NUMBER 13-06-00158-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

 

$281,420.00 IN U.S. CURRENCY, Appellant,

v. 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

 

On appeal from the 398th District Court 

of Hidalgo County, Texas

 

DISSENTING MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Vela

Dissenting Memorandum Opinion by Justice Vela

I respectfully dissent to the majority’s decision to award the $281,420 to Gregorio

Huerta. First, I would hold the trial court correctly granted judgment notwithstanding the

verdict because a directed verdict would have been proper as Huerta totally failed to
This question asked the jury, “W hat amount of money should be awarded to the intervener (W rite

1

in a figure between $0.00 and $281,420.00).”

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establish his right to the property under any theory of law. Second, I would hold the State

established as a matter of law that the $281,420 constituted contraband subject to

forfeiture.

A. Huerta Proved No Theory Of Law Vesting Him With The Right To Keep The 

 Currency

I disagree with the majority’s opinion awarding Huerta $281,420, because he neither

raised nor proved any legal theory entitling him to retain any portion of the money. The

majority seems to conclude that because it believes that the State failed to prove its right

under the forfeiture statute, the money, by default, goes to Huerta. I view the issues

separately. I believe that the State had the burden of establishing its right to the currency

pursuant to the forfeiture statute. I also believe that Huerta had the burden to establish his

right to the funds under some theory of law other than by default.

 Question No. 2 asked the jury, “Do you find by a preponderance of the evidence that

the intervener [Huerta] was in actual or joint possession of the currency at the time of

seizure?” (emphasis added). The jury responded in the affirmative. In response to

Question No. 3, the jury awarded him $70,000. 1

The majority holds that Huerta is entitled to $281,420 because

The record reflects that Huerta, the bailee in possession of the Freightliner

where the currency was found, was the individual who found the currency.

The record further reflects that Huerta gave consent to DPS and U.S.

Customs officers to search the Freightliner and its contents on two

occasions, thereby supporting the jury’s finding that Huerta was in

possession of the currency at the time of seizure. Accordingly, we find that

more than a scintilla of competent evidence supports the jury’s conclusion

that Huerta was in possession of the Freightliner and the currency at the time
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of seizure. Because the jury found that the currency was not contraband and

that Huerta was in possession of the Freightliner and currency at the time of

seizure, question three of the jury charge was immaterial.

$281,420.00 v. State, 13-06-158-CV, 1008 WL_____, at *____ (Tex. App.–Corpus Christ

Mar.____, 2008, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).

The charge, however, did not include a question about whether Huerta was either

in possession of the Freightliner at the time of seizure or whether he was a bailee at the

time of seizure. Accordingly, the jury did not make a finding on either issue. Even

assuming that Huerta established as a matter of law that he was the bailee in possession

of the Freightliner at the time of seizure, that does not entitle him to any portion of the

$281,420.

For the purposes of the forfeiture statute, article 59.01(8) states that seizure

means the restraint of property by a peace officer under Article 59.03(a)

[seizure with a search warrant] or (b) [seizure without a search warrant] of

this code, whether the officer restrains the property by physical force or by

a display of the officer's authority, and includes the collection of property or

the act of taking possession of property.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 59.01(8) (Vernon Supp 2007); State v. Silver Chevrolet

Pickup, 140 S.W.3d 691, 694 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam).

At the time the $281,420 was seized, Jesus Pulido was the Freightliner’s registered

owner. By virtue of his ownership interest in the Freightliner, he owned everything inside

the Freightliner, including the $281,420. The fact that Huerta found the $281,420 inside

the Freightliner did not give him an ownership interest in the money superior to that of

Pulido. The evidence does not show that Pulido relinquished his ownership rights either

in the Freightliner or the $281,420 prior to seizure. Furthermore, Huerta had been paid for

his towing services prior to his discovery of the $281,420. There is no evidence to show
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that Huerta was an interest holder in either the Freightliner or the $281,420 at the time the

money was seized. At the time Pulido relinquished his claim to the $281,420, lawenforcement authorities were in possession of the money, not Huerta.

I also believe that the burden was on Huerta to establish his own right to the

currency because he clearly was not the owner of the Freightliner or its contents. No issue

was submitted to the jury that would have given Huerta the right to recover money that he

clearly did not own. I agree with the majority that question three was immaterial, and I

would go further and hold that there was not a single material issue submitted to the jury

to allow Huerta to recover. Even if the trial court incorrectly granted a JNOV with regard

to the issue of whether the seized money was contraband, there is still no legal basis to

allow Huerta to recover. At best, he was a bailee. A bailment is a delivering of a thing

under which the bailee acquires an independent and temporary exclusive possession for

a specific purpose. Northcutt v. State, 131 S.W. 1128, 1130 (Tex. Crim. App. 1910). A

mere temporary bailment did not grant him permanent possession to the property seized.

The most that Huerta can show is that he was in temporary possession of the Freightliner

for purposes of towing. There were no issues submitted to the jury to show either that he

was entitled to the property because it was abandoned by the owner or that a contract for

reward had been entered into. There is simply no legal basis for Huerta to recover. Texas

law provides avenues for determining entitlement to abandoned property. For instance,

section 72.101 of the Texas Property Code outlines the presumption of abandonment.

TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 72.101 (Vernon 2007). Here, the majority presumes that the

money must go to the State or to Huerta. I believe that each party was required to prove

its own entitlement. If Pulido, as owner of the currency, abandoned his right to the
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currency, measures should have been taken to process the money as abandoned property.

I believe the State proved its entitlement to the currency. But even if it didn’t, there was no

issue submitted to the jury entitling Huerta to recover the money. 

I would hold that Huerta has failed to establish as a matter of law that he is entitled

to the $281,420 or any portion of the that amount. I would overrule the third issue.

B. The State Established As A Matter Of Law That The Currency Was 

 Contraband 

I also believe that the State established as a matter of law that the $281,420 was

contraband. Chapter 59 of the code of criminal procedure authorizes the forfeiture of

contraband, which is defined as:

(2) property of any nature, including real, personal, tangible, or intangible,

that is:

* * *

(B) used or intended to be used in the commission of:

(i) any felony under Chapter 481, Health and Safety Code (Texas Controlled

Substances Act);

(ii) any felony under Chapter 483, Health and Safety Code; . . . .

* * *

(C) the proceeds gained from the commission of a felony listed in Paragraph

(A) or (B) of this subdivision, . . . .

(D) acquired with proceeds gained from the commission of a felony listed in

Paragraph (A) or (B) of this subdivision, . . . .

TEX. CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. arts. 59.01(2)(B)(i), (ii), 2(C), 2(D) (Vernon Supp. 2007). The

Texas Supreme Court has stated that “[m]oney is subject to forfeiture if it is derived from

or intended for use in manufacturing, delivering, selling, or possessing a controlled
T EX. CONST. art. 1, § 9. 2

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substance.” State v. $11,014.00, 820 S.W.2d 783, 784 (Tex. 1991). 

To prevail in a forfeiture proceeding, the State must satisfy a two-part test. First, the

State must show probable cause, or “a reasonable belief a ‘substantial connection exists 2

between the property to be forfeited and the criminal activity defined by the statute.’” Hardy

v. State, 102 S.W.3d 123, 129 (Tex. 2003) (quoting Fifty-Six Thousand Seven Hundred

Dollars in U.S. Currency v. State, 730 S.W.2d 659, 661 (Tex. 1987)). “‘It is that link, or

nexus, between the property to be forfeited and the statutorily defined criminal activity that

establishes probable cause, without which the State lacks authority to seize a person’s

property.’” Id. (quoting Fifty-Six Thousand Seven Hundred Dollars in U.S. Currency, 730

S.W.2d at 661).

Second, the State must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the seized

property is contraband and therefore subject to forfeiture. $18,800 in U.S. Currency v.

State, 961 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ); $162,950 in

Currency of U.S. v. State, 911 S.W.2d 528, 529 (Tex. App.–Eastland 1995, writ denied);

see State v. $11,014.00, 820 S.W.2d at 784. Conviction of an underlying felony is not a

prerequisite to forfeiture. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 59.05(d) (Vernon 2006).

Because there is no direct evidence showing that the $281,420 was derived from

or intended for use in manufacturing, delivering, selling, or possessing a controlled

substance, the State was required to present “sufficient circumstantial evidence.” Antrim

v. State, 868 S.W.2d 809, 812 (Tex. App.–Austin 1993, no writ). “When relying on

circumstantial evidence, ‘the State is required to offer proof which does more than raise
3See $24,180.00 v. State, 865 S.W .2d 181, 184 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1993, writ denied)

(evidence that money wrapped in small bundles signifies it was used in drug deal).

See Antrim v. State, 868 S.W .2d 809, 814 (Tex. App.–Austin 1993, no writ). 4

See id.

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a mere surmise or suspicion regarding the source of the currency.’” Id. (quoting Money of

the United States $8,500.00 v. State, 774 S.W.2d 788, 792 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.]

1989, no writ)). However, “the State is not required to exclude every other possible way

in which the money might have been acquired; it is required only to prove the fact through

a balance of probabilities.” Id.

In the forfeiture context, there are no concrete rules for courts to apply when

evaluating whether evidence is sufficient to support a judgment granting forfeiture. Id. at

814. When determining whether currency is contraband, courts have considered the

following factors: (1) the manner in which the currency was packaged and wrapped; (2) 3

suspicious activity consistent with drug trafficking; and (3) the amount of money at issue. 4 5

Here, the evidence showed: (1) Johnny Mercado hired Gregorio Huerta to transport a

Freightliner tractor from Alvin to Mercedes; (2) Jesus Pulido was the Freightliner’s

registered owner; (3) when Trooper Torres stopped Huerta near San Juan, Mercado, who

was in a separate vehicle, did not stop; rather, he circled around there two or three times

and left; (4) Trooper Torres testified that the Freightliner’s middle axle “was missing

something, which appeared strange;” (5) x-rays of the Freightliner’s engine compartment

and two rear axles were dark and inconclusive; (6) both a K-9 search of the Freightliner

and a search of the Freightliner’s engine compartment and rear axles by various troopers

revealed no drugs; (7) Huerta removed the oil plug from the bottom of the Freightliner’s
Huerta’s search of the Freightliner raises the issue of whether a bailee may search the bailed 6

property without the owner’s consent and then claim whatever he or she finds inside the bailed property.

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axle, stuck his finger in the opening, and, feeling plastic, he opened the Freightliner’s hub

compartment where he found twenty to thirty little bundles wrapped in duct tape; (8) these 6

bundles consisted of packaged currency totaling $281,420; and (9) even though Huerta

notified Mercado about the Freightliner’s location and that currency was found in the

Freightliner, Huerta denied hearing anything from either Mercado or Pulido regarding either

the Freightliner or the currency. Furthermore, in its third amended petition, the State noted

that although Mercado and Pulido were served with citation and petition, they did not

answer or appear.

In sum, the Freightliner was carrying a large amount of currency wrapped in twenty

to thirty bundles hidden in a location that made the currency undetectable to either x-rays

or the nose of a drug-sniffing dog. The evidence also showed that even though a large

amount of cash was found in Pulido’s vehicle, he failed to claim it. The amount of currency

at issue is beyond that which ordinary people carry in their vehicles for legitimate business

purposes. Moreover, Huerta presented no evidence concerning the origin of the currency.

Even though there was no showing of when, where, or from whom the currency was

acquired, the State “is not required to exclude every possible way in which the money

might have been acquired.” Spurs v. State, 850 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. App.–Tyler 1993,

writ denied); Antrim, 868 S.W.2d at 812. 

I would hold that the uncontradicted evidence of all of the circumstances taken

together shows that the State established as a matter of law the $281,420 is contraband

in that it was derived from or intended for use in manufacturing, delivering, selling, or
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possessing a controlled substance and that there is a reasonable belief that a substantial

connection or nexus exists between the $281,420 and the criminal activity defined by the

Texas Controlled Substances Act, e.g., possession or delivery of cocaine. 

I would overrule Huerta’s second issue and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

ROSE VELA

Justice

Dissenting Memorandum Opinion delivered and 

filed this 3rd day of April, 2008.