* Of the District of Rhode Island, sitting by designation. 

United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 03-2189 

NED ZACHAR AND JANET ZACHAR,

Plaintiffs, Appellees,

v.

JEFFREY W. LEE, SUSAN A. LEE AND 

JEFFREY W. LEE REAL ESTATE, INC.,

Defendants, Appellants. 

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

[Hon. Nancy Gertner, U.S. District Judge]

Before

Selya, Circuit Judge,

Coffin, Senior Circuit Judge,

and Smith,* District Judge.

W. Paul Needham, with whom Mark A. Johnson, was on brief for

appellants.

James A.G. Hamilton, with whom Susan E. Stenger and Perkins,

Smith & Cohen, LLP, were on brief for appellees.

April 2, 2004
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SMITH, District Judge. This appeal challenges a jury

verdict and award of $205,000 in damages for breach of the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing in connection with an

attempted sale of a home on Nantucket Island, in Massachusetts.

The Appellants Jeffrey W. Lee, Susan A. Lee, and Jeffrey W. Lee

Real Estate, Inc. (“Lee Real Estate” or the “Lees”) assert two

errors on appeal: (1) that the district court erred by denying

their motion for judgment as a matter of law brought under Rule 50

of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and (2) that the district

court should not have admitted Appellees Ned and Janet Zachar’s

(the “Zachars”) expert’s report into evidence in its entirety.

After a careful review of the record, we affirm. 

I. THE FACTS

We take the facts and the reasonable inferences therefrom

in the light most hospitable to the jury’s verdict. See Correa v.

Hosp. San Francisco, 69 F.3d 1184, 1188 (1st Cir. 1995); Sanchez v.

Puerto Rico Oil Co., 37 F.3d 712, 716 (1st Cir. 1994); Wagenmann v.

Adams, 829 F.2d 196, 200 (1st Cir. 1987).

On August 21, 1998, the Zachars, enamored with Nantucket

in summer, signed a purchase and sale agreement (the “P&S”) with

the Lees to purchase property located at 2 Anne’s Lane on Nantucket

(the “Property”). The agreed-upon purchase price for the Property

was $2,050,000. In accordance with the P&S, the Zachars made the

required ten percent deposit of $205,000 to the Lees’ attorney, and
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the purchase of the Property was scheduled to close on February 2,

1999.

Like the setting sun, however, by late December 1998, the

Zachars’ desire to purchase the Property began fading to the west

when Mr. Zachar accepted a job as a telecommunications stock

analyst in San Francisco. However, under the terms of the P&S, the

Zachars’ failure to close on the Property would result in their

forfeiture of the $205,000 deposit. In an attempt to avoid this

result, the Zachars proposed an alternative arrangement that might

allow them to recoup, in whole or in part, the deposit they placed

on the Property. On January 13, 1999, the Zachars and Lees entered

into an agreement (the “Agreement”) that required the Lees to list

the Property for sale on July 1, 1999, and keep it on the market

through February 29, 2000. Under the terms of the Agreement, if

the Property sold before February 29, 2000, the Lees were obligated

to pay the Zachars any funds in excess of the sale price set forth

in the P&S up to a maximum of $205,000.

The Agreement also provided that Lee Real Estate, as the

sole broker for the Property, would use reasonable and commercially

acceptable means to sell the Property. The Agreement provided, in

pertinent part, that:

Mr. and Mrs. Lee agree to list the

property with Lee Real Estate, Inc. for sale

commencing July 1, 1999 at a price to be

chosen by them. Lee Real Estate shall market

and attempt to sell the property in a
1 The district court docket is silent with respect to the fate

of the Zachars’ misrepresentation and conversion claims, but

pleadings filed with the district court indicate that these claims

were voluntarily dismissed with prejudice by the Zachars prior to

the case being submitted to the jury. The ch. 93A claim was tried

to the court. On July 23, 2003, the district court issued a

written decision that dismissed the ch. 93A claim on the merits. 

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reasonable commercial manner as comparable

properties are marketed on Nantucket. 

Agreement at ¶ 4. On July 1, 1999, the Lees listed the Property

for sale with Lee Real Estate. Because the median sales prices of

Nantucket homes in 1999 had been increasing substantially, Lee Real

Estate set the asking price for the Property at $2,475,000 --

approximately $500,000 higher than the price of the Property at the

time the Zachars and Lees entered into the P&S. The Lees did not

lower the asking price for the Property during the term of the

Agreement, and when the Agreement expired on February 29, 2000, the

Property had not sold. The Zachars were therefore unable to recoup

any of their $205,000 deposit. 

II. THE PROCEEDINGS BELOW

The Zachars brought suit against the Lees and their real

estate company asserting five causes of action: (1) breach of

contract; (2) misrepresentation; (3) breach of the implied covenant

of good faith and fair dealing; (4) conversion; and (5) a violation

of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A. Following a trial, the Zachars’ case

was submitted to the jury on the breach of contract and breach of

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing claims.1 The
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jury found that the Lees did not breach the Agreement and returned

a verdict on that count in their favor. However, the jury found

that the Lees breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing, and awarded the Zachars $205,000 in damages with respect

to that count.

Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 50, the Lees moved for

judgment as a matter of law at the close of the evidence and again

following the jury verdict. The district court denied both

motions. This appeal followed.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence on the Plaintiffs’

Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair

Dealing Claim.

The Lees argue that there was insufficient evidence for

the jury to conclude that they breached the implied covenant of

good faith and fair dealing. Specifically, the Lees contend that

because the jury found that they did not breach the Agreement

(including the provision regarding the reasonable marketing of the

property), it could not have considered evidence relating to the

marketing of the property to find a breach of the implied covenant.

Accordingly, the Lees contend there was insufficient evidence,

absent marketing-related evidence, to find a breach of the implied

covenant and the district court should therefore have granted their

Rule 50 motion.
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In most instances, we review de novo the district court’s

decision to deny a Rule 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law.

See Gibson v. City of Cranston, 37 F.3d 731, 735 (1st Cir. 1994).

In undertaking this review, we look to all evidence in the record,

drawing all reasonable inferences therefrom in the nonmovants’

favor, and resist the temptation to weigh the evidence or make our

own credibility determinations. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing

Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 151, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 147 L. Ed. 2d 105

(2000); Correa, 69 F.3d at 1191; Gibson, 37 F.3d at 735. We “may

reverse the denial of such a motion only if reasonable persons

could not have reached the conclusion that the jury embraced.”

Correa, 69 F.3d at 1191 (citing Sanchez, 37 F.3d at 716).

However, before we undertake this review we must be

satisfied that the Lees properly preserved their arguments for

appeal. Rule 50(a) requires that challenges to the sufficiency of

the evidence must be raised initially at the close of the evidence.

Such challenges must be sufficiently specific so as to apprise the

district court of the grounds relied on in support of the motion.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)(2); Correa, 69 F.3d at 1196.

Accordingly, a motion for judgment as a matter of law at the close

of the evidence “preserves for review only those grounds specified

at the time, and no others.” Id. (citing Sanchez, 37 F.3d at 723).

If the Rule 50(a) motion is denied and the case is submitted to a

jury, the movant must renew the motion once again in order to
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preserve the issue for appeal. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b); Martin

H. Redish, 9 Moore’s Federal Practice ¶ 50.41 (3d ed. 2003). The

grounds for the renewed motion under Rule 50(b) are limited to

those asserted in the earlier Rule 50(a) motion. See Correa, 69

F.3d at 1196 (“The movant cannot use [a Rule 50(b)] motion as a

vehicle to introduce a legal theory not distinctly articulated in

its close-of-evidence motion for a directed verdict.”); Sanchez, 37

F.3d at 723.

The Lees argued in their Rule 50(a) motion that the

Zachars’ claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and

fair dealing was “indistinguishable from their claim for breach of

contract.” They further argued that, to the extent that these

claims could be treated separately, “there was no breach of the

implied covenant.” The district court denied this motion.

Following the jury verdict, the Lees renewed their motion under

Rule 50(b). The Rule 50(b) motion tried a new tack arguing that

because the jury found in their favor on the breach of contract

claim (implicitly finding that they had acted in a commercially

reasonable manner when marketing the Property), the jury could not

have relied upon the Lees’ marketing efforts to conclude that the

Lees breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

Absent that evidence, the Lees argued that there was insufficient

evidence to support a verdict on the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing claim. Unpersuaded, the district court also
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denied this motion. In this appeal, the Lees press the same

grounds argued in the Rule 50(b) motion.

The Lees’ challenge to the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing claim is one that was not advanced in their Rule

50(a) motion. At the close of the evidence, the Lees sought

judgment as a matter of law arguing that the breach of contract and

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing

claims were essentially duplicative. Such an objection however is

simply not sufficient to preserve, and certainly cannot be read to

encompass, the legal theory underlying the Lees’ Rule 50(b) motion

and this appeal (that a finding of breach of contract is a

prerequisite to a finding of breach of the implied covenant of good

faith and fair dealing).

Given the Lees’ failure to comply with the strictures of

Rule 50, our review is limited to “‘whether the record reflects an

absolute dearth of evidentiary support for the jury’s verdict.’”

Davignon v. Clemmey, 322 F.3d 1, 13 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting Udemba

v. Nicoli, 237 F.3d 8, 13-14 (1st Cir. 2001)). Under this standard,

the district court will only be reversed when “its ruling is

obviously insupportable.” Id. (citing Udemba, 237 F.3d at 13-14).

A review of the record leaves us with no doubt that the jury had

sufficient evidence before it (albeit conflicting evidence) to

conclude that the Lees violated the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing. 
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It is apparent that the Lees developed the theory raised

in their Rule 50(b) motion only after the jury’s verdict, because

the Lees failed to object to the jury instruction on the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing claim. If the Lees

believed that the breach of a contract is a sine qua non in any

claim for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing, they would - and should – have asked for such an

instruction. They did not, and by failing to do so, the Lees

forfeited their argument to the extent that it was not forfeited by

their failure to assert those grounds in their Rule 50(a) motion.

Furthermore, even if the Lees’ argument in this appeal

could be construed as a claim that the jury’s verdicts in this case

were inconsistent (a ruling in their favor on the breach of

contract but against them with respect to the implied covenant),

such an argument would still be waived. This court has held that

objections to the inconsistency of verdicts ordinarily must be made

after the verdict is read and before the jury is discharged. See

Babcock v. General Motors Corp., 299 F.3d 60, 63-64 (1st Cir. 2002).

Here, the Lees failed to raise an objection to the verdicts before

the jury was discharged. Therefore, the Lees’ argument in this

appeal is forfeited to the extent that it amounts to a claim that

the verdicts were inconsistent. 
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B. Admission of the Expert Report in its

Entirety.

The Lees argue that the district court erred when it

admitted into evidence the entire appraisal report of Robert W.

Saben, Jr., the Zachars’ expert witness. The Lees contend that

portions of the report (specifically, those containing Saben’s

opinion that a reasonable marketing period for the Property would

have been six to twelve months) are based on an unreliable

methodology, and that Saben was not qualified to render such an

opinion.

We review a district court’s decision to admit expert

testimony for abuse of discretion. Gaydar v. Sociedad Instituto

Gineco-Quirurgico y Planificacion, 345 F.3d 15, 24 (1st Cir. 2003);

Correa v. Cruisers, a Div. of KCS Int’l, Inc., 298 F.3d 13, 24 (1st

Cir. 2002). During direct examination of Saben, his appraisal

report of the Property was offered into evidence. The Lees’

counsel objected to the admission of the entire report, but did not

specify any portions of the report. The district court admitted

the entire appraisal report into evidence. The Zachars contend

that such a general objection to the admission of an expert report

is insufficient under Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(1)(requiring objections

to the admission of evidence to state the “specific ground of

objection”), and therefore does not preserve this ground for

appeal. While the Zachars may be correct with respect to the need
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for specificity in the objection, a trial objection is not the only

avenue available to a party to preserve the right to appeal.

Prior to trial, the Lees filed a motion in limine to

prevent Saben from testifying regarding the adequacy of the Lees’

marketing efforts. This motion was denied by the district court.

The 2000 Amendment to Federal Rule of Evidence 103 specifically

provides that once the district court “makes a definitive ruling on

the record admitting . . . evidence, either at or before trial, a

party need not renew an objection . . . to preserve a claim of

error for appeal.” Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(2); accord Crowe v.

Bolduc, 334 F.3d 124, 133 (1st Cir. 2003)(holding that denial of a

motion in limine preserves an issue for appeal, despite the absence

of an objection at trial). Here, the Lees preserved their grounds

for appeal with respect to Saben’s appraisal report by filing the

motion in limine and receiving a definitive denial of that motion

on the record. Accordingly, the Lees’ inartful objection at trial

to the admission of the report does not prevent them from appealing

the admission of the appraisal report. See Crowe, 334 F.3d at 133.

Freed from this procedural snag, we turn to the substance

of the Lees’ argument. Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure sets forth the ground rules for consideration of expert

testimony. The rule provides:

If scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge will assist the trier of fact to

understand the evidence or to determine a fact

in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by
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knowledge, skill, experience, training or

education may testify thereto in the form of

an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony

is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2)

the testimony is the product of reliable

principles and methods, and (3) the witness

has applied the principles and methods to the

facts of the case.

Fed. R. Evid. 702. The Supreme Court’s decisions in Daubert v.

Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed.

2d 469 (1993), and Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 119

S. Ct. 1167, 143 L. Ed. 2d 238 (1999), guide district courts when

determining the admissibility of evidence under Rule 702. Under

the holding of Daubert, a district court must act as a “gatekeeper”

by determining “whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the

testimony is . . . valid and whether that reasoning properly can be

applied to the facts in issue.” 509 U.S. at 592-93. The court’s

assessment of reliability is flexible, but “an expert must

vouchsafe the reliability of the data on which he relies and

explain how the cumulation of that data was consistent with

standards of the expert’s profession.” SMS Sys. Maint. Servs.,

Inc. v. Digital Equip. Corp., 188 F.3d 11, 25 (1st Cir. 1999). In

Kumho Tire, the Court extended the reach of Daubert’s gatekeeping

function to cover all types of expert testimony involving technical

or otherwise specialized knowledge. 526 U.S. at 141. 

The Lees argue that Saben was not qualified to render the

opinion that a reasonable marketing period for the Property would

have been six to twelve months. Further, the Lees argue that,
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irrespective of his qualifications, Saben relied on an unreliable

methodology to reach his opinion. However, these are issues we

need not decide because even if we assume Saben was not qualified

to provide an opinion as to the marketing of the Property, and the

portion of the report in question was, in fact, the product of an

unreliable methodology, the district court’s admission of that

portion of the report would be harmless error. 

In determining whether an error is harmless, “[o]ur

inquiry is ‘whether [admission] of the evidence affected the

plaintiff[s’] substantial rights.’” Lubanski v. Coleco Indus.,

Inc., 929 F.2d 42, 46 (1st Cir. 1991) (quoting Vincent v. Louis Marx

& Co., Inc., 874 F.2d 36, 41 (1st Cir. 1989)). “‘The standard for

reviewing a district court’s nonconstitutional error in a civil

suit requires that we find such error harmless if it is highly

probable that the error did not affect the outcome of the case.’”

Moulton v. Rival Co., 116 F.3d 22, 26 (1st Cir. 1997) (quoting

Harrison v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 981 F.2d 25, 29 (1st Cir. 1992)).

The centrality of the evidence that was admitted and the

prejudicial effect of its inclusion are important factors to

consider; however, a harmless error analysis must consider the

admission of the evidence in light of the entire record. See

Vincent, 874 F.2d at 41. 

Saben’s opinion regarding a reasonable marketing period

for the Property was hardly the focus of his testimony, or of the
2 In their brief, the Lees contend that the Zachars’ counsel

inserted the marketing opinion into the appraisal report so that it

could be mentioned in closing argument. However, while the

Zachars’ counsel did discuss the appraisal report during closing

argument, he never specifically addressed Saben’s opinion regarding

the reasonable marketing period for the Property. 

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Zachars’ case for that matter. A review of Saben’s testimony, as

well as the appraisal report itself, reveals that the marketing

opinion was buried on one page near the end of Saben’s forty-five

page appraisal report. Saben’s marketing opinion was not addressed

on either direct examination or in closing argument.2 Moreover,

the record reveals that the jury had enough (though not abundant)

evidence, independent of the contested portion of Saben’s report,

to conclude that the Lees’ approach to the marketing of the

Property amounted to a breach of the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing. The jury heard testimony regarding the Lees’

listing price for the Property and its substantial increase since

the Zachars signed the P&S. The jury also heard evidence showing

that the Lees never lowered the price of the Property during the

time it was on the market, despite the fact that they never

received an offer on the Property. Jeffrey Lee even testified that

it is common practice to lower the price of a house when no offers

are forthcoming. From this evidence, the jury could have concluded

that the Lees’ asking price for the Property was over-inflated and

their refusal to lower the price was deliberately intended to ward

off potential buyers. The Zachars presented additional evidence
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that the Lees failed to advertise the Property in the Inquirer &

Mirror, a publication commonly used to advertise the sale of

Nantucket real estate, for much of July. This omission, coupled

with the over-inflated price, was adequate evidence for the jury to

determine that the Lees breached the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing. Consequently, while it is theoretically possible

that the admission of Saben’s entire expert report had some slight

prejudicial effect on the jury, we cannot say with “‘fair assurance

. . . that the judgment was [] substantially swayed’” by its

admission. Espeaignnette v. Gene Tierney Co., 43 F.3d 1, 9 (1st

Cir. 1994) (quoting Lubanski, 929 F.2d at 46).

Affirmed.