DOE/EIA-0576

Distribution Category UC-98

State Coal Profiles

January 1994

Energy Information Administration

Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20585
ii Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

This report was prepared by the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical

and analytical agency within the Department of Energy. The information contained herein

should not be construed as advocating or reflecting any policy position of the Department of

Energy or of any other organization.
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles iii

Contacts

This report was prepared in the Supply Analysis Branch, Branch (202/254-5490); or B. D. Hong, (202/254-5365).

Analysis and Systems Division, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Specific questions regarding the preparation and content

Electric and Alternate Fuels. General information of the report should be directed to Eugene R. Slatick

regarding this publication may be obtained from John (202/254-5384). Questions on current coal and other

Geidl, Director, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and energy statistics should be directed to the National Energy

Alternate Fuels (202/254-5570); Robert M. Schnapp, Information Center (NEIC) (202/586-8800).

Director, Analysis and Systems Division (202/254-5392);

Betsy O'Brien, Chief, Supply Analysis
iv Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Preface

Section 205 (a)(2) of the Department of Energy Organ- the coal industry, and the use of coal in each of the 27

ization Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-91) requires the States with coal production in 1992. This information

Administrator of the Energy Information Administration should serve as the basis for more detailed analyses of the

(EIA) to carry out a central, comprehensive, and unified role an individual State's coal resources and coal industry

energy data and information program that will collect, have in contributing to the Nation's coal requirements.

evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data and

information relevant to energy resources, reserves, and The legislation that created EIA vested the organization

related economic and statistical infor-mation. with an element of statutory independence. EIA does not

As part of EIA's program to provide information on coal, to provide timely, high-quality information and to

this report, State Coal Profiles, summarizes basic

information on the coal deposits, the development of

take positions on policy questions. EIA's responsibility is

perform objective, credible analyses.
vi Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................ 1

Alabama ................................................................................................ 3

Alaska ................................................................................................. 7

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Appendices

A. National Rankings of Coal-Producing States and Percent of U.S. Total, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

B. State Agencies and Other Organizations Concerned with Coal and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 1

Introduction

The purpose of State Coal Profiles is to provide basic

information about the deposits, production, and use of

coal in each of the 27 States with coal production in 1992.

Although considerable information on coal has been

published on a national level, there is a lack of a uniform

overview for the individual States. This report is intended

to help fill that gap and also to serve as a framework for

more detailed studies. While focusing on coal output, State

Coal Profiles shows that the coal-producing States are

major users of coal, together accounting for about threefourths of total U.S. coal consumption in 1992.

At one time or another, coal has been produced in nearly

all of the 38 States with coal deposits. Historically, this

production played an important role in the development

of these States as well as in the Nation's growth and

westward expansion. U.S. coal production has reached

record levels, but not all coal-producing States have

shared in this growth. The peak years of coal production

in some States occurred many decades ago, whereas in

other States the coal industry has been revitalized in

recent times. These changes reflect shifts in the use of coal

over the years.

In the past, coal had a variety of uses. Large amounts were

consumed for domestic heating, railroad fuel, as a source

of heat for industrial processes, and as a source of coke for

smelting iron ore for the iron and steel industry. Today,

due to competition from other fuels and other sources of

energy, coal is used mostly to generate electricity. Concern

over environmental quality and the enactment of clean air

legislation has led to the greater use of low-sulfur coal.

This adversely affected production in States with lowquality coal, but rejuvenated the coal industry in States

with environmentally acceptable coal. Advances in the

technology

for burning coal cleanly and for using it in new ways,

such as a source of chemicals, could create future

opportunities for coal development in some States.1

Each coal-producing State is profiled with a description of

its coal deposits and a discussion of the development of its

coal industry. Estimates of coal reserves in 1992 are

categorized by mining method and sulfur content. Trends,

patterns, and other information concerning production,

number of mines, miners, productivity, mine price of coal,

disposition, and consumption of coal are detailed in

statistical tables for selected years from 1980 through 1992.

In addition, coal's contribution to the State's estimated

total energy consumption is given for 1991, the latest year

for which data are available. A U.S. summary of all data

is provided for comparing individual States with the

Nation as a whole. Sources of information are given at the

end of the tables.

Also included are a graph showing annual coal production in each State from 1890 through 1992 and three maps.

The first map shows the coal-producing counties in 1992,

the approximate locations of coal-fired power plants, coke

plants, and coal gasification plants that were active during

the year, and the approximate extent of coal-bearing

areas. The other maps show, for 1992, the domestic

distribution of coal produced in each State and the

domestic origin of the coal shipped to each coal-producing

State.

The appendices contain: (1) a table showing the 1992

national rankings of the coal-producing States for several

categories of coal data, and (2) a list of addresses and

telephone numbers of State agencies and other sources

that can provide additional information about coal and

current developments in each coal-producing State.
2 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 The methane in coalbeds is produced commercially as an energy source in several States (e.g., Alabama, New Mexico, and Wyoming). 1

Coalbed methane has become an important part of the U.S. reserves and production of natural gas, which is predominantly methane. A review

of coalbed methane is beyond the scope of this report. For information, see “Coalbed Methane—State of the Industry,” Quarterly Review of

Methane from Coal Seams Technology 11, 1 (August 1993), pp. 1-52; Energy Information Administration, “Update on U.S. Coalbed Methane

Production,” Natural Gas Monthly October 1990, DOE/EIA-0130(90/10)(Washington, DC, December 1990), pp.1-15; and “U.S. Coalbed Methane

Production,” Natural Gas Monthly January 1994, DOE/EIA-0130(94/01) (Washington, DC, January 1994), pp. 1-11. 
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 3

State Coal Profile: Alabama

Coal is the most important mineral commodity produced from the iron and steel industry, production is now

in Alabama, based on value of production. In 1992, the largely sustained by the increased use of coal to generate

State's output of coal represented nearly one- half of the electricity. Alabama's coal production was 26 million short

total estimated value of all mineral commodities produced tons in 1992.

in the State, including crude oil and natural gas.

Production from Federal coal leases generated nearly $1 Underground mines have generally been the major

million in royalties, which were disbursed equally to the sources of Alabama's coal production. Several of these

State and Federal Governments. mines are among the deepest in the United States, proLarge bituminous coal deposits occur in the northwestern coal producer, with more than 2 million short tons, was

part of the State. Lignite deposits, which are not mined, the Blue Creek No. 4 underground mine of Jim Walter

are scattered in the coastal plain in the South. The Warrior Resources, Inc., in Tuscaloosa County. Tuscaloosa,

coalfield is the largest and most productive area. About 20 Walker, and Jefferson were the leading coal-producing

coalbeds are mined in the State, but most production is counties. About 1 percent of Alabama's 1992 coal output

from the Blue Creek and Mary Lee coalbeds in the was from Federal coal leases.

Warrior coalfield. These beds average 6 to 7 feet in

thickness. Much of Alabama's coal can be converted into In 1992, about three-fourths of Alabama's coal production

coke to make steel. was distributed to domestic markets and nearly oneCommercial coal production in Alabama began around coal produced for domestic use was consumed in

1832 and was probably from outcrops in the Black Alabama. The State's coal consumption was 32 million

Warrior River in Tuscaloosa County. The coal was short tons in 1992. Electric utilities have been Alabama's

transported by barge to Mobile and sold in competition leading coal consumers since the 1960's, and their share of

with coal imported from England. The State's first large- total consumption has grown steadily. More than twoscale underground mine, the Montevallo, was opened in thirds of the utility coal received in 1992 was produced in

Shelby County in 1856. the State, with most of the balance received from

By about 1870, the development of the iron and steel 2,690-megawatt James H. Miller, Jr., plant of Alabama

industry in Birmingham provided the opportunity to mine Electric Power Company in Jefferson County. About half

large deposits of coking coal in the area. To satisfy the of the coking coal used in Alabama was produced in the

demand for coal for this and other domestic markets, State; West Virginia and Virginia supplied virtually all of

including the railroads, Alabama's coal output rose from the balance. More than half of the coal delivered to other

8 million short tons at the turn of the century to 21 million industrial users was Alabama coal. The principal conshort tons in 1926 before falling to less than half that sumers in this sector were paper and pulp mills, cement

amount during the Depression. Production during World and lime plants, and organic fiber manufacturers.

War II increased to 19 million short tons. 

Postwar production decreased as the pattern of coal use States in coal exports in 1992, handling 7 million short

changed due to the dieselization of the railroads, tons, or 7 percent, of the U.S. total. Mobile is a shipping

competition from other fuels in the domestic market, and point for export coal produced in Alabama and other coaldeclining overseas markets. Production fell to about 10 producing States in the East. The coal-loading terminals

million short tons in 1954 before beginning a generally are the McDuffie Island Terminal and the Bulk Plant, both

upward trend. Initially supported by demand operated by Alabama State Docks Department.

ducing from about 2,000 feet. In 1992, the State's largest

fourth was exported overseas. More than 90 percent of the

Kentucky. The largest coal-fired generating facility is the

The Customs District of Mobile ranked fifth in the Uni-ted
Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

0 50 100

Miles

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Alabama

4 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ..................... 1840 (946 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal 

 Production ............... 1990 (29,030,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 51,609 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 9,700 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................ 1,454 3,308 4,762

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 259 428

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 1,958 2,461

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 139 200

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 2,356 3,089

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 89 468

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ........................ 9,504 14,440 17,540 17,070 15,944 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 20 12 13 13 

 Miners ........................................... 7,160 5,832 4,395 4,473 3,810 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) .............. .71 1.34 2.01 1.90 2.17 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ............... 43.37 44.22 42.48 40.19 40.70 

 

Surface 

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ........................ 16,899 13,357 11,490 10,199 9,852 

 Mines ........................................... 158 111 85 83 75 

 Miners ........................................... 4,528 2,784 2,139 1,841 1,576 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) .............. 2.40 2.40 2.69 2.84 3.28 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ............... 33.56 41.35 43.90 42.72 41.02 

 

Total
Alabama

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 5

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ........................ 26,403 27,797 29,030 27,269 25,796 

 Mines ........................................... 176 131 97 96 88 

 Miners ........................................... 11,688 8,616 6,534 6,314 5,386 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) .............. 1.31 1.70 2.23 2.17 2.49 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ............... 37.01 42.84 43.04 41.14 40.82 
Alabama

6 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 94 1 50041

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 5 43 22 42 48 15

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 58 6 19 22 16 52 7

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities .................... 19,593 21,545 22,010 23,700 24,988

 Coke Plants ...................... 4,849 2,883 3,288 3,166 3,297

 Other Industrial .................... 2,202 2,541 2,237 2,468 3,139

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . 209 99 105 17 89

 Total ............................ 26,853 27,069 27,640 29,349 31,513

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ............... 5,734 4,324 3,869 4,247 4,071

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) .......... 78,292 72,667 76,232 85,051 90,792

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 71 70 68 67

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 20 16 19 21

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 9 14 13 12

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ..................... 24.19 24.12 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ......................... 1.26 1.43 

Ash Content (percent by weight) .......................... 12.42 11.80 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ........................... 1.04 1.19 

Dollars per million Btu ................................... 1.96 1.73 

Dollars per short ton .................................... 47.35 41.67 
Alabama

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 7

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,591 trillion Btu (coal, 720; natural gas, 261; petroleum, 526; nuclear electric power, 171; hydroelectric

power, 112; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -198).

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants

that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility

coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map

are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less

than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

19.6

5.9

25.5 *

*

SD

TX

MS

AR

G A

0.1

PA

0.2

AL

18.8

TN

FL

0.2

*

*

*

*

8 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Alabama, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes to domestic markets (percent): rail, 33; water, 12; truck, 45; tramway/conveyor, 9; unknown 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 28.7 *

IL

0.6

IN

0.1

AL

18.8

* P A

TN 0.7

5.0

2.4 V A

KY 1.0

WV

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 9

Origin of Coal Received in Alabama, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 7

State Coal Profile: Alaska

Alaska has an extensive reserve base of coal, but very little mines closed when the Alaska Railroad converted to

of it has been developed because of competition from the diesel-electric locomotives, and when oil and natural gas

petroleum and natural gas produced in the State. produced from large deposits discovered in the Cook Inlet

Currently, only one surface mine actively produces coal in captured most of the coal market in the Anchorage area.

the State, and about half of its annual output of 1.5 million Afterward, coal production fluctuated from 600,000 to

short tons is exported. The value of coal production to the 900,000 short tons until 1985, when it rose sharply to 1.4 1

economy of Alaska is also small. In 1992, coal was million short tons with the beginning of exports to Korea.

estimated to account for less than 1 percent of the total

value of all mineral commodities produced in the State, Since the early 1970's, the only active coal mine in Alaska

including crude oil and natural gas. has been operated by Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc., near Healy

Coal mining in Alaska began on a commercial scale in mines are planned in Alaska, pending an expansion of

1855, while the area was still a Russian territory. A mine Alaska coal exports to the Asian market. 

was developed near Port Graham, on the Kenai Peninsula,

with the hope of exporting coal to California. Unable to The Usibelli mine produces subbituminous coal mainly

compete in the export market, the mine instead supplied from three beds that range from 18 to nearly 30 feet in

coal to steamers, whaling ships, and local consumers for thickness. Overburden is removed by a dragline that

about 10 years. After Alaska was purchased by the United reportedly is the largest land-based machine in Alaska.

States, in 1867, many small mines were opened to provide Coal is transported from the mine by the Alaska Railroad.

coal for riverboats, domestic heating, and thawing frozen As mined, Usibelli coal averages 15.6 million Btu per short

ground for gold mining. Production at the turn of the ton, 0.2 percent sulfur (by weight), and 8.1 percent ash.

century was about 3,000 short tons per year. This

represented about 3 percent of the total coal consumed in Usibelli's domestic customers include a minemouth power

Alaska. Canada and Washington State supplied most of plant at Healy, and cogeneration power plants, which

the rest. supply both electricity and steam for heating, that are

In the early 1900's, coal production trended upward as University of Alaska Fairbanks, and military bases near

mines were opened near Anchorage and Healy to supply Fairbanks. The State's largest coal-fired electric generating

coal for the U.S. Navy, for developments at Anchorage facilities are the 28-megawatt Chena plant, operated by

and Fairbanks, and for the Alaska Railroad. In addition to the City of Fairbanks, and the 27-megawatt Healy plant,

consuming coal, the Alaska Railroad played an important operated by Golden Valley Electric Association. Small

role in opening up coal markets along its route. amounts of coal are also used for heating residences and

Production rose from about 100,000 short tons in the late coal to the Korean Electric Power Company. The export

1920's to more than 700,000 short tons in the 1950's. coal is transported on the Alaska Railroad about 300 miles

During and after World War II, the military buildup near to Seward, a year-round ice-free port.

Anchorage and Fairbanks expanded markets for coal. In

the postwar period, markets were lost and

in the Nenana field, south of Fairbanks. Several other coal

operated by the Fairbanks Municipal Utilities System, the

schools in the Healy and Fairbanks areas. Usibelli exports
8 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 In 1992, Arctic Slope Consulting Group was developing a coal mine in the Deadfall Syncline area, near Kotzebue; production was less 1

than 1,000 short tons.
0 200 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing area Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Alaska

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 9

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................... 1897 (2,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1988 (1,745,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 586,412 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 35,000 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................ 5,423 713 6,136

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................. 2,120 432 2,552

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ....................... 0 0 0

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) ............................ 0 0 0

Total ........................................... 2,120 432 2,552

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ........................ 00000

 Mines ........................................... 00000

 Miners ........................................... 00000

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- --

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- --

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 1,433 1,706 1,436 1,534

 Mines ........................................... 1 1 1 12a

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 96 84 99 111

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) .............. 6.12 6.20 8.46 6.82 6.93

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ............... WWWWW

Total
Alaska

10 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 791 1,433 1,706 1,436 1,534

 Mines ........................................... 11112

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 96 84 99 111

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) .............. 6.12 6.20 8.46 6.82 6.93

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ............... WWWWW
Alaska

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 11

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................. 0 0 000000

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 100 0 0 0 0 1 <1

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 100 0 0 0 0 1 <1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 296 290 298 267

 Coke Plants ...................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial .................... 0 W 0 0 0

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . 0 W 494 504 514

 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 733 784 802 782

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ............... 5 2 2 8 6

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) .......... 3,090 4,285 4,493 4,286 4,129

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 7 7 8 7

 Nuclear (percent) ................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 93 93 92 93

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- --

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- --

Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- --

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- --

Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- --

Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- --
Alaska

12 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 588 trillion Btu (coal, 13; natural gas, 368; petroleum, 198; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric

power, 9; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 0).

 Includes one mine under development with a small output during part of the year. a

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines

that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost

of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown

on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing

less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

0.8

0.7

1.5

A K

O.8

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 13

Destination of Coal Produced in Alaska, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 81; truck, 19.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Total 0.8

AK

0.8

14 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Alaska, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 11

State Coal Profile: Arizona

Coal ranks a distant second in value to copper among the to help meet the growing demand for electricity in

mineral commodities produced in Arizona. However, southern California and the Southwest. Peabody Coal

Arizona is notable as a source of coal because all Company developed and continues to operate both mines,

production is from leases on Indian lands, and because the located about 16 miles apart, on about 65,000 acres of land

State has the only long-distance coal-slurry pipeline in the leased from the Navajo and Hopi Indian tribes.

country. Indian royalties from coal sales in 1992 were $33 Production is from four to five coalbeds that range from 3

million. to 10 feet in thickness. Both mines rank among the largest

All of Arizona's coal production, which totaled about 13

million short tons in 1992, is from the Black Mesa field in

the northeastern part of the State, in Navajo County. This

is a plateau area covering more than 3,000 square miles of

Indian land. Black Mesa coal is generally classified as

bituminous coal.

Black Mesa coal is historically noteworthy because

archeological evidence shows that prehistoric Indians

used it for firing pottery at least as far back as 1300 A.D.

Although the first official record of coal pro-duction in

Arizona was in 1926, small amounts of coal were mined

by settlers for local use in earlier years. Between 1926 and

1970, coal production was intermittent and usually

amounted to less than 10,000 short tons per year,

reflecting the remoteness of the coal deposits, a small

population, and a lack of coal-based industries. Most of

the coal was produced for heating schools on the Navajo

Indian Reservation.

After 1970 the output of coal in Arizona increased markedly. This was due to the opening of two large surface

mines in Black Mesa field—Black Mesa and Kayenta—to

produce coal for two large power plants built

U.S. coal mines.

Black Mesa supplies coal to the 1,580-megawatt Mohave

power plant of Southern California Edison Company, in

southeastern Nevada. The transportation link between the

mine and power plant is unique: coal is delivered as a

slurry through a 273-mile long, 18-inch pipeline. The coal

slurry (a mixture of half finely ground coal and half water,

by weight) is pumped at a rate of about 3.5 miles per

hour. Kayenta produces coal for the 2,250-megawatt

Navajo power plant, located near Page, in Coconino

County, and operated by the Salt River Project

Agricultural Improvement and Power District. Coal from

the mine is hauled to the power plant on an 83-mile-long

private railroad. A 17-mile long conveyor connects the

mine with the railroad.

Less than half of the 18 million short tons of coal

consumed in Arizona in 1992 was produced in the State.

Electric utilities were the principal consumers. Except for

the Navajo power plant, the utilities consumed coal

received primarily from New Mexico. Other coal

consumers in Arizona were chiefly cement plants and a

paperboard mill.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Arizona

12 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ..................... 1926 (624 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ............... 1991 (13,203,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 113,909 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 3,040 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 135 236

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 106 158

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ...................... 0 0 0

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) ............................ 0 0 0

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 106 158

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground 

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 

Surface 

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ....................... 10,905 9,625 11,304 13,203 12,512 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 2 2 

 Miners .......................................... 897 885 951 900 888 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............. 5.29 6.53 5.93 6.64 6.29 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 

 

Total 
Arizona

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 13

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 10,905 9,625 11,304 13,203 12,512 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 2 2 

 Miners .......................................... 897 885 951 900 888 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............. 5.29 6.53 5.93 6.64 6.29 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 
Arizona

14 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................. 0 0 000000

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 100 000000

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 100 000000

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities .................... 10,915 14,448 15,758 16,116 17,227

 Coke Plants ...................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W 660 689 632

 Residential and Commercial .......... W W 0 0 4

 Total ............................ 11,558 16,364 16,419 16,805 17,862

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ............... 5,541 3,163 3,090 4,177 3,543

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) .......... 36,876 48,227 62,289 66,767 70,109

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 60 51 48 49

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 33 38 37

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 38 16 14 14

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ..................... 22.00 20.61 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ......................... .52 .51 

Ash Content (percent by weight) .......................... 9.50 12.19 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ........................... .47 .50 

Dollars per million Btu ................................... 1.10 1.37 

Dollars per short ton .................................... 24.28 28.31 
Arizona

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 15

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 924 trillion Btu (coal, 348; natural gas, 128; petroleum, 353; nuclear electric power, 270; hydroelectric

power, 75; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -250).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants

that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility

coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map

are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less

than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

12.4

0

12.4

NV

5.0

AZ

7.4

16 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Arizona, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 60; tramway/conveyor/slurry pipeline, 40.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Total 16.9

UT

0.1

CO

0.2

AZ

7.4

NM

9.2

PA

*

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 17

Origin of Coal Received in Arizona, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 15

State Coal Profile: Arkansas

As a source of coal, Arkansas is relatively insignificant. Its World War II, but afterwards fell sharply to an annual

1992 output of 58,000 short tons was the smallest of all average of less than 100,000 short tons. Virtually all

States. The value of the coal was less than 1 percent of the production has been bituminous coal, including some

estimated value of all mineral commodities produced in used in the past for making metallurgical coke, and some

the State. semianthracite. A small amount of lignite was mined in

The Arkansas coal deposits consist mostly of bituminous brown dye and montan wax, a fossil plant wax used for

coal and semianthracite in the western Arkansas Valley. industrial purposes. In 1988, a small amount of lignite

The area, an eastern extension of the Oklahoma coal- was used for test-burning as a blend with western coal in

bearing region, is about 30 miles wide and 90 miles long. a local power plant.

The geologic formations in the Arkansas Valley have been

considerably folded and faulted, and the coalbeds often Underground mines accounted for the bulk of the early

thin out. These features have contributed to the cost of coal production in Arkansas, but surface mines have

mining in the area. Lignite occurs in the coastal plain in predominated since 1958. Coal was last mined underthe southern and northeastern parts of the State. ground in Arkansas in 1978. Production in 1992 was from

Currently, only bituminous coal is mined in Arkansas. Johnson and Sebastian counties. The State's largest coal

The Lower Hartshone coalbed, which averages about 2 producer was the Wilken No. 1 surface mine of Midfeet in thickness, is the most productive and extensive America Mining and Development Company, in

coalbed in the State. It has a heat value averaging 26 Sebastian County.

million Btu per short ton (as-received basis) and a sulfur

content averaging between 1 and 2 percent (by weight). In 1992, about half of the coal produced was shipped out

Coal was first mined in Arkansas around 1840, but coal consumed in Arkansas in 1992 was used to generate

production did not become economically important until electricity. All of the utility coal was subbituminous coal

about 1870, after railroads expanded into the Arkansas from Wyoming. This was consumed at two power plants

Valley. Although the output was chiefly bituminous coal, with nearly equal coal-fired electricity generating

small amounts of lignite were also produced for use as capabilities, both operated by Arkansas Power and Light

boiler fuel, local heating, and a source of distilled oil. After Company: the 1,678-megawatt Independence plant, in

reaching a peak of nearly 3 million short tons in 1907, Independence County, and the 1,659-megawatt While

production declined due to competition from other fuels, Bluff plant, in Jefferson County. A small amount of coal

including oil and natural gas discovered in the State. It was consumed for other industrial use, mainly at a paper

rose slightly during mill and a cement plant.

the late 1930's and early 1940's to produce Van Dyke

of the State. Virtually all of the 13 million short tons of
Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Miles

0 50 100

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

Arkansas

16 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ...................... 1840 (220 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1907 (2,670,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 53,104 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 1,700 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 145 417

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 7 2 8

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 97 207

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3 13

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 101 228

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 00000

 Mines ............................................. 00000

 Miners ............................................ 00000

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- --

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- --

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 80 59 52 58

 Mines ............................................. 47776

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 26 13 14 14

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.21 1.80 1.46 2.27 1.68 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 41.83 W W W W 

Total
Arkansas

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 17

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 319 80 59 52 58

 Mines ............................................. 47776

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 26 13 14 14

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.21 1.80 1.46 2.27 1.68 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 41.83 W W W W
Arkansas

18 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground .................................. 0000000 0

Surface ....................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 100

 All Mines ..................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 100

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 1,774 12,302 11,836 11,978 12,325

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 379 256 283 295

 Residential and Commercial ........... 6 1 0 0 2

 Total ............................. 2,076 12,682 12,092 12,261 12,622

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 1,964 2,513 1,722 2,150 1,572

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 19,685 35,565 37,053 38,365 37,507

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 57 52 51 54

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 28 30 33 30

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 15 18 16 16

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 17.45 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- .32 

Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 5.12 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- .37 

Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 1.65 

Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 28.84 
Arkansas

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 19

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 770 trillion Btu (coal, 216; natural gas, 213; petroleum, 271; nuclear electric power, 136; hydroelectric

power, 37; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -103).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants

that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility

coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map

are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less

than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal

Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993;

Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates;

Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department

of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy

Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

MO

OK

VT

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

* AR

Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 11.8 *

*

*

*

*

*

WY

11.6

OK

0.1

IL

PA

AL

AR

KY

20 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Arkansas, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 100.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”

Origin of Coal Received in Arkansas, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. 

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 19

State Coal Profile: California

Coal occurs in California in small, widely scattered from dried, pulverized lignite through the use of solvents.

deposits that range in rank from lignite to bituminous. A The wax is hard and brittle and has a high melting point;

small amount of lignite is surface mined as a source of its properties are similar to those of natural plant waxes,

montan wax by Jackson Valley Energy Partners, L. P., such as carnauba, which it can replace. Most of the wax

near Ione, Amador County. The operation is unique undergoes additional processing to produce waxes for

because it is the only U.S. coal deposit mined for montan specific uses. The principal use is in hot-melt carbon inks.

wax, a fossil plant wax (found in only a few American Other applications include spray lubricants, thin-film

lignites) used for industrial purposes. temporary coatings, release agents for molded phenolic

Coal was mined in California as early as 1855, but coal special waterproofing compounds, and ink additives. 

mining as an industry began in 1861. Much of the early

production was from Contra Costa County. Coal was used Lignite residue from wax production is used as fuel in an

as fuel for railroads, steamboats, flour mills, adjacent 15-megawatt fluidized-bed cogeneration plant

manufacturing plants, and domestic heating. Total output that began commercial operation in 1987. The lignite

reached a peak of 237,000 short tons in 1880, about the residue has a heat content of about 10 million Btu per

time when large deposits of oil and natural gas were short ton. Steam, hot air, and some of the electricity

discovered in the State. After 1900, production dropped produced at the facility are sold to the wax plant. Most of

sharply and became practically insignificant as oil and gas the electricity produced is sold to Pacific Gas and Electric

displaced coal as a source of energy in the State. Company. A small amount of lignite residue is also sold

At the end of World War II, California's lignite deposits

were among those investigated as part of a Federal Although wax production represents the most unusual

program to locate domestic deposits with a high wax use of coal in California, considerably more coal is used as

content. The search was prompted by a wartime shortage a fuel. Most of the 3 million short tons of coal consumed in

of montan wax, which had been imported chiefly from 1992 was produced in Utah. Cement plants were the

Germany. The lignite deposit near Ione was one of the few major coal consumers, accounting for more than half of

found to have a wax content of economic potential. In the State's total. More than one-third was used as a source

1947, the deposit, mined initially to produce lignite of heat for producing sodium carbonate from natural

briquettes, was developed as a source of montan wax. brines. Until 1983, coal from Utah and New Mexico was

The Ione lignite bed, 12 to 15 feet thick, is surface mined steel. No coal is used in the State's power plants.

selectively after drilling has located areas with a high wax

content. It is mined during the driest summer months and Several ports in California are shipping points for coal

stockpiled at the wax plant for use throughout the year. exports from western mines. Los Angeles is by far the

The level of production is governed by the market for principal coal-exporting district, accounting for most of

montan wax. Production in 1992 was 103,000 short tons. the 3 million short tons of coal exported through

Montan wax is extracted California in 1992.

parts and polyurethane fiber board, protective coatings,

as a soil conditioner.

converted into coke at Fontana and used to manufacture
Coal-producing county

Miles

0 50 100

Coal-bearing area

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

California

20 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ................... 1861 (6,620 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal Production .... 1880 (237,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 158,693 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 230 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NA NA NA

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NA NA NA

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NA NA NA

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NA NA NA

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NA NA NA

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NA W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Mines ............................................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Miners ............................................ 0 0 0 0 0

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- --

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- --

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 71 61 57 103

 Mines ............................................. 0 1 1 1 1

 Miners ............................................ 0 9 5 8 8

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 4.23 17.69 11.31 11.12

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- W W W W

Total
California

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 21

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 0 71 61 57 103

 Mines ............................................. 0 1 1 1 1

 Miners ............................................ 0 9 5 8 8

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 4.23 17.69 11.31 11.12

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- W W W W
California

22 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................. 0 0 0 0 0 00 0

Surface ...................................... 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

All Mines ..................................... 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Coke Plants ....................... 1,510 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial ..................... 1,155 1,889 2,874 2,771 2,821

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 4 53 25 44 0

 Total ............................. 2,669 1,942 2,899 2,816 2,821

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 0 0 0 0 0

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 140,341 127,846 114,528 104,968 119,308

 Coal (percent) ..................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 15 29 30 30

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 85 71 70 70

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- 

Ash Content (percent by weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- 

Dollars per million Btu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- 

Dollars per short ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- 
California

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 23

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 7,162 trillion Btu (coal, 64; natural gas, 2,024; petroleum, 3,283; nuclear electric power, 339; hydroelectric

power, 283; other, 166; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 1,003).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 NA = Not available.

 Notes: Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners,

and productivity, mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced

10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more.

Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on map are

approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing less than

10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal

Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993;

Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates;

Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department

of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy

Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

0.1

0

0.1

CA

0.1

24 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in California, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 100.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 3.0 *

*

*

*

* CA

0.1

UT

2.8 CO

NM

PA

WV

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 25

Origin of Coal Received in California, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 23

State Coal Profile: Colorado

The value of coal production in Colorado in 1992 in the State. Colorado's coal output was 19 million short

accounted for about 22 percent of the estimated total value tons in 1992.

of all mineral commodities produced in the State and

ranked second in importance to crude oil. Coal output Early coal mining in Colorado was almost exclusively by

from leases on Federal lands generated about $31 million underground methods. Surface mining in the State began

in royalties, which were equally shared by the State and in 1909 in Jackson County. The amount of surface-mined

Federal Governments. coal increased gradually, rising to account for more than

Colorado's coal occurs in scattered regions that underlie all of the 1980's, and slightly less than half in recent years.

more than one-fourth of the State. All ranks of coal are The largest coal mine in Colorado in 1992, with

present, from lignite to anthracite. Current production, production of more than 4 million short tons, was the

however, consists of slightly more than half bituminous Colowyo surface mine of Colowyo Coal Company, in

coal and the rest subbituminous coal. Some of the Moffatt County. Moffatt and Routt counties were the

bituminous coal was produced for use in making metal- major coal producers. About two-thirds of Colorado's 1992

lurgical coke. Since 1983, when the State's only iron and coal production was from Federal leases. 

steel operation closed, all the coking coal mined in

Colorado has been shipped out of State. Of the more than Less than two-thirds of the coal shipped from Colorado's

20 coalbeds mined in 1992, the leading sources of produc- mines in 1992 was to consumers in the State. Texas and

tion were the Wadge and D coalbeds and coalbeds in the Utah were the principal out-of-State destinations. Most of

Williams Fork Formation. the coal was for electric utilities. The small amount of

Coal was mined commercially in the Denver region in the Some coal was also exported overseas.

early 1860's, first for domestic heating and then later for

use in blast furnaces. With the expansion of the railroads, Electric utilities accounted for nearly all of the 17 million

Colorado's coal output became the largest in the West in short tons of coal consumed in Colorado in 1992. The

the 1900's. Production reached about 12 million short tons State's mines supplied more than two-thirds of the utility

by 1920. It declined during the Depression, rose during coal, with Wyoming coal making up the balance.

World War II, only to drop again as markets were lost to Colorado's largest coal-fired generating units, totaling

natural gas and to the replacement of coal-burning 1,264 megawatts, are in the Craig plant of Colorado-Ute

locomotives with diesel-powered locomotives. A strong Electric Association, Inc., in Moffat County. Of the coal

rise in the State's annual coal production began in the used in other sectors, malt beverage manufacturing and

1970's. This was due mainly to the opening of several cement plants were the largest consumers.

large underground and surface mines to meet a growing

demand from electric utilities for the low-sulfur coal

present

half of Colorado's annual coal output in most of the 1970's,

coking coal produced was shipped to Utah and Illinois.
0 50 100

Miles Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

Colorado

24 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ...................... 1864 (500 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1981 (19,897,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 104,247 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 29,600 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 12,128 4,828 16,956

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 5,631 418 6,049

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 3,367 4,017

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 14 97

Total ............................................. 6,365 3,799 10,163

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 208 608

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 5,721 6,377 10,628 9,601 10,246

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 23 16 16 15

 Miners ............................................ 2,408 1,464 1,509 1,530 1,085

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.18 2.16 3.26 4.23 4.52

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 27.24 28.91 24.27 24.09 21.80

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 13,125 10,865 8,281 8,233 8,981

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 12 7 5 6

 Miners ............................................ 1,503 1,087 500 507 525

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 3.94 4.78 6.86 6.51 6.52

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 16.43 22.16 18.53 19.96 20.80

Total
Colorado

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 25

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 18,846 17,243 18,910 17,834 19,226

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 35 23 21 21

 Miners ............................................ 3,911 2,551 2,009 2,037 1,610

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.26 3.30 4.24 5.05 5.27

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 19.89 24.65 21.75 22.18 21.33
Colorado

26 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 71 2 13 5 16 4 <1

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 92 0 0 2 8 1 <1

All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 80 2 7 7 12 5 1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 10,124 14,295 15,924 15,416 15,902

 Coke Plants ....................... W 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W 729 738 735

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . W W 58 65 58

 Total ............................. 11,981 15,242 16,710 16,218 16,696

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 6,367 4,989 3,298 3,466 3,410

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 23,638 28,812 31,313 31,038 31,848

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 91 95 93 94

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 <1 0 0 0

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 9 5 7 6

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ..................... 21.57 19.84 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... .42 .38 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 8.26 7.01 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. .39 .38 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.37 1.09 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 29.51 21.67 
Colorado

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 27

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 964 trillion Btu (coal, 322; natural gas, 268; petroleum, 345; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power,

17; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 12).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines

that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of

utility coal power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on

map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing

less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal

Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993;

Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates;

Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department

of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy

Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

18.2

0.7

18.9 *

*

*

*

*

*

*

WA

CA

NV

0.2

AZ

0.2

UT

1.6

NM

TX

2.2

CO

11.2

WY

KS

0.3

NE

IA

0.1

MO

0.5

WI

IN

0.8

FL

0.2

IL

0.5

28 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Colorado, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 75; water, 1; truck, 23; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 16.3 *

*

*

PA

CO

11.2

MT

0.1

UT

WY

5.0

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 29

Origin of Coal Received in Colorado, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 27

State Coal Profile: Illinois

Coal is the most valuable mineral resource in Illinois. Coal factors as the enactment of clean air standards, a decline

production in recent years has accounted for about 60 in the demand for coking coal, and the development of

percent of the estimated total value of all mineral nuclear electric power in the State. In recent years, about

production in the State, including crude oil and natural 60 million short tons of coal have been produced annually

gas. in Illinois.

Coal is abundant in Illinois, underlying two-thirds of the

State in a large geologic depression called the Illinois

Basin. The minable coalbeds are relatively thick, generally

flat-lying, and continuous over extensive areas. Illinois

coal is bituminous in rank and has a high sulfur content,

a characteristic that hampers its use because of

environmental concerns for air quality. Even when

cleaned, the sulfur content is high, averaging 2 to 3

percent (by weight). The major coalbed among the eight

mined in 1992 was the No. 6 (also known as the “Herrin”),

which averages more than 6 feet in thick-ness. Some coal

produced in the State is suitable for conversion into

metallurgical coke.

Coal was first reported in what is now Illinois by FrenchCanadian explorers who noted an outcrop along the

Illinois River on a map made in the 1670's, recording for

the first time the presence of coal in what is now the

United States. Coal production began in the State in the

early 1800's and, spurred by industrial development and

railroad expansion, rose to an all-time high of 89 million

short tons in 1918. Afterwards, coal output went into a

general decline, dropping markedly during the

Depression. It rose to meet the demands of World War II,

but later decreased due to competition from oil and gas

and the conversion of railroad loco-motives from coal to

diesel-electric power. Beginning around 1960, increased

demand for utility coal raised the production level. Since

then, however, the demand for Illinois coal has been

constrained because of such

About two-thirds of the coal produced in Illinois since

1980 was from underground mines, historically the chief

source of production. Most of the mines are very large

operations, producing at an annual rate exceeding 1

million short tons each. The largest mine in 1992,

producing over 3 million short tons, was the Captain

surface mine of Arch of Illinois, in Perry County. Over 95

percent of the State's coal output is cleaned. The Captain

coal preparation plant, near Percy, is the second-largest

coal-cleaning facility in the United States, with a

processing capacity of 2,850 short tons per hour. Perry,

Saline, and Franklin Counties were the State's leading coal

producers.

More than two-thirds of the coal produced in Illinois in

1992 was shipped out of State, chiefly to Missouri and

Indiana. About 1 million short tons of Illinois coal was

exported to overseas markets. About 80 percent of the 32

million short tons of coal consumed in Illinois in 1992 was

used to generate electricity. Nearly 60 percent of the

utility coal was from Illinois, with most of the balance

being low-sulfur coal from Wyoming and Montana. The

largest coal-fired generating facility in Illinois is the 1,680-

megawatt Baldwin plant of Illinois Power Company, in

Randolph County. Metallurgical coke was made from coal

received from West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky.

Other coal-consuming industries were largely

manufacturers of food, chemical products, and cement.
0 50 100

Miles

Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

20

40

60

80

100

Illinois

28 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ................... 1833 (6,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ............... 1918 (89,291,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 56,400 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 37,700 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 62,732 15,385 78,117

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 0 0 0

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 3,440 232 3,672

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 21,979 4,440 26,419

Total ............................................. 25,419 4,672 30,091

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 1,135 64 1,199

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 34,969 37,343 41,671 43,134 46,965 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 34 28 33 29 

 Miners ............................................ 12,610 10,349 7,407 7,056 6,780 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.49 1.92 2.70 2.88 3.21 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 25.58 31.78 28.30 29.05 27.93 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 27,574 21,858 18,722 17,124 12,892 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 20 17 18 14 

 Miners ............................................ 5,125 3,509 2,611 2,046 1,543 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.70 2.69 3.64 4.30 4.47 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 22.86 29.14 26.45 26.59 26.69 

 
Illinois

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 29

Total 

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 62,543 59,201 60,393 60,258 59,857 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 54 45 51 43 

 Miners ............................................ 17,735 13,858 10,018 9,102 8,323 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.86 2.14 2.94 3.18 3.42 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 24.39 30.80 27.73 28.35 27.66 

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 94 3 5 1 <1 2 <1

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 70 4 20 3 9 3 1

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 89 7 9 4 2 5 <1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 34,610 31,608 27,396 27,754 25,338

 Coke Plants ....................... 1,810 2,358 W W W

 Other Industrial ..................... 3,265 3,399 3,888 4,426 3,839

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 155 236 W W W

 Total ............................. 39,840 37,601 33,904 34,677 31,776

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 11,681 6,977 7,398 6,977 7,399

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 103,420 103,667 126,977 127,851 124,837

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 61 42 42 40

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 38 57 56 59

 Other (percent) .................... 8 1 1 2 1

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 22.51 21.33 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 2.63 1.91 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 9.33 8.19 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 2.34 1.79 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.58 1.74 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 35.52 37.06 
Illinois

30 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,513 trillion Btu (coal, 758; natural gas, 1,006; petroleum, 1,111; nuclear electric power, 772; hydroelectric

power, 1; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -134).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines

that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of

utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown on

map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines producing

less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues; Coal

Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March 1993;

Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption Estimates;

Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S. Department

of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward, Energy

Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

57.7

1.2

58.9

MN

IA

1.2

FL

5.5

NJ

AR SC

GA

5.0

AL

0.6

MO

11.6

WI

1.1 MI

MS

1.9

NY

IL

18.2

IN

9.6

KY

TN 2.3

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 31

Destination of Coal Produced in Illinois, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 54; water, 35; truck, 8; tramway/conveyor, 3; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 31.2 *

*

*

MT

3.0

WY

4.4

UT

0.2 CO

0.5

IL

18.2

IN

1.0

PA

VA

KY 0.5

WV

1.5

1.8

OH

32 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Illinois, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 31

State Coal Profile: Indiana

Indiana's mineral wealth lies mostly in its coal deposits, production, in anticipation of a major coal miners' strike.

located in a triangular area in the southwestern part of the Production has since declined and, in 1992, was 30 million

State. In 1992, coal production from the area accounted for short tons.

an estimated 60 percent of the total value of all mineral

production in Indiana. Nearly all of Indiana's coal production is from surface

The Indiana coalfield composes the eastern part of the surface-mined coal has increased almost steadily, and by

Illinois Basin, a large geologic depression that also the 1940's it usually exceeded the tonnage from

underlies parts of Illinois and Kentucky. The coalbeds, underground mines. The State's largest producer in 1992,

which average more than 4 feet in thickness, are exposed with about 3 million short tons, was the Old Ben No. 1

or at shallow depths in the eastern part of the field and surface mine of Zeigler Coal Company, in Pike County.

gradually become deeper westward. The use of Indiana's Warrick, Sullivan, Daviess, and Pike counties were the

coal, all bituminous in rank, is environmentally leading sources of Indiana's coal production.

handicapped by its high sulfur content, which averages

more than 2 percent by weight. Production in 1992 was About three-fourths of the coal produced in Indiana in

from about 15 coalbeds. The principle beds were the No. 1992 was for consumption in the State. Out-of-State

VI and No. V, which average about 5 feet in thickness. shipments were mostly to power plants in Kentucky,

Coal was first discovered in Indiana along the Wabash sumption totaled 59 million short tons, ranking it the

River in 1736. By 1832, coal was being advertised for sale, second-largest coal-consuming State after Texas. Most of

and in 1837, the first coal company was officially the coal consumed in Indiana was used to generate

incorporated and granted a charter by the State. By 1840, electricity. More than 40 percent of the utility coal was

coal was being shipped on flatboats on the Wabash and from mines in Indiana, with Wyoming and Illinois

other rivers. Indiana's coal output totaled more than 6 supplying most of the balance. Indiana's largest coalmillion short tons in 1900, rose to 31 million short tons burning generating facility, with 3,140 megawatts, is the

during World War I, and then declined because of the Gibson plant of Public Service Company of Indiana, in

Depression and competition from petroleum. Production Gibson County. This is the third-largest coal-fired power

increased to 28 million short tons during World War II, plant in the United States. Indiana's coke plants carbonize

only to slump afterwards as many consumers switched to coal produced mostly from West Virginia, Virginia, and

oil and natural gas and the railroads replaced coal- Kentucky; none of the coal was from Indiana. In 1992,

burning locomotives with diesel-electric locomotives. In Indiana's coke output was the Nation's second largest,

the 1960's, an increased demand for utility coal spurred following Pennsylvania. Most of the coal consumed by

production. A record of 38 million short tons was pro- other industries was used as a source of heat by

duced in 1984 as utilities built up stockpiles, spurring manufacturers of aluminum and steel.

mining, which began in the State in 1918. The amount of

Wisconsin, and Illinois. In 1992, Indiana's coal con-
0 50 100

Miles

Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

10

20

30

40

Indiana

32 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................... 1840 (9,682 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1984 (37,555,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 36,291 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 6,500 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 8,890 1,221 10,111

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 69 318

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 147 872

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 2,708 498 3,205

Total ............................................. 3,682 714 4,396

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W 405

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 688 2,053 3,037 2,832 2,641 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 5 4 4 

 Miners ............................................ 133 455 524 447 422 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.26 1.79 2.90 2.97 2.80 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W 28.84 W W W 

 

Surface 

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 30,185 31,262 32,870 28,636 27,825 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 66 59 54 47 

 Miners ............................................ 5,182 4,732 3,671 3,472 3,230 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.88 2.97 3.96 4.17 4.28 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W 26.39 W W W 

Total
Indiana

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 33

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 30,873 33,316 35,907 31,468 30,466 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 70 64 58 51 

 Miners ............................................ 5,315 5,187 4,195 3,919 3,652 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.86 2.85 3.84 4.02 4.09 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 20.72 26.54 23.91 23.58 23.41 
Indiana

34 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 42 1 31 2 27 0 0

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 52 12 29 19 18 9 1

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 51 13 29 21 19 9 1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 33,664 38,310 47,654 47,720 46,943

 Coke Plants ....................... 11,989 9,338 8,867 8,234 7,153

 Other Industrial ..................... 4,610 5,119 4,629 4,404 4,260

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 222 524 551 433 411

 Total ............................. 50,485 53,291 61,701 60,790 58,767

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 12,262 11,322 10,610 9,953 11,294

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 70,618 78,484 97,738 98,200 97,304

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 99 98 98 98

 Nuclear (percent) .................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) .................... 1 1 2 2 2

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 22.29 21.26 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 2.46 1.88 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 9.07 8.43 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 2.21 1.77 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.24 1.31 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 27.68 27.89 
Indiana

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 35

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 2,421 trillion Btu (coal, 1,340; natural gas, 464; petroleum, 806; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric

power, 4; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -193).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

31.2

0.2

31.4 *

*

*

WI

1.5

IA

0.7

MO

IL

1.0

GA

0.5

AL

0.1

MS

TN

KY

0.2

1.7

IN O H

0.1

MI

24.7

0.3

36 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Indiana, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 55; water, 16; truck, 27; tramway/conveyor, 2; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 61.0 *

*

MT

0.5

WY

11.8

CO

0.8

IL

9.6

PA

0.4 OH

0.1

IN

24.7 WV VA 5.0 2.2

5.9

TN

KY

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 37

Origin of Coal Received in Indiana, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 35

State Coal Profile: Iowa

Bituminous coal is the only fossil fuel produced in Iowa. Afterwards, production dwindled as the railroads

The coal output is small. The 289,000 short tons produced converted to diesel locomotives and other consumers

in 1992 ranked it 25th among the 27 coal-producing States. switched to petroleum and natural gas or to better quality

The value of the coal production was less than 2 percent coal from other States, first from neighboring Illinois and,

of the estimated total value of all mineral commodities more recently, from Wyoming. Iowa's annual coal

produced in Iowa. production dropped below 1 million short tons in the late

Iowa's coal-bearing areas, located in the northern part of 1985.

the Western Interior coal region, underlie about one-third

of the State. The coalbeds are often discontinuous and Iowa's coal output in 1992 was entirely from Marion

limited in extent. The coal is bituminous in rank. Although County, in the southern part of the State. All production

Iowa coal has a relatively high heat content, averaging was from the Ford coalbed (also known as the Lower Ford

around 20 million Btu per short ton, its use is limited and the Cherokee), which is about 4 feet thick. Production

because of its high sulfur content, which averages more was all from surface mines; the last underground mine in

than 3 percent by weight. Before use, it is blended with Iowa closed in 1990. The Ameri-can No. 1 surface mine of

low-sulfur coal from other States to meet clean air American Coals Corporation was the leading producer in

regulations. 1992.

Coal production in Iowa dates back to 1840, when a mine Virtually all of the coal produced in Iowa in 1992 was

at Farmington, Van Buren County, supplied local markets used within the State for electricity generation. However,

and steamships that plied the Des Moines River. considerably more coal was consumed in the State than

Following the Civil War, extensive railroad construction was produced. Most of the 18 million short tons consumed

in Iowa provided access to new markets for Iowa coal in 1992 was from Wyoming. By far, electric utilities were

producers and also increased the demand for coal as a the leading coal consumers in Iowa. The major coalrailroad fuel. Iowa coal became an important source of burning generating facility is the 950-megawatt George

coal for locomotives heading westward across the Great Neal North plant of Iowa Public Service Company, in

Plains. Before 1900, coal mining was a major industry in Woodbury County. Coal was also used in Iowa as a source

the State, and Iowa was the leading coal producing State of heat in corn milling to produce syrup, starch, and

west of the Mississippi River. Iowa's coal output peaked similar products.

in 1917 at 9 million short tons.

1960's, and has been less than 500,000 short tons since
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

Iowa

36 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ...................... 1840 (400 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1917 (8,966,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 56,290 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 20,000 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 1,733 458 2,190

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 0 0 0

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 0 0 0

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 320 1,128

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 320 1,128

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 166 172 < 1 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 42 NA 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.07 1.77 NA -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W NA -- -- 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 393 419 381 344 289 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 2 3 2 

 Miners ............................................ 112 100 135 97 101 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.59 1.78 1.45 1.29 1.14 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 

Total
Iowa

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 37

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 559 591 381 344 289 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 3 3 2 

 Miners ............................................ 143 142 135 97 101 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.70 1.78 1.45 1.29 1.14 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 21.33 26.13 W W W 
Iowa

38 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground .................................. 0 0 0 0 0 00 0

Surface ....................................... 0 0 0 0 1 88 1 12

 All Mines ..................................... 0 0 0 0 1 88 1 12

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 10,745 12,491 15,331 15,846 15,209

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial ..................... 1,505 1,572 2,353 2,672 2,571

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 90 278 245 223 64

 Total ............................. 12,340 14,342 17,929 18,741 17,844

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 5,834 4,416 4,206 4,499 4,349

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 21,805 23,474 29,048 31,228 29,251

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 87 86 83 84

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8 10 13 12

 Other (percent) .................... 7 5 4 4 4

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 19.63 17.73 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 4.36 .67 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 13.57 5.78 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 4.44 .76 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.71 1.10 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 33.50 19.58 
Iowa

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 39

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 937 trillion Btu (coal, 346; natural gas, 235; petroleum, 309; nuclear electric power, 45; hydroelectric

power, 9; other, <1; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -7).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 NA = Not available.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

0.3

0

0.3

IA

0.3

40 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Iowa, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 100.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 17.0 *

*

WY

14.1

CO

0.1

IA

0.3 IL

1.2

IN

0.7

PA

0.2

KY

0.3

WV

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 41

Origin of Coal Received in Iowa, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 39

State Coal Profile: Kansas

Coal mining is a relatively small industry in Kansas. the oil and natural gas produced from large fields

Production in 1992 was estimated to account for less than discovered in the State. Although coal production

1 percent of the total value of all mineral com-modities increased to 4 million short tons during World War II, it

produced in the State. declined sharply afterwards, due largely to competition

Coal deposits underlie about one-fourth of Kansas. All of

the economically important coal is bituminous in rank and

located in the eastern part of the State. The minable

coalbeds are generally flat-lying and average about 2 feet

in thickness. Production in 1992 was from the Mineral and

Croweburg coalbeds. Kansas coal has a high heat content,

averaging more than 21 million Btu per short ton, but the

use of the coal is constrained by its high sulfur content,

which averages about 4 percent by weight.

Historically, coal production had an important role in the

development of Kansas. Although coal was mined in the

mid-1850's, the first commercially important coal

production began in 1865 when a mine near Fort Scott, in

southeastern Kansas, began supplying coal for railroad

locomotives. Later, other coal mines were opened to meet

a growing demand for coal for the railroads and for

domestic and industrial customers, including the large

zinc and lead industry that developed in southeastern

Kansas and adjoining States.

Coal production reached a peak of nearly 8 million short

tons in 1918, when over 40 percent of the output was used

by the railroads. Production in subsequent years trended

downward, falling to 2 million short tons in the early

1930's. This was the result of a decline in economic activity

due to the Depression, a drop in the railroad market as

steam locomotives converted from coal to fuel oil, and

competition in other markets from

from petroleum. Annual production in recent years has

fallen below 1 million short tons and was 363,000 short

tons in 1992.

Underground mines produced large amounts of coal in

Kansas in the early years, but all the coal produced since

1964 has been from surface mines. Surface mining began

in Kansas in the 1870's, when an early steam shovel was

used to remove overburden from a coalbed near Pittsburg.

As surface mining equipment improved, production from

surface mines increased and in 1931 exceeded that from

underground mines. In 1992, all production was from

Crawford County. The leading producer was Clemens No.

2 strip mine of Clemens Coal Company. About half of the

output was used in Kansas, and the rest was shipped to

consumers in Missouri.

Contrasting with the small coal production in Kansas,

annual coal consumption in Kansas has risen from less

than 1 million short tons in the early 1970's and totaled 14

million short tons in 1992. Virtually all of the coal is used

to generate electricity. This dramatic rise occurred because

rising costs for oil and natural gas in the 1970's made coal

the most economical fuel for power plants in the State. Of

the total utility coal consumed in Kansas, most is lowsulfur subbituminous coal from Wyoming. Wyoming coal

is used in the State's largest coal-fired generating facility,

the 2,047-megawatt Jeffrey Energy Center of Kansas

Power & Light Company, in Pottawatomie County. A

small amount of coal is also used by cement plants in the

State.
Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

0 50 100

Miles

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

Kansas

40 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ................... 1869 (36,891 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1918 (7,562,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 82,264 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 18,800 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 977 977

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 0 0 0

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 0 0 0

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 684 684

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 684 684

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 842 994 721 416 363 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 4 3 2 

 Miners ............................................ 274 228 132 92 96 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.72 2.44 2.03 2.15 2.21 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 26.54 26.00 W W W 

 

Total 
Kansas

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 41

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 842 994 721 416 363 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 4 3 2 

 Miners ............................................ 274 228 132 92 96 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.72 2.44 2.03 2.15 2.21 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 26.54 26.00 W W W 
Kansas

42 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground .................................. 0 0 0 0 0 00 0

Surface ....................................... 0 0 0 0 1 83 1 17

 All Mines ..................................... 0 0 0 0 1 83 1 17

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 10,035 14,351 15,018 14,732 14,068

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 363 157 148 158

 Residential and Commercial ........... 5 1 0 0 0

 Total ............................. 10,371 14,715 15,175 14,881 14,227

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 4,667 3,513 3,729 3,310 2,747

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 25,134 27,512 33,869 32,315 31,764

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 80 70 73 70

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 14 23 18 27

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6 7 9 3

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ...................... 24.39 17.80 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) .......................... 3.54 .49 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ........................... 11.70 5.74 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................ 2.90 0.55 

Dollars per million Btu .................................... 1.29 1.18 

Dollars per short ton ..................................... 31.57 20.99 
Kansas

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 43

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,039 trillion Btu (coal, 269; natural gas, 372; petroleum, 395; nuclear electric power, 63; hydroelectric

power, <1; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -59).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost

of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants

shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from

mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

0.4

0

0.4

KS

0.2

MO

0.2

44 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Kansas, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 6; truck, 92; unknown, 2.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 14.8 *

*

*

*

*

*

WY

13.5

CO

0.3 KS

0.2

OK

MO

IL

0.6

PA

KY

WV

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 45

Origin of Coal Received in Kansas, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 43

State Coal Profile: Kentucky

Kentucky is one of the major coal-producing States, with developed rapidly after 1910 as railroads were expanded

an annual output averaging over 160 million short tons in into the coalfields. Early production was used in local iron

recent years. It was the Nation's leading coal producer furnaces, as a source of heat for salt production, and as

until 1988, holding that position for over a decade before fuel for locomotives and river steamers. Coal production

losing it to Wyoming. In 1992, Kentucky was the third- exceeded 5 million short tons at the turn of the century,

leading coal-producing State, following Wyoming and rose to about 69 million short tons in 1927, and then

West Virginia. Coal is by far the most important mineral dropped to half that amount during the Depression years.

commodity produced in Kentucky. The 1992 coal output Responding to the demands of World War II and the

was estimated to represent about 90 percent of the total postwar Marshall Plan, Kentucky's coal output rose to 84

value of all minerals produced, including oil and gas. million short tons in 1947. Afterwards, production

Royalties from Federal coal leases totaled close to $1 declined in the face of competition from petroleum,

million, which was disbursed equally to the State and the including the replacement of coal-fired locomotives with

Federal Government. diesel-electric engines. The 1960's saw annual production

Kentucky's economic coal deposits consist of bituminous market for utility coal. Production reached a record of 173

coal. The State's two coalfields, one in the East and the million short tons in 1990 and was 161 million short tons

other in the West, are separated by a large geologic uplift, in 1992.

the Cincinnati arch. The eastern field, the larger of the

two, is part of the Appalachian coal basin. The western Nearly 60 percent of Kentucky's coal output is from

field is a continuation of the Illinois coal basin, which also underground mines, historically the principal source of

underlies parts of Illinois and Indiana. The coalfields are production. Surface mining, which began in the 1920's,

distinct in several ways due to different geologic has increased almost steadily since World War II. During

conditions of coal formation in each area. some years in the 1970's and early 1980's, surface mines

The eastern field contains more than 40 minable coalbeds, Kentucky has the largest number of coal mines in the

ranging from 2 to 4 feet in thickness. The coal generally United States, more than half are small mines that

has a heat content of about 26 million Btu per short ton annually produce less than 100,000 short tons each. As a

and a sulfur content of 1 to 2 percent, by weight. result, the bulk of the State's coal production is from the

Premium-grade metallurgical coal is present in some relatively few larger mines. The State's largest mine in

areas. By comparison, the western field has less than 20 1992, producing about 4 million short tons, was the No. 9

minable coalbeds, which average 5 feet in thick-ness. The Wheatcroft underground mine of Costain Coal Inc., in

heat content of the coal is slightly lower than in the Webster County. Pike County was by far Kentucky's

eastern field, but the sulfur content is higher, about 3 to 4 leader in tonnage, with about one-fourth of the total.

percent, which is an environmental short-coming. The Federal leases accounted for less than 1 percent of the

metallurgical coal found in western Kentucky is low State's coal output in 1992. Kentucky's coal mining labor

grade. Because of these differences in coal quality, the force in 1992 was the Nation's second largest after West

eastern field has become Kentucky's chief source of coal Virginia.

production and the only area in the State where

metallurgical coal is mined. In the eastern field, the major Most of Kentucky's coal produced in 1992 was shipped

coalbeds in 1992 were the Hazard No. 4, Hazard, and out of the State. About 90 percent was marketed

Lower Elkhorn. In the western field, the No. 9 coalbed domestically, nearly all in the East, and the rest was

accounted for about half of production. exported. Coal consumption in Kentucky in 1992 totaled

Coal was discovered in Kentucky in the mid-1700's, but Electric utilities were the major coal consumers, using

production was small until the mid-1800's. The industry mostly Kentucky coal supplemented by small amounts

recover and trend upward, due mainly to a growing

produced more than half of the State's coal. Although

35 million short tons, most of it from the State's coalfields.
44 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

from West Virginia and Indiana. The largest coal-burning

generating facility is the 2,159-megawatt Paradise plant of

the Tennessee Valley Authority, in Muhlenberg County.

Small amounts of coal, mostly from Kentucky and West

Virginia, were also used to produce metallurgical coke

and as sources of heat, chiefly in the manufacture of

plastics and similar products, inorganic chemicals, metals,

and lime.
Miles

0 50 100

Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

200

Kentucky

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 45

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ...................... 1828 (328 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ............... 1990 (173,322,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 40,395 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 14,600 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 23,708 5,368 29,077

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 1,908 367 2,274

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 1,891 653 2,544

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 7,246 2,306 9,552

Total ............................................. 11,045 3,325 14,370

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 1,024 429 1,453

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 79,162 81,236 105,290 97,332 96,053 

 Mines ............................................. 647 921 627 542 482 

 Miners ............................................ 30,581 22,877 20,898 18,481 16,888 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.41 1.94 2.54 2.71 2.91 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 30.06 29.15 25.24 25.92 25.18 

 

Surface 

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 70,982 71,036 68,032 61,647 65,016 

 Mines ............................................. 503 937 360 296 270 

 Miners ............................................ 15,814 13.937 9,600 8,161 7,736 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.32 2.69 3.43 3.66 3.75 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 25.05 27.19 25.11 24.70 23.50 

 Total
Kentucky

46 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 150,144 152,272 173,322 158,980 161,068 

 Mines ............................................. 1,150 1,858 987 838 752 

 Miners ............................................ 46,395 36,814 30,498 26,642 24,624 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.74 2.23 2.83 3.01 3.20 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 27.62 28.24 25.19 25.45 24.50 
Kentucky

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 47

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 40 16 11 161 38 285 11

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 37 24 25 85 32 147 6

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 39 40 17 246 36 432 8

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 24,383 27,085 30,867 31,432 31,715

 Coke Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 W W W W

 Other Industrial ..................... 1,969 2,510 2,253 2,044 1,648

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 267 W W W W

 Total ............................. 27,524 30,990 34,449 34,517 34,704

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 9,948 6,864 7,612 5,881 5,415

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 57,108 63,047 73,807 75,505 77,351

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 95 96 95 95

 Nuclear (percent) .................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) .................... 6 5 4 5 5

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 24.39 23.24 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 1.73 2.44 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 9.81 11.60 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 1.42 2.10 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.47 1.16 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 35.94 27.01 
Kentucky

48 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,477 trillion Btu (coal,805; natural gas, 196; petroleum, 508; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric

power, 38; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -71).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

147.8

14.0

161.9 *

*

*

*

ID

MN

0.2

KS

FL

16.5

ME

0.8

L A

0.3

NY

1.3

GA

13.1

AL

5.0

MS

1.8

MO

0.8

IA

0.3

AR SC

9.8

12.5 TN 18.8 MD

0.3

NJ

0.2

CT

0.8

MA

0.7

P A

WI

1.3

IL

1.8

IN

5.9

MI

8.1

OH

9.2

27.9 NC

WV VA

KY 0.7

2.4

5.2

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 49

Destination of Coal Produced in Kentucky, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 58; water, 31; truck, 8; tramway/conveyor, 1; unknown, 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 33.5 *

*

*

*

*

*

WY

IL IN

1.7

KY

27.9

PA

VA

TN

WV

3.8

50 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Kentucky, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 47

State Coal Profile: Louisiana

Coal is a relatively new source of energy in Louisiana. they jointly agreed that a mine-mouth power plant, fueled

Large amounts of coal from other States were first with lignite, would be the most economical choice. The

consumed in Louisiana in the early 1980's to generate site selected for both a surface mine and a power plant

electricity. Production and consumption of Louisiana's was Dolet Hills.

coal, all lignite, began in the mid-1980's. Although the

annual output of lignite has risen to about 3 million short In 1985, the Dolet Hills mine, operated by Dolet Hills

tons, its role in Louisiana's economy is greatly Mining Company, began supplying lignite to the power

overshadowed by the large amounts of natural gas and plant's stockpile by use of a 7.5-mile-long conveyor. The

crude oil produced in the State. following year, the power plant began commercial

Lignite deposits of commercial importance occur in the watts. In late 1989, a second, smaller surface mine was

northwestern part of Louisiana. Lignite was found in that opened in nearby Red River Parish to provide an addiarea as early as 1812, nearly a century before petroleum tional source of lignite, delivered by truck to the power

was discovered in the State. In the early 1800's, small plant. In general, the lignite beds mined (part of the

amounts of lignite dug from outcrops were used locally as Wilcox Group) average 6 feet in thickness.

fuel for blacksmithing and domestic heating. Around the

turn of the century, lignite was used to heat a school near In 1992, Louisiana's lignite output climbed to a record of

Mansfield. It was also tested as a locomotive fuel, but more than 3 million short tons. It accounted for about onefound unsuitable. Attempts to mine lignite underground fourth of the 14 million short tons of coal consumed in the

were short-lived, due not only to a lack of markets, but State. Wyoming was by far the principal source of coal

also to the difficulty of mining under strata that had to be consumed in Louisiana, nearly all used to generate

supported with extensive timbering. Interest in lignite electricity. The State's largest coal-burning power plant is

faded in the early 1900's when the State's large oil and gas the 1,620-megawatt Big Cajun 2, operated by Cajun

fields were developed. Electric Power Cooperative, Inc., in Pointe Coupee Parish.

Interest in Louisiana's lignite was renewed during World The industrial use of coal in Louisiana is largely centered

War II when the Nation assessed its mineral resources. at a coal gasification plant at Plaquemine. The plant,

The lignite could not compete as a fuel, but it had placed in service in 1987, is one of three U.S. coal

potential as raw material for making certain chemicals, gasification plants currently in commercial use. It is

dyes, fertilizers, and livestock feeds. A large amount of operated by Destec Energy, Incorporated, to supply

such products had been imported from Europe, electricity and superheated steam to an adjacent chemical

particularly Germany. However, Louisiana's lignite was complex of the Dow Chemical Company. The plant has a

never used during the war. generating capacity of 160 megawatts and uses more than

In the 1950's and 1960's, lignite was recognized as a tuminous coal from Wyoming. A small amount of coal

potential fuel for generating electricity in the State, and from Kentucky is also used in paperboard manufacturing.

large reserves were delineated in the Dolet Hills area, near

Mansfield, De Soto Parish. At the time, however, lignite Large amounts of coal from other States are exported

was not cost-competitive. The economics changed in the through the New Orleans Customs District, which

late 1970's as pricing and legislation limited the use of includes the port areas of New Orleans and Baton Rouge

natural gas as a power plant fuel. As a result, when the on the lower Mississippi River. The coal is handled at

Central Louisiana Electric Company, Incorporated, and terminals and also transloaded midstream from barges to

the Southwestern Electric Power Company evaluated ships. In 1992, about 13 million short tons of coal, mostly

their options to meet a growing demand for electricity, steam coal, were exported through the New Orleans

operations with a generating capability of 650 megaThe plant is fueled with Wyoming subbituminous coal.

2,000 short tons of coal per day, all low-sulfur subbi-
48 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Customs District. This represented about 13 percent of

total U.S. coal exports and ranked New Orleans as the

third-largest coal-exporting district, following Norfolk,

Virginia, and Cleveland, Ohio. Small amounts of coal for

power plants in other southern States have also been

imported through New Orleans.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-producing parish

Coal-fired power plant

Coal gasification plant Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

Louisiana

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 49

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................. 1985 (207,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1992 (3,240,000 short tons)

 Total Area of State:

 48,523 square miles

 Area Underlain by Coal:

 1,360 square miles

Coal Reserves (million short tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 484 484

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 0 0 0

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 359 359

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 0 0 0

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 359 359

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 0 207 3,186 3,151 3,240 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 2 2 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 72 103 103 77 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 2.34 13.16 12.56 12.43 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- W W W W 

 

Total
Louisiana

50 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 0 207 3,186 3,151 3,240 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 2 2 2 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 72 103 103 77 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- 2.34 13.16 12.56 12.43 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- W W W W 
Louisiana

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 51

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 83 1 17 0 0 0 0

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 83 1 17 0 0 0 0

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 0 8,760 11,748 12,406 13,025

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 W W W W

 Residential and Commercial ........... 4 W W W W

 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 9,217 12,547 12,965 13,622

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 0 1,978 2,458 2,235 1,701

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 45,744 44,261 58,168 57,158 55,188

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 32 31 33 36

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 24 24 19

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 62 45 43 45

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 13.90 16.24 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... .62 .50 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 12.14 7.20 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. .89 .62 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.38 1.54 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 19.22 24.93 
Louisiana

52 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,469 trillion Btu (coal, 214; natural gas, 1,579; petroleum, 1445; nuclear electric power, 150; hydroelectric

power, 0; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 81).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

3.2

0

3.2

LA

3.2

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 53

Destination of Coal Produced in Louisiana, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): truck, 17; tramway/conveyor, 83.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 13.5 *

*

*

LA

3.2

P A

O H

KY

0.3

WY

10.0

54 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Louisiana, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 51

State Coal Profile: Maryland

Coal is the principal mineral fuel produced in the State, States and in Canada. Coal production declined sharply

which also has a small output of natural gas from a after 1920, reflecting downturns in the economy,

deposit in the coal mining area. In 1992, the coal produced recurrent labor problems, and the extensive

was estimated to represent about one-fifth of the total

value of Maryland's mineral production.

Maryland's coal deposits are located in two western

counties, Allegany and Garrett. The coal, all bituminous

in rank, occurs in five elongated fields on the Allegheny

Plateau, which composes the eastern edge of the

Appalachian Coal Basin in the State. The coalbeds are

moderately inclined on the flanks of the fields, but are

generally flat within the fields.

Production is largely from two adjoining fields, Georges

Creek and Potomac. Although about 13 coalbeds were

mined in 1992, nearly three-fourths of the total output was

from the Upper Freeport coalbed. The beds mined range

from 2 to 10 feet in thickness. In recent years, both steam

and metallurgical coal have been produced, the latter for

the export market.

Maryland's coal production began in the 1780's, when

small amounts were mined for Fort Cumberland, a

frontier outpost. In 1830, the first coal shipments eastward

were made by barge down the Potomac River, a route

later abandoned because of the rapids in the river. The

State's first coal mining company was incorporated in

1836, but coal production did not become important until

the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road reached Cumberland in

1842. In 1850, the opening of the Chesapeake and Ohio

Canal from Cumberland to Washington, D.C., provided

another route for coal shipments. Over 21 million short

tons of coal were transported on the canal before it closed

in 1923.

Maryland's coal production rose above 1 million short

tons in 1865, exceeded 4 million short tons by the turn of

the century, and reached an all-time high of about 6

million short tons in 1907. A small amount of the coal

produced in the early 1900's was a premium smithing

(blacksmith) coal that was specially processed and

delivered in box cars to customers throughout the Uni-ted
52 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

replacement of coal by petroleum. Production fell below

1 million short tons during the 1950's and early 1960's

before the trend turned upwards, due mostly to an

increasing use of coal to generate electricity. Over 3

million short tons were produced in 1992.

Before World War II, underground mines accounted for

most of Maryland's coal production. A rising demand

during the war and a shortage of manpower at

underground mines led to an increase in surface coal

mining. Surface mines predominated until the early

1980's, when underground production once again became

the largest source of production, accounting for more than

half of the total in recent years. The State's largest mine in

1992, producing more than 2 million short tons, was the

Mettiki underground mine of Mapco Coal Inc., in Garrett

County. Garrett County accounted for the bulk of the

State's coal output in 1992. 

Of the coal produced in 1992, more than 90 percent was

for domestic markets and the rest was exported overseas.

About 60 percent of domestic shipments were to electric

power plants in West Virginia. Maryland's power plants

received nearly all of the balance.

About 10 million short tons of coal were consumed in

Maryland in 1992. Electric power plants were the major

consumers, receiving about 10 percent of their requirements from mines in Maryland and most of the balance

from West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Maryland's largest

coal-generating facility is the 1,284-megawatt Brandon

Shores plant of Baltimore Gas & Electric Company, in

Anne Arundel County. Small amounts of coal were used

by other consumers, chiefly cement plants and a paper

mill. Until early 1992, a coke plant was in operation at the

Sparrows Point Steel Plant of Bethlehem Steel

Corporation, near Baltimore.

The Baltimore Customs District is an important East Coast

coal-exporting region, handling metallurgical and steam

coal produced in northern Appalachia. In 1992, it

accounted for 15 percent of the coal exported from the

East Coast and 9 percent of total U.S. coal exports. Export

coal is handled at the Bayside Transhipping Facility and

the CONSOL Coal Terminal.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Maryland

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 53

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................... 1820 (3,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1907 (5,533,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 10,577 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 440 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 86 750

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3 32

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 22 180

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 34 210

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 58 422

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W 59

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 1,494 1,785 1,985 2,631 2,270 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 1 2 3 

 Miners ............................................ 561 375 288 309 228 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.48 2.48 3.17 3.73 3.50 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 38.80 W W W W 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 2,266 1,200 1,502 1,142 1,071 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 39 26 24 21 

 Miners ............................................ 526 303 301 215 210 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.13 2.45 2.66 2.23 2.13 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 20.82 W W W W 

 

Total
Maryland

54 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 3,760 2,985 3,487 3,773 3,341 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 45 27 26 24 

 Miners ............................................ 1,087 678 589 524 438 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.79 2.47 2.93 3.11 2.91 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 28.47 27.40 25.97 25.73 25.39 
Maryland

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 55

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 99 0 0 0 0 2 1

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 4 57 17 43

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 68 0 0 4 18 19 14

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 5,908 7,046 8,945 8,632 9,001

 Coke Plants ....................... 2,645 W W W W

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 718 945 1,040 718

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 36 W W W W

 Total ............................. 9,312 10,013 11,193 10,709 9,733

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 1,376 1,636 2,114 2,220 2,400

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 32,174 32,300 31,497 38,215 39,426

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 55 74 59 60

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 31 4 24 27

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 14 22 17 13

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 25.13 25.51 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 1.69 1.36 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 12.94 10.47 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 1.35 1.07 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.38 1.60 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 34.66 40.68 
Maryland

56 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,215 trillion Btu (coal, 275; natural gas, 178; petroleum, 495; nuclear electric power, 97; hydroelectric

power, 15; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 156).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost

of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants

shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from

mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

3.2

0.2

3.5 *

*

*

*

NY

PA

VA

MD

WV 1.2

2.0

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 57

Destination of Coal Produced in Maryland, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 67; truck, 30; unknown, 3.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 9.7 *

*

PA

2.4

KY

0.3

VA

MD

WV 1.2

5.8

58 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Maryland, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 55

State Coal Profile: Missouri

Coal mining is a relatively small industry in Missouri, but from oil and natural gas. By the early 1970's, production

coal is the principal mineral fuel produced. In 1992, the was trending upward due to the increased use of coal to

value of coal production accounted for an estimated 6 generate electricity, and in 1984 the coal output reached a

percent of the total value of all mineral commodities record of nearly 7 million short tons. Since then

produced in the State, including oil and natural gas. production has fallen, reflecting competition from better

Missouri's coal deposits are in the northern and western was nearly 3 million short tons in 1992.

parts of the State. The coal, all bituminous in rank, occurs

in thin beds. The leading source of coal production from

the six beds mined in 1992 was the Bevier coalbed, which

averages 3 feet in thickness. Although Missouri's coal has

high heat value (averaging about 22 million Btu per short

ton), its high sulfur content (averaging about 4 percent by

weight) has hindered its use. In addition, the thin coalbeds

common in the State are often uneconomical to mine.

Missouri was the first State west of the Mississippi River

to produce coal commercially. The occurrence of coal in

Missouri appears to have been known as early as 1806,

when it was noted on the banks of the Osage River, south

of the present site of Prairie City in Bates County. By 1881,

coal mining had become a thriving enterprise in the State,

with the railroads the largest coal consumers. Production

grew to more than 5 mil-lion short tons during World War

I, and then declined slightly before rising during World

War II. The postwar market for Missouri coal fell as coalburning locomotives were replaced by diesel-electric

engines, and the residential use of coal suffered from

competition

quality coal from other States. Missouri's coal production

Most of the early coal mines in Missouri were

underground operations. Surface mining began in the

mid-1930's and since the late 1960's it has accounted for

virtually all the coal produced in the State. The Thomas

Hill surface mine of Associated Electric Coop Inc., in

Randolph County, was the State's major coal producer in

1992. Randolph County was the source of nearly 90

percent of Missouri's coal output.

Nearly all of the coal produced in Missouri in 1992 was

for consumers in the State. Of the 25 million short tons of

coal consumed, however, only about 11 percent was from

mines in the State. Electric utilities were by far the largest

coal consumers. About half of the utility coal was from

Illinois, about one-third was from Wyoming, and most of

the balance was from Missouri. The largest coal-fired

generating units, totaling 2,232 megawatts, are at the

Labadie Power Plant of Union Electric Company, in

Franklin County. Most of the coal consumed by other

industries, mainly cement and lime plants, was from other

States.
Miles

0 50 100

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Missouri

56 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................... 1840 (9,972 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1984 (6,733,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 69,686 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 24,700 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 1,479 4,522 6,001

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 0 0 0

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 0 0 0

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 3,166 3,855

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 3,166 3,855

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 NA 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- NA -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- NA -- -- -- 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 5,503 5,566 2,647 2,304 2,886 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14 5 5 5 

 Miners ............................................ 1,093 1,108 347 312 323 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.34 2.28 2.99 2.69 3.10 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 20.50 27.08 W W W 

Total
Missouri

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 57

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 5,503 5,571 2,647 2,304 2,886 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 15 5 5 5 

 Miners ............................................ 1,093 1,108 347 312 323 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.34 2.28 2.99 2.69 3.10 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 20.50 27.08 W W W 
Missouri

58 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 87 0 0 3 13 1 <1

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 87 0 0 3 13 1 <1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 23,169 22,779 24,231 24,286 23,815

 Coke Plants ....................... W W W 0 0

 Other Industrial ..................... 1,396 1,565 1,321 1,235 1,178

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . W W W 252 228

 Total ............................. 24,845 24,733 25,836 25,773 25,221

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 7,348 6,049 4,434 5,458 6,045

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 48,930 57,335 59,011 60,121 56,627

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 80 82 80 83

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 14 14 17 14

 Other (percent) .................... 4 6 4 3 3

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 21.18 20.64 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 4.15 1.80 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 10.22 7.71 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 3.92 1.74 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.63 1.34 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 34.43 27.57 
Missouri

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 59

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,513 trillion Btu (coal, 535; natural gas, 259; petroleum, 622; nuclear electric power, 107; hydroelectric

power, 11; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -21).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 NA = Not available.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost

of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants

shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from

mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

2.8

0

2.8 *

*

KS MO

2.7

60 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Missouri, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 3; truck, 10; tramway/conveyor, 86; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 24.2 *

*

*

*

* *

WY

8.0

UT CO

0.5 KS

0.2

OK

MO

2.7

AR

IL

11.6

IN

PA

KY

0.8

WV

0.2

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 61

Origin of Coal Received in Missouri, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 59

State Coal Profile: Montana

Coal was estimated to be the leading mineral commodity in Rosebud County. Over the next decade, coal proproduced in Montana in 1992. It accounted for more than duction continued to rise as the plant added generating

one-fourth of the estimated total value of all minerals units. Additional demand for Montana's low-sulfur coal

produced, ranking slightly higher than crude oil. by utilities in other States was spurred by the enact-ment

Royalties from Federal coal leases generated $34 million, of Federal regulations on emissions. In 1992, Montana's

which was disbursed equally to the State and the Federal coal output reached a record of 39 million short tons.

Government. Royalties from a coal lease granted by the

Crow Tribe were over $1 million.

Coal deposits are widely distributed across Montana,

together comprising the Nation's largest coal reserve base.

The ranks of coal include lignite, subbituminous, and

bituminous. Production, however, is nearly all low-sulfur

subbituminous coal, with a small amount of lignite. The

major source of subbituminous coal, accounting for about

half of the State's production, is the Rosebud coalbed. This

coalbed, which ranges up to 30 feet in thickness, is in the

Powder River Basin, located in the southeastern part of

the State.

Coal was reportedly first used in Montana in 1807, by a

Spanish fur trader who used to heat his outpost.

Montana's coal industry began on a small scale in 1880,

and by 1900 it was well established. The bulk of production was for railroad fuel. Lesser amounts were for

heating and to produce coke for smelting. Production rose

to nearly 5 million short tons in 1918. It then declined to

an average of about 3 million short tons annually, rising

slightly during World War II. The relative stability of

Montana's coal output during those three decades reflects

the small level of industrial development in the State, the

development of its hydroelectric and petroleum resources,

and competition with coal from other States and with

other fuels.

In the 1950's and 1960's, Montana's coal production fell

sharply due to the replacement of coal-fired locomotives

by diesel-electric locomotives and an abundant supply of

natural gas. The 1970's brought about a significant

increase in production due largely to the construction of

the large Colstrip coal-fired power plant

Early coal production in Montana was mostly from

underground mines. Large-scale surface mining began in

the 1920's at Colstrip, Rosebud County, where the

Rosebud seam was covered by 20 to 50 feet of overburden.

By 1930, the Colstrip mine accounted for more than onethird of the State's coal output. For about the past two

decades, virtually all of Montana's coal has been produced

by surface mining. The largest mine in 1992 was the

Rosebud mine of Western Energy Company, in Rosebud

County. Its output of more than 14 million short tons

ranked it as the fifth-largest U.S. coal mine. The State's

only lignite producer is the Savage Strip Mine of Knife

River Coal Company, in Richland County. Nearly all of

Montana's coal production is from Big Horn and Rosebud

counties. In 1992, more than 60 percent of the State's

production was from Federal coal leases, about 6 percent

was from Crow Indian leases, with the balance from State

and private lands.

More than two-thirds of Montana's 1992 coal output was

shipped out of State, including a small amount for

overseas customers. The major destinations were electric

utilities in Michigan and Minnesota. The 11 million short

tons of coal consumed in Montana in 1992 was nearly all

for generating electricity, and all of the utility coal used

was produced in the State. Montana's largest coal-fired

generating units, totaling 2,060 megawatts, are at the

Colstrip plant of Montana Power Company, in Rosebud

County. A small amount of coal was also used in the State

for processing sugar cane and manufacturing cement.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

10

20

30

40

50

Montana

60 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ...................... 1880 (224 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1992 (38,889,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 147,138 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 51,300 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 70,959 48,960 119,919

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 25,397 25,099 50,496

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 9,648 11,970 21,618

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 2,517 3,395

Total ............................................. 35,923 39,585 75,508

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 1,352 1,352

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 3 10 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 1 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 NA NA 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- NA NA 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- NA NA 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 29,872 33,290 37,616 38,235 38,879 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 9 8 7 

 Miners ............................................ 1,131 1,173 821 794 715 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 11.98 14.73 18.78 18.99 20.16 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 10.50 13.18 9.42 10.76 10.20 

Total

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 29,872 33,290 37,616 38,237 38,889 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9 9 9 8 
Montana

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 61

 Miners ............................................ 1,131 1,173 821 794 715 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 11.98 14.73 18.78 18.99 20.16 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 10.50 13.18 9.42 10.76 10.20 
Montana

62 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 99 00110 0

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 99 0 0 1 1 1 <1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 3,351 5,480 9,399 10,223 10,768

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 W W W W

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 14 W W W W

 Total ............................. 3,519 5,713 9,676 10,549 11,040

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 634 767 741 735

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 15,496 18,773 25,719 28,157 25,468

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 45 58 57 67

 Nuclear (percent) .................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 55 42 43 33

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 18.10 17.15 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... .52 .66 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 6.62 8.92 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. .57 .77 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.33 .71 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 24.12 12.14 
Montana

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 63

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 342 trillion Btu (coal, 180; natural gas, 47; petroleum, 145; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power,

124; other, 1; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -154).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 NA = Not available.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

38.8

*

38.9 *

*

*

*

WA

0.7

OR

1.8

MT

11.2

WY

CO

0.1

ND

0.4 MN

8.6 WI

1.9 MI

IL

3.0

IN

0.5

TN

MS

10.4

NE

0.1

64 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Montana, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 57; water, 16; truck, < 1; tramway/conveyor, 26; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 11.2 *

*

*

MT

11.2

WY

UT

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 65

Origin of Coal Received in Montana, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 63

State Coal Profile: New Mexico

Coal is one of four mineral fuels produced in New due chiefly to competition from natural gas and crude oil

Mexico. In 1992, New Mexico's coal output was estimated produced in New Mexico and in neighboring States. Over

to account for around 10 percent of the total value of all the next 40 years, production trended downward,

mineral commodities produced in the State. Crude oil and eventually falling below 1 million short tons in the 1950's

natural gas were by far the leading mineral commodities; and early 1960's. In the late 1960's the State's coal industry

the value of uranium production was small. Royalties was re-established with the opening of large mines to

from Indian and Federal coal leases totaled about $32 supply fuel for new coal-burning power plants built in

million and $14 million, respectively. Federal royalties New Mexico and Arizona to meet the growing demand

were disbursed equally to the State and the Federal for electricity in the Southwest. Rising almost steadily,

Government. New Mexico's coal production reached an all-time high of

The principal coal-bearing areas in New Mexico are the

San Juan and Raton basins, both in the northern part of Underground mines were the chief source of coal

the State. The San Juan Basin, the larger of the two, is the production in New Mexico until the mid-1960's, when

major source of coal production. San Juan Basin coal, large surface mines were opened. Virtually all production

which has a low sulfur content, ranges in rank from in recent years has been from surface mines. The State's

subbituminous in the South to bituminous in the North. largest coal mine in 1992, with an output of about 9

About 18 coalbeds were mined in 1992, but most million short tons, was the Navajo surface mine of BHP

production was largely from the Fruitland Formation, Minerals International Incorporated, in San Juan County.

which contains several coalbeds. The beds mined are The mine produces from leases on Navajo land. Of the

generally 4 to 13 feet thick. The Raton Basin contains low- total coal produced in New Mexico in 1992, a little more

sulfur bituminous coal, including some that can be used than half was from Indian coal leases and about 15

to produce metallurgical coke. Coking coal was mined in percent was from Federal coal leases, with the balance

the Raton Basin until 1986 and shipped primarily to a from State and private lands. San Juan and McKinley

coke plant in California. The minable beds in the Raton counties were the source of nearly all of New Mexico's

Basin average over 5 feet in thickness. coal output.

Small amounts of the coal in New Mexico reportedly were Coal is produced in New Mexico mainly for electric

used several centuries ago by Spanish explorers, and in utilities. In 1992, about 60 percent was for power plants in

the 1860's by the U.S. Army at Fort Craig, near present- the State, and most of the balance was shipped to Arizona.

day Socorro. The first commercial coal pro-duction was to Virtually all of the 15 million short tons of coal consumed

supply fuel for railroads, metallic ore smelters, domestic in New Mexico was for generating electricity. The State's

and commercial heating, and small power plants. Until largest coal-fired power plant is the 2,040-megawatt Four

the 1920's, some coal was converted into coke in beehive Corners plant, operated by Arizona Public Service in San

ovens, principally for use in smelting copper. Around the Juan County. The plant receives coal from the Navajo

same time, some coal from the Raton field was used to surface mine, about 12 miles away. A small amount of

manufacture coal gas. coal was also used at a cement plant in the State.

New Mexico's coal output rose to about 4 million short

tons in 1918 and then slackened as many mines closed,

25 million short tons in 1992.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

New Mexico

64 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................. 1882 (157,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1992 (24,549,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 121,666 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 14,650 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 2,122 2,308 4,430

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 236 802

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 1,185 1,630

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 0 64

Total ............................................. 1,074 1,421 2,496

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... W W 1,495

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 950 803 76 25 93 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 

 Miners ............................................ 390 249 10 63 141 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.34 1.64 4.27 .71 .40 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 17,475 21,399 24,217 21,492 24,456 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 10 6 6 6 

 Miners ............................................ 1,213 1,680 1,462 1,587 1,542 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 6.20 5.95 7.66 6.31 7.11 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 

Total
New Mexico

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 65

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 18,425 22,203 24,292 21,518 24,549 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 12 7 7 7 

 Miners ............................................ 1,603 1,929 1,472 1,650 1,683 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 5.30 5.43 7.64 6.25 6.68 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 14.01 23.41 22.43 23.25 23.14 
New Mexico

66 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ............................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 97 1 3000 0

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 97 1 3 0 0 1 <1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 11,406 14,498 15,065 12,809 14,775

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial ..................... W W W W W

 Residential and Commercial ........... W W W W W

 Total ............................. 11,458 14,589 15,111 12,858 14,832

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 1,429 1,434 1,538 1,399 1,570

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 24,677 27,108 28,491 25,065 27,708

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 89 91 88 92

 Nuclear (percent) .................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11 9 12 8

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 18.65 18.03 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... .69 .81 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 19.49 22.49 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. .74 .90 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.46 1.32 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 27.29 23.83 
New Mexico

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 67

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 588 trillion Btu (coal, 234; natural gas, 227; petroleum, 236; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power,

3; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -112).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost

of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown

on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines

producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

24.8

*

24.8 *

*

CA

AZ

9.2

NM

14.8

TX

0.2

WI

0.6

68 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in New Mexico, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 44; truck, < 1; tramway/conveyor, 56; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 14.9 *

*

*

CO

NM

14.8

PA

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 69

Origin of Coal Received in New Mexico, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 67

State Coal Profile: North Dakota

Lignite is the only rank of coal present in North Dakota. million short tons in 1992. About 20 percent of the

The value of lignite produced in 1992 represented more production was from Federal leases.

than 20 percent of the total value of all mineral

commodities produced in the State and ranked second to Most of the early lignite production was from

crude oil. Lignite output from Federal leases generated underground mines. Exposed beds were usually first

about $3 million in royalties, disbursed to the State and surface-mined with horse-drawn scrapers and hand

the Federal Government. implements, and then the bed was followed underground.

Lignite deposits underlie most of the western half of technology advanced, North Dakota became one of the

North Dakota. They occur in the Williston Basin, a large first States to use surface mining on a large scale. Surface

depression that also extends into the adjacent States and mines accounted for more than half of the State's coal

Canada. About four lignite beds were mined in 1992, the output by the mid 1930's and for all production since

most important of which was the Beulah-Zapp. This bed, 1966. The largest coal mine in 1992, with an output of

which averages 14 feet in thickness, was the source for nearly 14 million short tons, was the Freedom-Coteau

most of the State's coal output. mine, operated by Coteau Properties Company. The mine

The first recorded use of lignite in what is now North coal output.

Dakota was in 1804, when the Lewis and Clark expedition

burned it in a blacksmith forge. The presence of lignite, Nearly all of the lignite produced in North Dakota is

which could be used as a fuel in the generally treeless consumed in the State. Electric power plants were the

plains of North Dakota, was one of the promotional points principal consumers of the 30 million short tons used in

made by land developers, territorial officials, and railroad 1992. The largest coal-fired generating facility is the 931-

companies to attract settlers to the area. Commercial megawatt Coal Creek plant of Cooperative Power

production began in Morton County in the early 1870's. Association, McLean County. Consumption in the

Production was stimulated in 1896 when State institutions industrial sector is dominated by the Great Plains Synfuels

were required by law to obtain as much of their fuel Plant, the largest of the Nation's three coal gasification

supply as possible from North Dakota mines. plants. This plant, located near Beulah and operated by

Annual lignite production exceeded 1 million short tons synthetic natural gas. It converts an average of 16,000

in 1922, rose above 2 million short tons in the late 1930's, short tons of lignite per day into 142 million cubic feet of

and generally remained at that level into the early 1960's. pipeline-quality gas and byproducts such as anhydrous

That long period of stagnation was due largely to ammonia, sulfur, and liquid nitrogen.

competition from oil and gas (some produced in the State)

and to the development of hydroelectric power from the A small amount of coal from other States, chiefly

Missouri River. Production turned upward in the late subbituminous coal from Montana, is also used in refining

1960's chiefly to supply fuel for new electric generation sugar. Small quantities of lignite have been made into

plants built in the State. North Dakota was the leading cooking briquettes. Oxidized lignite, or Leonardite, has

lignite-producing State from about 1920 through 1974, been used as a thinner for oil well drilling mud, as an

when Texas gained first place. North Dakota's lignite industrial water softener, and as a soil conditioner.

production reached a record 32

Surface mining with a steam shovel began in 1919. As

is in Mercer County, the source of nearly half of the State's

Dakota Gasification Company, manufactures a high-Btu
0 50 100

Miles Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal gasification plant

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

North Dakota

68 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ................... 1884 (35,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1992 (31,744,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 70,665 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 32,000 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 0 9,590 9,590

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 0 1,201 1,201

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 0 4,874 4,874

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 0 1,242 1,242

Total ............................................. 0 7,316 7,316

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 1,335 1,335

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 

Surface 

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 16,975 26,873 29,213 29,530 31,744 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14 11 8 8 

 Miners ............................................ 1,711 1,132 931 814 744 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 8.97 11.40 16.12 17.64 18.12 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 7.48 9.30 7.67 7.84 7.48 

 
North Dakota

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 69

Total

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 16,975 26,873 29,213 29,530 31,744 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14 11 8 8 

 Miners ............................................ 1,711 1,132 931 814 744 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 8.97 11.40 16.12 17.64 18.12 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 7.48 9.30 7.67 7.84 

7.48 

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 99 0 0 1 1 0 0

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 99 0 0 1 1 0 0

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 11,619 17,354 21,579 22,174 23,192

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial ..................... W W W W W

 Residential and Commercial ........... W W W W W

 Total ............................. 12,347 22,958 28,114 28,597 30,319

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 5,149 3,137 2,828 1,999 2,194

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 15,829 22,071 26,824 27,535 28,592

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 90 94 94 94

 Nuclear (percent) .................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 10 6 6 6

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 13.03 13.12 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... .87 .87 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 9.30 9.29 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 1.34 1.33 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... .75 .72 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 9.81 9.45 
North Dakota

70 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 320 trillion Btu (coal, 379; natural gas, 42; petroleum, 114; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power,

23; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -238).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

31.7

0

31.7

ND

29.6

SD

2.1

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 71

Destination of Coal Produced in North Dakota, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 9; truck, 14; tramway/conveyor, 77; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 30.0 *

*

* *

MT

0.4

ND

29.6

WY

PA

VA

72 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in North Dakota, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 71

State Coal Profile: Ohio

Coal is the most valuable mineral commodity in Ohio. Underground mining was the chief source of Ohio's coal

Coal production in 1992 was estimated to account for production until World War II. Surface mining, which

about 40 percent of the total value of all mineral began in Ohio in 1915, now accounts for more than half of

commodities produced in the State, including crude oil the State's coal production. However, the largest coal mine

and natural gas. in Ohio in 1992, producing more than 3 million short tons,

The coal reserves of Ohio are part of the Appalachian coal Valley Coal Company, in Belmont County. The State's

basin and consist entirely of bituminous coal. The deposits leading coal-producing counties were Belmont and Meigs.

underlie the eastern part of the State. As mined, the coal

has a heat value ranging from 22 to 25 million Btu per About 90 percent of the coal shipped from Ohio's mines in

short ton, but its use has been hampered by a high sulfur 1992 was delivered to consumers in the State, mainly

content, averaging more than 3 percent by weight. About electric utilities. A small amount was exported. Ohio coal

20 coalbeds were mined in 1992, but more than half of the represented nearly half of the total coal shipments to

output was from the Pittsburgh, Sewickley/Meigs, and consumers in the State, with most of the balance from

Clarion coalbeds. West Virginia and Kentucky. In 1992, Ohio was the thirdCoal production in Ohio began in the 1800's. Its early use Indiana. Electric utilities were by far the largest market for

expanded from domestic heating to blacksmithing, the 59 million short tons of coal consumed in Ohio. About

brickmaking, and evaporating brine in the salt industry. half of the utility coal used was produced in the State; the

In 1827, flatboats carried the first shipments of coal to balance was mostly from West Virginia and Kentucky. In

Cleveland via the Ohio-Erie Canal for use in steamboats. 1992, Ohio's power plants led the Nation in the amount of

As early as 1835, coal was shipped down the Ohio and electricity generated from coal. Ohio's largest coal-fired

Mississippi Rivers for use in sugar refineries in New electric utility is the 2,600-megawatt General James M.

Orleans. By 1875, when more markets were opened due to Gavin plant of Ohio Power Company, in Gallia County.

the canal systems and railroad expansions across the State, More than half of the coal for Ohio's coke plants was from

Ohio's coal output rose to more than 5 million short tons. West Virginia, and the rest was from Kentucky and

The presence of coal suitable for use in blast furnaces plus Virginia. Foremost among the many other industrial coal

the occurrence of iron ore and limestone spurred the consumers in Ohio were paper mills and manufacturers of

development of the coal industry and the iron and steel electrometallurgical products and industrial organic

industry in the State. chemicals. More than 40 percent of this coal was from

By the end of World War I in 1918, coal production

reached 46 million short tons. Subsequent production The Cleveland Customs District was the third-largest coaldeclined, due partly to the Depression and partly to the exporting district in 1992, handling 10 million short tons,

greater use of oil and natural gas. World War II gave an or 10 percent of the Nation's coal exports. Coal terminals

impetus to the State's coal industry, and production are at Ashtabula, Conneaut, Sandusky, and Toledo. Most

gradually rose to an all-time high of 55 million short tons of the coal shipments from these terminals are to Canada.

in 1970. Since then, the demand for Ohio's coal, which is

handicapped by a high sulfur content, has been adversely

affected by the enactment of clean air legislation and

production has trended downward. Production was 30

million short tons in 1992.

was the Powhatan No. 6 underground mine of the Ohio

largest coal-consuming State, following Texas and

Ohio, with the balance mostly from Kentucky.
0 50

1

Miles

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Coke plant

100

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Ohio

72 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................. 1838 (119,952 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1970 (55,351,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 41,222 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 10,000 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 17,919 5,973 23,892

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 118 253

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 590 1,394

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 6,944 3,203 10,147

Total ............................................. 7,883 3,910 11,794

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 260 576

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 12,994 13,646 12,920 12,237 12.031 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 14 13 12 10 

 Miners ............................................ 7,843 4,166 2,603 2,359 1,926 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... .93 1.66 2.34 2.55 3.01 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 38.42 41.75 33.93 31.52 30.11 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 26,400 21,956 22,332 18,333 18,371 

 Mines ............................................. 180 190 159 147 139 

 Miners ............................................ 6,795 4,788 3,263 2,934 2,589 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.03 2.34 3.17 2.76 3.06 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 22.60 29.11 25.57 25.22 24.84 

Total 
Ohio

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 73

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 39,394 35,602 35,252 30,569 30,403 

 Mines ............................................. 199 204 172 159 149 

 Miners ............................................ 14,638 8,954 5,866 5,293 4,515 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.46 2.02 2.80 2.67 3.04 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 27.82 33.97 28.65 27.75 26.93 
Ohio

74 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 84 1 7 4 8 1 1

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 19 7 29 32 36 98 16

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 44 8 20 36 25 99 11

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 48,537 46,700 48,848 49,577 50,358

 Coke Plants ....................... 10,268 5,242 4,949 3,698 3,755

 Other Industrial ..................... 5,553 5,178 4,753 4,813 3,998

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 556 859 654 489 588

 Total ............................. 64,914 57,979 59,205 58,578 58,699

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 13,709 8,976 9,956 10,213 10,395

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 110,247 110,763 126,510 132,694 136,296

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 98 91 88 88

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 8 11 11

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 >1 1 1 1

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 23.70 23.97 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 3.42 2.57 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 10.98 11.24 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 2.89 2.14 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.41 1.44 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 33.32 34.40 
Ohio

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 75

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,687 trillion Btu (coal, 1,413; natural gas, 799; petroleum, 1,090; nuclear electric power, 159; hydroelectric

power, 2; other, 3; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 221).

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

29.6

*

29.6 *

*

*

*

*

*

MA

CT

NY

PA

MI

0.4

IL IN

0.1

O H

26.9 WV

LA

1.4

0.5

76 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Ohio, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 7; water, 25; truck, 40; tramway/conveyor, 27; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
PA

3.6

IN

0.1

OH

26.9

Total 58.7

WY

0.1

KY

WV VA 17.8

9.2

0.9

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 77

Origin of Coal Received in Ohio, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 75

State Coal Profile: Oklahoma

In 1992 the coal industry in Oklahoma was small. The million short tons in 1978. Since then, however, output has

value of the 2 million short tons produced represented fallen, reflecting a lower demand for the high-sulfur coal

about 1 percent of the estimated value of all mineral produced in the State. Oklahoma's coal production was

commodities produced, including crude oil and natural less than 2 million short tons in 1992.

gas. Coal production from Federal leases generated less

than $0.5 million in royalties, which were shared by the Early production of coal in Oklahoma was almost entirely

State and the Federal Government. from underground mines. With the development of large

Oklahoma's economic coal deposits, all bituminous in and accounted for about half of the annual production in

rank, are in the eastern part of the State. Of the nine the 1940's and for more than 90 percent in later years. Le

coalbeds mined in 1992, the Secor was the leading source Flore, Haskell, and Latimer counties were the leading

of production in 1992. The thickness of the beds mined sources of production in 1992. Latimer County's Red Oak

range from 1 to 3 feet. The heat content of the coal surface mine, operated by Farrell-Cooper Mining

produced averages about 25 million Btu per short ton, and Company, was the leading producer. Nearly one-third of

the sulfur content is high, averaging about 3 percent by Oklahoma's coal output in 1992 was from Federal leases.

weight. The coal in some beds has been used to produce

coke for the iron and steel industry, but none is currently The bulk of the coal produced in Oklahoma is consumed

mined for this purpose. in the State, mostly to produce electricity. Electric utilities

Coal, reportedly, was first used in Oklahoma in the early percent Oklahoma coal with coal used from other sources,

1800's by local Indians, who dug it by hand and sold it by based on heat value. Electric utilities are by far the largest

the basket. Commercial production began in 1872 with the coal consumers in the State, accounting for more than 90

construction of the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. From percent of the 17 million short tons used in 1992. Most of

the beginning of the 1900's through World War I, coal was the utility coal used was low-sulfur subbituminous coal

a major fuel in the State. Coal production reached about 5 from Wyoming. Oklahoma's largest coal-fired generating

million short tons in 1920, but then fell, due to the units, totaling 1,515 megawatts, are at the Muskogee plant

Depression and competition with oil from fields of Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company, in Muskogee

discovered in the State. After rising to meet the demand County. Small amounts of coal were also consumed in

for coal during World War II, Oklahoma's annual coal other industries, such as paper mills and cement plants.

output fell below 1 million short tons around the mid1960's. The demand for the State's coal rose as the result of

the Arab oil embargo in 1973, and production reached an

all-time record of 6

equipment, surface mining became increasingly important

in Oklahoma are required by State law to blend at least 10
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Oklahoma

76 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................. 1880 (120,947 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1978 (6,070,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 69,919 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 14,550 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 1,238 349 1,587

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 67 222

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 60 302

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 117 297

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 244 821

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W 48

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 105 26 59 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 1 1 1 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 NA 36 31 24 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- NA 1.30 .52 1.04 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- NA W W W 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 5,358 3,332 1,593 1,815 1,683 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 27 22 21 19 

 Miners ............................................ 1,340 1,024 379 379 310 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.68 1.74 2.17 2.42 2.26 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 27.78 31.72 W W W 

Total
Oklahoma

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 77

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 5,358 3,337 1,698 1,841 1,741 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 28 23 22 20 

 Miners ............................................ 1,340 1,024 415 410 334 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.68 1.74 2.08 2.30 2.17 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 27.78 31.72 30.39 28.52 25.76 
Oklahoma

78 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 6 68 13 32

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 6 65 14 35

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 5,752 12,747 14,866 15,668 16,699

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 852 W W W

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3 W W W

 Total ............................. 6,046 13,602 15,423 16,345 17,430

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 5,157 4,194 2,633 2,835 3,066

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 44,636 44,139 45,063 44,850 45,943

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 46 56 58 60

 Nuclear (percent) .................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 54 44 42 40

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 24.97 17.40 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 2.78 .42 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 9.77 5.24 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 2.23 .48 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.17 1.23 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 29.27 21.47 
Oklahoma

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 79

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,283 trillion Btu (coal, 292; natural gas, 582; petroleum, 432; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric

power, 19; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -42).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data.

 NA = Not available.

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

1.9

*

2.0 *

* *

KS

OK

1.6

TX

0.1

MO

AR

0.1

80 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Oklahoma, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 9; truck, 91.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 18.4 *

*

*

*

WV

PA

WY

16.7

OK

1.6

AR

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 81

Origin of Coal Received in Oklahoma, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 79

State Coal Profile: Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania has long been a major source of coal, Production dropped during the Depression before

leading the Nation in coal production until the early climbing to more than 200 million short tons during

1950's and ranking among the top coal producers since World War II. Output then decreased due to competithen. Cumulative production is more than 15 billion short

tons, an amount far exceeding that from any other State.

In 1992, coal was Pennsylvania's most valuable mineral

resource, the value of production representing an

estimated 60 percent of the total value of all mineral

commodities produced.

Pennsylvania's coal deposits consist of bituminous coal

and anthracite. Bituminous coal underlies most of the

western part of the State in flat-lying beds. Anthracite

deposits occur in four fields in the East and are intensely

folded and faulted. Virtually all U.S. anthracite

production has been from these fields.

About 40 coalbeds are mined. The major beds of bituminous coal, about 3 to 6 feet thick, are the Pittsburgh,

Upper and Lower Freeport, and Upper and Lower Kittanning. An important source of anthracite is the

Mammoth coal zone. This comprises several 5– to 6–footthick coalbeds that merge in places into one bed more

than 50 feet thick. Some bituminous coal is used to

produce metallurgical coke. Anthracite is sometimes

blended with coking coal to improve the physical

properties of the coke produced.

Bituminous coal was first mined in Pennsylvania in 1760

near present-day Pittsburgh. By the mid-1800's, it was

widely used as a fuel for domestic use and the salt and

glass industries. The State's bituminous coal industry

grew with the development of the iron and steel industry

and the rising use of coal-fired steam power. Although

used by blacksmiths at Wilkes-Barre in 1769, anthracite

was not widely accepted as a fuel until the early 1800's,

when the problem of keeping it burning was solved by the

use of specially designed grates and stoves.

The development of canals, railroads, and river transportation opened up markets for both bituminous coal

and anthracite. In 1918, output was a record 277 million

short tons, a level unequalled by any other State.
80 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

tion from other fuels, the loss of the large railroad market

as diesel-electric locomotives replaced coal-fired locomotives, and a falling demand for coal by the iron and

steel industry. Anthracite production dropped from over

40 million short tons in 1950 to about 3 million short tons

in recent years. Bituminous coal production fell from over

100 million short tons in 1950 to 65 million short tons in

1992.

The dominance of underground coal mining in Pennsylvania declined with the rise in surface mining after

World War II. In 1992, underground mines accounted for

about two-thirds of the State's output. The Bailey No. 1

mine of Consolidation Coal Company in Greene County

was the largest underground coal mine in both the State

and the country, producing about 6 million short tons. The

company's Bailey coal preparation plant, with a capacity

of 3,200 short tons per hour, was the Nation's largest.

Greene County was the leading coal-producing county.

Anthracite production was chiefly from surface mines in

Schuylkill County.

A little more than half of the coal produced from Pennsylvania's mines in 1992 remained in the State. The

leading out-of-State shipments were to New York, Ohio,

and Maryland. Of the 6 million short tons exported, threefourths went overseas and the rest to Canada.

In 1992, Pennsylvania was the fourth-largest coalconsuming State, using 56 million short tons. Electric

power plants were the principal coal consumers. The

State's mines provided about three-fourths of the utility

coal used, and West Virginia supplied most of the

remainder. Anthracite culm and silt (waste materials from

preparation plants) were also used as utility fuel. The

State's largest coal-burning generating facility is the 2,360-

megawatt Bruce Mansfield plant of Pennsylvania Power

Company, in Beaver County. Coke plants, the secondlargest coal consumers in the State, received about onefourth of their needs from Pennsylvania and the rest from

West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky. Pennsylvania was

the largest coke-producing State in 1992, with nearly onethird of the U.S. total. Other industrial consumption was

mainly at cement plants and paper mills. Anthracite

predominated in the residential and commercial sectors.
Miles

0 50 100

Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Pennsylvania

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 81

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal Production

 Anthracite ....................... 1820 (458 short tons).

 Bituminous .................. 1840 (465,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal Production

 Total .................... 1918 (277,377,000 short tons).

 Anthracite ................. 1917 (99,612,000 short tons).

 Bituminous .............. 1918 (178,551,000 short tons).

Total Area of State:

 45,333 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 15,000 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 24,652 4,537 29,189

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 372 936

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 5,541 468 6,009

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 5,367 388 5,756

Total ............................................. 11,472 1,229 12,700

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 214 937

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 43,474 36,590 40,530 40,953 45,112 

 Mines ............................................. 124 196 153 139 140 

 Miners ............................................ 23,442 14,185 9,937 8,751 8,113 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... .99 1.37 2.12 2.38 2.81 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 37.64 36.25 33.23 31.72 30.23 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 49,651 34,818 29,984 24,429 23,868 

 Mines ............................................. 549 578 520 469 438 

 Miners ............................................ 12,476 8,022 5,962 4,755 4,546 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 2.11 2.11 2.42 2.53 2.45 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 25.87 29.35 25.91 25.42 25.48 

Total
Pennsylvania

82 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 93,125 71,408 70,514 65,381 68,981 

 Mines ............................................. 673 774 673 608 578 

 Miners ............................................ 35,918 22,207 15,899 13,506 12,659 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.41 1.65 2.24 2.43 2.67 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 31.12 32.91 30.15 29.40 28.61 
Pennsylvania

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 83

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 65 11 16 30 16 89 3

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 5 16 50 42 382 36

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 44 16 16 80 25 471

15

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ........................ 42,465 41,713 41,465 40,662 40,407

 Coke Plants .......................... 17,065 9,762 10,456 8,812 9,868

 Other Industrial ........................ 4,391 3,852 4,090 4,049 4,243

 Residential and Commercial .............. 1,521 1,226 1,308 1,408 1,626

 Total ................................ 65,442 56,553 57,319 54,931 56,144

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................... 11,622 13,628 14,363 14,412 14,866

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) .............. 122,510 135,018 165,683 162,367 166,034

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 74 62 62 62

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 19 35 35 36

 Other (percent) ....................... 97332

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ......................... 25.10 24.80 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ............................. 1.85 2.12 

Ash Content (percent by weight) .............................. 11.59 12.56 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................... 1.47 1.71 

Dollars per million Btu ....................................... 1.46 1.48 

Dollars per short ton ........................................ 36.62 36.81 
Pennsylvania

84 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 3,492 trillion Btu (coal, 1,365; natural gas, 662; petroleum, 1,243; nuclear electric power, 617; hydroelectric

power, 7; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -402).

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost

of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown

on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines

producing less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

61.2

6.4

67.6 *

*

*

*

* * *

*

* *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

* *

*

*

* *

*

*

*

WA

CA

WY

UT

0.3 CO

AZ NM

TX

ND

SD

OK

KS

NE

MN

IA

0.2

MO

AR

LA

MS AL GA

FL

ME

WI

1.6

IL

MI

1.9

IN

0.4

O H

3.6

TN

KY

SC

NC

VA

PA

37.7

NH

0.7

MA

0.3

RI

VT

CT

0.1

MD

2.4

DE

0.2

NJ

WV

NY

8.7

1.4

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 85

Destination of Coal Produced in Pennsylvania, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 46; water, 15; truck, 24; tramway/conveyor, 12; unknown, 2.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 56.7 *

*

*

WY

AL

0.2

PA

VA

OH

KY

WV

MD

13.7

37.7

2.4

2.1

0.5

86 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Pennsylvania, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 83

State Coal Profile: Tennessee

Coal is the leading mineral fuel produced in Tennessee. to a record 11 million short tons in 1972. Since then,

The coal output in 1992 accounted for about 10 percent of however, Tennessee's coal production has been trending

the total estimated value of all mineral commodities downward, as the output from surface mines has fallen

produced in the State. due to the high cost of working thin, discontinuous

Tennessee's coalfields, located in the eastern part of the dropped to 3 million short tons in 1992.

State, are part of the Appalachian coal region. The coalbearing area covers a northeasterly trending belt ranging

from 50 to 70 miles in width. All the coal is bituminous in

rank. Some of it can be converted into metallurgical coke,

but none is currently produced for this purpose. Although

about 12 coalbeds were mined in 1992, production was

largely from the Sewanee, Beach Grove, and Jellico beds,

which average 3 to 4 feet in thickness.

The first recorded use of coal in Tennessee was in 1814,

when coal was mined by blacksmiths for forging iron near

what is now Rockwood, in Roane County. Most of the

early efforts to mine Tennessee coal commercially were

unsuccessful because of transportation difficulties and

lack of steady demand. The arrival of the railroads in the

Tennessee coalfields provided a two-fold impetus to mine

coal. In addition to transporting coal to distant markets,

the railroads were also consumers of coal. Following the

completion of the Tennessee Central Railway in the early

1900's, production rose almost steadily through World

War I, reaching nearly 7 million short tons. 

After a setback due partly to the Depression and the

development of hydropower in the State, production

expanded to about 8 million short tons during World War

II. The postwar coal industry, however, experienced a loss

of two of its major markets. Coal once widely used for

space heating was replaced by oil and gas, and coal-fired

locomotives were phased out by diesel-electric engines.

These losses were later offset as coal demand increased

when the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) constructed

a series of coal-fired power plants in the State. As a

result, coal output rose

coalbeds under thick overburden. The State's coal output

Underground mines have been the major source of coal

production in Tennessee. Before 1938, all coal produced in

the State was from underground mines. The output from

surface mines gained importance after World War II. In

1992, the leading source of coal was the Underground No.

6 mine of Cross Mountain Coal, Inc., in Campbell County.

Tennessee's leading coal-producing counties were

Campbell and Sequatchie.

About two-thirds of the coal shipped from Tennessee's

mines in 1992 was used to generate electricity, and the rest

was mostly for other industrial use. Nearly 60 percent of

the coal distributed remained in the State. Most of the

shipments out of Tennessee went to Alabama, and a small

amount was exported.

More than 80 percent of the 24 million short tons of coal

consumed in Tennessee was used to generate electricity.

About three-fourths of this coal was from Kentucky;

Tennessee's mines supplied about 6 percent of the total.

The largest coal-fired power plant in Tennessee is TVA's

2,494-megawatt Cumberland plant, in Stewart County.

The leading coal consumer in the industrial sector was

Tennessee Eastman Company, a unit of Eastman

Chemicals Division of the Eastman Kodak Company,

located in Kingsport. The company's coal gasification

plant, in operation since 1983, is one of three commercial

coal gasification plants in the United States. This coal

gasification plant uses coal as a feedstock to manufacture

acetic anhydride, used in the production of cellulose

acetate for photographic film base.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-producing county

Coal-fired power plant

Coal gasification plant

Milion Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Tennessee

84 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ...................... 1840 (558 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1972 (11,260,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 42,244 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 4,600 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 293 843

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 39 108

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 118 291

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 41 101

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 198 500

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W 43

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 4,750 5,204 4,526 3,060 2,039 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 70 61 50 37 

 Miners ............................................ 2,076 1,871 1,319 988 599 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.21 1.50 1.68 1.72 1.81 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 29.09 29.71 W W W 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 5,100 2,242 1,666 1,230 1,437 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 48 25 22 13 

 Miners ............................................ 1,539 751 378 254 205 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.57 1.55 2.32 2.45 3.06 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 25.92 25.78 W W W 
Tennessee

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 85

Total

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 9,850 7,446 6,193 4,290 3,476 

 Mines ............................................. 117 118 86 72 50 

 Miners ............................................ 3,615 2,622 1,697 1,242 804 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.36 1.51 1.81 1.88 2.19 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 27.54 28.54 27.96 26.74 27.11 
Tennessee

86 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 37 4 29 32 34

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 5 85 8 15

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 22 9 52 40 26

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 21,679 20,853 20,814 19,216 20,263

 Coke Plants ....................... W W W W 0

 Other Industrial ..................... W W 3,779 3,702 3,682

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W 157

 Total ............................. 24,496 25,105 24,878 23,107 24,102

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 9,200 3,846 3,596 3,148 3,016

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) 60,211 66,581 73,903 73,932 75,395

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 75 68 63 66

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 15 19 22 21

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10 13 15 13

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 25.34 24.36 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 1.39 2.02 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 9.63 8.31 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 1.10 1.66 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.33 1.27 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 33.63 31.01 
Tennessee

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 87

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,747 trillion Btu (coal, 566; natural gas, 235; petroleum, 567; nuclear electric power, 178; hydroelectric

power, 109; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 93.

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of

miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines

that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50

megawatts or more. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants

shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines

producing less than 10,000 short tons. Coal receipts are based on distribution data and may not have actually been received during the year.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 2.8

Exports * Domestic 2.8

*

*

*

* *

*

MI

SC

IN

VA

KY

TN 1.6

AL

NC

WV

0.1

0.7 0.3

88 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Destination of Coal Produced in Tennessee, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 60; water, 24; truck, 14; unknown, 2.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 26.6 *

*

* *

*

MT

WY

IL

2.3

IN

0.2

PA

VA

KY

TN 1.6

AL

WV

1.1

18.8

2.4

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 89

Origin of Coal Received in Tennessee, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 87

State Coal Profile: Texas

Texas ranks first in the United States in the production of 1971, Texas Utilities Generating Company began operlignite. Although greatly overshadowed by crude oil and ating its newly constructed Big Brown power plant with

natural gas production, coal holds an important place in lignite produced from the nearby Big Brown surface mine.

the Texas energy scene. This demonstrated the feasibility of using Texas lignite on

The lignite deposits in Texas occur chiefly in northeasterly develop Texas lignite came from the 1973-74 Arab oil

trending belts in the eastern part of the State. The largest embargo and the 1976 order from the Texas Railroad

commercial deposits are in the Wilcox Formation. The Commission, the State's energy regulatory agency, that

beds mined range from 3 to 10 feet in thickness, although limited the future use of natural gas as boiler fuel. At the

in places two or more beds merge to form a single bed time, natural gas accounted for more than 85 percent of

over 20 feet thick. Bituminous coal is found in the north- the electricity generated in Texas, while coal accounted for

central, southern, and southwestern parts of Texas, about 10 percent. The opening of new mines to supply

typically in beds 3 feet or less in thickness. Currently, the other lignite-fueled power plants in the State contributed

only bituminous coal produced is from Webb County and to the steady growth of Texas coal output. About 55

is the variety called “cannel coal.” million short tons were produced in 1992. 

Lignite deposits in Texas were first reported in 1818 and Early coal mining in Texas was mostly by underground

bituminous coal was discovered by the mid-1800's. The methods, but current production is entirely from surface

early coal industry in Texas produced lignite for local mines. Several of these mines rank among the largest in

domestic heating and steam generation at cotton gins and the United States. The State's largest coal mine, producing

other industrial plants. Bituminous coal was produced about 11 million short tons in 1992, was the Martin Lake

chiefly for railroad fuel. Total annual coal production mine of Texas Utilities Mining, in Panola County. The top

reached more than 2 million short tons before 1920. three coal-producing counties were Panola, Titus, and

Subsequently, annual coal production declined as markets Leon. All of the coal produced (virtually all lignite with

were lost to oil and gas produced from numerous fields less than 1 percent bituminous coal) in Texas was used in

discovered in the State. Bituminous coal production the State.

virtually ceased by 1944, but lignite production continued

on a small scale due to the establishment of several The Nation's leading coal-consuming State since 1981,

industrial markets near lignite deposits. Since 1922, lignite Texas used 91 million short tons in 1992. Electric power

has been used to manu-facture activated carbon at a plant plants were by far the dominant markets, accounting for

in Marshall. In 1926, the Texas Utilities Generating nearly all of the total. Texas lignite comprised about 60

Company began operating the State's first lignite-fired percent of the utility coal, with Wyoming subbituminous

power plant, the Trinidad, in Henderson County. This coal accounting for nearly all of the balance. In 1992, the

plant generated electricity from lignite until it converted electricity generated from coal in Texas ranked second in

to natural gas in the early 1940's. The Aluminum the Nation after Ohio. The largest coal-fired generating

Corporation of America has been using lignite since 1954 facility is the 2,335-megawatt W. A. Parrish plant of

to generate electricity for its smelter at Rockdale. Houston Lighting and Power Company, in Fort Bend

The period from the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's was a coal are consumed mostly in manufacturing activated

pivotal time in the development of lignite in Texas as carbon, cement, and lime, and for generating electricity for

rising natural gas prices created serious concern about aluminum production. Coke production for the State's

economical future sources of energy in the State. In iron and steel industry ended in 1987.

a large scale for electricity generation. Further impetus to

County. The plant uses Wyoming coal. Small amounts of
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Texas

88 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................. 1884 (125,000 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1990 (55,755,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 267,338 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 16,100 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 0 13,266 13,266

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 0 0 0

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 0 6,368 6,368

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 0 3,844 3,844

Total ............................................. 0 10,212 10,212

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 1,188 1,188

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 29,354 45,459 55,755 53,825 55,071 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14 15 15 15 

 Miners ............................................ 1,780 2,360 2,131 2,149 2,001 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 5.93 6.26 7.48 7.17 7.34 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 7.67 11.60 11.20 12.21 12.42 

 

Total
Texas

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 89

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 29,354 45,459 55,755 53,825 55,071 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14 15 15 15 

 Miners ............................................ 1,780 2,360 2,131 2,149 2,001 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 5.93 6.26 7.48 7.17 7.34 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 7.67 11.60 11.20 12.21 12.42 
Texas

90 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground .................................. 0 0 000000

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 99 004100

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 99 004100

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 45,351 71,818 87,248 87,856 87,236

 Coke Plants ....................... W W 0 0 0

 Other Industrial ..................... W W 4,157 4,198 4,225

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . W W 10 11 10

 Total ............................. 48,602 77,017 91,415 92,064 91,471

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 4,882 9,103 8,531 10,474 10,287

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 202,989 218,510 234,047 238,343 239,807

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 45 51 50 49

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 7 8 10

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 55 42 42 41

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 12.45 14.47 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 1.05 .76 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 17.42 12.33 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. 1.69 1.05 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.19 1.49 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 14.79 21.58 
Texas

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 91

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 9,785 trillion Btu (coal, 1,333; natural gas, 3,716; petroleum, 4,441; nuclear electric power, 213;

hydroelectric power, 18; other, 3; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 61.

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of

miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines

that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50

megawatts or more. Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants

shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing Counties shown on map exclude any County where all 1992 output was from

mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. Coal receipts are based on distribution data and may not have actually been received during the year.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

54.4

0

54.4

TX

54.4

92 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 

Destination of Coal Produced in Texas, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 47; truck, 24; tramway/conveyor, 29.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

*

*

*

*

TX

54.4

Total 91.1

CO

2.3

NM

0.2

OK

0.1 AL

VA

PA

WY

34.0

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 93

Origin of Coal Received in Texas, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 91

State Coal Profile: Utah

Coal accounted for about 18 percent of the estimated World War II and the postwar boom. By the mid-1960's,

value of mineral commodities produced in Utah in 1992. however, Utah's annual coal output fell

Royalties from coal production from Federal leases totaled

$30 million, which was disbursed to the State and the

Federal Government.

Although coal deposits are widespread in Utah, production is currently from Wasatch Plateau, Book Cliffs,

and Emery coalfields. These fields have sizable reserves of

high-quality bituminous coal in relatively thick,

continuous beds. Because the coalbeds in these fields

generally occur near the base of high escarpments, mine

entries are driven horizontally into the coalbeds.

However, a few mines also have shafts to provide vertical

access to the coal. Some coal in the Book Cliffs field has

good coking properties and is used in blends to

manufacture metallurgical coke. The leading sources of

coal from the 10 coalbeds mined in 1992 were the

Aberdeen, Hiawatha, and Blind Canyon, which range

from 4 to 12 feet in thickness.

Coal was first mined in Utah in the early 1850's near what

is now Cedar City, in the southwestern part of the State,

for blacksmiths and settlements. The Coalville area in

northern Utah became the State's major source of coal

about 1870 with the opening of a mine to provide heating

fuel for Salt Lake City. Coal development in the area was

spurred by a $1,000 reward offered in 1854 by the

Territorial Legislature to the discoverer of a coal supply

within 40 miles of Salt Lake City. Other coal deposits were

developed later to supply fuel for the transcontinental

railroad and branch railroads constructed in Utah and for

manufacturing coke to smelt iron ore found in the State.

Utah's coal production reached 6 million short tons in

1920 under the stimulus of World War I and rising

shipments of Utah coal to other States. In the 1930's,

annual production decreased as markets were lost to

competition from fuel oil and natural gas and the

economic decline during the Depression. Production rose

to more than 7 million short tons to meet the demands of
92 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

to about 4 million short tons, due mostly to the

replacement of coal-burning locomotives with dieselpowered locomotives. Utah's coal production then became

largely dependent on the demand for coking coal by the

iron and steel industry. Utah's coal industry was

revitalized in the 1970's when the Arab oil embargo

renewed interest in domestic coal as a source of utility

fuel. As new mines were opened and existing mines

expanded to supply coal mainly for new coal-fired power

plants constructed in Utah, the State's coal output trended

sharply upward. Production was 21 million short tons in

1992.

Utah's coal is mined exclusively by underground

methods. The State's largest coal mine in 1992, producing

about 5 million short tons, was the Skyline mine of Coastal

States Energy Company, in Carbon County. Carbon and

Emery counties were the State's leading sources of coal.

More than 80 percent of Utah's 1992 coal production was

from Federal leases.

About 60 percent of the coal produced in Utah in 1992

was delivered to consumers in the State. Shipments out of

State were chiefly to California and Nevada. Threefourths of the coal distributed went to power plants. The

balance was mostly for industrial use, including coke

production, and a small amount was exported overseas.

Power plants are by far the leading coal consumers in

Utah, accounting for most of the 16 million short tons used

in 1992. Utah's mines supplied the bulk of the utility coal

required, with the balance received chiefly from Colorado.

The largest generating facility is the 1,600-megawatt

Intermountain power plant, operated by the City of Los

Angeles, in Millard County. About half of the coking coal

used in Utah was produced in the State, and the rest was

from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Colorado. Other users of

industrial coal, all from Utah's mines, were mainly

manufacturers of copper and cement. A small amount of

fossil resin has been extracted intermittently since 1929

from coal from the Wasatach Plateau field. The resin is

used to produce adhesives, rubber, paint, thermoplastics,

and varnish for printing ink.
0 50 100

Miles

Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

5

10

15

20

25

Utah

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 93

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................... 1870 (5,800 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1990 (22,058,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 84,916 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 15,000 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 5,822 268 6,090

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 1,040 40 1,081

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 1,346 103 1,449

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 69 536

Total ............................................. 2,854 212 3,066

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 0 488

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 13,236 12,780 22,058 21,945 21,339 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 22 18 15 15 

 Miners ............................................ 3,512 2,563 2,434 2,277 1,997 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.96 2.80 4.74 4.80 5.46 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 25.63 27.69 18.53 22.59 21.11 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

Total
Utah

94 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 13,236 12,780 22,058 21,945 21,339 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 22 18 15 15 

 Miners ............................................ 3,512 2,563 2,434 2,277 1,997 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.96 2.80 4.74 4.80 5.46 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 25.63 27.69 18.53 22.59 21.11 
Utah

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 95

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 84 277900

Surface ........................................ 0 0 000000

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 84 277900

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ......................... 4,895 6,325 13,563 12,829 13,857

 Coke Plants ........................... W W W W W

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 472 676 508 535

 Residential and Commercial ............... W W W W W

 Total ................................. 7,106 8,303 15,738 14,834 15,729

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) .................... 1,092 997 3,697 4,123 3,153

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ............... 12,112 15,411 32,260 30,158 32,909

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 92 98 96 96

 Nuclear (percent) ...................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8 2 4 4

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) .......................... 23.09 22.77 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) .............................. .46 .47 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................... 10.85 11.24 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ................................ .40 .41 

Dollars per million Btu ........................................ 1.23 1.21 

Dollars per short ton ......................................... 28.31 27.54 
Utah

96 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 566 trillion Btu (coal, 345; natural gas, 143; petroleum, 207; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power,

6; other, 4; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -138).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

18.8

2.3

21.1 *

*

*

* *

*

*

*

WA

0.3

OR

0.1

CA

2.8

NV

2.0

ID

MT

WY

CO UT

13.0

AZ

0.1

NE

MO

IL

0.2

FL

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 97

Destination of Coal Produced in Utah, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 52; truck, 33; tramway/conveyor, 15; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 15.7 *

WY

0.6

UT

13.0 CO

1.6

PA

VA

0.3

0.2

98 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Utah, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 95

State Coal Profile: Virginia

Coal is the most valuable of Virginia's mineral com- following the war, the State's coal industry suffered losses

modities. The 1992 coal production was estimated to as railroads converted from coal to oil, and heating fuel

account for more than two-thirds of the total value of all markets switched to oil and natural gas. Production

minerals produced in the State, including crude oil and declined to a postwar low of about 16 million short tons in

natural gas. 1949 before recovering to trend generally upward to more

Coal occurs in Virginia in three separate areas: the Eastern increase was due largely to a growing demand for coking

fields, consisting of two basins located west of Richmond; coal. Later, the upward trend was sustained by a rising

the Valley fields, comprising narrow coal-bearing areas in demand for utility coal. Virginia's coal output was 43

the west-central part of the State; and the Southwest field, million short tons in 1992.

which is part of the Appalachian coal basin. The

Southwest field contains most of Virginia's coal reserves

and is the source of virtually all of the State's coal

production.

Only bituminous coal is currently produced in Virginia,

although semianthracite has been produced in the Valley

fields. About half of Virginia's coal output is estimated to

be metallurgical coal, used to make coke for the iron and

steel industry in the United States and other countries.

Although more than 40 coalbeds were mined in 1992, the

leading sources of output were the Pocahontas No. 3 (an

important source of metallurgical coal) and Jawbone.

Coalbed thickness is 4 to 5 feet.

The first commercial production of coal in the United

States began near Richmond in 1748. Consumers of this

coal included local blacksmiths and iron foundries. After

the Revolutionary War, production of Richmond coal rose

to a peak of 175,000 short tons in 1835 and ended in the

1920's, due to competition from other coalfields.

Production from the Valley coalfields trended upward in

the late 1800's after railroads were constructed to the

mines. It reached more than 200,000 short tons annually in

the 1930's and early 1940's before virtually ending in 1971.

The Southwest coalfield became the center of Virginia's

coal industry in the late 1800's, when an extensive railroad

system linked the area with coal consumers in Virginia

and other States and to ports at Norfolk. Coke production

began in the Southwest field in 1883.

Annual coal production in Virginia grew to 14 million

short tons in 1926 and then dropped below 8 million short

tons during the Depression. It later recovered and reached

20 million short tons during World War II. In the decade

than 40 million short tons in recent years. Initially, the

Underground mines have always produced most of Virginia's coal. In recent years, they accounted for more than

80 percent of the State's total coal output. Surface coal

mining in Virginia began in the 1920's and reached a peak

in the mid 1970's. Virginia's largest mine, producing over

2 million short tons in 1992, was the underground

Buchanan No. 1 mine of Consolidation Coal Company, in

Buchanan County. The State's leading coal-producing

counties were Buchanan and Wise.

Of the coal shipped from Virginia's mines in 1992, about

60 percent was for U.S. markets and the rest was exported.

A little more than half of the out-of-State shipments was

utility coal, delivered chiefly to power plants in North

Carolina. Nearly one-third was coking coal for consumers

mostly in Indiana and Pennsylvania.

More than 60 percent of the 13 million short tons of coal

consumed in Virginia in 1992 was for generating

electricity. About 40 percent of the utility coal was

produced in Virginia, with nearly all of the balance

received from Kentucky and West Virginia. Virginia's

largest coal-fired generating utility is the 1,250-megawatt

Chesterfield plant of Virginia Electric and Power

Company, in Chesterfield County. All of the coking coal

used at the State's only coke plant, in Vansant, was from

Virginia. Other industrial coal consumers in Virginia are

manufacturers of paper, paperboard, and synthetic fibers.

These consumers use coal from Virginia, West Virginia,

and Kentucky.

In recent years, Virginia has ranked as the second-largest

coal exporting State, following West Virginia. About 90
96 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

percent of Virginia's coal exports were estimated to be

metallurgical coal. Norfolk, Virginia, is the leading U.S.

Customs District for coal exports, handling coal from

Virginia and other States. The three coal-handling

terminals are Lamberts Point Coal Pier No. 6, Dominion

Terminals Associates, and Pier IX Terminal. In 1992, coal

exports through the Norfolk Customs District totaled 53

million short tons, accounting for 52 percent of U.S. coal

exports.
0 50 100

Miles

Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

10

20

30

40

50

Virginia

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 97

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ....................... 1748 (50 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................ 1990 (46,917,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 40,817 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 1,940 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 1,816 730 2,546

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 252 905

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 216 582

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 0 0 0

Total ............................................. 1,020 468 1,487

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 43 366

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 32,358 33,550 39,150 34,138 34,715 

 Mines ............................................. 387 390 258 222 196 

 Miners ............................................ 13,569 11,553 8,955 8,515 7,888 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.27 1.72 2.14 2.12 2.20 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 36.47 30.37 28.39 27.76 27.88 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 8,651 7,390 7,767 7,816 8,308 

 Mines ............................................. 115 119 82 72 62 

 Miners ............................................ 2,307 1,715 1,387 1,540 1,250 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.91 2.37 2.89 2.95 3.50 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 28.05 29.18 26.32 26.12 26.17 

Total 
Virginia

98 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 41,009 40,940 46,917 41,954 43,024 

 Mines ............................................. 502 509 340 294 258 

 Miners ............................................ 15,876 13,268 10,342 10,055 9,138 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.37 1.81 2.24 2.23 2.37 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 34.58 30.16 28.05 27.45 27.55 
Virginia

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 99

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 32 5 9 72 45 112 14

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1 7 26 80 35 13

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 26 6 9 98 52 147 13

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 5,560 7,166 8,228 8,568 8,639

 Coke Plants ....................... W W W W W

 Other Industrial ..................... 2,875 3,334 3,756 4,301 3,594

 Residential and Commercial ........... W W W W W

 Total ............................. 9,291 11,656 13,105 13,980 13,397

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 1,251 1,682 1,639 1,685 1,922

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 34,306 42,084 47,200 48,941 48,910

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 42 44 45 46

 Nuclear (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 53 50 49 48

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5 6 6 6

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 25.74 25.66 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... 1.10 1.03 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 9.67 9.48 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. .85 .80 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.64 1.47 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 42.21 37.81 
Virginia

100 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,848 trillion Btu (coal, 357; natural gas, 182; petroleum, 744; nuclear electric power, 257; hydroelectric

power, <1; other, <1; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, 309).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

28.5

17.2

45.7 *

* *

*

*

*

*

*

*

TX

UT

0.2

ND

FL

0.5

AL

1.0

GA

2.8

SC

ME

MA

0.2

NJ

0.7

MD

DE

0.2

WI

IL

0.5

IN

2.2

P A

OH

0.9

TN 2.4

NC 5.2

MI

KY

VA

6.1

WV

0.7

NY

1.4

2.1

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 101

Destination of Coal Produced in Virginia, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 78; water, 13; truck, 1; tramway/conveyor, 3; unknown, 4.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 14.9 *

*

*

*

TN

KY

PA

VA

6.1

MD

WV

3.6

5.2

102 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Virginia, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 99

State Coal Profile: Washington

Coal is an important part of the mineral economy of and manufactured gas plants. Coal was also shipped to

Washington. In 1992, coal was estimated to be the second- California.

highest valued mineral commodity produced in the State,

after sand and gravel, accounting for nearly one-fifth of After World War I, annual coal production trended

the estimated value of all mineral commodities produced. downward as consumers switched to oil or turned to less

A Federal coal lease generated $2 million in royalties, expensive coal from Utah and Wyoming. In the 1930's, the

which were disbursed to the State and the Federal coal industry suffered as the State's large hydroelectric

Government. Although coal is the only mineral fuel resources were developed to provide low-cost electricity.

produced in Washington, its role as an energy source is Coal production dropped below 2 million short tons in the

greatly overshadowed by the abundance of hydroelectric 1930's and fell to 37,000 short tons by 1970.

power in the State.

The principal coal deposits in Washington occur in small

areas in the western half of the State. The major economic

coal deposits are located along the western slope of the

Cascade Mountains. All ranks of coal, from lignite to

anthracite, are present in Washington, but production

consists predominantly of subbituminous coal, with a

small amount of bituminous coal. Although some

Washington coal is suitable for conversion to coke for

metallurgical use, none has been mined for this purpose

since World War II.

The coalbeds in Washington are commonly folded and

faulted, features that hamper mining. Only a few areas are

suitable for surface mining. The high ash content

characteristic of many coalbeds in the State is due to

volcanic ash that fell when the coal-forming plant material

was deposited. Production in 1992 was from about eight

coalbeds ranging from 8 to 50 feet in thickness. The major

bed is the Big Seam, which averages about 26 feet in

thickness.

The earliest recorded discovery of coal in Washington was

in 1833, along the Toutle River in what is now Cowlitz

County. The State's first coal mine was opened in 1853

near Bellingham, Whatcom County. Soon after, mining

began in other areas, and by 1880 all of the State's major

coal deposits were being produced. Totaling 2 million

short tons in 1900, production doubled by 1918, reflecting

an increase in demand created by World War I. Early coal

consumers in the State included railroads, electric utilities,

cement mills, coke plants, briquette producers, smelters,

Interest in Washington's coal was renewed in the 1960's

when projections of future electricity requirements

escalated beyond the capability of the State's hydroelectric

plants. This led to the opening of the Centralia surface

coal mine, in Lewis and Thurston counties, to produce

subbituminous coal for the Centralia power plant of

PacifiCorp, constructed near the mine in Lewis County. In

1971, when the plant's first electric generating unit was

placed in service, coal output rose above 1 million short

tons. The following year, it more than doubled to fuel a

second generating unit at the plant, which has a total

generating capability of 1,310 megawatts. Since then,

annual production has ranged from 4 to 5 million short

tons; in 1992, nearly one-third of the mine's output was

from a Federal coal lease. A subsidiary of PacifiCorp

operates the mine.

Although the Centralia mine accounts for most of

Washington's coal output, a smaller coal mine has been in

operation since 1986. This is the John Henry No. 1 surface

mine of Pacific Coal Coast Company, located about 50

miles northeast of Centralia, in King County. The mine's

production, all bituminous coal, totaled about 300,000

short tons in 1992. About three-fourths of the output was

exported to Japan and Korea. The export coal was carried

by rail to Westshore Terminals at the Port of Vancouver,

Canada, for loading into colliers. The balance of the mine's

output was used in Washington.

Virtually all of the 6 million short tons of coal consumed

in Washington in 1992 was for generating electricity.

Nearly all of the utility coal used was from the Centralia
100 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

mine, with a smaller amount from the John Henry No. 1

mine. Supplementing this supply was coal from Montana

and Utah. Of the coal used for other purposes, nearly twothirds was from Utah, with the balance mostly from

Washington and Colorado. The principal industrial users

of coal in Washington were manufacturers of cement,

pulp, and nonmetallic products.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Washington

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 101

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................... 1860 (5,374 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ................. 1992 (5,251,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 68,192 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 1,150 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 1,332 86 1,419

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 0 155

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 68 588

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 0 0 0

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 68 743

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 0 W W

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Miners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- -- -- -- -- 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 5,140 4,438 5,001 5,143 5,251 

 Mines ............................................ 1 2 3 4 3 3 

 Miners ............................................ 597 677 777 638 612 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 4.17 3.15 3.41 3.97 4.51 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 

 

Total
Washington

102 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 5,140 4,438 5,001 5,143 5,251 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4 3 3 

 Miners ............................................ 597 677 777 638 612 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 4.17 3.15 3.41 3.97 4.51 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 
Washington

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 103

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground ................................... 0 0 000000

Surface ....................................... 1 2 94 0 0 1 6 0 0

 All Mines ..................................... 1 2 94 0 0 1 6 0 0

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ......................... 4,950 5,192 4,852 5,184 6,148

 Coke Plants ........................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 208 229 197 194

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 216 66 80 91

 Total ................................. 5,443 5,616 5,147 5,461 6,433

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) .................... 1,704 378 1,316 1,145 697

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ............... 92,325 93,140 100,479 101,353 84,112

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 7 8 11

 Nuclear (percent) ...................... 2 9 6 4 7

 Other (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 83 87 88 82

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) .......................... 15.84 16.38 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) .............................. .70 .66 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................... 15.16 13.69 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ................................ .88 .81 

Dollars per million Btu ........................................ 1.40 1.37 

Dollars per short ton ......................................... 22.12 22.48 
Washington

104 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 1,965 trillion Btu (coal, 89; natural gas, 178; petroleum, 776; nuclear electric power, 45; hydroelectric

power, 908; other, 3; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -34).

 Includes one mine operating in two counties and counted as two mines. 1

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980, mines that

produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and preparation

plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average delivered cost

of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coal-consuming plants shown

on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992 output was from mines

producing less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Domestic

Exports

Total

5.0

0.3

5.3

WA

5.0

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 105

Destination of Coal Produced in Washington, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, < 1; truck, < 1; tramway/conveyor, 98.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

*

* *

*

WA

5.0

Total 6.0

MT

0.7

WY

UT

0.3 CO

PA

106 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Washington, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 103

State Coal Profile: West Virginia

West Virginia's bituminous coal resources are an when large amounts of coal were shipped to Europe

important energy source for the Nation. More than 10 during the postwar recovery period. Subsequently,

billion short tons have been produced since mining began production fluctuated, reflecting the increased use of

in the early 1800's. In 1992, West Virginia was the second- diesel locomotives and other competition from petroleum,

leading coal producer after Wyoming. West Virginia's coal lower demand for coking coal, changes in foreign demand

output dominated the States' mineral economy, for West Virginia coal, new requirements in mining and

accounting for about 86 percent of the esti-mated total environmental laws, and coal miners' strikes. Production

value of all mineral commodities produced in the State. fell below 100 million short tons in the late 1970's before

Bituminous coal underlies more than two-thirds of West were produced in 1992.

Virginia. The coal deposits are divided by a geological

“hinge line” into the Northern and Southern fields. Underground mining has long been the dominant method

Coalbeds in the Northern Field generally occur in a of producing coal in West Virginia. Surface mining in the

regular sequence over a wide area, whereas those in the State became important in the 1940's. In 1992, the State's

Southern Field vary more in thickness, and generally have largest mine, with an output of over 4 million short tons,

a higher heating value and a lower sulfur content. The was the Federal No.2 underground mine of Eastern

average thickness of the beds mined ranges from 3 to 7 Associated Coal Corp., in Monongalia County. Because of

feet. relatively easy access to coalbeds on the sides of valleys,

About 20 coalbeds were mined in 1992 in the Northern production is relatively small. Mingo and Boone Counties

Field, where the Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport were the were the leading coal- producing counties. Although West

leading sources of production. Foremost among the more Virginia had the largest coal mining labor force in 1992, it

than 40 coalbeds mined in the Southern Field were the ranked second to Kentucky in number of coal mines.

Coalburg, Stockton-Lewis and Lower Kittanning. Most of

West Virginia's coal can be converted into coke. The Most of the coal produced is shipped outside the State. Of

preeminent coking coal is the Pocahontas No. 3, mined in the coal distributed in 1992, a little more than half was

the Southern Field. delivered to other States, nearly one-third was exported,

The industrial use of coal in the State became signif-icant shipped to other States, two-thirds was utility coal,

in the early 1800's when it replaced wood as source of heat delivered chiefly to Ohio and Pennsylvania. The balance

for the salt industry in Kanawha Valley. Around the mid- was coking coal and coal for other industrial use. West

1800's, illuminating oil and lubricants were produced Virginia was the Nation's leading source of coking coal for

from cannel coal (a variety of bituminous coal) in domestic markets and the major coal exporter. More than

Kanawha and Elk valleys. Coke production in the State three-fourths of West Virginia's coal exports was

began in the late 1800's. estimated to be coking coal.

With railroad and river transportation facilities estab- Coal consumption in West Virginia in 1992 totaled 32

lished in the late 1800's, the State's coal output rose million short tons, the bulk of it used to generate

rapidly from 23 million short tons in 1900 to 146 million electricity. The electric utility industry has been the State's

short tons in 1927. This was followed by a drop during the principal coal consumer since the late 1960's, with the

Depression and then by a period of recovery. Production increased use of utility coal offsetting losses in other

exceeded 150 million short tons during World War II and sectors. Most of the utility coal is from West Virginia. The

reached an all-time high of 176 million short tons in 1947, leading coal-burning generating facility is the 2,900-

resuming an upward trend. About 162 million short tons

the State has many small mines, but their share of total

and the rest remained in West Virginia. Of the coal
104 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

megawatt John E. Amos plant of Appalachian Power

Company, in Putnam County. West Virginia mines

supplied about half of the coking coal used in the State;

the rest was mostly from Virginia. West Virginia coal also

accounted for nearly all of the coal used by other

industrial consumers, chiefly chemical and metal

manufacturers.
Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

0 50 100

Miles

Coke plant

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Coal-bearing area

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

200

West Virginia

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 105

Coal Production, Virginia, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production .................. 1863 (444,648 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ............... 1947 (176,157,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 24,181 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 16,800 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 32,049 4,738 36,787

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 5,708 1,647 7,355

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 5,880 1,052 6,931

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) .............................. 5,517 293 5,810

Total ............................................. 17,105 2,992 20,097

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... 1,643 400 2,043

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 96,409 103,753 123,306 119,821 115,212 

 Mines ............................................. 539 502 491 434 403 

 Miners ............................................ 45,904 31,106 23,584 22,512 20,738 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.13 1.85 2.70 2.83 2.99 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 36.46 34.31 29.75 29.63 29.14 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 25,175 24,011 45,898 47,530 46,952 

 Mines ............................................. 223 295 280 231 201 

 Miners ............................................ 7,499 5,552 5,994 5,798 5,279 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.67 2.54 4.02 4.18 4.27 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 28.72 29.78 25.55 26.08 25.72 

Total
West Virginia

106 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 121,584 127,764 169,205 167,352 162,164 

 Mines ............................................. 762 797 771 665 604 

 Miners ............................................ 53,403 36,658 29,578 28,310 26,017 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.21 1.95 2.96 3.11 3.27 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 34.88 33.47 28.62 28.62 28.15 
West Virginia

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 107

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 48 23 13 152 31 200 8

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 50 13 22 38 21 137 7

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 49 36 16 190 28 337 7

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ......................... 28,499 31,367 29,873 27,557 28,050

 Coke Plants ........................... W W W W W

 Other Industrial ......................... 2,223 2,086 2,918 2,310 2,266

 Residential and Commercial ............... W W W W W

 Total ................................. 34,673 34,907 34,896 31,843 32,019

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) .................... 7,903 5,453 6,874 7,707 7,863

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ............... 70,798 79,536 77,364 71,254 72,334

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 99 99 99 99

 Nuclear (percent) ...................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) ........................ 1 1 1 1 1

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) .......................... 25.04 25.05 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) .............................. 1.60 2.05 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................... 10.57 11.32 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ................................ 1.28 1.64 

Dollars per million Btu ........................................ 1.57 1.47 

Dollars per short ton ......................................... 39.33 36.88 
West Virginia

108 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 783 trillion Btu (coal, 800; natural gas, 119; petroleum, 293; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power,

11; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -439).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons.

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly, March

1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991: Consumption

Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph 1890-1975, U.S.

Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United States); 1976 forward,

Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

112.9

50.8

163.7 *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

CA

OK

KS

MN

IA

MO

0.2

MS AL GA

FL

ME

WI

0.8 MI

6.2

IN

5.0

TN

KY

S C

NC

VA

3.6

PA

NH

0.5

MA

3.4

CT

MD

5.8

DE

1.5

NJ

1.5

WV

NY

3.8

I L

1.5

OH

17.8

26.6

2.4 2.5

1.5

0.1

8.0 1.1

13.7

3.8

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 109

Destination of Coal Produced in West Virginia, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 53; water, 36; truck, 5; tramway/conveyor, 5; unknown, 2.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 32.9 *

KY

PA

VA

MD

WV 2.0

OH

1.4

26.6 0.7

1.4

0.7

110 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in West Virginia, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 107

State Coal Profile: Wyoming

Wyoming has been the Nation's leading coal producer nearly 10 million short tons in 1945. Coal output then

since 1988 and the fastest growing coal-producing State trended downward, falling

over the past two decades. The dramatic rise in the State's

coal output reflects the steadily increasing demand for its

low-sulfur coal. Vast amounts of this coal underlie

sparsely populated areas in thick, flat-lying beds that can

be mined by large-scale surface methods.

Coal is Wyoming's second most valuable commodity after

crude oil. The value of coal output in 1992 was estimated

to account for more than one-fourth of the value of all

mineral production in the State. Federal coal leases

generated $145 million in royalties that were disbursed to

the State and the Federal Government.

Coal occurs in Wyoming in 10 major coal-bearing regions

that underlie about half of the State. Most of these are

geologic depressions with relatively flat-lying beds.

Although coal rank ranges from lignite to bituminous,

subbituminous coal predominates. The Powder River

Basin is the center of the State's coal industry. Production

is chiefly from the Wyodak coalbed, which accounts for

more than 80 percent of the State's total. The Wyodak, the

thickest U.S. coalbed, averages about 70 feet in thickness

and exceeds 100 feet in places. It has been the Nation's

leading source of coal for about a decade. Virtually all of

the coal produced is used to generate electricity. Some

high-quality Wyoming bituminous coal from other areas

can be converted into metallurgical coke; a very small

amount was produced in 1992.

Commercial mining began in Wyoming in 1867 along the

Union Pacific Railroad's route in the southern part of the

State. Extensive coal deposits provided fuel for

locomotives on the transcontinental railroad, completed in

1869. Conversely, coal-hauling was a major source of

revenue for the railroad. Other early industrial coal

consumers in Wyoming included coke plants and a coalgas plant. Coal was also shipped to other States.

Wyoming's annual coal output rose to more than 9 million

short tons during World War I, but then declined due to

competition from oil discovered in the State and the

economic depression. World War II spurred production to
108 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

below 2 million short tons in 1958, the lowest point since

1889. Many mines along the railroad closed as dieselelectric locomotives replaced coal-fired steam locomotives.

Wyoming's coal industry remained depressed until the

early 1970's, when electric utilities turned to the State's

low-sulfur coal to meet new air-quality standards. Further

interest in Wyoming coal was stimulated when the Arab

oil embargo of 1973 brought sharp rises in oil prices and

made coal the most economical fuel for power plants. The

State's thick beds of low-sulfur coal provided a base for a

vigorous new coal industry. As large surface mines were

opened, the railroads upgraded existing lines and laid

new track to support the heavy traffic of unit coal trains.

The resulting coal-mining boom drove production to

record-breaking levels. From 95 million short tons in 1980,

coal production doubled to more than 190 million short

tons in 1991 and 1992.

Although underground mines produced most of Wyoming's coal before World War II, surface mines now

predominate. Wyoming is notable for its many large

surface mines in Campbell County in the Powder River

Basin. In 1992, the State claimed 7 of the 10 largest U.S.

coal mines. Ranking first was the exceptionally large Black

Thunder mine of Thunder Basin Coal Company (a

subsidiary of ARCO Coal Company), which produced

about 29 million short tons. Also in Wyoming is the largest

and deepest U.S. open-pit coal mine (1 mile long and over

900 feet deep), the Kemmerer mine of Pittsburg &

Midway Coal Mining Company in Lincoln County. More

than 90 percent of Wyoming coal production in 1992 was

from Federal leases.

Most of Wyoming's coal is shipped to utilities out of State,

and a small amount is exported. Virtually all of the 27

million short tons of coal consumed in Wyoming in 1992

was utility coal produced in the State. Wyoming's largest

coal-burning utility is the 2,080-megawatt Jim Bridger

plant of PacifiCorp, in Sweetwater County. A small

amount of coal was consumed in manufacturing such

products as sodium carbonate (soda ash) from trona,

bentonite, cement, and in processing sugar beets. Some

coal was also converted into chemical (synthetic) coke and

used for processing phosphate rock in Idaho.
0 50 100

Miles

Coal-bearing area

Coal-fired power plant

Coal-producing county

Million Short Tons

1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

0

50

100

150

200

250

Wyoming

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 109

Coal Production, 1890-1992

First Year of Documented Coal

 Production ...................... 1865 (800 short tons)

Peak Year of Coal

 Production ............... 1991 (193,854,000 short tons)

Total Area of State:

 97,914 square miles

Area Underlain by Coal:

 40,055 square miles

Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)

Type of Reserve Underground Surface Total

Demonstrated Reserve Base:

 (January 1, 1992) ................................. 42,540 26,758 69,298

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:

 (January 1, 1992)

 Sulfur Content (pounds per million Btu)

 < 0.61 (low sulfur) ............................... 11,119 13,714 24,833

 0.61-1.67 (medium sulfur) ........................ 11,179 6,635 17,814

 > 1.67 (high sulfur) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 2,776 3,449

Total ............................................. 22,972 23,125 46,096

Estimated Recoverable Reserves

 at Active Mines, Year-End 1992 ..................... W W 6,751

Production

Salient Data by Mine Type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Underground

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 1,633 1,058 1,722 2,418 2,511 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 4 4 4 

 Miners ............................................ 465 270 255 258 268 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 1.02 1.90 2.80 4.17 4.19 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 

 

Surface

 Quantity (thousand short tons) ......................... 93,254 139,656 182,527 191,437 187,661 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 29 29 27 26 

 Miners ............................................ 4,334 4,174 3,075 3,043 3,058 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 9.75 15.09 22.84 23.11 22.76 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W W W W W 

Total
Wyoming

110 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

 Quantity (thousand short tons) 94,887 140,714 184,249 193,854 190,172 

 Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 30 33 31 30 

 Miners ............................................ 4,779 4,444 3,330 3,301 3,326 

 Productivity (short tons per miner per hour) ............... 8.99 14.34 21.41 21.87 21.50 

 Average Mine Price (dollars per short ton) ................ 10.54 11.36 8.43 8.09 8.14 
Wyoming

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 111

Number of Mines by Production Range and Percent of Production, 1992

Mine Type 1,000 and over 500 to 999 100 to 499 < 100

Production Range (thousand short tons)

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Underground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <1 75 0 0 2 25 1 <1

Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 99 1 <1 1 <1 5 <1

 All Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 99 1 <1 3 <1 6 <1

Coal Demand

Disposition 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992

Consumption (thousand short tons)

 Electric Utilities ..................... 13,499 21,173 23,526 23,115 25,114

 Coke Plants ....................... 0 0 0 0 0

 Other Industrial ..................... W W 1,857 1,896 1,861

 Residential and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . W W 130 138 99

 Total ............................. 15,209 23,155 25,514 25,150 27,074

Year-End Utility Stocks

 (thousand short tons) ................ 1,813 4,022 3,215 2,767 2,153

Electricity Generation

 Total (million kilowatthours) ........... 22,351 35,661 39,378 38,667 41,852

 Coal (percent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 97 98 98 98

 Nuclear (percent) .................. 0 0 0 0 0

 Other (percent) .................... 5 3 2 2 2

Utility Coal Data, 1992

Average Quality and Average Delivered Cost Produced in State Receipts, All Sources

Heat Content (million Btu per short ton) ....................... 17.36 17.68 

Sulfur Content (percent by weight) ........................... .38 .52 

Ash Content (percent by weight) ............................ 5.48 7.54 

Pounds of Sulfur per million Btu ............................. .44 .59 

Dollars per million Btu ..................................... 1.27 .76 

Dollars per short ton ...................................... 22.10 13.42 
Wyoming

112 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Estimated Total State Energy Consumption, 1991: 391 trillion Btu (coal, 450; natural gas, 103; petroleum, 116; nuclear electric power, 0; hydroelectric power,

8; other, 0; net interstate flow of electricity and associated losses, -286).

 W = Withheld to avoid disclosure of individual company data. 

 Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding. Data coverage—Production: all mines. Number of mines: 1980,

mines that produced 10,000 short tons or more; other years, all mines. Number of miners and productivity: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons and

preparation plants that had 5,000 or more employee hours. Average mine price: mines that produced 10,000 or more short tons. Average quality and average

delivered cost of utility coal: power plants with a generator nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or more. Extent of coal-bearing areas and locations of coalconsuming plants shown on map are approximate; small coal deposits are not shown. Coal-producing counties shown on map exclude any county where all 1992

output was from mines producing less than 10,000 short tons. 

 Sources: Energy Information Administration—U.S. Coal Reserves: An Update by Heat and Sulfur Content, February 1993; Coal Production 1992 and prior issues;

Coal Data: A Reference; Quarterly Coal Report October-December 1992 and prior issues; Electric Power Annual 1991 and prior issues; Electric Power Monthly,

March 1993; Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Power Plants 1992; Inventory of Power Plants in the United States 1992; State Energy Data Report 1991:

Consumption Estimates; Map of coal-bearing areas is based mainly on U.S. Geological Survey map, Coalfields of the United States, 1960. Data for historical graph

1890-1975, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines (Minerals Yearbook and annual predecessor Mineral Resources of the United

States); 1976 forward, Energy Information Administration, Coal Production 1992 and prior issues.
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons.

Domestic

Exports

Total

189.0

1.3

190.3 *

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

WA

OR

0.1

NV

0.8 UT

0.6 CO

5.0

WY

26.4

ID

0.4

TX

34.0

OK

16.7

KS

13.5

ND

S D

0.5

NE

7.9

LA

10.0

MS

PA

OH

0.1

KY

T N

AR

11.6

MO

8.0

MN

8.4 WI

11.6

IA

14.1 IL

4.4

MI

2.9

IN

11.8

MT

FL

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 113

Destination of Coal Produced in Wyoming, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

Transportation modes, domestic markets (percent): rail, 86; water, 7; truck, 2; tramway/conveyor, 5; unknown, < 1.

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
Quantity is less than 0.1 million short tons. Total 26.5 *

*

* *

*

MT

WY

26.4

UT

CO

P A

114 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Origin of Coal Received in Wyoming, 1992

(Million Short Tons) 

 Note: Total may not equal sum of components because of independent rounding.

 Source: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-6, “Coal Distribution Report.”
United States

Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 111
References
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 117

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Coal Industry.” Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 31, No.

3 (Summer 1963), 235-247.

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Appalachian Energy Associates, for Tennessee

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Arizona Bureau of Mines. “Mineral and Water Resources

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118 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Energy Information Administration. “Wyoming Coal: An

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(Washington, DC, October 1992.)

Geological Survey of Alabama. Alabama Coal Data for 1992.

(Tuscaloosa, AL, 1992.)

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Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 119

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Iowa Geological Survey. “Element Geochemistry of

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Coal--An Abridged History. (Blacksburg, VA, 1990.)

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1987.)
Appendix A

National Rankings of

Coal Producing States

and Percent of U.S.

Total, 1992
125 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

National Rankings of Coal-Producing States and Percent of U.S. Total, 1992

State

Demonstrate

d Reserve

Basea

Estimated

Recoverable

Reservesa

Production

Number of

Mines

Number of

Miners

Average

Productivit

y

Coal

Consump

b

Quantity Value 

Estimate

d Energy

Content

% % % %% % % %

Alabama . . . . . . . . . 15 1.0 14 1.2 12 2.6 7 5.0 11 2.9 6 3.2 6 4.9 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.9Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3 15 1.0 23 < 1 23 < 1 23 < 1 20 < 1 22 < 1 7 

d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 < 1Arizona . . . . . . . . . . 26 < 1 26 < 1 16 1.3 15 1.2 16 1.3 20 < 1 14 < 1 9 

d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --Arkansas . . . . . . . . 25 < 1 25 < 1 27 < 1 26 < 1 26 < 1 17 < 1 26 < 1 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 < 1California . . . . . . . . -- -- 26 < 1 27 < 1 27 < 1 21 < 1 27 < 1 5 

e e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --Colorado . . . . . . . . . 8 3.6 9 3.8 15 1.9 13 2.0 14 1.9 12 < 1 13 1.5 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 < 1Illinois ........... 2 16.4 3 11.4 5 6.0 4 7.9 5 6.3 9 1.6 5 7.6 14 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2Indiana . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.1 11 1.7 10 3.1 9 3.4 10 3.2 7 1.9 8 3.3 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 < 1Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 < 1 18 < 1 25 < 1 25 < 1 25 < 1 20 < 1 23 < 1 27 

d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --Kansas . . . . . . . . . . 21 < 1 21 < 1 24 < 1 24 < 1 24 < 1 20 < 1 24 < 1 23 

d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --Kentucky . . . . . . . . . 6 6.1 5 5.4 3 16.1 2 18.8 2 18.4 1 27.4 2 22.3 16 ................ 3 13.8Louisiana . . . . . . . . 24 < 1 24 < 1 20 < 1 21 < 1 21 < 1 20 < 1 25 < 1 4 

d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --Maryland . . . . . . . . . 23 < 1 23 < 1 19 < 1 20 < 1 18 < 1 11 < 1 19 < 1 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 < 1Missouri . . . . . . . . . 14 1.3 12 1.5 21 < 1 18 < 1 20 < 1 18 < 1 21 < 1 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --Montana ......... 1 25.2 1 28.5 8 3.9 14 1.9 8 3.2 15 < 1 17 < 1 2 

d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 < 1New Mexico . . . . . . 16 < 1 16 < 1 13 2.6 11 2.7 13 2.1 16 < 1 12 1.5 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 < 1North Dakota . . . . . 11 2.0 10 2.8 9 3.2 16 1.1 15 1.9 15 < 1 16 < 1 3 

d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.0 7 4.5 11 3.0 8 3.9 7 3.4 5 5.4 7 4.1 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 < 1 dOklahoma . . . . . . . . 19 < 1 19 < 1 22 < 1 22 < 1 22 < 1 13 < 1 20 < 1 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 < 1
Appendix B

State Agencies and

Other Organizations

Concerned wtih Coal

and Energy
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 129

Appendix B

State Agencies and Other Organizations 

Concerned with Coal and Energy

ALABAMA

Alabama Coal Association, Vestavia Commerce Centre, 2090 Columbiana Road, Suite 2500, Birmingham, AL 35216; (205)

822-0384.

Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, State Lands Division, 64 North Union St., Montgomery,

AL 36130-1901; (205) 242-3484.

Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Division of Science, Technology and Energy, P.O. Box 5690,

Montgomery, Al 36103-5690; (205) 242-5100.

Alabama Department of Industrial Relations, Abandoned Mines Reclamation Commission, 11 West Oxmore, Suite 100,

Birmingham, AL 35209; (205) 945-8671.

Alabama Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Safety and Inspection, P.O. Box 10444, Birmingham, AL 35202;

(205) 254-1275.

Alabama Development Office, Alabama Center for Commerce, 401 Adams Avenue, Montgomery, AL 36130; (205) 242-

0400.

Alabama Energy Office, Department of Economics and Community Affairs, Science Technology and Energy Division, P.

O. Box 5690, Montgomery, AL 36103-5690; (205) 223-7008.

Alabama Surface Mining Commission, P.O. Box 2390, Jasper, AL 35502-2390; (205) 221-4130.

Coalbed Methane Association of Alabama, 1855 Data Drive, Suite 160, Birmingham, AL 35244; (205) 733-8087.

Geological Survey of Alabama, 420 Hackberry Lane, Box O, Tuscaloosa, AL 35486-9780; (205) 349-2852.

The University of Alabama, Mineral Resources Institute, Box 870204, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0204; (205) 348-2044.

The University of Alabama, School of Mines and Energy Development, Box 870164, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0164; (205) 348-

4520.

ALASKA

Alaska Coal Association, 122 First Ave., Suite 302, Fairbanks, AK 99701; (907) 452-2625.
130 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Division of Energy and Power Development, State Office

Building, P.O. Box 110804, Juneau, AK 99811-0804; (907) 465-2017.

Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 410 Willoughby Avenue, Suite 105, Juneau, AK 99811-1795; (907)

465-5280.

Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, 794 University Avenue, Suite

200, Fairbanks, AK 99709-3645; (907) 474-7147.

Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mining, Box 107016, Anchorage, AK 99510-7016; (907) 762-2165.

Alaska Energy Office, Rural Development Division, Energy Programs, 333 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 220, Anchorage, AK

99501-2341; (907) 269-4500.

Alaska Miners Association, 501 W. Northern Lights Blvd., Suite 203, Anchorage, AK 99503-2565; (907) 276-0347.

Coal Operators and Alaska Leaseholders, P. O. Box 1000, Healy, AK 99743; (907) 683-2226.

ARIZONA

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 1502 West Washington, Phoenix, AZ 85007; (602) 257-2300.

Arizona Department of Mines and Resources, Mineral Building, State Fairgrounds, 1502 West Washington, Phoenix, AZ

85007; (602) 255-3791.

Arizona Energy Office of the Department of Commerce, 3800 North Central Avenue, Suite 1200, Phoenix, AZ 85012; (602)

280-1402.

Arizona Geological Survey, 845 North Park Avenue, Suite 100, Tucson, AZ 85719; (602) 882-4795.

Arizona State Land Department, 1616 West Adams, Phoenix, AZ 85007; (602) 542-4628.

Arizona State Mine Inspector, 1700 West Washington, Suite 400, Phoenix, AZ 85007; (602) 542-5971.

Salt River Project, P.O. Box 52025, Phoenix, AZ 85072-2025; (602) 236-5900.

ARKANSAS

Arkansas Department of Labor, State Mine Inspection Division, 616 Garrison, Suite 205, Forth Smith, AR 72901; (501) 783-

2103.

Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, Mining Division, 8001 National Drive, Little Rock, AR 72209; (501)

562-7444.

Arkansas Energy Office, No. 1 State Capitol Mall, Suite 4B215, Little Rock, AR 72201; (501) 682-7315.

Arkansas Geological Commission, 3815 West Roosevelt Road, Little Rock, AR 72204; (501) 663-9714.
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 131

CALIFORNIA

California Department of Conservation, State Mining and Geology Board, 801 K Street, MS09-05, Sacramento, CA 95814;

(916) 322-1082.

California Division of Mines and Geology, 801 K Street, MS12-30, Sacramento, CA 95814; (916) 445-1923.

California Energy Commission, 1516 9th St., Sacramento, CA 95814; (916) 654-4287.

California Occupational Safety and Health, Mining and Tunneling, 1209 Woodrow Ave., Suite C4, Modesto, CA 95350;

(209) 576-6241.

COLORADO

Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Colorado Geological Survey, 1313 Sherman Street, Rm. 715, Denver, CO;

80203-2273; (303) 866-2611.

Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Minerals and Geology, 1313 Sherman St., Rm. 215, Denver, CO

80203-2273; (303) 866-3401.

Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Office of Active and Inactive Mines, 1313 Sherman Street, Rm. 215, Denver,

CO 80203-2273; (303) 826-3567.

Colorado Mining Association, 1340 Colorado State Bank Building, 1600 Broadway, Denver, CO 80202; (303) 894-0536.

Colorado Office of Energy Conservation, 1675 Broadway, Suite 1300, Denver, CO 80202-4613; (303) 620-4292.

Energy Minerals Field Institute, Colorado School of Mines, EMFI Department, Golden, CO 80401; (303) 273-3900.

Northwest Colorado Energy Producers, P.O. Box 68, Craig, CO 81626; (303) 824-8246.

Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute, 3000 Youngfield St., Suite 324, Lakewood, CO 80215; (303) 238-9099.

Western Coal Transportation Association, 5555 DTC Parkway, Greenwood Village, CO 80111; (303) 694-6611.

ILLINOIS

Coal Producers Association of Illinois, 401-3 Harrisburg National Bank Building, Harrisburg, IL 62946; (618) 252-8321.

Illinois Coal Association, 212 South Second St., Springfield, IL 62701; (217) 528-2092.

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, Office of Coal Development and Marketing, 325 West Adams St.,

Rm. 300, Springfield, IL 62704; (217) 785-2800.

Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources, State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building, 615 East

Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820; (217) 333-5111.

Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, 300 West Jefferson St., Suite 300, Springfield, IL 62719-0137; (618) 439-9111.
132 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2200 Churchill Road, Springfield, IL 62706; (217) 782-3397.

Progressive Mine Workers of America, Rt. 34, P.O. Box 640, Harrisburg, IL 62946; (618) 252-5321.

INDIANA

Indiana Bureau of Mines and Mining, 6 Northeast 21st St., Washington, IN 47501; (812) 254-1040.

Indiana Coal Association, 5349 Washington Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46220; (317) 257-1993.

Indiana Coal Council, Inc., 143 W. Market St., Indianapolis, IN 46204; (317) 638-6997.

Indiana Department of Commerce, Office of Energy Policy Division, 1 North Capitol, Indianapolis, IN 46204-2288; (317)

232-8940.

Indiana Department of Environmental Management, 100 North Centate, P.O. Box 6015, Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015; (317)

232-8162.

Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation, 402 West Washington St., W2-95, Indianapolis, IN

46204; (317) 232-1547.

Indiana Geological Survey, 611 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405; (812) 855-9350.

IOWA

Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Division of Soil Conservation, Wallace State Office Building, Des

Moines, IA 50319; (515) 281-6147.

Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Energy and Geological Resources Division, Geological Survey Bureau, 109

Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242; (319) 335-1575.

Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Energy and Geological Resources Division, Wallace State Office Building, Des

Moines, IA 50319; (515) 281-6682.

Iowa State University, Iowa State Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, 280 Metals Development Building,

Ames, IA 50011; (515) 294-3758.

KANSAS

Kansas Corporation Commission, Energy Division, 1500 S.W. Arrowhead Road, Topeka, KS 66604; (913) 271-3170.

Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Mining Section, Box 1418, Pittsburg, KS 66762; (316) 231-8540.

Kansas Geological Survey, 1930 Constant Avenue, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047; (913) 864-3965.

Technology Enterprise Corporation of Kansas, 112 West 6th Street, Suite 400, Topeka, KS 66603; (913) 296-5272.
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 133

KENTUCKY

Governor's Office for Coal and Energy Policy, 3572 Iron Works Pike, Box 11888, Lexington, KY 40578-1916; (606) 252-5535.

Harlan County Coal Operators Association, P.O. Box 230, Harlan, KY 40831; (606) 573-2656.

Institute for Mining and Minerals Research, 233 Mining and Mineral Resources Building, University of Kentucky,

Lexington, KY 40506-0107; (606) 257-8636.

Kentucky Coal Association, 340 South Broadway, Lexington, KY 40508; (606) 233-4743.

Kentucky Coal Marketing and Export Council, Division of Energy, 2100 Capital Plaza Tower, 500 Mero Street, Frankfort,

KY 40601; (502) 564-7140.

Kentucky Coal Operators & Associates, Inc., 642 North Mayo Trail, P.O. Box 3158, Pikeville, KY 41502; (606) 432-2161.

Kentucky Department of Mines and Minerals, 3572 Iron Works Pike, Box 14080, Lexington, KY 40512; (606) 254-0367.

Kentucky Department for Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, 2 Hudson Hollow, Frankfort, KY 40601; (502)

564-6940.

Kentucky Environmental Protection Department, Fort Boone Plaza, 18 Reilly Rd., Frankfort, KY 40601; (502) 564-2150.

Kentucky Geological Survey, 228 Mining and Mineral Resources Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-

0107; (606) 257-5863.

Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Energy Division, 691 Teton Trail, Frankfort, KY 40601;

(502) 564-7192.

Kentucky Reclamation Association, 1850 Lantaff Blvd., Madisonville, KY 42431; (502) 821-2760.

Kentucky Small Operators Assistance Program, 2 Hudson Hollow, Frankfurt, KY 40601; (502) 564-2356.

Kentucky-Tennessee Coal Operators Association, P.O. Box 281, Corbin, KY 40701; (606) 528-9481.

Western Kentucky Coal Association, P.O. Box 4148, Frankfurt, KY 40604; (502) 223-1437.

LOUISIANA

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Energy Office, P.O. Box 94396, Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9396; (504) 342-4534.

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, Box G, University Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70893; (504)

388-5320.

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Office of Conservation, Injection and Mining Division, Box 94275, Capital

Station, Baton Rouge, LA 70804; (504) 342-5515.

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, Office of Mineral Resources, Geological and Engineering Division, Box 2827,

Baton Rouge, LA 70821; (504) 342-4433.
134 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

MARYLAND

Maryland Bureau of Mines, 160 South Water St., Frostburg, MD 21532; (301) 689-6104.

Maryland Coal Association, 59 E. Main St., Frostburg, MD 21532; (301) 689-6609.

Maryland Energy Administration, 45 Calvert St., 4th Floor, Annapolis, MD 21401; (410) 974-3751.

Maryland Geological Survey, 2300 St. Paul St., Baltimore, MD 21218; (410) 554-5503.

MISSOURI

Mining Industry Council of Missouri, P.O. Box 725, Jefferson City, MO 65102; (314) 635-7308.

Missouri Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Standards, P.O. Box 449, Jefferson City, MO

65102; (314) 751-3403.

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65012; (314) 751-4000.

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, 111 Fairgrounds Road, P.O. Box 250,

Rolla, MO 65401; (314) 368-2100.

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Land Reclamation Commission, 111 Fairgrounds Road, P.O. Box 250, Rolla,

MO 65401; (314) 751-4041.

Missouri Land Reclamation Commission, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102; (314) 751-4041.

University of Missouri--Rolla, Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, 104 Mining Building, Rolla, MO 65401;

(314) 341-4153.

MONTANA

Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology, Butte, MT 59701; (406) 496-

4180.

Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Energy Division, 1520 East Sixth Avenue, Helena, MT

59620-2301; (406) 444-6812.

Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Division of Workers Compensation, Safety Bureau, Mining Section, P.O. Box

1728, Helena, MT 59624; (406) 444-6401.

Montana Department of State Lands, Capitol Station, 1625 11th Avenue, Helena, MT 59620; (406) 444-2074.

Montana Mining Association, 2301 Colonial Drive, Helena, MT 59601; (406) 442-6223.

NEW MEXICO

New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Campus Station, Socorro, NM 87801; (505) 835-5410.
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 135

New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources, Mining and Minerals Division, 2040 South Pacheco,

Santa Fe, NM 87505; (505) 827-5970.

New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources, Energy Conservation and Management Division,

2040 South Pacheco, Santa Fe, NM 87505; (505) 827-5900.

New Mexico Mining Association, 6020 Academy NE, Suite 201, Albuquerque, NM, 87109; (505) 857-0377.

NORTH DAKOTA

North Dakota State Land Development, Energy Impact Officer, 918 East Divide Avenue, Suite 410, P.O. Box 5523, Bismark,

ND 58502-5523; (701) 224-3188.

Lignite Energy Council, 1016 E. Owens Avenue, P.O. Box 2277, Bismark, ND 58502; (701) 258-7117.

North Dakota Geological Survey, 600 East Boulevard, Bismark, ND 58505-0840; (701) 224-4109.

North Dakota Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, Energy and Environment Research Center, University

of North Dakota, Box 9018, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202; (701) 777-4574.

North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner, Utility Tax Auditor, State Tax Department, State Capitol Building, 600

East Building Ave., Bismark, ND 58505; (701) 224-2770.

North Dakota Public Service Commission, Reclamation Division, Capitol Building, 12th Floor, Bismark, ND 58505-0480;

(701) 224-2400.

OHIO

Ohio Coal Development Office, Community Development Division, Office of Energy Efficiency, 77 S. High St., Columbus,

OH 43266-0413; (614) 466-6797.

Ohio Department of Industrial Relations, Mine Division, 2323 W. 5th Avenue, Box 825, Columbus, OH 43266-0567; (614)

644-2234.

Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Division, 4383 Fountain Square Drive, Columbus, OH 43224-

1362; (614) 265-6576.

Ohio Mining & Reclamation Association, 50 S. Young St., Columbus, OH 43215; (614) 228-6336.

Ohio Valley Coal Operators Association, 209 Lew-Port Building, 100 W. Main St., St. Clairsville, OH 43950; (614) 695-2214.

OKLAHOMA

Association of Oklahoma General Contractors, 301 N.E. Expressway, P.O. Box 43152, Oklahoma City, OK 73105; (405) 843-

5661.

Oklahoma Conservation Commission, 2800 North Lincoln, Suite 160, Oklahoma City, OK 73105; (405) 521-2384.
136 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Oklahoma Department of Commerce, Division of Community Affairs and Development, 6601 Broadway Extension,

Oklahoma City, OK 73116; (405) 841-9326.

Oklahoma Department of Mines, 4040 N. Lincoln, Oklahoma City, OK 73105; (405) 521-3859.

Oklahoma Geological Survey, University of Oklahoma, The Energy Center, 100 East Boyd, Room N131, Norman, OK

73019-0628; (405) 325-3031.

University of Oklahoma, Mining & Mineral Resources Research Institute, 100 East Boyd, Norman, OK 73019; (405) 325-

5811.

PENNSYLVANIA

Pennsylvania Coal Association, 212 North Third St., Harrisburg, PA 17101; (717) 233-7900.

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Deep Mine Safety, Market Street State Office Building,

400 Market Street, P.O. Box 8463, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8463; (717) 783-7515.

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, P.O. Box 8461, Executive

House #209, 2nd and Chestnut St., Harrisburg, PA 17105; (717) 787-5103.

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, P.O. Box 8453,

Evangelical Press Building, Third and Reily Streets, Harrisburg, PA 17105-8453; (717) 787-2169.

Pennsylvania Energy Development Authority, 116 Pine St., Harrisburg, PA 17101; (717) 783-9981.

Western Pennsylvania Coal Operators Association, Box 123, West Sunbury, PA 16061; (412) 637-2453.

TENNESSEE

Kentucky-Tennessee Coal Operators Association, P.O. Box 281, Corbin, KY 40701; (606) 528-9481.

State of Tennessee Department of Labor, Division of Mines, P.O. Box 124, Caryville, TN 37714; (615) 562-4914.

Tennessee Coal Association, P.O. Box 12248, Knoxville, TN 37912; (615) 688-6080.

Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Geology, 401 Church Street, 13th Floor, Nashville, TN 37243-0445;

(615) 532-1500.

Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, Energy Division, 320 6th Avenue North, Nashville,

TN 37219; (615) 741-2372.

Tennessee Department of Health and Environment, Division of Surface Mining, 2700 Middlebrook Pike, Knoxville, TN

37921; (615) 594-6035.

TEXAS
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 137

Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, Box X, Austin, TX 78713-7508; (512)

471-7721.

Railroad Commission of Texas, Surface Mining and Reclamation Division, Capitol Station, P.O. Box 12967, Austin, TX

78711; (512) 463-7288.

Texas Energy Office, Capitol Station, P.O. Box 13047, Austin, TX 78711; (512) 463-1931.

Texas General Land Office, Energy Resources Division, Stephen F. Austin Building, 1700 North Congress Avenue, Austin,

TX 78701; (512) 463-5022.

Texas Mining & Reclamation Association, 300 Highland Mall Boulevard, Austin, TX 78752; (512) 467-1300.

UTAH

Utah Coal Operators Association, c/o Valley Camp of Utah, Inc., Scofield Route, Helper, UT 84526; (801) 448-9420.

Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining, 3 Triad Center, Suite 350, 355 West North Temple, Salt Lake City, UT 84180-1203;

(801) 538-5340.

Utah Energy Office, 355 West North Temple, 3 Triad Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84180-1204; (801) 538-5428.

Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, 2363 South Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84109; (801) 467-7970.

Utah Mining Association, 825 Kearns Building, Salt Lake City, UT 84101; (801) 364-1874.

VIRGINIA

National Independent Coal Operators Association, 1514 Front St., P.O. Box 354, Richlands, VA 24641; (703) 964-6065.

Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 617 Main St.,

Blacksburg, VA 24060-0411; 1-800-552-3831.

Virginia Coal Association, 425 Old City Hall, 1001 E. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23219; (804) 643-6697.

Virginia Coal Council, 1901 Front St., P.O. Box X, Richlands, VA 24641; (703) 964-6363.

Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Energy, 2201 West Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220; (804)

367-6851.

Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mineral Resources, Alderman and McCormick Roads,

Box 3667, Charlottesville, VA 22903; (804) 293-5121.

Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mineral Mining, 7705 Timberlake Road, Box 4499,

Lynchburg, VA 24502; (804) 239-0602.

Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mines, 2201 West Broad St., Richmond, VA 23220; (804)

367-0330. 
138 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mines, 219 Wood Road, Big Stone Gap, VA 24219; (703)

523-0335.

Virginia Mining & Reclamation Association, 18 Seventh St., Park Avenue Center, Suite 203, Norton, VA 24273; (703) 679-

0456.

WASHINGTON

Northwest Mining Association, 414 Peyton Building, Spokane, WA 99201; (509) 624-1158.

Washington Department of Labor and Industries, Division of Industrial Safety and Health, Technical Services Division,

Box 44651, Building #6, Olympia, WA 98504; (206) 956-5642.

Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Mail Stop 47007, Olympia, WA

98504; (206) 902-1450.

Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Lands and Minerals, Mail Stop 47014, Olympia, WA 98504;

(206) 902-1600.

Washington State Energy Office, 925 Plum, Olympia, WA 98504; (206) 956-2000.

WEST VIRGINIA

Governor's Office of Community and Industrial Development, Building 6, 553 Capitol Complex, Charleston, WV 25305;

(304) 558-4010.

Tri-State Coal Operators Association, Inc., P.O. Box 259, Kingwood, WV 26537; (304)-329-0976.

West Virginia Coal Association, 1301 Laidley Tower, Charleston, WV 25301; (304) 342-4153. 

West Virginia Department of Commerce, Labor and Environmental Resources, Office of Miner's Health and Safety

Training, State Capitol Complex, Bldg. 1, Rm. M1-46, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard East, Charleston, WV 25305-0310; (304)

558-0400.

West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, State Capitol Complex, Building 3, 1900 Kanawha Boulevard East,

Charleston, WV 25305 (304) 558-2754.

West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, Mont Chateau Research Center, Box 879, Morgantown, WV 26507-0879;

(304) 594-2331.

West Virginia Mining & Reclamation Association, 1624 Kanawha Boulevard East, Charleston, WV 25311; (304) 346-5318.

WYOMING

Geological Survey of Wyoming, P.O. Box 3008, University Station, Laramie, WY 82701; (307) 766-2286.

Wyoming Department of Commerce, Division of Economic and Community Development, Barrett Building, Cheyenne,

WY 82002; (307) 777-7284.
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 139

Wyoming Department of Revenue, Mineral Tax Division, Herschler Building, 122 W. 25th St., Cheyenne, WY 82002-0110;

(307) 777-7215.

Wyoming Mining Association, 1700 West Lincoln Way, Cheyenne, WY 82001; (307) 635-0331.

Wyoming State Inspector of Mines, P.O. Box 1094, Northwide State Bank Building, Rock Springs, WY 82902; (307) 362-

5222.
Glossary
142 Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles

Glossary

Anthracite: A hard, black, lustrous coal (sometimes called Federal coal lease: A lease granted to a mining company

“hard coal”); the highest rank of coal in the coalification to produce coal from land owned and administered by the

series, with a high heat value and low sulfur content; Federal Government in exchange for royalties and other

relatively small amounts are mined in northeastern revenues.

Pennsylvania.

Ash: Impurities consisting of silica, iron, alumina, and

other incombustible matter.

Bituminous coal: The most common coal; ranks between

anthracite and subbituminous coal in the coalification

series; includes coal with the highest heat value and a

wide range in sulfur content; mined predominantly in

Appalachia. 

Btu (British thermal unit): The amount of heat needed to

raise the temperature of 1 pound of water (approximately

1 pint) by 1 degree Fahrenheit; a convenient measure by

which to compare the energy content of various fuels.

Coal gasification: The process of breaking down the

molecular structure of coal to produce hydrogen and

carbon, which can be combined to form synthetic natural

gas for energy use or, if further processed, to produce

chemicals. Coal gasification plants are in North Dakota,

Louisiana, and Tennessee.

Coal preparation plant: A facility where coal is crushed,

screened, and cleaned to remove impurities such as rock

and sulfur, and to meet market specifications.

Coke: Produced from coking (metallurgical) coal, coke is

hard and porous; used mainly as a fuel and reducing

agent in a blast furnace to smelt iron ore for steelmaking.

Coking coal (metallurgical coal): A bituminous coal, low

in ash and sulfur, that can be converted into coke when

baked in an oven; in practice, several coals are blended to

produce coke.

Demonstrated Reserve Base of coal: The part of the coal

in the ground (coal resource) that meets certain criteria for

geologic reliability and economic minability; the starting

point for most coal supply analyses.

Indian coal lease: A lease granted to a mining company

to produce coal from Indian lands in exchange for

royalties and other revenues; obtained by direct negotiation with the Indians, but subject to approval and

administration by the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Lignite: Coal that ranks below subbituminous coal in the

coalification series, with the lowest heat value and a low

sulfur content; generally not economical to ship long

distances because of its low heat content and its potential

for spontaneous combustion when stored for extended

periods; produced as a fuel in Texas, North Dakota,

Louisiana, and Montana, and as a source of montan wax

in California.

Open-pit coal mine: A surface mine that produces from

steeply inclined coalbeds. 

Recoverable Reserves of coal: The part of the

Demonstrated Reserve Base that can be economically

recovered after allowing for environmental, legal, and

technologic constraints.

Subbituminous coal: Coal that ranks between

bituminous coal and lignite in the coalification series;

generally has a low sulfur content and a comparatively

low heat value; produced in the West and Alaska.

Sulfur: One of the elements present in varying quantities

in coal that contributes to environmental degradation

when coal is burned; occurs most commonly as the

mineral pyrite.

Surface coal mine: A mine where the soil and rock

(overburden) are removed to expose the coalbed, which is

then excavated with equipment such as power shovels

and front-end loaders.
Energy Information Administration/ State Coal Profiles 143

Underground coal mine: A mine in which tunneling is

used to reach the coalbed, which is then excavated with

various types of equipment.