NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Concentrations

from Multichannel Passive-Microwave

Satellite Data Sets:

October 1978- September 1995

User's Guide

Donald J. Cavalieri, Claire L. Parkinson, Per Gloersen, and H. Jay Zwally

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland

1997
NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Concentrations

from Multichannel Passive-Microwave

Satellite Data Sets:

October 1978- September 1995

User's Guide

Donald J. Cavalieri

Claire L. Parkinson

Per Gloersen

H. Jay Zwally

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland

1997
I

This publication is available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information, ]

800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934, 301-621-0390. I
NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3

2.0 Multichannel Passive-Microwave Satellite Data Sets ............................................ 4

2.1 Nimbus 7 SMMR ........................................................................................ 4

2.2 DMSP F8 and Fll SSMI ............................................................................ 5

3.0 Data Processing ...................................................................................................... 5

3.1 Calculation of Sea Ice Concentrations ........................................................ 5

3.2 Land-to-Ocean Spillover and Residual

Weather-Related Effects ......................................................................... 7

3.3 Filling Data Gaps ........................................................................................ 9

4.0 References ............................................................................................................ 10

5.0 Tables and Figures ............................................................................................... 12

ooo

lll

NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

1.0 Introduction

Satellite multichannel passive-microwave sensors have provided global radiance measurements with which to map, monitor, and study the Arctic and Antarctic polar sea ice covers. The

data span over 18 years (as of April 1997), starting with the launch of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on NASA's SeaSat A and Nimbus 7 in 1978 and continuing

with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager

(SSMI) series beginning in 1987. It is anticipated that the DMSP SSMI series will continue into

the 21st century. The SSMI series will be augmented by new, improved sensors to be flown on

Japanese and U.S. space platforms.

This User's Guide provides a description of a new sea ice concentration data set generated

from observations made by three of these multichannel sensors. The data set includes gridded

daily ice concentrations (every-other-day for the SMMR data) for both the north and south polar

regions from October 26, 1978 through September 30, 1995 with the one exception of a 6-week

data gap from December 3, 1987 through January 12, 1988. The data have been placed on two

CD-ROMs that include a ReadMeCD file (Fiegles and Gloersen, 1997) giving the technical

details on the file format, file headers, north and south polar grids, ancillary data sets, and directory structure of the CD-ROM.

The goal in the creation of the data set was to produce a long term, consistent set which

would serve as a baseline for future measurements. This User's Guide summarizes the problems

encountered when working with radiances from sensors having different frequencies, different

footprint sizes, different visit times, and different calibrations. A major obstacle to resolving

these differences was the lack of sufficient overlapping data from sequential sensors. The techniques we employed to solve these problems or at least reduce their impacts are also presented.

In the following sections, we discuss the mapping of the sensor data onto a common grid, the

application of a new landmask, instrument drift, adjustment for land-ocean spillover, replacement

of bad data, and intersensor corrections made to reduce remaining measurement differences.

3
Cavalieri, Parkinson, Gloersen, and Zwally

2.0 Multichannel Passive-Microwave Satellite Data Sets

The three satellite data sets employed and the periods for which the data are usable are: the

Nimbus 7 SMMR from October 26, 1978 through August 20, 1987, the DMSP SSMI F8 from

July 9, 1987 through December 18, 1991 (with the exception of the data gap from December 3,

1987 through January 12, 1988), and the DMSP SSMI Fll from December 3, 1991 through

September 30, 1995. A single-channel and two other multichannel passive-microwave satellite

imagers flown in the 1970s, but not included here, are the Nimbus 5 ESMR, the Nimbus 6 ESMR

and the SeaSat SMMR respectively. The Nimbus 5 ESMR was not used because of the lack of

overlap data with the Nimbus 7 SMMR, while the Nimbus 6 ESMR was omitted because of the

poor quality of the data. The SeaSat SMMR was omitted because of not providing adequate

coverage of the polar regions. For the purpose of providing a consistent long-term data set, data

from each of the three sensors used were mapped onto the SSMI north and south polar grids

(NSIDC, 1992) and a common land mask, recently updated for the SSMI grids (Martino et al.,

1995), was applied.

2.1 Nimbus 7 SMMR

Descriptions of the SMMR instrument design, the operating characteristics, and the procedures used to obtain calibrated brightness temperatures and sea ice concentrations are given by

Gloersen et al. (1992). The algorithm to obtain sea ice concentration employs three of the ten

channels of the SMMR instrument: vertically and horizontally polarized radiances at 18 GHz and

vertically polarized radiances at 37 GHz. Before computing sea ice concentrations, isolated

missing brightness temperature pixels on the daily brightness temperature maps were filled by

spatial interpolation. Larger areas of missing data were filled later by temporal interpolation of

the sea ice concentrations.

Gloersen et al. (1992) also describe the corrections used for a long-term drift in the SMMR

data and for errors related to ecliptic-angle that were observed in the 8.8-year data set. These and

other errors had been accommodated in the sea ice concentration data set used in the Gloersen et

al. (1992) monthly averages without also correcting the gridded radiances. Since the publication

of Gloersen et al. (1992), some additional errors have been identified in the gridded brightness

temperature data set. The nature of these errors fall into four categories. These are: full orbits of

bad data, individual scans of bad data, misplaced scans from the opposite node, and misplaced

scans from unknown origin. These were identified by checking each daily image from both the
NASATechnical Memorandum104647

ascendingnodedataandthedescendingnodedata. All of theerrorsidentifiedandconsideredto

besufficientlyseriousto warrantexclusionwereremovedin theascendinganddescendingnode

datasetsseparatelybeforeaveragingthedatafrom thetwonodesto providedaily brightness

temperaturematrices.Finally,additionalcorrectionswereappliedto thethreechannels(18GHz

H & V,37 GHzV) of previouslycorrecteddatausedin theseaicealgorithm(Gloersenet al.,

1992),following aproceduresimilarto thatdescribedin Gloersenet al. (1992),butwith higher

precision.The8.8-yeardrifts in thesechannelswerereducedto valueswell belowtheinstrument

noisevaluesgivenin GloersenandBarath(1977)andlowerthanin thepreviouslycorrecteddata.

2.2DMSPF8 andF11SSMI

TheDMSPF8 andF11 SSMIdatawereobtainedfromtheNational SnowandIceData

Center(NSIDC)in Boulder,Colorado. TheF8 dataweredistributedby NSIDCon CD-ROMs

for theperiodJuly 1987throughDecember1991andtheF11datafor theperiodDecember1991

throughSeptember1995. Dataacquisition,filtering baddata,handlinggeolocationerrors,

implementationof anantennapatterncorrection,andfinally theswath-to-gridconversionareall

describedin theNSIDC'sUser'sGuide(1992).

The4.5-yearF8 19-37GHzdatawerefoundto befreeof orbit-dependent(eclipticangle)

brightnesstemperaturevariationsusingatechniquesimilarto whatwasusedforthe SMMRdata

(Gloersenet al., 1992).At thetime of theanalysis,theFll datasetwastoo shortto warranta

similaranalysis,but basedontheF8 experience,theF11SSMIwaspresumedalsoto befreeof

thisdefect. Thedrift determinedby themethodusedfor theSMMR dataoverthe7-yearSSMI

periodresultedin brightnesstemperaturechangesbelowor attheinstrumentnoiselevelforthe

SSMI(seeTable1.4in Hollinger,1989),andwasthereforeconsideredto haveno significant

impactonthecomputedseaiceconcentrations(lessthan0.5%)eitherfor consolidatedseaiceor

attheiceedge,andsowereignored.

3.0 Data Processing

3.1 Calculation of Sea Ice Concentrations

Comparisons of sea ice concentrations calculated for each of the sensors during overlap

periods using published algorithm tie-points reveal significant differences. These differences

may result from differences in sensor and orbital characteristics, differences in observation times

5
Cavalieri, Parkinson, Gloersen, andZwally

(andthereforetidal effects),anddifferencesin algorithmcoefficients.Sensorandorbitalcharacteristicdifferencesfor theNimbus7 SMMR andDMSPSSMIF8 includeantennabeamwidth,

channelfrequency,spacecraftaltitude,ascendingnodetime,andangleof incidence.In addition,

theseaicealgorithmtie-pointsaresignificantlydifferent. TheSSMIF8 andF11 sensorsalso

differ in ascendingnodetime,altitude,andangleof incidence.Becausethevisit timesof the

threesatellitesoccurduringdifferentphasesof thediurnalcycle,tidal effectsmayresultin

differencesin theicedistribution.Wearepresumingthat anysucheffectsaremitigatedby the

correctionschemedescribedbelow. Table1summarizesthesensorandorbitalcharacteristic

differences.Thesedifferencesareaccommodatedfor eachpair of sensorsby employingaselfconsistentsetof algorithmtie-pointsdeterminedthroughlinearrelationshipsbetweentheobservedbrightnesstemperaturesduringthe overlapperiods.

Nimbus 7 SMMR/DMSP SSMI F8

Daily brightness temperature maps from the Nimbus 7 SMMR and from the DMSP SSMI F8

during their period of overlap, July 9-August 20, 1987, were compared for both the Arctic and

Antarctic. Unfortunately, there were only 22 days of common coverage. A linear least squares

best fit of the cumulative data was obtained for each of the corresponding channels. For the

purpose of eliminating spurious brightness temperatures resulting from residual land spillover

effects, an Arctic land mask expanded 3 to 4 pixels out from the original land mask was used in

the determination of the best fit between the two data sets. The eliminated pixels represent only

a very small fraction of the total number of ice concentration pixels, but eliminating them helps

considerably in reducing the outliers on the scatter plots. The linear regression equations obtained and the standard error of estimates for the corresponding channels are given in Table 2.

These linear relationships were used to generate a set of SSMI tie-points that are consistent with

the original SMMR sea ice algorithm tie-points (Gloersen et al., 1992). The published SSMI F8

tie-points (Cavalieri et al., 1992) were not used. In addition to using these transformations, the

SSMI F8 open water tie-points were subjectively tuned to help minimize the differences between

the SMMR and SSMI F8 sea ice extent and area during the overlap period. The SMMR set of

tie-points, the tuned SSMI F8 set, and the resulting percent differences in ice extent and area

given during the period of overlap are given in Table 3. The amount of tuning is also indicated

for the open water tie-points. In all cases except for the Antarctic F8 values, the tuned amount is

within one standard error of estimate. We suspect the reason for the larger tuned values results

from greater weather effects during the overlap period.
NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

SSMI F8/SSMI F11

The period of overlap for F8 and F11 is even shorter than that for Nimbus 7 and SSMI F8,

with only 16 days of overlap of good data, from December 3-18, 1991. The linear regression

equations obtained from these plots and the standard error of estimates for the corresponding

channels are given in Table 2. The SSMI F11 open water tie-points were also tuned to help

reduce differences in ice extent and area as was done with the SSMI F8 values. A further adjustment to the Antarctic 37V ice type-B F11 tie-point was also made to reduce the ice area difference. The tie-points, the amount of tuning, the ice extent and area percent differences are all

given in Table 3. In this case, the amount of tuning needed to reduce the ice extent and area

differences between the F8 and F11 values is well within one standard error of estimate (Table

2).

3.2 Land-to-Ocean Spillover and Residual Weather-Related Effects

The next step in preparing the data sets was the correction for land-to-ocean spillover (often

referred to as "land contamination") and residual weather-related effects. Land-to-ocean

spillover refers to the problem of blurting sharp contrasts in brightness temperature, such as exist

between land and ocean, by the relatively coarse width of the sensor antenna pattern (Figure la).

This problem is of concern here because it results in false sea ice signals along coastlines. The

method used to reduce the spillover is an extension of the method employed for the singlechannel Nimbus 5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) data in Parkinson et al.

(1987). The rationale behind the approach is that a minimum observed (generally in late summer) sea ice concentration in the vicinity of coastlines where no ice remains offshore is probably

the result of land spillover and is thus subtracted from the image. To reduce the error of subtracting ice in areas of ice cover, the technique searches for and requires the presence of open water in

the vicinity of the image pixel to be corrected.

Land-to-ocean spillover was reduced by the following three-step procedure:

(1) A matrix M was created covering the entire grid and identifying each pixel as land,

shore, near-shore, off-shore, or non-coastal ocean. The identification of land pixels was straightforward, obtained from the land/sea mask. The identification of shore, near-shore, and off-shore

pixels was based on the scheme plotted in Figure lb, where the pixel to be identified is labeled

I,J. This pixel is considered a "shore" pixel if any pixel adjacent to it (the A pixels in Figure lb)

is land, a "near-shore" pixel if none of the A pixels is land but at least one of the B pixels is land,

7
Cavalieri, Parkinson, Gloersen, and Zwally

and an "off-shore" pixel if none of the A or B pixels is land but at least one of the C pixels is

land. All other ocean pixels are considered "non-coastal ocean". This matrix M is created once

and then used throughout the data set.

(2) A matrix CMIN, to represent minimum ice concentrations on a pixel-by-pixel basis

throughout the entire grid, was created for each instrument type. CMIN was created by first

constructing a matrix P containing the minimum monthly average ice concentrations throughout

a given year, then adjusting that matrix at off-shore, near-shore, and shore pixels. In the case of

SMMR, 1984 monthly data were used, whereas in the case of SSMI, 1992 monthly data were

used. In both cases, the adjustments were as follows: (a) at off-shore pixels, any P values exceeding 20% were reduced to 20%; (b) at near-shore pixels, any P values exceeding 40% were reduced to 40%; and (c) at shore pixels, any P values exceeding 60% were reduced to 60%. The

CMIN matrix was created once for SMMR and once for SSMI, then used throughout the data

sets.

(3) The daily ice-concentration matrices for all three data sets were adjusted at any offshore, near-shore, and shore pixels in the vicinity of open water. Specifically, the "neighborhood"

of an off-shore pixel was defined as containing the 8 other pixels in the 3 x 3 box centered on the

off-shore pixel; the "neighborhood" of a near-shore pixel was defined as containing the 24 other

pixels in the 5 x 5 box centered on the near-shore pixel; and the "neighborhood" of a shore pixel

was defined as containing the 48 other pixels in the 7 x 7 box centered on the shore pixel. At any

time when the neighborhood of an off-shore, near-shore, or shore pixel contains three or more

open-water pixels (i.e., ice concentration less than 15%), then the calculated ice concentration at

the off-shore, near-shore, or shore pixel is reduced by the value for that pixel in the matrix

CMIN. Wherever the subtraction leads to negative ice concentrations, the concentrations are set

to 0%. This land-spillover-correction algorithm is clearly a rough approximation, as the contaminated amount does not stay constant over time; but the scheme has been found to reduce substantially the spurious ice concentrations on the grids.

A correction for residual weather effects was made based on monthly climatological sea

surface temperatures (SSTs) from the NOAA Ocean Atlas (Levitus and Boyer, 1994). These

data, originally on a 2 ° by 2 ° grid, were remapped onto the SSMI grid. Because the SST data did

not extend to the SSMI coastline, the data were extrapolated to the coastline once regridded onto

the SSMI grid. The SST maps were used as follows: In the Northern Hemisphere, in any pixel

where the monthly SST is greater than 278 K, the ice concentration is set to zero throughout the
NASATechnical Memorandum104647

month;in theSouthernHemisphere,whereverthemonthlySSTis greaterthan275K, theice

concentrationis setto zerothroughoutthemonth. ThehigherthresholdSSTvaluewasneededin

theNorthernHemispherebecausethe275K isothermusedin theSouthwastoocloseto theice

edgein theNorth. In afewinstances,correctionsto theregriddedSSTdatawereneeded,becauseotherwisewewerelosingactualseaice. An exampleof theapplicationof theland-ocean

spilloverandresidualweathereffectcorrectionsis providedin Figure2.

3.3Filling DataGaps

In eachof thedatasets,thereareinstancesof missingdata. In somecaseswholedays(or

weeksormonths)aremissing. In othercases,largeswathsor wedgesof missingdataexist

within animage,alongwith scatteredpixelsof missingdatathroughoutthegrid.Thescattered

pixelsof missingdata,resultinggenerallyfrom mappingthe orbitalradiancedatato theSSMI

grid,werefilled by applyingaspatiallinearinterpolationschemeonthebrightnesstemperature

maps.Thelargerareasof missingdata,resultingfrom gapsbetweenorbitalswaths(generallyat

low latitudesondaily maps)orfrom partial coverageormissingdays,werefilled by temporal

interpolationontheice concentrationmaps.No dataat all wereavailablefortheperiodfrom

December2, 1987throughJanuary12,1988.This gapwasnotfilled by temporallinearinterpolation,insteadbeingleft asmissingdata.Table4 liststhe SSMIdatescontainingbaddata,which

weresubsequentlycorrectedthroughinterpolation.

Acknowledgments

Wegratefullyacknowledgethehelp of S.Fiegles,M. Martino,andJ.Salehfrom HughesSTX

Corp.with variousaspectsof thisproject. TheSSMIdatawereobtainedonCD-ROMfrom the

NationalSnowandIce DataCenter,Boulder,CO.

9
Cavalieri, Parkinson, Gloersen, andZwally

4.0 References

Cavalieri, D. J., J. Crawford, M. Drinkwater, W. J. Emery, D. T. Eppler, L. D. Farmer, M.

Goodberlet, R. Jentz, A. Milman, C. Morris, R. Onstott, A. Schweiger, R. Shuchman, K.

Steffen, C. T. Swift, C. Wackerman and R. L. Weaver, NASA Sea Ice Validation Program

for the DMSP SSM/I: Final Report, NASA Technical Memorandum 104559, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D. C., pp. 126, 1992.

Fiegles, S. and E Gloersen, "README file on CDROM," Arctic Sea Ice: 1978-1995, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.

Gloersen, E, W. J. Campbell, D. J. Cavalieri, J. C. Comiso, C. L. Parkinson, H. J. Zwally,

Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice,1978-1987: Satellite Passive Microwave Observations and

Analysis, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Special Publication 511, Wash

ington, D.C., pp.290, 1992.

Gloersen, E and Barath, E T., "A Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer for Nimbus-G

and SeaSat-A," IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, OE-2,172-178, 1977.

Hollinger, J. E, DMSP Special Sensor Microwave/Imager CalibrationValidation, Final Report

Volume 1, Space Sensing Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-

5000, 20 July 1989.

Levitus, S. and Boyer, T. P., World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 4: Temperature, NOAA National

Oceanographic Data Center, Ocean Climate Laboratory, U.S. Department of Commerce,

Washington, D.C., 1994.

Martino, M., D. J. Cavalieri, E Gloersen, and H. J. Zwally, An Improved Land Mask for the

SSM/I Grid, NASA Technical Memorandum 104625, pp.9, December 1995.

NSIDC, DMSP SSM/I Brightness Temperatures and Sea Ice Concentration Grids for the Polar

Regions on CD-ROM User's Guide, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Special Report-1,

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado,

Boulder, CO, January 1992.

10
NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

Parkinson, C. L., J. Comiso, H. J. Zwally, D. J. Cavalieri, E Gloersen, W. J. Campbell, Arctic Sea

Ice, 1973-1976." Satellite Passive Microwave Observations, National Aeronautics and

Space Administration, Special Publication 489, Washington, D.C., 296 pp., 1987.

11
Cavalieri, Parkinson, Gloersen, and Zwally

5.0 Tables and Figures

Table 1. Sensor and spacecraft orbital characteristics of the three sensors used in

generating the sea ice concentrations.

CHARACTERISTIC

Nominal Altitude (kin)

Equatorial Crossing of

Ascending Node

(approx. local time)

Algorithm Frequencies (GHz)

3 dB Beam Width (degree)

Earth Incidence Angle

Nimbus 7

SMMR

955

SENSOR

DMSP

SSMI F8

860

1200

18.0 & 37.0

1.6,0.8

50.2

0600

19.4 & 37.0

1.9, 1.1

53.1

DMSP

SSMI Fll

830

1700

19.4 & 37.0

1.9, 1.1

52.8

12
NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

Table 2. Brightness temperature linear regression coefficients and standard

errors of estimates for each sensor pair during their respective periods of overlap.

Slop_e_ Intercept Std.Err.

Arctic X(SMMR) Y(SSMI]F8)

18v 19v 0.919267 28.8415 3.3

18h 19h 0.963816 18.4413 5.5

37v 37v 0.979575 7.07773 3.8

Antarctic X(SMMR) Y(SSMI]F8)

18v 19v 0.957788 19.9111 3.5

18h 19h 0.997198 11.0883 6.0

37v 37v 1.00475 1.40737 3.7

Arctic X(SSMI/F8) Y(SSMI/F11)

19v 19v 0.980904 4.70857 2.5

19h 19h 0.999773 -0.0962 4.6

37v 37v 0.983745 3.91561 2.8

Antarctic X(SSMI/F8) Y(SSMI/F11)

19v 19v 0.967175 7.37425 2.8

19h 19h 0.988334 1.38727 4.9

37v 37v 0.905892 20.8818 4.3

where Std. Err. = rms(g-Yest)

13
Cavalieri, Parkinson, Gloersen, and Zwally

Table 3. New Sensor Tie-Points Used to Reduce Sea Ice Extent and Area Differences Between

Sensors During Their Respective Overlap Periods

NIMBUS 7 SMMR

ARCTIC 18H 18V 37V

OW 98.5 168.7 199.4

FY 225.2 242.2 239.8

MY 186.8 210.2 180.8

ANTARCTIC

OW 98.5 168.7 199.4

A 232.2 247.1 245.5

B 205.2 237.0 210.0

DMSP SSMI F8

ARCTIC 19H A 19V

OW 113.2 +0.2 183.4

FY 235.5 251.5

MY 198.5 222.1

A

+0.5

37V

204.0

242.0

184.2

%DIFF.(F8-N7)

AIE AIA

+0.0069 -0.41

ANTARCTIC

OW 117.0 +7.7 185.3 +3.8 207.1

A 242.6 256.6 248.1

B 215.7 246.9 212.4

+5.3 +0.019 -0.11

DMSP SSMI F11

ARCTIC 19H A 19V

OW 113.6 +0.5 185.1

FY 235.3 251.4

MY 198.3 222.5

A

+0.5

37V

204.8

242.0

185.1

A

+0.2

%DIFF.(F1 l-F8)

AlE MA

+0.0048 +0.21

ANTARCTIC

OW 115.7 +0.1 186.2

A 241.2 255.5

B 214.6 246.2

-0.4 207.1

245.6

211.3

-0.036 +0.61

14
NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

Table 4. SSMI (F8 and F11) days containing bad orbits or bad scans.

Dates

102/1992 103/1992 351/1992 323/1993 330/1993

331/1993 334/1993 346/1993 352/1993 357/1993

007/1994 009/1994 011/1994 01211994 01411994

017/1994 019/1994 022/1994 023/1994 025/1994

028/1994 031/1994 04211994 167/1994 18211994

350/1994 358/1994 003/1995 039/1995 059/1995

077/1995 081/1995 082/1995 086/1995 097/1995

105/1995 231/1995 232/1995

15
Cavalieri, Parkinson, Gloersen, and Zwally

TB

LAND

Modeled

%%

%

Measured

DISTANCE

(a)

c C c

C B B B C

C B A A A B C

C B A I,J A B C

C B A A A B C

J

C B B B C

C C C

Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustrating the effect of the coarse resolution of the microwave antenna

on a coastline. This effect, referred to as land-to-ocean spillover, results in false sea ice signals in

the vicinity of the coast. (b) Seven-by-seven array used in the procedure to reduce the land-toocean spillover effect. See text for explanation.

16
NASA Technical Memorandum 104647

<

©

_D

©

L)

_iiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiii _iiiiiiiiiiiii_iiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii _iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

©

©

o_

o_

o_

°_

°_

Z

^I vl

©

© ©

©

o_

•_ d.)

©

o_

o_

o_

17
Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

May 1997 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Concentrations from Multichannel

Passive-Microwave Satellite Data Sets: Oct. 1978 - Sept. 1995

6. AUTHOR(S)

D. J. Cavalieri, C. L. Parkinson, R Gloersen, and H. Jay Zwally

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

Code 971

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

97B00054

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM-104647

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Unclassified - Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

This report is available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

800 Elkrid_e Landin_ Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090;301-621-0390

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Satellite multichannel passive-microwave sensors have provided global radiance measurements with which to map,

monitor and study the Arctic and Antarctic polar sea ice covers. The data span over 18 years (as of April 1997), starting

with the launch of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on NASA's SeaSat A and Nimbus 7 in

1978 and continuing with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager

(SSMI) series beginning in 1987. It is anticipated that the DMSP SSMI series will continue into the 21st century. The

SSMI series will be augmented by new, improved sensors to be flown on Japanese and U.S. space platforms.

This User's Guide provides a description of a new sea ice concentration data set generated from observations made by

three of these multichannel sensors. The data set includes gridded daily ice concentrations (every-other-day for the

SMMR data) for both the north and south polar regions from October 26, 1978 through September 30, 1995, with the

one exception of a 6-week data gap from December 3, 1987 through January 12, 1988. The data have been placed on two

CD-ROMs that include a ReadMeCD file giving the technical details on the file format, file headers, north and south

polar grids, ancillary data sets, and directory structure of the CD-ROM. The CD-ROMS will be distributed by the

National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, CO.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

sea ice concentration, satellite passive microwave radiometers,

Arctic sea ice, Antarctic sea ice

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

17

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

LTL

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

298-102