IMPROVE PMF Factor Identification notes

Positive Matrix Factorization Analysis of 

HALE1 & HAVO1 IMPROVE data sets

Regional Haze Program Visibility Assessment

4/20/2012

State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Clean Air Branch
IMPROVE PMF Factor Identification notes

Positive Matrix Factorization Analysis of HALE1 & HAVO1 

IMPROVE data sets

• Signal to Noise: Assessment of IMPROVE Data and Uncertainty

• Coefficient of determination: Assessment of PMF results

• PMF factor profiles and identification discussion
IMPROVE Data Signal to Noise

• IMPROVE data from Scott Copeland (CIRA) was used for the PMF analysis

– Data set validation and data units verification were accomplished through calculation of 

mass densities and visibility impacts associated with the HAVO1 and HALE1 Hawaii 

National Parks for the years 2001-2004 for the Worst 20% and Best 20% days; results 

were compared to WRAP TSS 2000-2004 Emission Scenarios and matched very well.

• Concentration (x) and uncertainty (s) data sets were prepared

– Values were unchanged from those given in the data set except for

• Elemental/molecular species blank values, which were replaced with annual 

statistical means

• Uncertainties for “Visibility Impacting” mass densities (ex. Ammonium sulfate), not 

included in the data set, were set proportional to concentration values to achieve 

an arbitrary, but low, signal to noise of 3.0. (see PMF analysis section for additional 

discussion)

• Signal to noise was calculate using Equation 1 in the EPA PMF v3.0 

Fundamentals & User Guide (Norris et al, 2008)
IMPROVE Data Signal to Noise: HALE1-2005
IMPROVE Data Signal to Noise: HALE1-2003-8
IMPROVE Data Signal to Noise: HAVO1-2005
IMPROVE Data Signal to Noise: HAVO1-2003-8
PMF 3.0 Species r^2: Definition of r

The “EPA PMF 3.0 User Guide” states that the “coefficient of determination 

(r2)” is included in the output statistics. While not stated explicitly in the 

guide, “r” is computed using the Pearson correlation coefficient; where X, 

Y, and n are the IMPROVE data set, post PMF reconstructed data set, and 

number of elements in the data set. 

Note that EPA PMF 3.0 output, in addition to r2, includes linear regression 

slope and intercept values for each species being evaluated. This 

augments the information provided by the “r” which is invariant to 

location (“a” and “c” in the equation below) and scale (“b” and “d” in the 

equation below) changes that apply to all elements in a data set (as 

discussed in 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence#Pearson.27s_p

roduct-moment_coefficient )
PMF 3.0 Species r^2: Results

Data Set (r^2-

Green: >=0.95; Blue: 

>= 0.90; Yellow: 

<0.7)

PMF Run 

Number Group

Data 

Type 

Confirm

CUf Hf FEf PBf MGf MNf NIf NO3f Pf Kf RBf SEf SIf NAf SRf

2005-HALE1 14 All r^2 0.07 0.97 1.00 0.57 0.40 0.93 0.66 0.96 0.00 0.74 0.68 0.56 0.98 0.73 0.78

2003-8-HALE1 6 All r^2 0.08 0.96 0.99 0.44 0.14 0.93 0.88 0.95 0.00 0.91 0.58 0.70 0.92 0.46 0.84

2005-HAVO1 10 All r^2 0.89 0.96 0.99 0.98 0.54 0.98 0.65 0.83 0.00 0.97 0.72 1.00 0.86 0.70 0.90

2003-8-HAVO1 6 All r^2 0.78 0.91 0.97 0.99 0.17 0.96 0.30 0.74 0.00 0.89 0.48 0.94 0.34 0.16 0.78

2005-HALE1 14 90 r^2 0.01 0.95 1.00 0.58 0.48 0.93 0.42 0.97 NaN 0.75 0.89 0.29 0.99 0.86 0.96

2003-8-HALE1 6 90 r^2 0.11 0.96 0.99 0.47 0.09 0.94 0.82 0.93 0.01 0.91 0.73 0.60 0.86 0.45 0.93

2005-HAVO1 10 90 r^2 0.80 0.83 0.99 0.97 0.34 0.90 0.65 0.63 NaN 0.84 0.45 1.00 0.38 0.69 0.41

2003-8-HAVO1 6 90 r^2 0.60 0.66 0.90 0.99 0.13 0.93 0.28 0.76 NaN 0.79 0.29 0.90 0.14 0.03 0.71

2005-HALE1 14 10 r^2 0.07 0.87 1.00 0.02 0.11 0.78 0.02 0.74 0.19 0.98 0.02 0.07 0.99 0.58 0.25

2003-8-HALE1 6 10 r^2 0.08 0.32 0.99 0.11 0.03 0.87 0.41 0.86 0.01 0.98 0.18 0.02 0.99 0.38 0.57

2005-HAVO1 10 10 r^2 0.00 0.61 0.85 0.23 0.04 0.70 0.53 0.66 0.03 0.82 0.04 0.27 0.82 0.42 0.50

2003-8-HAVO1 6 10 r^2 0.04 0.40 0.69 0.38 0.05 0.70 0.64 0.56 0.01 0.89 0.09 0.09 0.66 0.33 0.14

Data Set (r^2-

Green: >=0.95; Blue: 

>= 0.90; Yellow: 

<0.7)

PMF Run 

Number Group

Data 

Type 

Confirm

Sf TIf Vf ZNf ZRf MT MF

Ammoni

um_Sulfa

te_Mass

Ammoni

um_Nitra

te_Mass

Organic_

Mass

Elementa

l_Carbon

_Mass

Fine_Soil

_Mass

Coarse_

Mass

Sea_Salt_

Mass

2005-HALE1 14 All r^2 0.99 0.98 0.56 1.00 0.19 0.94 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.58 0.44 0.99 0.79 0.86

2003-8-HALE1 6 All r^2 0.99 0.97 0.83 0.83 0.04 0.89 0.97 0.99 0.95 0.74 NaN 0.95 0.74 0.80

2005-HAVO1 10 All r^2 0.99 0.97 0.93 1.00 0.37 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.82 0.39 0.49 0.93 0.36 0.92

2003-8-HAVO1 6 All r^2 0.98 0.92 0.86 1.00 0.01 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.73 0.25 NaN 0.54 0.08 0.88

2005-HALE1 14 90 r^2 0.96 0.99 0.41 1.00 0.45 0.91 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.63 0.23 0.99 0.83 0.98

2003-8-HALE1 6 90 r^2 0.98 0.96 0.73 0.81 0.08 0.85 0.97 0.98 0.93 0.79 NaN 0.93 0.74 0.84

2005-HAVO1 10 90 r^2 0.97 0.89 0.94 0.99 0.53 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.60 0.15 0.02 0.55 0.28 0.75

2003-8-HAVO1 6 90 r^2 0.95 0.75 0.93 1.00 0.00 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.76 0.25 NaN 0.24 0.08 0.85

2005-HALE1 14 10 r^2 1.00 0.99 0.59 1.00 0.00 0.86 0.83 1.00 0.74 0.16 0.23 1.00 0.62 0.93

2003-8-HALE1 6 10 r^2 0.99 0.88 0.56 0.99 0.06 0.42 0.73 0.99 0.88 0.17 NaN 0.99 0.20 0.90

2005-HAVO1 10 10 r^2 1.00 0.78 0.91 0.95 0.01 0.55 0.74 1.00 0.60 0.09 0.12 0.92 0.05 0.81

2003-8-HAVO1 6 10 r^2 1.00 0.65 0.89 0.99 0.00 0.57 0.75 1.00 0.56 0.07 NaN 0.68 0.08 0.73

Data Set (r^2-

Green: >=0.95; Blue: 

>= 0.90; Yellow: 

<0.7)

PMF Run 

Number Group

Data 

Type 

Confirm

ALf ASf BRf CAf EC1f EC2f EC3f OC1f OC2f OC3f OC4f OPf CLf CHLf CRf

2005-HALE1 14 All r^2 0.96 0.34 0.96 0.98 0.91 0.49 0.01 NaN 0.74 0.82 0.84 0.70 0.89 0.86 0.30

2003-8-HALE1 6 All r^2 0.77 0.09 0.82 0.96 0.65 0.27 0.00 NaN 0.49 0.68 0.57 0.29 0.83 0.79 0.18

2005-HAVO1 10 All r^2 0.94 0.47 0.95 0.94 0.69 0.43 0.00 0.24 0.18 0.20 0.52 0.59 0.91 0.94 0.57

2003-8-HAVO1 6 All r^2 0.64 0.01 0.84 0.94 0.55 0.31 0.00 0.28 0.17 0.21 0.28 0.36 0.80 0.77 0.18

2005-HALE1 14 90 r^2 0.96 0.58 0.98 0.99 0.93 0.31 0.09 NaN 0.90 0.93 0.92 0.57 0.91 0.98 0.71

2003-8-HALE1 6 90 r^2 0.79 0.25 0.81 0.97 0.39 0.22 0.00 NaN 0.40 0.80 0.59 0.15 0.80 0.80 0.34

2005-HAVO1 10 90 r^2 0.44 NaN 0.87 0.81 0.11 0.29 0.07 0.22 0.06 0.05 0.33 0.09 0.29 0.81 0.26

2003-8-HAVO1 6 90 r^2 0.26 0.00 0.83 0.88 0.19 0.02 0.01 0.21 0.18 0.31 0.30 0.15 0.38 0.54 0.03

2005-HALE1 14 10 r^2 0.86 0.08 0.95 0.97 0.76 0.16 0.01 NaN 0.38 0.25 0.15 0.62 0.97 0.93 0.00

2003-8-HALE1 6 10 r^2 0.84 0.00 0.64 0.97 0.40 0.13 0.00 NaN 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.28 0.92 0.88 0.04

2005-HAVO1 10 10 r^2 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.98 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.17 0.02 0.14 0.88 0.83 0.37

2003-8-HAVO1 6 10 r^2 0.31 0.00 0.70 0.93 0.28 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.14 0.83 0.65 0.04
Volcano Profiles

• HAVO1 (both 2005 and 2003-8) has 3 Volcano profiles. They have very similar 

time histories, but different speciation. 

– Volcano #1 (Metals with high Selenium): 

– Volcano #2 (Low Metals)

– Volcano #3 (Metals with high Potassium, Sodium & Strontium)

• HALE1 (both 2005 and 2003-8) has one Volcano profile.

– Volcano #1 (Metals with high Selenium)

• Volcano profiles are all high in sulfate and low in nitrate.

– Note that it while a relatively significant percentage of the HAVO1 nitrate is attributed to Volcano #2 

& Volcano #3 factors, the absolute magnitude is very small; 0.00 to 0.01 micrograms/m^3. 

• Volcano profiles represent the vast majority of sulfate content at HAVO1. This 

is consistent with the fact that the Kilauea volcano emits more SO2 than the 

combined output of the top 10 dirtiest power plants in the USA. 

• The time histories associated with the 2005 data sets for HAVO1 and HALE1 

both appear similar to the Trajectory Distance Data Distribution plots (see 

Appendix B).

– The time histories associated with the 2005 data sets for HAVO1 and HALE1 both appear similar to 

the Trajectory Distance Data Distribution plots calculated from Alpine MM5 data using HYSPLIT. 

– Trajectories are started hourly at the Hawaii volcano summit (trajectory #1) and rift zone (trajectory 

#2) and shown in 24 hour time bins. Time bins begin at 1000 UTM to match 10 hour Hawaii time 

difference from UTM.
Volcano #1 (Metals with high Selenium): 2005-HALE1
Volcano #1 (Metals with high Selenium): 2003-8-HALE1
Volcano #1 (Metals with high Selenium): 2005-HAVO1
Volcano #1 (Metals with high Selenium): 2003-8-HAVO1
Volcano #2 (Low Metals): 2005-HAVO1
Volcano #2 (Low Metals): 2003-8-HAVO1
Volcano #3 (Metals with high Potassium, Sodium & Strontium): 2005-HAVO1
Volcano #3 (Metals with high Potassium, Sodium & Strontium): 2003-8-HAVO1
Additional Information: Volcano #1 (HALE1 & HAVO1), #2 & #3 (HAVO1)

• ANNETTE T. HOLLINGSHEAD, STEVEN BUSINGER, ROLAND DRAXLER, JOHN PORTER and DUANE STEVENS, 

”DISPERSION MODELLING OF THE KILAUEA PLUME”, Boundary-Layer Meteorology 108: 121–144, 2003.

• “The volcanic aerosol plume is composed mainly of water vapour, SO2, and sulfate particulates. As 

mentioned previously, SO2 rapidly converts to sulfate particulates in the high relative humidity 

conditions near the main vent.”

• “Once sulfuric acid aerosols are formed, the addition of naturally existing ammonia can partially 

neutralize the aerosol to form ammonium bisulfate, (NH4)HSO4, or totally neutralize the aerosol to 

form ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4. However, volatility measurements in the volcano plume show 

that the aerosols remain highly acidic, with very little neutralization even after being advected more 

than 1,600 km downwind (Clarke and Porter, 1991).”

• USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Volcano Watch: June 5, 2008 – “What to worry about in Kilauea 

volcanic emissions?” (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2008/08_06_05.html)

• “Kilauea is currently producing up to 4,000 tonnes/day of SO2, resulting in concentrations in air greater 

than 5 parts per million (ppm) in downwind communities within 50 km (31 miles). Sustained 

concentrations greater than 0.3 ppm are considered unhealthy. During its journey through the air, the 

SO2reacts with oxygen, sunlight, and water to form vog, a mixture of gas and tiny sulfuric acid 

aerosol droplets.”

• “Water, SO2, and CO2 comprise about 99 percent of Kilauea's emissions. All the other constituents 

together account for the remaining 1 percent and there are many of them. Hydrogen (H2), Hydrogen 

Chloride (HCl), Hydrogen Fluoride (HF), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) are the principal minor 

constituents. Of these, H2 and CO are already in the atmosphere at trace levels.”

• “About one tonne/day, combined, of various metals, such as lead, copper, gold, silver, zinc, bismuth, 

and mercury are emitted by Kilauea. There are many more components present in trace amounts - in 

fact, it's probably easier to name elements that are not present in Kilauea emissions than to list all 

the ones that are.” 
Additional Information: Volcano#1 (Metals with high Selenium) 

HALE1 & HAVO1

• USGS, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Volcano Watch: July 27, 2006 – “Volcanic selenium and sulfur - a 

delicate balance” (http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2006/06_07_27.html)

• “Both natural and man-made sources contribute selenium to the environment. Primary anthropogenic 

sources include copper production and coal and oil combustion. Since there is a narrow range between 

safe and dangerous levels of selenium, areas with excess selenium due to man-made pollution are of 

concern.”

• “While natural sources of selenium include soil, plants, microorganisms, animals, and sea salt, 

volcanoes also comprise a significant source of selenium. In 1986, the annual selenium emissions from 

Kilauea were estimated at eight tons. This is roughly eight times more selenium than that emitted as 

manmade pollution in Los Angeles County and 900 times more than that from manmade sources on 

the Big Island.”
Additional Information: Volcano#1 (Metals with high Selenium) -

HALE1 & HAVO1

• PMF analysis for HALE1 (2005) on Worst 20% days: 

• 33.4% of copper is associated with this factor(r^2=0.01)

• 56.5% of hydrogen is associated with this factor (r^2=0.95)

• 29.0% of lead is associated with this factor (r^2=0.58)

• 0.0% of nitrate is associated with this factor (r^2=0.97)

• 64.6% of selenium is associated with this factor (r^2 = 0.29)

• 67.2% of sulfur is associated with this factor (r^2=0.96)

• PMF analysis for HALE1 (2003-2008) on Worst 20% days: 

• 28.2% of copper is associated with this factor(r^2=0.11)

• 66.3% of hydrogen is associated with this factor (r^2=0.96)

• 27.1% of lead is associated with this factor (r^2=0.47)

• 0.7% of nitrate is associated with this factor (r^2=0.93)

• 75.2% of selenium is associated with this factor (r^2 = 0.60)

• 76.7% of sulfur is associated with this factor (r^2=0.98)

• PMF analysis for HAVO1 (2005) on Worst 20% days: 

• 67.9% of copper is associated with this factor(r^2=0.80)

• 29.3% of hydrogen is associated with this factor (r^2=0.83)

• 74.8% of lead is associated with this factor (r^2=0.97)

• 0.0% of nitrate is associated with this factor (r^2=0.63)

• 93.1% of selenium is associated with this factor (r^2 = 1.00)

• 49.9% of sulfur is associated with this factor (r^2=0.97)

• PMF analysis for HAVO1 (2003-2008) on Worst 20% days: 

• 65.6% of copper is associated with this factor(r^2=0.60)

• 16.4% of hydrogen is associated with this factor (r^2=0.66)

• 84.5% of lead is associated with this factor (r^2=0.99)

• 0.0% of nitrate is associated with this factor (r^2=0.76)

• 64.6% of selenium is associated with this factor (r^2 = 0.90)

• 85.4% of sulfur is associated with this factor (r^2=0.95)

• These PMF factors have high 

percentages of the IMPROVE total sulfur, 

hydrogen, selenium and other metals.

• They also have low percentages of 

nitrate.

• This is the only Volcano factor 

associated with HALE1.

• Note that useful information can be 

gained from considering the factor mass 

percentage, mass density, and r^2 

associated with a given 

atomic/molecular species.

• For these factors, even though 

the r^2 associated with the 

metals were not very high, the 

combination of the high sulfur 

and low nitrate 
Asian Dust

• Asian dust profiles have the following distinguishing characteristics

– Fine soil (Al, Ca, Fe, Si, Ti) metals

– Significant percentage of the total Manganese mass density

• Mn is a recognized trace constituent of Asian dust; 

http://karws.gso.uri.edu/DustClub/Articles/Lee%202004%20Dust%20Ulsan.pdf

– Similar factor time histories for both HALE1 and HAVO1

• 2005 data set profiles

• 2003-2008 data set profiles

• 2005 data sets have similar features to those found in 2003-2008 data set profiles
Dust (Asian): 2005-HALE1
Dust (Asian): 2003-8-HALE1
Dust (Asian): 2005-HAVO1
Dust (Asian): 2003-8-HAVO1
Nitrate/Sulfate-Rich-Secondary(Iron)

• Factors present only at HALE1

– These factors were similar to COHA “Nitrate-rich Secondary (Iron)” for 

Hawaii. Note that the COHA factor also had sulfate. 

– 2005 data set: 1 of the 8 factors were characterized by relatively high 

nitrate, sulfate, and iron

– 2003-2008 data set: 2 of the 8 factors were characterized by relatively 

high nitrate, sulfate, and iron
Nitrate/Sulfate-Rich Secondary (Iron): 2005-HALE1
Nitrate/Sulfate-Rich-Secondary(Iron): 2003-8-HALE1::factor 3
Nitrate/Sulfate-Rich Secondary (Iron): 2003-8-HALE1::factor 4
Smoke (Bromine)

• These factors are characterized by the high percentage of total Bromine 

mass density

• The broad term “Smoke (Bromine)” is meant to be associated with a broad 

range of man-made sources that 

• The COHA PMF analysis 

(http://www.coha.dri.edu/web/general/tools_PMFModeling.html) 

identified similar factors as

– Secondary (Alaska)

– Urban/Diesel (Colorado Plateau)

– Smoke (Death Valley)

– Mobile (Columbia River Gorge)

• The EPA “Multivariate Receptor Modeling Workbook” (Sept 2005) 

identifies Bromine as a “Key Species” for “Vehicle Exhaust”

– http://www.sonomatechdata.com/sti_workbooks/#MVRMWB
Smoke (Bromine): 2005-HALE1
Smoke (Bromine): 2003-8-HALE1
Smoke (Bromine): 2005-HAVO1
Smoke (Bromine): 2003-8-HAVO1
Oil Combustion (Nickel & Vanadium)

• These factors are characterized by the high percentage of total Nickel and 

Vanadium, mass density

• The COHA PMF analysis 

(http://www.coha.dri.edu/web/general/tools_PMFModeling.html) 

identified similar factors as

– Sulfate-rich Secondary/Oil Combustion (California Coast)

– Oil Combustion (Northwest)

– Urban/Diesel (Colorado Plateau)

– Smoke (Death Valley)

– Mobile (Columbia River Gorge)

• The EPA “Multivariate Receptor Modeling Workbook” (Sept 2005) 

identifies Nickel and Vanadium as a “Key Species” for “Residual Oil 

Combustion”

– http://www.sonomatechdata.com/sti_workbooks/#MVRMWB
Oil Combustion (Nickel & Vanadium): 2005-HALE1
Oil Combustion (Nickel & Vanadium): 2003-8-HALE1
Oil Combustion (Nickel & Vanadium): 2005-HAVO1
Oil Combustion (Nickel & Vanadium): 2003-8-HAVO1
Sea Salt/Nitrate-Rich-Secondary

• These factors are characterized by the high percentage of total Chlorine 

(CL) & Chloride (CHL) mass density.

• The COHA PMF analysis 

(http://www.coha.dri.edu/web/general/tools_PMFModeling.html) 

identified similar factors as

– Sea Salt (Hawaii)

• The EPA “Multivariate Receptor Modeling Workbook” (Sept 2005) 

identifies Chloride as a “Key Species” for “Sea Water”

– http://www.sonomatechdata.com/sti_workbooks/#MVRMWB
Sea Salt/Nitrate-Rich-Secondary: 2005-HALE1
Sea Salt/Nitrate-Rich-Secondary: 2003-8-HALE1
Sea Salt/Nitrate-Rich-Secondary:2005-HAVO1
Sea Salt/Nitrate-Rich-Secondary: 2003-8-HAVO1
Shipping (Zinc)

• These factors are characterized by the high percentage of total Zinc mass 

density. “Shipping” was selected since it best matched with the Hawaii COHA 

results and would be expected to be most applicable.

• The COHA PMF analysis 

(http://www.coha.dri.edu/web/general/tools_PMFModeling.html) identified 

similar factors as

– Aged Sea Salt (Alaska)

– Mobile (Central Rockies)

– Nitrate-rich Secondary (Colorado Plateau)

– Mobile (Columbia River Gorge)

– Mobile/Others (Death Valley)

– Diesel (Great Basin)

– Shipping (Hawaii)

– Nitrate-rich Secondary/Mobile (Hells Canyon)

• The EPA “Multivariate Receptor Modeling Workbook” (Sept 2005) identifies 

Chloride as a “Key Species” for “Municipal incinerator; also smelters, zinc 

oxide kiln”

– http://www.sonomatechdata.com/sti_workbooks/#MVRMWB
Shipping (Zinc): 2005-HALE1
Shipping (Zinc): 2003-8-HALE1
Shipping (Zinc): 2005-HAVO1
Shipping (Zinc): 2003-8-HAVO1
Major Ports 

in Asia
Major 

Port in 

Western 

Pacific
World Port Ranking, 2005

• “The American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA) ranks the world's ports 

annually according to their volume capacity, container traffic, number of cruise 

passengers, revenues, and storage capacity, among other criteria.”

• http://www.infoplease.com/business/world-port-ranking-2005.html

• Top 10 Ports within Pacific Region for both Total Cargo Volume (metric tons) and 

Container Traffic ( Twenty-foot Equivalent Units - TEU)

• Port Total Cargo Volume Container Traffic

• Shanghai #1 #3

• Singapore #2 #1

• Ningbo #4 #15

• Tianjin #5 #16

• Guangzhou #6 #18

• Hong Kong #7 #2

• Busan #8 #5

• Shenzhen N/A #4

• Kaohsiung #20 #6

• Los Angeles N/A #10
Assessment of PMF shipping factors

• Results & Discussion

– The factors identified with shipping (tagged with blue arrows on the 

“Identification of Shipping” page) were originally selected based on their high 

Zinc content. This appeared consistent with the COHA analysis results.

– While Zinc is a documented component in shipping emissions, it does not appear 

to be as significant a component as Vanadium or Nickel in near-field emission 

collections.

• Additional investigation is needed to find any references pertaining to characteristics of longrange transport. 

– The shipping related factors for HALE1(2005) and HALE1(2003-2008) appear to 

be good matches for shipping based on the V/Ni and V/EC ratios.

– The shipping related factors for HAVO1(2005) and HAVO1(2003-2008), while not 

appearing to be good matches based on the V/Ni and V/EC ratios, at present 

appear to be the best choices. Other candidate factors have characteristics that 

would seem to make them poor choices.

• Time-histories and the quantities of each factors key pollutants were considered. 

• When assessing PMF results, the quality of the numerical results for each species was considered. 

The r^2 value (r=Pearson correlation coefficient), included in the attached data, was used.
Shipping References

• V/Ni & V/EC are recommended as possible screening parameters (Reference I1)

• Zinc content of heavy fuel oil does not appear consistent with PMF results for the factors currently 

identified with shipping (Reference I2)

• Reference I1: “valid tracers of commercial shipping emissions were V/Ni = 4-5 and V/EC < 2, 

whereas V/EC > 8 excluded the influence of shipping emissions”; Mar Viana, et.al., “Chemical 

Tracers of Particulate Emissions from Commercial Shipping”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 7472-

7477.

– Units: V (ng/m^3), Ni (ng/m^3), EC (microg/m^3), V/Ni (1), V/EC (1/1000)

– “The monitoring station was an urban background station located approximately 150 m from the harbor and, thus, was 

strongly influenced by the emissions from docking ships, incoming and outgoing ships in the harbor itself, and ship traffic across 

the Gibraltar Strait”

– “It is important to highlight that the remaining ratios (V/S, La/Ce, Zn/Ni, Pb/Zn, OC/EC) were tested but did not show 

correlations with shipping emissions and, thus, could not be considered as tracers, at this Mediterranean harbor”

– “However, due to the varying composition of particulates from shipping emissions around the world, certain of these tracers 

might be valid for other harbors”

• Reference I2: “Composition of exhaust from a ship diesel engine using heavy fuel oil (HFO) was 

investigated onboard a large cargo vessel”; Jana Moldanova, et.al, “Characterisation of particulate 

matter and gaseous emissions from a large ship diesel engine”, Atmospheric Environment 43 

(2009) 2632-2641) 

– Fuel Sample Characterization (mg/kg): V (107), Na (17), Al (3), Si (5), Fe (13), Ni (35), Ca (3), Mg (<1), Pb (<1), Zn (<1), P (<1), K 

(1)

– “EDS analyses of chemical composition of soot particles in MH and MC samples show mainly carbon with small amounts of 

oxygen and of vanadium, nickel, sulphur and silicon, likely originating from the HFO”; Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS); 

MH samples are extracted in the hot exhaust, while MC samples are extracted after the particulate matter has been cooled; 

EDS results (weight percent) are below; “n.d.” stands for “not detected”.

– Soot-type particles: C (94.4%), O (0.7%), S (0.3%), V (2.7%), Ni (1.8%), Si (0.1%), Ca (n.d.)

– Char particle: C (93.1%), O (n.d.), S (2.1), V (3.8%), Ni (0.9%), Si (n.d.), Ca (0.1)

– Char-mineral particle: C (53.5%), O (3.8%), S (7.5%), V (17.6%), Ni (8.6%), Si (n.d.), Ca (9.0%)

– Mineral/ash Particle: C (11.1%), O (5.7%), S (4.9%), V (30.7%), Ni (20.9%), Si (n.d.), Ca (26.7)

– OC-type particles: C (79.9%), O (5.1%), S (3.6%), V (11.2%), Ni (n.d.), Si (0.2%), Ca (n.d.)
Identification of Shipping

HAVO1(2005)

• The factors identified with shipping (tagged with blue arrows) were originally selected based on their high Zinc content. This 

appeared consistent with the COHA analysis results.

• While Zinc is a documented component in shipping emissions, it does not appear to be as significant a component as Vanadium 

or Nickel in near-field emission collections.

• The shipping related factors for HALE1(2005) and HALE1(2003-2008) appear to be good matches for shipping based on the V/Ni 

and V/EC ratios.

• While the V/Ni ratio for HAVO1(2005) Factor#2 would appear to be a better match for shipping, the fact that it represents such a

large percentage of the total NO3 appears consistent with a local source.

• While the V/Ni ratio for HAVO1(2005) Factor#4 would appear to be a better match for shipping, its time-history and species 

make-up appear much more consistent with Asian Dust.

• While the V/Ni ratio for HAVO1(2003-2008) Factor#4 would appear to be consistent with shipping, the fact that it represents 

such a large percentage of the total NO3 appears consistent with a local source. 

HALE1(2005)

HALE1(2003-2008) HAVO1(2003-2008)

Factor V N i E C V N i V E C

Units n g m^3 n g m^3 microg m^3 1 1 1000

Factor 1 0 . 0.00245899 0.0191983 0 . 0 .

Factor 2 0 . 0.000600245 0.0100079 0 . 0 .

Factor 3 0.0413629 0.0105383 0.00102576 3.925 40.324

Factor 4 0.00681575 0 . 0.00556338 Null 1.22511

Factor 5 0.00670288 0 . 0.00011184 Null 59.9329

Factor 6 0 . 0.000526568 0.00138144 0 . 0 .

Factor 7 0.235965 0.154394 0.0143803 1.52833 16.4089

Factor 8 0.0227489 0.0119463 0.0126185 1.90427 1.80282

Factor V N i E C V N i V E C

Units n g m^3 n g m^3 microg m^3 1 1 1000

Factor 1 0.018518 0.0173591 0.00354476 1.06676 5.22404

Factor 2 0.002418 0 . 0 . Null Null

Factor 3 0.0131335 0.0145854 0.0256157 0.90046 0.512716

Factor 4 0.0442044 0 . 0.00127261 Null Null

Factor 5 0.0896757 0.0737092 0.00728793 1.21661 12.3047

Factor 6 0.0237798 0.0124575 0.00297473 1.90888 7.99393

Factor 7 0.00602111 0 . 0.0132237 Null 0.455326

Factor 8 0.0086479 0 . 0.00400285 Null 2.16044

Factor V N i E C V N i V E C

Units n g m^3 n g m^3 microg m^3 1 1 1000

Factor 1 0 . 0 . 0.000830439 Null 0 .

Factor 2 0.132776 0.0663157 0.00140245 2.00217 Null

Factor 3 0 . 0.0043075 0 . 0 . Null

Factor 4 0.0134283 0.00297183 0.00111397 4.51854 Null

Factor 5 0 . 0.00384307 0.0148853 0 . 0 .

Factor 6 0 . 0 . 0.00432422 Null 0 .

Factor 7 0.0239969 0 . 0.0153564 Null 1.56266

Factor 8 0.00308931 0.0136299 0.00155124 0.226657 1.99152

Factor V N i E C V N i V E C

Units n g m^3 n g m^3 microg m^3 1 1 1000

Factor 1 0 . 0 . 0.00106708 Null 0 .

Factor 2 0.000915778 0 . 0.00169261 Null 0.541044

Factor 3 0 . 0.00686668 0.00758319 0 . 0 .

Factor 4 0.182296 0.102738 0.00497886 1.77437 36.614

Factor 5 0.00456314 0 . 0.000923805 Null 4.9395

Factor 6 0.00868585 0 . 0.00907896 Null 0.956702

Factor 7 0 . 0.00180708 0.00812506 0 . 0 .

Factor 8 0.00183964 0 . 1.62558 1 0 6 Null 1131.68
HALE1 (2005): PMF Results

Species Units Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 Factor 6 Factor 7 Factor 8 PMF Tot

ALf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 1.22528 0.566615 0 . 0.612634 0.0542565 8.65699 11.1158

ASf n g m 3 0.00438085 0.00720192 0 . 0.00131603 0.00564847 0 . 0 . 0.00810979 0.0266571

BRf n g m 3 0.0105936 0.190054 0.0424776 0.0604176 0.0462747 0.0416923 0.336329 0.0531969 0.781036

CAf n g m 3 0.0959607 3.79379 0.472259 0.657342 2.65604 0.644723 2.13621 6.24503 16.7014

EC1f n g m 3 7.80472 0 . 47.4212 15.1815 8.96366 0 . 22.3683 3.29496 105.034

EC2f n g m 3 3.84491 0 . 6.80884 0 . 2.03238 2.97473 0 . 0.703897 16.3648

EC3f n g m 3 0.0496342 0 . 0.153529 0.0575359 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.00398854 0.264687

OC1f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

OC2f n g m 3 9.35287 1.89974 16.5332 0.843412 0 . 4.16131 19.5634 3.66322 56.0171

OC3f n g m 3 0 . 12.1145 32.8619 0 . 0 . 0 . 28.132 0.637035 73.7454

OC4f n g m 3 0.990071 7.45078 22.2082 0 . 0.243332 1.06505 20.3788 4.12874 56.465

OPf n g m 3 8.1545 0 . 28.768 16.5117 3.70811 0 . 9.14458 0 . 66.2868

CLf n g m 3 0 . 72.4453 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 72.4453

CHLf n g m 3 0.980263 133.049 4.21139 14.7198 27.9868 0.860059 20.8584 9.26919 211.934

CRf n g m 3 0.000923007 0.00253525 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.00501407 0 . 0.00631253 0.0147849

CUf n g m 3 0.0192346 0.0159131 0.0210259 0.00749431 0.0160688 0.0114076 0.0144822 0.0047699 0.110396

H f n g m 3 34.6661 7.9901 26.3783 12.2207 1.86558 5.97262 5.68376 4.2898 99.067

FEf n g m 3 0 . 0.742823 0.270466 4.37607 0.469213 1.06966 1.25516 7.19663 15.38

PBf n g m 3 0.0433271 0.0635248 0.0319371 0 . 0.00244595 0.0324838 0 . 0.103119 0.276837

MGf n g m 3 1.53434 3.64342 0.013372 0 . 1.7859 0 . 0.779499 0.92625 8.68278

MNf n g m 3 0.00203505 0.0256179 0.0207313 0.106171 0 . 0.0161667 0.0123458 0.158268 0.341336

NIf n g m 3 0.0173591 0 . 0.0145854 0 . 0.0737092 0.0124575 0 . 0 . 0.118111

NO3f n g m 3 0 . 18.5404 0 . 20.8707 61.3181 2.0245 35.9622 20.7665 159.482

P f n g m 3 0 . 0.029212 0.199167 0 . 0 . 0.118267 0 . 0 . 0.346647

K f n g m 3 0 . 3.7898 5.88164 0.782404 1.75051 0.0313587 4.72278 4.41652 21.375

RBf n g m 3 0.000323962 0.0092187 0.0194198 0 . 0 . 0.000617337 0 . 0.0271851 0.0567649

SEf n g m 3 0.0306758 0.0056625 0 . 0.0105731 0 . 0.00650289 0.0103493 0.00632551 0.0700891

SIf n g m 3 1.56006 1.70836 0 . 0 . 1.42765 3.26473 2.46836 25.3867 35.8159

NAf n g m 3 8.19173 49.2441 0 . 17.6275 16.606 1.14928 13.5509 0 . 106.37

SRf n g m 3 0.00203575 0.0750895 0 . 0.022264 0.048922 0.00511876 0.0154565 0.0753873 0.244274

S f n g m 3 139.343 3.00801 0 . 34.1762 31.4569 16.614 37.8857 16.7744 279.258

TIf n g m 3 0.054358 0.0437013 0.0349079 0.789846 0.0757881 0.144851 0.149858 0.725555 2.01886

V f n g m 3 0.018518 0.002418 0.0131335 0.0442044 0.0896757 0.0237798 0.00602111 0.0086479 0.206398

ZNf n g m 3 0.0303496 0.0888204 0.0756241 0.0296809 0.109818 0.50616 0.0378778 0.10911 0.987441

ZRf n g m 3 0 . 0.000239914 0 . 0.00748579 0 . 0.00651612 0 . 0.00448362 0.0187254

M T n g m 3 725.017 1102.68 835.155 793.762 776.525 0 . 0 . 488.233 4721.38

M F n g m 3 596.143 356.719 280.115 192.261 235.624 64.2828 345.093 246.947 2317.18

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.574789 0.012408 0 . 0.140977 0.12976 0.0685325 0.156279 0.0691943 1.15194

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0 . 0.0239171 0 . 0.0269232 0.0791003 0.0026116 0.0463912 0.0267888 0.205732

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.0258964 0.030051 0.14052 0.0242971 0.00553202 0.0073169 0.108106 0.0118006 0.35352

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.0116993 0 . 0.0543836 0.0152391 0.010996 0.00297473 0.0223683 0.00400285 0.121664

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.00414643 0.0123201 0.00418765 0.0144404 0.00916673 0.0133975 0.0130758 0.111261 0.181996

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.128874 0.745966 0.55504 0.601502 0.540901 0.0642828 0.345093 0.241286 2.40419

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0.00262292 0.240743 0.00476527 0.0283678 0.0483446 0 . 0.040242 0.0139535 0.379039
HALE1 (2005): IMPROVE results

SPECIES UNITS MAX MEAN MIN

ALf n g m 3 178.86 11.8646 0

ASf n g m 3 0.3 0.0266957 0

BRf n g m 3 2.94 0.78713 0.1

CAf n g m 3 153.23 17.2229 0.53

EC1f n g m 3 784.2 117.058 6

EC2f n g m 3 114.4 19.4052 14.6

EC3f n g m 3 85.7 1.31217 0

OC1f n g m 3 51.7 13.1043 75.2

OC2f n g m 3 478.5 59.7591 28.9

OC3f n g m 3 1033.3 70.913 57.5

OC4f n g m 3 594.3 59.2583 19.2

OPf n g m 3 276.6 77.7852 0

CLf n g m 3 530.99 89.118 0

CHLf n g m 3 774.3 223.816 5.8

CRf n g m 3 0.21 0.0133913 0

CUf n g m 3 2.32 0.156348 0

H f n g m 3 306.6 100.309 26.67

FEf n g m 3 152.23 15.4464 0

PBf n g m 3 2.36 0.327043 0

MGf n g m 3 41.56 7.03696 0

MNf n g m 3 3.21 0.37087 0

NIf n g m 3 0.56 0.124957 0

NO3f n g m 3 634.9 161.191 4

P f n g m 3 14.6 0.420957 0

K f n g m 3 263.62 24.1145 3.17

RBf n g m 3 0.6 0.0549565 0

SEf n g m 3 0.45 0.0808696 0

SIf n g m 3 425.62 35.386 0

NAf n g m 3 449 110.129 0

SRf n g m 3 1.74 0.261739 0

S f n g m 3 1139.15 282.214 5.33

TIf n g m 3 15.22 2.04313 0

V f n g m 3 1.17 0.236348 0

ZNf n g m 3 5.19 0.99287 0.1

ZRf n g m 3 0.25 0.0129565 0

M T n g m 3 1 4 086.5 4745.91 288.1

M F n g m 3 6814.2 2310.62 121.8

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 4.69899 1.16413 0.0219863

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.819021 0.208067 0

Organic_Mass microg m 3 4.2174 0.461767 0

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.5735 0.0607713 0

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 2.10097 0.184039 0.004012

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 7.8241 2.46718 0

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 1.39374 0.402804 0.003114

Species Units r^2 intercept slope

ALf n g m 3 0.957269 0.60459 0.885928

ASf n g m 3 0.341037 0.0214533 0.194931

BRf n g m 3 0.960134 0.00500265 0.998612

CAf n g m 3 0.977268 1.38911 0.889065

EC1f n g m 3 0.906893 14.4868 0.773526

EC2f n g m 3 0.487479 9.29155 0.3645

EC3f n g m 3 0.00655025 0.262054 0.00200669

OC1f n g m 3 NaN 0 . 0 .

OC2f n g m 3 0.740964 16.6901 0.658092

OC3f n g m 3 0.822789 34.9656 0.546865

OC4f n g m 3 0.844065 17.076 0.6647

OPf n g m 3 0.699062 13.0755 0.684081

CLf n g m 3 0.885975 13.8089 0.657963

CHLf n g m 3 0.856444 23.6681 0.841167

CRf n g m 3 0.301838 0.0110295 0.280433

CUf n g m 3 0.0715726 0.100822 0.0612381

H f n g m 3 0.967868 2.16579 1.00921

FEf n g m 3 0.996197 0.0792802 0.990568

PBf n g m 3 0.574324 0.0941054 0.558739

MGf n g m 3 0.401583 6.33264 0.333971

MNf n g m 3 0.933258 0.013072 0.88512

NIf n g m 3 0.657595 0.0440343 0.592821

NO3f n g m 3 0.964072 9.38755 0.93116

P f n g m 3 0.00271778 0.343573 0.00730078

K f n g m 3 0.742691 9.60512 0.488083

RBf n g m 3 0.683156 0.0244052 0.588823

SEf n g m 3 0.564634 0.0324631 0.465268

SIf n g m 3 0.984747 2.05317 1.07017

NAf n g m 3 0.729462 36.4786 0.634626

SRf n g m 3 0.782979 0.0461776 0.756846

S f n g m 3 0.990844 4.26547 0.97441

TIf n g m 3 0.983166 0.0654508 1.02016

V f n g m 3 0.560373 0.0906907 0.489566

ZNf n g m 3 0.99597 0.0256377 0.96871

ZRf n g m 3 0.19075 0.0164935 0.172263

M T n g m 3 0.939762 239.348 0.944399

M F n g m 3 0.981786 130.067 0.946551

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.990834 0.0177505 0.974009

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.957863 0.0181459 0.824825

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.576955 0.10234 0.381123

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.436051 0.0160819 0.178415

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.992627 0.00600552 1.01869

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.790691 0.191929 0.865703

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0.855712 0.0373749 0.848213
HALE1 (2003-2008): PMF Results

Species Units Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 Factor 6 Factor 7 Factor 8 PMF Tot

ALf n g m 3 0.717222 0 . 0 . 2.01277 7.93872 0 . 0.188157 0 . 10.8569

ASf n g m 3 0.00151887 0 . 0.00114356 0.000854725 0.00431013 0.00858109 0.00944751 0.00474476 0.0306006

BRf n g m 3 0.253455 0.0263161 0.239423 0 . 0.0319864 0.218468 0.0370629 0.0600528 0.866764

CAf n g m 3 1.37326 0.623043 3.77649 0.463273 6.14268 3.62487 0.956422 0.296519 17.2566

EC1f n g m 3 18.8905 14.4041 0 . 13.302 0.11184 4.22602 36.4103 9.88209 97.2269

EC2f n g m 3 0.307757 4.03185 1.02046 0.0412 0 . 0 . 4.1181 2.73225 12.2516

EC3f n g m 3 0 . 0.00247655 0.00530473 0.00287428 0 . 0.000225475 0 . 0.00419166 0.0150727

OC1f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .

OC2f n g m 3 12.0313 5.98271 5.73297 3.723 0.268616 4.53559 12.5785 5.08736 49.94

OC3f n g m 3 43.0602 0 . 17.04 0 . 0 . 8.24243 0 . 14.1905 82.5331

OC4f n g m 3 25.0043 4.51776 14.0784 5.03613 0 . 3.77061 4.90338 11.0019 68.3124

OPf n g m 3 0 . 8.43051 0 . 7.7827 0 . 2.8448 26.148 0 . 45.2061

CLf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.899409 0 . 0 . 68.5061 0 . 1.50438 70.9099

CHLf n g m 3 4.16841 0 . 29.7495 7.52469 4.93606 138.232 13.4384 2.20919 200.258

CRf n g m 3 0 . 0.000903843 0 . 0.000421167 0.00485503 0.00558535 0 . 0.00382513 0.0155905

CUf n g m 3 0.00640043 0.0174292 0 . 0.011292 0.0016739 0.0202575 0.0355064 0.026273 0.118832

H f n g m 3 10.0197 51.7596 1.88325 5.75834 1.07988 12.0169 16.2472 11.79 110.555

FEf n g m 3 0.145672 0.0686409 2.45598 6.42154 6.55303 0.368595 0 . 0 . 16.0135

PBf n g m 3 0 . 0.0403756 0.0100947 0 . 0.0850302 0.0576497 0.0422261 0.0472864 0.282663

MGf n g m 3 0 . 0.889078 0 . 0 . 0.999015 4.62255 1.76336 0 . 8.274

MNf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.0477916 0.127059 0.132987 0.0120589 0 . 0.00198577 0.321883

NIf n g m 3 0.00245899 0.000600245 0.0105383 0 . 0 . 0.000526568 0.154394 0.0119463 0.180464

NO3f n g m 3 10.9034 0.580241 88.1124 6.35365 5.74714 15.8933 40.6465 2.46406 170.701

P f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.200925 0 . 0.0678531 0.268778

K f n g m 3 14.4461 0.838454 0.741789 1.96345 3.79875 3.73883 0 . 1.60142 27.1288

RBf n g m 3 0.0147974 0.00342223 0.00047355 0 . 0.0230982 0.0100178 0.000900587 0.0060178 0.0587276

SEf n g m 3 0 . 0.0478912 0.0123109 0.00166869 0.00237725 0.00912296 0.00593891 0.00455108 0.0838609

SIf n g m 3 0 . 4.16187 6.01754 0 . 27.1196 0.35631 0 . 2.54408 40.1994

NAf n g m 3 0 . 15.4088 0 . 3.34637 0 . 65.3025 25.143 0 . 109.201

SRf n g m 3 0 . 0.0089581 0.064257 0.00371961 0.0737602 0.0702274 0.030145 0 . 0.251067

S f n g m 3 4.38678 188.716 38.8879 0 . 7.65772 13.3574 38.4923 15.0948 306.593

TIf n g m 3 0.0120453 0.00663931 0.316879 1.07558 0.587849 0.0146558 0.0845912 0.00133463 2.09958

V f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.0413629 0.00681575 0.00670288 0 . 0.235965 0.0227489 0.313595

ZNf n g m 3 0.0433314 0.0238649 0 . 0.0434916 0.0666217 0.0506387 0.108838 0.644412 0.981199

ZRf n g m 3 0 . 0.001671 0 . 0.009511 0.00184105 0.00671087 0.00402401 0 . 0.0237579

M T n g m 3 349.029 1017. 1205.91 735.764 252.93 866.895 501.94 320.283 5249.75

M F n g m 3 244.538 913.9 420.403 102.566 168.78 376.761 268.728 138.41 2634.09

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.0180955 0.778453 0.160413 0 . 0.0315881 0.0550992 0.158781 0.0622662 1.2647

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.0140654 0.000748511 0.113665 0.0081962 0.00741381 0.0205024 0.052434 0.00317864 0.220204

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.112134 0.0265034 0.0515919 0.0231586 0.000376062 0.0271508 0.0610819 0.0423917 0.344388

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.0191983 0.0184384 0.00102576 0.0133461 0.00011184 0.00422625 0.0405284 0.0126185 0.109494

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.00419219 0.0115576 0.0276976 0.02281 0.112004 0.00771619 0.00213702 0.00682067 0.194936

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.10449 0.103103 0.785502 0.633198 0.0841499 0.490134 0.233212 0.181873 2.61566

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0 . 0.00109073 0 . 0.0105691 0.00209705 0.295955 0.02716 0 . 0.336872
HALE1 (2003-2008): IMPROVE results

SPECIES UNITS MAX MEAN MIN

ALf n g m 3 215.07 12.2107 0 .

ASf n g m 3 0.76 0.0308601 0 .

BRf n g m 3 5.86 0.938878 0.06

CAf n g m 3 206.92 18.0924 0.53

EC1f n g m 3 784.2 113.986 0 .

EC2f n g m 3 224.2 19.7727 14.7

EC3f n g m 3 85.7 0.430466 0 .

OC1f n g m 3 92.2 6.07172 75.2

OC2f n g m 3 478.5 55.2608 28.9

OC3f n g m 3 1605.7 92.8726 63.2

OC4f n g m 3 684.2 79.5292 19.2

OPf n g m 3 299.7 65.3102 375.1

CLf n g m 3 790.65 87.6943 0 .

CHLf n g m 3 1041.1 202.122 357.9

CRf n g m 3 0.34 0.0164723 0 .

CUf n g m 3 3.37 0.156181 0 .

H f n g m 3 633.52 113.582 25.47

FEf n g m 3 155.07 16.1818 0 .

PBf n g m 3 2.75 0.314913 0 .

MGf n g m 3 145.63 8.21051 0 .

MNf n g m 3 4.26 0.345598 0 .

NIf n g m 3 1.06 0.183717 0 .

NO3f n g m 3 664.8 171.65 4 .

P f n g m 3 51.09 0.56621 0 .

K f n g m 3 356.7 28.5862 2.17

RBf n g m 3 0.69 0.0611079 0 .

SEf n g m 3 1.44 0.0960204 0 .

SIf n g m 3 530.6 42.6473 0 .

NAf n g m 3 670.68 113.226 0 .

SRf n g m 3 1.88 0.267332 0 .

S f n g m 3 2861.54 316.846 5.33

TIf n g m 3 18.5 2.14143 0 .

V f n g m 3 2.4 0.34812 0 .

ZNf n g m 3 12.29 1.02324 0 .

ZRf n g m 3 0.39 0.0254519 0 .

M T n g m 3 1 7 726.4 5339.44 0 .

M F n g m 3 1 5 340. 2657.42 121.8

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 11.8039 1.30699 0.0219863

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.857592 0.221704 0 .

Organic_Mass microg m 3 4.2174 0.520015 0 .

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.6271 0.0696136 0 .

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 2.49043 0.207208 0.004012

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 12.7384 2.7176 0 .

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 1.87398 0.37243 0.000225

Species Units r^2 intercept slope

ALf n g m 3 0.771971 2.92916 0.649243

ASf n g m 3 0.0949498 0.0284974 0.0681551

BRf n g m 3 0.819931 0.121435 0.793852

CAf n g m 3 0.961276 2.06877 0.839458

EC1f n g m 3 0.6529 25.7482 0.627082

EC2f n g m 3 0.265873 7.95809 0.217144

EC3f n g m 3 0.000299168 0.0150531 0.0000456162

OC1f n g m 3 NaN 0 . 0 .

OC2f n g m 3 0.487878 20.2701 0.536908

OC3f n g m 3 0.683192 32.5816 0.53785

OC4f n g m 3 0.565741 25.4105 0.539449

OPf n g m 3 0.293345 25.5396 0.301123

CLf n g m 3 0.828178 20.7514 0.571971

CHLf n g m 3 0.793041 50.0833 0.742991

CRf n g m 3 0.177721 0.0130123 0.156517

CUf n g m 3 0.0758328 0.106484 0.0790615

H f n g m 3 0.960229 6.49758 1.03056

FEf n g m 3 0.989394 0.00235508 0.98945

PBf n g m 3 0.436584 0.128981 0.488012

MGf n g m 3 0.137225 7.19985 0.130827

MNf n g m 3 0.93184 0.0210698 0.870413

NIf n g m 3 0.881473 0.0337011 0.798853

NO3f n g m 3 0.948476 7.11332 0.95303

P f n g m 3 0.00182675 0.267163 0.00285253

K f n g m 3 0.91493 4.79583 0.78125

RBf n g m 3 0.578187 0.0254592 0.544419

SEf n g m 3 0.700857 0.0335768 0.523682

SIf n g m 3 0.917192 0.837694 0.962245

NAf n g m 3 0.460503 66.1901 0.379864

SRf n g m 3 0.841018 0.0297905 0.827722

S f n g m 3 0.989177 17.7374 0.91166

TIf n g m 3 0.970023 0.00609542 0.97761

V f n g m 3 0.832086 0.0656636 0.712203

ZNf n g m 3 0.826278 0.255054 0.709655

ZRf n g m 3 0.042069 0.0226822 0.0422665

M T n g m 3 0.887658 4.31543 0.982393

M F n g m 3 0.974334 64.7695 0.966846

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.989173 0.0727761 0.91113

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.948951 0.0137653 0.882016

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.741491 0.0620224 0.763422

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 NaN 0 . 0 .

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.95413 0.00355909 0.957757

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.74027 0.300391 1.0202

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0.804088 0.000693069 0.906387
HAVO1 (2005): PMF Results

Species Units Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 Factor 6 Factor 7 Factor 8 PMF Tot

ALf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 6.13344 0.00334468 0 . 0 . 0 . 6.13679

ASf n g m 3 0 . 0.00206355 0.00496155 0.00486093 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.011886

BRf n g m 3 0.0142777 0.0307078 0.108839 0 . 0.0174447 0.0216915 0.219235 0.00987742 0.422074

CAf n g m 3 0.3321 0.554109 3.59626 5.84108 0.87604 1.59709 0.773325 0.155154 13.7252

EC1f n g m 3 1.15614 1.54841 0 . 0.93376 27.8259 15.3129 13.9166 1.46301 62.1568

EC2f n g m 3 0.0519617 0.477806 0 . 0.318608 5.66093 0.933027 2.2156 0.990118 10.648

EC3f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.0872197 0.0201472 0 . 0.0617284 0.169095

OC1f n g m 3 1.12372 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1.12372

OC2f n g m 3 0.0264856 0 . 2.65518 1.68114 0 . 0 . 5.61154 0.234938 10.2093

OC3f n g m 3 1.99767 0 . 6.17633 0.396607 2.50674 0 . 3.54361 2.34838 16.9693

OC4f n g m 3 4.0905 0 . 4.23289 1.42284 10.3023 1.4667 8.16099 1.67202 31.3482

OPf n g m 3 0.377667 3.42867 0 . 2.36634 18.6887 11.9419 0.77578 0.963617 38.5427

CLf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 69.3894 1.76174 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 71.1512

CHLf n g m 3 0 . 21.4468 127.186 7.18721 1.56986 6.66288 35.3393 0 . 199.392

CRf n g m 3 0.00073713 0 . 0 . 0.00710591 0 . 0.00332237 0.00233264 0.00306865 0.0165667

CUf n g m 3 0.168743 0 . 0 . 0.00210684 0.0151864 0.0983002 0.00811729 0.0158079 0.308262

H f n g m 3 26.5654 1.87755 4.57238 3.17719 54.281 32.3474 8.19242 8.81218 139.826

FEf n g m 3 0.226421 0.085024 0.435186 6.84761 0.327649 0.606518 0.398242 0.193254 9.1199

PBf n g m 3 0.358165 0.0266473 0.0162938 0.0764438 0 . 0.128222 0.0468383 0.0269744 0.679585

MGf n g m 3 0.418606 1.04039 5.83964 0.304115 0 . 4.13309 0 . 0.370738 12.1066

MNf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.00954886 0.138388 0 . 0.00397725 0.0239051 0.00962049 0.18544

NIf n g m 3 0 . 0.0663157 0.0043075 0.00297183 0.00384307 0 . 0 . 0.0136299 0.091068

NO3f n g m 3 0 . 19.5487 21.9631 10.2371 2.45971 2.17265 10.6929 0 . 67.0741

P f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.00442637 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.0469526 0.051379

K f n g m 3 1.50578 0.862029 2.75693 3.41032 0.490176 3.51426 2.80078 0.266569 15.6068

RBf n g m 3 0.00249464 0.00266983 0.00495244 0.0249858 0 . 0.011339 0 . 0 . 0.0464417

SEf n g m 3 1.46359 0.0500683 0.0350202 0 . 0.14208 0 . 0 . 0 . 1.69075

SIf n g m 3 4.4145 0.146267 1.20837 21.6837 0 . 1.96494 0.779122 0 . 30.1969

NAf n g m 3 1.26328 14.9543 62.4283 0 . 8.00243 36.6909 0 . 0 . 123.339

SRf n g m 3 0.00319381 0.0158227 0.059502 0.0606752 0.00928965 0.0408181 0.00594449 0.00554929 0.200795

S f n g m 3 218.889 3.76481 36.7237 17.4816 286.336 10.2864 6.40475 14.7598 594.647

TIf n g m 3 0.0490798 0.00933956 0.0250326 0.657982 0.0756275 0 . 0.0484976 0.0502585 0.915817

V f n g m 3 0 . 0.132776 0 . 0.0134283 0 . 0 . 0.0239969 0.00308931 0.17329

ZNf n g m 3 0.254382 0.0572409 0.0281131 0 . 0 . 0.0675812 0.063808 0.462838 0.933963

ZRf n g m 3 0.00613605 0.000685813 0 . 0.00278265 0 . 0 . 0.00198432 0.000955322 0.0125442

M T n g m 3 1060.18 216.832 797.576 398.884 1630.36 526.719 432.205 143.566 5206.32

M F n g m 3 1170.31 0 . 433.684 204.721 1502.96 188.322 102.449 111.495 3713.94

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.902919 0.0155298 0.151485 0.0721116 1.18114 0.0424314 0.0264196 0.0608843 2.45292

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0 . 0.0252179 0.0283324 0.0132058 0.00317303 0.00280272 0.0137938 0 . 0.0865256

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.0106625 0.00480013 0.0182902 0.00821369 0.0440969 0.018772 0.0253287 0.00730654 0.137471

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.00120811 0.00202622 0 . 0.00125237 0.0335741 0.0162661 0.0161322 0.00251485 0.0729739

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.0121766 0.00149128 0.00997244 0.0948546 0.00237493 0.00896374 0.00425836 0.000818079 0.13491

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.110128 0.216832 0.363892 0.194163 0.127394 0.338397 0.329756 0.032071 1.49238

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0.00111455 0.0520114 0.227913 0.00566509 0.00465825 0 . 0.0681313 0.000122614 0.359616
HAVO1 (2005): IMPROVE results

SPECIES UNITS MAX MEAN MIN

ALf n g m 3 156.95 7.21018 0

ASf n g m 3 0.29 0.0135398 0

BRf n g m 3 1.56 0.428761 0.06

CAf n g m 3 159.22 14.398 1.06

EC1f n g m 3 381.8 72.3442 3.9

EC2f n g m 3 8 7 12.7088 14.9

EC3f n g m 3 31.1 0.613274 0

OC1f n g m 3 62.7 18.6779 70.3

OC2f n g m 3 115.5 5.73186 70.9

OC3f n g m 3 192.5 12.1407 80.7

OC4f n g m 3 158.8 31.1531 33.9

OPf n g m 3 281.8 53.5504 0

CLf n g m 3 985.3 84.3806 0

CHLf n g m 3 1343.5 209.087 5.5

CRf n g m 3 0.18 0.0163717 0

CUf n g m 3 3.89 0.323451 0

H f n g m 3 884.73 146.25 25.34

FEf n g m 3 131.93 9.24681 0.31

PBf n g m 3 8.26 0.695044 0

MGf n g m 3 88.65 10.2332 0

MNf n g m 3 2.73 0.190088 0

NIf n g m 3 0.48 0.0967257 0

NO3f n g m 3 301.8 69.4062 3.7

P f n g m 3 5.55 0.103451 0

K f n g m 3 87.67 16.108 2.01

RBf n g m 3 0.57 0.0472566 0

SEf n g m 3 32.61 1.70832 0

SIf n g m 3 431.11 34.4125 0

NAf n g m 3 456.37 126.152 0

SRf n g m 3 1.52 0.212655 0

S f n g m 3 4776.26 593.092 21.46

TIf n g m 3 11.43 0.939204 0

V f n g m 3 0.67 0.174956 0

ZNf n g m 3 6.26 0.941327 0

ZRf n g m 3 0.57 0.0163717 0

M T n g m 3 2 7 555.1 5240.17 0

M F n g m 3 2 9 019.2 3755.38 60.7

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 19.7021 2.44651 0.0885225

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.389322 0.0896813 0

Organic_Mass microg m 3 1.03644 0.202103 0

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.2065 0.0343071 0

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 2.01973 0.150718 0.0043592

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 5.8125 1.52972 0

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 2.4183 0.376534 0.000396

Species Units r^2 intercept slope

ALf n g m 3 0.940325 0.713076 0.75223

ASf n g m 3 0.467394 0.00898198 0.214482

BRf n g m 3 0.953321 0.0392414 0.89288

CAf n g m 3 0.936127 1.12619 0.875052

EC1f n g m 3 0.693565 18.3617 0.60537

EC2f n g m 3 0.427433 6.23465 0.347269

EC3f n g m 3 0.000623003 0.168142 0.00155363

OC1f n g m 3 0.235322 2.36697 0.0665627

OC2f n g m 3 0.177883 9.61248 0.104119

OC3f n g m 3 0.196014 15.6719 0.106867

OC4f n g m 3 0.520426 17.5034 0.444413

OPf n g m 3 0.58907 8.51486 0.560739

CLf n g m 3 0.911043 14.5201 0.671139

CHLf n g m 3 0.936531 3.89435 0.972258

CRf n g m 3 0.573307 0.00793177 0.527431

CUf n g m 3 0.894811 0.0345095 0.846348

H f n g m 3 0.957689 7.79317 0.902787

FEf n g m 3 0.990804 0.508055 1.04122

PBf n g m 3 0.976048 0.0119753 0.960528

MGf n g m 3 0.539445 7.89454 0.411605

MNf n g m 3 0.981293 0.000708528 0.979274

NIf n g m 3 0.646455 0.0363844 0.565347

NO3f n g m 3 0.834819 7.68105 0.855732

P f n g m 3 0.000755584 0.0516804 0.00291416

K f n g m 3 0.965879 0.827259 0.917533

RBf n g m 3 0.724599 0.0156929 0.650678

SEf n g m 3 0.997379 0.00809081 0.984982

SIf n g m 3 0.861875 1.30218 0.839658

NAf n g m 3 0.695529 35.9079 0.693063

SRf n g m 3 0.898632 0.0202523 0.848995

S f n g m 3 0.988294 23.8245 1.04279

TIf n g m 3 0.971794 0.0798975 1.06017

V f n g m 3 0.933931 0.0165521 0.895872

ZNf n g m 3 0.995628 0.0256276 0.964952

ZRf n g m 3 0.372559 0.00961843 0.178707

M T n g m 3 0.983775 85.1734 0.977287

M F n g m 3 0.994251 71.6849 0.969879

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.988135 0.106509 1.04952

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.816036 0.00190373 0.786102

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.390561 0.0365769 0.287

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.489741 0.00470518 0.347752

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.926293 0.00431007 0.786838

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.355933 0.255161 0.509825

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0.916453 0.00761513 0.975294
HAVO1 (2003-2008): PMF Results

Species Units Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 Factor 6 Factor 7 Factor 8 PMF Tot

ALf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.0503034 0 . 4.37882 0 . 0 . 0 . 4.42912

ASf n g m 3 0 . 0.000678422 0 . 0.00784962 0.00115754 0.000102677 0 . 0.00809151 0.0178798

BRf n g m 3 0.00276601 0.0143028 0.0327447 0.0205097 0.0114173 0.28578 0.00991731 0.133124 0.510561

CAf n g m 3 0.283843 0 . 0.392998 0.510583 4.91238 2.01132 0.892449 3.68367 12.6873

EC1f n g m 3 1.06708 1.28763 28.7035 4.33514 0.451143 10.1707 7.67277 0 . 53.688

EC2f n g m 3 0 . 0.404979 4.91696 0.642789 0.471816 1.09151 1.04548 0 . 8.57353

EC3f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.00515234 0.000928933 0.00084612 0.00138637 0.000122244 0.00162558 0.0100616

OC1f n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 2.13133 0 . 2.13133

OC2f n g m 3 0 . 0.279519 1.04202 2.84065 0 . 9.38194 0 . 1.05419 14.5983

OC3f n g m 3 0.843558 0.519448 0 . 0 . 0 . 16.4502 1.23303 3.71457 22.7608

OC4f n g m 3 1.61012 1.98145 5.62621 4.07935 0 . 15.6638 6.72372 0 . 35.6846

OPf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 26.0424 0 . 0 . 2.18462 0.593314 0 . 28.8204

CLf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1.99481 0 . 71.7889 73.7837

CHLf n g m 3 0 . 2.94435 10.9286 13.2646 4.98759 17.1306 0 . 160.758 210.014

CRf n g m 3 0.000621471 0.0032881 0.00289147 0.0022152 0.00381315 0.000200722 0.000116638 0.00147471 0.0146215

CUf n g m 3 0.15387 0.00906488 0.0682415 0 . 0.00131226 0.00440166 0.0387176 0.0165857 0.292193

H f n g m 3 16.1532 3.71505 52.6793 7.69798 1.17394 3.43022 51.6904 9.19389 145.734

FEf n g m 3 0.452797 0 . 0.148727 0.124859 5.80609 0.490444 0.142508 0.452951 7.61837

PBf n g m 3 0.441904 0.0127632 0.0805502 0.0248119 0.0666769 0.0260065 0.00145196 0.0257699 0.679935

MGf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 4.17688 0 . 0.42139 0 . 0 . 6.29676 10.895

MNf n g m 3 0.00112509 0.000855365 0.000250867 0 . 0.110243 0.0127781 0 . 0.00996464 0.135217

NIf n g m 3 0 . 0 . 0.00686668 0.102738 0 . 0 . 0.00180708 0 . 0.111412

NO3f n g m 3 0 . 0.542992 0.251627 20.9615 6.17343 11.6195 2.14551 23.8813 65.5759

P f n g m 3 0 . 0.00466663 0.00208934 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.0213568 0.0281128

K f n g m 3 1.5398 0.14448 2.34674 0.459004 2.93515 3.393 0.832286 3.42862 15.0791

RBf n g m 3 0 . 0.00136411 0.00420159 0.00333195 0.016772 0.00568087 0.00523559 0.0055774 0.0421635

SEf n g m 3 1.36225 0 . 0 . 0.0225219 0 . 0 . 0.243129 0.0237473 1.65165

SIf n g m 3 2.13225 1.28213 0.465075 0.410983 19.3843 2.17722 0 . 0.0310209 25.883

NAf n g m 3 0.905934 0 . 45.5707 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 76.054 122.531

SRf n g m 3 0.000613628 0.000578178 0.0207182 0.00744888 0.0540794 0.0235372 0.0123993 0.0766139 0.195989

S f n g m 3 69.2049 3.0889 58.9132 39.7109 0 . 0.310604 412.546 37.8226 621.597

TIf n g m 3 0 . 0.0137032 0 . 0.0154327 0.550325 0.0492535 0.0551836 0.0235164 0.707414

V f n g m 3 0 . 0.000915778 0 . 0.182296 0.00456314 0.00868585 0 . 0.00183964 0.198301

ZNf n g m 3 0.131564 0.693488 0 . 0 . 0.0244359 0.0945308 0.0298266 0 . 0.973845

ZRf n g m 3 0.000224408 0.0016408 0.00537592 0.000867068 0.00127345 0.00057309 0 . 0.00280255 0.0127573

M T n g m 3 235.881 24.8707 0 . 548.078 222.906 438.695 2938.59 1025. 5434.02

M F n g m 3 461.419 14.7803 310.824 233.885 95.0362 158.729 2347.76 459.929 4082.36

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.28547 0.0127417 0.243017 0.163807 0 . 0.00128124 1.70175 0.156018 2.56409

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0 . 0.00070046 0.000324599 0.0270403 0.00796372 0.0149891 0.00276771 0.0308069 0.0845929

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.00343514 0.00389259 0.0457949 0.00968799 0 . 0.0611527 0.0149539 0.00667627 0.145594

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.00106708 0.00169261 0.0336256 0.00497886 0.000923805 0.0112636 0.00871837 1.62558 1 0 6 0.0622715

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.00686774 0.00321908 0.00226921 0.0021877 0.0810258 0.00998215 0.00190662 0.00722339 0.114682

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.225538 0.0100904 0.310824 0.314193 0.12787 0.279966 0.590836 0.565069 1.35166

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0 . 0.00577348 0.0224086 0.000674047 0.00686381 0 . 0 . 0.318407 0.354127
HAVO1 (2003-2008): IMPROVE results

SPECIES UNITS MAX MEAN MIN

ALf n g m 3 178.12 5.80391 0 .

ASf n g m 3 2.52 0.0183908 0 .

BRf n g m 3 6.89 0.553606 0 .

CAf n g m 3 159.22 13.4898 0.46

EC1f n g m 3 1052.2 66.5181 5.1

EC2f n g m 3 113.3 14.9445 14.9

EC3f n g m 3 97.7 0.529167 0 .

OC1f n g m 3 373. 7.14511 70.3

OC2f n g m 3 303.6 17.5178 70.9

OC3f n g m 3 492. 21.3318 88.1

OC4f n g m 3 776.1 43.8267 33.9

OPf n g m 3 563.6 45.6237 404.8

CLf n g m 3 985.3 91.7068 0 .

CHLf n g m 3 1343.5 198.277 484.8

CRf n g m 3 0.35 0.0154167 0 .

CUf n g m 3 5.13 0.339511 0 .

H f n g m 3 1077.66 152.199 18.5

FEf n g m 3 131.93 7.86672 0.15

PBf n g m 3 11.66 0.691882 0 .

MGf n g m 3 150.99 11.7103 0 .

MNf n g m 3 2.73 0.144339 0 .

NIf n g m 3 2.53 0.128649 0 .

NO3f n g m 3 407. 72.7784 3.7

P f n g m 3 9.82 0.0635201 0 .

K f n g m 3 111.86 16.0575 1.89

RBf n g m 3 0.57 0.0469109 0 .

SEf n g m 3 43.91 1.74013 0 .

SIf n g m 3 1104.97 44.076 0 .

NAf n g m 3 2067.78 143.376 0 .

SRf n g m 3 1.52 0.211351 0 .

S f n g m 3 1 1 709.2 640.444 2.82

TIf n g m 3 11.43 0.771695 0 .

V f n g m 3 1.13 0.210115 0 .

ZNf n g m 3 16.6 0.977299 0 .

ZRf n g m 3 2.2 0.020819 0 .

M T n g m 3 6 8 166.7 5705.41 0 .

M F n g m 3 7 0 622.2 4244.09 60.7

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 48.3003 2.64183 0.0116325

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.52503 0.0939122 0 .

Organic_Mass microg m 3 3.7647 0.23969 0 .

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 0.6976 0.037576 0 .

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 2.83151 0.167931 0.00332295

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 26.9684 1.60857 0 .

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 2.4183 0.382649 0.000153

Species Units r^2 intercept slope

ALf n g m 3 0.643515 1.9984 0.418808

ASf n g m 3 0.00668325 0.0177004 0.00975473

BRf n g m 3 0.840786 0.129758 0.687859

CAf n g m 3 0.94413 0.771045 0.883351

EC1f n g m 3 0.549639 23.5206 0.453521

EC2f n g m 3 0.310018 5.39624 0.212605

EC3f n g m 3 0.00139598 0.0100326 0.0000548098

OC1f n g m 3 0.282779 2.69038 0.0782426

OC2f n g m 3 0.174643 12.2172 0.135928

OC3f n g m 3 0.213211 18.994 0.176582

OC4f n g m 3 0.278447 24.868 0.246804

OPf n g m 3 0.361426 13.3847 0.338325

CLf n g m 3 0.796301 22.6323 0.55777

CHLf n g m 3 0.774084 57.5104 0.769145

CRf n g m 3 0.178216 0.012027 0.168287

CUf n g m 3 0.781086 0.0583111 0.688879

H f n g m 3 0.9077 5.72133 0.919933

FEf n g m 3 0.968461 0.305523 1.00727

PBf n g m 3 0.985141 0.0109446 0.966913

MGf n g m 3 0.168602 9.29323 0.136785

MNf n g m 3 0.957357 0.00826693 0.879528

NIf n g m 3 0.303781 0.0744587 0.287241

NO3f n g m 3 0.735193 14.8975 0.696337

P f n g m 3 0.000195878 0.0280779 0.000549547

K f n g m 3 0.892395 2.14963 0.805195

RBf n g m 3 0.484348 0.0217649 0.434836

SEf n g m 3 0.942868 0.11229 0.884624

SIf n g m 3 0.343988 13.0952 0.29013

NAf n g m 3 0.162929 101.735 0.145046

SRf n g m 3 0.78196 0.0336634 0.768038

S f n g m 3 0.977429 28.2083 0.926526

TIf n g m 3 0.923942 0.0500572 0.981568

V f n g m 3 0.864798 0.0311974 0.795294

ZNf n g m 3 0.995588 0.0237144 0.972201

ZRf n g m 3 0.00760868 0.0126251 0.00635093

M T n g m 3 0.921671 421.489 0.878557

M F n g m 3 0.963213 297.432 0.891812

Ammonium_Sulfate_Mass microg m 3 0.977458 0.114946 0.928352

Ammonium_Nitrate_Mass microg m 3 0.734993 0.015905 0.635926

Organic_Mass microg m 3 0.249301 0.0269461 0.110631

Elemental_Carbon_Mass microg m 3 NaN 0 . 0 .

Fine_Soil_Mass microg m 3 0.537705 0.0290833 0.457669

Coarse_Mass microg m 3 0.0765809 0.500851 0.083088

Sea_Salt_Mass microg m 3 0.879629 0.0264978 0.994712
Brush Fire/Burning Vegetation

• This factor is characterized its short duration (2 adjacent measurements), 

high percentage of Phosphorus and Potassium total mass densities, and 

low NO3 and Sulfur mass densities. 

• The COHA PMF analysis 

(http://www.coha.dri.edu/web/general/tools_PMFModeling.html) did not 

have a similar factor.

• The EPA “Multivariate Receptor Modeling Workbook” (Sept 2005) 

identifies (http://www.sonomatechdata.com/sti_workbooks/#MVRMWB)

– Potassium as a “Key Species” for “Vegetative Burning, soil”

– NOTE: While Phosphorus is a “Key Species” for “Fuel Combustion”, the PMF r^2 for 

Phosphorus is approximately zero in most cases. The apparent presence of 

Phosphorus is thus not felt to be a reliable indicator of a man-made source. 
Brush Fire/Burning Vegetation: 2005-HALE1