P.

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Test :Allethocf Prntocvlfior BALP/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake C;ytotoxkit}, Assay

Phase HI - Validation Study

November 4. 2003

TEST METHOD PROTOCOL

for the BALB/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Test

A Test for Basal Cytotoxicity for an In Vitro Validation Study

Phase III

November 4, 2003

Prepared by

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center for the Evaluation of

Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM)

Based on Standard Operating Procedure Recommendations from an

International Workshop Organized by the Interagency Coordinating Committee

on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM )

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

U.S . Public Health Service

Department of Health and Human Services

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Te.st .Vlethod Protocol fnr BrlG13/c 3T3 .Veutrcxl Red Uptake Cytotorxicity Assuy=

Phase III - Validation Study

November 4. 2003

TEST METHOD PROTOCOL

The BALB/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Test

A Test for Basal Cytotoxicity

Phase III

1. PURPOSE

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxicity of test chemicals using the BALB/c 3T3

Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) cytotoxicity test. The data will be used to evaluate the intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility of the assay and effectiveness of the cytotoxicity assay to predict the

starting doses for rodent acute oral systemic toxicity assays . This test method protocol outlines the

procedures for performing the cytotoxicity test and supports the in vitro validation study organized by

NICEATM and the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) and

sponsored by NIEHS, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and ECVAM. This test method

protocol applies to all personnel involved with performing the cytotoxicity assay .

A. BALB/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Test

The 3T3 NRU test will be performed to analyze the in vitro toxicity of 60 blinded/coded test

chemicals. This test will be used to determine IC20, IC50, and IC80 values for the predetermined

set of test chemicals of varying toxicities.

II. SPONSOR

A. Name: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); The

National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center for the

Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM )

B. Address: P.O. Box 12233

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

C. Representative: Named Representative

III. IDENTIFICATION OF TEST AND CONTROL SUBSTANCES

A. Test Chemicals: Blinded Chemicals (60)

B. Controls: Positive: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Vehicle (Negative): Assay medium (DMEM containing 5% NBCS,

4 mM L-Glutamine, 100 IU/mL Penicillin ,

100 μg/mL Streptomycin)

Solvent: Assay medium, DMSO, or ethanol directed by

the Study Management Team, for preparation of

test chemical

. TESTING FACILITY AND KEY PERSONNE L s IV

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Test Method Protocol forb'AGI3Jc 3T3 Neutrcxl Red Uptake CytotoxicityAssay

Phase l11- Validation stua'y

November 4, 2003

A. Facility Information

1) Name :

2) Address

: 3) Study Director :

4) Laboratory Technician(s) :

5) Scientific Advisor:

6) Quality Assurance Director:

7) Safety Manager:

8) Facility Management :

B.' Test Schedule

1) Proposed Experimental Initiation Date :

2) Proposed Experimental Completion Date:

3) Proposed Report Date :

V. TEST SYSTEM

The NRU cytotoxicity assay procedure is a cell survival/viability chemosensitivity assay based on the

ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind neutral red (NR), a supravital dye . NR is a weak

cationic dye that readily penetrates cell membranes by non-ionic diffusion and accumulates

intracellularly in lysosomes. Alterations of the cell surface or the sensitive lysosomal membrane lead

to lysosomal fragility and other changes that gradually become irreversible . Such changes brought

about by the action of xenobiotics result in a decreased uptake and binding of NR. It is thus possible

to distinguish between viable, damaged, or dead cells, which is the basis of this assay.

Healthy mammalian cells, when maintained in culture, continuously divide and multiply over time . A

toxic chemical, regardless of site or mechanism of action, will interfere with this process and result in

a reduction of the growth rate as reflected by cell number . Cytotoxicity is expressed as a

concentration dependent reduction of the uptake of the NR after chemical exposure thus providing a

sensitive, integrated signal of both cell integrity and growth inhibition .

VI. DEFINITIONS

A. Hill function: a four parameter logistic mathematical model relating the concentration of test

chemical to the response being measured in a sigmoidal shape .

Top - Bottom Y = Bottom +

1 + 10(logIC50- X)HillSlope

where Y= response, X is the logarithm of dose (or concentration), Bottom is the minimum

response, Top is the maximum response, logIC50 is logarithm of X at the response midway

between Top and Bottom, and HillSlope describes the steepness of the curve .

B. Documentation : all methods and procedures will be noted in a Study Workbook ; logs will be

maintained for general laboratory procedures and equipment (e .g., media preparation, test

chemical preparation, incubator function); all optical density data obtained from the

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Test Method Protocol fot b'ALFic 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake C} otoxii Assa y

Phase HI - Validation Study

:tinvember =f . 2003

spectrophotometer plate reader will be saved in electronic and paper formats; all calculations of

ICx values and other derived data will be in electronic and paper format; all data will be archived .

VII. PROCEDURES

A. Materials

1 . Cell Lines

BALB/c 3T3 cells, clone 31- 1-

CCL- 16LGC Reference Materials, Customer Service, Queens Road, Teddington,

Middlesex, TW 110LY, UK

CCL-163, American Type Culture Collection [ATCC], Manassas, VA, USA)

2 . Technical Equipment

[Note: Suggested brand names/vendors are listed in parentheses. Equivalents may be used .]

a) Incubator: 37°C ± 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, 5 .0 % t 1 % C02/air

b) Laminar flow clean bench/cabinet (standard : "biological hazard")

c) Water bath: 37°C ± 1°C

d) Inverse phase contrast microscop e

e) Sterile glass tubes with caps (e .g., 5 mL)

f) Centrifuge (optionally : equipped with microtiter plate rotor)

g) Laboratory balanc e

h) 96-well plate spectrophotometer (i.e., plate reader) equipped with 540 nm ± 10 nm filter

i) Shaker for microtiter plates

j) Cell counter or hemocytometer

k) Pipetting aid

1) Pipettes, pipettors (multi-channel and single channel; multichannel repeater pipette),

dilution block

m) Cryotubes

n) Tissue culture flasks ( e .g., 75 - 80 cm2, 25 cmz )

o) 96-well flat bottom tissue culture microtiter plates (e .g., Nunc # 167 008; Falcon tissue

culture-treated)

p) pH paper (wide and narrow range)

q) Multichannel reagent reservoir

r) Waterbath sonicator

s) Magnetic stirre r

t) Antistatic bar ionizer/antistatic gun (optional for neutralizing static on 96-well plates)

u) Dry heat block (optional)

v) Adhesive film plate sealers (e .g ., Excel Scientific SealPlate " ,Cat # STR-SEAL-PLT or

equivalent)

w) Vortex mixer

x) Filters/filtration devices

[Note : Tissue culture flasks and microtiter plates should be prescreened to ensure that they

adequately suppo rt the growth of 3T3 cells. Multi-channel repeater pipettes may be used for

plating cells in the 96-well plates, dispensing plate rinse solutions, NR medium, and desorb

solution. Do not use the repeater pipette for dispensing test chemicals to the cells .]

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Te•st,Ykthoc( Prfit{)co! for BtSL13/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotna•icity r1 s.say=

Phase III - Validation Stwiv

November 4, 2003

3 . Chemicals, Media, and Sera

a) Dulbecco's Modification of Eagle's Medium (DMEM) without L-Glutamine ; should

have high glucose [4 .5gm/1] (e .g., ICN-Flow Cat. No. 12-332-54)

b) L-Glutamine 200 mM (e.g., ICN-Flow # 16-801-49)

c) New Born Calf Serum (NBCS or NCS) (e .g., Biochrom # SO 125 )

d) 0.05 % Trypsin/0 .02 % EDTA solution (e .g., SIGMA T 3924, ICN-Flow, # 16891-49)

e) Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without Ca2+ and Mg2+(for trypsinization )

f) Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without Ca2+ and MgZ+(CMF-HBSS )

g) Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS) [formulation containing calcium and

magnesium cations; glucose optional] (for rinsing )

h) Penicillin/streptomycin solution (e .g. ICN-Flow # 16-700-49)

i) Neutral Red (NR) Dye - tissue culture-grade ; liquid form (e.g., SIGMA N 2889); powder

form (e.g., SIGMA N 4638 )

j) Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), U .S.P. analytical grade (Store under nitrogen @-20°C)

k) Ethanol (ETOH), U. S.P. analytical grade (100 %, non-denatured for test chemical

preparation; 95 % can be used for the desorb solution)

1) Glacial acetic acid, analytical grade

m) Distilled H20 or any purified water suitable for cell culture and NR desorb solution

(sterile)

n) Sterile/non-sterile paper towels (for blotting 96-well plates)

[Note: Due to lot variability of NBCS/NCS, first check a lot for growth stimulating properties

with 3T3 cells (approximately 20-24 h doubling time) and then reserve a sufficient amount of

NBCS/NCS. May use pre-tested serum lot from Phases Ia, lb, and II of the validation study

if the serum has been stored under appropriate conditions and shelf-life has not expired. ]

B. Preparations of Media and Solutions

[Note: All solutions (except NR stock solution, NR medium and NR desorb), glassware, pipettes,

etc., shall be sterile and all procedures should be carried out under aseptic conditions and in the

sterile environment of a laminar flow cabinet (biological hazard standard) . All methods and

procedures will be adequately documented .]

1 . Media

DMEM (buffered with sodium bicarbonate) supplemented with (final concentrations in

DMEM are quoted):

a) for freezing (Freeze Medium) ; contains 2X concentration of NBCS/NCS and DMSO of

final freezing solutio n

40 % NBCS/NCS

20% DMSO

b) for routine culture (Routine Culture Medium)

10% NBCS/NCS

4 mM Glutamine

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Test 1Vfethora'Protoco1 for BtiLB,/c 3T3 ,Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Assny

Phase III - Validation Stw1v

November 4, 2003

c) for test chemical dilution (Chemical Dilution Medium)

4 mM Glutamine

200 IU/mL Penicillin

200 μg/mL Streptomycin

d) for dilution of NR stock solution (NR Dilution Medium)

5% NBCS/NCS

4 mM Glutamine

100IU/mL Penicillin

100 μg/mL Streptomycin

[Note: The Chemical Dilution Medium with test chemical will dilute the serum concentration

of the Routine Culture Medium in the test plate to 5 %. Serum proteins may mask the

toxicity of the test substance, but serum cannot be totally excluded because cell growth is

markedly reduced in its absence .]

Completed media formulations should be kept at approximately 2-8° C and stored for no

longer than two weeks.

2. Neutral Red (NR) Stock Solution

The liquid tissue culture-grade stock NR Solution will be the first choice for performing the

assay ( e .g., SIGMA #N2889, 3 .3 mg/mL). Store liquid tissue culture-grade NR Stock

Solution at the storage conditions and shelf-life period recommended by the manufacturer .

If the liquid form is not available, the following formulation can be prepared .

EXAMPLE : 0.25 g NR Dye powder in 100 mL H2 0

The NR Stock Solution (powder in water) should be stored in the dark at room temperature

for up to two months.

3 . Neutral Red (NR) Medium

EXAMPLE:

0 .758 mL ( 3 .3 mg NR dye/mL solution) NR Stock Solution

99 .242 mL NR Dilution Medium (pre-warmed to 37 C)

The final concentration of the NR Medium is 25 μ2 NR dye/mL and aliquots will be

prepared on the day of application.

[Note: The NR Medium shall be filtered (e.g., Millipore filtering, 0.2 - 0.45 qm pore size) to

reduce NR crystals. Aliquots of the NR Medium should be maintained at 37 C (e.g., in a

waterbath) before adding to the cells and used within 30 min of preparation but also used

within 15 min after removing from 37 C storage . ]

4. Ethanol/Acetic Acid Solution (NR Desorb)

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Test Method Protocol fiwBf1LBlc 3T_3Ncutr xl Red Uptake C yttltoxr"city~ Assa y

Phase III - Validation Study

November 4 . 2 003

1 % Glacial acetic acid solution

50% Ethanol

49% H2O

C. Methods

1 . Cell Maintenance and Culture Procedure s

BALB/c 3T3 cells are routinely'grown as a monolayer in tissue culture grade flasks (e .g., 75 -

80 cm2) at 37°C t 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, and 5.0 % ± 1% C02/air. The cells should be

examined on a daily (i.e., on workdays) basis under a phase contrast microscope, and any

changes in morphology or their adhesive properties noted in a Study Workbook.

2. Receipt of Cryopreserved BALB/c 3T3 Cells

Upon receipt of cryopreserved BALB/c 3T3 cells, the vial(s) of cells shall be stored in a

liquid nitrogen freezer until needed .

3 . Thawing Cells

Thaw cells by putting ampules into a water bath at 37°C ± 1°C. Leave for as brief a time as

possible .

a) Resuspend the cells in pre-warmed Routine Culture Medium and transfer into

pre-warmed Routine Culture Medium in a tissue-culture flask .

b) Incubate at 37°C ± 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, and 5 .0 % ± 1 % C02/air.

c) When the cells have attached to the bottom of the flask (within 4 to 24 h), decant

the supernatant and replace with fresh pre-warmed (37°C) medium . Culture as

described above .

d) Passage at least two times before using the cells in a cytotoxicity test .

A fresh batch of frozen cells from the stock lot of cells should be thawed out and cultured

approximately every two months. This period resembles a sequence of about 18 passages.

4. Routine Culture of BALB/C 3T3 Cells

When cells exceed 50 % confluence (but less than 80 % confluent) they should be removed

from the flask by trypsinization :

a) Decant medium, briefly rinse cultures with 5 mL PBS or Hanks' BSS ( without Ca2 +

Mgn per 25 cm2 flask (15 mL per 75 cm2 flask) . Wash cells by gentle agitation to

remove any remaining serum that might inhibit the action of the trypsin.

b) Discard the washing solution. Repeat the rinsing procedure and discard the washing

solution.

c) Add 1-2 mL trypsin-EDTA solution per 25 cm2 to the monolayer for a few seconds (e .g.,

15-30 seconds).

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Te.st,YTt thodProtocvl fr)r b'ALfi/c 3T_$ Neutral Ked Uptake C:ytotoxicity .rlsscPy

Phase III - Validation Sfu(ly

November 4 . 200 3

d) Remove excess trypsin-EDTA solution and incubate the cells at room temperature .

e) After 2-3 minutes (min), lightly tap the flask to detach the cells into a single cell

suspension.

5. Cell Counting

After detaching the cells, add 0 .1-0.2 mL of pre-warmed (37°C) Routine Culture

Medium/cm2 to the flask (e .g., 2.5 mL for a 25 cm2 flask). Disperse the monolayer by gentle

trituration . It is important to obtain a single cell suspension for exact counting . Count a

sample of the cell suspension obtained using a hemocytometer or cell counter ( e .g., Coulter

counter).

6. Subculture of Cells

After determination of cell number, the culture can be sub-cultured into other flasks or seeded

into 96-well microtiter plates. BALB/c 3T3 cells are routinely passaged at suggested cell

densities as listed in the table (approximate doubling time is 20-24 h) . The individual

laboratories will need to determine and adjust the final density to achieve approp riate growth.

Table 1 . Cell Density Guidelines for Subculturing

Days in Culture Seeding Density Total Cells per 25 cm2 Total Cells per 75 cm

(cells/cm2) flask flask

2 16800 4.2 x 105 1.26 x 106

3 8400 2.1x10 6.3x10

4 4200 1.05 x 105 3.15 x 105

[Note: It is important that cells have overcome the lag growth phase when they are used for

the test.]

7. Freezing Cells (procedure required only if current stock of cells is depleted )

Stocks of BALB/c 3T3 cells can be stored in sterile, freezing tubes in a liquid nitrogen

freezer. DMSO is used as a cryoprotective agent.

a) Centrifuge trypsinized cells at approximately 200 x g.

b) Suspend the cells in cold Routine Culture Medium (half the final freezing volume)

so a final concentration of 1-5x106 cells/mL can be attained.

c) Slowly add cold Freeze Medium to the cells so that the solvent will equilibrate

across the cell membranes. Bring the cell suspension to the final freezing volume .

The final cell suspension will be 10 % DMSO. Aliquot the cell suspension into

freezing tubes and fill to 1 .8 mL.

d) Place the tubes into an insulated container (e.g., styrofoam trays) and place in a

freezer (-70 to -80°C) for 24 h . This gives a freezing rate of approximately 1°C/min .

The laboratory needs to ensure that the freezing protocol is applicable to the 3T3

cells and that the cells are viable when removed from cryopreservation .

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Test lWethod Prrltocot frv BALI3/c 3T_3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Assay

Phase III - Validation %(Iv

November 4, 20() 3

e) Place the frozen tubes into liquid nitrogen for storage .

8. Preparation of Cells for Assays

a) Cultured cells that are going to be used in seeding the 96-well plates should be fed fresh

medium the day before subculturing to the plates. On the day of plate seeding, prepare a

4

cell suspension of 2 .0 - 3.Ox10 cells/mL in Routine Culture Medium . Using a multichannel pipette, dispense 100 μl Routine Culture Medium only into the peripheral wells

(blanks) of a 96-well tissue culture microtiter plate (See Section VII.F.1). In the

remaining wells, dispense 100 μl of a cell suspension of 2 .0 - 3 .0x104 cells/mL (= 2.0 -

3 .Ox10 cells/well). The seeding density should be noted to ensure that the cells in the

control wells are not overgrown after three days (i .e.; 24 h incubation in step b and 48 h

exposure to test chemicals). Prepare one plate per chemical to be tested .

b) Incubate cells for 24 ± 2 h(37°C ± 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, 5.0 % ± 1% C02/air) so

that cells form a less than half (< 50%) confluent monolayer . This incubation period

assures cell recovery and adherence and progression to exponential growth phase .

c) Examine each plate under a phase contrast microscope to assure that cell growth is

relatively even across the microtiter plate . This check is performed to identify

experimental and systemic cell seeding errors. Record observations in the Study

Workbook.

9 . Determination of Doubling Time

a) A cell doubling time procedure was performed on the initial lot of cells that was used in

the first cell culture assays of Phase la of the Validation Study. The doubling time only

needs to be determined in Phase III if there is a change in the lot of cells used . Establish

cells in culture and trypsinize cells as per Section VII.C.4 for subculture. Resuspend

cells in NR Dilution Medium (5 % NBCS/NCS). Seed cells at 4200 cells/cm2 .

b) Seed five sets of cell culture vessels in triplicate for each cell type (e.g., 15 tissue culture

dishes [60mm x 15mm]) . Use appropriate volume of culture medium for the culture

vessels. Note number of cells placed into each culture dish . Place dishes into the

incubators (37°C ± 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, 5 .0 %± 1% C02/air).

c) After 4 - 6 hours (use the same initial measurement time for each subsequent doubling

time experiment), remove three culture dishes and trypsinize cells. Count cells using a

cell counter or hemocytometer . Cell viability may be determined by dye exclusion (e .g.,

Trypan Blue ; Nigrosin) if Study Director sees a need . Use appropriate size exclusion

limits if using a Coulter counter. Determine the total number of cells and document.

Repeat sampling at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h post inoculation. Change culture medium

at 72 h or sooner in remaining dishes if indicated by pH drop .

d) Plot cell concentration (per mL ofmedium) on a log scale against time on a linear scale .

Determine lag time and population doubling time. Additional dishes and time are needed

if the entire growth curve is to be determined (lag phase, log phase, plateau phase) .

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Test Nlethod Protocol, for BALB/c 3T_3tVeutral Red Uptake CytotoxicityAssci y

Phase 171- Validation Studv

November 4. 2003

D. Preparation of Test Chemicals

The Study Management Team will provide direction on the solvent to be used for each test

chemical. [Note: Preparation under red or yellow light is recommended to preserve chemicals that

degrade upon exposure to light.]

1 . Test Chemicals in Solution

a) Allow test chemicals to equilibrate to room temperature before dissolving and diluting .

b) Prepare test chemical immediately prior to use . Test chemical solutions should not be

prepared in bulk for use in subsequent tests . Ideally, the solutions must not be cloudy nor

have noticeable precipitate. Each stock dilution should have at least 1-2 mL total volume

to ensure adequate solution for the test wells in a single 96-well plate . The SMT may

direct the Study Director to store an aliquot (e .g., 1 mL) of the highest 2X stock solution

(e.g., low solubility chemicals) in a freezer ( e .g., -70°C) for use in future chemical

analyses.

c) For chemicals dissolved in DMSO or ethanol, the final DMSO or ethanol concentration

for application to the cells must be 0.5 % (v/v) in the vehicle controls and in all of the

eight test concentrations.

d) The stock solution for each test chemical should be prepared at the highest concentration

found to be soluble in the solubility test conducted per the Test Method Protocol for

Solubility Determination . Thus, the highest test concentration applied to the cells in each

range finding experiment is:

0.5 times the highest concentration found to be soluble in the solubility test, if the

chemical was soluble in Chemical Dilution Medium, o r

1/200 the highest concentration found to be soluble in the solubility test if the

chemical was soluble in ethanol or DMSO.

e) The seven lower concentrations in the range finding experiment would then be prepared

by successive dilutions that decrease by one log unit each. The following example

illustrates the preparation of test chemical in solvent and the dilution of dissolved test

chemical in Chemical Dilution Medium before application to 3T3 cells .

Example : Preparation of Test Chemical in Solvent Using a Log Dilution Schem e

If DMSO was determined to be the preferred solvent at Tier 2 of the solubility test (i.e.,

200,000 μg/mL), dissolve the chemical in DMSO at 200,000 μg/mL for the chemical stock

solution.

1) Label eight tubes 1 - 8. Add 0 .9 mL solvent (e .g., DMSO) to tubes 2 -- 8 .

2) Prepare stock solution of 200,000 μg test chemical/mL solvent in tube # 1 .

3) Add 0 .1 mL of 200,000 ug/mL dilution from tube #1 to tube #2 to make a 1 :10 dilution

in solvent (i .e ., 20,000 μg/mL).

4) Add 0 .1 mL of 20,000 ug/mL dilution from tube #2 to tube #3 to make another 1 :10

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Test Method Profocol foa• BALB/c 3T3 Neutrexl Red Uptake Cytoloxicity Assa y

Phase 111- Validation Stu,-Iv

November 4, 20133

dilution (i .e., 1 :100 dilution from stock solution) in solvent (i .e., 2,000 μg/mL)

5) Continuing making serial 1 :10 dilutions in the prepared solvent tubes.

6) Since each concentration is 200 fold greater than the concentration to be tested; make a

1 :100 dilution by diluting 1 part dissolved chemical in each tube with 99 pa rts of

Chemical Dilution Medium ( e .g., 0.1 mL test chemical in DMSO + 9.9 mL Chemical

Dilution Medium) to derive the eight 2X concentrations for application to 3T3 cells .

Each 2X test chemical concentration will then contain 1% v/v solvent. The 3T3 cells

will have 0.05 mL Routine Culture Medium in the wells prior to application of the test

chemical. By adding 0 .05 mL of the appropriate 2X test chemical concentration to the

appropriate wells, the test chemical will be diluted appropriately ( e .g., highest

concentration in well will be 1,000 μg/mL) in a total of 0 .1 mL and the solvent

concentration in the wells will be 0 .5% v/v.

7) A test article prepared in Chemical Dilution Medium, DMSO, or ethanol may precipitate

upon transfer into the Routine Culture Medium . The 2X dosing solutions should be

evaluated for precipitates and the results recorded in the workbook . It will be permissible

to test all of the dosing solutions in the dose range finding assay and main experiments .

However, doses containing test article precipitates should be avoided and generally will

not be used in the ICx determinations for the definitive tests . Precipitates in 2X dosing

solutions are permissible for range finder tests but not for definitive tests .

Document all test chemical preparations in the Study Workbook .

2. pH of Test Chemical Solution s

Prior to or immediately after application of the test chemical to the 96-well plate, measure the

pH of the highest 2X dosing concentration of the test chemical (i .e ., Cl in the test plate, see

Figure 1) in culture medium. Use pH paper (e .g., pH 0 - 14 to estimate and pH 5 - 10 to

determine more precise value; or Study Director's discretion) for measurements . The pH

paper should be in contact with the solution for approximately one minute . Document the pH

and note the color of the 2X concentration medium (i .e ., in the EXCEL® template). Medium

color for all dosing dilutions should be noted in the workbooks. Do not adjust the pH.

3 . Concentrations of Test Chemical

a) Range Finder Experiment

Test eight concentrations of the test chemical by diluting the stock solution with a

constant factor covering a large range . The initial dilution series shall be log dilutions

(e .g., 1 :10, 1 :100, 1 :1000, etc.).

If a range finder experiment does not generate enough cytotoxicity, then higher doses

should be attempted. If cytotoxicity is limited by solubility, then more stringent

solubility procedures to increase the stock concentration ( to the maximum concentration

specified in Section VII.D .3 .b .) should be employed. Place the test chemical

concentration into an incubator (37°C ± 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, 5 .0 % ± 1% C02/air)

and stir or rock for up to 3 hours, if necessary, to facilitate dissolution . For stocks

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Test Methocl Protocol fbr BrILB/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Q,totoxicity Assay

Phase III - Validation %(Iv

Movetnher- 4, 2(}()3

prepared in medium, vessel caps should be loose to allow for CO2 exchange. Proceed

with dosing solution preparation and dosing .

If a range finding test produces a biphasic curve, then the doses selected for the

subsequent main experiments should cover the most toxic dose-response range (see

Example 1- the most toxic range is 0 .001 - 0.1 μg/mL).

Example 1 - Biphasic Curve

Neutral Red Uptake

125%-

100% _

= 75%

? 50%

25%

0%

0 .001 0 .010 0 .100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000 10000.000

Concentration (pg/mL)

b) Main Experiment

[Note: After the range finding assay is completed, the definitive concentration-response

experiment shall be performed three times on three different days for each chemical (i.e. ,

one plate per day per chemical .]

Depending on the slope of the concentration-response curve estimated from the range

finder, the dilution/progression factor in the concentration series of the main experiment

should be smaller ( e .g., dilution factor of6410 = 1 .47). Cover the relevant concentration

range around the IC50 (> 0 % and < 100 % effect) preferably with several points of a

graded effect, but with a minimum of two points, one on each side of the estimated IC50

value, avoiding too many non-cytotoxic and/or 100 %-cytotoxic concentrations.

Experiments revealing less than one cytotoxic concentration on each side of the IC5o

value shall be repeated, where possible, with a smaller dilution factor (see Section

VII.E.5.a.4). Each expe riment should have at least one cytotoxicity value > 0 % and <

50.0 % viability and at least one cytotoxicity value > 50.0 % and < 100 % viability. A

progression factor of 1 .21 [12~10] is regarded the smallest factor achievable and will be

the lowest dosing interval required.)

Determine which test chemical concentration is closest to the IC50 value ( e .g., 50 %

cytotoxicity). Use that value as a central concentration and adjust dilutions higher and

lower in equal steps for the definitive assay .

Maximum Doses to be Tested in the Main Experiments

If minimal or no cytotoxicity was measured in the dose range finding assay, a maximum

dose for the main experiments will be established as follows :

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Test 1VIethod Protocol for• b'ALB/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Assay

Phase I11- Validation Stu,-Jv

November 4 . 2003

For test chemicals prepared in Chemical Dilution Medium, the highest test article

concentration that may be applied to the cells in the main experiments will be either

100 mg/mL, or the maximum soluble dose . Test chemical will be weighed into a

glass tube and the weight will be documented . A volume of Chemical Dilution

Medium will be added to the vessel so that the concentration is 200,000 μg/m L

(200 mg/mL). The solution is mixed using the mechanical procedures that produced

solubility when performing the solubility test specified in Test Method Protocol for

Solubility Determination . If complete solubility is achieved in medium, then 7

additional serial stock dosing solutions may be prepared from the 200 mg/mL 2X

stock. If the test chemical is insoluble in medium at 200 mg/ml, proceed by adding

medium, in small incremental amounts, to attempt to dissolve the chemical by using

the sequence of mechanical procedures specified in Test Method-Protocol for

Solubility Determination . More stringent solubility procedures may be employed if

needed based on results from the range finder experiment ( Section VILD.3.a.). The

highest soluble stock solution will be used to prepare the 7 additional serial stock

dosing solutions.

For test chemicals prepared in either DMSO or ethanol, the highest test article

concentration that may be applied to the cells in the main experiments will be either

2.5 mg/mL, or less, depending upon the maximum solubility in solvent . Weigh the

test chemical into a glass tube and document the weight . Add the appropriate solvent

(determined from the original solubility test) to the vessel so that the concentration is

500,000 ~tg/mL (500 mg/mL) . Mix the solution using the sequence of mechanical

procedures specified in Test Method Protocol for Solubility Determination . If

complete solubility is achieved in the solvent, then 7 additional serial stock dosing

solutions may be prepared from the 500 mg/mL 200X stock . If the test chemical is

insoluble in solvent at 500 mg/ml, proceed by adding solvent, in small incremental

amounts, to attempt to dissolve the chemical by again using the sequence of mixing

procedures. The highest soluble stock solution will be used to prepare the 7

additional serial stock dosing solutions .

If precipitates are observed in the 2X dilutions, continue with the experiment, make

the appropriate observations and documentation, and report data to the SMT .

c) Test Chemical Dilutions

The dosing factor of 3 .16 (= 2~10) divides a log into two equidistant steps, a factor of

2.15 (= 3~10) divides a decade into three steps . The factor of 1 .47 (= 6~10) divides a log

into six equidistant steps, the factor of 1 .78 (4~10) divides a log into four equidistant

steps, and the factor of 1 .21 (= 1N10) divides the log into 12 steps .

EXAMPLE:

10 31.6 100

10 21.5 46.4 100

10 14.7 21.5 31.6 46.4 68.1 100

10 12.1 14.7 17.8 21 .5 26.1 31 .6 38 .3 46.4 56.2 68.1 82.5 100

The technical production of decimal geometric concentration series is simple . An

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3.7 Test:llfethod Protoc ol,foa-BrILF,Jc 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake C y to toxt`city Asscay

.Phas<: III - Validation Studv

example is given for factor 1 .47:

Dilute 1 volume of the highest concentration by adding 0.47 volumes of diluent. After

equilibration, dilute 1 volume of this solution by adding 0 .47 volumes of diluent. . . (etc ).

E. Test Procedure

1 . 96-Well Plate Configuration

The 3T3 NRU assay for test chemicals will use the 96-well plate configuration as shown in

Figure 1 .

Figure 1. 96-Well Plate Configuration for Positive Control (PC) and Test Chemical Assays

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A \(~h VCh Ch C,h C;h (' :b C,Jh C,.h C:-h (",h 1C:h \7C'h

B `( h VC1 Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 VC2 \'('h

C \(}) VC1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 VC2 b'Ch

D N ( t VC1 Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 VC2 \'0h

E \(_+ VC1 Ci C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 VC2 VC b

F \( t) VC1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 VC2 VG h

G \Gh VC1 Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 VC2 ~ C h

H VCh 1'Ch (,b h ,h ,h Ct) h (:-h C',h ~Cb 1'C'h

VC1 and VC2 = VEHICLE CONTROL

Cl - C8 = Test Chemicals or PC (SLS) at eight concentrations

(CI = highest, C8 = lowest)

b = BLANKS (Test chemical or PC, but contain no cells)

VCb = VEHICLE CONTROL BLANK (contain no cells)

2 . Application of Test Chemica l

a) Two optional methods for rapidly applying the 2X dosing solutions onto the 96-well

plates may be utilized.

1) The first method is to add each of the 2X dosing solutions into labeled, sterile

reservoirs (e .g., Coming/Costar model 4870 sterile polystyrene 50 mL reagent

reservoirs; or Co rning/Transtar model 4878 disposable reservoir liners, 8-channel ; or

other multichannel reservoirs). '

2) The second method utilizes a "dummy" plate (i.e ., an empty sterile 96-well plate)

prepared to hold the dosing solutions immediately prior to treatment of the test plate

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, Test All4thocl Protocol trv b'ALB/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicitj,Asscay

Phase 111- Validation Study

November 4, 2003

(with cells). The test chemical and control dosing solutions should be dispensed into

the dummy plate in the same pattern/order as will be applied to the plate containing

cells. More volume than needed for the test plate (i .e . greater than 50 μl/well) should

be in the wells of the dummy plate .

At the time of treatment initiation, a multi-channel micropipettor is used to transfer the

2X dosing solutions, from the reservoirs or dummy plate, to the appropriate wells on the

treatment plate (as described in step c . below) . These methods will ensure that the dosing

solutions can be transferred rapidly to the appropriate wells of the test plate to initiate

treatment times and to minimize the range of treatment initiation times across a large

number of treatment plates, and to prevent "out of order" dosing. Do not use a

multichannel repeater pipette for dispensing test chemical to the plates .

b) After 24 h ± 2 h incubation of the cells, remove Routine Culture Medium from the cells

by careful inversion of the plate (i.e ., "dump") over an appropriate receptacle . Gently

blot the plate on a sterile paper towel so that the monolayer is minimally disrupted . Do

not use automatic plate washers for this procedure nor vacuum aspiration.

c) Immediately add 50 μL of fresh pre-warmed Routine Culture Medium to all of the wells,

including the blanks. Fifty microliters (50 μL) of dosing solution will be rapidly

transferred from the 8-channel reservoir (or dummy plate) to the appropriate wells of the

test plate using a single delivery multi-channel pipettor. For example, the VC may be

transferred first (into columns 1, 2, 11, and 12), followed by the test article dosing

solutions from lowest to highest dose, so that the same pipette tips on the multi-channel

pipettor can be used for the whole plate . [The Vehicle Control blank (VCb) wells

(column 1, column 12, wells A2, A11, H2, H11) will receive the Vehicle Control dosing

solutions (which should include any solvents used) . Blanks for wells A3 - A 1 0 and H3 -

H10 shall receive the appropriate test chemical solutions for each concentration (e .g.,

wells A3 and H3 receive CI solution).

d) Incubate cells for 48 h t 0 .5 h(37°C ± 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, and 5 .0 % f 1%

C02/air).

e) Positive Control: For each set of test chemical plates used in an assay, a separate plate of

positive control concentrations will be set up following the concentration range

established in the development of the positive control database in Phase I of the

Validation Study . If multiple sets of test chemical plates are set up, then clearl y

designate the positive control plates for each set ; each set will be an individual entity .

The Study Director will decide how many test chemical plates will be run with a positive

control plate. The mean IC50 ± two and a half standard deviations (SD) for the SLS

acceptable tests from Phases la, lb, and II (after the removal of outliers) are the values

that will be used as an acceptance criterion for test sensitivity for the 3T3 NRU assay.

This plate will follow the same schedule and procedures as used for the test chemical

plates (including appropriate chemical concentrations in the appropriate wells and

meeting test acceptance criteria - see sections VII .E.1, E.2, and E.5).

3. Microscopic Evaluation

After at least 46 h treatment, examine each plate under a phase contrast microscope to

identify systematic cell seeding errors and growth characteristics of control and treated cells .

Record any changes in morphology of the cells due to the cytotoxic effects of the tes t

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Test Method Protocof, fnr BALB/c 3T3 :?Vcutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Assay

Phase III - Validation Study

November 4, 2 00 3

chemical, but do not use these records for any quantitative measure of cytotoxicity .

Undesirable growth characteristics of control cells may indicate experimental error and may

be cause for rejection of the assay . Use the following Visual Observations Codes in the

description of cell culture conditions. Numerical scoring of the cells (see Section VII.E.3)

should be determined and documented in the Study Workbook and in the appropriate section

of Addendum II of the EXCEL® study template.

Visual Observations Codes

Note Code Note Text

1 Normal Cell Morphology

2 Low Level of Cell Toxicity

3 Moderate Level of Cell Toxicity

4 High level of Cell Toxicity

1P Normal Cell Morphology with Precipitate

2P Low Level of Cell Toxicity with Precipitate

3P Moderate Level of Cell Toxicity with Precipitate

4P High level of Cell Toxicity with Precipitat e

SP Unable to View Cells Due to Precipitate

4. Measurement of NRU

a) Carefully remove (i .e., "dump") the medium with test chemical and rinse the cells very

carefully with 250 μL pre-warmed D-PBS . Remove the rinsing solution by dumping and

remove excess by gently blotting on paper towels . Add 250 μL NR medium (to all wells

including the blanks) and incubate (37°C 7E 1°C, 90 % ± 5 % humidity, and 5 .0 % ± 1 %

C02/air) for 3±0 .1 h. Observe the cells briefly during the NR incubation (e.g., between 2

and 3 h - Study Director's discretion) for NR crystal formation . Record observations in

the Study Workbook . Study Director can decide to reject the experiment if excessive NR

crystallization has occurred .

b) After incubation, remove the NR medium, and carefully rinse cells with 250 μl prewarmed D-PBS.

c) Decant and blot D-PBS from the plate .

d) Add exactly 100 μl NR Desorb (ETOH/acetic acid) solution to all wells, including

blanks.

e) Shake microtiter plate rapidly on a microtiter plate shaker for 20 - 45 min to extract NR

from the cells and form a homogeneous solution. Plates should be protected from light

by using a cover during shaking.

f) Plates should be still for at least five minutes after removal from the plate shaker (or

orbital mixer). If any bubbles are observed, assure that they have been ruptured prior to

reading the plate . Measure the absorption (within 60 minutes of adding NR Desorb

solution) of the resulting colored solution at 540 nm ± 10 nm in a microtiter plate reader

(spectrophotometer), using the blanks as a reference . [Note : Phases la and lb data show

the mean OD value for the plate blanks to be 0.057 ± 0.043 for 3T3 cells (± 2 .5 standard

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Test tvtethocl Prr3toc.ol, frir bAL1i/c 3T3 :tieutrcxl Red Uptake C'ytotc}xicit,y° Assay

Phase II/ - Validation Study

,l-<J vern ber 4 . 20113

deviations; data from 3 labs; N = 189). Use this range as a uide for assessment of the

blank values.] Save raw data in the Excel format as provided by the SMT .

5. Quality Check of 3T3 NRU Assay

a) Test Acceptance Criteria

All acceptance criteria (i.e., criteria 1, 2, and 3) must be met for a test to be acceptable .

1) The PC (SLS) IC5 0 must be within ± two and a half (2.5) standard deviations of the

historical mean established by the Test Facility (as per VII.E.2.e), and must meet

criteria 2 and 3, and must have an r2 (coefficient of determination) value calculated

for the Hill model fit (i .e ., from PRISM® software) > 0.85 .

2) The left and right mean of the VCs do not differ by more than 15% from the mean of

all VCs.

3) At least one calculated cytotoxicity value > 0 % and <_ 50 .0 % viability and

at least one calculated cytotoxicity value > 50 .0 % and < 100 % viability must be

present.

Exception: If a test has only one point between 0 and 100 % and the smallest dilution

factor (i.e., 1 .21) was used and all other test acceptance crite ria were met, then the

test will be considered acceptable.

Stopping Rule for Insoluble Chemicals: If the most rigorous solubility procedures have

been performed and the assay cannot achieve adequate toxicity to meet the test

acceptance criteria after three definitive trials, then the Study .Director may end all testing

for that particular chemical .

[Note: A corrected mean OD5 40 t ionm of 0 .103 - 0.813 for the VCs is a target range but

will not be a test accept ance criterion. Range determined from Phase lb VC OD values

from 3 laboratories (mean ± 2.5 standard deviations, N = 98) . ]

b) Checks for Systematic Cell Seeding Error s

To check for systematic cell seeding errors, untreated VCs are placed both at the left side

(row 2) and the right side (row 11 for the test plates) of the 96-well plate . Aberrations in

the cell monolayer for the VCs may reflect a volatile and toxic test a rticle present in the

assay. If volatility is suspected, then proceed to Section VII.E.6.

Checks for cell seeding errors may also be performed by examining each plate under a

phase contrast microscope to assure that cell quantity is consistent .

6 . Volatility of Test Chemicals

Highly volatile test chemicals may generate vapors from the treatment medium during the test

chemical treatment incubation period. These vapors may become resorbed into the treatment

medium in adjacent wells, such that culture wells nearest the highest doses may become

contaminated by exposure to resorbed test a rticle vapors. If the test chemical is particularly

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Test lLlethod Protocol fnr B,4LB/c 3T_3 Neutral Red Uptakc Cytotoxrcit)r rlsscay

Phase 111- Validation stwtv

November 4, 2003

toxic at the doses tested, the cross contamination may be evident as a significant reduction in

viability in the vehicle control cultures (i.e ., VC I) adjacent to the highest test chemical doses .

If potential test article volatility is suspected (e.g., for low density liquids) or if the initial

range finder test (non-sealed plate) results show evidence of toxic effects in the control

cultures (i.e., > 15 % difference in viability between VC1 [column 21and VC2 [column 11]),

then seal the subsequent test plates by the following procedure .

a) Plate Sealer Metho d

1) Plates and chemicals will be prepared as usual according to Sections VILD and

VII.E .

2) Immediately after the 96-well culture plate has been treated with the suspected

volatile chemical (Section VILE.2.b), apply the adhesive plate sealer (e .g., using a

hand, microplate roller, etc .) directly over the culture wells. Assure that the sealer

adheres to each culture well (well tops should be dry) . Place the 96-well plate cover

over the sealed plate and incubate the plate under specified conditions ( Section

VILE.2.b). [Note: Do not jam the plate lid over the film to avoid deforming the

sealer and causing the sealer to detach from culture wells. Loose fit of the plate lid is

acceptable . ]

3) At the end of the treatment period, the plate sealer should be carefully removed to

avoid spillage. Continue with the NRU assay as per Section VILE.4.

F. Data Analysis

The Study Director will use good biological/scientific judgment for determining

"unusable" wells that will be excluded from the data analysis and provide explanations for

the removal of any data from the analysis .

A calculation of cell viability expressed as NRU is made for each concentration of the test

chemical by using the mean NRU ofthe six replicate values (minimum of four acceptable

replicate well) per test concentration (blanks will be subtracted) . This value is compared with th e

mean NRU of all VC values. Relative cell viability is then expressed as percent of untreated VC.

If achievable, the eight concentrations of each chemical tested will span the range of no effect up

to total inhibition of cell viability. Data from the microtiter plate reader shall be transferred to the

Excel® spreadsheet template provided by the SMT. The template will automatically determine

cell viability, IC50 values by linear interpolation, and perform statistical analyses (including

statistical identification of outliers) . The template will also calculate the concentrations

associated with 20 %, 50 %, and 80 % viability using the Hill slope and EC50 (i .e ., IC50) from the

Hill function analysis.

The Hill function analysis shall be performed using statistical software (e .g., GraphPad PRISM®

3 .0) and a template specified by the SMT to calculate IC20, IC5o, and IC80 values (and the

associated confidence limits) for each test chemical.

The Testing Facility shall report data using at least three (3) significant figures and shall forward

the results from each assay to the SMT through the designated contacts in electronic format and

hard copy upon completion of testing . The SMT will be directly responsible for the statistical

analyses of the Validation Study data .

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Phase III - Validation Study

November =1. 2(1(1 3

VIII. REFERENCES

Hackenberg, U. and H. Bartling. 1959 . Messen und Rechnen im pharmakologischen

Laboratorium mit einem speziellen Zahlensystem (WL24-System). Arch. Exp. Pathol.

Pharmakol. 235 : 437-463.

Spielmann, H., S. Gerner, S. Kalweit, R. Moog, T. Wirnserberger, K. Krauser, R. Kreiling, H.

Kreuzer, N.P. Luepke, H.G. Miltenburger, N . Miiller, P. Murmann, W. Pape, B. Siegmund, J.

Spengler, W. Steiling, and F.J . Wiebel. 1991 . Interlaboratory assessment of alternatives to the

Draize eye irritation test in Germany. Toxicol. In Vitro 5: 539-542 .

Test Method Protocol for Solubility Determination. In Vitro Cytotoxicity Validation Study . Phase

III. August 29, 2003 . Prepared by The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center

for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM).

l

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Te,st,Lfathocf Protoca/, fnr BALB/c 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoa-icity A ssay

Phase III - Validation Studv

A ovejnher 4, 2003

IX. APPROVAL

SPONSOR REPRESENTATIVE DATE

(Print or type name)

Test Facility STUDY DIRECTOR DATE

(Print or type name)

20