2012 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t a t e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit

9-21-2012 

# U S A v . D w i gh t T ur lin g t on
P r e c e de n t i al or N on-P r e c e de n t i al : N on-P r e c e de n t i al
D ock e t N o . 11-2586

F o l lo w thi s a nd a dd it ion al w ork s a t : h tt p://d i g it alc ommon s .l a w . v i l l a no v a . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2012

Thi s de c i sion i s br ou gh t t o y ou for f r e e a nd ope n a c c e s s b y the O p inion s of the U nit e d S t a t e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit a t V i l l a no v a U niv e r sit y S choo l of L a

w Di g it al R e posit or y

. I t h as be e n a c c e pt e d for inclusion in 2012 D e c i sion s b y a n a uthor i z e d a dmini s tr a t or of V i l l a no v a U niv e r sit y S choo l of L a

w Di g it al R e posit or y

. F or mor e infor m a t ion, p le as e c on t a ct Be n j a min

. C a rl s on@l a

w . v i l l a no v a . e du

. R e c omme nde d C it a t ion

" U SA v . D w i gh t T url in g t on " (2012). 2012 D e cisio n s . P a pe r 402. h tt p://d i g it alc ommon s .l a

w . v i l l a no v a . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2012/402NOT PRECEDENTIAL UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________ No. 11

- 2586

_____________ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v. DWIGHT TURLINGTON,

Appellant

_____________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (D.C. Criminal No. 1

- 02

- cr - 00673

- 005 ) District Judge: Honorable Jerome B. Simandle

_____________ Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

September 19, 2012
Be fore: SLOVITER, RENDELL and HARDIMAN , Circuit Judges

(Opinion Filed September 21, 2012 )

_____________ OPINION OF THE COURT

_____________ RENDELL, Circuit Judge

. Defendant Dwight Turlington appe als the District Court’s judgment of sentence imposed for his having violated the terms of his supervised release. Turlington contends that the District Court erred in sentencing him to a term of five years ’ imprisonment. He2

also challenges the substanti ve reasonableness of the sentence. For the following reasons, we will affirm.
A. In 2002, Turlington pled guilty to conspiring to distribute more than fifty grams of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § § 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 846. In 2004, t he District Court sentenced Turlington to eighty

- four months’ imprisonment and sixty months’ supervised release . His sentence was less than one

- third of that recommended by the Sentencing Guidelines

. On October 29, 2008, Turlington began his term of s u pervised release. On September 6, 2009, Turlington was charged with driving under the influence in New Jersey. Then, o n December 7, 2009, New Jersey state police observed Turlington
engag ing in three hand

- to

- hand drug transactions. When the police appro ached Turlington and announced themselves, he attempted to flee. During flight, Turlington threw a loaded handgun to the ground. The state police eventually placed Turlington under arrest. They searched Turlington and found $245 in cash and a plastic ba g of cocaine. Turlington pleaded guilty to a state charge of possessing a weapon while committing a controlled dangerous substance crime. The New Jersey Superior Court sentenced Turlington to three years’ imprisonment for that offense, to run concurrentl y with any other federal sentence.
As a condition of his supervised release, Turlington was prohibited from committing another federal, state or local crime. He was also prohibited from possessing a firearm or destructive device. On May 26, 2011, the Di strict Court held a revocation of3

supervised release hearing. At the hearing, Turlington admitted to possessing the handgun and drugs. T he District Court revoked Turlington’s term of supervised release and sentenced him to a sixty

- month prison term . Tur lington filed a timely appeal. 1
B. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3), a district court may revoke a term of supervised release and “require the defendant to serve in prison all or part of the term of supervised release authorized by statute for the offe nse that resulted in such term of supervised release” provided that a defendant whose term is revoked under this paragraph may not be required to serve on any such revocation more than 5 years in prison if the offense that resulted in the term of supervis e d release is a class A felony, [or] more than 3 years in prison if such offense is a class B felony

. . . . In other words, a district court may impose up to a five

- year term of imprisonment after revoking supervised release whe re the underlying offense i s a class A felony. Where the underlying offense is a class B felony, a district court may only sentence the defendant to a maximum of three years’ imprisonment. The crime for which Turlington was convicted was considered a class A felony at the time he was originally sentenced. However, t he Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 (FSA) reduced penalties for crack cocaine offense s s o that, at the time of his revocation hearing, the underlying offense was classified as a class B felony. As such, he contends that th e District Court should have sentenced him to no more than three years’ imprisonment.

1 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jur isdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). United States v. Young , 634 F.3d 233, 237 (3d Cir. 2011).4

Turlington did not make this argument to the District Court; therefore, we review his challenge to the sentence for plain error. United States v. Lewis , 660 F.3d 189, 1 92 (3d Cir. 2011). 2 We hold that the District Court was correct to sentence Turlington based on the original classification of the underlying offense as a class A felony. I n Johnson v. United
States , 529 U.S. 694, 700 (2000), the Supreme Court made clea r that imposition of a new sentence for violating the terms of one’s supervised release is part and parcel of the first offense for which the defendant was convicted. The Court reasoned that “postrevocation penalties rel ate to the original offense, ” and i nstructed lower courts to “ attribute postrevocation penalties to the original conviction .” Id . at 701. The Supreme Court’s decision in McNeill v. United States , 131 S. Ct. 2218 (2011) supports our holding. In that case, the Court ruled that, when deter mining whether an offense is a “serious drug offense” under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA) , ACCA “ requires a federal sentencing court to consult the maximum sentence applicable to a defendant ’ s previous drug offense at the time of his conviction for that offense

. . . . The only way to answer this backward

- looking question is to consult the law that applied at the time of that conviction.” Id . at 2221

- 22 (emphasis added)

. The Court continued that whether an offense is a serious drug offense “can only be answered by reference to the law under which the defendant was convicted. ” Id

. at 2222

.

2 Plain error review requires us to first determine whether the District Court committed an error that is plain. Second, we ask whether that error affected the defendant ’ s substantial rights. Third, we must de cide whether to exercise our discretion to correct that error, provided that the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. Lewis , 660 F.3d at 192 n.2.5

Th e same reasoning applies here. The length of a new term of imprisonment for violating supervised release

— a penalty which is attributed to the original convict ion according to Johnson

— “can only be answered by reference to the law under which the defendant was convicted.” McNeill , 131 S. Ct. at 2222. Section 3583(e)(3) is, like ACCA, backward

- looking ; it focuses on the previous, underlying conviction. The stat ute provides that a district court may resentence a defendant “ to serve in prison all or part of the term of supervised release authorized by statute for the offense that resulted in such term of supervised release .” 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e)(3) (emphasis added )

. Thus, a district court must look to the underlying offense as it existed at the time of his original sentencing when making decisions authorized by § 3583(e)(3). The Supreme Court’s recent decision on the FSA’s retroactivity does not change the resul t. Dorsey v. United States , 13 2 S. Ct. 2321 (2012) addresses only the applicability of the FSA to those defendants who were convicted of crack cocaine offenses prior to the FSA’s effective date of August 3, 2010, but were sentenced after that date. It do es not address, or disturb, the basic principle that the FSA does not apply to those defendants who were both convicted and sentenced prior to the effective date of the FSA. See United States v. Reevey , 631 F.3d 110, 115 (3d Cir. 2010) (holding that the
F SA is not retroactive to individuals convicted and sentenced prior to the FSA’s effective date). Thus, Turlington is incorrect to analogize his situation to that confronted in Dorsey . He is not like those defendants who are convicted of the crack offense prior to the FSA effective date, but sentenced after the effective date. He was both convicted and6

sentence d prior to the FSA’s effective date. The fact that his supervised release was revoked after passage of the FSA is of no moment. In sum, because, a ccording to Johnson , the revocation of supervised release and imposition of the term of imprisonment relates back to the underlying conviction, and because McNeill persuades us that, like ACCA, § 3583(e)(3) is a backward

- looking statute, we reject Turlingt on’s argument that the District Court should have sentenced him as if his underlying offense were a class B felony. Therefore, the District Court did not plainly err in sentencing Turlington to five years’ imprisonment, a term which was clearly authorized by § 3583(e)(3). Turlington also challenges the substantive reasonableness of his sentence , which we review for abuse of discretion

. United States v. Young , 634 F.3d 233, 237 (3d Cir. 2011). Section 3583(e) requires district courts to consider the § 355 3(a) factors when sentencing defendants upon the revocation of supervised release. Turlington contends that the District Court did not meaningfully consider certain mitigating factors such as his guilty plea, his cooperation with state and federal authori ties, the fact that he received only a three

- year sentence for his state convictions, and his efforts at rehabilitation. After reviewing the record, we find that the District Court did, however, meaningfully consider these factors when arriving at the fiv e - year term of imprisonment. C. Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.