This version includes the errata issued April 5, 2007-e

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

NO. 04-0449

JERRY G. ALLEN, APPELLANT,

AND 

NO. 04-1304

ANDREW J. KEY III, APPELLANT,

V.

R. JAMES NICHOLSON,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Decided March 16, 2007 )

Kenneth M. Carpenter, of Washington, D.C., was on the pleading for the appellants.

 Tim McClain, General Counsel; R. Randall Campbell, Assistant General Counsel; Richard

Mayerick, Deputy Assistant General Counsel; and Catherine A. Chase and Ralph G. Stiehm, all of

Washington, D.C., were on the pleading for the appellee.

Before GREENE, Chief Judge, and HAGEL and MOORMAN, Judges.

GREENE, Chief Judge: Appellants Jerry G. Allen and Andrew J. Key III, appeal, through

counsel, January 29, 2004, and April 26, 2004, Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) decisions,

respectively, that determined that VA regional office (RO) decisions had properly severed their

awards of VA benefits. Allen Record (R.) at 1-7; Key R. at 1-7. In each decision, the Board found

that it was clear and unmistakable error (CUE) for the RO to have awarded VA benefits for

disabilities arising from duty in quelling a state prison riot as members of the New Mexico Army

National Guard (NMANG). On April 12, 2005, Allen's and Key's appeals were consolidated because

both underlying Board decisions are based upon the same material facts and upon identical issues,
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and both parties are represented by the same counsel. For the reasons set forth below, the 2004

Board decisions will be affirmed.

I. BACKGROUND

Allen and Key served in the NMANG from May 1978 to May 1985, and April 1979 to

February 1980, respectively. On February 2, 1980, and February 3, 1980, the Governor of New

Mexico ordered Allen's and Key's Army National Guard units into the active military service of the

state to quell a riot at the Santa Fe, New Mexico, state penitentiary. Subsequently, they sought VA

service-connected disability benefits on the basis that their participation in quelling that riot caused

them to suffer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In May 1999, the RO awarded Key service

connection for PTSD on that basis, and assigned a 100% disability rating, effective May 11, 1992.

He was also awarded VA dependents' educational assistance (DEA) benefits. In March 2000, the

RO awarded Allen service connection for PTSD, and assigned a 30% disability rating, effective from

April 22, 1997, through June 28, 1999, and a 70% disability rating thereafter. Allen was also

awarded a rating of TDIU.

Soon thereafter, the inspector general of the NMANG advised the RO that several New

Mexico Guardsmen should not have been awarded VA service connection for performing state

National Guard duty for quelling the penitentiary riot, which was state duty. In April 2001, the RO

requested from the director of the VA Compensation and Pension (C&P) Service an advisory opinion

on whether service by New Mexico Guardsmen in quelling the New Mexico prison riot qualified as

active service for VA benefits purposes. In response, the director opined: "Active military service

of the State of New Mexico by a member of the New Mexico National Guard to control the Santa

Fe, New Mexico, prison riot does not meet the definition of active duty in the Armed Forces of the

United States as specified at 38 C.F.R. § 3.6(c)(3) [(2000)]." Allen R. at 276; Key R. at 81. The

director further advised that action should be taken to sever the VA benefits awarded to Allen and

Key. 

Allen and Key were notified of the RO's intention to sever their service connection for PTSD,

and in January 2002 decisions, the RO recorded that an October 2000 letter from the Army National

Guard stated that "New Mexico National Guard Soldiers were activated by the Governor to help

quell inmate riots in a New Mexico prison and that they were activated under Title 32, U.S. [Code]
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on state active duty." Allen R. at 281; Key R. at 89. Consequently, the RO found that because a

determination of qualifying service for VA benefits had not been made at the time that benefits were

awarded, the RO had committed CUE in awarding Allen and Key service connection and VA

benefits. Accordingly, their awards of service connection were severed. Allen and Key appealed,

and in January and April 2004 decisions, the Board affirmed the RO's decisions. The Board first

found that "the RO satisfied all procedural requirements specified by regulation where severance of

service connection is contemplated." Allen R. at 6; Key R. at 6. Next, the Board agreed with the RO

and concluded that CUE had been committed in the RO decisions that awarded Allen and Key

entitlement to VA benefits and stated:

Following the . . . [RO] decision[s], information was received that the veteran[s']

service during the February 1980 prison riot was for the state of New Mexico rather

than Federal service. Therefore, this is a new material fact, which was not before the

RO at the time of the . . . [RO] decision[s] granting service connection . . . , and the

RO's determination at that time constitutes error that is "undebatable" and of the sort

"which, had it not been made, would have manifestly changed the outcome at the

time is was made."

Allen R. at 7; Key R. at 7. This appeal followed.

II. PARTIES' CONTENTIONS

Allen and Key argue that (1) the record does not contain clear and unmistakable evidence

showing that their grants of service connection were CUE; (2) the Board failed to provide an

adequate statement of reasons or bases because it failed to consider and apply 38 U.S.C.

§§ 101(22)(C), (24)(b), 1131; (3) VA relied erroneously on 38 C.F.R. § 3.6(c)(3) (2000) to support

its decision to severservice connection because that section makes no distinction between state and

Federal duty for the purposes of veterans benefits; and (4) the Board erred in affirming the severance

of service connection because it relied on the 2001 advisory opinion, which amounts to "a post hoc

re-weighing of the facts and does not constitute clear and unmistakable evidence to support . . . VA's

burden to sever an award of disability compensation." Allen Br. at 8-15; Key Br. at 7-15. 

The Secretary argues for affirmance of the Board decisions because section 101(22)(c) and

§ 3.6(c)(3) "specifically limit[] active duty for training to duty which is performed under 32 U.S.C.

§§ 316, 520, 503, 504, and 505, which pertain to training and clearly do not encompass an
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emergency call-up order issued by a state governor to quell a prison riot." Allen Secretary's (Sec'y)

Br. at 15; see Key Sec'y Br. at 11. The Secretary asserts that any purported errors in the Board's

reasons or bases are harmless because, by law, the appellants are not entitled to veterans benefits.

Allen Sec'y Br. at 16-19; see Key Sec'y Br. at 15-17. 

III. APPLICABLE LAW

A. Eligibility for VA Disability Compensation

When Allen and Key were awarded service connection for PTSD, the governing law

describing basic entitlement to compensation for peacetime service-connected disability

compensation provided: 

For disability resulting from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in line of

duty, or for aggravation of a preexisting injury suffered or disease contracted in line

of duty, in the active military, naval, or air service, during other than a period of war,

the United States will pay to any veteran thus disabled . . . from the period of service

in which said injury or disease was incurred, or preexisting injury or disease was

aggravated, compensation as provided in this subchapter.

38 U.S.C. § 1131 (emphasis added); see also 38 U.S.C. §§ 1112, 1113(a); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.303(a),

3.306 (1999 & 2000). Thus, in order to receive VA benefits, a claimant must be a "veteran." A

"veteran" is defined, in part, as "a person who served in the active military, naval, or air service."

38 U.S.C. § 101(2); see also 38 C.F.R. § 3.1(d) (1999 & 2000). "[A]ctive military, naval, or air

service" is defined to include

active duty, any period of active duty for training during which the individual

concerned was disabled or died from a disease or injury incurred or aggravated in line

of duty, and any period of inactive duty training during which the individual

concerned was disabled or died from an injury incurred or aggravated in the line of

duty.

38 U.S.C. § 101(24); see also 38 C.F.R. § 3.6(a) (1999 & 2000). 

"Active duty" is defined as, inter alia, "full-time duty in the Armed Forces, other than active

duty for training." 38 U.S.C. § 101(21); see 38 C.F.R. § 3.6(b)(1). "Armed Forces" describes "the

United States Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard, including the reserve

components thereof." 38 U.S.C. § 101(10). The reserve components include the Army National

Guard of the United States. 38 U.S.C. § 101(29). However, the Army National Guard is only a
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reserve component "while in the service of the United States." 10 U.S.C. § 10106. Section 12401

of title 10, U.S. Code, provides that "members of the Army National Guard of the United States and

the Air National Guard of the United States are not in active Federal service except when ordered

thereto under law." 10 U.S.C. § 12401. Thus, a member of the National Guard holds a status as a

member of the federal military or the state militia, but never both at once. See Perpich v.

Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334 (1990) ("[National Guard members] now must keep three hats

in their closets--a civilian hat, a state militia hat, and an army hat--only one of which is worn at any

particular time."). In Perpich, the Supreme Court discussed the dual scheme of the state and federal

National Guard systems and stated: 

Since 1933 all persons who have enlisted in a state National Guard unit have

simultaneously enlisted in the National Guard of the United States. In the latter

capacity they became a part of the Enlisted Reserve Corps of the Army, but unless

and until ordered to active duty in the Army, they retain their status as members of

a separate state Guard unit.

Id. at 345. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit interpreted Perpich to stand for the

proposition that "members of the National Guard only serve the federal military when they are

formally called into the military service of the United States [and that a]t all other times, National

Guard members serve solely as members of the State militia under the command of a state

governor." Clark v. United States, 322 F.3d 1358, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2003). 

Additionally, "[a]ctive duty for training" for "members of the Army National Guard . . . of

any State" is defined as "full-time duty under section 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505 of title 32."

38 U.S.C. § 101(22)(C). Section 3.6(c)(3) of title 38, Code of Federal Regulations defines "active

duty for training" in the same manner. 38C.F.R. § 3.6(c)(3). Similarly, "[i]nactive duty for training"

in reference to "members of the Army National Guard . . . of any State" is defined as "duty (other

than full-time duty) performed by a member of the National Guard in any State under 32 U.S.C.

§§ 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505, or the prior corresponding provisions of law." 38 U.S.C. § 101(23);

see 38 C.F.R. § 3.6(d)(4). Therefore, to have basic eligibility for veterans benefits based on a period

of duty as a member of a state Army National Guard, a National Guardsman must have been ordered

into Federal service by the President of the United States, see 10 U.S.C. § 12401, or must have

performed "full-time duty" under the provisions of 32 U.S.C. §§ 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505. See
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38 U.S.C. §§ 101(21), (22)(C) (emphasis added); see also 32 U.S.C. §§ 316 (providing for detailing

of regular members of the U.S. Army and Air Force to duty with the Army or Air National Guard

of each State); 502(a)(2) (stating that "each company, battery, squadron, and detachment of the

National Guard . . . shall . . . participate in training at encampments, maneuvers, outdoor target

practice, or other exercises, at least 15 days each year"); 503 (providing for participation in field

exercises); 504 (dealing with National Guard Schools and small arms competitions); 505 (dealing

with U.S. Army and Air Force schools and field exercises).

B. CUE and Severance of Service Connection

"Review to determine whether clear and unmistakable error existsin a case may be instituted

by the Secretary on the Secretary's own motion or upon request of the claimant." 38 U.S.C.

§ 5109A(c). "Previous determinations [by VA,] which are final and binding, . . . will be accepted

as correct in the absence of [CUE]," and "service connection will be severed only where evidence

establishes that it is clearly and unmistakably erroneous," except "where . . . the evidence establishes

that service connection was clearly illegal." 38 C.F.R. 3.105 (2006) (emphasis added); see

Venturella v. Gober, 10 Vet.App. 340, 342 (1997). When it is determined that there is no legal

entitlement for a previous award of VA benefits, VA's authority to sever service connection is not

limited to cases in which there is a finding of CUE. Venturella, supra. The Secretary has the burden

of demonstrating that an award of service connection is clearly and unmistakably erroneous, see

Graves v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 166, 170 (1994), and his decision to sever service connection is subject

to direct appellate review under 38 U.S.C. § 501(b). 

For CUE to exist, either (1) the correct facts in the record were not before the adjudicator or

(2) the statutory or regulatory provisions extant at the time were incorrectly applied. See Damrel v.

Brown, 6 Vet.App. 242, 245 (1994). In addition, "the error must be 'undebatable' and of the sort

'which, had it not been made, would have manifestly changed the outcome at the time it was made.'"

Id. (quoting Russell v. Principi, 3 Vet.App. 310, 313-14 (1992) (en banc)); see Bustos v. West,

179 F.3d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (expressly adopting "manifestly changed the outcome"

language of Russell, supra). "In order for there to be a valid claim of [CUE], . . . [t]he claimant, in

short, must assert more than a disagreement as to how the facts were weighed or evaluated." Russell,

3 Vet.App. at 313. That is because, "even where the premise of error is accepted, if it is not
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absolutely clear that a different result would have ensued, the error complained of cannot be, ipso

facto, clear and unmistakable." Fugo v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 40, 43-44 (1993). 

Determinations of CUE in general are based upon the record only as it existed at the time of

the decision in question, see Russell, 3 Vet.App. at 314; however, when determining whether a

severance of service connection was proper, postdecisional evidence is relevant in determining

whether the granting of service connection was clearly and unmistakably erroneous, see Daniels v.

Gober, 10 Vet.App. 474, 480 (1997). Indeed, § 3.105(d) does not limit the reviewable evidence to

that which was before the RO in making its initial service connection award and specifically states

that "[a] change in diagnosis may be accepted as a basis for severance," which clearly contemplates

the consideration of evidence acquired after the original granting of service connection. See

38 C.F.R. § 3.105(d). As we recently observed in Stallworth v. Nicholson, because the Secretary's

burden in a severance proceeding "is not a requirement that he prove clear and unmistakable error

in the original decision in the same manner a claimant would show CUE under section 5109A . . . ,

the Secretary is not limited to the law and the record that existed at the time of the original decision."

Stallworth, 20 Vet.App. 482, 488 (2006). 

The Court's review of a Board decision concerning CUE is limited to deciding whether the

Board's conclusion was "arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance

with law." 38 U.S.C. § 7261(a)(3)(A); see Russell, 3 Vet.App. at 315. As part of that review,

however, the Court reviews de novo all questions oflaw and whether an applicable law or regulation

was applied. See Joyce v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 36, 42-43 (2005). The Court also reviews

whether the Board's decision is supported by an adequate statement of reasons or bases. See

38 U.S.C. § 7104(d)(1); Russell, supra.

IV. ANALYSIS

Allen and Key, through counsel, concede that 38 § 3.6(c)(3) (1999 & 2000), was the law

extant at the time of the RO decisions awarding VA benefits in this matter; they assert, however, that

"[i]t is not undebatable that the decision to grant disability compensation was barred by the

provisions of . . . § 3.6(c)(3)," and argue that "there is every reason to believe that the [RO's

decisions in May of 1999 and March of 2000 to grant service connection and VA benefits were] a
8

correct application of the law to the facts as they existed." Allen Br. at 8-9; Key Br. at 8. As stated

above, to establish basic eligibility for veterans benefits based on a period of duty as a member of

the Army National Guard of any State, a claimant must show either that he was ordered into Federal

service by the President of the United States, see 10 U.S.C. § 12401, or that his duty was performed

under the provisions of 32 U.S.C. §§ 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505, see 38 U.S.C. §§ 101(21), (22)(C),

(23). When establishing service in the U.S. Armed Forces, VA is bound by service department

findings. Dacoron v. Brown, 4 Vet.App. 115, 120 (1993); see also Duro v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App.

530, 532 (1992) ("VA is prohibited from finding, on any basis other than a service department

document, which VA believes to be authentic and accurate, or service department verification, that

a particular individual served in the U.S. Armed Forces."). 

There is no dispute that the RO decisions that awarded Allen and Key VA benefits were

rendered without verification of Federal service that would qualify for compensation benefits. After

the RO decisions, the Army National Guard issued a letter stating that the "New Mexico National

Guard soldiers were activated by the Governor . . . under Title 32, U[.]S[.]C[.,] on state active duty."

Allen R. at 281; Key R. at 89. Here, as the Board found, the Army National Guard verified the

NMANG inspector general's observation that Allen and Key were serving on "state active duty"

during the New Mexico prison riot. Based on that finding, the Board correctly found that VA had

determined that Allen and Key did not have qualifying service for VA benefits purposes because

their service during the New Mexico prison riot did "not meet the definition of active duty in the

Armed Forces of the United States as specified at 38 C.F.R. § 3.6(c)(3)." Allen R. at 6; Key R. at 5.

The Board further found that the decision to award Allen and Key VA benefits was clearly and

unmistakably erroneous "because state service does not qualify as Federal Service." Id. Neither

Allen nor Key disputes that the Governor's order into active service was for the State of New

Mexico. Because Allen and Key were serving the State of New Mexico, and the Army National

Guard is only part of the "United States Army" for active-duty purposes "while in the service of the

United States," we hold that Allen and Key were not eligible for VA benefits based on any service

that can be characterized as active duty under section 101(21)(A). See 10 U.S.C. § 12401; 38 U.S.C.

§ 101(21)(A); 38 C.F.R. § 3.6(b)(1). 

Further, Allen and Key argue that they are entitled to veterans benefits on the basis that:
9

"Section 101(24)(B) defines active military or naval service as 'any period of active duty [for]

training during which the individual concerned was disabled'"; (2) "[section] 101(22)(C) defines

active duty training to mean 'full-time duty' as a member of the Army National Guard of any state";

and (3) neither section 101(22)(C) nor § 3.6(c)(3) "makes [any] distinction or reference to any

difference between 'State duty rather than Federal duty.'" Allen Br. at 11-13; Key Br. at 10-11. 

These arguments lack merit. Their definition of "active duty for training" ignores the statutory

requirement that "in the case of members of the Army National Guard . . . of any State" the full-time

duty must be "under section 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505 of title 32," 38 U.S.C. § 101(22)(C). The

implementing regulation similarly defines "[a]ctive duty for training" as "[f]ull-time duty performed

by members of the National Guard of any State, under 32 U.S.C. [§§] 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505."

38 C.F.R. § 3.6(c)(3). Indeed, in a preceding section of their briefs, the parties acknowledge that

section 101(22)(C) makes "clear that the service must be both 'full time' and 'under 32 U.S.C. etc.'"

Allen Br. at 10; Key Br. at 10. Further, we observe that both 10 U.S.C. § 101 and 32 U.S.C. § 101

define "Full-time National Guard duty" as "training or other duty, other than inactive duty, performed

by a member of the Army National Guard of the United States . . . ." 10 U.S.C. § 101 (emphasis

added); 32 U.S.C. § 101(19) (emphasis added). Accordingly, a National Guardsman is eligible for

VA benefits if ordered into Federal service by the President under 10 U.S.C. § 12401 or to perform

duty under the provisions of 32 U.S.C. §§ 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 101(21),

(22)(C), (23). 

Here, neither Allen nor Key asserts nor does the evidence reflect that, at the time of the New

Mexico prison riot, they were serving on orders pursuant to 32 U.S.C. §§ 316, 502, 503, 504, or 505–

the provisions that qualify National Guard duty for VA benefits. See 38 C.F.R. § 3.63(c)(3). To the

extent they argue that sections 502 and 503 are applicable to their claims, the plain language of those

sections does not contemplate quelling a riot in a state prison as active duty. Instead, those sections

are concerned only with training. See 32 U.S.C. § 502 (noting that members of the National Guard

are required to "assemble for drill and instruction, including indoor target practice, at least 48 times

each year" and "participate in training at encampments, maneuvers, outdoor target practice, or other

exercises, at least 15 days each year"); 32 U.S.C. § 503 (stating that National Guard may be ordered

to participate in "encampments, maneuvers, outdoor target practice, or other exercises for field or
10

coast-defense instruction"); see also Brown v. Gardner, 513 U.S. 115, 120 (1994) (stating that, if

meaning of statute is clear from its language, then that is "the end of the matter"). 

Further, although the 2001 VA C&P advisory opinion did not discuss specifically those

sections of title 32, it relied on the Army National Guard determination that the NMANG service at

the time of the prison riot was not "active duty." Thus, VA determined that Allen and Key were not

performing duty under the required section of title 32 that would recognize them as serving within

the Armed Forces of the United States. Likewise, the plain language of the other abovementioned

sections of title 32 would not encompass this type of state participation. See 32 U.S.C. §§ 316, 504,

505. Accordingly, there is no authority under which VA could continue service-connected disability

compensation payments to Allen and Key for their NMANG service during the Santa Fe, New

Mexico, prison riot. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 101(22)(C), (24)(b), 1131. Indeed, under the New Mexico

Annotated Code, "[t]he [G]overnor may, in case of insurrection, invasion, riot or breach of the peace

or of imminent danger thereof or in case of other emergency, order into active service of the state

the militia or any components or parts thereof that have not been called into federal service." N.M.

STAT. ANN. § 20-2-3 (2007) (emphasis added). Thus, under the plain language of § 20-2-3, the

Governor may only order into active service of the State those Guardsmen that have not been called

into Federal service. The evidence before the Board established that Allen and Key have no legal

entitlement to VA service connection and, therefore, the provisions of § 3.105(a) and (d), which limit

VA's ability to sever service connection, do not apply. See Venturella, supra (holding that where

"evidence establishes that there is no legal entitlement to service connection, the provisions of

38 C.F.R. § 3.105(a) and (d) . . . do not apply, and the payment of [VA] benefits . . . must be

discontinued"). 

Because Allen and Key's NMANG service during the New Mexico prison riot does not

constitute active duty under § 3.6(c)(3), VA benefits are not warranted as a matter of law. See

Sabonis v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 426, 430 (1994) (holding that where law and not evidence is

dispositive, claim should be denied or appeal terminated because of lack of legal merit or lack of

entitlement under the law); see also Valiao v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 229, 232 (2003) (holding that

"[w]here the facts averred by a claimant cannot conceivably result in any disposition of the appeal

other than affirmance of the Board decision, the case should not be remanded for development that
11

could not possibly change the outcome of the decision"). Therefore, because it was "clearly illegal"

to award service connection under these circumstances, the Board did not have to determine whether

CUE had been committed in the May 1999 and March 2000 RO decisions. 38 C.F.R. § 3.105. Any

error in the Board's conclusions in its January and April 2004 decisions that the RO had committed

CUE in May 1999 and March 2000 was harmless error. See 38 U.S.C. § 7261(b)(2) (providing that

Court shall take due account of rule of prejudicial error); see Conway v. Principi, 353 F.3d 1369,

1375 (Fed. Cir. 2004); see also Beverly v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.App. 394, 402-03 (2006) (holding

Board error nonprejudicial because there was no legal basis upon which claimant could prevail);

Venturella, supra (Board's determination of well-groundedness is harmless error where claimant

could not prevail as a matter of law based upon lack of legal entitlement to service). Further, even

assuming, as the parties contend, that the Board failed to provide an adequate statement of reasons

or bases for its determination that the RO's severance of service connection was proper, that error

too is nonprejudicial. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 7104(d)(1), 7261(b)(2); see also NLRB v. Wyman-Gordon

Co., 394 U.S. 759, 766 n.6 (1969) (stating that judicial review of agency's action should not be

converted into a "ping-pong game" where remand is "an idle and useless formality"); Soyini v.

Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 540, 546 (1991) (concluding that where evidence is overwhelmingly against

the claim, remand for reasons-or-bases deficiency would be superfluous).

Alternatively, even if the provisions of § 3.105(d) applied in this matter, Allen and Key could

not prevail. As noted above, § 3.105 provides that for CUE to exist either (1) the correct facts in,

or constructively in, the record were not before the adjudicator or (2) the statutory or regulatory

provisions extant at the time were incorrectly applied. See Damrel, 6 Vet.App. at 245. A decision

that is reversed or amended on the basis of CUE "is being revised to conform to the 'true' state of the

facts or the law that existed at the time of the original adjudication." Russell, 3 Vet.App. at 313.

Allen and Key argue that reliance on the 2001 C&P advisory opinion is impermissible because that

opinion constitutes "a post hoc re-weighing of the facts and does not constitute clear and

unmistakable evidence to support . . . VA's burden to sever an award of disability compensation."

Allen Br. at 8-15; Key Br. at 7-15. That argument fails for two reasons. It ignores that the existing

law governing entitlement to VA benefits is the same as it was at the time the RO terminated those

benefits. Indeed, the 2001 advisory opinion was not a "reweighing" of facts previously known, but
12

rather was a clarification of what the law always was, as applied to the facts as they existed–i.e., that

NMANG service pursuant to state order to quell the New Mexico prison riot was not "active duty"

for VA benefits purposes. 

Further, the advisory opinion demonstrates that the correct facts were not properly before the

adjudicator. Indisputably, the RO awarded Allen and Key VA benefits "in the absence of verified

Federal service that would qualify for compensation benefits." Allen R. at 281; Key R. at 89.

However, "VA is prohibited from finding, on any basis other than a service department document,

which VA believes to be authentic and accurate, or service department verification, that a particular

individual served in the U.S. Armed Forces." Cahall v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 232, 237 (1994). There

was no authority for the RO to award Allen and Key VA benefits in the absence of verified service

in the U.S. Armed Forces. See OPM v. Richmond, 496 U.S. 414, 416 (1990) (holding that "payments

of money from the Federal Treasury are limited to those authorized by statute"); Harvey v. Brown,

6 Vet.App. 416, 424 (1994) (denying entitlement to statutorily prescribed benefits because claimant

did not meet the statutory eligibility criteria established byCongress). Army National Guard records

determined that Allen and Key did not have qualifying Federal service at the time the RO awarded

them service connection. This is not a "new" fact, but rather, reflective of the "true" state of the facts

at the time of the underlying RO decisions. See Russell, supra. Accordingly, as determined above,

had the RO not erred by failing to verify whether the service of Allen and Key in the NMANG

during the New Mexico prison riot was "Federal service," the outcome of the decision would have

been manifestly different–i.e, service connection would have been denied based on a finding on

nonqualifying service. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 101(21), (22)(C), (23), (24), 1131; 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.6(a),

(b)(1), (c)(3), 3.303; see also 10 U.S.C. §§ 10106, 10107; 32 U.S.C. §§ 316, 502, 503, 504, 505. 

V. CONCLUSION

After considering the briefs and a review of the record, we conclude that neither Allen nor

Key have demonstrated that the Board committed legal or factual error that would warrant reversal

or remand. Accordingly, the January 29, 2004, and April 26, 2004, Board decisions are AFFIRMED.

See 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a).