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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, September           1989 (Revised 1991).**

*This is the second technical brief in the series           on site stabilization and maintenance developed through cooperation           among the Center for Archaeological Research at the University of Mississippi,           the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the National Park Service. The series           is based upon existing knowledge and stabilization project experiences           to provide programmatic guidance appropriate for problem solving. As           baseline information, the series demonstrates the highly variable conditions           surrounding archeological site loss, discusses alternatives, and suggests           how applicable stabilization techniques can be modified to meet needs.*

*Information exchange is an important objective of           this series. The National Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization           is organized as a central location at which to seek information as well           as to foster interactions among governmental agencies, professionals,           and the private sector. It is one solution to the concern for improving           technology transfer in historic preservation. The address           and telephone number of the Clearinghouse are given at the end of           this technical brief.*

**Introduction**

In an absolute sense, the preservation of archeological           sites is an unattainable goal, since the aging process of all materials           is ongoing. Techniques are available, however, to retard losses to site           integrity that are the result of natural and/or cultural processes.           To the extent that the processes that cause these losses can be slowed,           resources can be stabilized and protected, and in that sense, preserved.           Intentional site burial is offered as another of several alternatives           that may prove to be appropriate means of achieving that goal. 

Covering archeological sites is not a new phenomenon,           since the natural burial of sites is a common occurrence. The Murray           Springs site in southern Arizona (Haynes and Hemming 1968) and the Bacon           Bend site in eastern Tennessee (Chapman 1978) were covered as a result           of gradual colluvial and/or alluvial deposition, while the ancient Roman           cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii were rapidly sealed by volcanic activity.           Natural covering in these instances has worked in much the same manner           as artificial covering: some kinds of artifacts and ecofacts are well           preserved, while the loss of other kinds may be accelerated. 

In reality, stratified archeological deposits may be           viewed as microcosmic cases of site burial. Each succeeding occupation           or each succeeding flooding episode buries the preceding deposits and           to some extent, protects the earlier, lower occupational levels from           changes that may be the result of physical and chemical processes on           the land surface. Cultural and environmental changes proceed at sufficiently           gradual rates so that in most cases succeeding depositions are chemically           and biologically compatible with the lower levels and decay of the lower           levels is not accelerated. Mechanical loss of the lower levels of sites           occurs as new pits are dug, new posts are set, and as a result of bioturbation           associated with the latest in the series of occupations. Like the burial           of the Murray Springs and Bacon Bend sites, differential preservation           of the various artifact classes is an accepted property of archeological           sites. 

The burial or intentional covering of archeological           properties has been used as a means of protecting resources from natural           or mechanical loss (U.S. Department of the Interior 1975; Jensen 1976;           Chace 1981; Klinger 1982; Garfinkel and Lister 1983; Thorne, et al.           1987; Wilkie, Aide, and Knox 1986). Most of the completed intentional           site burial projects that have been reported are in or adjacent to construction           areas. An annotated bibliography describing some of those efforts is           given at the end of this technical brief. 

**Design of an Effective           Project**

The objective of this technical brief is to provide           guidance on design of an effective project for intentional site burial.           It identifies the process by which an archeological program manager           can: (1) evaluate the components of the site, (2) measure potential           impacts, including decay processes, against the goals for protecting           the site; (3) assess the benefits of intentional site burial; and (4)           specify the methods and procedures to be used in the project, including           cost considerations. 

Documented cases of site burial can be referred for           background technical and methodological support when a new project is           being considered, but every site that is considered for artificial covering           must be treated as a separate case. This is due in part to the extent           of variability among individual sites as well as the degree to which           the components of a single site will vary internally. Each site incorporated           into a stabilization design must be judged on its particular internal           and external components, even though several sites, in close proximity           to each other, may be scheduled for treatment. 

**Evaluation of Site           Components**

Since the stabilization of an archeological site follows           an orderly sequence of events (Thorne 1988a), a site's archeological           components will have already been defined at the beginning of a preservation           project. Testing for National Register eligibility will have demonstrated           the range of artifacts that must be protected, including bone, shell,           ceramic and lithic artifacts, wood and charcoal, and the variety of           features that must be considered in the development of a preservation           plan. In order to complete the evaluation of site components that is           necessary for the development of a design for the burial of a particular           site, additional information on components other than artifacts will           be required. These data may go beyond those that are collected during           the course of normal archeological investigations and may include: pH           determinations taken from a number of loci within the site; data indicating           ongoing and potential oxidation/reduction processes; and soil samples           of the site's matrix as well as the underlying strata. Many approaches           to the analysis of archeological soils have been taken. One example           is from resistivity surveys (Carr 1982). The definition for site matrix           follows Mathewson (1988) and Mathewson and Gonzales (1989). (See Figure           1 below.) The soil samples may have to be tested for compression strength           and permeability. 

The collection of these data will allow the development           of reasonable estimates of how a site's artifact and ecofact components           have reacted to their physical and chemical environments through time.           A model can then be derived to predict how the artifact component will           be affected by the placement of an artificial covering. These additional           data are necessary for the proper selection of the fill material that           will be used to cover the site, since chemical and organic compatibility           of both the site and fill are necessary. Post-burial monitoring assessments           must also rely on these data since they will form the baseline from           which all evaluations will be made.
**Figure                     1.**This model relates a change in                     the physical, chemical or biological environment of a site                     buried for preservation to the impact of that change on a                     specific site component or spatial relationship. (Matrix courtesy                     of Dr. Christopher Mathewson, Texas A and M University)E=Enhances Preservation                    A=Accelerates Decay                    N=Neutral or No Effect**SITE                     COMPONENTS****PROCESSES**Animal BonesShellPlantsCharcoalCrystaline LithicsGranular LithicsCeramicsAcid EnvironmentAAENNANBasic EnvironmentEEANNENDry (Cont.)EEEENENWet Anaerobic (Cont.)EEEAAAACompressionAAAANNAMovementNNNANNNWet-DryAAAAAAAMicro-                    organismsANAANNNMacro-                    organismsAAAANANWet AerobicAAAANAAFreeze-ThawAAAAAAAFreezeAAAANAAThawNNNNNAN Archeo. FeaturesSoil AttributesMetalsContextIsotope ContentTopo-                    graphy Acid EnvironmentNAANANBasic EnvironmentNAANNNDry (Cont.)NNENENWet Anaerobic (Cont.)AAANAACompressionAANANAMovementAANANAWet-DryAAANAAMicro-                    organismsNNAAANMacro-                    organismsAANANNWet AerobicAAANANFreeze-ThawAANAAAFreezeNENAENThawNANAAN
**Measurement of Impacts           and Setting Goals for Protection**

The design plan for intentional burial must be conceived           in a manner that will insure that maximum protection is afforded the           resource while minimizing any negative effects caused by such an overburden.           In order to determine the best design, a multidisciplinary team of specialists           is recommended. This team should include an archeologist, a geologist,           and an engineer. Each will have specific responsibilities in developing           the stabilization design plan. 

Their efforts must be integrated and not performed as           a series of independent steps. The archeologist must define the various           classes of artifacts that are to be preserved and indicate what classes,           if any, may ultimately be unprotected or lost (more about this later).           The geologist must review the basic preservation (artifact class) requirements           that have been set by the archeologist. The geologist should understand           the mechanisms of artifact decay and on that basis be able to prescribe           fill materials that will best fit the preservation needs of the resource.           Finally, the engineer will be charged with designing the mechanics of           the burial procedure. His or her level of understanding must extend           from fill acquisition and placement to the hydraulic properties of the           site and how hydraulic changes will affect the site's contents. He or           she will also be responsible for designing the placement of the fill           so the site components will not warp as a result of heavy equipment           movements or the weight of the fill column over time. 

During the process of arriving at the best plan for           covering a site, engineering and geologic design criteria that are imposed           on the project may seem unreasonable or unrealistic from the perspective           of the archeologist. Such instances should be overcome through team           negotiations. Successful design negotiations will be dependent on a           shared understanding of the preservation needs of the resource by all           team members. Frequently, however, design standards that must be met           are set by the land managing agency or by one of the organizations that           have established governing regulations for construction, e.g., the American           Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). When external criteria of this           kind must be taken into account, the archeologist must be prepared to           yield to those constraints. The best solution to problems of this kind           may be to seek innovative ways of meeting required standards while protecting           the archeological resource. 

**Decay Processes**

Predictions about future reactions must be based on           an understanding of the decay processes that operate on the various           components of an archeological site. Mitigation of the effects of the           decay processes and the external forces that impact the resource is           the primary goal of the stabilization effort. A secondary goal of not           accelerating ongoing decay or adding new destructive processes must           be a consideration of the stabilization design. 

Chemical processes related to oxidation and reduction           combined with soil pH characteristics are most likely to be the primary           causes for naturally stimulated site content loss. Cyclical wetting/drying           and freezing/thawing can affect the decay process through both chemical           and mechanical means. Culturally derived disturbance can act as a catalyst           that will speed up chemical and mechanical loss. Biological degeneration           of a resource is accelerated by macroorganism activities, e.g., burrowing           animals. Any environmental alteration that increases the number of microorganisms           will hasten the decay of some classes of artifacts and ecofacts. 

Current preservation technology, combined with the nature           of the decay processes that affect archeological materials, is such           that not all artifact classes can be protected simultaneously. Mathewson           (1988) has outlined some of the problem areas in site burial, and the           model of site decay can be useful in both understanding and predicting           how the preservation-natural decay process will proceed (Figure 1).           

Even though our current technology limits how far we           can go toward total stabilization, we can successfully design against           further loss of some of a site's components. As can be seen from the           Mathewson model, some design criteria will promote the preservation           of one kind of artifact while accelerating the loss of some others.           This suggests that when stabilization through burial is considered,           the design team may need to allow the loss of certain classes of artifacts           for the sake of preserving others. The natural decay processes that           occur as a midden develops will almost always include an aspect of differential           preservation of artifact classes. The artificial burial of a cultural           deposit will embody those some aspects, but in a carefully conceived           framework. 

To illustrate the usefulness of the model, it is possible           through inspection to predict that if a continuously dry environment           is designed, preservation of some aspects of the site will be enhanced           while other artifact classes will remain unaffected. This type of dry           environment would be nearly identical to those found in the caves of           semi-arid and arid areas. In most parts of the United States we are           unlikely to construct a continuously dry environment. We can, however,           engineer site covering plans in such a manner that the hydraulic character           of the site is altered dramatically from its natural state and a site's           matrix is dried considerably. Conversely, and as can be seen from the           model, the rate of loss to more classes of artifacts increases with           the level of moisture. 

Again, drawing from the model, if an alkaline environment           is artificially created, bone, shell, and the granular lithic assemblage           would be better preserved while plant material, soil attributes, and           metal artifacts would be lost at a faster rate. If by design the site           stays continuously wet and an aerobic state exists, decay of all organic           artifacts and remains will be hastened. 

**Benefits of Intentional           Site Burial**

The difficulties of covering a site are more apparent           than real and can be overcome through a stabilization program that is           designed with care. Advantages will accrue to the resource that have           been previously unavailable. Protection from loss can be extended to           both natural and cultural processes. (A convenient summary of these           processes appears in Mathewson 1989.) 

**Protection from cultural           processes**          Culturally derived site loss includes vandalism, looting, and the full           range of development activities. Vandalism, which is considered to be           acts of deliberate or unintentional damage to or destruction of archeological           resources, will be totally eliminated since the site and its contents           will be removed from immediate accessibility. Site burial should at           least make looting of site contents for personal pleasure or financial           gain more difficult, if not impossible. Protection from development           activities is the most direct benefit, particularly when the multidisciplinary           team responsible for the stabilization design plan clearly defines and           sets such goals. 

**Protection from natural           processes**Naturally occurring loss is a combination of site and           content aging with some form of erosion. If a site is not shielded from           the consequences of rainfall, the combined effects of frost heaves,           subsequent rainfall and strong winds, deflation of the surface will           be continuous. The effects of acid rain on site contents are as yet           poorly understood, but some form of protection may be necessary. 

An obvious advantage of site burial is that surface           erosion of the archeological matrix is eliminated when a new land surface           is produced. Similarly, future freezing and thawing can be eliminated           by designing the fill depth to exceed the depth of the frost line. 
**Figure 2.**               The Rock Creek Site, Natchez Trace Parkway, Alabama: Site returned               to cultivation.
 Newly created land surface or strata can also provide           relief from the absorbed effects of acid rain as well as serving to           shed rainwater. Sites that are within reservoir or lake drawdown zones           or along the splash zone of lake margins are not considered to be prime           candidates for this treatment. Earth burial is only an appropriate means           of stabilizing sites in wave impact environments if the design plan           includes some form of hard covering that will protect the newly created           surface, e.g., riprap, bulkheads, or filter fabric. (See Thorne 1988b           for discussion of the use of filter fabrics as protective hard covering.)           
**Figure 3.**               The Rock Creek Site, Natchez Trace Parkway, Alabama: Buried site               approximately two years later showing damage from farm equipment.
Revegetation should be a part of the stabilization plan           to insure land surface stability, and the newly created land surface           can be used for a variety of purposes within specified limits. In specific           instances, surface stability can be assured while cash crops are being           cultivated on the newly placed fill. Care must be exercised in allowing           agricultural production to continue after fill is in place (Figure 2),           and there must be regular monitoring to insure that post-burial damage           is minimized (Figure 3).

If properly designed, the site and the superimposed           fill can be used as extra-load bearing strata for parking lot construction.           The broadest possible post-burial uses of the new land surface should           be anticipated during the preservation planning and design phase. The           design criteria for those uses must be incorporated into the stabilization           program. 

**Project Methods and           Procedures**

Several other concerns must be taken into account before           proceeding with the actual burial of an archeological resource. First           among these is the establishment of a reference or benchmark system           so that the site and specific loci within it can be relocated in the           future. This is particularly important if future scientific investigation           is specified as a goal for the burial project. Permanent markers should           be set and appropriate maps should be marked to indicate the location           of the site. Pertinent benchmark data should be noted on the maps as           well as contained in a written report. Clear and easily located on-the-ground           marking is particularly important if the site is likely to be in a construction           impact zone in the future. If post-burial use of the newly created stratigraphic           layer is anticipated, benchmark placement should be done in such a manner           as to accommodate the new use. 

To insure that there is no inadvertent mixing between           the archeological matrix and the covering material, the installation           of some form of horizon marker may be desirable. A number of filter           fabrics are available that can serve such a purpose (Thorne 1988b).           Most of the filter fabrics are chemically inert and have a relatively           long lifespan if exposure to the sun is minimized. Alternatively, culturally           sterile sand, gravel, furnace slag (1/4"), or a clay-gravel lens may           be placed between the fill and the site matrix to clearly mark the stratigraphic           contact zone. Gravels and other naturally occurring materials may be           used, but only if they have a zero distribution within the archeological           matrix. Care must also be taken to insure that the horizon marker does           not alter the chemical or hydrostatic character of the cultural deposit           unless such a change has been intentionally incorporated into the burial           design. The use of tightly compacted clays or clay-gravels has the potential           of altering the permeability of the site as well as introducing pH variations.           

**Burying the site**          The mechanical process of burying the site must be designed in a manner           that will insure that the site matrix is protected during the placement           process. Preconstruction testing can be used to determine the construction           equipment and fill material load limits that are allowable without causing           compression or warpage of the artifact and feature components of the           site. Compression from the weight of the machinery necessary to place           the fill should not pose a problem since relatively heavy equipment           exerts only a small amount of vertical pressure per square inch. As           the depth of the fill increases, the pressure exerted by any equipment           crossing the site is further dissipated. Vibrations that might cause           settling of the matrix are similarly reduced and dampened as the depth           of the fill increases. Consideration should be given to damage to upper           levels of the site that may result from the grinding action of heavy           equipment traffic. It is essential that the first layer of fill to be           placed across the site be thick enough to adequately buffer the matrix.           Equipment operators should be provided with sufficient information about           the project so that they will understand the need to protect the site           from equipment movement. Tracked equipment is preferred because the           pads on the tracks effectively spread the weight of the equipment over           a greater area. 

**Monitoring the site**          Finally, provisions must be made to monitor the site once the burial           process is completed. In this instance, post-burial monitoring of the           site may go beyond simply making periodic inspection visits. While monitoring           must include regularly scheduled inspections, those visits will be made           for the specific purpose of continuing to contribute to the protection           of the resource. 

Post-burial monitoring, as recommended here, will have           several meanings. Any of these can be applied to any site, but each           must be used on a site-by-site basis. At its lowest level, monitoring           will be completed to do little more than regularly ascertain the condition           of the surface of the site and to have those observations recorded.           At the next level, site condition observations will be made, problems           of stability noted, and some effort will then be made to rectify any           problems. These two views of monitoring deal with the condition of the           newly created surface and not with the buried archeological site. The           most complex of the monitoring procedures will deal with determining           the condition of the archeological matrix. Since the resource will no           longer be readily accessible, the decision must be made during the design           phase of the project as to which monitoring approach will be taken.           If it is to be the latter course, evaluation procedures must be incorporated           into the total burial plan. 

Post-burial test areas should be determined, and these           loci must be noted on appropriate maps and tied to the system of benchmarks           that will be set to mark the location of the site. If subsurface evaluations           are planned for a number of years, a schedule of specific test loci           should be prepared. The location of these successive test units will           be in part dependent on the types of evaluation data that are to be           recovered. Generally, if test excavation and boring placements are to           be used, they should be designed to avoid known or suspected archeological           feature locations. Any form of blind subsurface testing such as boring           always has the potential of damaging or destroying significant features           unless locations are incorporated into the burial design. 

Electronic monitoring of subsurface conditions also           should be considered during the design phase of the project. Various           metering gauges are available to record pressure and soil movement both           vertically and horizontally. Magnetic displacement gauges that are designed           to measure movement under road surfaces are appropriate for use in an           archeological context and their use will not require any subfill disturbance.           

If sufficient testing is completed prior to working           out a burial design and if the burial design is properly conceived,           no additional disturbance should accrue to the cultural deposit as a           result of placement of the fill. Responsibility for the adequacy of           the design will be in the hands of the geologist and the engineer and,           given an appropriate design, site monitoring should be concerned with           only the condition of the superimposed fill material. 

To insure that the appropriate monitoring regimen is           adequately carried out, a schedule should be prepared that details a           timetable for the process and the extent to which testing will be taken.           A statement specifying the intent of the monitoring as well as the schedule           for inspection visits should be incorporated into an agreement that           will be signed prior to completing the plans to bury the resource. 

**Cost considerations**          Costs for the burial of a resource will vary from site to site and are           dependent on a number of factors. Certain fixed costs can be anticipated,           however. Salary or professional fees and overhead should be included           for the multidisciplinary team (archeologist, geologist, and engineer)           for both the design and installation phases. Geologic and engineering           sample collection and analysis costs must be anticipated, both for the           matrix and the fill material. If a natural filter is to be installed,           it also should be tested to insure compatibility with the site's geological           and hydraulic components. Engineering survey and setting of the permanent           benchmarks will be additional essential costs since benchmarks must           be carefully located to facilitate post-installation monitoring. 

Material costs will include the benchmarks, the filtering           agent and its installation, the fill material and its transportation           and placement, and any remote sensing monitoring devices. If revegetation           of the newly created surface is a part of the design plan, acquisition           and installation of cover plants will form part of the total cost. If           fertilizer must be used as a part of such a plan, care must be taken           that it not affect the chemical composition of the archeological deposits.           

Monitoring costs for the proposed period should be anticipated,           and a mechanism must be devised to insure that future funding is available.           Most previously completed projects recommend subsurface testing over           a period of years that typically goes beyond the ability of any agency           to guarantee funding. The direct consequence is that agencies will be           reluctant at best to enter into such an agreement, since budgetary structuring           is established on a year-by-year basis. 

It may be that the most direct route to post-burial           monitoring funds will be through a specific line item request in the           operations and maintenance budget of the appropriate branch of an agency.           In many instances, the construction unit of an agency will relinquish           responsibility for a project once construction is completed, and maintenance           for the post-burial period will become the responsibility of another           branch. Communication of responsibility between branches is an absolute           necessity if these responsibilities are to be adequately met. 

To insure that adequate funds are available and that           the monitoring process is regular and timely, funds should be placed           in the line item budget on a yearly basis. Once the item becomes a specific           part of a budget, continuation on a yearly basis will be less difficult           and will insure also that the monitoring effort meets preservation requirements.           

**Request for Assistance**

Information exchange about site stabilization is available          from and should be reported to: 

Dr. Robert M. Thorne          National Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization          Center for Archaeological Research          University of Mississippi          University, MS 38677          phone: (662) 915-7316          fax: (662) 915-7129          email: [email protected]

**Archeological Site           Stabilization Bibliography**

The National Clearinghouse for Archaeological Site Stabilization           maintains a bibliography that is intended to support the conceptualization,           design, and development of site stabilization and preservation projects.           The bibliography is divided into four sections: (1) Philosophy, (2)           Technical Support, (3) Management Recommendations, and (4) Practical           Applications. Annotations follow some of the entries and provide the           user with a brief but sufficient sketch of the entry. As new source           materials become available they are entered into the reference work.           

*Section 1 - Philosophy* provides an overview for           site preservation and stabilization and provides the user with sufficient           background to philosophically justify archeological site stabilization           projects. *Section 2 - Technical Support* draws together technical           information that is generally unknown to archeologists. Reliance on           and knowledge of these data are integral to the design of stabilization           projects, particularly if cost effective and innovative stabilization           measures are to be put into place. *Section 3 - Management Recommendations*           contains a mix of projects to provide the user with an idea of how site           stabilization has been approached. *Section 4 - Practical Applications*           is devoted to the presentation of specific archeological site stabilization           case histories. Data contained in these case histories will provide           an insight into the planning and implementation of stabilization projects.           

For a copy of the Bibliography, write to the address           listed above. 

Return to: Technical           Briefs | References           Cited            | **introduction**

**design                 of an effective project**

**evaluation                 of site components**

**measurement                 of impacts and setting goals for Protection**

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