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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, April           1992.**

**The           Ethical Dilemma in the Context of Research Museums**

Ideally, the decision to collect materials should imply           the decision to curate them. A long-standing ethic of professional archeology           in the United States, implied in the ethics code of the Society of Professional           Archeologists (SOPA 1982), is to curate all materials resulting from           a professional investigation. Adherence to this standard already is           difficult since resources for curation are limited. In the context of           a museum with a mission to preserve research collections, it is poor           practice to acquire collections having limited research potential. The           ethics of the museum profession require critical collecting and justification           of acquisition decisions (New York State Association of Museums 1974,           International Council of Museums 1987, National Park Service 1990).

Because the context of much archeological research has           changed as a result of the necessity of managing irreplaceable cultural           resources, it may be time to evaluate the "goodness of fit" of present           ethics to the current situation (Salwen 1981; Dunnell 1984). Formulating           plans for controlled growth of curated collections may mean that not           all professionally collected materials will be curated (Salwen 1981).           The proposed amendment to the Federal curation regulations,4           which provides deaccessioning guidelines, implies that this will be           the case under certain conditions. If it is necessary to bend to practicality           in deciding what can be curated in perpetuity, then there must be a           well-articulated basis for making these decisions. As Milner (1987)           has pointed out, "archeologists today...are faced with the considerable           problem of ensuring that future researchers inherit a satisfactory database."           Perhaps this goal is the most compelling ethic from a scientific point           of view. There also is a need to balance this worthy goal with the equally           compelling need to preserve materials for their value to the nation's           cultural heritage and education. 

**Research           Potential and Curation** Two key factors for ensuring that future researchers           will inherit a satisfactory database are ascertaining (1) that those           collections curated for research purposes have characteristics that           make them appropriate for research use, and (2) that the repositories           responsible for curating archeological research collections are capable           of maintaining that research integrity. Even though there are several           kinds of institutions that may curate archeological materials, e.g.,           university museums and research centers, public and private museums           and historical societies, special Federal facilities, etc., not all           repositories are appropriate for or capable of curating research collections.           For example, although all museums have some degree of involvement in           heritage preservation and education, the missions of many institutions           do not include curation of scientific research collections as a central           tenet. As a result, such institutions are unlikely to have either the           appropriate staffing or facilities necessary for curating such collections.           

In those institutions that do have curation of research           collections as a fundamental responsibility, and thus are the appropriate           institutions for curating most archeological collections, questions           concerning research value arise when collections are considered for           acquisition. When such criteria are applied to archeological collections,           questions of research potential revolve around three general considerations:           (1) project designs or plans; (2) quality of recording and recovery;           and (3) redundancy of information. Without the benefit of an overall           context or plan for making decisions about what to curate many of these           questions are difficult to address. 

The designs of field projects are important considerations           in assessing the future research potential of archeological collections,           because these plans structure the ways in which information and materials           are collected. In the past individual archeologists essentially controlled           which sites they investigated and under what circumstances. This is           not the case with most cultural resource management projects. Decisions           concerning contracted fieldwork often are compromises (Green 1984:ix-xi).           The correspondence between the archeological record represented by collections           and the intact sites is not always the most compelling force behind           these decisions. 

For the purposes of this discussion it is important           to distinguish between the ways in which the scientific or research           value of collections is assessed and the ways in which site eligibility           for the National Register of Historic Places and other legal requirements           of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act are determined.           Even though archeological research problems and cultural resource management           problems clearly are linked, the goals of the two endeavors are not           necessarily the same (Dunnell 1984). Although the agendas of either           endeavor can lead to creation of collections suitable for long-term           research, the long-term research value of collections must be evaluated           separately from the eligibility of sites for the National Register and           other aspects of the Section 106 process. 

National Register eligibility for archeological sites           generally is based on research significance, but there are relative           "degrees" of significance and ongoing debate as to what constitutes           National Register significance. It probably is fair to say that, in           general, documenting National Register significance is much easier for           large, complex sites or sites of great antiquity than for sites with           limited assemblages and no clear chronological information, such as           upland lithic scatters. In fact, basic research information often can           be acquired from the latter type of site during a comprehensive site           evaluation program that determines that the site is not eligible for           the National Register. This does not mean that the collections obtained           from such sites have no research significance. The same argument can           be made for collections resulting from many survey projects. On the           other hand, depending on the scope of a specific project, it is entirely           possible for collections made from a National Register site to have           little or no research value. For example, collections from highly disturbed           areas on such sites would have little or no contextual integrity, and           thus limited research value. If the future research potential is found           to be extremely limited or nonexistent, then there is no justification           on a scientific basis for curating collections for long-term research,           no matter under what context the collections were made. 

Basic descriptive and contextual data must accompany           a collection if it is to have future research potential. A major factor           in assessing adequacy of documentation is whether a systematic collecting           methodology was used (Brown 1981). Even in the context of modern professional           investigations, there is a wide range of performance in basic recording           and recovery techniques. Although documentation may be legally acceptable,           the minimum level of adequacy may or may not ensure long-term research           value, especially those collections that lack associational data or           any consideration of sampling biases. Curation decisions in these cases           may depend on the type of archeological resource from which the collections           came. Other non-scientific considerations such as humanistic or educational           values also may influence curation decisions for those collections or           materials found to be lacking in scientific value. 

While a certain level of redundancy in collected information           is necessary for research purposes, excessive redundancy in collected           materials may exist for some types of sites and projects. Sites with           large and highly redundant sets of materials, e.g., quarry sites and           brickyards, pose questions of trade-offs between large samples and costs           of facility space (Salwen 1981:570-57 1; Jelks 1990). What constitutes           a sufficient sample of material from these types of sites? Regional           variation in the archeological record must be considered since redundancy           at the regional level, e.g., regions with many quarry sites, may allow           conservatism in sample size at the site level. Consideration of sample           size and composition leads to a second key factor in ensuring a satisfactory           database for future research - the overall representation of the archeological           record in curated collections. 

**Curated           Collections as Samples of the Archeological Record** Not only must individual collections possess characteristics           that make them useful for continuing research, the aggregate sample           of the archeological record preserved in collections must allow continuing           study of the broadest possible range of research problems. Preservation           of a representative sample of regional archeological resources was suggested           in the mid-1970s by Lipe (1974:414) in regard to preserving intact sites.           More recently, Dunnell (1984) and Salwen (1981) have suggested that,           because archeological resources are nonrenewable, preservation of a           representative sample is the most ethically defensible strategy in terms           of general management of archeological resources. 

This same argument can be extended to curated collections.           Preservation of such representative samples in collections would insure           persistence of the inherent variation in the archeological record and           thus preserve the ability of future archeologists to study variation           and its causes. The goal of managing collections growth would then be           to move toward curating more representative samples of archeological           resources for specific areas. A central point to be made here concerning           the representative sample concept is that if a broad range of archeological           studies of cultural characteristics and processes through time and across           space is to continue, collections from one type of site/resource must           not be curated to the exclusion of other kinds of sites, and that various           kinds of sites, features, and materials must be represented in sufficient,           yet practical, quantities to allow meaningful comparisons. Because the           nature of the sample collected by cultural resource management projects           is driven largely by development needs, the representation problem for           curated collections becomes one of relating accumulating individual           collections to a long-range plan based on long-term research needs.           

Defining the composition of a representative sample           is fraught with difficulties, but is not entirely impossible. Categories           must be used to structure the sample, and any sampling plan will need           to consider various categorical levels, such as kinds of sites, contexts,           (e.g., features,) and artifacts/samples. Definition of representative           samples of site types has been accomplished successfully in certain           regions, as Glassow (1977:414) demonstrates. He also makes the important           point that the criteria for defining categories must transcend as much           as possible the restrictions of current archeological concerns and biases.           The problem of assuring representativeness when blind sampling is necessary           is discussed by Dunnell (1984:71-72). He suggests that a spatial frame           of reference can provide an independent control. 

A complementary problem inherent in obtaining representative           samples is determining the proportions of the categories. This can present           difficulties when samples must be drawn from numerous, broadly distributed           resources as well as rare or localized occurrences (Dunnell 1984:72).           For example, in the hierarchical settlement systems of complex societies,           large sites with rich deposits form a small proportion of the sites           in a region. Yet, given the diversity of materials and data potential           of these sites, a strong argument could be made for curating collections           from a larger proportion of such sites than other types of sites. There           also may be multiple reasons, i.e., scientific, humanistic, educational,           and artistic, to curate aesthetically and culturally significant artifacts           that often are found at such sites. Such artifacts merit special consideration           for scientific reasons because of the wide variety of information that           can be derived from them (Brown 1982:181-183). 

An even larger problem in defining samples is the inability           to predict the kinds of biases that future researchers will discover,           even in the collections resulting from today's most carefully designed           data collection strategies. While it is not possible to predict the           future, it is possible to evaluate the past. To not correct existing           recognizable biases in the curated data bank is counterproductive. Such           biases severely limit the kinds of research problems that presently           can be addressed with collections, and these limitations are apt to           become more profound over time. As was discussed above, periodic review           and evaluation of collections is necessary to identify and correct biases           so that collections management becomes responsive to new information           and changing research needs. An important component of a review and           evaluation process is comparison of the curated sample with the overall           composition of the archeological record. 

Return to: Technical           Briefs | Section 1 | Section           2 | Section 3 | Section           4 | References | Notes             | **introduction**

**curation                 in the context of cultural resource management**

**curation                 as resource management**

**the                 ethical dilemma in the context of research museums**

**the                 new york state museum's collections: a case study of the present                 sample**

**mechanisms                 for effecting collections management by museums**

**steps                 toward coordinated regional planning**

**references**

**notes**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            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