1

Filed 6/11/15 City of Indian Wells v. Lawellin CA4/2 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION TWO 

CITY OF INDIAN WELLS, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

DOUGLAS A. LAWELLIN et al., 

 Defendants and Appellants. 

 E060000 

 (Super.Ct.No. INC1206444) 

 OPINION 

 APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John G. Evans, Judge. 

Affirmed. 

 Franceschi Law Corporation and Ernest J. Franceschi, Jr. for Defendants and 

Appellants. 

 Best Best & Krieger and Douglas S. Phillips for Plaintiff and Respondent. 

I 

INTRODUCTION 

 This matter concerns a tall ficus tree hedge located on defendants Douglas 

Lawellin and Steven Rohlin’s (defendants) residential property. The hedge violates the 
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City of Indian Wells’ (City) zoning ordinance limiting the height of hedges to a 

maximum of nine feet (Ordinance 652). After a neighbor complained the hedge was 

blocking her view of the desert mountains, the City filed an application to abate the hedge 

as a public nuisance. Defendants appeal from judgment entered following the trial court 

granting the City’s application for an abatement warrant and motion for attorney fees and 

costs. 

 Defendants contend the City failed to prove the hedge constituted a public 

nuisance and the City does not have authority to abate the hedge as a private nuisance. 

Defendants further assert that Ordinance 652’s expansive definition of a public nuisance 

is preempted by state statutory nuisance law. Defendants also argue that, even if the 

hedge qualifies as a nuisance under Ordinance 652, the hedge is a permissible 

nonconforming land use exempt from abatement. In addition, defendants contend the 

trial court abused its discretion in granting the City’s motion for attorney fees and costs. 

 We conclude Ordinance 652, limiting the height of hedges on residential property, 

is enforceable as a valid exercise of the City’s police power related to promoting public 

welfare and comfort, and is not preempted by state law. It is undisputed defendants’ 

hedge violates Ordinance 652 and therefore constitutes a nuisance per se subject to 

abatement under the ordinance. Defendants’ hedge does not qualify as a permissible 

nonconforming land use. We also conclude defendants have not shown the trial court 

abused its discretion in awarding the City attorney fees and costs as the prevailing party. 

We affirm the judgment. 
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II 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

 In August 2011, the City Council adopted Ordinance 652, effective September 

2011, which amended Indian Wells Municipal Code (IWMC) section 21.50.051 hedge 

height standards of the City’s zoning code.1 Subdivision (a) of IWMC section 21.50.051, 

as amended, provides that “no hedge within a building setback area on any single family 

residential lot shall exceed nine feet (9’) in height . . . .” Subdivision (c)(2) also limits 

side and rear yard hedges to a height of nine feet. Before the amendment, the height 

limitation was six feet, and then the City stopped enforcing it in 2007. Due to resident 

complaints, the City readopted the hedge height ordinance in 2011, with an increase in 

the height limitation from six feet to nine feet. Subdivision (e) provides that such a hedge 

height violation constitutes a public nuisance. Subdivision (f) provides authority for the 

City to enforce the hedge restriction by bringing an action to abate the nuisance. 

 In June 2008, Susan Aldridge purchased a residence on Alta Mira Drive, in Indian 

Wells, but did not move in until late 2010, after remodeling the residence. Her backyard 

abuts the backyard of defendants’ property on Vista Dorado Drive. Defendants 

purchased their residence in December 2008. The backyard of defendants’ property has a 

tall hedge, consisting of a row of ficus trees that the previous owner planted along the 

perimeter fence. The ficus hedge provides shade and blocks sand from blowing onto 

 1 Ordinance 652 also amended IWMC section 21.50.053 individual shrub height 

standards. 
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defendants’ property. The hedge was 18 to 20 feet tall when defendants purchased their 

property. 

 In February 2011, Aldridge submitted a citizen’s complaint to the City, 

complaining that defendants’ hedge was too high and was blocking her view. In 

September 2011, Aldridge sent the City an email noting that she was aware of the recent 

passage of an ordinance limiting shrubs to nine feet. Aldridge requested assistance in 

proceeding under the newly enacted ordinance. 

The City referred Aldridge’s September 2011 complaint to the City’s code 

enforcement department, which noted it had previously sent a letter to defendants 

requesting defendants cut their hedge but defendants did not want to do so. City Code 

Enforcement Officer Bruce Pelletier inspected the hedge in September 2011, took a photo 

of the hedge, and sent defendants a notice of violation of IWMC section 21.50.051(c)(2), 

limiting the height of hedges to nine feet. Pelletier estimated that, at that point, 

defendants’ hedge exceeded the nine-foot height maximum by seven to 15 feet. The 

notice of violation advised defendants they must comply with the hedge ordinance by 

September 21, 2011. Pelletier met with Lawellin in September 2011, and explained he 

was required to follow the hedge height ordinance. Pelletier requested defendants and 

Aldridge to meet and come to an agreement on the matter. Lawellin told Pelletier he did 

not intend to comply with the ordinance. 

Defendants did not comply with the hedge ordinance by September 21, 2011. 

Pelletier issued a City administrative citation, fining defendants $100 for violating IWMC 

section 21.50.051, subdivision (c)(2). Defendants appealed the citation. 
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In October 2011, the City’s personnel and public safety director, Mel Windsor, 

sent defendants a letter stating that, because of resident complaints, the City had begun 

enforcing its hedge height ordinance. Windsor added that he hoped defendants and their 

neighbors would work together to rectify the view and landscape issue. 

In November 2011, defendants’ administrative appeal was heard and the 

administrative officer upheld the citation. Pelletier issued defendants several more 

citations for noncompliance with the hedge height ordinance. Defendants continued to 

refuse to comply with Ordinance 652. 

In January 2012, Windsor sent defendants a letter stating that, if defendants and 

Aldridge entered into a signed, written, mutual agreement and complied with all terms of 

the agreement, the City would waive all past citations. Defendants and Aldridge came to 

an agreement in which defendants agreed to trim their hedge to 14 feet but the City would 

not approve the proposed settlement because the proposed 14-foot hedge still violated the 

nine-foot height maximum. In addition, the city council would not agree to waive 

payment by defendants of the City’s attorney fees or pay defendants’ attorney fees. 

In September 2012, the City filed in the trial court an application against 

defendants for a warrant to abate public nuisance under Code of Civil Procedure section 

731 and IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivisions (c)(2) and (e). The City alleged that 

under the municipal code, defendants’ hedge, which exceeded nine feet in height, 

constituted a public nuisance. Therefore the City had authority to seek summary 

abatement of the nuisance. 
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The trial court conducted a four-day bench trial on the application, beginning in 

June 2013. During the trial on the abatement application, defendants’ expert witness, 

certified arborist Warren Miller, testified that defendants had recently trimmed the ficus 

hedge to 14 feet and, if trimmed further, it would likely die. The City’s landscape 

specialist and licensed landscape contractor Ryan Bowen testified that defendants’ hedge 

could be trimmed to nine feet without injury. 

On November 7, 2013, the trial court granted the City’s abatement application, 

authorizing the City to abate the public nuisance, which consisted of defendants’ hedge 

exceeding nine feet in height, in violation of IWMC sections 21.50.051 and 21.50.053. 

As the prevailing party, the City filed an application for an award of attorney fees and 

costs. Defendants opposed the motion. After hearing oral argument and taking the 

matter under submission, the trial court issued an order on December 19, 2013, granting 

the City’s application for attorney fees and costs. The court awarded the City $97,835.84 

in attorney fees and costs. 

III 

PUBLIC NUISANCE 

 Defendants contend the City failed to prove defendants’ hedge constituted a public 

nuisance under Civil Code sections 3479 and 3480. 

A. Standard of Review 

The City has the burden of proof of the nuisance and the necessity for its 

abatement. (Leppo v. City of Petaluma (1971) 20 Cal.App.3d 711, 718.) We review 

factual issues underlying the trial court’s abatement warrant authorizing the City to abate 
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a public nuisance under the substantial evidence standard. Issues of pure law are subject 

to de novo review. (City of Claremont v. Kruse (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 1153, 1164 

(Kruse); People ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1090, 1136-1137.) This case 

presents issues of pure law because it is undisputed defendants’ hedge violated the City’s 

nuisance ordinance, Ordinance 652, codified as IWMC section 21.50.051. Whether the 

hedge constitutes a public nuisance under Ordinance 652 and whether the ordinance is 

valid and enforceable, are questions of law which we review de novo. (City of Dana 

Point v. California Coastal Com. (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 170, 187.) 

B. Definition of Nuisance 

Civil Code section 3479 defines a nuisance in general terms as “Anything which is 

injurious to health, . . . or is indecent or offensive to the senses, or an obstruction to the 

free use of property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property, 

. . .” A public nuisance is defined in Civil Code section 3480 as “. . . one which affects at 

the same time an entire community or neighborhood, or any considerable number of 

persons, although the extent of the annoyance or damage inflicted upon individuals may 

be unequal.” A private nuisance is defined in Civil Code section 3481 as every nuisance 

not included in the definition of public nuisance in Civil Code section 3480. (Civ. Code, 

§ 3481.)2 “[I]n this state activities that disturb or prevent the comfortable enjoyment of 

property have been held to constitute nuisances even though they did not directly damage 

 2 We recognize the City incorrectly states in its abatement application that Civil 

Code section 3479 defines a public nuisance. Section 3479 only provides a definition of 

“nuisance.” Section 3480 defines “public nuisance.” 
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the land or prevent its use.” (Venuto v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. (1971) 22 

Cal.App.3d 116, 126 (Venuto).) 

C. Negligence Per Se 

 The City pleaded in its application for a warrant to abate a public nuisance that 

defendants’ hedge of ficus trees, which was within the setback on the defendants’ 

property, constituted a public nuisance. The hedge, which was over nine feet high, in 

violation of IWMC section 21.50.051, obscured defendants’ neighbor’s view of the 

mountains. Defendants argue the City did not provide substantial evidence the hedge was 

“injurious to health,” “indecent or offensive to the senses,” or “an obstruction to the free 

use of property, so as to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property.” 

(Civ. Code, § 3479.) Citing Venuto, supra, 22 Cal.App.3d 116, defendants assert that a 

hedge blocking the view from a neighboring property does not constitute a public 

nuisance as a matter of law. 

“As a general rule, a landowner has no natural right to air, light or an unobstructed 

view and the law is reluctant to imply such a right. [Citations.] Such a right may be 

created by private parties through the granting of an easement [citations] or through the 

adoption of conditions, covenants and restrictions . . . or by the Legislature [citations]. 

Local governments may also protect views and provide for light and air through the 

adoption of height limits. [Citations.]” (Pacifica Homeowners’ Assn. v. Wesley Palms 

Retirement Community (1986) 178 Cal.App.3d 1147, 1152.) 

In Venuto, the plaintiffs sued a fiberglass manufacturing company, alleging public 

nuisance caused by emissions from the plant severely polluting the air, obstructing the 
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public view of the hills, and injuring the public’s health. The Venuto court held the view 

obstruction or interference caused by the emission of smoke and other waste matter did 

not constitute a nuisance. (Venuto, supra, 22 Cal.App.3d at p. 127.) The Venuto court 

stated that a building or structure is not a nuisance merely because it obstructs the view 

from neighboring property or interferes with the passage of light and air to adjoining 

premises. (Ibid.) 

The Venuto court noted that the nuisance rules originated from “the repudiation of 

the English doctrine of ‘ancient lights’ under which a landowner acquired, by interrupted 

user, an easement over adjoining property for the passage of light and air on the basis that 

‘it is not adapted to the conditions existing in this country and could not be applied to 

rapidly growing communities without working mischievous consequences to property 

owners.’ [Citations.] Accordingly, in this state an owner of property may construct or 

erect on his land any sort of structure provided it is not such as the law will pronounce it 

a nuisance, but it is not a nuisance merely because it obstructs the passage of light and air 

to the building of the adjoining owner or merely because it obstructs his view of 

neighboring property. [Citations.]” (Venuto, supra, 22 Cal.App.3d at p. 127.) 

 In the instant case, the City’s application for a warrant to abate a public nuisance is 

founded on a view obstruction caused by defendants’ hedge. The instant case, however, 

is distinguishable from Venuto, supra, 22 Cal.App.3d 116, in that defendants’ hedge 

violated IWMC section 21.50.051, which provides that the violation constitutes a 

nuisance and authorizes abatement by the City code enforcement officer. IWMC section 

21.50.051, subdivision (c)(2) states: “Allowed Height . . . (2) Side and Rear yards. 
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Neither hedge(s) nor screen planting(s) shall be allowed to grow over nine feet (9’) in 

height within the side and rear yard building setback area. This limitation shall be 

applicable only to any hedge located adjacent to a single family residential lot.” 

IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivisions (e) and (f), provide: “(e) Conditions that 

are Nuisances. It is a public nuisance for any person owning, leasing, occupying or 

having charge of any premises in the City to maintain such premises in such manner that 

is in violation of, or failure to comply with any provisions of this Section. [¶] 

(f) Enforcement. Upon written complaint from an homeowners’ association or a person 

directly affected by a hedge(s) or screen planting(s) or upon independent investigation, 

the Code Enforcement Officer or designee may determine that such hedge(s) or screen 

planting(s) is maintained contrary to one or more of the provisions of Section 21.50.051 

and may cause the abatement thereof pursuant to Section 8.08.070.” 

The City argues it is not claiming the hedge is a public nuisance under Civil Code 

sections 3479 and 3480. Instead, the City is claiming the hedge is a nuisance per se 

under IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivisions (c) and (e). “The concept of a nuisance per 

se arises when a legislative body with appropriate jurisdiction, in the exercise of the 

police power, expressly declares a particular object or substance, activity, or 

circumstance, to be a nuisance.” (Beck Development Co. v. Southern Pacific 

Transportation Co. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1206 (Beck Development).) Generally, 

determination of a nuisance, as defined in Civil Code section 3479, “requires 

consideration and balancing of a variety of factors. [Citations.] However, where the law 

expressly declares something to be a nuisance, then no inquiry beyond its existence need 
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be made and in this sense its mere existence is said to be a nuisance per se. [Citation.] 

But, to rephrase the rule, to be considered a nuisance per se the object, substance, activity 

or circumstance at issue must be expressly declared to be a nuisance by its very existence 

by some applicable law.” (Id. at p. 1207.) The court is not additionally required to 

balance competing interests, as defendants assert in the instant case. “‘Nuisances per se

are so regarded because no proof is required, beyond the actual fact of their existence, to 

establish the nuisance.’ [Citations.]” (City of Costa Mesa v. Soffer (1992) 11 

Cal.App.4th 378, 382 (Soffer); Kruse, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 1164.) 

Under Government Code section 38771, cities may declare by ordinance what 

constitutes a nuisance. (City of Monterey v. Carrnshimba (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1068, 

1086 (Carrnshimba); Soffer, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at pp. 382-383; City of Bakersfield v. 

Miller (1966) 64 Cal.2d 93, 100 (Miller).) Government Code section 38771 provides: 

“By ordinance the city legislative body may declare what constitutes a nuisance.” 

Even in the absence of an ordinance declaring a nuisance under Government Code 

section 38771, cities are empowered to abate public nuisances. (Code Civ. Proc., § 731; 

Miller, supra, 64 Cal.2d at p. 100.) “Cities are constitutionally authorized to make and 

enforce within their limits all local, police and sanitary ordinances and other such 

regulations not in conflict with the general laws. (Cal. Const., art. XI, § 7.)” (Soffer, 

supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at p. 382; in accord, Flahive v. City of Dana Point (1999) 72 

Cal.App.4th 241, 244 (Flahive).) However, a city’s designation of a nuisance does not 

necessarily make it so. (Leppo v. City of Petaluma (1971) 20 Cal.App.3d 711, 718; 

Flahive, at p. 244, fn. 4.) In a nuisance per se proceeding, the court must only determine 
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whether the statutory violation occurred and whether the statute or ordinance is 

constitutional. (Miller, at p. 100; see Soffer, at pp. 382-383; Carrnshimba, supra, 215 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1087.) 

 Defendants argue they were deprived of their due process rights because the City 

asserted in the trial court that the hedge violation was a public nuisance, and then 

changed its theory in response to defendants’ appeal, arguing the hedge violation 

constituted a nuisance per se. We do not agree defendants were deprived of their due 

process rights to notice of the City’s claim. The City repeatedly cited defendants for 

violating IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivision (c)(2), limiting the height of hedges to 

nine feet. Defendants continued to refuse to comply with the ordinance. Finally, in 

September 2012, the City filed an application against defendants for a warrant to abate 

public nuisance under IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivisions (c)(2) and (e). The City 

alleged defendants’ hedge violated IWMC section 21.50.051; the hedge constituted a 

public nuisance; and the City therefore had authority to seek “summary abatement” of the 

nuisance. 

Even though the City did not refer to the nuisance as a “nuisance per se,” it was 

sufficiently clear from the City’s abatement application allegations and the events leading 

to the application, that the City was seeking abatement of the hedge based on the hedge 

violating IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivisions (c)(2) and (e), and this constituted a 

nuisance per se as a matter of law. Defendants received more than adequate notice of the 

basis and theory of the City’s abatement claim. 
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D. Constitutionality of Ordinance 652 

Here, IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivision (e), declares a hedge in excess of nine 

feet, as described in subdivision (c), to be a nuisance per se. Defendants do not deny that 

the hedge violates IWMC section 21.50.051. Rather, defendants contend the City 

exceeded its legislative powers in enacting Ordinance 652 declaring defendants’ hedge a 

public nuisance, because the hedge does not qualify as a public nuisance under Civil 

Code section 3480, since the hedge affects only one person, defendants’ neighbor. But 

Government Code section 38771 provides that, “[b]y ordinance the city legislative body 

may declare what constitutes a nuisance,” and does not specify that the nuisance must be 

a public nuisance. 

Although Code of Civil Procedure section 731 allows the City to abate a public 

nuisance as defined in section 3480, there is no express prohibition against the city 

abating a nuisance not qualifying as a public nuisance under Civil Code section 3480. 

(Code Civ. Proc., § 731.) Code of Civil Procedure section 731 provides in relevant part: 

“An action may be brought by any person whose property is injuriously affected, or 

whose personal enjoyment is lessened by a nuisance, as defined in Section 3479 of the 

Civil Code, and by the judgment in that action the nuisance may be enjoined or abated as 

well as damages recovered therefor. A civil action may be brought in the name of the 

people of the State of California to abate a public nuisance, as defined in Section 3480 of 

the Civil Code, by the district attorney or county counsel of any county in which the 

nuisance exists, or by the city attorney of any town or city in which the nuisance exists.” 

(Italics added.) This language is, on its face, permissive rather than mandatory. 
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Code of Civil Procedure section 731 provides authority for the City to bring an 

action to abate a public nuisance as defined in Civil Code section 3480 but does not 

necessarily preclude abatement of a nuisance per se, based on a City ordinance violation, 

which does not qualify as a public nuisance under Civil Code section 3480. In a nuisance 

per se proceeding, the court need only determine whether the violation of the ordinance 

occurred and whether it is constitutional. (Soffer, supra, 11 Cal.App.4th at pp. 382-383; 

Carrnshimba, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 1087.) 

Here, Ordinance 652 is constitutional. Ordinance 652 on its face appears to be an 

exercise of the police power designed to protect the public comfort and welfare. “As 

such, ‘No valid objection to the constitutionality of a statute under the due process clause 

properly arises if it is reasonably related to promoting the public health, safety, comfort 

and welfare, and if the means adopted to accomplish that promotion are reasonably 

appropriate to the purpose.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Greene (1968) 264 Cal.App.2d 774, 

776-777 (Greene).) Adoption of a zoning ordinance, which is not arbitrary and does not 

unduly restrict the use of private property is a permissible exercise of the police power 

and does not violate the taking clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States 

Constitution and comparable provisions of the California Constitution, even when the law 

restricts an existing use of the affected property. (Hansen Brothers Enterprises, Inc. v. 

Board of Supervisors (1996) 12 Cal.4th 533, 542 (Hansen).) 

The question before us is thus whether the means provided in Ordinance 652 are 

reasonably appropriate to the stated objectives of the ordinance. “It is now wellestablished that a landowner . . . may even be required to clear weeds and unsightly 
15

growth from his property, not only to reduce the fire hazard and to foster public health, 

but to preserve the attractiveness of the neighborhood and prevent the spread of unwanted 

growth.” (Greene, supra, 264 Cal.App.2d at p. 778.) The ordinance in the instant case 

furthers the public interest of preserving the attractiveness of the neighborhood and 

preventing unwanted growth which interferes with residents’ enjoyment of their homes 

and yards, including the ability to view the scenic desert mountains. 

 In Kucera v. Lizza (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 1141 (Kucera), the owners of an 

apartment building sued their neighbors to compel restoration of their views, after trees 

on their neighbor’s property grew to obstruct their bayside view. The trial court entered a 

defense judgment, concluding that the city ordinance, entitled “View and Sunlight 

Obstruction from Trees,” was unconstitutional and void as preempted by state law and an 

arbitrary and unreasonable exercise of the police power. (Id. at pp. 1143-1144.) The 

Court of Appeal reversed, holding that the ordinance was directed toward a valid police 

power goal of preserving views and sunlight, and that there was a reasonable relationship 

between the city’s choice of regulating obstructing trees and tree growth and the 

achievement of valid police power goals of preserving views and sunlight. (Id. at pp. 

1149, 1154.) 

 In Kucera, the court rejected the defendant’s substantive due process claim that 

enacting the ordinance regulating tree growth was not within the city’s police powers to 

preserve views and sunlight. In addressing this issue, the Kucera court explained: “The 

constitutional measure by which we judge the validity of a land use ordinance assailed as 

exceeding municipal authority under the police power is whether it has a real or 
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substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals or general welfare. Conversely, it 

is unconstitutional only if its provisions are clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, having no 

substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare.” (Kucera, 

supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at p. 1147.) 

The Kucera court noted that the ordinance was mainly concerned with aesthetic 

considerations, but that did not void the ordinance. (Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at p. 

1148.) “‘It is well settled that the state may legitimately exercise its police powers to 

advance aesthetic values. . . . “The concept of the public welfare is broad and inclusive. 

The values it represents are spiritual as well as physical, aesthetic as well as monetary.”’ 

[Citations.] Those values also change over time, flexing the elastic concept of police 

power. ‘What was at one time regarded as an improper exercise of the police power may 

now, because of changed living conditions, be recognized as a legitimate exercise of that 

power.’ [Citations.] Today, aesthetic purposes alone can justify assertion of the police 

power. [Citations.] ‘Virtually every city in this state has enacted zoning ordinances for 

the purpose of improving the appearance of the urban environment and the quality of 

metropolitan life.’ [Citation.]” (Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at p. 1148.) 

The Kucera court added that “The preservation of sunlight has been recognized for 

nearly 40 years as a valid police power purpose supporting height limitations. ‘In the 

exercise of the police power a local government can impose restrictions on the maximum 

height of buildings for the purpose of securing adequate sunlight to promote public health 

in general. [Citation.] And likewise such government can restrict the height of fences.’ 

[Citation.] The ordinance here is in many applications a height limitation on trees, which 
17

is directly analogous and therefore a proper police power goal. It follows, the goal of 

preserving views is equally valid. . . . ‘Local government may . . . protect views and 

provide for light and air through the adoption of height limits. . .’ [citation] and, we hold, 

through the regulation of tree planting or growth.” (Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at pp. 

1148-1149.) 

 As with Ordinance 652 in the instant case, the Kucera court concluded the goals of 

the ordinance in Kucera were “supported by settled case law as preserving the character 

of a neighborhood, since they prevent incremental tree growth which would otherwise 

alter preexisting vistas and receipt of light. [Citations.] A denial of a building permit 

under a view protection ordinance enacted ‘“[t]o protect the visual quality of highly 

scenic areas and maintain the rural character”’ of a city [citation] was upheld against a 

claim of abused discretion, the court noting proper reliance on the goal of protecting the 

character of the area and a finding of unmitigated adverse impact on existing views.” 

(Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1148-1149; in accord, Ross v. City of Rolling Hills 

Estates (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 370, 375-376.) 

 Similarly, in Echevarrieta v. City of Rancho Palos Verdes (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 

472, 479, 485 (Echevarrieta), the court upheld abatement of a view obstruction pursuant 

to a city ordinance limiting the height of foliage on residential property. In Echevarrieta, 

the city issued the plaintiff’s neighbor a view restoration permit under a city ordinance 

limiting the height of foliage on residential property so as to preserve hillside views. The 

plaintiff petitioned for a writ of mandate challenging the view restoration permit. The 

trial court denied the plaintiff’s petition, and the Court of Appeal affirmed. Relying on 
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Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th 1141, the trial court held that the purposes of the 

ordinance restricting the height of foliage represented a legitimate exercise of the city’s 

police power and did not violate the plaintiff’s due process rights. (Echevarrieta, at pp. 

479, 485.) 

 Here, as in Kucera and Echevarrieta, Ordinance 652 was enacted for aesthetic 

purposes. Aesthetic conditions have long been held to be valid exercises of a city’s 

traditional police power. (Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at p. 1149.) Ordinance 652, 

adopted on August 4, 2011, states the City intended to adopt Ordinance 652 to amend 

section 21.50.051 hedge height standards to “assist in maintaining the City’s goal of a 

high quality residential community by insuring that hedges and shrubs are maintained at a 

consistent height;” to “ensure that high-quality residential development is maintained;” 

and to “regulate hedge and shrub heights to maintain the existing high quality residential 

properties.” 

Excessively tall hedges that obscure a neighbor’s view of the surrounding desert 

landscape potentially diminish the neighbor’s property enjoyment and use, as well as 

property values of adjacent properties. Assuming other residents abide by Ordinance 652 

height restrictions, a violation of the ordinance restrictions would result in the 

nonconforming hedge being out of harmony and conformity with the maintenance 

standards of adjacent properties, thereby potentially detrimentally impacting the existing 

quality of the residential development and, in turn, lowering property values. 

Because abatement of tall hedges specified in Ordinance 652 is reasonably 

appropriate to the stated objectives of the ordinance, the ordinance is proper and 
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enforceable as an appropriate exercise of the police power designed to protect public 

comfort and welfare. Even though defendants’ hedge might only affect their neighbor’s 

view of the mountains, the hedge qualifies as a per se nuisance under Ordinance 652 and 

the ordinance is constitutional. 

E. Preemption 

Defendants contend Ordinance 652 is preempted by statutory nuisance law. We 

disagree. “The state Constitution confers upon all cities and counties the power to make 

and enforce within their limits all local, police, sanitary, and other ordinances and 

regulations not in conflict with general laws. [Citations.] Local legislation in conflict 

with general law is void. Conflicts exist if an ordinance duplicates, contradicts, or enters 

an area fully occupied by general law, either expressly or by legislative implication.” 

(Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at p. 1151; see Big Creek Lumber Co. v. County of Santa 

Cruz (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1139, 1150 (Big Creek Lumber).) “Local legislation is 

‘duplicative’ of general law when it is coextensive therewith and ‘contradictory’ to 

general law when it is inimical thereto. Local legislation enters an area ‘fully occupied’ 

by general law when the Legislature has expressly manifested its intent to fully occupy 

the area or when it has impliedly done so in light of recognized indicia of intent.” (Big 

Creek Lumber, at p. 1150.) 

The courts have been “‘reluctant to infer legislative intent to preempt a field 

covered by municipal regulation when there is a significant local interest to be served that 

may differ from one locality to another.’” (Big Creek Lumber, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 

1149.) When local government regulates in an area over which it traditionally has 
20

exercised control, we presume, absent a clear indication of preemptive intent from the 

Legislature, that such regulation is not preempted by state statute. (Ibid.) The party 

claiming state law preempts a local ordinance has the burden of demonstrating 

preemption. (Ibid.) 

Defendants argue that Ordinance 652’s determination that a hedge over nine feet 

tall constitutes a public nuisance conflicts with statutory law, which defendants argue 

limits ordinances to abatement of public nuisances as defined in Civil Code section 3480. 

Defendants assert the hedge nuisance in Ordinance 652 does not constitute a public 

nuisance under Civil Code section 3480 because a hedge violation is not of such 

magnitude as to affect “at the same time an entire community or neighborhood, or any 

considerable number of persons.” (Civ. Code, § 3480.) 

As discussed above, state law does not preclude cities from enacting an ordinance 

authorizing abatement of a nuisance which addresses view obstruction but does not 

necessarily qualify as a public nuisance under Civil Code section 3480. The only 

requirement is that the ordinance is constitutional. (Carrnshimba, supra, 215 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1087.) Ordinance 652 in the instant case is constitutional as a 

reasonable exercise of the City’s police power designed to protect public comfort and 

welfare. Ordinance 652 does not conflict with state nuisance law. It does not duplicate, 

contradict, or enter an area fully occupied by general nuisance law, either expressly or by 

legislative implication. (Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at p. 1151; see Big Creek 

Lumber, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 1150.) Defendants thus have not demonstrated 

Ordinance 652 is preempted by state statutory nuisance law. 
21

F. Preexisting Nonconforming Use Exception

 Defendants alternatively contend their hedge is a nonconforming but permitted 

land use which is grandfathered in under IWMC section 21.90.030 (Ord. 387 § 1), which 

provides: “Non-conforming uses and structures. [¶] (a) General. Any lawful use of 

land, buildings or structures existing or under construction at the time this division or any 

revision is adopted may be continued except as provided herein, even if such use does not 

conform with the provisions of the category in which it is located.” 

 The hedge height zoning ordinance at issue here, Ordinance 652, was enacted in 

August 2011. Defendants assert it is undisputed that their hedge predated the enactment 

of Ordinance 652, and defendants’ and Aldridge’s purchase of their properties. Indian 

Wells City personnel and public safety director, Melton Windsor, who was in charge of 

code enforcement, testified that, before the current version of Ordinance 652 was enacted 

in 2011, the City had repealed a previous hedge height ordinance, leaving hedges 

unregulated for many years. Windsor further stated that there was no way for him to be 

able to tell how long defendants’ hedge had existed or if it predated the 2011 Ordinance 

652. Windsor believed that Ordinance 387 applied to buildings and land, not to trees or 

plants. According to Windsor, the City’s code enforcement division and its attorneys did 

not view the use of land as encompassing maintaining the vegetation on the land. Indian 

Wells City mayor, Mary Roche, testified that Windsor was responsible for enforcing 

Indian Wells laws and promulgating policies and procedures regarding enforcement of 

the City’s ordinances. 
22

“Zoning ordinances and other land-use regulations customarily exempt existing 

uses to avoid questions as to the constitutionality of their application to those uses. ‘The 

rights of users of property as those rights existed at the time of the adoption of a zoning 

ordinance are well recognized and have always been protected,’” often as exempted or 

grandfathered nonconforming uses. (Hansen, supra, 12 Cal.4th at pp. 551-552.) A 

grandfather clause, such as Ordinance 387, allows for continuance of an existing, 

nonconforming use, so as to avoid an unconstitutional taking in violation of Fifth 

Amendment rights, and violation of due process rights. 

The City argues Ordinance 652 overrides the grandfather clause, Ordinance 387, 

by virtue of Ordinance 652’s language. We agree. Ordinance 387, codified as IWMC 

section 21.90.030, subdivision (a), states: “Any lawful use of land, buildings or 

structures existing or under construction at the time this division or any revision is 

adopted may be continued except as provided herein, even if such use does not conform 

with the provisions of the category in which it is located.” (Ord. 652; italics added.) 

IWMC section 21.50.051, subdivision (a), is an exception to Ordinance 387, and 

therefore supersedes IWMC section 21.90.030, subdivision (a). As a consequence, even 

assuming defendants’ hedge existed before enactment of Ordinance 652, the hedge is not 

exempt from Ordinance 652’s hedge height restrictions. 

 In Kucera, the court held that a height limitation on preexisting foliage was a 

legitimate exercise of the police power and did not rise to the level of a taking. (Kucera, 

supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at p. 1149.) The Kucera court explained that the ordinance 

regulating tree growth survived a substantive due process challenge because it “does not 
23

wholly proscribe the landscaping use in question; it only controls the unreasonably 

obstructive growth of trees in situations limited by guidelines. To borrow from the 

takings context, ‘[A]esthetic conditions have long been held to be valid exercises of the 

city’s traditional police power, and do not amount to a taking merely because they might 

incidentally restrict a use, diminish the value, or impose a cost in connection with the 

property. [Citations.]’” (Kucera, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1149-1150; see 

Echevarrieta, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p. 481.) 

 As defendants note in their appellant’s opening brief, zoning ordinances and other 

land-use regulations customarily exempt existing uses to avoid questions as to the 

constitutionality of their application to those uses. But, here, Ordinance 652, restricting 

the height of hedges, does not implicate defendants’ constitutional due process rights or 

result in a taking. We conclude Ordinance 387 is inapplicable to defendants’ hedge, 

which is therefore not exempt from Ordinance 652 height restrictions, as a preexisting, 

nonconforming use. 

IV 

ATTORNEY FEES 

 Defendants contend the trial court abused its discretion in granting the City’s 

application for attorney fees and costs. Specifically, defendants argue the award was 

based on inadmissible hearsay declarations and there was insufficient evidence to support 

the award. Defendants further assert that the amount of fees requested was unreasonable 

because it included block-billed fees, billing for an unnecessary motion in limine, 

postsettlement fees the City could have avoided by accepting defendants and Aldridge’s 
24

settlement of the matter, and fees incurred from the first abatement action, which was 

dismissed. Defendants also note that, although the lead attorney for the City stated in his 

declaration that billing at his firm was computer generated on a monthly basis, he 

submitted a billing invoice summary for billing from September 2012 through November 

20, 2013. 

A. Facts and Procedural Background Regarding Attorney Fees Award 

 Following a four-day bench trial and issuance of a warrant authorizing City 

abatement of defendants’ hedge nuisance, the City, as the prevailing party, filed a motion 

for attorney fees and costs under Code of Civil Procedure section 1033.5, subdivision 

(a)(10), and IWMC section 8.08.180 (b). The City requested $106,492.40 in attorney 

fees and $1,541.10 in code enforcement costs. The City’s application for attorney fees 

and costs was supported by the declaration of the City’s lead attorney in the case, 

Douglas Phillips. Phillips stated in his declaration that his law firm, Best, Best & Krieger 

LLP (BB&K), serves as city attorney for Indian Wells and represented the City in the 

action. As a partner at BB&K, Phillips represented the City in this action. Billing rates 

for BB&K’s attorneys and staff are set pursuant to written agreement with the City. 

Phillips further stated in his declaration that “All of the attorneys and staff at Best, 

Best & Krieger LLP are required to, and do, accurately set forth, each day, the amount of 

time spent on each matter for each client with a description of the nature of their 

activities. These time records are collected and the information is integrated into the 

firm’s billing system. On a monthly basis, a computer-generated billing statement is 

created and reviewed for accuracy by the billing attorney before the bill is finalized and 
25

mailed to the client for review and payments. Prior to the time the bill is sent to the 

client, the billing attorney may exercise his or her discretion in reducing the amount of 

hours actually billed to the client.” 

Attached to Phillips declaration was a billing statement totaling $106,492.40. 

Phillips stated the billing statement detailed billing rates and hours worked by BB&K 

attorneys on the case. The statement included dates and hours worked, billing rates, and 

brief descriptions of legal work performed by Phillips, associate attorney Jill Tremblay, 

and paralegal Marie Milovanovich. Phillips acknowledged in his declaration that “The 

fees incurred and the rates charged for the work are consistent with other attorneys of 

similar experience and competence in this area, and were necessarily incurred in the 

prosecution of this action.” Phillips added that the City reasonably incurred $106,492.40 

in attorney fees in the action. 

Defendants filed opposition to the City’s application for attorney fees and costs, 

arguing the City was not entitled to attorney fees, the trial court did not have jurisdiction 

to hear the application because defendant had filed a notice of appeal, the application 

lacked necessary supporting declarations, and the fee request was unreasonable and 

shocked the conscious. 

In December 2013, the trial court heard and granted the City’s application for 

attorney fees and costs. The court awarded the City $97,835.84 in fees and costs. The 

trial court found that, since Phillip was an officer of the court, his declaration was 

sufficient to verify that time spent on the case by, not only Phillips, but also Tremblay 

and Milovanovich, was accurately recorded and reasonable and necessary. The court 
26

further found the verified time records were credible in the absence of any evidence 

refuting them. The court noted the case was hotly contested, involving many legal issues 

beyond that of a typical abatement matter. This warranted the great expenditure of 

attorney hours and research. The court also concluded the hourly rate charged was below 

the typical and normal rates charged by attorneys in the local area. The court accepted 

those rates as the lodestar figure. The requested amount of $106,492.40 was reduced, 

however, by approximately $11,000, the amount of attorney fees incurred for prosecuting 

the prior abatement warrant action, because the first abatement action was dismissed. 

The court added the sum of $2,830.80 to the fee award as reasonable fees for filing the 

City’s reply brief and arguing its application for attorney fees and costs. 

B. Applicable Law Regarding Attorney Fees Motion 

This court reviews de novo, as a question of law, a determination of the legal basis 

for an award of attorney fees. (Frog Creek Partners, LLC v. Vance Brown, Inc. (2012) 

206 Cal.App.4th 515, 523.) We apply the abuse of discretion standard when reviewing a 

trial court’s ruling on the sufficiency of evidence supporting an attorney fee award. (City 

of Colton v. Singletary (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 751, 784 (Singletary.) The prevailing 

party seeking fees and costs, bears the burden of establishing entitlement to fees and 

costs, and documenting hours expended and hourly rates. (Ibid.) The court may reduce 

compensation on account of any failure to maintain appropriate time records. The 

evidence should show how much time the attorneys spent on particular claims and 

whether the billed hours were reasonably expended. (Ibid.) 
27

 “‘Although a fee request ordinarily should be documented in great detail, it cannot 

be said . . . that the absence of time records and billing statements deprive[s] [a] trial 

court of substantial evidence to support an award . . . .’ [Citation.]” (Singletary, supra,

206 Cal.App.4th at pp. 784-785.) Verified time statements of an attorney, as an officer of 

the court, “‘are entitled to credence in the absence of a clear indication the records are 

erroneous.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 785.) 

C. Discussion 

Here, the trial court relied on Phillip’s declaration as sufficient proof of hourly 

rates, time spent providing legal services, and the reasonableness of the time spent. “We 

may not reweigh on appeal a trial court’s assessment of an attorney’s declaration. 

[Citation.] ‘The trial court, with declarations and supporting affidavits, [is] able to assess 

credibility and resolve any conflicts in the evidence. Its findings . . . are entitled to great 

weight.’” (Christian Research Institute v. Alnor (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1315, 1323 

(Alnor); in accord, G.R. v. Intelligator (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 606, 620.) We see no 

abuse of discretion under the circumstances of this case, in which the court relied on 

Phillip’s supporting declaration and attached detailed billing statement. Defendants have 

not provided any evidence refuting the veracity and reasonableness of the supporting 

declaration and billing statement. 

As to defendants’ hearsay objection to the billing statement attached to Phillips 

declaration, the trial court appropriately overruled the objection based on the business 

records exception. (Evid. Code, § 1271.) Evidence Code section 1271 provides, 

“Evidence of a writing made as a record of an act, condition, or event is not made 
28

inadmissible by the hearsay rule when offered to prove the act, condition, or event if: [¶] 

(a) The writing was made in the regular course of a business; [¶] (b) The writing was 

made at or near the time of the act, condition, or event; [¶] (c) The custodian or other 

qualified witness testifies to its identity and the mode of its preparation; and [¶] (d) The 

sources of information and method and time of preparation were such as to indicate its 

trustworthiness.” 

Phillips’ declaration provided a sufficient foundation for applying the business 

records hearsay exception to the billing statement. The trial court therefore did not abuse 

its broad discretion in relying on the billing statements under Evidence Code section 

1271. “The trial judge is invested with wide discretion in determining whether a proper 

foundation has been laid for the admission of business records under Evidence Code 

section 1271. [Citations.] The exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal 

absent a showing of abuse. [Citation.] Where the trial court has determined that the 

foundation laid was sufficient to support the introduction of evidence under the business 

records exception, and the record reasonably supports this determination, its conclusion is 

binding on the appellate court.” (County of Sonoma v. Grant W. (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 

1439, 1450.) Because the trial court’s fee determination shall not be disturbed unless this 

court is convinced it is clearly wrong, we affirm the award of attorney fees and costs in 

this matter. Defendants have not established error in awarding the City $97,835.84 in 

attorney fees and costs. (Alnor, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at p. 1322.) 
29

V 

DISPOSITION 

 The judgment is affirmed. The City is awarded its costs on appeal. 

 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

CODRINGTON 

 J. 

We concur: 

HOLLENHORST 

 Acting P. J. 

MILLER 

 J.