IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1311 

Filed October 15, 2014

IN THE INTEREST OF D.B.,

Minor Child,

H.B., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Annette 

Boehlje, District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals from the order terminating her parental rights to her son. 

AFFIRMED.

David Kuehner of Eggert, Erb, Mulcahy & Kuehner, P.L.L.C., Charles City, 

for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant 

Attorney General, Carlyle D. Dalen, County Attorney, and Nichole Benes, 

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.

Mark Young, Mason City, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, J.

Heather, the mother of D.B., appeals the order terminating her parental 

rights to D.B. She contends the statutory grounds for termination of her rights 

are not supported by substantial evidence and the court erred in not appointing 

counsel for D.B., who, she claims, opposed termination.

I.

In 2011 Heather voluntarily allowed D.B. to reside full-time with his 

maternal great-grandmother, Beverly. Heather allowed this because she and her 

fiancé were experiencing difficulties in their relationship, and she believed that 

D.B. should not be present for their arguments. Further, Heather suffered from 

mental health conditions, including anxiety, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic 

stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and borderline personality disorder, 

the combination of which rendered her fragile. For example, Heather reported 

her stress and anxiety put her on the verge of having seizures. 

In the fall of 2012 D.B. began experiencing headaches and vision 

problems for which he was referred to Mayo Clinic. Upon his admission to Mayo 

Clinic, a non-cancerous tumor on his spine was discovered and removed. D.B. 

was diagnosed with malignant hypertension complicating chronic hypertension, 

myelitis, kidney problems, and visual impairment related to the hypertension. 

D.B.’s cluster of medical conditions requires extensive aftercare, including daily 

blood pressure monitoring, frequent medical appointments, and infusion 

treatment at Mayo Clinic. It was reported that D.B.’s condition “is very serious 

and it is of the utmost importance his medical care be followed through with 
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exactly as recommended.” The failure to strictly follow D.B.’s aftercare 

requirements is potentially life-threatening. 

While D.B. was at Mayo Clinic receiving medical treatment, Heather 

suffered a panic attack and returned home. Beverly remained with D.B. during 

this time. In contrast, even though D.B. was in the hospital for eleven days, 

Heather did not return to the hospital. Because she did not return to the hospital, 

Heather did not receive training to provide for D.B.’s now significant medical 

needs. Thus, upon D.B.’s release from the hospital, the department of human 

services sought D.B.’s removal from Heather’s custody. The juvenile court 

entered an order for shelter care, placing D.B. in the temporary legal care, 

custody, and control of Beverly. 

Following a hearing in January 2013, the court adjudicated D.B. a child in 

need of assistance pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(e) (2013) (“in need of 

medical treatment . . . and whose parent . . . is unwilling or unable to provide 

such treatment”) and (n) (“parent’s . . . mental capacity or condition . . . results in 

the child not receiving adequate care”). At the hearing, Heather testified she had 

difficulty going to the doctor with D.B. because of her anxiety. The court 

continued D.B. in Beverly’s custody, subject to Heather’s visitation. The court 

ordered Heather “to continue to address her mental health issues and take any 

prescribed medication.” While Heather took her medication, she refused 

counseling or other means of addressing her mental health needs.

Following a hearing in March 2013, the court entered a disposition order 

continuing D.B.’s custody with Beverly. The court ordered Heather to participate 
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in mental health counseling to address current stressors, to participate in 

visitation actively and on a consistent basis, and to make her home smoke free 

so as not to compromise D.B.’s asthma and other health concerns. Heather 

participated intermittently in visitation but continued to refuse counseling.

In February 2014 the court held a permanency hearing. D.B., then age 

twelve, was present. The court consulted “with the child in an age appropriate 

manner regarding the proposed permanency order and transition plan.” The 

court found “[D.B.] [was] aware that his mother [was] unable to care for him at 

[that] time. He desire[d] that any transition to a new home proceed slowly.” The 

court found D.B. had done well in Beverly’s care, but noted D.B. potentially would 

need another caretaker in the future due to Beverly’s age. Concerning Heather, 

the court found:

Heather has attended some of [D.B’s] appointments, but still has 

not addressed her own mental health issues. She has refused to 

attend counseling, even though it is very clear that she is struggling 

in her own life. She does not cooperate with FSRP services, which 

would help her with parenting and other life skills. Heather has 

repeatedly stated that [D.B] is coming home, despite her lack of 

follow through or effort to address the identified case plan goals.

The court continued permanency for three additional months to allow paternity 

testing on a man Heather identified as a potential father of D.B. The court also 

ordered the State to file a termination petition.

In the period between the February hearing and the July termination 

hearing, Heather exercised some after-school and weekend visitation with D.B. 

But, by May 2014, visitation dwindled to approximately once per month because 

Heather could not handle the stress of having D.B. on the same weekend 
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Heather’s paramour had visitation with his son. Also, Heather frequently 

cancelled planned visitation due to claimed illnesses and/or scheduling conflicts.

When Heather cut back weekend visitation, D.B. responded by declining afterschool visitation.

Following a contested termination hearing in July 2014, the court 

terminated Heather’s parental rights to D.B. pursuant to Iowa Code section 

232.116(1)(e) (lack of significant and meaningful contact), (f) (child cannot be 

returned home safely), and (k) (parent has chronic mental illness and has been 

repeatedly institutionalized; child cannot return home within reasonable time). 

The court found:

Heather was encouraged to visit [D.B.] and to treat her 

mental health problems, which include depression and anxiety. 

Heather has refused to go to counseling and may not be taking her 

medication as directed. Heather claims that counseling doesn’t 

work for her. She has made appointments recently to see 

counselors but has missed them after they are scheduled.

At times, Heather’s mental health prevents her from leaving 

her home and she cannot go to a hospital. Heather has been more 

consistent lately with visiting [D.B.]. It still hinges on whether she 

“feels” like seeing him or not. Heather has canceled visits when 

[her paramour’s] son is at her home due to her inability to handle 

two boys.

Heather claims she can care for [D.B.], but has been unable 

to show consistency in her visits with him. She has no other 

supports in the community other than Bev[erly], [D.B.] and [her 

paramour]. She complains of pain and seizures.

In sum, Heather is not able to mentally handle the care of an 

active boy who will require significant, consistent medical treatment 

for the rest of his life. She has not taken the opportunity to address

these issues during the case, but has resisted getting help.

. . . .

[D.B.] and Heather are bonded and love each other. 

However, [D.B.] is more of Heather’s caretaker than child. Heather 

has gone several months without contacting [D.B.].
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[D.B.] needs to be a child and to experience a childhood. 

Heather has refused to address her depression and anxiety, which 

is the barrier preventing reunification.

When considering the permissive exceptions to termination in section 

232.116(3), the court noted D.B. “is over ten years of age and does not object to 

termination.” See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(b).

II.

We review de novo proceedings terminating parental rights. See In re 

H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 745 (Iowa 2011). We examine both the facts and law, 

and we adjudicate anew those issues properly preserved and presented. See In 

re L.G., 532 N.W.2d 478, 480 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). We give weight to the 

findings of the juvenile court, especially concerning the credibility of witnesses, 

but we are not bound by them. See id. at 480-81. Our obligation to review 

termination proceedings de novo means our review is not a rubber stamp of what 

has come before. We will thus uphold an order terminating parental rights only if 

there is clear and convincing evidence of grounds for termination. See In re 

C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 492 (Iowa 2000). Evidence is “clear and convincing” 

when there are no serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness of the 

conclusions of law drawn from the evidence. See id.

III.

In determining whether parental rights should be terminated under chapter 

232, the juvenile court “follows a three-step analysis.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 

703, 706 (Iowa 2010). First the court must “determine if a ground for termination 

under section 232.116(1) has been established.” Id. If the court finds grounds 

for termination, the court then must decide if the grounds for termination should 
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result in a termination of parental rights under the best-interest framework set out 

in section 232.116(2). Id. at 706-07. Even if the court finds “the statutory bestinterest framework supports termination of parental rights,” the court finally 

considers “if any statutory exceptions set out in section 232.116(3) should serve 

to preclude termination of parental rights.” Id. at 707.

Heather first contends none of the grounds for termination are supported 

by clear and convincing evidence. “[W]e need only find grounds to terminate 

under one of the sections cited by the juvenile court to affirm.” In re S.R., 600 

N.W.2d 63, 64 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999). We address termination of Heather’s rights 

pursuant to section 232.116(1)(f). While there is no dispute concerning the first 

three elements of this ground for termination of rights, Heather challenges the 

finding that D.B. could not be returned to her custody at the time of the 

termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(4) (requiring proof “that at 

the present time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents 

as provided in section 232.102”). The record belies her challenge. 

A child cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents under 

section 232.102 if by doing so the child would be exposed to any harm 

amounting to a new child in need of assistance adjudication or without remaining 

a child in need of assistance. See In re R.R.K., 544 N.W.2d 274, 277 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1995), overruled on other grounds by In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Iowa 

2010); see also In re M.M., 483 N.W.2d 812, 814 (Iowa 1992). D.B. has 

significant and ongoing medical conditions that require daily treatment and 

monitoring and frequent treatment with medical providers, including infusions at 
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Mayo Clinic. Heather’s mental health conditions and other behaviors render her 

incapable of taking care of herself, let alone a child with life-threatening illnesses. 

When Heather and her paramour are not getting along, which seems to recur 

frequently, Heather cries, stays in the house, and does not allow D.B. or service 

providers to come. The evidence showed Heather attended only one of D.B.’s 

doctor appointments after his release from the hospital in late 2012. When 

challenged during her testimony at the termination hearing about not participating 

in visitation and not attending D.B.’s medical appointments, Heather denied any 

such problems and claimed others were lying. In sum, we conclude there is clear 

and convincing evidence D.B. cannot safely be returned to Heather’s home 

without being at risk for the same adjudicatory harms that led to his initial 

adjudication as a child in need of assistance. See R.R.K., 544 N.W.2d at 277. 

Heather does not challenge the determination that termination of her rights 

is in D.B.’s best interest. Giving “primary consideration to [D.B]’s safety, to the 

best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of [D.B.], and to 

the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of [D.B.],” we 

independently conclude terminating Heather’s parental rights is in D.B.’s best 

interest. See P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 39. D.B. has a strong bond with Beverly, and 

she can and does provide for his needs.

We next consider whether any of the statutory exceptions set forth in 

section 232.116(3) should serve to preclude termination of Heather’s parental 

rights. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707. Heather contends the court “erred in not 

appointing a separate attorney for [D.B.] in addition to a guardian ad litem” 
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because D.B. allegedly objected to the termination of the parent-child relationship 

but the guardian ad litem recommended termination of the parent-child 

relationship. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(b). When a guardian ad litem 

recommends a disposition that conflicts with a child’s wishes, the juvenile court 

may, under section 232.89, appoint an independent attorney to represent the 

child in situations where a child is of sufficient age and maturity to make an 

informed decision about a potential termination of the child’s relationship with his 

parents. See In re A.T., 744 N.W.2d 664, 665 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007). The State 

argues error was not preserved. Heather asserts if error was not preserved on 

this issue, counsel was ineffective. In either case, the issue is without merit. 

The order appointing the guardian ad litem also appointed him to serve as 

the child’s attorney. The attorney’s filings with the court were made as the child’s 

attorney. Further, the only person who claims D.B. objected to the termination is 

Heather. As mentioned previously, D.B. attended the permanency hearing and 

the court made an age-appropriate inquiry into his wishes. The court found D.B. 

was aware Heather was unable to care for him and, because of the possibility he 

might not be able to stay with Beverly, he desired that any transition to a new 

home proceed slowly. At the termination hearing, the family care coordinator 

testified D.B. “usually just says things are fine, he’s happy where he’s at, he likes 

to see mom. He never reported to me that he wants to go home, those specific 

words.” The court expressly found D.B. did not object to the termination of 

Heather’s parental rights.
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Based on our de novo review of the record, we conclude the court did not 

abuse its discretion in not appointing a separate attorney for D.B. There is no 

indication in the record there was any conflict here between the roles of attorney 

and guardian ad litem or that the recommendations conflicted with D.B.’s 

wishes.

IV.

Clear and convincing evidence supports termination under section 

232.116(1)(f). Termination is in D.B.’s best interest. No exception in section 

232.116(3) applies. There was no reason in this case to separate the roles of 

attorney and guardian ad litem. Accordingly, we affirm the termination of 

Heather’s parental rights to D.B.

AFFIRMED.