracks 8 and 9; rock alignments north of Barracks 9; rock alignments on the east side of Barracks 11; a rock alignment between Barracks 11 and 12; a concrete stoop and rock alignments on the north end of Barracks 14; a rock-lined concrete walkway and stoop on the north, south, and east sides of Barracks 14; rock alignments and a stoop at the south end 

of Barracks 14; and rock alignments at the southeast corner of the mess hall. The rock alignments between Barracks 3 and 4 and at the south end of Barracks 14 were damaged by fl ooding in 2013 and 2014 (Burton 2013a, 2014a).

Figure 4.293. Rock at Block 31 BarrackFigure 4.294. BordeBlock 31 Barracks 1

Figure 4.292. Rock 13 in Block 31.

Figure 4.290. Concrete curb Block 31 Barracks 5 Apartment 2.Figure 4.289. Rock circle and small boulders between Barracks 4 and 5 in Block 31.

Figure 4.291. Rock alignment at Block 31 Barracks 6 Apartment 2.
198 Garden Management Plan

Block 32 The 1944 aerial photograden, but there are trees ablock, with the most vegeand 6, Barracks 8 and 9, may be a fenced landscaphall, in the south end of tation building and BarraToday, at the south end oboulders as well as rectanentry to Apartment 1. An is the remains of a fence 10, 11, 12, and 13, between Still visible are fallen posbarbed wire as well as sq4.295). At the south end oalignments creating a yaroriginal entry to Apartmealignments and possible end of the east leg of the entry was added on the e

too far from this new entment 2 would have been, and a U-shaped rock aligtoric black locust tree (FiOther landscape features alignments on the west a3, the south side of Barraracks 5, on the south side side of Barracks 7. In addsouth and north ends of in 2014 revealed a rock albetween Barracks 5 and 6 Flooding in 2013 and 2014 deposition along the norblock (Burton 2013a, 2014

Figure 4.297. Entry garden at Block 32 Barracks 13 Apartment 2.

Figure 4.296. Entry garden at Block 32 Barracks 13 Apartment 1.

Figure 4.295. Entry garden and downed fencing at Block 32 Barracks 11 Apartment 4. 
Block 33A pond built by Jack Hanshiro Arai at Barracks 4 in this block was archeologically excavated in 2011 (Figure 4.298; Burton and Farrell 2014). It had not been identifi ed or referenced in historic documents, but instead was discovered thanks to an oral history and 

historic photographs donated by Madelon Arai Yamamoto, the daughter of the pond’s creator (Figure 4.299). There was little indication of the pond on the ground surface prior to excavation, but the photographs that Mrs. Yamamoto donated indicated the pond’s location. With that knowledge, it is possible to discern the pond on the 1944 aerial photograph. After the excavation, a Toyo Miyatake photograph was identifi ed as of this pond (Figure 4.300). Excavation revealed the pond to be irregular in shape, 22 by 22 feet in size, and up to 21⁄2 feet deep. Bordered with rocks, the concrete-lined pond included three islands, a fi sh tunnel, and water lily boxes. Other landscaping features in the area between the two barracks were also uncovered, including rock alignments, concrete pads, stepping stones, and a small stream channel (Figures 4.301-4.306). Measuring approximately 

22 feet east-west by 22 feet north-south, the pond is one of the largest ponds yet found at Manzanar. Large ponds, such as those in Blocks 9 and 34, were usually associated with block mess halls, and the largest pond of all, in Merritt Park, was built to serve the entire community. Three earthen mounds in the pond formed islands; the islands and pond walls were lined with concrete. One of the islands features a tunnel, where according to Mrs. Yamamoto fi sh could hide and scrape their backs. The perimeters of the pond and of the islands were bordered with boulders and cobbles, so that when the pond was fi lled with water, its edges would have been defi ned by rock rather than concrete. The deepest part of the pond, between the three islands, 

Figure 4.298. Excavation of Block 33 Barracks 4 garden pond in 2011. 

Figure 4.300. Block 33 BarrToyo Miyatake, reproduced Studios).

Figure 4.299. Block 33 Barracks 4 garden pond (Madelon Arai Yamamoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).
200 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.301. Block 33 Barracks 4 garden.
Figure 4.304 Excavation of wood planting boxes at Block 33 Barracks 4 pond.

Figure 4.305. Fish tunnel at Block 33 Barracks 4 garden pond. Figure 4

Barrack

Figure 4.303. Rockgarden with wate

Figure 4.302. Block 33 Barracks 4 pond fi lled with water.
202 Garden Management Plan

The inlet for water, at the is a narrow channel bounlarger and taller than the two rocks would have comore than an inch wide, water and perhaps evokithe narrow channel the wa small waterfall, 8 incheconcrete-lined pool surrsmall pool the water fl ow11⁄2 inches to the pond. Owaterfall at the upper encally placed rock, 18 inchused to fi ll the pond, but nel, 3 to 6 inches wide anconstructed of rocks and the northeast end of the distance of 60 feet. Wherway, a buried pipe replacchannel. Buried pipes at to a dry well; however, in pipes are below the level Flooding in 2013 and 2014 and caused erosion and dportion of the block, parwest side of Barracks 3 (BThere are likely other sigin Block 33. The recreatioa wind storm in 1943 and 1944 aerial photograph thspace between Barracks the recreation building. A tioned “9-43 Me (Yoshi) and fl owers in an area thbetween Barracks 7 and ture 4.307). The 1944 aerial photograbetween the mess hall anindicate a mess hall garde

Figure 4.307. Garden at the Block 33 recreation building location (Yoshiko Hosoi Collection, Manzanar NHS).

is 2 feet 8 inches deep. Most of the pond is broad and shallow, less than 2 feet deep, and on the fl oor of the pond the wooden remains of four boxes were found; Mrs. Yamamoto identifi ed these as boxes her father used to grow water lilies. 
vegetation in this block, including north-south rows of trees between most barracks and around the mess hall; these trees are apparently pear and apple trees remaining from town-era orchards. There was a pear orchard in the north half of the block (some trees still remain today) and an apple orchard in the south half of the block. Besides the Arai pond, landscape features visible in Block 33 today consist of rock alignments, a concrete sidewalk, and a rock and cobble stoop at Barracks 

1 and 2; rock alignments between Barracks 3 and 4; rock alignments and cemented cobbles at the north end of Barracks 10; and a concrete stoop and rock alignments on the north end of Barracks 9. At the north end of Barracks 12 there are rectangular rock alignments on either side of the entrance to Apartment 4, and stepping stone paths going east and west 

from where the steps would have been (Figure 4.308). Also in Block 33 are rock stoops on the east side of 

Barracks 6; a cobblestone stoop and a concrete stoop 

on the west side of Barracks 7; a wood post wired to a tree and rocks at the south end of Barracks 8; and a stoop on the east side of the mess hall. One fence post 

still stands from a fence made of wood posts and four strands of barbed wire along the road north of Barracks 10 and 11 (Figure 4.309). By removing a few inches of soil, Manzanar volunteer Marie Masumoto uncovered landscaping features at Block 33 Barracks 7 Apartment 1 (Figure 4.310 and 4.311). Marie’s grandmother Nobue Saito had lived there along with Marie’s aunt Takako Saito (the Manzanar librarian), Marie’s father George, and her uncle Henry. The feature is a pathway composed of rock stepping stones, cobble pavement, a concrete slab where the steps to the apartment would have been, and three barracks foundation footers. Buried so that only their tops are exposed, the footers formed low steps to the concrete slab that was the landing for the wood entry steps. The footers likely came from the adjacent recreation building that had been destroyed in a windstorm in 1943. Figure 4

Barrack

Figure 4.308. Entry garden at Block 33 Barracks 12 Apartment 4. Figure 4.309. Downed fence at Block 33 Barracks 11 Apartment 4. Figure 4

7 Apart
204 Garden Management Plan

Most of Block 34 is coverrecorded during the 1993 mess hall garden was morocky mound (Figure 4.3a collapsed barbed-wire sociated with this garden removed by local fi rewooThe reddish-brown rockmetavolcanic rocks from Mountains, rather than tcal granite boulders and There are ten historic phfootage of the Block 34 msee Figures 2.37-2.40). In graphs Japanese characteone of the garden rocks t

Block 34 The 1944 aerial photograph shows abundant vegeta- tion and landscaping around every building in this block, including the latrines, laundry, and ironing room. Many pathways are visible, as is the mess hall garden, which won fi rst place in the Manzanar Free Press best garden contest in November 1942. Given the vegetation in the aerial photograph, other elaborate gardens could be present but obscured by trees in the photograph. Building of the mess hall garden was led by Block 34 resident George Goichi Kubota (Barracks 2) along with Seiichi Kayahara and George Futoshi Murakami (unknown addresses). Nintaro Ogami, one of the builders of the hospital gardens, also lived in this Block at Barracks 7.

Figure 4.314. Rock with Japanesgarden (photograph by Toyo M© Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 4.313. Block 34 mess hall garden (Shiro Nomura Collection, Eastern California Museum).Figure 4.312. Waterfall at Block 34 mess hall garden in 1993.
den along the east side (Figure 4.314). The characters appear to be san-shi-en, or “3-4 garden.” The Japanese characters for san-shi also translate as “purple 

mountain,” which may have infl uenced the choice of rocks used (Motomi Oguchi, personal communication 2012). Virtually all the internees schooled in the Japanese language would read these characters on the rock as san-shi-en (山紫園). Yukinori Aida, a Japanese garden professional from Tokyo, suggests the name may have had additional signifi cance in the Japanese language: 

We Japanese imagine three-four, if we hear san-shi (三四)... because numbers three and four are used 

Figure 4.316. Excavation of the Block 34 mess hall garden in 1999 (photograph b

Figure 4.318. Block 34 mess hall garden before restoration.Figure 4.317. Block 34 mess hall garden after excavation.Figure 4.315. Block 34 mess hall garden before excavation.
206 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.319. Block 34 mess hall garden (adapted from Beckwith 2013).
frequently in our life. But this san-shi named by the garden builder would also have another meaning. In Chinese characters, san-shi is “Mountain-Purple” (山紫). In fact, san-shi-sui-mei is the original complete 

phrase. San-shi-sui-mei (山紫水明) means “mountainpurple-water-bright” or “superb landscape.” This wording is quite common, so we Japanese would imagine this complete phrase if we heard san-shi.

 Yukinori Aida, personal communication 2014

The garden pond was excavated and mapped in 1999 (Figures 4.315-4.317; Beckwith 1999). In 2007 additional archeological excavation was completed in support of restoration work. Remains of the fence, including post holes, locust post remnants, and barbed wire, were discovered in place, so that the fence could be 

accurately reconstructed. Soil was brought in to rebuild the low earthen mounds that are visible in the historic photographs (Figure 4.318; Burton 2007c). A wayside exhibit featuring historic photographs was 

installed in 2009. The Block 34 mess hall garden includes a large pond, a divided stream, hills, and a waterfall (Figures 4.319-4.331). A buried pipe, with its own valve, brings water to the mounded north end of the garden from the Barracks 14 outdoor water faucet. Jagged stones form a symbolic mountain and frame an 18-inch-high waterfall, which falls into a small pool. From the pool, another waterfall drops 20 inches into the concretelined water course. A third waterfall drops 7 inches before the stream divides in two. A seam in the concrete indicates the west watercourse was added after the original construction, but how much later is not known. There is no dividing stone where the stream splits, which is somewhat unusual (Beckwith 2013), but not unheard of in Japanese gardens. Just below the stream split in the east branch there is a concrete and wood dam, 25 inches across and 4 inches high, which was likely constructed to raise the water level to ensure water fl owed into the west branch of the stream. 

Figure 4mess ha

Figure 4.322. Shelf with post holes and impressions of wood cribbing at Block 34 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.321. Stream, rock bridge, and entry gate at Block 34 mess hall garden.

Figure 4mess haused to Figure 4hall. Figure 4.320. Waterfall at Block 34 mess hall garden.
208 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.329. Restored fence at Block 34 mess hall garden.

Figure 4.328. Crane and turtle rocks at Block 34 mess hall garden. Figure 4.330. Block 34 mess hall garden after a winter storm.Figure 4.327. Mortar and wood dam in stream at Block 34 mess hall garden.Figure 4.326. Restored gate at Block 34 mess hall garden.
The west branch of the stream course is 25 feet long; the east branch is 20 feet, and is crossed by a low arched stone bridge. The bridge, 54 inches wide, 45 inches across, and 12 inches high, leads to an island 191⁄2 by 5 feet in size created by the two streams. Each stream fl ows into the large gourd-shaped pond at the south end of the garden; the pond measures 251⁄2 by 16 feet overall, constricted to 13 feet at its narrowest. Pond depth is mostly 16 inches, but a circular basin at the sound end of the pond reaches a depth of 28 inches. Where the west stream enters the pond there is a shallow area outlined with post holes; historic photographs show wood cribbing and bog plants here. Round metal stains in the concrete of the shelf suggest cans were used to hold the plants. When excavated, the shelf was surfaced with rounded gravel. In the pond are symbolic crane and turtle (tsurukame) islands. The crane is composed of two rocks vertically set atop a concrete pedestal. The tip of one 

of the crane rocks has been broken off , and the missing piece was not found during excavation. The unbroken vertical rock measures 32 by 20 by 7 inches; its top would have been about 24 inches out of the water. The broken vertical rock measures 13 by 5 by 10 inches. The turtle rock, 42 by 28 by 24 inches, sits on three rocks on a concrete pedestal.Rocks become smoother and more horizontal towards the south end of the garden, at the pond. The fence that originally surrounded the garden was reconstructed in 2007 using archeological data and historic photographs; the reconstruction, like the original, is 3 feet high. The two gateway rocks were also uncovered: the one with the san-shi-en painted Japanese characters is on the south side of the gateway 

and is 48 inches high; the other, on the north side of the gateway, is 44 inches high. The reader is referred to Beckwith (2013) for a more detailed analysis of this garden.

Figure 4garden 
210 Garden Management Plan

At the north end of Barratry, scattered rocks, a stuing a buried entry garden lived here with his wife Sdren. Takashi was 46 in 1reading, and writing only cupation is listed by the Whis secondary occupation Flower Grower.” He lost was interned when his faAngeles airport was taken yama 2015a, b). The Kato returned to West Los Anpossible that Takashi Katpre-war Japanese gardenson House in Sierra Mad1994), since no other Katscaping businesses could area city directories. Howwith the last name Kato iothers have primary occuand Grounds Keepers, Ptaka Kato, who lived at B3, and Motaro Kato, whoaddition, Japanese Amernia were also sent to otheItalia Mia and Carson Hoeven have been at Manza

Also uncovered as part of the garden restoration were landscape features at the mess hall itself and at Barracks 14. A concrete sidewalk runs along the east side of the mess hall from the southeast corner 421⁄2 feet north to the mess hall entrance. Most of the sidewalk 

was replaced when it was extended to the driving tour road in 2007 to improve accessibility to the garden. Along the south side of the mess hall at the east end there is a shallow concrete basin with a drain pipe (Figure 4.332). The concrete has been broken and somewhat displaced, but the basin is estimated to have measured 41⁄2 by 10 feet; its concrete curb is rounded on top, and about 2 inches high. The basin’s curb was butted up against two of the mess hall’s foundation blocks, from which the basin extends southward. A short segment of concrete appears to connect the mess hall sidewalk to the basin curb, which may indicate it was purposefully accessible, perhaps for an outdoor washing station. A rock alignment that extends out from that short sidewalk segment and arcs around the south end of the basin may 

have defi ned a 2-foot-wide water-overfl ow area or 

planting bed. There are tree stumps along the west and south sides of the mess hall, each encircled by rocks (Figure 4.333). The Barracks 14 entry consists of recycled concrete pieces, some painted yellow. Similar concrete pieces also outline a small garden area to the west side of the entry (Figures 4.334 and 4.335).

Figure 4.333. Rock circle and tree stumps at the block 34 mess hall.

Figure 4.332. Concrete feature at the southeast corner of Block 34 mess hall.

Figure 4.336. Entry gardApartment 1.

Figure 4.335. Entry garden at Barracks 14 Apartment 1 showing fl ood damage.

Figure 4.334. Entry garden at Block 34 Barracks 14 Apartment 1 after excavation.
Other landscaping features evident in Block 34 today include a concrete stoop with an inscription (“May 8, 1942”), a concrete curb, and a heavily fractured concrete sidewalk at Barracks 2; a concrete stoop on the west side of Barracks 3; scattered rocks and concrete along the west side of Barracks 8; two posts and some rocks at the south end of Barracks 13; and a rock alignment along the edge of the road at the southwest corner of the block. There is much recent alluvium in this block and a large gully bisects the block, west to east. The western portion of the gully was fi lled in 2007. The 2013 and 2014 fl oods caused extensive erosion and deposition, damaging landscape features at the mess hall and Barracks 14. Block 35 On the 1944 aerial photograph Block 35 has scattered trees and sparse vegetation. The densest vegetation and landscaping visible is around Barracks 8 and on the east side of Barracks 9, followed by Barracks 1, 2, and 3. Several barracks have lawns extending from the barracks to the road. There is no indication of a mess hall garden and no landscaping apparent between Barracks 7 and the recreation hall.Today the most visible garden remains in Block 35 can be found on the west and north sides of Barracks 8 (Figures 4.337-4.342). North of the barracks there is a yard area for Apartment 4 outlined by rocks set in mortar and a partially standing fence composed of locust posts and square-mesh wire fencing. Within the yard are two 3-foot-high circular rock and concrete planters (one in situ and one overturned and displaced to the west). Rock alignments form quartercircle planters on both sides of the apartment entry. Along the entire west side of Barracks 8 is a water 

Figure 4.341. ConcrBlock 35 Barracks 8 

Figure 4.342. ConcrBlock 35 Barracks 8 

Figure 4.339. Rock alignments at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 4. 

Figure 4.340. ConcrBlock 35 Barracks 8 

Figure 4.338. Fence remnants and rock alignments at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 4.Figure 4.337. Rock and concrete planter at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 4.
212 Garden Management Plan

Barracks 13 and 14. At Baextends from the ends of Today at the north end obetween the barracks and cate garden that includes course, and associated rothe water would have fl ofl ecting the natural terraiexcavated in 2013 (Figurecourse began at a 2-foot-rock, earth, and concrete the garden (Figure 4.346)pack rat nest that was nological investigation, so dinferred from parts that aments have rocks within most likely scavenged frobuilding foundation. Froconcrete channel steps dthat carried the water un4.347). The bridge is 35 inwide. On the bridge is th(Figure 4.348) On the east side of the br

pond. Irregular in shape, mum of 11 by 5 feet and 12 der the pond and parallearound the pond. In the there is a metal pipe, appat Apartment 4 listed on Census Roster are Kiichi pan, with his wife Shizukthree children, one of whMr. Uyeda’s occupation ager. He left Manzanar fo1945, and the rest of the fNortheast of Barracks 14 in 1993 had a live cholla a

course bordered by rocks set in mortar. A concrete bridge, lined with rocks, provides access to the Apartment 4 yard, and concrete bridges also cross the water course at Apartments 2 and 3. At each apartment entry, large rocks form a gateway, and Apartment 3 also has a narrow concrete stoop. Parallel to the watercourse and a few feet to the west is a rock-lined pathway, which would have bordered yards or garden areas along the entire building. Most of the rock alignments have vertical rocks at the corners, but brush and sand deposits likely obscure many more features. The residents of Apartment 4, the most elaborate of the gardens at Barracks 8, were Joe Yoshitaka 

Nishimura, who was born in Japan in 1908, his wife Kyoko, born in 1913, and son Koichi, who was born in 1938. Nishimura’s occupation was listed as in the “Nursery Operators and Flower Growers” category.Other landscape features in this block include an upright slab and rock alignment at the northwest corner of the laundry room, several boulders and rocks southwest of the ironing room, large boulders at the north end of Barracks 10, and large boulders at the south end of Barracks 6. In addition, there are rock concentrations and possible rock alignments at the mess hall, the recreation building, and nearly every barracks (Barracks 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 13). A beavertail cactus at the south end of Barracks 7 was most likely transplanted there by an internee (Figure 4.343).

Block 36 The 1944 aerial photograph shows no evidence of a mess hall garden and no nearby vegetation. There appears to be one tree between Barracks 7 and the recreation hall. Several barracks have little or no vegetation around them, but there are apparent lawns between Barracks 1 and 2, Barracks 5 and 6, Barracks 8 and 9, Barracks 10 and 11, Barracks 12 and 13, and 

Figure 4.344. Excavation of garden pond at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4 in 2013.Figure 4.343. Beavertail cactus at Block 35.
dead barrel cactus. Only the cholla survives today (Figure 4.349). There is a much larger and healthier cholla at the mess hall (Figure 4.350). Rocks are scattered about and a low rocky mound with mortared rocks and a few large boulders is overgrown with brush. The features north and northeast of Barracks 14 may have been created by Hiroshi Sato, who lived in Block 36 Barracks 14 Apartment 4. Mr. Sato was born in 1921, so was only 21 years old in 1942, but the other residents listed inBarracks 14 are even younger, 

including Roy Ignatius Yamada, born in 1928, and Richard Hiroshi Yamada, born in 1929. The Yamada boys are listed as in Block 36 Barracks 14, but no apartment number is given for them. South of Barracks 9 and 10 there is an alignment of concrete fragments similar to those used at the Barracks 12 garden. Other landscape features visible in Block 36 today include rock concentrations at nearly every barracks and at the mess hall; a concrete sideFigure 4.347. Stepped water course at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4 garden. Figure 4.348. Concrete bridge at Block 36 Barracks 12 A

Figure 4.345. Partially excavated garden at Block 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4. Figure 4.346. Mound and pack rat nest at Block 36 Bar
214 Garden Management Plan

Hospital GardenThe hospital complex incbuilding, three doctors’ ahall, seven patient wardsbuilding, a morgue, a heawashing rack (Burton 199ings were connected by esignifi cant remains there tures built by the internerock and concrete retainlocated in front (on the e

pond garden on the east Various sources indicate hospital represented the Ioki, Gunsaburo Kono, RShunzo Shiraki, and Bun

walk east of Barracks 4; rock alignments and a concrete sidewalk at Barracks 9 and 10; and rock alignments at the north end of Barracks 14. 

Community ParksTwo large Japanese gardens were the pride of Manzanar: Cherry Park and Merritt Park. Merritt Park was the more elaborate of the two and was even included in public tours given by the administration. Implementation of the original design for Cherry Park was hampered by a center-wide shortage of water by the time it was completed. The hospital gardens are also considered community parks, although they were intended to serve the smaller communities of patients and hospital personnel.

Figure 4.349. Cholla cactus at Figure 4Block 36 Barracks 14 garden.
There are over 50 historic photographs of the hospital grounds, including a couple by Ansel Adams, and color movie footage (see Figures 2.46-2.55). Lawns can also be seen on the front and sides of the administration building as well as in the areas surrounding the doctors’ and nurses’ quarters. Flowerbeds were established, and black locust, birch, poplar, pine, and pear trees were transplanted to the hospital grounds from other locations in the camp (NPS 2006a). These landscaped areas are apparent on the 1944 aerial photograph, and in addition, the area between the doctors’ quarters and the administration building appears to be landscaped. Historic photographs also show that the street east of the hospital was lined with painted white rocks, similar to the rock-lined streets and paths in the camp administration area. The hospital pond garden located on the east side of 

the doctors’ quarters was cleared and mapped in 1993 (Figure 4.351), and a new map was prepared in 2015. The garden was enclosed by a fence made of lumber 

posts and square-wire mesh that can be seen in historic photographs (Figure 4.352). One post remains, still standing; it measures 31⁄2 by 4 inches by 2 feet 10 inches high (Figure 4.353). Wire fencing attached to the post is 2 feet 9 inches high. Within this fenced area were the pond, a mound, a stream, and pathways.The concrete-lined pond was constructed in a gourd shape (NPS 2006a) with a fl at bottom and vertical sides; the pond is 24 inches deep and measures 20 feet long by a maximum of 14 feet wide; at its narrowest, the pond is 7 feet wide (Figures 4.354 and 4.355). Rocks were set perpendicular to the sides and extending out over the water, possibly to provide hiding areas for fi sh (Figure 4.356). Rangui posts enclosed shallow areas for iris and other bog plants (Figures 4.357 and 4.358). The pond was fed by a 28-foot-long stream lined with rangui posts and rocks (Figures 4.359 and 4.360). The stream begins at a rocky mound at the north end of 

Figure 4garden

Figure 4.352. Hospital pond garden showing fence (hanMiyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake 

Figure 4.351. Hospital pond garden in 1993.
216 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.354. Hospital pond garden.
Figure 4.356. Rocks at edge of hospital pond.Figure 4.355. Hospital pond garden.

Figure 4.357. Rangui post holes Figure 4.358. Rangui post holes pond garden.

Figure 4.359. Stream and mound at hospital pond garden. Figure 4.360. Stream 

pond garden.
218 Garden Management Plan

the garden, which would the doctors’ apartment eby a vertical “mountain sby 39 by 36 inches high. T3 feet from the water southe other, at the end of thinto the pond, 7 inches hinto the concrete bottom both visual and sound eff shaped to grow across thof depth (see Slawson 19recently died and the othders are set along the streden, singly and in groupsThere are two curving coposed aggregate and bev4.363). One of these pathfeet long; it begins at the way with two wood-reineast to cross the stream cstream, there are large fl aFigure 4.363. Stepping-stone strgarden.

Figure 4.361. Winding pathway at hospital pond garden.

Figure 4.364. Stepping stones at hospital pond garden.

Figure 4.362. Wood steps at hospital pond garden.
side of the stream to facilitate stepping across. The other curving concrete path is 26 inches wide and at least 34 feet long. Running roughly north-south, it may have connected the four entries of the doctors’ quarters, but it is damaged and partially missing, so that its original route and length cannot be determined. A perfect leaf impression at the southern end of this path suggests unusual care in its construction. Eleven stepping stones connect the two concrete paths, and three stones form a path to a viewing stone (reiseki, “worship stone”) at the pond edge (Figure 

4.364). One entry has a concrete slab with exposed aggregate matching the pathways. There is also an entry with nobedan, and a large fl at-topped rock fl ush to the 

ground may have been located at another entry. On the east side of the hospital wards there is a 3-foot-high rock-and-concrete retaining wall (Figure 4.365). The wall is partially buried, and cut and destroyed in areas by gullies. In 2008 the National Park Service began fi lling the larger of the two gullies, and this work is ongoing. The wall includes curving 

steps of rock and concrete to each of the wards (Figures 4.366-4.368). Between Wards 4 and 5, the wall incorporates a concrete bench with a faux-wood fi nish (Figures 4.369 and 4.370). The bench measures 2 feet wide, 91⁄2 feet long, and is now at most 9 inches above the ground. The Park Service conducted some minimal concrete conservation of the bench in 2001 (Hartzler 2001). Historic photographs show that a manhole next to the bench was surrounded by a faux-wood stump, and pieces of this decorative manhole remain. It was likely shattered so that the metal manhole ring could be salvaged. A toppled tall faux-wood stump that hid a manhole east of Wards 1 and 2 was reset in 2007 (Figure 4.371; Burton 2007d). Other landscape features at the hospital include concrete slabs, sidewalks to the 

laundry and morgue, rock circles around trees (now dead) between the wards, a rock circle and a few rock clusters in the hospital administration building area, and a rock-and-concrete retaining wall and steps on the east side of the laundry building (Figure 4.372). 

Figure 4.365. Retaining wall at hospital. Figure 4.366. Boulders, steps, and retaining wall at hosp
220 Garden Management Plan

cherry trees to Manzanaarea as a park. In late 194permit for Uyematsu to tern California and bring 

Cherry ParkCherry Park was a large landscaped area in the same fi rebreak as the Children’s Village. Construction of the park was supervised by William Katsuki. In 1942, nursery owner F. M. Uyematsu off ered to bring 1,000 

Figure 4.367. Steps at hospital. Figure 4.368. Boulders and steps at hospital.

Figure 4.369. Faux-wood bench at hospital. Figure 4.370. Detail of faux-wood bench at hospital.
own truck. A member of the Manzanar Community Development Committee, Uyematsu himself supervised the planting of the trees (Unrau 1995:277). While Cherry Park was designed to include fl owing water and three ponds, due to the lack of water the ponds were eventually seeded with grass (Nielsen and Fox 1945). In the 1944 aerial photograph the three ponds mentioned in the Manzanar Free Press (April 3, 1943) can be discerned even though they would have likely been dry by that time. Also visible are pathways and winding rows of small trees, likely Uyematsu’s cherry trees. The relatively few historic photographs that can be identifi ed as Cherry Park show small trees, numerous wood elements, and contoured earthworks, but no rock features (see Figures 2.56-2.61). In the photographs there are two trellises with wisteria, one located over a fl owing stream and one located on an island within a dry pond or basin. The combination of wisteria and water is a popular theme in Japanese gardens. There are two photographs of a large earthcovered wood bridge (dobashi) and two photographs of a small rustic wood bridge. 

In the photographs two large cottonwoods from a former town-era farm are visible, incorporated into the park (Figures 4.373 and 4.374): one was surrounded by a sturdy limb-wood fence and the other had a log bench around its trunk. Small trees, presumably cherry, can be seen in several photographs and there is a basin (dry pond) with an island planted with small trees. It appears that a row of dead trees along 6th Street were cut by the garden’s creators and the stumps left to form posts for a fence and gateway. These trees and other remaining town-era orchard trees in the vicinity of Cherry Park can be seen in a June 1942 oblique aerial photograph of the relocation center.Today, the setting of Cherry Park has changed dramatically, and the trellises, bridges, and other landscaping elements have long since disappeared, along with all of the cherry trees and wisteria plants. Townera fruit trees within the park have died and fallen over. The area is overgrown with black locust trees (Figure 4.375) and a recent erosion channel bisects the park from west to east. The depressions from the earthen ponds remain: one is overgrown with wild rose and two are overgrown with willows (Figures 

Figure 4at CherManzanFigure 4Cherry 

Figure 4.371. Faux-wood stump covering manhole at hospital. Figure 4.372. Retaining wall at hospital laundry.
222 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.382. Roses Park; Francis C. DietMuseum).

Figure 4.381. Roses C. Dieterich fi lm, Ea

Figure 4.383. Wild r

Figure 4.379. Mound at Cherry Park.

Figure 4.375. Black locust at Cherry Park. Figure 4.378. Wood post at Cherry Park.Figure 4.377. Willow trees in pond at Cherry Park. Figure 4.380. Chinese elm at Cherry Park.

Figure 4.376. Pond fi lled with wild rose at Cherry Park.
4.376 and 4.377). The only rocks currently visible are an occasional boulder and some small boulders eroding out of the sidewalls of the erosion channel. Other 

features visible include a wood post (Figure 4.378), a low rocky mound, and a small earthen mound (Figure 4.379). One of two Chinese elms at Manzanar, likely planted by internees, is here (Figure 4.380). A windbreak row of historic tamarisk, likely planted along a fence line along 6th Street, angled into the park. When these very overgrown trees were cut in 2012, stumps of other trees along the same alignment were revealed (Burton 2012a). 

Merritt ParkLocated in the fi rebreak between Blocks 33 and 34, Merritt Park was predominately a Japanese stroll garden. However, it was started in the fall of 1942 as a Western style “Rose Garden” by Kuichiro Nishi, and featured domestic rose buds grafted to wild rose root stock (Nielsen and Fox 1945). Kuichiro was the older brother of Akira Nishi, who helped design the Block 22 mess hall garden; both were involved with the Nishi family business, which included a nursery, fl ower shop, and farms specializing in roses before the war. Rows of rose bushes are visible in historic photographs (Figure 4.381 and 4.382); however, no evidence of furrows remains. Roses still grow in the area, but the specialized varieties that had been neatly cultivated by Kuichiro Nishi have been replaced by irregular thickets of wild roses (Figure 4.383). Kuichiro Nishi worked with Akira Nishi, Kiichiro Muto, Takio Muto, Sus Ioki, and others to design additions and improvements to his rose garden. For this work the group was allowed to collect rocks and plants from outside the barbed-wire fence using a government truck, giving them access to rocks and boulders with distinct colors, shapes, and textures. 

Eventually, the garden was expanded to include many species of fl owers, pine trees, two large ponds, an island, and a waterfall. One of the ponds was reportedly situated over a natural spring that was covered over when the relocation center was constructed. The basic outlines of some of the features at Merritt Park can be discerned on the 1944 aerial photographs. The park was the backdrop for hundreds of historic photographs, including two by Ansel Adams, and several color movies (see Figures 2.62-2.92 and 2.95-2.97). The photographs refl ect this community park’s importance: it was one of the few places where one could be photographed without the backdrop of barracks buildings (Figures 4.384 and 4.385). One of the most iconic and most photographed features of the garden is a rustic bridge constructed of natural tree branches and limbs. Also much photographed was a small open-sided pavilion formed of natural rustic materials. While called a tea house by the internees, it was never used for tea ceremonies.

Figure 4.384. Takashi Kato family at Merritt Park, March 17, 1945 (Gardena Herit

Figure 4Collecti
224 Garden Management Plan

With the addition of the Japanese garden (Figure 4.386), the park was renamed Pleasure Park and later Merritt Park in honor of the camp director. Two large vertically set stones were installed as memorial steles. One was inscribed with Japanese characters that, when pronounced out loud, approximate “Merritt Park.” The other stele said, in Japanese, “memorial stone” and “October 1943.” Both also had, in English, “Pleasure Park” and “1943.” However, a later photograph of the “Merritt Park” stele does not include “Pleasure Park,” indicating that the earlier name for 

the park was subsequentconfusion over the park’2.90).By 1993, the park had beeovergrown with vegetatiothe two steles, still uprighfew other large rocks couhole had been dug expostrying to locate the turtle Adam’s photographs, buthe turtle rock. The turtle ferent, much more deeplIn anticipation of archeo

tamarisk trees at Merritt (Figures 4.390 and 4.391)cheological project at Mecubic yards of sediments 2008b). Features were fo(Figures 4.396 and 4.397)was left undisturbed wheabandoned, in contrast to Manzanar which containSands, with some gravels had been deposited over with most of the depositithree fl ood events. The archeological work uders, rock walls, stepping post holes, waterfalls, the mains of the tea house. A in the Manzanar Free Preand stable. Natural materand very little cement haStabilization work in 200ting a few boulders that hing concrete, rebuilding a retaining wall, and reconpost walls that edged the 

Figure 4.386. Bridge at Merritt Park (Yoshiko Hosoi Collection, Manzanar NHS).
Figure 4.387. Waterfall at Merritt Park in 1993.Figure 4.388. Tea house at Merritt Park in 1993.

Figure 4.390. Tamarisk at Merritt Park in 2007.Figure 4.391. After tamarisk removal at Merritt Park.Figure 4.392. Excavation of upper pond at Merritt Park in 2008.

Figure 4.393. Excavation of stre2008.

Figure 4.389. Rocky mound at Merritt Park in 2002. Figure 4.395. Excavation at Mer

Figure 4.394. Removing tree stuhouse in 2008.
226 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.396. Trees (1 and 2) and rock (3) at upper pond at Merritt Park before excavation.Figure 4.397. Trees (1 and 2) and rock (3) at upper pond at Merritt Park after excavation. 

1

2

3

1

2

3

4.400). To stabilize the terocks were reset and a neto replace the original cocracked and shattered by trees growing through it. were repainted in 2008 wstudent interns. A steppindisappeared shortly after in 2010. In 2011, the iconiKuichiro Nishi was reconyear-old Henry Nishi, anand 4.402). A wayside ex

tographs and internee arAltogether, Merritt Park cluding the rose garden aden (Figure 4.403). The Jsurrounding the two ponThe upper pond measure(Figure 4.404); the lower about 83 feet long by up tin the ponds would have though the ponds were nare well-defi ned, with molarge boulders, rangui waistics such as color and cThe large boulders were and smaller rocks supporproper positions (Figure rocks were still in their oof abandonment and burwere set. Providing contrbanks were grassy slopes Near the southeast bank fl at rock that could have stone (Figure 4.409; reiseWater entered the upper earthen mound, 20 by 20 high, at the northwest en4.410). A crane rock (tsurformed from a single roc
Figure 4father’s Figure 4Park in 

Figure 4.398. Rebuilding rangui post walls at Merritt Park.

with two well-defi ned points (Figure 4.411). From a pipe at the back of the mound (Figure 4.412), water fl owed about 10 feet, mostly over fl at rocks, down to a 

large boulder resembling a turtle. Water then fl owed over the back of the turtle and its head divided the stream into two waterfalls which fell directly into the upper pond (Figures 4.413 and 4.414). Mortar and rocks in one of the stream channels would have helped equalize the fl ows of the two waterfalls (Figure 4.415). Today, the drop is 5 to 51⁄2 feet from the top of the waterfall to the bottom of the pond. There are two more turtle rocks (kameishi), each with a rock “head” 

cemented onto a larger rock “body” (Figures 4.416-4.418). The turtle within the upper pond is 61 by 38 by 22 inches high, and the turtle on the edge of the upper pond is 51 by 38 by 28 inches high. A 48-by-40-by-26-inch boulder in the pond near the waterfall would have risen a few inches above the water level. In the upper pond is an island that measures 50 by 20 feet in plan. Water would have fl owed around both sides of the island, and then merged again before fl owing over a cascade made of boulders and smaller rocks to the second, lower, pond, a 21⁄2-foot drop (Figure 4.419). A pipe under the rocks of the cascade would have allowed the upper pond to be completely drained (Figure 4.420). The overfl ow for the lower pond was a stream channel, 45 feet long and 18 inches wide, bordered by cobbles and including eight small cascades (Figure 4.421 and 4.422). The stream ended in a rock well or sump that measures 3 feet in diameter. There is also a concrete pipe (10 inches across its outer diameter) that leads from the lower pond to the sump, and then likely into the sewer system. The pipe is at the level of the bottom of the pond so it could have been used to drain the pond completely (Figure 4.423).The tea house fl oor is a raised concrete slab, supported by dry-laid sloping rock retaining walls to create a level surface adjacent to the south bank of the lower pond (Figure 4.424 and 4.425). The slab, 22 by Figure 4.400. Resetting rocks at Merritt Park.

Figure 4.399. Replacing concrete slab at Merritt Park tea house.
228 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.403. Merritt Park.
Figure 4

Figure 4.405. Rock edges and rangui post wall at Merritt Park. Figure 4.408. Stabilized slope of upper pond at Merritt Park.

Figure 4.404. Upper pond and bridge at Merritt Park. Figure 4

Merritt Figure 4

Figure 4.406. Rocks at pond edge at Merritt Park. Figure 4.409. Large fl at boulder at upper pond edge at Merritt Park.

Figure 4.407. Grassy pond slope at Merritt Park (Kiyoko Tanaka Collection, Manzanar NHS).
230 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.414. Waterfall at Merritt Park. Figure 4.416. T

pond at Merrit

Figure 4.413. Waterfall at Merritt Park (Kiyoko Tanaka Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 4.417. Turtle rock in upper pond at Merritt Park. Figure 4.418. Turtle rock on edge of upper pond at Merritt Park.

Figure 4.415. Dshowing addefl ow.Figure 4.419. Cponds at Merr
161⁄2 feet in size, is near the cascades that separate the upper pond from the lower pond. North and east of the tea house the pond banks are 3-foot-high dry-laid rock retaining walls (Figure 4.426). In historic photographs there is a fence surrounding the tea house, with two openings, one at the south end and another on the west side. Stepping stones lead from the tea house to a stone bridge that provides access to the island in the upper pond (Figures 4.427 and 4.428). The stone bridge consists of two large boulders placed to span a narrow section of the pond between the bank and the island (Figures 4.429-4.431). One boulder, 55 by 40 by 10 inches in size, is set into the bank of the island, and the other boulder, 50 by 25 by 12 inches, is set directly across from the fi rst in the bank of the upper pond. Each boulder overhangs the pond, but is so well anchored that both rocks were found stable, decades after the park was abandoned. End to end, the stone bridge spans 7 feet, with a gap of 4 to 10 inches between the boulders. According to Motomi Oguchi (personal communication 2012), the seeming precariousness of the stone bridge is unusual for a Japanese garden. However, Seiko Goto (personal communication 2015) sees the stone bridge as very similar to one in front of the dragon waterfall at Tenryu temple. A 15-inch-high boulder in the pond just south of the bridge may have been added to provide the illusion of support for the bridge boulders, but it is not physi- cally connected. Two other vertical rocks nearby in the pond are 22 inches and 26 inches high. From the stone bridge, more stepping stones form a path across the island to the rustic bridge created by Kuichiro Nishi (Figure 4.432). This bridge, which connected the island to the north edge of the upper pond, was 16 feet long by 5 feet wide. Hand rails ex- tended beyond the bridge deck 10 feet to the north. Another wooden bridge, which crossed the lower pond, was 16 feet long by 4 feet wide, with hand rails extending to the north another 8 feet and to the south another 12 feet. Postholes from these bridges were found during archeological work, allowing for their accurate reconstruction (Figures 4.433 and 4.434). Ar- cheological investigations were also able to fi nd many of the post holes from fenced pathways visible in his- toric photographs. These paths ran from 8th Street to Figure 4

Merritt 

Figure 4.420. Drain between upper and low- Figure 4.421. Lower pond overfl ow stream at Merritt Park. Figure 4.422. Lower pond overfl ow ster pond at Merritt Park.
232 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.431. Rock bridge at Merritt Park (photograph by Mary M. Farrell).

Figure 4.424. Merritt Park tea house (Tami Oda Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 4.430. Rock bridge at Merritt Park (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

Figure 4.425. Concrete slab at Merritt Park tea house. Figure 4.426. Retaining w

Figure 4.427. Stepping stones between tea house and rock Figure 4.429. Rock bridgbridge at Merritt Park.

Figure 4.428. Stepping stones between tea house and rock bridge at Merritt Park.

Figure 4.432. Stepping sMerritt Park.
the tea house and to the lower pond bridge, along the north side of the ponds to the Nishi bridge, and from the Nishi bridge to a path along the west side of the park. The two steles are granitic rocks set vertically on 18-inch-high rock pedestals (Figures 4.435 and 4.436). One is located at the southeast corner of Merritt Park and measures a total of 70 inches high; one near the southwest corner measures 67 inches high. Throughout Merritt Park, there are landscape boulders, singly and in groups. Six of these rock groupings are composed of just two rocks. One distinctive boat-shaped rock (funeishi), measuring 40 by 25 by up to 20 inches 

high, is located on the north side of the waterfall 

mound (Figures 4.337 and 4.338).Historic vegetation included grass, cottonwood trees, locust trees, tamarisk, elm, and single specimens of pine and maple. Some extant trees could be identifi ed in historic photographs, however what were small saplings in the photographs are now large mature and overgrown trees. Evidence of several now-missing historic trees was found archeologically (Figures 4.339 and 4.340). A concentration of rock and concrete are likely the remnants of a “Dutch oven” noted on WRA blueprints in the far northeast corner of Merritt Park (Figures 4.341 and 4.342). Although the term “Dutch oven” is more often associated with the cast-iron pot used for camp-fi re baking, the term also can be used to denote other types of baking devices. Part of the oven and its chimney can be seen in the background of a few historic photographs. While none of the photographs clearly shows the oven itself, the shape of the chimney suggests it was similar in form to one at North Park. Merritt Park was damaged by the fl ooding that occurred after severe summer thunderstorms in 2013. Boulders were displaced, pond walls were eroded, 

Figure 4.434. Reconstructed bridge at upper pond of Merritt Park.Figure 4.433. Historic bridge at upper pond of Merritt Park (Shiro Nomura Collec
234 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4rocks at maple twork.Figure 4and rocToyo M© Toyo 

Figure 4.437. Boat-shaped rock (1) and other rocks (2-4) at Merritt Park (Tami Oda Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 4.438. Boat-shaped rock (1) and other rocks (2-4) at at Merritt Park.

Figure 4.436. Southeast stele at Merritt Park.Figure 4.435. Southwest stele at Merritt Park in winter (photograph by Ted White).

1

2

3 4

1

2

3

4
Figure 4.442. Remains of “Dutch oven” at Merritt Park, view to north.

Figure 4.443. Flood damage to upper pond at Merritt PaFigure 4.444. Upper pond at Merritt Park after repair of 

Figure 4.441. Remains of “Dutch oven” at Merritt Park, view to south.
236 Garden Management Plan

and the bottoms of the ponds were fi lled with over a foot of fl ood-deposited sediments (Figure 4.443). Repairs to damaged features and further stabilization and restoration work are ongoing (Figures 4.444 and 4.445). For example, the fl ood deposits were cleaned up, boulders were set back in place, and pond walls were stabilized with colored concrete. A temporary bridge that was damaged in the fl ood was replaced by a bridge that more closely matches the original in materials, design, feeling, and workmanship (Figures 4.446-4.449). A sign on the bridge in historic photographs with Japanese characters was also replicated. The characters translate as “Manzanar Bridge.” Other Landscape FeaturesBeyond gardens and parks, landscaping was added around many other buildings. Extensive lawns and landscaping in the administration and staff areas were made and maintained by the internees. Decorative landscape elements were constructed at the chicken ranch and reservoir.

Administration AThe entrance to Manzancorner of the fenced part included a divided road wspots, an entrance sign anand the internal police stblock, located south of than administration buildina mess hall, and fi ve staff 

south there were 14 apartmitories, and a laundry bdiff erence between staff racks was the better consthe lack of communal latments had indoor plumbThere were several main administration and staff aconstruction in 1942, conternees (Williams 2014:53block is the same dimensat Manzanar, and was at ing a standard military lain January 1943 included residence and new staff h

Figure 4.445. Resetting boulders at upper pond of Merritt Park in 2014.

Figure 4.446. Bridge reconstructin 2014.
the road grid. The last six apartment buildings constructed, in March of 1944, formed a common open courtyard area. Historic photographs, color movies, and the 1944 aerial photograph show expansive grass lawns and rocklined and unlined pathways (see Figures 2.104-2.106 and 2.113). Other than at the administration circle road, all of the rock alignments are straight lines, and most were painted white. Visible in the historic photographs are some fenced yards, several small lathshaded patios, and abundant trees, fl owers, and other vegetation. For the most part, this landscaping was built, planted, and maintained by internees.In addition to the many lawns, pathways, and parking lots, there were three notable landscape features in the administration area: a garden at the camp entrance sign; an “administration circle” garden near the center of the administration block; and planters and rock alignments at the administration building. There were also rock walls and rock alignments and other landscape features in other portions of the administration area. Many of these features are still visible, and others are likely present but buried. 

The very fi rst landscape restoration project at Manzanar sponsored by the National Park Service was at the historic entrance. In May 1992, under the supervision of staff from Death Valley National Monument (now Death Valley National Park), Boy Scout Troop 99 from West San Fernando Valley cleaned, repaired, and closed off the sentry posts and cleared vegetation from the entrance sign garden, the administration building entrance sidewalk, and the director’s residence (Figures 4.450 and 4.451). 

In 1993 portions of the administration, staff , and entrance areas were mapped (Burton 1996a). Architectural drawings of the sentry buildings were competed in 1994 (HABS 1994). In 1999 additional mapping and archeological excavations were conducted to determine the location of fence posts at the entrance, and the historic concrete faux-wood stumps were returned to the military police sentry post (Burton 2000). Reconstruction of the historic security fence at the entrance was completed in 2000 (Baird and Burton 2000). At the sentry posts in 2001 graffi ti was recorded, exterior graffi ti was removed, windows and doors were installed, and the wood roofs were reshingled (Simpson 2001a, b). Also in 2001 some minor 

Figure 4.447. “Manzanar Bridge” at lower pond of Merritt Park (Asano Hidiko Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 4.448. Reconstructed “Manzanar Figure 4.449. Reconstructed “Manzanar Bridge” at loweBridge” at lower pond of Merritt Park.
238 Garden Management Plan

4.453). The rocks are mocanics, but granitic and cpresent. The highest rock Later photographs show sign; the electrical condupartially buried.The entrance sign garden restored in 2004, and res2010. The original sign poa new sign made. Brush athe rock garden, and rocreturned by a former inteusing the historic photogtions and species; all but small beavertail cactus vitograph has not been repSentry Posts and Police The entrance included a and internal police post (Kado, both still stand; thare the only three buildinSite from the original reloThe military police sentrpost were built in a Japanmetavolcanic rock, likely Hills. The easternmost stpolice sentry post; it is 13 inches high to the eave, aincluding the roof (Figursentry post was another 8 feet by 10 feet in plan, 7 eave, and 11 feet 10 inches roof (Figure 4.456). The winward as they rise. Like buildings are located in troad, separating the entrfaux-wood tree stumps a

concrete repairs were made to faux-wood features in the administration area (Hartzler 2001).Restoration work at the entrance sign garden and administration circle garden is described below. Other archeological and restoration projects in the administration area include repaving the historic entrance road (Burton 2003a); brush removal, feature clearing, and surface collection in the administration area (Burton 2005); and removal of brush from all roads and parking lots in the administration and staff area in 2011. Brush clearing and restoration work by the National Park Service staff and volunteer crews is ongoing. Entrance SignThere are over 20 historic photographs of the Manzanar entrance sign and garden built by Ryozo Kado, including one by Ansel Adams (see Figures 2.109 and 2.110). The entrance sign also appears in color movie footage. The sign was made of four rustic boards stained dark, with irregular ends, fastened together horizontally to form a backdrop 31⁄2 by 6 feet in size. On the backdrop were affi xed four light-colored smaller boards, each with a single word, to form the phrase “Manzanar War Relocation Center” in dark paint. The sign was hung between two large posts with chains attached to each of the four corners. The 91⁄2-inch-square posts, 10 feet tall, were set on the ground, surrounded with concrete, and braced by large rocks that formed the rock and cactus garden. Lumber attached to two sides of the posts extended 

below ground an unknown depth, but it likely provided little support. The garden is in the center of 1st Street, the entrance road, 100 feet east of the fi rst sentry post. Measuring about 24 feet east-west by 10 feet north-south, the garden is naturalistic, with an irregular outline and several planting areas at diff erent levels (Figures 4.452 and 

Figure 4.450. Entrance sign garden cleared by Boy Scout Troop 99 (Death Valley National Park video).Figure 4.451. Sentry post being cleared of debris by Boy Scout Troop 99 (Death Valley National Park video).
short wall segments on the opposite side of the entry 

and exit lanes formed gateways that could have been closed with a cable or chain. One photograph shows one of the stumps under construction, with rock and concrete columns covered with chicken wire (Figure 4.457). The stumps were removed, reportedly with much eff ort, in the 1950s by a local resident. They were returned to the Historic Site and reinstalled in 1999 (Figure 4.458; Burton 2000). The stumps are 18 inches in diameter and 4 feet high. At 4 feet 4 inches high, the wall sections across the entry and exit lanes are about level with the tops of the stumps; the tops of the walls step up, to 5 feet 10 inches high where they meet the security fence. The police station foundation, a 20-foot-by-100-foot concrete slab, was located north of the entrance road, northwest of the internal police sentry post. Rock alignments at the police station which outlined a lawn 

between the building and 1st and ‘A’ Streets, on the south and west sides of the building, have been uncovered and restored. In 2015 other rock alignments on the south end of the police station that had been displaced and disturbed by a diversion ditch were repaired and painted white to match historic photographs (Figure 4.459). Nine rock-outlined parking spaces have also been restored and painted white (Figures 4.460 and 4.461).Administration CircleThe fi rst internee landscaping project at Manzanar was at the “administration circle.” This area is shown in 18 historic photographs and in color movie footage (see Figures 2.99-2.103). Measuring 150 feet in diameter overall, the center of the traffi c circle is a 25-footdiameter rock-and-concrete planter, 18 inches tall. 

Figure 4.453. Entrance sign 

Figure 4.452. Entrance sign.
240 Garden Management Plan

mer nursery operator, livdren in Block 6. In 2012, one large and four smallecactus clumps, two beavecactus, and one cholla w(Figure 4.465). Rocks aro

of the circle road and alo‘B’ Street were painted wearthen mounds along thcircle were restored and match historic photograpbeen displaced when a dLos Angeles Department the Historic Site was estabeen moved aside when the circle road to ‘A’ Streadministration area after 

Historic photographs show one large and fi ve smaller Joshua trees, boulders, and cactus. Some of the photographs show seedling pines, which apparently did not survive long. Outside the traffi c circle are earthen 

mounds, boulders, and cactus; unlike most of the administration area, these gardens were not planted with grass. The administration circle road, planter, and surrounding area were cleared in 2004 (Figure 4.462-4.464). A large tamarisk tree, not present in 1973 photographs, was also removed at that time. The center planter is constructed of a mortared stone retaining wall located at the end of the cul-de-sac used as a parking area. There are numerous inscriptions in the concrete top of the wall including: “BUILT BY WADA AND CREW JUNE 10, 1942 A.D.” Bunyemon Wada, a forFigure 4.454. Historic entrance at Manzanar.
Figure 4.455. Military police sentry post (photograph by Dick Lord). Figure 4.457. Replacing faux-wo

post (photograph by Charney W

Figure 4.456. Internal police post (photograph by Dick Lord).

Figure 4.461. Restoarea.

Figure 4.459. Police station with restored and painted rock alignments.Figure 4.460. Restoring entrance parking area. Figure 4.458. Faux-wood stump under construction at military police sentry post (Merritt Collection, Eastern Caifornia Museum). 
242 Garden Management Plan

tion building with 1st Stresidewalk widens to 15 feerock-and-concrete plante18 inches high. The diamfl agpole, the lower portio(Figure 4.467). Two 18-inconcrete planters, each 6 sidewalk, about 20 feet frand 10 feet out from the storic photographs indicaFlowers were planted in shaped rock alignments, sidewalk where it meets 1ments parallel the road athe walkways were low hArizona cypress. Wisteria the lawn. A rock and conof the building at the cor

Administration Building The administration building area was partially cleared and mapped in 1993 and 2004, and brush clearing was fi nally completed in 2014 (Burton 1996a, 2004). There are many historic photographs of the administration building; those photographs, combined with archeological features still present, provide fairly complete information about the original landscaping. Within the original footprint of the building there are a few concrete footing blocks and a concrete foundation that once held a safe. On the south side of the building there is a concrete slab at what would have been the back entrance of the building.The building was L-shaped, surrounded by a rock alignment that formed a planter around the building, where fl owers, small bushes, and cypress were planted. A 70-foot-long by 6-foot-wide sidewalk lined with 

rocks connected the front door of the administraFigure 4.464. Administration circle in 2004 (photograph by Dick Lord).

Figure 4.463. Administration circle in 1983 (James Brust video, Manzanar NHS).Figure 4.462. Administration circle in 1973 (James Brust Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 4.465. Watering Joshua trees at the administration circle.
similar construction to two across the road in Block 1. The only trees at the Administration Building now are Arizona cypress and black locust. Rock alignments along 1st and ‘A’ Streets and adjacent parking areas were restored in 2004 and 2014 and painted white in 2014 and 2015.Town Hall BuildingThis building location includes a concrete entry slab with an inscribed design at the north end near the road (Figure 4.469). During clearing in 2004, two 10-foot-long sections of a rock alignment were found parallel to the front of the building, and a 3-foot wide rock-lined gravel path is on the west side. There is also a large granitic boulder present, but it is not set into the ground so its original location is unknown. Post Offi ceRemains at the post offi ce location, which was also partially cleared in 2004, include a rock alignment and a concrete sidewalk (Figure 4.470). The concrete 

sidewalk at the entry is 5 feet wide at the end of the 

building, where the door was. In its 101⁄2-foot length the sidewalk curves out to 16 feet wide at the road. 

Rock alignments form planters on either side of the concrete sidewalk. The eastern planter is bounded by a rock-and-concrete retaining wall, 12 feet long by 1 foot 2 inches wide. Level on top, the wall rises 12 inches above the ground on the east side, but only 4 inches on the west (enclosed) side. Traces of white paint indicate the wall was once painted.

Staff Mess HallNo landscaping is apparent at the mess hall location, but there is a concrete slab at the north end. Internee inscriptions, while undated, indicate the slab was added after the initial contractor construction. 

Staff HousingIn the Administration Block, staff housing comprised 22 buildings, each designated by a letter from A to W (with the exception of “B,” which was not assigned). No archeological work has been done at Building 

A’s location. Historic photographs show patios or porches with lath walls along the west side of the 

building and a fenced yard at the south end (Figure 4.471). Today, the area is largely buried by sediments and overgrown with brush, but a few features are visible (Figures 4.472-4.474). Part of a narrow concrete slab, which would have been the fl oor of the patio or front porch, is visible, and there are concrete steps at the north end. A concrete curb runs east-west at the south end of the slab and extends west 2 feet more. To the south of the slab there are remnants of stone paving set in concrete, a rock and concrete feature, and two clay pipes set in the ground, possibly for use as a planter. The rock-and-concrete feature is 61 by 38 by 8 inches high, square on three sides and open on the 

side facing east. The top is broken up, and its original 

form and function is unknown. It appears to be too low to have functioned as a barbeque grill; the possible planters on either side make it look like a step for 

Figure 4adminisFigure 4pole at 

Figure 4.466. Boulders and painted rock alignments at exterior edge of the administration circle road.
244 Garden Management Plan

an entryway, but there wlocation. In fact, the featuwhere historic photograpenclosed with wire-mesh posts. Some standing locent, as are pieces of wireeastern alignment of the fencing looks similar to talong the southern alignm4.475). Other fence remnmesh and a single post, wand-concrete feature, busitu. Between the rock-aneast fence alignment is a There was no Building Bgraphs indicate there was the area between BuildinThe 1944 aerial photograarea within that locationat the barren area in the a40-by-60-inch concrete stwo panels are inscribed with the date “4/1/42.” Thhave been a small tempois visible in the 1944 aeria1942 oblique aerial photoHistoric photographs shoBuilding C also had a lo

partially enclosed with lanarrow concrete that forfour sets of entry steps is was cleared and mapped Burton 2001a; Simpson 2amination indicated that apartment door were the ing C, and the subsequenthe following order: (1) fowere constructed to connnorth-south pathway (as (2) curbing was added at 

Figure 4.469. Town hall entrance.Figure 4.471. Staff housing Building A after a snow storm (Martha Shoaf Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 4.470. Post offi ce entrance.

Figure 4.472. Stone paving at Staff housing Building A.Figure 4.474. Fence posts at staff housing Building A.Figure 4.473. Rock-and-concrete feature at staff housing Building A.
(3) concrete was added on either side of each sidewalk and step to form small patios; (4) sidewalks were 

then extended beyond the new concrete of the patios, and rock alignments were added to form a planter or pathway edge. A concrete and stone pedestal or partial wall between the two southern apartment patios may have been added before or after the porch fl oor slabs at Building C; the pedestal has a faux-wood concrete top that suggests it was made by Ryozo Kado (Figure 4.480). The pedestal is rectangular in plan and measures 60 by 27 inches overall. At 29 inches tall, the ends are stepped up higher than the 231⁄2-inch center section, so that the pedestal would not have made a good table or bench. The feature can be partially seen in a historic photograph within the lath-enclosed patio (Figure 4.481). Its location at the boundary between two apartment patios suggests it may have simply been a decorative patio divider. The fact that the west (outside) edge of the pedestal is unfaced and rough suggests it was built after the lath wall, and butted up against it. In fact, the lath walls may have been built before the porch fl oor slabs, since there is no evidence (such as anchor bolts or wood stains) that the walls were on top of the fl oor. The archeological data do not tell us how much time elapsed between the multiple building episodes, but the fact that these simple improvements were not made all at once suggests the staff may have been restricted in the amount of cement they were allotted, as were the internees. Minor repairs have been completed to stabilize the fauxwood coating of the pedestal (Hartzler 2001).Building D included the fi rst apartment lived in by 

the camp director (Williams 2014). Today there is a tall concrete and granite cobble wall enclosing a concrete slab patio at what would have been the building’s south end (Figure 4.482). According to Pete Merritt, Jr. (personal communication 1993), the wall, which is stepped to vary from 21⁄2 feet to 5 feet high, was built by internees hired by his father Ralph Merritt, 

the camp director. There are concrete walkways and rock alignments on its west side. Landscape features were cleared and mapped in 1993, and in 2013 fi ll was brought in to stabilize part of the wall that had been undercut by the 2013 fl ood. 

No landscaping elements were visible at Building E prior to archeological work in 2004, but when the 

area around the building’s location was cleared, several landscaping features were revealed (Figure 4.483). At the north and south ends of the west side of the former building location are 6-inch-wide concrete curbs, extending 8 feet out from, and perpendicular to, the building. Between the curbs are six rockoutlined rectangular planters, each roughly 7 feet by 41⁄2 feet. Two of the rock-outlined planters are complete, four were partially demolished. Remains of tree stumps are evident in two of the planters, and there appears to have been a second row of trees paralleling the building, about 15 feet to the west: two stumps and one live black locust tree are left. Just west of the planters is a gravel path defi ned by another rock alignment; the rock alignment makes a 90-degree turn about 10 feet beyond the south end of the building, and continues to the east. All of the rock outlines were rebuilt in 2015 (Figure 4.484).No landscaping elements were visible at Building F 

prior to archeological work in 2004. At Building F’s location, sediment clearing revealed several landscaping features similar to those described above for Building E. A concrete curb at the north end of the building, 8 feet long and 6 inches wide, is identical to the curbs at Building E, except that there is a 131⁄2-by-14 inch footing block at the southwest corner, attached to the southern curb. Only one of the six rock-outlined planters is complete, but these planters appear to have been slightly longer than those at Building E, measuring about 8 feet by 41⁄2 feet. Two live trees and at least one stump, possibly two, are located in the planters, and two live trees and two stumps suggest a parallel row of trees about 15 feet to 

Figure 4backgroJune 19NHS).Figure 4A (Rose 
246 Garden Management Plan

the west. The rock-outlinplanters is 32 inches widebuilt in 2015 (Figure 4.485Building G was built in Jrector’s second residence half of the building, and in the southern half. The

on the west (front) side oand 4.487). The most proat this location is a concr(Figures 4.488 and 4.489

to the patio wall at Buildresidence until 1943. The (east) side of the building

area approximately 20 by the north and south endsstepped down from the 6high along most of its lenfl anked an opening near are light fi xtures on top oside of the gateway, and win place. Inside the wall, yard has a concrete slab fl A 25-foot-long concrete sthrough the gateway to ‘ALike the wall at Building G was built by internees Jr., personal communicatcredits Ryozo Kado for thMerritt, Jr., son of directried on the patio in 1943; where he was working, bto photograph the weddi1993). Features at Buildinconcrete sidewalks on ththat led to each doorway 1995 a large elm tree shadwas toppled by a wind stAlthough the roads in th

Figure 4.478. Clearing and mapping staff housing Building C in 2001.Figure 4.480. Rock and concrete pedestal with fauxwood at staff housing Building C.

Figure 4.479. Cleared slab at staff housing Building C.Figure 4.481. Rock and concrete pedestal with fauxwood at staff housing Building C (Martha Shoaf Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 4.477. Staff housing Building C (Ron Beckwith in Burton 2001a).
been cleared of brush, the area encompassing Buildings H-W has not yet been cleared or mapped in detail. No doubt many landscaping features are obscured by sediments and vegetation. There are partial rock alignments visible at Buildings H-K. At Building K there are also concrete steps and at the north 

end of the building there is a concrete slab 7 feet 8 inches by 11 feet 6 inches, with a 2-foot-diameter hole in the southeast corner. The size of the hole would match the size of the water heaters at Manzanar, but water heaters are almost always placed on top of a slab, leaving circular rust stains, not holes. East of the north end of Building K there is a broken-off33⁄4-inch-square post set in concrete, and 4 feet away there is a post hole of the same size in concrete. At Buildings L-Q there are concrete steps, rock alignments, and a concrete ditch. Rocks at Building N could be a stepping stone path, or a widely spaced rock border (Figure 4.490). Buildings R-W, the last staff housing built, are grouped closely together as a small compound with roads on three sides and the 

security fence on the south side. A rock-and-concrete 

drainage ditch surrounds the compound. There are small bridges made of concrete pipe sections across the ditch and rocks line pathways (Figure 4.491). Another, larger, rock-lined ditch is along the south side 

of the compound (Figure 4.492).

Military Police CompoundThe military police compound, beyond the southeast quarter of the fenced central area, covered about 18 acres south of Bairs Creek and west of U.S. Highway 395. There were 13 buildings in this area, including an administration building, quarters for offi cers and doctors, a recreation building, a mess hall, four barracks, a guard house, a latrine, a fi rst aid building, a motor repair shop, and a rock sentry post. Although all of the buildings are gone, most of their locations can be 

Figure 4.482. Patio wall at staff housing Building D. Figure 4.485. Resto

Building F.

Figure 4.483. Clearing landscape features at staff housing Building E in 2004.Figure 4.484. Restoring rock alignments at staff housing Building E in 2015.

Figure 4.487. Entry Figure 4.486. DirectBuilding G (Pete Me
248 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.490. Possible stepping stones at staff housing Building N.Figure 4.488. Patio wall at staff housing Building G, ca. 1945 (Shiro Nomura Collection, Eastern California Museum).

Figure 4.489. Patio wall at staff housing Building G toda

Figure 4.491. Ditch and bridge at staff housing Buildings R-W.

Figure 4.492. Rock-lined ditch south of staff housing bu
discerned: for example, barracks are defi ned by level areas, some with a few concrete footing blocks. The locations of the guard house (military personnel jail), latrine, and fi rst aid buildings can be determined by concentrations of wire nails, concrete chunks, and other structural debris. Most of the sizable rocks at the site have traces of white paint on them. The rock sentry post was built by Ryozo Kado. The base of the sentry post was found and excavated in 1999 (Figures 4.493 and 4.494; Burton 2000). Measuring 8 by 10 feet, the base had only three sides, and was 

open to the north, where it faced the entrance road to the military police compound. The base, and presumably the walls, was made of granite boulders rather than the reddish-brown metavolcanic rocks used for the sentry posts Kado built at the camp entrance. Landscape features in the military police compound include a series of short rock alignments located west of the mess hall, a short rock alignment south (in front) of the westernmost barracks, and rock alignments that outline a walkway and small yard west of the offi cers’ quarters. The fl ag pole location was likely 

landscaped; there today are scattered rocks, some with mortar attached, and a small area of possible cobblestone pavement (Figure 4.495). No historic photographs of the fl ag pole are known, however on the 1944 aerial photograph there is a large white circle visible at the fl ag pole location.AuditoriumWith its large central hall and wings on the north, south, and west sides, the high school auditorium was the largest building at Manzanar. The main (west) entrance is well-documented in historic photographs and color movies (see Figures 2.119-2.121); it was uncovered and recorded in 2000 (Figures 4.496 and 

4.497; Burton 2001b). The entryway consists of three connected concrete features. Adjacent to the auditorium door there is a step 71⁄2-inches high and 2 feet wide along the entire 301⁄2-foot-length of the entrance wing. The landing adjacent to the step is a 301⁄2-by10 foot concrete slab. The western edge of the slab is rounded, in plan, to meet a narrower concrete slab which extends 48 more feet west. This slab’s overall width is 18 feet, but two planters (6 by 18 feet) and a fl agpole base divide the slab into two parallel 6-footwide walkways. When the entrance was uncovered, 

the fl agpole base had a 31⁄2-inch-diameter metal pole cut fl ush to the slab. The planter curbing shown in historic photographs was missing, and the concrete sidewalks were badly cracked, with the west end entirely shattered. The step, entryway, sidewalk, and planters were torn out and replaced when the auditorium was restored in 2002.Historic photographs show two pine trees to the north and south side of the entrance and a changing variety of fl owers in the planters and along the edges of the sidewalk. One photograph shows small deciduous trees (possibly cherry trees) planted around the 

building. Two pine trees, a juniper hedge, and day lilies were planted in 2009. Russian sage was added to the planter in 2014 (Figure 4.498).

CemeteryThe fi rst burial at the Manzanar cemetery occurred on May 16, 1942, but it was not until a year later that plans to erect a cemetery monument were proposed (Manzanar Free Press May 19, 1943). Stonemason Ryozo Kado supervised the work and 50 boys from the Young Buddhist Association volunteered to help construct the monument, which was projected to weigh about 100 tons (Manzanar Free Press July 31, 

1943). The monument was dedicated in August 1943 Figure 4

police cFigure 4the milFigure 4police c(photog
250 Garden Management Plan

(Manzanar Free Press JulMeasuring 14 feet 5 incheis a large concrete obelisk gular stepped base (Figuris 2 feet 3 inches high; the from the front and sides, the third level, stepped b

Three Japanese characterthe obelisk literally trans(i rei to); the back (west) 

“Erected by the Manzanafront of the monument, oapron with scored arcs, s

Buddhist church (Block 1Nine faux-wood concretaround the monument 17 inches in size, open to thIn the past, the monumenby the Manzanar Commipilgrimage. In 2000, Park patched, and painted the and maintenance is now needed. In 2014 extensive monument: all paint was repaired. Following a reqAdvisory Committee in 2the south side of the monModern brown paint has faux wood stumps, and shas been conducted (Hagraphs show a rope betwwas added in 2000 and ththree times since then. Band archeological investisurrounded by a rustic lo3-foot-high fence was insand 4.501; Simpson 2001a160 feet square, with the north of its center. 

Figure 4.497. West side of the auditorium after excavation in 2000.

Figure 4.499. Cemetery monument.

Figure 4.498. West side of the auditorium today.

Figure 4.500. Restored cemetery graves.Figure 4.501. Restored cemetery fence.

Figure 4.496. West side of the auditorium in 1993.
Chicken RanchThe chicken ranch, located just outside the southwest 

corner of the security fence, included landscaping elements. The 1944 aerial photograph shows apparent lawns and other vegetation and a large circle that appears to have vegetation within it. The circle measures 27 to 28 feet in diameter, is outlined with rocks, and has a 3-inch-diameter post or stump in the middle (Figure 4.502).The National Park Service has conducted much stabilization work at the chicken ranch, including clearing brush, cleaning off slabs, repairing collapsed concrete walls, and rebuilding some rock alignments (Burton 2009b, 2012b). Today, one can see rock alignments around the offi ce (Figure 4.503), a raised rockoutlined oval planter west of the offi ce (Figure 4.504), and rock-lined pathways and alignments between the offi ce and an incinerator to the south (Figure 4.505). The incinerator is a large rock-and-concrete structure with sloping sides measuring a maximum of 62 inches 

north-south and 70 inches east-west. The main structure is built in three tiers, with the bottom tier, which has an opening into the metal fi re box, 40 inches high. 

Figure 4.503. Rock alignments at the chicken ranch offi ce and processing building.

Figure 4ranch.

Figure 4.502. Circular rock alignment at the chicken ranch.

Figure 4.505. Chicken ranch incinerator.
252 Garden Management Plan

A portion of metal rail, liing operation, is incorponext level, stepped back inches higher. What appeviewed from the front, is ney base; it rises from the incinerator to 83 inches hchimney extends 32 inchWith an outer diameter odiameter of 12 inches, the scored and colored to emThe incinerator looks simhave been built by Kado tive enough that after the 

assumed the chicken rannic area. There are no knthe incinerator or landscAn attached trough on thtor measures 10 feet 10 innorth side are a concrete inches, a step, and two fi rfrom the grill and trough 

Children’s VillagThe Children’s Village orinternee-built buildings, 125 feet. In addition, histomovies show a large rustfences, gates, and arbors; lined and some with smaintersecting paths (see Fithe photographs the fencvines, fl owers, and other Village area is heavily wocent sediments and duff , footing blocks from the b

Figure 4.511. Nobedan entry at Children’s Village.

Figure 4.506. Building footers at Children’s Village.Figure 4.508. Erosion channel within 7th Street at the north edge of Children’s Village.Figure 4.507. Black locust at Children’s Village. Figure 4.510. 7th Street at the north end of Children’s 

Village after restoration.Figure 4.509. Repair of 7th Street in 2009.
4.506 and 4.507). A post-camp dirt road crossed over building locations, and 7th Street, which ran eastwest just to the north of the buildings, had become a large gully by 1993. Several footers had eroded into the gully. In 2009 the gully was fi lled and this part of 7th Street was restored (Figures 4.508-4.510; Burton 2009c). Also in 2009, a wayside exhibit featuring an 

internee’s painting of the Children’s Village was installed. In 2014, fl ooding caused much deposition and some erosion. A 72-by-30-inch cobblestone entry, a vertically set rock, and other features were exposed at the north end of the westernmost building (Figure 4.511; Burton 2014a).

Judo DojoThe judo dojo was sited within a group of large cottonwood trees that remained from the Ed Shepherd house, constructed at the beginning of the twentieth century. The dojo and connected storage room differed from the rest of the camp in that they were 

angled to true north to match the existing Shepherd house foundations. Large trees and a possible small lawn area can be seen on the 1944 aerial and historic photographs (see Figures 2.134-2.136). The dojo area 

was cleared and mapped in 1993 (Burton 1996a). Some of the original cottonwoods remain today (Figure 4.512). Within these trees, two elaborate concrete and cobblestone paths led to the dojo storage and dressing 

room, which was situated on concrete slabs remaining from the Shepherd house garage (Figures 4.513 and 4.514). Concrete stoops were added to the east and north sides of the slabs. Decorative rock alignments enclose the storage room and the Judo dojo, and there 

is a circle of rocks to the northeast. At the Judo dojoitself there are remnants of a concrete edge around its outside perimeter and a 2-foot-by-45-foot concrete 

slab at its north end.

Figure 4.513. Detail of walkway at Judo dojo.Figure 4.512. Judo dojo.Figure 4.514. Cobblestone and concrete walkway at Judo dojo.

Figure 4.516. StackeFigure 4.517. VerticFigure 4.515. Locati
254 Garden Management Plan

Plant Nursery LaHistoric photographs shoing along the front of the 1st Street (see Figures 2.13area, transplanted trees aformed a distinctive gardtree trunks and large lima walkway to the lath houmade of more tree limbs 

The area is heavily overgments, and no landscapin4.515). East of the lath homerous tin cans with holthat were apparently use

Reservoir The Manzanar reservoir Management land about the Historic Site. Water w

Figure 4.520. Vertical rock set in concrete on top of Figure 4.521. “Peaceboulder within settling pond at reservoir.

Figure 4.518. Reservoir inlet with vertical rocks.Figure 4.519. Rock with possible Japanese characters at reservoir (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
ervoir from Shepherd Creek by means of an unlined ditch. The reservoir was initially built by a private contractor, but soon had to be expanded, with the additional construction done by internees. As part of their work the internees inscribed their names and 

other sentiments in the new concrete (Burton and Farrell 2013) and added decorative fl ourishes such as standing and stacked rocks at corners (Figures 4.516 and 4.517). In one historic photograph, the stacked rocks at each corner of the inlet ditch appear to have a thin stone or a piece of tin or other thin metal incorporated (see Figure 2.140). Japanese garden professional Yukinori Aida (personal communication 2014) interprets these stacked rocks as stone lanterns that defi ne a symbolic gate (Figures 4.518). In a historical photograph, faint markings visible on one vertical rock could be painted Japanese characters (Figures 4.519 and 4.520). Today, the ditch from Shepherd Creek is still used by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power for water-spreading. The diff erent phases of reservoir construction are evident, including the original 800,000 gallon concrete reservoir and the later additions (including a settling basin, a sand trap, and raised reservoir walls) built by internees. In the settling basin there is an upright rock set in concrete on top of a large low boulder that was left in the basin. This rock would have been above the water level. Just west of the reservoir there is a large boulder with a smear of concrete on its vertical face inscribed with the Japanese characters for “peace.” Close inspection of historical photographs show a stack of fi ve rocks 

on top of the boulder, another representation of a Japanese lantern. The National Park Service completed extensive repairs at the reservoir in 2008 and 2009, including reconstructing the peace lantern and other landscape art (Figure 4.521; see Figure 2.141; Burton 2009d).

Figure 4area.Figure 4on the Figure 4

Picnic AreasThe internees developed picnic areas within the security fence southwest of the residential area at Bairs 

Creek and north of the residential area at the former site of the Shepherd Ranch (North Park). After restrictions for leaving the camp were relaxed in 1943, a picnic areas were also established to the south (South Park, also known as Manzanar Park).

Bairs Creek Picnic Area (Picnic Area No. 1)Historic photographs show two rustic bridges with railings and spans constructed of tree limbs, other rustic walkway railings, boulder-plating along the stream bank, and fi repits. Children and mothers play in the water, and friends, couples, and soldiers pose on the bridges (see Figures 2.142-2.147). The only feature evident today that might be related to the picnic area is a crude grill made of 8-inch-wide concrete blocks recycled from town-era structures (Figure 4.522). The grill may be one of the three named fi re pits; slightly isolated and over 700 feet from the creek, this could have been “Bum’s Roost” or “Cupid Pit.” The grill is E-shaped in plan, 40 by 51 inches overall, and open at the front. The back wall, with two courses of block, is 14 inches high; the sides, of one course of block and concrete, are 11 inches high. Bairs Creek is an active creek, fl owing seasonally. Occasional fl ooding may have removed most, or all, traces of the picnic area within the drainage (Figure 4.523). There are also debris piles along the north side of the creek, including concrete steps apparently dumped there during demolition of structures in the administration area (Figure 4.524). 
256 Garden Management Plan

Figure 4.528. Picnic area northwest of North Park.

North ParkAt North Park, where the once stood, there are two structures and a curved rpear in historic photogra2.147-2.149) One is made and concrete with a chimney has been removed (Fslightly sloping sides, me

bottom and 62 by 91 inching surface, at the west enopening 34 inches square on three sides to hold a g

are four 2-inch-diameter fl oor, two in each wall to are two openings on the 

measures 251⁄2 by 101⁄2 incfor a door, which would forward. The lower openinches tall, fl ush with the 

apron that extends to the would have provided an 

56 by 68 inches. Inside the rock chimney 

Figure 4.525. Road to North Park. Figure 4.526. Fireplace with chimney at North Park.Figure 4.527. Fireplace at North Park.Figure 4.529. Location of South Park today. Figure 4.530. Internee picnic at 

Miyatake, reproduced with perm
pipe with an inner diameter of 12 inches and outer diameter of 141⁄2 inches. The concrete pipe is the type used in the town of Manzanar’s irrigation system; each pipe section was 2 feet long. Based on historic photographs, there were originally three 2-foot-long sections that, combined, reached to a height of about 76 inches. There are inscriptions on the concrete top of the base: “Ray Kobote” on one side, and “August 1943” on the other. No one by that name has been identifi ed in the Manzanar rosters. The other fi replace is made of granite boulders and concrete, and never had a chimney (Figure 4.527). This structure, too, has gently sloping walls, with the bottom measuring 56 by 75 inches in plan; it is 38 inches high, with the top opening 33 by 61 inches. Unlike the other fi replace base, this one has no lip below the opening, so any grill or cover would have set directly on the top. Like the other oven, it has a concrete apron and concrete fl oor interior. The apron, on the east side of the oven, measures 55 by 50 inches; the single opening, at the fl oor on the east side, is 24 inches wide and 16 inches high. In the interior, each side has two 2-inch-diameter holes in the wall 12 inches above the fl oor to hold a rack or shelf.Some of the masonry of the fi replaces was stabilized in 2001 (Simpson 2001a). In 2003, rocks, trash, and other debris were removed from the fi reboxes and in 2009 the adjacent ground surface was contoured to slope away from them to improve drainage (Burton 2003b, 2009e).Historic photographs indicate there was another picnic area west of the North Park fi replaces (see Figures 2.151-2.153); the area can be identifi ed by matching the terrain (a deep ravine) with the current topography (Figure 4.528). Confi rming the location, a building in the background of the photographs matches the location of a foundation inscribed with a 1944 date (Burton 1996a:311). The building is shown on WRA 

blueprints, but its function is not listed. Notable in the photographs of the picnic area is a Japanese lantern made of wood. This ravine appears to have been the course of Shepherds Creek when John Shepherd settled here in the 1860s. The ravine is dry now, but Madelon Yamamoto remembers it with fl owing water 

when the camp was in operation (personal communication 2014), perhaps by overfl ow from Victory gardens located to the south and west.

South Park (Manzanar Park)South Park is located outside the National Historic Site boundary and encompassed at least two abandoned ranches (Figure 4.524; see Figure 2.153). Cursory archeological survey in 1993 discovered two outdoor fi replaces (Burton 1996a), both within the rock walls of old ranch buildings. One of the fi replaces can be matched to historic photographs. Other historic photographs of internees picnicking under trees cannot be tied to a specifi c spot, but are likely of South Park (Figures 4.530 and 4.531; see Figure 2.156).One of the fi replaces is at the former Abernathy Ranch about 1/2 mile southwest of the relocation center’s south gate (Figures 4.532 and 4.533). There is a 4-by-6-foot concrete fi replace within a 13-by-18-foot, now roofl ess, one-room concrete and rock structure. The walls of the building are now 3 to 41⁄2 feet high, but the area is buried by deep alluvium. There is a doorway in the north wall. The fi replace is too large to have been part of the original building, which is from a historical ranch that was in use from around the beginning of the twentieth century until the mid1930s (Burton 1996a). The main compartment of the fi replace is a rectangular box approximately 3 feet high with an open top and a rectangular front opening (probably for a door). On the north face, the top 

Figure 4at AberFigure 4(South Figure 4(Kiyoko 
258 Garden Management Plan

chimney at the back, whicrete pipe fl ue, is approx

has been coated with coninto which a pattern, descised. Based on its constrKado or one of his studeOther areas as far south aquented by internees and nic areas. The internee mhorses at Kispert Ranch, south gate, and Toyo Miythe abandoned ranch buare some intriguing rock homestead along George of a picnic area (see Burtthe creek have not yet be

opening has recessed slots, either for grating or a solid cover. The chimney at the back, approximately 5 feet high, supports a round fl ue constructed of concrete pipe, now broken off . The other South Park fi replace is at the former Albers Ranch, 11⁄4 miles south of the south gate (Figures 4.534 and 4.535; see Figures 2.155 and 2.156). The concreteand-rock fi replace built by the internees is within the ruin of a two-room adobe-mortared rock building. Each room has a door to the east. The roofl ess building is 20 by 30 feet in plan, and the walls are 6 to 7 feet high. Larger and more ornate then the one at the Abernathy Ranch, the fi replace is in the southern room, abutted to the central wall. Made of mortared rocks, it measures 5 feet by 7 feet, and the rectangular main compartment is approximately 4 feet high. The 

Figure 4.534. Rock building with fi replace at Albers Ranch (South Park). Figure 4.536. Kispert Ranch on George Creek 

reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake 

Figure 4.535. Fireplace at Albers Ranch (South Park).
Victory GardensAll of the documented Victory gardens, as well as other undocumented Victory gardens, are visible on the 1944 aerial photograph and in historic photographs (see Figures 2.167-2.172). In addition to these community Victory gardens, historic photographs and oral histories indicate that many internees planted small vegetable and fl ower gardens at their barracks.Evidence of these gardens today consists of shallow earthen irrigation ditches, wood sluice gates, wood posts, fencing, scattered lumber, and sections of steel and concrete pipe (Figure 4.537). In the area north of Blocks 32 and 33, terracing and several small wood sluice gates are still evident (Figure 4.538). Boulders, scattered rocks, and a low earthen mound in the fi rebreak between Blocks 11 and 17 may be remnants of the sundial reported in the June 9, 1942, Manzanar Free Press (Figure 4.539). 

Figure 4.539. Possible regarden between Blocks 

Figure 4.537. Fence, ditch, and wood sluice gates at Figure 4.538. Wood sluice gate in Victory garden.Victory garden north of Block 34.

There is no known documentation of a small garden (less than half an acre in size) visible on the 1944 aerial photograph north of Block 35. It could be the “school plot on the north side of the center” mentioned in the Manzanar Free Press (April 14, 1943) or a garden used by nearby residents. Today, there are several short sections of concrete-lined ditch there. Conversely, one planned Victory garden documented in the Manzanar Free Press (January 13, 1943) as in the fi rebreak between Blocks 22 and 23 is not evident on the 1944 aerial photograph or on the ground today. The “tentative plans” reported in the newspaper may not have come to fruition. At the administration staff ’s Victory garden (see Figure 2.173), which encompassed about 6 acres between the administration area and the security fence, there are the remains of wooden sluices and shallow ditches and furrows. An elaborate system of dams, pipes, ditches, settling basins, and weirs brought water to the garden from Bairs and George Creeks (Burton 1996). 
260 Garden Management Plan
There are hundreds of gardens at Manzanar and the great majority of them can be classifi ed as “Japanese gardens,” but not because they were created by Japanese Americans; after all, the Japanese Americans also made and tended other types of gardens at Manzanar. Some of the most common garden types at Manzanar were Victory gardens, for produce and fl owers, and lawns, for family use and dust abatement. Merritt Park included a western-style rose garden, and the rock and cactus gardens in the administration area could be described as a fusion of Japanese and American forms.So what makes many of Manzanar’s gardens Japanese gardens? Outside Japan, Japanese-style gardens are 

often equated with a few typical (or stereotypical) elements, such as stone lanterns, tea houses, red lacquer bridges, and Buddha statues. For the most part, these elements were not used at Manzanar. But those features are not, in themselves, the defi ning criteria of Japanese gardens. The stylistic concepts and design elements of Japanese gardens have been developed over hundreds of years of garden-building tradition, and refl ect history, culture, world-view, religion, and aesthetics. Even today, Japanese gardens are complex, both aesthetically and functionally (Brown 2013:24; Figure 5.1).What follows is a brief overview of the historical development of Japanese gardens in Japan and the United States and how Manzanar’s gardens fi t within that history. Many scholars have traced the evolution of gardens in Japan through the country’s historical periods, showing how culture and religion have infl uenced the characteristics of Japanese gardens in each era (e.g., Goto 2003; Hayakawa 1973; Keane 1996; Kuitert 1988; 2002). Little remains of the earliest gardens in Japan, but clues to their design and construction have been gleaned from archeological studies and 

historical texts and paintings. Over 280 gardens have been archeologically excavated in Japan since 1930 (Ono and Maler 2013:25). 

Japanese Gardens in JapanAspects of Japanese gardens can be traced back to Shinto, the indigenous religion of Japan. One of the earliest garden forms in Japan was a sacred place in the midst of nature. In fact, the Japanese word for garden, niwa, means literally “the place where kami congregate” to indicate a place purifi ed for the worship of gods (Hayakawa 1973:27). In Shinto kami are everywhere and in everything. Although the word kami is usually translated as gods or spirits, kami can be elements of the landscape or forces of nature; the term can refer to the essence of existence which is found in everything, and to particular things which display the essence of existence in an awe-inspiring way (Figures 5.2 and 5.3). The appreciation of nature is one of the fundamental principles of Shinto, and Shinto shrines include not 

5 JAPANESE GARDENSNature in Miniature

Figurgarden 

Figure 5strips opresenc

Figure 5campho
262 Garden Management Plan

torii gates occur only at sand at most manipulate, and do not include built ever, Goto (personal com“the Shinto reverence for trees, and other ‘dignitarenduring infl uence on JaAsuka and Nara (AD 593-794)Beginning in the sixth cetraveled to China frequenJapan many facets of ChiDaoism heavily infl uenceand since both Buddhism from Korea and China, gwere likely infl uenced by (Keane 1996:11). HoweverJapanese gardens of this with Shinto shrines as wiDuring this period, gardepalaces for the recreation emperor and aristocrats. bolic gates, featured ponmany Buddhist and Daoito reproduce famous lanof Buddhism, early Japanincorporated references islands, and seas of Hindto the Daoist Isles of the communication 2015). Gatilinear with straight banChinese and Korean formample included a meanda more natural setting (K

only a structure or building, but also the surrounding area. In fact, most shrine buildings are not made to be entered and some Shinto shrines do not even have a structure, but rather consist of an enshrined rock or tree. Nature is equated with beauty and purity, and the ritual of purifi cation is very important: humans must wash their hands and rinse their mouths before entering a Shinto shrine. One or more torii gates, the boundary between common and sacred space, can mark the entry of a Shinto sanctuary (Figures 5.4-5.6). Shrines do not have to have a torii, but traditionally, 

Figure 5.5. Torii gate at Hachimangu Shrine, 

Kamakura.

Figure 5.6. Torii gates at Tofuku-ji, Kyoto.Figure 5.4. Torii gate at entrance to IzumoTaisha Grand Shrine.

Figure 5.7. Manipulated stream at Kamigamo Shrine, Kyoto.
An excavated garden at Nara Imperial Palace in the Chinese style featured a paved open space with a square pond surrounded by palace buildings. In the center of the pond was a stone object representing Sumeru Mountain, the central world mountain in Buddhism. Sumeru Mountain, surrounded by seas, connects the earth and the great universe. Korean gardens expressed this image with a symbolic stone, but in Shinto-infl uenced Japan, the sculptural piece was transformed into a more naturalistic miniaturized mountain. The Sumeru Mountain symbol became a popular element in Japanese gardens. This style of garden became so typical that the word shima, meaning island, was also used to mean “garden” for the next hundred years (Bibb 1991). Travel also helped the Japanese merchants appreciate the rugged coastline of their own country, inspiring early garden-makers to edge the lakes in the gardens of the aristocracy with rocks, pebbles, and sand. These gardens “literally illustrate the Sino- Japanese word for landscape – sansui – or, ‘mountain-water’ ” 

(Nitschke 1993; Figure 5.9).

Heian Period (AD 794-1185)The relatively peaceful Heian Period was a high point in Japanese aristocratic culture; the capital was moved to Kyoto (Heian) where the aristocrats devoted much of their time to the arts. At palaces and villas, aristocrats built large gardens used for elaborate parties and for recreational activities such as boating, fi shing, and general enjoyment. Designed with Chinese infl uence, the gardens featured large ponds and islands connected by arched bridges under which boats could pass. A gravel-covered plaza in front of the building was used for entertainment, while one or more pavilions extended out over the water (Figures 5.10-5.12).

Figure 5.8. Restored stream garden, Kyusaku-teien, Nara.
264 Garden Management Plan

shui), including the idea tated by a stream entering northeast (the realm of thand Japanese Guardian osouthwest (the realm of tthe West). But as Kuitert geomantic prescription anatural fl ow of water in tsituated, and so may have symbolic. The pond itsellands and peninsulas accenough to allow boats to the garden could be seen 

lifting doors could open den.Palace-style buildings antypically occupied one sqby 120 m. Residential buihalf of the space. South oings was the niwa garden ceremonies. The space lebeyond was wide and sharesidence, so these garde

jagged lines to exaggerate gardens were used for leipoem parties, banquets, shrubs, and smaller plantseasonal beauty. Ponds in were symbolic, representthis world and Buddhist the ponds was a symbol omuddy water. These desifor many Pure Land style The Sakuteiki (literally, “ing”), the oldest garden m

to the Heian period. It emment of stones to emulatdepth, including: (1) asymmore fl uid and natural; (2views from the building w

In the late Heian Period, Pure Land Buddhism gained popularity, promising its devotees a spot in the Western Paradise of the Amida Buddha, or Pure Land, if they were able to visualize this paradise at their death (Goto, personal communication 2015). Consequently, gardens were built to resemble that Buddhist paradise. These gardens featured a large pond with lotus fl owers and islands, as well as splendid pavilion buildings. Gardens were designed to be seen as a picture one could walk or boat through; music was often played to enhance the representation of paradise.The layout of the Heian gardens generally followed the Chinese-inspired principles of geomancy (feng 

Figure 5.10. Pure Land Buddhist temple, Byodo-in, Uji.

Figure 5.11. Entrance gate at Byodo-in, Uji.
diagonal placement, to add false perspective. The Sakuteiki instructions are often very precise. For example, the Sakuteiki gives specifi c measurements for 

the white sand or gravel area between the building and the edge of the pond and also stipulates that at least one island should be large enough to accommodate a group of musicians. But on other topics, the text is vague and even contradictory. For example, the garden should conform to the topographic characteristics of the site, including the natural fl ow of water, but gardens should also conform to adapted principles of feng shui, paying close attention to directional symbolism and the propitious choice and 

placing of elements. The Sakuteiki has played a major 

role in later interpretations of Japanese gardens, but some researchers caution that the manual should be studied in its historic context, rather than as the key to the meaning and symbolism of all Japanese gardens (Kuitert 1988:59; Takei and Keane 2001). 

Kamakura Period (AD 1185-1333)The gardens of this period are similar to those of the preceding Heian period, although they are characterized by a greater number and variety of rocks and more prodigious rock work in general. There was also a shift from boating to walking as the means of appreciating the garden. As the infl uence of Zen Buddhism increased, there was a gradual trend in employing rock formations, and gardens as a whole, as allegories, metaphors, and symbols. Gardens also began to be built within the comparatively narrow confi nes of samurai residences and urban Zen temples. A new 

form of minimalist garden, the karesansui, or dry 

landscape, began in this period, but it saw its greatest development during the following Muromachi period. 

Muromachi Period (AD 1333-1573)The Muromachi period, a time of social and political upheaval, is often considered the golden age of Japanese gardens. Some of the most enduring forms of Japanese culture, such as Noh theater, landscape painting, shoin architecture, and karesansui (dry landscapes) were developed during this era. There was a 

resurgence of Chinese infl uence in garden design, and many gardens of this period are transpositions of Chinese landscapes created to be viewed statically as if a painting. Power had shifted from the aristocratic court to the military elite, who embraced Zen Buddhism, which exerted a strong infl uence on garden design. Large pond gardens continued to be made, but the amuseFigure 5

Temple, 

Figure 5Kyoto.
266 Garden Management Plan

ment function of older gardens was abandoned in favor of gardens designed solely for stationary appreciation and meditation (Figure 5.13). Gardens were often built attached to temple buildings to help monks in meditation and religious advancement rather than for recreational purposes. Gardens also became smaller, simpler, and more minimalist, while retaining many of the same elements as before, such as ponds, islands, and bridges. Waterfalls and shakkei, the use of “borrowed scenery,” became popular (Figures 5.14-5.16).

The most extreme development towards minimalism was the karesansui dry landscape garden, unique to Japan. The main elements of karesansui are usually rocks and gravel, with the sea symbolized not by water but by gravel raked in patterns that suggest rippling water (Figures 5.17-5.19). Plants are much less important (and sometimes nonexistent) in many karesansui gardens. Associated with Zen Buddhism, karesansui gardens are often, but not always, meant to be viewed from a single, seated perspective, and 

are often found in the froresidences (houjou) of Zecolor, shape, orientation, were stressed, refl ecting 

of yugen: profound grace beauty and art. The Muromachi Period hSenzui narabi ni yagyo no 

ing Mountain, Water, and 

which dealt with the smaviewed from a building. S

same principles laid dowbeyond that early text in elements and in the comincludes the concept of mwhich minor stones are m139) and stresses the symcance of rocks and their and evocative names to tstones. Many later writerpret the “meaning” of vaticularly rocks, on the batranslation of Senzui, see 

Azuchi-Momoya(AD 1573-1603)This period was a major gardens, as the dominancgorgeous splendor yieldewabi-sabi. The formal tea were brought together unCharacteristics of wabi-sperity (roughness or irregausterity, modesty, intimaingenuous integrity of na(Figure 5.20). Tea garden

Figure 5.14. Dry waterfall (Dragon Gate) at Figure 5.15. Waterfall with symbolic carp stone, Ryoan-ji, Kyoto. Tenryuji, Kyoto. Figure 5.16. Pond garden with “borrowed scenery” at Shugakuin Imperial Villa, Kyoto.
peared in previous periods for holding the tea ceremony, but they reached the height of their development during the Azuchi-Momoyama period when the contemporary tea masters, most notably Sen Rikyu (1517 1591), refi ned and perfected their design. Part of Japanese Minimalism, tea gardens became popular with the warrior and merchant classes. The tea house represents a mountain retreat in the city, with all elements of the tea ceremony designed to express nature (Figure 5.21). The garden attached to the tea-ceremony house is not a full-fl edged garden, 

but rather a narrow path leading up to the tea room. The main elements of the tea garden are a simple entry gate, a waiting bench, a toilet, a stone lantern, a 

water basin, and stepping stones (Figures 5.22-5.24). The placement of the stepping stones that lead to the main tea room is a hallmark of this garden type. Stone lanterns provide lighting and a decorative element, while the water basin (tsukubai) is used for ritual cleansing. The aim is to create a feeling of solitude and detachment from the world, one that matches the aesthetic simplicity of the tea ceremony. Tea gardens refl ect the infl uence of Zen Buddhism, where minimalism and silent meditation are important ways to achieve enlightenment. Ideally, tea gardens manifest wabi and sabi, beauty found in transience and imperfection, or beauty that comes with age, authenticity, and simplicity. On a symbolic level, 

Figure 5.17. Dry landscape garden at Ryoan-ji, Kyoto. Figure 5

and tur

Figure 5in, Kyo

Figure 5

Kyoto.
268 Garden Management Plan

tea gardens marked a chaponds in earlier gardens tains and a mountain patbecame secular, and manJapan today, although mainto larger garden designEdo Period (AD 1603-1867)During the Edo period Jaisolationism, economic genvironmental protection joyment of arts and cultu

Figure 5.21. Jo-an tea house, Urakuen, Inuyama. Figure 5.22. Tea garden gate, SeFigure 5.23. Stepping stones, Koto-in, Kyoto. Figure 5.24. Water basin, Funda-in, Kyoto.
from the minimalism of the Momoyama Period as the ruling class rediscovered its fondness for extravagance 

and recreation. Construction and maintenance of these gardens was increasingly left to a growing class of professional gardeners.In Tokyo (Edo), lavish stroll gardens were constructed, derived at least in concept from traditional Heian gardens. Shakkei, the borrowing of background vistas, 

was a popular method of achieving the perception of grandeur. Strolling gardens also employed meisho, or 

famous sights, taken either from real places throughout the country or from literature and art (Figure 5.25). Scenes of China and Mount Fuji in miniature were common meisho. Gardens were also used as an educational device to promote harmony between nature and the community, and to reinforce Confucian ideals of social order.This period saw the synthesis of pond gardens, dry landscapes, and tea gardens. Large strolling gardens were created, with ponds, islands and artifi cial hills that could be enjoyed from a variety of viewpoints along a circular trail. The daimyo, regional feudal 

lords, constructed strolling gardens, both in their home towns and at their secondary villas, which they were required to maintain in Edo. Gardens often were constructed to exhibit a daimyo’s power, and big 

colorful rocks became a status symbol (Figures 5.26-5.28). Because gardens were created for ostentatious show, Goto labels this the period of the baroque garden in Japan (personal communication 2015). Most of the gardens of the Edo Period were either strolling gardens or karesansui gardens, and they were usually much larger than earlier gardens. Some gardens incorporated artifi cially created hills. Tsukiyamagardens typically feature an artifi cial hill combined with a pond and a stream and various plants, shrubs, and trees. Such gardens can be viewed from various vantage points as you stroll along the garden paths, 

Figure 5.25. Meisho of Amanohashidate sandbar at Koishikawa Koraku-en, Tokyo.

Figure 5.26. Daimyo pond garde

Figure 5.27. Daimyo pond garden, Rikugi-en, Tokyo.
270 Garden Management Plan

or appreciated from a pahouse on the grounds. Oyama garden is the tortooften shows these fortuitrate islands, together with Chinese and Japanese traare symbols of long life aIn contrast to the growin

dens, Japanese Minimaliduring the Edo period, in simplicity. The sukiya zukon the tea house, featurenatural fi nishes. Associatsimplicity and picturesqugarden that saw increasindaimyo and samurai was combined elements of thlandscape gardens, and ttic scale (Figure 5.29). A papart from their isolated es: they are screened usinpathways with several covisitor may arrive in a suffi 

Figure 5.31. Grass lawn, Hibiya Park, Tokyo.Figure 5.32. Japanese garden, Hibiya Park, Tokyo. Figure 5.33. Sculpture in Japanese garden 

pond, Hibiya Park, Tokyo.

Figure 5.28. Large boulder cut, moved as pieces, Figure 5.29. Hermitage garden at Shisen-do, Kyoto. Figure 5.30. French formal gardeand reassembled at Koraku-en Garden, Okayama.
Meiji Period (1868-1912)In this period Japan entered an age of rapid modernization and Westernization, transforming itself from an isolated feudal society to a modern state. Westernstyle city parks were built, and many of the formerly private strolling gardens were opened to the public. Some former daimyo gardens had Western-style 

landscapes added (Figure 5.30). The fi rst urban park 

in Tokyo, Hibiya Park, was built in 1904. It included lawns, a fl ower garden, fountains, an amphitheater, a library, a Gothic style hall, tennis courts, and a garden that combined traditional Japanese and Western elements (Figures 5.31-5.33). By law in 1871 many gardens attached to estates and some renowned Buddhist temples became public property and were opened for the fi rst time to the public. However, the level of interest in, and knowledge of, existing notable gardens was negligible, and consequently many great gardens fell into disrepair or ruin.Politicians and industrialists were the force behind the construction of new private strolling gardens which often contained Western elements such as fl ower beds and open lawns. Although some gardens in Japan kept their Western and Japanese elements separated, others merged Western ideas and plants, such as grass lawns, with traditional styles. Murin-an, a private villa garden in Kyoto, is a typical strolling garden of the Meiji period (Figures 5.34 and 5.35). Built between 1894 and 1896, it included a Western-style villa, borrowed landscape, and a small stream. Large parts of the garden are lawn, a fi rst for a Japanese garden, an infl uence from English landscape gardens. Not only did Japanese gardens in Japan incorporate Western elements, it was during the Meiji period that Japanese gardens were introduced in the United States.

Figure 5.34. Meiji Period stroll garden, Murin-an, Kyoto.

Figure (mill s
272 Garden Management Plan

Taisho and Early (1912-1941)Prior to World War II, Warchitecture were the cenestates, with the Japanese 5.36 and 5.37). Japanese gily infl uenced by Western generally based on traditthem apart from previouof carved and sculpted roterials, and the ascendangarden designers. Howevto be faithful reproductioment of dry landscape gavations as a wide variety sands, new principles govrocks, the use of dressed signs Figures 5.38-5.40). Figure 5.38. Rocks representing Hojo Hasso, Kyoto.

Figure 5.36. Western-style villa and rose garden designed by Josiah Conder, Kyu Furukawa Gardens, Tokyo.Figure 5.37. Japanese garden at Kyu Furukawa Gardens, Tokyo.
Fairs and expositions. These gardens were designed and constructed by Japanese using Japanese materials to introduce Japanese culture to the world, and to promote Japan’s status (Brown 2008). The fi rst Japanese garden created for a World’s Fair, at the 1873 World Exposition in Vienna, put all things Japanese in vogue (Figures 5.41 and 5.42). The Japanese exhibit included a Shinto shrine and a traditional music and dance hall. The Japanese garden featured a white wooden gate, stone lanterns, an arched bridge, a small pond and waterfall, and rocks. A British trading company purchased everything at the end of the exposition. In 1876 a Japanese garden was built in Philadelphia for the Centennial Exposition (Figure 5.43). A Japanese house and a Japanese bazaar with a small garden were situated at opposite ends of the exposition grounds. The garden was far from being a typical Japanese garden; it featured bamboo fences, a fountain, a stone lantern, bronze storks and pigs, and demonstration fl ower beds (Lancaster 1983:190). Though most of 

Japanese Gardens in the United StatesIt was during the Meiji Period that Japanese gardens were introduced to the Western World by four main avenues: World’s Fair expositions; private estate Japanese gardens; commercial tea house gardens; and public Japanese gardens at schools and in parks. Kendall Brown (1999, 2013a,b) provides a succinct history of Japanese gardens in the United States, noting that they fi rst became popular at the end of the nineteenth century. From the American viewpoint, Japanese gardens were seen as exotic and beautiful antidotes to industrial blight; from the Japanese perspective, gardens had political and commercial value.World’s Fair Gardens The fi rst Japanese gardens built outside Japan were 

sponsored by the Japanese government for World’s 

Figure 5Vienna Museum

Figure 5.39. Square-cut stone and moss, Hojo Hasso, Kyoto. Figure 5.40. Dry landscape garden at Komyo-in, Kyoto.
274 Garden Management Plan

torii gate led to a Japanesand a few men staff ed the 5.46; Brown 2013b:43). Thnese Tea Garden at GoldThe fi rst strolling garden est Japanese garden built 

was constructed for the Ltion in St. Louis in 1904. included six traditional sby native craftsmen in th(Hoshi 1904:114-115). The an island, an arched bridbronze cranes, a variety osmall tea house (Figure 5The garden was chosen aposition. A three-acre Japanese gaPanama Pacifi c Internatiocisco. Boulders, gravel, trbrought from Japan. The vided staff for a Golden Ptemple) and two tea houThat same year, represenTea Association and from governments erected a prival Panama California Eure 5.51). The San Diego emodeled on an ornate tearchitect K. Tami. The tepaths, a stream with carpbird sculptures, and planteria, bamboo, a bonsai tero 1990).For the 1933 Century of PFair, the government of Jion with a traditional tea cago’s lakefront. The gararched bridges (Figures 5

the fair buildings were torn down at the close of the Exposition, some of the landscaping remained. A lotus pond garden was added when a Japanese toriigate, originally brought to the United States for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was installed. The much-changed garden is now part of the Shofuso Japanese House and Garden, open to the public and rated the third-best Japanese garden in the United States by the Journal of Japanese Gardening. For the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, a Japanese temple (Ho-o-den), a tea house, and gardens were created on a naturalistic “Wooded Island” (Figure 5.44). Ho-o-den was modeled after the Phoenix Hall at Byodo-in, and a garden surrounded the temple. At the time, the garden was panned as a “succession of low, smooth grass-covered mounds with a few narrow walks winding about, and a hapless dearth of anything Japanese in planting” (Maloney 2012). Another garden with stone lanterns and bronze cranes fl anked the tea house (Brown 1999:16). While the gardens may not have met with universal acclaim, architects Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright visited the exposition, and the architecture and the integration of the buildings and gardens heavily infl uenced the development of Prairie style architecture (Lancaster 1983). Unlike most of the World’s Fair Japanese gardens, the garden built for the 1894 California Midwinter Exposition in San Francisco was not sponsored by the Japanese government, but by American businessman George Turner Marsh and Japanese immigrant Makoto Hagiwara. A wealthy landscape designer, Hagiwara designed the garden and he and his family became its caretakers after the exposition closed until 1942, when Hagiwara’s descendants were sent to Topaz Relocation Center. The garden featured a two-story entry gate, a series of pools and waterfalls, a high-arched “moon” bridge, and a “Japanese village,” all decorated with Japanese plants and garden ornaments. A large 

Figure 5.42. Japanese garden at 1873 Vienna World Exposition (Tokyo National Museum).

Figure 5.43. Japanese garden at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia (Centennial Photographic Company).Figure 5.44. Ho-o-den on Wooded Island at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago (detail from postcard).

Figure 5.45. Japanese exhibit at 1894 California Midwinter Exposition in San Francisco (postcard).
closed, the tea house, stone lanterns, and a torii gate 

were donated to the city of Chicago by the Japanese government and moved to the Japanese garden on Wooded Island (Maloney 2012:169-170). The garden was refurbished in 1934 -1935 by Issei Taro Otsuka, a garden builder based in the Midwest. This garden has evolved into the present Osaka Garden.For the 1939 New York World’s Fair, a pavilion modeled after an ancient Shinto shrine was constructed. It was surrounded by a garden adorned with pools, waterfalls, and Japanese trees and shrubs (Figure 5.54). The garden was constructed by Shogo Myaida, who had been building gardens in the New York area since 1922 (Brown 1999:18). Talks on Japanese culture were given by young Japanese women in traditional Japanese costumes. The Japanese government contributed a garden to the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition held on Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay to celebrate the openings of the San Francisco- Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge. The garden included a large pond with stones, lanterns, and an arched bridge 

(Figures 5.55 and 5.56). A rock garden could be viewed while drinking tea in the tea room (Brown 1999:17). The stone and lanterns for the garden had been brought from Japan. These gardens were likely seen by some of the Japanese Americans who were later sent to Manzanar; internee and noted author Hank Umemoto recalled visiting the Exposition when he was 11 or 12 years old (personal communication 2013), and a token from the 1939 Exposition was found during archeological work at a Manzanar garden in 2013. 

When the Exposition closed in 1939, the Japanese exhibit was donated to the University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley on behalf of the Japanese Government. Kaneji Domoto, a prominent landscape architect in the Bay Area, assisted in the garden’s design and supervised Japanese workmen as they moved 

the garden to the UC Berkeley campus in November 1941. Immediately after Pearl Harbor, the stones and lantern were moved to a warehouse for safekeeping and the garden was not completed until after the war ended. Most of the Japanese gardens created for display at world’s fairs and expositions were sponsored by the 

Figure 5.46. Japanese tea garden at 1894 California Midwinter Exposition in San Francisco (postcard).

Figure 5.47. Japanese pavilion at 1904 St. Louis Louisiana Purchase Exposition (postcard).

Figure 5St. Loui(AmericFigure 5PanamaSan FraFigure 5PanamaSan Fra
276 Garden Management Plan

Public and PriPopularized by the WorldJapanese gardens became ica. The great accumulatithe late nineteenth centuextensive public and privincluded collections of gjust one, especially prized with discrimination and tions, Japanese immigrantage of the craze, and the it: 

The association of Japan wealthy North Americannese servants could creathat led to a few strange network of Issei who coedge and labor. By the 19were paralleled by comm

that sold Japanese gardemail order. 

Japanese Americans also their own communities t

Japanese government, built by well-known Japanese designers, and most used the best plants and building materials from Japan. However, these exhibits were not truly representative of gardens and architecture in Japan. Many diff erent styles were often squeezed into one small exhibition space, giving a false impression of how Japanese gardens were created and used. In some cases, Japanese architectural styles were confl ated to meet the needs and expectations of fair-going crowds, such as when an ornate temple in Kyoto was used as the model for the tea pavilion at the 1915-1916 Exposition in San Diego. This elaborate structure bore little resemblance to the traditional small rustic Japanese tea houses. The Japanese Tea Garden at Golden Gate Park features Shinto and Buddhist gates built untraditionally next to each other. Partly because of its presentation at this garden, Shinto torii gates became 

associated with Japan as a whole and not just with a Japanese religion. Meanwhile, scholars and enthusiasts attempted to explain the principles of Japanese garden design to English-speaking audiences. In 1893 Josiah Conder published the fi rst English book on the principles of Japanese gardens, Landscape Gardening in Japan. A British architect working as an advisor to the Meiji government, Conder taught at Imperial College in Tokyo. His book translated and adapted authentic Japanese texts about gardens; he concluded that the principles were universal and could be applied anywhere. Other books in English about Japanese gardens include Japanese Gardens, by Mrs. Basil Taylor (Harriett Osgood) which came out in 1912; Loraine Kuck’s One Hundred Kyoto Gardens (1937); and Samuel Newsom’s 1939 Japanese Garden Construction, printed in Tokyo. Kuck’s book included the fi rst English-language interpretation of the Ryōan-ji garden, but only after World War II were karesansui gardens widely recognized 

outside of Japan (Kuitert 1988:153).

Figure 5.54. Japanese garden at 1939 New York World’s Fair (World’s Fair booklet).

Figure 5.53. Japanese pavilion and garden at 1933 Century of Progress World’s Fair in Chicago (postcard).

Figure 5.51. Japanese tea house at 1915 Panama-California Exposition, San Diego (postcard).

Figure 5.52. Japanese garden at 1933 Century of Progress World’s Fair in Chicago (postcard).

Figure 5.55. Detail of Japanese gInternational Exposition (postca
of their homeland, and created Japanese gardens in public places as a symbol of goodwill, to combat antagonism against Japanese immigrants and their children.Some notable examples of public and private Japanese gardens in the United States are discussed below, with an emphasis on Southern California, where Japanese gardens were very popular (see Lancaster [1983:192-215] for a discussion focusing on East Coast gardens).George Turner Marsh Tea Gardens, San Diego (1901, 1905) and Pasadena (1903) – About 1872, George Turner Marsh was a 15-year-old boy moving from Australia to the United States with his family when they stopped in Japan. He liked Japan so much he convinced his parents to let him stay there, and his father found him a position at a tea import-export business and auction house. In 1876 Marsh rejoined his family in San Francisco, where he started an import business. As discussed above, Marsh and Makoto Hagiwara created a Japanese garden at the 1894 California Midwinter International Exposition in San Francisco. The development of this garden and others around the state earned Marsh the title “King of the Commercial Tea Garden” (Cliff ord 2002). 

In 1901 Marsh had built a tea garden in San Diego for John D. Spreckels, in part as a recreational and relaxation outlet for guests of the Hotel Del Coronado. The popular garden included Japanese-style buildings, winding rock-lined paths, and stone lanterns (Figure 5.57). The garden was destroyed by a storm in 1905, but Marsh and Spreckels rebuilt it in a safer location, behind the Spreckels Mansion (Linder 2013). This second garden was more ostentatious with ponds, arched wood bridges, stone bridges, and even a Japanese well (Figure 5.58).In 1903 Marsh built a tea garden in Pasadena around a Japanese house he had built to sell Asian art. Surrounded by a 6-foot-high fence, the garden included a large pond, a low arched bridge, a “crooked” bridge, a miniature mountain and low hills, stones and lanterns, a wisteria arbor, a viewing arbor, an open pavilion, a red shrine, a gong, and a collection of idols 

from Tokyo temples (Figure 5.59). A newspaper adverFigure 5.56. Japanese pavilion at 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition (postcard). Figure 5

Japanes

Figure 5.57. Marsh’s Coronado Japanese garden (postcard).
278 Garden Management Plan

detectable in bridges and and 5.61). As far as is knoden experience, nor builthe author of the memorics, gave lectures on his mpatented a method of wo

tisement indicates it was built by A.Y. Okita, who was a “Contractor and Builder of Japanese Tea Houses and Gardens” (Brown 2013b:44-46). The garden was not a commercial success, however, and in 1911 Marsh sold the entire garden, including the Japanese house and plants, to Henry E. Huntington for relocation to Huntington’s San Marino estate.Sonnenberg Gardens, Canandaigua, New York (1906, 1915) – Goto et al. (2014) credits a Japanese garden designed by Kikujiro Wadamori in 1906 for the Sonnenberg estate as possibly the fi rst private Japanese garden in the United States. One of several diff erent types of gardens at the estate, Wadamori’s two-acre garden featured Japanese elements such as a pond, natural stone, and stone lanterns, but the garden’s “tea house” had Japanese and Chinese elements, and Chinese and European infl uences are 

Figure 5.60. Japanese tea house and pond at Sonnenberg estate (courtesy of Seiko Goto).

Figure 5.61. Waterfall at Sonnen(courtesy of Seiko Goto).

Figure 5.62. Buddha statue at So(Sonnenberg Gardens and Mans

Figure 5.59. Marsh’s Pasadena Japanese tea garden (Brown 2013b:45).
a construction company. In 1915 the garden was enlarged by John Handrahan, who added a small pond, a waterfall with a massive stone wall and narrow cascade, two English-style grottos, and an Italian temple. Instead of the traditional lotus, Handrahan used water lilies in the ponds, likely assuming the plants were common in Japanese gardens. This was a common 

assumption, possibly due to Monet’s bridge and water lilies paintings, which were well known in the United States. Handrahan also added a bronze Buddha statue and a ceramic priest statue purchased in Paris, and installed a torii gate (Figure 5.62). Wattles Estate, Hollywood, California (1911) – Added to the Gurdon Wattles winter home estate in 1911, the Japanese garden was one of the fi rst of its 

kind in Southern California. Gurdon Wattles hired a Japanese landscape designer named Fugio and purchased materials and services from George Turner Marsh, the Yokohama Nursery Company, and many others. Wattles had seen gardens in Japan, and bought a tea house, shrines and lanterns from Japan for use in the garden, as well as all of the shrubs and other vegetation. His Japanese garden included a tea house, a waterfall, a bridge, a well, a series of ponds, bamboo fences, lush plantings, stone walls, statuary, a thatchroofed pavilion, and a shrine (Figure 5.63). The garden could be reached via a series of paths leading from other gardens at the estate. With its waterfall, ponds, and bridges, Wattles’ Japanese garden had the characteristics of an Edo-period tsukiyama-sansui, or hill 

and water garden, a popular type at the time and one featured in Conder’s Landscape Gardening in Japan. Soon after completion, various views of the Japanese garden were reproduced on color postcards. The American and Japanese gardens of the Wattles estate were opened to the public perhaps as early as 1912, and the site became a popular Hollywood tourist destination. During World War II, Gurdon Wattles’s son served in the U.S. Navy as a Japanese-language offi cer.Huntington Estate, San Marino, California (1912) – The famous Huntington Japanese Garden, in San Marino, California, began as the commercial tea garden in Pasadena started by George T. Marsh in 1903. It was purchased and moved to Henry Huntington’s private estate less than ten years later. Huntington acquired from Marsh a two-story Japanese 

Figure 5.63. Japanese garden at Wattles Estate (postcard).

Figure 5estate (and Bot

Figure 5estate J(HuntinBotanicFigure 5Japanes
280 Garden Management Plan

house, fence, arbors, bell tower, stone lanterns, statues, stones, and plants. These were placed around two newly-constructed ponds and a stream. Other new elements were added including a “moon bridge,” a torii gate, a concrete faux-rock bridge, and a concrete rockery and grotto with a 10-foot-high waterfall (Figures 5.64-5.66; Brown 2013b). Huntington hired the Goto family, who had worked for Marsh, to maintain the garden and live in a small house built behind the Japanese House.Bernheimer Estate, Hollywood, California (1912) – In 1912, Asian goods importers Adolph and Eugene Bernheimer purchased land atop a small hill in Hollywood and constructed an exotic 22-room Japanese mansion and grounds, called “Yama Shiro,” or large house on the hill. The brothers imported a 600-year-old pagoda to decorate the eight-acre grounds, along with decorative urns, lamps, fi gures, waterfalls, arches, and stones (Figures 5.68 and 5.69). The home became an immediate sensation for its dramatic appearance, with the November 15, 1914, edition of the Los Angeles Times stating that “...it looms upon the view like a vision from the skies of the celestial kingdom itself ...” By the 1930s, it operated as the Hollywood Scenic Gardens and Oriental Palace, opened to the public, with a brochure touting “It is estimated that two million dollars have been spent to make it one of the fi nest showplaces in America” (Figure 5.70). Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York (1915) – The fi rst Japanese garden in a public park in the United States, this garden was designed by Takeo Shiota (1881-1943) using local Italian workers. In the hill-and-water style, the garden featured a red torii gate in a pond with a shrine behind it; local stones and plants were used (Figure 5.71). The waterfall has been compared to a European garden grotto, and the bridge appears to have Chinese design elements. 

Figure 5.67. Waterfall and grotto at Huntington estate Japanese garden (Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens).

Figure 5.68. Japanese garden on hillside at Bernheimer estate (Yamashiro Hollywood).

Figure 5.69. Miniature Japanese village at Bernheimer estate (postcard).

Figure 5.70. Hollywood Sce(ca. 1940). 
Italia Mia, Sierra Madre, California (1916) – Purportedly, this is the oldest Japanese garden in Southern California still in private ownership. Now located behind a single-family home, it was once part of the large estate of Thomasella Graham. Graham built an Italian-villa-style mansion with a conventional fl ower garden, a marble fountain imported from Florence, and a Japanese garden. The Japanese garden has the characteristics of an Edo-period tsukiyama-sansui (hill and water) garden 

and may have been based in part on Josiah Conder’s book, Landscape Gardening in Japan (Brown quoted 

in Schoenberger 1994). The garden includes four rock-lined ponds, concrete bridges (including a zigzag bridge), a stream, waterfalls, and a viewing arbor. A lantern is on an island in the main pond, next to a 

large rock sticking out of the water in the shape of a turtle. The hillside behind the ponds has pine trees, 

sago palms, and irises (Figure 5.72). An inscription in the concrete pond provides evidence of the pond’s builder: “KATO” is written in block letters beneath the date “1916,” and above the initials “THG” (most likely Thomasella H. Graham) and “EGO” (an unknown individual; Schoenberger 1994). A person named T. Kato is listed as a gardener living in Los Angeles in the 1920 U.S. census, and the 1938 Santa Monica City Directory lists “Tom T. Kato, gardener.” No other Katos were found in the city directories. Seven Katos with landscaping or nursery experience were interned at Manzanar, Takashi (Tom?) Kato lived in Block 34 Barracks 13 Apartment 1 with his wife and two children.
282 Garden Management Plan

J. Gamble Carson Hounia (c. 1917) – On the gro1914 or 1918 (City of Sierrnants of a Japanese gardeThe original owner of thdisappeared in the early cused of murdering his wers in 1947, “a Mr. Kato” on the terrain for one moexquisite three-tiered Japden, with streams, waterfthat remains is the middlconcrete lantern, and briadded along a zigzagging few original trees, includremain. The rockwork, bbear a strong resemblanc(Schoenberger 1994).Hakone Estate, SaratogHakone was designed by Ishihara for Isabel LongdWith a variety of waterfa

dens, ponds and other elsidered a replica of a Japaestate garden, although Smay have been the gardepan (Brown 2013:41). Usitechniques, architect Tsuartisans designed and coing” (Upper) House, a Lo(Figure 5.73). Stine hosteFrancisco Opera of Mad1923. Kotani-En Japanese Gania (1918-1924) – Thougprivately owned Japanese istered Historical LandmJapanese landscape archiKotani-En is a classical Ja

Figure 5.72. Japanese garden at Italia Mia (postcard). Figure 5.73. Early-twentieth-century view of Hakone (Hakone Estate and Gardens).

Figure 5.75. Japanese garden at East San Pedro School under construction (courtesy of Marie Masumoto).Figure 5.74. Japanese garden at East San Pedro School under construction (courtesy of Marie Masumoto).

Figure 5.76. Red lacquer bridge at East San Pedro School Japanese garden (Shelton 2006).
mal style of a 13th-century estate with tile-roofed walls surrounding a tea house, shrine, gardens and ponds. Constructed for Max M. Cohen in 1918-1924 by master artisan Takashima and eleven craftsmen from Japan, “Kotani-En represents a harmonious union of art and nature in a two-acre rustic environment” (Landmark Plaque 1984).East San Pedro Elementary School (1924) – One of the several Japanese gardens built at schools solely for the enjoyment and education of the students, this garden was created in 1924 by Issei fi shermen who lived on Terminal Island (Hirahara 2015:208-209). “Each plant in the garden was chosen for a particular location... a pond, stocked with bright colored carp, is near the center of the garden with a curving, red-lacquered bridge spanning the pond. An ornamental red gate, torii, stands at the entryway. Concrete lanterns are arranged amongst the plants and on special occasions a large porcelain swan is placed in the garden” (Figures 5.74-5.76; Shelton 2007:10). Three hundred cherry trees were planted on the playground in 1931 (Shelton 2007:123).Kubota Garden, Seattle (1927) – The Kubota Garden was started in 1927 by Fujitaro Kubota. Today, it is maintained as a public park by the Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation and the Kubota Garden Foundation. Kubota (1879-1973) had immigrated to Washington from Japan. He moved to Seattle where he managed hotels and apartment buildings in the International District. In the recession following World War I, Kubota lost his buildings, except for the apartment building on Alder Street where he and his family lived. Although not formally trained, Kubota became a professional gardener, founding the Kubota Gardening Company in 1923. In 1965 he described his eff orts to learn the secrets of Japanese gardening: 

I returned to Japan three times to study gardening which wasn’t easy. In Kyoto, I visited professional gardeners and asked many questions, but they wouldn't give me the most important part of their know-how. It was like the art of the tea ceremony and traditional dance in Japan which are taught in the rigid old family system. Wilma 2011, citing Parmeter 1966 Kubota’s business grew, and he bought fi ve acres of logged swamp land, using a friend’s name to get around laws that then precluded Japanese immigrants from owning property in Washington. He and his family developed the garden there, using Japanese garden concepts and native Northwest plants (Fig- ures 5.77 and 5.78). Kubota acquired adjacent lots to increase the garden’s size to 20 acres. The family was confi ned at the Minidoka Relocation Center in Idaho during World War II but returned in 1945 to restore and continue developing the garden. Acquired by the City of Seattle as a public park in 1987, the Seattle Parks and Recreation website describe the gardens as “a spectacular setting of hills and valleys, interlaced with streams, waterfalls, ponds, bridges, and rock out- croppings with a rich array of plant material.” Stoner Park, West Los Angeles (1931) – This Japa- nese garden was created by local Japanese American residents in a neighborhood park (Figure 5.79). A plaque at the garden reads: This Garden presented by the Japanese People of Sawtelle to the public for the promotion of better un- derstanding. 1931 Kyoson Kwai S. Nobori, President R. Kanda, K. Ikanda, Vice Presidents K. Saito, T. Takaka, Treasurers S. Mizuguchi, Y. Fujisawa, Auditors M. Katsuki, T. Nakagawa, T. Nishikawa, Directors K. Yahata, Secretary Stoner Park The original appearance of the garden is not known. Figure 

Garden 

Figure 5Garden Figure 5today.
284 Garden Management Plan

had a tiny fi sh pond, a mtree and a stone lantern. passions of the war, scho

garden. All that remains dirt, an overgrown pine, signed by cement man R

According to the 1920 U.as a mason living in Pasadraft card lists his occuping that Kaya had been cfor at least a decade befoSchool garden was built. Kaya replicated the look tern appears to be made 5.81); its design matches lCarson Mansion suggestKato may have had a parschool garden was restor2010).Theodore Roosevelt Hdent, Shigeo Takayama, l

It was re-designed in 1989 by Dr. Koichi Kawana, a naturalized citizen who received his Master of Fine Arts from UCLA. Today it consists of a path, shaped and pruned pines, cherry trees, raked gravel that out- lines boulders, a Japanese lantern, and three monu- ment stones, one of which is in commemoration of Dr. Kawana. The Discover Nikkei website not only describes the current garden but also discusses the fusion of Japanese and local elements, citing Kendall Brown: According to Kendall Brown in Japanese Style Gardens of the Pacifi c West Coast, “Kawana adapts elements from Japan’s famous Edo Period (1615-1868) stroll gardens to fi t the Southern California climate and in- escapably modern context of the garden.” Sierra Madre Middle School (1931) – The history of this garden was described in a Los Angeles Times article: The Issei fathers of the two dozen Japanese-American children who attended the school in the 1920s built a small garden there as a gesture of good will to cel- ebrate the completion of a new building in 1930. It 

Figure 5.80. Japanese garden at Sierra Madre School (NHK 2011).

Figure 5.81. Japanese garden at Sierra Madre School tod

Figure 5.82. Japanese garden at Theodore Roosevelt High School today.
ents in the creation of a Japanese garden at Theodore Roosevelt High in 1935 (Figure 5.82; Anon. 2010). The original design of the garden is not known; it was vandalized during World War II and rebuilt in the 1990s. Reconstruction of the Roosevelt High School garden, in fact, was funded by Shigeo Takayama, the former student who had started the garden. Takayama was born in the U.S. in 1916, was educated for some time in Japan, but graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High. His father took the family back to Japan shortly before World War II, where Takayama was drafted into the Japanese military. Takayama became a successful businessman in Japan. He came to Theodore Roosevelt High School for the rededication (Mori 2007). 

Storrier Stearns Japanese Garden, Pasadena (1935-1942) – This garden was designed and built between 1935 and 1942 for Charles and Ellamae Storrier Stearns by Kinzuchi Fujii, a landscape designer and craftsman from Japan (Figure 5.83; Hobart 2013a; Horton 2007). At nearly two acres, the Storrier Stearns Japanese Garden contains many of the much-admired design features found in the most lavish of Japanesestyle gardens of its era, including four bridges, a traditional cedar log waiting house, two interconnected irregularly shaped ponds, a 25-foot-high hill with a cascading waterfall, a winding dry riverbed shaded by spreading sycamores and old oaks, tons of rocks, granite statuary, and stone lanterns. The original tea 
286 Garden Management Plan

house was built in Japan tions, then disassembled reassembly in the gardeninterrupted when Fujii wRelocation Center in AriJapanese GardA Defi nitionAlthough scholars outlinJapanese gardens in Japathey do not always agree “Japanese garden.” Some defi nition, true Japanese For example, discussing built in North America fofairs, Kendall Brown says 

gardens [rather than Japacentral belief is that they Americans have wanted thave wanted their culture phasis added; Hobart 201Seiko Goto concurs that topography, and culture, 

Japan are very diff erent fshe points out that even wof a Japanese garden has Japanese gardens have unmany diff erent sources: Scianism, Daoism, and beeven Western concepts. Wpursuit became the domathen gardening professiobeen transformed to fi t ththe style of Japanese gardwith subsequent eras incold styles (Goto 2003:197

Figure 5.84. Nature in miniature, Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto.Figure 5.85. Winter snowfall at Kenroku-en, Kanazawa. Figure 5.86. Fall colors at Shusuitei, Kyoto.
out that one can see the features of the palace style garden, the small temple garden, the tea garden, and the Momoyama garden in the daimyo gardens of 

the Edo period. Because Japanese gardens use local materials, gardens in the north of Japan use diff erent plants than those in the south. Rocks can be granite or basalt, depending on what is locally available. Even the Sakuteiki states it is important to keep in mind the 

local climate and the lay of the land when designing a garden (Hiromasa 1999:4).Complicating the defi nition of Japanese gardens outside of Japan, Goto (personal communication 2015) 

notes that diff erent styles have been popular at different times. The Japanese daimyo garden of the Edo period was the fi rst celebrated garden style outside of Japan; minimalist gardens were largely ignored by Western scholars and dry gardens did not become well-known to Americans until the United States military occupied Japan after World War II (Kuitert 1988:153). Further, Japanese gardens outside Japan 

often have many diff erent elements in a single garden: today it is common for a large pond stroll garden to also have a tea garden, a dry landscape garden, an area of cherry trees, and so on.

To help answer the question, “What is a Japanese garden” Koichi Kobayashi (2015) defi nes some enduring 

characteristics of Japanese gardens (Figures 5.84-5.87). They: 

• Depict nature in miniature (other natural gardens, such as English and Chinese, are actual size, which is why the Chinese do not prune trees like the Japanese). • Are designed to appreciate the change in seasons.• Use natural materials.• Feature rocks, water (even if only symbolically), and plants.• Illustrate both an “appreciation of nature” and “acceptance of nature as is.”• Are naturalistic in space, form, and texture.• Are curvilinear in form and shape, and asymmetrical. • Can be loaded with symbolic meaning, recalling the natural scenery of famous locations, or the religious teachings of Shintoism, Buddhism, and the tea ceremony. 

According to Kobayashi (2015) other common characteristics include (Figures 5.88-5.90):

• White gravel can symbolize the sea. • There can be a direct connection of house and garden.• One view of the garden does not reveal the whole.• Rocks are never stacked; one rock can symbolize one mountain.• Traditional/historical garden structures and ornaments are used, such as lanterns and bridges (In Japan only stone lanterns and stone pagodas are used; 

Figure 5.87. Arched bridge at Imperial Palace, Kyoto.

Figure 5exterioFigure 5and Ho

Figure 5Shokok
288 Garden Management Plan

Japanese GardJapanese gardens have thwater, and plants, and armetrical. Mori (1962:54) of Japanese gardens as thsymbolism which turn msomething more profounby Kobayashi 2015) states space to symbolize biggefrom its elements.” Manzcertainly meet these defi nin that they depict nature and are composed of rocrock placement following larger gardens are asymmthe smaller gardens that wlocation at barracks entrments. Most of the gardeJapanese garden elementlanterns, ponds, islands, tellingly, they lack many added to American “Japared lacquer bridges, torii grottos. Even Ryozo Kadgious grotto shrines, did and instead built JapanesAlthough it is impossible garden-makers were thinat Manzanar appear to exacteristic of Japanese garrepresentations of turtles jagged rocks to represent tal, smoother rocks to rep5.92). Noah (1999:16, 21-2stones fl anking the entragarden are nioseki (stonehave immense strength to ure 5.93). The two deities mentary powers: “in” is n

Buddha statues are only used in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Japanese gardens built in United States).

Goto off ers a summary that would make the defi nition 

of Japanese garden even more inclusive: “the fundamental philosophy of Japanese garden is to depict the beauty of the given landscape,” and “the beauty of the Japanese garden is its transformation of its form to fi t to the given culture, which is what a good Japanese garden outside Japan is” (personal communication 

2015). Although Goto’s terminology may diff er, her view of the complex evolution and adaptation of Japanese gardens in America is consistent with Kendall Brown’s statement that

... North American Japanese gardens are not merely translations, they are transformations calibrated to their time and place and interpreted through social systems that add complex layers of meaning.

Brown 2013:17

Figure 5.92. Turtle and crane rocks, Block 12 mess hall garden.Figure 5.93. Two vertical stones fl anking the entrance to Block 12 mess hall garden.Figure 5.91. A single rock used as symbolic mountain water source, Block 33 Arai pond. 
Manzanar is in Inyo County and the Inyo Mountains are to the east. “Inyo” is a Paiute Indian word, but Manzanar’s garden-builders may have recognized this coincidence and added another layer of meaning with the symbolism. The entrance to the Block 34 mess hall garden is also fl anked by two upright rocks. A “boat-shaped” rock at Merritt Park is similar to a famous example at Daisen-in, Kyoto (Figures 5.94 and 5.95). According to Goto (personal communication 2015), the island in the Merritt Park pond may represent Mount Shumisen, the immortal island. Two gardens (the Block 22 mess hall garden and Takemura’s Block 23 barracks garden) have garden well features. At the Block 22 mess hall garden the concept of wabisabi appears to be represented by the incorporation of found objects, such as a wagon wheel, decorative tree logs and limbs, and even car parts. Recycled town-era concrete slabs are used at several gardens, and form stepping stones at the Block 15 Barracks 7 garden.A famous place, Otowa waterfall at Kiyomizudera Temple, is evoked by the name for the Block 22 mess hall garden. The garden well built by the internees is reminiscent of the spring there, itself symbolic of hope and longevity (Figures 5.96 and 5.97). The Block 34 mess hall garden’s name, san-shi-en, has multiple symbolic meanings as discussed in Chapter 4, including one only obvious to a Japanese gardener, “superb landscape.” Goto considers the stone bridge in Merritt Park reminiscent of similar bridges in Japan, most 

notably one in front of the Dragon Gate falls in Tenryu temple (Goto, personal communication 2015; see Figure 5.14). The most basic symbolism of the Japanese gardens at Manzanar is that of identity and culture: the gardenmakers are clearly stating “we are Japanese,” who will continue to honor their traditions in spite of persecution and prejudice. Cultural identity was also expressed at Manzanar in the cherry trees and wisteria 

Figure 5.94. Boat-shaped stone at Daisen-in, Kyoto.Figure 5.96. Otowa waterfall at Kiyomizudera Temple, Kyoto.

Figure 5.97. Ggarden (Jack Figure 5.95. B
290 Garden Management Plan

brought up from southerconstructed Japanese-stycamp entrance, and in that the cemetery and MerGiven the diverse styles othose at Manzanar be catAlthough Manzanar’s gasouth orientation as was teiki of the Heian periodwould have been dictated orientation of the space btopography. Many of Mahave characteristics of thgarden, of the Edo periorepresentations, but becaviewed and not entered tsmall temple gardens of tritt Park might be considstroll garden, in that it enization, with paths and baround the pond. Merritteristics of the Meiji periopened to the general pugardens, without water feniwa, courtyard gardens tween buildings (Figure 5Tsubo-niwa were derived gardens. According to Hepart of the Japanese tradlinking household to comentry and marker, displayresident and embellishincommunity space” (Figur2006:167). However, becastyle incorporated styles eras, attempts to ascribe style are only academic. GGoto believes that they aShowa-period Japanese gca (personal communica

Figure 5.98. Courtyard garden, Yoshida Residence, Kyoto.Figure 5.99. Home entrance garden, Nikko. Figure 5.100. Barracks entrance garden, Manzanar (Yoshiko Hosoi 

Collection, Manzanar NHS.). 
The term “Japanese-style” is sometimes interpreted to indicate a superfi cial imitation. “Many of the socalled [Japanese] gardens now in existence in Western Countries [exhibit] ... cheap exoticism .... Abuses of stones on end, white sands, glaringly red bridges, grotesque dwarfed pine-trees, out of place stone lanterns, and torii gates are all too common in these gardens” 

(Mori 1962:56). In contrast, Manzanar’s gardeners built true Japanese gardens, not Japanese-style gardens (Wybe Kuitert, personal communication 2009 

Figure 5.101. Wybe Kuitert lecturing at Konchi-in, Kyoto. Figure 5.102. “... and for a while not be a prisoner at all” (Merritt Park; Francis C

Eastern California Museum).[Figure 5.101]; Motomi Oguchi, personal communication 2012). Calling them “Japanese-style gardens” fails to acknowledge their true lineage, legacy, and heritage. The gardens were created with “local materials using traditional Japanese techniques to represent the landscape of Japan and the promise of longevity” (Goto 2015:70). Built not as museum pieces or exhibits but for everyday use (Figure 5.102), Manzanar’s gardens are arguably the most authentic Japanese gardens in the United States.
292 Garden Management Plan
Site Signifi canceThe national signifi cance of Manzanar and other sites associated with the Japanese American internment during World War II is well-recognized (Wyatt 2012; Figures 6.2 and 6.3). The site was designated a California Historic Landmark in 1972, and a Los Angeles Historic Cultural Monument in 1976 (in fact, it is still the only designated L.A. Historic Cultural Monument outside the city). The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, even before it met the normal 50-years-old age requirement, which means that it was determined to be of “exceptional importance.” In 1985, Manzanar was designated a National Historic Landmark, and it was declared a National Historic Site by an Act of Congress in 1992. The land was transferred to the National Park Service from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power in 1997. The Visitor Center opened in 2004.

The statement of signifi cance in the National Historic 

Landmark nomination, approved February 4, 1985, provides a concise history of the site:

On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the 

Secretary of War to exclude citizens and aliens from certain designated areas as a security measure against sabotage and espionage. As a result, 110,000 persons of Japanese descent, most of them American citizens, were forcibly removed from their homes in California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, and transported to permanent camps far from the Pacifi c Coast. Manzanar was the fi rst of these camps. Here, in the desert of the Owens Valley, 10,000 people were herded into barracks without being accused of any crime or given any hearing or trial. The camp closed on November 21, 1945 (Thompson 1984:8.1).

The gardens at Manzanar are signifi cant cultural landscapes by virtue of their location within a National Historic Site (Figure 6.1), but the gardens are also signifi cant in their own right. As stated in the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (Birnbaum 1996): 

In order for the landscape to be considered signifi cant, character-defi ning features that convey its signifi -

cance in history must not only be present, but they also must possess historic integrity. Location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling and association should be considered in determining whether a landscape and its character-defi ning features possess historic integrity. 

By describing how the gardens contribute to the overall signifi cance of the National Historic Site, it can be determined which elements need to be considered and treated appropriately in day-today management and long-term stewardship. This chapter describes the signifi cance, characterdefi ning elements, and integrity of the gardens at Manzanar.6 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCEGarden Art of a Very High Order

FigurFigure 6internmArchiveFigure 6Museum 
294 Garden Management Plan

The Signifi canManzanar’s GThe National Historic Labased on the statement o1976 National Register notion goes into detail abouNational Register or Natcriteria, but we can look the gardens contribute to signifi cance. The Nationain Title 36 of the Code of 60.4, and discussed in nuvice publications: 

The quality of signifi cantecture, archeology, engient in districts, sites, buithat possess integrity of terials, workmanship, fee

A. That are associated wsignifi cant contribution history; orB. That are associated wsons in our past; orC. That embody the dista type, period, or methorepresent the work of a martistic values, or that reptinguishable entity whosvidual distinction; orD. That have yielded, or mation important in hist

National Historic LandmCFR 65.4(a), are similar, national signifi cance:

Manzanar is considered to be the best-preserved of the ten World War II Japanese American relocation centers, and the gardens at Manzanar are among the site’s most important historic resources. The 1984 National Historic Landmark nomination included the gardens among the signifi cant features of the site (Figures 6.4-6.6):

Within several of the blocks, traces of former rock gardens survive. North of Block 23, near the orphanage site, are traces of the largest Japanese-style garden, Merritt Park, in the camp (Thompson 1984:7.1).[In the] Administrative area ... several rock walls and concrete slabs stand. Also, rock-lined fl ower circles and rock-lined paths are more prevalent than in the camp generally. One rock-lined circle marks the site of the camp fl agstaff (Thompson 1984: 7.1).Trees scattered along intermittent Bairs Creek in the southwest area off er some shade. Camp residents once had a picnic area here (Thompson 1984:7.2).

All of these landscape features at Manzanar are considered to be contributing elements to the site’s 

signifi cance. However, the several nominations and historic designations do not elaborate further on important landscape elements, and no formal evaluation of individual features has been made. This is, at least in part, because the signifi cance of the site as a whole was recognized even before individual features were fully documented. A park-wide archeological survey (Burton 1996a) and subsequent archeological reports (e.g., Burton 2002, 2005, 2006; Burton et al. 2001) describe dozens of additional landscape features. The Manzanar Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a) describes many of the larger gardens that had been archeologically excavated up to that point. Now, the National Park Service has enough information to better evaluate the signifi cance of the gardens themselves as contributing elements to the signifi cance of the National Historic Site.

Figure 6.4. Stele at Merritt Park in 1993.Figure 6.5. Military police post in 1973 (James Brust Collection, Manzanar NHS).Figure 6.6. Flagpole at administration building in 1983 (James Brust video, Manzanar NHS).
Specifi c Criteria of National Signifi cance: The quality 

of national signifi cance is ascribed to districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects that possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States in history, architecture, archeology, engineering and culture and that possess a high degree of integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association, and:

(1) That are associated with events that have made a signifi cant contribution to, and are identifi ed with, 

or that outstandingly represent, the broad national patterns of United States history and from which an understanding and appreciation of those patterns may be gained; or(2) That are associated importantly with the lives of persons nationally signifi cant in the history of the United States; or(3) That represent some great idea or ideal of the American people; or(4) That embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen exceptionally valuable for a study of a period, style or method of construction, or that represent a signifi cant, distinctive and exceptional entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or(5) That are composed of integral parts of the environment not suffi ciently signifi cant by reason of historical association or artistic merit to warrant individual recognition but collectively compose an entity of exceptional historical or artistic signifi cance, or outstandingly commemorate or illustrate a way of life or culture; or(6) That have yielded or may be likely to yield information of major scientifi c importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation over large areas of the United States. Such 

sites are those which have yielded, or which may reasonably be expected to yield, data aff ecting theories, concepts and ideas to a major degree.

The criteria most relevant to the gardens at Manzanar under both the National Register and National Historic Landmark program are discussed below.Association with Signifi cant Events By virtue of being an integral part of Manzanar National Historic Site, the gardens are contributing elements under National Register criterion A and National Historic Landmark criterion (1). Manzanar’s collection of gardens would not exist but for the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. The gardens are outstanding physical manifestations of the way internees adapted to their imprisonment, and represent the diverse backgrounds of the 

internees and their creative use of limited materials. More symbolically, the gardens exemplify conditions of, and responses to, the incarceration. There were diverse motives for garden creation: to beautify the stark surroundings; to reduce blowing dust and sand; to provide a sense of normalcy (Figure 6.7); to feel productive and stave off boredom; to serve fellow internees (including the orphans of the Children’s Village); to appropriate some personal space (Figure 6.8); and to demonstrate defi ance. Conditions of the incarceration are manifest, too: early gardens relied on materials scrounged from inside the barbed wire fence; as security restrictions eased, later gardens incorporated rocks and plants from outside the fence. 

Cultural diff erences are symbolized in the gardens, with Japanese-style asymmetrical and naturalistic designs where the prisoners lived versus the geometric designs for the administration area, staff housing, and 

Figure 6photogher incaManzan
296 Garden Management Plan

fostered their mental and a demonstration of psycdefi ance. The gardens fucultural identity that conconditions of internmenAmerican freedoms. In a anticamp, a subversive reindividual and collective ing the camp administra

Dusselier (2008:51-87) arscaping and gardening wof “re-territorializing” spon the physical landscapof power and generate ntheir survival” (2008:51). lier argue, the gardens aror “re-territorialized” spathey are as closely associican relocation as the bartry posts, and guard toweAssociation with Signifi cant PersoDr. Arthur Hansen, Profeand Asian American Studversity, Fullerton, elaborasociation of the gardens wDr. Hansen has publisheof the relocation, and coHarry Ueno, a key fi gure zanar riot (Figure 6.9). In an NHK documentary abHansen said: 

Harry [Ueno] always talhall garden in] every inte

military police compound. In his book Defi ant Gardens, Kenneth Helphand 

(2006:189) provides evidence that the gardens of Manzanar were not just coincidentally, or superfi cially, associated with the internment:

All of these gardens, grand and small, were acts of resistance, directed toward the maintenance of cultural integrity and self-respect. They were tangible symbols of hope that helped people survive their internment, 

Figure 6.8. Appropriated space for lawns and gardens (Dorothea Lange, National Archives).
And so maybe these ponds all have some relationship to that. Certainly Harry had in mind to ease their burden by making something, for instance, the sound of the water going over the rocks was probably something he thought would help. And then the aesthetic beauty of it, when here you were in a godforsaken [place]. 

NHK interview 2011

The Block 22 mess hall garden, which Ueno initiated, was the backdrop for at least some of the political discussions and meetings related to the December riot (Tamura 2002, 2004). For its association with Ueno, this garden would be a contributing element to the site signifi cance under National Register criterion B and National Historic Landmark criterion (2). Other gardens, as discussed in Chapters 2 and 3, are associated with renowned professional gardeners such as Ryozo Kado, William Katsuki, Chotaro Nishimura, Miyoji Uyematsu, and Kuichiro Nishi. Some of these men achieved prominence before or after internment, but for others, their most signifi cant work might be at Manzanar. As an example of the former, nurseryman Miyoji Uyematsu, associated with the Block 6 mess hall garden and Cherry Park, was one of the leading camellia contractors in the United States. His camellias formed the basis for Descanso Park in La Cañada Flintridge, an International Camellia Garden of Excellence and the largest camellia collection in North America. Uyematsu also contributed cherry trees to Griffi th Park and Exposition Park in Los Angeles. Likely in the latter group is Kuichiro Nishi. Although he is known to have made Japanese gardens before internment, Nishi was inspired to make Manzanar better for his fellow internees, and Merritt Park may be his most ambitious creation. Some of the Manzanar gardens may meet criterion B of the National Register and criterion (2) for a National Historic Landmark for their association with these prominent individuals. 

If the concept of “signifi cant persons” can be extended to a group of people, all of the gardens would also be signifi cant for their association with the Japanese Americans incarcerated at Manzanar. Considering an 

entire group of people as important historically may not be as far-fetched as it seems: the Japanese American community as a whole was treated as a single undiff erentiated entity during World War II, and the community has become a vociferous defender of civil rights, precisely because of that injustice. However, more extensive information would be needed to compare these gardens with related properties beyond Manzanar, as required for criterion B or criterion (2) (NPS 1997b). Although such a far-reaching analysis is beyond the scope of this garden management plan, the gardens should be treated as contributing elements under these criteria. That is, gardens that are associated with important persons should be preserved, and whatever garden elements the important persons were responsible for should be maintained. 

Embodiment of the Distinctive Characteristics of a TypeThe Japanese gardens of Manzanar meet National Register criterion C, in that they embody, and indeed defi ne, the distinctive characteristics of World-WarII-era Japanese gardens in America (Figures 6.10 and 6.11). In fact, Dr. Seiko Goto, noted expert in the history of Japanese gardens and professor of landscape architecture at Rutgers University, has commented that “Manzanar Japanese gardens are the most authentic Japanese gardens in the United States” (personal communication 2015). The other garden types at Manzanar, too, are characteristic of a type, period, or method of construction: 

Figure 6Leupp I
298 Garden Management Plan

and we would think that North America, Japan is that any Japanese gardenmore surprising, really uhigh-quality gardens are And so it is really amazinto see such variety. And teach new garden is a littl[with a] deeper pond, mOr even in the hospital gpebbles to create a more fl ow and maybe a more breally this incredible senmaking Japanese gardenbetter than most of the guntil this time, because treally with love. Not for can city park or restauraRockefeller. But they are Nisei themselves as part have time, they have matand they have the right kand history.... So the Msome of the best Japanesthat time or really even sI think it is not a coincidsurvives are the things in time and energy and thapressions of the camp, wThe gardens of Manzanaity. ... they are also really of Japanese gardens in Nbe an accident but let me the early twentieth centuin America emphasize warchitecture. Torii gate, J

that kind of azumaya anwisteria. After the war in cans discover karasansucall a “Zen garden.” It is 

straight lines of painted rocks in the administration area and military police compound embody regimented military landscaping; Victory gardens throughout the site represent a vital “home front” development during the war. The gardens also meet National Register criterion (4), in that the gardens are especially valuable for the study of American Japanese gardens and styles in the United States, in the mid-twentieth century, and of gardens created under incarceration. Dr. Kendall Brown, a professor of Asian Art at California State University Long Beach and a renowned expert on Japanese gardens in North America, remarked: 

Manzanar gardens are really some of the best Japanese gardens built outside Japan. During a time, 

World War II, when Japan and America are at war, 

Figure 6.10. Pond, island, and waterfall at Merritt Park (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).Figure 6.11. Unidentifi ed barracks pond possibly in Block 15 (courtesy of Art Nomura).
modern architecture. In that historical context maybe these camp gardens are a kind of transition. They are certainly not about architecture for the most part. They are not a kind of exotic Japanese architecture. They are not really about Japanese plant specimens, but they are about stones and a kind of sensitivity to stone arrangement. And so that really sort of points to what will happen after the war. Post-war American gardens are much more stone gardens and they’re much more emphasizing quality workmanship and the subtle aesthetics. So in that way these camp gardens really are an important transition from a pre-war into a post-war [garden aesthetic].

NHK interview 2011

Even more remarkable, Dr. Brown said, is that “this is garden art of a very high order ... I think arguably this is the most interesting, compelling collection of Japanese gardens in America” (personal communication 2011).Helphand (2006: 188) also discusses how the Relocation Center gardens are unique:

As artistic and cultural expressions, the internment camp gardens were rich in meaning. They combined aspects of classic Japanese garden practice, the Japanese American garden traditions that had evolved in the prewar West Coast, with responses to the conditions at each camp.... At Manzanar and all the camps, a language of design that had developed in another landscape was both constrained and liberated by the necessity to employ local plants and rocks.

NHK fi lm director Yo Ijuin, who has made awardwinning documentaries about Japanese gardens in Japan in addition to a Japanese language fi lm about Manzanar’s gardens (Figure 6.12), commented that based on its gardens alone, Manzanar could be nominated as a World Heritage Site (personal communication 2011). 

More recently, the Society for History in the Federal Government presented the John Wesley Powell Prize for Outstanding Historic Preservation to Manzanar National Historic Site for the restoration of the Japanese garden at the Block 12 mess hall (Figure 6.13). The project entailed uncovering and restoring the 

Japanese garden’s pond, stream, rock pathways, hills, waterfall, fencing, and other landscaping features. The award stated that the Manzanar restoration project was:

an excellent example of preservation and interpretation of cultural resources associated with the relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II. Through a combination of archeological survey, historic photograph analysis, oral history, and historical document research, Manzanar’s staff and volunteers restored a symbol of resilience, beauty, and peace within a larger landscape of racial prejudice. 

Society for History in the Federal Government 2014

Potential to Yield Information Important in History As demonstrated in previous archeological work (e.g., 

Burton and Farrell 2014), the gardens at Manzanar have yielded information important in history suffi cient to meet criterion D of the National Register. The importance of this information appears to rise to the level of National Historic Landmark criterion (6), since Manzanar’s gardens have fi gured prominently in scholarly studies of internment as well as studies of the role of gardens in society. For example, several nationally renowned scholars have used the gardens as evidence to challenge ideas about how the Japanese American communities accepted incarceration with a shikata ga nai (that is, “it cannot be helped” or “there is nothing to be done”) passivity. For a discussion of the cultural biases that led to this inaccurate characFigure 6

Yo Ijuin Figure 6Powell Nationain the F
300 Garden Management Plan

of gardens as evidence of resistance, cultural cohespetition. The gardens and Manzanar have fi gured inconfi nement (Casella 200pression and defi ance (Hcal manifestations of hop2006). For the Academic journal, Seiko Goto has aManzanar as manifestatihuman agency under diffi The Gardens aDefi ning ElemThe Secretary of the Intelines for the Treatment of baum 1996:15) states that always be assessed as thewhole.” Physically and sy

an important, if shamefuzanar’s gardens and othedefi ning features of the Nof a cultural landscape, thtics of the overlapping calandscapes,” “historic sitscapes” as outlined in the 

Cultural landscape – a geboth cultural and naturadomestic animals thereinevent, activity, or person or aesthetic values. Thercultural landscapes, not sites, historic designed lalandscapes, and ethnogrEthnographic landscape variety of natural and cu

terization of Japanese Americans, see Embrey (2009). Gardens can be strong symbols of cultural cohesion, resistance, and defi ance within incarcerated com- munities. Tamura (2002, 2004) outlines some of this work, including: Patricia Limerick’s study of the in- ternment landscapes and gardens as representations of cultural ethics; Gary Okihiro’s characterization of Japanese-style gardens as resistance to the War Relo- cation Authority’s “Americanization” goals; Kenneth Helphand’s recognition of the gardens as symbols and manifestations of defi ance; and Lynne Horiuchi’s categorization of the gardens as community-building traditions, in resistance to the militaristic mode of the camps. Tamura’s own work and that of Embrey (2009) and Ng (2014) provide insight into the function 

Figure 6.14. Block 34 mess hall garden.
ed people defi ne as heritage resources. Examples are contemporary settlements, sacred religious sites, and massive geological structures. Small plant communities, animals, subsistence and ceremonial grounds are often components.Historic vernacular landscape – a landscape that evolved through use by the people whose activities or occupancy shaped it. Through social or cultural attitudes of an individual, a family, or a community, the landscape refl ects the physical, biological, and cultural character of everyday lives. Function plays a signifi -cant role in vernacular landscapes. This can be a farm complex or a district of historic farmsteads along a river valley. Examples include rural historic districts and agricultural landscapes.Historic site – a landscape signifi cant for its association with a historic event, activity or person. Examples include battlefi elds and presidential homes and properties.

In the Standards, a “character-defi ning feature” is 

“a prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of a cultural landscape that contributes signifi cantly to its physical character. Land use patterns, 

vegetation, furnishings, decorative details and materials may be such features.” By this defi nition, “character-defi ning features” at Manzanar would include all of the constructed landscape elements, including the gardens described in Chapter 4 and those that are currently buried and yet to be discovered. 

As defi ned in the Standards, landscapes can be subdivided into “component landscapes” (“a discrete portion of the landscape which can be further subdivided into individual features”) and “features” (“the smallest element[s] of a landscape that contributes to the signifi cance and that can be the subject of a treatment intervention”). At Manzanar, each garden could be considered a “component landscape” (Figure 6.14). Examples of “features” would include the waterfall at Merritt Park, or the stone lanterns at the Block 15 

barracks garden (Figures 6.15 and 6.16). “Characterdefi ning” qualities include “the sum of all visual aspects, features, materials, and spaces associated with a cultural landscape’s history, i.e., the original confi guration together with losses and later changes.” The original confi guration of Manzanar’s gardens and their current conditions are outlined in Chapters 2 and 4; the high degree of integrity of Manzanar’s gardens, as argued below, indicates that the gardens and landscaping as a whole, and as component landscapes, should be considered “character-defi ning.”

IntegrityAs a whole the gardens at Manzanar appear to retain high degrees of integrity: while all but three of the hundreds of buildings constructed at Manzanar were purposefully dismantled or destroyed, the gardens were, for the most part, left to nature and time. Although most have been obscured by vegetation and buried by fl ood- and wind-borne sediments, archeologically excavated gardens retain six of the seven qualities of integrity listed in the National Register and National Historic Landmark criteria: workmanship, design, location, association, feeling, and materials. That is, the gardens are in their original locations, and in some cases even defi ne the locations of the nowdemolished buildings (Figures 6.17 and 6.18). The association of the gardens and landscapes with the internment experience is clear in their prominence in oral histories and scholarly studies. Workmanshipand design are evident in the placement and selection of rocks, the construction of water features, and the associated landscaping elements. Even where rocks have been displaced or rangui wood posts have deteriorated, impressions in the concrete provide accurate data about their original placement. Post holes 

Figure 6Figure 6Barrack
302 Garden Management Plan

etables, fl owers, shrubs, agardens. In some cases tretation dependent upon Ponds and watercourses gardens, historically, and ing the integrity of feelintoday.Only one of the National rity has changed substantthe gardens was a prison tar-paper-sided barracks gardens, not open space However, the absence of the relative integrity and 

and post molds are intact, corroborating the design of fences and other features seen in historic photographs, and in some cases plant remnants attest to the original vegetation species. Once excavated, the gardens evoke the feeling of the original landscaping suffi ciently to inspire admiration and revive memories. Integrity of materials is manifest 

in the construction materials, such as concrete (a subject of contention and conservation), rocks (proof, in most cases, of trips outside the camp), and remnants 

of wood features. The only material elements not well preserved at the gardens are the vegetation and water. As evident in archival documents and historic photographs, lawns were prevalent in all blocks, and vegFigure 6.17. Waiting in line at the Block 12 mess hall garden (Yoshiko Hosoi Collection, Manzanar NHS). Figure 6.18. Block 12 mess hall footings (right) and gard
and highlights their role in helping to delineate and defi ne the former locations of barracks, mess halls, and other buildings (Figure 6.19). It is important to note that most of these aspects of integrity are only evident after the gardens have been archeologically excavated. Buried and hidden gardens maintain their integrity of location but do not convey their historic association or feeling. Careful, controlled excavation is necessary to ensure the preservation of the materials, design, and workmanship. Further, the signifi cance of Manzanar’s landscaping, as discussed above, can be realized only if the gardens are made visible. 

In summary, the gardens and landscaping are prominent and distinctive characteristics of the Manzanar National Historic Site and contribute signifi cantly to its physical character. Representing reactions against 

incarceration and racism, the gardens manifest both defi ance and hope (Figure 6.20). Illuminating complex reactions to a very un-American denial of civil liberties, the gardens have fi gured prominently in academic discussions and theory-building. For the public, the gardens provide a more nuanced understanding of the Japanese American Relocation during World War II.

Figure 6.20. Hope and defi ance manWertz Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Figure 6.19. Block 33 Arai pond demarcating the space between barracks in the absence of buildings. 
304 Garden Management Plan
Management Objectives The General Management Plan outlines the objectives and recommendations for landscaping and garden treatment at Manzanar National Historic Site (NPS 1996a):

• Manage the site as a cultural landscape based on the World War II relocation center period.• Rehabilitate some of the gardens and ponds constructed by the internees.• Maintain landscape features, including stone barbecues, stone planters, rock garden structures, walls, and steps.• Restore the original road grid.• Remove damaging vegetation.• Repair landscape features.

• Preserve and propagate historic plant specimens at interpretive sites.• Provide irrigation as needed.

Manzanar’s Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a) provides treatment recommendations for the Historic Site as a whole, including: 

• Stabilize existing historic material (e.g., plants and garden features).• Conduct additional research on the gardens.• Reconstruct gardens based on historical documentation and archeological investigations.• Address the impact of wildlife on historic features and vegetation.

This chapter recounts the process used to determine the best practices for day-to-day management and long-term stewardship of Manzanar’s gardens and landscaping. First, the broad objectives for the Historic Site are examined, as outlined in the General Management Plan (NPS 1996a), the Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a), and the Long-Term Interpretive Plan (NPS 2007). Then, garden and landscaping management objectives are developed to help meet the overall objectives identifi ed in those planning documents. Once objectives for gardens and landscaping are identifi ed, the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic 

Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (Birnbaum 1996:15) are used to determine which treatment approach would best balance the signifi cance and integrity of the Historic Site’s resources, the existing conditions, interpretive goals, visitor use, and operational constraints (Figures 7.1-7.4). 

7 OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHTools to Experience the Landscape

Figurhall garFigure 7Figure 7Figure 7
306 Garden Management Plan

Applying the Sand GuidelineTreatmentThe four potential types cultural landscapes are dterior’s Standards and GuCultural Landscapes (Fig

Preservation is the act or sures to sustain the existrials of a historic propernary measures to protecgenerally focuses on ongof historic materials and sive replacement and new Rehabilitation is defi ned ing possible a compatiblrepair, alterations, and athose portions or featurevalves. Restoration is defi ned as rately depicting the formproperty as it appeared dcance by means of the re

• Remove non-historic vegetation.• Preserve the historic character of trees.• Stabilize eroding features. • Retain historic grades and stabilize features.

The Long-Term Interpretive Plan (NPS 2007) includes goals and recommendations that pertain to gardens, as discussed in Chapter 1:

• Encourage people to explore the site.• Explore the potential of restoring a Japanese garden.• Complete more archeological surveys.• Provide more information to the public.• Develop self-guided tours. 

To these goals, objectives, and recommendations can be added the requirements and standards for all National Park Service projects:

• Provide accessibility.• Ensure public safety. 

Figure 7.6. Rehabilitation: auditorium • Plan for sustainability. visitor center (photograph by Dick Lord).Figure 7.5. Preservation: military police sentry post (photograph by Dick Lord).
periods in its history and reconstruction of missing features. Reconstruction is defi ned as the act or process of 

depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specifi c period of 

time and in its historic location. A cultural landscape’s characteristics and historic features are protected and maintained as they are in preservation and restoration, but due to a greater amount of deterioration of historic features or number of missing or non-historic features, repair and replacement is required. This treatment allows for the replacement of deteriorated, missing, or incompatible features with traditional or compatible substitute materials.

Of these four options, only Rehabilitation would meet the management objectives. Preservation, while meeting the mandated resource protection objectives, does not even begin to meet public expectations for the Historic Site, and would not facilitate interpretation of garden and landscape features. The Manzanar General Management Plan calls for one or more gardens to be rehabilitated. In conversations with members of the Japanese American community and a wide range of other experts and stakeholders, “rehabilitation” in this case includes bringing back water, vegetation, and other features, not just clearing and stabilizing a garden. At the Historic Site the gardens have the potential to provide visitors with a more complete and nuanced Manzanar experience, but can only realize that potential if the gardens are made visible, through excavation, and safe and accessible for visitors, through signage and accessible paths. Restoration, as defi ned by the Standards and Guidelines, would meet some of the management and interpretive objectives, but falls short on others. For 

example, cultural landscape restoration typically includes replanting of the same species present historically. In many cases, the current drought and lowered water table would reduce the viability of historic species. In other cases, neither the documentary nor the archeological record provides suffi cient information about species for their accurate restoration. Further, in many instances restoration would not be practical or sustainable. For example, historically many of the water features in the gardens were fed with a continuous stream of fresh water from the barracks faucets or irrigation devices. Given California’s current water shortage and the many demands on Owens Valley water, an accurate restoration of historic water use is not practical or sustainable.Reconstruction was the treatment chosen to rebuild replica barracks (and other buildings) in Block 14. As noted in the General Management Plan, “NPS policy on reconstruction (or relocation of historic structures) is generally restrictive, requiring a demonstra- Fig
308 Garden Management Plan

fl ow used historically. Suretention of original fabrment of missing elementter is retained. Rehabilitavisitors to experience the itor Center. Rehabilitatiomore accurate and compwhile insuring safety and The way the Standards a

defi ne the four treatmentcially when considering a changes over time are inements overlap. Although fective, and sustainable voverall treatment, the actgardens and landscaping in common parlance, moor restoration. In fact, Wtions of “rehabilitation” i“to restore to a former caformer state (as of effi ciesolvency).” The treatmenthe goals that have been included in Manzanar’s pstored” gardens. This approach is explainBrief 36, “Protecting CulTreatment, and Managem(Birnbaum 1994):

Landscape interpretatioing the visitor with tools as it existed during its peit evolved to its present swidely, from a focus on edition of interpretive eleexhibits, self-guided brotation of a lost feature. Tlandscape, especially its and the type of visitation 

tion that reconstruction (or relocation) is essential for public understanding ...” That high bar was met for the reconstruction of Block 14 buildings (Figure 7.9). In contrast, reconstruction of gardens is not appropriate at Manzanar, because so many of the garden and landscaping features have survived with good integrity of location, association, materials, design, workmanship, and feeling, as discussed in Chapter 6. Rehabilitation would allow for the preservation of the features of the gardens and other landscaping that are intact, but it would also allow repairs and alterations where necessary to meet the new use of public interpretation. “Of the four treatments, only Rehabilitation includes an opportunity to make possible an effi cient contemporary use through alterations and additions.” For example, vegetation may be planted to replicate the forms, colors, and growth patterns of vegetation seen in historic photographs, but with species selected for drought tolerance, or to minimize invasive root damage. Waterfalls or streams may be recreated with circulating pumps rather than the continuous fresh 

Figure 7.8. Reconstruction: Guard tower. 
interpretive approach. Landscape interpretation may be closely linked to the integrity and condition of the landscape, and therefore, its ability to convey the historic character and character-defi ning features of the past. If a landscape has high integrity, the interpretive approach may be to direct visitors to surviving historic features without introducing obtrusive interpretive devices, such as free-standing signs. For landscapes with a diminished integrity, where limited or no fabric remains, the interpretive emphasis may be on using extant features and visual aids (e.g., markers, photographs, etc.) to help visitors visualize the resource as it existed in the past. The primary goal in these situations is to educate the visitor about the landscape’s historic themes, associations and lost character-defi ning features or broader historical, social and physical 

landscape contexts.

To implement the approach appropriately, we turn to the Standards. The Standards are general principles 

that provide an overview of how a property and its historic character should be looked at and maintained under the chosen treatment. The Standards for Rehabilitation are the same for landscapes as for other 

historic properties (Birnbaum 1996:49):

1. A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use that requires minimal change to its distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships.2. The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved. The removal of distinctive materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a property will be avoided.3. Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or elements from other historic properties, will not be undertaken.4. Changes to a property that have acquired historic 

signifi cance in their own right shall be retained and preserved.5. Distinctive materials, features, fi nishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property will be preserved.6. Deteriorated historic features will be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature will match the old in design, color, texture, and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features will be substantiated by documentary and physical evidence.7. Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used.8. Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new 
310 Garden Management Plan

of intervention possible. regrading a section of a sreclaiming a segment of includes the limited replly deteriorated materials placement in kind of madue to seasonal change. the historic in design, cothe preferred option; hoacceptable if the materiapearance as the historic • Replace Deteriorated tures – Like the guidance option is always replacemBecause this approach meconomically, or environcompatible substitute mWhatever level of replactoric features and materithe work.• Design for the ReplaceFeatures – Where an impreplacement is always retation guidelines as the fi action.• Alterations/Additions tions to a cultural landsccontinued use, it is most tions do not radically chcharacter-defi ning spatiaterns or features and ma

Rehabilitation Chapter 4 of this documdocumentation, and Chagardens are character-de

construction will not destroy historic materials, features, and spatial relationships that characterize the property. The new work will be diff erentiated from the old and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment.10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired.

The Guidelines for rehabilitation of historic landscapes are lengthier and more specifi c than the Standards (Birnbaum 1996:50-53). The relevant Guidelines

for rehabilitation of Manzanar’s gardens and landscaping features are summarized here because they form an integral part of this garden Management Plan: 

• Identify, Retain, and Preserve Historic Materials and Features – Like Preservation, guidance for Rehabilitation begins with recommendations to identify those landscape features and materials important to the landscape’s historic character and which must be retained.• Protect and Maintain Historic Features and Materials – Protection generally involves the least degree of intervention and is preparatory to other work; it may be accomplished through permanent or temporary measures. For example, protection includes restricting access to fragile earthworks or cabling a tree to protect against breakage. Maintenance includes daily, seasonal, and cyclical tasks, and the techniques, methods and materials used to implement them.• Repair Historic Features and Materials – Rehabilitation guidance for the repair of historic features and materials, such as brick pavements, masonry walls, and wire fencing, begins with the least degree 

Figure 7.10. Accessible bridge at Merritt Park.
National Historic Site that must be retained, as part of the fi rst step of the Rehabilitation approach. With the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines in mind, the following Rehabilitation priorities best meet the objectives discussed in this chapter. For these landscape components, adequate historic photographs are available to guide the work.To show the public a sample of the diff erent types of internee-built Japanese gardens at Manzanar, three gardens located along the driving tour road would be planted with vegetation and their water features would be recreated (Figure 7.11): 

• Block 33 Arai Fish Pond.• Block 34 Mess Hall Garden.• Merritt Park.

These gardens represent a family barracks garden, a mess hall garden, and the most well-known community park at Manzanar. Importantly, these gardens do not have any major rehabilitation challenges. Because of their proximity to each other and the tour road they could easily be accessed on a single walking tour. Thanks to a nearby well and orchard irrigation pipeline, water could be brought to these three gardens relatively easily. In contrast, rehabilitation at other excavated community and mess hall gardens would be hindered by the lack of historic photographs or by the presence of mature vegetation that would compete with new plantings and potentially damage water features.In the administration area, two gardens would be restored and maintained in their original historic condition, to show the diff erence between the gardens internees built for the staff versus for themselves (Figures 7.12 and 7.13): 

• Entrance Sign Rock Garden.• Administration Circle Garden. 

Restoration of the entrance sign garden was recommended in the Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a). Restoration of both these gardens is nearly complete. These are dry gardens with rocks, Joshua trees, and cactus. Although they may require occasional hand-watering and periodic plant replacement, no irrigation system is needed. Both the Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a) and the Orchard Management Plan (NPS 2010) called for the restoration of the cemetery. The monument, graves, and fence have been restored, but six peach trees and a row of locust trees are yet to be planted. As part of the Block 14 Demonstration Block, one or more small lawns and fl ower gardens should be restored. To meet the goals of the Demonstration Block exhibits and provide an appropriate context, these gardens should only be placed where there is a replica building to form a backdrop and existing historic and archeological data provide suffi cient information for an accurate replacement. Currently, suffi cient information exists for the Ironing Room garden and Toyo- Figu

brocgard
312 Garden Management Plan

(NPS 2015). Cherry ParkChildren’s Village, also hit resulted from the donabusinessman and nursery zanar. Both gardens wou

• Children’s Village. • Cherry Park.

Archeological excavation restoration, to further ideand to confi rm the locatitoric documents and phoThe following gardens anbe preserved as-is with re

• North Park.• Bairs Creek Picnic Are• Victory Gardens. • Judo Dojo.• Chicken Ranch.• Other priorities, as un

No treatment action is nareas, but these gardens atored regularly, to ensure General TreatmBecause of the great numfeatures at Manzanar, antial to enhance visitor edabove treatments are expfully implement, dependThe proposed schedule iare PMIS (Project Manag

shige Ioki’s Barracks 13 fl ower garden, but the associated buildings have not yet been reconstructed. The wading pool and some lawns and other fl ower beds could also be investigated and restored after historical and archeological research is completed, and the associated buildings reconstructed. In the Cultural Landscape Report (NPS 2006a), the creation of a mess hall garden in Block 14 was recommended. However, there never was a mess hall garden in Block 14, and many authentic mess hall gardens exist elsewhere in the Historic Site. Several along the driving tour road would be even more accessible. Therefore, a simulated mess hall garden would not be constructed in Block 14.The following garden and landscape elements have been partially restored, and would remain preserved and maintained, but without water and with only limited new plantings: 

• Block 9 Mess Hall Garden.• Block 12 Mess Hall Garden.• Block 14 Barracks Gardens. • Block 15 Garden Ponds at Barracks 5 and 7.• Block 17 Barracks 8 Garden. • Block 22 Mess Hall Garden.• Hospital Pond Garden.• Other priorities, as uncovered.

Important character-defi ning features or attributes at the Blocks 9 and 22 mess hall gardens would be restored. Beyond these recommendations, no further restoration work at mess hall gardens is recommended at this time.Manzanar was the only relocation center with an orphanage, so the Children’s Village is a particularly important and poignant symbol of the internment 

Figure 7.12. Entrance sign.Figure 7.13. Administration circle garden.
tracking tool) statements for eight projects that require capital investment. Only one has been approved for funding at this time. Smaller projects such as the excavation of barracks gardens can be done by park staff incrementally and with volunteers. For example, brush clearing and restoration work in the administration area is ongoing. 

Some of the proposed rehabilitation work can proceed at any time, but the rehabilitation of features 

requiring water and plant replacement must wait until an elk-proof boundary fence is completed. Tule elk are a serious pest at Manzanar because they trample features; feed on bark, shoots, and leaves; girdle trees; and break limbs. Elk-proof fencing is consistent with the Orchard Management Plan (Figure 7.14; NPS 2010). As shown by severe fl oods in the summer of 2013 and 2014, there is a potential for fl ood damage at any garden (Figure 7.15; Burton 2013a, 2014a). The best method to avoid or reduce fl ood damage would be a park-wide diversion (see Burton 2014a). Alternatively, shallow ditches and berms could be created to route fl ood water around signifi cant features. Ditches and berms need to be located where they will not impact cultural deposits. Due to low rainfall and a dropping water table, most new vegetation will require irrigation.It should be noted that all of the recommended treatments are reversible. That is, if future conditions change so that the gardens cannot be maintained and water features sustained, the use of water could be curtailed and plantings could be phased out. The following Guidelines of the Rehabilitation approach are generally relevant across the Historic Site 

(Birnbaum 1996:99-126):

Topography

• Identifying, retaining and preserving the existing topography. Documenting topographic variation prior to project work, including shape, slope, elevation, aspect, and contour. For example, preparing a topographic survey of a particular garden area.• Evaluating and understanding the evolution of a landscape’s topography over time. Using archival resources such as plans and aerial photographs or, in their absence, archeological analysis techniques to understand the historic topography.• Repairing declining topographic features.• Using existing physical evidence of the form and 

composition to reproduce a deteriorated topographic feature. If using the same kind of material is not technically, economically, or environmentally feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.• Designing and installing new topographic features when the historic feature is completely missing. It may be an accurate restoration using historical, pictorial and physical documentation or a new design that is compatible with the shape, slope, elevation and contour of the historic topography.• Designing new topographic features when required by the new use so that they are as unobtrusive as possible and assure the preservation of the historic landscape. For example, designing and installing drainage systems to protect historic topographic features.

Vegetation

• Identifying, retaining and preserving the existing historic vegetation prior to project work. Figure 7

Figure 7through been cl
314 Garden Management Plan

frastructure. For exampldrainage systems.• Repairing surface treawhen repair is possible.• Using physical evidenc

alignment to reproduce ture. If using the same kically, economically or encompatible substitute ma• Designing and installinwhen the historic feature be an accurate restoratioand physical documentais compatible with the hiscape.• Designing and installinfeatures when required bpreservation of historic c

Water Features

• Identifying, retaining afeatures prior to beginniing the shape, edge and bwater level, sound and reated plant and animal lif• Evaluating the conditievolution of water featur• Protecting and maintanon-destructive methodcal tasks. For example, cdeposits from drainage i• Using existing physica

detailing to reproduce a using the same kind of m

• Using physical evidence of composition, form, and habit to replace a deteriorated, or declining, vegetation feature. If using the same kind of material is not technically, economically, or environmentally feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.• Designing and installing new vegetation features when the historic feature is completely missing. It may be an accurate restoration using historical, pictorial and physical documentation; or be a new design that is compatible with the habit, form, color, texture, bloom, fruit, fragrance, scale and context of the historic vegetation.

Circulation Systems (Paths)

• Identifying, retaining, and preserving the existing circulation systems prior to project work.• Protecting and maintaining circulation systems by use of non-destructive methods in daily, seasonal and cyclical tasks. This may include hand-raking, topdressing, or rolling surface materials.• Utilizing maintenance practices which respect inTable 7.1 Timeline of Major Restoration and Rehabilitation Projects. Year Project PMIS No. Status 2016 Clear Children’s Village and Cherry Park 174225 Not Funded 2016 Modify Boundary Fence for Resource Protection 174402 Not Funded 2017 Install Drip Irrigation Systems for Landscape Restoration 211435 Funded 2017 Excavation of Block 4 Mess Hall Garden 215180 Pending 2018 Rehabilitation of Historic Wilder North Orchard 215159 Pending 2018 Construct Accessible Trail at Merritt Park 215168 Pending 2018 Excavation of Block 6 Mess Hall Garden 215181 Pending 2019 Restoration of Entrance and Blocks 12, 33, and 34 Gardens 215179A Pending 2020 Restoration and Rehabilitation of Merritt Park 215179B Pending
nomically, or environmentally feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.• Designing and installing a new water feature when the historic feature is completely missing. It may be an accurate restoration using historical, pictorial and physical documentation; or be a new design that is compatible with the historic character of the landscape. For example, replacing a lost irrigation feature using materials that convey the same visual appearance.

Structures, Furnishings, and Objects

• Identifying, retaining and preserving existing buildings, structures, furnishings and objects prior to beginning project work.• Protecting and maintaining buildings, structures, furnishings and objects by use of non-destructive methods and daily, cyclical and seasonal tasks. This may include rust or limited paint removal, and reapplication of protective coating systems. For example, painting metal wrought iron fences or repointing masonry to match original mortar material, color and profi les. • Using existing physical evidence of form, material 

and detailing to reproduce a deteriorated structure, furnishing or object. If using the same kind of material is not technically, economically, or environmentally feasible, then a compatible substitute material may be considered.• Designing and installing new structures, furnishings and objects when the historic features are missing. It may be an accurate restoration using historical, pictorial and physical documentation; or be a new design that is compatible with the historic character of the 

landscape. For example, replacing a picnic shelter with one of a new compatible design.• Designing and installing a new structure, furnishing or object when required by the new use, which is compatible with the preservation of the historic character of the landscape. For example, constructing a new farm outbuilding utilizing traditional building materials or installing appropriately scaled and detailed signage.

Accessibility

• Complying with barrier-free access requirements, in such a way that character-defi ning features, materials, and fi nishes are preserved.• Providing barrier-free access that promotes independence for the disabled person to the highest degree practicable, while preserving character-defi ning landscape features, materials, and fi nishes.

Sustainability

• Improving energy effi ciency of existing features through non-destructive means. For example, utilizing a recirculating system in a fountain rather than uncontrolled discharge to a storm system.

Together, the Historic Site objectives, the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines for Rehabilitation, and the priorities listed above help identify on-going management practices, outlined in Chapter 8, and specifi c treatment proposals, as discussed in Chapter 9. Further research needed to identify and document additional gardens at Manzanar is outlined in Chapter 10.
316 Garden Management Plan
The rehabilitation treatment approach that would meet management objectives calls for the preservation of signifi cant garden and landscape elements that are intact, therefore this chapter focuses on maintenance, stabilization, and training. Maintenance work is expected to occur on a regular basis, while stabilization work, identifi ed for specifi c features, entails fairly minor repairs 

that would likely last several years, if not decades. Maintenance and monitoring will ensure that the eff ectiveness of repairs can be assessed, and modifi cations made as necessary (Figure 8.1). 

8 GARDEN MANAGEMENTCaring For and Fostering a GardenRoutine MaintenanceOn-going routine maintenance entails keeping exposed garden features clean and reducing potential risks posed by vegetation, pests, or fi re. It includes four types of activities: Cleaning, Inspection, Preventive Maintenance and Repairs, and Tamarisk Removal.CleaningExcavated ponds and gardens in Blocks 9, 12, 15, 22, 27, 33, and at the hospital and Merritt Park should be cleaned at least three times a year, preferably in the spring before the annual Manzanar Pilgrimage, before the summer rains, and in the late fall after all leaves have fallen. Cleaning may be necessary at other times, too, if required by unusual weather events or staff and visitor needs. This work would include (Figures 8.2 

and 8.3):

• Removing litter, tumbleweeds, leaves, and dead and downed limbs from gardens and ponds.• Diligent weeding to prevent “one year’s seeding, seven years’ weeding” (Goulty 1993:84). 

• Removing of new brush growth.• Removing wind-blown sand accumulations.

Over the past several years completing this routine work has averaged 5 to 10 person days a year. Cleaning can be done by cultural resources or maintenance staff , or, with minimal supervision, by interns or volunteers.InspectionCleared ponds and gardens should be inspected yearly to determine which landscape components might need stabilization or specialized maintenance. Inspections of uncleared landscape features, of which there are hundreds, should be conducted formally as part of scheduled List of Classifi ed Structures (LCS) and Archeological Sites Management Information System (ASMIS) condition assessments and informally as opportunities arise, for example, during tamarisk removal, since a member of the cultural resources staffwill be present to monitor that work.

FigurManzanFigure 8Block 1Figure 8Arai po
318 Garden Management Plan

• Pruning trees associatblock and barracks gardpearance.• Removing non-historipriority on those that undamage archeological reetation, are invasive, or cthe landscape feature.

Tree pruning would requarborist, in consultation manager or a specialist faAmerican garden styles wgies to restore the appropbrush removal should be gist.

Preventive Maintenance and RepairsAs determined by inspections, preventive maintenance and repair work could include (Figure 8.4):

• Rebuilding earthen mounds.• Resetting loose rocks.• Replacing decayed or termite-damaged wood features in kind.• Implementing pest control measures if digging rodents start to undermine features or damage historic vegetation.• Pruning trees to remove dead leaders and lighten load.

Figure 8.4. Resetting fallen rock at Merritt Park in 2014. Figure 8.5. Cutting tamarisk at B
Tamarisk RemovalTamarisk trees would continue to be removed and managed at all landscape features in accordance with the Tamarisk Management Plan (Figure 8.5; Burton et al. 2012). Cutting and chemical treatments would be done by a specialized tamarisk removal crew, under the direction of the cultural resources program manager or historic preservation specialist. Stumps and duff would only be removed under the supervision of an archeologist.StabilizationSpecifi c stabilization needs at cleared garden features that have been identifi ed to date are listed below. All stabilization work shall use in-kind materials and will be based on the best available evidence, as derived from archeological and historical data (photographs and other documentation) or reliable information from oral interviews. Historic photographs and archeological evidence should guide replacement of rocks and other features. None of the work listed below is considered urgent at this time. However, regular monitoring may determine that additional stabilization work is urgent or critical for long-term preservation. Stabilization work needs to be supervised by members of the Cultural Resources staff who have training in the specifi c work to be done (see Training below). Block 2 Barracks Pond

• Remove small brush (Figure 8.6). • Repair broken concrete.• Replace missing wood posts.

Block 9 Mess Hall Garden

• Remove large boulder between the upper and lower pond to match historic photographs (Figure 8.7).• Repair broken concrete pond edges.• Reset any displaced rocks that can be matched to impressions in concrete or historic photographs (Figure 8.8).

Block 14 Ironing Room Garden 

• Replace missing wood posts.

Figure 8.6. Small garden pond at Block 2 Barracks 1.

Figure 8Block 9 
320 Garden Management Plan

Block 15 Barracks 5 Po

• Repair broken concret• Reset displaced rocks pressions in concrete or 

Block 17 Barracks 8 Ga

• Remove locust stumps 2013.• Reset rock alignments• Repair broken concret• Repair and reset faux-• Reset rocks based on h• Repair stream channel 

Block 20 Barracks 10 G

• Remove surrounding dhazard.• Keep nearby tamarisk from the tour road to red

ism.• Install termite bait statage.• Investigate the use of wthe life of this unique galast of its kind remaining 

Block 24 Barracks 5 Ga

• Repair concrete bridge • Reset displaced rocks graphs.

Figure 8.9. Faux-wood log recovered from pond at Block 17 Barracks 8.Figure 8.8. Rocks removed from pond at Block 9 mess hall garden.
• Conduct subsurface testing in the surrounding area to locate missing landscape rocks that may be buried.

Block 34 Mess Hall Garden

• Repair minor cracks and spalling in concrete (Figure 8.11).• Repair broken crane rock with tinted mortar to 

Figure 8.11. Broken concrete pond edge at Block 34 mess hall garden.

match existing (missing portion is approx. 5 by 10 by 15 inches; Figure 8.12).

Hospital Pond Garden

• Bring in fi ll dirt to restore waterfall mound and support

 undercut boulders. 

Merritt Park

• Bring in fi ll dirt to restore waterfall mound and support

 undercut boulders.

• Bring in fi ll dirt to raise north bank of the upper pond to 

 match historic photographs.

• Repair broken turtle rock on edge of upper pond.

Administration Area

• Clear brush.• Expose rock alignments and reset rocks where necessary.

Figure 8.10. Broken concrete bridge at Block 24 Barracks 5. Figure 8.12. Historic and contemporary photographs showing missing portion of 

garden.
322 Garden Management Plan

Auditorium  • Aggressively trim back 

(west) entry sidewalk or patible with its historic a

North Park

• Repair oven chimney uover concrete pipe to ma(three 18-inch-long pipe 

eter and 141⁄2-inch outsid

• Cut and remove invasition to return area to its pearance.

TrainingStaff supervising garden 

familiar with the Secretarthe Treatment of Historic the Rehabilitation of Cultucourses, or their equivaleThe fi rst is off ered by the other three are off ered by Institute:

Secretary Standards aA Practical Application This course includes in-retary of the Interior’s SHistoric Properties. Partitreatment approaches initation, restoration, and rapply to a wide variety oods and tools learned in factor in signifi cance and be able to identify the apin a variety of situations, 

Figure 8.14. Moving rocks with tripod and roller. Hands-on workshop, Sixth International Symposium of Japanese Gardens, San Diego Japanese Friendship Garden, 2010.Figure 8.13. Historic and contemporary photographs of oven at North Park showing size of missing chimney made of concrete pipe. 
decisions in accordance with the Standards and Section 106.Landscape Preservation: An Introduction (2 days)In this introduction to the basics of cultural landscapes, participants learn about designed, vernacular, and ethnographic landscapes, and historic sites; review applicable laws and regulations; and discuss how to identify and inventory character-defi ning features of a landscape. Students also explore the concepts of preservation planning and documentation, and the development of the cultural landscape report for use in managing historic and cultural landscapes. Case studies illustrate realistic approaches to eff ective landscape management and preservation.Landscape Preservation: Advanced Tools for Managing Change (1 day)This advanced landscape preservation seminar explores the sometimes confl icting issues that direct the process of change and decision-making for challenging landscapes. Participants will (1) review the practice and discuss the implications of inventorying, evaluating, treating, and maintaining landscape resources; (2) identify tools and techniques for managing change when diffi cult issues aff ect the process; 

and (3) understand the philosophical foundations for making sound, educated decisions about the preservation and long-term management of historic and cultural landscapes.The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards: Treatment Considerations (2 days)The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties form the basis for historic property rehabilitation for all federal projects. Participants will explore the Standards in detail with 

particular attention to the preservation of historic fabric, sustainability, green rehabilitation, and the use of renewable materials. Participants have the opportunity to discuss the application of the Standards to their projects.

Figure 8Workshof JapaFriends

Specifi c training in the design and maintenance of Japanese gardens is also recommended for cultural resources staff . This training can be acquired by taking online courses, attending Japanese garden workshops, 

or by inviting garden experts to Manzanar. It is recommended that at least one person on the cultural resources staff take advantage of training off ered by the 

North American Japanese Garden Association and by public Japanese gardens in California, such as the San Diego Japanese Friendship Garden and the Hakone Estate and Gardens (Figures 8.14-8.16). For those staffmembers interested in gaining a deeper appreciation, the International Institute for Japanese Garden Arts at the Portland Japanese Garden is developing a comprehensive education program for Japanese garden professionals working outside of Japan. Participation in this training would not only help Manzanar staffdevelop technical skills and an understanding of the gardens’ cultural context, it would promote public awareness of Manzanar’s unique cultural resources. The program is expected to include a 2-week introductory seminar, a 2-week garden-building workshop, and a mentoring program. To ensure continuity in Manzanar’s garden management, ideally there would be at least two staffmembers with in-depth training in Japanese garden construction, so that when one transfers or retires, the other can take care of the gardens and train new employees. Tomoki Kato, an 8th-generation head of a garden design company in Kyoto, makes a compelling argument that it takes 200 years to learn Japanese garden stewardship (Kato et al. 2014). Since gardens are meant to outlast the lifetime of one individual, techniques of caring for and fostering a garden must be passed down from person to person: “The ‘200 Years Theory of Garden Craftsman’ tells us that human living years may not be enough to acquire all to become a true gardener but we can at least obtain understanding and knowledge from fellow teammates.” 

Figure 8SlawsoLandscaSan Die
324 Garden Management Plan
Although full restoration of all of Manzanar’s signifi cant gardens is not practical, the rehabilitation of Merritt Park, two Japanese gardens in the internee residential area, and two gardens in the administration area will provide visitors with the opportunity to see the range of gardens that were present historically: barracks gardens, mess hall gardens, community parks, and administration area gardens. Three would be fully restored with plants and water: Merritt Park, the Block 33 Arai fi sh pond, and the Block 34 mess hall garden (Figures 9.2-9.4). Several other gardens are recommended for only partial restoration as part of the Rehabilitation treatment. Although not meeting the popular or technical defi nition of “restoration,” additional rehabilitation work at these gardens will provide excellent visitor information and interpretation opportunities with a high benefi t-to-cost ratio.According to the criteria in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 36 Section 800.5, the treatments outlined below would have “no adverse eff ect” on Manzanar National Historic Site. No part of a property would be destroyed; all repairs, stabilization, and restoration will be consistent with the Secretary’s Standards and Guidelines. The project would involve no change in 

the character of the property’s use, and would not introduce visual, atmospheric, or audible elements that would diminish the property’s historic signifi cance. 

General Treatmentsfor Rehabilitated GardensRehabilitation of Manzanar’s gardens and landscaping for safe, eff ective, and sustainable visitor interpretation incorporate some key principles across the board:

• To protect and preserve cultural resources while enhancing visitor experience, rehabilitation will follow the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (Birnbaum 1996:15). The Standards are discussed in Chapter 7, but any questions or issues that arise during implementation of this plan will be addressed through reference to the complete Standards and consultation with the State Historic Preservation Offi cer (SHPO). 

Garden treatments are dictated by their importance in the history of Manzanar, their signifi cance in the history of Japanese gardens in the United States, and their meaning to former internees, their families, and other stakeholders (Figure 9.1). Chapter 7 described the objectives for longterm stewardship of Manzanar’s gardens and landscaping, and outlined the process that determined that “Rehabilitation” is the best approach to meet those objectives and which gardens should be rehabilitated. This chapter provides details about the specifi c treatments recommended to meet the objectives using the rehabilitation approach. These treatments can be accomplished with existing staffi ng.9 GARDEN TREATMENTSInvolve All The Senses

FigurHenry N

Figure 9Yamam

Figure 9(photogwith pe

Figure 9Oda Co
326 Garden Management Plan

transition from stabilizattenance of garden featurworkload does not incre

Further, reconstruction oing of vegetation necessacur only after the non-naexcluded from the Historthe gardens themselves. Abe delayed until the currended. Short-term capital investsome of the rehabilitation specifi c recommendationbase salaries and staff powork is completed, Japanat Block 33 and 34 are eaminutes a day for routine Volunteers, now recruitemay be able to provide lodividuals or garden clubs thereof, such as the rose Ponds and WateFor the rehabilitation, wato Merritt Park, the BlocBlock 34 mess hall garden streams in Manzanar’s Janally kept full by constanthe case of Merritt Park, water table. Waterfalls wes, or hoses connected to supply. Overfl ow water wsewage system or into roFor the rehabilitation, to would be recirculated, us

• To address the needs of diverse visitors, including an aging population and parents with baby strollers, rehabilitated gardens will be accessible. • Because of the possibility of more frequent or prolonged drought conditions, plantings and water feature rehabilitation will be designed to minimize water use, and any irrigation systems will use the best waterand labor-saving technology. • Recognizing constraints in funding and staffi ng levels, only a sample of gardens will be rehabilitated. Further, rehabilitation work should proceed at a sustainable pace, and not depend on additional cultural resources staffi ng. That is, existing staff would 

Figure 9.5. Lower pond at Merritt Park fi lled with fl ood water in 2013.
by solar panels. There are two standard technologies to keep recirculating pond water clean: fi ltration and aeration. Aeration systems, as described by Chu (2015), have several advantages, such as requiring smaller initial investment and less ongoing maintenance. Ponds should have no fi sh, and minimal water plants, to facilitate maintenance. Ultra-sonic methods, rather than chemicals, would be used if additional algae control is needed.The concrete ponds at Blocks 33 and 34 will need to be sealed to prevent water loss through small cracks. The ponds at Merritt Park were not originally concrete-lined, but without a lining the ponds would require constant fi lling. It is recommended that the Merritt Park ponds be lined with asphalt, which was used for lining ponds at Anderson Gardens, located in Illinois and one of the two top Japanese gardens in the United States. Naturally dark, asphalt would have the additional benefi t of providing the illusion of greater water depth. Historically, the Merritt Park ponds were approximately a foot deeper than they are now. Compared to concrete, asphalt is cheaper to install and easier to patch and maintain (Gruner 2015). Like concrete, asphalt is also non-toxic. Once ponds are fi lled, water use to replenish that lost to evaporation is less than that used to maintain a traditional lawn of the same size (Stevens 2014). To provide further water savings, ponds could be fi lled only seasonally, or for special occasions such as Pilgrimage weekend or annual garden tours. Water UseFull implementation of the Garden Management Plan would entail the use of up to 5.5 acre-feet of water per year. Ponds and vegetation at the Block 33 Arai pond and the Block 34 mess hall garden would require up 

to 1 acre-foot of water per year. Merritt Park, with about 0.75 acre of ponds, grass, and other vegetation, would use up to 4.5 acre foot of water per year. Water use would be less as new plants become established. Given California’s current drought and the continuing negative eff ects of climate change, it is important to examine how this use would fi t into current water use at Manzanar and surrounding areas of Owens Valley. Like most human endeavors, the National Historic Site could not operate without water, and water was provided for in the land exchange with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) that established the Historic Site. The land exchange agreement authorized the use 10,000,000 gallons, or 30.7 acre feet, per year, from wells within the Historic Site. The General Management Plan, which included an environmental analysis, considered the proper allocation of this water, and determined it appropriate to use for visitors, orchards, and landscaped areas (NPS 1996a:47).Water use at the Visitor Center, which serves both the public and the National Park Service staff , is approximately 1 acre-foot per year, used mainly for the 

restrooms. This estimate is based on water use in 2014, when 77,633 visitors were recorded. No substantial additional water use is projected for the Visitor Center: visitation increased about 8 percent a year after the visitor center opened in 2004 to a high of 89,190 in 2009. Since 2009, the number of annual visitors has never been over 80,000. The Orchard Management Plan (NPS 2010) calls for the care and cultivation of a select sample of the trees present at the time of the Relocation Center and the earlier Town of Manzanar, to provide examples for visitor interpretation. Two orchards would be restored and three would be rehabilitated. Other original orchards and trees would not be watered. Irrigation of the orchards and other trees currently uses 2 acre-feet per year. When the Orchard Management Plan is fully 
328 Garden Management Plan

In summary, even with fuGarden Management PlaPlan, the Historic Site woof its annual water allotmmentation of the TamarisNational Park Servicer is tween 3 and 8 times the aaquifer than is withdrawn substantial water use is pFurther, implementation Plan would not require asince the well to be used VegetationThe vegetation planted in 

• Refl ect historic shapes • Be drought tolerant or • Have low maintenance • Not be invasive, so thadamage historic features planted areas.

In some cases the historicriteria, but in other casemended, as discussed beTreesSome of the original tree use in rehabilitated gardetoo much water or becomIn general, trees planted planted should be dwarf period of signifi cance. Nused, but would require ing more staff time and e

implemented, irrigation use is expected to be approximately 3 acre-feet per year. Cumulatively, then, if the Garden Management Plan is fully implemented, total annual water use at the Historic Site would be about 9.5 acre-feet, well below the 30.7 acre feet allocated by LADWP. Even if annual visitation doubled, total water use would likely be less than 10 acre-feet per year. To put this in context, in 2014 LADWP’s groundwater pumping in Owens Valley totaled 70,000 acre-feet. A 185-acre dust-mitigation alfalfa fi eld just north of Manzanar is estimated to use over 850 acre-feet of water per year. Water use at Merritt Park would be the same as 1 acre of alfalfa. Another factor that must be discussed when considering Manzanar’s water use is the eff ect of another management action, that is, the removal of tamarisk. As outlined in the Tamarisk Management Plan (Burton et al. 2012), tamarisk are aggressive non-native trees that obscure the historic landscape, and their roots damage historic features. Since 2007, over 145 large tamarisk trees have been removed from the Historic Site, and the removal of at least 38 more tamarisk trees is planned (Burton 2014a). Removal of tamarisk has a direct eff ect on reducing groundwater use at the Historic Site: one large tamarisk can use 200 gallons of water a day (Hoddenbach 1989). The removal of 145 large trees, then, could result in a savings of up to 29,000 gallons of groundwater per day during the growing season. Assuming a 6-month growing season, this would total an annual water savings of 32.5 acre-feet. Another way to calculate groundwater savings is by acre; the Colorado Weed Management Association (2015) has compiled statistics that indicate one acre of tamarisk uses an average of 7.7 acre-feet of water a year. At Manzanar, 10.67 acres of tamarisk were removed between 2007 and 2014; using the acreage water-use fi gures, this has resulted in groundwater savings of over 82 acre-feet per year. 

Figure 9.6. Historic black locust trees at Block 22 mess hall garden.Figure 9.7. Cottonwood trees within barracks footprint at Block 33 Arai pond. 
Manzanar, now grown into massive trees and thickets (Figure 9.8). Tamarisk is considered a noxious invasive that can damage cultural resources with its aggressive roots, outcompete other plants, and soak up ground water. Manzanar’s Tamarisk Treatment Plan (Burton et al. 2012) calls for removing new stands and specimens and retaining only those historic trees that are not damaging cultural resources. Of the gardens to be rehabilitated, only Merritt Park had tamarisk. New plantings should substitute a similarly shaped shrub, such as Russian or Mexican sage, to match the appearance of young tamarisk during the period of signifi cance.Willow – Visible in historic photographs of Merritt Park as shrub-sized plants, willow is invasive and a heavy water user (Figure 9.9). Replantings should substitute a similarly shaped shrub such as desert olive.Maple – One maple tree has been identifi ed in photographs at Merritt Park; a modern hybrid maple would 

be suitable for its replacement. Pine – One large pine tree can be identifi ed in photographs at Merritt Park, and one small pine is visible in photographs of the Block 34 mess hall garden. Neither tree has been identifi ed to species, and neither is still present. Both missing trees should be replaced with a drought-tolerant species of pine. The Block 34 specimen should be a dwarf species to match the period of signifi cance. Several small pines are present in some of the historic photographs of the administration circle cactus garden. These trees apparently died well before the camp closed and will not be replaced.Apple – Historically there were fi ve apple trees at the 

Block 33 Arai fi sh pond. They should be replanted using a currently available equivalent. Tree of Heaven –Although none of this invasive species has been identifi ed at gardens to be rehabilitated, some are adjacent to Merritt Park. Since they are invaphotographs and extant specimens, the following tree species were used in gardens at Manzanar. Included in each description are recommendations to continue use or substitute a diff erent species. Black Locust – The most common tree at Manzanar, locust still exist at most gardens and have spread nat- urally throughout the site (Figure 9.6). Several historic locust trees remain at Merritt Park. Save one pine, all trees at the Block 34 mess hall garden were locust, and there are some still extant at Manzanar’s historic entrance. Because this species is hardy and drought tolerant, it should be replaced in kind, either with a modern equivalent or the original variety transplanted from other areas of the site or propagated from locally collected seeds or cuttings. The latter would be akin to what Manzanar’s gardeners did. Cottonwood – Identifi able in historic photographs, cottonwoods have died out in Merritt Park, with only a few stumps left. Large cottonwoods now grow where barracks once stood in Block 33, at the Arai fi sh pond (Figure 9.7). Because the species is invasive and a heavy water user, new plantings should substitute similarly shaped drought-tolerant and less invasive tree such as Shademaster honeylocust. The honeylo- cust is hardy, native to North America, and grows to a large size, but is rated as requiring low maintenance because it is thornless and seedless and requires less water than similarly shaped species. It is especially appropriate where grass will be planted, because the canopy lets partial sun through. Siberian Elm – Although hardy, Siberian elm is dis- ease-prone and messy, releasing tens of thousands of seed pods in the spring. There are still some historic elms at Merritt Park, but new plantings should substi- tute American Sentry Linden, which grows to a simi- lar size and shape, provides fall color, and is hardy, but not invasive. Tamarisk – Visible in historic photographs as small wispy shrub-like trees, tamarisk is still present at Figure 9

at Block Figure 9Street aFigure 92015.
330 Garden Management Plan

Bermudagrass – Today areas of the site, includinIt is considered droughtareas such as around irrican form a mat-like lawntured warm-season turfgand turns brown in the wdisadvantage at Manzanthe spring and summer mgrowing, Bermudagrass possibly reseeded.Zoysia – A warm-seasonalso known as Korean grsod in larger areas. Zoys

ant than Bermudagrass, Buff alograss – UC Verdby University of Californwater-use alternative to tseason grasses. It is a waNorth American plains. winter. It can be planted apart in the warm seasonis very competitive with falograss requires 50- to fescue lawn. Native Bentgrass – Agr

California native bentgrastands foot traffi c, and hto self-repairing rhizomefrequently, but requires aditional cool-season grasthe year. Starting a nativcan be a challenge, but it available as sod with degNative bentgrass sod is mblue, rye, or fescue sodsFineleaf Fescue – Finelthetically pleasing no-m

are cool-season grasses t

sive they should not be encouraged or replanted when they die (Figure 9.10).

GrassesThe one lawn species identifi ed to date in historic records is perennial rye grass. However, to be more sustainable, a drought-tolerant or drought-resistant species should be used in the rehabilitation, watered by an automatic underground sprinkler system. Three warm-season grasses and two cool-season grasses have been grown successfully in areas with similar climatic conditions to Manzanar; it is recommended that these fi rst be tried out on a small scale to determine the best option. Most require mowing only every 2-3 weeks. Native grasses and forbs should be seeded or encouraged in all restored areas (Figures 9.11 and 9.12). For example, Indian rice grass is growing at the Block 9 mess hall garden and a type of bermudagrass is growing at the Block 33 Arai pond and elsewhere. Figure 9.12. Grass at Block 33 Arai pond in 2015.

Figure 9.13. Wild rose at Merritt Park in 2012.Figure 9.14. Silver lupine (photograph by Tom Clayton).Figure 9.11. Grass at Wilder Orchard in 2015.
sodded. They typically require about 85 percent of the water needed to keep a typical lawn green in the summer and they can withstand more severe irrigation defi cit and dormancy with the ability to come back the following year. However, fi neleaf fescues are not suitable for areas where pedestrian traffi c is common.

Shrubs and Other PlantsHistoric documents and archeological data indicate there were roses at Merritt Park, irises at Merritt Park and Block 34, cattails at Block 33, and water lilies at Block 33. Irises, cattails, and water lilies would be replaced in kind. Roses at Merritt Park should be replaced with varieties grown there historically. Wild roses now growing at Merritt Park should be encouraged (Figure 9.13). As a demonstration, some modern stock could be budded onto them as it was historically. Other shrubs and fl owers visible in historic photographs of the gardens have not been identifi ed to species, so local native shrubs and wildfl owers would be acceptable substitutes (Figure 9.14). Shrubs grown by the farm division in 1942 for camp use included Cotoneaster, Fraxinus (olive and lilac family), Ligustrum (privet), Pyracantha, Prunus, and Wisteria (Plant Propagation Monthly Report, July 31, 1942). Specifi c Treatments for Garden RehabilitationFor rehabilitation of selected gardens, there is adequate documentation of the original conditions so that rehabilitation can include accurate restoration and reconstruction of missing features. Nevertheless, all rehabilitation work will be fully reversible, and will not impact extant historic features. 

Figure 9hall gar

Block 9 Mess Hall GardenThis garden is important not only because it was built by Ryozo Kado, but also because of the reason he built it, as he discussed in his own writings. Visited mostly during ranger-led tours, it provides a physical place for interpreters to talk about the special conditions faced by the internees from Terminal Island. To improve the visitor experience and protect the garden, the wood fence seen in historic photographs would be replicated (Figure 9.15). Wood used for the fence would be gathered locally. Other treatments include:

• Displaced boulders would be reset based on historic photographs and archeological evidence, if available.• When existing black locust trees die they should be replaced with transplants from overgrown areas of the Historic Site. Transplanted locust trees should be as large as practical so that they are close in size to the other existing trees.

Block 12 Mess Hall GardenMuch work has already been completed at this garden as part of an award-winning restoration project. Located adjacent to the driving tour road, the garden’s interpretive potential would be enhanced with several tasks:

• Reconstruct the gravel pathways on the west and east sides of the garden to better defi ne the garden area. Archeological evidence indicates round streamworn gravel was used for the pathways; a like material should be used if it can be installed to meet accessibility requirements. Otherwise, a compatible material can be used. • Investigate the durability, sustainability, and visual 

Figure 9ing lush photog
332 Garden Management Plan

aesthetics of placing artigarden area. Green lush ing element of the gardetion of the lawn would rAt this time irrigation wopotentially damaging to of the constructed featurwithin the garden would water, and added water winvasive and damaging trused at public gardens in traffi c makes grass problexperience gardens as th(Calnan 2014:18-19).• When existing black loreplaced with transplantthe Historic Site. Transpas large as practical so thother existing trees

Block 14 BarrackAs part of the Block 14 Dmore small lawns and fl otablished (Figures 9.17 anthese planted gardens wothere is a replica building the ironing room garden a replica ironing room hation work will focus on thracks 8. In keeping with ietation would be planted how a barracks would hathe internees arrived. Onpathway at the south end anyway, would be restoreproved and concurred wvation Offi ce (see Burton when funding and exper

Figure 9.17. Block 14 Barracks 8 in 1945 (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS).Figure 9.18. Flower garden at Block 14 Barracks 13 (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).
• Clear sediments from all internee-constructed landscape features, such as rock alignments and entryways, to better defi ne former barracks locations. • Restore rock alignments and other landscaping elements at Barracks 8 based on historic photographs and archeological evidence.• Replant black locust trees around Barracks 8 based on historic photographs and stump locations to match the 1945 barracks appearance. • Plant a grass lawn (or a portion thereof) on the west side of Barracks 8, where one was present historically. 

Grass species will be chosen based on the results of plantings in other areas. Irrigation would make use of a hose and sprinkler as it was done historically, but timers would be used to conserve water.• Restore rock alignments and other landscape features at other barracks and communal buildings.• Plant a representative fl ower garden.

Block 22 Mess Hall Garden The numerous mature historic trees preclude adding water to the pond or planting new trees or other vegetation, as discussed above for Block 12. However, one task would greatly enhance the Block 22 mess hall garden’s interpretive potential: replicating the well seen in historic photographs (Figure 9.19). As the water source for the pond, it is an important characterdefi ning element, not only distinguishing Block 22’s mess hall garden from others at Manzanar, but also highlighting the symbolism of the garden’s Japanese name, Otoba no Ike, and its intended homage to Kiyomizu temple in Kyoto, Japan. Construction should use locally gathered materials. Additional treatments include:

• The wood rails on the bridge should be replicated using locally gathered materials. • When existing black locust trees die they should be replaced with transplants from overgrown areas of the Historic Site. Transplanted locust trees should be as large as practical so that they are close in size to the other existing trees.

Block 33 Arai Fish PondThis will be the fully-restored representative barracks garden. Much of the preservation, stabilization, and restoration work at the Arai fi sh pond has been completed (Burton and Farrell 2014), so only a few treatments are necessary to make this pond look very much like it did during World War II:

• Aggressively cut back or, if necessary, remove nearby invasive non-historic cottonwood trees that are causing damage to the pond and that would compete with new plantings.• Replant fi ve apple trees. The apple trees should be standard size to match the period of signifi cance.• Add a lawn and install an automatic watering system tied to the nearby orchard waterline. Try encouraging the grass already growing, or leave it and seed with other grasses and see which takes over.• Patch cracks and seal the concrete pond lining and stream channel.• Add water, using the faucet installed in 2014 so that water fl ows down the concrete stream channel to the pond. Install a hidden fl oat mechanism in the fi sh tunnel to keep the pond fi lled. In addition, a motion sensor could be placed along the access trail to the pond 

to temporarily turn on the water fl ow for visitors.

Figure 9hall garCollecti
334 Garden Management Plan

Additional treatments neinclude:

• Repaint in black the ohistorically, on a vertical San-shi-en, “3-4 garden”• Replace missing postsble/pebble planting area • Restore wood rangui p

channel.• Remove stumps and rephotographs, to include trees. Most of the “stumthat were placed during 

mark tree locations baseThe garden now has no or maintain. Dwarf or sepruning) should be used as much as possible as it nifi cance. • Seed approximately 3,with grass, where historia mix of cool- and warmwould be green during thage, in late April.• Patch cracks in the pois stable and in good conbe necessary to seal it. • Tie this garden to the oto provide water, and recpowered pump.• Replant irises and othden as seen in historic ph

Figure 9.20. Japanese characters to be painted in black at Block 34 mess hall garden. 

• Add water lilies in planting boxes. The plants could be artifi cial, to reduce maintenance. 

Block 34 Mess Hall GardenThis will be the fully-restored representative mess hall garden. Much of the work needed for rehabilitation was completed in 2007 as part of documentation, excavation, stabilization, and maintenance (Burton 2007c). This garden already has an accessible sidewalk 

from the driving tour road and is already fenced. The fencing provides resource protection and visitor safety; the fencing would also provide protection from elk damage, allowing for rehabilitation work to proceed before the park-wide elk-proof fence is completed. 

Figure 9.21. Block 34 mess hall garden showing wood cribbing and vegetation (Francis C. Dieterich fi lm, Eastern California Museum).
Hospital GardensThe hospital gardens have outstanding interpretive potential. Not only were they created through a collaboration of some of Manzanar’s most prominent gardeners, there are many historic photographs of the gardens being used by hospital staff , patients, and others. A short snippet of a color home movie even shows a Caucasian boy swimming in the pond. Because the h0spital gardens are located adjacent to the driving tour road, rehabilitation work should provide accessible interpretive opportunities. Tasks include:

• Reestablish the original hospital administration building road pullout for use as a visitor parking area.• Restore the roadside rock alignments and paint 

the rocks white as they were historically to defi ne the road edge and parking area.• Stabilize and fi ll erosion channels for visitor safety.• Seed restored areas with annual species.• Repair the collapsed rock and concrete retaining wall along the east side of the hospital wards and mess hall (Figure 9.22).• Fully uncover the faux-wood bench incorporated into the retaining wall (Figure 9.23).• Uncover and repair the faux-wood stump sewer manhole near the faux-wood bench (Figure 9.24).• Uncover stepping stones near the faux-wood bench 

visible in historic photographs.• Replicate the historic fence at the hospital pond.• Replant two black locust trees at the hospital pond at an angle across the stream.

Figure 9sewer m

Cherry Park and Children’s Village The Children’s Village at Manzanar was the only orphanage in all ten Relocation Centers. The public has identifi ed restoration and rehabilitation work there as a priority. Work at the adjacent Cherry Park has the potential to highlight not only this important community garden, but also some of the notable gardenmakers at Manzanar. Cherry Park was a collaboration between F.M. Uyematsu and William Katsuki. F.M. Uyematsu, who also worked with Kado at Block 6, was a successful nursery owner before the war. Uyematsu donated trees and other vegetation to Cherry Park and the Block 6 mess hall garden. Katsuki built the fi rst decorative barracks garden at Manzanar and before he was interned the Stoner Park Japanese garden in West Los Angeles. Katsuki’s Block 24 barracks garden has been excavated, but was found to be in poor condition. Figure 9.22. Breached rock retaining wall at hospital. Figure 9.23. Sewe

wood bench at ho
336 Garden Management Plan

Figure 9.25. Children’s Village and Cherry Park (1944 aerial photograph).
Landscaping features uncovered at the Block 24 mess 

hall, possibly his creation since he lived in that block, are limited. Specifi c tasks include (Figure 9.25):

• Clear brush and debris.• Find feature locations, using historic photographs to guide archeological investigations.• Remove non-historic trees from the building footprints and landscape features. • Mark building locations with replica concrete footers, if necessary. • Rebuild fences, arbors, and other garden features at Children's Village.• Rebuild gazebo at Children's Village (Figure 9.26).• Plant a sample of cherry trees at Cherry Park, tied to the orchard irrigation system.• Rebuild one of the wisteria arbors at Cherry Park. • Rebuild bridges at Cherry Park.• Establish pathway(s) based on historic routes.

Wood construction should use locally gathered materials. Based on what is found during archeological work, additional restoration of features may be warranted. Merritt ParkMerritt Park, the most well-known and iconic landscape feature at Manzanar, would be fully-rehabilitated. The park contains two main components, a Japanese pond stroll garden (“Pleasure Park”) and a Western-style rose garden. Prior to 2007 most of the Japanese garden and the surrounding area was buried by alluvium and overgrown with tamarisk, but it is now uncovered and stabilized. Projects completed to date include the replacement of all rangui posts at the upper pond by a volunteer and the reconstruction of the rustic bridge at the upper pond by Henry Ni- shi, the son of the original builder, and his family. The bridge at the lower pond has been rebuilt based on historic photographs, but the decking was modifi ed to make it accessible. The concrete fl oor of the teahouse has been replaced in kind and the calligraphy on two monumental steles has been repainted to match his- toric photographs. The recommended rehabilitation of Merritt Park is based on historic photographs, the 1944 aerial photo- graph, and archeological evidence (Figure 9.27). The recommendations refl ect a composite of the garden over time: the planted trees and other vegetation grew and the park became lusher, and then became overgrown as the gardeners left camp. Some plants may have died and were not replaced. Some areas were photographed more than others. In many of the photographs tree species could be identifi ed. Based on photographs and existing specimens, black locust was the most common, and some remain today. The original cottonwood trees are now gone; because they are very water-intensive, invasive, and destructive, similarly shaped drought-tolerant and less-invasive trees, such as honeylocust or linden, should be plant- ed in their place. Likewise, similarly shaped trees or shrubs should be substituted for tamarisk and willow. One identifi ed maple and one pine tree should be replanted in kind, using drought-tolerant varieties if available. An irrigation system will need to be installed to water trees and grass. Because of its size, rehabilitation work at Merritt Park will likely take place over several years and could pro- ceed in three phases, as outlined below. Figure 9

(Merritt Museum
338 Garden Management Plan

Figure 9.27. Merritt Park based on historic photographs and archeological evidence (for rehabilitation some original plant species would be replaced witdescribed in the text).
Merritt Park Rehabilitation Phase 1 This work that can begin immediately, even before an elk-proof fence is built, and would improve access so visitors can more easily and safely see the restoration work that has already occurred, without causing resource damage: 

• Replicate Nishi’s dedication plaque based on historic photographs and other documentation. More information is still needed: the number of Japanese characters in Nishi’s letter (see Figure 2.93) is about 40 characters more than that seen in historic photographs of the plaque (Figure 9.28).• Remove the overgrown historic tamarisk along the west side of park (Figure 9.29) and two non-historic black locust trees, one along the fence line and the other outside the fence line in the southwest corner of the park. These trees are along the route of the park perimeter fence and historic pathways, and would be in the way of restoration and rehabilitation work.• Replicate park perimeter fence using locally gathered materials (Figure 9.30). • Mark trails with trailside fences and other barriers 

as they were historically. The fences and barriers will also provide resource protection.• Construct an accessible trail, following historic walking routes, to channel foot traffi c and protect the resource. The trail should start at the driving tour road parking area, head to the north side of the upper pond, head east and cross the lower pond bridge, 

loop around the south and west sides of the upper pond, and return to the parking area. The trail should be made of earth-colored asphalt or concrete. On the south side of the park the trail should incorporate 8th Street. This road and ‘F’ Street on the east side of the park should be paved with asphalt as the roads were originally along their full historic width as part of the accessible trail, and to allow restricted vehicle access for visitors that cannot use the accessible trail. 

• Plant a sample of rose bushes in the rose garden area, using the same varieties as those planted historically (see list in Chapter 2). Roses are very droughttolerant once established, so much of the original rose garden could be replanted. Roses could be donated and planted by family members and others in memory of former internees.

Merritt Park Rehabilitation Phase 2This work would continue the restoration and protection work that has begun, improve the visitor experience, and enhance interpretation:

• Line the pond bottoms with a thin layer of colored soil cement to make it easier to keep them clean, but not necessarily water-tight. Flooding in 2013 deposited about 1 foot of sediment in the ponds (Burton 2013a). This sediment should be left in place and capped to form a shallower pond, which will convey the feeling of the original pond but be safer and ecologically viable. Merritt Park is now protected from fl ooding by a diversion ditch (Burton 2014a).• Replace a historic black locust tree north of the pond that blew over in a windstorm in 2012 (Figure 9.31). • Remove the large deteriorated historic black locust tree on the island within the upper pond (Figure 9.32). Although it is original, this tree is overgrown from its historic size and shape and is causing damage to the pond embankments. Both continued growth and falling limbs could result in damage to adjacent pond features. It should be replaced with a new tree, possibly one grown from a cutting from the historic tree. After the new tree is established the island’s other black locust tree, which is not historic, should be removed.• At the southeast stele, restore the rangui post enclosure and plant a pine tree (Figure 9.33). In historic 

photographs, this is the largest pine tree identifi ed at 

Figure 9removeFigure 9Merritt CalifornFigure 9Park, 19moto).
340 Garden Management Plan

Figure 9.34. Detail of faux-wood arbor at the Huntington Japanese garden.

Figure 9.31. Fallen black locust tree at Merritt Park, December 2012.Figure 9.32. Large black locust tree on island at Merritt Park to be replaced.

Manzanar and the only pritt Park, and is therefore the gardeners were gettin“out of bounds” by the Mpine would provide an opowerful and poignant ecould be smaller than thsince it will grow into its • Add a charred tree trumatch historic photograp• Replicate the rustic teawood concrete (Figure 9should use locally gather• Replicate the wood fening locally gathered mate• Replicate the log rounlocally gathered material• Replicate a post and wphotographs on the islanuse locally gathered mat• Replicate one or more toric photographs. Wood cally gathered materials. be used outside the park • Archeologically investoven partially visible in h

Merritt Park RehabilitThis phase, which will mexpectations for a “restobegun only after elk-prooand proven eff ective. Tas

• Install a water system chard irrigation system tvegetation.

Figure 9.33. Rangui post enclosure at southeast stele (Pete Merritt fi lm, Manzanar NHS).
• Plant shrubs and other vegetation based on historic photographs to be representative of what was at the park historically. Restoring all of the vegetation at Merritt Park, especially as it was when the camp closed, would be prohibitive in terms of water use and maintenance. Priority will be irises around the ponds, small shrubs around rocks and other landscape features, and climbing rose and other plants at a fence west of the southeast stele. Whenever possible and conducive to water conservation, native plants with the same shape and form should be substituted for historically-used species. • Low-maintenance native wildfl owers should be used to replace historic fl owers. Local garden clubs or other volunteers could plant and care for the historically used species.

Administration Area LandscapingThe Manzanar Cultural Landscape Report calls for the repair and restoration of several features in the administration and entrance areas, to allow visitors to more easily imagine the layout of the camp and to provide comparisons with the layout in the internee 

• Completely line and seal ponds with colored concrete or asphalt.• Reactivate the upper waterfall with recirculating water. With a small catchment basin or hidden sump, the waterfall could run year-round.• Seasonally, fi ll both ponds, ensuring water conservation with a recirculating pump.• Rehabilitate the orchard to the north, between Merritt Park and the driving tour road, per the Orchard Management Plan (NPS 2010). Although primarily done to meet Orchard Management Plan objectives, this will provide a vegetative backdrop for Merritt Park, replicating the historic setting. • Add a windbreak of 40 trees along 8th and ‘D’ streets and Block 34 Barracks 1. Historically these included cottonwood, but for water conservation, other non-aggressive trees of similar form should be used. • Plant additional trees as indicated in historic photographs. Original species identifi ed include 24 black locust, seven tamarisk, fi ve cottonwoods, four willows, one elm, and one maple. Eighteen additional trees are either cottonwood, elm, or maple. Keep the 12 existing locust (including some that are non-historic) and fi ve existing elm trees, but replace missing cottonwood, willow, and tamarisk with more water-conservative species. Some trees visible in some historic photographs would not be replanted because of crowding, distance from main features, or their absence in later photographs. • A charred stump next to the southwest stele would not be replanted even through it is from a historic tree, because it is compatible with a charred stump used as a decorative element at the southeast stele.• Add lawns around the upper pond and on the island, and extend to other areas if feasible. Grass could be Zoysia, a warm season perennial, or other types based on the results of plantings at other gardens.

Figure 9of barb(Merritt MuseumFigure 9house (NHS).Figure 9island aMiyatakToyo M
342 Garden Management Plan

entrance west 270 feet, frating into the allée the tFigure 9.39). 

The three historic trees in tered using a water traileis being installed to provAdministration Circle Rehabilitation of this garnal rock alignments have repaired, and painted, as ground has been contourgraphs; drought-tolerant been planted within the rthe circle to match historinclude:

 • Replant a silver cholla planter. Two small pine tpresent in some of the hbe replanted.• Replant cactus around 

around the administratiotermined from historic p

Figure 9.39. Trees to be planted at camp entrance (1944 aerial photograph).Figure 9.38. Bevertail cactus at entrance sign garden (Ansel Adams, Library of Congress).

area (NPS 2006a). The Cultural Landscape Report also recommends the replanting of important trees and other vegetation. Rehabilitation of the entrance garden is almost complete. Rehabilitation work in other parts of the administration area is ongoing. Additional work is outlined below and in a Determination of No Adverse Eff ect prepared for archeological work in the administration area (Burton 2012d). All work will be based on archeological data and historical documentation. Remaining projects include:Entrance Sign GardenMuch of the rehabilitation work needed for this garden has already been completed: the original entrance sign has been replaced, deteriorated sign posts have been stabilized, the rocks around the entrance sign have been reset, and all but one cactus have been replanted to match the original species. Two tasks remain:

• Replant small beavertail cactus at entrance sign garden (Figure 9.38).• Replant a line of black locust trees at 10-foot intervals along the south side of 1st Street from the 
should include 41 cottontop cactus clumps of various sizes, three barrel cactus, three beavertail cactus, and two hedgehog cactus (Figures 9.40-9.42). An unidentifi ed species of tree seen in one photograph will not be replanted. • Bring in in decomposing granite from off -site sand traps to cover the restored garden around the outside of the circle road to control dust and weeds and distingush it from the surrounding area.• Reestablish pathways on historic alignments.• Replace missing manhole cover within the administration circle road.• Patch the road asphalt at the administration circle and the road leading from the circle to the west, towards ‘B’ Street. 

The administration circle garden is adjacent to a historic parking area just off the entrance road and the nearby entrance garden is within and adjacent to the historic entrance road. Both gardens are visible from the current driving tour road and are easily accessible to visitors. To fully meet the goals of the rehabilitation, however, both will need to be included in visitor interpretation. Other Administration Area Landscape FeaturesOther work to be done in the administration area includes:

• At the administration building sow native wildfl ower seeds in the raised rock planters and within the rock-outlined quarter circles along 1st Street (water sparingly, as needed).• Remove invasive brush, beginning with the area between the entrance road (1st Street) and the traffi c circle road and working south.• Remove wind-blown sand from all rock alignments.• Fill and level modern ditches through the administration block and along the north side of the entrance road, to match the surrounding ground surface con- tours, using fi ll dirt procured off -site. • Restore rock alignments throughout the adminis- tration area. To help demarcate building locations, rock alignments along walkways and other areas will be restored to match historic photographs. Rocks, if needed, will be procured off -site. • Paint roadside rock alignments white as in historic photographs to highlight the diff erence between “Western” (or military) and “Japanese” use of land- scaping rocks. • Reset overturned concrete steps (Figure 9.43) and return concrete steps from a debris pile at Bairs Creek to their original locations to mark staff building loca- tions. • Replant tree allées along 1st Street, which includes a line of black locust trees at 15-foot intervals along the north side of 1st Street (the south edge of Block 1). In- corporate the few remaining original trees for a total of 31 trees.

Figure 9.40. Rocks and cactus around exterior of administration circle (Merritt Co

Figure 9of admtion, M
344 Garden Management Plan

Figure 9.42. Administration circle garden.
• Replace an Arizona cypress tree that recently died at the administration building.• Replace an elm tree at the director’s residence (Figure 9.44). Alive in 1993, it fell over or was blown over 

sometime between 1998 and 2001.• Restore the administration building fl agpole (Figure 9.45).

InterpretationPublic interpretation at Manzanar is designed, directed, and implemented by the interpretive staff , and so is outside the purview of this management 

plan. However, the following recommendations are suggested for their consideration. Interpretation should include both the historic use and current signifi cance of the gardens. From a cultural resources standpoint, it is important to identify rehabilitation 

Figure 9tration 

work as a contemporary re-creation. Develop media at specifi c garden locations:

• As typically the fi rst garden seen by visitors along the driving tour route, the Block 33 Arai fi sh pond should have a wayside exhibit explaining it and its 

relationship to other garden types at Manzanar. It would be greatly enhanced with audio excerpts from Madelon Arai Yamamoto’s oral history interviews (Figure 9.46). Replicas of the water lily boxes used by Jack Arai could augment the wayside exhibit (see 

Figure 4.299). • A wayside sign at the hospital bench could feature historic photographs (Figure 9.47) and highlight recent research on the healing power of Japanese gardens (Blum 2005; Goto 2010b; Roth 2007).• Once a few cherry trees are reestablished at Cherry Park, a wayside exhibit could explain the full historic 

extent of landscaping there, and put the few cherry trees within their broader context.

Figure 9.43. Overturned steps in administration area at Building L. Figure 9.44. Patio wall and elm tree at camp director’s residence in 1993 (photog
346 Garden Management Plan

Figure 9.46. Madelon Arai Yamamoto leading a tour at her father’s pond in Block 33 (photograph by Mary M. Farrell).

Figure 9.47. Gardens for healing reproduced with permission © T

• The need for wayside exhibits at other gardens should be assessed as archeological and restoration work proceeds. • Brochure dispensers at gardens could provide additional detailed information and be less obtrusive than a wayside exhibit.

Develop short garden walking tours: 

• A loop tour starting at the driving tour road and including Block 33, Block 34, and Merritt Park. The hospital gardens could be added as an optional extension.• A loop tour from the Visitor Center to visit gardens in Blocks 2, 9, 14, and 15.

• A tour of landscaping • After the rehabilitation of Cherry Park, Childrenoptionally, Kado’s Block Block 22 mess hall garde

Develop park-wide gar

• Develop a garden walkHistoric Site as a whole.• Develop brochures for Kado, Katsuki, Nishi, an• Additional ponds coulcial occasions such as thannual “garden week,” o
Fig(Bw

Figure 9.48. Gardens to connect to the past (photograph by Toyo Miyatake, reproduced with permission © Toyo Miyatake Studios).

One possible tie-in could be National Public Gardens Day which takes place each year the Friday before Mother’s Day.

Value of RehabilitationGardens “involve all the senses – sound, smell, taste, touch – as well as vision and that indefi nable sense of place that can arise in a variety of ways” (Sales 2014:23). Manzanar’s gardens stimulate memories for former internees, and, with interpretation, help today’s visitors connect to the past (Figures 9.48 and 9.49). Gardens, especially Japanese gardens, are of great popular interest, as evidenced by the high visitation at historic and contemporary gardens in the 

United States and worldwide (Benfi eld 2013). The rehabilitation of Manzanar’s gardens for interpretation will bring new visitors who would learn about the internment while seeking out the gardens. Even with some of the gardens rehabilitated, the majority of gardens at Manzanar will be maintained as ruins, evoking the decades when the site was abandoned. Rehabilitated gardens can also lure visitors out of the climate-controlled visitor center (and out of their cars) onto the site itself, where they can experience the heat, cold, wind, and dust the internees endured. Manzanar’s gardens are a still-visible demonstration of how internees improved their surroundings and asserted their Japanese heritage. They still serve as symbols of hope, and places of contemplation. 
348 Garden Management Plan
Manzanar National Historic Site also celebrates the accomplishments of the internees both in camp, to make life more tolerable, and afterwards, to fi ght for justice. Thanks to the eff orts of the Japanese American community and civil rights activists like Warren Furutani, Sue Embrey, Rose Ochi, and the other members of the Manzanar Committee, Manzanar will not be forgotten. Instead, Manzanar serves as a vivid reminder of how a country founded on principles of freedom, equality, and justice can fail to live up to those principles. In many ways, Merritt’s prediction that Manzanar would “return to the desert” did come true, in that most of its buildings and structures are now represented only by archeological deposits and buried features. However, archeology is reclaiming the gardens, the site, and memories from the desert (Figures 10.2-10.4). When Manzanar National Historic Site was established in 1992, very few gardens were visible. But, their historic and interpretive importance was identifi ed by former internees, and preservation of gardens was specifi ed in the General Management Plan (NPS 1996a). At that time, the integrity of the gardens was 

unknown, and most gardens were almost completely buried. Former internees were unable to fi nd gardens they had lived next to or visited every day during their internment. Madelon Arai Yamamoto had twice tried to fi nd the pond her father built, but it was obscured by vegetation and sediments (Burton and Farrell 2014). Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston tried to fi nd her father’s rock garden:

I was poking around brush clumps and foundation chunks looking for something else. One more sign. Anything. I found another collection of stones, off by themselves, but so arranged that they could not have been accidental. Nearby an edge showed through the sand. I uncovered a single steppingstone, slightly worn, that led nowhere, yet lay as a suitable appendage to the small rock garden. One of these had lain outside our barracks door ... It could be ours. Perhaps not. ... But this one would serve. I could call it the rock garden Papa put there. Almost the sign I wanted. Not quite. Not quite enough.

Houston and Houston, Farewell to Manzanar 

1973:170-171

In the closing words of his fi nal report, Project Director Ralph Merritt noted that he expected Manzanar’s legacy would be “the way of tolerance, understanding and peace” practiced by the interned Japanese Americans and War Relocation Authority (WRA) staff for the 31⁄2 years of the camp’s existence (Figure 10.1). As for the site itself, he expected that “Manzanar will return to the desert and be forgotten,” in spite of those achievements (Merritt 1946:64). Merritt himself would presumably be gratifi ed to know that Manzanar has not been forgotten. Manzanar was made a unit of the National Park Service to preserve the site and to educate the public about the Japanese American internment, and the intolerance, prejudice, and wartime hysteria that led to it. 10 FURTHER REASEARCHLives Made More Tolerable

Figurthe last Merritt Figure 1Block 9 graph bFigure 1Merritt Figure 1Block 1
350 Garden Management Plan

When Dr. Kendall Brown zanar’s gardens, he went very impressed (Figures 1

I saw the Ansel Adams pSo next time I was at MaI could not fi nd anythingand I thought what a bizOnce the National Park ogy and uncover these g

many there are, how gooingful they were to the p

Dr. Art Hansen notes thatoration, the gardens wer

.... And I of course lookwriting this article on thUeno so I looked at it buhad been a garden therethere that were on the susee. As the years went on interest started to be direspecially when Jeff Burtexcavation of things with only at Manzanar but at out what was there.And so we went there antime everything was dug it was absolutely beautifuThen you could really aphad won a prize and thathing. 

It is the Japanese gardens zanar that have inspired demic interest. Former MUmemoto has volunteereprojects at Manzanar, an

Figure 10.6. Waterfall at Merritt Park after excavation and before stabilization (2008). 

Figure 10.5. Waterfall at Merritt Park prior to excavation.
Mount Whitney he describes his fi rst garden excavation, which took place in 2006 (Figure 10.7):

This was just one among the many gardens and ponds excavated in recent years, and there are many more still to be discovered. With each excavation, we are reaffi rming the resilience of Manzanar’s residents 

– people who turned their prison into a productive community, where they worked and played and patiently dreamt of better days to come amid the serenity and beauty of gardens and ponds with cascading waterfalls and carp whirling in the waters under black locust trees. 

Umemoto 2013:191-192

Although many of the iconic gardens and landscape features at Manzanar have been excavated, the number and extent of buried gardens is unknown. The existence of several important gardens based on documentary evidence is suspected, but some of the most important gardens, from a research perspective, will be the gardens that are not well-documented. These landscape components merit further investigation, archeological excavation, documentation, and interpretation:

We are really just starting, but this new archeological evidence [of Manzanar’s gardens] is like a revolution for mid 20th century Japanese gardens in America. .... Now we have to follow up and take the next step. Kendall Brown, NHK Interview 2011

Archeological excavations are conducted not just to reveal the original form and materials of the gardens: gardens can also contain important archeological deposits. Toys and other small items were sometimes lost in ponds; after their abandonment, ponds often functioned as convenient places to dump small amounts of refuse. During camp demolition, left-behind items were often pushed into low-lying areas like garden ponds, along with unrecycled building materials. Ponds, therefore, function as time capsules: most 

of the artifacts found in a pond at Manzanar were deposited in a relatively short period of time, that is, 1942 to 1945 (Figures 10.8-10.12).Further, artifacts recovered from barracks gardens can often be tied to a small group of people or even a single family. There are dozens of known “family” ponds, and by combining excavation data with historical records and oral histories, artifact assemblages may be linked with specifi c families, as was possible at the Arai Family Pond (Burton and Farrell 2014). Such precision could allow a much fi ner-grained understanding of the ways families adapted to internment and modifi ed their surroundings to make Manzanar more habitable. For example, a comparison of the artifacts from the Arai pond with those from other family ponds might shed light on whether all internees had equal access to goods and building materials. One caveat should be noted: there will be few clues to the fi rst months at Manzanar, which by all accounts were the hardest for the internees, in late-abandoned ponds.

Barracks GardensWhile seven barracks gardens at Manzanar have been excavated to date, that is a small sample considering the number of barracks gardens that are suspected to have been built. Archeological investigation of the following barracks gardens is recommended, in order of priority:

Block 26 Barracks 8 Apartment 2 – There is a historic photograph of a Japanese American soldier posing at a rustic stone lantern at this garden. Overt Japanese elements such as lanterns are rare at Manzanar. The garden’s location adjacent to the tour road makes this garden an excellent interpretive opportunity. A tamarisk tree growing there is damaging the garden, 

Figure 1excavatFigure 1ered duFigure 1excavat
352 Garden Management Plan

Figure 10.12. Milk bottle recovered during excavation of Block 9 mess hall garden.

Figure 10.11. Ear pick, 1939 California Exposition souvenir token, and tuna fi shing hook (top to bottom) recovered during excavation of Block 17 Barracks 8 garden.

initial construction. Excagarden could help identiritt Park.Block 28 Barracks 5 Apthere is nothing visible ation could reveal the rocWakatsuki Houston’s fatto Manzanar (Houston aportant book is the fi rst ment story for many, and racks location is often soand other visitors. Uncoprovide a physical tie to Block 35 Barracks 8 ApBarracks 12 Apartmenidentifi es only one family so each garden could be Located at the far northe

area, both gardens were to be seen by anyone buresidents. Excavation mibetween these gardens alocated and therefore mBlock 10 between Barrrate Kado-built barracks than others on this list bRyozo Kado’s work have 

However, exposure of theasy from the archeologiwould require mostly brrise in priority if the expdesert olive shrubs beco

Block 17 Barracks 2 ApBarracks 4 Apartment yet to be explored is wheby any of the 32 adult inthalf-Japanese, heritage. Minternees had accompanancestry, and included m

so its excavation is a high priority from a preservation standpoint, as well.Block 25 between Barracks 5 and 6 (Red Carp Pond) – This early-built pond was reportedly stocked with red carp brought from Los Angeles. A large tamarisk clump has been recently cut and treated in this area. The tree roots likely have damaged the pond. The pond should be exposed, evaluated, and stabilized as soon as possible, to prevent further deterioration.Block 26 Barracks 14 Apartment 3 – Surface evidence indicates this was an elaborate garden with a pond. Issei gardener Tokizo Tom Ota was the last resident of Apartment 3 and the garden was almost certainly his creation. Excavation of the garden could reveal more about the little-known Ota, and about a large garden built through individual eff ort. In addition, an erosion channel encroaching on the garden needs to be stabilized. Block 1 between Barracks 12 and 13 – Excavation of this feature, an early-built and also early-abandoned pond mentioned in the Block Manager’s Report, would reveal a documented example of a pond built with the WRA-authorized fi ve sacks of cement. The pond was likely fi lled in when the internee barracks in this block were converted to Caucasian staff housing. Block 22 Barracks 12 Apartments 1 and 2 – At least one garden is present here, built by Kuichiro Nishi and his brother Akira. Kuichiro, one of the most prominent gardeners at Manzanar, helped design and build Merritt Park. Akira is credited with the design of the mess hall garden in Block 22. Excavation would reveal how the barracks garden they built for themselves compares to the larger gardens they designed for the community. Block 15 Barracks 8 Apartment 1 – Tak Muto, one the creators of Merritt Park, built this documented early garden. A 1943 date inscribed in an adjacent sidewalk indicates the garden was improved after its 

Figure 10.10. Sprinkler, marbles, hair pin, pencil, and poker chip (top to bottom) recovered during excavation of Block 15 garden ponds. 
 Table 10.1. Non-Japanese Internees at Manzanar (race as listed in WRA records).

Name Sex Race Notes

Verina Arita Female Caucasian Left with husband June 1945, lived in Block 11Adeline Asai Female Caucasian Divorced, left with children July 1943John Dearing Male Caucasian Left August 1942, family left November 1942Apronian Eder Female Other Born in Philippines, left with family April 1943Emily Fujikawa Female Caucasian Left with family May 1943Arita Ikegami Female Caucasian Left July 1942Dorothy Kazumura Female Other Born in Washington, Japanese-speaking only, sent to Tule Lake wChester Klingspore Male Caucasian Left with wife July 1942Ralph Lazo Male Other Hispanic, 16 years old in 1942, fi rst lived with Issei bachelors, dra

Ethel Maruyama Female Caucasian Left with children July 1942Helen Okada Female Caucasian Left with husband June 1943Mary Okie Female Other Born in Mexico, left with husband April 1945, lived at Block 17 BAnna Sawahata Female Caucasian Born in Germany, left with children August 1942Stella Sowka Female Caucasian Separated, born in Poland, left with children August 1942Rose Yoneda Female Caucasian Left with family December 1942John Young Male Other Chinese, left with family May 1943, lived at Block 23 Barracks 4 A

Figure 10.13. Bridge and broken planter at Block 35 Barracks 8 Apartment 1. Figure 10.14. Desert olive (dark green vegetation) growing at Block 1
354 Garden Management Plan

Mess Hall GarSymbols of block pride abackdrop for photographportant for both research for excavation include: 

Block 4 – Likely the last at Manzanar, this garden garden, unusual at ManzMokutaro Nishimura, it garden known to be assohad been formally traineBlock 6 – This “Trout Shundertaking to build and undertaking to uncover. sediments washed in frotigations would yield abu(Figure 10.15). The gardeUyematsu, and other imand its location adjacent interpretive potential. 

Finally, it is also recommvestigations be conductementary evidence of a gaare any buried landscape Community PaTwo community parks wimportant, and potentialshould be investigated fu

Cherry Park and Childorphanage among the teof Children’s Village is eportant. Adjacent Cherr

Figure 10.16. Mounds and depressions at Cherry Park today.Figure 10.15. Block 6 mess hall garden today.Figure 10.17. Belgium fi lm crew at hospital garden.

ethnicities (Chinese, Filipino, Hispanic, and White; Table 10.1). Many left Manzanar early and the barracks addresses of only two are currently known: Mary Okie lived in Block 17 Barracks 2 Apartment 1, and John Young lived in Block 23 Barracks 4 Apartment 4. Not much is visible on the surface at either location, but both apartment entryways should be investigated further. 

Excavation of entry gardens could provide information about specifi c individuals or families:

Block 18 Barracks 7 Apartment 3, Block 25 Barracks 12 Apartment 1, and Block 26 Barracks 1 Apartment 4 – With more physical remains, including a greater quantity and variety of rocks, these gardens appear to have been more elaborate than most entry gardens. Archeological investigations could provide insights about how Japanese garden elements were incorporated into confi ned rectilinear spaces. Block 12 Barracks 11 Apartment 1 and Block 20 Barracks 12 Apartment 1 – There is now no surface evidence at these locations of the entry gardens in historic photographs (see Figures 4.83 and 4.174). Investigations could provide information about formation processes that may be extrapolated to other areas of the Historic Site. Block 34 Barracks 5 Apartment 1 – Excavation of Takashi Kato’s entry garden may provide clues as to whether this Kato is the same Kato who created gardens in the Los Angeles area; he may have created distinctive features here, similar to those in Sierra Madre. 

Other gardens may be identifi ed as priorities for archeological excavation as new information is discovered. For example, the Block 33 Arai pond and the Block 17 Kado garden were only known from oral histories. In addition, it would be interesting to investigate the personal or barracks gardens of those who helped build larger mess hall and community gardens. 
internees’ eff orts to improve conditions for the orphans and other internees, but also the civic-mindedness of F.M. Uyematsu, who donated hundreds of trees for the garden here. Uncovering physical features of this area would highlight these stories. Recommendations are to clear brush and debris; locate 

and protect wood features; determine building locations; and determine the location of ponds, mounds, and other landscape features (Figure 10.16).Hospital Gardens – The hospital garden is located along the auto tour road, so both interpretive potential and conservation needs make stabilization work a priority. Many garden features are now partially buried and obscured by vegetation, and are susceptible to damage by soil and roots. The long rock retaining wall should be cleared and stabilized, the faux-wood concrete bench should be maintained, and other features like the sewer manhole near the bench disguised as a tree stump should be stabilized.

Additional archeological investigations at community parks could focus on fi nding the location of the wooden Japanese lantern at North Park, and working with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power to conducted archeological investigations at South Park. As picnic areas away from the barracks, these parks may have a diff erent artifact assemblage than the gardens excavated to date. South Park, located outside of the fenced residential area, would be especially interesting in this respect. Archeological TechniquesThe archeological study of gardens is burgeoning all over the world, and, in many cases, revising and expanding histories derived from documentary evidence (Currie 2005; Harney 2014; Malek 2013; Taylor 1983). Garden archeology incorporates standard archeological techniques and analyses adapted to the specifi c situation. A few practices have been particularly useful in past archeological investigations at Manzanar, and are recommended for future inventory and documen- tation of Manzanar’s gardens and landscape features: • Analysis of historic photographs, documents, blue- prints, and maps to determine the location and char- acter of gardens. • Topographic mapping before and after excavation (Figure 10.18). • Overhead photography, documenting garden areas both before and after excavation (Figure 10.19). • Use of probes to determine the presence and extent of subsurface features. • Controlled surface scrapes to locate buried features (Figure 10.20). Figure 1

Block 1

Figure 10.18. Total station mapping at Block 26 Barracks 8 garden.
356 Garden Management Plan

tered, analysis of pollen oshould be considered.Soil AnalysisSoil color and morpholofound useful to characterFor example, loose, sandsoils excavated from the they had been buried rapSimilarly, soil stratigraphclues about the timing anColor and texture of soil presence of vegetation, edecayed. Soil analysis couof the fi rst Victory garden

Blocks 11 and 17 and 12 andicate this area was selecwhich may have resulted agricultural practices.

Geophysical ProMagnetics, resistivity surradar would require brusless ground disturbance cal prospecting would be where the presence of suknown but is suspected. would be particularly suitance features such as colandscaping rocks. Some physical prospecting are: 

Block 1 between Barramentioned at this locatioports and the Manzanar 

• Stratigraphic excavation of feature fi ll. • Screening of cultural deposits through 1/4-inch or smaller mesh (Figure 10.21).• Shovel broadcasting of non-cultural deposits. 

Although the above are recommended for most, if not all, garden archeology projects at Manzanar, the following techniques may also be appropriate, to be determined on a case-by-case basis.Faunal AnalysisAny bone recovered should be collected and identifi ed; such faunal analysis could confi rm what species of fi sh were stocked in the ponds. Fish bones encountered to date have been identifi ed by Dr. Ken Gobalet, one of the foremost experts on fi sh osteology. So far, only saltwater species have been identifi ed, representing food debris rather than fi sh living in the ponds (Figure 10.22).Floral and Pollen Analyses None of the gardens excavated to date have provided a suitable context for pollen or fl otation analyses. Because of the high potential for contamination from pre-war and natural plant sources, and because pollen is adversely aff ected by alkaline soils such as are found at Manzanar, pollen samples collected from garden contexts are not likely to be representative of purposefully planted garden species (see Grüger 2013). Likewise, for the most part Manzanar lacks the microenvironments where plant macroremains recoverable through fl otation would be preserved and useful for garden studies (see Horrocks 2013). However, if appropriate contexts are encounFigure 10.20. Excavation of surface scrape units at Block 17 Barracks 8 garden. Figure 10.21. Screening sediments at Block 33 Arai pond. Figure 10.22. Fish vertebra recovered during excavation of Block 15 Barracks 5 pond. 
parent on the surface now (Figure 10.23).Block 4 north end of Barracks 2 and 3 – There may have been garden features outside Chotaro or Mokutaro Nishimura’s apartments, but the area is deeply buried now (Figure 10.24).Block 14 between Barracks 6 and 7 – A pond is mentioned in an oral history at this location (Mike Shimaoka, Oral History MANZ 1315), but there is no evidence of a pond there now.Block 16 between Barracks 3 and 4 – In the background of historic photographs, there appear to be 

large rocks at this location, which could indicate a garden (Figure 10.25). Only a few scattered rocks are visible there now. Block 22 between Barracks 8 and 9 – The 1944 aerial photograph indicates there may have been a small pond between the north ends of these bararcks. Mess halls – Geophysical prospecting could help determine if there are buried gardens at mess halls where no substantial garden remains are visible, including mess halls with no documentary evidence of a garden.

Logistics and Recruitment of Labor Archeology is labor-intensive and time-consuming, and volunteers have proven to be crucial to archeological work at Manzanar. Supervised by cultural resources staff , volunteers have provided most of the labor for the excavations, and a signifi cant portion of the artifact-processing. Volunteers bring their own expertise and enthusiasm to physically demanding 

work, and serve as ambassadors for Manzanar both on-site when visitors stop by and when they return 

home. Volunteers also provide specialized services, for example for the past 20 years Dick Lord has come to Manzanar to do overhead photography and artifact photography. Other volunteers have helped in restoration work, resetting rocks, repairing concrete, and rebuilding rangui post walls. Henry Nishi, son of Kuichiro, has brought several members of his family to Manzanar to restore the iconic bridge his father built at Merritt Park.

Figure 1showin

Figure 10.23. Today, at the location of a pond mentioned by Manzanar Free Press and Block Manager’s reports in Block 1 between Barracks 12 and 13.
358 Garden Management Plan

Historic PhotoClose examination of hishas been invaluable for awell as stabilization, repaTherefore, another prioracquire as many historic zanar as possible. The cothe most famous of Manphers, is well documentesional photographers we(Table 10.2). Relatives of phers should be sought ographs taken at Manzanato be most fruitful for the oka, and Kurui, because 

Manzanar. However, pasanyone could potentially pecially since evidence ooccurs in the background group portraits (Figure 10

Oral HistoriesImportant information cand gardeners during oraBlock 33 was discovered even a garden in Block 17 as Ryozo Kado was unknin an oral history. Howevare aff ected by individual political beliefs, and interacquired through oral histhrough independent souphotographs support Sus Toyoshige Ioki helped buMerritt Park. Details of tmentioned by Mrs. Yama

Interns have also facilitated archeological work; one intern in particular, Laura Ng, assisted in excavations and artifact analyses at Manzanar and went on to study Manzanar’s gardens as part of her Master’s thesis (Ng 2014). Other highly qualifi ed and interested student interns might be recruited through archeology professors who specialize in the study of ethnicity and civil rights. Fieldwork and analysis could occur with minimal expenditure of National Park Service funds if Manzanar hosted a fi eld school, such as those run by the University of Denver at the Amache Relocation Center, the University of Hawai’i West O’ahu at the Honouliuli Internment and POW Camp, and the University of Idaho at the Kooskia Internment Camp.

Figure 10.26. Block 15 Barrack 7 pond in the background of a funeral photograph (Shiro Nomura Collection, Eastern California Museum). 

Table 10.2. Professional Photographers Interned at Manzanar.

Name Address Notes

George Fukasawa unknown Left by March 1944Jack Masaki Iwata unknown To Tule Lake Oct 1943Tokuma Kitaoka 26-5-1 Left Oct 1945Tetsugo Kurui 2-11-4 Left Oct 1945Toyo Miyatake 20-12-4 Left Nov 1945Takazo Shimoda 5-5-5 To Tule Lake Feb 1944
were verifi ed by archeological excavation. Other methods of verifying oral history include multiple attestation or “multiple independent sources”; that is, the more independent witnesses that report an event, the better. Another test of oral history would be whether the account serves a vested interest of the teller. For example, Harry Ueno would have had nothing to gain by crediting Akira Nishi with designing the Block 22 Mess Hall garden. Further, he brought up his involvement in the Block 22 garden on his own, rather than responding to leading questions from interviewers. However, Ueno’s statement that the Block 22 garden won the Best Garden Contest its second year has not yet been verifi ed, since there is no evidence of a second contest in the documentary record. If such documentation surfaces, it would meet the criterion of “multiple independent sources.” An independent source for Ueno’s claim would be important in this case, because he was removed from Manzanar in January 1943 and would not have been present for a second contest. Some accounts retold in oral histories and even in documentary sources do not meet the “multiple independent sources” criterion, nor do they seem plausible. For example, in his memoir Kado noted that his “biggest project was a huge natural rock archway to give our Center an impressive entrance” (Kado n.d.:19). There is no photographic or other documentation of a rock archway at Manzanar’s entrance, or anywhere at the site. Armor and Wright (1988:115) claim that trees, lumber, and stone for Merritt Park came from Yosemite; there are innumerable closer sources for garden materials, and there is no evidence that materials were obtained from Yosemite. The Manzanar Free Press article (June 27, 1942) that says internees went all the way to Death Valley for a Joshua tree is likewise suspect: Joshua trees occur much closer to Manzanar.

AfterwordManzanar's gardens are an important link to the past, and their investigation, documentation, preservation, and interpretation will leave an enduring legacy (Figure 10.27): 

It is so characteristically Japanese, the way lives were made more tolerable by gathering loose desert stones and forming with them something enduringly human. These rock gardens had outlived the barracks and the [guard]towers and would surely outlive the asphalt road and rusted pipes and shattered slabs of concrete. Each stone was a mouth, speaking for a family, for some man who had beautifi ed his doorstep.

Houston and Houston, Farewell to Manzanar 

1973:166

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360 Garden Management Plan

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Block 4 Mess Hall GardenChotaro and Mokutaro NishimuraBlock 6 Mess Hall GardenRyozo Kado and Harry Oshio with plants donated by Munejiro Matsuyama, Moiichiro Tachibana, and Frances Miyoji UyematsuBlock 9 Mess Hall GardenRyozo KadoBlock 10 Barracks 11Ryozo Kado (based on faux-wood)Block 15 Barracks 5Yasai NakataBlock 15 Barracks 7Kiichiro Muto and Roy SugiwaraBlock 15 Barracks 8Takio MutoBlock 17 Barracks 8Ryozo Kado with Raymond ChomoriBlock 22 Mess Hall GardenAkira Nishi, Saburo Takemura, and Harry Ueno with “wishing well” constructed by George S. Takemura

Block 22 Barracks 12 Akira Nishi and Kuichiro NishiBlock 24 Barracks 5William KatsukiBlock 33 Barracks 4Jack Hanshiro AraiBlock 34 Mess Hall GardenGoichi Kubota, Seiichi Kayahara , and GHospital GardensToyoshige Ioki, Ryozo Kado, Gunsaburo Shunzo Shiraki, and Bunyemon WadaCherry ParkWilliam Katsuki and Frances Miyoji UyeMerritt ParkKuichiro Nishi, Akira Nishi, Kiichiro MuToyoshige Ioki Administration CircleWilliam Katsuki and Bunyemon WadaEntrance Sign GardenRyozo Kado

APPENDIX A Documented Garden BuildersManzanar Relocation Center
370 Garden Management Plan

Kado working on a residential garden in Gardena (Dan Hashimoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).
Carmelite MonasteryAlhambra, California (post-war)Holy Cross CemeteryCulver City, California (post-war)Maryknoll Sisters’ MotherhouseOssining, New York (1944-1968)Residential GardenGardena, California (1970s)Resurrection CemeteryRosemead, California (post-war)St. Elizabeth of HungaryAltadena, California (1931)St. John’s SeminaryCamarillo, California (post-war)APPENDIX B Ryozo Kado PortfolioPre- and Post-War Work

Carmelite Monastery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Carmelite Monastery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Carmelite MTom ClaytonCarmelite MTom Clayton

Carmelite Monastery (photograph by Tom Clayton).
372 Garden Management Plan

Grotto, Holy CTom Clayton).

Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Grotto, Holy CTom Clayton).

Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton). Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).
Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery. Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery. Kado grave, Holy Cross Ce

Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery. Grotto, Holy Cross Cemete

Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Grotto, Holy Cross Cemetery. Grotto, Holy Cross Cemete
374 Garden Management Plan

Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery. 

Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton). Pond garden, 

Pond garden, Tom Clayton).

Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery. 

Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).
Holy Cross Cemetery. Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Holy Cross Cemetery. Holy Cross Cemetery. Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery. Pond garden, Holy Cross C

Pond garden, Holy Cross CTom Clayton).

Pond garden, Holy Cross Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).
376 Garden Management Plan

Grotto, Maryk

Good Shepherd shrine built in 1946, Maryknoll (photograph by Alice Wengrzynek).

Maryknoll Mission (Maryknoll Sisters).

Maryknoll Sist

Japanese shrine built in 1968, Maryknoll (photograph by Alice Wengrzynek).

Rock garden built in 1968, Maryknoll (photograph by Alice Wengrzynek).Grotto built in 1944, Maryknoll (photograph by Grotto, Maryknoll (Maryknoll Sisters).Alice Wengrzynek).
Residential Garden, Gardena (Dan Hashimoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Residential Garden, Gardena, (Dan Hashimoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).Residential Garden, Gardena (Dan Hashimoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Residential Garden, GardenManzanar NHS).

Residential Garden, Gardena (Dan Hashimoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Residential Garden, GardenManzanar NHS).

Residential Garden, Gardena (Dan Hashimoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).

Residential Garden, GardenManzanar NHS).

Residential Garden, Gardena (Dan Hashimoto Collection, Manzanar NHS).
378 Garden Management Plan

Resurrection Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).Resurrection Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Resurrection C(photograph bResurrection C(photograph b

Resurrection Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).Resurrection Cemetery (photograph by Tom Clayton).
Grotto, St. Elizabeth of Hungary (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Grotto, St. Elizabeth of Hungary (photograph by Tom Clayton).

Grotto, St. Elizabeth of Hungary (photograph by Tom Clayton). Grotto, St. Elizabeth of HuGrotto, St. Elizabeth of Hungary (photograph by Tom Clayton). Grotto, St. Elizabeth of HuGrotto, St. Elizabeth of Hungary (photograph by Tom Clayton). Grotto, St. Elizabeth of Hu
380 Garden Management Plan

St. John’s Seminary (photograph by Tom Clayton).

St. John’s Sem

St. John’s Sem

St. John’s Seminary (photograph by Tom Clayton). St. John’s Seminary (photograph by Tom Clayton).St. John’s Seminary (photograph by Tom Clayton). St. John’s Seminary (photograph by Tom Clayton).
Block 2 Barracks 1 Apartment 4 Pond 2000: excavation, mapping, and overhead photographyBlock 4 Mess Hall Garden2015: brush clearing and overhead photographyBlock 8 2002: excavation of landscape features and mappingBlock 9 Mess Hall Garden2007: excavation, stabilization, mapping, and overhead photography Block 12 Mess Hall Garden1993: partial excavation and mapping2007: removal of tamarisk2012: stabilization of two pond rocks 2013-2014: stabilization, restoration, mapping, and overhead photographyBlock 14 Ironing Room Garden2010: excavation, restoration, mapping, and overhead photographyBlock 14 2000: excavation of landscape features and mapping2009: construction monitoring, mapping, and overhead photography2010: restoration of west fi re hydrant rock ring 2012: replacement of missing barracks faucet pipes2014: restoration and painting of east fi re hydrant rock ring2015: reconstruction of basketball courtBlock 15 Barracks 5 Garden 2010: excavation, mapping, and overhead photographyAPPENDIX C Archeological and Preservation Work at Landscape FeaturesManzanar National Historic Site

Block 15 Barracks 7 Garden 2010: excavation, stabilization, mapping, and Block 17 Barracks 3 Apartment 4 Garden2014: brush clearingBlock 17 Barracks 8 Garden 2013: excavation, mapping, and overhead phBlock 22 Mess Hall Garden1993: brush clearing and mapping2015: overhead photographyBlock 24 Mess Hall Landscaping2012: excavation, mapping, and overhead phBlock 24 Barracks 5 Garden 2012: excavation, mapping, and overhead phBlock 33 Barracks 4 Garden2011: excavation, mapping, and overhead ph2013-2014: stabilization and restoration Block 34 Mess Hall Garden1999: excavation and mapping2007: excavation, stabilization, restoration, aBlock 36 Barracks 12 Apartment 4 Garde2013: partial excavation and overhead photo
382 Garden Management Plan

Hospital Gardens1993: excavation and mapping of garden pond2000: repair of faux-wood bench2007: faux-wood sewer manhole reset2015: fl ood repairs, mapping, mapping, and overhead photographyMerritt Park2007: removal of tamarisk 2008: excavation, stabilization, mapping, and overhead photography2009: excavation, stabilization, and overhead photography2011: restoration of bridge at upper pond2014 -2015: fl ood damage repairs, rehabilitation of bridge at lower pond, 

and overhead photography

Administration Area1993: mapping at Buildings D and G2000 : repairs to faux-wood pedestal, mapping, and overhead photography at Building C2004 : brush clearing, excavation, mapping, and overhead photography 

at Town Hall, Post Offi ce, Mess Hall, and Buildings E and F

2011: brush clearing2014: brush clearing and restoration2015: brush clearing and restorationAdministration Building 1993: mapping 2004: brush clearing2014 : fl ood damage repairs, brush clearing, and restoration and painting 

of rock alignments

Administration Circle2004: brush clearing and mapping 2011: overhead photography2012: planting of Joshua trees and cactus and painting of rock alignments2014-2015: restoration and overhead photographyAuditorium2001: recording and replacement of west sidewalk

2009: planting of vegetation on west side

Cemetery1994: HABS documentation1999: excavation and restoration of graves2000: restoration of fence2014: restoration of monument Chicken Ranch2000: clearing of a few concrete slabs 2009: brush clearing and stabilization2012 -2013: brush clearing, excavation, stabili

and overhead photography

Entrance and Police Station1993: mapping1994: HABS documentation of sentry posts1998: concrete faux-wood stumps returned1999: excavation and mapping of security fe2000 : restoration of security fence, reroofi n

state historic marker away from sentry 

2001: installation of replica entrance sign 2004 : clearing, restoration, and planting of c2010 : restoration, planting of cactus, and ove

entrance sign garden

2014: relocation of modern historic markers  center and guard tower2015: excavation, restoration, and painting oJudo Dojo1993: brush clearing and mappingNorth Park Picnic Area2003: removal of debris and trash from fi rep2009: recontouring of ground surface away Reservoir1994: HABS documentation2008: brush clearing, repairs, and restoratio
APPENDIX D 1944 Aerial PhotographsManzanar Relocation Center

Owens Valley Aerial Photograph 3-14, October 15, 1944 versity of California, Santa Barbara). Owens Valley Aerial Photograph 3-13, October 15, 1944 (Map and Imagery Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara).

security fence

reservoir

MP compound

chicken ranch

security fence

reservoir

chicken ranch
384 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 1 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 2 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
386 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 3 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 4 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
388 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 5 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 6 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
390 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 7 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 8 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation buildi

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
392 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 9. (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 10 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
394 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 11 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 12 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
396 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 13 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank

Fire S
Residential Block 14 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
398 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 15 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 16 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
400 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 17 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 18 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
402 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 19 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 20 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
404 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 21 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 22 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
406 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 23 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 24 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
408 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 25 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

L I WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 26 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

L I WL ML

fuel oil tank
410 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 27 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 28 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
412 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 29 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 30 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
414 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 31 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 32 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
416 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 33 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 34 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
418 Garden Management Plan

Residential Block 35 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
Residential Block 36 (1-14 - internee barracks, I -ironing room, L- laundry, MH - mess hall, ML - men’s latrine, R - recreation build

I L WL ML

fuel oil tank
420 Garden Management Plan

Hospital (L - laundry, M - morgue, MH - mess hall, H - heating plant).

det
Cherry Park and Children’s Village.

orchard
422 Garden Management Plan

Merritt Park.

bridge

bridge

Dutch oven location

tea house

stele

stele

island

orchard

rose garden

rocks

rocks

turtle rock

rocks

path

path
Administration, Staff Housing, and Entrance (A-W - staff apartments, MH - mess hall, PO - post offi ce, TH - tow
424 Garden Management Plan

Military Police Compound.

fl ag pole
Chicken Ranch.

incinerator

offi ce and 

processing building
426 Garden Management Plan

Judo Dojo.

dojo
Plant Nursery Lath House.

lath house lath house
428 Garden Management Plan

Bairs Creek Picnic Area.
North Park and Victory Gardens North of Blocks 33 and 34.

fi replace

picnic area
430 Garden Management Plan

Victory Gardens Between Blocks 11 and 17 and 12 and 18.

sundial?

Block 12 Block 11

Block 18 Block 17
APPENDIX E Vegetation ListManzanar National Historic SiteTREES (Native)Salix exigua Narrowleaf willow, coyote willow Salix laevigata Red willowSalix lasiandra Pacifi c willow, western black willow

Salix lasiolepis Arroyo willowTREES (Non-Native)Acer saccharinum Silver maple Ailanthus altissima Tree of heaven Catalpa bigonioides Southern catalpaCupressus glabra Smooth barked Arizona cypressFicus carica Edible fi g

Fraxinus velutina Velvet ashJuglans nigra Black walnut Malus domestica AppleMorus alba Mulberry Populus fremontii Fremont cottonwoodPopulus nigra “Italica” Lombardy poplar Prunus armeniaca Apricot Prunus persica Peach Pyrus communis Pear Pyrus pyrifolia “Nakai” Asian pearRobinia pseudoacacia Black locustTamarix chinensis Salt cedar, tamarisk Tamarix parvifl ora Smallfl ower tamarisk

Tamarix ramosissima SaltcedarUlmus parvifolia Chinese elmUlmus pumila Siberian elm SHRUBS (Native)Artemisia ludoviciana white sagebrushArtemisia tridentata basin big sagebrushAtriplex canescens fourwing saltbushAtriplex confertifolia Shadscale

Atriplex polycarpa Allscale saltbuAtriplex polycarpa cattle saltbushAtriplex serenana bractscaleAtriplex torreyi Torrey’s saltbuCeratoides lanata Winter fatChrysothamnus nauseosus Golden rabbitChrysothmanus paniculatus Sticky rabbitbEncelia farinose BrittlebrushEncelia virginensis Virgin River bEphedera nevadensis Mormon tea, 

Ericameria nauseosa Rubber rabbitForestiera pubescens Desert Olive Forestiera pubescens StretchberryGrayia spinosa Spiny hopsageHymenoclea salsola BurrobrushLupinus albifrons Silver lupineLycium andersonii Box thornLycium cooperi Peach thorn 

Penstemon incertus Mojave beardPrunus andersonii Desert peachPurshia tridentata BitterbrushRosa woodsii Wild rose Sarcobatus vermiculatus greasewoodSHRUBS (Non-Native)Cotoneaster franchetti Franchet cotoPhyllostachys bambusoides Bamboo FORBS (Native)Ambrosia acanthicarpa Flatspine burr Ambrosia psilostachya Western ragwAmsinckia tessellate Bristly fi ddlen

Anemopsis californica Yerba mansaAnisocoma acaulis Scale bud
432 Garden Management Plan

Apocynum cannabinum Indian hempApocynum spp. DogbaneAsclepias fascicularis Mexican whorled milkweedAsclepius speciosa MilkweedCalystegia longipes Paiute false bindweedCamissonia boothii Desert suncupCamissonia claviformis BrowneyesCastilleja spp. Indian paintbrushChaenactis douglasii Douglas pincushionCryptantha nevadensis White forget-me-notDatura meteloides Sacred datura, jimson weedDatura wrightii Sacred thorn-appleDescurainia pinnata Western tansy mustardEriastrum wilcoxii Wilcox’s woollystar

Eriogonum brachyanthum Shortfl ower buckwheat

Eriogonum defl exum Skeleton weed 

Eriogonum infl atum Desert trumpetEriogonum maculatum Spotted buckwheatEriophyllum pringlei Pringle’s woolly sunfl owerEriophyllum wallacei Desert woolyGilia brecciarum GiliaGilia cana Showy giliaGilia fi liformis Yellow gilia

Gilia latifolia GiliaGlycyrrhiza lepidota Wild licorice

Layia glandulosa White tidy-tipsLepidium fl avum Yellow pepperweed

Lepidium fremontii Desert pepperweedLepidium lasiocarpum Shaggyfruit pepperweedLinanthus Parryae Sand blossomLinum Lewissii Blue fl axLoeseliastrum matthewsii Desert calicoLoeseliastrum schottii Schott’s calicoLupinus excubitus Grape soda lupineMalacothrix glabrata Desert dandelionMentzelia albicaulis Whitestem blazingstarMentzelia nitens Blazing starNemacladus glanduliferus Glandular threadplant

Oenothera brevipes Evening primrosePectocarya peninsularis Peninsular pectocaryaPectocarya spp. CombseedPhacelia distans Wild heliotrope

Phacelia fremontii Fremont’s phaRumex salicifolius Willow dockStephanomeria paucifl ora Brownplume 

Suaeda moquinii Mojave seabliTiquilia nuttallii Nuttall’s crinkTiquilia plicata Fanleaf crinklVeronica americana American speXanthium strumarium Common cocXylorhiza tortifolia Mojave asterFORBS (Non-Native)Asparagus spp. AsparagusAsperugo spp. German-madwCardaria draba Hoary cress Chenopodium album Common lamDescurainia sophia Herb SophiaErodium cicutarium Redstem storkErodium texanum Heron bill, fi laLimonium sp. StaticeMelilotus indicus Annual yellow Rumex crispus Curly dockSalsola tragus Prickly RussiaSisymbrium altissimum Tall tumblemuVerbascum thapsus Common mulGRASSES (Native)Achnatherum speciosum Desert needleBromus anomalus Nodding bromBromus carinatus California broCarex douglasii SedgeCaulanthus pilosus Hairy wild cabChorizanthe brevicornu Brittle spinefl oCleomella obtusifolia Mojave cleomCryptantha circumscissa Cushion crypCryptantha micrantha Redroot cryptCryptantha pterocarya Wingnut crypCyperus esculentus Yellow nut graDeschampsia cespitosa Tufted hairgraDistichlis spicata Inland saltgraHordeum jubatum Foxtail barleyHordeum murinum Hare barleyJuncus balticus Baltic rush
Juncus spp Wire grass Laennecia coulteri Coulter’s horseweedLeymus cinereus Giant wild ryeMuhlenbergia asperifolia ScratchgrassMuhlenbergia rigens DeergrassOryzopsis hymenoides Indian ricegrassPhragmites australis Common reedPoa secunda Sandberg bluegrassGRASSES (Non-Native)Cynodon dactylon BermudagrassBromus catharticus RescuegrassBromus madritensis Compact bromeSchismus barbatus Common Mediterranean grass

CACTUS (Native)Ferocactus acanthodes Barrel cactusOpuntia echinocarpa Silver cholla, gOpuntia whitneyana Beavertail PARASTIC PLANTS AND FUNGI (NativCuscuta denticulata Desert doddeCusuta salina Nevada doddTulostoma poculatum Stalked puff ba

Barracks entry garden (WRA 1946).

Front Cover: Merritt Park (WRA 1946).Back Cover: Block 34 mess hall garden (WRA 1946).

Barracks entry garden (WRA 1946).
National Park Service

U.S. Department of InteriorManzanar National Historic Site5001 Highway 395PO Box 426Independence, CA 93526EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA