# Patent

## Title
Transmitter noise injection

## Abstract

A transmitter including a noise signal generator and a summing element is provided. The noise signal generator is configured to receive multiple noise settings and output multiple noise signals corresponding to the multiple noise settings. The summing element is configured to receive a transmit data signal and the multiple noise signals, sum one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal, and output to a transmit driver configured to generate one of a single-ended and a differential signal based on the sum of the one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/852,643, filed Mar. 28, 2013, by Hiroshi Takatori, et al., and entitled “Transmitter Noise Injection,” and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/616,741 filed Mar. 28, 2012, by Hiroshi Takatori, et al., and entitled “Noise Injection Method” and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/780,796 filed Mar. 13, 2013, by Hiroshi Takatori, et al., and entitled “Transmitter Noise Injection,” which are incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in their entirety.


STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND
Bit Error Ratio (BER) is a metric used to evaluate transmission system quality in communications equipment. Communications equipment may be manufactured with a target BER, referring to the BER under the worst-case noise conditions. Since it is desirable for equipment to be manufactured with a noise margin, which is the additional noise required beyond a nominal noise power level to reach the target BER, it is desirable for equipment to be tested in noise conditions that have noise greater than that in the worst-case operating noise environment.
In conventional controlled tests of communications equipment, a data signal is transmitted from a piece of communications equipment and a noise signal may be added to the data signal prior to reception to generate a noisy signal. The noisy signal may be received and the BER measured. The process of adding the noise signal in such a scenario may change the channel seen by the data signal relative to what the equipment would experience in the field. For relatively low speed data, the changes to the channel caused by controlled tests have a negligible effect on the BER as compared with the additive noise.
However, it may not be practical to measure the effects of additive noise in very high speed systems, e.g., systems faster than several gigabits per second (Gbps), and thus, the test scenario described above for testing noise margin has not been popular in the industry for very high speed systems. This is mainly because any noise injection circuitry itself causes additional impairments to the channel such as increasing loss, reflections, and uncontrolled crosstalk and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The BER due to these impairments may be significant relative to the BER due to additive noise. Also, an accurate noise margin test is difficult because any added noise level is not easy to control. And finally, there may be no physical space available for auxiliary devices for controlled noise generation once equipment is built for high-density backplanes. Despite these difficulties, there have been noise tolerance tests conducted in laboratories on specially built test boards, but significant differences between the noise environments of the test boards in a lab and the actual deployed systems in the field have rendered the results from such lab testing ineffective for use in accurate product qualifications. Therefore, there is a need for efficient and accurate noise margin tests for systems with data rates over several Gbps.
SUMMARY
In one embodiment, the disclosure includes a transmitter including a noise signal generator and a summing element. The noise signal generator is configured to receive multiple noise settings and output multiple noise signals corresponding to the multiple noise settings. The summing element is configured to receive a transmit data signal and the multiple noise signals, sum one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal, and output to a transmit driver configured to generate one of a single-ended and a differential signal based on the sum of the one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal.
In another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method of transmitting a signal from a transmit driver. The method includes receiving multiple noise settings, outputting multiple noise signals corresponding to the multiple noise settings, summing one or more of the multiple noise signals with a transmit data signal to generate a sum signal, receiving the sum signal at the transmit driver, and generating an output from the transmit driver based on the sum signal. The output from the transmit driver is one of a single-ended and a differential signal based on the sum signal received at the transmit driver.
In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a method of calibrating a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a transmitter. The method includes transmitting a data signal with no noise signal, capturing the transmitted data signal, transmitting multiple noise signals corresponding to multiple noise settings, wherein amplitudes and phases of the multiple noise signals have been adjusted by a gain and phase control element, capturing the transmitted multiple noise signals, and determining the SNR corresponding to the captured transmitted data signal and the captured transmitted multiple noise signals, wherein the data signal received by the transmitter is analog and the transmitter transmits the analog data signal through a transmit driver to a communication channel coupled to the transmit driver.
These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a transmitter.
FIG. 2 is schematic of another embodiment of a transmitter.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a transmitter.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a transmitter.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for injecting a noise signal into a transmitted signal.
FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a routine for detection and characterization of noise amplitude and output SNR for a transmitter.
FIG. 7A shows an example of a captured waveform for a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) data source.
FIG. 7B shows examples of captured waveforms for two settings of a noise amplitude control.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an embodiment of a method for calibrating a transmitter for SNR.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
It should be understood at the outset that, although an illustrative implementation of one or more embodiments are provided below, the disclosed systems and/or methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, including the exemplary designs and implementations illustrated and described herein, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.
Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and apparatuses for performing noise margin tests in high-speed communication systems. Architectures are proposed in which a noise source is embedded within a transmitter in a communication device to enable testing of the communication device. The addition of a noise source according to the embodiments presented herein may have the following advantages. First, the noise source has little to no effect on the communication channel itself. Therefore, little to no additional unwanted system degradations occur when noise is injected. Second, the noise source provides for system margin measurements in a deployed system using, e.g., BER measurements. Finally, the architectures provide the ability to control, detect, and characterize noise levels.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a transmitter 100. The transmitter comprises a noise signal generator 110, a summing element or summing device 120 and a transmit driver 130 configured as shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, a signal from the noise signal generator 110 may be added to a transmit data signal using the summing element 120. The transmit data signal may be generated by the transmitter 100 (e.g., communication device) using a modulator (not shown). The transmit data signal may be any signal carrying digital data, including pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signals, discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulated signals, or any other form of digital modulation known to a person having ordinary skill in the art.
The summing element 120 may be an analog summing element 120 configured to add analog inputs to produce an analog output. The output from the summing element 120 is provided to the transmit driver 130. The transmit driver 130 may generate a differential signal to be transmitted over a twisted-pair copper line. That is, the transmit driver 130 may be directly connected to a transmission channel (such as a twisted-pair copper line, coaxial cable, circuit-board traces, optical cables, or a wireless channel). The differential signal is illustrated as two outputs from the transmit driver 130. Although illustrated as a differential signal, the embodiments disclosed herein apply equally to transmit drivers that generate a single-ended output. Further, as shown in FIG. 1, the transmit driver 130 is a baseband transmit driver, but the embodiments herein apply also if the transmit driver 130 is a passband driver. The transmit driver 130 is a component well-known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The transmit driver 130 may perform, for example, amplification, filtering, digital-to-analog conversion, frequency translation (passband generation), and/or impedance matching.
The noise signal generator 110 may be used to allow for testing of the communication systems employing the transmitter 100. In situations in which the transmitter 100 is not being tested, i.e., situations in which the transmitter 100 communicates data, the noise signal generator 110 may be turned off or switched off. In situations in which it is desired to test the transmitter 100, the noise signal generator 110 may be turned on. The noise signal generator 110 comprises a noise source 112 and a gain and phase control element 114. The gain and phase control element 114 controls the amplitude and phase of the signal generated by the noise source 112. The noise source 112 may be a random pattern generator or any other type of noise source known to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The gain and phase control element 114 may receive a noise amplitude and phase control signal that sets the gain and phase of the control element 114. That is, the gain and phase of the element 114 may be adjustable or programmable. The noise amplitude and phase control signal may be generated by hardware, such as a processor, or a combination of hardware and software (not shown). Phase control may refer to controlling a time shift of the signal generated by the noise source 112 relative to the transmit data signal. The noise amplitude and phase control signal may be enabled to set a gain and delay of the gain and phase control element 114 for a particular transmission scenario, and then the noise amplitude and phase control signal may be turned off or disabled for a transmission so that the gain and phase of the gain and phase control element 114 may be fixed for the transmission.
FIG. 2 is a schematic of another embodiment of a transmitter 200. The transmitter 200 comprises a noise signal generator 210, a summing element 220, a transmit driver 230, and a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter 240 configured as shown in FIG. 2. The noise signal generator 210 and the transmit driver 230 may be the same as the noise signal generator 110 and the transmit driver 130, respectively, from FIG. 1, so it is not necessary to describe these elements further. The sum of the outputs from the FIR filter 240 at summing element 220 may be considered to be the transmit data signal. The FIR filter 240 comprises delay elements 242 and gains 244 as shown. The FIR filter 240 may perform feed-forward equalization according to principles known to a person having ordinary skill in the art. Although three delay elements 242 and four gains 244 are used for purposes of illustration, any number of delay elements 242 and gains 244 may be used. Each delay element 242 is configured to receive a transmit clock (CLK) signal and to delay the data signal by one clock cycle. As shown in FIG. 2, four versions of the data signal may be summed in summing element 220 to produce the transmit data signal. Further, a noise signal from noise signal generator 210 may be added to the FIR filter 240 outputs using the summing element 220. The summing element 220 may be configured to receive analog inputs and produce an analog output. A FIR filter, such as FIR filter 240, may be common in high-speed communication systems to compensate for channel distortion. The noise signal generator 210 may be turned on during testing of a communication system comprising the transmitter 200. The noise signal generator 210 may be turned off in situations in which the transmitter 200 communicates data.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a transmitter 300. The transmitter comprises a noise signal generator 310, a summing element 320, a transmit driver 330, and a FIR filter 340 configured as shown in FIG. 3. The FIR filter 340 may be the same as the FIR filter 240 in FIG. 2 and so is not described further here for brevity. The noise signal generator 310 comprises a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) generator 312, a gain control element 314, and a phase control element 316 configured as shown in FIG. 3. The PRBS generator 312 generates a pseudo-random binary sequence pattern. The PRBS generator 312 is an example of a conventional noise source that is straightforward to implement. The phase control element 316 controls a time shift of the transmit CLK. As shown, the PRBS generator 312 may be clocked with the same clock fed to the FIR filter 340. The control of the time shift is according to the phase control signal input to the phase control element 316. The phase control signal may be generated by hardware, such as a processor, or by a combination of hardware and software (not shown). The gain control element 314 may control the gain of the output of the PRBS generator 312. In situations in which the transmitter 300 is not being tested, i.e., situations in which the transmitter 300 communicates data, the noise signal generator 310 may be turned off. In situations in which it is desired to test the transmitter 300, the noise signal generator 310 may be turned on.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a transmitter 400. The transmitter 400 comprises a noise signal generator 410, a summing element 420, a transmit driver 430, and a FIR filter 440 configured as shown in FIG. 4. The noise signal generator 410 comprises a PRBS generator 412 and a gain control element 414 (e.g., variable or programmable gain). The phase of the PRBS generator 412 may be controlled by the transmit CLK. The PRBS generator 412 may be synchronized with the transmit CLK. The FIR filter 440 comprises delay elements 442 and gains 444. The FIR filter 440 further comprises a summing element 446 configured to receive the transmit data signal and the output of the noise signal generator 410 as inputs and to add these two signals together to produce an output that is fed to the summing element 420. Noise injection is performed in transmitter 400 using digital/logic operations rather than using analog summing circuitry or devices. The summation at summing element 446 is done on discrete-time symbols (it takes place once per baud duration.) It is also possible to implement parts of this embodiment (and the previous embodiments in FIGS. 2-4) in continuous time using analog circuitry—specifically the FIR structure of blocks 440 and 420 (FIG. 4), blocks 240 and 220 (FIG. 2), and blocks 340 and 320 (FIG. 3). For the continuous-time implementation, block 214 (FIG. 2), block 314 (FIG. 3), and block 414 (FIG. 4) would include a digital-to-analog converter.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart 500 of an embodiment of a method for injecting a noise signal into a transmitted signal. The flowchart 500 begins in block 510. In block 510, a noise signal may be combined with one or more versions of a transmit data signal to generate a signal that may be referred to as a combined signal. The noise signal may be generated using noise signal generators 110, 210, 310, or 410. The noise signal may be combined with one or more versions of a transmit data signal according to the transmitter structures 100, 200, 300, or 400 shown in FIGS. 1-4, respectively. The pre-amp signal may be passed through a transmit driver, such as transmit drivers 130, 230, 330, or 430, to generate a transmit signal. In block 520, the combined signal may be passed through a transmit driver, such as transmit driver 130, 230, 330, or 430, to generate a transmit signal.
FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment 600 of a routine for detection and characterization of noise amplitude and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a transmitter. The routine may be performed using a transmitter, such as transmitter 100, 200, 300, or 400, that has a built-in noise source. In a first stage 610, a pseudo random sequence (e.g., PRBS7, a pseudo random binary sequence of length 27−1) is transmitted, first with the noise source, such as noise source 110, 210, 310, or 410, disabled, and the sequence is captured with an oscilloscope. This procedure is repeated in stage 620 but for the noise source only (this time with data source disabled) at all the noise-control settings. In a third stage 630, post-processing software is then used to compute the SNR at the transmitter output for each noise-control setting. This procedure performs a block-level calibration of a transmitter that corrects for imperfections in the realization of the signal and noise signal paths through the transmitter.
Note that it is also possible to perform the calibration using a somewhat different routine:
(1) Perform a waveform capture with the data source only.
(2) Perform a waveform capture with both the data and noise sources enabled.
(3) Repeat (2) for all values of the noise control setting.
(4) Process this data to compute the transmitter-output SNR.
Again, there are a number of ways to process this data to determine SNR using straightforward calculations.
FIG. 7A shows an example of a captured waveform for a PRBS data source. That is, a data signal was generated using a PRBS source and transmitted from a transmitter, such as transmitter 100, with a noise signal generator, turned off. FIG. 7B shows examples of captured waveforms for two settings of a noise amplitude control. That is, an adjustable gain element has two settings in a noise signal generator used for these results, and a noise signal was transmitted and captured with no data signal present for each of the two settings. There are a number of ways to compute the SNR from the captured data using straightforward calculations.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart 800 of an embodiment of a method for calibrating a transmitter for SNR. The flowchart 800 begins in block 810. In block 810, a noise signal generator, such as noise signal generator 110, 210, 310, or 410, may be switched off and a data signal may be transmitted. The data signal may be the output of summing element 120, 220, 320, or 420 when the noise signal generator, 110, 210, 310, or 410, respectively, is switched off. In block 820, the transmitted signal is captured, for example, by an oscilloscope, and stored for future post-processing. In block 825, an integer i is set to one. In block 830, a signal comprising a noise signal is transmitted for the ith noise setting. A piece of communications equipment employing a transmitter, such as transmitter 100, 200, 300, or 400, may have N noise settings to be able to test N values of SNR, where N is an integer greater than 1. The signal transmitted in block 830 may also comprise a data signal, such as the data signal transmitted in block 810. Alternatively, the signal transmitted in block 830 may not comprise any signal other than a noise signal. Next in block 840, the transmitted noise signal is captured, for example, by an oscilloscope, and stored for future post-processing. In block 850, a decision is made whether i is equal to N. If not, i is incremented in step 855 and steps 830 and 840 are repeated as shown in the flowchart 800. If i=N, a noise signal has been transmitted at all N noise settings, and the flowchart proceeds to block 860. In block 860, stored results for the transmitted data signal and the transmitted signals for various noise settings are processed to determine SNR for the N noise settings. Note that blocks may be performed in various orders according to different embodiments. If the transmitted signal for various noise settings includes a data signal, the power of the data signal may be accounted for by subtracting the power of the data signal from the transmitted signal in computing SNR. For example, blocks 810 and 820 may be performed after the loop involving blocks 825, 830, 840, 850, and 855. The process in flowchart 800 may be utilized together with the transmitters presented herein to effectively run noise margin tests in high-speed data communication equipment with data rates in excess of 1 Gbps.
While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it may be understood that the disclosed systems and methods might be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.
In addition, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and may be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein.

## Claims

1. A transmitter comprising:
a noise signal generator configured to receive multiple noise settings and output multiple noise signals corresponding to the multiple noise settings; and
a summing element configured to receive a transmit data signal and the multiple noise signals, sum one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal, and output to a transmit driver configured to generate one of a single-ended and a differential signal based on the sum of the one or more of the multiple noise signals with the transmit data signal and to transmit an output signal containing intentionally injected noise corresponding to the one or more of the multiple noise signals to a transmission channel at a data rate higher than one gigabits per second (Gbps),
wherein the transmit data signal comprises a sum of outputs from a filter, and
wherein the noise signal generator is configured to be switched off when the transmitter is not being tested and communicating data and configured to be switched on during testing of the transmitter.

2. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the multiple noise signals are injected internally inside the transmitter without impacting a communication channel coupled to the transmit driver, and wherein the multiple noise settings comprise multiple amplitude and phase control settings.

3. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the noise signal generator comprises a noise source followed by a gain and phase control element, wherein the noise source is configured to generate the multiple noise signals, and wherein the gain and phase control element has an adjustable gain and an adjustable phase for controlling amplitudes and phases of the multiple noise signals.

4. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the filter comprises a finite impulse response (FIR) filter configured to filter the transmit data signal prior to the summing element.

5. The transmitter of claim 1, wherein the multiple noise signals of the noise signal generator are injected in the transmitter without an impact on the transmission channel.

6. A method of transmitting a signal from a transmit driver, the method comprising:
receiving multiple noise settings;
outputting, by a built-in noise source, multiple noise signals corresponding to the multiple noise settings;
summing one or more of the multiple noise signals with a transmit data signal to generate a sum signal;
receiving the sum signal at the transmit driver; and
generating an output from the transmit driver based on the sum signal,
wherein the output from the transmit driver is one of a single-ended and a differential signal based on the sum signal received at the transmit driver, wherein the transmit data signal contains intentionally injected noise corresponding to the one or more of the multiple noise signals and has a data rate higher than one gigabits per second (Gbps),
wherein the built-in noise source is configured to be switched off when the transmitter is not being tested and communicating data and configured to be switched on during testing.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the multiple noise signals are generated using the built-in noise source followed by a gain and phase control element.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising determining a noise margin based on the output from the transmit driver.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the built-in noise source is a pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) generator with an adjustable phase.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the transmit data signal is filtered by a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter.