Research and Program Development Division

develops knowledge on national trends in juvenile

delinquency; supports a program for data collection

and information sharing that incorporates elements 

of statistical and systems development; identifies

how delinquency develops and the best methods

for its prevention, intervention, and treatment; and

analyzes practices and trends in the juvenile justice

system.

Training and Technical Assistance Division provides juvenile justice training and technical assistance to Federal, State, and local governments; law

enforcement, judiciary, and corrections personnel;

and private agencies, educational institutions, and

community organizations.

Special Emphasis Division provides discretionary

funds to public and private agencies, organizations,

and individuals to replicate tested approaches to 

delinquency prevention, treatment, and control in

such pertinent areas as chronic juvenile offenders,

community-based sanctions, and the disproportionate representation of minorities in the juvenile

justice system.

State Relations and Assistance Division supports

collaborative efforts by States to carry out the

mandates of the JJDP Act by providing formula

grant funds to States; furnishing technical assistance to States, local governments, and private

agencies; and monitoring State compliance with

the JJDP Act.

Information Dissemination Unit produces and distributes information resources on juvenile justice research,

training, and programs and coordinates the Office’s program planning and competitive award activities. Information that meets the needs of juvenile justice professionals

and policymakers is provided through print and online

publications, videotapes, CD–ROM’s, electronic listservs,

and the Office’s Web site. As part of the program planning and award process, IDU develops priorities,

publishes solicitations and application kits for funding

opportunities, and facilitates the peer review process

for discretionary funding awards.

Concentration of Federal Efforts Program promotes

interagency cooperation and coordination among Federal agencies with responsibilities in the area of juvenile justice. The program primarily carries out this

responsibility through the Coordinating Council on

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, an independent body within the executive branch that was

established by Congress through the JJDP Act.

Child Protection Division administers programs related

to crimes against children and children’s exposure to

violence. The Division provides leadership and funding

to promote effective policies and procedures to address

the problems of missing and exploited children, children

who have been abused or neglected, and children

exposed to domestic or community violence. CPD program activities include conducting research; providing

information, training, and technical assistance on programs to prevent and respond to child victims, witnesses, and their families; developing and demonstrating 

effective child protection initiatives; and supporting the

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.

Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) was established by the President and Congress through the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974, Public Law 93–415, as

amended. Located within the Office of Justice Programs of the U.S. Department of Justice, OJJDP’s goal is to

provide national leadership in addressing the issues of juvenile delinquency and improving juvenile justice.

OJJDP sponsors a broad array of research, program, and training initiatives to improve the juvenile justice

system as a whole, as well as to benefit individual youth-serving agencies. These initiatives are carried out by

seven components within OJJDP, described below.

The mission of OJJDP is to provide national leadership, coordination, and resources to prevent and respond to juvenile

offending and child victimization. OJJDP accomplishes its mission by supporting States, local communities, and tribal

jurisdictions in their efforts to develop and implement effective, multidisciplinary prevention and intervention programs

and improve the capacity of the juvenile justice system to protect public safety, hold offenders accountable, and provide treatment and rehabilitative services tailored to the needs of individual juveniles and their families.

Revised 6/1/2000
OJJDP Annual Report

John J. Wilson, Acting Administrator

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

July 2000

This Report covers activities undertaken by the Office of

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention during Fiscal

Year 1999.
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is a component of the Office of

Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice

Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, and the Office for Victims of Crime.

U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

810 Seventh Street NW.

Washington, DC 20531

Janet Reno

Attorney General

Daniel Marcus

Acting Associate Attorney General

Mary Lou Leary

Acting Assistant Attorney General

John J. Wilson

Acting Administrator

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
FY 1999 iii

Annual Report

Foreword

America’s communities have made considerable progress in recent years in reducing juvenile

crime and violence. This reduction is due, in part, to efforts to develop comprehensive approaches

to juvenile violence—approaches that combine prevention and early intervention programs with

graduated sanctions that hold young offenders accountable at every stage of the juvenile justice

system. OJJDP has been promoting this approach for nearly a decade, and we are pleased that

our efforts to help States and local communities address juvenile delinquency and violence are

paying off, as evidenced by the continuing decline in the number of juvenile arrests, particularly

violent crime arrests.

During fiscal year (FY) 1999, OJJDP continued to focus on this comprehensive approach,

implementing a variety of programs to help communities better protect children from harm, steer

them away from inappropriate behavior, and intervene early and effectively when high risk and

delinquent behaviors first occur. These programs address issues of national concern, such as substance abuse, juvenile gang activity, school violence, and gun violence. Other issues addressed

include youth violence in Indian Country, children with disabilities, hate crimes, mentoring initiatives, child abuse, and community partnerships to reduce juvenile crime.

To help ensure that OJJDP invests resources in strategies that work, the Office remains committed to funding research, evaluation, and statistical activities that help to determine the scope

of juvenile violence and victimization and to identify the most effective approaches to address

them. Recognizing that States and communities need reliable data and information about effective programs, OJJDP also remains committed to sharing information with those who need it—

practitioners, policymakers, and the public.

OJJDP Annual Report 1999 highlights the Office’s accomplishments in FY 1999 and illustrates comprehensive approaches that have proven effective in bringing about positive change in the lives of

troubled children and protecting all citizens. I trust that State and local policymakers and practitioners will find the report’s vast array of information helpful as they strive to reduce juvenile

crime and child victimization in their communities. Working together, we can secure strong and

safe futures for our Nation’s children, their families, and their communities.

John J. Wilson

Acting Administrator

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
FY 1999 v

Annual Report

Table of Contents

Foreword........................................................................................................................................................... iii

An Introduction to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ..........................................1

Chapter 1: An Overview of Major Accomplishments ......................................................................................3

Juvenile Court Centennial Initiative ............................................................................................................... 4

Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report ......................................................................................................... 4

MTV Partnership .............................................................................................................................................. 5

Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative ........................................................................................................ 6

Tribal Youth Program ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 2: Preventing and Intervening in Delinquency ................................................................................11

Arts Programs ................................................................................................................................................. 11

Children With Disabilities Initiatives ............................................................................................................ 12

Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ................................................... 12

Hate Crime Prevention Curriculum .............................................................................................................. 13

Juvenile Mentoring Program ......................................................................................................................... 13

Mental Health Strategy .................................................................................................................................. 14

National Youth Network ................................................................................................................................ 14

Truancy Reduction Demonstration Program ................................................................................................ 15

Chapter 3: Addressing School Violence ..........................................................................................................17

Hamilton Fish National Institute on School and Community Violence....................................................... 17

National Center for Conflict Resolution Education...................................................................................... 17

National Resource Center for Safe Schools .................................................................................................. 18

Publications Addressing School Violence ...................................................................................................... 18

Chapter 4: Strengthening the Juvenile Justice System .................................................................................19

Balanced and Restorative Justice .................................................................................................................. 19

Community Assessment Centers .................................................................................................................... 20

Formula Grants Program ............................................................................................................................... 20

Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants Program........................................................................... 21

State Challenge Activities ............................................................................................................................... 28

Statistical Information .................................................................................................................................... 28

Training and Technical Assistance ................................................................................................................. 29

Youth Courts ................................................................................................................................................... 31
vi FY 1999

Annual Report

Table of Contents (continued)

Chapter 5: Reducing the Victimization of Children .......................................................................................33

Child Maltreatment Working Group ............................................................................................................. 33

Children’s Advocacy Centers ......................................................................................................................... 34

Internet Crimes Against Children Initiatives ................................................................................................ 34

Model Courts Program ................................................................................................................................... 35

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children ................................................................................... 35

National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children ....................... 35

Portable Guides............................................................................................................................................... 36

Safe Kids/Safe Streets Program ..................................................................................................................... 36

Safe Start Initiative ......................................................................................................................................... 36

Training and Technical Assistance ................................................................................................................. 37

Chapter 6: Enhancing Public Safety and Law Enforcement .........................................................................39

Enforcing the Underage Drinking Laws Program ....................................................................................... 39

OJJDP Gang Initiatives ................................................................................................................................ 40

Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun Violence........................................................................................... 41

Promising Strategies To Reduce Gun Violence ..................................................................................................................... 42

Chapter 7: Comprehensive Community-Based Initiatives ............................................................................43

Community Prevention Grants Program....................................................................................................... 43

Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders........................................ 45

SafeFutures: Partnerships To Reduce Youth Violence and Delinquency.................................................... 45

Chapter 8: Getting the Word Out ...................................................................................................................47

Investing in Youth for a Safer Future: A Public Education Campaign ....................................................... 47

Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse ..................................................................................................................... 47

Major Publications .......................................................................................................................................... 48

Family Strengthening Series of Bulletins ................................................................................................. 48

Juvenile Justice Journal............................................................................................................................... 49

OJJDP Research: Making a Difference for Juveniles ................................................................................................... 49

Youth Gang Series of Bulletins ................................................................................................................. 50

Reducing Youth Violence: A Comprehensive Approach (CD–ROM) ...................................................................... 50

Satellite Videoconferencing ............................................................................................................................ 51

Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................................................................53

Appendix: OJJDP Publications Produced in FY 1999 .................................................................................57
FY 1999 1

Annual Report

An Introduction to the Office of Juvenile

Justice and Delinquency Prevention

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency

Prevention (OJJDP) was created by Congress in

1974 to help communities and States prevent and

control delinquency and improve their juvenile justice systems. A component of the U.S. Department

of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, OJJDP is

the primary Federal agency responsible for addressing the issues of juvenile crime and delinquency and

the problems of abused, neglected, missing, and exploited children.

Although the nature and extent of delinquency and

abuse have changed considerably since OJJDP was

created, the Office continues to provide national

leadership and to support an array of activities to

help States and communities meet many juvenile

justice challenges at the local level. These challenges

include dealing with the small percentage of juveniles who are serious, violent, and chronic offenders;

holding offenders accountable for their unlawful actions; combating alcohol and drug abuse; addressing

gang and juvenile gun violence; working to strengthen

families; and helping children victimized by crime

and child abuse.

The Office funds important research and evaluation

efforts, statistical studies, and demonstration programs; provides technical assistance and training;

produces and distributes publications and other

products containing reliable information about

juvenile justice topics; oversees activities dealing

with missing and exploited children; and administers

formula, block, and discretionary grant programs.

During fiscal year (FY) 1999, OJJDP supported a

variety of activities to help communities prevent delinquency, address school violence, strengthen the

juvenile justice system, reduce the victimization of

children, improve and support law enforcement efforts, and develop comprehensive strategies. Recognizing the importance of providing up-to-date information to policymakers and the public about the

extent and nature of juvenile crime and what works

to prevent it, OJJDP also continued to make “getting the word out” a priority.

This annual report describes OJJDP’s major accomplishments in these areas during FY 1999 and

discusses the philosophy that guided its programming. These activities reflect OJJDP’s continuing

commitment to focus on programs that have the

greatest potential to reduce juvenile delinquency and

the victimization of children and to improve the

juvenile justice system.
FY 1999 3

Annual Report

Chapter 1

An Overview of Major Accomplishments

The latest Federal Bureau of Investigation figures,

released in late 1999, indicate that juvenile crime and

violence continued a downward trend that began in

1994, bringing a halt to the dramatic annual increases

that had alarmed the Nation since 1988. According

to the OJJDP publication Juvenile Arrests 1998, the

total number of juvenile arrests for violent crimes—

murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated

assault—declined for the fourth consecutive year in

1998. Specifically, serious violence by juveniles

dropped 19 percent between 1994 and 1998, compared with a reduction of 6 percent in violence by

adults in the same time period. Between 1993 and

1998, juvenile arrests for murder decreased by about

50 percent, with the number of arrests in 1998

(2,100) about 15 percent above the 1987 level.

Despite this encouraging news, critical problems remain. Gangs continue to affect a large number of cities and are beginning to affect more rural and suburban areas than ever before. The problems posed by

the use of drugs and alcohol by America’s youth continue to demand attention. In 1998, for example, 54

percent of high school seniors reported that they had

at least tried illicit drugs, and 50 percent of eighth

graders had tried alcohol. Too many children also

continue to be victims of child and sexual abuse and

violent crimes. According to OJJDP’s Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report, for example,

in one-third of all sexual assaults reported to law enforcement, the victim was younger than age 12.

This mixture of some reassuring and some still troubling statistics serves as a reminder that although

great progress has been made in addressing juvenile

delinquency and victimization, much more needs to

be done. As the Nation moves into the 21st century,

reducing juvenile crime, violence, and victimization

remains one of the Nation’s most crucial challenges,

just as it was in the closing decades of the 20th century. OJJDP addressed this challenge in FY 1999

by developing and funding an array of research,

evaluation, demonstration, training, technical assistance, and dissemination activities that are making a

difference for juveniles and helping keep communities safe.

Because policymakers, researchers, educators, law

enforcement officers, and members of the public

need to know if their responses are effective,

OJJDP continues to place great value on its research, evaluation, and statistics programs. The

Office funds a number of important research programs and uses what is learned from these programs

to design and implement model demonstration programs, replicate successful programs, and provide

comprehensive and targeted training and technical

assistance to States and local communities.

OJJDP continues to use the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders as the foundation of its programs. The Comprehensive Strategy is a research-based framework

that relies on a balanced approach to aggressively

address juvenile delinquency and violence by preventing the onset of delinquency, improving the juvenile justice system’s ability to respond to juvenile

offending, and establishing graduated sanctions that

hold offenders accountable at every stage of the juvenile justice system. In FY 1999, OJJDP employed

the Comprehensive Strategy to help States and local

communities prevent at-risk youth from becoming

serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders and

to help the communities craft practical responses to

those who do.

The accomplishments highlighted in this chapter illustrate OJJDP’s commitment to helping communities ensure a continuing decline in the juvenile crime

rate and protecting juveniles from victimization.
4 FY 1999

Annual Report

Juvenile Court Centennial

Initiative

The juvenile court celebrated its 100th anniversary

in 1999, and to help inaugurate the court’s second

century, OJJDP launched the Juvenile Court Centennial Initiative (JCCI). Designed to celebrate 100

years of a rehabilitative approach to children and

youth who get in trouble with the law and to stimulate debate about ways to revitalize and strengthen

the juvenile justice system, JCCI is highlighting successful juvenile court graduates and model juvenile

justice programs. The initiative is conducting a national search for individuals who have come into

contact with the juvenile court and who are now

successful adults and has issued a national call for

information about model juvenile justice programs.

These individuals and programs were recognized at

the National Juvenile Justice Summit “How Shall

We Respond to the Dreams of Youth?” in Washington, DC, in June 2000. A Declaration for Juvenile

Justice for the 21st Century will be developed by

delegates to the summit. A national public education

campaign is being conducted to raise public awareness of and support for effective solutions to youth

crime and the issues facing troubled children and

youth. JCCI has developed public service announcements (PSA’s), a video, a local organizer’s kit, and a

media kit to encourage community leaders to initiate

local centennial events. JCCI also publishes a bimonthly online newsletter, which can be found on

OJJDP’s Web site at www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/jcci/

inthenews.html.

In addition to juvenile justice experts and juvenile

court graduates, representatives from more than 75

national organizations are participating in JCCI, including government agencies, law enforcement organizations, healthcare and mental health professions,

youth-serving organizations, the faith community,

the legal community, the human rights field, and

child advocacy groups.

OJJDP is funding JCCI through a consortium

composed of Bright Future Ventures, Silver Spring,

MD; the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice,

Washington, DC; the Children and Family Justice

Center, Chicago, IL; Communication Works, San

Francisco, CA; and the Youth Law Center, Washington, DC.

OJJDP also commemorated the juvenile court’s

centennial in an issue of Juvenile Justice. Articles in

the journal discuss reasons to celebrate the centennial, examine the court’s progress, and reflect on the

juvenile court’s future potential. This issue of the

journal (volume VI, number 2) is available from the

Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48, under

“How To Access Information From JJC”).

Juvenile Offenders and

Victims: 1999 National Report

Information is one of the most important tools available to fight both juvenile crime and the victimization of children. Without facts, policymakers and

others can base solutions only on speculation. A Report released by OJJDP in September 1999

provides the facts needed to help solve the crucial

challenges of the new millennium. Juvenile Offenders

and Victims: 1999 National Report contains a wealth of

information, offers insights into juvenile crime and

victimization, and provides data on the operations of

juvenile justice systems across the country. The Report answers the questions most frequently asked by

juvenile justice professionals, policymakers, the media, and concerned citizens and is a valuable source

of information. The document is available from the

Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48, under

“How To Access Information From JJC”).

Many new facts in the National Report have tremendous implications for both policy and program development. Examples include the following:

✦ Females are at greater risk of being murdered in

their first year of life and at age 23 than at any

other age in their lives.

✦ For every two youth (ages 0–19) murdered in

1996, one youth committed suicide.

✦ Eighty-eight percent of the more than 3,000

counties in the United States reported no murders

by juveniles in 1997.
FY 1999 5

Annual Report

✦ Between 1994 and 1997, the number of murders

involving a juvenile perpetrator dropped 39 percent. This decline was attributable entirely to a

decline in homicides involving firearms.

✦ Serious violent offenses committed by juveniles

dropped 33 percent between 1993 and 1997,

while violence by adults was down 25 percent.

✦ When one youth drops out of high school and

enters a life of crime and drug abuse, the cost to

society is $2 million.

The National Report contains easy-to-read tables,

graphs, and detailed maps and analyses of statistics

in clear, nontechnical language. It answers questions

about how much crime juveniles are involved in,

which kinds of crime they commit, and how often

they are victims of crime. It also presents recent

trends in juvenile violence and the characteristics of

juveniles in custody. The National Report includes the

most recent updates of information originally presented in Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report (the benchmark publication issued in 1995) and

also includes findings from important new sources,

including the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ National

Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 and OJJDP’s

national Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. By the end of December 1999, OJJDP had

distributed more than 18,000 copies of the Report.

Because OJJDP realizes how critical it is for practitioners and policymakers to have current information, updates will be placed on OJJDP’s Web site

as new data become available (www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/

ojstatbb/index.html). The Office also created a “National Report Notebook” on the Web site, which offers quick access to additional information and direct links to related pages in the Report.

To help make information in the National Report even

more accessible and usable, OJJDP developed a

Bulletin series that provides readers with quick, focused access to some of the most critical findings.

Each Bulletin highlights topics of interest to juvenile

justice policymakers and extracts relevant National

Report sections (including selected graphs and tables

to present the data). Bulletins published to date include Violence After School (November 1999), Minorities in the Juvenile Justice System (December 1999),

Juvenile Justice: A Century of Change (December 1999),

Challenging the Myths (February 2000), Kids and Guns

(March 2000), and Children As Victims (May 2000).

In addition, OJJDP will make the National Report

available on CD–ROM. The disk will allow users to

view the 232-page Report in a portable document

format. The CD–ROM will provide a comprehensive “educator’s kit” that includes statistical information, source documents, and links to government

Web sites to obtain more information. The CD–

ROM will be available in the summer of 2000.

MTV Partnership

OJJDP, the U.S. Department of Education’s

(ED’s) Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program, and

MTV formed a partnership and launched a campaign in FY 1999 to combat youth-related violence.

The campaign includes a series of PSA’s, special

broadcast programs, and an interactive CD–ROM,

Fight for Your Rights: Take A Stand Against Violence.

The campaign has been reaching out to young people,

providing them with solutions—such as peer mentoring, conflict resolution programs, and youth advocacy

groups—to reduce violence in their communities.

The CD includes music from popular artists and

role-play scenarios. The Recording Industry Association of America donated the material and labor

for producing 1 million CD’s. Featured artists include Lauryn Hill, Billie Joe of Green Day, the

Dave Matthews Band, Everclear, Jennifer Love

Hewitt, the Backstreet Boys, Alanis Morissette, QTip of A Tribe Called Quest, Tori Amos, and Adam

Yauch of the Beastie Boys.

OJJDP’s Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse established

a special toll-free number (877–284–1188) for CD

requests. The campaign was launched on March 28,

1999, and the Clearinghouse expected to receive 450

calls daily. The actual volume was much greater,

fluctuating between 200 and 10,000 calls a day. By

the end of December, JJC had distributed more

than 400,000 CD’s.
6 FY 1999

Annual Report

With funding and support from OJJDP and ED,

MTV developed a 24-page Action Guide that is distributed with the CD. The Action Guide contains tollfree numbers and Web site addresses of antiviolence

groups. The interactive portion of the CD was developed by the National Center for Conflict Resolution

in Urbana, IL, under a grant from OJJDP and ED.

The CD–ROM walks viewers through a number

of videotaped real-life situations that young people

often confront and gives them the skills they need to

resolve conflicts peacefully. The guide and interactive CD have been promoted on MTV through

PSA’s and during special programming, grassroots

events, special reports, and on-air promotions devoted specifically to the topic of youth violence.

OJJDP and ED also distributed 200,000 more CD’s

to youth organizations across the country, including

afterschool programs, Boys & Girls Clubs, human

services organizations, juvenile justice and law enforcement agencies, civic groups, and foundations.

Safe Schools/Healthy Students

Initiative

In an unprecedented joint effort, ED and the U.S.

Departments of Justice (through OJJDP) and

Health and Human Services (HHS) awarded more

than $100 million in grants in FY 1999 to 54 communities to help them make their schools safe and drug

free and to promote healthy childhood development.

The agencies received 447 applications for this program. In keeping with OJJDP’s commitment to use

what has been learned from research to design and

implement model demonstration programs, the Safe

Schools/Healthy Students Initiative is helping urban,

rural, suburban, and tribal school districts design and

implement communitywide programs that include

comprehensive education, mental health, social, law

enforcement, and juvenile justice services for youth.

Additional funds from the U.S. Department of

Justice’s Office of Community Oriented Policing

Services (COPS) were awarded to fund the hiring

of 53 police or school resource officers in schools.

The goal of the initiative is to help students develop

the skills and emotional resilience necessary to

Alaska

Delta/Greely School District, Delta Junction

Arkansas

Jonesboro Public Schools, Jonesboro

Arizona

Northern Arizona Academy, Show Low

Pinon Unified School District #4, Pinon

COPS funding

California

Los Angeles Unified School District, Los Angeles

Riverside Unified School District, Riverside

COPS funding

San Francisco Unified School District, San

Francisco

San Luis Obispo County Office of Education,

San Luis Obispo

Colorado

School District #1, Denver

Connecticut

New Haven City School District, New Haven

Waterbury Department of Education, Waterbury

Delaware

Christina School District, Newark

COPS funding

District of Columbia

Maya Angelou Public Charter School

Florida

Pinellas County Schools, Largo

COPS funding

The School District of Lee County, Fort Myers

Georgia

Appling County Board of Education, Baxley

Hawaii

Hawaii State Department of Education, Mililani

Illinois

J.S. Morton High School District 201, Cicero

Iowa

Des Moines Independent Community School

District, Des Moines

Safe Schools/Healthy Students Grantees
FY 1999 7

Annual Report

Kansas

Hays Unified School District #489, Hays

Kentucky

Jefferson County Public Schools, Jefferson County

Maine

Washington County Consortium for School

Improvement, Washington

COPS funding

Maryland

Baltimore City Public School System, Baltimore

COPS funding

Massachusetts

Springfield Public Schools, Springfield

Michigan

Lansing School District, Lansing

Minnesota

Fertile-Beltrama School ISD #599, Fertile

Missouri

St. Louis Public Schools, St. Louis

Montana

Missoula County Public Schools, Missoula

COPS funding

New Mexico

Gallup-McKinley County Schools, Gallup

New York

Auburn Enlarged School District, Auburn

COPS funding

Board of Cooperative Educational Services of

Wassau County, Westbury

Yonkers City Schools, Yonkers

COPS funding

North Carolina

Wake County Public School System, Raleigh

Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools, WinstonSalem

COPS funding

Ohio

Cleveland Municipal School District, Cleveland

Columbus City School District, Columbus

Oklahoma

Idabel Public Schools, Idabel

COPS funding

Oregon

Crook Deschutes Education Service District,

Redmond

School District #1, Portland

Springfield School District, Springfield

Pennsylvania

School District of Philadelphia, Philadelphia

School District of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh

Rhode Island

Newport Public Schools, Newport

South Carolina

Anderson School District Five, Anderson

Tennessee

Clinch-Powell Educational Cooperative, Tazewell

Texas

Georgetown Independent School District,

Georgetown

COPS funding

Houston Independent School District, Houston

Utah

Davis County School District, Davis County

COPS funding

Virginia

Norfolk Public Schools, Norfolk

Washington

Olympic Educational Service District 114,

Bremerton

West Virginia

Lincoln County Board of Education, Hamlin

COPS funding

Wisconsin

Madison Metropolitan School District, Madison

Wyoming

Albany County School District #1, Laramie

Wyoming Indian Schools, Ethete

COPS funding
8 FY 1999

Annual Report

promote positive mental health and engage in prosocial behavior, thereby preventing violent behavior

and alcohol and other drug use and ensuring that

all students targeted by this initiative are able to

learn in safe, disciplined, and drug-free environments. To be eligible to receive a grant, school districts were required to submit comprehensive plans

that included formal partnerships with law enforcement officials and local mental health authorities in

collaboration with families, juvenile justice officials,

and community-based organizations.

OJJDP, ED, and HHS also are funding a national

evaluation of this initiative. A $3 million cooperative

agreement was awarded to Research Triangle Institute of Research Triangle, NC, to conduct the

evaluation; more than 24 applicants competed for

this award. The evaluation will document both the

process and the outcome of the initiative. It will

examine how the community collaboratives were

formed and their impact on school safety and

healthy student development, and it will include

economic analyses, surveillance of core indicators,

and intensive outcome analyses. It also will describe

the activities conducted at the 54 sites. The evaluation also will explore each of the six individual components of the collaboration: school safety, alcohol

and other drug and violence prevention programs,

school and community mental health preventive and

treatment services, early childhood psychosocial and

emotional development programs, education reform,

and safe school policies.

Tribal Youth Program

Thirty-four American Indian and Alaska Native

tribal communities in 14 States received OJJDP

grants in FY 1999 totaling almost $8 million to

prevent and control youth violence and substance

abuse. The new Tribal Youth Program (TYP) awards

will support accountability-based sanctions, training

for juvenile court judges, strengthening of family

bonds, substance abuse counseling, and other programs. While juvenile crime rates have dropped

throughout the Nation, they continue to rise in Indian

Country. These grants represent an unprecedented

Federal investment in tribal communities to prevent

juvenile delinquency and reduce youth violence.

Tribes can use their OJJDP grants for the following purposes:

✦ Juvenile crime and victimization prevention activities, such as truancy reduction, conflict resolution, and child abuse prevention.

✦ Interventions for tribal youth in the juvenile justice system, including improved aftercare services, teen courts, and restitution programs.

✦ Juvenile justice system improvements, such as

improved probation services, advocacy programs,

and gender-specific programming.

✦ Substance abuse prevention activities, such as

drug and alcohol education, peer and family

counseling, and drug testing.

OJJDP selected the 34 grantees through a competitive review process from a pool of 112 applications.

Awards range from $64,875 to $500,000, depending

on the size of the tribal service population. With

OJJDP funding, American Indian Development

Associates of Albuquerque, NM, is providing training and technical assistance to the grantees. OJJDP

also will select, through a competitive review process, up to five of the grantees to participate in a national evaluation of TYP. The program is part of the

Indian Country Law Enforcement Improvement

Initiative, a joint effort of the U.S. Departments of

Justice and the Interior.
FY 1999 9

Annual Report

New Mexico

Pueblo of Acoma

Pueblo of Jemez

Pueblo of Taos

Nevada

Lovelock Paiute Tribe, Lovelock

North Carolina

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Cherokee

Oklahoma

Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Perkins

Kaw Nation, Kaw City

South Dakota

Yankton Sioux Tribe, Marty

Washington

Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, Port Angeles

Nisqually Indian Tribe, Olympia

Puyallup Tribe of Indians Administration, Tacoma

Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe, Tokeland

Wisconsin

La Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior

Chippewa, Hayward

Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Bowler

Wyoming

Eastern Shoshone Tribe of the East River, Fort

Washakie

Alaska

Bristol Bay Native Association, Dillingham

Eastern Aleutian Tribes, Inc., Anchorage

Native Village of St. Michael, St. Michael

Arizona

AK–CHIN Indian Community, Maricopa

The Hopi Tribe, Kykotsmovi

Hualapai Tribe, Peach Springs

Navajo Nation, Window Rock

California

Big Valley Rancheria, Lakeport

Fort Mojave Indian Tribe, Needles

Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Indians, Santa

Ysabel

Toiyabe Indian Health Project, Inc., Bishop

Trinidad Rancheria, Trinidad

Yurok Tribe, Eureka

Michigan

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa

Indians, Suttons Bay

Hannahville Indian Community, Wilson

Minnesota

Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians, Onamia

Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Red Lake

Nebraska

Ponca Tribe of Nebraska, Lincoln

Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, Winnebago

Tribal Youth Program Grantees
FY 1999 11

Annual Report

Chapter 2

Preventing and Intervening in Delinquency

Developing programs that prevent delinquency or

that intervene immediately and effectively when delinquent or status offense behavior first occurs is one

of the tenets of the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders.

Such programs focus on reducing risk factors and

on increasing protective factors in children’s lives.

They offer opportunities for positive youth development and provide juveniles at high risk of delinquency with activities designed to reduce future juvenile offending.

During FY 1999, OJJDP funded a number of programs to prevent or intervene in delinquency. The

nurse home visitation program, for example, sends

nurses to visit low-income, first-time mothers during

their pregnancies. The nurses help women improve

their health, making it more likely that their children

will be born free of neurological problems. A program that is assessing alcohol, drug, and mental

health disorders among juvenile detainees and another examining children with attention deficit/

hyperactivitydisorder will provide information to

help juvenile justice practitioners intervene with

these juveniles. Recognizing the importance the family plays in a child’s life, OJJDP also has developed

a family strengthening series of publications (see

page 48). The Bulletins discuss the effectiveness of

family intervention programs.

Programs that provide positive opportunities for

youth are also important, and OJJDP funded several during FY 1999. One of these, an afterschool

demonstration program, provides a curriculum of

hands-on science and reading projects and supervised recreation for elementary school students.

Other OJJDP delinquency prevention and intervention efforts include arts programs for at-risk

youth and youth in detention and correctional facilities, programs that provide opportunities for positive

development and promote public awareness of effective solutions to juvenile crime, and programs to reduce truancy. This chapter highlights several of

these initiatives, which represent the types of activities OJJDP is funding to help prevent and intervene in delinquency.

Arts Programs

Two new initiatives, jointly funded by OJJDP and

the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), are

helping nine communities use arts-based programs

to steer at-risk youth away from crime and delinquency and to help reintegrate juvenile offenders

into their communities.

The Arts and At-Risk Youth initiative is funding

afterschool and summer arts programs in three communities. The programs combine the arts with job

training and conflict resolution skills and will provide summer jobs or paid internships to help participating youth put into practice the skills they are

learning. By integrating the arts with life experiences, the programs will help at-risk youth gain

valuable insights into their own abilities and the possibilities that await them in the world of work if they

continue to attend school, study, and graduate. The

goal of the Arts and At-Risk Youth initiative is to

prevent and reduce the incidence of juvenile delinquency, crime, and other problem behaviors (e.g.,

substance abuse, teen pregnancy, truancy, and dropping out of school) in at-risk youth ages 14 to 17.

Grants for this program were awarded to the

Community Film Workshop, Chicago, IL; the Arts

and Humanities Council, Tulsa, OK; and the Village

of Arts and Humanities, Philadelphia, PA. In

addition to NEA, the U.S. Departments of Labor

and Education also provided funding support for the

Arts and At-Risk Youth initiative, and OJJDP and

NEA have formed a partnership with the Institute
12 FY 1999

Annual Report

for Civil Society, Boston, MA, to provide training

and technical assistance for the three sites.

The Arts Programs for Juvenile Offenders in Detention and Corrections initiative is helping six juvenile detention and correctional facilities work with

arts professionals in their communities to develop

programs to help youth develop arts skills they can

use after release. Three of the sites—Gainesville,

TX; Riviera Beach, FL; and Rochester, NY—

received grants to create new programs, while the

other three—Bronx, NY; Seattle, WA; and Whittier,

CA—received funds to improve existing programs.

In addition to providing juvenile offenders in detention and correctional facilities with arts programming, the grantees will develop collaborative arts

programs for youth returning to their communities.

Children With Disabilities

Initiatives

Recognizing that children with disabilities have special needs, OJJDP supported two initiatives in

1999 that address the needs of these children.

OJJDP and the U.S. Department of Education’s

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services established the National Center on Education,

Disability, and Justice (EDJJ) at the University of

Maryland in College Park, MD. EDJJ will provide

guidance and assistance to States, schools, justice

programs, families, and communities to design, implement, and evaluate comprehensive educational

programs, based on research-validated practices, for

students with disabilities who are in the juvenile justice system.

The second initiative, the Children With Disabilities

Web site, was developed by OJJDP and other

members of the Coordinating Council on Juvenile

Justice and Delinquency Prevention. OJJDP provides support to the Council, which coordinates all

Federal juvenile delinquency prevention programs,

Federal programs and activities that detain or care

for unaccompanied juveniles, and those related to

missing and exploited children.

The Children With Disabilities Web site was developed as part of the Council’s effort to promote a

national agenda for children and to foster positive

youth development. The Web site (www.children

withdisabilities.ncjrs.org) includes a calendar of

events, research and statistics, and other information

about Federal, State, local, and national resources

and Federal grants and funding opportunities. The

Web site also includes a Youth to Youth page, which

contains activities, games, a moderated online bulletin board where children can share their experiences

with other children, and a Highlights page, which

presents the latest news and information about children with disabilities and identifies new features and

resources on the Web site.

Coordinating Council on

Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention

The Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention works to identify and develop policies, objectives, and priorities for Federal

programs and activities pertaining to juvenile delinquency and missing and exploited children. The Attorney General is chair and the OJJDP Administrator is vice chair of this OJJDP-supported

Council. During FY 1999, OJJDP and the other

Federal agencies represented on the Council continued to implement Combating Violence and Delinquency:

The National Juvenile Justice Action Plan, which the

Council published and widely disseminated in 1996.

The Action Plan calls for coordinated Federal efforts

to help States and communities do the following:

✦ Provide immediate intervention and appropriate

sanctions and treatment for delinquent youth.

✦ Prosecute certain serious, violent, and chronic

juvenile offenders in criminal court.

✦ Reduce youth involvement with guns, drugs, and

gangs.

✦ Provide opportunities for children and youth.
FY 1999 13

Annual Report

✦ Break the cycle of violence by addressing youth

victimization, abuse, and neglect.

✦ Strengthen and mobilize communities.

✦ Support the development of innovative approaches to research and evaluation.

✦ Implement an aggressive public outreach campaign on effective strategies to combat juvenile

violence.

During FY 1999, the Council focused on three of

these objectives: reducing youth involvement with

guns, drugs, and gangs; providing opportunities for

children and youth, including those with disabilities;

and breaking the cycle of violence by addressing

youth victimization, abuse, and neglect. For example, consistent with the Action Plan’s emphasis on

providing opportunities for children and youth, including those with disabilities, OJJDP and the U.S.

Department of Education (ED) established the National Center on Education, Disability, and Justice

and created a Web site to make a wide array of

resources available to children with disabilities and

their parents (see page 12). The Safe Schools/

Healthy Students Initiative described earlier (see

page 6) reflects the Council’s emphasis on the need

to collaborate and coordinate at Federal, State, and

community levels. Under this initiative, ED and the

U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services

and Justice developed a single, streamlined application process that allowed local education agencies to

apply to a single Federal source, OJJDP, for funding for an array of services to help keep youth safe

and healthy. The Council also continued to support

the work of the Interagency Working Group on the

Link Between Child Maltreatment and Juvenile

Delinquency. This group’s accomplishments are described on pages 33–34.

Hate Crime Prevention

Curriculum

OJJDP has been helping educators and others

address the issue of hate crime since 1993 when it

awarded a grant to the Education Development

Center (EDC) of Newton, MA, to develop Healing

the Hate: A National Hate Crime Prevention Curriculum

for Middle Schools. Through an interagency agreement

with the U.S. Department of Education, OJJDP

expanded the grant to provide training and technical

assistance to youth, educators, juvenile justice and

law enforcement professionals, representatives of

local public/private community agencies and organizations, and the faith community. During FY 1999,

EDC produced a Spanish-language version of the

curriculum, established partnerships with other national organizations involved in hate crime prevention, and developed a hate crime prevention Web

site (www.edc.org/HHD/hatecrime/idl.htm).

Juvenile Mentoring Program

OJJDP’s Juvenile Mentoring Program (JUMP)

supports one-to-one mentoring programs for youth

at risk of educational failure, dropping out of school,

or involvement in delinquent activities, including

gang participation and drug abuse. During FY 1999,

OJJDP funded 162 JUMP projects in more than

40 States. These programs represent a cross-section

of the Nation and include rural, urban, and suburban areas. One project is on an American Indian

reservation, and numerous others serve American

Indian youth. The mentors in these programs also

represent a cross-section of the population and come

from all walks of life. They include law enforcement

officers, college students, senior citizens, military

persons, business leaders, doctors, lawyers, government employees, and teachers.

To help strengthen the quality of the mentoring programs funded under JUMP, OJJDP launched the

National Mentoring Center in 1999 at Northwest

Regional Educational Laboratory in Portland, OR.

The Center provides training and technical assistance to mentoring programs through a variety of

services, resources, and conferences. Although the

Center works primarily with JUMP sites, it also

reaches out to other mentoring organizations, corporations, and school districts around the country. Information about the Center is available by telephone
14 FY 1999

Annual Report

(800–547–6339, extension 135) or through its Web

site (www.nwrel.org/mentoring).

OJJDP also continued conducting a national evaluation of JUMP during FY 1999. Conducted by Information Technology International (ITI) of Potomac,

MD, the evaluation will continue through 2001 and

will provide information about the characteristics of

effective mentoring projects, youth being served,

and volunteer mentors. All mentoring projects

funded by OJJDP under JUMP must agree to

participate in the national evaluation. During FY

1999, ITI also developed a workbook to help grantees evaluate their own efforts.

Mental Health Strategy

Understanding the mental health needs of at-risk

youth and juvenile offenders is crucial to improving

the quality of services and treatment they receive

and preventing their future involvement in the juvenile justice system. Consequently, OJJDP has developed a mental health strategy that includes funding and coordinating activities with several other

Federal agencies. This strategy has allowed OJJDP

to participate in numerous collaborative efforts to

improve community-based services for juveniles, address the needs of juveniles with co-occurring disorders, and increase family involvement in providing

mental health services to juveniles. To help increase

knowledge and provide information about the

prevalence of mental health problems among at-risk

youth and those in the juvenile justice system,

OJJDP is supporting several initiatives. A longitudinal study of 1,800 youth in Cook County’s Juvenile Detention Facility in Chicago, IL, is yielding

important information about the prevalence of mental disorders and substance abuse among detained

juveniles. An updated report from the GAINS Center for People With Co-Occurring Disorders in the

Juvenile Justice System in Delmar, NY, will provide critical information about minority underrepresentation in treatment services, legal issues

affecting youth with mental disorders in the juvenile

justice system, and innovative collaborative approaches to meeting the needs of this population.

OJJDP also is supporting the National Institute of

Mental Health in its 10-year longitudinal research

study of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity

disorder. In addition, OJJDP’s Study Group on

Very Young Offenders is examining the mental

health needs of very young children who engage in

delinquent and criminal behavior.

OJJDP also is helping to determine practices that

are effective in identifying, assessing, and treating

youth with mental health and substance abuse disorders. OJJDP is funding a training and technical assistance effort by the Federation of Families for

Children’s Mental Health of Alexandria, VA, to encourage families to participate in local mental health

planning activities. The Office also is supporting the

development of model programs that meet the mental health needs of underserved populations, including American Indians and girls, and the development of a comprehensive service delivery model to

address the mental health needs of youth at every

point in the juvenile justice system.

National Youth Network

The National Youth Network (NYN), established in

1997, consists of young people (ages 14 to 21) representing key national and local nonprofit, communitybased, school, and juvenile justice organizations. The

youth meet regularly to discuss ways their organizations can team up to involve more young people in

preventing and solving youth problems. NYN is

implemented and administered under the Teens,

Crime, and the Community program, sponsored by

the National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC) of

Washington, DC. OJJDP and a collaboration of

youth-serving organizations serve as official sponsors of all activities. Network youth are organized

into four working committees: public policy, public

relations, events, and publications. Each committee

is supported by OJJDP staff who volunteer to help

the youth. The committees meet by conference call

monthly. Because the youth are usually in school

during the day, it is not unusual for OJJDP staff to

participate in conference calls during the evenings

and on weekends.
FY 1999 15

Annual Report

During FY 1999, network youth made presentations

on a number of issues facing their peers, including

gun violence, underage drinking, and violence prevention, to a variety of audiences ranging from

Members of Congress to members of national organizations to those attending State and local conferences. At U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno’s

request, NYN members participated in a press conference she called to discuss the Federal Government’s

response to youth violence following the school

shootings in Littleton, CO.

OJJDP and NYN, in collaboration with NCPC,

also produced and distributed a number of Youth in

Action (YIA) Bulletins and Fact Sheets. These

documents are written by and for youth and provide

information about activities that young people have

planned and implemented to prevent crime and

make their communities safer and healthier. Documents produced in FY 1999 discussed community

cleanup activities, peer mentoring, cross-age teaching, school crime watch initiatives, and ways to

combat vandalism and graffiti. (For a list of YIA

Bulletins and Fact Sheets, see the “Youth in Action

Publications,” page 59.)

Truancy Reduction

Demonstration Program

To help prevent and reduce truancy, OJJDP

awarded grants to eight communities in FY 1999 to

help them develop comprehensive approaches that

involve schools, police, parents, and others in preventing truancy and intervening early with youth

who start skipping school. Grants were awarded to:

✦ Housing Authority of Contra Costa County,

Martinez, CA.

✦ Clarke County School District, Athens, GA.

✦ University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI.

✦ City of Houston, Mayor’s Anti-Gang Office,

Houston, TX.

✦ The City of Jacksonville, FL.

✦ King County Superior Court, Seattle, WA.

✦ Suffolk County Probation Department,

Yaphank, NY.

✦ Safe Streets Campaign, Tacoma, WA.

The grantees will implement truancy reduction

strategies that include prevention (e.g., public

awareness campaigns), intervention (e.g., improved

enforcement of compulsory attendance laws), and

coordination activities (e.g., fostering collaboration

between schools, police departments, probation departments, and so forth). Five of the sites are participating in the U.S. Department of Justice’s Weed

and Seed program, which supports communitywide

efforts to “weed out” violent crime, gang activity,

drug trafficking, and drug use. The Weed and Seed

Office and the U.S. Department of Education joined

OJJDP in supporting this program. OJJDP also

awarded a grant to the Colorado Foundation for

Families and Children of Denver, CO, to conduct a

national evaluation of the program.
FY 1999 17

Annual Report

Chapter 3

Addressing School Violence

Highly publicized acts of violence in and around

schools have led to national anxiety about the safety

of children at school. Publicity about these acts often

fuels the public’s perception that the Nation’s schools

are unsafe. Although these incidents are indeed

tragic, data indicate that students are safer at school

than away from school and commit fewer crimes

during school hours than after the school day ends.

According to data from OJJDP’s Juvenile Offenders

and Victims: 1999 National Report, the vast majority of

high school students do not report being threatened

by students with weapons or being injured with a

weapon on school property. Fighting, however, is a

fairly common problem, with nearly 4 in 10 high

school students reporting they had been in 1 or more

physical fights. In addition to providing this type of

reliable data about school violence, OJJDP also

funded a number of programs during FY 1999 to

help schools and communities work together to

address fighting and violence and to help students

develop the problem-solving skills they need to

remain safe at school. One such program, the Safe

Schools/Healthy Students Initiative, is described

earlier on page 6. This chapter provides other examples of these programs.

Hamilton Fish National

Institute on School and

Community Violence

OJJDP has been supporting the Hamilton Fish

National Institute on School and Community

Violence in Washington, DC, since it was founded

in 1997 to evaluate the effectiveness of school violence prevention methods and to develop more effective violence prevention strategies. The Institute’s

goal is to determine what works and what can be

replicated to reduce violence in America’s schools

and their immediate communities. The Institute

works with a consortium of seven universities whose

key staff have expertise in adolescent violence,

criminology, law enforcement, substance abuse, juvenile justice, gangs, public health, education, behavior disorders, social skills development, and prevention programs. OJJDP’s grantee, The George

Washington University in Washington, DC, develops and tests violence prevention strategies in collaboration with Eastern Kentucky University,

Florida State University, Morehouse School of

Medicine, Syracuse University, University of Oregon, and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

National Center for Conflict

Resolution Education

Since 1995, OJJDP has been funding the National

Center for Conflict Resolution Education in Urbana, IL. The Center works to integrate conflict

resolution education (CRE) programming into all

levels of education in schools, juvenile facilities, and

youth-serving organizations. In FY 1999, OJJDP

entered into a partnership with the U.S. Department

of Education to expand and enhance this project.

The Center provides onsite training and technical

assistance and resource materials for teams from

schools, communities, and juvenile facilities. Two of

the Center’s major resources are Conflict Resolution

Education: A Guide to Implementing Programs in Schools,

Youth-Serving Organizations, and Community and Juvenile Justice Settings and an enhanced, interactive CD–

ROM that teaches conflict resolution skills by presenting real-life situations that young people

confront. (To order the Guide, see page 48, under

“How To Access Information From JJC.”) The

Center also works with State agencies to establish

State training institutes and to help local schools

implement successful CRE programs for youth.
18 FY 1999

Annual Report

National Resource Center for

Safe Schools

OJJDP and the U.S. Department of Education

(ED) have been working together since 1984 to promote safe schools. In 1998, ED’s Safe and Drug-Free

Schools Program and OJJDP established the National Resource Center for Safe Schools (NRCSS) at

the Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory

(NWREL) in Portland, OR. NRCSS provides upto-date information on how to prevent violence and

promote strong, positive bonds among young people,

families, communities, schools, and law enforcement

agencies. It helps schools and communities develop

comprehensive safe school plans, offers information

about effective problem-solving strategies, compiles

research, and documents evaluations and needs assessments. NRCSS also provides intensive training

and technical assistance to address a broad range of

issues, including hate crimes, gang activities, sexual

harassment, and bullying.

During FY 1999, NRCSS convened a meeting of all

State school safety centers and produced a “School

Safety Electronic Resources Toolkit,” an electronic

collection of reports, fact sheets, guides, and newsletters from OJJDP, the National Institute of

Justice, ED, the Hamilton Fish National Institute

on School and Community Violence, and NWREL.

The CD–ROM and other information about

NRCSS are available by calling 800–268–2275 or by

accessing its Web site (www.safetyzone.org).

Publications Addressing School

Violence

OJJDP published several Bulletins during FY 1999

that address school violence. Preventing Violence the

Problem-Solving Way describes how schools and parents can help children learn to avoid antisocial behavior. The Bulletin describes a school-based program that teaches preschool and kindergarten

students problem-solving skills and ways to apply

them in different situations. The Bulletin also discusses a program that shows parents how to teach

these skills to their children.

Youth Out of the Education Mainstream: A North Carolina

Profile describes an initiative by the Center for the

Prevention of School Violence in Raleigh, NC, that

focuses on at-risk youth who are truants or dropouts; are fearful of attending school, suspended, or

expelled; or are in need of help reintegrating back

into mainstream schools from juvenile detention and

correctional settings. Several of OJJDP’s Youth in

Action Bulletins and Fact Sheets also address school

violence, including Stand Up and Start a School Crime

Watch, Youth Crime Watch of America, and Hands Without Guns (which describes a public health and education campaign of the Educational Fund to End

Handgun Violence). To order these publications,

see page 48, under “How To Access Information

From JJC.”
FY 1999 19

Annual Report

Developing and funding programs that help communities and States strengthen their juvenile justice

systems has long been one of OJJDP’s priorities. In

keeping with the philosophy of the Comprehensive

Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile

Offenders, the Office believes a strong juvenile justice system must hold youth accountable for their

behavior and at the same time provide appropriate

rehabilitation services for youth—services that involve both social control and treatment. During FY

1999, OJJDP focused on providing information,

training, and technical assistance and on evaluating

programs that do just that. Community Assessment

Centers, for example, help jurisdictions provide

more efficient services at the “front end” of the juvenile justice system when a youth first comes to the

attention of juvenile justice officials. The Intensive

Community-Based Aftercare Program emphasizes

the importance of identifying high-risk juvenile offenders and helping them make a gradual transition

from secure confinement back into the community.

Knowing how well a program works is important

too, and OJJDP continued to fund a number of

evaluations during FY 1999. For example, the Office

is evaluating the effectiveness of education and

training programs for youthful offenders, intensive

community-based aftercare programs, and teen

courts, also known as youth courts (see page 31).

OJJDP also continued to provide information and

assistance targeted at specific issues in the juvenile

justice system. For example, OJJDP is funding a

longitudinal study of 2,500 inner-city girls (ages 6

to 8 at the beginning of the study) that will examine the development of conduct disorder in girls.

The findings will help to identify effective means

for prevention and provide direction for juvenile

justice responses to delinquent girls. OJJDP funding also is helping 32 facilities, including 2 State

Chapter 4

Strengthening the Juvenile Justice System

systems, implement performance-based standards

in their juvenile correction and detention facilities.

In addition, the Office is providing training and

technical assistance to help American Indian tribes

and Alaska Native communities develop comprehensive, systemwide approaches to reduce juvenile

delinquency.

The activities highlighted in this chapter, including

several formula grants programs, illustrate the types

of programs OJJDP is supporting to help strengthen

the Nation’s juvenile justice system.

Balanced and Restorative

Justice

OJJDP continues to support the Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ) project, which promotes

increased use of restitution, community service, and

specific youth development programs as ways to hold

juvenile offenders accountable to victims and protect

the community. During FY 1999, OJJDP’s grantee,

Florida Atlantic University of Fort Lauderdale, FL,

continued to develop materials and provide training

and technical assistance to States and local jurisdictions committed to implementing this balanced approach. These products include monographs that

discuss competency and restorative relationships,

conferencing and mediation, community involvement,

and organizational assessments of BARJ. Training

activities included an international conference on

restorative justice for juveniles and specialized

roundtables and forums for judges and State reformative justice teams on implementation of BARJ and

on the changing roles of juvenile justice staff under

BARJ. The grantee also presented the first BARJ

Training of Trainers course, which illustrates OJJDP’s

commitment to developing a cadre of trainers proficient in training juvenile justice managers and line
20 FY 1999

Annual Report

staff in accountability-based corrections interventions consistent with the BARJ model.

Future plans call for encouraging judges, prosecutors, private corporations, and foundations to promote the BARJ concept and for possibly introducing the program into higher education.

Community Assessment Centers

Many communities are searching for more effective

and efficient methods to identify and intervene with

juveniles at risk of becoming serious, violent, and

chronic offenders. Research has demonstrated that

delinquent youth often face multiple risk factors and

that as risk factors accumulate, higher levels of delinquency and other problem behaviors result. Consequently, youth with these problems are often involved

with several different systems (e.g., juvenile justice,

mental health, or alcohol and other drug treatment)

that may not communicate adequately with one another. OJJDP’s Community Assessment Center

(CAC) program is helping four communities—

Denver and Jefferson County, CO, and Orlando

and Lee County, FL—test the efficacy of the CAC

concept in addressing these problems. CAC’s provide a 24-hour centralized point of intake and assessment for juveniles who have come into contact

or are likely to come into contact with the juvenile

justice system.

The main purpose of a CAC is to facilitate earlier

and more efficient prevention and intervention service delivery at the front end of the juvenile justice

system. OJJDP’s CAC model has four key elements

that, when implemented properly, have the potential

to impact the lives of youth positively and divert

them from the path of serious, violent, and chronic

delinquency. These four elements are a single point

of entry, immediate and comprehensive assessments,

a management information system, and integrated

case management. During FY 1999, Denver and

Orlando began developing fully operational CAC’s,

Lee County began to design and implement a comprehensive management information system that will

serve as the backbone of the future assessment center, and Jefferson County conducted an intensive

review of existing assessment tools and enhanced

the case management process. The National Council

on Crime and Delinquency of San Francisco, CA,

also continued to conduct an intensive process and

outcome evaluation of each of the sites. An OJJDP

Bulletin, The Community Assessment Center Concept,

describes this program and is available from the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48, under

“How To Access Information From JJC”).

Formula Grants Program

A major portion of OJJDP’s annual appropriation

supports the Formula Grants program, authorized

by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974, as amended. It provides

funds directly to States, U.S. territories, and the

District of Columbia to help them implement comprehensive State juvenile justice plans based on detailed studies of needs in their jurisdictions. (The

term “States” as used throughout the remainder of

this discussion refers to the 50 States, the District of

Columbia, and 5 U.S. territories: American Samoa,

Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and

the Virgin Islands.) During FY 1999, Congress appropriated $89 million for the Formula Grants program; of this, $77,555,599 was available for direct

awards to States. Allocations ranged from $640,000

(Washington, DC) to $8.6 million (California).

To participate in the Formula Grants program, a

State must meet 25 statutory requirements, including 4 core requirements, of the JJDP Act. The four

core requirements are:

✦ Deinstitutionalizing status offenders and

nonoffenders (DSO).

✦ Separating adult and juvenile offenders in secure

facilities (separation).

✦ Eliminating the practice of detaining or confining

juveniles in adult (criminal) jails and lockups (jail

and lockup removal).

✦ Addressing the disproportionate confinement of

minority juveniles in secure facilities in States

where such overrepresentation exists (DMC).
FY 1999 21

Annual Report

Under OJJDP’s leadership, States are making tremendous strides in meeting these requirements.

Most of the 54 States participating in the Formula

Grants program (South Dakota and Wyoming are

not participating) are now in full compliance or in

full compliance with de minimis exceptions with the

first three requirements. Most States are also making satisfactory progress in meeting the fourth

requirement—to undertake efforts to reduce disproportionate minority confinement—which was added

as a core requirement when the JJDP Act was

amended in 1992. Most States have completed the

initial identification and assessment phase for this

provision and are implementing the intervention

phase. Four States have determined, after completing the identification phase, that they have no DMC

problem.

The JJDP Act requires each State to have one fulltime juvenile justice specialist to administer the

State’s Formula Grants program and to address

juvenile justice issues. During FY 1999, OJJDP

continued to work closely with the juvenile justice

specialists. To improve program implementation,

OJJDP instituted a series of conference calls, which

provided an opportunity for the specialists to talk

with one another and discuss programs that work,

promising initiatives, challenges they have faced, and

solutions to juvenile justice issues. OJJDP hosted

15 calls during the past year. Three of the calls addressed the statutorily required Three-Year Plans in

which States describe juvenile justice trends, needs,

strategies, and programs in their jurisdictions. The

remaining calls were region specific. The topics were

selected by the specialists and ranged from implementing the new JAIBG program to working with

tribal governments on their juvenile justice needs.

Feedback from the calls was positive, and OJJDP

plans to continue them in FY 2000.

A recent Fact Sheet, OJJDP Formula Grants Program,

describes this program and is available from the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48, under

“How To Access Information From JJC”). Details

of individual States’ compliance with the core requirements of the JJDP Act are presented in the

charts on pages 22–26.

Juvenile Accountability

Incentive Block Grants

Program

The Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants

(JAIBG) program is helping to strengthen the juvenile

justice system by encouraging States and local jurisdictions to implement accountability-based reforms. Under the program, OJJDP awards block grants to

States, which in turn are awarded to local jurisdictions,

and funds research, demonstration, evaluation, training, and technical assistance activities.

During FY 1999, 56 eligible jurisdictions (50 States,

5 U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia—

hereinafter referred to as “States”) received JAIBG

awards. The grants can be used to fund programs in

12 purpose areas, including construction of juvenile

detention and corrections facilities; accountabilitybased sanctions programs; hiring prosecutors, public

defenders, and judges; and assisting the juvenile justice system in becoming more effective and efficient

in holding juvenile offenders accountable. The 12

purpose areas are listed and described on page 27.

OJJDP awards the block grants to States that, absent a waiver, are required to distribute at least 75

percent of the grant award to local jurisdictions.

Many jurisdictions are pooling their resources to

implement larger local programs. An initiative in

Dallas County, TX, illustrates how a State can collaborate with county and city governments. To improve communication among agencies involved in

juvenile justice (e.g., law enforcement, prosecutor’s

offices, courts, probation offices, child protective

services, schools, and social services), 17 of the 19

jurisdictions eligible for funding in Dallas County

formed the Dallas County JAIBG Collaboration.

The nucleus of this group was the Governor’s Community Corrections Juvenile Justice Task Force.

The collaboration in turn formed a Juvenile Crime

Enforcement Coalition (JCEC), which is required

of States and local governments receiving JAIBG

funds. JCEC’s are responsible for developing plans

to prevent and reduce juvenile delinquency in their
22 FY 1999

Annual Report

Number of Jurisdictions

Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders (DSO)

Full compliance—zero violations 10

Full compliance—de minimis exceptions 41

Not in compliance 1

Not participating 2

Funds withheld pending additional compliance data 2

Separation of Juvenile and Adult Offenders

Full compliance—zero violations 42

Full compliance—exception provision 10

Not participating 2

Funds withheld pending additional compliance data 2

Jail and Lockup Removal

Full compliance—zero violations 13

Full compliance—de minimis exceptions 37

Not in compliance 2

Not participating 2

Funds withheld pending additional compliance data 2

Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC)

Completed identification and assessment phase, 41

implementing intervention phase

Completed identification and assessment phase, revising intervention plan 1

Completed identification phase—no DMC problem exists in State 4

Completed identification phase, exempt from DMC requirement 3

Not participating 2

Conducting the identification phase 2

DMC status under review 3

Core Requirements Compliance Summary Totals*

(as of September 30, 1999)

* States’ eligibility to receive FY 1999 formula grants was initially determined on the basis of 1997 monitoring reports for compliance with JJDP Act

core requirements regarding DSO, separation, and jail and lockup removal and on the basis of information in FY 1999 Formula Grants program

comprehensive plans for compliance with the DMC core requirement.
FY 1999 23

Annual Report

Full compliance—

zero violationsFull compliance—de minimis exceptions (1)Not in compliance

Not participatingFunds withheld pendingadditional compliance data

Alabama ✦

Alaska ✦

Arizona ✦

Arkansas ✦

California ✦

Colorado ✦

Connecticut ✦

Delaware ✦

District of Columbia ✦

Florida ✦

Georgia ✦

Hawaii ✦

Idaho ✦

Illinois ✦

Indiana ✦

Iowa ✦

Kansas ✦

Kentucky ✦

Louisiana ✦

Maine ✦

Maryland ✦

Massachusetts ✦

Michigan ✦

Minnesota ✦

Mississippi ✦

Missouri ✦

Montana ✦

Nebraska ✦

Nevada ✦

State Compliance Based on 1997 Reports

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF

STATUS OFFENDERS (DSO)

Sec. 223(a)(12)(A)

Full compliance—zero violationsFull compliance—

de minimis exceptions (1)Not in complianceNot participatingFunds withheld pendingadditional compliance data

(1) Fewer than 29.4 violations per 100,000 persons under age 18

in the State.

DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF

STATUS OFFENDERS (DSO)

Sec. 223(a)(12)(A)

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

New Hampshire ✦

New Jersey ✦

New Mexico ✦

New York ✦

North Carolina ✦

North Dakota ✦

Ohio ✦

Oklahoma ✦

Oregon ✦

Pennsylvania ✦

Rhode Island ✦

South Carolina ✦

South Dakota ✦

Tennessee ✦

Texas ✦

Utah ✦

Vermont ✦

Virginia ✦

Washington ✦

West Virginia ✦

Wisconsin ✦

Wyoming ✦

American Samoa ✦

Guam ✦

N. Mariana Islands ✦

Puerto Rico ✦

Virgin Islands ✦

TOTALS 10 41 1 2 2
24 FY 1999

Annual Report

State Compliance Based on 1997 Reports

Full compliance—zero violationsFull compliance—

exception provision (2)Not participatingFunds withheld pendingadditional compliance data

SEPARATION OF JUVENILE

AND ADULT OFFENDERS

Sec. 223(a)(13)

SEPARATION OF JUVENILE

AND ADULT OFFENDERS

Sec. 223(a)(13)

Alabama ✦

Alaska ✦

Arizona ✦

Arkansas ✦

California ✦

Colorado ✦

Connecticut ✦

Delaware ✦

District of Columbia ✦

Florida ✦

Georgia ✦

Hawaii ✦

Idaho ✦

Illinois ✦

Indiana ✦

Iowa ✦

Kansas ✦

Kentucky ✦

Louisiana ✦

Maine ✦

Maryland ✦

Massachusetts ✦

Michigan ✦

Minnesota ✦

Mississippi ✦

Missouri ✦

Montana ✦

Nebraska ✦

Nevada ✦

New Hampshire ✦

New Jersey ✦

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

Full compliance—zero violationsFull compliance—

exception provision (2)Not participatingFunds withheld pendingadditional compliance data

(2) OJJDP regulatory criteria set forth in section 31.303(f)(6)(ii) of the OJJDP

Formula Grants Regulation (28 C.F.R. 31) and published in the May 31,

1995, Federal Register, allow States reporting noncompliant incidents to

continue in the program provided the incidents are not in violation of State

law and no pattern or practice exists.

New Mexico ✦

New York ✦

North Carolina ✦

North Dakota ✦

Ohio ✦

Oklahoma ✦

Oregon ✦

Pennsylvania ✦

Rhode Island ✦

South Carolina ✦

South Dakota ✦

Tennessee ✦

Texas ✦

Utah ✦

Vermont ✦

Virginia ✦

Washington ✦

West Virginia ✦

Wisconsin ✦

Wyoming ✦

American Samoa ✦

Guam ✦

N. Mariana Islands ✦

Puerto Rico ✦

Virgin Islands ✦

TOTALS 42 10 2 2
FY 1999 25

Annual Report Full compliance— zero violations Full compliance— de minimis exceptions (3)

Full compliance—zero violationsFull compliance—de minimis

Not in complianceNot participatingFunds withheld pendingadditional compliance data

 exceptions (3)

Not in complianceNot participatingFunds withheld pendingadditional compliance data

New Hampshire ✦

New Jersey ✦

New Mexico ✦

New York ✦

North Carolina ✦

North Dakota ✦

Ohio ✦

Oklahoma ✦

Oregon ✦

Pennsylvania ✦

Rhode Island ✦

South Carolina ✦

South Dakota ✦

Tennessee ✦

Texas ✦

Utah ✦

Vermont ✦

Virginia ✦

Washington ✦

West Virginia ✦

Wisconsin ✦

Wyoming ✦

American Samoa ✦

Guam ✦

N. Mariana Islands ✦

Puerto Rico ✦

Virgin Islands ✦

TOTALS 13 37 2 2 2

JAIL AND LOCKUP REMOVAL

Sec. 223(a)(14)

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

Alabama ✦

Alaska ✦

Arizona ✦

Arkansas ✦

California ✦

Colorado ✦

Connecticut ✦

Delaware ✦

District of Columbia ✦

Florida ✦

Georgia ✦

Hawaii ✦

Idaho ✦

Illinois ✦

Indiana ✦

Iowa ✦

Kansas ✦

Kentucky ✦

Louisiana ✦

Maine ✦

Maryland ✦

Massachusetts ✦

Michigan ✦

Minnesota ✦

Mississippi ✦

Missouri ✦

Montana ✦

Nebraska ✦

Nevada ✦

State Compliance Based on 1997 Reports

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

(3) State was found in compliance based on the numerical or substantive de

minimis standard criteria set forth in section 31.303(f)(6)(iii)(B) of the OJJDP

Formula Grants Regulation (28 C.F.R. 31) and published in the May 31, 1995,

Federal Register.

JAIL AND LOCKUP REMOVAL

Sec. 223(a)(14)
26 FY 1999

Annual Report Completed identification and assessment/implementing intervention phase Completed identification and assessment/revising intervention plan Completed identification phase— no DMC problem in the State

Completed identification phase—exempt from DMC requirementNot participatingConducting the identification phaseDMC status under review

Completed identificationand assessment/implementingintervention phaseCompleted identification andassessment/revising intervention planCompleted identification phase—no DMC problem in the StateCompleted identification phase—exempt from DMC requirementNot participatingConducting the identification phaseDMC status under review

State Compliance

Based on FY 1999 Formula Grants Program Comprehensive Plan

New Jersey ✦

New Mexico ✦

New York ✦

North Carolina ✦

North Dakota ✦

Ohio ✦

Oklahoma ✦

Oregon ✦

Pennsylvania ✦

Rhode Island ✦

South Carolina ✦

South Dakota ✦

Tennessee ✦

Texas ✦

Utah ✦

Vermont* ✦

Virginia ✦

Washington ✦

West Virginia ✦

Wisconsin ✦

Wyoming ✦

American Samoa ✦

Guam ✦

N. Mariana Islands ✦

Puerto Rico* ✦

Virgin Islands ✦

TOTALS 41 1 4 3 2 2 3

*Maine and Vermont are exempt from the DMC requirement because their

minority juvenile population does not exceed 1 percent of the total State

population. Puerto Rico has been exempted from reporting racial statistics because

of the homogeneity of its population.

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

Formula Grant

Participants

(as of September 30, 1999)

DISPROPORTIONATE MINORITY

CONFINEMENT (DMC)

Sec. 223(a)(23)

DISPROPORTIONATE MINORITY

CONFINEMENT (DMC)

Sec. 223(a)(23)

Alabama ✦

Alaska ✦

Arizona ✦

Arkansas ✦

California ✦

Colorado ✦

Connecticut ✦

Delaware ✦

District of Columbia ✦

Florida ✦

Georgia ✦

Hawaii ✦

Idaho ✦

Illinois ✦

Indiana ✦

Iowa ✦

Kansas ✦

Kentucky ✦

Louisiana ✦

Maine* ✦

Maryland ✦

Massachusetts ✦

Michigan ✦

Minnesota ✦

Mississippi ✦

Missouri ✦

Montana ✦

Nebraska ✦

Nevada ✦

New Hampshire ✦
FY 1999 27

Annual Report

jurisdictions. In Dallas, the JCEC pooled $1.24 million in first-year JAIBG funding and linked together

the judicial, corrections, and law enforcement systems. Second-year funding will be used to add education and social service providers to the coalition.

To help States and local jurisdictions implement

JAIBG programs, OJJDP provides training and

technical assistance through the JAIBG National

Training and Technical Assistance Alliance. OJJDP

provides funds to the 14 organizations that make up

the alliance, and Development Services Group, Inc.,

of Bethesda, MD, coordinates the alliance, which

has responded to more than 1,000 requests for training and provided 155 training activities attended by

more than 5,000 participants. The majority of requests have focused on five purpose areas: building

or operating juvenile detention or correctional facilities, developing accountability programs, providing

• Purpose Area 1: Building, expanding, renovating, or operating temporary or permanent juvenile correction or detention facilities, including

training of personnel.

• Purpose Area 2: Developing and administering

accountability-based sanctions for juvenile

offenders.

• Purpose Area 3: Hiring additional juvenile

judges, probation officers, and court-appointed

defenders and funding pretrial services for juveniles, to ensure the smooth and expeditious

administration of the juvenile justice system.

• Purpose Area 4: Hiring additional prosecutors

so that more cases involving violent juvenile

offenders can be prosecuted and backlogs

reduced.

• Purpose Area 5: Providing funding to enable

prosecutors to address more effectively problems related to drugs, gangs, and youth

violence.

• Purpose Area 6: Providing funding for technology, equipment, and training to assist prosecutors in identifying violent juvenile offenders

and expediting their prosecution.

• Purpose Area 7: Providing funding to enable

juvenile courts and juvenile probation offices

to be more effective and efficient in holding

juvenile offenders accountable and in reducing

recidivism.

• Purpose Area 8: Establishing court-based juvenile

justice programs that target young firearms offenders through the creation of juvenile gun courts for

the adjudication and prosecution of these offenders.

• Purpose Area 9: Establishing drug court programs

to provide continuing judicial supervision over

juvenile offenders with substance abuse problems

and to integrate administration of other sanctions

and services.

• Purpose Area 10: Establishing and maintaining

interagency information-sharing programs that

enable the juvenile and criminal justice systems,

schools, and social services agencies to make

more informed decisions regarding the early identification, control, supervision, and treatment of

juveniles who repeatedly commit serious delinquent or criminal acts.

• Purpose Area 11: Establishing and maintaining

accountability-based programs that work with juvenile offenders who are referred by law enforcement agencies or programs that are designed (in

cooperation with law enforcement officials) to

protect students and school personnel from problems related to drugs, gangs, and youth violence.

• Purpose Area 12: Implementing a policy of controlled substance testing for appropriate categories of youth in the juvenile justice system.

JAIBG Program Purpose Areas
28 FY 1999

Annual Report

technology and training for prosecutors, obtaining

funding to improve juvenile courts and probation,

and implementing drug testing programs. Information about JAIBG training and technical assistance

is available by calling 877–GO–JAIBG.

OJJDP also is publishing a series of JAIBG Bulletins designed to present up-to-date information about

each of the program purpose areas to juvenile justice

policymakers, researchers, and practitioners. Bulletins published through December 1999 (by purpose

areas) include the following: Developing and Administering Accountability-Based Sanctions for Juveniles (Purpose Area 2); Workload Measurement for Juvenile Justice System Personnel: Practices and Needs (Purpose

Area 3); Enhancing Prosecutors’ Ability To Combat and

Prevent Juvenile Crime in Their Jurisdictions (Purpose

Areas 4 and 6); Enabling Prosecutors To Address Drug,

Gang, and Youth Violence (Purpose Area 5); and Focus

on Accountability: Best Practices for Juvenile Court and

Probation (Purpose Area 7). The Bulletins are available from the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see

page 48, under “How To Access Information From

JJC”).

OJJDP also awards JAIBG funds to support research, demonstration, and evaluation projects.

These funds provide for a range of State and local

support activities, including demonstrations of accountability programs and services and examinations of strategies and programs that target juvenile

offenders.

State Challenge Activities

OJJDP has been administering the State Challenge

Activities Program since 1992, when it was enacted

by Congress to encourage States to address problems or issues in 1 or more of 10 specific program

areas. The 10 State Challenge Activities address basic juvenile justice system services, access to counsel,

community-based alternatives, violent juvenile offender facilities, gender bias policies and programs,

State ombudsman offices, deinstitutionalization of

status offenders and nonoffenders, alternatives to

suspension and expulsion, aftercare services, and

State agency coordination/case review systems.

These 10 activities are described in more detail on

page 29.

Only those States participating in the Formula

Grants program are eligible to receive State Challenge grants. In FY 1999, 52 States received State

Challenge allocations. During this time, most States

addressed at least two activities, eight States addressed three activities, and one State addressed

four activities. The Challenge Activities most often

addressed during FY 1999 were community-based

alternatives (20 States), alternatives to suspension

and expulsion (20 States), and gender bias policies

and programs (18 States). Challenge Activities least

addressed in FY 1999 were violent juvenile offender

facilities (one State) and State ombudsman offices

(three States). These two activities have been the

least frequently chosen in each year since FY 1995.

Related charts summarizing State Challenge Activities appear on page 30.

An OJJDP Bulletin, System Change Through State

Challenge Activities: Approaches and Products, describes

how the Challenge Activities relate to system

change, provides examples of effective approaches

to achieving system change, and provides a compendium of resources. It is available from the Juvenile

Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48, under “How To

Access Information From JJC”).

Statistical Information

Policymakers and practitioners must have accurate,

reliable information on which to base their decisions.

OJJDP regularly provides such information. During FY 1999, the OJJDP-funded National Center

for Juvenile Justice (NCJJ) in Pittsburgh, PA,

produced a number of statistical reports. In addition

to Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report

(discussed on pages 4–5), NCJJ documents in FY

1999 addressed residential placement of adjudicated

youth, the use of detention in delinquency cases,

waived delinquency cases, and juvenile arrest rates.

OJJDP also supports several longitudinal surveys,

including the National Longitudinal Survey of

Youth 1997, which is collecting data on youth ages
FY 1999 29

Annual Report

State Challenge Activities

Challenge Activity A: Developing and adopting

policies and programs to provide basic health,

mental health, and educational services to youth

in the juvenile justice system.

Challenge Activity B: Developing and adopting

policies and programs to provide all juveniles in

the justice system access to counsel.

Challenge Activity C: Increasing community-based

alternatives to incarceration by establishing programs

(such as expanded use of probation, mediation, restitution, community service, treatment, home detention, intensive supervision, and electronic monitoring) and developing and adopting a set of objective

criteria for the appropriate placement of juveniles in

detention and secure confinement.

Challenge Activity D: Developing and adopting

policies and programs to provide secure settings for

violent juvenile offenders by closing down traditional training schools and replacing them with secure settings that have capacities of no more than

50 youth and staff-youth ratios sufficient to permit

close supervision and effective treatment.

Challenge Activity E: Developing and adopting

policies to prohibit gender bias in juvenile placement and treatment and establishing programs to

ensure female youth access to the full range of

health and mental health services (including treatment for physical or sexual assault or abuse), educational opportunities, training and vocational

services, instruction in self-defense, and instruction

in parenting.

Challenge Activity F: Establishing and operating,

either directly or by contract, a State Ombudsman

office for children, youth, and families to investigate and resolve complaints relating to actions,

inactions, or decisions of those providing out-ofhome care to children and youth.

Challenge Activity G: Developing and adopting

policies and programs to remove status offenders

from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, when

appropriate.

Challenge Activity H: Developing and adopting

policies and programs designed to serve as alternatives to suspension and expulsion.

Challenge Activity I: Increasing aftercare services

by establishing programs and developing and

adopting policies to provide comprehensive

health, mental health, education, family, and vocational services to youth upon their release from

the juvenile justice system.

Challenge Activity J: Developing and adopting

policies to establish a State administrative structure to develop program and fiscal policies for

children with emotional or behavioral problems

and their families. The structure would coordinate

the activities of major child-serving systems and

implement a statewide case review system.

12 to 26, and the Program of Research on the

Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, which has

been gathering data on the same three samples of

youth since 1986. In addition, OJJDP is funding a

new census of all juveniles in both public and private residential facilities and a survey of juvenile

probation officers, which will lead directly to

nationalestimates of the number of juveniles on

probation.

Training and Technical

Assistance

High-quality training and technical assistance,

which promote best practices and state-of-the-art

methods of addressing juvenile crime and victimization, are crucial in helping the Nation reduce juvenile crime and improve the juvenile justice system.
30 FY 1999

Annual Report

FY 1999 Challenge Activities by State

A Basic System Services

B Access to Counsel

C Community-Based Alternatives

D Violent Juvenile Offender

Facilities

Note: District of Columbia—on hold; South Dakota and Wyoming—ineligible because States are not participating in Formula Grants

program; Virgin Islands—did not request funds.

Alabama H

Alaska E,I

Arizona G,H,I

Arkansas C,G

California C,E,I,G

Colorado E,G

Connecticut B,F

Delaware A,H

District of Columbia —

Florida E,H

Georgia E

Hawaii C,H

Idaho A,C

Illinois C,E

Indiana A,H

Iowa E,J

Kansas C,I

Kentucky E,I

Louisiana A

Maine H

Maryland A,C,I

Massachusetts C,J

Michigan E,I

Minnesota E,I

Mississippi B

Missouri B,C,J

Montana C,H

Nebraska A,E

Nevada E,I

New Hampshire E,H

New Jersey D,H

New Mexico C,E

New York A,H,I

North Carolina A

North Dakota H,I

Ohio B,C,E

Oklahoma C,H,I

Oregon A,H,I

STATE ACTIVITIES STATE ACTIVITIES STATE ACTIVITIES

Pennsylvania A,E

Rhode Island E,H

South Carolina C,H

South Dakota —

Tennessee B,F

Texas A,H

Utah E,H

Vermont A,C

Virginia A,C,J

Washington B,G

West Virginia C,F

Wisconsin A,I

Wyoming —

American Samoa A,C

Guam C,H

N. Mariana Islands H,I

Puerto Rico C,I

Virgin Islands —

E Gender Bias Policies and

Programs

F State Ombudsman

G Deinstitutionalization of Status

Offenders and Nonoffenders

H Alternatives to Suspension and

Expulsion

I Aftercare Services

J State Agency Coordination/Case

Review System

A Basic System Services 15

B Access to Counsel 6

C Community-Based Alternatives 20

D Violent Juvenile Offender Facilities 1

E Gender Bias Policies and Programs 18

F State Ombudsman 3

G Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders and Nonoffenders 5

H Alternatives to Suspension and Expulsion 20

I Aftercare Services 16

J State Agency Coordination/Case Review System 4

1999 State Challenge Activity Summary

NUMBER OF STATES

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY CHOOSING THE ACTIVITY IN 1999
FY 1999 31

Annual Report

During FY 1999, OJJDP continued to fund more

than 100 training and technical assistance projects

that assist thousands of law enforcement personnel,

juvenile justice practitioners, State and local

policymakers, and members of community-based

organizations. These projects address prevention,

intervention, and corrections and cover an array of

topics, including exploited, abducted, and missing

children; community-based alternatives; disproportionate minority confinement; female offenders;

gangs; legislation; American Indian juvenile justice

systems; and schools.

The Center for the Study of Prevention and Violence in Boulder, CO, for example, has identified 10

exemplary prevention and intervention programs

called Blueprints and is providing training and technical assistance to help 50 sites each implement 1 of

the 10 programs. The technical assistance includes

training, site visits to troubleshoot problems, telephone consultations, and process evaluations to

monitor the quality of implementation. The National

Center for Juvenile Justice in Pittsburgh, PA, provides technical assistance to juvenile court personnel

on a variety of topics, including case-flow management, judicial administration, fundamental skills for

juvenile probation and court administrators, and

implementation of the BARJ concept (see page 19).

The American Correctional Association (ACA) of

Lanham, MD, works with juvenile corrections and

detention agencies and personnel. ACA produces

documents, conducts workshops, and develops

training materials to help improve the administration

of juvenile justice, corrections, and detention.

To better coordinate these activities, OJJDP funds

a National Training and Technical Assistance Center, operated by Caliber Associates of Fairfax, VA.

The Center produces an annual catalog of OJJDP’s

training and technical assistance resources and

keeps a database of these resources. The catalog is

available on the Center’s Web site (www.nttac.org).

Youth Courts

Youth court programs have become an integral component of the juvenile justice system in communities

across the Nation and have expanded rapidly in the

past 5 years. More than 650 such programs currently exist, with hundreds of jurisdictions ready to

develop new programs. While jurisdictions may call

their programs by different names—youth court,

teen court, or peer court—the philosophy guiding

the programs is the same: Hold juvenile offenders

accountable for their actions, educate youth about

the judicial and legal systems, and empower youth to

be active in their communities. To create a central

point of contact for youth court programs, OJJDP

awarded a grant in FY 1999 to the American Probation and Parole Association in Lexington, KY, to establish the National Youth Court Center (NYCC).

The Center provides training, technical assistance,

and resource materials to youth courts. NYCC

maintains a searchable database of information

about active and developing youth court programs;

nearly 500 youth courts have submitted comprehensive information for the database. NYCC also established a youth court Web site (www.youthcourt.net),

which is updated frequently and contains a current

list of youth court programs, downloadable resource

information, training announcements, and links to

other helpful Web sites. An OJJDP Fact Sheet, National Youth Court Center, describes the Center and is

available from the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse

(see page 48, under “How To Access Information

From JJC”).

OJJDP is also funding an evaluation of youth or

teen courts, conducted by The Urban Institute of

Washington, DC. The Urban Institute mailed out

questionnaires to every known teen court program

in the country between October and December

1998. Of the 335 teen court programs that responded to the initial survey, more than two-thirds

indicated that, at the time of the survey, they had
32 FY 1999

Annual Report

existed for less than 5 years; of these, 20 percent had

been operating for less than 1 year. The survey also

found that most teen courts have relatively small

caseloads. Forty-eight percent of the programs indicated that they received less than 100 referrals per

year. Findings from the survey are summarized in an

OJJDP Fact Sheet, Teen Courts in the United States: A

Profile of Current Programs, which is available from

the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48,

under “How To Access Information From JJC”).
FY 1999 33

Annual Report

Chapter 5

Reducing the Victimization of Children

Although much attention is focused on juvenile offending, juveniles are also victimized at an alarming

rate. According to data in OJJDP’s Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report drawn from the

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), juveniles ages 12 to 17 are nearly twice as likely as adults

to be victims of serious violent crimes and three

times as likely to be victims of simple assault. Unfortunately, most victimizations of juveniles are not reported to police. According to NCVS, only 28 percent of violent crimes against children are reported

to law enforcement compared with 48 percent of

violent crimes committed against adults.

Many children also suffer neglect and physical and

sexual abuse, often at the hands of people they trust

the most—their caretakers. The number of children

identified as abused or neglected almost doubled between 1986 and 1993. In 1993, the majority of these

children were victimized by their birth parents and

were twice as likely to suffer neglect as abuse. Besides the emotional and physical pain such abuse

causes, OJJDP-funded research has found clear

links between early childhood victimization and

later violent or problem behavior, such as school violence, drug abuse, and adult criminality.

In addition, many children also are the victims of

family and nonfamily abductions. Others run away

from home or are identified as “thrownaways”—

children who are abandoned, who are forced from

their homes by parents or guardians and not allowed

to return, or who come and go totally unsupervised.

The advent of the information age has exposed children to another insidious type of abuse: online

sexual exploitation. Industry experts estimate that

more than 10 million children currently go online

and predict that within 2 years that number will

reach 45 million. The Internet has become both a

worldwide classroom, providing almost limitless

opportunities to learn, and a dangerous new schoolyard for predators seeking children to victimize.

OJJDP funded a number of programs during FY

1999 to help reduce the victimization of children.

They include initiatives that encourage communities

and the juvenile justice system to respond more effectively to child abuse and neglect; research programs to provide critical data; and training, technical assistance, and information to help policymakers

and practitioners. Several of these initiatives are described in this chapter.

Child Maltreatment Working

Group

The Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention (described on pages 12–13)

established the Interagency Working Group on the

Link Between Child Maltreatment and Juvenile

Delinquency in 1998 to encourage State and local

agencies to work together to address child maltreatment and prevent delinquency. Members of the

working group include child development experts,

juvenile and family court judges, law enforcement

officials, foundation officers, and representatives

from Federal agencies and public and private organizations. With the assistance of the Child Welfare

League of America, the working group convened

State forums in Alaska, California, Indiana, and

South Carolina. The forums brought together State

legislators and representatives from child welfare,

law enforcement, juvenile justice, and public health

and mental health agencies. Participants explored

ways to foster collaboration among agencies, increase public awareness of the link between child

abuse and juvenile delinquency, identify promising
34 FY 1999

Annual Report

strategies for prevention and intervention, and promote local, community-based assessment, planning,

and implementation of effective practices.

The South Carolina forum exemplifies the collaborative approach that the Coordinating Council strives

to promote. This forum brought together more than

300 leaders, including directors of 8 Cabinet and

State agencies, United Way executives, school personnel, law enforcement officers, corporate leaders,

and mental health professionals. Led by the Governor, participants discussed policy and practice related to child abuse, education, and juvenile delinquency. The priorities identified at the forum reflect

a shift at the State level toward increased emphasis

on long-term, comprehensive, and collaborative

strategies to address the needs of children and

youth.

To help State policymakers address the prevention

of child maltreatment and delinquency, the working

group also supported the development of “Presentation Talking Points on the Link Between Child Maltreatment and Delinquency.” The talking points

discuss a variety of topics, including violence and

victimization from a child’s perspective, the relationship between child maltreatment and delinquency,

ways to break the link between maltreatment and

delinquency, and suggestions to overcome obstacles

that prevent collaboration. The talking points are

available on OJJDP’s Web site (www.ojjdp.ncjrs.

org/council/child.htm.). Individuals may customize

the talking points to address the concerns of different

audiences.

Children’s Advocacy Centers

Children’s Advocacy Centers (CAC’s) are childfocused, child-friendly programs that bring together

teams of investigators, prosecutors, medical personnel, and social and mental health workers to work

on child abuse cases. During FY 1999, OJJDP

continued to fund the National Children’s Alliance

(NCA), formerly the National Network of

Children’s Advocacy Centers, of Washington, DC,

and four Regional Children’s Advocacy Centers

(RCAC’s), which encourage and help other communities to establish centers. The RCAC’s are Midwest

RCAC, St. Paul, MN; Northeast RCAC, Philadelphia, PA; Southern RCAC, Rainbow City, AL; and

Western RCAC, Pueblo, CO. To find out which

States the regional centers serve, contact NCA at

800–239–9950 or visit NCA’s Web site (www.ncaonline.org). Also during FY 1999, NCA produced

For Families, a videotape that looks at family violence

from the vantage point of 3 families of survivors;

provided training and technical assistance to new

CAC’s across the country; received an average of

375 calls per month requesting information about

CAC’s; and approved 54 centers, including 2 American Indian centers, for NCA membership.

Internet Crimes Against

Children Initiatives

To combat the emerging threat of offenders’ using

the Internet or other online technology to sexually

exploit children, OJJDP awarded grants in FY

1998 to 10 State and local law enforcement agencies

to help them develop and implement regional

multijurisdictional, multiagency task forces to prevent and respond to these crimes. During FY 1999,

the Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task

Force worked with representatives from OJJDP,

the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Customs Service, the U.S. Postal Inspection Service,

and the National Center for Missing and Exploited

Children (NCMEC) to develop investigative and

operational standards for the ICAC Task Force Program. These standards are designed to coordinate

investigations, foster information sharing, ensure the

probative quality of undercover operations, and facilitate interagency case referrals through standardization of investigative practices. The 10 jurisdictions participating in the ICAC program are:

✦ Bedford County (VA) Sheriff’s Office.

✦ Broward County (FL) Sheriff’s Office.

✦ Colorado Springs (CO) Police Department.

✦ Dallas (TX) Police Department.
FY 1999 35

Annual Report

✦ Illinois State Police.

✦ New York State Division of Criminal Justice

Services.

✦ Portsmouth (NH) Police Department.

✦ Sacramento County (CA) Sheriff’s Office.

✦ South Carolina Office of the Attorney General.

✦ Wisconsin Department of Justice.

OJJDP, in cooperation with the National School

Boards Association and NCMEC, also sponsored a

national videoconference entitled Online Safety for

Children: A Primer for Parents and Teachers. The

videoconference was designed to raise awareness of

Internet safety, encourage the development of safe

online practices, and identify strategies for preventing Internet crimes against children.

NCMEC also plays a critical role in making cyberspace a safer place for children. In FY 1999, more than

700 law enforcement personnel, ranging from executives to frontline personnel, participated in NCMECsponsored Protecting Children Online courses.

NCMEC’s CyberTipline (www.cybertipline.com)

received more than 8,500 leads from children, parents, and other individuals concerned about the

safety of children on the Internet. Some of these

leads resulted in the arrest of individuals using the

Internet to identify children for sexual molestation,

and others led to the recovery of children enticed

from home by sex offenders.

OJJDP also published a Portable Guide (described

on page 36) that discusses the use of computers in

the sexual exploitation of children.

Model Courts Program

The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court

Judges’ (NCJFCJ’s) Model Courts Program helps

courts improve how they handle child abuse and neglect cases. The program ensures that children

spend less time in foster care and that dependency

courts resolve cases earlier while maintaining the

adequate protections these children deserve and

need. With OJJDP funding support, NCJFCJ

now oversees 24 model courts in 22 States. The

Model Courts Program is nationally recognized as

the leading innovation in dependency court reform.

National Center for Missing

and Exploited Children

NCMEC is a national resource center and clearinghouse dedicated to missing and exploited children

and their families. Located in Alexandria, VA,

NCMEC operates a 24-hour toll-free hotline (800–

843–5678), provides training and technical assistance, and produces and distributes publications. In

FY 1999, NCMEC’s hotline received more than

115,000 calls ranging from citizens reporting information concerning missing children to requests from

parents and law enforcement for information and

publications. NCMEC also assisted in the recovery

of hundreds of children, disseminated millions of

photographs of missing children, and distributed

nearly 2.5 million publications. (NCMEC’s efforts to

protect children from online sexual exploitation are

discussed on page 34 and this page.)

National Incidence Studies of

Missing, Abducted, Runaway,

and Thrownaway Children

The second National Incidence Studies of Missing,

Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children

(NISMART 2) is a followup to the first national

study, which was conducted in 1988 and the results

of which were published in 1990. The study is being

conducted for OJJDP by the Institute for Survey

Research at Temple University in Philadelphia, PA;

the Family Research Laboratory at the University of

New Hampshire, Durham, NH; and Westat, Inc., of

Rockville, MD. Researchers are conducting telephone surveys of approximately 23,000 households

to estimate how many children are missing on an annual basis and of approximately 10,000 randomly

selected youth to understand what happens during
36 FY 1999

Annual Report

missing children episodes. Researchers also are interviewing law enforcement agencies to determine

the annual frequency of child abductions and directors of residential facilities and institutions to determine how many residents run away. A related survey of community professionals has yielded data on

thrownaway children, which researchers are analyzing. NISMART 2 is summarized in a new OJJDP

Bulletin, Second Comprehensive Study of Missing Children, available from the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48 under “How To Access Information From JJC”).

Portable Guides

OJJDP has published two new Portable Guides to

Investigating Child Abuse, publications that fit in

the glove compartments of patrol cars or other easily

accessible locations. The Guides provide concise

guidelines on investigating child abuse, neglect, and

exploitation cases. Forming a Multidisciplinary Team To

Investigate Child Abuse discusses how to form such a

team, problems that may arise, and national organizations that can provide assistance. Use of Computers

in the Sexual Exploitation of Children provides information about the sexual behavior patterns of preferential sex offenders and their use of computer technology and offers effective investigative strategies law

enforcement can use to combat the sexual exploitation of children. (For ordering information, see page

48 under “How To Access Information From JJC.”)

Safe Kids/Safe Streets Program

In FY 1999, OJJDP and several other Office of

Justice Programs agencies continued to support a

multiyear demonstration program that is helping

five communities develop coordinated responses to

child abuse and neglect. The Safe Kids/Safe Streets:

Community Approaches to Reducing Abuse and

Neglect and Preventing Delinquency program was

designed to help communities break the cycle of

early childhood victimization and later criminality

and to reduce child abuse and neglect and the child

fatalities that often result. Communities receiving

grants from OJJDP are Chittenden County, VT;

Huntsville, AL; Kansas City, MO; the Sault Sainte.

Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, MI; and Toledo,

OH. OJJDP also awarded a grant to Westat, Inc.,

of Rockville, MD, to evaluate the program.

Safe Start Initiative

OJJDP initiated a major new effort during FY

1999 to help communities intervene early to protect

children exposed to violence from further violence

and to provide them with the treatment they need to

recover. The Safe Start Initiative is based in part on

the Child Development-Community Policing (CD–

CP) Program developed by Yale University and the

New Haven (CT) Police Department with OJJDP

support. The CD–CP program helps police officers

and mental health professionals work together to

help children who are victims of or witnesses to violent crimes.

The large number of applications OJJDP received

for this program (208) indicates that many communities are interested in developing programs that

help reduce the victimization of children. OJJDP

selected nine sites to participate in the Safe Start

Initiative. The sites—Baltimore, MD; Bridgeport,

CT; Chatham County, NC; Chicago, IL; Pinellas

County, FL; Rochester, NY; San Francisco, CA;

Spokane, WA; and Washington County, ME—will

create agency partnerships to prevent and reduce the

impact of family and community violence on young

children. The grantees will first conduct a thorough

review of existing community services and determine the gaps that need to be filled. Based on this

review, each site will develop a 5-year comprehensive response to community violence. The response

will include services from law enforcement, mental

health and medical professions, and child protective

service providers. The National Center for Children

Exposed to Violence in New Haven, CT, will provide training and technical assistance to the Safe

Start sites. Caliber Associates of Fairfax, VA, is

conducting a national evaluation of the initiative.

In addition to these nine sites, OJJDP also

awarded grants to Miami, FL; New Orleans, LA;

and Newark, NJ, to help them develop specific
FY 1999 37

Annual Report

improvementsto services for children exposed to

violence.

Training and Technical

Assistance

OJJDP also funds a number of training and technical assistance projects to help communities and practitioners respond more effectively to the victimization of children. For example, the Jimmy Ryce Law

Enforcement Training Center in Fairfax, VA, offers

training courses to improve law enforcement investigations of missing children cases. Through a cooperative agreement with OJJDP, Fox Valley Technical College of Appleton, WI, also sponsors a variety

of training and technical assistance services. During

FY 1999, more than 4,500 individuals representing

law enforcement, prosecutor’s offices, social services, and health and family services participated in

these activities. The courses focus on investigative

techniques, interview strategies, comprehensive response planning, media relations, lead and case management, and other topics related to missing and exploited children’s cases. More detailed information

about OJJDP’s training and technical assistance

activities is available from the National Training

and Technical Assistance Center in Fairfax, VA

(www.nttac.org).
FY 1999 39

Annual Report

Chapter 6

Enhancing Public Safety and Law Enforcement

Although juvenile crime and violence continue to decline, protecting the public from serious, violent, and

chronic juvenile offenders and helping law enforcement officers improve their responses to these youth

remain priorities at OJJDP. The Office is especially

concerned about juvenile gun violence. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report illustrates the

devastating impact that the availability of guns has

had on the lives and well-being of American youth.

While other types of homicide remained constant,

the number of juveniles killed with a firearm increased greatly between 1987 and 1993. According

to the National Report, this increase was all firearm

related, as was the subsequent decline. Violent youth

gangs remain a concern as well, although the number

of law enforcement agencies reporting active youth

gangs continues to decline. OJJDP continued to

fund several programs during FY 1999 to help communities and law enforcement address these two

critical issues. The Office also remains concerned

about underage drinking and continued to help communities enforce underage drinking laws and develop programs to educate adults and youth about

those laws. OJJDP also supported a variety of

training and technical assistance programs to help

law enforcement enhance its responses to juvenile

crime and victimization. This chapter highlights several of OJJDP’s major initiatives that help keep the

public safe and respond appropriately to serious, violent juvenile offenders.

Enforcing the Underage

Drinking Laws Program

The Enforcing the Underage Drinking Laws (EUDL)

Program (formerly called the Combating Underage

Drinking program) is a multifaceted effort that includes block grants, discretionary programs, training

and technical assistance, and an evaluation component. Block grants awarded under the EUDL Program are helping 14 communities, 50 States, and the

District of Columbia to strengthen law enforcement’s responses to underage drinking. Congress

created EUDL to help States develop comprehensive and coordinated initiatives to enforce State laws

that prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors (individuals under age 21) and to prevent the

purchase or consumption of alcoholic beverages by

minors. OJJDP awarded FY 1999 block grants of

$360,000 to each State and the District of Columbia

to develop activities in one or more of the following

three priority areas identified by Congress:

✦ Enforcement: 45 States are implementing enforcement activities that address alcohol retailers,

third-party providers, youth, and impaired driving laws.

✦ Education: 40 States are initiating education

activities, such as mass media campaigns or campaigns designed to educate parents, youth, retailers, prosecutors, judges, and the community

about underage drinking laws.

✦ Innovation: 18 States are designing programs or

activities that have not been undertaken by other

States. These include addressing underage drinking in college communities, establishing tiplines to

report problem retailers or underage drinking

parties, reviewing State statutes related to underage drinking, and helping youth learn how advertisements seek to manipulate their audiences.

OJJDP’s training and technical assistance efforts

are designed to involve youth, State coordinators,

local and State coalitions, and law enforcement personnel. EUDL funding from OJJDP, for example,

is helping Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)

expand the Youth in Action campaign into 14 communities: Austin, TX; Bismark, ND; Boston, MA;
40 FY 1999

Annual Report

Charleston, WV; Las Vegas, NV; Long Island, NY;

Menasha, WI; Nashville, TN; New Haven, CT;

Omaha, NE; Providence, RI; St. Paul, MN; Tampa,

FL; and Vero Beach, FL. This campaign encourages

youth groups to team up with law enforcement

agencies to combat illegal alcohol sales to minors,

conduct merchant compliance stings, curb the sale

or distribution of fake ID’s on the Internet, and raise

public awareness about parental liability issues related to serving alcohol to minors.

OJJDP awarded a cooperative agreement to the

Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation

(PIRE) of Rockville, MD, to design and deliver a

training and technical assistance program in support

of EUDL. PIRE established the Underage Drinking

Enforcement Training Center (www.pire.org/udetc)

to help States receiving EUDL funding focus their

efforts on prevention, intervention, and enforcement

issues. During FY 1999, PIRE held a National

Leadership Conference attended by more than 300

State and local coalition leaders, high-level law enforcement officers, youth leaders, and State coordinators. The conference provided information about

effective enforcement strategies, needs assessment,

coalition building, evaluation, media advocacy, and

youth development. At the conference, PIRE organized a national media event at which OJJDP and

MADD released a new study showing that the costs

of underage drinking in America total more than

$58 billion annually. The event was covered by more

than 35 media organizations.

In response to needs identified at the conference,

PIRE developed and produced documents that address strategies to reduce underage alcohol use, the

cost of underage drinking, media advocacy, youth

surveys, tips for developing cohesive program plans,

and other topics. The documents are available on the

Center’s Web site. PIRE also sponsors monthly audio teleconferences and training sessions to help

communities. Each audio teleconference focuses on

a specific issue and features a national expert and

speakers from States that have been successful in

implementing strategies that address the issue. The

training sessions provide guidance and assistance to

States and communities on developing comprehensive approaches to combat underage drinking.

PIRE also has developed training that deals with

policy and law enforcement issues. The policy training emphasizes policy development at the local level

and provides practical guidance in assessing and applying existing laws and policies, improving and

strengthening these regulations, and gaining support

for legal changes. The policy training also focuses on

the need for community-based, effective policies and

the steps needed to implement them. The law enforcement training addresses the practical challenges

law enforcement personnel often face when attempting to enforce laws against underage drinking. The

training addresses such topics as enforcing underage

drinking laws on college campuses, dealing with

false identification, working with merchants to reduce sales to minors, reducing third-party sales,

adopting techniques to prevent and break up underage parties, and reducing impaired driving.

OJJDP also is funding a national evaluation of the

EUDL Program, conducted by a multidisciplinary

team at Wake Forest University School of Medicine

of Winston-Salem, NC. The evaluation is designed

to provide timely, scientifically sound data on the

process of implementing the program and its effects

on levels of law enforcement activities, legislative

and other policy changes aimed at youth alcohol use,

and youth alcohol consumption and alcohol-related

problems in local communities. The national evaluation will determine which State and local programmatic activities are being supported and evaluate the

impact of the program in a sample of communities.

OJJDP Gang Initiatives

The proliferation of gang problems over the past

two decades led OJJDP to develop a comprehensive, coordinated response to America’s gang problem. This response includes several programs. In FY

1995, OJJDP awarded funds to five jurisdictions

(Bloomington, IL; Mesa, AZ; Riverside, CA; San

Antonio, TX; and Tucson, AZ) to help them reduce

gang violence by implementing the Comprehensive

Community-Wide Approach to Gang Prevention,

Intervention, and Suppression Program. The program includes five key strategies: mobilizing

communities, providing youth opportunities,
FY 1999 41

Annual Report

suppressing gang violence, providing social interactions and street outreach, and facilitating organizational change and development. After funding the

sites for 4 years, OJJDP decided in FY 1999 to

continue funding two of the sites. Although all five

jurisdictions served as promising demonstration

sites, OJJDP awarded additional funding to Mesa

and Riverside based on their strong prospects for

sustaining the comprehensive approach, program

performance, preliminary evaluation data, and evidence that they were developing promising strategies. The University of Chicago is conducting an

evaluation of the program and has helped each of

the five sites establish realistic and measurable objectives, document program implementation, and

measure the impact of the comprehensive model.

OJJDP also supports the Boys & Girls Clubs of

America program Gang Prevention Through Targeted Outreach, which helps local Boys & Girls

Clubs prevent youth from entering gangs, intervene

with gang members in the early stages of gang involvement, and divert youth from gang activities

into more constructive programs. This program reflects OJJDP’s ongoing collaboration with the Boys

& Girls Clubs of America to reduce problems of juvenile delinquency and violence. Boys & Girls Clubs

of America provides training and technical assistance to local gang prevention and intervention sites,

including SafeFutures and OJJDP Comprehensive

Gang Model sites, clubs, and organizations. In FY

1999, the Boys & Girls Clubs added as many as 30

gang prevention sites, 5 gang intervention sites, and

at least 2 “targeted reintegration” sites in which

clubs provide services to youth returning to the

community from juvenile correctional facilities to

prevent them from going back to gangs and violence. Public/Private Ventures of Philadelphia, PA,

is evaluating the program for OJJDP.

The National Youth Gang Center (NYGC), located

at the Institute for Intergovernmental Research in

Tallahassee, FL, is a one-stop shop for information

and data about gangs and effective responses to

them. Established in 1995, NYGC analyzes State

and local gang legislation, reviews gang literature,

compiles and analyzes data about gangs, identifies

effective gang program strategies, provides technical

assistance, and helps coordinate the National Youth

Gang Consortium, which includes Federal agencies

with responsibilities in this area. For information

about NYGC, phone 850–385–0600 or visit

www.iir.com/nycg. Web site features include information about gang-related legislation broken down

by subject and State and an electronic mailing list.

The GANGINFO listserv has almost 600 subscribers and provides a forum for professionals to exchange information about youth gangs.

NYGC also conducts annual surveys of police and

sheriffs departments to determine the extent of the

Nation’s gang problem. A summary of the 1997 National Youth Gang Survey and preliminary findings

from the 1998 survey were released in 1999. Survey

results for both years indicate that the number of

agencies reporting active youth gangs and the estimated number of gangs and gang members in the

United States have decreased slightly. For copies of

the 1997 Youth Gang Survey and Highlights of the 1998

National Youth Gang Survey, see the “How To Access

Information From JJC” section on page 48. Other

gang-related publications, including OJJDP’s Youth

Gang Series of Bulletins (see page 50), are available

through the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse.

NYGC also coordinated OJJDP’s second national

youth gang symposium in 1999. More than 1,200

individuals attended the meeting, which was designed

to help practitioners put research into practice. The

symposium was attended by school personnel and

resource officers, researchers, policymakers, law

enforcement officials, and representatives from

community-based and youth-serving organizations.

NYGC also is providing technical assistance to four

rural communities (Elk City, OK; Glenn County,

CA; Longview, WA; and Mount Vernon, IL) that,

with OJJDP funding, are conducting comprehensive assessments of their local youth gang problems.

Partnerships To Reduce

Juvenile Gun Violence

As part of its commitment to address the continuing

problem of youth violence, OJJDP is helping three
42 FY 1999

Annual Report

communities (Baton Rouge, LA; Oakland, CA; and

Syracuse, NY) implement the Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile Gun Violence program. The goal of

the program is to increase the effectiveness of existing

strategies by enhancing and coordinating prevention,

intervention, and suppression efforts and strengthening the links among community residents, law enforcement personnel, and juvenile justice system professionals. The program is designed to help reduce

youth’s illegal access to guns and address the reasons

they carry and use guns in violent exchanges.

Although the implementation of gun violence reduction strategies has varied across the three partnerships, each has successfully developed suppression,

intervention, and prevention strategies and has

made policy and procedural changes in participating

public and private agencies. Their local police

departments—in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau

of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; State and county

law enforcement agencies; and community organizations—have removed many illegal guns from the

streets. They have accomplished this through gun

tracing, targeted enforcement operations by police,

and community-supported silent witness programs

that encourage residents to report the presence of

illegal guns.

All three partnerships also have implemented intensive intervention strategies that target at-risk youth

and provide them with intervention and case management services. The partnerships also have implemented integrated strategies that focus on preventing youth gun violence. These strategies include

activities to increase citizen crime reporting and

enhance relationships between police and communities. In addition, public and private agencies in each

community have made changes in their policies and

procedures to support the partnerships’ efforts. For

example, all three partnerships have developed

agreements with local police departments, prosecutor’s offices, and probation agencies to share juvenile records. COSMOS Corporation of Bethesda,

MD, is evaluating this program.

Promising Strategies To

Reduce Gun Violence

At the direction of Attorney General Janet Reno, a

U.S. Department of Justice workgroup reviewed

existing gun violence reduction efforts to identify

key programs and strategies. In February 1999,

OJJDP published Promising Strategies To Reduce Gun

Violence, the culmination of the workgroup’s efforts.

The Report describes 60 programs and strategies

that were selected from a national survey of more

than 400 local programs. Promising Strategies is designed as a “toolbox” to provide law enforcement

personnel, State and local elected officials, prosecutors, judges, members of community organizations,

and other policymakers with practical information

about a range of strategies to reduce gun violence. It

includes a blueprint for communities to develop

their own comprehensive, strategic plans and a

wealth of practical information on demonstrated and

promising strategies and programs. It is also intended to help communities learn from each other’s

successes.

The Report profiles communities that have successfully implemented comprehensive plans that address

multiple risk factors associated with the illegal use of

firearms and strategies. The Report also profiles programs that focus on three interventions: interrupting

sources of illegal guns, deterring illegal possession

and carrying of guns, and responding to illegal gun

use.

Each profile includes information about program

goals, groups and areas targeted by the program,

evaluation information, length of time the program

has operated, the way in which the program works,

and contact information. The Report also describes

a number of Federal and non-Federal programs that

provide research, technical assistance, and educational resources to help communities reduce gun violence. Promising Strategies was prepared by COSMOS Corporation of Bethesda, MD, as part of its

evaluation of the Partnerships To Reduce Juvenile

Gun Violence initiative. (For ordering information,

see page 48 under “How To Access Information

From JJC.”)
FY 1999 43

Annual Report

Chapter 7

Comprehensive Community-Based Initiatives

America’s communities have made great progress in

recent years in reducing juvenile crime and victimization. This progress is due, in part, to their strong efforts to develop comprehensive, community-based

programs that combine prevention and early intervention programs with graduated sanctions that hold

young offenders accountable at every stage of the juvenile justice system. For the past several years,

OJJDP has developed and funded a number of

programs to support communities in these efforts.

In addition to programs discussed earlier that are

helping communities address gang and gun violence

(see pages 40–42), OJJDP funded more than 200

community-based coalitions in FY 1999 and is helping them develop programs to reduce and prevent

youth substance abuse. Youth, parents, members of

the media, schools, and law enforcement make up

these coalitions, which are funded under the DrugFree Communities Support Program. Hundreds of

communities across the Nation also have received

OJJDP grants under the Title V Community

Prevention Grants program and are developing

community-based responses to juvenile delinquency

and crime. This chapter highlights several OJJDP

programs that are helping communities implement the

types of comprehensive responses necessary to reduce

delinquency and keep the public safe.

Community Prevention Grants

Program

The Title V Community Prevention Grants program

(Title V) promotes the use of comprehensive strategies to address juvenile victimization and delinquency.

Enacted by Congress in 1992 to encourage communities to design and implement community-based

programs to prevent juvenile delinquency, Title V is

the only Federal funding source dedicated solely to

delinquency prevention. The program’s annual appropriation has increased substantially from $13 million

in 1994 to $20 million annually from 1995 to 1998 to

$45 million in FY 1999.

OJJDP awards Title V grants to States based on

the size of their juvenile population. The States, in

turn, award the funds to qualified units of local government (i.e., a city, county, town, borough, parish,

village, or Indian tribe that performs law enforcement functions) to design and implement delinquency

prevention plans that meet their local needs. Since

1994, 885 communities in 49 States, the District of

Columbia, and 4 U.S. territories (American Samoa,

Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Northern Marianas Islands) have received Title V subgrants. The term

“States” as used throughout the remainder of this

discussion refers to States, the District of Columbia,

and the U.S. territories.

Because a State or local government is required to

provide a 50-percent cash or in-kind match for each

grant, the level of community ownership and investment in these programs is impressive and has contributed to the success of the Title V program. Many

communities have contributed more than 90 percent

of the cost of the program. Several States have provided additional funding to support Title V programs

as well. In FY 1999, 14 States allocated more than

$3 million in State funds and close to $700,000 of

their Federal funds to communities receiving Title V

funds. In addition, many States have funneled additional Federal and State funds to help incorporate the

Title V program model into other grant programs.

Another reason for the program’s success is the requirement that each community appoint a prevention policy board (PPB) made up of local representatives from social services; child welfare, health,

and mental health agencies; law enforcement; private industry; religious institutions; and civic organizations. The board assesses the risk factors that are
44 FY 1999

Annual Report

putting children in their community at risk and the

protective factors that are helping keep them safe,

then develops a comprehensive system of strategies

that meets the needs of both the children and the

community.

OJJDP’s extensive training and technical assistance, provided by Developmental Research and

Programs, Inc., of Seattle, WA, also has contributed

to the success of the program. A core component of

this assistance is “Communities That Care,” a curriculum that provides a risk- and protection-focused

approach to community planning. In FY 1999,

OJJDP began distributing “Promising Approaches,” a segment of the curriculum that helps

community teams match prevention approaches to

their unique community risk and protective factor

profiles. Many State and community leaders have

reported that “Promising Approaches” has helped

fill a gap that existed previously between training on

collecting community data and training on developing effective delinquency prevention plans.

Title V’s emphasis on assessing local needs and

building comprehensive prevention plans around

this assessment requires that communities significantly change how they think about prevention,

planning, and bringing about community change.

Now in its sixth year, there is evidence that Title V

has stimulated communities to change the way they

do business.

Communities are asking nontraditional players to

become involved in designing prevention activities,

which provides a broader perspective and greater

access to resources. In Mansfield, OH, for example,

when the PPB decided to conduct a community survey as part of its risk and resource assessment, community police officers on the board offered to distribute the survey door-to-door. Many communities

are asking parents and youth to join PPB’s; this has

been instrumental in bringing parents, youth, and

service professionals closer together. Members of

the business community, often excluded in the past

from community prevention planning, also have

proved to be an invaluable resource, donating financial advice, equipment, furniture, money, and other

items and services.

Title V has helped communities focus on making

systemwide changes rather than simply developing

new programs. York, ME, for example, is working

to improve the delivery of services across a fivetown area. The efforts are paying off, and agencies

that were not interested in working together before

are now anxious to collaborate. Other communities

are developing and implementing projects to change

the laws, norms, and policies that guide acceptable

community behavior. Holland, MI, for example, is

focusing on changing the community’s long-time

acceptance of alcohol use by building on an existing

public service campaign focused on drug and

alcohol use.

The Title V program also is helping communities do

a better job of leveraging resources and maximizing

their return on limited Federal funds. The Title V

planning process helped the PPB in Eloy, AZ, for

example, to identify every prevention initiative the

board was sponsoring and put the community in a

position to seek—and receive—other major grants,

including a Drug-Free Communities Support Program grant. A rigorous evaluation component allowed Monmouth County, NJ, to document the success of its Title V program efforts, which included

reductions in both detentions and suspensions in the

local elementary and middle schools. The community used these evaluation results when requesting

additional funding from State and Federal sources.

As part of its commitment to ensure the effectiveness

of its programs, OJJDP is funding an evaluation of

the Title V program in six States: Hawaii, Michigan,

Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Virginia.

The evaluation will help identify critical success factors for community planning, assessment, and implementation of delinquency prevention strategies; assess the impact of Federal dollars; and gather and

disseminate information on what works in delinquency prevention. The evaluation is being conducted by Caliber, Inc., of Fairfax, VA.

The accomplishments of the Title V program are discussed in greater detail in OJJDP’s 1999 Report to

Congress: Title V Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency

Prevention Programs. The Report is available from the
FY 1999 45

Annual Report

Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48, under

“How To Access Information From JJC”).

Comprehensive Strategy for

Serious, Violent, and Chronic

Juvenile Offenders

OJJDP developed the Comprehensive Strategy for

Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders to

provide communities with a strategic yet practical response to juvenile delinquency and to help prevent

juveniles from becoming serious, violent, and chronic

juvenile offenders. Derived from extensive research,

the Comprehensive Strategy calls for forming local

planning teams to assess factors that put youth at

risk of delinquency, determine available resources,

establish effective prevention programs, and develop

appropriate and graduated sanctions for juvenile offenders. In 1995, OJJDP published the Guide for

Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders and since then has

distributed more than 30,000 copies.

In 1996, OJJDP launched a national training and

technical assistance initiative to test the theoretical

framework of the Comprehensive Strategy in three

communities—Lee and Duval Counties, FL, and

San Diego County, CA. These pilot sites began applying the process and principles set forth in the

Comprehensive Strategy while developing comprehensive strategic plans to address juvenile delinquency. Although it is still too soon to assess the

long-term impact on juvenile crime and delinquency,

each site has benefited from the Comprehensive

Strategy planning process and has made progress in

implementing a comprehensive continuum of prevention and graduated sanctions services to reduce

juvenile crime and delinquency in the community. In

addition, the communities are finding that having

systematically developed, data-driven strategic plans

is putting them in a better position to leverage Federal, State, local, and foundation funds to achieve

their strategic goals.

In 1997 and 1998, OJJDP expanded the training

and technical assistance initiative to eight States—

Florida, Iowa, Maryland, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas, and Wisconsin. During FY 1999, the

eight States continued to develop and/or implement

their local comprehensive plans. A sampling of these

plans is available on OJJDP’s Web site at

www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/strategy/pubs.html. OJJDP

continued to provide technical assistance, information,

and guidance workshops to other States and sites

interested in developing a Comprehensive Strategy.

In FY 2000, OJJDP began a process evaluation of

the Comprehensive Strategy through its management evaluation contract with Caliber Associates of

Fairfax, VA.

The three pilot sites’ experiences are described fully

in an OJJDP Bulletin, The Comprehensive Strategy:

Lessons Learned From the Pilot Sites. The Bulletin and

the Guide are available from the Juvenile Justice

Clearinghouse (see page 48, under “How To Access

Information From JJC”).

SafeFutures: Partnerships To

Reduce Youth Violence and

Delinquency

OJJDP has been supporting the SafeFutures: Partnerships To Reduce Youth Violence and Delinquency program since 1995. The program emphasizes the importance of providing a continuum of

care at all developmental stages for juveniles who

are at risk of delinquency. Since 1995, OJJDP has

awarded annual grants of up to $1.4 million each

year to Boston, MA; Contra Costa County, CA; Fort

Belknap, MT; Imperial County, CA; St. Louis, MO;

and Seattle, WA. The sites are developing comprehensive plans that provide appropriate prevention,

intervention, and treatment services and graduated

sanctions for at-risk and delinquent youth.

During FY 1999, the sites focused on refining this

continuum-of-care approach by better integrating

and coordinating services in their communities.
46 FY 1999

Annual Report

Imperial County, for example, is implementing a coordinated system of care for youth and families that

includes providing comprehensive assessment and

case planning, linking resources and services,

monitoring service delivery and outcomes, and advocating on behalf of children and families. Several

sites also made significant progress with systems

change activities, such as implementing permanent

changes in policy and resource allocations. Boston,

for example, reallocated city funds to maintain and

expand afterschool programs and aftercare services

for youth who have been in secure confinement. After conducting an assessment of the community’s

gang problem, Contra Costa County refocused city

and county resources to target the most violent

gangs.

OJJDP committed a cadre of training and technical

assistance resources to SafeFutures and is funding a

national evaluation to determine the success of the

initiative and track lessons learned at each of the six

sites. The Urban Institute of Washington, DC, is

conducting the evaluation.
FY 1999 47

Annual Report

Chapter 8

Getting the Word Out

Sharing information—about research, statistics, and

programs that work—with practitioners, policymakers, and the public has been a priority at

OJJDP for the past several years, including FY

1999. To help expand its audiences, OJJDP used a

variety of formats to “get the word out” about effective programs and new initiatives. These formats included advertising campaigns, electronic products

(such as CD–ROM’s, listservs, and Web sites),

print publications, and satellite videoconferences.

OJJDP’s dissemination efforts in FY 1999 addressed a number of key national issues, including

family intervention programs, juveniles in the criminal justice system, school safety and violence, and

youth gangs. This chapter highlights several of these

activities, illustrating OJJDP’s efforts to keep the

juvenile justice field informed about its work.

Investing in Youth for a Safer

Future: A Public Education

Campaign

OJJDP and the Bureau of Justice Assistance have

been supporting the National Crime Prevention

Council’s public advertising campaign Investing in

Youth for a Safer Future since 1997. The goal of the

campaign is to motivate young people and adults to

get involved and support effective solutions to

crime. Members of the Advertising Council, Inc.,

volunteered their time and creative talents to develop a series of public service announcements

(PSA’s) for television, radio, magazines, and billboards. The PSA’s include two toll-free numbers for

teens and adults. Teens can call 800–722–TEENS to

receive a free brochure that lists ideas and resources

for getting involved in crime prevention activities.

Adults can call 800–WE–PREVENT to receive a free

booklet about effective programs and other activities

that can help provide support for crime prevention

in their communities. Spanish-language versions of

the ads are also being produced.

Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse

OJJDP’s primary vehicle for disseminating information is the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse in

Rockville, MD. The Clearinghouse is a “one-stop

shop” that offers toll-free telephone and online access

to a wealth of information, provides reference services and referrals, represents OJJDP at national

conferences, and produces and distributes OJJDP

publications. The Clearinghouse is a component of

the National Criminal Justice Reference Service.

The Clearinghouse’s online endeavors were particularly successful in FY 1999 and included a redesign

of OJJDP’s informative Web site (www.ojjdp.

ncjrs.org). The site features juvenile justice facts

and figures, grants and funding information from

OJJDP and other agencies, a calendar of upcoming

OJJDP-sponsored and youth-focused conferences,

and publications. The site also includes mini-Web

pages for a number of important OJJDP initiatives,

including the Coordinating Council on Juvenile

Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Drug-Free

Communities Support Program, Juvenile Mentoring

Program, Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block

Grants Program, and Program of Research on the

Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. The Clearinghouse also created topical Web pages related to

gangs, guns, and school violence. The Web site remained extremely popular last year and was accessed

more than 416,000 times (a 160-percent increase

from FY 1998).

The Clearinghouse also oversees JUVJUST, an

electronic mailing list of more than 4,500 subscribers.

JUVJUST alerts subscribers to new documents,
48 FY 1999

Annual Report

funding opportunities, and other OJJDP news.

Subscribers received 131 postings from OJJDP in

FY 1999. (To subscribe to JUVJUST, go to the

Web page, select “About OJJDP,” then select

“Keep Informed,” and follow the instructions.)

The Clearinghouse also provided support for two

high-profile activities in 1999: the antiviolence campaign sponsored by MTV (described on pages 5–6)

and Attorney General Janet Reno’s appearance on

Larry King Live, a television show on which she discussed school violence. The Clearinghouse answered

calls from viewers requesting two OJJDP publications the Attorney General discussed on the show:

Early Warning, Timely Response: A Guide to Safe Schools

and Sharing Information: A Guide to the Family Education Rights and Privacy Act and Participation in Juvenile

Justice Programs. The Clearinghouse received more

than 4,000 calls and online orders for the publications as a result of the Attorney General’s appearance on the show.

The Clearinghouse also produces many of OJJDP’s

publications, including research and statistical reports, OJJDP Bulletins and Fact Sheets, and the

OJJDP journal Juvenile Justice. During FY 1999,

the Clearinghouse produced 117 OJJDP documents, a 65-percent increase from FY 1998, and

distributed more than 4 million documents, a

50-percent increase from the prior year. Some of

these publications are described below.

The Clearinghouse also responded to almost 60,000

requests (a 27-percent increase from FY 1998) received on its toll-free number.

Major Publications

OJJDP produced a number of major new publications in FY 1999 that addressed critical issues in the

forefront of juvenile justice. One of these new publications, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National

Report (described on pages 4–5), provides the crucial

facts and analyses policymakers and practitioners

need to effectively address juvenile crime and victimization. Other publications mentioned earlier in

this Report include Bulletins addressing school violence (see page 18), Portable Guides to Investigating Child Abuse to help law enforcement address

child abuse and the exploitation of children (see

page 36), and Promising Strategies To Reduce Gun Violence (see page 42). Additional highlights of

OJJDP’s FY 1999 publication efforts include a Report on OJJDP research and several new publications in the Family Strengthening and Youth Gang

Series of Bulletins. The publications described below are all available from the Juvenile Justice

Clearinghouse (see instructions at the bottom of this

page, under “How To Access Information From

JJC”). A complete list of OJJDP publications released in FY 1999 appears in the appendix.

Family Strengthening Series of Bulletins

It is widely accepted that increases in delinquency

and violence over the past decade are rooted in a

number of interrelated social problems—child abuse

and neglect, alcohol and drug abuse, youth conflict

and aggression, and early sexual involvement—that

may originate within the family unit. As such, a key

principle of OJJDP’s delinquency prevention strategy is to help strengthen the family and provide resources to families and communities. To do this, the

Office developed the Family Strengthening Series,

which discusses the effectiveness of family intervention programs. Bulletins published under this series

in FY 1999 include the following:

✦ Effective Family Strengthening Interventions summarizes research on the crucial role of the family in

preventing juvenile delinquency, the principles of

effective family strengthening interventions to

How To Access Information From JJC

Phone: 800–638–8736

Fax: 301–519–5600

E-mail: askncjrs@ncjrs.org (to ask questions)

Web site: www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org

www.ncjrs.org/puborder (to order publications)
FY 1999 49

Annual Report

prevent juvenile delinquency and child abuse, and

OJJDP’s Strengthening America’s Families Initiative, a training and technology transfer program that has identified 25 effective family

strengthening programs from around the Nation.

✦ Parents AnonymousSM : Strengthening Families describes Parents Anonymous, Inc., a national child

abuse prevention organization that teaches parents how to ask for help, use appropriate community resources, and build supportive, positive peer

relationships for themselves and their children.

The Bulletin discusses the organizational structure and various components of the program,

including parent leaders, professionally trained

facilitators, volunteers, specialized children’s programs, public awareness campaigns, and helplines. It also describes the populations the

program serves, a typical Parents AnonymousSM

meeting, and barriers that keep many families

from seeking and using the help that is available.

In addition, the Bulletin highlights two examples

of Parents AnonymousSM programs: one serving

Hispanic families in East Los Angeles and

another serving American Indian families in

Montana.

✦ Preparing for the Drug Free Years describes the Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY) parenting program and summarizes results of studies of

the program. The goal of PDFY is to empower

parents of children ages 8 to 14 to reduce the

risks that their children will abuse drugs and alcohol or develop other common adolescent problems. PDFY teaches parents how to reduce

critical risk factors and enhance protective factors

that are especially important during the late elementary and middle school years.

✦ Preventing Violence the Problem-Solving Way examines the effectiveness of parents teaching interpersonal cognitive problem-solving (ICPS) skills to

their children (see page 18).

✦ Treatment Foster Care describes an alternative to

corrections and group care facilities. The Treatment Foster Care (TFC) program places juvenile

offenders who require residential treatment with

foster families who are trained to provide close

supervision, fair limits, consistent consequences,

and a supportive relationship. The TFC model

has proved to be relatively effective when compared with other community-based treatment

models. Placement in TFC provides juvenile delinquents with a relatively nonrestrictive experience and promotes learning and adjustment in a

family setting, increasing the possibility of future

progress.

Juvenile Justice Journal

OJJDP also publishes Juvenile Justice, a journal

dedicated to exploring a range of topics about juvenile delinquency and prevention programs. OJJDP

produced two issues during FY 1999. One of these

issues (volume V, number 2) addresses the problem

of juvenile drug abuse and includes an interview

with the Director of the Center for Substance Abuse

Prevention and articles about juvenile drug courts

and environmental approaches to reducing underage

drinking. The second issue (volume VI, number 1)

focuses on the increasing involvement of female offenders in the juvenile justice system and programs

that are addressing the needs of these juveniles.

OJJDP also published an issue in FY 2000

(volume VI, number 2) that addresses the 100th

anniversary of the juvenile court (see page 4).

OJJDP Research: Making a Difference for

Juveniles

To know where the Nation’s juveniles are headed,

policymakers and practitioners need to be fully informed about where they are and where they have

been. Most important, they need to know if current

efforts are working to keep youth from becoming

involved in negative behaviors. To help the Nation

learn this, OJJDP oversees a wide-ranging program of research, comprehensive evaluations, data

collection, and analyses focusing on juvenile crime,

delinquency, and victimization. OJJDP Research:

Making a Difference for Juveniles describes key research initiatives undertaken by OJJDP from 1996
50 FY 1999

Annual Report

through 1998 and presents key findings from these

initiatives. The Report summarizes critical research

about serious and violent juvenile offenders, the

causes and correlates of delinquency, school violence, gangs, and juvenile detention. It summarizes

what has been learned about these topics, explains

what the findings mean, highlights how OJJDP is

using research to address community needs and support communitywide responses to juvenile crime,

and provides a selective bibliography for readers interested in more information.

Youth Gang Series of Bulletins

As noted earlier in this Report (see pages 40–41),

OJJDP is funding several programs to help communities address youth gang violence. As part of this

effort, the Office developed the Youth Gang Series,

which delves into many of the key issues related to

youth gangs. Bulletins published under this series in

FY 1999 include the following:

✦ Gang Members on the Move explores how key terms

such as “gang,” “gang proliferation,” and “gang

migration” are defined; how and whether gang

migration affects gang proliferation; and what

trends are reported in research literature. The

increase in gang migration in recent years has

generated the need for the issue to be assessed

based on empirical evidence. This Bulletin provides information to help communities that are

attempting to address gang-related problems gain

a clear understanding of patterns of gang migration and an accurate assessment of local, or indigenous, gang membership.

✦ Gang Membership, Delinquent Peers, and Delinquent

Behavior describes the findings of OJJDP-funded

longitudinal research involving juveniles in Rochester, NY, and Seattle, WA. Researchers examined whether gang membership contributes to

delinquency above and beyond the influence of

associating with delinquent peers. Data from both

studies provide strong and consistent evidence

that being a gang member increases the rate of

involvement in a variety of deviant behaviors over

and above the impact of having delinquent peers.

According to the Bulletin, gang membership significantly predicts delinquency, even when controlling for other predictors of both delinquency

and gang membership.

✦ The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection analyzes the relationships among youth gangs, drugs,

and violent crime. The Bulletin examines whether

drug trafficking is a primary activity of youth

gangs and a main cause of violence in youth gangs

or only a correlate and also looks at other causes

of gang violence. The authors conclude that few

data exist to support the popular image of gang

migration for the explicit purpose of establishing

drug trafficking operations in distant locations

and that interstate drug trafficking is mainly the

province of adult criminal organizations.

Reducing Youth Violence: A

Comprehensive Approach

(CD–ROM)

In FY 1999, OJJDP released a multimedia CD–

ROM that provides juvenile justice practitioners,

researchers, and policymakers with publications,

technical assistance resources, and a wealth of information about successful prevention and intervention

programs for troubled youth. The CD–ROM, Reducing Youth Violence: A Comprehensive Approach, includes

the following:

✦ More than 20 minutes of narration, video, tutorial, and animation files.

✦ More than 8,000 pages of information from 48

successful programs.

✦ A total of 132 technical assistance resource

listings.

✦ The full text of more than 200 publications from

OJJDP (12,000 pages of text).

✦ Abstracts and ordering information for another

485 publications.

✦ More than 2,000 graphs, tables, and charts.
FY 1999 51

Annual Report

✦ More than 150 links to Web sites and e-mail

addresses.

Information on the CD–ROM, which would require

more than 45 reams of paper if printed out, is easily

accessible and clearly organized around 5 key topics: breaking the cycle of violence; creating opportunities for youth; mobilizing communities; reducing

gangs, guns, and drugs; and strengthening the juvenile justice system. Each topic is divided into subcategories to help users find more specific information

regarding the particular topics of interest.

The disk comes with easy-to-use installation instructions, and the company that produced the disk for

OJJDP, Imagen Multimedia Corporation, has established a Web site (www.ojjdp.com) for users who

may require additional assistance or information.

Minimum computer requirements and system specifications are printed on the CD–ROM cover. The

disk also includes a search function that allows users

with Internet access to connect directly to many of

the organizations described on the CD–ROM. This

CD–ROM is available for free from the Juvenile

Justice Clearinghouse (see page 48, under “How To

Access Information From JJC”).

Satellite Videoconferencing

OJJDP has been using satellite telecommunications

for several years to effectively and efficiently provide training and information to juvenile justice

practitioners. Satellite videconferencing is a costeffective way to deliver consistent training and information to individuals who live in geographically diverse areas. Through FY 1999, OJJDP and its

grantee, Eastern Kentucky University of Richmond,

KY, have produced 20 videoconferences on a number of topics, including conditions of confinement in

juvenile corrections and detention facilities; community collaboration; effective programs for serious,

violent, and chronic juvenile offenders; youthoriented community policing; juvenile boot camps;

and conflict resolution for youth.

OJJDP held four successful videoconferences during FY 1999. Each videoconference reached an average of 607 sites and 18,000 viewers.

Juveniles in the Criminal Justice System examined

trends in prosecuting juveniles as if they were adult

criminal offenders, presented recent research on the

impact of these changes on the justice system and

incarcerated youth, and discussed implications for

the future. Panelists included a researcher, juvenile

court judge, State’s attorney, State representative,

and State director of public safety and corrections.

What About Girls? Females and the Juvenile Justice System focused on issues regarding gender-specific services for females. Nationally recognized experts and

service providers discussed programs for juvenile

females that States and local jurisdictions could begin using immediately. The telecast highlighted the

PACE Center for Girls of Jacksonville, FL; an initiative of the Pulaski County Juvenile Court of

Little Rock, AR; and the Harriet Tubman Residential Center of Auburn, NY.

OJJDP also sponsored two videconferences that

addressed school safety. The first, produced in partnership with the Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program of the U.S. Department of Education, provided satellite coverage of the White House

Conference on School Safety hosted by President

Clinton on October 15, 1998. The day-long conference included a policy address by the President,

panel discussions, and an audience participation session that explored best practices and model school

safety strategies. The goals of the conference included building on the existing body of knowledge

about young people and aggressive or violent behavior, learning from experts about safety and discipline

in schools, sharing best practices and exploring new

solutions, and developing strategies to put these

safety models in place in schools and communities.

Promising Practices for Safe and Effective Schools was

broadcast live from Safe and Effective Schools for

All Students: What Works, a national invitational
52 FY 1999

Annual Report

meeting sponsored by the U.S. Departments of Education, Health and Human Services, Justice, and

others. Six-person teams from each State were invited to exchange information and strategies promoting safe and effective schools. Former First Lady

Rosalynn Carter gave opening remarks at the

conference.

Copies of these and other past videoconferences are

available for purchase from the Juvenile Justice

Clearinghouse. To order, call 800–638–8736 or go

to OJJDP’s Web site (www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org), select

“Calendar of Events,” then “Other OJJDP Conference and Training Resources,” then “Teleconference

Series.”
FY 1999 53

Annual Report

Summary and Conclusion

OJJDP recognizes that although juvenile crime and

violence are continuing to decline, many problems

still need to be addressed. Juvenile gang and gun

violence remain critical issues. The use of alcohol

and drugs continues to demand the attention of communities and law enforcement agencies. Many children are victimized, both physically and sexually,

and now face a new threat: online exploitation.

OJJDP addressed these and many other issues in

FY 1999 by funding an array of research, evaluation,

demonstration, training, and technical assistance

projects. To ensure that information about these and

other activities reaches a broad audience, OJJDP

continues to make sharing information a priority.

The Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent,

and Chronic Juvenile Offenders continued to guide

much of OJJDP’s work during FY 1999, as it has

for the past several years. The Comprehensive Strategy is a research-based framework that calls for addressing juvenile delinquency and crime by using

community-based prevention programs that reduce

risk factors and provide buffering protective factors.

Tenets of the Comprehensive Strategy run through

many of the programs OJJDP supported in FY

1999, programs designed to help communities prevent delinquency, address school violence, strengthen the juvenile justice system, reduce the victimization of children, improve and support law

enforcement efforts, and develop comprehensive

strategies.

OJJDP had many accomplishments during FY

1999, including implementation of two major new

programs. The Safe Schools/Healthy Students Initiative, a joint effort with the U.S. Departments of

Education and Health and Human Services, is helping 54 communities implement communitywide programs to make their schools safe and drug free and

to promote healthy childhood development. The

Tribal Youth Program is helping 34 American Indian

and Alaska Native tribal communities develop programs to prevent and control youth violence and

substance abuse. OJJDP also released a major new

Report in FY 1999: Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999

National Report provides a wealth of reliable information

about juvenile crime, victimization, and the

operations of juvenile justice systems across the

Nation.

OJJDP also supported a number of programs in

FY 1999 to help prevent delinquency or intervene

when delinquent or status offense behavior first

occurs. The Office initiated two new arts programs

that are helping nine communities use the arts to

steer at-risk youth away from crime and delinquency

and reintegrate juvenile offenders into their communities. OJJDP also supported three educationrelated initiatives. The Juvenile Mentoring Program

is funding one-to-one mentoring programs in 40

States for youth at risk of educational failure. The

Truancy Reduction Demonstration Program is helping eight communities develop comprehensive approaches to prevent truancy and intervene early

with youth who start skipping school. Another initiative is helping educators address the issue of hate

crimes.

School violence remains a national concern, and

OJJDP funded a number of programs during FY

1999 to help schools and communities address this

issue. The National Resource Center for Safe

Schools provides information and training and technical assistance on a broad range of school-related

issues, including hate crimes, gang activities, sexual

harassment, and bullying. The National Center for

Conflict Resolution Education is helping to integrate

conflict resolution education programs into schools,

juvenile facilities, and youth-serving organizations.

The Hamilton Fish National Institute on School and

Community Violence is evaluating the effectiveness

of school violence prevention methods and developing effective violence prevention strategies. OJJDP

also published several Bulletins during FY 1999 that

address school violence.

The Office continued to develop and fund programs

to help communities and States strengthen their
54 FY 1999

Annual Report

juvenile justice systems. The Balanced and Restorative Justice project promotes programs that restore

the rights of victims, hold juvenile offenders accountable to victims, and protect communities. The

Community Assessment Centers (CAC) program is

helping four communities implement OJJDP’s CAC

model, which has four key elements: a single point of

entry, immediate and comprehensive assessments, a

management information system, and integrated case

management. Several OJJDP formula and block

grants programs also are designed to help strengthen

the juvenile justice system. The Formula Grants program helps States, U.S. territories, and the District of

Columbia (hereinafter referred to as States) meet

four core statutory requirements and implement comprehensive strategies based on detailed studies of

needs in their jurisdictions. The Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants program helps States

and local jurisdictions implement accountabilitybased reforms in 12 program purpose areas. The

State Challenge Activities program encourages States

to address problems or issues in 1 or more of 10 specific program areas. The Office also continued to

fund more than 100 training and technical assistance

projects to help practitioners and policymakers address juvenile crime and victimization.

Recognizing that many children are victimized,

OJJDP supported several programs to help reduce

the victimization of children. The Safe Kids/Safe

Streets: Community Approaches to Reducing Abuse

and Neglect and Preventing Delinquency program

is helping five communities develop coordinated responses to child abuse and neglect. The Safe Start

Initiative is helping nine sites intervene early to protect children exposed to violence from further violence and to provide them with the treatment they

need to recover. OJJDP also continued to fund the

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children

(NCMEC), which has assisted in the recovery of

hundreds of children, and a national research study

that is gathering data about missing, runaway, and

thrownaway children. To help protect children from

online exploitation, OJJDP is helping 10 jurisdictions develop multijurisdictional, multiagency task

forces to prevent and respond to Internet crimes.

OJJDP and NCMEC also provided training and

technical assistance and published several documents addressing the victimization of children.

OJJDP sponsored several initiatives in FY 1999 to

enhance public safety and help law enforcement

agencies respond to serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders. Several of these initiatives address

the Nation’s gang problem, including one that is

helping five jurisdictions implement a comprehensive, communitywide response to gangs. OJJDP

also funded the National Youth Gang Center and a

gang prevention program operated by the Boys &

Girls Clubs of America. Juvenile gun violence remains a national concern, and OJJDP is helping

three communities implement partnerships to reduce

this violence. The Office also published a Report

that describes 60 promising strategies to reduce gun

violence. The Enforcing the Underage Drinking

Laws Program is helping States strengthen law

enforcement’s responses to underage drinking.

OJJDP continued to help communities develop

comprehensive, community-based programs to reduce juvenile delinquency and victimization and

keep the public safe. The Office is providing training

and technical assistance to help eight States implement the Comprehensive Strategy. The Title V

Community Prevention Grants Program provides

grants to States to design and implement communitybased delinquency prevention plans that meet their

local needs. The Office also is helping six communities develop comprehensive plans that provide a

continuum of care for juveniles at risk of delinquency

under the SafeFutures: Partnerships To Reduce

Youth Violence and Delinquency program.

Sharing information about research, statistics, and

programs that work remains an OJJDP priority,

and during FY 1999, OJJDP used a variety of formats to do this. The Office published more than 100

documents, sponsored several satellite videoconferences, made key information available on

CD–ROM’s, and continued to support and enhance

its online activities. New publications released in FY

1999 addressed a variety of topics, including family

strengthening, juvenile gangs, OJJDP research,

drug abuse, and gender issues.
FY 1999 55

Annual Report

The activities supported in FY 1999 exemplify the

type of programming the Office believes is necessary

to ensure that juvenile delinquency and crime continue to decline. The Office built its FY 1999 programming around the continuum of activity called for

in the Comprehensive Strategy. As such, OJJDP

used the results of its research, evaluation, and statistical endeavors to design and implement model demonstration programs, replicate successful programs,

and provide comprehensive and targeted training and

technical assistance. Many of these activities emphasize the need for communities and jurisdictions to

work together to design programs that target local

needs, coordinate resources, and involve a variety of

agencies and citizens. The activities highlighted in

this Report demonstrate how OJJDP is using its

national leadership role to strengthen the Nation’s

response to juvenile delinquency and victimization.
FY 1999 57

Annual Report

Appendix

OJJDP Publications Produced in FY 1999

The following publications are available through

OJJDP’s Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (JJC).

For ordering information, see page 48, “How To

Access Information From JJC.”

Blueprints: A Violence Prevention Initiative

(Fact Sheet), FS–99110

Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program (Fact

Sheet), FS–99100

The Coach’s Playbook Against Drugs (Portable Guide),

NCJ 173393

Community Assessment Centers (Fact Sheet),

FS–99111

Community Policing and Youth (Bulletin),

NCJ 178233

Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Intervention (Fact

Sheet), FS–9994

Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts, 1996

(Fact Sheet), FS–99109

Delinquency Cases Waived to Criminal Court, 1987–1996

(Fact Sheet), FS–9999

Detention in Delinquency Cases, 1987–1996

(Fact Sheet), FS–99115

Detention Diversion Advocacy: An Evaluation (Bulletin),

NCJ 171155

Developing and Administering Accountability-Based

Sanctions for Juveniles (JAIBG Bulletin),

NCJ 177612

Disproportionate Minority Confinement: Lessons Learned

From Five States (Bulletin), NCJ 173420

Effective Family Strengthening Interventions

(Family Strengthening Series Bulletin),

NCJ 171121

Employment and Training for Court-Involved Youth: An

Overview (Fact Sheet), FS–99102

Enforcing the Underage Drinking Laws Program (Fact

Sheet), FS–99107

Families and Schools Together (Fact Sheet),

FS–9888

Focus on Accountability: Best Practices for Juvenile Court

and Probation (JAIBG Bulletin),

NCJ 177611

Forming a Multidisciplinary Team To Investigate Child

Abuse (Portable Guide), NCJ 170020

Gang Members on the Move (Youth Gang Series

Bulletin), NCJ 171153

Gang Membership, Delinquent Peers, and Delinquent

Behavior (Youth Gang Series Bulletin),

NCJ 171119

A Guide to Combating Juvenile DUI (Fact Sheet),

FS–99114

Guide for Implementing the Balanced and Restorative

Justice Model (Report), NCJ 167887

Guidelines for Screening Care Providers (Fact Sheet),

FS–9992

Highlights of the 1996 National Youth Gang Survey (Fact

Sheet), FS–9886

Highlights of the 1997 National Youth Gang Survey (Fact

Sheet), FS–9997
58 FY 1999

Annual Report

Highlights of Findings From the Denver Youth

Survey (Fact Sheet), FS–99106

Highlights of Findings From the Pittsburgh Youth Study

(Fact Sheet), FS–9995

Highlights of Findings From the Rochester Youth

Development Study (Fact Sheet), FS–99103

Implementing the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model

(Fact Sheet), FS–99112

Innovative Approaches to Juvenile Indigent Defense

(Bulletin), NCJ 171151

Investing in Youth for a Safer Future (Fact Sheet),

FS–9998

Job Training for Juveniles: Project CRAFT (Fact Sheet),

FS–99116

Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants: Strategic

Planning Guide (Summary), NCJ 172846

Juvenile Arrests 1997 (Bulletin), NCJ 173938

Juvenile Arson, 1997 (Fact Sheet), FS–9991

Juvenile Court Processing of Delinquency Cases,

1986–1995 (Fact Sheet), FS–99101

Juvenile Court Processing of Delinquency Cases,

1987–1996 (Fact Sheet), FS–99104

Juvenile Court Statistics 1996 (Report), NCJ 168963

Juvenile Mentoring Program 1998 Report to Congress

(Report), NCJ 173424

Juvenile Offenders in Residential Placement, 1997

(Fact Sheet), FS–9996

Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report

(Report), NCJ 178257

Juvenile Vandalism, 1996 (Fact Sheet), FS–9885

Model Courts Serve Abused and Neglected Children

(Fact Sheet), FS–9990

1996 National Youth Gang Survey (Summary),

NCJ 173964

Offenders in Juvenile Court, 1996 (Bulletin),

NCJ 175719

OJJDP Annual Report (1998) (Report),

NCJ 178892

OJJDP Research: Making a Difference for Juveniles

(Report), NCJ 177602

Parents AnonymousSM: Strengthening Families

(Family Strengthening Series Bulletin),

NCJ 171120

Prenatal and Early Childhood Nurse Home Visitation

(Bulletin), NCJ 172875

Preparing for the Drug Free Years (Family

Strengthening Series Bulletin), NCJ 173408

Preventing Violence the Problem-Solving Way (Family

Strengthening Series Bulletin), NCJ 172847

Promising Strategies To Reduce Gun Violence

(Report), NCJ 173950

Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Intensive Aftercare

(Bulletin), NCJ 175715

1998 Report to Congress: Title V Incentive Grants for Local

Delinquency Prevention Programs (Report),

NCJ 176342

Report to Congress on Juvenile Violence Research

(Report), NCJ 176976

Residential Placement of Adjudicated Youth, 1987–1996

(Fact Sheet), FS–99117

School and Community Interventions To Prevent Serious

and Violent Offending (Bulletin) NCJ 177624

State Legislative Responses to Violent Juvenile Crime:

1996–97 Update (Bulletin), NCJ 172835

Strategies To Reduce Gun Violence (Fact Sheet),

FS–9993
FY 1999 59

Annual Report

A Study of Juvenile Transfers to Criminal Court in Florida

(Fact Sheet), FS–99113

Title V: Community Prevention Grants Program (Fact

Sheet), FS–9889

Training and Technical Assistance for Indian Nation

Juvenile Justice Systems (Fact Sheet), FS–99105

Treatment Foster Care (Bulletin), NCJ 173421

Tribal Youth Program (Fact Sheet), FS–99108

Trying Juveniles as Adults in Criminal Court: An Analysis

of State Transfer Provisions (Report), NCJ 172836

Use of Computers in the Sexual Exploitation of Children

(Portable Guide), NCJ 170021

The Youngest Offenders, 1996 (Fact Sheet),

FS–9887

The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection (Youth

Gang Series Bulletin), NCJ 171152

Youth Out of the Education Mainstream: A North Carolina

Profile (Bulletin), NCJ 176343

Juvenile Justice Journal

Volume V, Number 2, December 1998, NCJ

173425: Focuses on juvenile drug and alcohol abuse.

Volume VI, Number 1, October 1999, NCJ 178254:

Focuses on the role of gender in juvenile justice

matters.

Youth in Action Publications

Community Cleanup (Bulletin), NCJ 171690

Cross-Age Teaching (Bulletin), NCJ 171688

Hands Without Guns (Fact Sheet), YFS–9903

Make a Friend—Be a Peer Mentor (Bulletin),

NCJ 171691

Meetings—Make Them Work! (Bulletin),

NCJ 171692

Plan A Special Event! (Bulletin), NCJ 171689

Stand Up and Start a School Crime Watch!

(Bulletin), NCJ 171123

Teens, Crime, and the Community (Fact Sheet),

YFS–9904

Two Generations—Partners in Prevention (Bulletin),

NCJ 171687

Wipe Out Vandalism and Graffiti (Bulletin),

NCJ 171122

Youth Crime Watch of America (Fact Sheet),

YFS–9902

Youth Preventing Drug Abuse (Bulletin),

NCJ 171124
JUVJUST–OJJDP’s

E-mail Information Resource

Discover JUVJUST and access the latest juvenile justice

information from the Office of Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention and the field, including

announcements of newly released publications, grants

and funding opportunities, and upcoming conferences.

Announcements are posted by OJJDP several times a week.

JUVJUST is a free service that is

available to anyone with Internet e-mail.

Subscribe now by completing the following steps:

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Tell us what you think about JUVJUST.

Please send your comments and suggestions to askncjrs@ncjrs.org.

Subscribe to
Publications From OJJDP

OJJDP produces a variety of publications—Fact

Sheets, Bulletins, Summaries, Reports, and the

Juvenile Justice journal—along with videotapes, including broadcasts from the juvenile

justice telecommunications initiative. Through

OJJDP’s Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse (JJC),

these publications and other resources are as

close as your phone, fax, computer, or mailbox.

Phone:

800–638–8736

(Monday–Friday, 8:30 a.m.–7 p.m. ET)

Fax:

410–792–4358 (to order publications)

301–519–5600 (to ask questions)

Online:

OJJDP Home Page:

www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org

To Order Materials:

www.ncjrs.org/puborder

E-Mail:

askncjrs@ncjrs.org (to ask questions 

about materials)

Mail:

Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse/NCJRS

P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849–6000

Fact Sheets and Bulletins are also available

through fax-on-demand.

Fax-on-Demand:

800–638–8736, select option 1, select option 2,

and listen for instructions.

To ensure timely notice of new publications,

subscribe to JUVJUST, OJJDP’s electronic

mailing list.

JUVJUST Mailing List:

E-mail to listproc@ncjrs.org

Leave the subject line blank

Type subscribe juvjust your name

In addition, JJC, through the National Criminal

Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), is the repository for tens of thousands of criminal and

juvenile justice publications and resources 

from around the world. They are abstracted 

and placed in a database, which is searchable

online (www.ncjrs.org/database.htm). You are

also welcome to submit materials to JJC for 

inclusion in the database.

The following list highlights popular and recently published OJJDP documents and videotapes, grouped by topical areas.

The OJJDP Publications List (BC000115) offers

a complete list of OJJDP publications and is

also available online.

In addition, the OJJDP Fact Sheet Flier

(LT000333) offers a complete list of OJJDP

Fact Sheets and is available online.

OJJDP also sponsors a teleconference initiative, and a flier (LT116) offers a complete list of

videos available from these broadcasts.

Corrections and Detention

Beyond the Walls: Improving Conditions of

Confinement for Youth in Custody. 1998, 

NCJ 164727 (116 pp.).

Disproportionate Minority Confinement: 1997

Update. 1998, NCJ 170606 (12 pp.).

Disproportionate Minority Confinement:

Lessons Learned From Five States. 1998, 

NCJ 173420 (12 pp.).

Juvenile Arrests 1997. 1999, NCJ 173938 

(12 pp.).

Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Intensive Aftercare. 1999, NCJ 175715 (24 pp.).

Courts

Guide for Implementing the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model. 1998. NCJ 167887

(112 pp.).

Innovative Approaches to Juvenile Indigent

Defense. 1998, NCJ 171151 (8 pp.).

Juvenile Court Statistics 1996. 1999, 

NCJ 168963 (113 pp.).

Offenders in Juvenile Court, 1996. 1999, 

NCJ 175719 (12 pp.).

RESTTA National Directory of Restitution 

and Community Service Programs. 1998, 

NCJ 166365 (500 pp.), $33.50.

Trying Juveniles as Adults in Criminal Court:

An Analysis of State Transfer Provisions. 1998,

NCJ 172836 (112 pp.).

Youth Courts: A National Movement Teleconference (Video). 1998, NCJ 171149 (120 min.), $17.

Delinquency Prevention

1998 Report to Congress: Juvenile Mentoring

Program (JUMP). 1999, NCJ 173424 (65 pp.).

1998 Report to Congress: Title V Incentive

Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Programs. 1999, NCJ 176342 (58 pp.).

Combating Violence and Delinquency: The

National Juvenile Justice Action Plan (Report).

1996, NCJ 157106 (200 pp.).

Combating Violence and Delinquency: The 

National Juvenile Justice Action Plan

(Summary). 1996, NCJ 157105 (36 pp.).

Effective Family Strengthening Interventions.

1998, NCJ 171121 (16 pp.).

Juvenile Accountability Incentive Block Grants

Strategic Planning Guide. 1999, NCJ 172846

(62 pp.).

Parents Anonymous: Strengthening America’s

Families. 1999, NCJ 171120 (12 pp.).

Prenatal and Early Childhood Nurse Home

Visitation. 1998, NCJ 172875 (8 pp.).

Treatment Foster Care. 1999, NCJ 173421 

(12 pp.).

Gangs

1996 National Youth Gang Survey. 1999, 

NCJ 173964 (96 pp.).

Gang Members on the Move. 1998, 

NCJ 171153 (12 pp.).

Youth Gangs: An Overview. 1998, NCJ 167249

(20 pp.).

The Youth Gangs, Drugs, and Violence Connection. 1999, NCJ 171152 (12 pp.).

Youth Gangs in America Teleconference 

(Video). 1997, NCJ 164937 (120 min.), $17.

General Juvenile Justice

Comprehensive Juvenile Justice in State 

Legislatures Teleconference (Video). 1998, 

NCJ 169593 (120 min.), $17.

Guidelines for the Screening of Persons Working With Children, the Elderly, and Individuals

With Disabilities in Need of Support. 1998, 

NCJ 167248 (52 pp.).

Juvenile Justice, Volume VII, Number 1. 2000,

NCJ 178256 (40 pp.).

A Juvenile Justice System for the 21st Century.

1998, NCJ 169726 (8 pp.).

Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National

Report. 1999, NCJ 178257 (232 pp.).

OJJDP Research: Making a Difference for 

Juveniles. 1999, NCJ 177602 (52 pp.).

Promising Strategies To Reduce Gun Violence.

1999, NCJ 173950 (253 pp.).

Sharing Information: A Guide to the Family

Educational Rights and Privacy Act and 

Participation in Juvenile Justice Programs.

1997, NCJ 163705 (52 pp.).

Missing and Exploited Children

Portable Guides to Investigating Child Abuse

(13-title series).

Protecting Children Online Teleconference

(Video). 1998, NCJ 170023 (120 min.), $17.

When Your Child Is Missing: A Family Survival

Guide. 1998, NCJ 170022 (96 pp.).

Substance Abuse

The Coach’s Playbook Against Drugs. 1998, 

NCJ 173393 (20 pp.).

Drug Identification and Testing in the Juvenile

Justice System. 1998, NCJ 167889 (92 pp.).

Preparing for the Drug Free Years. 1999, 

NCJ 173408 (12 pp.).

Violence and Victimization

Combating Fear and Restoring Safety in

Schools. 1998, NCJ 167888 (16 pp.).

Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive

Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic 

Juvenile Offenders. 1995, NCJ 153681 

(255 pp.).

Report to Congress on Juvenile Violence 

Research. 1999, NCJ 176976 (44 pp.)

Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. 1998,

NCJ 170027 (8 pp.).

Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk

Factors and Successful Interventions Teleconference (Video). 1998, NCJ 171286 (120 min.), $17.

State Legislative Responses to Violent Juvenile

Crime: 1996–97 Update. 1998, NCJ 172835 

(16 pp.).

White House Conference on School Safety:

Causes and Prevention of Youth Violence

Teleconference (Video). 1998, NCJ 173399 

(240 min.), $17.

Youth in Action

Community Cleanup. 1999, NCJ 171690 (6 pp.).

Cross-Age Teaching. 1999, NCJ 171688 (8 pp.).

Make a Friend—Be a Peer Mentor. 1999, 

NCJ 171691 (8 pp.).

Plan A Special Event! 1999, NCJ 171689 

(8 pp.).

Planning a Successful Crime Prevention 

Project. 1998, NCJ 170024 (28 pp.).

Stand Up and Start a School Crime Watch!

1998, NCJ 171123 (8 pp.)

Two Generations—Partners in Prevention.

1999, NCJ 171687 (8 pp.).

Wipe Out Vandalism and Graffiti. 1998, 

NCJ 171122 (8 pp.).

Youth Preventing Drug Abuse. 1998, 

NCJ 171124 (8 pp.).

Revised 6/19/2000
U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Washington, DC 20531

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