United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Northeastern

Research Station

General Technical

Report NE-291

Vascular Flora and Macroscopic Fauna

on the Fernow Experimental Forest

Darlene M. Madarish

Jane L. Rodrigue

Mary Beth Adams
Published by: For additional copies:

USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service

11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution

NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road

Delaware, OH 43015-8640

April 2002 Fax: (740)368-0152

Visit our homepage at: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne

Abstract

This report is the first comprehensive inventory of the vascular flora and

macroscopic fauna known to occur within the Fernow Experimental Forest in northcentral West Virginia. The compendium is based on information obtained from

previous surveys, current research, and the personal observations of USDA Forest

Service personnel and independent scientists. More than 750 documents on

Fernow-related research have been published. The earliest report on the vegetation

on what is now the experimental forest dates back to 1856.

The Authors

DARLENE M. MADARISH is a biological science technician, JANE L. RODRIGUE is

a forestry and wildlife technician, and MARY BETH ADAMS is Project Leader and

supervisory soil scientist with the Northeastern Research Station’s Timber and

Watershed Laboratory at Parsons, West Virginia.

Manuscript received for publication 27 November 2000.
Contents

Introduction ..............................................................................................................1

The Fernow Experimental Forest.............................................................................1

Vascular Flora of the Fernow Experimental Forest..................................................3

Macroscopic Fauna of the Fernow Experimental Forest .......................................16

Invertebrates ..........................................................................................................16

Vertebrates .............................................................................................................27

Fish ..................................................................................................................27

Amphibians ......................................................................................................28

Reptiles ............................................................................................................28

Birds .................................................................................................................29

Mammals .........................................................................................................33

Literature Cited ......................................................................................................35
1

Introduction

In 1915, the U.S. Forest Service purchased 1,473 hectares (ha) of land near Parsons, West Virginia.

Timber on this tract had been harvested heavily during the horse and railroad logging era (1903-

11) (Trimble 1977). A forest inventory was initiated in 1922, and forest and watershed research

began in 1933. In the following year, this land was designated as the Fernow Experimental Forest,

after Bernhard E. Fernow, a German forester and pioneer of modern forestry methods in America.

The Forest was expanded to 1,902 ha in 1974.

Initial research on the Fernow that began in 1949 examined the long-term effects of different

timber-harvesting practices on forest stand quality and diversity. This silvicultural research

continues today. In 1951, scientists began to monitor the effects of harvesting practices and other

treatments on water quality and quantity in streams draining Fernow watersheds. More recently

researchers have adopted a multidisciplinary approach as current research on the Fernow

encompasses numerous cooperative studies conducted by scientists with the Northeastern

Research Station and other governmental agencies, universities, and private organizations. This

report is the first comprehensive inventory of the vascular flora and macroscopic fauna known to

occur within the Fernow Experimental Forest in north-central West Virginia. The compendium is

based on information obtained from previous surveys, current research, and the personal

observations of USDA Forest Service personnel and independent researchers. More than 750

documents on Fernow-related material have been published. The earliest report on the vegetation

on what is now the experimental forest dates back to 1856 (Schuler and Gillespie 2000). This

inventory is not an inclusive list of all the organisms present on the Fernow Experimental Forest.

Succession of organisms is a natural phenomenon, and new species are introduced to an area

through wind and/or animal vectors or habitat expansion.

The Fernow Experimental Forest

The Fernow Experimental Forest is located in Tucker County in north-central West Virginia

(39°03’N, 79°41’W). This region falls within the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau Province of the

Central Appalachians, Allegheny Front Sideslopes subsection (Ba10) (DeMeo and Wright 1995).

The Forest includes the entire Elklick Run watershed as well as portions of the Stonelick Run,

Sugarcamp Run and Canoe Run watersheds. Elevations range from 533 to 1,112 m above sea

level. Slopes range from 10 to 60 percent with most at 20 to 30 percent (Adams et al. 1994). Site

aspects cover the full range including flat land but are dominated by north- through west- and

southeast-facing slopes.

Bedrock geology consists of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and limestone, with thinly bedded coal

found within a single formation (Reger et al. 1923; Taylor 1999). The oldest rocks are of the

Foreknobs Formation of the Chemung Group (Devonian), exposed on the crest of Fork

Mountain on the western boundary of the forest. The Allegheny Group (Pennsylvanian)

comprises the youngest rock formation, and is seen on the crest of McGowan Mountain on the

eastern boundary. The Pottsville Group and the Price Formation contain massive sandstones

responsible for outcrops and boulder piles at higher elevations. The Hampshire Group, consisting

of more thinly bedded sandstones, produces outcrops nearer the valley floor. The Greenbrier

Limestone, on the east slope of Elklick Run, contains several small and one large cave formations.

Soils on the Fernow are predominantly of the Belmont and Calvin soil series (USDA Soil

Conserv. Serv. 1967). The Belmont soils are derived from Greenbrier Limestone along with some

nearby sandstones and shales. The limestone component buffers the soil against acidity and

provides a moderately high natural fertility. The Calvin soil series is derived from sandstone and

shale, and is more highly acidic and less fertile due to the lack of a limestone parent. This series

occurs both above and below the Belmont soils, and is responsible for greater coverage than any

other soil series on the Forest. Other soil types found in lesser amounts within the Fernow are the

Brinkerton, Dekalb, Ernest, and Gilpin (all acidic with low fertility) and the Meckesville (acidic

with moderate fertility). Nearly all soils are well-drained, medium-textured loams and silt loams,

with an average depth of about 1m. A high proportion of stone fragments is characteristic of

these soils.
2

Mean precipitation is approximately 145 cm (Adams et al. 1994) and is distributed evenly

throughout the year (Pan et al. 1997). Rainfall extremes during the first 100 years of data range

from a low of 77 cm in 1930 to 179 cm in 1996. The mean temperature is approximately 9oC

with reported extremes of -29.4o and 37.2oC (Adams et al. 1994). The growing season extends

from May through October; the average frost-free period is 145 days.

The range of aspects, elevations, moisture levels, soils, and geology on the Fernow Experimental

Forest give rise to numerous localized habitats. Deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests are

present. Understory types range from open understories to nearly impenetrable rhododendron

and laurel thickets. Different silvicultural management techniques maintain varied forest

structures and ages throughout the Fernow. Natural aquatic habitats include an elderberry

(Sambucus canadensis L.), sedge (Carex spp.), and fern marsh adjacent to Elklick Run and firstthrough fourth-order coldwater streams. Manmade water features include a 250-m-long, 1-ha

reservoir on Elklick Run created by a 5.5-m-high dam built by the Civilian Conservation Corps,

and a small pond on Fork Mountain. Sandstone outcrops can be found at nearly every knob and

stream valley, and boulder fields are common on sideslopes. Big Springs Cave as well as several

smaller openings are within the Greenbrier Limestone Formation and provide a unique habitat

for wildlife.

The experimental forest falls within the area classified as Allegheny Mountain Section of the

Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest (M221B) (McNab and Avers 1994), or mixed mesophytic

forest (Braun 1950). The Fernow is primarily a hardwood forest, with a canopy of northern red

oak (Quercus rubra L.), tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.),

sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), black birch

(Betula lenta L.), red maple (A. rubrum L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), white ash (Fraxinus

americana L.), chestnut oak (Q. prinus L.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum [Nutt.] Nees), blackgum

(Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis [Wangenh.] K. Koch). American

chestnut (Castanea dentata [Marsh.] Borkh.) was a major component of the Forest prior to the

chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica [Murr.] Barr) in the 1920s. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga

canadensis [L.] Carr.) and scattered red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) provide a natural conifer

component. One area (Compartment 6) has been converted from a hardwood forest to a Norway

spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stand to study the effects of forest-cover type on streamflow.

The Fernow contains a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate wildlife species that are endemic to

the central Appalachians. Watersheds provide habitat for many aquatic species. Several bat and

invertebrate species use Big Springs Cave. The diverse forest stand types and ages attract numerous

species of songbirds throughout the year, and are home to many mammals, reptiles, and

amphibians. Rock outcrops and boulder fields also are habitat for certain species. Healthy

populations of game species provide excellent opportunities for the avid sportsperson as hunting,

trapping, and fishing are permitted on the Fernow in accordance with state and federal laws.

This document does not list all of the organisms within the Fernow Experimental Forest.

Succession of organisms is a natural phenomenon; additional species may be identified as

research projects continue, and the introduction of new species through wind and/or animal

vectors or habitat expansion is possible.
3

Vascular Flora of the Fernow Experimental Forest

Observations and collections by Robert Coxe, Steven L. Stephenson, Martin Schnittler

(unpublished), Aulick (1993), Turrill (1993), Muzika et al. (1999), and Fernow personnel have

been used to compile the list of flora. Plants are listed in alphabetical order by genus and species

within the major taxonomic groups. Nomenclature follows the Manual of Vascular Plants of

Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (Gleason and Cronquist 1991) or Checklist of United

States Trees (Native and Naturalized) (Little 1979). Species followed by an asterisk are represented by

voucher specimens.

The Fernow Experimental Forest staff does not inventory nonvascular plants on a regular basis.

Inventories of these species have been published by Stephenson et al. (1990, 1991, 1994a,b),

Dubey et al. (1991a,b, 1994, 1995), Landholt and Stephenson (1995), and Iskra et al. (1995).

DIVISION LYCOPODIOPHYTA

Class Lycopodiopsida

Family Lycopodiaceae

Stiff clubmoss Lycopodium annotinum L.

Running pine Lycopodium clavatum L.*

Northern ground cedar Lycopodium complanatum L.*

Southern ground cedar Lycopodium digitatum Dillen.*

Shining clubmoss Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.*

Ground pine Lycopodium obscurum L.*

Class Isoetopsida

Order Selaginellales

Family Selaginellaceae

Meadow spikemoss Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring

DIVISION EQUISETOPHYTA

Family Equisetaceae

Common horsetail Equisetum arvense L.*

DIVISION POLYPODIOPHYTA

Order Ophioglossales

Family Ophioglossaceae

Lace-frond grape-fern Botrychium dissectum Spreng*

Rattlesnake-fern Botrychium virginianum (L.) Swartz*

Adder’s-tongue Ophioglossum vulgatum L.*

Order Polypodiales

Family Osmundaceae

Cinnamon-fern Osmunda cinnamomea L.*

Interrupted fern Osmunda claytoniana L.*

Family Polypodiaceae

Common polypody Polypodium virginianum L.*
4

Family Dennstaedtiaceae

Hay-scented fern Dennstaedtia punctiloba (Michx.) Moore*

Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn*

Family Adiantaceae

Northern maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum L.*

Family Aspleniaceae

Mountain spleenwort Asplenium montanum Willd.

Ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes*

Walking fern Asplenium rhizophyllum L.*

Lady fern Athryium felix-femina (L.) Roth*

Glade-fern Athryium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestrom*

Silvery glade-fern Athryrum thelyptroides (Michx.) Desv.*

Mountain wood-fern Dryopteris campyloptera Clarkson*

Toothed wood-fern Dryopteris carthusiana (Villars) H. P. Fuchs*

Goldie’s wood-fern Dryopteris goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray*

Fancy wood-fern Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray*

Marginal wood-fern Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray*

Oak-fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman

Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott*

Broad beech-fern Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weatherby*

New York fern Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl.*

Marsh fern Thelypteris palustris Schott*

Massachusetts fern Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuuwl.

Family Onocleaceae

Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis L.*

DIVISION PINOPHYTA

Class Pinopsida

Order Pinales

Family Pinaceae

Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst.

Red spruce Picea rubens Sarg.*

White pine Pinus strobus L.*

Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.*

DIVISION MAGNOLIOPHYTA

Class Magnoliopsida

Family Magnoliaceae

Tulip-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera L.*

Cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata (L.) L*.

Umbrella-tree Magnolia fraseri Walt.*

Family Lauraceae

Spicebush Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume*

Sassafras Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees*
5

Family Aristolochiaceae

Dutchman’s pipe Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.*

Wild ginger Asarum canadense L.*

Heart-leaf Hexastylis shuttleworthii (Britten & Baker) Small

Family Ranunculaceae

White monkshood Aconitum reclinatum A. Gray

Doll’s eyes Actaea alba (L.) Mill.*

Lance-leaved anemone Anemone lancifolia Pursh*

Wood anemone Anemone quinquefolia L.*

Thimbleweed Anemone virginiana L.*

Anemone (unidentified) Anemone sp.

Canada columbine Aquilegia canadensis L.*

Black cohosh Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.*

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana L.

Sharp-lobed hepatica Hepatica acutiloba DC.*

Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis L.*

Small-flowered buttercup Ranunculus abortivus L.*

Hispid buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Michx.*

Hooked buttercup Ranunculus recurvatus Poir.*

Cursed buttercup Ranunculus scleratus L.*

Buttercup (unidentified) Ranunculus sp.

Purple meadow-rue Thalictrum dasycarpum Fischer & Ave-Lall

Early meadow-rue Thalictrum dioicum L.*

Family Berberidaceae

Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii DC.*

Blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.*

May-apple Podophyllum peltatum L.*

Family Papaveraceae

Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis L.*

Family Fumariaceae

Short-spurred corydalis Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC.*

Squirrel-corn Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp.*

Dutchman’s breeches Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.*

Family Platanaceae

Sycamore Platanus occidentalis L.

Family Hamamelidaceae

Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana L.*

Family Ulmaceae

American elm Ulmus americana L.*

Slippery elm Ulmus rubra Muhl.*

Family Urticaceae

Wood nettle Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Swartz*

False nettle Laportea canadensis (L.) Webb*

Clearweed Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray*
6

Family Juglandaceae

Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch*

Pignut hickory Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet*

Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud.*

Shagbark hickory Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch*

Mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt.*

Butternut Juglans cinerea L.

Black walnut Juglans nigra L.

Family Fagaceae

American chestnut Castenea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.*

American beech Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.*

White oak Quercus alba L.*

Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea Muenchh.*

Chestnut oak Quercus prinus L.*

Northern red oak Quercus rubra L.*

Black oak Quercus velutina Lam.*

Family Betulaceae

Smooth alder Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.*

Yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis Britton*

Black birch Betula lenta L.*

American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Walt.*

Eastern hophornbeam Ostryea virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch*

Family Phytolaccaceae

Pokeweed Phytolacca americana L.*

Family Amaranthaceae

Smooth pigweed Amaranthus hybridus L.*

Family Portulacaceae

Spring beauty Claytonia virginica L.*

Family Caryophyllaceae

Clammy chickweed Cerastium viscosum L.*

Mouse-ear chickweed Cerastium vulgatum L.

Fire-pink Silene virginica L.*

Campion (unidentified) Silene sp.

Common chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Villars*

Star chickweed Stellaria pubera Michx.*

Family Polygonaceae

Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench*

Water-pepper Polygonum hydropiper L.*

False water-pepper Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.*

Lady’s thumb Polygonum persicaria L.*

Arrow-leaved tearthumb Polygonum sagittatum L.

False buckwheat Polygonum scandens L.*

Jumpseed Polygonum virginianum L.*

Smartweed (unidentified) Polygonum sp.

Red sorrel Rumex acetosella L.*

Curly dock Rumex crispus L.
7

Dock (unidentified) Rumex sp.

Family Clusiaceae

St. John’s-wort Hypericum densiflorum Pursh *

St. John’s-wort Hypericum mutilum L.*

Spotted St. John’s-wort Hypericum punctatum Lam.*

Marsh St. John’s-wort Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.*

Family Tiliaceae

American basswood Tilia americana L.*

Family Malvaceae

Hibiscus (unidentified) Hibiscus sp.*

Family Violaceae

Sweet white violet Viola blanda Willd.*

Tall white violet Viola canadensis L.*

Blue marsh-violet Viola cucullata Aiton

Spear-leaved violet Viola hastata Michx.*

Wild white violet Viola macloskeyi F. Lloyd*

Wood-violet Viola palmata L.*

Yellow forest-violet Viola pubescens Ait.*

Round-leaved yellow violet Viola rotundifolia Michx.*

Dooryard-violet Viola sororia Willd.*

Creamy violet Viola striata Ait.*

Violet (unidentified) Viola sp.

Family Salicaceae

Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata Michx.

Balm-of-Gilead Populus x jackii Sarg.

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Michx.*

Black willow Salix nigra Marsh.*

Family Brassicaceae

Garlic-mustard Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande*

Yellow rocket Barbarea vulgaris R. Br.

Appalachian toothwort Cardamine angustata O. E. Schultz*

Five-parted toothwort Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwartz*

Broad-leaved toothwort Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) A. Wood*

Hoary bitter-cress Cardamine hirsuta L.*

Spring-cress Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC.*

Family Ericaceae

Trailing arbutus Epigaea repens L.*

Teaberry Gaultheria procumbens L.*

Black huckleberry Gaylusaccia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Mountain-laurel Kalmia latifolia L.*

Minnie-bush Menziesia pilosa (Michx.) Juss.

Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC.*

Flame-azalea Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr.*

Great rhododendron Rhododendron maximum L.*

Pinkster-flower Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinn.*

Common lowbush-blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.

Hillside-blueberry Vaccinium pallidum Ait.*
8

Deerberry Vaccinium stamineum L.*

Southern blueberry Vaccinium tenellum Ait.*

Family Pyrolaceae

Spotted wintergreen Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh *

Shinleaf Pyrola sp.*

Family Monotropaceae

Indian pipe Monotropa uniflora L.*

Family Primulaceae

Fringed loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata L.*

Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia L.*

Smooth loosestrife Lysimachia quadrifolia Sims*

Starflower Trientalis borealis Raf.*

Family Hydrangeaceae

American hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens L.*

Family Grossulariaceae

Dogberry Ribes cynosbati L.*

Gooseberry Ribes hirtellum Michx.*

Gooseberry (unidentified) Ribes sp.

Family Crassulaceae

Stonecrop Sedum ternatum Michx.*

Family Saxifragaceae

Common arrow-root Heuchera americana L.*

Maple-leaved alum-root Heuchera villosa Michx.*

Bishop’s cap Mitella diphylla L.*

Lettuce-saxifrage Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) Steudel*

Foam-flower Tiarella cordifolia L.*

Family Rosaceae

Common agrimony Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr.*

Southern agrimony Agrimonia parviflora Ait.*

Downy serviceberry Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.*

Smooth serviceberry Amelanchier laevis Wieg.*

Goat’s beard Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fern.*

Cockspur-thorn Crataegus crus-galli L.*

Washington-thorn Crataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medikus*

Hawthorn (unidentified) Crataegus sp.

Thick-leaved wild strawberry Fragaria virginiana Duchesne*

Rough avens Geum laciniatum Murray*

Cream-colored avens Geum virginianum L.*

Mountain Indian-physic Porteranthus trifoliatus (L.) Britton*

Running cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis L.*

Old-field cinquefoil Potentilla simplex Michx.*

Cinquefoil (unidentified) Potentilla sp.

Pin cherry Prunus pensylvanica L. f.*

Wild black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh.*

Multiflora rose Rosa multiflora Thunb.*
9

Common blackberry Rubus allegheniensis T. C. Porter*

Purple-flowering raspberry Rubus odoratus L.*

Wineberry Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.

Blackberry (unidentified) Rubus sp.

Raspberry (unidentified) Rubus sp.

American mountain-ash Sorbus americana Marsh.*

Family Fabaceae

Hog-peanut Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern.

Common ground-nut Apios americana Medikus*

Naked tick-trefoil Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC.*

Bush-clover Lespedeza sp.

Yellow sweet clover Melilotus sp.

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia L.*

Pinnate hop-clover Trifolium campestre Schreber

Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum L.

Crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum L.*

Red clover Trifolium praetense L.*

White clover Trifolium repens L.

Running buffalo-clover Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl.*

Family Elaeagnaceae

Autumn olive Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.*

Family Thymelaeaceae

Leatherwood Dirca palustris L.

Family Onagraceae

Alpine enchanter’s nightshade Circaea alpina L.*

Common enchanter’s nightshade Circaea lutetiana *L.

Eastern willow-herb Epilobium coloratum Biehler*

Small-flowered evening-primrose Oenothera parviflora L.*

Family Cornaceae

Alternate-leaf dogwood Cornus alternifolia L. f.*

Silky dogwood Cornus amomum Miller*

Flowering dogwood Cornus florida L.*

Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.*

Family Celastraceae

American bittersweet Celastrus scandens L.*

Strawberry-bush Euonymus americanus L.*

Family Aquifoliaceae

Bigleaf holly Ilex montana (T.&G.) A. Gray*

American holly Ilex opaca Ait.*

Family Vitaceae

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Plachon*

Summer grape Vitis aestivalis Michx.*

Muscadine grape Vitis rotundifolia Michx.*

Grape (unidentified) Vitis sp.
10

Family Staphyleaceae

American bladdernut Staphylea trifolia L.*

Family Aceraceae

Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum L.*

Red maple Acer rubrum L.*

Sugar maple Acer saccharum Marsh.*

Mountain maple Acer spicatum Lam.*

Family Anacardiaceae

Smooth sumac Rhus glabra L. *

Staghorn sumac Rhus typhina L.*

Poison-ivy Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze*

Family Simaroubaceae

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle*

Family Oxalidaceae

Northern wood-sorrel Oxalis acetosella L.*

Big yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis grandis Small*

Common yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis stricta L.*

Wood-sorrel (unidentified) Oxalis sp.

Family Geraniaceae

Wild geranium Geranium maculatum L.*

Family Balsaminaceae

Orange touch-me-not Impatiens capensis Meerb.*

Yellow touch-me-not Impatiens pallida Nutt.*

Family Araliaceae

Wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis L.

Hercules’ club Aralia spinosa L.*

American ginseng Panax quinquefolium L.*

Dwarf ginseng Panax trifolium L.

Family Apiaceae

Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC*

Wild carrot Daucus carota L.*

Cow-parsnip Heracleum lanatum Michx.*

Bland sweet cicely Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) DC.*

Long-styled sweet cicely Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.*

Canada snakeroot Sanicula canadensis L.*

Cluster sanicle Sanicula gregaria E. Bickn.*

Black snakeroot Sanicula marylandica L.*

Beaked snakeroot Sanicula trifoliata E. Bickn.*

Yellow pimpernel Taenidia montana (Mackenzie) Cronq.*

Bearded meadow-parsnip Thaspium barbinode (Michx.) Nutt.*

Smooth meadow-parsnip Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray

Heart-leaved golden alexanders Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fern.*

Common golden alexanders Zizia aurea (L.) Koch*

Mountain golden alexanders Zizia trifoliata (Michx.) Fern.*
11

Family Apocynaceae

Dogbane (unidentified) Apocynum sp.

Family Asclepiadaceae

Milkweed (unidentified) Asclepias sp.

Family Convolvulaceae

Morning-glory (unidentified) Ipomoea sp.

Family Cuscutaceae

Common dodder Cuscuta gronovii Willd.*

Family Polemoniaceae

Forest phlox Phlox divaricata L.*

Crawling phlox Phlox stolonifera Sims*

Family Hydrophyllaceae

Maple-leaved waterleaf Hydrophyllum canadense L.*

Eastern waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum L*.

Phacelia (unidentified) Phacelia sp.*

Family Boraginaceae

Eastern bluebell Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers.*

Family Verbenaceae

White vervain Verbena urticifolia L.

Family Lamiaceae

Hairy wood-mint Blephila hirsuta (Pursh) Benth.*

Northern horse-balm Collinsonia canadensis L.*

Hemp-nettle Galeopsis tetrahit var. tetrahit (L.) L.*

Hemp-nettle G. tetrahit var. bifida (Boenn.) Lej & Courtois

Gill-over-the-ground Glechoma hederacea L.*

Red dead-nettle Lamium purpureum L.*

Virginia water-horehound Lycopus virginicus L.

Peppermint Mentha x piperata L.

Basil bee-balm Monarda clinopodia L.*

Oswego-tea Monarda didyma L.*

Horse-mint Monarda punctata L.

Catnip Nepeta cataria L.

Self-heal Prunella vulgaris L.*

Mountain mint (unidentified) Pycnanthemum sp.

Lyre-leaved sage Salvia lyrata L.

Forest skullcap Scuttelaria ovata Hill*

Family Plantaginaceae

English plantain Plantago lanceolata L.*

Common plantain Plantago major L.*

American plantain Plantago rugelii Decne.*
12

Family Oleaceae

White ash Fraxinus americana L.*

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.*

Family Scrophulariaceae

Downy false foxglove Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennell*

White turtlehead Chelone glabra L.*

Wood-betony Pedicularis canadensis L.*

Common mullein Verbascum thaspus L.

Corn speedwell Veronica arvensis L.*

Family Orobanchaceae

Squaw-root Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr.*

Beech-drops Epifagus virginiana (L.) Barton*

Family Campanulaceae

Tall bellflower Campanula americana L.*

Indian tobacco Lobelia inflata L.*

Great-flowered lobelia Lobelia siphilitica L.

Family Rubiaceae

Cleavers Galium aparine L.*

Rough bedstraw Galium asprellum Michx.*

Northern bedstraw Galium boreale L.*

Forest bedstraw Galium circaezans Michx.*

Wide-leaved bedstraw Galium latifolium Michx.*

Bedstraw Galium pilosum Ait.*

Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx.*

Bluets Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook.*

Partridge-berry Mitchella repens L.*

Family Caprifoliaceae

Bush honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii A. Gray*

Common elderberry Sambucus canadensis L.*

Red-berried elderberry Sambucus racemosa L.*

Maple-leaf viburnum Viburnum acerifolium L.*

Hobble-bush Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.*

Family Asteraceae

Common yarrow Achillea millefolium L.*

Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.*

Field pussytoes Antennaria neglecta Greene*

Great burdock Arctium lappa L.

Common burdock Arctium minus Schk.*

Common white heart-leaved aster Aster divaricatus L.*

Long-stalked aster Aster dumosus L.

Clasping aster Aster patens Ait.

Zigzag aster Aster prenanthoides Muhl.*

Tall flat-topped white aster Aster umbellatus Mill.*

Aster (unidentified) Aster sp.

Devil’s beggar-ticks Bidens frondosa L.*

Ox-eye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.*

Bull-thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore*

Forest tickseed Coreopsis major Walter*
13

Hawk’s beard Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr.*

Fireweed Erichtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.*

Annual fleabane Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.*

Philadelphia daisy Erigeron philadelphicus L.*

Robin’s plantain Erigeron pulchellus Michx.*

Hollow-stemmed joe-pye weed Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt*

Purple-node joe-pye weed Eupatorium purpureum L.*

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn*

Joe-pye weed (unidentified) Eupatorium sp.

Common flat-topped goldenrod Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt*.

Common quickweed Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon*

Forest sunflower Helianthus decapetalus L.*

Sunflower Helianthus x laetiflorus Pers.*

Yellow king-devil Hieracium caespitosum Dumort*

Panicled hawkweed Hieracium paniculatum L.*

Veiny hawkweed Hieracium venosum L.*

Lettuce (unidentified) Lactuca sp.

Orange dwarf dandelion Krigia biflora (Walter) S. F. Blake*

Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes alba L.*

Tall white lettuce Prenanthes altissima L.*

Black-eyed Susan Rudbeckia hirta L.*

Heart-leaved groundsel Senecio aureus L.*

Northern meadow-groundsel Senecio pauperculus Michx.*

Axillary goldenrod Solidago caesia L.*

Wrinkle-leaved goldenrod Solidago rugosa Mill.*

Elm-leaved goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia Muhl.*

Goldenrod (unidentified) Solidago sp.

Prickly sow-thistle Sonchus asper (L.) Hill*

Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale Weber*

Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara L.*

Wingstem Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton*

Class Liliopsida

Family Araceae

Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott*

Skunk cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.*

Family Commelinaceae

Virginia spiderwort Tradescantia virginiana L.*

Family Juncaceae

Soft rush Juncus effusis L.*

Path-rush Juncus tenuis Willd.*

Wood-rush Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej.*

Family Cyperaceae

Sedge Carex aestivalis M. A. Curtis*

Sedge Carex albursina Sheldon*

Sedge Carex appalachica J. M. Webber & P. Ball*

Sedge Carex blanda Dewey*

Sedge Carex crinita Lam.*

Sedge Carex debilis Michx.*

Sedge Carex digitalis Willd.*

Sedge Carex gracillima Schwein*

Sedge Carex grayi Carey*
14

Sedge Carex intumescens Rudge*

Sedge Carex laxiculmis Schwein.*

Sedge Carex laxiflora Lam.*

Sedge Carex leptonervia (Fern.) Fern.*

Sedge Carex lupulina Muhl.*

Sedge Carex pensylvanica Lam.*

Sedge Carex plantaginea Lam.*

Sedge Carex platyphylla Carey*

Sedge Carex prasina Wahlenb.*

Sedge Carex rosea Schk.*

Sedge Carex scabrata Schwein*

Sedge Carex sparganioides Muhl.*

Sedge Carex stipata Muhl.*

Sedge Carex stricta Lam.*

Sedge Carex swanii (Fern.) Mackenzie*

Sedge Carex trisperma Dewey.*

Sedge Carex vulpinoidea Michx.*

Sedge (unidentified) Carex sp.

Flat nutsedge Cyperus strigosus L. *

Black bulrush Scirpus atrovirens Willd.*

Wool-grass Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth*

Family Poaceae

Autumn bent-grass Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuckerman*

Creeping bent-grass Agrostis stolonifera L.*

Sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss.*

Oats (unidentified) Avena sp.*

Grass Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreber) P. Beauv.*

Orchard-grass Dactilis glomerata L.*

Wild oatgrass Danthonia compressa Austin*

Smooth crab-grass Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Muhl.*

Barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.*

Bottle brush-grass Elymus hystrix L.*

Northern mannagrass Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. Hitchc.*

Ryegrass Lolium perenne L.*

Forest muhly Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.) Torr.*

Panic-grass Panicum boscii Poir.*

Panic-grass Panicum clandestinium L.*

Panic-grass Panicum commutatum Schultes*

Panic-grass Panicum dichotomum L.*

Panic-grass Panicum latifolium L.*

Panic-grass Panicum lanuginosum Elliot*

Panic-grass (unidentified) Panicum sp. L.

Feathertop Pennisetum villosum R. Br.*

Canada bluegrass Poa compressa L.*

Forest bluegrass Poa sylvestris A. Gray*

Bluegrass (unidentified) Poa sp. L.

Green foxtail-grass Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.*

Family Typhaceae

Common cat-tail Typha latifolia L.

Family Liliaceae

Nodding onion Allium cernuum Roth*

Ramps Allium tricoccum Ait.*

Field-garlic Allium vineale L.

Bead lily Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf.*
15

Bead lily Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong.*

Fairy-bells Disporum lanuginosum (Mich.) Nicholson*

Trout-lily Erythronium americanum Ker Gawler*

Wild yellow lily Lilium canadense L.*

Turk’s-cap lily Lilium superbum L.*

Canada mayflower Maianthemum canadense Desf.*

Indian cucumber-root Medeola virginiana L.*

Solomon’s seal Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliot*

Solomon’s seal Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh*

False Solomon’s seal Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.*

Twisted stalk Streptopus roseus Michx.

Purple trillium Trillium erectum L.*

Bent trillium Trillium flexipes Raf.*

Big white trillium Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb.*

Painted trillium Trillium undulatum Willd.*

Bellwort Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith*

Bellwort Uvularia perfoliata L.*

Bellwort Uvularia puberula Michx.*

Bellwort Uvularia sessifolia L.*

False hellebore Veratrum viride Ait.*

Family Smilacaceae

Greenbrier Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) S. Wats.*

Greenbrier Smilax glauca Walter*

Greenbrier Smilax herbacea L.*

Greenbrier Smilax hispida Muhl.*

Greenbrier Smilax rotundifolia L.*

Family Dioscoreaceae

Wild yam Dioscorea quaternata (Walter) J. F. Gmelin*

Colic-root Dioscorea villosa L.*

Family Iridaceae

Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill.*

Family Orchidaceae

Moccasin-flower Cypridium acaule Ait.*

Downy rattlesnake-plantain Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br.*

Purple fringed orchid Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sprengel*

Showy orchis Orchis spectabilis L.

Crane-fly orchid Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt.*
16

Macroscopic Fauna of the Fernow Experimental Forest

Invertebrates

Aquatic invertebrates on the Fernow have been the focus of far more research than terrestrial species.

Observations and collections of these aquatic organisms have been made by Angradi (1996, 1997,

1999), Hood (1997), Griffith and Perry (1991, 1992a,b, 1993a,b), Griffith et al. (1993, 1994,

1995, 1996), Hurd et al. (1996), and Yokum et al. (1994, 1995). Lists of terrestrial invertebrates

have been compiled by Butler and Chrislip (1997), Butler et al. (1997), Rexrode and Smith (1990),

Stephenson et al. (1994b), and personal observations of the Fernow staff. Invertebrates are listed in

alphabetical order by genus and species within the major taxonomic groups.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

Class Turbellaria

Family Planariidae

Planaria Turbellaria sp.

PHYLUM NEMATODA

Roundworms (unidentified)

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

Class Oligochaeta

Earthworms (unidentified)

Aquatic earthworms (unidentified)

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

Class Pelecypoda

Bivalves (unidentified)

Class Gastropoda

Slugs (unidentified)

Snails (unidentified)

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

Class Crustacea

Order Podocopa

Ostracods (unidentified)

Order Eucopepoda

Copepods (unidentified)

Order Decapoda

Family Cambaridae

Crayfish Cambarus bartonii Fabricus

Order Amphipoda
17

Family Gammaridae

Freshwater shrimp Gammarus minus Say

Order Isopoda

Family Asellidae

Aquatic sowbug Asellus racovitzai

Class Diplopoda

Millipedes (unidentified)

Class Chilopoda

Centipedes (unidentified)

Class Insecta

Order Collembola

Family Entomobryidae

Collembola (unidentified)

Order Ephemeroptera

Family Baetidae

Mayfly Baetis sp.

Mayfly Diphetor sp.

Mayfly Procleon sp.

Family Ephemerellidae

Mayfly Drunella sp.

Mayfly Ephemerella dorothea

Mayfly Euryophella funeralis McDunnough

Family Ephemeridae

Mayfly Ephemera sp.

Mayfly Litobrancha sp.

Family Heptageniidae

Mayfly Cinygmula sp.

Mayfly Epeorus latifolium

Mayfly Heptagenia sp.

Mayfly Leucrocuta sp.

Mayfly Stenonema meririvulanum

Mayfly Stenacron carolina

Family Leptophlebiidae

Mayfly Habrophlebia sp.

Mayfly Habrophleboides sp.

Mayfly Paraleptophlebia sp.
18

Family Siphlonuridae

Mayfly Ameletus sp.

Order Odonata

Family Calyopterygidae

Black-winged Damselfly Calopteryx maculata Beauvais

Family Coenagrioonidae

Damselfly (unidentified)

Family Cordulegastridae

Dragonfly Cordulegaster sp.

Family Gomphidae

Dragonfly Lanthus parvulus

Order Orthoptera

Family Acrididae

Grasshopper (unidentified)

Family Gryllacrididae

Cricket (unidentified)

Family Tettigoniidae

Katydid Microcentrum sp.

Order Isoptera

Family Rhinotermitidae

Termite (unidentified)

Order Plecoptera

Family Capniidae

Stonefly Allocapnia frisoni Ross and Ricker

Stonefly Paracapnia angulata Hanson

Family Chloroperlidae

Stonefly Alloperla aracoma Harper and Kirchner

Stonefly Alloperla usa Ricker

Stonefly Haploperla sp.

Stonefly Suwalia marginata Banks

Stonefly Sweltza lateralis Banks

Stonefly Sweltza onkos Ricker

Family Leuctridae

Stonefly Leuctra alexanderi Hanson
19

Stonefly Leuctra grandis Banks

Stonefly Leuctra ferruginea Walker

Stonefly Leuctra sibleyi Claassen

Stonefly Leuctra tenella Provancher

Stonefly Leuctra truncata Claassen

Stonefly Leuctra sp.

Stonefly Paraleuctra sara Claassen

Family Nemouridae

Stonefly Amphinemura nigritta Provancher

Stonefly Amphinemura wui Claassen

Stonefly Ostrocerca complexa Claassen

Stonefly Ostrocerca truncata Classen

Stonefly Prostoia sp.

Stonefly Soyedina washingtoni Claassen

Family Peltoperlidae

Stonefly Peltoperla arcuata Needham

Stonefly Tallaperla maria Needham and Smith

Family Perlodidae

Stonefly Isoperla slossonae Banks

Stonefly Isoperla sp.

Stonefly Malirekus hastatus Banks

Stonefly Remennus bilobatus Needham and Claassen

Stonefly Yugus bulbosus Frison

Family Perlidae

Stonefly Acroneuria carolinensis Banks

Family Pteronarcidae

Giant stonefly Pteronarcys proteus Newman

Giant stonefly Pteronarcys biloba Newman

Family Taeniopterygidae

Stonefly Strophopteryx appalachia Ricker and Ross

Order Psocoptera

Family Psocidae

Barklice (unidentified)

Family Polypsocidae

Polypsocid (unidentified)

Order Thysanoptera

Family Phloeothripidae

Tube-tailed thrip (unidentified)

Order Hemiptera
20

Family Corixidae

Water boatman Hesperocorxa sp.

Family Gerridae

Water strider Metrobates sp.

Family Miridae

Leaf bug (unidentified)

Family Phymatidae

Ambush Bug Phymata sp.

Family Tingidae

Lace bug (unidentified)

Family Veliidae

Riffle bug Microvelia sp.

Riffle bug Rhagovelia sp.

Order Homoptera

Family Aphididae

Aphid (unidentified)

Family Cicadidae

Periodical cicada Magicicada septendecim L.

Family Eriosomatidae

Wooly aphid (unidentified)

Family Membracidae

Treehopper (unidentified)

Family Psyllidae

Psyllid (unidentified)

Order Neuroptera (Megaloptera)

Family Corydalidae

Hellgrammite (dobsonfly) Nigronia sp.

Family Sialidae

Alderfly Sialis sp.

Order Coleoptera

Family Cantharidae
21

Soldier Beetle Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus De Geer

Family Carabidae

Ground beetle (unidentified)

Family Chrysomelidae

Leaf beetle (unidentified)

Family Coccinellidae

Two-spotted ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata L.

Family Curculionidae

Snout beetle (unidentified)

Family Dryopidae

Long-toed water beetle Helichus sp.

Family Elmidae

Riffle beetle Optioservus sp.

Riffle beetle Oulimnus latiusculus

Family Gyrinidae

Whirligig Beetle Dineutus sp.

Family Helodidae

Marsh beetle Prionocyphon sp.

Family Hydraenidae

Minute moss beetle (unidentified)

Family Hydrophilidae

Water scavenger beetle Enochrus sp.

Water scavenger beetle Helophorus sp.

Water scavenger beetle Hydrochus sp.

Water scavenger beetle Laccobius sp.

Family Lampyridae

Firefly (unidentified)

Family Leiodidae

Round Fungus Beetle Anisotoma horni Wheeler

Family Lycidae

Net-winged beetle Calopteron sp.

Family Meloidae

Blister beetle Meloe sp.
22

Family Psephenidae

Water-penny beetle Ectopria nervosa

Water-penny beetle Psephenus sp.

Family Scarabaeidae

Japanese beetle Popilla japonica Newm.

Family Scolytidae

Peach Bark Beetle Phloeotribus limnaris Harris

Family Staphlinidae

Rove beetle Pontamalota sp.

Order Mecoptera

Family Panorpidae

Scorpionfly (unidentified)

Order Trichoptera

Family Brachycentridae

Caddisfly Adicrophleps hitchcocki Flint

Caddisfly Micrasema rusticum Hagen

Family Glossosomatidae

Caddisfly Agapetus sp.

Caddisfly Glossoma nigrior Banks

Family Hydropsychidae

Caddisfly Diplectrona modesta Banks

Caddisfly Hydropsyche morose Hagen

Caddisfly Hydropsyche orientalis

Caddisfly Hydropsyche sparna Ross

Caddisfly Hydropsyche ventura Ross

Caddisfly Homoplecta monticola Flint

Caddisfly Parapsyche apicalis Banks

Family Hydroptilidae

Caddisfly Palaeagapetus celsus Ross

Caddisfly Stactobiella delira Ross

Family Lepidostomatidae

Caddisfly Lepidostoma griseum Banks

Caddisfly Lepidostoma togatum Hagen

Caddisfly Lepidostoma vernale Banks

Family Leptocercidae

Caddisfly Oecetis cinerascens Hagen

Caddisfly Triaenodes sp.
23

Family Limnophilidae

Caddisfly Goera stylata Ross

Caddisfly Hydatophylax sp.

Caddisfly Nemotaulius hostilis Hagen

Caddisfly Pseudostenophylax uniformis Betten

Caddisfly Pycnopsyche gentilis McLachlan

Caddisfly Pycnopsyche scabripennis Rambur

Family Molannidae

Caddisfly Molanna ulmerina Navas

Family Philopotamidae

Caddisfly Dolophiloides distinctus Walker

Caddisfly Wormaldia moesta Banks

Family Phryganeidae

Caddisfly Ptilostomis ocellifera Walker

Family Psychomyiidae

Caddisfly Lype diversa Banks

Family Polycentropodidae

Caddisfly Phylocentropus lucidus Hagen

Caddisfly Polycentropus cinereus Hagen

Caddisfly Polycentropus maculatus Banks

Family Rhyacophilidae

Caddisfly Rhyacophila banksi Ross

Caddisfly Rhyacophila carolina Banks

Caddisfly Rhyacophila carpenteri Milne

Caddisfly Rhyacophila fuscula Walker

Caddisfly Rhyacophila glaberrima Ulmer

Caddisfly Rhyacophila nigrita Banks

Caddisfly Rhyacophila vibox Milne

Family Uenoidae

Caddisfly Neophylax aniqua Ross

Caddisfly Neophylax wigginsi Sykora and Weaver

Order Lepidoptera

Family Arctiidae

Delicate cycnia Cycnia tenerea Hbn.

Fall webworm Hyphantria cunea Drury

Family Gelechiidae

Gelechiid moth (unidentified)

Family Geometridae

Fall cankerworm Alsophila pometaria Harris
24

Linden looper Erannis tiliara Harris

Lesser maple spanworm Itame pustularia Gueneé

Gray spring moth Lomographa glomeraria Grote

White spring moth Lomographa vestaliata Gueneé

Canadian melanolophia Melanolophia canadaria Gueneé

Family Hesperiidae

Skipper (unidentified)

Family Lasiocampidae

Eastern tent caterpillar Malacostoma americanum Fabricus

Family Liparidae

Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L.

Family Lycaenidae

Common blue

Family Noctuidae

Greater red dart Abagrotis alternata Grote

Hemina pinion moth Lithophane hemina Grote

Confused woodgrain moth Morrisonia confusa Hubner

Speckled green fruitworm moth Orthosia hibisci Gueneé

Ruby quaker Orthosia rubescens Walker

Fluid arches moth Polia latex Gueneé

Family Nymphalidae

Question mark Polygonia sp.

Great spangled fritillary Speyeria cybele Fabricus

Red admiral Vanessa atalanta L.

Family Papilionidae

Tiger swallowtail Papilio glaucus L.

Pipevine swallowtail Battus philenor

Family Pieridae

Cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae L.

Sulphur butterfly Pieris sp.

Family Saturnidae

Luna moth Actias luna L.

Family Sesiidae

Peach tree borer Synanthedon exitiosa Say

Lesser peach tree borer Synanthedon pictipes Grote and Robinson

Family Tortiidae

Webworm Archips sp.

Family Tortricidae
25

Spruce budworm moth Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens

Order Diptera

Family Agromyzidae

Cherry cambium miner Phytobia pruni Gross

Family Athericidae

Snipe fly Atherix sp.

Family Ceratopogonidae

Biting midge Atrichopogon sp.

Biting midge Bezzia sp.

Biting midge Ceratopogon sp.

Biting midge Culicoides sp.

Biting midge Probezzia sp.

Family Chironomidae

Subfamily Chironominae

Midge

Subfamily Orthocladiinae

Midge

Subfamily Tanypodinae

Midge

Family Dixidae

Dixid midge Dixa sp.

Family Empididae

Dance fly Chelifera sp.

Dance fly Clinocerca sp.

Dance fly Clinocerca sp.

Dance fly Hemerodromia sp.

Family Muscidae

Muscid fly (unidentified)

Family Mycetophilidae

Fungus gnat (unidentified)

Family Psychodidae

Moth fly Pericoma sp.

Family Ptychopteridae

Phantom crane fly Bittacomorpha sp.
26

Family Simuliidae

Black fly Prosimulium sp.

Black fly Simulium sp.

Family Stratiomyidae

Soldier fly Nemotelus sp.

Family Syrphidae

Syrphid fly (unidentified)

Family Tabanidae

Deer fly Chrysops sp.

Deer fly Merycomyia sp.

Family Tipulidae

Crane fly Antocha sp.

Crane fly Dicronota sp.

Crane fly Erioptera sp.

Crane fly Hexatoma sp.

Crane fly Leptotarsus sp.

Crane fly Limnophila sp.

Crane fly Limonia sp.

Crane fly Molophilus sp.

Crane fly Ormosia sp.

Crane fly Pedicia sp.

Crane fly Pseudolimnophila sp.

Crane fly Tipula abdominalis Say

Order Hymenoptera

Family Apiadae

Bumblebee Megabombus pennsylvanicus DeGeer

Family Formicidae

Ant (unidentified)

Family Ichneumonidae

Ichneumon wasp Ophion sp.

Family Sphecidae

Cicada killer Sphecius speciosus Drury

Family Tenthredinidae

Common sawfly Tenthredo fernowi Goulet and Smith

Class Arachnidia

Order Phalangida

Harvestmen (unidentified)
27

Order Hydrachnidia

Watermite (unidentified)

Order Acarina

Mite (unidentified)

Order Araneida

Family Agelenidae

Funnel-web spider (unidentified)

Family Dictynidae

Dictynid spider (unidentified)

Family Theridiidae

Comb-foot spider (unidentified)

Vertebrates

Fish

Fish inhabit the Fernow’s free-flowing forested streams and the 1-ha impoundment created by the

Elklick Run dam. Only stream species have been studied (Angradi 1996). At one time, the portion

of Elklick Run below the dam to the confluence with the Black Fork River was stocked, however,

this practice no longer occurs. Reservoir fish are reported from personal observation by the authors.

The reservoir was constructed as a supplemental water source for the town of Parsons and,

therefore, was drained and dredged periodically. During these events, Forest Service personnel have

observed “bluegill,” “catfish,” “brown trout,” and “creek chub” from the reservoir, although the

accuracy of these sightings could not be verified. Other Forest Service personnel recall residents

moving rainbow trout to the reservoir as well as attempted stockings with largemouth bass.

However, none of these species was observed during recent attempts to document species present in

the reservoir.

CHORDATA

Class Osteichthyes

Family Salmonidae

Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell) stream and reservoir

Family Cyprinidae

Blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann) stream

Family Catostomidae

White sucker Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede) reservoir

Family Centrarchidae

Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque reservoir

Family Cottidae

Mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi Girard stream and reservoir
28

Amphibians

Pauley et al.(1990), Marcum (1994), and Barrett (1996) have studied the natural history and other

various aspects of amphibians on the Fernow. Nomenclature follows Green and Pauley (1987).

Order Caudata

Family Ambystomatidae

Spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw)

Family Salamandridae

Red-spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens virrdescens (Rafinesque)

Family Plethodontidae

Northern dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus fuscus (Green)

Mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope

Appalachian seal salamander Desmognathus monticola monticola Dunn

Redback salamander Plethodon cinereus (Green)

Slimy salamander Plethodon glutinosus glutinosus (Green)

Wehrle’s salamander Plethodon wehrlei Fowler and Dunn

Northern spring salamander Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus (Green)

Northern red salamander Pseudotriton ruber ruber (Latreille)

Northern two-lined salamander Eurycea bislineata bislineata (Green)

Longtail salamander Eurycea longicauda longicauda (Green)

Order Salienta

Family Bufonidae

Eastern American toad Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook

Family Hylidae

Northern spring peeper Hyla crucifer crucifer Wied

Gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis Cope

Family Ranidae

Green frog Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque)

Pickerel frog Rana palustris LeConte

Wood frog Rana sylvatica LeConte

Reptiles

There has been little research on reptiles on the Fernow apart from a study by Barrett (1996). Most

reptile have been sightings by Forest Service personnel. Nomenclature follows Green and Pauley

(1987).

Order Testudines

Family Terrapene

Eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina carolina (Linnaeus)

Order Squamata

Suborder Serpentes
29

Family Colubridae

Northern redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata (Storer)

Eastern garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus)

Northern ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus edwardsii (Merrem)

Black rat snake Elaphe obsoleta obsolete (Say)

Eastern milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum (Lacépède)

Family Viperidae

Northern Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen (Daudin)

Timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus (Linnaeus)

Birds

The Fernow Experimental Forest has been the site of several research projects (DeMeo 1999;

Dougherty 1982; Maurer and Whitmore 1980) concerning forest management and its effects on

songbirds. The species lists compiled during these studies has been supplemented by observations

by Forest Service personnel. Nomenclature follows the Check-List of North American Birds (Am.

Orinithol. Union 2000). The season of residency for each species follows the scientific name.

Order Ciconiiformes

Family Cathartidae

Turkey vulture Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) year round

Order Anseriformes

Family Anatidae

Subfamily Anatinae

Wood duck Aix sponsa (Linnaeus) breeding

Order Falconiformes

Family Accipitridae

Subfamily Accipitrinae

Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus Vieillot year round

Cooper’s hawk Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte) year round

Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin) year round

Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus (Gmelin) year round

Broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus (Vieillot) breeding

Order Galliformes

Subfamily Tetraoninae

Family Tetraonidae

Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus) year round

Subfamily Meleagridinae

Family Meleagridae

Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus) year round
30

Order Columbiformes

Family Columbidae

Mourning dove Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus) year round

Order Cuculiformes

Family Cuculidae

Subfamily Coccyzinae

Black-billed cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wilson) breeding

Yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus (Linnaeus) breeding

Order Strigiformes

Family Strigidae

Eastern screech owl Otus asio (Linnaeus) year round

Great horned owl Bubo virginianus (Gmelin) year round

Barred owl Strix varia Barton year round

Order Apodiformes

Family Apodidae

Subfamily Chaeturinae

Chimney Swift Chaetura pelgica (Linnaeus) breeding

Family Trochilidae

Subfamily Trochilinae

Ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus) breeding

Order Coraciiformes

Family Alcedinidae

Subfamily Cerylinae

Belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon (Linnaeus) year round

Order Piciformes

Family Picidae

Subfamily Picinae

Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus (Linnaeus) year round

Red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus (Linnaeus) year round

Yellow-bellied sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius (Linnaeus) winter

Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens (Linnaeus) year round

Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus (Linnaeus) year round

Order Passeriformes

Family Tyrannidae
31

Subfamily Fluvicolinae

Eastern wood pewee Contopus virens (Linnaeus) breeding

Acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens (Vieillot) breeding

Least flycatcher Empidonax minimus (Baird and Baird) breeding

Subfamily Tyranninae

Great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus) breeding

Family Vireonidae

Red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus (Linnaeus) breeding

Warbling vireo Vireo gilvus (Vieillot) breeding

Yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons Vieillot breeding

Blue-headed vireo Vireo solitarius (Wilson) breeding

Family Corvidae

Common crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Brehm year round

Northern raven Corvus corax Linnaeus year round

Blue jay Cyanocitta cristata (Linnaeus) year round

Family Paridae

Black-capped chickadee Parus stricapillus Linnaeus year round

Tufted titmouse Parus bicolor Linnaeus year round

Family Sittidae

Subfamily Sittinae

White-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Latham year round

Red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis Linnaeus winter

Family Certhiidae

Subfamily Certhiinae

Brown creeper Certhia americana Bonaparte year round

Family Troglodytidae

Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicians (Latham) year round

Winter wren Troglodytes troglodytes (Linnaeus) year round

Family Regulidae

Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa Lichtenstein winter

Family Sylviidae

Subfamily Sylviinae

Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea (Linnaeus) breeding

Family Turdidae

American robin Turdus migratorius Linnaeus year round

Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus (Pallas) breeding

Veery Catharus fuscescens (Stephens) breeding
32

Wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin) breeding

Family Mimidae

Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus) breeding

Gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus) breeding

Family Bombycillidae

Cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot year round

Family Parulidae

Northern Parula Parula americana (Linnaeus) breeding

Black-throated green warbler Dendroica virens (Gmelin) breeding

Black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus) breeding

Black-throated blue warbler Dendroica caerulescens (Gmelin) breeding

Cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea (Wilson) breeding

Magnolia warbler Dendroica magnolia (Wilson) breeding

Canada warbler Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus) breeding

Chestnut-sided warbler Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus) breeding

Blackburnian warbler Dendroica fusca (Müller) breeding

American redstart Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus) breeding

Hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina (Boddaert) breeding

Worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin) breeding

Golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus) breeding

Mourning warbler Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson) breeding

Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus (Wilson) breeding

Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas (Linnaeus) breeding

Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot) breeding

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus (Linnaeus) breeding

Family Thraupidae

Scarlet tanager Piranga olivacea (Gmelin) breeding

Family Emberizidae

Dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus) year round

Eastern towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus) breeding

Chipping sparrow Spizella passerina (Bechstein) breeding

White-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin) winter

American tree sparrow Spizella arborea (Wilson) winter

Fox sparrow Passerella iliaca (Merrem) winter

Family Cardinalidae

Indigo bunting Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus) breeding

Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus) year round

Rose-breasted grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus (Linnaeus) breeding

Family Icteridae

Brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater (Boddaert) year round

Family Fringillidae

Subfamily Carduelinae

Purple finch Carpodacus purpureus (Gmelin) year round

American goldfinch Carduelis tristis (Linnaeus) year round

Pine siskin Carduelis pinus (Wilson) winter
33

Mammals

Mammals on the Fernow have been studied by Cromer and Smith (1968) and Gordon Kirkland,

Linda Thomasma, William M. Ford, and Craig Stihler (unpublished). Additional occurrence records

are based on personal observations by Forest Service personnel. Nomenclature follows Mammals of

the Eastern United States (Whitaker and Hamilton 1998).

Order Didelphimorphia

Family Didelphidae

Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana virginiana Kerr

Order Insectivora

Family Soricidae

Long-tail shrew Sorex dispar blitchii Schwartz

Masked shrew Sorex cinereus fontinalis Kerr

Smokey shrew Sorex fumeus fumeus Miller

Southern water shrew Sorex palustris punctulatus Hooper

Northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda kirtlandi (Say)

Family Talpidae

Hairy-tailed mole Parascalops breweri (Bachman)

Star-nosed mole Condylura cristata cristata (Linnaeus)

Order Chiroptera

Family Vespertilionidae

Eastern small-footed myotis Myotis leibii (Audubon and Bachman)

Little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus lucifugus (LeConte)

Northern myotis Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart)

Indiana myotis Myotis sodalis Miller and Allen

Silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte)

Eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier)

Big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus fuscus (Beauvois)

Eastern red bat Lasiurus borealis borealis Müller

Hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus cinereus (Palisot de Beauvoir)

Townsend’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus Handley

Order Lagomorpha

Family Leporidae

Eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus (Allen)

Allegheny cottontail Sylvilagus obscurus Chapman et al.

Snowshoe hare Lepus americus virginianus Harlan

Order Rodentia

Family Sciuridae

Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus lysteri (Linnaeus)

Woodchuck Marmota monax (Linnaeus)

Eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus Ord

Fox squirrel Sciurus niger vulpinus Gmelin

Red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus abieticola (Howell)

Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans volans (Linnaeus)
34

Family Castoridae

American beaver Castor canadensis (Kuhl)

Family Dipodidae

Woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis (Miller)

Family Muridae

White-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis (Rafinesque)

Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner

Red-backed vole Clethrionomys gapperi carolinensis (Merriam)

Southern Appalachian rock vole Microtus chrotorrhinus carolinensis Komarek

Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus Ord

Common muskrat Ondatra zibethicus zibethicus (Linnaeus)

Southern bog lemming Synaptomys cooperi stonei Rhoads

Order Carnivora

Family Canidae

Coyote Canis latrans latrans Say

Red fox Vulpes vulpes fulva (Desmarest)

Common gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus

(Schreber)

Family Ursidae

American black bear Ursus americanus americanus (Pallas)

Family Procyonidae

Common raccoon Procyon lotor lotor (Linnaeus)

Family Mustelidae

Fisher Martes pennanti pennanti (Erxleben)

Long-tail weasel Mustela frenata noveboracensis [author?]

Least weasel Mustela nivalis Linnaeus

Mink Mustela vison vison Schreber

Family Mephitidae

Striped skunk Mephits mephitis (Schreber)

Family Felidae

Bobcat Lynx rufus (Schreber)

Order Artiodactyla

Family Cervidae

White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus virginianus (Zimmerman)
35

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Yokum, Kevin A.; Angradi, Ted R; Tarter, Donald C.

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R. 1994. Leaf species selection by the shredding

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Printed on Recycled Paper

Madarish, Darlene M.; Rodrigue, Jane L.; Adams, Mary Beth. 2002. Vascular flora

and macroscopic fauna on the Fernow Experimental Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep.

NE-291. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Northeastern Research Station. 37 p.

This report is the first comprehensive inventory of the vascular flora and

macroscopic fauna known to occur within the Fernow Experimental Forest in northcentral West Virignia. The compendium is based on information obtained from

previous surveys, current research, and the personal observations of USDA Forest

Service personnel and independent scientists. More than 750 documents on

Fernow-related research have been published. The earliest report on the vegetation

on what is now the experimental forest dates back to 1856.

Keywords: amphibians, reptiles, macroinvertebrates, birds, mammals, Appalachian

vegetation
Headquarters of the Northeastern Research Station is in Newtown Square,

Pennsylvania. Field laboratories are maintained at:

Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University of Massachusetts

Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University of Vermont

Delaware, Ohio

Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University of New Hampshire

Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West Virginia University

Parsons, West Virginia

Princeton, West Virginia

Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University of New York,

College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at Syracuse University

Warren, Pennsylvania

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