COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-16-00448-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF E.D., A 

CHILD

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FROM THE 90TH DISTRICT COURT OF YOUNG COUNTY

TRIAL COURT NO. 32309

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OPINION1

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Appellant Mother and Appellee Father have a child, E.D.2 In August 2014, 

finding that it was not in E.D.’s best interest to appoint Mother and Father as joint 

managing conservators, the trial court entered an order that named Mother as 

 1The troubling nature of the circumstances presented here—primarily, the 

appointment of a parent with a history of family violence as sole managing 

conservator by default, coupled with the numerous errors and irregularities 

present in the record and the failure to raise these errors on appeal or pursue a 

restricted appeal—prompted this court to decide this case en banc. Tex. R. App. 

P. 41.1(a).

2To protect E.D.’s anonymity, we use an alias. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8, 

9.9(a)(3).
2

the managing conservator with the right to designate E.D.’s primary residence, 

and ordered Father to pay child support. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.132

(West 2014). The trial court also found that Father had a history or pattern of 

family violence and that, as a result, awarding him access to E.D. would 

endanger E.D.’s physical health or emotional welfare. See id. § 153.004(d) 

(West Supp. 2017).

Less than two years later, the provisions for conservatorship and visitation 

took a 180-degree turn. The trial court not only appointed Father as sole 

managing conservator but also restricted Mother’s access to E.D. to six 

supervised hours of visitation each month. Though the trial court record before 

us is replete with errors, we are nevertheless hamstrung by applicable legal rules 

and principles to dismiss this appeal.

Background

On November 17, 2015, Father petitioned to modify the August 2014 order 

and sought appointment as a joint managing conservator and the imposition of a 

standard possession order. See id. § 156.101 (West 2014). On February 29, 

2016, Father filed a “Motion for Substituted Service” alleging that his attempts to 

personally serve Mother at her last known address had been unsuccessful and 

requesting the trial court to permit alternate service under rule 106(b) by 

delivering the citation and petition to the maternal grandfather. See Tex. R. Civ. 

P. 106(b) (authorizing the trial court to allow alternate means of service). 

According to his attached affidavit, process server Matt Pruitt averred that he had
3

made three unsuccessful attempts to personally serve Mother but had also 

spoken to the maternal grandfather, who had assured Pruitt that if he was served 

with the citation, he would deliver it to Mother. Although the motion did not 

comply with the requisites of rule 106(b)—by failing to state the location of 

Mother’s “usual place of business or usual place of abode or other place where 

[she could] probably be found”—the trial court nonetheless signed an “Order for 

Substituted Service” granting the motion and ordering the citation to be served by 

delivering it to the maternal grandfather.

Furthermore, the trial court’s signature on the order granting substituted 

service is curiously dated February 23, 2016, even though the motion for 

substituted service was not filed until almost a week later, on February 29. And, 

although the order is dated February 23, it bears a filemark of February 29 and a 

time stamp of 9:35 a.m., exactly one minute after the motion’s time stamp of 

9:34 a.m.

On April 29, 2016, the trial court entered an order finding that Mother, 

“although duly and properly cited, did not appear and wholly made default” and 

granted the modification sought by Father. The trial court’s order gave Father 

the relief he had pleaded for—it appointed Mother and Father joint managing 

conservators, awarded Father the exclusive right to designate E.D.’s primary 

residence, imposed a standard possession order, and ordered Mother to pay

child support. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 153.134, 153.312 (West 2014).
4

Then, on June 6, 2016, the trial court entered a judgment nunc pro tunc

amending the prior judgment by appointing Father as the sole managing 

conservator and Mother as the sole possessory conservator. Id. §§ 153.132, 

153.192 (West 2014) (addressing rights and responsibilities of a sole managing 

conservator and a possessory conservator, respectively). The trial court’s nunc 

pro tunc judgment was problematic in two ways. First, in contradiction to Tex. R. 

Civ. P. 316, which allows only the correction of clerical mistakes in the judgment, 

it corrected a substantive (purported) “mistake” in the judgment, not a clerical 

one.3 Second, it granted more relief than Father’s petition requested. See 

Simon v. BancTexas Quorum, N.A., 754 S.W.2d 283, 286 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

1988, writ denied) (citing Mullen v. Roberts, 423 S.W.2d 576, 579 (Tex. 1968), 

for the proposition that “a default judgment must accord with the pleadings”). 

Unfortunately, while both of these errors arguably constituted error on the face of 

the record, Mother did not pursue the remedy of restricted appeal. See Tex. R. 

App. P. 26.1(c), 30.

Granting even further relief beyond Father’s pleadings, the nunc pro tunc 

order also restricted Mother’s access to E.D. to six supervised hours on the first 

 3The trial court purportedly signed the nunc pro tunc judgment because the 

April 29 order did not reflect the trial court’s ruling as it was reflected on the 

docket sheet, which included a notation dated April 29, 2016, stating in part, 

“Modification—Pet Appt SMC-M SPC—F Primary Vis Mod SPO-Supervise.” But 

this docket-sheet notation also purported to grant more relief than Father’s 

pleading requested.
5

Saturday of each month. And, the nunc pro tunc judgment also reiterated that 

Mother had defaulted after being properly cited to appear.

On August 11, 2016, Mother filed a motion to set aside the default 

judgment and for a new trial. In it, Mother asserted that she was never properly 

served, that the Pruitt affidavit did not comply with statutory requirements, and 

that she did not learn about the case until the local sheriff “showed up at [her] 

house on June 18, 2016, to remove [E.D.] from [her].”4

In Father’s response he argued that Mother’s motion was untimely 

because it was filed more than 30 days after the nunc pro tunc judgment was 

signed. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a). Mother argued that her motion was timely 

because it was filed within two years of the nunc pro tunc judgment. See Tex. R. 

Civ. P. 329. After conducting a hearing on the matter, the trial court denied 

Mother’s motion by letter ruling dated October 18, 2016, in which the trial court 

found that her motion was not timely filed. On appeal Mother challenges the trial 

court’s order signed three days later that dismissed her motion for new trial as 

untimely.

Discussion

As a general rule, the deadline for a party to file a motion for new trial is 30

days after the date the judgment is signed. Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a). This 30-day 

 4Because Mother admitted that she had received actual notice of the 

judgment within 12 days after the nunc pro tunc judgment she complains of was 

signed, it appears that she could not have invoked the 20–90 day rule to extend 

the time for filing her notice of appeal. Tex. R. Civ. P. 306a(4).
6

deadline is modified in certain situations, one of which is when service has been

authorized through citation by publication. Tex. R. Civ. P. 109, 329.

All lawsuits must be properly served upon the defendant. See Tex. R. Civ. 

P. 99. Most often, service is effectuated through the personal delivery of a clerkissued citation and a copy of the petition by a sheriff, constable, process server, 

or individual who is not a party to the suit. Tex. R. Civ. P. 103, 106(a). But 

sometimes, as appears to have been the case here, attempts at personal service 

are unsuccessful, whether because the defendant has purposely avoided service 

or because the defendant cannot be located. In those situations, the rules of civil

procedure provide for alternative means of service, three of which are at issue 

here: rules 106, 109, and 109a.

Rule 106(b) provides that the party seeking service may submit a motion to 

the court supported by an affidavit that states (1) the location of the defendant’s 

usual place of business or abode or another place where the defendant can 

probably be found and (2) facts showing that either personal service or service 

through certified mail was attempted but unsuccessful. Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(b). 

Upon receipt of such a motion and affidavit,

the court may authorize service (1) by leaving a true copy of the 

citation, with a copy of the petition attached, with anyone over 

sixteen years of age at the location specified in such affidavit, or 

(2) in any other manner that the affidavit or other evidence before 

the court shows will be reasonably effective to give the defendant 

notice of the suit.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 106(b).
7

Service by publication is another alternative. Tex. R. Civ. P. 109. 

Generally, service by publication is conducted through the placement of a small 

notice published in the classified section of a local newspaper. In re E.R., 385 

S.W.3d 552, 558 (Tex. 2012). But serving citation by publication is “a last resort,” 

restricted to situations in which a defendant’s identity or location is unknown. Id. 

at 560–61 (“[W]hen a defendant’s identity is known, service by publication is 

generally inadequate.”).

In order to obtain citation by publication, a party, his agent, or his attorney 

must swear under oath that (1) the defendant’s residence is unknown to the 

plaintiff or his attorney, (2) the defendant is a transient person and has not been 

located, or (3) the defendant is absent from or a nonresident of Texas and 

citation has been unsuccessfully attempted through personal service.5 Tex. R. 

Civ. P. 109. Upon presentation of such an oath, the clerk—not the trial court—is 

required to authorize citation for service by publication. Id. If a defendant is 

served by publication, only later—prior to granting a default judgment for the 

plaintiff—will the trial court consider the adequacy of service by publication by

reviewing the sufficiency of the diligence exercised in attempting to ascertain the 

residence or whereabouts of the defendant. Id.

Even in circumstances where citation by publication is warranted, a party 

may nevertheless elect another form of substituted service. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 

 5See Tex. R. Civ. P. 108, 108a (providing means of service of process in 

other states and foreign countries).
8

109a. Pursuant to rule 109a, “[w]henever citation by publication is authorized, 

the court may, on motion, prescribe a different method of substituted service, if 

the court finds, and so recites in its order, that the method so prescribed would 

be as likely as publication to give the defendant actual notice.” Id. A 109a order 

authorizing a method of substituted service other than publication could authorize 

service by the very same method as a 106 order authorizing substituted service. 

See Elam v. Armstrong, No. 03-07-00565-CV, 2008 WL 3539968, at *2 (Tex. 

App.—Austin 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that plaintiff received permission 

for 109a substituted service to be effected by leaving a copy of the citation and 

petition with anyone 16 years of age or older at defendant’s former residence); 

Isaac v. Westheimer Colony Ass’n, Inc., 933 S.W.2d 588, 590 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, writ denied) (noting use of 109a substituted service of 

citation and petition on defendant’s father). But the question of whether 

substituted service was ordered under rule 106(b) or rule 109a is generally of no 

practical concern, as long as service was accomplished as ordered.

But here, whether substituted service was ordered under rule 106 or 109a 

is a critical question. Jurisdiction turns on the answer, because when substituted 

service is ordered under rule 109a, the deadline for filing a motion for new trial is 

extended from 30 days to two years. Tex. R. Civ. P. 109a (providing that rule 

329 shall apply as if citation had been served by publication), 329 (providing that 

the trial court may grant a new trial upon petition showing good cause filed within 

two years after the date the judgment was signed). And here, Mother’s motion to 
9

set aside the default judgment and for a new trial was filed 66 days after the 

judgment nunc pro tunc was signed. Thus, it was timely—subject to a two-year, 

rather than 30-day, deadline—only if the trial court ordered substituted service 

under rule 109a. To determine which rule the trial court invoked here, we must 

look at the motion requesting substituted service and the order granting it.

In urging us to hold that service was ordered under rule 109a, Mother 

argues that because Father’s motion did not comply with rule 106(b), as 

discussed above, substituted service could not have been properly ordered

under that rule. Although we agree that substituted service was not properly

issued under rule 106(b), for purposes of our analysis that fact is irrelevant. Any 

complaint as to defective service under rule 106(b) was subject to the 30-day 

deadline for filing a motion for new trial, a deadline that Mother did not meet.

6 

Because she failed to lodge a timely challenge to any defects in service under 

rule 106, we focus instead on whether the substituted service was ordered under 

rule 109a because only if substituted service was ordered by rule 109a would 

Mother’s motion for new trial have been timely filed, preserving her right to 

appeal here.

 6Two additional options may have been available to Mother: (1) pursuing a 

restricted appeal within six months of the judgment, or (2) filing an equitable bill 

of review within four years of the judgment. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b, Tex. R. 

App. P. 26.1(c), 30; Alaimo v. U.S. Bank Tr. Nat’l Assn., No. 02-16-00123, 2017 

WL 3633297, *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 24, 2017, no pet.) (“The bill of 

review is the chosen method when the default judgment under attack is no longer 

subject to a motion for new trial or [restricted appeal].”).
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Substituted service under rule 109a cannot be ordered unless citation by 

publication was authorized under rule 109. Tex. R. Civ. P. 109a (providing that 

“[w]henever citation by publication is authorized, the court may, on motion 

prescribe a different method of substituted service” and when “the defendant has 

not appeared, the . . . [two-year deadline] shall apply”). Thus, we face two

questions: whether service by publication was authorized under rule 109 and, if 

so, whether the trial court’s order authorized substituted service under 109a. The 

trial court had jurisdiction to consider Mother’s motion for new trial only if the 

answer to both questions is “yes.” But based on the record here—especially 

considering the language of the motion and the order itself—we must hold that 

the answer to both questions is “no.”

As to the first question, to trigger the two-year deadline, service by 

publication must be “authorized.” Id. Rule 109 sets forth the requisites for 

authorization of service of citation by publication, including that the party, his 

attorney, or his agent must swear under oath, among other things, that

• the defendant’s residence is unknown to the affiant, or

• the defendant is a transient person, or 

• the defendant is a nonresident.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 109. Father’s motion for substituted service did not comply with 

the requisites of this rule. It was not verified, nor did Father or his attorney sign 

an affidavit in support of the motion. Assuming that the process server acted as 

Father’s agent, the process server’s affidavit did not attempt to address whether 
11

Mother’s residence was known or unknown to him, except to say that service

attempts at an unspecified location or locations were “unsuccessful” and that a 

telephone number and an address provided to him by Mother’s father were not 

“accurate.” And it wholly failed to address whether Mother was a transient 

person, or whether she was a nonresident. Not only did the motion fail to meet 

the requisites of rule 109, it specifically sought substituted service under “Rule 

106(b).”

As to the second question, any order granting substituted service under

rule 109a must recite that the substituted method of service “would be as likely 

as publication to give defendant actual notice.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 109a. The order 

here contained no such recitation. To the contrary, it stated, “The manner of 

service ordered will be reasonably effective in giving the Respondent notice of 

this suit,” which echoes the language used in rule 106(b)(2). Tex. R. Civ. P. 

106(b)(2) (providing that the court may authorize service in any other manner 

that the affidavit or other evidence “shows will be reasonably effective to give the 

defendant notice of the suit”). Finally, the order implicitly purports to grant relief 

under rule 106(b), rather than rule 109a, by its reference to Father’s motion 

which explicitly requested substituted service under “Rule 106(b).”7

 7We note yet another irregularity in the record here. The docket sheet 

includes an odd notation dated April 29, 2016—the same day the default 

judgment was signed and two months after the order of substituted service was 

filed with the clerk—that states, in part, “R served by publication—No Answer.”

But there is no evidence in this record that Mother was actually served by 

publication, and neither party makes such a contention on appeal. The judgment 
12

Because the order of substituted service was not authorized by rule 109 

and it did not comply with rule 109a, we hold that the two-year period for filing a 

motion for new trial under rule 329 was never triggered. As such, Mother’s 

motion for new trial—which was not filed within the 30-day deadline—was 

untimely, and the trial court did not have jurisdiction to consider it. Accordingly, 

the rules leave us no choice but to overrule Mother’s sole issue.

Conclusion

Having held that Mother’s motion for new trial was untimely, we dismiss 

this appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

/s/ Bonnie Sudderth

BONNIE SUDDERTH

CHIEF JUSTICE

EN BANC

BIRDWELL, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which MEIER and GABRIEL, JJ., 

join.

DELIVERED: May 24, 2018

 

is silent on the method of service, instead reciting that Mother was “duly and 

properly cited” and that “[a]ll persons entitled to citation were properly cited.” 

Thus, this docket sheet entry appears to be an erroneous one. If in fact the 

judge’s docket sheet entry is correct, however, then the clerk’s record is not only

incomplete but the trial court also committed error by failing to appoint an 

attorney ad litem to defend Mother in the suit, as is required by rule 244 when a 

party has actually been served by publication. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 109, 244.