2 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

Career training, credentials—and a paycheck in your pocket

by Olivia Crosby

Olivia Crosby is a contributing editor to the OOQ, (202) 691-5716.

I

 learn new things every day,” says Elizabeth Cummings,

who is training as an electrician apprentice. “I get to use my

hands and my mind. I’m practically guaranteed a great

career in a few years—a job that I know I’ll like and that pays

very well.”

In fact, Cummings earns full-time pay while she learns. “It’s

better than any scholarship,” she says. Cummings is describing

a few of the benefits of apprenticeship. She was looking for a

free education in a highly skilled field. Like thousands of

others, she found what she wanted in apprenticeship.

Apprenticeships are available for more than 850

occupations. Construction and manufacturing apprenticeships

are most common, but apprenticeships are available for all sorts

of occupations. Possibilities range from telecommunications,

environmental protection, and pastry making to healthcare,

childcare, and the arts.

What do all of these programs have in common? They

combine structured on-the-job training with classroom

instruction. Current programs vary in length from 1 to 6 years.

Throughout that time, apprentices work—and learn—as

employees. And when they complete a registered program,

apprentices receive a nationally recognized certificate from the

U.S. Department of Labor—proof of their qualifications.

Apprenticeship also can be combined with other kinds of

training. Classroom instruction often counts toward licenses,

certifications, and college degrees.

But for all its advantages, apprenticeship takes time and

effort. So before deciding if apprenticeship is right for you,

keep reading to learn more about what apprenticeship is and

how to find, choose, and qualify for a program.

Apprenticeship: The basics

Apprenticeship is career preparation. It mixes learning on the

job with learning in class. A child development apprentice, for

example, might spend the day as an assistant teacher, helping to

supervise children, lead activities, and make arts and crafts

materials. That evening, in class, the apprentice might learn

safety procedures and theories of child development.

Most formal apprenticeships are registered with the U.S.

Department of Labor. This registration means the program

meets Government standards of fairness, safety, and training.

Graduates of registered programs are called journey workers.

“
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 3

They receive certificates of

completion from the U.S.

Department of Labor or an

approved State agency. These

certificates are accepted by employers

nationwide.

Employee associations, employers, or

employer groups manage apprenticeship

programs. As program sponsors, they choose

apprentices, develop training standards, and pay

wages and other expenses.

When apprentices are accepted into registered

programs, the sponsors and the apprentices sign

an agreement. The agreement explains the

specifics of the apprenticeship program: the skills

apprentices will learn on the job, the related

instruction they will receive, the wages they will

earn, and the time the program will take. In

signing an agreement, the sponsors promise to

train the apprentices and make every effort to

keep them employed. The apprentices promise

to perform their jobs and complete classes.

On-the-job training. Registered apprenticeship

training is more formal than most other types of

on-the-job training. Apprentices follow a

structured plan. They practice every major element of an

occupation.

This variety is an advantage in the job market. “I’ll

end up more well rounded,” says Richard Marshall, a

machinist apprentice in Wytheville, Virginia. “I’ll have

more steady work because I can do more things.” And

because employers develop the training plans, training

keeps up with the needs of the industry.

Apprentices start by learning simple, repetitive tasks and

then gradually progress to complex duties. Electrician

apprentices, for example, might begin by learning to cut

wire and install it in walls. Eventually, they will plan

projects; set up, wire, and test entire construction sites;

and diagnose and fix electrical problems.

Expert guidance speeds the learning process. In the

beginning, apprentices are closely supervised by a

journey worker. “You learn all the tricks of the

trade,” says Chris Wilcox, a carpenter

apprentice in Newark, Connecticut. “They

work with you and show

you how to do it.” But soon,

apprentices gain

independence. A journey

worker stays nearby to answer questions

and demonstrate new skills.

Related instruction. In addition to

learning by doing, apprentices take

classes to learn the basics. A first class

might teach the names and uses of the

equipment a student will see on a

jobsite. Later, students learn

techniques, such as drafting, cost

estimating, or reading blueprints—

any procedure the worker must

know to perform the occupation.

Students also learn the

theories underlying the work

they do. For metal workers, this

means learning trigonometry,

measurement, and applied

physics. For cooks, it

includes learning about

nutrition and the economics of restaurant management. For

science technicians, chemistry or physics is essential.

Apprentices see their academics pay off in the job they do.
4 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

“At work, I notice the children behaving just the way we

studied in class,” says Norma Grey, a child development

apprentice in Huntington, West Virginia. Understanding these

behaviors helps her work with the children more effectively.

Related instruction comes in a variety of formats. Many

apprentices attend a vocational school or community college one

or two evenings a week after work. Others go to school full time

for a few weeks each year. Still others take classes over the

Internet or through the mail. Wherever and whenever they study,

most apprentices need at least 144 hours of instruction per year.

Earnings. As employees, apprentices earn wages for the work

they do. Unless they are part of a prison rehabilitation program,

apprentices must make at least minimum wage to start, but they

usually earn more. Beginning apprentices often earn about half

of what fully trained workers do. They receive raises

periodically—usually, every few months. “Workers are more

valuable as they learn more skills, so we pay them more,”

explains Tom Gibbs, a former heating and air conditioning

apprentice who now hires apprentices for his heating and air

conditioning business in Ames, Iowa.

Time commitment. Learning a skilled occupation

takes time. How much time depends on the

occupation. All apprenticeship programs require

at least 2,000 hours of work experience. Some

take up to 12,000. These hours translate into

about 2 to 6 years. Most programs require

about 4 years—or 8,000 hours—on the job.

The table beginning on page 16

shows the approximate number of

years required to train for each

apprenticeable occupation. But the

times listed are estimates. People can

reduce the years required by working

more hours per week. Or, they can get

credit for education and experience they

already have. Marshall is benefiting from

this flexibility. His experience in a prior

job and the classes he’s taken at a

community college will shave hundreds of

hours from his apprenticeship.

Some employers’ programs focus on skills

more than on time at work. In these programs,

apprentices still need work experience, but they

have to pass skills tests to progress. Skills-based

programs take roughly the same amount of time

to finish as other programs do.

 Many people keep training long after their

apprenticeship ends. Reaching journey worker

status opens the door to advanced instruction. Cummings, for

example, hopes to take master classes in solar energy systems

after receiving her certificate of completion.

Apprenticeable occupations: 858 and counting

Any occupation can be registered as apprenticeable if it meets

four criteria:

◆ It is clearly defined;

◆ It is customarily learned on the job;

◆ It requires manual, mechanical, or technical skill; and

◆ It requires at least 2,000 hours of work experience and,

usually, at least 144 hours of related instruction.

Currently, 858 occupations meet these standards. The most

common are listed in the box on the facing page. But the U.S.

Department of Labor adds more occupations as employers

propose and register them. Internetworking technician, youth

development practitioner, and plastic molds designer are some

recent additions. Several computer occupations

are under consideration.

The number of apprenticeable

occupations may seem overwhelming, but

not every occupation is available at a

given time. Programs open and close

depending on the number of new

workers needed in an occupation.

Now, 518 occupations have

apprentices working in them.

The number of occupations

available for apprenticeship

varies from one State to

another. But in most

States, there are hundreds

of occupations to choose

among. Apprenticeable

occupations can be

categorized as follows:

Arts. Theater arts, including

stage technicians and actors,

fall into this relatively small

group, as do designers and arts

and crafts workers.

Business and administrative

support. Office managers,

paralegals, and medical

secretaries are some of the

occupations in this category.

Construction. These are the

most commonly available
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 5

apprenticeships. Most employers of construction workers consider

apprenticeships the best training for these jobs. Workers in this

group include plumbers, electricians, and terrazzo workers. Many,

such as residential carpenters and acoustical carpenters—who

install panels and materials that absorb or affect sound—use

considerable math skills. Some, such as reinforcing metal

workers, need strength and endurance.

Installation, maintenance, and repair, including

telecommunications technicians and power plant operators.

Working as service technicians, engine mechanics, or body

repairers, some apprentices learn to fix cars and planes.

Apprentices also learn to maintain electronics, musical

instruments, and power plant machinery. Also in this group are

apprentices who install equipment. Millwrights, who install

industrial machinery, are an example. Workers who install and

maintain communication and sound equipment—such as

communications and telecommunications technicians and line

installers—also are included.

Production. Production occupations employ the second most

commonly available group of apprenticeships. Again, many

production employers consider apprenticeship the best way to

learn these jobs. Metal workers in this category include tool and

die makers and machinists, who create specialized parts out of

metal and other materials. Apprentices in precision assembly

occupations include those who construct circuit boards and

electrical appliances. Others build prototypes, operate printing

machines, and conduct safety inspections.

Science, drafting, and computing. Science apprenticeships

include chemical, engineering, mapping, or environmental

technicians. Drafters, tool and die designers and nondestructive

testers are other examples. Computer programmers and

internetworking technicians are a few of the computer

occupations that are apprenticeable.

Service. Many of the most skilled service occupations are

apprenticeable. Cooking, for example, is most often learned in

an apprenticeship program. Protective service workers,

including police patrol officers, correctional officers, and

firefighters, commonly receive apprenticeship training.

Landscaping and customer service apprenticeships are a few of

the other programs available in some States.

The 25 most popular apprenticeships, 2001

According to the U.S. Department of Labor

apprenticeship database, the occupations listed below had

the highest numbers of apprentices in 2001. These

findings are approximate because the database includes

only about 70 percent of registered apprenticeship

programs—and none of the unregistered ones.

◆ Boilermaker

◆ Bricklayer (construction)

◆ Carpenter

◆ Construction craft laborer

◆ Cook (any industry)

◆ Cook (hotel and restaurant)

◆ Correction officer

◆ Electrician

◆ Electrician (aircraft)

◆ Electrician (maintenance)

◆ Electronics mechanic

◆ Firefighter

◆ Machinist

◆ Maintenance mechanic (any industry)

◆ Millwright

◆ Operating engineer

◆ Painter (construction)

◆ Pipefitter (construction)

◆ Plumber

◆ Power plant operator

◆ Roofer

◆ Sheet metal worker

◆ Structural-steel worker

◆ Telecommunications technician

◆ Tool and die maker

Construction occupations are the most commonly available

apprenticeships.
6 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

Which occupation is right for you?

When exploring careers, prospective

apprentices should think about the kind

of work they enjoy and what they do

best. Some apprenticeable

occupations, such as electrical

and metal working

occupations, require

workers to have strong

math and problemsolving

skills. Others, including

nursing and law

enforcement, focus on

working with the

public. Occupations

such as jewelry

making and tool

design demand

concentration and

attention to detail. Career

counselors can help jobseekers

choose and test occupations to see

which fit their interests.

Another thing to consider is working

conditions. Does the work require stamina, as

millwrighting does? Does it require moving from

job to job, as construction does? Is it clean, as

healthcare occupations are? Or dirty, as

automotive repair is?

Earnings are important, too. Several

apprenticeable occupations—electrician,

carpenter, and elevator repairer, for example—

pay some of the highest wages in the

economy. Others, such as childcare

development specialist, pay less. Table 1

shows the earnings of the top-paying

occupations for which many people train

as apprentices. It shows median

earnings—half of all workers in the

occupation make less than this amount

and half make more.

Job prospects also vary by occupation. Choosing an

occupation with many openings leads to better job

prospects and greater ability to move from one

location to another. The Bureau of Labor

Statistics estimates the number of nationwide

job openings in occupations. Table 2 shows

which commonly apprenticed

Table 1

Commonly apprenticed occupations with the highest earnings1

Occupation Median annual earnings, 2000

Power distributor and dispatcher $48,570

Electrical and electronics repairer,

powerhouse, substation, and relay 48,540

Ship engineer 47,530

Elevator installer and repairer 47,380

Power plant operator 46,090

Electrical power-line installer and repairer 45,780

Petroleum pump system operator,

refinery operator, and gauger 45,180

Gas plant operator 44,730

Telecommunications equipment installer

and repairer, except line installer 44,030

Avionics technician 41,300

Tool and die maker 41,110

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging,

and systems assembler 40,850

Chemical plant and system operator 40,750

Aircraft mechanic and service technician 40,550

Stationary engineer and boiler operator 40,420

1 Includes apprenticeable occupations for which long-term on-the-job

training or a postsecondary vocational award is the most common form of

training, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Apprenticeships for service occupations range from about 12

months to 5 years.
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 7

occupations are projected to have the most job openings

between 2000 and 2010.

Finding an open program

After selecting possible occupations, the next step is to look

for openings in apprenticeship programs. Finding open

programs can be a challenge, especially in small occupations.

To find every opportunity, apprenticeship seekers need to

check several sources.

A good place to start is with your State Bureau of

Apprenticeship or State office of the U.S. Department of Labor.

These agencies list current programs, and some will help people

contact businesses that might want to start new programs. The

addresses and phone numbers for the Federal offices are listed

at the end of this article.

Next, try career counseling offices. Many apprenticeship

Table 2

Commonly apprenticed occupations expected to have the most

job openings1

Total job openings for workers

new to the occupation,

Occupation projected 2000-10

Cook, restaurant and cafeteria 502,435

Automotive service technician and mechanic 349,049

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurse 321,841

Carpenter 301,791

Police and sheriff’s patrol officer 268,745

Electrician 251,152

Hairdresser, hairstylist, and cosmetologist 237,720

Maintenance and repair worker, general 221,172

Welder, cutter, solderer, and brazer 211,365

Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter 134,007

Machinist 127,139

Bus and truck mechanic and diesel engine specialist 113,581

Emergency medical technician and paramedic 97,499

Firefighter 89,574

Computer-controlled machine tool operator,

metal and plastic 89,390

Heating, air-conditioning,

and refrigeration mechanic and installer 79,485

Telecommunications line installer and repairer 76,170

Automotive body and related repairer 69,430

Cabinetmaker and bench carpenter 66,263

1 Includes apprenticeable occupations for which long-term on-the-job

training or a postsecondary vocational award is the most common form of

training, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
8 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

sponsors publicize openings at career centers and local high

schools, and career counselors usually know about the

programs in their community.

Trade unions and professional associations have

information, too. These organizations often recruit apprentices

once or twice a year, distributing applications at their

headquarters. For contact information for these organizations,

check the Encyclopedia of Associations or the Occupational

Outlook Handbook, available at many libraries and most career

centers. The Handbook also is online at www.bls.gov/oco.

Some apprenticeships are advertised in newspapers, on job

boards, and with State job services, just like other kinds of jobs.

Joining the military is another way to participate in

apprenticeships. People who enlist in certain occupations,

including cook and engine mechanic, can complete registered

apprenticeships during military training. Each branch of the

military has its own rules about apprenticeship availability.

Local recruiters can provide additional information.

If you can’t find an apprenticeship program, consider

studying at a vocational school or community college. You
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 9

Sometimes, apprenticeship openings are unavailable, but

there is another way to reap some of apprenticeship’s

benefits: vocational schools and community colleges. These

schools prepare students for many skilled occupations, and

this training often is faster than apprenticeship. To find

training most similar to apprenticeship, students can choose

a school with the following:

Recognized credential. Schools cannot offer journey

worker certificates, but they do offer vocational certificates

or college degrees. To ensure the value of the certificates a

school offers, ask which agencies accredit the school. Then,

check that the accrediting agencies are approved by the U.S.

Department of Education. And finally, call the accreditor to

verify the school’s current status.

The U.S. Department of Education’s College

Opportunities Online system simplifies the process of

checking accreditation. The system is available online at

www.nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool. Visitors type in the name of a

school and receive information about that school, including

the organizations that accredit it. Visitors still need to call

the accrediting organizations to verify that the schools have

been approved. Contact information for these organizations

is available online at www.ed.gov/offices/OPE/

accreditation/natlagencies.html.

Professional or trade associations also evaluate training

programs associated with their occupations. These

associations publish lists of approved programs.

Marketable skills. To learn up-to-date, marketable skills,

look for a school that meets with industry groups or follows

written industry standards when designing a curriculum.

Investigate the backgrounds of teachers. What

certifications or degrees do they have? Do they have work

experience?

Also, most schools keep track of the success of their

graduates. Ask to see these records. Choose schools whose

graduates find work in their field. You could also check the

percentage of students who complete the school’s program

and the number who default on student loans.

On-the-job training. To gain work experience while you

learn, look for programs that include formal internships or

co-ops. Recent studies by educators suggest that combining

a degree with a co-op or long-term internship increases

graduates’ earnings, likelihood of being promoted, and

likelihood of finding and keeping a job. This is especially

true if schools have a formal relationship with an employer.

Free classroom training. Schools, unlike most

apprenticeships, charge tuition. But you may qualify for

financial aid and scholarships to lower the bill. The U.S.

Department of Education administers a financial aid

program for all types of secondary education, including

vocational education. To apply for financial aid, such as

grants, loans, and work study, call tollfree, 1 (800) 433-

3243. The application also is online at www.fafsa.ed.gov.

Frequently, State governments also offer aid. Uncover

these funds by calling your State Department of Education,

the financial aid department of a local college, and the

Department of Health and Human Services.

If you can’t find an apprenticeship, try this

might be able to transfer credits to an apprenticeship program

later. Or you might find a school that offers many of

apprenticeship’s benefits. The box below discusses some

qualities to look for in a school.

Choosing a program

People might uncover many different apprenticeship programs

in the same occupation. To choose which program is best,

would-be apprentices need to look closely at each program’s

characteristics.

Registration and accreditation. Consider whether a program is

registered with the U.S. Department of Labor. Many employers

have greater trust in the training offered by registered programs

than in the training offered by unregistered ones. Also because

only registered programs give graduates journey worker status,

graduates of these programs have more job choices. Gary

McManus, the field services director for a California fire

department sees the advantages of registration. “Our firefighters

are more mobile now,” he says. “They can move anywhere,

show their journey worker card, and be accepted in a new

department.”

In some occupations, the U.S. Department of Labor, with

help from industry groups and experts, has established national

training guidelines. If a registered program meets these
10 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

guidelines, employers will know precisely what skills the

program’s graduates have. This gives graduates an added

advantage in the job market.

Other types of industry accreditation are important for

certain occupations. Cooking occupations are one example. The

American Culinary Federation accredits training programs for

cooks and pastry chefs. Graduates from accredited programs

have better job prospects.

Finally, in most construction and manufacturing occupations

and some others, apprentices can choose between union and

nonunion programs. Apprentices in union programs become

union members, paying dues, receiving union benefits, and

following union rules.

Pay and benefits. Apprentices’ wages vary from one program

to another. Earnings depend on geographic location and an

employer’s circumstances. In areas with a labor shortage, wages

for apprenticeships have increased considerably. “Now, we pay

higher wages to start, especially to people who have taken a

shop class,” says Gibbs, about the apprentices he hires for his

business. “It’s the law of supply and demand.”

Employee benefits also vary. Some programs offer new

apprentices full health, dental, and retirement benefits

immediately; others do not offer benefits at all. A few

programs—including all programs in Wisconsin—pay

apprentices for the time they spend in class. Some employers

also pay testing fees for workers trying to earn additional

occupational certificates.

Type of related instruction. Apprentices spend many hours

studying. How they study depends on the program they choose.

Before selecting a program, consider: Do you want to learn in a

classroom with a teacher, or would you prefer correspondence or

online classes? Do you want to attend a community college or a

trade school? How far from your worksite are you willing to travel?

Timing is another factor. Many programs ask apprentices to

attend class after work once or twice a week, which gets

tiring. But earnings are steady. Others offer a few weeks of

full-time classes periodically throughout the year. In

protective service occupations, instruction at service

academies can last several months.

Finally, many programs offer classes that count toward

college or certificate programs. Some offer dual enrollment in a

college, making it easier to earn a degree.

Facilities. Before deciding to join a program, see what life will

be like on the job. Tour the worksite for clues about the quality of

training and the work environment. Is the equipment modern?

Are procedures up to date? Is the worksite comfortable and safe?

Do workers seem willing to demonstrate and teach skills? What

would the work schedule and commute from home be like?

A tour is an excellent opportunity to ask employees about

their jobs. By asking questions, would-be apprentices can learn

about the occupation and the program sponsor. As always, it is

important to dress neatly and behave professionally when visiting

potential employers. Each contact is a kind of interview.

Costs. Some apprentices are required to buy tools, manuals,

and textbooks. This is especially common for people in

construction and manufacturing

occupations. Some

programs offer

discounts to

apprentices.

Cummings saved for a few

months to buy the tools she

would need as an apprentice, but

she considers them worth the cost.

“In a few weeks, my salary had paid

for the tools,” she says. “And I can

use them for years.”

Qualifying

For all registered apprenticeships, there

is a standard application procedure. First,

applicants fill out forms. Either they pick up

the application at a sponsor’s headquarters or

jobsite or they ask to have an application sent to

them. Next, applicants take any required tests.

Finally, those who meet enough requirements are

asked to complete an interview. All qualified

applicants are placed on a waiting list, with the most

Touring a jobsite helps prospective apprentices get a feel for an

occupation’s work environment.
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 11

qualified applicant listed first.

The requirements of an apprenticeship program are set by the

organization or employer sponsoring the program. Applicants are

ranked according to their skills, education, and experience.

Apprenticeships in some occupations are highly competitive,

with more applicants than openings. In addition to meeting

basic requirements, apprenticeship seekers need to show they

are more qualified than other applicants are. Applicants for

competitive programs may have to wait weeks or months before

an opening becomes available. Preapprenticeship programs,

described below, can help people improve their chances of

getting an apprenticeship.

Having a relative or friend in an occupation used to be an

advantage when competing for an apprenticeship. But now the

law dictates that all applicants be treated equally and be rated

only according to job-related characteristics.

Requirements. All apprenticeship programs require applicants

to be at least 16 years old. And most programs require

applicants to be at least 18—unless they are in a special

program that combines high school with apprenticeship.

Most apprenticeship programs require applicants to have a

high school diploma or a passing score on the high school

equivalency exam. Some also ask applicants to complete specific

classes related to the occupation. Data communications installer

apprentices, for example, usually need at least a C in algebra.

Even if specific grades and classes are not required for a

program, selecting officials look for applicants with solid high

school records. Classes in English, math, and science are

important for all applicants. For applicants interested in

mechanical, manufacturing, or construction occupations,

courses in drafting and industrial arts are an advantage.

Attending a vocational school after high school is another way

to gain a competitive edge.

In addition to requiring education, sponsors often administer

aptitude tests. The most common tests measure reading, math,

and problemsolving skills, but tests vary by occupation. The

scene artist program in New York City, for example, asks

applicants to pass a drawing test.

Work experience also improves an applicant’s chances.

Sponsors look for applicants who have had paid jobs or

volunteer work. Some companies offer apprenticeships

only to people already working for the company in

another job.

A doctor’s examination is needed for some

apprenticeships that require physical skills—such as

above average strength. But all physical requirements

must be related to the occupation.

Some apprenticeship programs, including pharmacist assistant,

require coursework in science.
12 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

Interview. Applicants who meet basic qualifications advance

to the interview stage. They meet with the employer or a few

people from the organization sponsoring the program.

Applicants answer questions about their work and school

experience and their reasons for wanting to apprentice.

The interviewers ask about qualifications, but they also try to

discover personality traits. Interviewers want to hire people who

have determination and commitment to the occupation.

Curiosity is also important. “I need people who want to learn,”

says Gibbs. “Every year, there’s new technology to master.”

Interviewers might ask questions such as:

◆ Why do you want this apprenticeship?

◆ Why do you think you would be good at this job?

◆ Have you ever worked as part of a team?

◆ Do you know what the work is like?

◆ What would you like to be doing in 5 or 10 years?

◆ How will you come to work if your car breaks down?

Interviewers for registered apprenticeship programs keep

records summarizing applicants’ answers. These notes help

them choose applicants and explain acceptance decisions.

Program sponsors say applicants should treat an

apprenticeship interview like any job interview: research the

occupation, be on time, dress neatly, shake hands, make eye

contact, and be ready to give examples of your qualifications

and work habits. Increase the chances of success by having a

question or two of your own to ask and writing a thank-you

note after the interview.

Ranking. When the interviews are complete, sponsors rank

applicants from most to least qualified. They assign points to

each applicant based on test results; past education, grades, and

experience; and interview performance. The person with the

most points gets the first opening. If there are more qualified

people than openings, people who don’t get into a program are

put on a waiting list.

Preapprenticeship programs. Nonprofit organizations,

schools, and government agencies try to help people qualify for

apprenticeships. They target specific groups, including high

schoolers, disadvantaged youths, veterans, and women.

Some preapprenticeship programs begin by exposing people

to different occupations. Chicago Women in Trades, for

example, offers jobsite visits, job shadowing opportunities, and

assessment tests. Mentors explain what the application process

is like and conduct mock interviews.

Many groups, including Chicago Women in Trades, offer

tutoring in reading, math, and mechanical skills. The tutoring,

which is designed to help applicants pass qualifying exams,

usually lasts between 1 and 8 weeks. The U.S. Department of

Housing and Urban Development’s Step-up programs offer

similar help to people with low incomes who are interested in

apprenticing in construction, maintenance, and, soon,

environmental protection occupations. Step-up programs

sometimes offer support during the apprenticeship as well,

including childcare and transportation assistance.

In another type of program, some military veterans qualify for

counseling about apprenticeships and stipends while they train,

along with the credit they receive for their military training.

One of the fastest growing preapprenticeship initiatives is

the school-to-apprenticeship program. School-to-apprenticeship

allows high school students to begin their apprenticeships as

juniors and seniors. These students take occupational classes in

addition to their regular high school curriculum. They

concentrate on math and science or other classes important to

the occupation they are considering.

Students work part time—often, earning credit for on-thejob training. After graduation, they become full-time

In many apprenticeable occupations, workers need skills such as

attention to detail.
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 13

apprentices, with the advantage of having already completed

many of the requirements. To learn where school-toapprenticeship is offered, ask high school guidance counselors

or call school district administrators.

For more information

Learn more about apprenticeship and preapprenticeship

programs by visiting a school or career guidance counselor.

Counselors can help you decide on an occupation and find open

programs. America’s Workforce Network tollfree help line, 1

(877) US2-JOBS (872-5672), has operators who can find career

counselors and apprenticeship programs in a caller’s ZIP code.

Trade associations, unions, and other professional organizations

have information about apprenticeships specific to their

occupation. To find organizations, visit a local public library.

The Employment and Training Administration of the U.S.

Department of the Labor offers a CD-ROM and several

brochures describing apprenticeship. For a copy of these

materials, call the Administration at (202) 693-2796, or call the

U.S. Department of Labor tollfree at 1 (866) 487-2365. The

Administration’s Web site, www.doleta.gov/atels_bat, offers

more detailed information, including a database of training

providers and explanations of apprenticeship regulations.

State governments are another good source of information.

With the help of the U.S. Department of Labor’s State offices,

State Apprenticeship Councils oversee registered apprenticeship

programs in their area. They help employers and employer

groups to start programs, and they tell would-be apprentices

about opportunities.

In States without apprenticeship councils, local offices of the

U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Apprenticeship and

Training do this work alone. Listed on the following pages are

apprenticeship offices for every State:

Pastry chefs, like all apprentices, receive on-the-job training from experienced workers.
14 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

Alabama

USDOL OATELS-BAT

Medical Forum Bldg., Room 648

950 22nd St. North

Birmingham, AL 35203

(205) 731-1308

Alaska

USDOL OATELS-BAT

Room G-30

605 W. 4th Ave.

Anchorage, AK 99501

(907) 271-5035

Arizona

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

3221 N. 16th St., Suite 105

Phoenix, AZ 85016

(602) 640-2964

Arkansas

USDOL OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg., Room 3507

700 W. Capitol St.

Little Rock, AR 72201

(501) 324-5415

California

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

1301 Clay St., Suite 1090-N

Oakland, CA 94612-5217

(510) 637-2951

Colorado

USDOL OATELS-BAT

U.S. Custom House

721 19th St., Room 469

Denver, CO 80202

(303) 844-4794

Connecticut

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg.

135 High St., Room 367

Hartford, CT 06103

(203) 240-4311

Delaware

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT is

temporarily closed. The State

Government apprenticeship office is

Apprenticeship and Training Section

Division of Employment and Training

4425 N. Market St., Station 313

PO Box 9828

Wilmington, DE 19809

(302) 761-8118

District of Columbia

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Frances Perkins Bldg.

200 Constitution Ave., NW.

Washington, DC 20210

(202) 693-2796

Florida

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

City Centre Bldg., Suite 4140

227 N. Bronough St.

Tallahassee, FL 32301

(850) 942-8336

Georgia

USDOL OATELS-BAT

Room 6T80

61 Forsyth St., SW.

Atlanta, GA 30303

(404) 562-2323

Hawaii

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

300 Ala Moana Bvld., Room 5-117

Honolulu, HI 96850

(808) 541-2519

Idaho

USDOL OATELS-BAT

Suite 204

1150 N. Curtis Rd.

Boise, ID 83706-1234

(208) 321-2973

Illinois

USDOL OATELS-BAT

230 S. Dearborn St., Room 656

Chicago, IL 60604

(312) 353-4690

Indiana

USDOL OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg. and U.S. Courthouse

46 E. Ohio St., Room 414

Indianapolis, IN 46204

(317) 226-7592

Iowa

USDOL OATELS-BAT

210 Walnut St., Room 715

Des Moines, IA 50309

(515) 284-4690

Kansas

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

444 SE. Quincy St., Room 247

Topeka, KS 66683-3571

(785) 295-2624

Kentucky

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg., Room 168

600 Martin Luther King Pl.

Louisville, KY 40202

(502) 582-5223

Louisiana

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT is

temporarily closed. The State

Government apprenticeship office is

Louisiana Department of Labor

1001 N. 23rd St.

PO Box 94094

Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9094

(504) 342-7820

Maine

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg.

68 Sewall St., Room 401

Augusta, ME 04330

(207) 622-8235

Maryland

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg., Room 430-B

31 Hopkins Plaza

Baltimore, MD 21201

(410) 962-2676
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 15

Massachusetts

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

JFK Federal Bldg., Room E-370

Boston, MA 02203

(617) 565-2288

Michigan

USDOL OATELS-BAT

801 S. Waverly St., Room 304

Lansing, MI 48917

(517) 377-1746

Minnesota

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

316 N. Robert St., Room 144

St. Paul, MN 55101

(651) 290-3951

Mississippi

USDOL OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg., Suite 410

100 W. Capitol St.

Jackson, MS 39269

(601) 965-4346

Missouri

USDOL OATELS-BAT

1222 Spruce St., Room 9.102E

Robert A. Young Federal Bldg.

St. Louis, MO 63103

(314) 539-2522

Montana

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Office Bldg.

10 W. 15th, Suite 1300

Helena, MT 59626

(406) 441-1076

Nebraska

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

111 S. 18th Plaza, Suite C-49

Omaha, NE 68102

(402) 221-3281

Nevada

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

600 Las Vegas Blvd., Suite 520

Las Vegas, NV 89101

(702) 388-6771

New Hampshire

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

143 N. Main St., Suite 205

Concord, NH 03301

(603) 225-1444

New Jersey

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Woodbridge Corporate Plaza

Bldg. E, Room 300

485, Route 1, South

Iselin, NJ 08830

(732) 750-9191

New Mexico

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

505 Marquette Rd., Room 830

Albuquerque, NM 87102

(505) 776-2389

New York

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Leo O’Brien Federal Bldg., Room 809

Albany, NY 12202

(518) 431-4008

North Carolina

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Terry Stanford Federal Bldg.

310 New Bern Ave., Suite 260

Raleigh, NC 27601

(919) 733-7540

North Dakota

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

304 E. Broadway, Room 332

Bismarck, ND 58501

(701) 250-4700

Ohio

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

200 N. High St., Room 605

Columbus, OH 43215

(614) 469-7375

Oklahoma

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

1500 S. Midwest Blvd., Suite 202

Midwest City, OK 73110

(405) 732-4338

Oregon

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

256 Warner-Milne Rd., Room 3

Portland, OR 97045

(503) 557-8257

Pennsylvania

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg.

228 Walnut St., Room 356

Harrisburg, PA 17120

(717) 221-3496

Puerto Rico

Department of Labor and Human Resources

Edificio Prudencio Rivera Martinez

505 Munoz Rivera Ave.

PO Box 3088

Hato Rey, PR 00918

(787) 754-2119

Rhode Island

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg.

100 Hartford Ave.

Providence, RI 02909

(401) 528-5198

South Carolina

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Strom Thurmond Federal Bldg.

1835 Assembly St., Room 838

Columbia, SC 29201

(803) 765-5547

South Dakota

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

320 E. Capitol St., Room 205

Pierre, SD 57501

(605) 224-6693

Tennessee

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Airport Executive Plaza

1321 Murfreesboro Rd., Suite 541

Nashville, TN 37210

(615) 781-5318

Texas

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

VA Bldg., Room 2105

2320 La Branch St.

Houston, TX 77004

(713) 718-3696
16 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

Utah

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

1600 West 2200 South, Suite 101

Salt Lake City, UT 84119

(801) 975-3650

Vermont

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg.

11 Elmwood Ave., Room 109

Burlington, VT 05401

(802) 951-6278

Virgin Islands

Virgin Islands Department of Labor

2162 King Cross St.

Christiansted, Saint Croix

U.S. Virgin Islands 00820-4958

(809) 773-1440 Ext. 224

Virginia

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

Federal Bldg., Suite 404

400 N. 8th St.

Richmond, VA 23219

(804) 771-2488

Washington

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

1400 Talbot Rd. South, Suite 100

Renton, WA 98504

(360) 902-5320

West Virginia

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

One Bridge Place, 2nd Floor

10 Hale St.

Charleston, WV 25301

(304) 347-5794

Wisconsin

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

740 Regent St., Suite 104

Madison, WI 53715-1233

(608) 441-5377

Wyoming

USDOL ETA OATELS-BAT

American National Bank Bldg.

1912 Capitol Ave., Room 508

Cheyenne, WY 82001-3661

(307) 772-2448

Apprenticeable occupations

Arts

Actor 2

Audio operator 2

Bank-note designer 5

Camera operator 3

Cartoonist, motion pictures 3

Cloth designer 4

Commercial designer 4

Decorator 4

Director, television 2

Display designer 4

Displayer, merchandise 1

Electronic prepress system operator

(desktop publisher) 5

Field engineer, radio and television 4

Film or videotape editor 4

Floral designer 1

Fur designer 4

Furniture designer 4

Graphic designer 1.5

Illustrator 4

Industrial designer 4

Interior designer 2

Light technician 4

Mailer 4

Painter 1

Painter, hand (any industry) 3

Photographer, lithographic 5

Photographer, photoengraving 6

Photographer, still 3

Program assistant 3

Radio station operator 4

Recording engineer 2

Script supervisor 1

Sound mixer 4

Stage technician 3

Stained glass artist 4

Taxidermist 3

Transportation clerk 1.5

Wardrobe supervisor 2

See also: printing

Business and administrative support

Alarm operator 1

Dispatcher, service 2

Funeral director 2

Hotel associate 2

Legal secretary 1

Manager, retail store 3

Material coordinator 2

Medical secretary 1

Office manager/administrative services 2

Paralegal 3

Photocomposing-perforating-machine

operator 2

Post-office clerk 2

Purchasing agent 4

Salesperson, parts 2

Supercargo 2

Telecommunicator (police, fire, and

ambulance dispatcher) 4

Telegraphic-typewriter operator 3

Construction and mining

Acoustical carpenter 4

Architectual coatings finisher 3

Asphalt-paving-machine operator 3

Assembler, metal building 2

Boatbuilder, wood 4

Boilerhouse mechanic 3

Boilermaker fitter 4

Boilermaker I 3

Boilermaker II 3

Bricklayer, brick and tile 4

Bricklayer, construction 3

Bricklayer, firebrick and refractory tile 4

Carpenter 4

Carpenter, interior systems 4

Carpenter, maintenance 4

Carpenter, mold 6

Carpenter, piledriver 4

Carpenter, rough 4

Carpenter, ship 4

Carpet layer 3

Casket assembler 3

Cement mason 2

Chimney repairer 1

Construction craft laborer 2

Construction driver 4

Coppersmith (ship and boat) 4

Cork insulator, refrigeration 4

Drilling-machine operator 3

Dry-wall applicator 2

Electrician 4

Electrician, ship and boat 4

Elevating-grader operator 2

Elevator constructor 4

Elevator repairer 4

Fence erector 3

Floor layer 3

Floor-covering layer 3

Form builder, construction 2

Gas-main fitter 4

Gauger 2

Glazier 3

Glazier, stained glass 4

Hazardous-waste-material technician 2

Inspector, building 3

Insulation worker 4

Joiner, ship and boat 4
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 17

Lather 3

Marble finisher 2

Marble setter 3

Mine inspector (government) coal 4

Mine inspector (government)

metal and nonmetal 4

Miner I (mine and quarry) 1

Monument setter 4

Mosaic worker 3

Motor-grader operator 3

Multi-story window installer or builder 3

Neon-sign servicer 4

Operating engineer 3

Ornamental-iron worker 3

Painter, construction 3

Painter, shipyard 3

Paperhanger 2

Pavement striper 2

Pipe coverer and insulator 4

Pipefitter (construction) 4

Pipefitter (ship and boat) 4

Plasterer 2

Plumber 4

Prop maker 4

Prospecting driller 2

Protective-signal installer 4

Protective-signal repairer 3

Reinforcing-metal worker 3

Residential carpenter 2

Residential wireperson 2.4

Roofer 2

Sheet-metal worker 4

Shipwright 4

Sign erector I 3

Soft-tile setter 3

Steam service inspector 4

Stonemason 3

Street-light servicer 4

Structural-steel worker 3

Tank setter (petroleum) 2

Taper 2

Terrazzo finisher 2

Terrazzo worker 3

Tile finisher 2

Tile setter 3

Tuckpointer, cleaner, caulker 3

Well-drill operator 4

Installation, maintenance, and repair,

including telecommunications and power

plant operation

Communications equipment

Automatic-equipment technician 4

Central-office installer 4

Central-office repairer 4

Electrician, radio 4

Equipment installer (telecommunications) 4

Maintenance mechanic, telephone 3

Private-branch-exchange installer 4

Private-branch-exchange repairer 4

Radio mechanic 3

Sound technician 3

Station installer and repairer 4

Submarine cable equipment technician 2

Telecommunications technician 4

Electronic equipment

Aircraft mechanic, electrical 4

Audio-video repairer 2

Automotive-generator-and-starter repairer 2

Avionics technician 4

Battery repairer 2

Control equipment electric-technician 5

Corrosion-control fitter 4

Electrical instrument repairer 3

Electrical-appliance repairer 3

Electrical-appliance servicer 3

Electrician, aircraft 4

Electrician, automotive 2

Electrician, locomotive 4

Electrician, maintenance 4

Electrician, powerhouse 4

Electrician, substation 3

Electric-meter installer I 4

Electric-meter repairer 4

Electric-motor repairer 4

Electric-tool repairer 4

Electric-track-switch maintainer 4

Electronic systems technician 4

Electronic-organ technician 2

Electronics mechanic 4

Electronic-sales-and-service technician 4

Field service engineer 2

Meteorological equipment repairer 4

Power-transformer repairer 4

Propulsion-motor-and-generator repairer 4

Radio repairer 4

Relay technician 2

Repairer, hand tools 3

Tape-recorder repairer 4

Television-and-radio repairer 4

Transformer repairer 4

Industrial machinery

Automated equipment engineer-technician 4

Automotive-maintenance-equipment servicer 4

Aviation support equipment repairer 4

Bakery-machine mechanic 3

Canal-equipment mechanic 2

Composing-room machinist 6

Conveyor-maintenance mechanic 2

Cooling tower technician 2

Electronic-production-line-maintenance 1

Forge-shop-machine repairer 3

Fuel-system-maintenance worker 2

Hydraulic repairer 4

Hydraulic-press servicer 2

Hydroelectric-machinery mechanic 3

Industrial engine technician 4

Industrial machine systems technician 2

Laundry-machine mechanic 3

Machine erector 4

Machine fixer (carpet and rug) 4

Machine fixer (textile) 3

Machine repairer, maintenance 4

Machinist, linotype 4

Maintenance mechanic, any industry 4

Maintenance mechanic, compressed gas 4

Maintenance mechanic, grain and feed 2

Maintenance repairer, building 2

Maintenance repairer, industrial 4

Marine-services technician 3

Millwright 4

Overhauler (textile) 2

Pinsetter adjuster, automated 3

Pinsetter mechanic, automatic 2

Pneumatic-tool repairer 4

Pneumatic-tube repairer 2

Powerhouse mechanic 4

Pump erector (construction) 2

Pump servicer 3

Repairer I, chemical industry 4

Repairer, welding equipment 2

Repairer, welding systems and equipment 3

Rubberizing mechanic 4

Scale mechanic 4

Sewing-machine repairer 3

Stoker erector and servicer 4

Treatment-plant mechanic 3

Line installers

Cable installer-repairer 3

Cable splicer 4

Cable television installer 1

Line erector 3

Line installer-repairer 4

Line maintainer 4

Line repairer 3

Trouble shooter II 3

Precision equipment

Aircraft-armament mechanic 4

Aircraft-photographic-equipment 4

Aircraft mechanic, armament 4

Officially recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training,

with estimated term in years
18 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

Biomedical equipment technician 4

Camera repairer 2

Dental-equipment installer and servicer 3

Electromedical-equipment repairer 2

Fretted-instrument repairer 3

Instrument mechanic, any industry 4

Instrument mechanic, weapon systems 4

Instrument repairer 4

Machinist, motion-picture equipment 2

Photographic equipment technician 3

Photographic-equipment-maintenance

technician 3

Piano technician 4

Piano tuner 3

Pipe-organ tuner and repairer 4

Watch repairer 4

Wind-instrument repairer 4

Vehicles

Aircraft mechanic, plumbing and hydraulics 4

Airframe-and-power-plant mechanic 4

Automobile air-conditioning mechanic 1

Automobile body repairer 4

Automobile glass installer 2

Automobile mechanic 4

Automobile radiator mechanic 2

Automobile-repair-service estimator 4

Automobile spring repairer, hand 4

Automotive cooling-system diagnoser 2

Automotive repairer, heavy 2

Aviation safety equipment technician 4

Brake repairer 2

Car repairer, railroad 4

Carburetor mechanic 4

Construction-equipment mechanic 4

Diesel mechanic 4

Electrician, water transportation 4

Engine repairer, service 4

Front-end mechanic 4

Fuel-injection servicer 4

Gas-engine repairer 4

Logging-equipment mechanic 4

Machinist, marine engine 4

Mechanic, endless track vehicle 4

Mechanic, industrial truck 4

Mine-car repairer 2

Motorboat mechanic 3

Motorcycle repairer 3

Outboard-motor mechanic 2

Repairer, recreational vehicle 4

Rocket-engine-component mechanic 4

Rocket-motor mechanic 4

Service mechanic (automobile manufacturing) 2

Small-engine mechanic 2

Tractor mechanic 4

Transmission mechanic 2

Truck-body builder 4

Tune-up mechanic 2

Undercar specialist 2

Other

Power-saw mechanic 3

Oil-field equipment mechanic 2

Air and hydronic balancing technician 3

Air-conditioning installer-servicer 3

Cash-register servicer 3

Coin-machine servicer and repairer 3

Dairy-equipment repairer 3

Dictating-transcribing-machine servicer 3

Door-closer mechanic 3

Facilities locator 2

Farm-equipment mechanic I 3

Farm-equipment mechanic II 4

Furnace installer 3

Furnace installer and repairer 4

Gas-appliance servicer 3

Gas-meter mechanic I 3

Gas-regulator repairer 3

Heating-and-air-conditioning installer

and servicer 3

Locksmith 4

Maintenance mechanic, construction

and petroleum 4

Mechanical-unit repairer 4

Meter repairer 3

Office-machine servicer 3

Oil-burner servicer and installer 2

Refrigeration mechanic 3

Refrigeration unit repairer 3

Rigger 3

Rigger (ship and boat building) 2

Safe-and-vault service mechanic 4

Service planner (light, heat) 4

Signal maintainer 4

Production

Assembly

Airplane coverer 4

Assembler, aircraft power plant 2

Assembler, aircraft structures 4

Assembler, electromechanical (robotics) 4

Assembler-installer, general 2

Assembly technician 2

Canvas worker 3

Electric-motor assembler and tester 4

Electric-motor, general assembler 2

Electric-motor-and-generator assembler 2

Electric-sign assembler 4

Fabricator-assembler, metal product 4

Fitter (machine shop) 2

Fitter I (any industry) 3

Former, hand (any industry) 2

Glass bender 4

Glass blower 3

Glass blower, laboratory apparatus 4

Glass-blowing-lathe operator 4

Instrument maker 4

Instrument maker and repairer 5

Machine assembler 2

Machine builder 2

Metal fabricator 4

Optical-instrument assembler 2

Plastics fabricator 2

Pottery-machine operator 3

Precision assembler 3

Precision assembler, bench 2

Precision lens grinder 4

Production finisher 2

Production technologist *

Rubber-stamp maker 4

Ship propeller finisher 3

Wirer, office machines 2

Health

Artificial-glass-eye maker 5

Artificial-plastic-eye maker 5

Blocker and cutter, contact lenses 1

Contour wire specialist, denture 4

Dental ceramist 2

Dental-laboratory technician 3

Finisher, denture 1

Shop optician, benchroom 4

Shop optician, surface room 4

Inspection

Airplane inspector 3

Automobile tester 4

Cable tester (telecommunications) 4

Calibrator (military) 2

Complaint inspector 4

Diesel-engine tester 4

Electric-distribution checker 2

Electric-meter tester 4

Electromechanical inspector 4

Electronics tester 3

Experimental assembler 2

Grader 4

Hydrometer calibrator 2

Metal fabricating inspector 4

Operational test mechanic 3

Outside production inspector 4

Precision inspector 2

Quality control inspector 2

Relay tester 4

Apprenticeable occupations
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 19

Rubber tester 4

Safety inspector and technician 3

Set-up and lay-out inspector 4

Testing-and-regulating technician 4

Thermometer tester 1

Trouble locator, test desk 2

X-ray-equipment tester 2

Jewelry

Bench hand, jewelry 2

Bracelet and brooch maker 4

Brilliandeer-lopper (jewelry) 3

Caster, jewelry 2

Chaser (silversmithing) 4

Diamond selector (jewelry) 4

Engine turner, jewelry 2

Gem cutter 3

Jeweler 2

Model maker II, jewelry 4

Mold maker I, jewelry 4

Mold maker II, jewelry 2

Pewter caster 3

Pewter fabricator 4

Pewter finisher 2

Pewterer 2

Silversmith II 3

Solderer, jewelry 3

Stone setter 4

Stonecutter, hand 3

Metal and plastic work

Blacksmith 4

Card grinder 4

Caster 2

Coremaker 4

Cupola tender 3

Cylinder grinder 5

Die finisher 4

Die maker, bench, stamping 4

Die maker, jewlery and silver 4

Die maker, paper goods 4

Die maker, stamping 3

Die maker, trim 4

Die maker, wire drawing 3

Die polisher 1

Die setter 2

Die sinker 4

Engine-lathe set-up operator 2

Engine-lathe set-up operator, tool 2

Experimental mechanic 4

Extruder operator 1

Fastener technologist 3

Fixture maker 2

Forging-press operator I 1

Four-slide-machine setter 2

Furnace operator 4

Gear hobber set-up operator 4

Gear-cutting-machine set-up operator 3

Gear-cutting-machine set-up operator, tool 3

Grinder I (clock and watch) 4

Grinder operator, tool 4

Grinder set-up operator, jig 4

Grinder set-up operator, universal 4

Gunsmith 4

Heat treater I 4

Heavy forger 4

Injection-molding-machine operator 1

Lay-out technician 4

Lay-out worker I 4

Lead burner 4

Machine operator I 1

Machine setter, any industry 4

Machine setter, clock 4

Machine setter, machine shop 3

Machine set-up operator 2

Machine try-out setter 4

Machinist 4

Machinist, automotive 4

Machinist, experimental 4

Machinist, outside (ship) 4

Maintenance machinist 4

Milling-machine set-up operator 2

Multi-operation form machine setter 4

Multi-operation-machine operator 3

Numerical control machine operator 4

Ornamental metal worker 4

Pantograph-machine set-up operator 2

Patternmaker, all around 5

Patternmaker, metal 5

Patternmaker, metal, bench 5

Patternmaker, metal products 4

Patternmaker, plastics 3

Plastic fixture builder 4

Plastic process technician 4

Plastic tool maker 4

Plater 3

Roll-threader operator 1

Sample maker, appliances 4

Saw filer 4

Saw maker, cutlery and tools 3

Screw-machine operator, multiple spindle 4

Screw-machine operator, single spinner 3

Screw-machine set-up operator 4

Screw-machine set-up operator,

single spindle 3

Shipfitter 4

Spinner, hand 3

Spring coiling machine setter 4

Spring maker 4

Spring-manufacturing set-up technician 4

Stone polisher, machine 3

Tap-and-die-maker technician 4

Template maker 4

Template maker, extrusion die 4

Test technician (machining) 5

Tool builder 4

Tool grinder I 3

Tool maker 4

Tool maker, bench 4

Tool programmer, numerical control 3

Tool-and-die maker 4

Tool-grinder operator 4

Tool-machine set-up operator 3

Turret-lathe set-up operator 4

Welder, arc 4

Welder, combination 3

Welder-fitter 4

Welding-machine operator, arc 3

Molds and models, except jewelry

Cell maker 1

Engineering model maker 4

Mock-up builder 4

Model and mold maker (brick) 2

Model and mold maker, plaster 4

Model builder, furniture 2

Model maker pottery and porcelain 2

Model maker, aircraft 4

Model maker, auto manufacturing 4

Model maker, clock and watch 4

Model maker, firearms 4

Model maker, wood 4

Mold maker, die-casting and plastic 4

Mold maker, pottery and porcelin 3

Mold setter 1

Molder 4

Molder, pattern (foundry) 4

Patternmaker, plaster 3

Patternmaker, stonework 4

Patternmaker, wood 5

Plaster-pattern caster 5

Prototype model maker 4

Plant and system operation

Boiler operator 4

Chemical operator, chief 3

Clarifying-plant operator, textile 1

Electronics utility worker 4

Gas utility worker 2

Hydroelectric-station operator 3

Plant operator 3

Plant operator, furnace 4

Power-plant operator 4

Refinery operator 3

Stationary engineer 4

Officially recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training,

with estimated term in years
20 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002

Substation operator 4

Switchboard operator, utilities 3

Turbine operator 4

Waste-treatment operator 2

Wastewater-treatment-plant operator 2

Water-treatment-plant operator 3

Printing

Assistant press operator 2

Auger press operator, manual control 2

Ben-day artist 6

Bindery worker 4

Bindery-machine setter 4

Bookbinder 5

Casing-in-line setter 4

Colorist, photography 2

Compositor 4

Cylinder-press operator 4

Dot etcher 5

Electrotyper 5

Embosser 2

Embossing-press operator 4

Engraver glass 2

Engraver I 5

Engraver, block 4

Engraver, hand, hard metals 4

Engraver, hand, soft metals 4

Engraver, machine 4

Engraver, pantograph I 4

Engraver, picture 10

Engraving press operator 3

Etcher, hand 5

Etcher, photoengraving 4

Film developer 3

Film laboratory technician 3

Film laboratory technician I 3

Folding-machine operator 2

Job printer 4

Letterer (professional and kindred) 2

Linotype operator 5

Lithographic platemaker 4

Lithograph-press operator, tin 4

Machine set-up operator, paper goods 4

Monotype-keyboard operator 3

Offset-press operator I 4

Paste-up artist 3

Photoengraver 5

Photoengraving finisher 5

Photoengraving printer 5

Photoengraving proofer 5

Photograph retoucher 3

Photographic-plate maker 4

Plate finisher 6

Platen-press operator 4

Press operator, heavy duty 4

Printer, plastic 4

Printer-slotter operator 4

Projection printer 4

Proof-press operator 5

Proofsheet corrector 4

Recovery operator (paper) 1

Reproduction technician 1

Retoucher, photoengraving 5

Roller engraver, hand 2

Rotogravure-press operator 4

Scanner operator 2

Sign writer, hand 1

Sketch maker I 5

Sketch maker II 4

Steel-die printer 4

Stereotyper 6

Stripper 5

Stripper, lithographic II 4

Surface-plate finisher 2

Wallpaper printer I 4

Web-press operator 4

Textiles and apparel

Alteration tailor 2

Automobile upholsterer 3

Bootmaker, hand 1

Card cutter, jacquard 4

Carpet cutter (retail trade) 1

Custom tailor 4

Design and patternmaker, shoe 2

Dressmaker 4

Dry cleaner 3

Fur cutter 2

Fur finisher 2

Furniture upholsterer 4

Furrier 4

Harness maker 3

Jacquard-loom weaver 4

Jacquard-plate maker 1

Knitter mechanic 4

Knitting-machine fixer 4

Leather stamper 1

Loom fixer 3

Patternmaker, textiles 3

Saddle maker 2

Sample stitcher 4

Shoe repairer 3

Shoemaker, custom 3

Shop tailor 4

Silk-screen cutter 3

Upholsterer 2

Upholsterer, inside 3

Wire weaver, cloth 4

Woodwork

Accordion maker 4

Cabinetmaker 4

Carver, hand 4

Furniture finisher 3

Harpsichord maker 2

Hat-block maker (woodwork) 3

Head sawyer 3

Jig builder (wood contain) 2

Last-model maker 4

Loft worker (ship and boat) 4

Machine setter, woodwork 4

Machinist, wood 4

Pipe organ builder 3

Pony edger (sawmill) 2

Violin maker, hand 4

Wood-turning-lathe operator 1

Other

Batch-and-furnace operator 4

Chemical operator III 3

Coating machine operator I 1

Cutter, machine 3

Decorator (glass manufacturing) 4

Electrostatic powder coating technician 4

Envelope-folding-machine adjuster 3

Fourdrinier-machine operator 3

Freezer operator 1

Gang sawyer, stone 2

Kiln firer 3

Kiln operator 3

Liner (pottery and porcelain) 3

Miller, wet process 3

Painter, sign 4

Painter, transportation equipment 3

Purification machine operator II 4

Sandblaster, stone 3

Screen printer 2

Siderographer 5

Stencil cutter 2

Stone carver 3

Stone-lathe operator 3

Tinter (paint and varnish) 2

Wire sawyer 2

Science, drafting, and computer

Calibration laboratory technician 4

Chemical laboratory technician 4

Chemical-engineering technician 4

Chief of the party 4

Computer operator 3

Computer programmer 2

Computer-peripheral-equipment operator 1

Dairy technologist 4

Design drafter, electromechanism 4

Apprenticeable occupations
Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Summer 2002 21

Detailer 4

Die designer 4

Drafter, architectural 4

Drafter, automotive design 4

Drafter, automotive design layout 4

Drafter, cartographic 4

Drafter, civil 4

Drafter, commercial 4

Drafter, detail 4

Drafter, electrical 4

Drafter, electronic 4

Drafter, heating and ventilating 4

Drafter, landscape 4

Drafter, marine 4

Drafter, mechanical 4

Drafter, plumbing 4

Drafter, structural 3

Drafter, tool design 4

Electrical technician 4

Electromechanical technician (robotics) 3

Electronics technician 4

Engineering assistant, mechanical equipment 4

Environmental analyst 3.5

Estimator and drafter 4

Foundry metallurgist 4

Geodetic computator 2

Heat-transfer technician 4

Horticulturist 3

Instrument technician, utilities 4

Instrumentation technician 4

Internetworking technician 2.5

Laboratory assistant 3

Laboratory assistant, metallurgy 2

Laboratory technician 1

Laboratory tester 2

Logistics engineer 4

Materials engineer 5

Mechanical-engineering technician 4

Meteorologist 3

Mold designer (plastics industry) 2

Nondestructive tester 1

Optomechanical technician 4

Photogrammetric technician 3

Programmer, engineering and science 4

Quality control technician 2

Radiation monitor 4

Radiographer 4

Research mechanic, aircraft 4

Soil-conservation technician 3

Surveyor assistant, instruments 2

Test equipment mechanic 5

Test-engine operator, geologic samples 2

Tester, geologic samples 3

Tool design checker 4

Tool designer 4

Weather observer 2

Welding technician 4

Wind tunnel mechanic 4

Service and related

Buildings and grounds

Agricultural service worker 2

Exterminator, termite 2

Greenskeeper II 2

Housekeeper 1

Landscape gardener 4

Landscape management technician 1

Landscape technician 2

Rug cleaner, hand 1

Swimming-pool servicer 2

Tree surgeon 3

Tree trimmer (line clear) 2

Cooking

Baker 3

Baker, hotel and restaurant 3

Baker, pizza 1

Bartender 1

Butcher, all-round 3

Butcher, hotel and restaurant 3

Candy maker 3

Cheesemaker 2

Cook, any industry 2

Cook, hotel and restaurant 3

Cook, pastry 3

Meat cutter 3

Wine maker 2

Protective service

Arson and bomb investigator 2

Correction officer 1

Fire apparatus engineer 3

Fire captain 3

Fire engineer 1

Fire inspector 4

Fire medic 3

Firefighter 3

Firefighter, crash and fire 1

Fish and game warden 2

Guard, security 1.5

Investigator, private 1

Police officer 2

Wildland firefighter specialist 1

Health

Ambulance attendant (EMT) 1

Dental assistant 1

Emergency medical technician 3

Health care sanitation technician 1

Licenced practical nurse 1

Medical laboratory technician 2

Nurse assistant 1

Optician, dispensing 2

Optician, goods 4

Optician, goods and retail 5

Orthodontic technician 2

Orthopedic-boot-and-shoe designer 5

Orthotics technician 1

Orthotist 4

Paramedic 2

Pharmacist assistant 1

Podiatric assistant 2

Prostethetist 4

Prosthetics technician 4

Tumor registrar 2

Other service

Animal trainer 2

Barber 1

Childcare development specialist 2

Cosmetologist 1

Counselor 2

Customer service representative 3

Direct support specialist

(social and human support) 1.5

Embalmer 2

Horse trainer 1

Horseshoer 2

Teacher aide I 2

Youth development practitioner 1.75

Other

Beekeeper 2

Buttermaker 1.2

Conveyor-system operator 1

Dragline operator 1

Dredge operator 4

Farmer, general 1

Farmworker, general I 2

Fire-control mechanic 1

Fish hatchery worker 2

Inspector, motor vehicles 4

Locomotive engineer 2

Logger, all-round 3

Ordnance artificer (military) 1.5

Pilot, ship 3

Pumper-gauger 1

Truck driver, heavy 3

Truck-crane operator 3

Officially recognized by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training,

with estimated term in years

This classification of occupations does not always

match the Standard Occupational Classification System

(SOC). For SOC comparisons, contact the Bureau of

Apprenticeship and Training, (202) 693-2761.

*Skills-based apprenticeship. No term given.