NO. 12-22-00129-CR 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

RUSTY ALTON PEARCE, 

APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

APPELLEE

§

§ 

§ 

APPEAL FROM THE 241ST 

JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Rusty Alton Pearce appeals from his conviction for possession of a controlled substance

with intent to deliver. In a single issue, Appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his 

motion to suppress evidence. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

On June 17, 2021, Sean McClanahan, a deputy with the Smith County Sheriff’s Office, 

was on stationary patrol with a trainee in northwest Smith County near Tyler State Park. They 

observed a vehicle leave a RV park known for narcotics activity. The officers followed the 

vehicle. When they observed the vehicle roll over the white stop line before coming to a 

complete stop, McClanahan initiated a traffic stop. The driver, Appellant, appeared nervous and 

admitted that he was on parole for previous drug charges. McClanahan observed items in the 

vehicle that he believed to be associated with drug activity; however, Appellant denied having 

drugs in the vehicle and refused to consent to a search. McClanahan then radioed for a dog sniff. 

While waiting for the K-9 officer to arrive, McClanahan began filling out a warning for 

the traffic violation. However, he felt he needed to spend a considerable amount of time 

watching Appellant. McClanahan was concerned for his trainee’s safety because Appellant was 

not handcuffed. In addition, he felt Appellant seemed inclined to flee. Deputy Alvin Gordon 
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arrived with his K-9 officer, Blaze, approximately half an hour after the stop began. Blaze 

alerted, and Appellant admitted he had contraband. A subsequent search of the vehicle revealed 

a bag of methamphetamine. 

 Appellant was arrested and charged by indictment with possession of a controlled 

substance, in an amount more than four grams but less than 200 grams, with intent to deliver. 

The indictment also contained an enhancement paragraph. Appellant moved to suppress the 

evidence seized during the traffic stop. Following a hearing, the trial court denied Appellant’s 

motion to suppress. Appellant entered a plea of “guilty” pursuant to an agreement and pleaded 

“true” to the enhancement paragraph, and the trial court sentenced him to thirty years 

imprisonment. This proceeding followed. 

MOTION TO SUPPRESS

In his sole issue, Appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to 

suppress. Specifically, he urges that the initial traffic stop was unjustified and his continued 

detention was unconstitutionally excessive.

Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of 

review. Hubert v. State, 312 S.W.3d 554, 559 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Carmouche v. State, 10 

S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to 

suppress is generally reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Shepherd v. State, 273 

S.W.3d 681, 684 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). We give almost total deference to a trial court’s 

determination of historical facts, especially if those determinations turn on witness credibility or 

demeanor, and we review de novo the trial court’s application of the law to facts not based on an 

evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Neal v. State, 256 S.W.3d 264, 281 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2008). When ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, the trial court is the exclusive trier of fact 

and judge of the witnesses’ credibility. See Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2002). Accordingly, a trial court may choose to believe or disbelieve all or any part of a 

witness’s testimony. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Moreover, 

if the trial judge makes express findings of fact, we view the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the trial judge’s ruling and determine whether the evidence supports those factual findings.

Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). When there is not an express 
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finding on an issue, we infer implicit findings of fact that support the trial court’s ruling as long 

as those findings are supported by the record. See id.

The prevailing party is entitled to “the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all 

reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Castleberry, 332 S.W.3d 

460, 465 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We review the trial court’s legal conclusions de novo and 

uphold the ruling so long as it is supported by the record and correct under any legal theory 

applicable to the case. State v. Iduarte, 268 S.W.3d 544, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Banda v. 

State, 317 S.W.3d 903, 907–08 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). 

Applicable Law

To suppress evidence because of an alleged Fourth Amendment violation, the defendant 

bears the initial burden of producing evidence that rebuts the presumption of proper police 

conduct. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 672 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see Young v. State, 

283 S.W.3d 854, 872 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). A defendant can satisfy this burden by 

establishing that a search or seizure occurred without a warrant. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 672. 

The burden then shifts to the State to establish that the seizure was reasonable. Id. at 672–

73; Torres v. State, 182 S.W.3d 899, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 

488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). An objective standard is used when determining if the officer 

had a reasonable suspicion. Derichsweiler v. State, 348 S.W.3d 906, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2011). This standard is whether the officer has “specific, articulable facts that, combined with 

rational inferences from those facts, would lead him to conclude that the person detained is, has 

been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity.” Id. This test also includes the totality of the 

circumstances. Id.

A police officer may stop and detain a motorist who commits a traffic violation within 

the officer’s view. See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1772, 135 L.

Ed. 2d 89 (1996); Garcia v. State, 827 S.W.2d 937, 944 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). In addition, an 

officer may conduct a temporary detention if the officer has reasonable suspicion to believe that 

a person is violating the law. See Ford, 158 S.W.3d at 492. Reasonable suspicion is dependent 

upon both the content of the information possessed by the police and its degree of reliability. See

Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 2416–17, 110 L. Ed. 2d 301 (1990);

Walter v. State, 28 S.W.3d 538, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 
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The Stop

In the first part of his issue, Appellant contends that McClanahan lacked a reasonable 

basis for the initial traffic stop.

Deputy McClanahan testified that he and a trainee were patrolling an area of Smith 

County known for drug activity. The officers observed a truck exit an RV park known for 

narcotics activity. McClanahan testified that they eventually initiated a traffic stop after the 

vehicle failed to stop prior to the white stop line at a stop sign. He further testified that stopping 

beyond the white line is a traffic violation. McClanahan’s dash cam video was admitted into 

evidence and played for the trial court. McClanahan admitted in his testimony that the video 

does not clearly show Appellant’s vehicle’s tires over the white line. However, he testified that 

he was able to see with his own eyes the vehicle’s tires cross over the white line. 

To justify the stop, it is not necessary to show that Appellant actually committed a traffic 

violation; it is sufficient to show that the officers reasonably believed a violation was in progress. 

Green v. State, 93 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d); see Garcia v. 

State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Powell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 369, 377 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d) (citing Drago v. State, 553 S.W.2d 375, 377-78 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1977)). The evidence demonstrates that McClanahan believed Appellant stopped at a 

traffic control device, a stop sign, but ahead of the stop line. Under the Transportation Code, an 

operator of a vehicle shall stop at a clearly marked stop line and failure to do so violates the 

statute. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 544.010(c) (West 2022); Rodriguez v. State, No. 03-03-

00140-CR, 2003 WL 22249714, at *4 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 2, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication). And the dash cam video does not conclusively contradict 

McClanahan’s testimony, and the trial court was free to determine McClanahan’s credibility. 

See Miller v. State, 393 S.W.3d 255, 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). As a result, the record 

contains sufficient evidence from which the trial court could reasonably determine that the stop 

was based on reasonable suspicion that a traffic violation was in progress. See TEX. TRANSP.

CODE ANN. § 544.010(c); Green, 93 S.W.3d at 545. 

The Detention

In the second portion of his issue, Appellant urges the length of his detention exceeded 

the reason for the stop and was unreasonable.
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McClanahan testified that Appellant appeared excessively nervous during the stop: his 

carotid artery was pulsing, he transitioned between giving too much eye contact to not enough, 

he fumbled trying to retrieve his license and registration, he stuttered, he began smoking, and he 

made an extended phone call. In addition, McClanahan stated that he observed rolling papers 

and a bag of plastic bags in the vehicle and a butane lighter in Appellant’s hand. While all of 

these items are legal to own, McClanahan testified that they are also consistent with drug 

paraphernalia. This suspicion was strengthened by the fact that Appellant was seen in a highcrime area and admitted he was previously arrested and on parole for drug charges. Therefore, 

when Appellant refused consent to search his vehicle, McClanahan called for a dog sniff.

While waiting for the K-9 officer to arrive, McClanahan began filling out the warning 

form. However, he testified that he had to keep an eye on Appellant while attempting to fill out 

the paperwork. McClanahan stated that Appellant seemed inclined to flee. In addition, 

Appellant was standing outside the vehicle and was not handcuffed. Therefore, McClanahan 

testified he kept a watchful eye on Appellant to ensure the safety of his trainee. Appellant also 

made a lengthy phone call to his mother during the stop. McClanahan testified that the phone 

call was lengthy enough that he had to tell Appellant to get off the phone.

McClanahan testified that while Smith County has four K-9 officers, usually only two of 

them are on duty at a time. The first officer he called was busy on another call. However, that 

officer called another deputy, Alvin Gordon, to bring his K-9 to McClanahan. Deputy Gordon 

testified that he was at home in his pajamas when he received the phone call. He stated that he 

dressed himself, loaded his dog, and arrived as quickly as possible. Gordon and Blaze arrived 

twenty-nine minutes after the start of the initial traffic stop. 

McClanahan’s body cam video was also admitted into evidence and played for the trial 

court.

Appellant contends that McClanahan unconstitutionally prolonged the detention until the 

dog could arrive. An officer may not prolog a traffic stop beyond the original purpose to bring a 

drug-sniffing dog to the scene. See Rodriguez v. U.S., 575 U.S. 348, 350-51, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 

1612, 191 L. Ed. 2d 492 (2015). However, if an officer develops reasonable suspicion during 

that time that the detainee is engaged in additional criminal activity, prolonged detention is 

justified. Hass v. State, 172 S.W.3d 42, 53 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d). McClanahan 

testified that he had specific articulable facts justifying his suspicion for the detention: 
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Appellant’s excessive nervousness, potential drug paraphernalia, and criminal history. See Neal, 

256 S.W.3d at 281 (nervousness is not sufficient alone to establish reasonable suspicion but can 

factor into analysis); Coleman v. State, 188 S.W.3d 708, 718-19 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2005, pet. 

ref’d) (officer’s awareness of appellant’s criminal history can justify reasonable suspicion). 

Furthermore, the evidence supports a conclusion that McClanahan did not intentionally 

delay issuing the warning citation. The evidence shows that Appellant delayed the process by 

placing a lengthy phone call. In addition, McClanahan testified that he could not focus on 

processing the citation because Appellant’s behavior indicated he may flee and he was concerned 

for his trainee’s safety. As a result, the initial purpose of the traffic stop had not concluded 

before the K-9 arrived. See Haas, 172 S.W.3d at 52-4. Furthermore, to the extent Appellant 

urges that the twenty-nine minutes between the initial stop and the arrival of the K-9 is 

unreasonable, we disagree. Based on the evidence that the officers attempted to conduct a dog 

sniff as fast as possible, coupled with McClanahan’s reasonable suspicion, the wait time is within 

constitutional limits. See Willis v. State, 192 S.W.3d 585, 589-90, 592 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2006, 

pet. ref’d) (length of detention not unreasonable when K-9 arrived twenty-nine minutes after 

initially called); see also Hammontree v. State, No. 12-21-00139-CR, 2022 WL 3012438, at *7 

(Tex. App.—Tyler July 29, 2022, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) 

(additional twenty-four minutes for drug dog to arrive was not unreasonable); Parker v. State, 

297 S.W.3d 803, 812 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2009, pet. ref’d) (officers attempted to confirm or 

dispel reasonable suspicion though drug dog took forty minutes to arrive after requested); 

Strauss v. State, 121 S.W.3d 486, 491 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d) (detention not 

unreasonable even though seventy-five minutes expired before drug dog arrived on scene). As a 

result, the record contains sufficient evidence from which the trial court could find that the 

detention was not unreasonably prolonged. 

Summary

Because the evidence supports the trial court’s findings that there existed a reasonable 

basis for the traffic stop and that the detention was not unconstitutionally prolonged, we hold that 

Appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights were not violated. Appellant’s sole issue is overruled. 
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DISPOSITION

 Having overruled Appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

BRIAN HOYLE

Justice

Opinion delivered April 5, 2023. 

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.

(DO NOT PUBLISH)
COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT 

APRIL 5, 2023 

NO. 12-22-00129-CR

RUSTY ALTON PEARCE, 

Appellant 

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

Appellee

Appeal from the 241st District Court 

of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 241-1575-21) 

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed 

herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the 

judgment.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment 

of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court 

below for observance. 

Brian Hoyle, Justice. 

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.