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No. 96-721

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

1998 MT 238N

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF

DIANE M. MILLER ARNDORFER,

Petitioner and Appellant,

and

BRAD L. ARNDORFER,

Respondent and Respondent.

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APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial 

District,

In and for the County of Yellowstone,

The Honorable Robert W. Holmstrom, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

David Duke, Attorney at Law, Billings, Montana

For Respondent:

Brad L. Arndorfer, Attorney at Law, appearing Pro Se, Billings, Montana

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Submitted on Briefs: August 6, 1998

Decided: September 29, 1998

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶ Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court 1996 Internal 

Operating Rules, the following decision shall not be cited as precedent but shall be 

filed as a public document with the Clerk of the Supreme Court and shall be 

reported by case title, Supreme Court cause number, and result to the State Reporter 

Publishing Company and to West Group in the quarterly table of noncitable cases 

issued by this Court.

¶ Diane M. Miller Arndorfer (Diane) appeals the marital dissolution decision of the 

Thirteenth Judicial District Court of Yellowstone County, in which the court 

equitably divided the marital property and debts of her and her former husband, 

Brad L. Arndorfer (Brad), and determined custody of their minor child. We affirm.

Issues

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¶ Diane presents numerous questions on appeal. For purposes of convenience, we 

distill the discussion to three issues:

¶ (1.) Did the District Court abuse its discretion in the valuation of marital assets and 

debts?

¶ (2.) Should the District Court judge have recused himself from the trial due to 

alleged bias against Diane's Jewish heritage?

¶ (3.) Did the District Court err by refusing to award attorney's fees to Diane? 

Factual and Procedural History

¶ Brad and Diane were married in Illinois in 1979. Diane gave birth to the couple's 

only child in 1983. During the first fifteen years of marriage, Brad and Diane 

accumulated certain property, including a house, a condominium, and a commercial 

building. By late in the summer of 1994, Brad and Diane decided to separate. 

Although they were initially able to cooperate regarding the sharing of custody and 

parental responsibilities, this cooperation gradually devolved into "a pitched battle 

royal."

¶ By fall of 1994, the situation between the couple had grown so irreconcilable that 

Diane filed for marital dissolution. In 1995, the District Court entered an order 

pursuant to stipulation of the parties requiring Brad and Diane to restrain from 

transferring, encumbering, concealing, or otherwise disposing of personal or marital 

property pending a decision by the court. The case went to trial in 1996. The trial 

focused on the issues of custody and the equitable division of marital property.

¶ The District Court found that total marital assets were valued at $399,924 and total 

marital liabilities were valued at $142,370, for a net worth of $257,554 in marital 

property. Included in the court's calculation of assets was a condominium (the 

Condo) located in Big Sky that Diane had brought into the marriage. Because the 

equity in the Condo was minimal at the outset of the marriage, the court found that 

the Condo should appropriately be treated as a marital asset because Brad, through 

his earnings, had contributed substantially to its "maintenance . . . throughout the 

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marriage." Other major marital assets included the family home, all the corporate 

stock in Bad Osprey, Inc. (the Corp), and a building owned by the Corp that 

generated $967 in monthly rental income. 

¶ At trial, the couple disputed the value of Brad's law office accounts receivable. 

Although computer-generated billing records indicated that the aggregate value of 

these accounts receivable was $45,000, the court found Brad credible in testifying 

that many of the accounts were not collectible and thus adopted his $5,000 valuation.

¶ Major marital liabilities included the mortgages on the family home and the 

Condo, $35,000 in liability for back State and Federal income taxes, and a $10,000 

loan debt that the parties agreed was owed to Diane's mother. However, Diane's 

allegation of an additional $19,000 obligation to her mother was disputed by Brad. 

The court found that there was insufficient evidence of this alleged debt to properly 

consider it a marital liability. 

¶ During trial, Brad agreed that the child should continue to live in the family home 

and thus that the home should be awarded to whichever party was granted primary 

residential custody. Diane requested that the court award her a greater share of the 

marital property in lieu of maintenance. The District Court ordered the marriage of 

Brad and Diane dissolved and granted joint custody to the parties, designating Diane 

as primary residential custodian. In dividing the marital property, the court awarded 

Diane the family home, the ownership interest in the Corp, household possessions, 

and other personal property; it awarded Brad the Condo, the assets for his law 

practice, and certain personal property.

¶ When Brad and Diane's respective debts were taken into account, this distribution 

effectively awarded Diane property with a net value of approximately $250,000, 

while only giving Brad property with a net value of approximately $8,500. To 

compensate for this disparity, the court ordered that Diane make a $75,000 cash 

payment to Brad in order to avoid "an unequal distribution" of marital property. 

The court reasoned that Diane's claimed experience in real estate transactions, 

together with the real estate awarded to her, afforded her the ability to pay the 

$75,000 to Brad. The court also declined to award Diane attorney's fees, finding that 

the distribution of marital assets provided her with sufficient capacity to pay the fees.

¶ Shortly after trial but prior to the court's entry of final judgment, Diane's counsel 

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wrote a letter to the District Court judge with an attached motion for recusal and a 

new trial. This letter alleged that the judge lacked the necessary constitutional 

impartiality because he inappropriately referred to Diane as a "Jewish mother" at 

the close of the trial, and subsequently made two unsolicited off-the-record comments 

again referring to her as a "Jewish mother." She requested that the judge recuse 

himself from the case or else the motion would be filed. When the judge apparently 

indicated that he would grant Diane primary residential custody, she chose not to file 

the motion. However, Brad did file a similar motion for recusal, attaching Diane's 

letter to the motion "to make this threat to the Court public record and give the 

Judge an opportunity to bow out if he wished." Although it is unclear from the 

record, it appears that the District Court judge did not act on this motion. It is 

apparent that he did not recuse himself from the case.

¶ After entry of final judgment, Brad filed a motion to amend the District Court 

judgment. At the hearing on this motion, evidence was introduced showing that 

Diane refinanced the loan on the Condo in violation of court order, increasing the 

principal amount of the loan from $21,370 to $35,000. Brad thus requested that the 

court change the property division to compensate for the additional debt that he had 

acquired by Diane's actions. Diane in turn made a cross-motion to amend the 

valuation of the Condo from $40,000 to $58,500, based on a new appraisal, and 

therefore requested that the court allocate an additional $13,449 in debt to Brad. The 

District Court rejected most of these contentions, but did increase the cash amount 

owed Brad by Diane from $75,000 to $88,730 to compensate for her actions in 

violation of court order.

Discussion

¶ (1.) Did the District Court abuse its discretion in the valuation of marital assets and 

debts?

¶ Diane asserts that the District Court abused its discretion in the valuation of 

marital assets and debts. We disagree. It is axiomatic that we " 'pay a great amount 

of deference to the judgment of the District Court regarding property divisions.' " In 

re Marriage of Garner (1989), 239 Mont. 485, 488, 781 P.2d 1125, 1127, quoting 

Burleigh v. Burleigh (1982), 200 Mont. 1, 8, 650 P.2d 753, 756. A district court's 

findings of fact regarding division of marital property are reviewed to determine if 

the findings upon which its division was based are clearly erroneous. In re Marriage 

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of Meeks (1996), 276 Mont. 237, 242, 915 P.2d 831, 834 (citing In re Marriage of 

DeWitt (1995), 273 Mont. 513, 519, 905 P.2d 1084, 1087); see also Rule 52(a), M.R.

Civ.P. ("[f]indings of fact . . . shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous . . . "). 

Provided that a district court's judgment is supported by substantial credible 

evidence, we will not intervene absent an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of 

Griffin (1996), 275 Mont. 37, 43, 909 P.2d 707, 710-11 (citing In re Marriage of 

Maedje (1994), 263 Mont. 262, 266, 868 P.2d 580, 583).

¶ In a marriage dissolution proceeding, the test for abuse of discretion is "whether 

the trial court acted arbitrarily without employment of conscientious judgment or 

exceeded the bounds of reason resulting in substantial injustice." In re Marriage of 

Rolfe (1985), 216 Mont. 39, 45, 699 P.2d 79, 83 (citing In re Marriage of Vert (1984), 

210 Mont. 24, 26, 680 P.2d 587, 588). Applying this standard, we conclude that the 

District Court did not abuse its discretion. A district court may adopt any reasonable 

valuation of marital property supported by the record, and its valuation may be 

based upon " 'expert testimony, lay testimony, documentary evidence, or any other 

combination thereof.' " Marriage of Meeks, 276 Mont. at 242-43, 915 P.2d at 835, 

quoting In re Marriage of Robinson (1994), 269 Mont. 293, 296, 888 P.2d 895, 897. 

Here, the District Court employed conscientious judgment in valuing the property 

apportioned to each spouse, based its valuation upon credible evidence in the record, 

and did not exceed the bounds of reason or otherwise cause Diane to suffer 

substantial injustice. 

¶ Diane claims that the District Court abused its discretion because it failed to offer 

an explanation for its selection of Brad's valuation of the Condo and his law office 

accounts receivable over her's. Diane correctly states the rule, but misapplies it to the 

facts of this case. Where conflicting valuation evidence is presented, the trial court 

abuses its discretion if it fails to provide an explanation or indicate the basis for its 

determination of value. Marriage of Rolfe, 216 Mont. at 46, 699 P.2d at 83 (citing 

Larson v. Larson (1982), 200 Mont. 134, 649 P.2d 1351). However, the record 

indicates that Brad and Diane initially stipulated to the value of the Condo as 

$40,000. Furthermore, a district court may enforce a written, in-court stipulation: " 

'[T]o the extent that the court is able to apply the statutory [§ 40-4-202, MCA, 

division of marital property] criteria while, at the same time, holding the parties to 

their on-record stipulations and agreements, it should do so.' " In re Marriage of 

Jakkola (1994), 267 Mont. 450, 453, 884 P.2d 783, 785, quoting In re Marriage of 

Simms (1994), 264 Mont. 317, 326, 871 P.2d 899, 904. We need nothing more to hold 

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that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in valuing the Condo at $40,000 

and in refusing to allow Diane to subsequently deviate from the stipulated value. 

¶ The District Court heard testimony from both parties and questioned both Brad 

and Diane about the value of the law office accounts receivable. In its judgment, the 

court stated that "the evidence offered by [Brad] on these matters is more believable 

as to their value . . . ." Therefore, the court chose to "adopt[] the Husband's 

valuation of these items." The court's valuation of the law office accounts receivable 

essentially came down to the credibility of the testimony presented. It is settled that 

we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court regarding the 

credibility of witnesses or the weight to be given their testimony. Marriage of Meeks, 

276 Mont. at 247, 915 P.2d at 837-38 (citing In re Seizure of $23,691 in U.S. Currency 

(1995), 273 Mont. 474, 485, 905 P.2d 148, 155); see also Rule 52(a), M.R.Civ.P. ("due 

regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of 

the witnesses"). We conclude that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in 

the valuation of the law office accounts receivable. 

¶ (2.) Should the District Court judge have recused himself from the trial due to 

alleged bias against Diane's Jewish heritage?

¶ At the close of trial, the District Court judge made the following remarks:

I've heard the expression of a Jewish mother, and I've never really known 

what it meant, but if that expression means that the offspring of a Jewish 

mother cannot ever be ill, and that he is always right, and [that there is] 

always someone [who] is picking on him, well, some of that has certainly 

come through in this case.

On two occasions subsequent to trial, the judge allegedly again used the phrase "Jewish 

mother" to refer to Diane while speaking with her attorney in the judge's chambers. 

¶ Diane contends that she did not receive a fair and unbiased trial in the District 

Court. She therefore requests relief from this Court. It is true that " '[a] judge shall 

avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in all of the judge's activities.' 

" Lutz v. National Crane Corp. (1994), 267 Mont. 368, 385, 884 P.2d 455, 465, 

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quoting Canon 2(a), Code of Judicial Conduct. The judge's use of this stereotypical 

phrase reveals an arbiter who lost his patience with a difficult litigant. While we do 

not condone the use of such characterizations, we need not reach the issue of judicial 

bias. 

¶ By failing to file her motion for recusal with the District Court, Diane failed to 

preserve the issue of bias for appeal. The record indicates that no objection was 

made by Diane's attorney when the judge made the comment at trial, nor did Diane 

file a motion for recusal with the District Court. Accordingly, she failed to preserve 

the issue of judicial bias for appeal. Phil-Co Feeds, Inc. v. First Nat. Bank in Havre 

(1989), 238 Mont. 414, 424, 777 P.2d 1306, 1313 (citing Evangeline v. Billings Cycle 

Center (1981), 192 Mont. 106, 626 P.2d 841). We have stated on numerous occasions 

that we will review only those questions raised in the trial court; a party may not 

raise an issue for the first time on appeal. Morse v. Cremer (1982), 200 Mont. 71, 81, 

647 P.2d 358, 364; In re Marriage of Schnell (1995), 273 Mont. 466, 472, 905 P.2d 

144, 148. Furthermore, we will not invoke the "plain error" exception in cases, like 

this one, where the "failure or refusal to raise an issue in trial court is conscious and 

intentional on the part of trial counsel." Martinez v. Montana Power Co. (1989), 239 

Mont. 281, 285-86, 779 P.2d 917, 920 (citing Halldorson v. Halldorson (1977), 175 

Mont. 170, 174, 573 P.2d 169, 172). We hold that the issue of judicial bias was not 

preserved for appeal. 

¶ (3.) Did the District Court err by refusing to award attorney's fees to Diane? 

¶ Diane asserts that the trial court's denial of attorney's fees was an abuse of 

discretion. We disagree. Section 40-4-110, MCA, allows a district court, after 

considering the respective financial resources of each party, to order that the 

opposing party pay the costs and attorney's fees of the party with limited financial 

ability. Section 40-4-110, MCA. However, we have previously held in a marital 

dissolution case that a district court must simply " 'indicate its reasons for refusing 

to grant attorney[']s fees.' " In re Marriage of Voelkel (1987), 226 Mont. 143, 147, 

734 P.2d 217, 220, quoting In re Marriage of Rolfe (1985), 216 Mont. 39, 49, 699 P.2d 

79, 84. Here, the District Court found that "the distribution of the [marital] assets . . . 

afforded to the Wife assets with which she is capable of paying her attorney fees." 

This is a clear indication of the court's reasoning. We hold that the District Court did 

not err in denying attorney's fees. 

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¶ In conclusion, we hold that the District Court neither erred in its valuation of 

marital assets and debts nor in its refusal to grant Diane attorney's fees. We do not 

reach the issue of judicial bias because Diane failed to preserve it for appeal.

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

We concur:

/S/ J. A. TURNAGE

/S/ JIM REGNIER 

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER

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