United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest

Research Station

Research Paper

PNW-RP-540

March 2002

Constancy and Cover of Plants

in the Petersburg and Wrangell

Districts, Tongass National Forest

and Associated Private and Other

Public Lands, Southeast Alaska

Bert R. Mead
Bert R. Mead is a research forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3301 C St.,

Suite 200, Anchorage, AK 99503-3954.

Author
Mead, Bert R. 2002. Constancy and cover of plants in the Petersburg and Wrangell

Districts, Tongass National Forest and associated private and other public lands,

southeast Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-540. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 112 p.

This study provides a comprehensive and inclusive description and inventory of the

vegetation within the Stikine area of southeast Alaska. Private and other public lands

were included as well as Tongass National Forest lands contained in the Petersburg

and Wrangell Ranger Districts. Previous inventories have concentrated almost exclusively on tree species within forest lands. There has been recent recognition, however,

that forest management plans must incorporate detailed information on other vegetation and resources. During an information needs assessment, prior to the inventory,

Tongass National Forest managers requested that data be collected on all plant species. This information would feed into vegetation databases to be used by forest managers for various purposes but would be collected by using the same method and in

one format for the entire Tongass National Forest.

Constancy and foliar cover tables are presented for the Stikine area of the Tongass

National Forest and adjacent private and other public lands of southeast Alaska. The

methods used to estimate occurrence in the area are described and discussed. Average cover and constancy value for each sampled species of tree, shrub, grass, forb,

lichen, and moss in 18 forest and 12 nonforest Alaska vegetation classification system

level IV vegetation types is shown.

Vegetation classification was attempted by using the preliminary forest plant associations of the Stikine area of the Tongass National Forest. Only a small percentage of the

plots fit neatly into this classification system. Because the plots were located systematically, many plots did not fall into average or typical plant-association series descriptions. We discovered that we could not obtain tree cover by species using the four

7.43-radius subplots, making the first-level branches of the plant association key borderline between several associations, and a correct placement was not possible.

Keywords: Alaska, southeast, foliar cover, species constancy, inventory, plant ecology,

Stikine, Wrangell, Kake, Petersburg, Tongass, Zaremo, Kuiu, Kupreanof, Etolin,

Cleveland Peninsula, temperate rain forest, Alaska vegetation classification system,

species composition.

Species foliar cover and constancy tables and charts are presented for the Stikine

area of southeast Alaska. Percentage of occurrence for each sampled species of tree,

shrub, grass, forb, lichen, and moss and species with average foliar cover greater than

3 percent are shown in line graphs of cover.

Species frequency listings and occurrence within different types add to existing knowledge about vegetation.

Abstract

Summary
1 Introduction

3 Inventory Methods

7 Vegetation Classification System

13 Horizontal-Vertical Plot Measurement

13 Error

14 Results and Discussion

14 Forested Vegetation Types

16 Nonforest Vegetation Types

21 Conclusion

22 Acknowledgments

22 English Equivalents

23 Literature Cited

25 Appendixes

25 Appendix A: Species Constancy on Forest Vegetation Types

47 Appendix B: Species Constancy Tables for Nonforest Vegetation Types

57 Appendix C: Vegetation Type Tables of Cover, Frequency, and Constancy

101 Appendix D: Scientific Name and Authority, Frequency of Species

Occurrence on Sampled Plots, and Common Name

List of Tables

Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system

Table 2—Area of forest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaska

Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaska

Appendix A: Species Constancy on Forest Vegetation Types

Table 4—Constancy of trees and shrubs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on

the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 6—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on closed- and opencanopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 7—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on closed- and open-canopy

forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 8—Constancy of lichens on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on

the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 9—Constancy of mosses on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types

on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 10—Constancy of liverworts on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation

types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 11—Constancy of trees and shrubs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and

on dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Contents
Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree

vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 13—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on open- and woodlandcanopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast

Alaska

Table 14—Constancy of grass and grasslike plants on open- and woodland-canopy

forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 15—Constancy of lichens on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf

tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 16—Constancy of mosses on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf

tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 17—Constancy of liverworts on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on

dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Appendix B: Species Constancy Tables for Nonforest Vegetation Types

Table 18—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types on the

Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Table 20—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on nonforest vegetation

types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 21—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on nonforest vegetation

types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 22—Constancy of lichens on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Table 23—Constancy of mosses on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Table 24—Constancy of liverworts on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Appendix C: Vegetation Type Tables of Cover, Frequency, and Constancy

Table 25—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1A03-Picea sitchensis/Oplopanax horridus-Circaea alpina

Table 26—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of trees in AVCS

level V 1A1B01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.

Table 27—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1B02-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./Dryopteris dilatata

Table 28—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1B03-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-Oplopanax horridus

Table 29—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1C02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.- Menziesia

ferruginea
Table 30—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1C03-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Oplopanax horridus

Table 31—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1C04-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.-Oplopanax

horridus

Table 32—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1C05-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.

Table 33—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1C06-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton

americanum

Table 34—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1C07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax

horridus

Table 35—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1C08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/Lysichiton

americanum

Table 36—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1D01-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Lysichiton americanum/Sphagnum spp.

Table 37—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1D02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-Menziesia

ferruginea

Table 38—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1D04-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax

horridus

Table 39—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1D05-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.

Table 40—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1D07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax

horridus

Table 41—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1D08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton

americanum

Table 42—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1E01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp.

Table 43—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1E02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp./

Lysichiton americanum

Table 44—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1F01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.

Table 45—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1G01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.-Lysichiton

americanum
Table 46—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1U01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium spp./

Rhytidiadelphus loreus

Table 47—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1U03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis/ Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanum

Table 48—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1U04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis / Lysichiton americanum

Table 49—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1U05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga heterophyllaPicea sitchensis-Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.

Table 50—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2A05-Picea sitchensis/Rubus spectabilis

Table 51—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2B06-Picea sitchensis -(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton

americanum

Table 52—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2B07-Tsuga heterophylla -(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Oplopanax

horridus

Table 53—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2B08-Tsuga heterophylla -(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton

americanum

Table 54—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2B09-Tsuga heterophylla -(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/Lysichiton

americanum

Table 55—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2C01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.

Table 56—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2C02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.-Cassiope mertensiana

Table 57—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2C03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus/Fauria

crista-galli

Table 58—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2D01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium spp./

Rhytidiadelphus loreus

Table 59—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2D03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis/ Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanum

Table 60—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2D04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis/ Lysichiton americanum
Table 61—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2D05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga heterophyllaPicea sitchensis-Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.

Table 62—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2M01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.

Table 63—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2P01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp.

Table 64—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2P02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/Vaccinium spp./

Lysichiton americanum

Table 65—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2R01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.-Lysichiton

americanum

Table 66—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A2W01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigrum

Table 67—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A3A01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigrum

Table 68—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A3Q02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.-Cassiope mertensiana

Table 69—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A3Q03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus/

Fauria crista-galli

Appendix D: Scientific Name Authority, Frequency of Species Occurrence on

Sampled Plots, and Common Name of Plant

Table 70—Scientific name and authority, frequency of fern, horsetail, and clubmoss

species occurrence on sampled plots, and common name

Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence on

sampled plots, and common name

Table 72—Scientific name and authority, frequency of grass and grasslike species

occurrence on sampled plots, and common name

Table 73—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence on

sampled plots, and common name

Table 74—Scientific name and authority, frequency of liverwort species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name

Table 75—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss species occurrence on

sampled plots, and common name

Table 76—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence on

sampled plots, and common name

Table 77—Scientific name and authority, frequency of tree species occurrence on

sampled plots, and common name
1

The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program of the USDA Forest Service, Pacific

Northwest Research Station, has responsibility for measuring and evaluating resources

in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. The Alaska FIA unit has developed techniques that measure and characterize vegetation cover and distribution.

Nonforest and marginal forest areas as well as heavily timbered vegetation types are

sampled.

The Stikine area of the southeast Alaska inventory unit (fig. 1) lies between 55.46° and

57.25° N. latitude, and between 131.00° and 134.25° W. longitude. The Stikine area

lies at about the same latitude as the northern part of the British Isles, the southern

part of Sweden and Norway, and the Russian capital of Moscow. The Stikine area

comprises what is now the Petersburg and Wrangell Ranger Districts of the Tongass

National Forest, as well as private and other public lands occurring within this boundary. It is located in the central portion of the southeast Alaska panhandle, also known

as the Alexander Archipelago. The panhandle stretches nearly 966 km along a narrow

strip of mainland averaging 193 km wide. Sixty percent of the land area lies on the

mainland, and the rest consists of islands lying immediately offshore. Portions of the

panhandle are linked to major drainage systems that extend seaward from Canada.

The Stikine area is connected to Canada by the portion of the Stikine River that

emerges on the coast just north of Wrangell.

The Stikine area is bounded on the north by Frederick Sound, on the west by Chatham

Strait, and on the south by Sumner Strait, Clarence Strait, and Ernest Sound. To the

east it is bounded by the Canadian border on the mainland and extends from Cape

Fanshaw in the north to Eaton Point on the Cleveland Peninsula in the south. It represents a diverse landscape of islands and continental mainland with elevations from sea

level to just over 3048 m. The mainland is dissected by an intricate system of fjords

formed by drainage courses that have been eroded and deepened by glaciers and

currents. The seaways are deep, many over 122 m, and have rocky bottoms. Chatham

Strait on the west boundary is a deep trench 6.4 to 24 km wide and over 320 km long.

Major islands in the inventory area include Kuiu, Kupreanof, Zaremo, Etolin, and

Wrangell as well as many smaller islands. Kupreanof Island is largest with an area of

2807 km2

. The islands are separated by a system of marine features such as sounds,

straits, canals, narrows, and channels forming an extensive shoreline. Major towns in

the area are Wrangell, Petersburg, and Kake.

The physiographic regions are complex, resulting from the collision of several plates

with the North American continent. Although the islands look similar, most do not share

a common origin. The Cleveland peninsula although attached to the mainland, is similar

to the islands in appearance, origin, and topography.

The climate is maritime with cool summers, moderate winters, high humidity, high precipitation, considerable cloudiness, little freezing weather, and an average temperature

of 4 °C. Although temperature is moderated by the ocean influence, precipitation and

temperature gradients do occur.

Cool Pacific air masses release moisture as they are lifted over the mainland mountains. Precipitation generally increases with elevation on the windward side of mountains. Areas on the leeward side generally have considerably less precipitation. For

example, Kake, situated on the northwest side of Kupreanof Island, lies in the lee of the

mountains of Baranof Island and gets about 152 cm of precipitation; whereas Petersburg, 64 km away, on the north of Mitkof Island and closer to the mainland mountains,

gets 267 cm of precipitation per year. Temperature extremes increase with distance

Introduction
2

from coastline and with elevation. Some mainland valleys are influenced by cold air

washing down from glaciers and ice fields, in some cases lowering local temperatures

by several degrees during the growing season. All these differences affect plant distribution and growth and account for much of the heterogeneity of plant communities in

this area (Selkregg, circa 1976).

Climate and physiography of the region affect development of soils and plant communities in other ways. The area has undergone repeated glaciations, the most recent advance being about 10,000 years ago. Glaciers sculpted the land and removed soils

down to bedrock. As they retreated, they deposited glacial till and flooded much of the

recently exposed land near sea level. Poorly drained soils derived from compacted

glacial till cover much of the land below 460 m, whereas those formed over exposed

granite bedrock remain shallow and also poorly drained. Others, formed on soft limestone, are deeper and better drained. Islands and benches adjacent to the Stikine River

benefit from the deposition of silt from interior winds blowing down the river during winter when sandbars and mudflats are exposed. The loess soils that have been deposited

owe their high pH and lack of a deep organic layer to the yearly deposition of this winddeposited silt. These soils are less acidic, with compatible vegetative communities,

which are generally more productive. In other areas, the high precipitation and cool

temperatures have slowed decomposition of organic matter, thereby making the soils

more acidic. These sites are covered with a thick duff layer, high in organic matter and

constantly moist. Such conditions severely limit the amount of nutrient available to

plants on these sites, thereby lowering their productivity.

Figure 1—Location of the Stikine area, southeast Alaska unit within Alaska (shaded area).
3

Wind is another major influence on vegetation patterns in this region. Wind acts in concert with root rot and mistletoe weakening of tree stems. As it uproots trees or breaks

tree stems, it can create forest gaps. (Wittwer 2000). If larger areas are affected, it

may create stands of even- or two-aged forests, if only part of the stand is destroyed.

Stands that regenerate after major wind disturbance usually have more Sitka spruce

(Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) than are found in old-growth stands. Wind disturbance

usually occurs during fall and winter cyclonic storms that typically move along the north

Pacific from west to east. Powerful southeast winds occur along the leading edge of

these storms as the winds rotate in a counter-clockwise direction. These winds are

often funneled up straits, and wind velocities are increased. Consequently, ridges with

southeast exposure are more likely to experience catastrophic windthrow than are

leeward slopes, north and east slopes. Local areas also are influenced considerably by

winds funneling down drainages from the coastal mountains. Where such winds are of

sufficient intensity, frequency, and coldness, they create exposed landscapes devoid of

trees, such as the north end of Farm Island.

Undisturbed mature stands have a ragged appearance because they consist of trees

of various ages, sizes, degrees of vigor, and trees with dead tops and gray snags intermixed with healthy tree crowns. Older trees contain considerable heart rot, and forest

gaps from individual weakened and wind-thrown trees are quickly filled with younger

tree seedlings.

Forests extend from sea level to about 800 m. Stands with greatest tree volume are

generally near tidewater with stand heights and wood quality diminishing with increasing elevation. Interspersed among the forest stands are muskeg plant communities

growing on deep organic soils and dominated by plants such as mosses, sedges,

rushes, and ericaceous shrubs that tolerate saturated soils. Between the forests and

muskegs, open forests grow on wet organic soils. These open stands of mixed conifers

generally have grown slowly and are of poorer form than other forest types occurring

in the area. They have a dense shrub layer with many species, thereby making them

important food and cover areas for wildlife (Selkregg circa 1985). The other major

group of plant communities is the alpine type that occurs above timberline (about

800 m). Heath shrubs, grasses, and low-growing forbs such as deer-cabbage (Fauria

crista-galli (Menzies) Makino) dominate these types. Trees are occasional, stunted,

and shrublike due to short, cool summers, extended snowpack, and strong winds. The

landscape is a mix of old growth, wind disturbed even- and uneven-aged forests, open

forest, muskegs, alpine, grass flats, etc.

We developed procedures to measure vegetation on both forested and nonforested

land, with the major objective of recording plant species occurrence and composition in

each plant community (Mead 1992). These data would provide information needed to

classify forest plots within previously described plant associations. It also provided

information to develop better descriptions for nonforest plant associations.

The Stikine area inventory used the FIA mapped-plot survey design. Plot selection is

based on a systematic grid with a spacing of 4.8 km, with a random start point. This

grid spacing was determined by the number of plots needed to meet sampling error

limits for area and volume for productive forest lands. We looked at the 1970s inventory data, which met inventory error objectives, and computed a grid spacing that

gave sufficient numbers of plots on productive forest lands to meet error objectives.

We selected this spacing before implementing the national system; however, it closely

matches the national grid, which uses a 1/28 sampling the larger Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) hexagonal grid for forest inventory sampling.

Inventory Methods
4

The inventory design for southeast Alaska is a single-phase, unstratified, systematic

grid sample. Ground plots are established at each grid intersection so no aerial photo

or remote-sensed sample for stratification was conducted. Sampling intensity was

chosen to meet sampling error guidelines of + 3 percent per 404 686 ha (1 million

acres) for productive forest area and + 10 percent per 28 316 800 m3 (1 billion cubic

feet) for net volume based on sample variances from inventories conducted during the

1970s. LANDSAT imagery provided estimates of forest land area. The proportion of

productive forest area within the forested area was provided by previous inventories.

Using these pieces of information, we chose grid spacing that allows for the number of

productive forest land plots to be at least equal to the number of productive forest land

plots in previous inventories.

Ground plots are 1-ha circles (figs. 2, 3, and 4). Land cover-vegetation type is visually

interpreted for each plot by using high-resolution orthophotoquads and high-resolution

satellite imagery. Plots that are barren or covered with ice and snow are not visited on

the ground. Ground plots are subsampled by a cluster of four, 7.3-m fixed-radius subplots. From the first centrally located subplot, three other subplots are located 36.6 m

north, southeast, and southwest, respectively. Each subplot is mapped for land cover.

Additional details of the mapped field plot design are contained in Scott and Bechtold

(1995).

Each grid line is located by using orthophotos printed at a scale of 1:15840 or other

available imagery. Plots were located at the intersections of grid lines. Some location

error is present owing to inherent error in the maps and the difficulties of physically

locating the plot at the exact coordinate. This locational error is assumed to be minimal

and unbiased. The precise location is determined after the field plot is established by

using geographic positioning system (GPS) hardware and postprocessing. This establishes an historical record of the precise location of the sample plot. At the time of the

survey, it was not possible to obtain the exact coordinates while in the field.

Once the grid location is established as precisely as possible, that locus becomes

the center of the first subplot to be measured. The plot area is sampled by using four

1/60-ha subplots with a 7.32-m radius (fig. 2). The initial subplot is at the center, and

the remaining subplots are located at a distance of 36.58 m from the center of the initial

subplot at azimuths of 360, 120, and 240 degrees. Subplots are used to collect data on

trees with a diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) of 12.7 cm or greater. Each subplot also

contains a 1/743-ha microplot with a radius of 2.07 m. Its center corresponds to the

center of its subplot. The microplot is used to sample seedling trees (d.b.h. less than

2.54 cm) and sapling trees (d.b.h is 2.54 to 12.69 cm). Broad categories of data collected in the field are location, condition, timber, other vegetation, soils, and downed

wood. Other vegetation is measured on a horizontal-vertical (HV) vegetation plot with a

plot radius of 5.64 m (1/100 ha). At the start of the inventory, we were locating HV plots

within the first two subplots of each vegetation type; in subsequent years, we measured

HV plots only in the first subplot of each vegetation type.
5

Figure 2—Layout of subplots within the 1-ha plot.
6

Figure 3—Jason Downing records data on a ground plot.

Figure 4—Sadie Rosenthal locates reference points on an aerial photograph.
7

Vegetation type changes are mapped on the subplots. If there are abrupt vegetation

changes within the HV area, the HV plot is moved to the next subplot. This is done to

sample the species composition associated with one vegetation type and to avoid sampling a mixture of two distinct types. Species cover and composition were developed

from homogeneous plots, but area estimates were developed from all plots. Where

plots were heterogeneous, they were mapped and area percentage in each vegetation

type was computed. This allowed us to obtain an unbiased estimate of area by vegetation type and maintain the ability to describe vegetation by completely sampling within

one classified type.

The three nested plots (subplot, microplot, and HV plot) are the source of plant and tree

data presented in this report (fig. 5). Sampling started in June and was completed by

early September over a 4-year period from 1995 to 1998 (van Hees 2001).

All plots were classified by using the Alaska vegetation classification system (AVCS)

developed by Viereck and others (1992) (table 1). The data were compiled by using a

ratio-of-means estimator as recommended by Zarnoch and Bechtold (2000). This produced area estimates by vegetation type.

The ratio-of-means estimator is defined as:

where

 = ratio of means

yi

 = the variable of interest on plot i,

xi = an auxiliary variable on plot i that is correlated with yi , and

n = number of plots selected from the population.

The AVCS is a multilevel classification. The first level broadly classifies vegetation into

forest, scrub, and herbaceous communities. The second level groups by lifeform or

height class, depending on the first category. Level III uses foliar cover for all vegetation except herbaceous communities, which are classified at this level by dry, mesic, or

wet sites. Vegetation on each 1-ha plot was type-mapped and classified down to level

IV at the ground level. Level IV classification shows the major plant species in the community. Not enough plots were available in some categories to develop statistically

significant estimates at level IV, so some types sampled are not shown in the tables.

An abbreviated description of the classification system is given in table 1, and the area

in each category is shown in tables 2 and 3. Ground plots were described down to level

IV, a species descriptive level not shown in the following abbreviated outline. The abbreviated codes, used in the text and in the table appendices, match the classification

key in Viereck and others (1992).

Vegetation

Classification

System

Rˆ = 

∑

∑

=

=

n

i

i

n

i

i

x

y

1

1 = x

y , 

$

R
8

Figure 5—Remote plots were

accessed by using a helicopter with

landing pad on the inventory boat.
9

Table 1—Alaska vegetation classification system

Level 1 Level II Level IIIa

Forest Needleleaf Closed (60-100% canopy closure)

Open (25-59% canopy closure)

Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)

Broadleaf Closed (60-100% canopy closure)

Open (25-59% canopy closure)

Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)

Mixed Closed (60-100% canopy closure)

Open (25-59% canopy closure)

Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)

Scrub Dwarf tree Closed (60-100% canopy closure)

Open (25- 59% canopy closure)

Woodland (10-24% canopy closure)

Tall (> 1.5 m) Closed (75-100% canopy closure)

Open (25- 74% canopy closure)

Low (0.2 m to 1.4 m) Closed (75-100% canopy closure)

Open (25- 74% canopy closure)

Dwarf (< 0.2 m) Closed (75-100% canopy closure)

Open (25-74% canopy closure)

Herbaceous Graminoid Dry

Mesic

Wet

Forb Dry

Mesic

Wet

Bryoid Moss

Lichen

Aquatic Fresh water

Brackish

Marine

a Level III of dwarf scrub was modified for this inventory from dryas, ericaceous, and willow categories to

closed and open categories because of remote sensing limitations in determining small shrub species on

aerial photographs.
10

Table 2—Area of forest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaskaa

Type

Vegetation type code Area Proportion

Thousands hectares Percent

Closed-canopy needleleaf forest:

Sitka spruce 1A1A 18.28 0.59

Western hemlock 1A1B 331.94 10.69

Sitka spruce–western hemlock 1A1C 53.42 1.72

Western hemlock–Sitka spruce 1A1D 168.86 5.44

Western hemlock–Alaska cedar 1A1E 204.52 6.59

Mountain hemlock 1A1F 54.88 1.77

Western hemlock–western redcedar 1A1G 81.53 2.62

Mixed conifer 1A1U 202.00 6.51

Undescribed types 1A1X 1.57 .05

Open-canopy needleleaf forest:

Sitka spruce 1A2A 6.27 .20

Western hemlock–Sitka spruce 1A2B 56.37 1.82

Mountain hemlock 1A2C 150.12 4.84

Mixed conifer 1A2D 276.25 8.90

Western hemlock 1A2M 31.36 1.01

Sitka spruce–western hemlock 1A2N 6.27 .20

Western hemlock–Alaska cedar 1A2P 54.88 1.77

Western hemlock–western redcedar 1A2R 12.54 .40

Lodgepole pine 1A2W 25.09 .81

Woodland-canopy needleleaf forest:

Lodgepole pine 1A3A 62.21 2.00

Western hemlock 1A3M 20.16 .65

Western hemlock–Sitka spruce 1A3O 12.54 .40

Mountain hemlock 1A3Q 47.55 1.53

Western hemlock–western redcedar 1A3R 6.27 .20

Mixed conifer 1A3U 31.25 1.01

Closed-canopy broadleaf forest:

Red alder 1B1A 3.14 .10

Open-canopy broadleaf forest:

Red alder 1B2H 1.57 .05

Total, all forest vegetation types 1920.84 61.88

a Areas are for unreserved national forest lands only and do not include wilderness and other reserved

lands. Private and other public lands are also not included in this table.
11

Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaskaa

Type

Vegetation type code Area Proportion

Thousand hectares Percent

Dwarf tree:

Closed canopy—

Mountain hemlock 2A1A 4.70 0.15

Open-canopy, dwarf tree—

Mountain hemlock 2A2B 20.38 .66

Mixed conifer 2A2M 12.17 .39

Lodgepole pine 2A2P 8.09 .26

Woodland-canopy, dwarf tree—

Lodgepole pine 2A3P 4.70 .15

Mountain hemlock 2A3Q 25.09 .81

Tall shrub types:

Closed canopy—

Scrub alder 2B1B 27.06 .87

Alder 2B1D 6.27 .20

Salmonberry 2B1G 1.57 .05

Scrub alder–salmonberry 2B1H 32.30 1.04

Salmonberry–blueberry 2B1I 6.27 .20

Open canopy—

Alder 2B2B 12.47 .40

Salmonberry 2B2G 6.27 .20

Alder-salmonberry 2B2H 5.63 .18

Salmonberry-blueberry 2B2F 6.27 .20

Undescribed 2B2X 3.13 .10

Low shrub types:

Closed canopy—

Ericaceous shrub closed canopy 2C1D 6.27 .20

Copperbush-blueberry 2C2C 1.46 .05

Open canopy—

Ericaceous shrub bog 2C2E 42.63 1.37

Copperbush-blueberry 2C2V 6.27 .20

Copperbush 2C2Y 10.98 .35

Dwarf shrub types:

Vaccinium ericaceous tundra 2D2B 7.43 .24

Crowberry ericaceous tundra 2D2C 3.14 .10

Mountain heath ericaceous tundra 2D2D 10.98 .35

Cassiope ericaceous tundra 2D2E 28.22 .91

Undescribed 2X2X 6.27 .20

Undescribed2 2X2XX 31.36 1.01
12

Table 3—Area of nonforest by vegetation type, Stikine area, Alaskaa (continued)

Type

Vegetation type code Area Proportion

Thousand hectares Percent

Herbaceous types:

Fireweed 3B2B 3.14 .10

Wet sedge meadow tundra 3A3A 15.19 .49

Wet sedge-grass meadow tundra 3A3B 1.43 .05

Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra 3A3C 16.64 .54

Fresh sedge marsh 3A3D 24.21 .78

Subarctic lowland sedge-bog meadow 3A3J 1.57 .05

Subarctic lowland moss-bog meadow 3A3K 3.48 .11

Alpine herb-sedge (snowbed) 3B1B 6.27 .20

Alpine herbs 3B1C 6.27 .20

Mixed herbs 3B2A 22.73 .73

Ferns 3B2D 6.27 .20

 Total, all nonforest vegetated types 444.32 14.31

Other, barren:

Permanent ice and snow, snowfields, ice 7A1 206.96 6.67

Permanent ice and snow, glacier 7A2 313.58 10.10

Rock, felsenmeer (broken boulder field) 7B1 14.11 .45

Rock, bedrock outrcrop 7B2 123.00 3.96

Rock, scree, talus slopes 7B3 39.20 1.26

Other, including bare soil and gullies 7B4 3.14 .10

Fluvial deposits 7D1 1.57 .05

Cultural, roads, paved areas,

buildings, etc. 7F3 4.44 .14

Water:

Noncensus streams 8A2 8.54 .28

Census lakes (greater than 8 ha) 8B1 20.92 .67

Noncensus lakes 8B2 3.14 .10

Total, barren and water 738.60 23.80

Subtotal, all nonforest lands 1183 38.12

Subtotal, forest lands (from table 2) 1921 61.88

Total, all types 3104 100.00

a

 Areas are for unreserved national forest lands only and do not include wilderness and other reserved

lands. Private and other public lands are also not included in this table.
13

A horizontal-vertical profile (HV plot) of vegetation structure was made at the first subplot in each vegetation type, and in the first year, at the first two subplots in each type.

This included cover information on tree seedlings as well as other plants.

The horizontal-vertical profile plot (HV plot) has a circular fixed radius with an area of

0.01 ha (5.64-m radius). On these HV plots, the percentage of foliar cover in each natural layer of vegetation was estimated with procedures of Daubenmire (1959) but modified by using a continuous percentage rather than percentage of cover categories. In a

typical vegetation type, several natural layers occur: ground cover, forbs and grasses,

low shrubs, tall shrubs, and trees. The heights of these layers differ from bottomland to

alpine sites. Because different vegetation types may lack one of the layers, field crews

determined which layers were present. The heights of these natural layer breaks were

measured and recorded, thereby allowing percentage of cover to be measured for all

taxa in each layer. Layer heights varied for each plot, depending on site factors such

as aspect and elevation, which influenced the natural layers present. Sometimes plants

would extend over more than one layer with a different percentage of cover in each

layer.

This method was more descriptive than simply measuring plant cover at predetermined

height intervals or taking one height measurement for all shrubs or forbs, etc. It also

was less labor intensive, and thus more cost-effective, than measuring height and

cover on each plant. A universal predictor, such as plant cover, when used for all

nontree vegetation, added speed and uniformity as well as cost savings. It also allowed

us to use a larger plot size and capture a more complete description of all the vegetation present.

Because total cover for each species was not recorded directly, it had to be calculated

from percentage of cover of the layer and from percentage of foliar occupancy of each

species within each layer. Computed covers of species within each layer were then

compared between layers to determine the maximum foliar cover of a species in any

layer. This method of determining foliar cover could be somewhat different than if maximum foliar cover had been measured by species directly, irregardless of cover in any

layer, as it may overestimate or underestimate cover if there is considerable overlap or

separation between layers. We believe major differences to be rare, however, because

most of the cover for a particular species is usually contained in one layer.

In figure 6, cover occurs in two layers (shrub and tree). It comes from different sets of

plants rather than the next height layer of the same set of plants. This method is ideally

suited for description of vertical vegetation cover and gives a better profile of the threedimensional cover of plants.

A minimum quality-evaluation was done by having a field supervisor visit a few sites

and judge the number and height of layers as well as identify species and estimate

percentage of cover. Major discrepancies were discussed with field-crew members in

order to make estimates uniform. A complete remeasurement of the plot was not done,

and sufficient numbers of plots were not revisited to enable us to quantify error bounds

on the visual estimates. The distance between the remote plots, the logistics and costs

involved in returning check crews via helicopter to these areas for remeasurement, was

prohibitive.

Horizontal-Vertical Plot

Measurement

Error
14

A more rigorous study of the repeatability and the components of variation associated

with foliar cover estimates was conducted after the Stikine area, southeast Alaska inventory was completed. Repeat measurements were taken in one vegetation type of

20 plots remeasured three times by six different observers over one summer in southcentral Alaska. Results indicated that the measurement component of variation exceeded that of the natural variation. The variation between observers and even for the

same observer between plots was greater than the naturally occurring variation. This is

likely due to the subjectivity of ocular estimates of foliar cover (van Hees and Mead

2000). We looked for measurement bias by individual observer but found no trend that

a particular observer consistently estimated high or low. If we had, it may have been

possible to make an adjustment of known bias. Such results indicate that caution

should be taken with the data presented in the following tables. Error in any estimate

could exceed 100 percent: a more precise estimate of nontree vegetation biomass

could result from further measurement and study. Different techniques, probably more

time consuming than those presented here, by using stem diameters, leaf measurements, stem counts, or other methods less subjective than ocular estimation of foliar

cover might give more precise estimates. Currently, the demand for this type of data

does not justify the more time-intensive techniques that would yield greater precision.

Such techniques might be cost-effective, however, for specific local resource assessments where precise estimates are needed. The current study provides preliminary

information on the species composition and relative biomass and prevalence among

different structural components of each vegetative community.

Analysis of forested vegetation types proceeded along two lines. First, we summarized

cover and plant constancy in various classes of the AVCS (Viereck and others 1992).

Cover is the highest foliar cover estimated for each plant species in any layer of the HV

plot, averaged within a type among all HV plots measured. Constancy is the percentage of plots with a vegetation type on which the plant species occurred. A plant species

occurring on all plots would have a 100-percent constancy.

Second, we followed a classification key to place plots within one of the described plant

associations previously developed by the Forest Service for the Stikine area (Pawuk

and Kissinger 1989). During the information needs assessment meetings, national

forest representatives felt that the plant cover data would enable them to place plots

appropriately into an association. This effort was only partially successful, as our plots

were systematically placed and sampled ecotones and transitions as well as “typical

stand conditions.” The original plant association guides were developed from plots in

Figure 6—Three dimensional horizontal-vertical

vegetation plot; dotted lines represent vegetation

layers.

Results and

Discussion

Forested Vegetation

Types
15

stands where the vegetation conditions were homogeneous and edge effects, ecotones, windthrow, and sites exhibiting atypical vegetation patterns were avoided (Martin

and others 1995). This effort also was hampered because placement in plant association series is dependent on tree species cover. This was not directly measured or estimated but computed from tallies of trees and average crown width measurements. By

using crown width, a maximum area of crown was computed for each tree; these were

added together by species and divided by the area of the plot to obtain a species cover.

This is only an estimate because overlapping crowns cannot be accounted for in this

way, and any inequality in the amount of crown cover coming from nontally trees on the

edges of the plots, as opposed to tally tree crowns falling outside the plot area, could

not be determined. For this classification, we assumed that these were equal and canceled each other out for total crown cover.

For forest cover overall, this is a reasonable assumption. It becomes more problematic

when estimating individual tree species cover because there is a greater possibility of

inequalities on plots with a mix of tree species. Mapping crown placement for each tree

would have improved these estimates, but software to do this efficiently was not available at the time of this analysis. It would still be possible that the sample plots may not

truly reflect the mix of species on that particular area.

A second attempt to place plots in the described plant associations was made by using

the AVCS type as an indicator of the first level of the dichotomous key–the series level.

Series describes the major tree species or combination of tree species. We then analyzed the understory plant species to place the plot in the correct association of the

major series. This was not highly accurate because the definitions are not the same.

This was particularly evident in the placement of mixed-conifer versus shore pine series plots. The Stikine plant association key automatically places any plot with 10 percent or greater cover in shore pine into the shore pine series. Many of these plots were

classified as mixed conifer under the AVCS. Another area of discrepancy was in the

Sitka spruce series, because only 15 percent cover in Sitka spruce was needed to

place the plots into that series, whereas in the AVCS, a closed Sitka spruce forest classification requires that 35 to 60 percent of the cover is provided by Sitka spruce. The

AVCS also includes many mixed-species types, particularly for western hemlock

(Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and Sitka spruce mixes, whereas the Stikine Plant

Association guide places plots in either a western hemlock series or a Sitka spruce

series. The criteria for other western hemlock mixed types such as western hemlockwestern redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) or western hemlock-Alaska cedar

(Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) also differ greatly from the AVCS. Classification in the AVCS was done by matching a written type description. The only key

provided simply placed plots in closed, open, woodland, broadleaf, coniferous, or mixed

categories. Classification at lower levels consisted of reading the type descriptions and

matching to the best fit.

Further difficulties were encountered because the plant association guide is not a

strictly dichotomous key but often required several criteria be met. Some plots that

did not meet all the criteria did not easily fall into a complementary category.

For these reasons, a comparison was made of the results of the two classification

methods. (1) Plots were placed in a plant association series by using the AVCS system. Once in a series, the plant association key was followed primarily by examining

cover of understory species and placed in an association. (2) The plant association

series was determined by computing species cover for assignment to series, and the

key followed for understory plant composition within the series.
16

As mentioned earlier, there was significant crossing over between mixed-conifer and

shore pine series, as well as between Sitka spruce and western hemlock series. Furthermore, because the AVCS had mixed spruce-hemlock types, that category still relied on the plant association key to determine which series they fell into.

Final analysis for plant associations was done only for the plots that fell into matching

plant associations based on the two methods for determining plant association series.

This was roughly 43 percent of the forested plots (157/366). Descriptions of plant composition by plant association are done on only these 157 forested plots and are not

presented in this paper.

Note the following when reviewing the appendix tables. Some major species in the type

descriptions were not present on all sample points within that type, so their percentage

of occurrence may be less than 100 percent. The type call was made on the larger

area around the plot, and not all tree species were sampled on the 7.32-m radius

tree plot. For example, in table 4, the type 1A1C is called closed-canopy Sitka sprucewestern hemlock forest. Naming rules for a type specify that the most predominant tree

species is listed first. However, Sitka spruce only has a constancy value of 88 percent

because it did not occur on a few of the 7.32-m radius tree plots, but was predominant

in the larger 1-ha circular area or mapped polygon.

Also, because the plots were systematically located, they did not represent ideal

types, and the field crew had to choose the best-fit type description in the AVCS. In

some cases where the type was described with a mix of three or four tree species,

the sample measurement may not show cover and constancy for the lowest listed

species, for example, in table 59 for 1A2D03, the type is called Tsuga heterophyllaChamaecyparis-Tsuga mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton

americanum. In this type, Picea sitchensis was not sampled on the 1-ha circle, and

yet this description was the “best fit.”

Nonforest plots were classified by using the AVCS developed by Viereck and others

(1992) (figs. 7a and 7b). Summary statistics on average plant cover and species constancy are given in appendix tables for plots classified under the ACVS. The field determination of type was used, and no attempt was made to reclassify by computer

algorithm. This was reasonable for nonforest as the types were discrete and usually

quite distinct from one another.

When looking at the constancy value of some types, particularly the nonforest types

with few plots, a rare plant species may have a “high” rate of constancy; the number

of sample plots as well as the constancy value must be considered. For example in

table 19, an introduced weed, Chenopodium berlandieri (L.) shows a constancy

value of 20 percent, but it occurred on only one of the five plots sampled. In this case,

there were not enough plots to say that this is a common plant in this type. What are

“enough” plots? The sample was not designed to meet a specified sampling error on

nonforest plots, so many of the less common types had few samples. A forest type

with 70 or more plots will likely give a good description of which plants are most constant in the type. For nonforest plots with five or six samples, it will not, and can only

be regarded as a preliminary list of plants that may occur. Given that almost exclusive

emphasis in previous inventories has been given to productive forest stands and little

description or inventory has been done on nonforest plots, this is an improvement in

the understanding and description of these areas (figs. 8a and 8b).

Nonforest Vegetation

Types
17

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

Foliar cover

Carex lyngbyei

Moss spp.

Hippuris tetraphylla

Cicuta douglasii

Potentilla anserina

Figure 7a—The nonforest type: sedge-marestail marsh.

Figure 7b—Plants with cover values 3 percent

or higher in sedge-marestail marsh nonforest.
18

Figure 8a—This low shrub copperbush and blueberry type was only sampled on one plot.

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Foliar cover

Sphagnum

Tsuga mertensiana

Rhytidiadelphus

loreus

Fauria crista-galli

Caltha biflora

Vaccinium

Hylocomium

splendens

Cladothamnus

pyrolaeflorus

Cassiope

mertensiana

Figure 8b—Plants with cover values 3 percent or higher in copperbush-blueberry low-shrub

nonforest.
19

Figure 9a—The differential species on this alpine plot is deer cabbage.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percent

Plant species foliar cover

Fauria crista-galli

Cassiope mertensiana

Hepatica

Moss

Pleurozium schreberi

Cladothamnus

pyrolaeflorus

Tsuga mertensiana

Grass

Cassiope stelleriana

Figure 9b—Plants with cover values 3 percent or higher in deer cabbage herbaceous nonforest.
20

Additional nonforest types identified that were not included in Viereck and others (1992)

include the closed and open tall shrub types; salmonberry, alder-salmonberry, salmonberry-blueberry; the closed low shrub type of copperbush-blueberry and the open low

shrub type of copperbush, and copperbush-blueberry.

Among these, only the closed alder-salmonberry type tables, which were measured

on 12 subplots, had sufficient observations to be included in the appendix tables.

The shrub layer consisted of Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb., Oplopanax horridus (Smith)

Miq., Rubus spectabilis Pursh, Sambucus racemosa L., and Vaccinium spp. Common

associated forbs were Aruncus dioicus L., Fauria crista-galli, Heuchera glabra Willd.,

Prenanthes alata (Hook.) D. Dietr., Sanguisorba spp., Streptopus spp., Tiarella trifoliata

L., Valeriana sitchensis Bong., Veratrum viride Ait., and Viola spp. The fern layer contained Athyrium spp., Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray, and Gymnocarpium dryopteris

(L.) Newm. Grasses and sedges were Calamagrostis spp., Agrostis spp., and Carex

spp. Mosses were Dicranum spp., Mnium spp., and Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hewd.)

Warmst.

Average cover and constancy values are presented in the appendix tables. Under the

Braun-Blanquet approach to plant community classification, the combination of these

values is useful in judging a species’ value as a diagnostic species for community classification. Diagnostic species are of three types: character species, differential species,

and constant companions. “Character species” show a clear preference for one type

(or group of types), relative to one another, thus differentiating between them. In the

AVCS, the character species are generally the tree overstory species. Others are considered “differential species” showing a clear preference for a subunit within a broad

type. In the AVCS, these are understory plants identified at level 5, which are associated with soil or site characteristics (figs. 9 and 10). Still others might be called “constant companions” because they occur consistently in a community unit.

Figure 10—The differential species on this plot is the devil’s club surrounding Joel Markis.
21

Part of the problem with any classification is that “there is a deep cleft between reality

on one hand and syntaxonomic hierarchy on the other” (∅akland 1990). Even on a

local scale, it is impossible to incorporate natural relations of vegetation species into a

hierarchy. Compounding that problem, attempting to go from a local to a regional scale

involves two major problems: the overlapping of associations along regional gradients

and the lack of geographic consistency of species fidelity to an association. These

describe some of the difficulties we had in this study using a random sampling of the

vegetation and attempting a postclassification into types developed for distinct and

idealized type conditions. Many plots occurred on transitional types or represented

conditions far removed from the archetype condition.

We obtained more inclusive species lists of the AVCS types and sampled areas

that often fell in transitional areas between described types. The data also indicate

some possible range extensions for many plants: Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.,

Valeriana capitata L., Salix myrtillifolia Anderss., Geocaulon lividum (Richards.)

Fern., Platanthera unalaschcensis (Spreng.) Kurtz, Cornus suecica L., Smilacina

racemosa (L.) Desf., Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don, Ribes glandulosum

Grauer, and Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir.

We compared different ways of classifying plant communities using AVCS, the Stikine

plant association guide with computed tree species covers, and the Stikine plant association guide with series determined by AVCS classification. Contrary to the initial assumption that tree species cover could be accurately represented through crown

measurements taken on the subplot samples, that was not the case. The problem of

determining the proper series from species-level tree cover on sample subplots, and

the fact that the plant association guides are not applicable to ecotones, windthrows,

transitions, or other atypical vegetation conditions, precluded classification of all our

plots within described plant associations. Only 43 percent of the forest plots could be

classified to a plant association.

Tables in the appendixes contain species composition data for seven forest types and

one nonforest vegetation type not in Viereck and others (1992) of the AVCS. Six of

these had less than 20 samples so the information provided is exploratory and not

conclusive of all species or cover rankings. An additional eight nonforest vegetation

types were observed but not included in the appendix tables due to insufficient

samples. We have shown site indices associated on all the AVCS types shown in the

appendix. This is information not previously available to forest managers.

We obtained a large sample (n = 71) of one forest vegetation type not listed in Viereck

and others (1992). This was for closed mixed-conifer forest, previously not considered

a common type in southeast Alaska (although the open canopy mixed-conifer type is

considered common). We estimate the closed-canopy type covers 6.5 percent of the

unreserved Petersburg and Wrangell Ranger Districts of Tongass National Forest

lands. Within these 71 subplots, western hemlock occurred on 96 percent, Alaska

yellow-cedar on 89 percent, Sitka spruce and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana

(Bong.) Carr.) on 77 percent, western redcedar on 35 percent, and lodgepole pine on

18 percent of all subplots.

Predominant shrubs were Vaccinium spp., Menziesia ferruginea (Smith), Rubus

pedatus J.E. Smith, and Ledum spp. Common forbs included Coptis spp., Cornus

canadensis L., Lysichiton americanum Hulten & St. John, Streptopus roseus Michx.,

Fauria crista-galli, Listera cordata (L.) R. Br., Veratrum viride Ait., Lycopodium

Conclusion
22

clavatum L., and Tiarella trifoliata. The most constant fern was Blechnum spicant L.

Roth. Grasses and sedges were more prevalent than in most other closed forest types.

Common lichens were Alectoria spp., Cladonia spp., and Sphaerophorus spp. The

moss layer contained the highest constancy of Sphagnum spp. of any of the closed

forest types. It also contained Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.)

BSG., and Dicranum spp. as the most constant moss species. The type had the highest constancy for liverwort species of all the closed forest types.

Other surprises within previously described types of the AVCS were the constancy of

the fern Blechnum spicant in the closed western hemlock and closed western hemlockSitka spruce types. Although not listed in Viereck and others (1992) as common forbs

in many southeast types, Streptopus spp. and Listera cordata had a high constancy in

many closed forest types. A major species addition for the open mountain hemlock

types is Veratrum viride, where it had its highest constancy.

The relative ubiquitous occurrence and high constancy levels of the mosses Dicranum

spp., Hylocomium splendens, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, and Sphagnum spp. support

their omission from classifications as they do not seem to be differential species in

southeast Alaska.

The vegetative resources in the Stikine Area are quite heterogeneous. Much of the

area falls into types that have been poorly described or do not fit the ideal plant association descriptions. According to the criteria of the AVCS, about 62.5 percent of the

Stikine area is forested, with 35.8 percent of the land area in closed needleleaf forest.

Dwarf trees and krummholtz make up about 2.6 percent of the area. Twenty-four percent of the area is nonvegetated snowfields, rock, census water, or barren lands. The

remainder (11 percent) is a combination of shrub and herbaceous vegetation types.

We thank the following people for data collection, field supervision, and project management: Ken Anderson, Jen Baker, DeAnna Barbaria, Kent Barhau, Aaron Bergdahl,

James Buck, Whitney Burgess, Doug Caldwell, Brian Charlton, Mike DeVaney, Kevin

Dobelbower, Ian Doleman, Jason Downing, Jeannie Duran, Rhonda Ecker, Ed Ezzell,

Perttu Finni, Jhan Haddeland, Brian Haley, Liza Haley, Bryan Hawkins, Seth Hazard,

Albert J. Helgenberg, Corey Hendrickson, Jim Herbert, Keith Kanoti, Tristan Kelley,

Daniel Kenney, Ray Koleser, Brad Kriekhaus, Christopher Krumm, Fred Larson, Teri

Lysak, Anna Marshall, Mary Miller, Bill Murphy, Liba Pejchar, Frank Pendleton, David

Pierce, Brandy Reed, Sadie Rosenthal, Julie Roller, John Saddler, David Sanderson,

Chris Teutsch, Dave Thompson, Fred Thorsteinson, Lynn Voyles, Ken Winterberger,

August Wright.

When you know: Multiply by: To find:

Centimeters (cm) 0.39 Inches

Meters (m) 3.28 Feet

Hectares (ha) 2.47 Acres

Kilograms per

hectare (kg/ha) 0.89 Pounds per acre

Celsius (°

C) 9/5 + 32 Fahrenheit

Acknowledgments

English Equivalents
23

Conrad, H.S., revised by Redfearn, P.L., Jr. 1979. How to know the mosses and

liverworts. [The pictured key nature series]. 2d ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown

Company Publishers. 302 p.

Crum, H. 1976. Mosses of the Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor, MI: University of

Michigan, University Herbarium. 404 p.

Daubenmire, R. 1959. A canopy-coverage method of vegetational analysis. Northwest

Science. 33: 43-64.

Hale, M.E. 1979. How to know the lichens. [The pictured key nature series].

Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers. 246 p.

Hulten, E. 1974. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford

University Press. 1008 p.

Martin, J.R.; Trull, S.J.; Brady, W.W. [and others]. 1995. Forest plant association

management guide, Chatham Area, Tongass National Forest. R10-TP-57. Juneau,

AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region. 293 p.

Mead, B.R. 1992. Methods for describing and comparing biomass distribution among

selected Alaska vegetation types. In: Wood, Geoff; Turner, Brian, eds. Integrating

forest information over space and time. Canberra, Australia: Anutech Pty.

Ltd.: 358-366.

∅akland, T. 1990. Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway.

I. Rausjømaarka in Akershus county, SE Norway. Oslo, Norway: Sommerfeltia.

10: 1-52

Pawuk, W.H.; Kissinger, E.J. 1989. Preliminary forest plant associations of the

Stikine Area, Tongass National Forest. R10-TP-72. Juneau, AK: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region. 126 p.

Pojar, J.; MacKinnon, A., eds. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast:

Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine

Publishing. 527 p.

Scott, C.T.; Bechtold, W.A. 1995. Techniques and computations for mapping plot

clusters that straddle stand boundaries. Forest Science Monograph. 31: 46-61.

Selkregg, L. [Circa. 1976]. Alaska regional profiles: southeast region. Anchorage, AK:

The University of Alaska, Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center. 313 p.

van Hees, W.W.S. 2001. Summary estimates of forest resources on unreserved lands

of the Stikine inventory unit, Tongass National Forest, southeast Alaska, 1998.

Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-232. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 8 p.

van Hees, W.W.S.; Mead, B.R. 2000. Ocular estimates of understory vegetation in

a closed Picea glauca/Betula papyrifera forest. Journal of Vegetation Science.

11: 195-200.

Literature Cited
24

Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T.; Batten, A.R.; Wenzlick, K.J. 1992. The Alaska vegetation classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. Portland, OR: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 278 p.

Viereck, L.A.; Little, E.L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and shrubs. Agric. Handb. 410.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 265 p.

Vitt, D.H.; Marsh, J.E.; Bovey, R.B. 1988. Mosses lichens and ferns of Northwest

North America [A photographic field guide]. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine Publishing.

296 p.

Wittwer, D., comp. 2000. Forest insect and disease conditions in Alaska-1999.

R10-TP-82, Juneau, AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska

Region. 55 p.

Zarnoch, S.J.; Bechtold, W.A. 2000. Estimating mapped-plot forest attributes with

ratios of means. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 30: 688-697.
25

Tables 4 through 24 summarize species constancy in forest and nonforest level IV vegetation types. Tables 25 through 70 summarize species foliar cover, frequency, constancy, and site index in level V vegetation types. Tables 71 through 78 list the scientific naming authority for each species encountered and provide additional information

on frequency of occurrence and the phytomass coefficient used for each species.

Genus names are used when the plant was not keyed to species; therefore, when a

genus name occurs in a table without an attached species name, it may include several

species, including some of the species that are identified separately elsewhere in the

table.

Table 4—Constancy of trees and shrubs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine

area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Alnus rubra — 1 12 5 — — 5 3 5 —

Alnus sinuata 67 1 — 5 — 7 5 4 14 13

Andromeda polifolia — —— — — — — 1 ——

Cassiope mertensiana 17 — — — — 7 — — — 51

Cassiope spp. — — — — — — — — — 2

Cassiope stelleriana — — — — — — — 1 — 30

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 17 26 8 7 93 20 41 89 18 26

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus — 1 — 2 10 7 5 13 — 43

Empetrum nigrum — — — — 3 7 — 7 — 19

Gaultheria shallon — — — — — — 23 6 — —

Kalmia polifolia — —— — 1 — — 8 — 9

Ledum groenlandicum — 1 — — 1 — — 13 — —

Linnaea borealis — 3 — 2 28 — 27 51 5 —

Luetkea pectinata — — — — — — — — — 36

Malus fusca — —— — — — — — 9—

Menziesia ferruginea — 86 72 73 97 80 95 99 82 74

Oplopanax horridus 50 48 80 70 23 20 32 21 59 34

Phyllodoce aleutica — —— — 1 — — 4 ——

Phyllodoce glanduliflora — —— — — — — — — 4

Phyllodoce spp. — — — — 3 7 — — — 23

Picea sitchensis 100 66 88 86 72 87 73 77 100 53

Pinus contorta — — — — 3 — 5 18 — —

Ribes bracteosum — 1 20 4 — 7 5 — 27 4

Ribes glandulosum — —— 7 — — — — ——

Ribes lacustre — — 4 2 — — — — ——

Ribes laxiflorum — —— — — — 5 — — 4

Ribes spp. 33 3 — 2 — — — — 5 4

Rubus arcticus — —— — — — — — — 2

Appendix A: Species

Constancy on Forest

Vegetation Types
26

Table 4—Constancy of trees and shrubs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine

area in southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Rubus chamaemorus — —— — 3 7 — 4 5—

Rubus parviflorus — —— — — — — — 9 2

Rubus pedatus — 97 96 96 97 100 82 87 91 91

Rubus spectabilis — 31 48 30 15 20 27 32 64 36

Salix scouleriana 17 — — — — — — — — —

Sambucus racemosa — 38— —— 5 — —2

Sambucus spp. — 2 16 7 — — — — — —

Sorbus sitchensis — 1 — 4 — 7 — — — 26

Sorbus spp. — 1 — — — — — — 5 6

Spiraea douglasii — —— — — — — — 5—

Thuja plicata — 6 — 11 10 — 91 35 — 9

Tsuga heterophylla 83 100 96 100 100 60 100 96 100 38

Tsuga mertensiana 67 24 16 23 62 100 55 77 32 100

Vaccinium alaskensis — 1— 5 1 — — — ——

Vaccinium caespitosum — 8 8 11 4 — 9 23 14 23

Vaccinium ovalifolium — 14— —— 9 — —2

Vaccinium oxycoccus

 var. microcarpus — —— — — — — 1 5—

Vaccinium parvifolium — 29 16 29 39 — 45 39 36 —

Vaccinium spp. 67 97 88 93 99 100 91 100 100 98

Vaccinium uliginosum — —— — — — — 1 — 6

Vaccinium vitis-idaea — 3 — 5 10 7 5 37 27 —

Viburnum edule — —— — — — — 4 5—

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.

1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.

1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.

1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.

1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
27

Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Aconitum delphiniifolium — —— — — — — — — 2

Aquilegia formosa — 1— — — — — — ——

Arnica latifolia — —— — — — — — — 2

Aruncus dioicus 33 1 — 4 — — 9 — — —

Aster spp. — — — — — — — 7 — 2

Caltha biflora — — — — 1 — — 1 — 15

Caltha leptosepala — — — — 3 — — 1 — 11

Caltha spp. — 3 — 2 — 13 5 15 9 30

Castilleja miniata — —— — — 7 — — ——

Circaea alpina 33 4 8 9 — — — — 14 —

Claytonia sibirica — —— — — — — — — 2

Clintonia uniflora 17 29 — 16 23 7 14 18 5 —

Compositae family — — — — 1 — — 1 — 2

Coptis aspleniifolia — 71 72 63 85 60 77 92 77 64

Coptis trifolia — 3 4 2 4 7 9 7 14 13

Corallorrhiza spp. — 1 — 2 — — — — — —

Corallorrhiza trifida — —— — — — — 1 ——

Cornus canadensis 17 93 84 96 94 67 91 94 86 47

Cornus suecica — —— — 7 — — 7 5 9

Dodecatheon jeffreyi — — 4 — — — — 3 ——

Dodecatheon spp. — — — — — — — — — 2

Drosera rotundifolia — —— — — — — 6 ——

Epilobium anagallidifolium — —— — — — — — — 2

Epilobium angustifolium — —— — — — 5 — ——

Epilobium ciliatum — —— — — — — — 5—

Epilobium palustre — —— — — — — — — 4

Epilobium spp. — — — — — — — — 9 9

Erigeron peregrinus — —— — — — 5 — — 9

Erigeron spp. — — — — — — — 1 5 —

Fauria crista-galli — 3 4 4 21 40 18 52 23 57

Forb spp. — 3 4 4 3 7 5 7 5 13

Galium kamtschaticum — — 4 2 — — — 1 5—

Galium spp. — 1 4 — — — — 1 5 4

Galium triflorum — 1— 2 — — — — 9—

Gentiana douglasiana — —— 2 1 — — 7 5 2

Gentiana platypetala — — — — — — — 3 — —

Gentiana spp. — — — — — — — — — 2

Geocaulon lividum — —— — — — — 1 ——

Geum calthifolium — — — — — — — 3 5 15

Geum macrophyllum — — 4 — — — — — ——
28

Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Goodyera oblongifolia — —— — 1 — — — ——

Heracleum lanatum — —— — — 7 — — — 2

Heuchera glabra 17 1 — 4 — — — — 9 —

Hippuris montana — —— — — — — — — 9

Hippuris spp. — — — — — — — — — 2

Hippuris vulgaris — —— — 1 — — — — 2

Leptarrhena pyrolifolia — —— — — — — — — 4

Liliaceae family — — — — 1 — — — — —

Listera caurina — 3 — — 23 — 18 10 — —

Listera cordata — 36 24 43 73 53 55 65 18 55

Listera spp. — — — — — — 5 — 5 —

Lupinus nootkatensis 17 — — — — — — — — —

Lupinus polyphyllus — —— — — 7 — — ——

Lysichiton americanum — 40 52 32 48 47 55 80 64 17

Maianthemum dilatatum — 30 20 32 20 20 27 23 73 2

Menyanthes trifoliata — —— — — — — — 5—

Mitella pentandra — —— — — 7 — — 5 2

Mitella spp. — — — — — — — — — 4

Moneses uniflora 17 19 8 21 4 — 5 10 14 —

Monodrama hypopitus — 3— 2 — — — — ——

Mushroom spp. 83 42 40 55 49 20 36 38 41 34

Orchid spp. — 1 — 2 — — — — — —

Orthilia secunda 33 2 — — 23 — 9 10 9 —

Osmorhiza chilensis — 3— — — — — — 5—

Parnassia fimbriata — —— — — — — 4 — 6

Parnassia spp. — — — — 1 — — — — —

Pinguicula vulgaris — —— — 1 — — — ——

Platanthera chorisiana — —— — — — — 1 ——

Platanthera dilatata — —— 2 — — — 4 5—

Platanthera spp. — — — 2 3 — 5 1 5 11

Platanthera stricta — —— — 1 — — 7 9 4

Platanthera unalaschcensis — —— — — — — 1 ——

Prenanthes alata 17 12 16 13 13 20 27 20 32 4

Pyrola spp. — — — — 1 — — 1 — —

Ranunculus occidentalis — —— — — — — — 5—

Sanguisorba spp. — 1 — — 1 — — 7 9 6

Sanguisorba stipulata — —— — — — — 1 5 2

Saxifraga punctata — —— — — — — — — 2

Saxifraga spp. — — 4 — — 7 — 1 — 4

Senecio triangularis — —— — — — 5 1 — 2
29

Table 5—Constancy of forbs on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Stellaria spp. — — — — — — — — — 2

Streptopus amplexifolius 50 41 52 48 42 47 45 41 45 36

Streptopus roseus 17 56 48 66 59 67 50 63 59 66

Streptopus spp. — 6 — 2 1 — — 1 — —

Streptopus streptopoides 17 22 36 36 23 27 18 10 23 21

Tiarella spp. — — — — — 7 — — — 2

Tiarella trifoliata 33 47 60 63 42 33 68 44 59 49

Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata — 3 4 4 1 7 5 7 ——

Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata — —— — — — — — — 4

Tofieldia glutinosa — —— 2 — — — — — 4

Tolmiea menziesii — 1— — — — — 1 ——

Trientalis europaea — 1 — — — — 5 7 14 2

Valeriana capitata — 2— 4 1 — — 4 — 9

Valeriana sitchensis — 1 — — — — — 1 9 11

Veratrum viride — 4 8 11 27 40 36 46 32 68

Viola glabella — 78 4 — 7 5 3 96

Viola langsdorfii — —— 4 — — — — — 2

Viola spp. — 5 8 7 4 — 14 13 36 11

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.

1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.

1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.

1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.

1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
30

Table 6—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation

types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Adiantum aleuticum — 7 4 2 — — 9 1 ——

Athyrium filix-femina 17 30 44 32 11 20 18 30 41 34

Athyrium spp. 17 6 16 7 3 — 5 7 14 —

Blechnum spicant — 66 48 71 85 53 86 86 45 79

Cystopteris fragilis — 1— — — — — — ——

Dryopteris dilatata 50 61 68 82 18 53 36 11 36 38

Equisetum arvense — —— 2 1 — 5 1 ——

Equisetum spp. — — — 2 — — — 1 14 2

Fern spp. — 1 — — — — — — — —

Gymnocarpium dryopteris 33 60 92 70 39 33 73 35 68 36

Lycopodium annotinum 17 18 12 18 46 7 41 51 18 15

Lycopodium clavatum — 2 — — 10 — 14 11 5 —

Lycopodium selago 17 2 4 7 7 — — 11 — 11

Lycopodium spp. — 7 4 5 14 13 5 8 — 9

Polypodium glycyrrhiza 33 9 4 11 8 — 9 6 5 —

Polypodium spp. 17 1 8 5 6 — 9 1 — —

Polystichum braunii — —— — — — — 1 — 2

Polystichum munitum — 2 8 4 — — 9 — ——

Polystichum spp. — 1 — — — — — — — —

Pteridium aquilinum — —— — — 7 — 6 9—

Selaginella spp. — — — — 1 — — 4 — —

Thelypteris limbosperma 17 1 12 13 6 — — 1 14 11

Thelypteris phegopteris 33 13 24 29 14 — 32 11 36 11

Thelypteris spp. — 2 8 4 — — — 6 5 —

Woodsia spp. — 1 — — — — — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.

1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.

1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.

1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.

1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
31

Table 7—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types

on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Agrostis aequivalvis — —— — 1 — — — ——

Agrostis spp. — — — — — — — 3 — 2

Calamagrostis canadensis — —— 4 1 — — 1 5 2

Calamagrostis nutkaensis — —— — — — — — 9—

Calamagrostis spp. — — 12 — 4 — 9 3 14 4

Carex anthoxanthea — —— — — — — — — 4

Carex macrochaeta — —— — — — — — — 2

Carex magellanica — —— — — — — 3 ——

Carex nigricans — —— — — — — — — 6

Carex pauciflora — 1— — — — — — — 2

Carex pluriflora — —— — — — — 1 — 2

Carex sitchensis — —— — — — — 3 ——

Carex spp. — 10 12 16 14 7 23 41 45 49

Carex viridula — —— — — — — 1 ——

Eriophorum angustifolium — —— — 3 — — 1 — 9

Eriophorum spp. — — — — — — — — — 2

Grass spp. 17 3 12 5 14 — 5 23 18 28

Luzula parviflora — — 4 — — — — — 5—

Vahlodea atropurpurea — —— — — — — — — 9

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.

1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.

1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.

1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.

1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
32

Table 8—Constancy of lichens on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Alectoria spp. — 32 36 29 37 73 23 25 45 62

Bryoria spp. — 3 4 4 7 7 5 7 14 15

Cladina rangiferina — —— — 3 — — 6 — 6

Cladina spp. 17 6 — 11 4 — 9 4 5 21

Cladonia bellidiflora — —— 5 — — — — ——

Cladonia coccifera — —— — — — — — — 2

Cladonia gracilis — —— — — — — 4 ——

Cladonia macilenta ——4 2 3 7 — 3 —2

Cladonia spp. — 26 12 30 27 13 36 48 50 32

Cladonia squamosa 17 — — — — 7 — — — —

Hypogmnia spp. — 9 8 20 14 13 9 14 5 21

Hypogymnia duplicata — 1 — 2 — 13 — 6 — 4

Icmadophila ericetorum — 7 — 11 3 7 5 4 — —

Icmadophila spp. — 1 — 2 — — — 3 — —

Lepraria spp. — 8 — 13 3 — 9 15 9 —

Lichen spp. 83 76 68 84 80 93 82 92 77 79

Lobaria linita — 2— — — — — — ——

Lobaria oregana 17 5 — 2 — — — — — 2

Lobaria pulmonaria 33 6 — 2 6 13 — 1 — —

Lobaria spp. — 31 16 38 38 73 41 15 32 53

Nephroma spp. — 1 — — — — — — — 9

Parmelia spp. — 1 — — 3 — — 1 — —

Peltigera britannica 33 — 4 4 — — — 1 5 —

Peltigera canina — 1— — — — — — ——

Peltigera neopolydactyla 17 3 4 11 6 7 5 11 9 4

Peltigera spp. — 23 8 25 18 27 27 11 23 32

Pilophoron aciculare — —— 2 1 — — — ——

Platismatia norvegica — —— — — 7 — — ——

Platismatia spp. — 3 4 5 3 — — 8 — —

Sphaerophorus globosus 33 9 — — 7 7 18 3 — 6

Sphaerophorus spp. — 13 4 13 8 7 14 21 27 11

Usnea spp. — 2 — 2 — — — 3 5 2

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.

1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.

1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.

1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.

1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
33

Table 9—Constancy of mosses on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Antitrichia curtipendula — — 4 4 — 7 — 1 ——

Aulacomnium spp. — 7 8 7 24 13 18 15 14 19

Bartramia pomiformis — —— — — — — 1 ——

Brachythecium spp. — — — — 1 — — — — 2

Claopodium crispifolium — —— — — — — 3 ——

Climacium dendroides — 1 8 — 1 — 5 4 ——

Dichodontium pellucidum — —— — — — — 1 ——

Dicranum fuscescens — 21 — 20 11 — 14 27 23 —

Dicranum scoparium — 5 — 7 1 — 18 8 — 2

Dicranum spp. 50 57 40 38 69 93 59 51 36 66

Eurhynchium oreganum — 14 2 1— — 1 —2

Homalothecium fulgescens — 1— — — — — — ——

Hookeria lucens — 1— — 1 — — 4 ——

Hylocomium spp. — 1 — 7 14 7 — 3 9 —

Hylocomium splendens 100 98 96 86 86 87 95 96 86 74

Hypnum circinale — 3 — 2 8 — 5 3 14 6

Hypnum spp. — 10 — 13 4 — 14 21 9 —

Hypnum subimponens -- —— — — — 9 — ——

Isothecium myosuroides 17 5 4 7 3 — 5 1 9 —

Leucolepis acanthoneuron — 1— — — — — — 5—

Leucolepis spp. — — 4 — — — — 3 — —

Metaneckera menziesii — 1— — — — — — ——

Mnium spp. 17 35 28 38 30 13 32 23 14 17

Moss spp. 100 87 84 93 89 100 100 97 86 91

Neckera douglasii — 1— — 1 — — 1 ——

Plagiomnium spp. — — — 2 — — 9 4 5 —

Plagiothecium spp. — 6 4 11 4 20 5 8 — —

Plagiothecium undulatum 33 12 8 29 3 — 14 18 14 4

Pleurozium schreberi — 2 — — — 7 — 3 9 19

Pogonatum contortum — —— 4 — — — 1 ——

Polytrichum commune — 64 7 7— — 3 52

Polytrichum juniperium — 2 4 — 1 13 — 1 — 2

Polytrichum spp. 17 24 36 30 8 13 27 11 23 19

Ptilium crista-castrensis 33 3 4 2 4 7 9 1 — 2

Ptilium spp. — —— — — — — 1 ——

R(h)acomitrium spp. — — — 2 — — — — — —

Rhizomnium glabrescens — 20 12 21 30 27 14 27 18 26

Rhizomnium spp. — 6 12 13 1 7 5 8 9 —
34

Table 9—Constancy of mosses on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 100 98 100 98 99 100 91 99 86 87

Rhytidiadelphus spp. — 1 — 2 1 — 9 — 9 6

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus — 14— 7— 5 8 —2

Sphagnum capillifolium — 5 16 — 4 — — 4 — 4

Sphagnum girgensohnii — 5 8 14 14 — — 7 — —

Sphagnum spp. — 67 52 55 70 80 77 85 64 57

Sphagnum squarrosum — —— — — — — 3 — 2

Tortella tortuosa — — — — — — 9 13 5 —

Ulota spp. — — — — 1 — — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.

1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.

1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.

1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.

1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
35

Table 10—Constancy of liverworts on closed- and open-canopy forest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A1A 1A1B 1A1C 1A1D 1A1E 1A1F 1A1G 1A1U 1A2B 1A2C

Species 6 119 25 56 71 15 22 71 22 47

Percent

Conocephalum spp. — 10 8 13 1 — 9 8 23 4

Liverwort spp. 83 86 76 91 79 93 86 94 86 83

Herbertus aduncus — 3— — 1 — 9 3 — 2

Lepidozia spp. — 6 4 5 3 7 18 7 5 4

Marchantia polymorpha — —— 2 — — — — ——

Mylia spp. — — — — 3 — 9 7 — 9

Pellia spp. — 13 24 14 17 13 23 24 18 19

Plagiochila spp. — 3 — — 3 — 9 13 — 4

Porella spp. — — — — 4 — — 7 — —

Scapania spp. 17 35 4 20 24 27 59 23 18 19

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A1A = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce forest.

1A1B = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A1C = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) Sitka spruce–western hemlock forest.

1A1D = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A1E = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska-cedar forest.

1A1F = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A1G = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) western hemlock–western redcedar forest.

1A1U = Closed-canopy (60-100% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2B = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Sitka spruce forest.

1A2C = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
36

Table 11—Constancy of trees and shrubs on open- and woodland-canopy forest, and on dwarf tree

vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Alnus rubra 1 — — 11 — — — — — —

Alnus sinuata 2 7 — — — — — — — 13

Alnus spp. 1 — — — — — — — — —

Andromeda polifolia 4 — — — 48 — — 15 — —

Artemisia spp. — — — — — — — — 33 —

Cassiope mertensiana 10 — — — — — 100 38 83 88

Cassiope spp. — — 6 — — — — — — —

Cassiope stelleriana 10 — 17 — 4 — 42 38 33 50

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 91 21 94 44 70 — — 92 83 38

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 29 7 33 — — — 58 38 67 63

Empetrum nigrum 46 7 22 89 96 — 17 100 67 50

Gaultheria shallon 2 —— — — — — — ——

Juniperus communis 1 — — 11 57 — — — — —

Kalmia polifolia 41 7 22 56 100 — 25 92 17 38

Ledum groenlandicum 53 7 22 100 100 20 — 69 — 13

Linnaea borealis 39 14 33 33 9 — — 23 — —

Loiseleuria procumbens — — — — 4 — — — 33 13

Luetkea pectinata 2 — 6 — 4 — 100 15 33 88

Malus fusca 1 — — 11 — — — — — —

Malus spp. 1 — — — — — — — — —

Menziesia ferruginea 89 93 100 89 22 60 58 77 33 25

Myrica gale 1 —— — — — — — ——

Oplopanax horridus 4 14 6 — — — — — — —

Phyllodoce aleutica 6 — — — — — 17 8 50 —

Phyllodoce empetriformis 2 —— — — — — — ——

Phyllodoce glanduliflora 3 — — — — — — 8 — 13

Phyllodoce spp. 5 — 22 — — — 25 46 33 25

Picea sitchensis 61 71 83 22 — 100 8 8 33 13

Pinus contorta 48 7 22 100 100 20 — 69 17 25

Ribes spp. — — — — — 20 — — — —

Rubus arcticus 1 —— — 9 — — — ——

Rubus chamaemorus 19 7 — 11 26 — — 23 17 —

Rubus parviflorus — — — 11 — — — — — —

Rubus pedatus 62 86 89 33 4 100 58 23 33 50

Rubus spectabilis 13 29 28 — — 20 — — — —

Salix myrtillifolia 3 —— — — — — — ——

Salix spp. — — — — 4 — — — — —

Sorbus sitchensis 1 — 6 — — — 50 — 33 25
37

Table 11—Constancy of trees and shrubs on open- and woodland-canopy forest, and on dwarf tree

vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Sorbus spp. — — — — — — 17 15 — 13

Spiraea spp. — — — — — — — — 17 —

Thuja plicata 11 — — 11 9 — — — — —

Tsuga heterophylla 85 100 94 78 30 100 8 62 17 38

Tsuga mertensiana 86 50 100 89 39 100 100 92 83 88

Vaccinium alaskensis — — 17 11 — — — — — —

Vaccinium caespitosum 24 7 6 33 30 20 58 62 17 75

Vaccinium ovalifolium 1 —— — 4 — — — ——

Vaccinium oxycoccus var.

 microcarpus 22 7 6 56 78 — 8 38 17 —

Vaccinium parvifolium 27 29 11 22 — — — 8 — —

Vaccinium spp. 95 100 83 56 17 100 83 77 67 75

Vaccinium uliginosum 19 — 6 22 57 20 17 69 50 50

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 62 14 39 100 61 — — 54 — 13

Viburnum edule 3 —— — — — — — ——

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.

1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain-hemlock dwarf-tree forest.

2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
38

Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on

the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Agoseris spp. — — — 11 4 — — — — —

Apargidium boreale 1 —— — — — — — ——

Arnica latifolia — — — — — — 17 — — —

Arnica spp. — — — — — — — — — 13

Aruncus dioicus — 7— — — — — — ——

Aster spp. 1 — 11 — — — 8 23 17 13

Caltha biflora 3 —— — — — 8 — ——

Caltha spp. 13 — 22 — — — 8 — — —

Caryophyllaceae family — — — — — — 8 — — —

Castilleja parviflora — —— — — — 8 — ——

Circaea alpina — 7— — — — — — ——

Clintonia uniflora 1 7 11 — — 40 — — — —

Compositae family 1 — — — 4 — — — — —

Coptis aspleniifolia 87 64 100 67 17 80 42 77 17 25

Coptis trifolia 40 21 28 44 57 20 8 62 17 13

Corallorrhiza trifida — —— — 9 — — — ——

Cornus canadensis 91 79 100 100 65 100 42 77 50 50

Cornus suecica 13 14 6 11 22 40 — 23 33 —

Dodecatheon jeffreyi 1 — 11 — — — 17 8 — 13

Dodecatheon spp. 3 — — 11 17 — — 23 — 25

Drosera anglica 1 —— — 9 — — — ——

Drosera rotundifolia 22 7 11 44 61 — — 54 17 25

Epilobium ciliatum — —— — — — 8 — ——

Epilobium palustre — — — — — — — — — 13

Erigeron peregrinus 8 — — — — — 42 23 33 25

Erigeron spp. — — 6 11 4 — — — — 13

Fauria crista-galli 76 14 83 100 78 — 100 100 100 100

Forb spp. 8 — 11 22 9 20 — — — 38

Fritillaria camschatcensis 1 —— — — — — — ——

Galium kamtschaticum — 7 6 — — — — — ——

Galium spp. 2 — — — — — — — — 13

Gentiana douglasiana 24 7 11 56 78 — 8 77 — 25

Gentiana platypetala — — — — — — 8 — 17 —

Gentiana spp. — — — — 9 — — — — —

Geocaulon lividum 3 —— — — — — — ——

Geum calthifolium 8 — 17 — 17 — 17 46 33 63

Geum spp. 3 — — — 4 — — 8 — 13

Goodyera oblongifolia 1 —— — — — — — ——

Heuchera glabra — — — — — — — — — 13

Hippuris montana — — — — — — 50 — — 38
39

Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on

the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Leptarrhena pyrolifolia — — — — — — 17 — — 25

Liliaceae family — — — — — 20 — — — —

Listera caurina 4 — 6 — — — — — ——

Listera cordata 32 29 56 — — — 58 8 33 25

Lysichiton americanum 67 79 78 78 35 60 — 38 33 13

Maianthemum dilatatum 22 43 22 33 9 60 — — — —

Menyanthes trifoliata 1 — — — 13 — — — — —

Mitella spp. 1 — — — — — — — — 25

Moneses uniflora 5 — 6 — — — — — ——

Mushroom spp. 27 36 44 11 17 20 8 31 — 25

Orthilia secunda 6 7 6 — — — — — ——

Parnassia fimbriata 2 — — — — — — — — 25

Parnassia spp. — — — — — — 8 — — —

Pedicularis ornithorhyncha — — — — — — 25 — — 50

Pedicularis spp. — — — — 4 — 8 — — —

Petasites frigidus — — — — — — 8 — — 13

Pinguicula vulgaris 2 — 11 — 9 — 17 15 — —

Platanthera (Piperia)

 unalaschcensis 2 — 11 — — — — — — —

Platanthera dilatata 4 — — 11 13 — — 8 — —

Platanthera hyperborea 1 —— — — — — — ——

Platanthera spp. 8 7 6 11 9 — — 15 — —

Platanthera stricta 3 —— — 9 — — — ——

Prenanthes alata 5 7— — — — — — ——

Pyrola spp. 1 — 11 — — — — — — —

Ranunculus cooleyae — — — — — — — — — 13

Ranunculus eschscholtzii — — — — — — — — — 25

Sanguisorba menziesii — —— — — — — 8 ——

Sanguisorba officinalis 3 — — — 17 — — 8 — —

Sanguisorba spp. 16 — 11 56 43 20 — 31 17 25

Sanguisorba stipulata 5 — — 11 35 — — — — —

Saxifraga lyallii — — — — — — 8 — — 25

Saxifraga spp. 1 7 — — — — — — — —

Senecio triangularis 1 —— — — — — — ——

Spiranthes romanzoffiana 1 —— — — — — — ——

Streptopus amplexifolius 24 29 33 — — 20 8 8 — —

Streptopus roseus 39 50 44 — — 40 58 8 17 25

Streptopus spp. 2 — 6 — — — — — — —

Streptopus streptopoides 5 14 11 — — — — — — —
40

Table 12—Constancy of forbs on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on

the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Tiarella trifoliata 14 29 22 11 — — 8 — — —

Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata 1 —— — — — — — ——

Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata — 7— — — — — — ——

Tofieldia glutinosa 3 — 11 11 30 — — 15 — —

Tofieldia spp. — — — — 9 — — — — —

Trientalis europaea 20 7 17 11 39 — — 8 17 —

Valeriana capitata 8 — — — 4 20 — 15 33 13

Valeriana sitchensis 1 — — — — — 17 — — 25

Veratrum viride 40 14 72 22 — — 42 31 17 25

Viola glabella 1 —— — — — — — ——

Viola spp. 8 21 11 — 4 — — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.

1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.

2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
41

Table 13—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on

dwarf tree vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Adiantum aleuticum — 7— — — — — — ——

Athyrium filix-femina 10 29 17 11 — — 17 — — —

Athyrium spp. 3 7 — — — 20 — — — —

Blechnum spicant 53 36 67 33 17 80 25 38 50 50

Dryopteris dilatata 1 29 11 — — 60 8 — — 13

Equisetum arvense — — 11 — — — — — — —

Equisetum spp. 3 7 — 22 — — — — — —

Fern spp. — — — — — — — — — 25

Gymnocarpium dryopteris 5 7 11 — — — — — — —

Lycopodium alpinum — — — — 13 — — — — —

Lycopodium annotinum 52 29 50 33 4 — — 38 — 38

Lycopodium clavatum 12 7 28 11 17 — 8 8 — —

Lycopodium complanatum — — — — — — — — 17 —

Lycopodium selago 6 — — — 9 — — 23 17 —

Lycopodium sitchense — — — — — — — 8 — 13

Lycopodium spp. 11 — 22 22 22 — 8 23 50 13

Polypodium glycyrrhiza 16 — 6 — — 40 — — — —

Polypodium spp. 1 — 6 — — — — — — —

Polystichum braunii 1 — 6 — — — — — ——

Polystichum munitum — 7— — — — — — ——

Pteridium aquilinum 4 7 — 22 9 20 — — — —

Selaginella spp. 1 — — — — — — — — 13

Thelypteris limbosperma — — 17 — — — — — — —

Thelypteris phegopteris 2 14 6 — — — — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.

1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.

2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
42

Table 14—Constancy of grass and grasslike plants on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree

vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Agrostis aequivalvis 2 — — — — — — 15 — —

Agrostis spp. 2 7 — 11 17 — — 8 — —

Calamagrostis canadensis 3 — 22 11 — — — — 17 —

Calamagrostis nutkaensis — — — 11 — — — — — —

Calamagrostis spp. 4 14 11 33 9 — 17 8 — —

Carex anthoxanthea — — — 22 — — — 8 — —

Carex canescens — 7— — — — — — ——

Carex livida 2 — — — 17 — — — — —

Carex macrochaeta 2 —— — — — — — ——

Carex mertensii 1 —— — 4 — — — ——

Carex nigricans — — — — — — 33 — — 13

Carex pauciflora 9 7 — 22 22 — — 8 — —

Carex pluriflora 10 7 — 22 22 — — 8 — —

Carex podocarpa 1 —— — — — — — ——

Carex sitchensis 14 — 11 22 35 — — — — —

Carex spp. 55 7 61 56 70 — 58 62 83 75

Carex stylosa — —— — — — 8 — ——

Deschampsia spp. — — — — — — 8 — — —

Eriophorum angustifolium 8 7 — — 17 — 33 31 — —

Eriophorum spp. 6 7 — 11 26 — — — — —

Grass spp. 37 21 22 22 39 — 8 46 17 50

Juncus oreganus — —— — 4 — — — ——

Juncus spp. — — — 11 13 — — — — —

Luzula multiflora — 7— — — — — — ——

Luzula spp. — — — — — — 17 — — 13

Phleum commutatum 1 —— — — — — — ——

Rhynchospora alba 1 — — — 26 — — — — —

Trichophorum caespitosum 10 — — 11 52 — 8 38 — 13

Vahlodea atropurpurea — — — 22 — — 17 — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.

1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.

2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
43

Table 15—Constancy of lichens on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types on

the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Alectoria spp. 59 36 56 67 74 40 58 69 17 25

Bryoria spp. 19 14 39 44 39 — 25 — — —

Cetraria islandica — — — — — — — — 33 —

Cetraria spp. — — — — 4 — — — — —

Cladina portentosa 4 — — — 4 — — 15 33 —

Cladina rangiferina 8 — — 44 9 — 25 15 17 13

Cladina spp. 19 7 22 11 61 — 42 38 33 63

Cladonia bellidiflora 1 —— — — — — — ——

Cladonia gracilis 5 7 — — 4 — — — 17 —

Cladonia macilenta — — — — — — — — 33 —

Cladonia spp. 42 57 39 56 48 20 83 31 50 13

Hypogmnia spp. 16 14 22 11 26 — 25 8 — —

Hypogymnia duplicata 5 14 11 — — 20 — — 17 —

Icmadophila ericetorum 2 — 11 11 — — — — — —

Lepraria spp. 4 — 11 — — — — 8 — —

Lichen spp. 82 71 83 78 65 60 67 92 33 100

Lobaria oregana 2 7 — — — — — — 17 —

Lobaria pulmonaria 5 —— — — — 8 — ——

Lobaria spp. 9 43 6 — — 60 58 — 17 13

Nephroma spp. 1 — — — — — 8 — — —

Parmelia spp. 1 7 — — — — — — — —

Peltigera aphthosa — — — — — — — — 17 —

Peltigera britannica 5 7 6 — — — 8 — ——

Peltigera neopolydactyla 4 14 6 — — 20 33 — — —

Peltigera spp. 10 21 17 — — — 25 15 — 25

Platismatia spp. 1 — — — — 20 — — — —

Siphula ceratites 1 — — — 17 — — — 33 —

Sphaerophorus globosus 5 — — 11 4 — — 8 — —

Sphaerophorus spp. 19 14 11 11 4 40 — 15 — —

Stereocaulon paschale 1 —— — — — — — ——

Stereocaulon spp. — — — — — — — — 33 —

Thamnolia spp. — — — — — — — — 17 —

Umbilicaria spp. — — — — — — — — 17 —

Usnea spp. 1 7 — 11 — — — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.

1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain-hemlock dwarf-tree forest.

2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
44

Table 16—Constancy of mosses on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types

on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Andreaea rupestris — —— — — — 8 — ——

Antitrichia curtipendula 2 —— — — — — — ——

Aulacomnium palustre 4 —— — 9 — — 8 ——

Aulacomnium spp. 15 36 22 — 13 — 33 8 33 —

Brachythecium spp. — — — — 4 — — — — —

Bryum spp. — — — — — — 8 — 17 —

Dicranum fuscescens 19 — 17 11 22 40 — 15 — —

Dicranum scoparium 6 —— — 9 — — — ——

Dicranum spp. 41 57 61 33 26 40 33 23 67 —

Eurhynchium oreganum 1 — 11 — — — — — — —

Eurhynchium spp. — 7 — 11 — — 8 — — —

Hookeria lucens 1 —— — — — — — ——

Hylocomium spp. 3 7 6 — 9 — — — — —

Hylocomium splendens 96 86 94 89 30 100 33 85 17 38

Hypnum circinale 5 14 6 — — — — — — —

Hypnum spp. 10 — 11 — 4 — — 8 — —

Hypnum subimponens 2 —— — — — — — ——

Isothecium myosuroides 2 — 6 — — — — — ——

Mnium spp. 2 21 33 — — — — 8 — —

Moss spp. 89 86 78 56 70 40 100 85 100 100

Plagiothecium spp. 2 7 11 — — — — 8 — —

Plagiothecium undulatum 8 — 17 11 4 — — — — —

Pleurozium schreberi 22 7 — 56 61 — 25 38 33 13

Polytrichum juniperium — 14 — — — — — — — —

Polytrichum spp. 4 7 6 11 13 40 8 — — 13

Ptilium crista-castrensis 15 7 — 33 4 — 8 15 — —

Ptilium spp. 10 — 6 11 17 — — — — —

R(h)acomitrium spp. 9 — 6 — 39 — 25 8 — 25

Rhacomitrium lanuginosum — —— — 4 — — 8 ——

Rhizomnium glabrescens 12 21 — — — — 17 — 17 —

Rhizomnium spp. 3 — — — — — — — — —

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 97 100 100 56 26 100 58 62 67 50

Rhytidiadelphus spp. 1 7 6 — 9 — — — — —
45

Table 16—Constancy of mosses on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types

on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 6 — 17 — — — 8 — — —

Rhytidiopsis robusta 1 — — — — — 17 — — —

Sphagnum angustifolium 1 —— — — — — — ——

Sphagnum capillifolium 4 — 11 — — — — — — —

Sphagnum girgensohnii 1 —— — — — — — ——

Sphagnum papillosum — — — — — — — — 17 —

Sphagnum spp. 96 100 89 100 96 60 50 92 33 38

Tortella tortuosa 2 — 6 — — — — — ——

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.

1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain-hemlock dwarf-tree forest.

2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
46

Table 17—Constancy of liverworts on open- and woodland-canopy forest and on dwarf tree vegetation types

on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

1A2D 1A2M 1A2P 1A2W 1A3A 1A3M 1A3Q 1A3U 2A2B 2A3Q

Species 93 14 18 9 23 5 12 13 6 8

Percent

Bazzania tricrenata 1 —— — — — — — ——

Conocephalum spp. 1 14 — — — — — — — —

Frullania spp. 3 — — — — — — — — —

Liverwort spp. 78 79 89 56 52 40 92 77 83 88

Herbertus aduncus 1 14 — — — — — — — —

Lepidozia spp. — — — — — — 8 — — —

Marchantia polymorpha 1 7— — — — — — ——

Mylia spp. 5 — 17 — 4 — 25 8 — —

Pellia spp. 8 7 11 11 — — 17 — 17 13

Plagiochila sp. 4 —— — — — — — ——

Scapania spp. 17 21 — — — — 8 — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

1A2D = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

1A2M = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A2P = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) western hemlock–Alaska cedar forest.

1A2W = Open-canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3A = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) lodgepole pine forest.

1A3M = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) western hemlock forest.

1A3Q = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock forest.

1A3U = Woodland canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mixed-conifer forest.

2A2B = Open-canopy (10-24% tree crown closure) mountain hemlock dwarf-tree forest.

2A3Q = Woodland canopy (25-59% tree crown closure) dwarf-tree mountain hemlock forest.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
47

Appendix B: Species Constancy Tables for Nonforest Vegetation Types

Table 18—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast

Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Abies lasiocarpa — — 17 — — — — — — —

Alnus sinuata 80 83 100 — — — — — — 11

Alnus spp. 10 8 — — — — — — — —

Andromeda polifolia — — — 77 — — 20 29 38 33

Anemone parviflora — 8— — — — — — ——

Artemisia arctica — — — — — — — — — 11

Artemisia spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Cassiope mertensiana 10 — — — 100 86 20 14 — 22

Cassiope spp. — — 17 — — — — — — —

Cassiope stelleriana — — — — 80 57 — — — 22

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis — — 17 46 — — 20 43 25 11

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 40 17 33 8 60 29 — 14 — 33

Empetrum nigrum — — — 100 — — 40 57 50 33

Juniperus communis — — — 54 — — 20 29 38 22

Kalmia polifolia — — — 100 — — 40 57 75 44

Ledum groenlandicum — — — 100 — — 60 71 88 33

Loiseleuria procumbens — — — — — 14 — — — —

Luetkea pectinata 20 — 17 — 100 100 — 14 — 22

Menziesia ferruginea 10 8 67 15 — — 20 14 25 11

Oplopanax horridus 100 67 33 — — — — — — —

Phyllodoce aleutica — — — — 40 — — — — 22

Phyllodoce spp. — — — — 40 — — — — —

Picea sitchensis 10 8 50 8 20 — 20 43 25 —

Pinus contorta — — — 100 — — 40 71 50 33

Ribes bracteosum 20 17 — — — — — — — —

Ribes lacustre 10 — — — — — — — — —

Ribes spp. — — 33 — — — — — 13 —

Rubus arcticus — — — — — — — 14 25 —

Rubus chamaemorus — — — 54 — — 20 — 13 11

Rubus pedatus — 8 — — 20 14 — — 13 —

Rubus spectabilis 100 100 83 — — 29 — — 13 11

Salix myrtillifolia — — — 31 20 — — — — —

Salix sitchensis 20 25 — — — — — — — —

Sambucus racemosa 30 17 17 — — — — — — —

Sambucus spp. 20 25 — — — — — — — —

Sorbus sitchensis 20 17 — — — — — — — —
48

Table 18—Constancy of trees and shrubs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast

Alaska (continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Sorbus spp. — — — — 20 14 — 14 — —

Spiraea douglasii — — — — — — — — 13 —

Thuja plicata — — 17 — — — — — — —

Tsuga heterophylla 10 8 33 38 — — 20 14 13 —

Tsuga mertensiana 20 17 33 38 80 57 40 43 25 33

Vaccinium caespitosum — — — 38 20 — 20 14 25 44

Vaccinium oxycoccus

 var. microcarpus — — — 92 — — 80 43 38 44

Vaccinium spp. 60 25 67 8 80 57 — 43 63 —

Vaccinium uliginosum — — — 92 40 — 40 57 63 56

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 10 — 17 38 — — 20 14 25 —

Viburnum edule — — — — — — — — 25 —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.

2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.

2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.

2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.

2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.

2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.

3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.

3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.

3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.

3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
49

Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Achillea borealis 10 — 17 — — — — — — 11

Aconitum delphiniifolium 10 17 — — — — — — — —

Angelica spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Apargidium boreale — — — 31 — — — 14 — —

Aquilegia formosa 10 — 17 — — — — — — 11

Arnica amplexicaulis 10 — 17 — — — — — — —

Aruncus dioicus 50 25 50 — — 14 — — — 11

Aster spp. 10 — 17 — — 14 — 14 — 22

Boschniakia rossica 10 — — — — — — — — —

Caltha biflora — — — — — — — — — 22

Caltha leptosepala — — — — — — — 14 — —

Caltha spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Cardamine oligosperma — — — — — — — — — 22

Cardamine spp. — — 17 — — — — — — —

Cardamine umbellata 10 — — — — — — — — —

Castilleja miniata — — — — — — — — — 11

Castilleja spp. — — 17 — — — — — — —

Chenopodium berlandieri — — — — — — 20 — — —

Circaea alpina 20 — 33 — — — — — — —

Claytonia sibirica — 8 — — — 14 — — — 11

Claytonia spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Compositae family — — — 8 — — 20 — — —

Coptis aspleniifolia — — — 31 — — 20 29 — 22

Coptis trifolia — — — 92 — — 40 71 38 22

Cornus canadensis — 17 17 77 — — 40 57 25 33

Cornus stolonifera — — — — — — — — 13 —

Cornus suecica — — — 23 — — — 14 38 —

Corydalis spp. — 8 — — — — — — — —

Dodecatheon jeffreyi — — — — — — 20 29 — 11

Dodecatheon pulchellum — — — 15 — — — — — —

Dodecatheon spp. — — — 15 — — 20 14 — 22

Drosera anglica — — — 8 — — — — 13 —

Drosera rotundifolia — — — 31 — — 40 57 38 33

Epilobium angustifolium — — — — — — — — — 11

Epilobium ciliatum — 17 33 — — 14 — — — 22

Epilobium latifolium — 8 17 — — — — — — —

Epilobium spp. — — — — 20 — — — — —

Erigeron peregrinus — — 33 — — — — 14 — 33

Erigeron spp. — 8 — — 40 — — — — 11

Fauria crista-galli 30 25 17 69 100 43 40 86 75 78

Forb spp. 20 33 17 15 20 43 — — — —

Galium spp. — — 17 — — — — — — —

Galium triflorum 10 — 17 — — — — — — 11
50

Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

(continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Gentiana douglasiana — — — 62 — — 40 71 25 44

Gentiana platypetala — — — — 40 — — 14 — 22

Geranium erianthum — 17 — — — — — 14 — —

Geranium spp. 10 — — — — — — — — 11

Geum calthifolium — — — 31 20 — 20 29 — 33

Geum spp. — — — — — — 20 — — 11

Heracleum lanatum 10 — — — — — — — — 22

Heracleum spp. — 17 — — — — — — — —

Heuchera glabra 30 25 50 — — — — — — —

Hieracium spp. — — 17 — — — — — — —

Hippuris montana — — — — 60 14 — — — —

Leptarrhena pyrolifolia — — — — 20 29 — 14 — —

Listera cordata — — — — 20 71 — — — —

Listera spp. — 17 — — — — — — — —

Lupinus nootkatensis — — — — — — — — — 22

Lysichiton americanum — 8 — 38 — — 20 43 38 22

Maianthemum dilatatum 20 — — 15 — — — — 38 —

Menyanthes trifoliata — — — 23 — — — 43 13 22

Mimulus guttatus — — 17 — — — — — — 11

Mitella pentandra 10 8 — — — 14 — — — —

Mitella spp. 20 — — — — — — — — —

Mushroom spp. 10 42 67 31 20 14 — — 13 —

Nuphar polysepalum — —— 8 — — — — ——

Osmorhiza chilensis — 8— — — — — — ——

Osmorhiza purpurea — — — — — — — — — 11

Oxyria digyna — 8— — — — — — ——

Parnassia fimbriata — — 33 — 20 14 — 14 — —

Parnassia spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Pedicularis parviflora — — — — — — — 14 — —

Pedicularis spp. — — — — 20 — — — — —

Petasites frigidus — 8 — — 20 14 — — — 11

Pinguicula vulgaris — — — — — — 20 43 25 —

Platanthera dilatata — — — — — — — 29 — 33

Platanthera spp. — — — 23 — — — 29 — —

Platanthera stricta — — 17 8 — — — — — 11

Polygonum persicaria — — — — — — — 14 — —

Potentilla anserina — — — — — — 20 — — —

Prenanthes alata 60 33 17 — — 14 — — — 11

Prunella vulgaris 10 — — — — — — — — —

Ranunculus spp. — 17 — — — — — — — 33

Sanguisorba menziesii — — — 15 — — — — — —

Sanguisorba officinalis — — — — — — — 14 — 11

Sanguisorba spp. 20 25 33 31 20 — 60 86 88 44
51

Table 19—Constancy of forbs on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in southeast Alaska

(continued)

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Sanguisorba stipulata — 8 — 54 — 14 — — — 22

Saxifraga ferruginea — 17 17 — — — — — — —

Saxifraga lyallii 20 8 — — — — — — — 11

Saxifraga punctata — — 17 — — — — — — —

Saxifraga spp. 20 8 50 — — 57 — — — —

Saxifraga tolmiei — — — — — 29 — — — —

Senecio triangularis 20 17 — — — — — 14 — 11

Sibbaldia procumbens — — 17 — — — — — — —

Spiranthes romanzoffiana — —— 8 — — — — ——

Stellaria crispa — — — — — — — — — 11

Stellaria spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Streptopus amplexifolius 50 42 — — — — — — — 11

Streptopus roseus 40 25 33 — 40 14 — 14 — 11

Streptopus spp. — 17 — — — 14 — — — —

Streptopus streptopoides 40 — — — — — — — — —

Tellima grandiflora — — — — — — — — — 11

Tiarella spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Tiarella trifoliata 70 25 17 — — 14 — — — —

Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata 10 17 — — — 14 — — — —

Tofieldia glutinosa — — — 38 — — — 71 25 22

Tofieldia spp. — — — — — — 20 — — —

Trientalis europaea — — — 54 — — 20 29 13 11

Utricularia minor — — — — — — — — — 11

Valeriana capitata — — — — — 14 — — — 11

Valeriana sitchensis 30 42 17 — 40 14 — 14 — 22

Valeriana spp. — 8 — — — — — — — —

Veratrum viride 60 50 — 8 20 29 20 14 — 44

Veronica spp. — 8 — — — — — — — —

Veronica wormskjoldii — — 17 — — — — — — —

Viola glabella 10 17 — — — — — — — 11

Viola spp. 50 50 33 15 20 14 20 — — 11

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.

2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.

2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.

2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.

2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.

2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.

3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.

3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.

3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.

3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
52

Table 20—Constancy of ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area

in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Adiantum aleuticum 20 — — — — — — — — —

Athyrium filix-femina 60 75 83 — — 29 — — 25 44

Athyrium spp. 20 17 — — — — — — — —

Blechnum spicant — 8 — 8 20 29 — 14 13 11

Botrychium spp. — — — — — — — 14 — —

Cryptogramma acrostichoides — — — — 20 — — — — —

Cryptogramma spp. — 8 17 — 20 — — — — —

Cystopteris fragilis — — — — 20 — — — — —

Dryopteris dilatata 60 67 67 — — 43 — — 13 —

Equisetum arvense — — — — — — — — — 22

Equisetum fluviatile — — — — — — — — — 11

Equisetum spp. — — — — — — — 14 13 —

Fern spp. — 8 — — — — — — — —

Gymnocarpium dryopteris 60 50 33 — — — — — — —

Lycopodium alpinum — — — — 20 14 — — — 11

Lycopodium annotinum 10 — — 15 — — 20 29 25 11

Lycopodium clavatum — — — — — — 20 — — —

Lycopodium selago — — — 8 20 14 20 — — —

Lycopodium sitchense — — — — 20 — — — — —

Lycopodium spp. 20 — — — — 29 — 14 — —

Polystichum braunii 20 17 — — — — — — — —

Thelypteris limbosperma — — — — — — — — — 11

Thelypteris phegopteris 50 25 33 — — — — — 13 —

Woodsia spp. — — — — 20 — — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.

2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.

2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.

2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.

2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.

2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.

3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.

3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.

3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.

3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
53

Table 21—Constancy of grasses and grasslike species on nonforest vegetation types on the Stikine area in

southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Agrostis aequivalvis — — — — — — — — — 22

Agrostis spp. — 25 — — — — 20 — — —

Calamagrostis canadensis — 25 — — — — — — 25 11

Calamagrostis spp. 10 — 17 15 — — — 29 — —

Carex aquatilis — — — — — — — 43 25 —

Carex livida — — — 23 — — — — — —

Carex lyngbyei — — — — — — 20 — — —

Carex macrochaeta — 8— — — — — — ——

Carex mertensii — 8 — — — 14 — — — —

Carex pauciflora — — — — — — — 14 — 11

Carex pluriflora — — — 8 — — 20 — — 11

Carex rostrata — — — — — — — — 13 —

Carex sitchensis — — — 46 — — — — 25 —

Carex spp. 20 50 33 85 40 29 100 100 50 67

Eriophorum angustifolium — — — 38 — — 20 — — —

Eriophorum spp. — — — 46 — — 20 — — 11

Grass spp. 40 25 67 8 40 71 20 57 38 44

Hordeum brachyantherum — — — — — — 20 — — —

Juncus spp. — — — — — — — 14 — 11

Luzula spp. 10 — 17 — — 14 — — — 22

Phleum commutatum — — — — — — — — — 22

Poa spp. — — — 23 — — — — — —

Rhynchospora alba — — — 23 — — — — — —

Trichophorum caespitosum — — — — — — 20 57 25 33

Trisetum cernuum — — — — — — — 14 — —

Vahlodea atropurpurea — — — — — 14 — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.

2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.

2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.

2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.

2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.

2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.

3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.

3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.

3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.

3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
54

Table 22—Constancy of lichens on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Alectoria spp. — — — 69 — — 20 100 38 33

Bryoria spp. — — — 23 — — — — 13 11

Cetraria islandica — — — — 20 — — — — —

Cladina rangiferina — — — 69 40 14 40 43 — 11

Cladina spp. — — 17 23 20 29 — 29 38 33

Cladina stellaris — — — — — — — — 13 —

Cladonia bellidiflora — — — — — 14 — — — —

Cladonia gracilis — — — — — — — 14 — —

Cladonia spp. 20 17 67 8 40 71 60 14 13 22

Cladonia squamosa 10 — — — — 14 — — — —

Hypogymnia spp. — — — 31 — — — 43 — 11

Lichen spp. 80 42 83 46 80 86 40 86 75 33

Lobaria spp. 40 17 33 — — 29 — — — —

Nephroma resupinatum 10 — — — — — — — — —

Peltigera britannica 10 — — — 20 14 — — — —

Peltigera neopolydactyla — 8— — — — — — ——

Peltigera spp. 30 8 33 — — 43 — 14 — —

Platismatia herrei — — — 38 — — — — — —

Platismatia spp. — — — — — — — — 13 —

Solorina crocea — — — — — 14 — — — —

Sphaerophorus spp. — — — 15 — — — — 13 —

Stereocaulon alpinum — — 17 — — — — — — —

Stereocaulon spp. — — — — — 29 — — — —

Thamnolia spp. — — — — — 14 — — — —

Thamnolia subuliformis — — — 23 — — — — — —

Usnea spp. — — — — — — — — 25 —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.

2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.

2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.

2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.

2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.

2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.

3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.

3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.

3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.

3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
55

Table 23—Constancy of mosses on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Andreaea spp. — — — — — 14 — — — 11

Aulacomnium spp. — — — 23 20 — — 29 — 22

Conocephalum spp. — 8— — — — — — — 11

Dicranum fuscescens — — — — — — 20 — 13 —

Dicranum spp. 30 25 17 23 60 57 40 — 13 11

Hookeria lucens — 17 — — — — — — — —

Hylocomium spp. — — — — — 14 — — — —

Hylocomium splendens — 8 17 31 — 14 20 43 13 11

Hypnum spp. — — — — — — — — 13 —

Mnium spp. 60 25 50 — — 14 — — — —

Moss spp. 90 100 100 77 100 100 80 86 88 78

Oligotrichum parallelum — — — — — 14 — — — —

Plagiochila spp. 10 — — — — 14 — — — —

Plagiomnium spp. 10 — — — — — — — — —

Plagiothecium spp. — 8 — — — — — — — —

Pleurozium schreberi 10 — — 69 40 14 40 43 38 33

Pogonatum alpinum — — 17 — — — — — — —

Polytrichum commune — 17 — — — — — — — —

Polytrichum spp. 40 8 33 23 — — 20 — — —

Ptilium crista-castrensis — —— 8 — — — — ——

Racomitrium spp. — — — 38 — — 60 29 — —

Rhacomitrium lanuginosum — — — — — — — — 13 11

Rhizomnium spp. 10 — — — — — 20 — — —

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 70 25 50 8 40 29 20 29 25 —

Rhytidiadelphus spp. — — — — — — — — 13 11

Sphagnum angustifolium — — — — — — — — — 22

Sphagnum capillifolium — — — — — — — — — 33

Sphagnum girgensohnii — — — — — — — — — 11

Sphagnum lindbergii — — — — — — — — — 11

Sphagnum papillosum — — — — — — — — — 33

Sphagnum spp. 20 8 17 100 — 14 80 100 88 22

Tortella fragilis — — — — — 14 — — — —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.

2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.

2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.

2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.

2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.

2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.

3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.

3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.

3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.

3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
56

Table 24—Constancy of liverworts on nonforest vegetation types in Stikine area in southeast Alaska

Plots in types on which plant species occurred, by vegetation

type codea

 and number of plots

2B1B 2B1H 2B2B 2C2E 2D2D 2D2E 3A3A 3A3C 3A3D 3B2A

Species 10 12 6 13 5 7 5 7 8 9

Percent

Barbilophozia spp. 20 — — — — — — — — —

Conocephalum spp. — 8 — — — — — — — 11

Liverwort spp. 80 42 100 23 80 86 20 43 38 33

Lepidozia spp. — — — — — — 20 — — —

Marchantia polymorpha — — — — — 14 — — — —

Orthocaulis floerkei — — — — — 14 — — — —

Pellia spp. — 8 17 — — 14 — — — —

Plagiochila spp. 10 — — — — 14 — — — —

Scapania spp. — 8 — — — — — — 13 —

— = plant was not sampled in this vegetation type.

a

 Vegetation type code:

2B1B = Closed tall shrub alder.

2B1H = Closed tall shrub alder-salmonberry.

2B2B = Open tall shrub alder.

2C2E = Open-low shrub ericaceous shrub bog.

2D2D = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub mountain-heath tundra.

2D2E = Ericaceous dwarf-shrub cassiope tundra.

3A3A = Wet sedge meadow tundra.

3A3C = Wet sedge-herb meadow tundra.

3A3D = Fresh sedge marsh herbaceous.

3B2A = Mixed herbs herbaceous.

Source for vegetation types: Viereck and others 1992.
57

Appendix C: Vegetation

Type Tables of Cover,

Frequency, and

Constancy

Table 25—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1A03-Picea sitchensis/Oplopanax horridus-Circaea alpinaa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

 Picea sitchensis 45 15 34 55 2 100

Shrubs:

 Oplopanax horridus 28 24 11 45 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

 Aruncus dioicus 4 6 0 8 2 100

 Circaea alpina 5 1 4 6 2 100

 Dryopteris dilatata 18 2 16 19 2 100

 Thelypteris phegopteris 9 2 8 11 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

 Hylocomium splendens 18 11 10 25 2 100

 Moss spp. 43 39 15 70 2 100

 Rhytidiadelphus loreus 32 31 10 54 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 88

Spruce site index: 88

Number of points: 2
58

Table 26—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of trees in

AVCS level V 1A1B01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 12 13 0 51 26 28

Picea sitchensis 11 17 0 72 65 70

Thuja plicata 26 41 0 96 5 5

Tsuga mertensiana 21 27 1 132 27 29

Tsuga heterophylla 100 74 19 441 93 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 5 5 1 30 89 96

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 9 10 0 54 80 86

Rubus pedatus 5 5 0 27 93 100

Vaccinium spp. 29 19 0 70 93 100

Vaccinium parvifolium 4 7 0 30 22 24

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Blechnum spicant 3 4 0 20 63 68

Circaea alpina 4 5 1 11 4 4

Coptis aspleniifolia 5 5 0 21 74 80

Cornus canadensis 4 3 0 23 87 94

Lysichiton americanum 4 6 0 32 43 46

Streptopus spp. 5 4 1 9 3 3

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum spp. 3 3 1 15 54 58

Hylocomium splendens 22 17 1 70 91 98

Mnium spp. 5 4 1 15 30 32

Moss spp. 4 4 0 26 81 87

Plagiochila spp. 6 5 1 10 3 3

Plagiothecium spp. 3 2 1 5 4 4

Rhizomnium spp. 4 3 1 8 7 8

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 25 16 2 73 91 98

Sphagnum girgensohnii 9 11 1 30 6 6

Sphagnum capillifolium 25 27 1 50 4 4

Sphagnum spp. 17 17 1 83 71 76

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 5 0 22 81 87

Pellia spp. 4 2 1 6 12 13

a

 Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 76

Spruce site index: 87

Number of points: 93
59

Table 27—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1B02-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./Dryopteris dilatataa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 24 31 0 72 5 56

Tsuga mertensiana 11 6 8 15 2 22

Tsuga heterophylla 91 41 45 174 9 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 6 5 1 15 8 89

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 3 5 0 16 8 89

Oplopanax horridus 3 4 0 8 3 33

Rubus pedatus 6 7 1 21 9 100

Vaccinium parvifolium 6 11 0 23 4 44

Vaccinium spp. 10 9 1 30 8 89

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Dryopteris dilatata 7 6 1 18 8 89

Polystichum munitum 4 3 1 6 2 22

Mosses/clubmosses:

Conocephalum spp. 3 3 1 5 2 22

Dicranum fuscescens 7 9 1 20 4 44

Hylocomium splendens 10 8 2 23 9 100

Moss spp. 3 5 0 14 8 89

Polytrichum spp. 4 5 1 12 4 44

Rhizomnium glabrescens 9 6 3 15 3 33

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 26 17 5 58 9 100

Sphagnum spp. 12 12 1 33 6 67

Liverworts:

Lepidozia spp. 3 3 1 5 2 22

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 83

Spruce site index: 124

Number of points: 9
60

Table 28—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1B03-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-Oplopanax horridusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 26 23 1 75 9 38

Picea sitchensis 8 12 0 39 15 63

Tsuga heterophylla 106 71 24 296 24 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 6 4 1 18 23 96

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 5 5 0 15 20 83

Oplopanax horridus 5 4 0 14 22 92

Rubus pedatus 5 4 0 12 21 88

Vaccinium spp. 16 17 1 66 21 88

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 4 9 0 30 10 42

Blechnum spicant 5 6 0 20 18 75

Cornus canadensis 3 2 0 8 23 96

Dryopteris dilatata 4 5 0 18 16 67

Tiarella trifoliata 4 4 0 12 18 75

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 18 12 1 44 23 96

Mnium spp. 5 4 1 15 10 42

Moss spp. 6 5 0 15 22 92

Polytrichum juniperium 9 8 3 15 2 8

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 28 14 6 60 23 96

Sphagnum spp. 8 10 1 24 9 38

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 3 1 11 21 88

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 91

Spruce site index: 99

Number of points: 24
61

Table 29—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants

in AVCS level V 1A1C02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-

Menziesia ferrugineaa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 16 26 0 62 5 100

Tsuga heterophylla 97 78 20 215 5 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 8 7 3 20 5 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 13 15 3 38 5 100

Vaccinium spp. 27 19 5 57 5 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Cornus canadensis 4 3 1 8 5 100

Lysichiton americanum 5 3 1 8 4 80

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum spp. 3 0 3 3 2 40

Hylocomium splendens 22 11 7 35 5 100

Moss spp. 6 3 3 11 5 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 14 9 2 20 5 100

Sphagnum spp. 21 20 9 55 5 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 8 2 6 11 5 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 89

Spruce site index: 101

Number of points: 5
62

Table 30—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1C03-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Oplopanax horridusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 36 31 8 75 5 83

Tsuga heterophylla 170 49 126 231 5 83

Dead wood:

Downed wood 4 4 1 11 5 83

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 7 4 3 11 4 67

Oplopanax horridus 5 5 2 14 5 83

Ribes bracteosum 10 13 1 19 2 33

Rubus spectabilis 5 7 1 15 4 67

Rubus pedatus 4 2 1 7 6 100

Vaccinium spp. 25 20 5 57 5 83

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Cornus canadensis 9 6 0 18 6 100

Gymnocarpium dryopteris 5 4 1 13 5 83

Lysichiton americanum 17 13 4 32 4 67

Tiarella trifoliata 5 5 2 12 4 67

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum spp. 3 0 3 3 2 33

Hylocomium splendens 15 9 7 30 5 83

Moss spp. 5 2 3 8 5 83

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 22 19 2 51 6 100

Sphagnum spp. 22 29 2 55 3 50

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 9 2 6 11 4 67

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 93

Spruce site index: 116

Number of points: 6
63

Table 31—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1C04-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.-

Oplopanax horridusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees

Picea sitchensis 12 16 0 41 7 88

Tsuga heterophylla 69 79 6 251 8 100

Tsuga mertensiana 16 11 8 28 3 38

Deciduous trees:

Alnus rubra 48 67 1 95 2 25

Dead wood:

Downed wood 6 7 1 20 8 100

Shrubs:

Oplopanax horridus 14 11 3 32 8 100

Ribes bracteosum 5 3 3 7 2 25

Rubus pedatus 4 4 1 13 7 88

Rubus spectabilis 22 22 6 38 2 25

Sambucus spp. 3 3 1 6 3 38

Vaccinium spp. 29 33 1 71 6 75

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 3 5 0 10 4 50

Coptis aspleniifolia 8 14 1 32 5 63

Dryopteris dilatata 8 7 1 23 7 88

Tiarella trifoliata 6 8 1 20 6 75

Mosses/clubmosses:

Climacium dendroides 18 18 5 30 2 25

Hylocomium splendens 14 12 1 30 8 100

Moss spp. 10 13 1 32 5 63

Rhizomnium glabrescens 14 8 8 20 2 25

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 29 25 5 83 8 100

Sphagnum girgensohnii 10 0 10 10 2 25

Sphagnum spp. 19 20 2 47 4 50

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 3 2 1 6 5 63

Pellia spp. 3 1 2 4 3 38

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 107

Spruce site index: 127

Number of points: 8
64

Table 32—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1C05-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 13 17 1 25 2 100

Tsuga heterophylla 34 17 22 46 2 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 11 5 8 14 2 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 4 3 2 6 2 100

Oplopanax horridus 6 3 4 8 2 100

Rubus pedatus 4 0 4 4 2 100

Vaccinium spp. 18 23 2 35 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 5 7 0 10 2 100

Dryopteris dilatata 5 2 3 6 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 28 4 25 30 2 100

Moss spp. 7 0 7 7 2 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 38 4 35 40 2 100

Sphagnum spp. 6 6 2 10 2 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 3 2 6 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 77

Spruce site index: 94

Number of points: 2
65

Table 33—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1C06-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

 Picea sitchensis 9 11 1 16 2 100

 Tsuga heterophylla 66 40 38 94 2 100

Dead wood:

 Downed wood 8 2 6 9 2 100

Shrubs:

 Vaccinium spp. 24 20 9 38 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

 Lysichiton americanum 12 17 1 24 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

 Hylocomium splendens 11 10 4 18 2 100

Moss spp. 4 2 2 5 2 100

 Rhizomnium spp. 4 4 1 6 2 100

 Rhytidiadelphus loreus 13 9 6 19 2 100

 Sphagnum capillifolium 37 30 15 58 2 100

Liverworts:

 Liverwort spp. 5 0 5 5 2 100

 Pellia spp. 4 2 2 5 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 53

Number of points: 2
66

Table 34—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1C07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./

Oplopanax horridusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

 Tsuga heterophylla 54 33 30 77 2 100

Dead wood:

 Downed wood 4 2 2 5 2 100

Shrubs:

 Oplopanax horridus 6 4 3 8 2 100

 Rubus pedatus 3 3 1 5 2 100

 Vaccinium spp. 14 5 10 18 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

 Lysichiton americanum 5 3 3 6 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

 Hylocomium splendens 19 6 15 23 2 100

 Mnium spp. 3 3 1 5 2 100

 Moss spp. 9 1 9 10 2 100

 Rhytidiadelphus loreus 23 18 10 35 2 100

 Sphagnum spp. 6 6 1 10 2 100

Liverworts:

 Liverwort spp. 6 6 1 10 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 83

Spruce site index: 92

Number of points: 2
67

Table 35—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1C08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Tsuga heterophylla 54 33 30 77 2 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 4 2 2 5 2 100

Shrubs:

Oplopanax horridus 6 4 3 8 2 100

Rubus pedatus 3 3 1 5 2 100

Vaccinium spp. 14 5 10 18 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Lysichiton americanum 5 3 3 6 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 19 6 15 23 2 100

Mnium spp. 3 3 1 5 2 100

Moss spp. 9 1 9 10 2 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 23 18 10 35 2 100

Sphagnum spp. 6 6 1 10 2 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 6 6 1 10 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 79

Number of points: 2
68

Table 36—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1D01-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Lysichiton

americanum/Sphagnum spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees

Picea sitchensis 10 10 1 22 5 83

Thuja plicata 35 20 15 56 3 50

Tsuga heterophylla 119 68 18 202 6 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 5 4 1 11 6 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 10 5 6 17 4 67

Oplopanax horridus 10 16 1 39 5 83

Rubus pedatus 5 6 0 14 6 100

Vaccinium spp. 33 8 25 40 4 67

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Circaea alpina 4 4 1 6 2 33

Cornus canadensis 3 3 1 8 6 100

Polystichum munitum 7 5 3 10 2 33

Thelypteris phegopteris 11 15 1 22 2 33

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 21 15 5 48 6 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 49 17 25 65 6 100

Sphagnum spp. 5 4 2 10 4 67

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 94

Spruce site index: 118

Number of points: 6
69

Table 37—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1D02-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.-

Menziesia ferrugineaa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

 Picea sitchensis 22 19 0 51 7 100

 Tsuga heterophylla 97 59 0 167 7 100

 Tsuga mertensiana 4 3 1 6 2 29

Dead wood:

 Downed wood 5 4 1 10 7 100

Shrubs:

 Alnus sinuata 16 19 3 38 3 43

 Menziesia ferruginea 8 15 0 41 7 100

 Oplopanax horridus 5 10 1 24 5 71

 Rubus spectabilis 5 7 0 10 2 29

 Vaccinium spp. 18 20 2 48 6 86

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

 Cornus canadensis 10 19 0 43 5 71

 Dryopteris dilatata 5 6 0 16 7 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

 Hylocomium splendens 6 7 1 20 6 86

 Mnium spp. 3 5 1 10 4 57

 Moss spp. 7 6 1 15 7 100

 Rhytidiadelphus loreus 25 19 1 58 7 100

Liverworts:

 Lepidozia spp. 5 5 1 10 3 43

a

 Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 76

Spruce site index: 94

Number of points: 7
70

Table 38—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1D04-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp./

Oplopanax horridusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 39 47 3 92 3 75

Tsuga heterophylla 64 62 30 157 4 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 6 3 3 10 4 100

Shrubs:

Oplopanax horridus 5 4 0 11 4 100

Rubus spectabilis 9 12 0 17 2 50

Vaccinium spp. 11 13 1 30 4 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium spp. 4 5 0 7 2 50

Lysichiton americanum 5 4 2 8 2 50

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 11 12 2 25 3 75

Mnium spp. 5 3 3 8 3 75

Plagiothecium undulatum 4 1 3 4 2 50

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 17 11 5 30 4 100

Sphagnum spp. 23 25 5 40 2 50

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 8 6 1 15 4 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 73

Number of points: 4
71

Table 39—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1D05-Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 14 15 1 43 6 75

Thuja plicata 56 76 2 110 2 25

Tsuga heterophylla 83 48 35 171 8 100

Tsuga mertensiana 23 17 1 45 5 63

Dead wood:

Downed wood 8 6 2 21 8 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 4 2 3 6 4 50

Rubus pedatus 5 2 2 8 8 100

Vaccinium spp. 37 20 11 67 8 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Blechnum spicant 5 4 1 14 8 100

Coptis aspleniifolia 6 7 1 19 6 75

Cornus canadensis 3 2 1 8 8 100

Streptopus roseus 7 7 1 19 6 75

Thelypteris phegopteris 5 5 1 8 2 25

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum scoparium 8 4 5 10 2 25

Hylocomium splendens 20 19 1 50 6 75

Moss spp. 6 3 2 10 8 100

Rhizomnium spp. 11 9 2 20 3 38

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 25 17 10 61 8 100

Sphagnum spp. 10 5 3 15 4 50

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 7 8 1 18 7 88

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 82

Spruce site index: 106

Number of points: 8
72

Table 40—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1D07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./

Oplopanax horridusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees

Picea sitchensis 12 16 0 55 16 84

Tsuga heterophylla 99 75 7 264 19 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 7 4 1 15 19 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 5 5 0 18 12 63

Oplopanax horridus 5 5 0 15 17 89

Rubus pedatus 4 3 1 14 19 100

Vaccinium spp. 21 20 2 63 19 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium spp. 3 3 1 6 2 11

Blechnum spicant 3 3 0 11 16 84

Clintonia uniflora 3 3 1 7 5 26

Coptis aspleniifolia 3 3 0 11 15 79

Thelypteris phegopteris 3 4 1 10 4 21

Thelypteris limbosperma 3 3 1 6 3 16

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum fuscescens 4 5 1 10 3 16

Hylocomium splendens 13 11 1 38 17 89

Mnium spp. 5 7 1 20 8 42

Moss spp. 7 5 1 15 17 89

Polytrichum spp. 3 4 1 13 8 42

Rhizomnium spp. 4 2 2 5 2 11

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 22 13 2 54 19 100

Sphagnum girgensohnii 6 5 1 11 4 21

Sphagnum spp. 18 16 2 52 12 63

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 5 5 0 18 19 100

Pellia spp. 3 1 2 4 2 11

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 84

Spruce site index: 94

Number of points: 19
73

Table 41—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1D08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 15 17 0 59 12 100

Tsuga heterophylla 105 97 28 311 12 100

Tsuga mertensiana 31 48 0 102 4 33

Dead wood:

Downed wood 4 2 1 10 12 100

Stumps 3 3 1 10 8 67

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 5 5 0 15 11 92

Rubus pedatus 3 3 1 9 12 100

Vaccinium alaskensis 35 7 30 41 2 17

Vaccinium parvifolium 4 3 1 9 5 42

Vaccinium spp. 28 25 8 74 10 83

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Blechnum spicant 4 5 0 14 10 83

Cornus canadensis 3 2 0 7 12 100

Lysichiton americanum 5 5 1 18 10 83

Veratrum viride 5 6 1 9 2 17

Grass/grasslike:

Calamagrostis canadensis 14 6 9 18 2 17

Carex spp. 3 3 1 7 4 33

Mosses/clubmosses:

Conocephalum spp. 7 10 1 18 3 25

Hylocomium spp. 18 1 17 18 2 17

Hylocomium splendens 18 13 2 37 10 83

Mnium spp. 5 3 2 10 6 50

Moss spp. 4 4 0 15 10 83

Rhizomnium glabrescens 4 3 1 7 4 33

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 22 8 5 30 12 100

Sphagnum spp. 12 11 5 40 9 75

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 5 5 1 15 12 100

Pellia spp. 6 5 2 15 5 42

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 81

Spruce site index: 104

Number of points: 12
74

Table 42—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants

in AVCS level V 1A1E01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/

Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 33 24 0 101 52 93

Picea sitchensis 11 22 0 114 38 68

Thuja plicata 55 78 1 227 7 13

Tsuga heterophylla 99 80 9 452 55 98

Tsuga mertensiana 19 18 0 71 31 55

Dead wood:

Downed wood 5 4 1 18 54 96

Shrubs:

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 4 4 1 13 8 14

Empetrum nigrum 4 4 08 4 7

Menziesia ferruginea 7 6 0 21 54 96

Phyllodoce spp. 4 2 3 6 3 5

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 5 6 0 15 5 9

Vaccinium spp. 27 20 1 89 54 96

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 3 4 0 19 46 82

Cornus canadensis 5 5 0 23 53 95

Fauria crista-galli 6 8 0 29 14 25

Maianthemum dilatatum 4 5 0 13 7 13

Sanguisorba officinalis 4 3 16 2 4

Thelypteris phegopteris 4 7 0 21 9 16

Viola spp. 3 2 2 5 2 4

Grass/grasslike:

Carex pauciflora 7 9 1 14 2 4

Eriophorum angustifolium 3 0 33 2 4

Trichophorum caespitosum 14 7 9 19 2 4

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum fuscescens 4 4 1 10 8 14

Hylocomium splendens 23 14 3 75 51 91

Hylocomium spp. 33 18 10 52 5 9

Isothecium myosuroides 3 3 15 2 4

Mnium spp. 3 3 0 10 13 23

Moss spp. 4 4 0 18 48 86

Plagiothecium undulatum 3 3 15 2 4

Pleurozium schreberi 29 38 2 56 2 4

Ptilium crista-castrensis 7 4 3 10 4 7

Rhizomnium glabrescens 3 3 1 10 15 27

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 27 20 2 83 54 96

Sphagnum capillifolium 10 8 1 15 3 5

Sphagnum spp. 17 16 1 61 36 64

Sphagnum girgensohnii 10 10 1 25 10 18

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 4 1 15 44 79

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 60

Spruce site index: 78

Number of points: 56
75

Table 43—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants

in AVCS level V 1A1E02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/

Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 52 45 0 149 17 89

Picea sitchensis 17 32 0 114 15 79

Tsuga mertensiana 23 22 1 73 17 89

Tsuga heterophylla 123 88 35 319 19 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 4 3 1 10 19 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 7 8 2 30 19 100

Vaccinium spp. 32 19 5 64 18 95

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 5 0 18 18 95

Cornus canadensis 6 6 1 27 18 95

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 40 15 10 68 13 68

Hylocomium spp. 24 8 10 33 6 32

Mnium spp. 4 4 1 15 10 53

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 14 10 2 30 19 100

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 4 3 2 6 2 11

Sphagnum spp. 18 17 1 55 18 95

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 3 3 0 10 16 84

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 54

Spruce site index: 79

Number of points: 19
76

Table 44—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1F01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 6 4 2 10 4 20

Picea sitchensis 18 30 0 123 16 80

Tsuga heterophylla 32 17 6 54 11 55

Tsuga mertensiana 97 61 3 245 18 90

Shrubs:

Alnus sinuata 44 32 17 74 4 20

Menziesia ferruginea 10 8 1 30 15 75

Rubus spectabilis 18 22 1 59 6 30

Rubus pedatus 8 5 2 21 17 85

Vaccinium spp. 30 19 1 58 20 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 6 5 1 12 5 25

Blechnum spicant 3 3 1 10 10 50

Caltha spp. 5 2 3 8 3 15

Coptis aspleniifolia 7 4 1 13 9 45

Cornus canadensis 6 4 1 14 12 60

Dryopteris dilatata 4 8 0 29 12 60

Fauria crista-galli 3 5 0 12 8 40

Lysichiton americanum 4 3 0 7 8 40

Maianthemum dilatatum 5 4 1 8 3 15

Streptopus roseus 3 3 1 9 14 70

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 11 20 1 41 4 20

Mosses/clubmosses:

Aulacomnium spp. 5 3 3 7 2 10

Dicranum spp. 4 5 1 20 16 80

Hylocomium splendens 13 13 3 50 15 75

Mnium spp. 6 5 2 9 2 10

Moss spp. 4 3 1 12 20 100

Polytrichum spp. 3 1 2 4 2 10

Rhizomnium glabrescens 4 2 2 6 4 20

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 29 21 5 63 17 85

Sphagnum spp. 23 19 1 53 16 80

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 3 1 10 18 90

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 53

Spruce site index: 73

Number of points: 20
77

Table 45—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants

in AVCS level V 1A1G01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.-

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 15 17 0 39 7 54

Picea sitchensis 10 12 1 30 9 69

Thuja plicata 40 32 1 91 11 85

Tsuga heterophylla 100 69 3 214 13 100

Tsuga mertensiana 37 62 1 211 11 85

Dead wood:

Downed wood 3 2 1 8 13 100

Shrubs:

Gaultheria shallon 5 10 0 24 5 38

Menziesia ferruginea 6 3 1 13 13 100

Vaccinium spp. 18 16 0 46 11 85

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 3 0 3 3 2 15

Cornus canadensis 6 4 1 12 13 100

Lysichiton americanum 4 3 1 9 11 85

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hlocomium splendens 30 20 10 69 12 92

Mnium spp. 4 3 2 8 5 38

Rhytidiadelphus spp. 6 3 4 8 2 15

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 22 14 5 50 11 85

Sphagnum spp. 15 14 2 50 13 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 5 0 15 12 92

Pellia spp. 6 2 4 8 4 31

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 64

Spruce site index: 70

Number of points: 13
78

Table 46—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in AVCS

level V 1A1U01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium spp./

Rhytidiadelphus loreusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 24 20 0 63 11 79

Picea sitchensis 12 18 0 59 12 86

Thuja plicata 27 27 3 76 6 43

Tsuga heterophylla 54 34 7 110 12 86

Tsuga mertensiana 14 14 1 48 10 71

Dead wood:

Downed wood 4 2 1 6 13 93

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 5 3 0 12 13 93

Oplopanax horridus 5 5 1 11 6 43

Vaccinium spp. 16 13 2 41 14 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Caltha spp. 8 6 4 14 3 21

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 4 1 14 14 100

Cornus suecica 7 6 3 15 3 21

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 23 27 2 54 3 21

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum spp. 9 12 3 31 5 36

Hylocomium spp. 27 2 25 28 2 14

Hylocomium splendens 16 8 8 28 11 79

Leucolepis spp. 5 3 3 7 2 14

Mnium spp. 6 8 1 15 3 21

Moss spp. 6 8 0 30 14 100

Rhizomnium glabrescens 4 3 1 8 6 43

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 30 17 6 53 13 93

Sphagnum girgensohnii 4 2 2 5 2 14

Sphagnum spp. 11 14 1 49 11 79

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 5 5 1 15 14 100

Scapania spp. 4 3 2 6 2 14

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 64

Spruce site index: 96

Number of points: 14
79

Table 47—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1U03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga

mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 23 21 1 75 23 85

Picea sitchensis 6 8 0 30 23 85

Pinus contorta 12 20 1 35 3 11

Thuja plicata 33 44 0 128 10 37

Tsuga heterophylla 68 71 1 303 27 100

Tsuga mertensiana 23 36 0 158 18 67

Dead wood:

Downed wood 6 4 1 15 27 100

Shrubs:

Ledum groenlandicum 12 6 7 16 2 7

Menziesia ferruginea 7 5 1 19 27 100

Vaccinium spp. 17 12 2 40 27 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Cornus canadensis 5 3 0 14 27 100

Lysichiton americanum 7 8 0 41 27 100

Pteridium aquilinum 5 0 56 2 7

Grass/grasslike:

Calamagrostis spp. 3 3 1 5 2 7

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum fuscescens 4 3 1 6 3 11

Hylocomium splendens 20 9 5 40 27 100

Mnium spp. 6 6 1 15 9 33

Moss spp. 3 2 1 10 25 93

Rhizomnium glabrescens 7 5 4 15 5 19

Rhizomnium spp. 6 6 1 12 3 11

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 17 14 2 57 27 100

Sphagnum capillifolium 20 16 7 37 3 11

Sphagnum spp. 22 18 1 59 24 89

Sphagnum squarrosum 3 3 15 2 7

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 6 7 0 25 26 96

Pellia spp. 4 2 3 8 7 26

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 53

Spruce site index: 62

Number of points: 27
80

Table 48—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1U04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga

mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 28 18 1 58 8 100

Pinus contorta 14 6 8 19 3 38

Thuja plicata 14 13 0 32 4 50

Tsuga heterophylla 51 54 1 144 8 100

Tsuga mertensiana 14 14 2 41 8 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 3 2 1 8 7 88

Shrubs:

Ledum groenlandicum 11 15 0 22 2 25

Menziesia ferruginea 5 4 1 12 8 100

Vaccinium spp. 20 24 1 56 7 88

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Blechnum spicant 3 4 0 11 7 88

Cornus canadensis 6 3 1 11 8 100

Fauria crista-galli 5 6 0 16 7 88

Lysichiton americanum 6 3 3 13 7 88

Grass/grasslike:

Grass spp. 9 15 0 32 4 50

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 22 22 4 64 8 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 13 7 5 22 7 88

Sphagnum spp. 36 23 2 66 8 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 52

Spruce site index: 98

Number of points: 8
81

Table 49—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A1U05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga

heterophylla-Picea sitchensis- Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 39 26 10 95 20 95

Picea sitchensis 4 6 0 23 14 67

Pinus contorta 9 6 1 20 9 43

Thuja plicata 18 10 8 31 5 24

Tsuga mertensiana 17 11 1 40 18 86

Tsuga heterophylla 44 42 1 146 21 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 4 3 1 15 21 100

Shrubs:

Gaultheria shallon 25 19 1 48 4 19

Menziesia ferruginea 6 5 1 21 21 100

Rubus pedatus 3 3 0 8 15 71

Vaccinium spp. 19 16 1 56 21 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 5 8 0 14 3 14

Blechnum spicant 5 5 1 19 16 76

Caltha spp. 15 4 12 17 2 10

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 3 0 10 19 90

Cornus canadensis 4 3 0 10 21 100

Fauria crista-galli 6 8 1 23 13 62

Lysichiton americanum 4 4 1 13 14 67

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 4 5 1 13 6 29

Carex sitchensis 13 17 1 26 2 10

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum spp. 3 2 1 5 9 43

Hylocomium splendens 26 15 5 55 21 100

Rhizomnium glabrescens 8 4 3 14 7 33

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 6 6 1 10 2 10

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 17 12 2 40 21 100

Sphagnum spp. 18 16 1 51 18 86

Sphagnum girgensohnii 6 4 2 10 3 14

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 5 1 15 19 90

Pellia spp. 4 3 1 10 6 29

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 49

Spruce site index: 70

Number of points: 21
82

Table 50—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2A05-Picea sitchensis/Rubus spectabilisa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 140 75 87 193 2 100

Tsuga heterophylla 24 34 0 48 2 100

Shrubs:

Rubus spectabilis 46 12 37 54 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

Moss spp. 8 4 5 10 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 41

Spruce site index: 41

Number of points: 2

Table 51—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2B06-Picea sitchensis-(Tsuga heterophylla)/Vaccinium spp./

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 16 11 8 24 2 100

Picea sitchensis 10 8 5 15 2 100

Tsuga heterophylla 39 30 18 61 2 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 19 3 17 22 2 100

Vaccinium spp. 23 20 9 37 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 3 2 6 2 100

Cornus canadensis 21 10 14 28 2 100

Lysichiton americanum 10 1 9 10 2 100

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 3 4 1 6 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 43 39 15 70 2 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 8 6 3 12 2 100

Sphagnum spp. 40 47 7 73 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 81

Spruce site index: 86

Number of points: 2
83

Table 52—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2B07-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./

Oplopanax horridusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 10 1 9 11 2 100

Tsuga heterophylla 17 12 8 25 2 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 9 6 5 13 2 100

Oplopanax horridus 11 11 4 19 2 100

Rubus pedatus 13 0 13 13 2 100

Rubus parviflorus 3 0 3 4 2 100

Vaccinium spp. 20 20 6 34 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 12 9 5 18 2 100

Cornus canadensis 15 2 13 16 2 100

Maianthemum dilatatum 8 0 7 8 2 100

Pteridium aquilinum 15 18 2 28 2 100

Streptopus roseus 4 2 2 5 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 31 1 30 32 2 100

Moss spp. 4 0 4 4 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 85

Spruce site index: 92

Number of points: 2
84

Table 53—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2B08-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Vaccinium spp./

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 19 27 0 59 4 100

Tsuga mertensiana 14 0 14 15 3 75

Tsuga heterophylla 63 60 17 149 4 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 5 3 1 7 4 100

Rubus pedatus 4 3 2 9 4 100

Vaccinium spp. 25 12 11 37 4 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 10 12 2 24 3 75

Cornus canadensis 3 2 1 6 4 100

Lysichiton americanum 4 1 3 4 2 50

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 17 15 2 37 4 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 17 11 5 30 4 100

Sphagnum spp. 27 19 7 44 3 75

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 3 2 1 5 4 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 75

Spruce site index: 82

Number of points: 4
85

Table 54—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2B09-Tsuga heterophylla-(Picea sitchensis)/Oplopanax horridus/

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Picea sitchensis 56 55 17 95 2 100

Tsuga heterophylla 324 322 97 552 2 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 9 1 8 10 2 100

Shrubs:

Oplopanax horridus 11 8 5 17 2 100

Rubus pedatus 3 1 2 4 2 100

Vaccinium spp. 9 3 6 11 2 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 4 4 2 7 2 100

Coptis aspleniifolia 3 3 1 5 2 100

Dryopteris dilatata 3 2 2 5 2 100

Gymnocarpium dryopteris 7 3 5 10 2 100

Lysichiton americanum 9 4 7 12 2 100

Tiarella trifoliata 9 1 8 10 2 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

Moss spp. 7 1 6 7 2 100

Rhizomnium spp. 9 1 8 9 2 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 12 12 3 20 2 100

Sphagnum spp. 10 3 8 12 2 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 14 5 10 17 2 100

Pellia spp. 11 1 10 12 2 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 107

Spruce site index: 119
86

Table 55—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2C01-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 6 6 1 13 3 16

Picea sitchensis 10 11 1 36 12 63

Tsuga mertensiana 51 41 2 147 18 95

Tsuga heterophylla 15 36 1 123 11 58

Shrubs:

Alnus sinuata 5 4 1 11 5 26

Oplopanax horridus 4 5 0 17 11 58

Rubus spectabilis 4 5 0 15 10 53

Rubus pedatus 4 4 1 18 18 95

Vaccinium spp. 29 22 3 71 17 89

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Athyrium filix-femina 6 4 1 11 9 47

Caltha biflora 28 21 5 48 3 16

Caltha spp. 6 4 2 13 8 42

Lysichiton americanum 3 3 1 7 6 32

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 7 8 0 20 7 37

Mosses/clubmosses:

Conocephalum spp. 3 3 1 5 2 11

Dicranum spp. 5 8 1 23 14 74

Hylocomium splendens 4 5 1 15 13 68

Moss spp. 8 12 1 41 15 79

Pleurozium schreberi 13 4 10 15 2 11

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 24 22 1 64 17 89

Sphagnum spp. 28 31 1 76 10 53

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 6 7 1 27 13 68

Pellia spp. 8 7 1 15 3 16

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 50

Number of points: 19
87

Table 56—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2C02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp.-Cassiope mertensianaa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 18 16 2 35 5 45

Picea sitchensis 3 6 1 20 9 82

Tsuga mertensiana 27 31 1 115 11 100

Shrubs:

Cassiope stelleriana 4 5 0 14 7 64

Cassiope mertensiana 7 5 1 16 10 91

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 6 4 2 10 4 36

Empetrum nigrum 9 7 2 18 6 55

Menziesia ferruginea 3 3 1 8 7 64

Phyllodoce spp. 8 7 1 16 5 45

Rubus spectabilis 36 51 1 72 2 18

Vaccinium spp. 8 7 1 24 10 91

Vaccinium caespitosum 6 8 1 22 6 55

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 3 3 0 7 10 91

Cornus suecica 3 2 1 5 3 27

Fauria crista-galli 8 9 3 30 8 73

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 3 3 0 8 8 73

Eriophorum angustifolium 14 20 0 29 2 18

Mosses/clubmosses:

Aulacomnium spp. 4 3 2 6 2 18

Dicranum spp. 5 7 1 15 7 64

Hylocomium splendens 6 5 2 19 9 82

Moss spp. 10 10 3 30 11 100

Pleurozium schreberi 8 7 2 16 5 45

Ptilium spp. 4 2 2 5 2 18

R(h)acomitrium spp. 10 0 10 10 2 18

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 14 12 3 39 9 82

Sphagnum spp. 22 18 4 50 10 91

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 9 7 2 22 10 91

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 34

Number of points: 11
88

Table 57—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2C03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus

pyrolaeflorus/Fauria crista-gallia

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 17 19 0 56 8 44

Thuja plicata 3 2 2 5 2 11

Tsuga mertensiana 129 364 6 1584 18 100

Tsuga heterophylla 31 55 1 156 8 44

Shrubs:

Cassiope mertensiana 8 8 0 29 13 72

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 12 11 1 38 16 89

Luetkea pectinata 3 3 0 9 11 61

Oplopanax horridus 3 0 3 4 2 11

Rubus spectabilis 9 6 3 15 3 17

Sorbus sitchensis 3 3 1 6 4 22

Vaccinium spp. 18 13 3 46 18 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Blechnum spicant 3 4 0 15 17 94

Caltha spp. 6 8 0 18 6 33

Caltha leptosepala 11 4 8 14 2 11

Coptis aspleniifolia 3 2 1 7 11 61

Fauria crista-galli 14 12 0 37 13 72

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 3 4 1 13 10 56

Mosses/clubmosses:

Aulacomnium spp. 23 11 15 30 2 11

Dicranum spp. 3 2 1 8 10 56

Hylocomium splendens 17 14 4 49 14 78

Moss spp. 7 5 1 20 17 94

Plagiochila spp. 9 4 6 12 2 11

Pleurozium schreberi 52 15 41 62 2 11

Rhytidiadelphus spp. 22 9 15 28 2 11

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 23 18 3 60 16 89

Sphagnum capillifolium 11 13 2 20 2 11

Sphagnum spp. 18 13 2 43 10 56

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 7 7 1 25 15 83

Mylia spp. 9 2 7 10 2 11

Pellia spp. 15 11 5 30 4 22

Scapania spp. 5 1 4 6 3 17

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 37

Number of points: 18
89

Table 58—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2D01-Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/

Vaccinium spp./Rhytidiadelphus loreusa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 40 43 9 109 5 56

Picea sitchensis 7 7 0 19 7 78

Pinus contorta 10 8 0 15 3 33

Thuja plicata 6 11 0 23 4 44

Tsuga heterophylla 23 23 1 60 9 100

Tsuga mertensiana 24 20 4 58 7 78

Dead wood:

Downed wood 3 3 1 8 9 100

Shrubs:

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 4 3 0 7 4 44

Ledum groenlandicum 13 29 0 73 6 67

Menziesia ferruginea 9 15 1 44 8 89

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 5 7 0 15 7 78

Vaccinium spp. 23 28 2 85 9 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 6 0 20 9 100

Cornus suecica 3 2 2 5 3 33

Cornus canadensis 7 9 3 26 7 78

Fauria crista-galli 3 2 0 6 6 67

Lysichiton americanum 4 3 1 11 7 78

Grass/grasslike:

Carex sitchensis 15 10 6 26 3 33

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 30 14 10 51 9 100

Pleurozium schreberi 27 27 8 46 2 22

Rhizomnium glabrescens 5 6 1 15 5 56

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 9 7 1 20 9 100

Sphagnum spp. 12 13 2 43 9 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 4 0 10 8 89

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 50

Spruce site index: 56

Number of points: 9
90

Table 59—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2D03-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga

mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/Vaccinium ssp./Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 28 24 1 77 12 100

Tsuga mertensiana 24 17 6 61 10 83

Tsuga heterophylla 63 70 4 189 11 92

Dead wood:

Downed wood 3 3 1 10 12 100

Shrubs:

Cassiope mertensiana 7 1 6 8 2 17

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 9 13 1 28 4 33

Menziesia ferruginea 9 6 2 22 12 100

Rubus pedatus 3 3 1 9 12 100

Vaccinium caespitosum 3 4 1 6 2 17

Vaccinium spp. 33 21 8 68 12 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 3 3 1 11 12 100

Cornus canadensis 8 7 1 19 12 100

Fauria crista-galli 7 14 1 40 7 58

Lysichiton americanum 5 3 1 8 7 58

Maianthemum dilatatum 4 4 1 9 4 33

Streptopus roseus 3 4 1 11 8 67

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 5 4 1 9 5 42

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 31 19 1 60 12 100

Moss spp. 3 2 1 7 10 83

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 13 9 1 30 12 100

Sphagnum spp. 28 33 3 86 10 83

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 3 3 1 8 8 67

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 47

Spruce site index: 69

Number of points: 12
91

Table 60—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2D04-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga

mertensiana-Picea sitchensis/ Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 50 82 1 388 22 100

Picea sitchensis 6 8 0 27 16 73

Pinus contorta 9 8 0 28 11 50

Tsuga heterophylla 25 36 2 152 18 82

Tsuga mertensiana 19 19 4 87 21 95

Dead wood:

Downed wood 3 3 1 15 21 95

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 4 4 0 16 19 86

Oplopanax horridus 5 6 19 2 9

Vaccinium spp. 10 17 0 71 21 95

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Caltha biflora 10 0 9 10 2 9

Cornus canadensis 5 5 0 17 17 77

Fauria crista-galli 8 8 2 35 17 77

Lysichiton americanum 8 6 1 24 19 86

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 5 8 0 36 19 86

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 16 12 1 48 21 95

Pleurozium schreberi 5 2 3 8 4 18

Ptilium spp. 12 10 1 28 5 23

Rhizomnium glabrescens 4 5 0 15 6 27

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 4 5 1 10 3 14

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 8 8 1 31 21 95

Sphagnum spp. 43 25 5 84 22 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 5 4 0 15 18 82

Pellia spp. 3 2 1 5 3 14

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 46

Spruce site index: 73

Number of points: 22
92

Table 61—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2D05-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis-Tsuga mertensiana-Tsuga

heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-Pinus contorta/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 29 20 0 80 48 94

Picea sitchensis 6 12 0 49 25 49

Pinus contorta 13 13 0 39 31 61

Thuja plicata 11 10 1 25 5 10

Tsuga heterophylla 21 20 0 87 43 84

Tsuga mertensiana 14 16 0 73 42 82

Shrubs:

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 6 6 0 19 10 20

Empetrum nigrum 4 4 0 17 27 53

Ledum groenlandicum 3 5 0 25 34 67

Menziesia ferruginea 7 7 0 39 45 88

Oplopanax horridus 7 4 49 2 4

Phyllodoce glanduliflora 3 2 26 3 6

Vaccinium uliginosum 3 4 0 17 14 27

Vaccinium spp. 14 15 0 68 46 90

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Caltha spp. 9 8 1 16 4 8

Cornus canadensis 5 6 0 33 47 92

Fauria crista-galli 8 9 0 35 37 73

Lysichiton americanum 4 5 0 24 33 65

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 3 3 0 12 26 51

Carex pluriflora 3 4 0 10 5 10

Carex sitchensis 10 13 1 38 7 14

Eriophorum angustifolium 16 25 1 66 6 12

Trichophorum caespitosum 3 2 2 6 6 12

Mosses/clubmosses:

Aulacomnium palustre 8 10 1 15 2 4

Aulacomnium spp. 4 7 0 20 7 14

Hylocomium spp. 25 14 15 35 2 4

Hylocomium splendens 19 18 1 80 48 94

Moss spp. 7 14 0 75 45 88

Pleurozium schreberi 11 10 2 35 11 22

Ptilium spp. 6 6 1 10 2 4

Ptilium crista-castrensis 6 6 1 20 10 20

R(h)acomitrium spp. 22 24 1 50 4 8

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 4 3 18 4 8

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 12 13 1 45 47 92

Sphagnum capillifolium 26 34 3 65 3 6

Sphagnum spp. 32 27 1 85 48 94

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 4 4 0 15 43 84

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 41

Spruce site index: 47

Number of points: 51
93

Table 62—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2M01-Tsuga heterophylla/Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 15 12 7 23 2 20

Picea sitchensis 6 5 1 13 7 70

Tsuga heterophylla 69 49 1 139 10 100

Tsuga mertensiana 7 7 1 16 4 40

Dead wood:

Downed wood 3 2 1 7 10 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 13 12 0 41 10 100

Vaccinium spp. 29 23 1 64 10 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 3 2 1 6 6 60

Cornus canadensis 5 4 1 11 8 80

Lysichiton americanum 5 5 1 15 10 100

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 29 21 3 65 10 100

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 10 7 0 20 10 100

Sphagnum spp. 30 23 1 73 10 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 61

Spruce site index: 75

Number of points: 10
94

Table 63—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2P01-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/

Vaccinium spp.a

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 46 31 16 97 8 100

Picea sitchensis 5 9 0 24 6 75

Pinus contorta 10 13 1 19 2 25

Tsuga mertensiana 26 23 6 71 8 100

Tsuga heterophylla 36 37 0 86 7 88

Shrubs:

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 6 4 2 10 3 38

Empetrum nigrum 12 11 5 20 2 25

Linnaea borealis 3 1 2 4 2 25

Menziesia ferruginea 9 13 1 40 8 100

Vaccinium spp. 14 8 6 27 7 88

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 6 2 5 8 2 25

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Blechnum spicant 5 3 1 10 5 63

Caltha spp. 12 3 9 15 4 50

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 3 1 10 8 100

Cornus canadensis 6 4 3 14 8 100

Fauria crista-galli 5 4 1 10 7 88

Lysichiton americanum 4 4 0 11 5 63

Tiarella trifoliata 5 0 5 5 2 25

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 15 13 0 31 5 63

Mosses/clubmosses:

Eurhynchium oreganum 5 0 5 5 2 25

Hylocomium splendens 13 16 2 41 7 88

Moss spp. 8 6 2 16 7 88

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 5 5 2 10 3 38

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 14 12 2 40 8 100

Sphagnum spp. 30 23 5 75 8 100

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 10 9 1 23 8 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 48

Number of points: 8
95

Table 64—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants

in AVCS level V 1A2P02-Tsuga heterophylla-Chamaecyparis nootkatensis/

Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 38 29 5 93 9 90

Picea sitchensis 9 11 0 31 9 90

Pinus contorta 9 12 1 18 2 20

Tsuga heterophylla 30 34 1 118 10 100

Tsuga mertensiana 38 34 9 120 10 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 3 3 1 7 9 90

Shrubs:

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 10 12 2 23 3 30

Linnaea borealis 3 3 0 7 4 40

Menziesia ferruginea 7 6 2 23 10 100

Rubus pedatus 4 4 0 12 10 100

Vaccinium alaskensis 18 6 14 23 2 20

Vaccinium spp. 21 17 2 49 8 80

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Blechnum spicant 3 3 0 9 7 70

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 3 1 9 10 100

Cornus canadensis 8 6 1 18 10 100

Lysichiton americanum 8 5 3 18 9 90

Grass/grasslike:

Calamagrostis canadensis 4 5 1 9 3 30

Carex spp. 7 9 1 26 6 60

Carex sitchensis 14 17 2 26 2 20

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 17 19 5 63 10 100

Mnium spp. 4 2 1 5 3 30

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 12 7 3 23 10 100

Sphagnum spp. 29 21 2 61 8 80

Sphagnum capillifolium 54 34 30 78 2 20

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 11 13 1 35 8 80

Pellia spp. 9 6 5 13 2 20

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 44

Number of points: 10
96

Table 65—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants

in AVCS level V 1A2R01-Tsuga heterophylla-Thuja plicata/Vaccinium spp.-

Lysichiton americanuma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Thuja plicata 41 35 10 88 4 100

Tsuga heterophylla 57 46 9 99 4 100

Dead wood:

Downed wood 4 2 2 6 4 100

Shrubs:

Menziesia ferruginea 13 15 4 36 4 100

Vaccinium spp. 5 3 2 9 4 100

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Lysichiton americanum 3 1 3 5 3 75

Veratrum viride 8 6 4 12 2 50

Mosses/clubmosses:

Hylocomium splendens 37 6 30 43 4 100

Moss spp. 5 5 1 10 3 75

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 30 9 20 40 4 100

Sphagnum spp. 8 6 1 16 4 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 58

Number of points: 4
97

Table 66—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A2W01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigruma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 12 15 3 33 4 44

Picea sitchensis 5 6 1 9 2 22

Pinus contorta 32 38 9 125 9 100

Tsuga heterophylla 7 8 1 23 7 78

Shrubs:

Empetrum nigrum 6 4 1 14 8 89

Ledum groenlandicum 13 16 2 41 9 100

Linnaea borealis 4 3 1 7 3 33

Menziesia ferruginea 3 3 1 8 8 89

Vaccinium spp. 4 2 1 8 6 67

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 4 2 0 7 8 89

Vaccinium uliginosum 14 9 8 20 2 22

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 5 0 11 6 67

Cornus suecica 9 10 2 15 2 22

Cornus canadensis 8 5 2 17 8 89

Fauria crista-galli 8 5 1 14 8 89

Lysichiton americanum 5 5 1 14 6 67

Grass/grasslike:

Calamagrostis spp. 4 4 1 9 3 33

Carex pluriflora 6 5 3 10 2 22

Carex sitchensis 26 10 19 34 2 22

Carex anthoxanthea 12 3 10 14 2 22

Carex spp. 10 16 2 38 5 56

Carex pauciflora 6 5 3 10 2 22

Grass spp. 5 7 1 10 2 22

Vahlodea atropurpurea 5 3 3 8 2 22

Mosses/clubmosses:

Dicranum spp. 3 4 1 8 3 33

Hylocomium splendens 15 12 5 35 7 78

Moss spp. 8 8 0 20 5 56

Pleurozium schreberi 6 5 1 12 5 56

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 5 4 1 10 5 56

Sphagnum spp. 56 19 15 78 9 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 35

Number of points: 9
98

Table 67—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A3A01-Pinus contorta/Empetrum nigruma

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 9 10 0 35 12 60

Juniperus communis 3 3 0 9 11 55

Pinus contorta 10 6 2 21 19 95

Thuja plicata 3 3 1 5 2 10

Tsuga mertensiana 8 15 0 42 7 35

Tsuga heterophylla 4 8 0 20 6 30

Shrubs:

Empetrum nigrum 6 7 0 24 20 100

Menziesia ferruginea 5 7 0 18 5 25

Rubus chamaemorus 3 3 0 8 7 35

Vaccinium spp. 5 5 1 10 4 20

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Fauria crista-galli 5 4 0 12 15 75

Sanguisorba officinalis 10 7 5 18 3 15

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 6 6 0 20 12 60

Carex pluriflora 11 9 0 20 4 20

Eriophorum angustifolium 27 23 0 40 3 15

Trichophorum caespitosum 14 7 2 25 11 55

Mosses/clubmosses:

Aulacomnium spp. 9 12 1 22 3 15

Hylocomium splendens 3 2 1 6 4 20

Hylocomium spp. 16 21 1 31 2 10

Moss spp. 8 8 1 23 15 75

Pleurozium schreberi 7 9 2 30 12 60

R(h)acomitrium spp. 25 22 2 63 7 35

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 4 5 1 14 6 30

Sphagnum spp. 54 23 15 92 19 95

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 27

Number of points: 20
99

Table 68—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants

in AVCS level V 1A3Q02-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp. -Cassiope

mertensianaa

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis 7 1 6 7 2 33

Tsuga mertensiana 11 14 2 39 6 100

Shrubs:

Cassiope mertensiana 5 4 2 12 6 100

Luetkea pectinata 6 10 0 23 5 83

Vaccinium spp. 4 5 1 11 4 67

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Coptis aspleniifolia 4 6 0 13 4 67

Dodecatheon jeffreyi 7 6 2 11 2 33

Fauria crista-galli 26 30 1 76 6 100

Grass/grasslike:

Carex spp. 4 2 1 8 6 100

Eriophorum angustifolium 37 47 4 70 2 33

Mosses/clubmosses:

Aulacomnium spp. 10 13 1 25 3 50

Hylocomium splendens 3 3 1 5 2 33

Moss spp. 16 18 2 52 6 100

R(h)acomitrium spp. 9 4 6 12 2 33

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 18 26 2 57 4 67

Sphagnum spp. 22 16 5 39 4 67

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 23 9 12 37 5 83

Mylia spp. 8 10 1 15 2 33

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 33

Number of points: 6
100

Table 69—Average foliar cover, standard deviation, and frequency of plants in

AVCS level V 1A3Q03-Tsuga mertensiana/Vaccinium spp./Cladothamnus

pyrolaeflorus/Fauria crista-gallia

Average Standard Min. Max.

Plant cover deviation cover cover Frequency Constancy

Percent

Coniferous trees:

Tsuga mertensiana 25 33 3 89 6 100

Shrubs:

Cassiope mertensiana 15 6 8 25 6 100

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus 4 3 1 10 6 100

Luetkea pectinata 6 6 1 14 6 100

Rubus pedatus 11 5 5 15 3 50

Vaccinium spp. 16 13 1 35 6 100

Vaccinium caespitosum 3 2 1 5 3 50

Forbs/ferns/horsetails:

Fauria crista-galli 32 20 13 69 6 100

Hippuris montana 4 3 1 7 3 50

Grass/grasslike:

Eriophorum angustifolium 4 4 1 8 2 33

Mosses/clubmosses:

Aulacomnium spp. 4 1 3 4 2 33

Dicranum spp. 4 5 1 9 3 50

Hylocomium splendens 3 0 3 3 2 33

Moss spp. 14 14 2 34 6 100

Pleurozium schreberi 27 44 1 78 3 50

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 19 14 8 35 3 50

Sphagnum spp. 18 12 5 28 3 50

Liverworts:

Liverwort spp. 15 23 0 60 6 100

a Plants with more than 2.9 percent cover that had more than one occurrence in a plant association:

Average site index: 34

Spruce site index: 48

Number of points: 6
101

Appendix D: Scientific

Name and Authority,

Frequency of

Occurrence on Sampled

Plots, and Common

Name

Table 70—Scientific name and authority, frequency of fern, horsetail, and

clubmoss species occurrence on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Adiantum aleuticum (Rupr.) Paris 17 Aleutian maidenhair

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth 196 Lady fern

Athyrium Roth 41 Lady fern genus

Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth 457 Deer fern

Botrychium L. 1 Moonwort genus

Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. 1 Parsley fern

Cryptogramma R. Br. 6 Cryptogramma genus

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. 3 Fragile fern

Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) Gray 253 Spinulose shield-fern

Equisetum arvense L. 9 Meadow horsetail

Equisetum fluviatile L. ampl. Ehrh. 1 Swamp horsetail

Equisetum L. 20 Horsetail genus

Fern 6 Unknown fern

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. 288 Oak-fern

Lycopodium alpinum (L.) Rothm. 8 Alpine clubmoss

Lycopodium annotinum L. 223 Stiff clubmoss

Lycopodium clavatum L. 49 Running clubmoss

Lycopodium complanatum L. 1 Ground cedar

Lycopodium selago L. 44 Fir clubmoss

Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. 3 Sitka ground pine

Lycopodium L. 72 Clubmoss genus

Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat. 55 Licorice fern

Polypodium L. 16 Licorice fern

Polystichum braunii (Spenn.) Fee 8 Prickly shield-fern

Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth 1 Holly fern

Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl 9 Dagger fern

Polystichum Roth 1 Polystichum fern genus

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 18 Bracken fern

Selaginella Beauv. 6 Spike moss genus

Thelypteris limbosperma (All.) Fuchs 34 Mountain wood fern

Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson 99 Beech fern

Thelypteris Schmidel 14 Wood fern

Woodsia R. Br. 2 Woodsia genus

— = no common name.

Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974.
102

Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Achillea borealis Bong. 4 Common yarrow

Aconitum delphiniifolium DC. 6 Monkshood

Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. 1 Baneberry

Agoseris Raf. 2 Agoseris

Anemone narcissiflora L. 2 Narcissus flowered

anemone

Angelica L. 2 Wild celery

Apargidium boreale (Bong.) Torr. & Gray 6 Apargidium forb

Apiaceae family 1 Unidentified Carrot family

Aquilegia formosa Fisch. 4 White columbine

Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. 2 Clasping arnica

Arnica latifolia Bong. 3 Mountain arnica

Arnica L. 2 Arnica genus

Aruncus dioicus 26 Goatsbeard

Aster L. 27 Aster genus

Boschniakia rossica (Cham. & Schlecht.)

Fedtsch. 1 Ground cone

Caltha biflora DC. 20 Broadleaf marsh marigold

Caltha leptosepala DC. 11 Mountain marsh marigold

Caltha L. 57 Marsh marigold genus

Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. 2 Few-seeded bittercress

Cardamine L. 1 Bittercress genus

Cardamine umbellata Greene 1 Umbel bittercress

Caryophyllaceae family 1 Unidentified Pink family

Castilleja miniata Dougl. 2 Scarlet paintbrush

Castilleja parviflora Bong. 3 Mountain paintbrush

Castilleja. Mutes 2 Indian paintbrush sedge

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. 1 Pit seed goosefoot

Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose 2 Water hemlock

Circaea alpina L. 25 Enchanted nightshade

Claytonia sibirica L. 7 Siberian spring beauty

Claytonia L. 1 Spring beauty

Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth 89 Single-flower clintonia

Compositae family 7 Aster-daisy family

Coptis aspleniifolia Salisb. 517 Fern leaf goldthread

Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. 137 Three-leaved goldthread

Corallorrhiza Chatelain 2 Coral root genus

Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain 3 Early coral root

Cornus canadensis L. 624 Bunchberry

Cornus suecica L. 58 Swedish cornel

Corydalis Vent. 1 Corydalis genus

Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte 19 Jeffrey’s shooting-star

Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. 2 Pretty shooting-star

Dodecatheon L. 23 Shooting-star genus

Drosera anglica Huds. 5 Long-leaf sundew

Drosera rotundifolia L. 83 Round leaf sundew

Epilobium anagallidifolium Lam. 2 Alpine willow herb

Epilobium angustifolium L. 7 Common fireweed
103

Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name (continued)

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Epilobium ciliatum Raf. 11 Purple-leaved willow-herb

Epilobium latifolium L. 2 Dwarf fireweed

Epilobium palustre L. 4 Swamp willow-herb

Epilobium L. 11 Willow-herb genus

Erigeron peregrinus (Pursh) Greene 36 Coastal fleabane

Erigeron L. 14 Fleabane genus

Fauria crista-galli (Menzies) Makino 332 Deer cabbage

Forb 61 Unknown forb

Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl. 1 Chocolate lilly

Galium aparine L. 2 Cleavers

Galium kamtschaticum Steller 6 Northern wild licorice

Galium L. 10 Bedstraw genus

Galium trifidum L. 1 Small bedstraw

Galium triflorum Michx. 8 Sweet bedstraw

Gentiana douglasiana Bong. 95 Swamp gentian

Gentiana platypetala Griseb. 11 Broad-leaved gentian

Gentiana L. 4 Gentian genus

Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern. 4 Northern commandra

Geranium erianthum DC. 3 Northern geranium

Geranium L. 2 Geranium genus

Geum calthifolium Menzies 63 Caltha-leaved avens

Geum macrophyllum Willd. 1 Large-leaf avens

Geum L. (Avens) 9 Avens

Glaux maritima (Mill.) Willd. 1 Sea milkwort

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. 2 Rattlesnake plantain

Heracleum lanatum Michx. 7 Cow parsnip

Heracleum L. 2 Cow parsnip

Heuchera glabra Willd. 22 Alpine heuchera

Hieracium gracile Hook. 1 Slender hawkweed

Hieracium L. 1 Hawkweed genus

Hippuris montana Ledeb. 22 Mountain marestail

Hippuris L. 1 Marestail genus

Hippuris tetraphylla L. f. 2 Four-leaf marestail

Hippuris vulgaris L. 2 Common marestail

Leptarrhena pyrolifolia (D.Don) Ser. 15 Leather leaf saxifrage

Liliaceae family 2 Liliaceae family

Listera caurina Piper 37 Western twayblade

Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. 293 Heart twayblade

Listera R. Br. 4 Twayblade genus

Lupinus nootkatensis Donn 5 Nootka lupine

Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. 1 Large leaf lupine

Lysichiton americanum Hult. & St. John 361 Yellow skunk cabbage

Maianthemum dilatatum (How.)

Nels. & Macbr. 175 Deerberry

Menyanthes trifoliata L. 15 Buckbean

Mimulus guttatus DC. 2 Yellow monkey-flower

Mitella pentandra Hook. 7 Alpine mitrewort
104

Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name (continued)

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Mitella L. 9 Mitrewort genus

Moneses uniflora (L.) Gray 58 Single delight

Monotropa hypopitus L. 5 Indian pipe

Montia fontana L. 2 “Blinks, Water chickweed”

Mushroom 277 Unknown mushroom

Nuphar polysepalum Sm. 1 Yellow pond Lilly

Orchid 2 Orchid family

Orthilia secunda (L.) House 42 Side bells

Osmorhiza chilensis Hook. & Arm. 6 Chile sweet cicely

Osmorhiza purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksd. 2 Sitka sweet cicely

Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 2 Mountain sorrel

Parnassia fimbriata Konig 18 Fringed grass-ofparnassus

Parnassia palustris L. 2 Northern grass-ofarnassus

Parnassia L. 4 Grass-of-parnassus

genus

Pedicularis ornithorhyncha Benth. 12 Bird’s beak lousewort

Pedicularis parviflora J. E. Sm. 1 Small-flowered lousewort

Pedicularis L. 3 Lousewort genus

Petasites frigidus (L.) Franch. 9 Arctic sweet-coltsfoot

Pinguicula vulgaris L. 19 Common butterwort

Platanthera chorisiana (Cham.) Rchb. 1 Choirs bog orchid

Platanthera dilatata (Pursh) Lindl. 23 White bog orchid

Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl. 1 Northern bog orchid

Platanthera L. C. Rich. 33 Bog orchid

Platanthera stricta Lindl. 21 Slender bog orchid

Platanthera unalaschcensis (Spreng.) Kurtz 7 Alaska bog orchid

Polygonum persicaria L. 1 Lady’s thumb

Potentilla anserina L. 3 Silverweed

Prenanthes alata (Hook.) Dietr. 98 Rattlesnake root

Prunella vulgaris L. 1 Heal-all

Pyrola L. 5 Wintergreen genus

Ranunculus cooleyae Vasey & Rose 1 Cooley buttercup

Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schecht. 2 Eschscholtz buttercup

Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. 2 Western buttercup

Ranunculus L. 5 Buttercup

Sanguisorba menziesii Rydb. 4 Menzies burnet

Sanguisorba officinalis L. 13 European great burnet

Sanguisorba L. 96 Burnet genus

Sanguisorba stipulata Raf. 31 Sitka burnet

Saxifraga ferruginea Graham 4 Alaska saxifrage

Saxifraga lyallii Engler 8 Red-stem saxifrage

Saxifraga punctata (D. Don) Hulten 3 Cordate-leaved saxifrage

Saxifraga L. 24 Saxifrage genus
105

Table 71—Scientific name and authority, frequency of forb species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name (continued)

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Saxifraga tolmiei Torr. & Gray 2 Alpine saxifrage

Sedum integrifolium (Raf.) A. Nels. 1 Entire leaf stone cup

Senecio triangularis Hook. 15 Arrow-leaf groundsel

Sibbaldia procumbens L. 1 Sibbaldia

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. 1 False solomon-seal

Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. 2 Lady’s tresses

Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. 2 Crisp starwort

Stellaria L. 3 Chickweed genus

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. 257 Cucumber-root twistedstalk

Streptopus roseus Michx. 371 Simple-stem twisted-stalk

Streptopus Michx. 17 Twisted-stalk nettle

Streptopus streptopoides (Ledeb.)

Fyre & Rigg 118 Kruhsea

Tellima grandiflora (Pursh) Dougl. 2 Fringe cups

Tiarella L. 4 Foam flower genus

Tiarella trifoliata L. 284 Three-leaved foamflower

Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata L. 15 Three-leaved foamflower

Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata L. 8 Three-leaved foamflower

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. 37 Sticky tofieldia

Tofieldia Huds. 3 False Asphodel genus

Tolmiea menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & Gray 2 Youth-on-age

Trientalis europaea L. 65 Starflower

Urtica dioica L. 2 Stinging nettle

Utricularia minor L. 1 Lesser bladderwort

Valeriana capitata L. 33 Capitate valerian

Valeriana sitchensis Bong. 37 Sitka valerian

Valeriana L. 1 Valerian genus

Veratrum viride Ait. 223 False hellebore

Veronica L. 1 Speedwell genus

Veronica wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. 2 Alpine speedwell

Vicia americana Muhl. 2 American vetch

Viola glabella Nutt. 29 Stream violet

Viola langsdorfii Fisch. 4 Alaska violet

Viola L. 78 Violet genus

— = no common name.

Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974, Pojar and Mackinnon 1994.
106

Table 72—Scientific name and authority, frequency of grass and grasslike

species occurrence on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Agrostis aequivalvis (Trin.) Scribn. & Merr. 8 Northern bentgrass

Agrostis L. 16 Bentgrass

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. 25 Bluejoint grass

Calamagrostis nutkaensis (Presl) Steud. 3 Pacific reed grass

Calamagrostis Adans. 37 Reed bentgrass genus

Carex anthoxanthea Presl 6 Carex sedge

Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. 5 Water sedge

Carex canescens L. 1 Silvery sedge

Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. 11 Livid sedge

Carex lyngbyei Hornem. 3 Lyngbye sedge

Carex macrochaeta C. A. Mey. 5 Long-awn sedge

Carex magellanica Lam. 2 Bog sedge

Carex mertensii Prescott 4 Mertens sedge

Carex nigricans C. A. Mey. 9 Blackish sedge

Carex pauciflora Lightf. 23 Star sedge

Carex pluriflora Hult. 30 Many-flower sedge

Carex podocarpa C. B. Clarke 1 Short-stalked sedge

Carex rostrata Stokes 1 Beaked sedge

Carex sitchensis Prescott 38 Sitka sedge

Carex L. 300 Sedge genus

Carex stylosa C. A. Mey. 1 Variegated sedge

Carex viridula (Michx.) Hult. 1 Oederi sedge

Danthonia intermedia Vasey 1 Timber oat grass

Deschampsia Beauv. 1 Hair grass genus

Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. 37 Narrow-leaf cotton grass

Eriophorum L. 24 Cotton grass genus

Grass 174 unknown grass

Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski 1 Meadow barley

Juncus oreganus S. Wats. 1 Oregon rush

Juncus L. 7 Rush genus

Luzula Arcata (Wahlenb.) Sw. 2 Alpine woodrush

Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. 1 Field woodrush

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. 3 Small flowered woodrush

Luzula DC. 11 Woodrush genus

Phleum commutatum Gandoger 4 Mountain timothy

Poa L. 5 Bluegrass genus

Rhynchospora alba (L.) M. Vahl 10 Beak rush

Trichophorum caespitosum (L.) Hartm. 46 Tufted clubrush

Triglochin maritimum L. 2 Maritime arrow grass

Trisetum cernuum Trin. 1 Nodding oat grass

Vahlodea atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) E. Fries 13 Mountain hair grass

Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974.
107

Table 73—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Acarospora chlorophana (Ach.) Mass. 2 Foliose yellow-green

lichen

Alectoria Ach. 320 Alectoria lichen

Bryoria fuscescens (Gyelnik)

Brodo & D. Hawksw. 1 Arboreal lichen

Bryoria Brodo &. Hawksw. 81 Arboreal lichen

Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. 5 Island lichen

Cetraria Ach. 1 Cetraria lichen genus

Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follm. 9 Reindeer lichen

Cladina rangiferina (L.) Harm. 53 Reindeer lichen

Cladina (Nyl.) Nyl. 115 Cladina lichen

Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo 1 Stellaris lichen

Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. 5 Red-cap cladonia lichen

Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. 1 Cladonia lichen

Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. 15 Cladonia

Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. 12 Cladonia lichen

Cladonia P. Browne 277 Cladonia lichen

Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm. 4 Squamose cladonia lichen

Hypogmnia (Nyl.) Nyl 101 Hypogmnia lichen genus

Hypogymnia duplicata (Sm. ex Ach.) Rass. 22 Ticker tape lichen

Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. 26 Crustose lichen

Icmadophila Trevisan 5 Crustose lichen

Lepraria Ach. 41 Dust lichen - crustose

type

Lichen 625 Unknown lichen

Lobaria linita (Ach.) Rabh. 2 Felty lobaria lichen

Lobaria oregana (Mull. Arg.) Hale 13 Oregana lobaria lichen

Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. 24 Lobaria lichen

Lobaria Schreber 197 Lobaria lichen genus

Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. 1 Lettuce lichen

Nephroma Ach. 7 Nephroma lichen genus

Parmelia Ach. 6 Parmelia lichen genus

Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd. 2 Veined lichen

Peltigera britannica (Gyelnik)

Holt.-Hartw. & Tonsb. 19 British felt lichen

Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. 1 Canina veined lichen

Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyelnik) Gyelnik 48 Felt lichen

Peltigera Willd. 129 Veined lichen genus

Pilophoron aciculare (Ach.) Nyl. 3 Pilophoron lichen

Platismatia glauca (L.) Culb. & C. Culb. 1 Rag bag lichen

Platismatia herrei (Imsh.) Culb. & C. Culb. 5 Tattered rag lichen

Platismatia norvegica (Lynge)

Culb. & C. Culb. 1 Laundered bag lichen

Platismatia Culb. & C. Culb. 19 Rag lichen

Pseudephebe pubescens (L.) Choisy 2 Liverwort
108

Table 73—Scientific name and authority, frequency of lichen species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name (continued)

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Siphula ceratites (Wahlenb.) Fr. 8 Siphula lichen

Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. 1 Solorina lichen

Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vainio 39 Tree/rock lichen

Sphaerophorus Pers. 92 Tree/rock lichen

Stereocaulon alpinum Lavres ex Funck. 1 Alpine Stereocaulon

lichen

Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm. 1 Blue sandy lichen

Stereocaulon Hoffm. 5 Stereocaulon lichen

Thamnolia Ach. ex Schaerer 2 Thamnolia genus

Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) Culb. 5 White worm lichen

Umbilicaria (Lightf.) Schrader 3 Umbilicate

Usnea Dill. ex Adans. 13 Usnea lichen genus

- = no common name.

Source of scientific names: Hale 1979, Vitt et al. 1988.

Table 74—Scientific name and authority, frequency of liverwort species

occurrence on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Barbilophozia Loeske 2 Maple liverwort

Bazzania tricrenata (Wahlenb.) Lindb. 1 Three-toothed whip

liverwort

Conocephalum (L.) Dum. 46 Conocephalum liverwort

Frullania Raddi 3 Hanging millipede

liverwort

Liverwort 629 Liverwort spp.

Herbertus aduncus (Dicks.) S. Gray 13 Scissor-leaf liverwort

Lepidozia (Dumort.) Dumort nom. cons. 32 Little hands liverwort

Marchantia polymorpha 4 Liverwort

Mylia Gary nom. cons. 27 Hard scale liverwort

Orthocaulis floerkei 1 Snow-mat liverwort

Pellia Raddi nom. cons. 98 Ring pellia liverwort

Plagiochila (Dumort.) Dumort. nom. cons. 26 Cedar shake liverwort

Porella L. 9 Tree ruffle liverworts

Scapania (Dumort.) Dumort. nom. cons. 143 Yellow ladle liverwort

Source of scientific names: Conrad and Redfearn 1979, Pojar and MacKinnon 1994.
109

Table 75—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Andreaea rupestris Hedw. 1 Black rock Moss

Andreaea Hedw. 2 Moss

Antitrichia curtipendula (Hedw.) Brid. 7 Hanging moss

Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwaegr. 7 Ribbed bog moss

Aulacomnium Schwaegr. 116 Bog moss genus

Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. 1 Apple moss

Brachythecium BSG 3 Brachythecium moss

genus

Bryum Hedw. 2 Bryum moss genus

Claopodium crispifolium (Hook.)

Ren. & Card. 2 Rough moss

Climacium dendroides (Hedw.)

Web. & Mohr 9 Northern tree moss

Dichodontium pellucidum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1 Wet rock moss

Dichodontium 1 Wet rock moss

Dicranum fuscescens Turn. 112 Fuscescens dicranum

moss

Dicranum scoparium Hedw. 33 Broom grass

Dicranum Hedw. 374 Dicranum moss genus

Eurhynchium oreganum (Sull.)

Jaeg. & Saureb. 10 Oregon beaked moss

Eurhynchium B.S.G. 5 Wiry moss

Heterocladium dimorphum (Brid.) B.S.G. 2 Tangle moss

Homalothecium fulgescens 1 Yellow moss

Hookeria lucens (Hedw.) Sm. 8 Hookina

Hylocomium BSG 29 Feathermoss genus

Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG 628 Splender hylocomium

moss

Hypnum circinale Hook. 28 Hypnum moss

Hypnum Hedw. 57 Hypnum moss genus

Hypnum subimponens Lesq. 4 Hypnum moss

Isothecium myosuroides Brid. 22 Cattail moss

Leucolepis acanthoneuron 2 Menzies’ tree moss

Leucolepis 3 Tree moss

Metaneckera menziesii (Hook.

in Drumm.) Steere 1 Menzies’ neckera moss

Mnium Hedw., nom. cons. 161 Mnium moss genus

Moss 717 Unknown moss

Neckera douglasii Hook. 3 Douglas’ neckera

Oligotrichum parallelum (Mitt) Kindb. 1 Large hair moss

Plagiomnium T. Kop. 10 Badge moss

Plagiothecium BSG 34 Channel Island moss

Plagiothecium undulatum (Hedw.)

Schimp. in B.S.G. 71 moss

Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. 102 Schreber’s moss
110

Table 75—Scientific name and authority, frequency of moss species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name (continued)

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Pogonatum alpinum (Hedw.) Roehl. 1 Haircap moss

Pogonatum contortum (Brid.) Lesq. 3 Haircap moss

Polytrichum commune Hedw. 24 Hair-cap moss

Polytrichum juniperium Hedw. 14 Juniper moss

Polytrichum Hedw. 124 Polytrichum moss genus

Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not. 42 Knight’s plume moss

Ptilium De Not. 16 Plume moss genus

R(h)acomitrium Brid. 41 Moss

Rhacomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. 8 Lanugine rhacomitrium

Rhizomnium glabrescens 124 Rhizomnium moss

Rhizomnium (Broth.) T. Kop. 33 Rhizomnium moss

Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst. 668 Rhytidiadelphus moss

Rhytidiadelphus (Lindb. ex Limpr.) Warnst. 18 Rhytidiadelphus moss

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus (Hedw.) Warnst. 27 Shaggy moss

Rhytidiopsis robusta (Hedw.) Broth. 4 Pipe cleaner moss

Sphagnum angustifolium (C. Jens.

ex Russ.) C. Jens. in Tolf 3 Sphagnum moss

Sphagnum capillifolium 28 Sphagnum moss

Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ. 33 Sphagnum moss

Sphagnum lindbergii 2 Sphagnum moss

Sphagnum papillosum Lindb. 5 Sphagnum moss

Sphagnum L. 554 Sphagnum moss genus

Sphagnum squarrosum Crome 3 Squarrose sphagnum

Tortella fragilis (Drumm.) Limpr. 1 Moss

Tortella tortuosa (Hedw.) Limpr. 15 Moss

Ulota Mohr 1 Twisted ulota moss

- = no common name.

Source of scientific names, Crum 1976, Pojar and Mackinnon 1994, Vitt and others 1988.
111

Table 76—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Alnus sinuata (Reg.) Rydb. 65 Sitka alder

Alnus Mill. 4 Alder genus

Andromeda polifolia L. 43 Bog rosemary

Anemone parviflora Michx. 1 Northern anemone

Artemisia arctica Less. 2 Arctic wormwood

Artemisia L. 3 Sagebrush genus

Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don 99 Mertens cassiope

Cassiope D. Don 5 Cassiope genus

Cassiope stelleriana (Pall.) DC. 70 Alaska moss heath

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus Bong. 131 Copperbush

Cornus stolonifera Michx. 1 Red osier dogwood

Empetrum nigrum L. 163 Black crowberry

Gaultheria shallon Pursh 12 Salal

Juniperus communis L. 31 Common mountain juniper

Kalmia polifolia Wang. 146 Bog laurel

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder 151 Labrador tea

Linnaea borealis L. 130 Twin flower

Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv. 7 Alpine azalea

Luetkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze 79 Luetkea

Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. 5 Oregon crabapple

Malus P. Mill. 1 Crabapple

Menziesia ferruginea Sm. 593 Rusty menziesia

Myrica gale L. 1 Sweet gale

Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq. 235 Devil’s club

Phyllodoce aleutica (Spreng.) Heller 26 Aleutian mountain-heather

Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don 2 Pink mountain heather

Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Coville 7 yellow mountain-heath

Phyllodoce L. 46 Mountain heather genus

Ribes bracteosum Dougl. 27 Stink currant

Ribes glandulosum Grauer 4 Skunk currant

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir 3 Swamp goose currant

Ribes laxiflorum Pursh 5 Trailing black currant

Ribes L. 13 Currant genus

Rubus arcticus L. 8 Nagoon berry

Rubus chamaemorus L. 52 Cloudberry

Rubus parviflorus Nutt. 7 Thimbleberry

Rubus pedatus Sm. 565 Five-leaf bramble

Rubus spectabilis Pursh 225 Salmonberry

Salix myrtillifolia Anderss. 12 Low blueberry willow

Salix scouleriana Barratt 1 Scouler willow

Salix sitchensis Sanson 7 Sitka willow

Salix L. 4 Willow genus

Sambucus racemosa L. 37 Red elderberry
112

Table 76—Scientific name and authority, frequency of shrub species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name (continued)

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Shrub 1 Unknown shrub

Sorbus sitchensis Roem. 35 Sitka mountain ash

Sorbus S.F. Gray 14 Mountain ash genus

Spiraea douglasii Hook. 2 Douglas spirea

Spiraea L. 1 Spirea genus

Vaccinium alaskensis Howell 9 Alaska blueberry

Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. 138 Dwarf blueberry

Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. 7 Early blueberry

Vaccinium oxycoccus var.

microcarpus (Turcz.) Fedtsch. & Flerov. 88 Bog cranberry

Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. 172 Red huckleberry

Vaccinium L. 680 Blueberry genus

Vaccinium uliginosum L. 104 Bog blueberry

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. 167 Lowbush cranberry

Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. 10 Highbush cranberry

Source of scientific names: Hulten 1974, Viereck and Little 1972.

Table 77—Scientific name and authority, frequency of tree species occurrence

on sampled plots, and common name

Scientific name Frequency Common name

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 3 Subalpine fir

Alnus rubra Bong. 13 Red alder

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis

(D. Don) Spach 298 Yellow cedar

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. 394 Sitka spruce

Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. 129 Lodgepole pine

Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 62 Western redcedar

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 562 Western hemlock

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. 496 Mountain hemlock

Source of scientific names: Viereck and Little 1972.
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