NUMBER 13-08-00189-CR

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

JESUS E. COSIO, Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

On appeal from the 139th District Court

of Hidalgo County, Texas.

 OPINION ON REMAND EN BANC

Before the Court En Banc

Opinion on Remand by Justice Hill1

Appellant, Jesus E. Cosio, appeals his convictions by a jury for the offenses of 

aggravated sexual assault of a child and indecency with a child by contact. See TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 21.11, 22.011(a)(2) (West Supp. 2010). The jury assessed his 

 

1 Retired Second Court of Appeals Justice John Hill was assigned to this Court by the Chief 

Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas pursuant to the government code. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 

74.003 (West 2005).
2

punishment for two counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child at fifteen years’ and 

twenty-five years’ confinement, respectively, in the Texas Department of Criminal 

Justice—Institutional Division (―TDCJ—ID‖). Additionally, the jury assessed his 

punishment for two counts of indecency with a child by contact at ten years’ 

confinement in the TDCJ—ID with a fine of $5,000 for each of the counts. The 

imposition of the sentence of confinement for indecency with a child by contact was 

suspended, and Cosio was placed on community supervision for ten years, with the fine 

to be paid as one of the conditions for community supervision. All of the sentences 

were ordered to run concurrently.

In seven issues, Cosio contends that: (1) the jury charge contains egregious 

error because it allowed for convictions that were not unanimous (issue one); (2) his trial 

counsel was ineffective in not ensuring that extraneous offense instructions were given 

to the jury, by not preparing for the punishment hearing, in not calling a witness to 

testify, and in not objecting to the reading back of the complainant’s testimony (issues 

two, four, five, and six); (3) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support 

his convictions for indecency with a child by contact (issue three); and (4) the trial court 

erred in not granting a new trial due to a witness conversing with two jurors (issue 

seven).

In an earlier opinion, we sustained issue three in part and overruled issue three 

in part, finding that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support Cosio’s 

conviction for one count of indecency with a child by contact, but that the evidence was 

legally insufficient to support his conviction for another of the counts of indecency with a 

child by contact. Cosio v. State, 318 S.W.3d 917, 920–21 (Tex App.—Corpus Christi 
3

2010), rev’d on other grounds, Cosio v. State, No. PD-1435-10, 2011 Tex. Crim. App. 

LEXIS 1259 (Tex. Crim. App. Sept. 14, 2011). Cosio did not present any challenge to 

the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions for the offense of aggravated 

sexual assault of a child.

In our earlier opinion, we sustained issue one as to the convictions for indecency 

with a child by contact and for aggravated sexual assault of a child because the jury 

charge was erroneous in that it allowed for a non-unanimous verdict concerning what 

specific criminal act the defendant committed. 318 S.W.3d at 923. Finding that Cosio 

was egregiously harmed because he was deprived of his right to a unanimous jury 

verdict, we reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Id. at 926, 929. The Texas 

Court of Criminal Appeals reversed and remanded this cause for our consideration of 

the other issues raised by Cosio, approving of this Court’s finding that there was charge 

error which had not been waived, but holding that in view of the record, Cosio suffered 

no actual harm. The court noted that, given that the complainant’s testimony was not 

impeached, it was highly likely that the jury’s verdicts were unanimous. Cosio, 2011 

Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1259 at *22-25. We now consider Cosio’s remaining issues on 

appeal. 

Cosio contends in issue seven that the trial court erred in not granting a new trial 

due to a witness conversing with two jurors. Article 36.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal 

Procedure provides that ―no person shall be permitted to converse with a juror about the 

case on trial except in the presence and by the permission of the court.‖ TEX. CODE 

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.22 (West 2006). We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for 
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new trial based on jury misconduct for an abuse of discretion. Sneed v. State, 670 

S.W.2d 262, 266 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (en banc).

Appellant’s brother, Fernando Cosio, testified at the hearing on appellant’s 

motion for new trial that, on the morning when the jury assessed punishment, he saw 

Orlando Esquivel and Maggie Hinojosa, both assistant district attorneys, present at a 

conversation between two jurors and the mother of the complainant. He acknowledged 

that he did not mention it to his brother’s attorney or to anyone else until about a month 

later, when he mentioned it to his brother’s new attorney, Reynaldo Merino.

Hinojosa testified that she was not present at the time of any such conversation. 

Affidavits of other witnesses to the alleged conversation were introduced into evidence. 

Neither Fernando Cosio’s testimony nor any of the affidavits show that there were any 

discussions about the case. Because there was no showing of any improper discussion 

of the case, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Cosio a 

new trial on the basis of this alleged conversation. See id.

Cosio urges that there was a presumption of harm and that the State failed to 

rebut the presumption. However, as acknowledged in Cosio’s brief, the presumption of 

harm arises only when a juror converses with an unauthorized person about the case. 

See Quinn v. State, 958 S.W.2d 395, 401 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Alba v. State, 905 

S.W.2d 581, 587 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995), the other case cited by Cosio, refers to a 

presumption of injury arising merely upon a showing that there was a conversation 

between a juror and an unauthorized person. Id. However, Quinn and other more 

recent opinions state that the presumption of harm arises only when a juror converses 

with an unauthorized person about the case. See Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 
5

584 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Hughes v. State, 24 S.W.3d 833, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2000). We overrule issue seven.

 Cosio urges in issue two that his trial counsel was ineffective in not ensuring that 

extraneous offense instructions were given to the jury. In order to establish a claim of 

ineffective assistance of counsel, Cosio must show that: (1) his attorney’s 

representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a 

reasonable probability that, but for his attorney’s errors, the result of the proceeding 

would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

As we pointed out in our original opinion, the State presented evidence of more 

than one act establishing Cosio’s guilt of the various offenses alleged by the indictment 

and submitted by the charges to the jury. Cosio contends in his brief that the acts 

proved in excess of the number of charges alleged by indictment or submitted by the 

charges to the jury constitute extraneous offenses. However, inasmuch as Cosio made 

no motion seeking to require the State to elect which acts it was relying on to prove the 

charges submitted to the jury, the jury was free to consider any of the various acts 

presented by the evidence that were consistent with the charges submitted to the jury to 

establish Cosio’s guilt. That being the case, evidence of those acts did not constitute 

evidence of an extraneous offense. 

The only other possible extraneous offenses to which Cosio refers is evidence of 

something that occurred in Monterrey and a threat he made to the complainant that he 

was going to come for her family if she ever told anyone about what he had done. 

During her testimony, when asked if anything else had happened, the complainant 

replied, ―When we went to Monterrey?‖ After defense counsel began to make an 
6

objection, the State stated that it was asking the complainant about what happened in 

Mission. There was no evidence of any misconduct by Cosio in Monterrey. With 

respect to evidence of the threat, such a threat is probative of guilt. Rodriguez v. State, 

577 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979); Peoples v. State, 874 S.W.2d 804, 809 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994, pet. ref’d). Consequently, there would be no basis for a 

limiting instruction with respect to that threat. As Cosio has failed to refer us to any 

evidence that would properly be subject to a limiting instruction, we overrule issue two.

Cosio urges in issue four that his trial counsel was ineffective by not preparing for 

the punishment hearing. At Cosio’s motion for new trial hearing, his trial counsel said 

that he did not expect his client to be found guilty and that he did not have any prepared 

punishment evidence. When asked if he had prepared at all for the punishment phase, 

counsel testified that, during the half-hour allowed by the court, he spoke to family 

members. He said he requested to start the punishment phase the next day, but the 

trial court decided to go forward on the same day. The record is silent as to counsel’s 

conversations with family members. Cosio makes no suggestion as to what punishment 

evidence should have been introduced that was not introduced due to his trial counsel’s 

alleged lack of preparation of evidence. Given these facts, even if counsel’s failure to 

prepare punishment evidence constituted representation falling below an objective 

standard of reasonableness, Cosio has failed to show that, but for counsel’s error, the 

result of the proceeding would have been different. We overrule issue four. 

Cosio insists in issue five that his counsel was ineffective in failing to recall the 

complainant’s mother to testify that he shaved his pubic hair, in light of the 

complainant’s testimony that he had pubic hair. At the hearing on the motion for new 
7

trial, Cosio’s trial attorney testified, ―I – I remember in the file, in preparation for the trial, 

reading a statement by [complainant], the victim, her mother stating that the defendant, 

my client, would shave his pubic hair.‖ This testimony does not show that the 

complainant’s mother, if called to the stand to testify, would testify that Cosio’s pubic 

hair was shaved at the time the complainant testified that he had pubic hair. Therefore, 

there is no showing that counsel was ineffective for not recalling the complainant’s 

mother to the stand, or, if he were, that the result of the proceeding would have been 

any different. We overrule issue five.

Cosio argues in issue six that his counsel was ineffective for not objecting to 

having testimony read back to the jury where the jury did not indicate that there was a 

disagreement or dispute. During the jury’s deliberations, the jury presented a note 

asking for certain testimony to be read back to them. After clarifying certain portions 

they wished to have read back, those portions were read back to the jury without 

objection. The record contains no indication that there was any disagreement or 

dispute among the jurors regarding the portion of the testimony that was to be read 

back. 

Article 36.28 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides that:

In the trial of a criminal case in a court of record, if the jury disagrees as to 

the statement of any witness, they may, upon applying to the court, have 

read to them from the court reporter’s notes that part of such witness 

testimony or [sic] the particular point in dispute and no other; . . . .

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.28 (West 2006).

During the hearing on Cosio’s motion for new trial, his trial counsel testified that 

the juror’s note requesting that testimony be read back did not indicate that the jury was 
8

in disagreement. Counsel indicated that he did not object to the fact that there was no 

indication of a dispute stated by the jury because he did not think to do it.

A simple request for testimony does not, by itself, reflect disagreement, implicit or 

express, and is not a proper request under article 36.28. Howell v. State, 175 S.W.3d 

786, 790 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If Cosio’s counsel had objected, it is likely that the 

trial court would have determined whether there was a disagreement or dispute before 

reading the testimony to the jury. If there were, there would be no error in reading the 

testimony to the jury. If the trial court determined that there was no dispute but read the 

testimony to the jury anyway, there would be error. If the trial court’s error were 

determined to be harmless, it could not be said that, but for trial counsel’s failure to 

object, the result of the proceeding would have been different.

We will therefore determine whether, had Cosio’s counsel objected to the reading 

back of the testimony and the testimony was read back even though no disagreement 

or dispute were shown, any error would have been harmless. In making that 

determination, we will examine (1) the source of the error; (2) the nature of the error; (3) 

whether or to what extent it was emphasized by the State; (4) its probable collateral 

implications; (5) whether declaring the error harmless would encourage the State to 

repeat it with impunity; and (6) other relevant factors such as the overwhelming 

evidence of guilt and its ―interaction with the other evidence.‖ DeGraff v. State, 944 

S.W.2d 504, 507–08 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997), aff’d, 962 S.W.2d 596 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

The trial court erred by not ascertaining, prior to reading back the complainant’s 

testimony, whether the jury had a disagreement or dispute concerning that testimony. 
9

The error, occurring as it did after arguments had concluded, was not emphasized by 

the State. The rereading of the complainant’s testimony bolstered the State’s case. It 

has been held that our declaring such an error harmless would encourage the State to 

repeat it with impunity. Id. at 507. However, the evidence of Cosio’s guilt, as outlined in 

our prior opinion, was overwhelming. Unlike the evidence in DeGraff, the evidence was 

not conflicting. We hold that, considering all of these factors, even if counsel had 

objected and the trial court had erroneously overruled the objection because there was 

no disagreement or dispute, the error would have been harmless. That being the case, 

Cosio has failed to show that, but for any error in his counsel’s failure to object to 

reading back the testimony because of there being no showing of a disagreement or 

dispute, the result of the proceeding would have been different. We disagree with any 

contention by Cosio that the cumulative effect of any error by his trial counsel requires 

reversal. We overrule issue six. 

The judgment is affirmed.

JOHN G. HILL

JUSTICE

Publish. 

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

Delivered and filed the 

21st day of December, 2011.