RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 29, 2023; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2022-CA-1109-MR

ALFONSO DIAZ-DIAZ APPELLANT 

v. 

APPEAL FROM WOODFORD CIRCUIT COURT

HONORABLE JEREMY MICHAEL MATTOX, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 13-CR-00061

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE 

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; CETRULO AND COMBS, JUDGES.

THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE: Alfonso Diaz-Diaz appeals from an order of the 

Woodford Circuit Court which denied his Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure 

(RCr) motion to vacate his conviction due to ineffective assistance of counsel. 

Appellant argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his 

counsel did not communicate effectively with him due to a language barrier. 

Appellant also claims that trial counsel failed to conduct an adequate pretrial 

investigation, failed to hire a toxicologist, failed to hire an accident 
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reconstructionist, and failed to subject a blood test to a Daubert1 hearing. 

Appellant also argues that his trial counsel failed to inform him of possible lesser 

included sentences that may have been available. We find no error and affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On April 21, 2013, Appellant attended a rodeo in Woodford County. 

At this rodeo, Appellant consumed alcohol. Appellant began causing a disturbance 

at the rodeo and was asked to leave by security. Evidence in the record indicates 

that security believed Appellant was intoxicated. Appellant left the rodeo in his 

vehicle. He eventually began driving in the wrong lane on US 60 in Woodford 

County. Multiple 911 calls were made regarding his driving. Ultimately, 

Appellant crashed into a vehicle being driven by the Cohern family. Three adults 

and a child were injured, one child was killed, and another child was uninjured. At 

the accident site, Appellant smelled of alcohol and police found twelve empty beer 

bottles in his vehicle.

On July 3, 2013, a grand jury indicted Appellant on one count of 

murder;

2

four counts of first-degree assault;3two counts of first-degree wanton 

1 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786, 125 L. Ed. 2d 

469 (1993).

2 Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 507.020.

3 KRS 508.010.
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endangerment;

4 one count of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence 

of alcohol (DUI), first offense, with aggravating circumstances;

5

and one count of 

operating a vehicle without a license.6 Appellant hired attorney Brian Darling to 

represent him. Mr. Darling had previously represented Appellant and spoke 

Spanish.

On June 4, 2014, Appellant entered a guilty plea in which he would 

plead guilty to all the charges and receive a twenty-five-year term of 

imprisonment. During the plea hearing, Appellant and the trial court entered into a 

lengthy plea colloquy. Although Appellant spoke little English, a Spanish 

speaking interpreter from the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC) was 

present. His sentencing was then set for August 6, 2014. 

Two days before the sentencing, Appellant, through counsel, filed a 

motion to withdraw his guilty plea. On August 6, the trial court heard arguments 

on the motion. Appellant argued that he was not a native Spanish speaker, but 

raised speaking a language called Zoque. Appellant alleged that while he could 

speak the Spanish language, he did not fully understand the legal terms used by his 

attorney and the AOC Spanish interpreter. In other words, Appellant claimed that 

4 KRS 508.060.

5 KRS 189A.010(5)(a).

6 KRS 186.410(1).
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he was not fully aware of what the guilty plea meant and did not understand that he 

was being sentenced to twenty-five years in prison. The trial court denied the 

motion to withdraw the guilty plea and sentenced Appellant according to its terms. 

On June 9, 2015, Appellant filed a pro se RCr 11.42 motion alleging 

ineffective assistance of counsel. In July of 2015, the trial court issued an order 

setting the matter for a hearing and appointed the Department of Public Advocacy 

to represent Appellant.7 The DPA attorney then filed a supplemental RCr 11.42 

motion which included additional allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel.

In November of 2019, the trial court held a two-day hearing. The 

following people testified at the hearing: Appellant; Mr. Darling, Appellant’s trial 

attorney; Dr. Rusty Barrett, a linguistic anthropologist and expert in the Zoque 

language; and Ilse Apestegui, the AOC interpreter who was present at Appellant’s 

plea hearing and sentencing hearing. On August 15, 2022, the trial judge denied 

Appellant’s RCr 11.42 motion. This appeal followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Generally, to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, 

Appellant must show two things:

First, the defendant must show that counsel’s 

performance was deficient. This requires showing that 

counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not 

7

Judge Rob Johnson presided over Appellant’s plea and sentencing hearings. Judge Jeremy 

Mattox presided over Appellant’s RCr 11.42 motion and hearing.
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functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by 

the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show 

that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. 

This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so 

serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial 

whose result is reliable.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d 

674 (1984). “[T]he proper standard for attorney performance is that of reasonably 

effective assistance.” Id. 

An error by counsel, even if professionally 

unreasonable, does not warrant setting aside the 

judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no 

effect on the judgment. The purpose of the Sixth 

Amendment guarantee of counsel is to ensure that a 

defendant has the assistance necessary to justify reliance 

on the outcome of the proceeding. Accordingly, any 

deficiencies in counsel’s performance must be prejudicial 

to the defense in order to constitute ineffective assistance 

under the Constitution. 

Id. at 691-92, 104 S. Ct. at 2066-67 (citations omitted). “It is not enough for the 

defendant to show that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of 

the proceeding.” Id. at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2067. “The defendant must show that 

there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the 

result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a 

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694, 104 S. 

Ct. at 2068. 

At the trial court level, “[t]he burden is upon the 

accused to establish convincingly that he was deprived of 
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some substantial right which would justify the 

extraordinary relief afforded by . . . RCr 11.42.” On 

appeal, the reviewing court looks de novo at counsel’s 

performance and any potential deficiency caused by 

counsel’s performance.

And even though, both parts of the Strickland test 

for ineffective assistance of counsel involve mixed 

questions of law and fact, the reviewing court must defer 

to the determination of facts and credibility made by the 

trial court. Ultimately however, if the findings of the 

trial judge are clearly erroneous, the reviewing court may 

set aside those fact determinations. [Kentucky Rules of 

Civil Procedure (CR)] 52.01 (“[f]indings of fact shall not 

be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall 

be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the 

credibility of the witness.”) The test for a clearly 

erroneous determination is whether that determination is 

supported by substantial evidence. This does not mean 

the finding must include undisputed evidence, but both 

parties must present adequate evidence to support their 

position.

Brown v. Commonwealth, 253 S.W.3d 490, 500 (Ky. 2008) (citations omitted).

Keeping the above standard in mind, we must also take into account 

that this case involved a guilty plea. When analyzing alleged ineffective assistance 

of counsel claims as they pertain to guilty pleas, we must consider the following:

A showing that counsel’s assistance 

was ineffective in enabling a defendant to 

intelligently weigh his legal alternatives in 

deciding to plead guilty has two 

components: (1) that counsel made errors so 

serious that counsel’s performance fell 

outside the wide range of professionally 

competent assistance; and (2) that the 

deficient performance so seriously affected 
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the outcome of the plea process that, but for 

the errors of counsel, there is a reasonable 

probability that the defendant would not 

have pleaded guilty, but would have insisted 

on going to trial.

Evaluating the totality of the circumstances 

surrounding the guilty plea is an inherently factual 

inquiry which requires consideration of “the accused’s 

demeanor, background and experience, and whether the 

record reveals that the plea was voluntarily made.” 

While “[s]olemn declarations in open court carry a strong 

presumption of verity,” “the validity of a guilty plea is 

not determined by reference to some magic incantation 

recited at the time it is taken [.]” The trial court’s inquiry 

into allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel 

requires the court to determine whether counsel’s 

performance was below professional standards and 

“caused the defendant to lose what he otherwise would 

probably have won” and “whether counsel was so 

thoroughly ineffective that defeat was snatched from the 

hands of probable victory.” Because “[a] multitude of 

events occur in the course of a criminal proceeding which 

might influence a defendant to plead guilty or stand 

trial,” the trial court must evaluate whether errors by trial 

counsel significantly influenced the defendant’s decision 

to plead guilty in a manner which gives the trial court 

reason to doubt the voluntariness and validity of the plea.

Bronk v. Commonwealth, 58 S.W.3d 482, 486-87 (Ky. 2001) (citations omitted).

ANALYSIS

Appellant’s first argument on appeal is that his counsel was 

ineffective because trial counsel could not properly communicate with him. 

Appellant claims that trial counsel failed to realize that Appellant could not 

effectively understand or communicate in Spanish, did not hire an interpreter who 
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could speak Zoque, and caused him to enter a guilty plea involuntarily. Appellant 

testified at the RCr 11.42 hearing that he could not always understand Mr. Darling 

when he was trying to explain legal concepts to him and that counsel’s Spanish 

was sometimes unclear. Dr. Barrett, the Zoque language expert, testified that he 

spoke with Appellant and discussed the case with him. Dr. Barrett’s conclusion 

was that, while Appellant was proficient in Spanish, he had difficulty 

understanding specialized legal terms and concepts and was unable to effectively 

communicate with his attorney throughout the legal process. 

On the other hand, Mr. Darling testified that he was able to 

communicate with Appellant using Spanish. He also testified that he would 

sometimes utilize AOC interpreters when speaking with his client in conference 

rooms at the courthouse.8 In addition, Ms. Apestegui, the AOC interpreter, 

testified that, because of her profession, she had a good sense about whether a 

defendant was having trouble understanding her translation. When asked if she 

believed Appellant had difficulty understanding her, she testified that he was able 

to understand her, and she saw no indications Appellant was having trouble.9 She 

8 Appellant testified that Mr. Darling never used an interpreter.

9 Ms. Apestegui could not remember specifics regarding Appellant’s plea and sentencing 

hearings; however, she reviewed the video recordings of both hearings and based her testimony 

off of that review.
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also testified that if she believed Appellant could not fully understand her, she 

would have notified the court.

The trial court concluded that Appellant was able to understand the 

guilty plea process. The court based this on the testimony of Mr. Darling and Ms. 

Apestegui. In addition, Judge Mattox reviewed the plea and sentencing hearings 

and noted that Judge Johnson spent around twenty minutes on Appellant’s plea 

colloquy. Further, any time Appellant expressed he was having difficulty 

understanding during the plea hearing, Judge Johnson would explain things to him. 

Judge Johnson also asked Appellant if Mr. Darling had explained the plea 

agreement to him and explained his rights. Appellant answered in the affirmative 

to those questions. Finally, Appellant ably asked Judge Johnson and the AOC 

interpreter for clarification and to repeat themselves a few times during the 

hearings, and those requests were carried out.

Based on these facts, the trial court believed Appellant was able to 

understand the guilty plea process. We find no error. Judge Mattox was faced 

with competing theories on whether Appellant was able to fully understand the 

plea process. It was his prerogative which testimony to find more credible, Brown, 

supra, and we must defer to his findings if they are supported by substantial 

evidence. We believe that there is substantial evidence to support the trial court’s 

conclusion. Mr. Darling and Ms. Apestegui both believed Appellant understood 
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what was happening during the plea and sentencing hearings. Additionally, the 

plea colloquy was extremely thorough and Appellant stated that he understood his 

rights and was satisfied with Mr. Darling’s representation. Trial counsel was not 

ineffective in this instance.

Appellant’s next argument on appeal is that trial counsel was 

ineffective for failing to conduct a thorough pretrial investigation before advising 

Appellant to enter a guilty plea. Appellant claims that Mr. Darling did not review 

the discovery with him, inform him of any defenses he might have should the case 

go to trial, or inform him of any independent investigations that might be carried 

out in his defense. 

Appellant does not advise this Court as to how a pretrial investigation 

would have benefited his case. He points to no witnesses or other evidence that 

could potentially help his cause. Appellant was found at the scene of the accident, 

his car was involved in the accident, and he was driving on the wrong side of the 

road. He also admitted on the record before the trial court that he caused the 

accident. A pretrial investigation would have been futile. 

In addition, Mr. Darling testified that he did review the case with 

Appellant, including the discovery and possible defenses he might have. Mr. 

Darling also testified that he discussed the possibility of getting a lengthier 
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sentence if he went to trial. Finally, Mr. Darling testified that Appellant’s focus 

was getting the best plea deal possible. 

Again, we have an instance of conflicting testimony. When it comes 

to witness credibility and weighing testimony, we must defer to the trial court. 

Brown, supra. Here, the trial court found no error and that finding is supported by 

substantial evidence.

Appellant next argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to 

hire a toxicologist as an expert witness and for failing to request a Daubert hearing. 

After the accident, Appellant was transported to the hospital and his blood was 

drawn. A blood serum test was conducted and the alcohol content in his blood 

serum was found to be 220 mg/dL. “Blood serum occurs when the solid cellular 

material in whole blood is precipitated out, leaving only the liquid portion called 

serum. When this serum is tested for alcohol a higher BAC[10] often results as more 

alcohol is concentrated in the liquid serum.” Love v. Commonwealth, 55 S.W.3d 

816, 821 (Ky. 2001). Appellant argues that a toxicologist could have thrown doubt 

onto his level of intoxication due to a serum test being performed and not a whole 

blood test, which is the usual method of testing for alcohol intoxication. Appellant 

also argues that a Daubert hearing would have shown a serum test is unreliable.

KRS 189A.010(1) states in pertinent part:

10 Blood alcohol concentration.
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A person shall not operate or be in physical control of a 

motor vehicle anywhere in this state:

(a) Having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more 

as measured by a scientifically reliable test or tests of 

a sample of the person’s breath or blood taken within 

two (2) hours of cessation of operation or physical 

control of a motor vehicle[.]

KRS 189A.005(1) defines alcohol concentration as “either grams of alcohol per 

100 milliliters of blood or grams of alcohol per 210 liters of breath[.]” Here, 

Appellant argues that a toxicologist and Daubert hearing could have shown that 

blood serum testing was not a reliable method of determining if a person was 

above the legal limit of alcohol intoxication according to the standards set out in 

Kentucky statutes.

We do not believe Mr. Darling was ineffective as to this issue. A

person’s BAC is not required to prove the crime of driving under the influence. 

KRS 189A.010(1)(b) states that it is unlawful for a person to operate a vehicle 

under the influence of alcohol. KRS 189A.010(3) allows proof, other than a 

person’s BAC, to be introduced to prove intoxication. Here, there was ample proof 

that Appellant was intoxicated while he was driving. He was asked to leave the 

rodeo due to intoxication, he was driving on the wrong side of the road, there were 

twelve empty beer bottles in his car, and he smelled like alcohol. There was a 

plethora of proof showing that Appellant was driving while intoxicated even 
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without a BAC. A toxicologist and Daubert hearing were unnecessary and we find 

no error. 

Appellant’s next claim is that Mr. Darling should have consulted with 

an accident reconstructionist. This argument is without merit. As the trial court 

stated in the order being appealed, “[t]he employment of an accident 

reconstructionist would [not] make any difference whatsoever.” We agree. 

Appellant was driving on the wrong side of the road and collided with the Cohern 

family’s vehicle. How an accident reconstructionist could have helped Appellant’s 

case is unclear. Again, we find no error.

Appellant’s next argument on appeal is that his trial counsel was 

ineffective for failing to inform him that, had he gone to trial, he would have been 

eligible for jury instructions which would include lesser included offenses. Again, 

we find no error here. Mr. Darling testified that he went over the elements of the 

case with Appellant and possible lesser included offenses. In addition, Mr. Darling 

testified that Appellant was focused on getting the best plea deal possible with the 

least amount of time. We find no error as to this issue.

Appellant’s final argument on appeal is that he was denied effective 

assistance of counsel due to trial counsel’s accumulated errors. Cumulative error is 

a doctrine “under which multiple errors, although harmless individually, may be 

deemed reversible if their cumulative effect is to render the trial fundamentally 
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unfair. We have found cumulative error only where the individual errors were 

themselves substantial, bordering, at least, on the prejudicial.” Brown v.

Commonwealth, 313 S.W.3d 577, 631 (Ky. 2010) (citation omitted). We have 

indicated in this Opinion that Appellant’s trial counsel did not make any errors; 

therefore, there can be no reversal based on cumulative error. 

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the Woodford 

Circuit Court. 

ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:

Kieran J. Comer

Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Cameron

Attorney General of Kentucky

Jenny L. Sanders

Assistant Attorney General

Frankfort, Kentucky