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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS           Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington,           DC, April 1992.**

*Federal agencies are responsible for           archeological collections acquired from Federal lands and through Federally           sponsored or permitted projects. With the promulgation of 36 CFR Part           79,* Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered           Archeological Collections,*Federal agencies now have formal guidance           about how to meet their statutory obligations for collections management.           Archeological collections must be managed effectively if they are to           continue to function as important resources for science, heritage education,           and the humanities. Archeologists will need to make thoughtful and explicit           decisions about the composition and growth of collections. The problem           is not simply one of securing adequate storage space. Difficult decisions           have to be made in committing scarce and sometimes costly resources           to maintain accessibility to collections, as well as to safeguard them           from theft, loss, or deterioration.*

*One important management decision is the choice of           an appropriate repository. Some Federal agencies have in-house facilities;           others need to initiate contracts and agreements with repositories that           house archeological collections. In this country, state and university           museums have traditionally served as major repositories for Federal           archeological research collections. The author, who is a curator of           anthropology at one of these institutions, points out that archeologists,           as resource managers, need to work in concert with repositories in planning           for the long-term maintenance of research collections.*

**

**Introduction**

Archeologists are beginning to rely more and more on           curated collections as sources of research data. This trend is inevitable           as the number of intact archeological sites decreases. Yet, just as           it is not possible to either preserve or investigate every archeological           site, it is not feasible to preserve every artifact and sample in a           museum1 in perpetuity. Informed           decisions must be made about what to curate and these decisions will           in effect determine the composition of archeology's future database.           As a consequence, the nature of the sample of the archeological record           represented by curated collections and the suitability of this sample           for long-term research must become major considerations in the management           of archeological resources. The significance of curated archeological           materials to research, education, and cultural heritage, the diversity           and magnitude of these materials, and the associated costs of curation           in perpetuity, all provide strong arguments for conceiving plans and           enacting policies to help guide decisions regarding the composition           and growth of collections. 

The primary purpose of this Technical Brief is to examine           the reasons for curated archeological collections to grow by design           rather than haphazardly, and to stimulate critical thinking about the           nature of the database represented in curated collections, especially           in relation to the range of future research that may be possible with           these materials. A recent inventory and assessment of the New York State           Museum's (NYSM) archeological collections was the impetus for raising           these issues. The results of this project provide an example of the           kinds of problems that future researchers may encounter in the extant           sample of the archeological record, as represented in curated collections,           if long-range planning and strategic thinking are not tied to curation           decisions. 

A second purpose of this Technical Brief is to encourage           a dialogue between archeologists and museum professionals about the           management of archeological collections. If the national curation crisis           is to be resolved, both archeologists and museum staff must become active           participants in making decisions about managing archeological collections.           Dialogue is necessary because museum staff members who curate archeological           research collections often are not archeologists and, conversely, not           many archeologists are trained in collections management. Archeology           has become a diversified field and few archeologists now work in museums           as compared with the earlier days of the discipline. The museum profession,           too, has changed. Especially in large research museums archeologists           often have little or no direct involvement in managing collections,           as collections management in itself has become a professional occupation.           

The intent of this Technical Brief is neither to provide           definitive answers about what or what not to curate nor to propose a           uniform national approach for making such decisions. A collaborative           effort on a regional basis among archeologists, repositories, government           agencies, Native Americans, and other interested parties is suggested           as the most reasonable forum for developing plans for managed growth           of curated archeological collections. 

**Curation           in the Context of Cultural Resource Management**

More than a decade ago the provision of information           relevant to long-term research needs and for management of archeological           resources was defined as an important goal for cultural resource management           (Lipe 1974; Schiffer and House 1977). Museums play an important role           in providing information for long-term research needs via the care of           a primary data source--curated collections. This critical link between           museums and cultural resource management was identified by Christenson,           who recognized that repositories "carry on the job of cultural resource           management after the archeologist leaves off" (Christenson 1979:162).           

At about the same time goals for cultural resource management           were being defined, a crisis in curating archeological collections assumed           national proportions for the archeological profession as the tremendous           increase in the amount of material resulting from cultural resource           management-related projects exceeded the curatorial capacities of many           repositories (Ford 1977; Christenson 1979; U.S. General Accounting Office           1987; Lindsay et al. 1980; Marquardt et al. 1982). Resolution of this           curation crisis is not yet in sight. The persistence of the problem           obviously is due in part to the inevitable process of modern development           and concomitant disturbance of archeological sites. The volume of curated           collections is steadily increasing as the number of intact sites decreases.           To quote Christenson (1979:161), "there are only two logical ways that           cultural resources can be preserved for future generations: (1) they           may be left undisturbed in or on the ground; or (2) they may be permanently           housed in a museum or other storage facility." 

The need to cope with the preservation problems posed           by modem development was a driving force behind enactment of today's           cultural resource management programs. While these programs have matured           in their ability to manage problems posed by intact archeological sites           (McManamon 1990:14-15), the same kinds of strategic thinking and planning           generally have not been applied toward managing the collections. Thus           Christenson's (1979:162) portrayal of the archeologist "leaving off"           when it comes to curated collections is a telling characterization.

**Curation           as Resource Management**

Because the focus of management and preservation efforts           has been on intact sites, there is a tendency for archeologists, and           other professionals charged with management decisions concerning archeological           resources, to regard curation as a "storage" problem rather than as           a "resource/data management" problem. This is not to say that storage           is not an issue. Collections will continue to grow and collections care           is an ongoing process. There is now an urgent need for more and better           facilities and additional staff to curate archeological collections.           It also is the case that there is a wide range of options for storing           many archeological materials. Recognition of these facts has led the           Federal Government to initiate several important programs to help resolve           problems in quality of care and accessibility of collections. These           efforts are both necessary and highly laudable. 

Of particular note are the National Science Foundation's           (NSF) granting program for Systematic Anthropological Collections that           provides funding to rectify problems with extant collections. Equally           important is the recent issuance of governmentwide regulations for the           Curation of Federally-Owned and Administered Archeological Collections           (36 CFR Part 79), which set standards for collections care and use by           Federal agencies. Updated guidelines for management of collections held           by National Park Service (NPS) units (1990), and recent assessment by           the Southwestern Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)           of the curatorial conditions of collections resulting from COE water           resources development projects (Jelks 1990) also are commendable. The           work of the Eastern Archeological Field Laboratory of NPS to upgrade           the collections from the Minuteman National Historical Park (Towle and           MacMahon 1986) is particularly noteworthy, as is the effort by the St.           Louis District of COE to develop a program that will comply with Federal           curation regulations for collections administered by them. The report           for the St. Louis District documents costs in excess of $1.25 million           necessary for bringing these collections up to minimum standards. These           funds are separate from annual maintenance ("in perpetuity") costs (Trimble           and Meyers 1991). 

Despite the critical need for these programs, Federal           support and regulations for collections care do not fully resolve the           curation crisis.2 Management           of archeological collections has become a much broader problem than           just that of making decisions concerning types of storage containers,           climate control, and cataloging systems. Managing collections has become           complex and costly, and for some portions of archeological collections,           such as human remains and funerary objects, curation also has raised           ethical and moral issues.3           The present situation is due in part to the increasing professionalization           of museums, the diversification of the audiences they serve, and the           increasingly demanding roles of museums in preservation efforts. Repositories           can no longer afford to be passive recipients of the "results" of archeological           fieldwork, i.e., collections. Repositories must justify what they curate.           They must be accountable to the public they serve. 

The curation problems now being faced concern decisions           about what types of materials can and should be curated in perpetuity.           Decisions about what to curate are made by many repositories on a nearly           daily basis. Curated collections have not been incorporated as explicit           elements in archeological resource management plans, so museums are           finding themselves in the position of determining archeology's future           database. Because the present situation of case-by-case reviews of individual           collections is not tied to long-range planning efforts, curation decisions           unfortunately are being made without an overall strategy to ensure preservation           of information for long-term research needs. 

Over the long term, a strategy of informed decision           making, including a process of critical evaluation of the composition           of the curated data bank, could lead to more productive collections-based           research. Scholars certainly have made and are continuing to make valuable           contributions to archeological research through studies of extant museum           collections (Cantwell, Griffin, and Rothschild 1981), but such projects           often face limitations because of the nature of the curated sample.           To a certain extent, these problems are inevitable; new ideas may require           different kinds of data for testing, or new techniques may make recovery           of new information possible. In other cases, limitations are caused           by nonmethodical or unsystematic collecting or poor curatorial practice           with the result that critical provenience information is irretrievable           (Brown 1981). As more and more of the archeological record takes the           form of curated collections, these collections will need to contain           the range of materials required for continued research.

 Recent technological advances in information management           of museum collections are for the first time making it possible to evaluate           the range of data that is contained in curated collections—to identify           gaps in the data, to assess curated materials in terms of their research           potential, and to take steps to correct obvious biases. Implementation           of a process of continuing assessment and reassessment of collections           in relation to research needs is critical for ensuring that data collection           is responsive to changing information requirements. The management of           archeological collections must become as dynamic as the process of scientific           inquiry. Responsive management of collections is urgently needed because           there is little time to correct problems as site destruction continues.           

Return to: Technical           Briefs | Section 1 | Section 2           | Section 3 | Section           4 | References | Notes             | **introduction**

**curation                 in the context of cultural resource management**

**curation                 as resource management**

**the                 ethical dilemma in the context of research museums**

**the                 new york state museum's collections: a case study of the present                 sample**

**mechanisms                 for effecting collections management by museums**

**steps                 toward coordinated regional planning**

**references**

**notes**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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