1

Filed 9/29/16 (unmodified opn. att ached)
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. BRADLEY BLACKWELL, Defendant and Appellant. A144 424 (Sonoma County Super. Ct. No. SCR

- 511523) ORDER MODIFYING OPINION AND DENYING REHEARING [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT: * IT IS ORDERED that the opinion filed on September 7, 2016, is modified as follows and the petit ion for rehearing is DENIED:
1. On page 1, the first sentence of the first paragraph is deleted and replaced with two
sentences that now read: In 2007, Bradley Blackwell, then 17 years old, committed a burglary and attempted robbery with an accomplice. Uriel Carreno was shot and killed in the course of those offenses. 2. On page 21, footnote 10 is modified so that it now reads: By accepting Blackwell’s analogy to the death penalty, we do not mean to suggest that death is not “ ‘qualitatively different from all other punishments.’ ” ( People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1, 81.) We reject Blackwell’s unsupported attempt to import wh olesale the high court’s adult death penalty jurisprudence. There is no authority to support Blackwell’s additional assertion that the holding of Godfrey v. Georgia (1980) 446 U.S. 420 “must apply in juvenile life without parole cases.” In any event, the California Supreme Court “has consistently rejected the claim that the statutory special circumstances, including the felony

- murder special circumstance, do

* Before Jones, P.J., Simons, J., and Bruiniers, J.2

not adequately narrow the class of persons subject to the death penalty.” ( People v. Pollock (200 4) 32 Cal.4th 1153, 1195.)

The modification effects no change in the judgment.

Date___________________ ____________________________ Acting
P.J.3

Superior Court of Sonoma County, No. SCR

- 511523 , Rene A. Chouteau , Judge.

L. Richar d Braucher , under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Jeffrey M. Laurence , Assistant Attorney General, Joshua A. Klein, Deputy Solicitor G eneral, Laurence K. Sullivan and Seth K. Schalit , Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.1

Filed 9/7/16 (unmodified version) CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FIVE

THE PEOPLE , Plaintiff and Respondent
,
v. BRADLEY BLACKWELL , Defendant and Appellant

. A1 4 4424
( Sonoma Count y Super. Ct. No. SCR

- 511523 )

In 2007, Bradley Blackwell , then 17 years old
, committed a burglary and

a ttempt ed robbery with an accomplice and shot and killed Uriel Carreno in the course of
those offenses

. Although Blackwell was a minor at the ti me he committed these offenses, the district attorney elected to directly file the case in adult court under the provisions of
Welfare and Institutions Code section 707, subdivision (d). Blackwell was convict ed in
2009 of first degree murder with a robber y

- murder special circumstance (Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 189, 190.2, subd. (a)(17) (A) ) and sentenced to life without the possibility of parole (LWOP)

. 1 In a prior appeal ( People v. Blackwell (June 20, 2013 , A128197 ) [nonpub. opn.] ),
we reversed Blackw ell’s sentence and remanded for resentencing pursuant to the
constitutional standards announced in Miller v. Alabama (2012) 567 U.S. _

_ _ , ___ [132 S.Ct. 2455 , 2464, 2468

– 2469 ] ( Miller ) [ mandatory LWOP sentences for homicide amount to cruel and unusual puni shment under the Eighth Amendment when imposed on

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the P enal Code.2

defendant who was a juvenile at time of offense ]

. 2 On remand, the trial court considered
the factors outlined in Miller , and again imposed an LWOP sentence. Blackwell again appeals , arguing that the sente nce amounts to cruel and unusual punishment
, violat es the
Sixth Amendment , and constitutes an abuse of discretion

. We affirm.

I. F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND 3 Uriel Carreno was living in the converted garage of his aunt and uncle’s home on
Joan Driv e in Petaluma. On February 7, 2007, he a te lunch with his aunt and returned to his garage apartment. A friend of Carreno’s came by later that afternoon and found him lying on the floor, not moving . Carreno had been shot four times in his side and once i n his back and had died of his wounds. A piece of the wood doorjamb was found across the room and a muddy shoeprint was on the door adjacent to the doorknob. The police found five nine

- millimeter shell casings of two different colors within
three to fiv e feet of Carreno’s body. Forensic testing and the posit ion of the casings
revealed they were all fired from the same weapon while the shooter was inside the room. The coroner recovered five spent bullets from Carreno’s body, all of which were fired
from the same weapon . Two of the bullets had silver jackets (Silvertips) and the other three were of the Black Talon variety. There was no evidence that another firearm was discharged inside the room during the incid ent leading to Carreno’s death.

2 In appeal No. A128197, Blackwell challenged his sentence and we originally affirmed. His petition for review was denied by the California Supreme Court (Mar. 14, 2012, S199767 ) , but the United States Supreme Court granted his petition for wr it of certiorari, vacated the judgment, and remanded the case to this court for reconsideration in light of Miller

, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2455, which was decided after issuance of our original opinion. After reconsider ation in light of Miller , we remand ed the case for resentencing. ( People v. Blackwell, supra, A128197.) Our Supreme Court granted review of Blackwell
, deferred briefing, and dismissed review (July 9, 2014, S212074) after it decided People v. Gutierrez (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1354 ( Gutierrez ).

3 By se parate order, we granted Blackwell’s request for judicial notice of the record in his prior appeal. Our statement of facts is taken largely from People v. Blackwell, supra, A128197.3

Jeffrey G ray, a convicted felon, saw Blackwell with a nin e

- millimeter Beretta during early 2007. Gray saw Blackwell load it with different colored bullets
, and
Blackwell told Gray that some of them were solid points and some were hol low points.
Blackwell referred to the hollow point bullets as Black Talons. On the afternoon Carreno was shot, Blackwell called Christopher Ortele and asked for a ride to Petaluma near the Kmart so he could pay his cell phone bill. Ortele was in the process of installing a car stere o for his friend Amber Powell, who agreed to drive. Powell and Ortele picked up Blackwell, who was with Keith Kellum, and they all drove from Rohnert Park to the Petaluma Kmart, but when Powell was about to turn into the parking lot, either Blackwell or K ellum told her to go the other way and directed her to a residential neighborhood near the corner of Novak and Joan Drive (the street on which Carreno lived). After Powell parked the car, Blackwell and Kellum got out and walked in the
direction of Joan D rive, telling Powell to wait for them. When they returned five to
15 minutes later, their demeanor had changed. They got into t he car and were very quiet during the ride back. It appeared to Powell that Blackwell was “tearing up” and Kellum
was consolin g him. Gray received a call from Blackwell that same afternoon and arranged to meet him at a trailer park where Gray was visiting a friend. Blackwell , Kellum , and Blackwell’ s brother
, Colby
, arrived in Colby’ s truck, and Gray got into the truck with the m. Blackwell handed Gray some solvent and a rag and told him he wanted him to go inside a house or garage and wipe down any fingerprints that might be on the door. They pulled up to a house on Joan Drive, but saw fire trucks, police cars
, and an ambulanc e outside.
Blackwell ap peared upset and explained he shot a “guy” they were trying to rob. The group drove back to Blackwell’s house, whe re Blackwell told Gray what happened in greater detail. Bla ckwell said he and Kellum went to Petaluma to rob a guy

o f some money and dope (cr ystal methamphetamine) and Kellum kicked in the door of the garage. Blackwell claimed that when he went into the garage
, the guy inside took a shot at him, so he shot back several times.4

Also on the day of the shooting, Blackwell called his girlfriend, Jacqueline Pollard, and asked her to come to his house. He sounded very anxious on the phone. When Pollard arrived she found Blackwell and Kellum stripped to their boxer shorts.
Blackwell took her into the bathroom and tol d her i n a “frantic” manner he had got a ride to Petaluma with some girl he did not know and had shot someone de ad. Blackwell told
Pollard he and Kellum had gone to a house, touched a doorknob, and kicked another door down, and he was afraid fingerprints and a f ootprint would be on two separate doors. He claimed that when they entered the room the person inside had been laying in bed and fired a shot between his head and Kellum’s, so Blackwell fired a few shots into his chest. After the victim fell to the groun d, Blackwell shot him a few more times. Blackwell
admitted to Pollard he us ed h is own gun, a semiautomatic Pollard had seen before. He
told Polla rd he and Kellum were going to burn their clothes, and mentioned a pair of shoes and a jacket that would be p laced in a backpack along with the gun and some extra bullets. Pollard saw a backpack containing loose bullets a nd shoes in Blackwell’s
bedroom. Blackwell wi ped off a gun, wrapped it in a T

- shirt, and placed it in the backpack, which Black well said he wa s going to bury. Sometime later, Blackwell told Pol lard he was concerned too many people knew the gun was in the bag and where it was buried. He drove her into the Santa Rosa hills and asked her whether he should move it. She told him it might not be a good idea because they had been stopped by the police a number of times in the car they were driving. On a visit to Bryan Fishtrom’s house in March or April 2007, Blackwell was carrying a dirty bandana that contained a rusty semiautomatic handgun, bullets , and a lot
of mud. The bullets were different c olors and some had hollow tips. In March 2007, Gray was picked up on a parole violation and told the police what he knew about Blackwell’s involvement in Carreno’s murder. In April 2007, after he was
relea sed, Gray saw Blackwell and his brother, Gary, at Fishtrom’s house. Blackwell and his brother asked Gray how he had gotten out of jail, and Blackwell suggested that they go for a ride together. Gray declined.5

In May 2007, Blackwell’ s brother, Colby, dir ected police officers to a 50

- gallon
drum in a rural area. Colby moved the drum, revealing a hole in the ground that contained wet clothing, shoes, pieces of a rifle

- cleaning kit, five rounds of nine

millimeter ammunition, and rifle grease. A T

- shirt had rust stains and bore the imprint of a gun consistent with a Beretta nine

- millimeter handgun

. Blackwell was interviewed by the police and initially denied knowing anything about Carreno’ s murder. Later, he said he and Kellum went to a house to “burn a gu y for drugs,” and Kellum kicked open the door and shot the person inside several times

. Blackwell told officers he knew Kellum had a handgun before they went
, his brother Colby buried some of the evidence, and he ( Blackwell ) sold the gun Kellum used in
Sa nta Rosa.
Blac k well and Kellum w ere charged with first degree murder with felony

- murder special circumstances (murder in the commission of an attempted robbery and a burglary or attempted burglary), burglary of an inhabited dwelling house, and attempted r obbery in an inhabited dwelling house

. 4 The i nformation further alleged Blackwell personal ly used and intentionally discharged a firearm. (§§ 187, subd. (a), 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A) & (G), 211, 459, 664, 1203.06, subd. (a)(1), 12022.5, subd. (a)
, 12022.5 3, subds. (b)

– (d).) Although Blackwell was 17 years old at the time of the killing, the district attorney elected to directly file the case in adult court pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 707, subdivision (d)

. Based on the foregoing evid ence, a jury convicted Blackwell of first degree murder with felony

- murder special circumstances (murder in the commission of an attempted robbery and a burglary or attempted burglary), burglary of an inhabited dwelling house, and attempted robbery of an i nhabited dwelling house. The jury rejected allegations Blac k well had personally used and/or intentionally discharged a firearm in the commission of these offenses, causing death or great bodily injury.

4 Kellum pleaded guilty to second degree murder before the jury was swor n.6

After the jury returned its verdict, Blackwell’s tri al counsel filed a sentencing memorandum arguing that
, under Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466, 490 ( Apprendi ) , the court could not impose an “adult” sentence without a jury finding regarding Blackwell’s age at the time of the offenses. The court rejected this argument and imposed an LWOP term on the murder count. The trial court acknowledged it s discretion to impose a lesser term of 25 years to life because Blackwell was under
18 when he committed the murder (see § 190.5 , subd. (b) ; hereafter se ction 190.5(b) ), 5
but declined to exercise that dis cretion in light of Blackwell’s juvenile court history and the “heinous” nature of the current offenses

. After remand in his prior appeal
, Blackwell’s counsel submitted a resentencing brief, arguing for a sentence of 25 years to life based on Blackwell’s drug use, his purported lack of a violent criminal history, and th e assertion th at Blackwell was “ not the
shooter

. ” T he trial court also considered a supplemental presentencing report, in which the probat ion officer wrote: “[Blackwell] was approximately six months from the age of majority when the murder was committed. He was under the auspices of the Juvenile Court for approximately four years prior to the instant offense being committed, during
which h e spent a considerable amount of time away from his family while in placement and Juvenile Hall. We note his performance while a ward was completely unsatisfactory,
and he was released from Juvenile Hall less than a month before the commission of the
murd er. While it is not definitively known who actually shot the victim, by at least one account [Blackwell] reportedly admitted he was the shooter and that Blackwell, [Kellum], and two other individuals attempted to go back to the scene of the murder to
clea n the area of fingerprints, but were dissuaded by the appearance of police and emergency personnel, who [had] already arrived. At no time during the trial .

. . did it

5 S ection 190.5(b) provides, “The penalty for a defendant found guilty of murder in the first degree, in any case in which one or more special circumstances .

. . has been found to be true .

. . who was 16 years of age or older and under the age of 18 years at the time of the commission of the crime, shall be confinement in the state prison for [LWOP] or, at the discretion of the court , 25 years to life.”7

appear [Blackwell] was coerced or manipulated by [Kellum] during the commission of
the crimes. In fact, it appears it was [Blackwell] who secured the ride over to the victim’s residence on the day of the murder. [Blackwell’s] juvenile history is replete with offenses, including stealing semi

- automatic handguns from his parents, possessing a knife on his person, and attacking another juvenile hall resident. [¶ ] .

. . This officer believes, as the Miller C ourt described, that [Blackwell] is a ‘rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption’ and, given the totality of facto rs present, has rightfully earned a lifetime in custody.” Over defense objection, the trial court also considered Blackwell’s records from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). The CDCR
records were summarized in an addition al presentencing report. 6 “[T]here was little in

depth information regarding overall performance outside the scope of his mental/physical health issues. However, in an evaluation memo dated 02/26/14, records indicate [Blackwell], at the time, was facing a ‘115 disciplinary process’ regarding an incident at Kern Valley State Prison for allegations of ‘Conspiracy to Commit Murder.’ It is unknown what the outcome of this 115 was. Nevertheless, the same memo outlined the fact [Blackwell] had ‘been [ previous ly ] found guilty of 4 RVR’s [(rules violation reports)] for Fighting, 1 RVR for Battery on an Inmate, and 1 RVR for Participation in a Riot.’ It appears that over the years [Blackwell] was sent to the emergency room for
treatment on at least two occasions for fighting or being assaulted. The 2014 memo noted his mental health was considered stable for the most part, with ‘no indication of severe mental illness, danger to self, or grave disability’ at the time of the assessment. .

. . Notes further indicate by August 2014 [Blackwell] had distanced himself from the prison

6 Although neither Blackwell’s CDCR records, nor the probation department’s supplemental presenten cing reports initially appeared in the record before us, we have augmented the record to include the supplemental probation reports. There appears to be no dispute the probation report accurately summarizes the content of Blackwell’s CDCR records.8

gang ‘2

- 5ers.’ We note that according to current custody information, [Blackwell] has several tattoos, includin g ‘187’ in fangs on his chest.”
O n February 24, 2015, at the conclusion of a resentencing hearing , the trial court

re sentenced Blackwell to a n LWOP term on the murder count

. The trial court concluded

“ the sentence initially imposed was appropriate based on the factors existing at the time of the initial sentencing and is still the appropriate sentence after consideration of [ Blackwell ] ’s performance as a prisoner at [CDCR]

. The record befo re the court indicates that [ Blackwell ] is a ‘rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption’ Miller, supra .” The court exp lained: “a. Age: [Blackwell] was 17 years and six months of age at the time of committing the murder. There is no evidence that [Blackwell] was particularly immature, impetuous, or failed to appreciate the ris ks and consequences of his act. “b. Envir onmental vulnerabilities: There is no evidence of childhood abuse or neglect. Blackwell committed his first felony, theft of firearms, at the age of 13 and spent considerable periods outside the family home, in the custody of the Juvenile Court during th e remainder of his childhood. There is no evidence that Blackwell’s educational opportunities were limited, but the [CDCR] record s indicate that he did not take full advantage of the opportunities that were offered to him. There is no evidence of suscept ibility to psychological damage or emotional disturbance. “c. Circumstances of the offense: The evidence indicates that Blackwell fully participated in the planning, execution and attempted cover

- up of the crime, the brutal execution of the victim, who was lying in his own bed. There is no indication of familial or peer pressure. There is some evidence that Blackwell was using methamphetamine around the time of the crime, but no evidence of intoxication during the commission of
the crime. At trial, th e jury verdict found not true the allegation that Blackwell used a gun. However, before trial, Blackwell admitted to his girlfriend .

. . that he shot the victim with his 9 mm gun. At trial, Ms. Pollard testified credibly to this fact

. “d. Possible les ser charges: The record contains no indication that a lesser offense should have been charged.9

“e. Possibility of r ehabilitation: The court has reviewed Blackwell’s [CDCR] records to determine whether there is an indication of a possibility of rehabili tation. These records do not show any attempts by [Blackwell] to rehabilitate himself. In fact, the records show a history of violent assaults involving [Blackwell], some of which he was not the primary aggressor, and some of which he was found to have i nitiated, including incidents in April of 2012 and July and December of 2013. In January of 2014, [Blackwell] was found in possession of a razor which had been embedded in a toothbrush and which was possibly involved in a conspiracy to commit murder on an other inmate. In addition, the records indicate that at some time during his incarceration he participated in a criminal prison gang, although he later attempted to separate himself from that gang. [Blackwell’s] attorney argues strenuously that a lack of rehabilitation cannot be inferred from his prison records because as a life prisoner he is not afforded rehabilitative opportunities afforded to other prisoners. While this may be true, the record does not indicate any effort by [Blackwell] to reject a l ife of violence.” The trial court also considered the following section 190.3 factors: 7

7 Sect ion 190.3 provides in relevant part: “If the defendant has been found guilty of murder in the first degree, and a special circumstance has been charged and found to be true .

. . the trier of fact shall determine whether the penalty shall be death or [LWO P]

. In the proceedings on the question of penalty, evidence may be presented by both the people and the defendant as to any matter relevant to aggravation, mitigation, and sentence including, but not limited to, the nature and circumstances of the present offense, any prior felony conviction or convictions whether or not such conviction or convictions involved a crime of violence, the presence or absence of other criminal activity by the defendant which involved the use or attempted use of force or violenc e or which involved the express or implied threat to use force or violence, and the defendant’s character, background, history, mental condition and physical condition. [¶] .

. . [¶] In determining the penalty, the trier of fact shall take into account any of the following factors if relevant: [¶] (a) The circumstances of the crime of which the defendant was convicted in the present proceeding and the existence of any special circumstances found to be true pursuant to Section 190.1. [¶] (b) The presence or absence of criminal activity by the defendant which involved the use or attempted use of force or violence or the express or implied threat to use force or violence. [¶] (c) The presence or absence of any prior felony conviction. [¶] (d) Whether or not the offense was committed while the defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance. [¶] (e)10

“A. Circumstances of crime: This was a cold

- blooded murder committed in the course of a residential burglary. The murder was planned by [Blackwell] and his accompl ice. They also planned and attempted to execute a failed cleanup of the crime

scene. “B. Prior criminal activities, use of force: In 2002 Blackwell stole firearms. In 2004 Blackwell escaped from Hannah Boys Center and was found in possession of
knives . In 2005 Blackwell threatened his girlfriend while in possession of a knife and instigated fights at his girlfriend’s school. In 2006 Blackwell attack ed a rival gang
member in the Juvenile Hall. “C. Felony convictions: Blackwell suffered juvenile adj udications based on theft of guns and possession of methamphetamine. “D. Offense committed under influence of extreme emotional or mental
disturbance: There is no evidence of either extreme emotional or mental disturbance. “E. The victim participated in the homicide. The victim was in his own home lying on his bed at the time that he was brutally murdered. “F. Reasonable belief in moral justification: There is no evidence that [Blackwell] believed in a moral justification for his acts.

Whether or not the victim was a participant in the defendant’ s homicidal conduct or consented to the homicidal act. [¶] (f) Whether or no t the offense was committed under circumstances which the defendant reasonably believed to be a moral justification or extenuation for his conduct. [¶] (g) Whether or not defendant acted under extreme duress or under the substantial domination of another p erson. [¶] (h) Whether or not at the time of the offense the capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law was impaired as a result of mental disease or defect, or the affects of intoxication. [¶] (i) The age of the defendant at the time of the crime. [¶] (j) Whether or not the defendant was an accomplice to the offense and his participation in the commission of the offense was relatively minor. [¶] (k) Any other circumstance whic h extenuates the gravity of the crime even though it is not a legal excuse for the crime. ”11

“G. Extrem e duress: [Blackwell] was an active participant in the murder
, furnished the murder weapon, and organized the cleanup attempt. He was not under
duress. “H. Mental disease or defect or intoxication impairing capacity to appreciate criminality: There is no evidence that [Blackwell] suffered from a disease or defect. There is evidence that he has achieved only a low level of education. It is possible [Blackwell] was under the influence of methamphetamine but there is no evidence that his ability to appr eciate the criminality of what he did was impaired. “I. Age: [Blackwell] was within six months of becoming an adult. “J. Accomplice with minor participation: [Blackwell] was an active participant

. He organized the murder , arranged for a ride to the crime scene, and broke into the
bedroom of the victim. “K. Circumstances extenuating gravity: There are no such cir cumstances.” The trial court also considered the following factors in aggravation: “A1. Crime of great cruelty viciousness and callousn ess. [Blackwell] broke into the bedroom of a victim lying on his bed and participated in the execution of the victim; “A3. Vulnerability of the victim. The victim was at home lying in bed at the time
that he was executed. “A4. Inducement of others to participate. [Blackwell] planned the crime and obtained a ride to the scene both to commit the murder and an aborted attempt to clean up
the scene afterward. [Blackwell] also furnished the gun which was the murder weapon

. “A8. Planning and sophisticat ion. This was not a crime of passion, but a well

planned residential burglary. The execution was planned in advance of the entry into the
bedroom

. “B1. Violent conduct. [Blackwell] exhibits an escalating level of violence as a juvenile culminating in the execution style murder for which he was convicted. “B5. Performance on probation. While a ward of the court as a juvenile, [Blackwell] escaped twice, committed new offenses, and was found in possession of weapons.”12

The trial court determine d, “[t ]here are no applicable factors in mitigation.” It explained: “A1. [Blackwell] was an active rather than passive participant in the crime. [¶] A2. The victim did not initiate or willingly participate in the crime. [¶] A3. There
were no unusual circumstan ces such as great provocation to make it unlikely that the
crime would occur. [¶] A4. No coercion or duress has been shown. [¶] A5. [Blackwell] was not induced by others and did show a predisposition to commit the offense. [¶]
A6. [Blackwell] did not exerc ise caution to avoid harm. [¶] A7. There is no claim of right
shown. [¶] A8. The crime was not committed to provide for the necessities of life. [¶]
A9. [Blackwell] was not abused by the victim. [¶] B1. [Blackwell] has a substantial prior
record. [¶] B2. [ Blackwell] has not demonstrated a mental condition which reduces his culpability. [¶] B3. [Blackwell] did not acknowledge culpability at an early stage. [¶]
B4. Probation is precluded in this case. [¶] B5. Restitution is not an issue. [¶] B6. There is

no e vidence that [Blackwell] could perform satisfactorily when under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court. To the contrary, he escaped a number of times, committed crimes, was found in possession of weapons, and created disruption at the Juvenile Hall by

en gaging in gang violence and by taunting rival gang members.” Blackwell f iled a timely notice of appeal.
II. D ISCUSSION Blackwell argues his LWOP sentence must be reversed for the following reasons: (1) the sentence violates his Sixth Amendment rights un der Apprendi , supra, 530 U.S.
466 because it exceeds the punishment allowable absent a jury finding of irreparable corruption ; (2) his sentence amounts to cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth
Amendment
, as construed in Graham v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48 ( Graham ) , because
he did not personally kill or intend to kill Carreno ; (3) the trial court violated both Miller
, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2455 and Ring v. Arizona (2002) 536 U.S. 584 ( Ring ) in “elevating” his punishment to LWOP in reliance on a finding i n conflict with the jury’s implicit findings; ( 4 ) the trial court abused its discretion ; and (5) the trial court violated Graham in considering his CDCR records from the time period after his original sentencing. Blackwell’s arguments are without merit as they are premised on fundamental13

misconceptions about the application of Miller, Graham , section 190.5(b), as well as Apprendi and its progeny.
A. Legal Framework The primary question presented by Blackwell’s appeal is one of first impression in
Californ ia

. W ho determines the sentence in a case involving the potential for imposition of LWOP again st a juvenile offender tried as an adult and convicted of first degree murder with special circumstances

— the court or a jury? Blackwell argues that the Eighth Amendment limits on juvenile sentencing established in Miller and Graham trigger a Sixth Amendment right to jury findings before a juvenile offender convicted of
homicide can be sentenced to LWOP. Our review leads us to a different conclusion. A s the que stion involves the intersection of the Sixth and Eighth Amendment s to the federal
Constitution , we begin by summarizing the relevant precedent from th e United States Supreme Court. The Sixth Amendment provides: “ In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury

. . . .” “ The Federal
Constitution ’ s jury

- trial guarantee assigns the determinati on of certain facts to the jury’s exclusive province.” ( Oregon v. Ice (2009) 555 U.S. 160, 167.) “T his right, in conjunction with the Due Process Clause, requires that each element of a crime be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” ( Hurst v. Florida (2016) 577 U.S. _

_ _ , ___ [136 S.Ct. 616, 621].) In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court he ld: “Other than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” (

Apprendi, supra , 530 U.S. at p. 490 , italics adde d .) In Blakely v. Washington (2004) 542 U.S. 296 ( Blakely ) , the high court further defin ed “statutory
maximum ” as the “ maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant

. ” ( Id. at p. 303.) The United States Supreme Court has since applied “ A pprendi ’s rule to facts subjecting a defendant to the death penalty, [( Ring , supra, 536 U.S. at pp. 602, 609 )] , facts all owing a sentence exceeding the ‘ standard ’ range in Washington ’ s senten cing14

system, [( Blakely
, supra, 542 U.S., at pp. 304

– 305 )] , and facts prompting an elevated
sentence under then

- mandatory Federal Sentencing Guidelines, [( United States v. Booker (2005) 543 U.S. 220, 244 )]

. ” ( Oregon v. Ice, supra, 555 U.S. at p. 167.) And in Cunningham v. California (2007) 549 U.S. 270 ( Cunningham ), the high court held California’ s then operative determinate sentencing law (DSL) violated the Sixth
Amendment by “allow[ing] a judge to impose a sentence above the statutory maximum
based on a fact, other than a prior conviction, not found by a jury or admitted by the
defendant.” ( Cunningham
, at p. 275.) 8

“ T he high court’ s decision in [ Oregon v. Ice, ] supra , 555 U.S. 160, refined and circumscribed the scope of the rule of Apprendi and its prog eny in significant ways. ” ( People v. Mosley (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1044, 1057.) In concluding that the decision to impose consecutive sentences is not subject to Apprendi , t he Oregon v. Ice court observ ed : “ T he [

Apprendi ] rule’ s animating principle is the pr eservation of the jury’ s historic role as a bulwark between the State and the accused at the trial for an alleged
offense. [Citation

. ] Guided by that principle, our opinions make clear that the Sixth Amendment does not countenance legis lative encroachmen t on the jury’ s traditional
domain. ” ( Oregon v. Ice, at p. 168.) But t he Supreme Court also emphasized that Apprendi does not extend “ beyond the offense

- specific context that supplied the historic grounding for the decisions.” ( Oregon v. Ice, at p. 163. ) The Eighth Amendment provides: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” This provision

8 Following Cunningham , supra , 549 U.S. 270 , our Legislature reformed the DSL and eliminated its provision that the middle term is the default term in the absence o f aggravating or mitigating factors. ( People v. Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 850 ; former § 1170, subd. (b), as amended by Stats. 2007, ch. 3, § 2, p. 5 [“[w] hen a judgment of imprisonment is to be imposed and the statute specifies three possible terms, the choice of the appropriate term shall rest within th e sound discretion of the court” (italics added)]

. ) The DSL was also amended to eliminate the prior requirement that the court state “facts” in support of its decision to impose an upper or lower ter m. (Compare Stats. 2007, ch. 3, § 2, p. 5 with Stats. 2004, ch. 747, § 1, p. 5807.)15

“guarantees individuals the right not to be subjected to excessive sanctions” and “flows
fr om the basic ‘ “ precept of justice that punishment for crime should be graduated and proportioned ” ’ ” to both the offense and the offender. ( Roper v. Simmons (2005)
543 U.S. 551, 560 ( Roper )

. ) “The concept of proportionality is central to the Eighth
Ame ndment.” ( Graham, supra , 560 U.S. at p. 59 .) Cases addressing the proportionality of sentences have fallen into two general classifications: challenges to the length of a

term

- of

- years sentence as disproportionate in a particular case, and categorical c hallenges to the type of sentence imposed in certain types of cases, against a certain type of
defendant. ( I

bi d .) Particularly relevant here, the Eighth Amendment prohibition “encompasses the ‘foundational principle’ that the ‘imposition of a State’s mos t severe penalties on juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not children.’ ( Miller, supra, [ 132 S.Ct. at p. 2466 ].) From this principle, the high court has derived a number of limitations on juvenile sentencing: (1) no individual may be executed for an offense committed when he or she was a juvenile ( Roper, supra, 543 U.S. at p. 578); (2 ) no juvenile who commits

a non homicide offense may be sentenced to LWOP ( Graham, supra, 560 U.S. at p. 74); and (3) no juvenile who commits a homicide of fense may be automatically sentenced to LWOP ( [ Miller, at p

. 2460]).” ( People v. Franklin (2016) 63 Cal.4th 261, 273

– 274 .)

“ As to homicide offenses, the United States Supreme Court has held that a state may not impose a mandatory LWOP sentence on a juven ile offender, although the sentencing court might impose such a sentence if it has adequately considered the
offend er’ s age and environment and found ‘ “ irreparable corruption. ” ’ ( Miller [ , supra, 132 S.Ct. at pp. 2468

– 2469 ] [noting LWOP sentence fo r a ju venile offender would be
‘uncommon’ and imposed against the ‘ “ rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption ” ’]

. . . .) ” ( People v. Lewis (2013 ) 222 Cal.App.4th 108, 118.) Building on its categorical precedents in Roper , supra, 543 U.S. 551 and Graham , supra, 560 U.S. 48, the Miller court explained, “ t he Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without the possibility of parole for juvenile
offenders. [Citation.] By making youth (and all that accom panies it) irrelevant to16

imposition of that harshest prison sentence, such a scheme poses too great a risk of disproportionate punishment. ” ( Miller, at p. 2469.)
The Miller court discussed the reasons that juveniles are “ constitutionally different” from adults for sente ncing purposes, including their lack of maturity and

un der developed sense of responsibility, their vulnerability to outside pressure and negative influences, their limited control over their own environment and their inability
to extricate themselves from crime

- producing settings, and their greater ability to change due to their possession of a character not as “ ‘ well formed ’ ” as that of an adult. ( Miller,

supra, 132 S.Ct. at p. 2464 .) The court further observed that scientific studies s how

“ ‘ “[o]nly a relatively small proportion of adolescents” ’ who engage in illegal activity

‘ “develop entrenched patterns of problem behavior.” ’ ” ( I bi d

. ) These characteristics were deemed “at odds” with the defining features of LWOP , which “ ‘forsw ears alto gether the rehabilitative ideal ’ ” and “ reflects ‘an irrevocable judgment about [an
offende r’s] value and place in society

. . . . ’ ” ( Id. at p. 2465.) Thus, mandatory LWOP for a juvenile “disregards the possibility of rehabilitation even when t he circumstances most suggest it.” ( Id. at p. 2468.) However, in prohibiting mandatory LWOP sentences,
Miller made clear that it was not establishing a categorical prohibition on LWOP
sentences for juvenile offender s convicted of homicide , but requiring individualized sentencing for such offenses. ( Id. at pp. 2466, fn. 6, 2469.)
B. Is a Jury Finding of Irreparable Corruption Required Under Apprendi ?
Blackwell ’s primary premise on appeal is that “ the categorical Eighth Amendment
limits ” established in Mi ller and Graham trigger a Sixth Amendment right to jury findings before a juvenile offender convicted of homicide can be sentenced to LWOP. According to Black well, absent a jury finding of irreparable corruption, a sentence of 25

- years

- to

- life is the “sta tutory maximum” a juvenile offender convicted of homicide can receive under section 190.5(b), and /or Miller

. Thus, the trial court’s imposition of an
LWOP term violated his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial because a judge, rather than a jury, mad e a “ finding ” he was irreparabl y corrupt

. Blackwell’s first premise is
flawed.17

Miller does not address the issue of who should decide whether a ju venile offender
receives an LWOP sentence. T he court simply state s : “ Graham, Roper , and our
individualized sen tencing decisions make clear that a judge or jury must have the opportunity to consider mitigating circumstances before imposing the harshest possible penalty for juveniles.” ( Miller, supra , 132 S.Ct. at p. 2475, italics added.) Instead,
Blackwell reason s that a jury must determine the sentence because section 190.5 (b)
and /or Miller creat e a new “statutory maximum ” sentence of 25 years to life for juvenile offenders convicted of special circumstance murder. W e first address California’s statutory scheme, an area in which we do not write on a blank slate.
Miller involved two 14

- year

- old offenders who were tried as adults, convicted of murder, and sentenced to LWOP terms under state laws that gave the sentencing court no discretion to impose a lesser sente nce. ( Miller, supra, 132 S.Ct. at pp. 2460

– 2463, 2468 .)
Section 190.5 (b) differs from the mandatory schemes found unconstitutional in Miller
, because it has long afforded courts d iscretion to impose a term that affords the possibility of parole . After M iller
, our Supreme Court has construed this discretion as involving no presumption in favor of LWOP for defendants who were tried as adults but were 16 or 17 when they committed first degree murder with a special circumstance

. ( Gutierrez, supra,
58 Cal.4t h at p. 1360; People v. Palafox (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 68, 89.)
In Gutierrez , our Supreme Court considered LWOP sentences imposed against
two 17

- year

- olds who, like Blackwell, had been convicted of first

- degree murder with special circumstances . ( Gutierr ez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 1360.) The high court first observed that “[f]or two decades, the Courts of Appeal have uniformly interpreted
section 190.5(b) as establishing a presumption in favor of [LWOP] for juvenile offenders who were 16 years of age or older when they committed special circumstance murder.” ( Gutierrez , at p. 1369.) In order to render section 190.5(b) “ ‘ “free from doubt as to its constitutionality” ’ ” ( Gutierrez , at p. 1387), the court disapproved that presumption and
construed secti on 190.5(b), as “confer[ring] discretion on a trial court to sentence a 16

- or 17

- year

- old juvenile convicted of special circumstance murder to [LWOP] or to 25 years to life, with no presumption in favor of [ LWOP ] ” ( Gutierrez, at p. 1360 , italics added )

.18

(See id. at pp. 1379

– 1380 .) So construed, section 190.5(b) does not violate the Eighth Amendment “[b] ecause the sentencing regime created by section 190.5(b) authorizes and indeed requires consideration of the distinctive attributes of youth highlighted i n Miller

. . . . ” ( Gutierrez, at p. 1361; id. at p. 1387.)
T he Gutierrez court d id not address the Apprendi issue Blackwell raises

. Gutierrez merely stated that “a sentencing court” considering LWOP or a 25

- years

- to

- life term for a juvenile offender must consider the aggravating and mitigating factors enumerated in section 190.3 and the California Rules of Court, as well as the offender’s chronological age and its hallmark features, any information regarding the juvenile’s family and home environment, all information available regarding the circumstances of the homicide offense, including the extent of the juvenile’s participation and the existence of any familial or peer pressure, any information as to whether the juvenile might have been charged and conv icted of a lesser offense if not for the incompetencies of youth, and any other information bearing on the possibility of rehabilitation. ( Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at pp. 1387

– 1389.) The court reiterated , “the trial court
must consider all relevant e vidence bearing on the ‘distinctive attributes of youth’
discussed in Miller and how those attributes ‘ diminish the penological justifications for imposing the harshest sentences on juvenile offenders.’ [Citation.] To be sure, not every
factor will neces sarily be relevant in every case. For example, if there is no indication in the presentenc e report, in the parties’ submissions, or in other court filings that a juvenile offender has had a troubled childhood, then that factor cannot have mitigating relev ance. But Miller ‘require[s] [the sentencer] to take into account how children are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.’ ” ( Gutierrez , at p. 1390 , italics added .) Thus, contrary to Bla ckwell’s assertion, 25 years to life is not the “statutory
maximum ” under section 190.5(b). ( Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at pp. 1360, 1379

– 1380, 1387

. ) Section 190.5(b) and Gutierrez make clear that judges in California have
discretion to determine the appropriate sentence for a 16 or 17

- year

- old offender convicted of first degree mu rder with special circumstances

— LWOP or life with the19

possibi lity of parole after 25 years. ( Gutierrez, at pp. 1360, 1379

– 1380, 1387

. ) Nor did
the Gutierrez court “ suggest section 190.5(b) evince s a preference for a sentence of
25 years to life. ” ( People v. Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 91; accord, Gutierrez, at p. 1379.) Thus, w e agree with the People that after the jury convicted Blackwell of first degree murder with special circumstances , LWOP was the maximum statutory sentence the court could impose. The trial court’s consideration of the Miller/Gutierrez factors relating to the offense and offender in exercis ing its discretion to impose sentence within

a presc ribed range d id not violate Apprendi

. (See Alleyne v. United States (2013) 570
U.S.

_ __ ,

___ [133 S.Ct. 2151, 2163] [“ [w] e have long recognized that broad sentencing discretion, informed by judicial factfinding, does no t violate the Sixth Amendment”];
Cun ningham, supra, 549 U.S. at p. 294 [in the wake of Apprendi and Blakely some states

“ have chosen to permit judges genuinely ‘to exercise broad discretion .

. . within a statutory range,’ which, ‘everyone agrees,’ encounters no Sixth Amendment shoal” (fn.

o mitted) ]; Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. at p. 481 [“ nothing in this history suggests that it is impermissible for judges to exercise discretion

— taking into consideration various factors relating both to offense and offender

— i n imposing a judgment within the ra nge prescribed by statute ”]; People v. Sandoval , supra, 41 Cal.4th at pp. 843

– 844, 852 [reformation of DSL to afford trial court broad discretion to select among three specified

terms cures co nstitutional defect in statute] .) Nor does Blackwell’s reliance on Ring, supra, 536 U.S. 584 persuade us to reach a
different conclusion. In Ring , the United States Supreme Court held the Sixth Amendment requires a jury, not a judge, to make the determination of any aggravating
factor that makes a defendant eligible for imposition of the death penalty. ( Ring, at
p. 609.) However, Ring has had limited impact on California’ s death penalty scheme. ( People v. Prieto (2003) 30 Cal.4th 226, 263.) “[A] state capital sentencing system must: (1) rationally narrow the clas s of death

eligible defendants; and (2) permit a jury to render a reasoned, individualized sentencing
determination based on a death

- eligible defendant ’ s record, personal characteristics, and20

the circumstances of his crime. ” ( Kansas v. Marsh (2006) 548 U. S. 163, 173

– 174.) In
hold ing that a jury must find beyon d a reasonable doubt any fact that makes a defendant eligible for imposition of the death penalty
, Ring involved the first Kansas v. Marsh requirement

. 9 ( Ring, supra, 536 U.S. at p. 609.) Yet, “[t] he federal Constitution does not require the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the prosecution proved each aggravating factor, that the circumstances in aggravation outweigh those in mitigation, or that death is the appropriate penalty.” ( People v. Hawthorne (1992) 4 Cal.4th 43, 79.)

“ ‘ [U] nder the California death penalty scheme, once the defendant has been convicted of first degree murder and one or more special circumstances has been found true beyond a reasonable doubt, death is no more than the prescribed statutory maximum for the offense ; the only alternative is life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. ’ [Citation.] Thus, in the penalty phase, the jury merely weighs the factors enumerated in section 190.3 and determines ‘whethe r a defendant eligible for the death penalty should
in fact receive that sentence. ’ ( Tuilaepa v. California (1994) 512 U.S. 967, 972.) No single factor therefore determines which penalty

— death or [LWOP]

— i s appropriate. [¶] [T] he penalty phase determinati on ‘ is inherently moral and normative, not factual

. . . . ’

9 Ring involved Arizona’s first

- degree murder statute, which “ ‘authorizes a maximum penalty of death only in a formal sense,’ [citation], for it explicitly cross

referen ces the statutory provision requiring the finding of an aggravating circumstance before imposition of the death penalty.” ( Ring, supra, 536 U.S. at p. 604; id. at p. 597.) Thus, “ ‘[a] defendant convicted of first

- degree murder in Arizona cannot receive a death sentence unless a judge makes the factual determination that a statutory aggravating factor exists. Without that critical finding, the maximum sentence to which the defendant is exposed is life imprisonment, and not the death penalty.’ ” ( Id. at p. 596 .) “Because Arizona’s enumerated aggravating factors operate as ‘the functional equivalent of an element of a greater offense,’ ” the court held that “the Sixth Amendment requires that they be found by a jury.” ( Id. at p. 609.) The high court has frequently used the terms “ ‘ aggravating circumstance ’ ” or

“ ‘ aggravating factor ’ to refer to those statutory factors which determine death eligibility

. . . . This terminology becomes confusing when, as in [California] , a State employs the term ‘ aggrava ting circumstance ’ to refer to factors that play a different role, determining which defendants eligible for the death penalty will actually receive that penalty. ” ( Brown v. Sanders (2006) 546 U.S. 212, 216, fn. 2.)21

[Citation. ] Because any finding of aggravating factors dur ing the penalty phase does not

‘ increase[] the penalty for a crime beyond t he prescribed statutory maximum’ ( Apprendi,

supra , 530 U.S. a t p. 490), Ring imposes no new constituti onal requirements on California’ s penalty phase proceedings. ” ( People v. Prieto , supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 263, italics added; accord , People v. Prince (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1179 , 1297

– 1298 ; People v. Manriquez (2005) 37 Cal.4th 547, 589 .)
Section s 190.2 and 190.5( b), similarly require a special circumstance finding
before a 16 or 17

- year

- old convicted of first degree murder is eligible for an LWOP

term

. 10 O nce such a juvenile offender has been convicted of first degree murder and one or more special circumstances has been found true beyond a reasonable doubt, the sentencing court need not find any particular fact before imposing LWOP. T he “ statutory maximum” for Apprendi purposes was determined when the jury returned i ts guilty verdict on the charge of first degree murder with special circumstances. (§ 190.5 (b); Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at pp. 1360, 1379

– 1380, 1387 .) No additional fact finding by the judge was required to impose an LWOP sentence. The only cited a uthority supporting Blackwell’s argument is People v. Skinner (2015) 312 Mich. Ct. App. 15 ( Skinner ), in which a divided panel of the Michigan C ourt of
A ppeals held “ the Sixth Amendment mandates that juveniles convicted of homicide who face the possibility o f a sentence of [LWOP] have a right to have their sentences determined by a jury .” ( Id. at p. 20.)
In Skinner , the juvenile defendant was convicted of first

- degree premeditated murder, attempted murder, and conspirac y to commit murder. In a proceeding u nder their applicable sentencing statute ( M ich. Comp. L aws, § 769.25 ) , 11 the defendant was

10 By accepting Blackwell’s analogy to the death penalty, we do not mean to suggest that death is not “ ‘qualitatively different from all other punishments.’ ” ( People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1, 81.) We reject Blackwell’s unsupported attempt to import wholesale the high court’s adult death penalty jurisprudence.

11 In response to Miller , the Michigan Legislature enacted Michigan Compiled Laws section 769.25 to permit the prosecutor to move for imposition of an LWOP22

sentenced to LWOP for the first

- degree murder conviction

. ( Skinner, supra,
312 Mich. Ct. App. at p p. 21

– 22.) The defendant argued on appeal that the facts necessary

t o impose such a sentence under Miller and the Michigan sentencing statute had to be found by a jury because such facts exposed her to a penalty greater than otherwise authorized by the jury ’ s verdict. ( Skinner, at p p. 22, 32.) Relying on Apprendi , supra, 530 U.S. 466 and its progeny, the Skinner c ourt agr eed. The court rel ied on the

sentenc ing statute, which provided that a bsent a prosecutor’s motion, “ ‘ the court shall sentence the defendant to a term of years .’ ” ( Skinner, at p. 43.) Thus, “[i] n orde r to enhance a juvenile’s default sentence to [LWOP] , absent a waiver, a jury must make findings on the Miller factors as codified [in the statute] to determine beyond a reasonable doubt whether the juvenile’s crime reflects irreparable corruption.” ( Id. at pp. 58

– 59, italics added.)
Skinner is distinguishable because the Michigan statute , unlike our own,
established a default term

- of

- years sentence and “the Miller factors are used to seek
enhancemen t of defendant’s punishment.” ( Skinner, supra, 312 Mich

. Ct. App. at p

. 52 ; id. at p. 43 .) Our Supreme Court , on the other hand, has explicitly construed
section 190.5(b) to provide discretion to the sentencing court to choose either 25 years to life o r LWOP. ( Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at pp. 1360, 1379

– 138 0, 1387

. ) LWOP is the statutory maximum sentence for a 16 or 17

- year old convicted of first

- degree murder with special circumstances

. ( Ibid. ; § 190.5 (b ) .) 12
Our statutory analysis does not completely resolve Blackwell’s argument,
however

. Blackwell rais es an additional argument that , notwithstanding section 190.5(b)

sentence after conviction on an eligible offense. On such a motion, the tr ial court was instructed to conduct a hearing to consider the Miller factors, in addition to any other relevant aggravating and mitigating circumstances specified under the statute. ( Skinner, supra, 312 Mich.Ct.App. at pp. 28

– 31.)

12 Subsequent authority s uggests Skinner is no longer good law in Michigan. (See People v. Hyatt (2016) ___ Mich.App. ___ [2016 Mich.App.Lexis 1404] [“[n] either Miller nor [the Michigan sentencing statute] implicates the right to a jury trial under Apprendi and its progeny”].)23

and Gutierrez , Miller alone impose s a categorical Eighth Amendment limit that act s as a ceiling beyond which a juvenile offender convicted of homicide cannot be sentenced, unless a j ury finds beyond a reasonable doubt that he is irreparably corrupt

. The People disagree, contending that Miller is only about the “process for selecting the appropriate penalty
, not about

. . . determining who is eligible for a particular penalty. ” (Italics
added .) Neither position is entirely accurate. The Miller opinio n “ does not categorically bar a penalty for a class of offenders or type of crime

— as, for example, [the high court] did in Roper or Graham

. Instead, it mandates only that a sentencer follow a ce rtain process

— considering an offender’ s youth
and attendant characteristics

— before imposing a particular penalty.” ( Miller, supra,
132 S.Ct. at p. 2471.) But Miller also cautioned: “[G]iven all we have said in Roper, Graham, and this decision about chil dren’s diminished culpability and heightened capacity for change, we think appropriate occasions for sentencing juveniles to this harshest possible penalty will be uncommon. That is especially so because of the great difficulty .

. . of distinguishing at this early age between ‘the juvenile offender whose crime reflects unfortunate yet transient immaturity, and the rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption.’ [Citations.] Although we do not foreclose a sentencer’s ability to make that judgment in homicide cases, we require it to take into account how children are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.” ( Id. at p. 2469 , italics added & fn. omitted .)
T he United Stat es Supreme Court has since concluded that Miller ’s prohibition on mandatory LWOP for juvenile offenders announced a substantive rule of constitutional law that must be given retroactive effect. ( Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) 577 U.S.

___ , ___ [136 S.Ct. 718, 729, 732] ( Montgomery ) .) In reaching that conclusion, the Montgomery court said, “ Because Miller determined that sentencing a child to [LWOP] is excessive for all but ‘ “ the rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption, ” ’ [cita tion], it rendered [LWOP] a n unconstitutional penalty for ‘ a class of
defendants because of their status ’

— that is, juvenile offenders whose crimes reflect the transient immaturity of youth.

. . . [¶]

. . . Miller is no less substantive than are Roper and24

G raham

. Before Miller , every juvenile convicted of a homicide offense could be
sentenced to [LWOP]

. After Miller , it will be the rare juvenile offender who can receive
that same sentence. The only difference between Roper and Graham , on the one hand,
and Miller , on the other hand, is that Miller drew a line between children whose crimes reflect transient immaturity and those rare children whose crimes reflect irreparable corruption. The fact that [LWOP] could be a proportionate sentence for the latter ki nd of juvenile offender does not mean that all other children imprisoned under a disproportionate sentence have not suffered the deprivation of a substantive right. ” ( Montgomery
, at p. 734

. ) Montgomery is inconsistent with the People’s position that Mill er is entirely procedural, but it is not determinative of Blackwell’s Sixth Amendment argument. T he Montgomery court recognized Miller has “a procedural component” and also confirmed
Miller does not require a finding of fact regarding a child’s incorrigib ility or irrevocable corruption. ( Montgomery , supra, 136 S.Ct. at pp. 734

– 735 [ “ Miller did not impose a formal factfinding requirement” ] ; see State v. Fletcher (La. Ct.App. 2014) 149 So.3d 934, 943.) Rather, t o comply with Miller ’s procedural component, “ [a] hearing where ‘ youth
and its attendant characteristics ’ are considered as sentencing factors is necessary to separate those juveniles who may be sentenced to [LWOP] from those who may not. [Citation.] The hearing does not replace but rather gives eff ect to Miller ’s substantive holding that [LWOP] is an excessive sentence for children whose crimes reflect transient immaturity. ” ( Montgomery
, at p. 735 .) As the People put it, “irreparable corruption” is not a factual finding, but merely “encapsulates t he [absence] of youth

- based mitigation.” This brings us to another reason Blackwell’s Apprendi argument is unpersuasive.
Blackwell urges us to apply Apprendi beyond situations where the facts authorizing a particular sentence are specified by the Legisla ture in statutes. (See Apprendi, supra
, 530 U.S. at p. 490 [“ [o] ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and p roved beyond a reasonable d oubt ” ( i talics a dded ) ]; Russell, E ighth A mendment
L imits and S ixth A mendment R ights (2015) 56 B.C. L.Rev. 553, 577 .) In Blackwell’s25

view, nothing bars the extension of the Apprendi principle to not only statutorily prescribed facts, but also to facts with constitutional origins . (See In re Coley (2012) 55 Cal.4th 524, 565 (conc

. opn. of Liu, J.) [observing that the aggravating factors in Ring were statutorily specified, but only “ because the high court’ s Eighth Amendment jurisprudence had required legisla tures to specify such factors to distinguish death

eligible crimes ” ]; Ring, supra, 536 U.S. at p. 606 [“ States have constructed elaborate sentencing procedures in death cases

. . . because of constraints we have said the Eighth
Amendme nt places on capital sentencing”]; United States v. Booker, supra, 543 U.S. at pp. 237, 244 [distinction between maximum sentences set by statute and those set by sentencing guidelines “lacks constitutional significance”].) But we know of no authority directly holding Apprend i applicable to such cons titutionally prescribed facts.
In fact, there is authority to the contrary. In Enmund v. Florida (1982) 458 U.S. 782 ( Enmund ), the United States Supreme Court concluded that the Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of the deat h penalty on “one

. . . who aids and abets a felony in the course of which a murder is committed by others but who does not himself kill, attempt to kill, or intend that a killing take place or that lethal force will be employed.” ( Id. at
p. 797; see id. at pp. 788, 801.) In Tison v. Arizona ( 1987) 481 U.S. 137 ( Tison ) , the high court qualified that ruling
, holding “major participation in the felony committed, combined with reckless indifference to human life, is sufficient to satisfy the Enmund culpabili ty requirement.” ( Id. at p. 158, fn. omitted.)
I n a case decided before Apprendi or Ring , the United States Supreme Court held the Sixth Amendment does not require Enmund/Tison findings be made by a jury. ( Cabana v. Bullock (1986) 474 U.S. 376, 386 ( Cab ana ) , disapproved on other grounds by Pope v. Illinois (1987) 481 U.S. 497, 503

– 504, fn. 7 .) The court reasoned: “[O] ur ruling
in Enmund does not concern the guilt or innocence of the defendant

— i t establishes no
new elements of the crime of murder that m ust be found by the jury.

. . . Enmund holds only that the principles of proportionality embodied in the Eighth Amendment bar imposition of the death penalty upon a class of persons who may nonetheless be guilty of the crime of capital murder as defined by state law: that is, the class of murderers who26

did not themselves kill, attempt to kill, or intend to kill. [¶] The decision whether a particular punishment

— even the death penalty

— i s appropriate in any given case is not one that we have ever required to be made by a jury. ” ( Cabana, at p. 385 , fn. omitted .)
Some of the Cabana court’s reasoning is reminiscent of Oregon v. Ice

. ( Cabana , at
p. 386 [ “ decision whether a sentence is so disproportionate as to violate the Eighth Amendment in any particular case , like other questions bearing on whether a criminal defendant’s constitutional rights have been violated, has long been viewed as one that a trial judge or an appellate c ourt is fully competent to make ” ].) Yet other portions of
Cabana ’s reasoning appear irreconcilable with Apprendi and Ring. ( See Cabana
, at
p. 386 [“ the rule remains a substantive limitation on sentencing, and like other such limits it need not be enforced by the jury ”]; Ring, supra , 536 U.S. at pp. 589, 598, 609 [ disapproving Walton v. A rizona (1990) 497 U.S. 639 , which “ drew support from
Cabana ” ]. ) 13 The high c ourt has never explicitly overruled Cabana ’s holding that a judge may make the Eighth Amendment findings mandated by Enmund and Tison

. Because the
Enmund/Tison findings serve to d isqualify otherwise death

- eligible defendants, and thus mitigate punishment, we view Cabana ’s holding as not inconsistent with Apprendi

. (See People v. Ring ( 2003 ) 204 Ariz. 534, 564 [ “ difference between aggravating
circumstances as substantive elements o f a greater offense and the Enmund

- Tison findings as a restraint on capital sentencing dictates our decision that Apprendi/Ring does not require these findings to be made by the jury” ( italics added )] ; People v. Retanan (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 1219, 1229

– 12 30 [ Apprendi and its progeny not implicated by

13 The defendant’s argument in Ring was “tightly delineated.” ( Ring, supra, 536 U.S. at p. 597, fn. 4. ) The defendant argued “ only that the Sixth Amendment required jury findings on the aggravating circumstances asserted against him. ” ( Ibid. ) Th e defenda nt made no Sixth Amendment claim that a jury was required to find mitigating circumstances or make the ultimate determination whether to impose the death penalty. ( Ibid. ) Contrary to Blackwell’s repeated suggestion, the Ring case also did not involve an Apprendi challenge to the trial court’s Enmund/Tison finding that the defendant was the actual killer. ( Id. at pp. 594

– 595, 597, fn. 4.)27

consideration of factors that mitigate punishment] ; People v. Cleveland (2001)
87 Cal.App.4th 263, 267 [same]; People v. Glasper (2003) 11 3 Cal.App.4th 1104, 1115 [same] .) Similarly, Miller does not require i rre par able corruption be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt in orde r to “aggravate” or “enhance” the sentence for juvenile
offender convicted of homicide

. Miller
, like Enmund/Tison , avoids disproportionate punishment by mandating consideration of mitigating circumstances specific to youth. This is not the same as increasing the punishment authorized by a jury’s verdict based on a fact not found by the jury. ( State v. Fletcher, supra, 149 So.3d at p. 943.) Our review of California’s statutory sc heme and the relevant Eighth Amendment jurisprudence leads us to conclude that Miller , Gutierrez, and section 190.5 (b), require only a discretionary consideration of mitigating circumstances so that a sentencer can reach a moral judgment abo ut an indiv idua l juvenile ’s irreparable corruption

— i .e., a determination of what sentence is proportionate to a particular offense and offender. We find no constitutional or statutory requirement that this exer cise be accomplished by a jury.
C. Does the Eighth Amendment Categorically Prohibit LWOP for Juvenile Offenders Who Do Not Kill or Intend to Kill? In an attempt to extend Graham
, Blackwell also claims that an LWOP sentence is categorically prohibited under the Eighth Amendment unless a juvenile offender personally killed or intended to kill. He asserts the jury found he neither killed nor intended to kill, and his sentence consequently constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.

“ Whether a punishment is cruel and/or unusual is a question of law subject to our indep endent review, but underlying disputed facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to the judgment.” ( People v. Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 82.)
Graham does provide a cat egorical limit on punishment

— the Eighth Amendment prohibits LWOP for juvenile offenders who commit nonhomicide offenses. ( Graham,

supra, 560 U.S. at pp. 74

– 75, 82 .) In reaching that conclusion, t he court applied a two

step approach appropriate for categorical challenges to punishment as cruel and unusual:28

“The Court firs t conside rs ‘objective indicia of society’ s standards, as expressed in legislative enactments and state practice’ to determine whether there is a national consensus against the sentencing practice at issue. [Citation.] Next, guided by ‘the
standards elab orated by controll ing precedents and by the Court’ s own understanding and interpretation of the Eighth Amendment ’ s text, history, meaning, and purpose,’ [citation],

t he Court must determine in the exercise of its own independent judgment whether the punish ment in question violates the Constitution.” ( Id. at p. 61 .)
The Graham court found that although legislatively prohibi ted in very few jurisdictions, an examination of actual sentencing practices revealed a consensus against the use of LWOP for juveniles committing nonhomicide offenses . ( Graham, supra,
560 U.S. at p. 62.) Because “defendants who do not kill, intend to kill, or foresee that life
will be taken are categorically less deserving of the most serious forms of punishment than are murderers” ( id . at p. 69 , italics added ), and because of the severity of LWOP sentences applied to juveniles who are, by reason of their immaturity, less culpable when compared to adults ( id . at p p

. 68, 69, 74

– 75 ), the practice of sentencing min ors to LWOP

wa s deemed un

justifiable under penological theory and unconstitutional in nonhomicide

cases

. ( Id. at p. 74 ). The court reason ed: “[W]hen compared to an adult murderer, a juvenile offender who did not kill or intend to kill has a twice diminished moral culpability. The age of the offender and the nature of the crime each bear on the analysis.” ( Id. at p. 69 , italics added .) Recognizing that Graham ’s categorical prohibition is limited on ly to nonhomicide

cases, Blackwell argues that its rationale should also prohibi t LWOP for a juvenile
offender convicted of homicide who did not personally kill or intend to kill

. According

to Blackwell , the jury’ s rejection of the firearm enhanceme nt allegations demonstrates he was convicted as an aider and abettor on a felony

- murde r theory and became eligible for
LWOP only because s omeone else fired a fatal shot.
Blackwell both mischaracteriz es the implications of the jury’ s verdict and re ad s Graham t oo expansively

. The jury ’ s rejection of the firearm allegations may simply
reflect “a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jurors that [ Blackwell ] specifically used a29

[gun]. It does not show the reverse, that the jury specifically found [that Blackwell ] was
an aider and abettor.

. . . The jury may merely have believed, and most likely did believe, that [ Blackwell ] was guilty of murder as either a personal [gun] user or an aider and abettor but it may have been uncertain exactly which role [ Blackwell ] played.” ( People
v. Santamaria (1994) 8 Cal.4th 903, 919 , italics omitted ; see People v. Thompson (2010) 49 Cal.4th 79, 120.) In any event, e ven if we assume Blackwell was convicted as an aider and abettor under a felony

- murder theory, it does not follow that his LWOP sentence is categorically
barred. The only authority supporting Blackwe ll’s proposed extension of Graham is a concurring opinion in Miller , sign ed only by two justices. (See Miller, supra
, 132 S.Ct. at pp. 2475

– 2477 (conc. opn. of Breyer, J.).) Joined by Justice Sotomayor, Justice Breyer wrote: “I join the Court’s opinion in full. I add that, if the State continues to seek a
sentence of [LWOP] for Kuntrell Jackson, there will have to be a determination whether Jackson ‘kill[ed] or intend[ed] to kill’ the robbery victim. [( Graham
, supra , 560 U.S. at p. 69.) ] In my view, w ithout such a finding, the Eighth Amendment as interpreted in
Graham forbids sentencing Jackson to such a sentence, regardless of whether its application is mandatory or discretionary under state law. [¶] In Graham we said that ‘when compared to an adult m urderer, a juvenile offender who did not kill or intend to kill has a twice diminished moral culpability.’ Ibid

. . . . And we concluded that, because of this ‘twice diminished moral culpability,’ the Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition upon juveniles of a sentence of [LWOP] for nonhomicide cases. [( Graham, at pp. 69 , 74

– 75.)]” ( Id. at p. 2475 , italics omitted .) Justice Breyer continued : “Indeed, even juveniles who meet the Tison standard of ‘reckless disregard’ may not be eligible
for [LWOP] . Rath er, Graham dictates a clear rule: The only juveniles who may constitutionally be sentenced to [LWOP] are those convicted of homicide offenses who ‘kill or intend to kill.’ ” ( Id. at p. 2476

. )
But the Miller majority did not adopt Justice Breyer’s sugges ted categorical rule. Instead, in illustrating the problem of mandatory LWOP sentences for juvenile offender s convicted of homicide
, it observed that whether a juvenile actually killed, intended to kill,30

or acted with reckless indifference to human life w ere circumstances affecting the juvenile’s culpability for the offense that should be considered in determining punishment. ( Miller, supra, 132 S.Ct. at p. 2468 , citing Graham, supra, 560 U.S. at
p. 69

. ) In asking us to announce a categorical bar against LWOP for juvenile felony murder offenders who did not kill or intend to kill, Blackwell seeks a significant extension of the high court’s Eighth Amendment jurisprudence

. We decline to read
Graham for that broader proposition , especially where Blackwell h as not even attempted to argue there is a national consensus against imposing an LWOP sentence in a case
where a 17

- year

- old defendant committed a homicide offense that would have rendered him eligible for the death penalty had he been an adult

. 14 ( § 190.2 .)
D

. Purported Conflict in “ Fact Finding ” In an extension of his initial argument s , Blackwell insists “the jury made a factual finding [he] was not the shooter” and contends the trial court improperly “elevated” his punishment to LWOP based on a finding in conflict with the jury’s. In resentencing Blackwell to LWOP, the trial court made the following observations regarding the

c ircumstances of the offense: “ The evidence indicates that Blackwell fully participated in the planning, execution and attempted cover

- up of the crime, the brutal execution of the victim, who was lying in his own bed. There is no indication of familial or peer pressure. There is some evidence that Blackwell was using methamphetamine around the time of the crime, but no evidence o f intoxication during the commission of the crime. At trial, the jury verdict found not true the allegation that Blackwell used a gun. However, before trial, Blackwell admitted to his girlfriend .

. . that he shot the victim with his 9 mm gun. At trial, Ms. Pollard testified credibly to this fact. ”

14 T he jury could not have found the robbery

- murder special circumstance to be true unless it determined that Blackwel l , if not the actual killer, either intended to kill or was a major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life. (§ 190.2, subd. (d); People v. Estrada (1995) 11 Cal.4th 568, 575; see Tison, supra, 481 U.S. at p

. 158.)31

Blackwell insists the trial court violated both the Sixth and Eighth Amendments b y “basing [the] choice of LWOP primarily on [the judge’s] own belief that [Blackwell] was the actual killer, despite the jurors ’ acquittal on the allegations of personal use and intentional discharge of a firearm.” Blackwell maintain s that “[b]ecause 12 jurors found [he] was not the actual killer, ” the judge’s finding offended the Sixth Amendment

. As we discussed above, we do no t agree with Blackwell’s interpretation of the jury’s verdicts. ( See People v. Santamaria , supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 919; People v. Thompson , supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 120.) The jury made no affirmative finding that
Blackwell was not the killer. In imposing a sentence, the trial court is not prohibited from making findings of fact that are inconsistent with a jury’s verdict of acquittal on other counts. ( People v. Towne (2008) 44 Cal.4th 63, 71 ( Towne ) .) “[B]ecause facts considered by the court in selecting the appropriate sentence within the available sentencing range need not be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, a trial court, in this setting, is not prohibited from considering evidence underlying charges of which a defendant has been acquitted.” ( Ibid. ) “[T] he Apprendi line of decisions does not apply [in such a] context. Both the United States Supreme Court and this court have expressly held that a trial court, in exercising its discretion in sentencing a defendant on an offense
of which he or she has been convicted, may take into account the court’ s own factual
findin gs with regard to the defendant’ s conduct related to an offense of which the defendant has been acquitted, so long as the trial court properly finds that the evidence
establishes such cond uct by a preponderance of the evidence. ” ( In re Coley, supra,
55 Cal.4th at pp. 557

– 558 [trial court’s reliance on its own view of facts underlying acquitted charge, in exercising its discretion not to strike any of the defendant ’s prior
serious or violen t felony convictions, did not violate right to jury trial ].)
In Towne , the defendant was charged with carjacking, kidnapping, robbery, grand theft of an automobile, making criminal threats, kidnapping to commit carjacking, kidnapping to commit robbery, an d joyriding. ( Towne , supra , 44 Cal.4th at p. 72.) However, the jury acquitted the defendant of a ll counts except for felony joyriding. ( Id. at p. 73.) Under the unmodified DSL, t he trial court selected the upper term for joyriding32

based upon the defend ant’s lengthy criminal history and its conclusion the crime was aggravated because the victim was afraid for his life. ( Id. at pp. 73

– 74.) Despite the jury’s acquittal of the defendant on all counts involving force or violence, the trial court
noted it w as convinced, based on the testimony of the victim and other witnesses, that the
victim had been terrified. ( I bi d .) Our Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s claim that his federal constitutional right to jury trial as established in Apprendi and its pr ogeny had been violated by the trial
court’ s reliance on “ fact s that the jury implicitly found not to be true.” ( Towne, supra,
44 Cal.4th at p. 83.) The court explain ed: “ California law affords the trial court broad
discretion to consider relevant evide nce at sentencing. .

. . Nothing in the applicable statute or rules suggests that a trial court must ignore evidence related to the offense of which the defendant was convicted, merely because that evidence did not convince a jury that the defendant was gu ilty beyond a reasona ble doubt of related offenses. [ ¶ ] .

. . [ ¶ ] Nor did the sentencing judge’s consideration of conduct underlying acquitted charges violates defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. .

. . Because in the present case other aggra vating factors rendered defendant eligible for the upper term [under the

un modifi ed DSL], the judge’s consideration of evidence of conduct underlying counts of which defendant was acquitted, in selecting the sentence
, did not implicate defendant’s
constitu tional rights to a jury trial or to pr oof beyond a reasonable doubt. [ ¶ ] .

. . [ ¶ ]
P ermitting a judge to consider evidence of conduct underlying counts of which the defendant was acquitted does no t in any way undermine the jury’ s role in establishing, by
i ts verdict, the maximum authorized sentence.” ( Towne, at p p

. 85

– 87 , italics added & fn.
omitted .)
Blackwell contends Towne and In re Coley are distinguishable, in that they involve “ordinary discretionary sentencing decisions,” whereas “the central teach ing of [ Graham ] and [ Miller ] is that imposition of [LWOP] on a juvenile offender is not like other sentence choices.” Because of such Eighth Amendment constitutional limitations, Blackwell asks us to analogize to death penalty sentencing. However, it is not at all clear how this analogy advances Blackwell’s argument.33

W e have already concluded that the ju ry found all facts required to make
Blackwell eligible for an LWOP se ntence and that the trial court’s consideration of the circumstances of the offense, and other Miller/Gutierrez factors, in selecting the appropriate sentence does not violate Apprendi . Thus, we are untroubled by the trial court’s recitation of the evidence Blackwell was the shooter. W e are bo und to follow our Supreme Court’ s decision in Towne

. ( Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962)
57 Cal.2d 450, 455.)
E

. Abuse of Discretion Finally, Blackwell argues the trial court abused its discretion when it selected LWOP, rather than the lesser term of 25 years to life. A court’ s exerc ise of discretion will not be disturbed on appeal absent a showing that the court acted in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently a bsurd way, resulting in a manifest miscarriage of justice. ( People
v. Jordan (1986) 42 Cal.3d 308, 316 .) “ In reviewing for a buse of discretion, we are guided by two fundamental precepts. First, ‘ “ [t]he burden is on the party attacking the sentence to clearly show that the sentencing decision was irrational or arbitrary. [Citation.] In the absence of such a showing, the tria l court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives, and its discretionary determination to impose a particular sentence will not be set aside on review. ” ’ [Citations. ] Second, a ‘ “ decision will not be reversed merely because reasonable people might disagree. ‘ An appellate tribunal is neither authorized nor warranted in substituting its judgment for the judgment of the trial judge. ’ ” ’ ” ( People v. Carmony (2004) 33 Cal.4th 367, 376

– 377.)
Blackwell maintains the trial court abused its discretion by assigning too much weight to the circumstances of the crime, and not enough to the immaturity of the offender. Blackwell urges us to conclude Miller established a presumption of immaturity and that 25 years to life is the presump tive sentence. We disagree. Gutierrez “[does] not suggest section [ 190.5(b) ] evinces a preference for a sentence of 25 years to life. ” ( People v. Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 91; see Gutierrez, supra , 58 Cal.4th at

p. 1379.) “ No particular fac tor, relevant to the decision whether to impose LWOP on a juvenile who has committed murder, predominates under the law. Hence, as long as a34

trial court gives due consideration to an offender ’ s youth and attendant characteristics, as required by Miller [
, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2455 ] , it may, in exercising its discre tion under

. . . section [ 190.5(b) ] , give such weight to the relevant factors as it reasonably determines is appropriate under all the circumstances of the case. ” ( Palafox
, at p. 73.)
In People v. Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th 68, the defendant and an other 16

- year

- old were convicted of two counts of first degree murder with special circumstances after they committed a burglary and murdered the residents of the home in their beds

. ( Id. at pp. 73

– 7 4.) After Miller , the juvenile defendant, who was originally sentenced to two consecutive LWOP terms, was resentenced. ( Id. at pp. 74

– 75.) At resentencing, the
trial court considered psychological evidence of the defendant’s immaturity, as well as
evide nce of a violent and chaotic family background, weighed all the Miller factors with no presumption in favor of LWOP , but gave the greatest weight to the circumstances of the offenses. ( Id. at p p

. 75

– 76, 78

– 81 , 89 .) The reviewing court concluded the trial court had not “exceeded the bounds of
reason” in reimposing consecutive LWOP terms. ( P eople v. P alafox, supra,
231 Cal.App.4th at p. 91; id. at pp. 90

– 91.) Rather, “[t]he trial court .

. . thoughtfully weighed the applicable factors, particularly de fend ant’s youth and its attendant circumstances, and implicitly concluded defendant was unfit ever to reenter society.” ( Id. at p. 91.) The Palafox court concluded: “ As required by Miller , the trial court here

‘ consider[ed] all re levant evidence bearing on the “ distinctive attributes of youth ”

. . . and how those attributes “ diminish the penological justifications for imposing the harshest sentences on juvenile offenders. ” [Citation.] ’ [Citation.] It ‘ “ [took] into account how children are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison. ” ’ [Citation.] The sentence it imposed did not violate the
federal or s tate Constitution.” ( Palafox
, at p p. 91

– 92 , quoting Gutierrez, supra , 58 Cal.4th at p. 1390 .) Here too, in resentencing Blackwell to LWOP, the trial court explicitly considered
all of the relevant Miller/Gutierrez factors, with no presumption in favor of LWOP. T he
trial court was well aware that it had discretion to sentence Blackwell to 25 ye ars to life35

or LWOP and that the latter sentence should be reserved for the “ ‘ rare juvenile offender whose crime reflects irreparable corruption

. ’ ” ( Miller, supra, 132 S.Ct. at p. 2469.) In selecting LWOP as the appropriate sentence , based primarily on Blackwell’ s circumstances and the heinous nature of the offense , the trial court did not abuse its
discretion.
Just as in People v. Palafox , Blackwell was significantly chronologically older
than the 14

- year

- old defendants in Miller. In fact, Blackwell was six months shy of his 18th birthday when he committed an offense that showed planning, organization, and
callous calculation. The trial court recognized Blackwell’s youth, but found “no evidence” he was particularly immature or impetuous

. Other than his unsuccessful attempt to shift responsibility to Kellum, Blackwell points to no evidence suggesting the
crime was the result of his impulsiveness, a lack of sophistication, peer pr essure, or general immaturity. Yet , the evidence is undisputed that Blac kwell arranged a ride for
himself and Kellum to Carreno ’ s apartment , that they entered unannounced, apparently intending to rob him of drugs and/or m oney, kicked down hi s door, and that either he or
Kellum shot Carreno, who was laying in bed, several times

. Blackwell then attempted to destroy or hide any evidence linking him to the crime. Furthermore, Blackwell had a n extensive juvenile record involving weapons and violen ce , had been provided numerous opportunities within the juvenile system to reform, bu t his criminal behavior has only escalated. In fact, Carreno’s murder was committed less than a month aft er Blackwell was released from j uvenile h all. We do not foreclose the possibility that in some cases, “ the brutality or cold

blooded nature of any particular crime would overpower mitigating arguments based on youth as a matter of course, eve n where the juvenile offender’s objective immaturity, vulnerability, and lack of true depravity should require a sentence less severe than [LWOP]

. ” ( Roper, supr

a, 543 U.S. at p. 573; see id. at pp. 572

– 573 [discussing the “unacceptable likelihood” this would occur in death penalty sentencing “despite insufficient culpability” ] .) This is not such a case. With the exception of evidence of Blackwell’s use of metha mphetamines around the time of the offense, there was little to36

no particularized mitigating evidence before the court. Even if a presumption of immaturity applies, the People rebutted such a presumption in this case

. We are similarly unpersuaded that B lackwell’s LWOP sentence is disproportionate to his individual culpability and amounts to cruel and unusual punishment in his particular case. 15 A sentence in an individual case violates the Eighth Amendment proscription against cruel and unusual punishmen t only if it is grossly disproportionate to the crime. ( Graham, supra , 560 U.S. at p. 60 .) “A court must begin by comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of the sentence. [Citation.] ‘[I]n the rare case in which [this] threshold compariso n

. . . leads to an inference of gross disproportionality’ the court sh ould then compare the defendant’ s sentence with the sentences received by other offenders in the same jurisdiction and with the sentences imposed for the same crime in other jurisdictio ns.” ( Ibid .) The sentence in this case, though undoubtedly harsh, does not shock the conscience and is not disproportionate. Blackwell was convicted of first degree murder with special circumstances. First degree special circumstance murder, viewed in the abstract, is perhaps the most serious offense under California law, and the facts of this particular case do not remove it from this category.
L WOP may be “ an unconstitutional penalty for

. . . juvenile offenders whose
crimes reflect th e transient i mmaturity of youth” ( Montgomery, supra , 136 S.Ct. at p.
734 ) , but the record before us does not compel the conclusion Blackwell falls within that
class. Alt hough he was six months short of the age of majority when he committed the

15 Amendments to California’s sentencing law provide Blackwell with the opportunity for parole. Subject to exception s not relevant here, section 1170, subdivision (d)(2) retroactively permits a defendant who was sentenced to LWOP for a crime commi tted as a juvenile to petition the court for recall and resentencing after serving at lea st 15 years of that sentence. The possibility of a sentence recall under this provision does not “enter[] into a determination of constitutionality under Miller. ” ( P eople v. Palafox, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 82, fn. 13; accord, Gutierrez, supra , 58 Cal.4th at p . 1386 .) “ Miller repeatedly made clear that the sentencing authority must

. . . consider[] how children are different and how those differences counsel aga inst a sentence of [LWOP] ‘ before imposing a particular penalty.’ ” ( Gutierrez, at p. 1387.)37

murder in this case, his criminal history as a juvenile was extensive. In light of his history and the very serious nature of his crime, Blackwell has not demonstrated that his LWOP sentence is disproportionate to his individual culpability. He has not even attempted to argue t hat it is disproportionate when compared to the sentences of other
offenders convicted of the same crime

. Blackwell received a resentencing hearing at which the trial court exercised the individualized sentencing discretion that Miller and Gutierrez manda te. Imposing LWOP
based on the reasons the trial court stated was within its discretion. T he trial court did not
abuse its discretion or impose cruel and unusual punishment

. F

. Consideration of CDCR Records In his opening brief, Blackwell also argues the sentencing court erred by considering his CDCR records from the time period after his initial sentenci ng. The argument i s unsupported and we reject it. Gutierrez emphasized: “The question is whether [a juvenile offender] can be deemed, at the time of sentencing , to be irreparably corrupt, beyond redemption, and thus unfit ever to reenter society, notwithstanding the ‘diminished culpability and greater prospects for reform’ that ordinarily distinguish juveniles from adults.” ( Gutierrez,

supra, 58 Cal.4 th at p. 1391 , italics added .) In exercising its discretion under Miller , “a sentencing court must consider any evidence or other information in the record bearing on ‘the possibility of rehabilitation.’ ” ( Id. at p. 1389, italics added.) “[T] here is no thing
in Miller, Gutierrez , or Montgomery that suggests, much less states, that a trial court is precluded from cons idering evidence of a defendant’ s postconviction conduct in conducting a resentencing as a remedy for Miller error. On the contrary, a tria l court is required to consider such evid ence in determining a defendant’ s amenability to rehabilitation upon resentencing. ” ( In re Berg (20 16) 247 Cal.App.4th 418, 440,
fn. omitted
, review granted July 27, 2016, S235277; People v. Lozano (2016)
243 Cal.A pp.4th 1126, 1137

– 1138 [addressing admissibility of positive postconviction behavior] .)38

Blackwell reli es on language taken out of context from Graham : “Even if the State’s judgment that Graham was incorrigible were later corroborated by prison
misbehavior or failure to mature, the sentence was still disproportionate because that judgment was made at the outset .” ( Graham, supra, 560 U.S. at p. 73 , italics added; see Gutierrez, supra, 58 Cal.4th at pp. 1 386

– 1387.) Neither Graham nor Gutierrez were consider ing whether custodial records could be considered in a resentencing scenario.

“ ‘ “ It is axiomatic that language in a judicial opinion is to be understood in accordance
with the facts and issues before the court. An opinion is not authority f or propositi ons not considered. ” ’ ” ( People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 154

– 155.) Here, Blackwell’s post conviction behavior was used “at the outset” to assess his prospects for rehabilitation. In any event, the trial court made clear that it would have
reache d the same conclusion without considerati on of Blackwell’s CDCR records.
III. D ISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed

.

_________________________ BRUINIERS, J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________ JONES, P. J.

_________________________ SIMONS, J.39

Superior Court of Sonoma County, No. SCR

- 511523 , Rene A. Chouteau , Judge.

L. Richard Braucher , under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant A ttorney General, Jeffrey M. Laurence , Assistant Attorney General, Joshua A. Klein, Deputy Solicitor General, Laurence K. Sullivan and Seth K. Schalit , Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.