# Patent

## Title
System and method for displaying distant 3-D stereo on a dome surface

## Abstract

A system and method of capturing a stereoscopic pair of images for use in forming a 3-D image of an object at a desired perceived position in a scene projected onto a dome surface. The first one of the stereoscopic pair of images is captured when the object is offset to the right of the desired perceived position in the scene. The second one of the stereoscopic pair of images is captured when the object is offset to the left of the desired perceived position in the scene. In this manner, positive parallax can be captured in front of a viewer, upward in an arc through the zenith of the dome, and beyond to the back of the dome. The system and method allows scenes projected onto a dome surface to contain positive parallax, and therefore allows objects to appear to be located beyond the dome surface.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/544,110, filed on Oct. 6, 2011, and 61/546,152, filed on Oct. 12, 2011, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, including but not limited to those portions that specifically appear hereinafter, the incorporation by reference being made with the following exception: In the event that any portion of the above-referenced provisional applications are inconsistent with this application, this application supercedes said above-referenced provisional applications.


STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not Applicable.
BACKGROUND
1. The Field of the Present Disclosure
The present disclosure relates generally to generating images for display, and more particularly, but not necessarily entirely, to a method and system for generating 3-D images for display.
2. Description of Related Art
Stereopsis is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3-D). Stereopsis in humans is primarily achieved by the horizontal offset, known as interocular offset, between the two eyes. Interocular offset leads to two slightly different projections of the world onto the retinas of the two eyes. The human mind perceives the viewed object in 3-D from the two slightly different projections projected onto the two retinas.
One of the main ways in which human eyes perceive distance is called parallax. Parallax is an apparent displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight. Nearby objects have a larger parallax than more distant objects when observed from different positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances. In humans, the two eyes have overlapping visual fields that use parallax to gain depth perception, that is, each eye views the object along a different line of sight. The brain exploits the parallax due to the different view from each eye to gain depth perception and estimate distances to objects.
This same method of parallax is used to give the illusion of distance in 3-D stereo images, including still images, videos, movies, whether captured by camera or computer generated. 3-D stereo images simulate real-world perception by displaying a slightly different image for each eye—a slightly different perspective of the same scene—where the viewing position is offset slightly in the horizontal direction (interocular distance). The two images that are displayed independently to the right and left eyes are sometime referred to as a “stereo pair.”
There are many methods for displaying a different image to each eye to generate the perception of a 3-D image. For still images, display methods may include a lenticular display surface, or a special viewing devices. For movies and videos, the display method may involve the viewer wearing glasses which permit a different color space or polarization to reach each eye, or which shutter alternating frames between right-eye views and left-eye views.
The perceived depth of an object may be determined by the angle at which the viewer's eyes converge. This is also the case when viewing a 3-D image that is displayed on a surface. Where both eyes view the same object in the same location, the object will appear to be positioned at the same distance of the display surface. This is because the eyes are converged at that distance just as they would be if an actual object were placed at that distance. When there is no separation between the images for the left eye and the right eye, this is referred to as zero parallax.
If the position of an object in the left eye's view is located to the right, and the position of the object in the right eye's view is located to the left, this is called negative parallax, and the eyes have to rotate inward (cross-eyed) to converge the images into a single image. In this case, the object is perceived to be located in front of the display surface.
If the position of an object in the left eye's view is located to the left, and the position of the object in the right eye's view is located to the right, this is called positive parallax, and the eyes have to rotate outward (more wall-eyed) to converge the images into a single image. In this case, the object is perceived to be located beyond the display surface. In short, when viewed in stereo pairs, an object must have negative parallax to appear closer than the display surface, and an object must have positive parallax to appear further away than the display surface. An object with zero parallax will appear to be at the distance of the display surface. Referring now to FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2, there are shown examples of how parallax allows a human to perceive distance.
In FIG. 1A, a distant object 10 is perceived by a human as a single image from the two images viewed by the left and right eyes. The index finger 12 is seen as a double image while viewing the distant object 10. In particular, the left eye sees the index finger 12 offset to the right by a distance 16 and the right eye sees the index finger offset to the left by a distance 14. In this case, there is a relatively small negative parallax.
In FIG. 1B, an index finger 20 is perceived by a human as a single image from the two images viewed by the left and right eyes. A distant object 22 is seen as a double image while viewing the index finger 20. The left eye sees the distant object 22 offset by a distance 24 to the left of the index finger 20 while the right eye sees the distant object 22 offset by a distance 26 to the right of the index finger 20.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown an example of parallax and perceived distance of an image shown on a display surface 30. For purposes of this example, a triangle 32, a circle 34, and a square 36 are shown in the perceived locations, i.e., the locations where they are perceived to be located by the human mind. In regard to the triangle 32, both the left eye and the right eye see the single image of the triangle 32 at the same location. In the case of the triangle 32, there is zero parallax as the eyes converge to see the single image at the distance of the display surface 30, so the location of the triangle is perceived to be at the distance of the display surface 30.
In regard to the circle 34, the perceived location of the circle 34 is created by images 34A and 34B on the display surface 30. In particular, the left eye views the image 34A and the right eye views the image 34B such that the location of the circle 34 is perceived in front of the display surface 30. In this case, the eyes rotate inward (cross-eyed) to converge the images 34A and 34B into a single image, which is defined as negative parallax.
In regard to the square 36, the left-eye views the image 36A on the display surface 30 and the right eye views the image 36B on the display surface 30 such that the location of the square 36 is perceived beyond the display surface 30. In this case, the eyes rotate outward to converge the images 36A and 36B into a single image so that the square 36 appears to be further away than the display surface 30, which is defined as positive parallax.
3-D images of real-world objects may be captured by using two cameras, one for capturing the right-eye image and one for capturing the left-eye image. If a scene is to be viewed on a flat display surface in front of the viewer (such as on a television or movie screen), positive parallax can be captured by aiming the two cameras slightly toward each other (with a slight toe-in). The two cameras would both aim at a point along a central viewing axis. Optimally, this point would be the same distance from the cameras as the display surface will be from the audience. This way, the scene will appear correctly when viewed in 3-D stereo, with close objects having a negative parallax, objects at the distance of the display surface having zero parallax, and distant objects having positive parallax. These concepts are depicted in FIG. 3 as will now be explained.
FIG. 3 depicts a top view of a 3-D scene when captured for display on a flat display surface 50. The 3-D scene may be filmed using a left-eye camera 58 and a right-eye camera 60. The left-eye camera 58 and the right-eye camera 60 may be offset from a centerline, or y axis by an amount c, representing the interocular distance needed to create a 3-D image. There is shown a desired perceived position of a triangle 52, a circle 54, and a square 56 from the perspective of the viewer and in relation to the display surface 50. As used herein, the term “perceived position” may refer to the position where the viewer perceives the image in 3D.
In order to have the perceived position of the triangle 52 to appear at the same distance as the display surface 50, the triangle 52 is positioned along the y axis at the same distance as the display surface 50 and the aim of a left-eye camera 58 and the aim of a right-eye camera 60 converge at a distance equal to the distance of the display surface 50 from the viewer.
Circle 54 will appear to be located in front of display surface 50 because it is offset to the right in the left-eye camera view and offset to the left in the right-eye camera view (defined as negative parallax). Square 56 will appear to be located beyond the display surface 50 because it is offset to the left in the left-eye camera view and offset to the right in the right-eye camera view (defined as positive parallax).
Converging the aim of the cameras as described above will create positive parallax only in the direction of the camera convergence. In FIG. 3, for example, the cameras converge along the y axis. This will produce positive parallax in the direction of the y axis and enable display of 3-D objects that appear to be located beyond a flat display surface. This method works for flat display surface 50, because the position of display surface 50 is offset from the cameras in the direction of the y axis. But the aforementioned method is not suitable for images that will be viewed on a dome surface, as explained in the paragraph below.
In a dome environment, images are projected onto the inside of a hemispherical, dome display surface. These images may be captured with a dome camera which yields a 180-degree view, for example an astronomy image of the entire night sky. This dome camera may consist of a single camera with a circular fisheye lens, or a set of cameras, the images of which are assembled to create a hemispherical image. This dome camera may be a virtual camera or a real-world camera. The majority of the image is viewed high in the dome above, behind, and to the sides of the viewer, rather than just in front of the viewer of a flat surface display. To capture 3-D objects that will appear to be located beyond a dome display surface, right-eye and left-eye dome cameras capturing the scene must be aimed in a direction parallel to the central viewing axis, or undesirable effects will be produced: If the two dome cameras were aimed with a toe-in as described above for a flat display surface, positive parallax would only be produced in an area of the dome in the direction of the y axis directly in front of the viewer. As the viewer looks upward in the dome at angles above the y axis, the positive parallax effect diminishes and then reverses in areas of the scene overhead and behind the viewer. For example, consider FIG. 3 in three dimensions. If circle 54 were raised a great distance above the plane of the drawing (in the z axis direction, which would be above the viewer), positive parallax could never be achieved by the depicted camera convergence. Even at a great distance, circle 54 will always appear to be located in front of the dome display surface because it will be offset to the right in the left-eye camera view and offset to the left in the right-eye camera view (negative parallax). Positive parallax can only be created in the direction of camera convergence, in this case the y axis, and regardless of actual distance, the effect will actually be reversed on any object whose y component of distance is located in front of the point of camera convergence. In addition, if the dome cameras are angled to create the convergence on the y axis in front of the viewer, then objects overhead would be captured at different angles in the right-eye camera and the left-eye camera, so these overhead objects in the resulting image would appear to crisscross. The minds of the viewers would not be able to make sense of these anomalies, and the illusion of 3-D would be destroyed.
Therefore, cameras capturing 3-D stereo to be rendered on a dome surface must be parallel to each other (parallel to the central viewing axis). As a result, positive parallax cannot be captured from the original scene. So objects in the stereo images can only appear to be at located at the distance of the dome surface or closer to the viewer, and none will appear to be located beyond the dome surface.
The prior art is thus characterized by several disadvantages that are addressed by the present disclosure. The present disclosure minimizes, and in some aspects eliminates, the above-mentioned failures, and other problems, by utilizing the methods and structural features described herein. The method described in the present disclosure allows positive parallax to be captured in front of the viewer, upward in an arc through the zenith of the dome, and beyond to the back of the dome. The method allows scenes to contain positive parallax on a dome surface (and therefore allows objects to appear to be located beyond the dome surface when viewed in 3-D stereo), which was previously not possible.
The features and advantages of the present disclosure will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the present disclosure without undue experimentation. The features and advantages of the present disclosure may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from a consideration of the subsequent detailed description presented in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGS. 1A & 1B are illustrations of convergence and parallax;
FIG. 2 depicts the concepts of parallax and perceived distance;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a 3-D stereo scene when captured for display on a flat display surface;
FIG. 4 is a top view of a 3-D stereo scene when captured for display on a dome surface;
FIG. 5 depicts a calculation of offset to create positive parallax to simulate real-world distances;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing a process of creating positive parallax on distant objects;
FIG. 7 depicts a system for creating a 3-D image pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 8 depicts a system for creating a 3-D image pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 9 depicts a projection system for displaying 3-D images pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the important principles in accordance with this disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and any additional applications of the principles of the disclosure as illustrated herein, which would normally occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the disclosure claimed.
It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. As used herein, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” “characterized by,” and grammatical equivalents thereof are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
As used herein, the term “object” refers to a scene element, which may refer to, but is not limited to, a dot, a line, a sprite, a complete computer-graphic model, a part of a computer-graphic model, a virtual surface, a vertex on a virtual polygonal surface, or a texture mapping coordinate on a computer-graphic model. Any of these scene elements can be offset in the manner described herein to achieve positive parallax.
As used herein, the term “camera” may refer to, but is not limited to, a virtual dome camera (where one virtual camera captures a hemispherical view), a real-world dome camera (where one camera captures a hemispherical view), a virtual camera (which captures a rectangular view, which view may or may not be combined with other views to create a hemispherical image), or a real-world camera (which captures a rectangular view, which view may or may not be combined with other views to create a hemispherical image).
Applicant has discovered a method and system for generating a stereoscopic pair of images for use in creating 3-D images on a surface, such as a dome surface. Referring now to FIG. 7, there is depicted a system 250 for generating a computer generated 3-D image for display on a surface using a projector. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the surface may be a dome surface. The system 250 may comprise a computer 252. The computer 252 may comprise a display 254 as is known to one having ordinary skill in the art. The computer 252 may further comprise a processor 256 for executing programming instructions. The processor 256 may be coupled to a memory 258. The memory 258 may store programs for execution by the processor 256. The computer 252 may further comprise an input device 262 for allowing a user to provide input for creating the necessary 3-D image. The input device 262 may comprise a computer mouse and a key board. The computer 252 may also be connected to a data storage device 264, such as a nonvolatile memory device, e.g., a hard drive, for storing image data.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the memory 258 may have stored therein a 3-D modeling program 260. The 3-D modeling program 260 may provide suitable software tools for 3-D modeling, visual effects, and 3-D rendering. A commercially available 3-D modeling program may be suitable. Such commercially available 3-D modeling programs may include the AUTODESK® MAYA® 3D computer animation software or the AUTODESK® 3DS MAX® computer animation software. Using the 3-D modeling program 260, a user may create a computer-generated model using the system 250. The computer-generated model created by the user may comprise one or more virtual objects or scene elements that the user desires to be perceived by viewers in 3-D on a dome surface.
As explained above, in order to generate a 3-D image, a stereoscopic pair of images is created from a virtual scene. The user may create the virtual scene using the 3-D modeling program 250 running on the processor 256 as is known to one having ordinary skill in the art. In order to create a stereoscopic pair of images, the 3-D modeling program 260 may allow the user to position one or a pair of virtual cameras within the computer-generated and virtual scene. In an embodiment, one of the virtual cameras may be designated as the left-eye camera while the other may be designated as the right-eye camera. Alternatively, a single virtual camera may be moved between the left-eye and right-eye camera positions.
The heading or central optical axis of the left-eye virtual camera and the right-eye virtual camera are parallel or substantially parallel. Stated another way, the heading or central optical axis of the left-eye virtual camera and the right-eye virtual camera are in parallel parallax. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, when creating stereo pairs for a video scene or still image, the frames from the left-eye virtual camera are typically rendered separately from the frames from the right-eye virtual camera.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, before the processor 256 renders the frames from the left-eye virtual camera, any distant objects that the animator wishes to be seen with positive parallax are positioned or offset to the left of their desired position in the virtual scene. Before the processor 256 renders frames from the right-eye virtual camera, those objects are positioned or offset to the right of their desired position by the same distance in the virtual scene. It will be appreciated that these objects can be simple objects within the scene, or hemispherical, flat or curved surfaces textured with background images, or vertices or texture coordinates of an object.
The processor 256 may store images captured by the left-eye virtual camera as a left-eye image file 266 on the data storage device 264 and the processor 256 may store images captured by the right-eye virtual camera as a right-eye image file 268 on the data storage device 264. The left-eye image file 266 and the right-eye image file 268 may contain the appropriate data or formatting to render the images to a viewer's left eye or right eye depending on the desired 3-D methodology, e.g., polarization filtering (passive or active), shutter filtering (mechanical shutters), color filtering (anaglyph), autostereoscope, etc.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, objects may be offset from their original positions manually by the user. Alternatively, the user may simply select the object to be offset, and the processor 256 may automatically offset the object from its original position prior to rendering based upon the desired location of where the object will appear in 3-D.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the images captured by the right-eye and left-eye virtual cameras, and stored as the left-eye image file 266 and the right-eye image file 268 in the data storage device 264, respectively, can then be combined by the processor 256 into a master image file 270, which is then stored in the data storage device 264. The master image file 270 may be formatted depending on the 3-D display technology being used. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the left-eye image file 266 and the right-eye image file 268 are maintained as separate image files.
When played, the master file 270, or the left-eye image file 266 and the right-eye image file 268, may generate images of a movie, art piece, video game, film, simulator, television program, still image, or animation suitable for display on a dome surface. Again, the processor 256 executing the instructions of the 3-D modeling program 260 may facilitate the user creating the master image file 270 and the left-eye image file 266 and the right-eye image file 268.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is depicted a top view of a 3-D stereo scene when captured for display on a dome surface. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the 3-D stereo scene may be a virtual scene, captured with virtual cameras, or a real-world scene, captured with real-world cameras. The virtual scene may be generated and filmed using a computer, such as the computer 252. For purposes of convenience, a coordinate system with the x axis pointing to the right, the y axis pointing straight ahead, and the z axis pointing up is designated.
The 3-D scene may be filmed using a left-eye camera 100 and a right-eye camera 102. The left-eye camera 100 and the right-eye camera 102 may be offset from a centerline, or y axis, by an amount c, where 2c represents an interocular distance needed to create a 3-D image. There is shown a desired perceived position of objects in the scene, namely, a circle 104 and a square 106, from the perspective of a viewer and in relation to a dome display surface 108 (the dome display surface 108 is not actually present during the filming of the scene, but its location and distance from the viewer are needed in order to generate 3-D images in the proper perceived position). The heading or aim 100A of the left-eye camera 100 and the heading or aim 102A the right-eye camera 102 are parallel or substantially parallel with each other and the y axis in the scene.
The square 106, which represents an exemplary object in the scene, is located on the y axis in its desired viewing position or original position, which is also the position where the object will be perceived by viewers but in 3-D. Thus, in FIG. 4, the square 106 is desired to appear behind the surface of the dome display 108. For images captured by the left-eye camera 100, the square 106 is offset to the left of the y axis by a distance o to the offset position 106B. For images captured by the right-eye camera 102, the square 106 is offset to the right of the y axis by a distance o to the offset position 106A.
It will be appreciated that the images captured by the left-eye camera 100 and the right-eye camera 102 may be rendered separately from each other. The separately captured renderings may then be prepared for presentation in 3-D. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the images captured by the left-eye camera 100 and the right-eye camera 102 may be stored as two image files on an electronic data storage medium. The image files may be processed for 3-D display.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a diagram with the variables of calculation to determine the necessary offset, o, to create positive parallax to simulate real-world distances pursuant to an embodiment of the present disclosure, where like reference numerals depict like components. An assumption may be made that the viewer is seated in the center of the dome. Table 1, below, lists the variables needed to calculate the offset, o.











TABLE 1







Variable
Status
Description









d
Known
Distance along the y axis from observer





to distant object



s
Known
Distance from observer to dome display





surface



i
Known
Interocular distance of cameras and





observer



r
Known
Offset of observer's right eye and of





right-eye camera (=i/2)



∅
Unknown
Angle from distant object to right eye 





of observer



v
Unknown
Offset distance in x direction where





right eye of observer would see distant





object at distance of the dome display





surface



α
Unknown
Angle of positive parallax



ο
Unknown
Distant of object's offset in x direction





for right-eye camera







The unknown variables in Table 1, may be determined using the following equations:



∅ = tan−1 (r/d)



v = (d − s) tan ∅ 



α = tan−1 (v/s)



ο = (d tan α) + r






The above can also be applied to the left-eye camera and the object's left offset from the y axis in the x direction.

Referring now to FIG. 6, there is depicted a flow diagram of a process for creating positive parallax on distant objects within a virtual environment for display on a dome surface. The process in FIG. 6 may utilize a computer system, such as a computer system 250 as shown in FIG. 7. At step 200, a user may create a virtual environment using a 3-D modeling program running on a computer. At step 202, the desired interocular distance between a left-eye virtual camera and a right-eye virtual camera is determined. The interocular distance, or distance along the x axis between left-eye and right-eye virtual cameras (or actual cameras for filming real-world scenes) is somewhat arbitrary. The distance may be dependent on the distance from the cameras to the closest object in the scene, and the strength of stereo effect desired. To closely simulate a human view in an everyday environment, the left and right cameras should be spaced the same distance that human eyes are spaced, roughly 65 mm apart. If rendering a small-scale scene, the distance would be much smaller. And if rendering a large-scale scene, the distance would be much greater. Also, the greater the spacing, the greater the 3-D effect is produced. The heading or aim of the left-eye camera and the heading or aim of the right-eye camera are parallel or substantially parallel with each other and the y axis in the scene.
At step 204, the offsets for distant objects to produce the desired positive parallax are determined. The amount of positive parallax one would want to introduce to distant objects is somewhat arbitrary as well. The more positive parallax the eye sees, the further away the object will appear. So the most-distant object in a scene should be given the greatest positive parallax. Objects just beyond the distance of the viewing surface (the dome surface) should be given the smallest positive parallax. The amount of positive parallax given to objects in between these objects should fall in between these amounts, proportional to their distance. And the actual distance of the offset in the x direction to produce a certain amount of positive parallax is dependent on the distance that object lies away from the eyepoint (in the y direction), so the easiest way to consider positive parallax is by angle. Positive parallax must be below about 5 degrees for the human mind to process it. And it is most comfortable for the viewer at 3 degrees or less.
If the simulation of real-world distances is desired, then simple trigonometry can yield the amount of offset that should be given to distant objects. FIG. 5 illustrates such a calculation. It is likely, however, that the artist may want to exaggerate the positive parallax of distant objects to enhance the 3-D effect of a scene. In this case, the calculated offset values would be multiplied by a factor which would increase distant offsets, while keeping the largest positive parallax (of the most-distant object in the scene) below 3 degrees.
At step 206, the virtual camera is offset to the left of its original position by half of the interocular distance. At this point, the virtual camera is functioning as the left-eye virtual camera. At step 208, each distant object is moved to the left of its original position by the offset distance as determined at step 204. At step 210, the virtual scene is rendered with the virtual camera in the left-eye position. At step 212 and 214, the left-eye images are prepared for stereo display to the left eyes of viewers.
At step 216, the virtual dome camera is offset to the right of its original position by half of the interocular distance. At this point, the virtual camera is functioning as the right-eye virtual camera. At step 218, each distant object is moved to the right of its original position by the offset distance as determined at step 204. At step 220, the virtual scene is rendered with the virtual camera in the right-eye position. At steps 222 and 224, the right-eye images are prepared for stereo display to the right eyes of viewers. Once the left-eye and the right-eye images are prepared and formatted according the 3-D display technology, they may be projected by a projector onto a dome surface for viewing by an audience.
Referring now to FIG. 8, there is depicted a system 300 for generating a computer generated 3-D image for display on a surface using a projector. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the surface may be a dome surface. The system 300 may comprise a computer 302. The computer 302 may comprise a display 304 as is known to one having ordinary skill in the art. The computer 302 may further comprise a processor 306 for executing programming instructions. The processor 306 may be coupled to a memory 308. The memory 308 may store programs, or instructions, for execution by the processor 306. The computer 302 may further comprise an input device 312 for allowing a user to provide input for creating the necessary 3-D image. The input device 312 may comprise a computer mouse and a key board. The computer 302 may also be connected to a data storage device 314, such as a nonvolatile storage device, for storing image data.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the memory 308 may have stored therein a post-production editing program 310. Commercially available post-production editing programs may be suitable such as ADOBE® AFTER EFFECTS®. The program 310, when executed by the processor 306, may allow scene elements to be offset in post-production. For example, scene elements that have been rendered separately in a modeling program as described above, can be composited together into a scene in a compositing program, sliding distant objects in the left-eye view to the left, and sliding distant objects in the right-eye view to the right by the same distance, to generate the desired positive parallax.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the invention described herein could also be used when capturing stereo pair frames of real-world scenes by video or still camera. Frames for the right-eye camera could be captured at a separate time than frames for the left-eye camera. Distant objects could be moved, as described above, before capturing each camera view. Alternatively, scene elements could be filmed separately, then given their left and right offset when combined in a compositing program (as described above) to achieve positive parallax.
It will be appreciated that the processes and systems described herein may create stereo-pair “dome masters” (or hemispherical images) to be displayed and viewed on a dome surface. These stereo pairs may be for a single still image, or a series of frames that, when displayed in sequence, constitute a video segment. When displaying real-time computer-generated graphics, the horizontal offset of distant objects to create positive parallax could be applied in software by a processor of a computer at the time that the scene elements are displayed in the separate left-eye and right-eye views.
Whether being displayed in real-time, or as a rendered still or video segment, the left-eye view of the stereo pair is displayed to the left eye of the viewer, and the right-eye view of the stereo pair is displayed to the right eye of the viewer in order for the 3-D stereo effect to occur. As mentioned above, the processes by which these images are then processed or independently displayed to the eyes will not be described in detail herein as they are readily known to one having ordinary skill in the art.
Referring now to FIG. 9, there is depicted a system 400 for displaying an image. The system 400 may comprise a dome surface 402. A projector 404 having a projection lens 406 may be positioned to project images onto the dome surface 402. The projector 404 may comprise a digital projector that incorporates a light modulation device that includes micro-electro-mechanical structures. The projector 404 may comprise a plurality of projectors operable to project images onto the dome surface 402. A data storage device 408 may be connected to the projector 404. The data storage device 408 may provide image data to the projector 404. The projector 404 may project 3-D images onto the dome surface 402. The 3-D images displayed on the dome surface 402 may be generated by the methods described above, including the method described in connection with FIG. 6. A viewer may use a pair of 3-D glasses 410 to view the 3-D images on the dome surface. The system 400 projects scenes containing positive parallax onto the dome surface 402 and therefore allows objects to appear to be located beyond the dome surface 402 when viewed in 3-D stereo, which was previously not possible. For example, based upon the image data, the projector 404 may project a left-eye image 412 and a right-eye image 414 onto the dome surface 402. A viewer, wearing the 3-D glasses 410, may perceive an object formed from the left-eye image 412 and the right-eye image 414 as being positioned behind the dome surface 402 as shown by object 416. In this case, the eyes of the viewer wearing the 3-D glasses 410 are in positive parallax. It will be appreciated that the system 400 may be adapted to display 3-D images using any desired technology, including, polarization filtering (passive or active), shutter filtering (mechanical shutters), color filtering (anaglyph), autostereoscope, etc.
It will be appreciated that the structure and apparatus disclosed herein is merely one example of a means for generating and displaying a distant 3-D stereo image on a dome surface, and it should be appreciated that any structure, apparatus or system for generating and displaying a distant 3-D stereo image on a dome surface which performs functions the same as, or equivalent to, those disclosed herein are intended to fall within the scope of a means for generating and displaying a distant 3-D stereo image on a dome surface, including those structures, apparatus or systems for generating and displaying a distant 3-D stereo image on a dome surface which are presently known, or which may become available in the future. Anything which functions the same as, or equivalently to, a means for generating and displaying a distant 3-D stereo image on a dome surface falls within the scope of this element.
The cameras disclosed herein may be real-world cameras especially adapted for filming in 3-D or virtual cameras for capturing scenes in virtual worlds as is known to one having ordinary skill in the art.
Those having ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate the advantages provided by the features of the present disclosure. For example, it is a feature of the present disclosure to provide a system for generating a 3-D image for display on a dome surface. Another feature of the present disclosure is to provide such a projection system for displaying distant 3-D stereo on a dome surface. It is a further feature of the present disclosure, in accordance with one aspect thereof, to provide a process of capturing positive parallax for a dome scene by leaving the cameras parallel, and simply moving distant objects to the right in the right-camera view, and to the left in the left-camera view.
In the foregoing Detailed Description, various features of the present disclosure are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed disclosure requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description by this reference, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of the present disclosure.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present disclosure. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. Thus, while the present disclosure has been shown in the drawings and described above with particularity and detail, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications, including, but not limited to, variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use may be made without departing from the principles and concepts set forth herein.

## Claims

1. A method of generating a stereoscopic pair of images for use in forming a 3-D image of an object at a desired perceived position in a scene, said method comprising:
moving the object to a left offset position in a scene, the left offset position being located to the left of the desired perceived position in the scene, as viewed from a camera in a left camera position;
capturing a left camera view image of the object in the left offset position using the camera in the left camera position;
moving the object to a right offset position in a scene, the right offset position being located to the right of the desired perceived position in the scene, as viewed from a camera in a right camera position;
capturing a right camera view image of the object in the right offset position using the camera in the right camera position; and
preparing the left camera view image with the object in the left offset position and the right camera view image with the object in the right offset position for stereoscopic display of the scene on a concave surface that at least partially surrounds an audience and on which the object appears to be in positive parallax due to the left offset position of the object in the left camera image and the right offset position of the object in the right camera image.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a distance between the desired perceived position in the scene and the left offset position and the right offset position.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining a distance between the left camera position and the right camera position.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is a virtual object and the scene is a virtual scene.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is a scene element.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the scene element is selected from the group consisting of: a dot, a line, a sprite, a complete computer-graphic model, a part of a computer-graphic model, a virtual surface, a vertex on a virtual polygonal surface, and a texture mapping coordinate on a computer-graphic model.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is a real-world object.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising orienting the camera in the left camera position to a left camera heading and orienting the camera in the right camera position to a right camera heading, wherein the left camera heading and the right camera heading are parallel.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the camera in the left camera position is a virtual camera and the camera in the right camera position is a virtual camera.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein preparing the left camera view image and the right camera view image for stereoscopic display comprises generating a master image file from the left camera view image and the right camera view image.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
displaying the left camera view image and the right camera view image on the concave surface such that the object is perceived by a viewer in the audience as a 3-D image of the object positioned at the desired perceived position.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the concave surface a dome surface.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the desired perceived position is beyond the dome surface.

14. A method of generating a stereoscopic pair of images for use in forming a 3-D image, said method comprising:
creating a virtual environment using a computer;
determining a desired interocular distance between a left camera position and a right camera position in the virtual environment;
determining an offset distance for an object in the virtual environment from a desired perceived position to produce a desired positive parallax;
positioning a virtual camera at the left camera position at a left camera heading in the virtual environment;
placing the object at a left offset position in the virtual environment at the offset distance from the left of the desired perceived position in the virtual environment;
capturing a left camera view image of the object at the left offset position using the virtual camera at the left camera position;
positioning a virtual camera at the right camera position at a right camera heading in the virtual environment, wherein the left camera heading and the right camera heading are parallel;
placing the object at a right offset position in the virtual environment at the offset distance from the right of the desired perceived position in the virtual environment;
capturing a right camera view image of the object at the right offset position using the virtual camera at the right camera position; and
preparing the left camera view image and the right camera view image for stereoscopic display on a concave surface to a viewer at least partially surrounded by the concave surface.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the object is a scene element.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the scene element is selected from the group consisting of: a dot, a line, a sprite, a complete computer-graphic model, a part of a computer-graphic model, a virtual surface, a vertex on a virtual polygonal surface, and a texture mapping coordinate on a computer-graphic model.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising displaying the left camera view image and the right camera view image on a surface such that the object is perceived by a viewer as a 3-D image of the object positioned at the desired perceived position.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the surface is an inside of a dome surface.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the desired perceived position is beyond the dome surface.

20. A system for generating a stereoscopic pair of images for use in forming a 3-D image, said system comprising:
a processor;
a memory coupled to the processor, said memory comprising instructions that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform the operations of: place an object at a left offset position in a scene spaced apart from a desired perceived position in the scene by an offset distance, capture a left camera view image of the object in the left offset position using a camera in a left camera position and pointed along a left camera heading, place the object at a right offset position in the scene spaced apart from the desired perceived position in the scene by the offset distance, capture a right camera view image of the object in the right offset position using a camera in a right camera position and pointed in a right camera heading, wherein the left camera heading and the right camera heading are parallel, and store the left camera view image of the scene including the object in the left offset position in a left camera view image file and store the right camera view image of the scene including the object in the right offset position in a right camera view image file.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein the memory further comprises instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to allow a user to define the virtual scene.

22. The system of claim 20, wherein the memory further comprises instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to prepare the left camera view image and the right camera view image for stereoscopic display to a viewer.

23. The system of claim 20, wherein the memory further comprises instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to determine a distance between the desired perceived position and the left offset position and a distance between the desired perceived position and the right offset position.

24. The system of claim 20, wherein the memory further comprises instructions, that when executed by the processor, cause the processor to determine a distance between the left camera position and the right camera position.

25. The system of claim 20, wherein the left camera view image is one of a stereoscopic pair and the right camera view image is the other of the stereoscopic pair.

26. The system of claim 20, wherein the object is a scene element.

27. The system of claim 26, wherein the scene element is selected from the group consisting of: a dot, a line, a sprite, a complete computer-graphic model, a part of a computer-graphic model, a virtual surface, a vertex on a virtual polygonal surface, and a texture mapping coordinate on a computer-graphic model.