# Patent

## Title
Vehicle engine operation

## Abstract

Disclosed is a system for detecting an operating state of a vehicle engine, for example, in order to arm or disarm a vehicle alarm system. The system comprises: an input coupled to a power line of a vehicle; means to filter out relatively high frequency transient noise components of a signal received from the power line; a first detector for receiving the filtered signal and detecting when transient noise associated with the power line rises above a first threshold and generating a first detection signal in response thereto; a second detector for receiving the filtered signal and detecting when the transient noise falls below a second threshold, which is lower than the first threshold, and generating a second detection signal in response thereto; and means for generating a first output signal in response to the first detection signal and a second output signal in response to the second detection signal.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to detecting an operating state of a vehicle engine, in particular, but not exclusively, for use with vehicle security systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is important for various reasons to be able to detect an operating state of a vehicle. For example, detecting whether a vehicle is being driven legitimately is important for vehicle security systems. In this case, for example, detecting that a vehicle is moving if the engine is not running could mean that the vehicle is being stolen by being towed or carried away, and then it would be important for the security system to raise an alarm.
However, reliably detecting an operating state of a vehicle engine is not a trivial task, as vehicles nowadays have many different electrical systems, at least some of which may operate even after an engine is switched off. While it is essential to detect that a vehicle is being stolen, for example, it would be highly undesirable to raise false alarms.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for detecting an operating state of a vehicle engine, the system comprising: an input for coupling in a signal from a power line of a vehicle; means to filter out relatively high frequency transient noise components of a signal received from the power line; a first detector for receiving the filtered signal and detecting when transient noise associated with the power line rises above a first threshold and generating a first detection signal in response thereto; a second detector for receiving the filtered signal and detecting when the transient noise falls below a second threshold, which is lower than the first threshold, and generating a second detection signal in response thereto; and means for generating a first output signal in response to the first detection signal and a second output signal in response to the second detection signal.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a security system utilising the system of the first aspect.
It has been appreciated that electrical noise can be monitored and used to determine whether a vehicle is being stolen. For example, systems may be arranged to detect, on a vehicle's electrical cabling, electrical noise produced by an operational alternator. This can provide a method by which it is possible to determine whether an engine is running and, hence, used to provide an arm/disarm signal for a vehicle movement detector.
However, the reliable detection of alternator noise can be complicated by additional noise induced into the cabling from other sources. Such sources may include radio sources, producing radio frequency (RF) noise, and controller area network (CAN) buses. CAN busses are found in many modern vehicles and carry data signals between the various electronic components such as on-board processors and vehicle management and monitoring systems.
The difference between noise from an operational alternator and noise from, for example, RF transmitters and CAN buses has been found to be relatively small, and, as such, relying on monitoring alternator noise alone to arm and disarm a security system has been found to be unreliable.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments of the invention, given by way of example only, which is made with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graph which illustrates a noise characteristic for a vehicle before during and after engine operation;
FIG. 2 is a high level block diagram of a circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 3a and 3b are graphs showing how elements of the circuit of FIG. 2 condition noise signals;
FIG. 4a reproduces FIG. 1 by way of comparison to FIGS. 4b-4d, which represent signal states at various points in the circuit of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a detailed circuit diagram illustrating exemplary components for the circuit of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a vehicle alarm system including a circuit according to FIG. 2 acting as an arm/disarm element.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Before describing an embodiment of the invention in greater detail, we will first describe the general characteristics of the transient noise that can be detected on a power line of a vehicle, such as a car or lorry, with reference to the transient noise graph in FIG. 1.
The vertical axis of the graph in FIG. 1 represents transient noise level measured in mV and the horizontal axis represents time. Neither the vertical axis nor the horizontal axis is to scale.
The solid curve in the graph in FIG. 1 represents how the transient noise on the power line of a vehicle changes over time before, during and after typical internal combustion engine operation.
Before the engine of the vehicle starts (that is, before time period A), the transient noise level is typically around 2 mV. This noise may results from electrical circuits that remain active while the vehicle is not in use, such as clock and car alarm circuits, and can also be induced by external electrical and RF sources.
At the beginning of the time period A, the vehicle ignition is operated in order to start the engine. This typically involves energising an electric starter motor to start the engine until it fires and then continues unassisted operation. Starter motors are typically low voltage, high current devices that, when in use, draw extremely large currents from a vehicle battery. As soon as the engine is running, it typically drives an alternator, which is responsible for re-charging the battery. For a few seconds after the starter motor has been operated, the alternator operates to generate significant charge to recharge the battery, as a consequence of the high current that has been drawn from it by the starter motor. During this time, the alternator generates significant transient noise, typically in excess of 500 mV according to the present example, as illustrated in time period A in the graph. The frequency of the noise from the alternator is governed by factors such as the number of poles in the alternator, the engine speed (in revolutions per second) and the gearing between engine revolutions and alternator revolutions. However, it is expected that alternator frequencies would typically not rise above about 1 KHz.
After the alternator has substantially recharged the battery (at the end of period A), the alternator decreases its charging activity and the associated transient noise level drops significantly to a level that is associated with normal engine operation (latter half of time period B), which is around 15-40 mV. This level of transient noise persists while the vehicle engine is in operation, though there may be noise spikes on occasion if the alternator is required to compensate for high energy use that would otherwise drain the battery. Such high energy use may be associated with the use of lots of electrical devices, such as lights, air conditioning, windshield wipers etc. during poor weather conditions.
When a vehicle engine is switched off (end of time period B), much of the transient noise associated with the engine operation also ceases. However, in many modern cars, the noise level does not drop immediately to the initial ‘engine stopped’ noise levels. For example, an electric cooling fan may continue to operate after the engine is switched off. Also, noise continues to be generated by the CAN (time period C), which can cause noise levels to remain, for example, at around 5 mV and continue at this level for several minutes, due, for example, to CAN-controlled courtesy lights operating after the engine has been switched off.
Only when the CAN noise subsides does the overall transient noise level drop back to the engine stopped noise levels of around 2 mV (after time C).
The graph in FIG. 1 illustrates transient noise that results from vehicle devices and systems. Another kind of noise, which can be induced onto and detected on vehicle power lines, is radio frequency noise produced by high power RF transmitters and especially nearby radio masts. Television transmitters, in particular, can have radiated powers of the order of 20 kW. Lower frequencies of RF noise induced by radio masts can be significant, for example exceeding a volt.
It will be appreciated that the graph in FIG. 1 is exemplary and that the curve might vary in level and form from one vehicle to another. However, the key features of high noise due to alternator activity after engine start and low noise a period of time after the vehicle has stopped are generally the same for all combustion engine driven vehicles.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the functional block diagram in FIG. 2. The diagram illustrates a transient voltage detector circuit 200 according to embodiments of the present invention.
The circuit in FIG. 2 comprises an input 205, which is typically coupled by way of a physical connection to the positive power feed of a vehicle electrical system, whereby the input signal of the circuit can be tapped from the power feed. For cars, the voltage may be around 12 V DC and for lorries it may be 24 V DC. Next, the circuit includes a DC blocking element 210 for filtering out DC, thereby permitting only transient voltage signals to pass. Next, there is a low pass filter 215 for blocking or rejecting any CAN and RF frequencies that have been induced onto the power lines. The low pass filter 215 is arranged to cut-off above about 1 KHz, which is intended to permit alternator noise to pass. However, it is expected that a higher-frequency cut-off of 1.5 KHz or even up to 2.5 KHz would still provide satisfactory operation. The dashed portion 120 of the curve of FIG. 1 shows the filtered transient noise level at the output of the low pass filter 215; whereas the solid portion 130 of the curve illustrates the unfiltered transient noise level of the power line. The resulting DC blocked and filtered signal is input to downstream parts of the circuit. The circuit then splits into two circuit paths, which will, for convenience, be denoted the ‘upper’ (or arming), path and the ‘lower’ (or disarming) path. The arming path includes a high gain element 220 and a threshold detector 225 and the disarming path includes a low gain element 230 (or no gain element) and a threshold detector 235. Outputs from each of the threshold detectors pass into a state decision logic element 240, which uses the inputs to generate an output 245, which can be used in subsequent stages (not shown in FIG. 2) for example, for arming and disarming vehicle theft system stages.
According to embodiments of the present invention, the high gain arming path in FIG. 2 is for detecting when the remaining, relatively low frequency transient noise voltage drops below voltages that are normally associated with CAN activity (when unfiltered). Detecting when the transient noise voltage drops to this level can be used to arm a security system, as illustrated by the “ARM1” point in the graph in FIG. 1. It will be appreciated that, without such filtering of the CAN noise, arming could occur, as illustrated by the ARM2 point in the graph in FIG. 1, a significant time after the engine has stopped. The low gain disarming path is for detecting when the remaining, relatively low frequency transient noise voltage rises above voltages that are normally associated with starter motor activity, or more accurately, with alternator activity after starter motor operation.
The graphs in FIGS. 3a and 3b, illustrate the signals after being conditioned by high and low gain elements, respectively, and before being input into the respective threshold detectors. The upper graph in FIG. 3a illustrates how the low noise voltage signal is amplified in order to increase the arming signal voltage to around 500 mV. The graph also illustrates that the higher voltage noise signals are typically clipped, due to amplifier saturation. The lower graph in FIG. 3b illustrates how the high voltage noise signal associated with the alternator operation has not been significantly amplified or conditioned, such that the disarming voltage level remains at around 500 mV. In this way, circuit components, and in particular threshold detectors, can conveniently be designed to operate within the same voltage ranges for both upper and lower arms. The signals in the lower path have not been clipped and the curve of the graph is substantially the same as that shown in FIG. 1.
It will be appreciated that the upper and lower paths and respective components do not need to be designed so that the arming and disarming signals are conditioned to be in the same voltage ranges. Threshold detectors can be designed to operate over different input voltage ranges. However, it is convenient to condition the signals so that similar threshold detectors can be used. In addition, in a practical circuit, it may be desirable for the gain and threshold levels in the paths to be variable, so that the circuits can be tuned to operate with different vehicles, which may subject the circuits to different levels of noise voltage.
The graphs in FIG. 4 exemplify how the inputs to the state decision logic block (that is, the outputs from the threshold detectors) and the output from the state decision logic block vary as the noise voltage levels vary. The graph in FIG. 4a is generally the same as the graph in FIG. 1, and acts merely as a timing reference for the other graphs, to identify the arming and disarming points of the noise voltage curve.
As shown in FIG. 4b, the output from the upper threshold detector, which acts as the arming circuit, is arranged to move from a high voltage state to a low voltage state when the noise voltage increases above the arming signal threshold, and then from the low voltage state to the high voltage state when the noise voltage drops below the arming signal voltage.
In contrast, as shown in FIG. 4c, the lower threshold detector, which acts as the disarming circuit, is arranged to move from a low voltage state to a high voltage state when the noise voltage level rises above the disarming voltage threshold, and then from the high voltage state to the low voltage state when the noise voltage drops below the disarming voltage signal level.
Finally, the output of the state logic block, resulting from receiving the threshold detector inputs, is shown in FIG. 4d. The state decision block produces a high voltage ‘armed’ output until the disarming voltage in FIG. 4c goes high. Thereafter, the state decision logic block maintains the low voltage ‘disarmed’ output until the arming voltage of FIG. 4b goes high.
Exemplary circuit components for the blocks of FIG. 2 are shown in the circuit diagram of FIG. 5.
In FIG. 5, an input I/P is tapped from the raw vehicle positive power rail, which, for this example is a 12V motor car positive line. The circuit is powered by a regulated positive power supply +Ve, which in this example is 9V. The input voltage from the vehicle supply is DC-blocked using an input capacitor (C1), the output of which is DC biased by a voltage divider (R1, R2) and fed into a low-pass filter section (R3, R4, A1, C2, C3). The output of the low pass filter section is again DC blocked by a capacitor (C4), the output of which is split into two arms of the circuit: an upper high gain arm and a lower low gain arm.
Considering the upper high gain arm first, the DC-blocked and low pass filtered signal feeds a high gain noise detection circuit, of which components R5, A2, R6, R7, C5, R8 are a gain element and A3, D1, C6 and R9 are a precision peak detector. The high gain noise detection circuit is arranged to amplify the input signal by a factor of 50, so that noise signals of around 2 mV are amplified to around 100 mV. The output of the high gain noise detection circuit is fed into a first threshold detector arrangement (A4, R10, R11, R12), which is arranged to switch from a low output (0V) voltage to a high output voltage when the input voltage exceeds 100 mV. The threshold detector circuit includes an inverter (N1), for inverting the output of the threshold detector for subsequent input to the state decision logic block.
The state decision logic block comprises a D-type flip-flop arrangement, of which the D-input is tied to the positive power supply +Ve and the clock input is fed by the inverted output of the first threshold detector. The effect of this is that the Q-output of the flip-flop, under normal circumstances, goes high on the positive-going edge of the clock pulse and remains high until reset.
Considering the lower low gain arm, the DC-blocked and low pass filtered signal feeds a peak detector (D2, C7, R13). The output of the low gain noise detection circuit is fed into a second threshold detector arrangement (A4, R14, R15, R16), which, in this example, is exactly the same as the first threshold detector arrangement (but with no inverter). The output of the second threshold detector circuit is arranged to switch from low output (0V) to high output (+Ve) when the input voltage exceeds 100 mV. The output is applied to the reset port of the D-type flip flop, so that, when the signal goes high, the Q-output is reset to a ‘disarmed’ low state. The output remains low until the clock input, fed by upper arm, goes high once more.
Exemplary values for the components in FIG. 5 are provided in Table 1 at the end of this description.
The overall effect of the circuit in FIG. 5 is that when the noise level on the power line drops below a first threshold (2 mV in the example in FIG. 1), the circuit generates an ARM signal, and when the noise level jumps higher than a second threshold (500 mV in the example in FIG. 1), the circuit generates a DISARM signal, wherein the first threshold is far lower than the second threshold. The voltage drop across D1 (where D1 and D2 are Schottky Diodes) is about 400 mV, which explains how the threshold of the second threshold detector can be 100 mV when the actual disarm signal voltage is 500 mV.
As shown in the exemplary graph in FIG. 1, the circuit, in effect, provides a hysteresis band between 2 mV and 500 mV, over which disarming occurs at a significantly higher noise voltage level than arming; and no arming or disarming occurs within upper and lower limits of the hysteresis band. In this example, the hysteresis band is nearly 500 mV wide and the ratio of disarming voltage to arming voltage is 250:1. Wider bands and/or higher ratios could be advantageous in some embodiments; for example, ratios could exceed 300:1, 400:1, 500:1 or more. Equally, narrow bands and/or lower ratios could be advantageous in other embodiments; for example, 200:1, 100:1, 50:1 or less. The upper and lower limits are set according to a particular vehicle's characteristics, although an arrangement suitable for a wide range of vehicles has obvious commercial advantages. In some embodiments, the disarming voltage could be of the order of 100 mV, which is still sufficiently high according to the graph in FIG. 1 to provide a reliable disarming signal level. In other embodiments, the disarming voltage could be as high as 750 mV or even a volt. However, it is important to set the levels so that, for example, an alarm is armed and disarmed at appropriate times.
It will be appreciated that the operation of the circuit in FIG. 5 may be reproduced using other arrangements including microprocessor arrangements. For example, it is possible that the operation of the low gain block, threshold detectors and state decision logic could be replaced by an appropriately programmed microprocessor or hardware such as a microcontroller or ASIC. Other arrangements are conceivable and would be apparent to the skilled person on the basis of the present description.
The diagram in FIG. 6 illustrates a transient voltage detector in a system according to embodiments of the present invention.
The transient voltage detector 600 operates as an arming circuit for an alarm system 605, which is installed in a vehicle (not shown). The alarm system 605 comprises an alarm controller 610, which controls the operation of the alarm system 605. The alarm controller 610 has an input from the transient voltage detector 600 and an input from a GPS receiver 615, which is connected to a first aerial 620 for receiving GPS signals from a GPS satellite 625. In this way, the alarm system 605 can detect the location of the vehicle. The controller 610 is also connected to a GPRS transmitter 630, which is connected to a second aerial 635, for communicating with a mobile phone mast 640. The mast 640 receives GPRS signals and forwards them, for example via an IP network 645, such as the Internet, to an alarm control centre 650. The alarm control centre receives signals from vehicle mounted alarm systems and can alert a vehicle's owner, and/or the police, if an alarm system indicates that a vehicle is being stolen.
As has already been described, the transient voltage detector 600 is arranged to arm the alarm system 605 when the noise voltage on the power line of the vehicle drops to a relatively low level, indicative of the vehicle being switched off, and disarm the alarm system 605 when the noise voltage on the power line rises above a relatively much higher level, indicative of the initial operation of an alternator, during and after operation of a starter motor.
The above embodiments are to be understood as illustrative examples of the invention. Further embodiments of the invention are envisaged. It is to be understood that any feature described in relation to any one embodiment may be used alone, or in combination with other features described, and may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the embodiments, or any combination of any other of the embodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described above may also be employed without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the accompanying claims.







TABLE 1







component values for FIG. 5










Component
Value







R1
  1M



R2
  1M



R3
  15K



R4
  15K



R5
  1M



R6
  47K



R7
  1K



R8
  1M



R9
 470K



R10
 100K



R11
 2.4M



R12
 390K



R13
  1M



R14
 100K



R15
 2.4M



R16
 390K



R17
 100K



R18
  10K











C1
10
μF



C2
6.8
nF



C3
10
nF



C4
0.1
μF



C5
0.1
μF



C6
10
μF



C7
0.1
μF










D1
BAS81



D2
BAS81



A1
LMC6042



A2
LMC6042



A3
LMC6042



A4
MAX931



A5
MAX931



N1
 4069



DFF
14013



T1
ZTX605

## Claims

1. A system for detecting an operating state of a vehicle engine, the system comprising:
an input configured to couple in a signal from a power line of a vehicle engine;
a low-pass filter configured to filter the signal received from the power line to remove transient noise components of the signal which exceed 1 kHz, the transient noise components being induced on the power line by signalling activity on a control area network of the vehicle;
a first detector configured to receive the filtered signal and detect when transient noise in the filtered signal rises above a first voltage threshold, the first voltage threshold being set at a voltage level that is lower than the voltage level of transient noise associated with operation of a high current electrical ignition system for starting the vehicle engine, and generate a first detection signal in response thereto;
a second detector configured to receive the filtered signal and detect when the transient noise in the filtered signal falls below a second voltage threshold, which is lower than the first voltage threshold and indicates that the engine has been switched off, and generate a second detection signal in response thereto; and
a circuit configured to generate a first output signal in response to the first detection signal and a second output signal in response to the second detection signal.

2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the first threshold is at a level that is higher than the level of transient noise associated with the signalling activity on a controller area network of the vehicle when the engine is running.

3. A system according to claim 1, wherein the second threshold is at a level that is lower than the level of transient noise associated with the signalling activity on a controller area network when the vehicle engine is switched off.

4. A system according to claim 1, wherein the input is configured to reject a DC component of the signal received from the power line.

5. A system according to claim 1, wherein the input rejects noise frequencies that exceed frequencies associated with alternator operation.

6. A system according to claim 1, wherein the first detector comprises a low-gain signal path and the second detector comprises a high-gain signal path.

7. A system according to claim 6, wherein the low-gain signal path includes a first threshold detector and the high-gain signal path includes a second threshold detector, wherein the first threshold detector and the second threshold detector operate within the same voltage range.

8. A security system for a vehicle comprising:
an input configured to couple in a signal from a power line of a vehicle engine;
a low-pass filter configured to filter the signal received from the power line to remove transient noise components of the signal which exceed 1 KHz, the transient noise components being induced on the power line by signaling activity on a control area network of the vehicle;
a first detector configured to receive the filtered signal and detect when transient noise in the filtered signal rises above a first voltage threshold, the first voltage threshold being set at a voltage level that is lower than the voltage level of transient noise associated with operation of a high current electrical ignition system for starting the vehicle engine, and generate a first detection signal in response thereto;
a second detector configured to receive the filtered signal and detect when the transient noise in the filtered signal falls below a second voltage threshold, which is lower than the first voltage threshold and indicates that the engine has been switched off, and generate a second detection signal in response thereto; and
a circuit configured to generate a first output signal in response to the first detection signal and a second output signal in response to the second detection signal;
wherein the security system is configured to disarm on the basis of the first output signal and to arm on the basis of the second output signal.

9. A security system according to claim 8, comprising a movement detector, which is arranged to trigger an alarm signal if a respective vehicle is moved while the system is armed.

10. A security system according to claim 9, wherein the alarm signal is communicated to a detector, which is remote from the vehicle.

11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause a computing device to perform a method of detecting an operating state of a vehicle engine, the method comprising:
receiving a signal from a power line of a vehicle engine;
filtering the signal received from the power line to remove transient noise components of the signal which exceed 1 kHz, the transient noise components being induced on the power line by signalling activity on a control area network of the vehicle;
detecting when transient noise in the filtered signal rises above a first voltage threshold, the first voltage threshold being set at a voltage level that is lower than the voltage level of transient noise associated with operation of a high current electrical ignition system for starting the vehicle engine, and generating a first detection signal in response thereto;
detecting when the transient noise in the filtered signal falls below a second voltage threshold, which is lower than the first voltage threshold and indicates that the engine has been switched off, and generating a second detection signal in response thereto; and
generating a first output signal in response to the first detection signal and a second output signal in response to the second detection signal.