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 Authors’ Addresses 

* Current addresses:

Robert Ambrose, National Park Service, WASO, NRPC, Fort Collins, CO 

Raymond D. Cameron, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 902 Koyukuk Drive, Irving I Building, Room 311, Fairbanks, AK 99701 

Gerald W. Garner, deceased 

Peter C. Joria, U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center, 2630 Fanta Reed Road, La Crosse, WI 54603 

David R. Klein, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 902 Koyukuk Drive, Irving I Building, Room 311, Fairbanks, AK 99701 

Thomas R. McCabe, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, 177 Admiral Cochran Dr., Annapolis, MD 21401 

Donna G. Robertson, Harding-Lawson and Associates, 601 E. 57th Place, Anchorage, AK 99518 

Noreen E. Walsh, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Atlanta Field Office, 1875 Century Boulevard, Room 200, Atlanta, GA 30345 

Greg J. Weiler, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Potomac National Wildlife Refuge, 14344 Jefferson Davis Highway, Woodbridge, VA 22181 

Kenneth R. Whitten, P.O. Box 81743, Fairbanks, AK 99708 

Kenneth J. Wilson, Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, P.O. Box 60469, Fairbanks, AK 99701 

Donald D. Young, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK 99701 

Robert (Skip) Ambrose*

USFWS Endangered Species 

Ecological Services Field Office-Fairbanks 

101-12th Avenue, Box 19 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Steven C. Amstrup 

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Alan W. Brackney 

USFWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 

101 12th Avenue, Room 236 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Raymond D. Cameron*

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

1300 College Road 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

David C. Douglas 

USGS Alaska Science Center 

P.O. Box 240009 

Douglas, Alaska 99824 

Nancy A. Felix 

USFWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 

101 12th Avenue Room 236 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Gerald W. Garner*

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Brad Griffith 

USGS Alaska Cooperative 

 Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

209 Irving I Building, P.O. Box 757020 

University of Alaska-Fairbanks 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 

Jerry W. Hupp 

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Janet C. Jorgenson 

USFWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 

101-12th Avenue, Room 236 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

 

Peter C. Joria*

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

David R. Klein* 

USGS Alaska Cooperative Fish and 

Wildlife Research Unit 

209 Irving Building 

University of Alaska-Fairbanks 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 

Thomas R. McCabe*

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Dan J. Reed

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

1300 College Road 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Harry V. Reynolds 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

1300 College Road 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Patricia E. Reynolds 

USFWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 

101-12th Avenue, Room 236 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Donna G. Robertson*

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Donald E. Russell 

Northern Conservation 

Canadian Wildlife Service 

91782 Alaska Highway 

Whitehorse, Yukon Territories Y1A587 

Canada 

Walter T. Smith

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

1300 College Road 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Mark S. Udevitz 

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Noreen E. Walsh*

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Greg J. Weiler*

USFWS Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 

101 12th Avenue, Room 236 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Robert G. White

Institute of Arctic Biology 

University of Alaska-Fairbanks 

902 Koyukuk Drive 

Irving I Building, Room 311 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Kenneth R. Whitten* 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

1300 College Road 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 

Kenneth J. Wilson*

USGS Alaska Cooperative 

Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

University of Alaska-Fairbanks 

P.O. Box 757020 

Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 

Donald D. Young*

USGS Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 
	


	



 

	



	


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Cover 

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W 

G 

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P 

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Agree 

WG 2 1 1 1 5 40 

WGM 7 19 4 4 6 1 1 2 44 43 

MSW 4 9 12 8 2 35 34 

MS 4 15 4 5 28 54 

MSD 5 4 11 18 14 1 2 1 56 32 

TT 1 6 2 8 51 3 6 77 66 

STT 1 1 1 5 13 2 2 25 52 

SP 1 1 6 8 75 

ST 1 1 2 4 50 

AT 1 1 2 50 

RS 2 3 1 6 33 

DT 1 6 7 86 

PV 2 1 1 1 1 6 17 

BA 1 8 9 89 

WA 1 1 4 6 67 

TOTAL 13 40 31 42 37 76 18 15 5 6 5 14 1 10 5 318 

%Agree 15 47 39 36 49 67 72 40 40 17 40 43 100 80 80 50 
	


	



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Land 

Cover 

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Entire 

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Entire 

Coastal 

Plaina

Mountain Foothill Hilly 

Coastal 

Plain 

Thaw 

Lake 

Plain 

Floodplain Riparian 

Zoneb

WG 1 2 (4)c <1 <1 (0) 4 (5) 18 3 (5) 1 

WGM 9 13 (9) <1 1 (0) 21 (9) 23 39 (20) 

MSW 6 9 (10) <1 4 (7) 10 (10) 23 17 (13) 2 

MS 6 9 (20) 1 8 (17) 16 (36) 6 9 (16) 2 

MSD 10 13 (12) 3 17 (12) 20 (5) 8 6 (14) 

TT 14 21 (22) <1 32 (33) 23 (29) <1 4 (2) 1 

STT 9 12 (6) 2 24 (11) <1 (0) 0 <1 (0) 2 

ST 5 3 (1) 8 6 (2) 0 (0) 0 <1 (0) 

SP 1 1 (4) <1 1 (5) 1 (0) <1 1 (0) 

AT 1 2 (1) 20 3 (4) 0 (0) 0 <1 (0) 

RS 1 1 (2) <1 1 (0) <1 (0) <1 4 (4) 18 

DT 1 2 (3) <1 <1 (0) <1 (0) <1 5 (10) 14 

PV 6 2 (2) 14 1 (1) <1 (0) <1 2 (6) 8 

BA 15 7 (2) 32 1 (0) <1 (0) 2 9 (6) 33 

IC 3 <1 (0) <1 (0) 4 1 (0) 3 

WA <1 <1 (0) 2 (1) 16 5 (5) 13 

SH 6 <1 (0) 16 <1 (0) <1 (0) <1 <1 (0) 

Sq-kmd 18501 12145 7073 6397 1810 271 3523 1038 

a Entire map excluding the mountain terrain type. 

b Riparian zone is included within the floodplain terrain type. 

c Number in parentheses is the percent cover for each land-cover type as estimated by an independent systematic field sample of 756 

points. 

d Number of square-kilometers in each terrain type.


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Year 

Calving 

Sites 

Sites in 

CCA 

CCA

Area

ACG 

Area 

Ratio 

CCA/ACG 

Population 

Size (K) 

%females

In CCA 

%females

In 1002 

%CCA 

In 1002 

%ACG 

In 1002 

1983 18 11 2,584 10,064 0.25 135 55.6 61.1 62.4 42.8 

1984 18 11 839 6,599 0.13 61.1 33.3 19.8 39.2 

1985 34 16 1,585 10,784 0.15 47.1 55.9 69.2 36.8 

1986 20 8 419 5,432 0.08 40.0 10.0 28.8 8.4 

1987 36 15 479 6,048 0.08 165 44.4 13.9 14.2 15.7 

1988 61 24 267 3,823 0.07 39.3 1.6 0.0 5.9 

1989 51 15 255 3,672 0.07 178 29.4 33.3 59.3 30.1 

1990 53 22 1,167 8,379 0.14 39.6 69.8 100.0 47.2 

1991 43 21 731 5,767 0.13 48.8 88.4 92.5 68.6 

1992 43 18 2,174 16,667 0.13 157 41.9 41.9 79.1 22.5 

1993 35 18 1,401 9,098 0.15 51.4 57.1 70.2 40.3 

1994 79 33 814 6,602 0.12 152 41.8 64.6 77.3 54.8 

1995 60 31 827 5,141 0.16 51.7 91.7 100.0 71.2 

1996 65 30 1,354 9,453 0.14 46.2 53.8 90.6 33.9 

1997 29 15 530 5,661 0.09 51.7 31.0 33.7 31.8 

1998 39 20 789 6,316 0.12 128 51.3 84.6 93.4 73.1 

1999 20 9 601 7,820 0.08 45.0 20.0 9.3 30.4 

2000 22 13 791 6,541 0.12 59.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 

2001 41 a 10,602 123 0.0 0.0 

average 40 18 976 7,604 0.12 148 47.0 42.7 55.5 34.3 

minimum 18 8 255 3,672 0.07 123 29.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

maximum 79 33 2,548 16,667 0.25 178 61.1 91.7 100.0 73.1 

SE 18 7 630 3,060 0.04 20 7.8 30.1 35.9 22.5 

a No concentrated calving was detected in 2001 

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Year West East 

1988 72.7 (11) 100.0 (8) 

1989 53.8 (13) 77.8 (9) 

1990 83.3 (12) 100.0 (7) 

1991 45.5 (11) 75.0 (12) 

1992 72.7 (11) 75.0 (12) 

1993 55.6 (9) 62.5 (8) 

1994 66.7 (6) 87.5 (8) 

Mean parturition rate% 64.3**± 5.0 82.5**± 5.3

a All sexually mature. 

b Individual locations consistently west or east for 2-7 years during 

 the calving period. 

** t-test, paired comparisons, P=0.003. 
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1990 31 May– 03 June 08 – 12 June 19 – 22 June 

 C D C D C D Areab Timec

Tussock cottongrass 3 3**d 3 3**d 3 4** P < 0.01 * 

Tall cottongrass 1 1 2 2 2 2 P = 0.60 ns 

Aquatic sedge 1 1 2 1 2 2 P = 0.44 * 

Diamond-leaf willow 1 2 1 2** 2 3** P = 0.01 * 

1991 04 – 06 June 09 – 13 June (no sampling) 

 C D C D Areab Timec

Tussock cottongrass 2 2 3 3 P = 0.85 * 

Tall cottongrass 1 2* 1 2* P = 0.04 ns 

Aquatic sedge 1 2 2 1 P = 0.83 ns 

Diamond-leaf willow 0 0**d 0 1** P < 0.01 * 

* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ns = no significant difference. 

a Phenological stages: Tussock cottongrass, 1 = boot stage, 2 = early flower, 3 = full flower, 4 = seed; Tall cottongrass and 

Aquatic sedge, 1 = vegetative < 5cm, 2 = vegetative > 5cm, 3 = early flower, 4 = full flower; Diamond-leaf willow, 0 = no new 

growth, 1 = bud swollen, 2 = leaf unfolding, 3 = full leaf. 

b Significance level for difference between areas averaged over all periods. 

c Significance level for change between first and last sampling period. 

d Phenological stage significantly advanced, although median values were the same. 
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 Vegetation Typesb

Species WG MS MSD TT ST 

Tussock cottongrass

g/m2 0.00A < 0.01AB < 0.01AB 0.04C 0.03BC

Tall cottongrass

% cover 1.2AB 1.4A 0.5C 0.4C 0.5BC

Aquatic sedge

% cover 0.9A 0.7A 0.0B 0.0B 0.0B

Diamond-leaf willow

g/m2 0.00A 0.88BC 0.00AB 0.83C 3.25C

a Values are medians for all sites, with site values obtained as

means for 3 times. Medians with the same superscript were

not significantly different (P < 0.05). 

b Vegetation types: WG = wet graminoid tundra, MS = moist

sedge-willow tundra, MSD = moist sedge-Dryas tundra, TT =

tussock tundra, ST = low shrub tundra. 

1990 

31 May– 03 June 08 – 12 June 19 – 22 June 

 C D C D C D Areaa Timeb

Tussock cottongrass flowers 

 no/m2 0.6 0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0 P = 0.87 ns 

 g/m2 0.02 0 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 0 P = 1.00 ns 

Tall cottongrass 

 % cover 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.2 P = 0.93 ns 

Aquatic sedge 

 % cover 0 0 0 0 0 0 P = 0.72 *c

Diamond-leaf willow leaves 

 g/m2 0 0 0 0 2.0 0.3 P = 0.10 * 

1991 

04 – 06 June 09 – 13 June (no sampling) 

 C D C D C D Areaa Timeb

Tussock cottongrass flowers 

 no/m2 2.7 0.0** 3.5 0.0** P < 0.01 ns 

 g/m2 0.09 0.00** 0.11 0.00** P < 0.01 ns 

Tall cottongrass 

 % cover 0.2 0.3 0.3 0 P = 0.68 ns 

Aquatic sedge 

 % cover 0 0 0 0 P = 0.08 *c

* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ns = no significant difference. 

a Significance level for difference between areas averaged over all periods. 

b Significance level for change between first and last time periods. If the significance levels differed between areas, both are shown (C/D).

c Last sampling period with significantly higher cover, although median values were the same.


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Vegetation Type Entire 

Coastal Plain 

Calving Habitat 

Study Area 

Traditional 

Calving Area 

Displacement Calving

Area 

Tussock Tundra 22 30 39 21 

Moist Sedge-Willow Tundra 30 25 31 19 

Low Shrub Tundra 7 11 8 13 

Moist Sedge-Dryas Tundra 12 9 7 12 

Wet Graminoid Tundra 13 8 8 7 

Dryas River Terrace 3 7 1 13 

Riparian Shrublands 2 3 3 3 

Barren 2 3 3 4 

Partially Vegetated 2 2 <1 5 

Water <1 2 <1 4 


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 Early Flower Full Flower Seed 

Tussock cottongrass C D C D C D Areaa Timeb

Nitrogen 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.2** 2.4 2.2** P = 0.01 ns 

Phosphorus 0.49 0.45 0.46 0.38* 0.38 0.36* P = 0.03 */ns 

Calcium 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.11 P = 0.25 ns 

Neutral detergent fiber 55.8 58.0 58.2 62.7 66.8 65.9 P = 0.07 * 

Acid detergent fiber 16.5 18.4 19.0 20.4** 22.8 23.2** P = 0.01 * 

Lignin 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.3 1.9 1.9 P = 0.43 ns 

n (# of sites) 6 7 8 15 8 14 

 Leaf Unfolding Full Leaf 

Diamond-leaf willow C D C D 

Nitrogen 3.7 3.4 2.2 2.2 P = 0.27 * 

Phosphorus 0.50 0.47 0.18 0.17 P = 0.79 * 

Calcium 0.51 0.49 0.62 0.59 P = 0.34 * 

Neutral detergent fiber 22.2 22.4 25.0 25.6 P = 0.71 * 

Acid detergent fiber 16.3 15.6 17.0 17.7 P = 0.71 * 

Lignin 10.3 9.4 8.8 9.4 P = 0.43 * 

n (# of sites) 8 8 8 8 

* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ns = no significant difference. 

a Significance level for difference between areas averaged over all periods. 

b Significance level for change between first and last time periods. If the significance levels differed between areas, both are 

shown (C/D). All tests for tussock cottongrass inflorescences were of full flower and seed stages only. 
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TT a Other TT Other Stage 

Nitrogen 2.4 2.0** 2.4 2.1** P < 0.01 

Phosphorus 0.43 0.34** 0.39 0.35** P < 0.01 

Neutral detergent fiber 60.0 63.6 66.2 66.7 P = 0.25 

Acid detergent fiber 19.7 21.8* 22.8 23.6* P = 0.04 

Lignin 2.6 1.1** 1.9 1.9 P = 0.03 

n (# of sites) 17 6 16 6 

 * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 

a TT = tussock tundra; Other = all other vegetation types that had tussock cottongrass inflorescences including moist sedge-willow 

tundra, moist sedge-Dryas tundra, and shrub-dominated tundra. 
	


	



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Year 

West of the Arctic 

Refuge: Itkillik River to 

Canning River (GMU 

26B)a

1002 Area in the Arctic 

Refuge: 

Canning River to 

Aichilik Riverb

All Arctic Refuge: 

Canning River to Canada 

(GMU 26C) 

East of the Arctic 

Refuge in northern 

Yukon Territory, 

Canadac Arctic Refuge 

+ west + east

1982 219 219 219 

1986 9 386 399 23 431 

1990 122 273 332 41 495 

1995 330 228 321 146 797 

1998 207 213 331 136 674 

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a data source: E. A. Lenart, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA 

b regions first occupied; numbers included in Arctic Refuge numbers 

c data source: D. A. Cooley, Department of Renewable Resources, Yukon Territories, Canada

			

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form approved 

OMB No. 0704-0188 

Public reporting burden for this collection is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including time for reviewing instructions, searching existing 

data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden 

estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, 

Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management 

and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 

April 2002 

3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

Biological Science Report 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 

Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain Terrestrial Wildlife Research Summaries 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

Douglas, D. C., Reynolds, P. E., and Rhode, E. B., editors 

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey 

8. PERFORMING 

ORGANIZATION REPORT 

NUMBER 

USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0001 

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey

10. SPONSORING.MONITORING 

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Release unlimited. Available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal 

Road, Springfield, VA 22161 (1-800-553-6847 or 703-487-4650). Available to registered users 

from the Defense Technical Information Center, Attn: Help Desk, 8722 Kingman Road, Suite 

0944, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6218 (1-800-225-3842 or 703-767-9050). 

12B. DISTRIBUTION CODE 

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) 

This report summarizes investigations of key terrestrial wildlife species that use an approximate 1.5-million-acre area of the Arctic 

National Wildlife Refuge costal plain, called the “1002 Area,” in northeastern Alaska. This report contains information about 

population dynamics, distribution, energetics, and habitat use of the 1002 Area by caribou, muskoxen, polar bears, and snow geese 

as well as grizzly bears, wolves, and golden eagles. The report includes discussions of the potential effects and mitigation of 

petroleum exploration or development for these species and their habitats. 

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

 ix + 75 

14. SUBJECT TERMS (Keywords) 

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, ANWR, 1002 Area, Alaska, North Slope, tundra, 

coastal plain, caribou, Porcupine caribou herd, muskoxen, polar bear, snow geese, 

brown bear, petroleum 16. PRICE CODE 

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT 

Unclassified 

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF THIS PAGE 

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF ABSTRACT 

Unclassified

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

Standard Form 298 (rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18 
	

	


	



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U.S. Geological Survey - Alaska Science Center 

1011 E. Tudor Road, MS 701 

Anchorage, Alaska 99503 

Chief 

William K. Seitz 

Production Staff 

 Document Layout and Mary E. Whalen 

 Cover Design 

 Section 1 Map Figures Jay A. Johnson 

 Digital Distribution James E. Haga and Adeline C. Sheridan 

 Assistance 

 Cover Photography Coastal plain: A. Thayer; caribou: K. Whitten; 

muskoxen: M. Emers; grizzly bear: H. Reynolds; 

snow geese: J. Hupp; vegetation sampling: C. 

Curby; polar bears: S. Amstrup; tussock 

cottongrass: M. Emers. 
	




	
	

	







	


 


 

 

  



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