Breastfeeding — Best For Baby. Best For Mom. 

Whether you are a new or expecting Mom, if you are on this section of the web site, you're probably 

interested in giving your baby the best care you can. And one of the best things that only you can do is to 

breastfeed for as long as possible. While breastfeeding isn't the only option for feeding your baby, every 

mother has the potential to succeed and make it a wonderful experience. Or maybe you are the partner 

or a family member of a breastfeeding Mom and would like to learn more about breastfeeding. You've 

come to the right place! Here we provide practical, helpful breastfeeding information. Dive into our 

resources to find out how breastfeeding can be one of the most important things you do for both you and 

your baby! 

Why Should You Breastfeed Your Baby? 

Best for Baby 

A mother's milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein that is needed for a baby's 

growth and development. Most babies find it easier to digest breast milk than they do formula. Breast 

milk has agents (called antibodies) in it to help protect infants from bacteria and viruses and to help 

them fight off infection and disease. Human milk straight from the breast is always sterile. 

Best for Mom 

Breastfeeding saves times and money. You do not have to purchase, measure, and mix formula, and 

there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night. Breastfeeding also helps a mother bond with her 

baby. Physical contact is important to newborns and can help them feel more secure, warm and 

comforted. Nursing uses up extra calories, making it easier to lose the pounds gained from pregnancy. It 

also helps the uterus to get back to its original size more quickly and lessens any bleeding a woman may 

have after giving birth. Breastfeeding also may lower the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. 

The U.S. Surgeon General Recommends Breastfeeding 

The U.S. Surgeon General recommends that babies be fed with breast milk only — no formula — for the 

first 6 months of life. It is better to breastfeed for 6 months and best to breastfeed for 12 months, or for 

as long as you and your baby wish. Solid foods can be introduced when the baby is 6 months old, while 

you continue to breastfeed. 

June 2004

Breastfeeding — Best for Baby. Best for Mom. – Page 1 of 1
ASK US YOUR BREASTFEEDING QUESTIONS 

Have you heard? The National Women's Health Information Center now has a 

Breastfeeding Helpline! 

Call us with your questions at 1-800-994-WOMAN (9662).

How we can help you 

NWHIC has partnered with La Leche League International to train our Information Specialists so they 

can help you with common breastfeeding issues such as nursing positions, questions about pumping and 

storage, and provide you with the support moms and dads need to make breastfeeding a success. The 

Helpline (which operates in both English and Spanish) can also provide tips for working moms who 

would like to continue breastfeeding, and offer suggestions for financial support. The Helpline is open to 

nursing mothers as well as their partners, families, prospective parents, health professionals and 

institutions seeking to better educate new mothers about the benefits of breastfeeding. 

* Please note that the Helpline is an information and referral service only and we cannot provide a 

medical diagnosis, or answer medical questions. All medical questions should be directed to a health 

care provider. 

Ask about our free publications 

If you need additional written information on the benefits of breastfeeding, coping with breastfeeding 

challenges, and other breastfeeding tips, the Breastfeeding Helpline Information Specialists can order a 

packet of free information for you. This information, provided by the National Women's Health 

Information Center and other reliable organizations is easy-to-read and will be valuable during your 

breastfeeding experience, so don't forget to ask for the breastfeeding packet when you call! General 

breastfeeding information is now available in English, Spanish and Chinese!

When you can contact the Breastfeeding Helpline 

Call the Helpline Monday through Friday, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., EST. If you call after hours, you will be 

given the option to leave a message, and a Breastfeeding Information Specialist will return your call on 

the next business day.

June 2004

Ask us Your Breastfeeding Questions – Page 1 of 1
The National Breastfeeding Campaign — Babies were Born to be 

Breastfed 

The US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health (OWH) and The 

Advertising Council have developed the "Babies were Born to be Breastfed" public service advertising 

campaign (PSAs) to promote breastfeeding among first-time parents. The overall goal of the campaign is 

to increase the proportion of mothers who breastfeed their babies in the early postpartum period to 75% 

and those within 6 months postpartum to 50% by the year 2010 (Healthy People 2010). The campaign 

aims to empower women to commit to breastfeeding and to highlight new research that shows that 

babies who are exclusively breastfed for 6 months are less likely to develop ear infections, diarrhea, 

respiratory illnesses, and may be less likely to develop childhood obesity. Besides trying to raise 

initiation rates, the campaign will also stress the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. 

The Campaign? 

The Babies were Born to be Breastfed PSAs are available in a variety of formats, including television, 

radio and print advertisements. Click here to see the elements of the campaign. 

NWHIC has trained our Information Specialists so they can help you with common breastfeeding issues 

such as nursing positions, questions about pumping and storage, and provide the support moms and 

dads need to make breastfeeding a success. The Helpline (which operates in both English and Spanish) 

can also provide tips for working moms who would like to continue breastfeeding, offer suggestions for 

financial support and provide free brochures that offer information and tips on breastfeeding. 

Call the Helpline at 1-800-994-WOMAN. It's open Monday through Friday, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., EST. 

If you call after hours, you will be given the option to leave a message, and a Breastfeeding Information 

Specialist will return your call on the next business day. 

Eighteen community-based demonstration projects (CDPs) (22 sites) throughout the United States will 

work in coordination with the Office on Women's Health and the Advertising Council to implement the 

campaign at the local level. The CDPs, which include breastfeeding coalitions, hospitals, universities, 

and other organizations have been funded to offer breastfeeding services, provide outreach to their 

communities, train healthcare providers on breastfeeding, implement the media aspects of the 

campaign, and track breastfeeding rates in their communities. 

June 2004

The National Breastfeeding Campaign – Page 1 of 1
What if I'm Unable to Breastfeed? 

HHS strongly recommends and encourages women to breastfeed exclusively for six months. But it 

understands that there are mothers who are unable to breastfeed or shouldn't breastfeed. Infant formula 

is safe and nutritious for those women who are not able to breastfeed. In fact, the federal government is 

a large distributor of infant formula through various programs, such as the Women, Infants, and 

Children program.

June 2004

What if I'm unable to breastfeed? – Page 1 of 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT BREASTFEEDING 

Why should I breastfeed? 

Here are just some of the many good reasons why you should breastfeed your baby: 

Breast milk is the most complete form of nutrition for infants. Breast milk has just the right 

amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein that is needed for a baby's growth and development. 

Most babies find it easier to digest breast milk than they do formula. 

Breast milk has agents (called antibodies) in it to help protect infants from bacteria and viruses. 

Breastfed babies are more able to fight off infection and disease, such as diarrhea, ear infections, 

and respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia. They are sick less often and have fewer visits to 

health care providers. 

Nursing uses up extra calories, making it easier to lose the pounds of pregnancy. It also helps the 

uterus to get back to its original size and lessens any bleeding you might have after giving birth. 

Breastfeeding lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. 

Breastfeeding can help you bond with your baby. Physical contact is important to newborns and 

can help them feel more secure, and warm and comforted. 

More information on the Benefits of Breastfeeding:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=227 

How long should I breastfeed? 

One of the best things that only you can do is to breastfeed your baby for as long as possible. The longer 

a mom and baby breastfeeds, the greater the benefits are for both mom and baby. Babies should be fed 

with breast milk only — no formula — for the first six months of life. Ideally, though, babies should

receive breast milk through the first year of life, or for as long as both you and your baby wish. Solid

foods can be added to your baby’s diet, while you continue to breastfeed, when your baby is six months 

old. For at least the first six months, breastfed babies don't need supplements of water, juice, or other 

fluids. These can interfere with your milk supply if they are introduced during this time. 

Is there any time when I should not breastfeed? 

Some women think that when they are sick, they should not breastfeed. But, most common illnesses, 

such as colds, flu, or diarrhea, can't be passed through breast milk. In fact, if you are sick, your breast 

milk will have antibodies in it. These antibodies will help protect your baby from getting the same 

sickness. 

Questions and Answers about Breastfeeding – Page 1 of 7
A few viruses can pass through breast milk. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is one of them. If you are 

HIV positive, you should not breastfeed. 

Sometimes babies can be born with a condition called galactosemia, in which they can't tolerate breast 

milk. This is because their bodies can't break down the sugar galactose. Babies with classic galactosemia 

may have liver problems, malnutrition, or mental retardation. Since both human and animal milk 

contain the sugar lactose that splits into galactose and glucose, babies with classic galactosemia must be 

fed a special diet that is free of lactose and galactose. 

If you are breastfeeding, you should not smoke or take illegal drugs. Some drugs, such as cocaine and 

PCP, can affect your baby and cause serious side effects. Other drugs, such as heroin and marijuana can 

cause irritability, poor sleeping patterns, tremors, and vomiting. Babies can become addicted to these 

drugs. 

Sometimes a baby may have a reaction to something you eat, but this doesn’t mean your baby is allergic 

to your milk. Usually, if you have eaten a food throughout pregnancy, your baby has already become 

used to the flavor of this food. If you stop eating whatever is bothering your baby, the problem usually 

goes away on its own. 

Is it safe to take medications while breastfeeding? 

Always talk with your health care provider before taking any medications. Most medications pass into 

your milk in small amounts. If you take medication for a chronic condition such as high blood pressure, 

diabetes or asthma, your medication may already have been studied in breastfeeding women, so you 

should be able to find information to help you make an informed decision with the help of your health 

care provider. Newer medications and medications for rare disorders may have less information 

available. The American Academy of Pediatrics has information about many prescription and over-thecounter medications posted on their web site at: www.aap.org. 

More information on medications and breastfeeding:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=235 

Can I breastfeed if my breasts are small?

Of course! Breast size is not related to the ability to produce milk for a baby. Breast size is determined by 

the amount of fatty tissue in the breast, not by the amount of milk. Most women, with all sizes of breasts, 

can make enough milk for their babies. 

Will breastfeeding keep me from getting pregnant? 

When you breastfeed, your ovaries can stop releasing eggs (or ovulating), making it harder for you to 

get pregnant. Your periods can also stop. But, there are no guarantees that you will not get pregnant 

while you are nursing. The only way to make sure pregnancy does not occur is to use a method of birth 

control. The safest birth control pill to use when you are breastfeeding is the "mini-pill." However, talk 

with your health care provider about what birth control method is best for you to use while 

breastfeeding. 

Questions and Answers about Breastfeeding – Page 2 of 7 
Will breastfeeding tie me to my home? 

Not at all! Breastfeeding can be convenient no matter where you are because you don't have to bring 

along feeding equipment like bottles, water, or formula. Your baby is all you need. Even if you want to 

breastfeed in private, you usually can find a woman's lounge or fitting room. If you want to go out 

without your baby, you can pump your milk beforehand, and leave it for someone else to give your baby 

while you are gone. 

More information on pumping and storing breast milk:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=230 

Can I still breastfeed when I go back to work? 

Yes! You can do it! Breastfeeding keeps you connected to your baby, even when you are away. 

Employers and co-workers benefit because breastfeeding moms often need less time off for sick babies. 

More and more women are breastfeeding when they return to work. There are many companies selling 

effective breast pumps and storage containers for your milk. Many employers are willing to set up 

special rooms for mothers who pump. After you have your baby, try to take as much time off as possible, 

since it will help you get breastfeeding well established and also reduce the number of months you may 

need to pump your milk while you are at work. 

If you plan to have your baby take a bottle of expressed breast milk while you are at work, it is 

recommended to introduce your baby to a bottle when he or she is around four weeks old. Otherwise, 

the baby might not accept the bottle later on. Once your baby is comfortable taking a bottle, it is a good 

idea to have dad or another family member offer a bottle of pumped breast milk on a regular basis so the 

baby stays in practice. 

Let your employer and/or human resources manager know that you plan to continue breastfeeding once 

you return to work. Before you return to work, or even before you have your baby, start talking with 

your employer about breastfeeding. Don’t be afraid to request a clean and private area where you can 

pump your milk. If you don’t have your own office space, you can ask to use a supervisor’s office during

certain times. Or you can ask to have a clean, clutter free corner of a storage room. All you need is a 

chair, a small table, and an outlet if you are using an electric pump. Many electric pumps also can run on 

batteries and don’t require an outlet. You can lock the door and place a small sign on it that asks for 

some privacy. You can pump your breast milk during lunch or other breaks. You could suggest to your 

employer that you are willing to make up work time for time spent pumping milk. 

After pumping, you can refrigerate your milk, place it in a cooler, or freeze it for the baby to be fed later. 

You can even leave it at room temperature for up to six hours if you don’t have access to a refrigerator. 

Many breast pumps come with carrying cases that have a section to store your milk with ice packs. 

Many employers are NOT aware of state laws that state they have to allow you to breastfeed at your job. 

Under these laws, your employer is required to set up a space for you to breastfeed and/or allow 

paid/unpaid time for breastfeeding employees. To see if your state has a breastfeeding law for 

employers, go to http://www.lalecheleague.org/LawBills.html or call us at 1-800-994-WOMAN (9662). 

Questions and Answers about Breastfeeding – Page 3 of 7 
More information on pumping and storing breast milk:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=236 

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=237 

How much do breastfeeding pumps cost and what kind will I need? 

Breast pumps range in price from under $50 (manual pumps) to over $200 (electrical pumps that 

include a carrying case and an insulated section for storing milk containers). If you're only going to be 

away from your baby a few hours a week, then you can purchase a manual pump, or one of the less 

expensive ones. If you're going back to work, it is worth investing in a good quality electric pump. Some 

pumps can be purchased at baby supply stores or general department stores, but most high quality 

automatic pumps have to be purchased or rented from a lactation consultant, at a local hospital, or from 

a breastfeeding organization. 

More information on breast pumps:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=236 

How can I breastfeed discreetly in public? 

You can breastfeed discreetly in public by wearing clothes that allow easy access to your breasts, such as 

button down shirts. By draping a receiving blanket over your baby and your breast, most people won't 

even realize that you are breastfeeding. It's helpful to nurse the baby before he/she becomes fussy so that 

you can get into a comfortable position to nurse. You also can purchase a nursing cover or baby sling for 

added discretion. Many stores have women's lounges or dressing rooms, if you want to slip into one of 

those to breastfeed. 

If I decide to breastfeed, is there a right way to do so? 

There are several tips for making breastfeeding a good experience for both you and your baby. However, 

you can prevent the most common challenges or problems by following the three most important tips 

about breastfeeding: 

1. Nurse early and often. Try to breastfeed your baby within the first hour after birth. Newborns 

need to nurse frequently, at least every two hours, and not on a strict schedule. This stimulates 

your breasts to produce plenty of milk. 

2. Nurse with the nipple and the areola (brown area surrounding the nipple) in the baby's mouth, 

not just the nipple. 

3. Breastfeed on demand. Since breast milk is more easily digested than formula, breastfed babies 

eat more often than bottle-fed babies. Babies nurse less often as they get older and start solid 

foods. Watch your baby, not the clock, for signs of hunger, such as being more alert or active, 

mouthing (putting hands or fists to mouth and making sucking motion with mouth), or rooting 

(turning head in search of nipple). Crying is a late sign of hunger. 

More information on tips for making breastfeeding a good experience:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=228 

Questions and Answers about Breastfeeding – Page 4 of 7 
Does breastfeeding hurt? 

Breastfeeding does not hurt. There may be some tenderness at first, but it should gradually go away as 

the days go by. Your breasts and nipples are designed to deliver milk to your baby. When your baby is

breastfeeding effectively, it should be calming and comfortable for both of you. If breastfeeding becomes 

painful for you, seek help from someone who is knowledgeable about breastfeeding. 

To minimize soreness, your baby's mouth should be wide open, with as much of the areola (the darker 

area around the nipple) as far back into his/her mouth as possible. The baby should never nurse on the 

nipple only. If it hurts, take the baby off of your breast and try again. The baby may not be latched on 

right. Break your baby's suction to your breast by gently placing your finger in the corner of his/her 

mouth, and re-position your baby.

More information on Breastfeeding Know How:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=228 

More information on Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=229 

Can I give my baby a pacifier if I breastfeed? 

Most breastfeeding counselors recommend avoiding bottle nipples or pacifiers for about the first month 

because they may interfere with your baby's ability to learn to breastfeed. After you and your baby have 

learned to breastfeed well, you can make your own decision about whether or not to offer a pacifier. 

How do I know that my baby is getting enough milk from breastfeeding? 

In the first few days, when you’re in the hospital your baby should stay with you in your room if there are 

no complications with the delivery or with your baby’s health. The baby will be sleepy. Don’t expect the 

baby to wake you up when he or she is hungry. You will have to wake the baby every one to two hours to 

feed him or her. At first you will be feeding your baby colostrum, your first milk that is precious thick 

yellowish milk. Even though it looks like only a small amount, this is the only food your baby needs. In 

the beginning, you can expect your baby to lose some weight. This is very normal and is not from 

breastfeeding. As long as the baby doesn’t lose more than 7 to 10% of his or her birth weight during the 

first three to five days, he is getting enough to eat. 

You can tell your baby is getting enough milk by keeping track of the number of wet and dirty diapers. In 

the first few days, when your milk is low in volume and high in nutrients, your baby will have only 1 or 2 

wet diapers a day. After your milk supply has increased, your baby should have 5 to 6 wet diapers and 3 

to 4 dirty diapers every day. Consult your pediatrician if you are concerned about your baby's weight 

gain. 

Questions and Answers about Breastfeeding – Page 5 of 7 
This chart shows the minimum amount of diapers for most babies. 

It is fine if your baby has more. 

Baby’s Age

Wet 

Diapers Dirty Diapers Color and Texture

Day 1 

(birth) 

1 Thick, tarry and black 

Day 2 2 Thick, tarry and black 

Day 3 3 Greenish yellow 

Day 4 5 – 6 Greenish yellow 

Day 5 5 – 6 Seedy, watery mustard color 

Day 6 5 – 6 Seedy, watery mustard color 

Day 7 5 - 6 Seedy, watery mustard color 

After you and your baby go home from the hospital, your baby still needs to eat about every one to two 

hours and should need several diaper changes. You still may need to wake your baby to feed him or her 

because babies are usually sleepy for the first month. If you are having a hard time waking your baby, 

you can try undressing or wiping his or her face with a cool washcloth. As your milk comes in after the 

baby is born, there will be more and more diaper changes. The baby’s stools will become runny, 

yellowish, and may have little white bumpy “seeds.” 

Overall, you can feel confident that your baby is getting enough to eat because your breasts will regulate 

the amount of milk your baby needs. If your baby needs to eat more or more often, your breasts will 

increase the amount of milk they produce. To keep up your milk supply when you give bottles of 

expressed breast milk for feedings, pump your milk when your baby gets a bottle of breast milk. 

Will my partner be jealous if I breastfeed? 

If you prepare him in advance, your partner should not be jealous. Explain that you need his support. 

You can tell him the important benefits of breastfeeding. Tell him he won't make bottles, so he'll get 

more rest. Be sure to emphasize how much money he'll save too. Tell him it will cost over $300 a month 

to pay for formula — money that could go to bills, savings, or a vacation. You can tell him that 

breastfeeding will give his child the best start at life, with benefits that can last well into childhood. He 

can help with changing and burping the baby, sharing chores and by simply sitting with you and the 

baby to enjoy the special mood that breastfeeding creates. 

More information on Family Support:

www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/bf.cfm?page=239 

Questions and Answers about Breastfeeding – Page 6 of 7 
June 2004

Questions and Answers about Breastfeeding – Page 7 of 7 
BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING 

There are many benefits to breastfeeding. Even if you are able to do it for only a short time, your baby's 

immune system can benefit from breast milk. Here are many other benefits of breast milk for a mother, 

her baby, and others: 

HEALTH BENEFITS FOR MOM AND BABY INCLUDE: 

Nutrition and Growth Benefits 

Breast milk is the most complete form of nutrition for infants. A mother's milk has just the right 

amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein that is needed for a baby's growth and development. 

Most babies find it easier to digest breast milk than they do formula. 

As a result, breastfed infants grow exactly the way they should. They tend to gain less unnecessary 

weight and to be leaner. This may result in being less overweight later in life. 

Premature babies do better when breastfed compared to premature babies who are fed formula. 

Although researchers are not certain, results from some studies show that breastfed children have 

greater brain development than non-breastfed children. 

Enhanced Immune System and Resistance to Infection 

Breast milk has agents (called antibodies) in it to help protect infants from bacteria and viruses. 

Breastfed babies are more able to fight off infection and disease, such as diarrhea, ear infections, 

and respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia. They are sick less often and have fewer visits to 

health care providers. 

Breastfed infants' immune systems (the system that helps fight infection) have a better response 

to immunizations like polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and Haemophilus influenzae, and to respiratory 

syncytial virus infection, a common infant respiratory infection. 

When you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. Human milk straight from the 

breast is always sterile (or clean). 

Improved Health of Mother 

Nursing uses up extra calories, making it easier to lose the pounds of pregnancy. It also helps the 

uterus to get back to its original size and lessens any bleeding a woman may have after giving 

birth. 

Benefits of Breastfeeding – Page 1 of 2
Breastfeeding, especially exclusive breastfeeding (no supplementing with formula) delays the 

return of normal ovulation and menstrual cycles. (However, you should still talk with your health 

care provider about contraceptive choices.) 

Breastfeeding lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. 

EMOTIONAL BENEFITS INCLUDE: 

Convenience and Making Your Life Easier 

Breastfeeding saves time and money. You do not have to purchase, measure, and mix formula. 

There are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night! 

A mother can give her baby immediate satisfaction by providing her breast milk when the baby is 

hungry. 

Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time for herself and her baby. 

Positive Feelings 

Breastfeeding can help a mother to bond with her baby. Physical contact is important to a 

newborn and can help them feel more secure, and warm and comforted. 

Breastfeeding mothers may have increased self-confidence and feelings of closeness and bonding 

with their infants. 

SOCIETAL BENEFITS INCLUDE: 

Breastfeeding saves on health care costs. Total medical care costs for the nation are lower for fully 

breastfed infants than never-breastfed infants since breastfed infants typically need fewer sick 

care visits, prescriptions, and hospitalizations. 

Breastfeeding contributes to a more productive workforce. Breastfeeding mothers miss less work, 

as their infants are sick less often. Employer medical costs also are lower and employee 

productivity is higher. 

Breastfeeding is better for our environment because there is less trash and plastic waste 

compared to that produced by formula cans and bottle supplies. 

June 2004

Benefits of Breastfeeding – Page 2 of 2 
BREASTFEEDING KNOW HOW 

How Breast Milk is Made 

Anatomy of the Breast 

Knowing how the breast is made and how it works to produce milk is helpful in understanding the 

breastfeeding process. The breast actually begins developing in the first few weeks of gestation, before 

birth. But the mammary gland, the gland that produces milk, does not become fully functional until 

lactation begins. When a woman's breasts become swollen during pregnancy, this is a sign that the 

mammary gland is getting ready to work. The breast itself is a gland that is composed of several parts, 

including glandular tissue, connective tissue, blood, lymph, nerves, and fatty tissue. Fatty tissue is what 

mostly affects the size of a woman's breast. Breast size does not have an effect on the amount of milk or 

the quality of milk a woman produces. 

Anatomy of the Breast

Milk is secreted from the alveoli cells. When the alveoli cells are stimulated by a hormone, they 

contract and push the milk into the ductules and down into larger mammary ducts. These mammary 

ducts are underneath the nipple and areola and widen to collect the milk. These widened ducts are 

called milk or lactiferous sinuses. When the baby's gums press on the areola and nipple, it is the 

lactiferous sinuses that are being compressed, squeezing the milk into the baby's mouth. The nipple 

tissue protrudes and becomes firmer with stimulation, which makes it more flexible and easier for the 

baby to grasp in the mouth. In the diagram, you can see that each mammary gland forms a lobe in the 

breast. Each lobe consists of a single branch of alveoli, milk ducts, and a lactiferous sinus that narrows 

into an opening in the nipple. Each breast has about 15 to 25 lobes. 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 1 of 9
The Role of Hormones 

Hormones play a key role in breastfeeding. The increase of estrogen during pregnancy stimulates the 

ductules to grow. After delivery, estrogen levels drop and remain low in the first several months of 

breastfeeding. The increase of progesterone during pregnancy also causes the alveoli and lobes to 

grow. Prolactin, also called the "mothering hormone," is another hormone that is increased during 

pregnancy and adds to the growth of breast tissue. Prolactin levels also rise during feedings as the nipple 

is stimulated. As prolactin is released from the brain into the mother's bloodstream during 

breastfeeding, alveolar cells respond by making milk. Oxytocin is the other hormone that plays a vital 

role because it is necessary for the let-down, or milk-ejection reflex to occur. It stimulates the 

alveoli cells to contract so the milk can be pushed down into the ducts. Oxytocin also contracts the 

muscle of the uterus during and after birth, which helps the uterus to get back to its original size and 

lessens any bleeding a woman may have after giving birth. The release of both prolactin and oxytocin 

may be responsible in part for a mother's intense feeling of needing to be with her baby. 

Tips for Making It Work 

Breastfeeding can be a wonderful experience for you and your baby. It's important not to get frustrated if 

you are having problems. What works for one mother and baby may not work for another, so just focus 

on finding a comfortable routine and positions for you and your baby. Here are some tips for making it 

work: 

Get an early start. You should start nursing as early as you can after delivery (within an hour or 

two if it is possible), when your baby is awake and the sucking instinct is strong. At first your 

breasts contain a kind of milk called colostrum, which is thick and usually yellow or golden in 

color. Colostrum is gentle to your baby's stomach and helps protect your baby from disease. Your 

milk supply will increase and the color will change to a bluish-white color during the next few 

days after your baby's birth. 

Use proper positioning for baby's mouth and when holding baby. 

• Support your breast with your thumb on top and four fingers underneath. Keep your 

fingers behind the areola (the darker skin around the nipple). You may need to support 

your breast during the whole feeding, especially in the early days or if your breasts are 

large. 

• Brush or tickle your baby’s lips with your nipple to encourage the baby’s mouth to open 

wide. 

• Hug the baby in close with his or her whole body facing yours. Your baby will take a 

mouthful of all of the nipple and most of the areola. The baby should never be latched onto 

the nipple only. 

• Look for both of your baby’s lips to be turned out (not tucked in or under) and relaxed. If 

you can’t tell if the lower lip is out, press gently on the lower chin to pull the lower lip out. 

The tongue should be cupped under your breast. 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 2 of 9 
• You may see your baby’s jaw move back and forth and hear low-pitched swallowing noises. 

Your baby’s nose and chin may touch your breast. 

• Breastfeeding should not hurt. If it hurts, take the baby off of your breast and try again. 

The baby may not be latched on right. Break your baby’s suction to your breast by gently 

placing your finger in the corner of his/her mouth. 

HOW TO BRING BABY TO BREAST: 

Tickle baby's lips to encourage him to open wide. 

When open wide, pull him onto the breast chin first. 

When baby is latched on well, his/her nose and chin touch your breast.

 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 3 of 9 
PROPER POSITION OF BABY'S MOUTH AROUND NIPPLE 

Note that baby's lips are around the nipple AND the areola, and the nose and chin are 

touching the breast. Baby's lips are turned out or "flanged," not tucked in.

 

 

BREASTFEEDING POSITIONS

Here are some positions in which you can hold your baby while breastfeeding. You can 

choose the one(s) that you and your baby feel most comfortable in. No matter which 

one you choose, make sure your baby's mouth is near your nipple and he/she doesn't 

have to turn his/her head to breastfeed. For most positions, your baby should be on 

his/her side with his/her whole body facing yours. This helps him/her to properly 

"latch on" to the nipple. Try using pillows under your arms, elbows, neck or back, or 

under the baby for support. 

1. Cradle Hold 

(This is a commonly used position that is comfortable for 

most mothers. Hold your baby with his head on your 

forearm and his/her whole body facing yours.) 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 4 of 9 
2. Cross Cradle or Transitional Hold 

This is good for premature babies or babies who are 

having problems latching on. Hold your baby along the 

opposite arm from the breast you are using. Support 

baby's head with the palm of your hand at the base of 

his/her neck. 

3. Clutch or "Football" Hold 

This is good for mothers with large breasts or inverted 

nipples. Hold your baby at your side, lying on his/her 

back, with his/her head at the level of your nipple. 

Support baby's head with the palm of your hand at the 

base of his/her head. 

4. Side-Lying Position 

This allows mother to rest or sleep while baby nurses. 

Good for mothers who had a Cesarean birth. Lie on your 

side with your baby facing you. Pull baby close and guide 

his/her mouth to your nipple. 

 

Nurse on demand. Newborns need to nurse often. Breastfeed at least every 2 hours and when 

they show signs of hunger, such as being more alert or active, mouthing (putting hands or fists to 

mouth and making sucking motion with mouth), or rooting (turning head in search of nipple). 

Crying is a late sign of hunger. Most newborn babies want to breastfeed about 8 to 12 times in 24 

hours. 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 5 of 9 
Feed your baby only breast milk. Nursing babies don't need water, sugar water or formula. 

Breastfeed exclusively for about the first six months. Giving other liquids reduces the baby's 

intake of vitamins from breast milk. 

Delay artificial nipples (bottle nipples and pacifiers). A newborn needs time to learn how 

to breastfeed. It is best to wait until the newborn develops a good sucking pattern before giving 

her or him a pacifier. Artificial nipples require a different sucking action than real ones. Sucking 

at a bottle can also confuse some babies when they are first learning how to breastfeed. If, after 

birth, your baby needs to be taken away from you for a length of time and has to be given formula, 

ask the nurse to use a syringe or cup when feeding him/her to avoid nipple confusion. 

Breastfeed your sick baby during and after illness. Oftentimes sick babies will refuse to 

eat but will continue to breastfeed. Breast milk will give your baby needed nutrients and prevent 

dehydration. 

Air dry your nipples. Right after birth, until your nipples toughen, air-dry them after each 

nursing to keep them from cracking. Cracking can lead to infection. If your nipples do crack, coat 

them with breast milk or a natural moisturizer, such as lanolin, to help them heal. It isn't 

necessary to use soap on your nipples, and it may remove helpful natural oils that are secreted by 

the montgomery glands, which are in the areola. Soap can cause drying and cracking and make 

the nipple more prone to soreness. 

Watch for infection. Signs of breast infection include fever, irritation, and painful lumps and 

redness in the breast. You need to see a health care provider right away if you have any of these 

symptoms. 

Promptly treat engorgement. It is normal for your breasts to become larger, heavier, and a 

little tender when they begin making greater quantities of milk on the 2nd to 6th day after birth. 

This normal breast fullness may turn into engorgement. When this happens, you should feed the 

baby often. Your body will, over time, adjust and produce only the amount of milk your baby 

needs. To relieve engorgement, you can put warm, wet washcloths on your breasts and take warm 

baths before breastfeeding. If the engorgement is severe, placing ice packs on the breasts between 

nursings may help. Talk with a health care provider if you have problems with breast 

engorgement. 

Eat right and get enough rest. You may be thirstier and have a bigger appetite while you are 

breastfeeding. Drink enough non-caffeinated beverages to keep from being thirsty. Making milk 

will use about 500 extra calories a day. Women often try to improve their diets while they are 

pregnant. Continuing with an improved diet after your baby is born will help you stay healthy. 

But, even if you don't always eat well, the quality of your milk won't change much. Your body 

adjusts to make sure your baby's milk supply is protected. Get as much rest as you can. This will 

help prevent breast infections, which are worsened by fatigue. 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 6 of 9 
If you are on a strict vegetarian diet, you may need to increase your vitamin B12 intake and should 

talk with your health care provider. Infants breastfed by women on this type of diet can show 

signs of not getting enough vitamin B12. 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 7 of 9 
Getting Enough Milk 

Most new mothers are concerned about their babies getting enough milk. In the first few days, when 

you’re in the hospital your baby should stay with you in your room if there are no complications with the 

delivery or with your baby’s health. The baby will be sleepy. Don’t expect the baby to wake you up when 

he or she is hungry. You will have to wake the baby every one to two hours to feed him or her. At first 

you will be feeding your baby colostrum, your first milk that is precious thick yellowish milk. Even 

though it looks like only a small amount, this is the only food your baby needs. In the beginning, you can 

expect your baby to lose some weight. This is very normal and is not from breastfeeding. As long as the 

baby doesn’t lose more than 7 to 10% of his or her birth weight during the first three to five days, he is 

getting enough to eat. 

You can tell your baby is getting enough milk by keeping track of the number of wet and dirty diapers. In 

the first few days, when your milk is low in volume and high in nutrients, your baby will have only 1 or 2 

wet diapers a day. After your milk supply has increased, your baby should have 5 to 6 wet diapers and 3 

to 4 dirty diapers every day. Consult your pediatrician if you are concerned about your baby's weight 

gain. 

This chart shows the minimum amount of diapers for most babies. 

It is fine if your baby has more. 

Baby’s Age

Wet 

Diapers Dirty Diapers Color and Texture

Day 1 

(birth) 

1 Thick, tarry and black 

Day 2 2 Thick, tarry and black 

Day 3 3 Greenish yellow 

Day 4 5 – 6 Greenish yellow 

Day 5 5 – 6 Seedy, watery mustard color 

Day 6 5 – 6 Seedy, watery mustard color 

Day 7 5 - 6 Seedy, watery mustard color 

After you and your baby go home from the hospital, your baby still needs to eat about every one to two 

hours and should need several diaper changes. You still may need to wake your baby to feed him or her 

because babies are usually sleepy for the first month. If you are having a hard time waking your baby, 

you can try undressing or wiping his or her face with a cool washcloth. As your milk comes in after the 

baby is born, there will be more and more diaper changes. The baby’s stools will become runny, 

yellowish, and may have little white bumpy “seeds.” 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 8 of 9 
Overall, you can feel confident that your baby is getting enough to eat because your breasts will regulate 

the amount of milk your baby needs. If your baby needs to eat more or more often, your breasts will 

increase the amount of milk they produce. To keep up your milk supply when you give bottles of 

expressed breast milk for feedings, pump your milk when your baby gets a bottle of breast milk. 

Other signs that your baby is getting enough milk are: 

• Steady weight gain, after the first week of age. From birth to three months, typical weight gain is 

four to eight ounces per week. 

• Pale yellow urine, not deep yellow or orange. 

• Sleeping well, yet baby is alert and looks healthy when awake. 

Remember that the more often and effectively a baby nurses, the more milk there will be. Breasts 

produce and supply milk directly in response to the baby's need or demand. 

Problems 

If you are still having problems breastfeeding after following these tips, it is important to talk with your 

health care provider or a breastfeeding support person such as a peer counselor or lactation consultant. 

June 2004

 

Breastfeeding Know How – Page 9 of 9 
HOW LIFESTYLE AFFECTS BREAST MILK 

Your lifestyle can have an affect on your breast milk, and therefore on your baby. It's important to take 

care of yourself so you can provide the best care to your baby. This includes getting enough rest and 

proper nutrition so you have enough energy to take care of your baby and avoid illness. Some women 

think that when they are sick, they should not breastfeed. But, most common illnesses, such as colds, flu, 

or diarrhea, can't be passed through breast milk. In fact, if you are sick, your breast milk will have 

antibodies in it. These antibodies will help protect your baby from getting the same sickness. Here are 

some other lifestyle issues that affect breast milk:

Viruses 

A few viruses can pass through breast milk. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is one of them. If you are 

HIV positive you should not breastfeed. Also, Hepatitis C may be transmitted through breast milk, but it 

is not certain. However, bleeding or cracked nipples on the breast of a woman with Hepatitis C puts a 

breastfeeding infant at higher risk for getting the virus.

Diet 

Nutrition 

If you generally have a good diet, you will produce healthy breast milk for your baby, even if you don't 

eat well at times. But, chronically undernourished women who have had diets very low in vitamins and 

minerals, and low stores in their bodies may produce milk that is lower than normal in some vitamins, 

especially vitamins A, D, B6, or B12. These breastfeeding mothers can help the vitamin levels in their 

milk return to normal by improving their diets or by taking vitamin supplements. It is recommended 

that nursing mothers take in about 2700 calories every day (about 500 calories more than a nonpregnant, non-nursing woman). For more information on having a healthy diet, see the Dietary 

Guidelines for Americans (www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines). 

Fluids 

Many women think they have to drink a lot of fluids to have a good milk supply. This is actually untrue. 

You do, however, need to drink enough fluids to stay well hydrated for your own health and strength to 

give your baby the best care you can. Always drink when you are thirsty, which is your body's signal that 

you need fluid. You can make it easy to remember to get enough fluid if you drink a glass of water or a 

nutritious beverage (milk or juice) every time you feed your baby. 

How Lifestyle Affects Breast Milk – Page 1 of 5
Caffeine 

Many breastfeeding women wonder about how caffeine will affect their baby. Results from studies show 

that, while excessive caffeine intake (more than five 5 ounce cups of coffee per day) can cause the baby to 

be fussy and not able to sleep well, moderate caffeine intake (fewer than five 5 ounce cups) usually 

doesn't cause a problem for most breastfeeding babies. 

Allergies 

Sometimes a baby may have a reaction to something you eat (like spicy foods, foods that can cause gas, 

or dairy products). Symptoms of an allergy to something in your diet include diarrhea, rash, fussiness, 

gas, dry skin, green stools with mucus, or the baby pulling up his/her knees and screaming. This doesn't 

mean the baby is allergic to your milk. If you stop eating whatever is bothering your baby, the problem 

usually goes away on its own. 

Here's how to tell if something you are eating is upsetting your baby:

Remember: It takes about two to six hours for your body to digest and absorb the food you eat and 

pass it into your breast milk. 

So, if you eat dinner at 5:00 P.M., and your baby shows the symptoms listed above around 9:00 

P.M., think about what you ate for dinner. To be sure if those foods are causing the problem, you 

will have to eat them again and see if he/she has the same reaction. 

If your baby seems very fussy, try keeping a record of what you eat and drink. 

Bring the record to your health care provider to talk about a possible link between certain foods 

and your baby's symptoms. 

If you think a particular food is causing a problem, stop eating it for a while and see if your baby 

reacts better. You can always try later to introduce that food again into your diet in small 

amounts. If your baby doesn't seem to react to it anymore, you could add more the next time. 

Sometimes a baby can be born with a condition called primary lactase deficiency or with galactosemia, in 

which he or she can't tolerate breast milk. This happens when the body can't break down lactose, a sugar 

found in the milk of humans and animals. Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting. Babies with severe 

galactosemia may have liver problems, malnutrition, or mental retardation. Babies with these conditions 

must be fed formula that comes from plants, such as soy milk or a special galactose-free formula. 

How Lifestyle Affects Breast Milk – Page 2 of 5 
Smoking, Drugs and Alcohol 

Smoking 

Nursing mothers should not smoke or take drugs. Tobacco from cigarettes contains a drug called 

nicotine, which transfers to breast milk and may even affect the amount of milk you produce. The risk 

for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) becomes greater when a mother smokes or when the 

baby is around second-hand (or passive) smoke. Smoking and passive smoke may also increase 

respiratory and ear infections in babies. If you smoke and are breastfeeding, talk to your health care 

provider about what you can do to quit smoking. If you can't quit, breastfeeding still is best because the 

benefits of breast milk still outweigh the risks from nicotine. 

Illegal Drugs 

Some drugs, such as cocaine and PCP, can make the baby high. Other drugs, such as heroin and 

marijuana can cause irritability, poor sleeping patterns, tremors, and vomiting. Babies can become 

addicted to these drugs. 

Alcohol 

Alcohol does get to your baby through breast milk, and has been found to peak in its concentration about 

30 to 60 minutes after drinking, or 60 to 90 minutes if it is taken with food. The effects of alcohol on the 

breastfeeding baby are directly related to the amount of alcohol a mother consumes. Moderate to heavy 

drinking (2 or more alcoholic drinks per day) can interfere with the let-down reflex and the milk-ejection 

reflex. It also can harm the baby's motor development and cause slow weight gain. For this reason, and 

for the general health of the mother, if alcohol is used, intake should be limited. Light drinking by a 

breastfeeding mother has not been found to be harmful to a breastfeeding baby. If you know that you are 

going to have alcohol, such as some wine with dinner, you can pump your milk beforehand to give to 

your baby after you have had the alcohol. Then pump and discard the milk that is most affected by the 

drink(s).

Medications 

Always talk with your health care provider before taking any medications. Most medications pass into 

your milk in small amounts. If you take medication for a chronic condition such as high blood pressure, 

diabetes or asthma, your medication may already have been studied in breastfeeding women, so you 

should be able to find information to help you make an informed decision with the help of your health 

care provider. Newer medications and medications for rare disorders may have less information 

available. The American Academy of Pediatrics has information about many prescription and over-thecounter medications posted on their web site at: www.aap.org. 

In general, when breastfeeding it is safe to take: 

acetaminophen (like Tylenol) 

antibiotics 

How Lifestyle Affects Breast Milk – Page 3 of 5 
epilepsy medications (although one, Primidone, should be taken with caution — talk with your 

health care provider about this drug) 

most antihistamines 

moderate amounts of caffeine (remember there is caffeine in soda and candy bars) 

decongestants 

ibuprofen (like Advil) 

insulin 

quinine 

thyroid medicines 

progestin-only birth control pills (the "mini-pill") 

Medications that are not safe to take when breastfeeding: 

Some drugs can be taken by a nursing mother if she stops breastfeeding for a few days or weeks. She can 

pump her milk and discard it during this time to keep up her supply. During this time, the baby can 

drink her previously frozen breast milk or formula. These drugs include radioactive drugs used for 

some diagnostic tests like Gallium-67, Copper 64, Indium 111, Iodine 123, Iodine125, Iodine-131, 

radioactive sodium, or Technetium-99m, antimetabolites, and a few cancer chemotherapy 

agents. 

There are drugs that if new mothers have to take them, they need to choose between taking them or 

breastfeeding. Some of these drugs that should never be taken while breastfeeding include: 

Bromocriptine (Parlodel) — a drug for Parkinson's disease, it also decreases a woman's milk 

supply. 

Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, and most chemotherapy drugs for cancer — these drugs kill 

cells in the mother's body and may harm the baby. 

Ergotamine (for migraine headaches); Methotrexate (for arthritis); and Cyclosporine (for severe 

arthritis and psoriasis, aplastic anemia, Crohn's disease, kidney disease, and for after organ 

transplant surgery). 

How Lifestyle Affects Breast Milk – Page 4 of 5 
Drugs whose effects on nursing infants is not known but may be cause for concern 

include:

Antianxiety drugs — Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Perphenazine, Prazepam, 

Quazepam, Temazepam. 

Antidepressant drugs — Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Bupropion, Clomipramine, Desipramine, 

Dothiepin, Doxepin, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, Paroxetine, 

Sertraline,Trazodone. 

Antipsychotic drugs — Chlorpromazine Galactorrhea, Chlorprothixene, Clozapine, Haloperidol, 

Mesoridazine, Trifluoperazine. 

Other drugs — Amiodarone, Chloramphenicol, Clofazimine, Lamotrigine, Metoclopramide, 

Metronidazole, Tinidazole. 

June 2004

 

How Lifestyle Affects Breast Milk – Page 5 of 5 
COPING WITH BREASTFEEDING CHALLENGES 

Some women breastfeed without problems. But for many women, it is natural for minor problems to

arise at first, especially if it is their first time breastfeeding. The good news is that most problems can be 

overcome with a little help and support. Some more serious problems may require you to see your health 

care provider, and it is important to know the warning signs for these situations. The following section 

discusses some of the most common problems that can arise posing a challenge to breastfeeding, and 

some solutions to overcome them. 

1. Challenge: Sore Nipples In order to prevent challenges

from arising, remember the three 

most important things about 

breastfeeding: 

1. Nurse early and often 

2. Nurse with the nipple and areola in 

the baby's mouth, not just the 

nipple. 

3. Breastfeed on demand.

Poor latch-on and positioning are the major causes of sore nipples 

because the baby is probably not getting enough of the areola into 

his or her mouth, and is sucking mostly on the nipple. If you have 

sore nipples you are more likely to postpone feedings because of 

the pain, but this can lead to your breasts becoming overly full or 

engorged, which can then lead to plugged milk ducts in the 

breast. If your baby is latched on correctly and sucking effectively, 

he/she should be able to nurse as long as he/she likes without 

causing any pain. REMEMBER: IF IT HURTS, TAKE THE 

BABY OFF OF YOUR BREAST AND TRY AGAIN.

Solution: 

Check the positioning of your baby's body and the way she latches on and sucks. You should find 

that it feels better right away once the baby is positioned correctly. 

Don't delay feedings, and try to relax so your let-down reflex comes easily. You also can handexpress a little milk before beginning the feeding so your baby doesn't clamp down harder, 

waiting for the milk to come. 

If your nipples are very sore, it can help to change positions each time you nurse. This puts the 

pressure on a different part of the nipple. 

After nursing, you can also express a few drops of milk and gently rub it on your nipples. Human 

milk has natural healing properties and emollients to soothe them. Also try letting your nipples 

air-dry after feeding, or wear a soft-cotton shirt. 

Wearing a nipple shield during nursing will not relieve sore nipples. They actually can prolong 

soreness by making it hard for the baby to learn to nurse without the shield. 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 1 of 8
Avoid wearing bras or clothes that are too tight and put pressure on your nipples. 

Change nursing pads often to avoid trapping in moisture. 

Avoid using soap or ointments that contain astringents or other chemicals on your nipples. Make 

sure to avoid products that must be removed before nursing. Washing with clean water is all that 

is necessary to keep your nipples and breasts clean. 

Making sure you get enough rest, eating healthy foods, and getting enough fluids also can help the 

healing process. If you have very sore nipples, you can ask your health care provider about using 

non-aspirin pain relievers. 

If your sore nipples last or you suddenly get sore nipples after several weeks of unpainful nursing, 

you could have a condition called thrush, a fungal infection that can form on your nipples from 

the milk. Other signs of thrush include itching, flaking and drying skin, tender or pink skin. The 

infection can form in the baby's mouth from having contact with your nipples, and it appears as 

little white spots on the inside of the cheeks, gums, or tongue. It also can appear as a diaper rash 

on your baby that won't go away by using regular diaper rash ointments. If you have any of these 

symptoms or think you have thrush, contact your health care provider. You can get medication for 

your nipples and for your baby. 

IMPORTANT: If you still have sore nipples after following the above tips, you may need to see someone 

who is trained in teaching breastfeeding, like a lactation consultant or peer counselor. 

2. Challenge: Normal Fullness versus Engorgement (Sore Breasts) 

Anything that reduces the amount of time your baby is at your breast or postpones regular nursing can 

cause overly full or engorged breasts. A breastfeeding mother usually feels a normal fullness (slight 

heaviness that is not painful) in her breasts, especially in the first couple of days when her milk comes in. 

But overly full or engorged breasts can be very painful and feel very hard. You also may have breast 

swelling, tenderness, warmth, redness, throbbing and flattening of the nipple. Engorgement sometimes 

also causes a low-grade fever and can be confused with a breast infection. Engorgement is the result of 

the milk building up, and usually happens during the third to fifth day after birth. This slows circulation 

and when blood and lymph move through the breasts, fluid from the blood vessels can seep into the 

breast tissues. All of the following can contribute to engorgement: 

poor latch-on or positioning 

trying to limit feeding times or infrequent feedings 

giving supplementary bottles of water, juice, formula, or breast milk 

overusing a pacifier 

changing the breastfeeding schedule to return to work or school 

the baby changes the nursing pattern by beginning to sleep through the night or breastfeed more 

often during one part of the day and less often at other times 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 2 of 8 
having a baby that has a weak suck who is not able to nurse effectively 

fatigue, stress, or anemia in the mother 

an overabundant milk supply 

nipple damage 

breast abnormalities 

Engorgement can lead to plugged ducts or a breast infection, so it is important to try to prevent it before 

this happens. If treated properly, engorgement should only usually last for one to two days. 

Solution: 

Minimize engorgement by making sure the baby is latched on and positioned correctly at the 

breast, and nurse frequently after birth. Allow the baby to nurse as long as he/she likes, as long as 

he/she is latched on well and sucking effectively. In the early days when your milk is coming in, 

you should awaken a sleepy baby every 2 to 3 hours to breastfeed. Breastfeeding often on the 

affected side helps to remove the milk, keep it moving freely, and prevent the breast from 

becoming overly full. 

Avoid supplementary bottles and overusing pacifiers. 

Try hand expressing or pumping a little milk to first soften the breast, areola, and nipple before 

breastfeeding, or massage the breast and apply heat. 

 Cold compresses in between feedings can help ease pain. Some women use cabbage leaves to 

soothe engorgement. Although their effectiveness has not been proven, many women find them 

soothing. You can use either refrigerated or room temperature leaves. Make sure to cut a hole for 

your nipple, apply the leaves directly to your breasts, and wear them inside your bra. Remove 

them when they wilt and replace with fresh leaves. 

If you are returning to work, try to pump your milk on the same schedule that the baby breastfed 

at home. 

Get enough rest and proper nutrition and fluids. 

Also try to wear a well-fitting, supportive bra that is not too tight. 

IMPORTANT: If your engorgement lasts for more than 2 days even after treating it, contact your health 

care provider. 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 3 of 8 
3. Challenge: Plugged Ducts versus Breast Infection (Mastitis) 

It is common for many women to have a plugged duct in the breast during the period she breastfeeds. A 

plugged milk duct feels tender, sore, or like a lump in the breast. It is not accompanied by a fever or 

other symptoms. It happens when a milk duct does not properly drain, becomes inflamed, pressure 

builds up behind the plug, and surrounding tissue becomes inflamed. A plugged duct usually only occurs 

in one breast. 

A breast infection (mastitis), on the other hand, is soreness or a lump in the breast that is accompanied 

by a fever and/or flu-like symptoms, such as feeling run down or very achy. Some women with a breast 

infection also have nausea and vomiting. You also may have yellowish discharge from the nipple that 

looks like colostrum, or the breasts feel warm or hot to the touch. A breast infection can occur when 

other family members have a cold or the flu, and like a plugged duct, it usually only occurs in one breast. 

Solution: 

Treatment for plugged ducts and breast infections is similar. 

Soreness can be relieved by applying heat to increase circulation to the sore area and to speed its 

healing. You can use a heating pad or a small hot-water bottle. It also helps to massage the area, 

starting behind the sore spot. Use your fingers in a circular motion and massage toward the 

nipple. 

Breastfeed often on the affected side. This helps loosen the plug, keeps the milk moving freely, 

and the breast from becoming overly full. Nursing every two hours, both day and night on the 

affected side first can be helpful. 

Rest. Getting extra sleep or relaxing with your feet up can help speed healing. Often a plugged 

duct or breast infection is the first sign that a mother is doing too much and becoming overly 

tired. 

Wear a well-fitting supportive bra that is not too tight, since this can constrict milk ducts. 

IMPORTANT: If you do not feel better within 24 hours of trying these steps, and you still have a 

fever or your symptoms worsen, call your health care provider. You may need an antibiotic. Also, 

if you have a breast infection in which both breasts look affected, or there is pus or blood in the 

milk, red streaks near the area, or your symptoms came on severe and suddenly, see your health 

care provider right away. 

Even if you need an antibiotic, continuing to breastfeed during treatment is best for both you and 

your baby. Most antibiotics will not affect your baby through your breast milk. 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 4 of 8 
4. Challenge: Thrush 

Thrush (yeast) is a fungal infection that can form on your nipples or in your breast because it thrives on

milk. The infection forms from an overgrowth of the candida organism. Candida usually exists in our 

bodies and is kept at healthy levels by the natural bacteria in our bodies. However, when the natural 

balance of bacteria is upset, candida can overgrow, causing an infection. Things that can cause thrush 

include: having an overly moist environment on your skin or nipples that are sore or cracked, taking 

antibiotics or birth control pills, having a diet that contains large amounts of sugar or foods with yeast, 

or having a chronic illness like HIV infection, diabetes, or anemia. 

If you have sore nipples that last more than a few days even after you make sure your baby's latch and 

positioning is correct, or you suddenly get sore nipples after several weeks of unpainful nursing, you 

could have thrush. Some other signs of thrush include itching or burning nipples which may look normal 

or may appear pink or red, shiny, flaky, or have a rash with tiny blisters. You also could have shooting 

pains in the breast during or after feedings. The infection also can form in the baby's mouth from having 

contact with your nipples, and appear as little white spots on the inside of the cheeks, gums, or tongue. It 

also can appear as a diaper rash (small red dots around a rash) on your baby that won't go away by using 

regular diaper rash ointments. 

Solution: 

If you or your baby have any of these symptoms, contact your health care provider so you and 

your baby can be diagnosed. 

You can get medication for your nipples and for your baby. Medication for the mother is usually 

an ointment for the nipples, and the baby can be given a liquid medication for his/her mouth, 

and/or an ointment for the diaper rash. 

Thrush may take several weeks to cure, so it is important to try not to spread it. Don't freeze milk 

that you pump while you have thrush. Change disposable nursing pads often and wash any towels 

or clothing that come in contact with the yeast in very hot water (above 122° F). Also wash the 

baby's toys in hot soapy water if he puts them in his/her mouth while he has thrush. 

Wear a clean bra every day. 

Wash your hands often, and wash your baby's hands often, especially if he or she sucks on his/her 

fingers. 

If used, boil pacifiers, bottle nipples, or teethers once a day for 20 minutes to kill the thrush. After 

one week of treatment, discard them and buy new ones. 

Boil daily for 20 minutes all breast pump parts that touch the milk. 

Make sure other family members are free of thrush or other fungal infections. If they have 

symptoms, get them treatment. 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 5 of 8 
5. Challenge: Nursing Strike 

A nursing strike is when your baby has been nursing well for months, then suddenly loses interest in 

breastfeeding and begins to refuse the breast. A nursing strike can mean several things are happening 

with your baby and that she or he is trying to communicate with you to let you know that something is 

wrong. Not all babies will react the same to different situations that can cause a nursing strike. Some will 

continue to breastfeed without a problem, others may just become fussy at the breast, and others will 

refuse the breast entirely. Some of the major causes of a nursing strike include: 

mouth pain from teething, a fungal infection like thrush, or a cold sore 

an ear infection, which causes pain while sucking 

pain from a certain nursing position, either from an injury on the baby's body or from soreness 

from an immunization 

being upset about a long separation from the mother or a major change in routine 

being distracted while nursing — becoming interested in other things around him or her 

a cold or stuffy nose that makes breathing while nursing difficult 

reduced milk supply from supplementing with bottles or overuse of a pacifier 

responding to the mother's strong reaction if the baby has bitten her 

being upset about hearing arguing or people talking in a harsh voice with other family members 

while nursing 

reacting to stress, overstimulation, or having been repeatedly put off when wanting to nurse. 

If your baby is on a nursing strike, it is normal to feel frustrated and upset, especially if your baby is 

unhappy. It is important not to feel guilty or that you have done something wrong. Your breasts also may 

become uncomfortable as the milk builds up. 

Solution: 

Try to express your milk on the same schedule as the baby used to breastfeed to avoid 

engorgement and plugged ducts. 

Try another feeding method temporarily to give your baby your milk, such as a cup, dropper, or 

spoon. Keep track of your baby's wet diapers to make sure he/she is getting enough milk (five to 

six per day). 

Keep offering your breast to the baby. If the baby is frustrated, stop and try again later. Try when 

the baby is sleeping or very sleepy. 

Try various breastfeeding positions. 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 6 of 8 
Focus on the baby with all of your attention and comfort him or her with extra touching and 

cuddling. 

Try nursing while rocking and in a quiet room free of distractions. 

Special Situations and Breastfeeding 

Some babies are born with conditions that may interfere with or make breastfeeding more difficult. 

However, in all of the following cases, breastfeeding is still best for the baby to thrive. 

Jaundice 

Jaundice is a condition that is common in many newborns. It appears as a yellowing of the skin and eyes 

and is caused by an excess of bilirubin, a yellow pigment that is a product in the blood. All babies are 

born with extra red blood cells that undergo a process of being broken down and eliminated from the 

body. Bilirubin levels in the blood can be high because of higher production of it in a newborn, an 

increased ability of the newborn intestine to absorb it, and a limited ability of the newborn liver to 

handle large amounts of it. Many cases of jaundice do not need to be treated—a health care provider will 

careful monitor the baby's bilirubin levels. Sometimes infants have to be temporarily separated from the 

mother to receive special treatment with phototherapy. In these cases, breastfeeding may be 

discouraged and supplements or other fluids may be given to the baby. However, the American Academy 

of Pediatrics discourages against stopping breastfeeding in jaundiced babies and suggests continuing 

frequent breastfeeding, even during treatment. If your baby is jaundiced or develops jaundice, it is 

important to discuss with your health care provider all possible treatment options and share that you do 

not want to interrupt nursing (if this is at all possible). 

Babies with Reflux 

It is not unusual for babies spit up after nursing. Usually, babies can spit up and show no other signs of 

illness, and the spitting up disappears as the baby's digestive system matures. As long as the baby has six 

to eight wet diapers and at least two bowel movements in a 24 hour period (under six weeks of age), and 

your baby is gaining weight (at least 4 ounces a week) you can be assured your baby is getting enough 

milk. 

However, some babies have a condition called gastroesophageal reflux (GER), which occurs when the 

muscle at the opening of the stomach opens at the wrong times, allowing milk and food to come back up 

into the esophagus (the tube in the throat). Symptoms of GER can include: 

severe spitting up, or spitting up after every feeding, or hours after eating 

projectile vomiting, where the milk shoots out of the mouth 

inconsolable crying as if in discomfort 

arching of the back as if in severe pain 

refusal to eat or pulling away from the breast during feeding 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 7 of 8 
waking up frequently at night 

slow weight gain 

difficulty swallowing 

gagging or choking 

frequent red or sore throat 

frequent hiccuping or burping 

signs of asthma, bronchitis, wheezing, problems breathing, pneumonia, or apnea. 

NOTE: Many healthy babies might have some of these symptoms and not have GER. But there are 

babies who might only have a few of these symptoms and have a severe case of GER. Not all babies 

with GER spit up or vomit.

Some babies with GER do not have a serious medical problem, but caring for them can be hard since 

they tend to be very fussy and wake up frequently at night. More severe cases of GER may need to be 

treated with medication if the baby, in addition to spitting up, also refuses to nurse, gains weight poorly 

or is losing weight, or has periods of gagging or choking. 

If your baby spits up after every feeding and any of the other symptoms mentioned above, it is best to see 

your health care provider so your baby can be correctly diagnosed. Other than GER, your baby could 

have another condition that needs treatment. If there are no other signs of illness, he/she could just be 

sensitive to a food in your diet or a medication he/she's receiving. If your baby has GER, it is important 

to try to continue to breastfeed since breast milk still is more easily digested than formula. Try smaller, 

more frequent feedings, thorough burping, and putting the baby in an upright position during and after 

feedings. 

June 2004

 

Coping with Breastfeeding Challenges – Page 8 of 8 
BREASTFEEDING MADE EASIER AT HOME AND AT WORK 

Breastfeeding is a unique experience for each woman and her baby, and each woman has to find her own 

routine, setting, and positions that work best. Today, many mothers return to jobs outside of their 

homes after their babies are born, and the breastfeeding routine that they've set up while on maternity 

leave has to change. Many women continue to breastfeed successfully though, with the help of a breast 

pump. Whether you choose to stay at home to care for your baby, or choose to return to a job outside 

your home, here are some tips about breastfeeding and pumping to make breastfeeding easier and safe 

for you and your baby. 

Before Your Baby is Born 

Nipple Type

Before your baby is born, it is helpful to know what type of nipples you have. A flat nipple

lies flat against the areola (darker circular area around the nipple) instead of protruding outward like a 

normal nipple. Inverted nipples seem pushed inward to the areola. Both flat nipples and inverted 

nipples can make correct latch-on more challenging for your baby since they are not easy for the baby to 

grab in his or her mouth. One solution is to wear a breast shell (a round plastic shell that fits around 

your breast) in your bra to create a moist environment around the nipple to help it protrude for easier 

latch-on. 

 

Regular Nipple Flat Nipple Inverted Nipple 

Regular, flat, and inverted nipples 

 

Breastfeeding Made Easier at Home and at Work – Page 1 of 6
Medications 

Before the birth of your baby, know what medications you are taking or may have to take after the birth, 

and how they will affect your baby through your breast milk. Talk with your health care provider about 

their safety, and about possible alternative treatments that won't affect the baby. While breastfeeding, if 

you become ill and have to take medication, tell your health care provider that you are breastfeeding. It 

may be possible to temporarily pump and discard your breast milk while taking the medication. During 

this time, you can use previously stored breast milk or formula to feed your baby, but you will be keeping 

your breast milk supply at a level that will meet the baby's needs when your treatment is over. 

Family Support 

Fathers and other special support persons can be involved in the breastfeeding experience. 

Breastfeeding is more than a way to feed a baby, it becomes a lifestyle. While no one but the baby's 

mother can provide breast milk, it is helpful for the mother and the baby if the father or support person

encourages this healthy relationship. Fathers or support persons play a major role in the breastfeeding 

experience by being sensitive and supportive. They can encourage breastfeeding when the mother is 

feeling tired or discouraged. They can affirm their love, approval, and appreciation for the mother's work 

and time that she puts into breastfeeding. They also can be good listeners and provide understanding to 

the mother's and baby's needs to accommodate breastfeeding in the home or when traveling. All of this 

support helps the mother feel better about herself and proud that she is giving her baby the best. Many 

people also feel warmth, love, and relaxation just from sitting next to mother and baby during 

breastfeeding. Fathers and support persons also can help when the mother begins to wean the baby from 

breastfeeding by giving emotional nourishment to the child through playing, cuddling, and giving a 

bottle/cup. 

Pumping 

No matter what type of job you have, if you go back to work after having your baby, it should be possible 

for you to take time to pump your breast milk. You can talk with your employer about why breastfeeding 

is important, why pumping is necessary, and how you plan to fit pumping into your work schedule. 

Pumping while away from your baby on the same schedule that he or she breastfeeds ensures that you 

keep up your milk supply to meet your baby's needs. If you are staying home to care for your baby, 

having an effective pump at home is also helpful. You can use it to help relieve engorgement, especially 

when your milk supply first comes in, or for when you need to be away from your baby for any amount of 

time, such as an evening out with your partner. If you have to temporarily take medication that may 

harm your baby, you can pump and discard your milk during this time. 

Breastfeeding Made Easier at Home and at Work – Page 2 of 6 
Prepare for pumping before you go back to work. Let your employer know that you are 

breastfeeding and explain that, when you're away from your baby, you will need to take breaks 

throughout the day to pump your milk to give to your baby at a later time. Ask where you can 

pump at work, and make sure it is a private, clean, quiet area. Also make sure you have 

somewhere to store the milk. Discuss how you plan to fit pumping into your workday. You can 

offer to work out a different schedule, such as coming in earlier or leaving a little later each day to 

make up for any lost work time, if this comes up as an issue. If your day care is close by to your 

job, you may be able to arrange to breastfeed your baby during work time. Make sure to discuss 

the benefits of breastfeeding with your employer, especially that breastfeeding mothers miss 

fewer days from work. If your direct supervisor cannot help you with your needs, you should be 

able to go to your Human Resources department to make sure you are accommodated. 

Some mothers start pumping and storing their milk ahead of the time they will be 

returning to work in order to have a supply available for the first week when they 

are separated from the baby. The number of times you will need to pump your milk depends 

on the length of time you are away from your baby. But, it is usually not best to go for more than 

three hours without removing some milk from your breasts. If you are leaving a very young baby 

who eats very often, you may have to pump your milk more often at first so that your breasts do 

not become uncomfortable or leak. 

Expressing milk through pumping is a learned skill that's both physical and 

psychological. It takes about the same time as breastfeeding, unless you are using a "double" 

automatic breast pump. The let-down reflex is important during pumping in order to express a 

good amount of milk. If you are having problems getting your milk to "let-down" at the start of 

pumping, you may find it helpful to have a picture of your baby close-by. You also can try other 

things to stimulate the let-down reflex, like applying a warm, moist compress to the breast, gently 

massaging the breasts, or just sitting quietly and thinking of a relaxing setting. Try to clear your 

head of stressful thoughts. Use a comfortable chair or pillows. Once you begin expressing your 

milk, think about your baby. 

It is best to wash your hands before pumping your breast milk and to make sure the 

table or area where you are pumping is also clean. Each time you are done pumping, it is 

best to thoroughly wash your pumping equipment with soap and water and let it air dry. This 

helps prevent germs from getting into the breast milk. 

Storing Breast Milk 

It is important to know the guidelines for storing breast milk properly so that you always give your baby 

fresh milk. Any container used to store milk should be clean and sterile. Always try to leave an inch or so 

from the milk to the top of the container since frozen milk expands. After pumping your milk, it is 

helpful to label the storage container. Always use the oldest dated milk first. Colostrum, or the first milk 

expressed in the first few days after delivery, can be stored at room temperature for up to 12 hours. 

Mature milk, or breast milk that comes in six days after the birth of your baby can be stored in the 

following ways: 

Breastfeeding Made Easier at Home and at Work – Page 3 of 6 
At Room Temperature: 

At 60 degrees for 24 hours 

At 66-72 degrees for 10 hours 

At 79 degrees to 4-6 hours 

In the Refrigerator: 

At 32-39 degrees for up to 8 days 

In the Freezer: 

In a freezer compartment contained within the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks 

In a self-contained freezer, either on top of or on the side of the refrigerator for 3 - 4 months 

In a deep freezer for 6 months to 1 year 

*It is helpful to freeze the milk in small amounts, such as 2 to 4 ounce servings, so there is less waste and 

you can choose the amount of milk depending on the baby's hunger. 

Bottles and Containers 

You can store breast milk in bottles that fit directly onto your breast pump. After pumping, simply 

remove the pumping tubing, cover with the bottle lid, label the milk, and put it in the refrigerator. Many 

breast pump carrying cases also come with built-in, cooler-type compartments for storing ice pack 

and/or the freshly pumped bottles of milk. If used correctly, these do stay cold enough to leave your 

pumped milk in until you can get home to store the milk in the refrigerator or freezer. 

Research is conflicting about the advantages and disadvantages of storing milk in glass versus plastic. 

However, glass bottles or containers are best for freezing breast milk because it offers the most 

protection from contamination. The second choice is clear, hard plastic, and the last choice is the cloudy 

hard plastic containers. Wait to tighten the caps or lids until the milk is completely frozen. 

Storage Bags 

If you want to freeze your breast milk in bags, you can purchase storage bags that fit directly onto your 

breast pump and that are made for freezing milk. They are pre-sterilized, thick, have an area for labeling, 

and seal easily. After pumping, simply remove the pumping tubing, fold the bag over, making sure all air 

is out of the bag, and seal it. Make sure to label the bag with the date before freezing. When you want to 

use the milk, you can cut the storage bag with sterile scissors. If the storage bag has a built-in pouring 

spout, it is easy to pour the milk into a bottle. Other storage bags can be used in the kind of bottle that 

uses disposable liners, so there is no need to transfer the milk. 

Thawing and Handling Stored Breast Milk 

Breastfeeding Made Easier at Home and at Work – Page 4 of 6 
It is normal for stored breast milk to separate in its container into two parts, what looks like cream and 

then a lighter colored milk. Some human milk also varies in color and can be blueish, yellowish, or 

brownish. Just gently shake the milk before feeding to mix it back together. 

Breast milk doesn't take long to thaw or warm up. Never place a bottle or bag of breast milk in the 

microwave. Milk doesn't heat uniformly in the microwave, so you won't have control over the 

temperature and could burn your baby. All you have to do is hold the bottle or frozen bag of milk in 

under cool and then warm water for a few minutes. If warm running water is not available, you can heat 

up a pan of water on the stove. Remove the pan from the heat and place the container into the warm 

water. Never warm the container directly on the stove. Shake the milk, then test it on your wrist to see if 

it's warm enough for your baby. 

Once frozen milk is thawed, it can be refrigerated, but not re-frozen. 

Breastfeeding and Pumping Accessories 

Clothing 

You don't have to buy a new wardrobe to breastfeed. While no extravagant "breastfeeding 

clothing" is necessary, you should try to wear clothing that will make breastfeeding and/or 

pumping easier. Wearing jumpers or one-piece dresses are not as convenient as a blouse or two -

piece outfits. Nursing bras and nursing clothes, like blouses that have hidden openings near your 

chest are available but are not necessary. 

You can buy disposable or cloth breastfeeding pads to line your bra. These help 

prevent any leaking from soaking through your blouse. The disposable pads can be thrown away, 

and the cloth pads can be tossed in the washing machine and used again. 

If you want to breastfeed your baby in public, you can use a receiving blanket or a 

breastfeeding blanket that discreetly covers your chest and your baby's upper body. 

Pumps

There are several types of breast pumps available. Some are manual, or require you to use 

your hand and wrist to squeeze a bulb-type device to pump the milk. There also are automatic 

pumps that run either on battery or hook up to an electrical outlet and automatically simulate 

your baby's natural sucking action. These pumps are easier to use, and do not require a lot of 

practice or skill. They can collect more milk in less time, however they cost a lot more than 

manual pumps (around $150 to $200). 

Think about your pumping needs before you buy a breast pump. If you plan on going 

back to work, either full-time or part-time, it may be worth investing in a automatic pump. If you 

plan to never be away from your baby except for an occasional outing, you may want to use a hand 

pump or hand express the milk without a pump. Both hand expressing and using a hand pump 

require practice, skill, strength and coordination. 

Breastfeeding Made Easier at Home and at Work – Page 5 of 6 
Pumps also come in "single" or "double" meaning you can either pump the milk 

from one breast or from both breasts at the same time. Most electric pumps are double 

pumps, but you can choose whether to pump one or both breasts at the same time. 

Although many breast pumps look different, they all operate in basically the same 

way. Each comes with a plastic "shell" that covers your nipple and breast, that is also connected 

to tubing that carries the milk from your breast to a bottle or bag that collects the milk. Experts 

caution against using the "bicycle horn" type of pump because it cannot be sterilized, can be 

ineffective, and can cause damage to breast tissue. 

Most automatic pumps come in convenient, discreet carrying cases that match your 

other accessories you may carry to work, such as your purse or briefcase. 

If you purchase a pump, make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions for 

cleaning and caring for the equipment. 

Some pumps can be purchased at baby supply stores or general department stores, but most 

high-grade, professional quality automatic pumps have to be purchased or rented 

from a lactation consultant at a local hospital, or from a breastfeeding organization.

June 2004

 

Breastfeeding Made Easier at Home and at Work – Page 6 of 6 
Human Milk Banks 

Ideally, breast milk comes from a baby's own mother. But when this is not possible, you can give your 

baby breast milk from donors (other women's breast milk), which provides the same precious nutrition 

and disease fighting properties as your own breast milk. If your baby has special needs, such as 

intolerance to formula, severe allergies, is failing to thrive on formula, is premature or has other health 

problems, he or she may need donated human milk not only for health, but also for survival. 

There are several reasons why a mother may not be able to breastfeed her own baby: 

• In a premature delivery, a mother's milk supply may not become established enough to provide 

milk for her baby. Sometimes the stress of caring for a very ill infant prevents the milk supply 

from developing. 

• A mother who delivers twins or triplets might not have enough milk supply to nourish all of the 

babies. 

• Some medicines taken by the mother for a health problem, such as chemotherapy for cancer, can 

harm a baby. 

• A mother might have an infection that could be spread to her baby through breastfeeding, such as 

HIV or hepatitis. 

• A mother might have a health problem that prevents her from breastfeeding or makes it 

impossible for her to produce milk. 

Breast milk from donors is stored in human milk banks. At this time, there are only six human milk 

banks in the United States. While the number of infants and children who depend upon donor milk for 

health or survival is small, their numbers are greater than is the supply available from these milk banks. 

Human milk banks screen the donors, and collect, screen, process, and dispense donor human milk. 

Because babies who use donor milk are not related to the donors, every possible step is taken to ensure 

the milk is safe. And the milk is only dispensed by a prescription from your health care provider. The 

prescription must show how many ounces of processed milk are needed per day, and for how many 

weeks or months. The milk bank also needs your name, the baby's name, and your address and phone 

number. Then, you or your health care provider can contact a milk bank to order the milk. If the milk 

bank is close to you, you can pick up the milk there. If you live out of the area, the milk bank can ship the 

frozen milk in coolers every few days. 

Human Milk Banks – Page 1 of 2
The cost of donor milk is about $3 per ounce. Sometimes there is another fee for shipping. Most health 

insurance companies cover the cost of donor milk if it is medically necessary. To find out if your 

insurance will cover the cost of the milk, call your insurance company or ask your health care provider. If 

your insurance company does not cover the cost of the milk, talk with the milk bank to find out how 

payment can be made later on, or how to get help with the payments. A milk bank will never deny donor 

milk to a baby in need. 

November 2003 

Human Milk Banks – Page 2 of 2