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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               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| **References Cited**

Carr, Christopher          1982       *Handbook on Soil Resistivity           Surveying: Interpretation of Data from Earthen Archeological Sites.*           Center for American Archeology Press, Evanston. 

Chace, Paul 0.          1981       Perspectives an Archeological           Site Capping. *Contract Abstracts and CRM Archeology* (now *American           Archeology*) 3(l). 

Chapman, Jefferson          1978       *The Bacon Farm Site and           a Buried Site Reconnaissance. Tennessee Valley Authority Publications           in Anthropology No. 21*, University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology,           Report of Investigations Number 23, Knoxville. 

Garfinkel, Alan P., and Bobby L. Lister          1983       *Effects of High Embankment           Construction on Archaeological Materials.* Transportation Laboratory,           California Department of Transportation, Sacramento. 

Haynes, C. Vance, Jr., and E. Thomas Hemming          1968       Mammoth-bone Shaft Wrench from           Murray Springs, Arizona. *Science* 159:3811. 

Jensen, Peter M.          1976       *Archaeological Investigations           at CA-MER-27. The First California Site for which Total Coverage with           Soil has been Agreed to as Partial Mitigation.* Report prepared for           U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento. 

Klinger, Thomas C.          1982       The Mangrum Site, Mitigation           Through Excavation and Preservation. *Arkansas Archeological Survey           Research Series No. 20*, Fayetteville. 

Mathewson, Christopher C.          1988       *Protection and Preservation           of Archaeological Sites through Burial: A Multidisciplinary Problem.*           Paper presented at the 1988 Society for Applied Anthropology Meeting.           Paper on file at the Center for Engineering Geosciences, Texas A & M           University. 

Mathewson, Christopher C. (editor)          1989       *Interdisciplinary Workshop           on the Physical-Chemical-Biological Processes Affecting Archeological           Sites.* Contract Report EL-89-1, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways           Experiment Station, Vicksburg. 

Mathewson, Christopher C., and Tania Gonzales          1988       Protection and Preservation           of Archaeological Sites through Burial. In *Engineering Geology of           Ancient Works, Monuments and Historical Sites: Preservation and Protection*,           edited by Paul G. Marinos and George C. Koukis, pp. 519-526. A. A. Balkema,           Rotterdam. 

Thorne, Robert M.          1988a       *Guidelines for the Organization           of Archeological Sites Stabilization Projects: A Modeled Approach.*           Technical Report EL-88-8, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment           Station, Vicksburg. 

1988b       *Filter           Fabric: A Technique for Short-term Site Stabilization.* Archeological           Assistance Program Technical Brief No. 1, U.S. Department of the Interior,           National Park Service. 

Thorne, Robert M., Patricia M. Fay, and James J. Hester          1987       *Archeological Site Preservation           Techniques: A Preliminary Review.* Technical Report EL-87-3, U.S.           Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg. 

U.S. Department of the Interior          1975       *Professional Considerations           Surrounding Non-Aqueous Burial of Archeological Sites.* Interagency           Archeological Program Administrative Memorandum No. 4; Supplement No.           1. Interagency Archeological Services, U.S. Department of the Interior,           National Park Service. 

Wilkie, Duncan C., Michael T. Aide, and Ray Knox          1986       *Phase III, Archaeological           Mitigation of Archaeological Sites 23BU239 and 23BU241.* Report submitted           to the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department, Jefferson City.           

**Annotated Bibliography**

Garfinkel, Alan P., and Bobby L. Lister          1983       *Effects of High Embankment           Construction on Archaeological Materials.* Transportation Laboratory,           California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS), Sacramento. 

The authors report on a field study conducted by CALTRANS           to determine the effects of placing a 75-foot-high embankment over an           area constructed to simulate a North American Indian archeological site.           Two small test units were excavated, and artifacts were placed in three           layers. The locations of all artifacts were carefully plotted, and both           units were instrumented with soil pressure meters. Access to the test           units beneath the fill was monitored through a 5-foot culvert that terminated           with a 72-inch "T" section. Ground water levels beneath the fill was           measured through a well drilled into the "T" section. Soil pressure           meters were also placed in an actual site on an adjacent project to           provide comparative data. Examination of the buried materials indicated           soil compaction around the artifacts, and gross morphological changes           in the test materials were noted. Guidelines and recommendations for           future site burial projects are included. This project is also covered           by a technical note in the *Archeological Site Protection and Preservation           Notebook*, described below.

Jensen, Peter M.          1976       *Archaeological Investigations           at CA-MER-27. The First California Site for which Total Coverage with           Soil has been Agreed to as Partial Mitigation.* Report prepared for           U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento. 

Jensen presents the results of archeological investigations           that were conducted prior to the burial of CA-MER-27. He includes a           10-page discussion of the future burial of the site and raises a series           of questions regarding the validity of site burial as a reasonable mitigation           measure. He concludes what appears to be a negative view of site burial           by indicating that limited knowledge about a significant archeological           site is sufficient justification for its preservation using this method.           More importantly, Appendix 2 describes the proposed burial activity.           It includes as part of that description portions of the Bureau of Reclamation's           original burial proposal with data on compaction, settlement, and slumping           which were used to predict how the archeological component might react           to burial under a 3-foot protective covering. This appendix provides           a great deal of insight into the planning and testing required prior           to the burial of an archeological property.

Mathewson, Christopher C. (editor)          1989       *Interdisciplinary Workshop           on the Physical-Chemical-Biological Processes Affecting Archeological           Sites.* Contract Report EL-89-1, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways           Experiment Station, Vicksburg. 

The information in this report was collected to develop           an archeological site decay model that can be applied in planning and           design activities for intentional site burial projects. It presents           the papers of the workshop as a convenient summary of current scientific           knowledge concerning site development processes and their influences           on cultural materials. Cultural and natural processes are discussed,           particularly to identify interactions of physical, biological and chemical           factors with archeological site components. The archeological site decay           model is based upon the decay matrix illustrated in Figure           1 (in this technical brief).

U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers          1988       *The Archeological Site Protection           and Preservation Notebook.* Environmental Research Program, Vicksburg.           

The notebook contains a regularly updated series of           technical notes that summarize original research and abstracted published           and unpublished accounts about site preservation. They address the causes           of site degradation and techniques for in situ site protection. The           notebook is organized into eleven chapters that cover different protection           categories. The chapter on intentional site burial contains three technical           notes. Two additional notes on the subject will be published in the           immediate future.

Wilkie, Duncan C., Michael T. Aide, and Ray Knox          1986       *Phase III, Archaeological           Mitigation of Archaeological Sites 23BU239 and 23BU241.* Report submitted           to the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department, Jefferson City.           

The authors summarize both the Phase I and Phase II           work completed at these two sites and the Scope of Work for the mitigation           project. Site burial and artifact reburial are included as basic components           of the mitigation plan. They further indicate that the research design           for Phase III work will be based on an improvement of the CALTRANS site           burial test project. They indicate that the present project is designed           to test the impact of moderately deep burial on both artifacts and intact           site components. Portions of both sites were left undisturbed and scheduled           to be covered as a pan of the construction phase of Route 60. Following           selective excavation and detailed analysis of the recovered artifacts,           representative examples were returned to the site and reburied in their           original locations.

Recommendations for measuring burial impact include           soil chemistry tests at 2-year intervals and excavations to compare           undisturbed features and reburied artifacts after a 10-year interval.           This interval should allow the detection of any impacts that burial           and reburial will have on the site and its contents. A description of           the engineering design used in the burial of these two sites is not           contained in the Scope of Work, the mitigation proposal, or the archeological           report. One is left to assume that standard Missouri Highway and Transportation           Department engineering and construction design was used. Complete physical           and chemical data as well as some soil compaction data were gathered           to serve as a baseline in future studies.

Return to: Technical           Briefs | Text            | **introduction**

**design                 of an effective project**

**evaluation                 of site components**

**measurement                 of impacts and setting goals for Protection**

**decay                 processes**

**benefits                 of intentional site burial**

**project                 methods and procedures**

**references                 cited**

**annotated                 bibliography**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               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