2022 IL 127561 

IN THE 

SUPREME COURT 

OF 

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 

(Docket No. 127561) 

LEO DAWKINS, Appellee, v. FITNESS INTERNATIONAL, LLC, 

et al., Appellants. 

Opinion filed May 19, 2022. 

JUSTICE MICHAEL J. BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with 

opinion. 

Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Garman, Theis, Neville, and 

Overstreet concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Justice Carter took no part in the decision. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 The main question presented in this case is whether a physical fitness facility 

has a duty under either the Physical Fitness Facility Medical Emergency 

Preparedness Act (Facility Preparedness Act) (210 ILCS 74/1 et seq. (2012)) or the 
 

 

 

 

 

 

Automated External Defibrillator Act (AED Act) (410 ILCS 4/1 et seq. (2012)) to 

use an automated external defibrillator (AED) when a patron is having an apparent 

cardiac event and non-use of the AED would amount to willful and wanton 

misconduct. For the reasons set forth below, we answer this question in the 

affirmative and hold that the statutory scheme does impose such a duty. 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 Plaintiff Leo Dawkins, individually and as next friend of his wife, Dollett Smith 

Dawkins (Dollett), filed a lawsuit to recover for personal injury and spousal loss of 

consortium against Fitness International LLC, L.A. Fitness, and L.A. Fitness 

Oswego (collectively, Fitness). Plaintiff alleged that Dollett was rendered a 

disabled person with permanent and irreparable brain damage as a proximate result 

of Fitness’s willful and wanton misconduct in failing to use an AED on Dollett in 

a timely fashion after she suffered cardiac arrest while exercising at one of their 

facilities. 

¶ 4 Plaintiff filed four successive complaints. The last three complaints alleged 

causes of action for both negligence and willful and wanton misconduct based on 

Fitness employees’ failure and refusal to use the AED as required by statute, even 

though there was an employee trained to use the AED on the premises at the time 

of the incident. The circuit court of Will County dismissed all the counts of the 

various complaints with prejudice. Plaintiff brings this appeal from the dismissal of 

the willful and wanton counts (counts I and II) of his third amended complaint. 

¶ 5 According to the facts alleged in plaintiff’s third amended complaint, Dollett 

was exercising at a Fitness facility in Oswego, Illinois, on November 18, 2012, 

when she collapsed, stopped breathing, and lost her pulse and circulation. This 

happened in an open, public area of the facility. Fitness staff members were aware 

of Dollett’s medical emergency. Other patrons at the facility attempted to 

administer CPR to Dollett unsuccessfully and shouted to Fitness staff for aid and 

assistance. Fitness staff knew this. They also knew that the patrons were not using 

an AED on Dollett. There was an AED and an employee trained to use it on the 

premises at the time. Nevertheless, the Fitness employee who was trained to use 

the AED did not use it on Dollett. Nor did any other Fitness employee. 

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¶ 6 An AED can diagnose ventricular fibrillation and treat it through defibrillation 

by electrical therapy. While at the Fitness facility, Dollett was experiencing a 

ventricular fibrillation. It takes less than one minute to apply AED treatment. 

Uncorrected, the condition leads to cardiac arrest, which in turn can lead to anoxic 

brain injury due to the lack of an oxygenated blood supply. 

¶ 7 The Fitness facility where Dollett’s injuries occurred was covered by the 

Facility Preparedness Act (210 ILCS 74/1 et seq. (West 2012)).1 Plaintiff alleged 

that, at all relevant times, the Facility Preparedness Act required Fitness to (1) have 

a functioning AED on site, (2) have staff properly trained in the assessment of 

patrons and the use of AEDs, (3) have properly trained staff who were required to 

know how to assess patrons who became unconscious for breathing and signs of 

pulse and circulation in preparation for employing an AED device, and (4) have a 

medical emergency plan for responding to medical emergencies. 

¶ 8 Plaintiff further alleged that the Facility Preparedness Act also required Fitness 

staff members to (1) assess unconscious patrons for signs of breathing, pulse, and 

circulation pursuant to the training of the AED operators and Fitness’s medical 

emergency plan; (2) assess unconscious patrons for use of an AED; (3) attach the 

AED pads on an unconscious patron who had no breathing, no pulse, or no signs of 

circulation; and (4) follow the visual and voice prompts on the AED. 

¶ 9 Plaintiff alleged that, with full knowledge of Dollett’s medical event and of the 

requirements to assess and treat her with an AED, Fitness violated the Facility 

Preparedness Act and acted willfully, wantonly, and in utter disregard for Dollett’s 

safety by (1) failing to have a functioning AED device on the premises in violation 

of its medical emergency plan, (2) failing to have properly and adequately trained 

staff on the premises in violation of its medical emergency plan, (3) refusing to 

assess Dollett for breathing in violation of AED operator training and the medical 

emergency plan, (4) refusing to assess Dollett for signs of pulse or circulation in 

violation of AED operator training and the medical emergency plan, (5) refusing to 

apply the AED to Dollett and follow the voice and visual prompts in violation of 

AED operator training and the medical emergency plan, and (6) refusing to apply 

1

There is no dispute in this case that Fitness is a “physical fitness facility” as defined by the 

Facility Preparedness Act and is therefore subject to the requirements of that Act. See 210 ILCS 

74/5.25 (West 2012). 

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the AED electrical therapy to Dollett in violation of AED operator training and the 

medical emergency plan. 

¶ 10 Plaintiff further alleged that Fitness’s failure to apply the AED to Dollett caused 

her permanent brain damage. He asserted that, had a Fitness employee connected 

the AED device to Dollett in a timely fashion “as required” and followed the AED’s 

prompts, the AED would have restored cardiac function and oxygenated blood to 

Dollett’s brain, thereby avoiding or lessening her brain injury. 

¶ 11 As noted, the third amended complaint pled two “willful and wanton” counts 

(counts I and II). Count I sought damages for Dollett’s brain injury, and count II 

sought damages for loss of consortium. The complaint also raised two parallel 

counts based on an ordinary negligence theory (counts III and IV). 

¶ 12 Fitness moved to strike or dismiss plaintiff’s negligence counts, noting that they 

had been dismissed by a different judge earlier in the litigation. The court granted 

that motion because the previous circuit court judge assigned to hear the matter had 

dismissed those counts on two separate grounds: (1) Dollett had signed a 

membership agreement with Fitness’s Oswego facility that explicitly released 

Fitness and its employees from any liability for negligence in the event that Dollett 

were to suffer a heart attack, stroke, or other injury while working out at the facility 

and (2) the Facility Preparedness Act barred actions based on negligence that are 

related to the use or non-use of an AED where the defendant is compliant with the 

Facility Preparedness Act’s requirements, such as having an AED and an employee 

trained to use it on site. 

¶ 13 Fitness also moved to dismiss plaintiff’s willful and wanton counts of the third 

amended complaint, specifically bringing its motion under section 2-619(a)(9) of 

the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012)). In 

affidavits filed in support of its motion to dismiss, Fitness acknowledged that the 

Facility Preparedness Act required that physical fitness facilities, such as the one 

operated by Fitness in Oswego, must comply with certain requirements. 

Specifically, the Facility Preparedness Act required that all physical fitness 

facilities have a medical emergency plan filed with the Illinois Department of 

Public Health (IDPH), an AED on the premises, and a trained AED operator on 

staff during business hours. Fitness asserted, however, that it fulfilled each of these 

requirements and was therefore immune from liability, because (1) the IDPH 

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confirmed that a medical emergency plan was received and approved for the 

physical fitness facility operated by Fitness in Oswego prior to November 18, 2012, 

(2) Fitness had a working AED on the premises on November 18, 2012, when 

Dollett collapsed, and (3) the front desk employee on the premises at the time of 

Dollett’s medical event was a trained AED user. Fitness argued that these facts 

established that its Oswego facility was in full compliance with the Facility 

Preparedness Act at the time of Dollett’s injuries and, therefore, could not be held 

liable for any acts or omissions relating to her injuries. 

¶ 14 Fitness further maintained that the Facility Preparedness Act created no duty to 

use an AED and afforded no private right of action to enforce any such duty (or any 

of the Facility Preparedness Act’s requirements) and that plaintiff had not pled a 

basis for his allegation that Fitness owed Dollett a duty to use the AED on her. 

Fitness also argued that neither Fitness’s failure to use its AED nor any of the other 

alleged acts or omissions by Fitness staff rose to the level of willful and wanton 

misconduct and that plaintiff had failed to plead facts in support of his claim that 

any such actions or omissions proximately caused Dollett’s injuries.2 

¶ 15 After briefing and oral argument, the circuit court granted Fitness’s motion to 

dismiss plaintiff’s willful and wanton counts with prejudice, stating: 

“All right. I think Counts I and II are to be dismissed because Defendant Fitness 

was in compliance. I don’t believe that there is anything that creates the duty to 

use the AED. And I think the strongest argument is that the mere presence of 

an AED on the premises, even with the plan that has to be undertaken, does not 

impose a legal duty to provide medical assistance. So, I am going to dismiss the 

action.” 

The court’s written order then dismissed counts I and II of plaintiff’s third amended 

complaint (the willful and wanton counts) with prejudice and noted that counts III 

and IV (the negligence counts) had previously been dismissed with prejudice. 

2

We note that this argument made by Fitness that the complaint was factually insufficient does 

not seem appropriate for a section 2-619(a)(9) motion to dismiss. Rather, such an argument would 

be something normally raised in a motion brought under section 2-615 of the Code. Compare 735 

ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012), with id. § 2-615. 

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¶ 16 On appeal, the appellate court reversed the circuit’s dismissal of counts I and 

II. In doing so, it first found that the Facility Preparedness Act when read in 

conjunction with the AED Act gave rise to a duty. See 2020 IL App (3d) 170702-

U, ¶ 26. It noted that section 45 of the Facility Preparedness Act provides that a 

“ ‘right of action does not exist in connection with the use or non-use of an [AED] 

at a facility governed by this Act, except for willful or wanton misconduct.’ ” 

(Emphases in original.) Id. ¶ 23 (quoting 210 ILCS 74/45 (West 2012)); see also 

id. ¶ 30. Similarly, it noted that section 30(d) of the AED Act provides in relevant 

part that an “ ‘AED user is not liable for civil damages as a result of any act or 

omission involving the use of an [AED] in an emergency situation, except for willful 

or wanton misconduct, if the requirements of this Act are met.’ ” (Emphases in 

original.) Id. ¶ 24 (quoting 410 ILCS 4/30(d) (West 2012)). The plain and obvious 

meaning of these statutes, the appellate court found, is that civil liability may attach 

to willful and wanton failures to use an AED. Id. ¶ 25. 

¶ 17 Fitness argued before the appellate court that the AED Act and the Facility 

Preparedness Act should be read as preserving liability only for willful and wanton 

misuse of an AED, but not for a failure to use an AED, even in circumstances where 

the failure to use an AED would amount to willful and wanton conduct. Fitness 

further argued that the AED Act’s explicit reference to acts or omissions involving 

the use of an AED and the Facility Preparedness Act’s reference to “use or nonuse” of an AED were meant to proscribe only the “omissions” of acts or procedures 

that are necessary to the proper operation of an AED when an AED is used. They 

were not intended to require the use of an AED in the first place. 

¶ 18 The appellate court found Fitness’s interpretation to be contrary to the plain 

language of both statutes at issue. It noted that the above-quoted second sentence 

of section 45 of the Facility Preparedness Act, referring to non-use of an AED (see 

210 ILCS 74/45 (West 2012)), unambiguously provides that liability may attach for 

willful and wanton failure to use an AED, not merely for the misuse of an AED. 

2020 IL App (3d) 170702-U, ¶ 30. There is nothing in the sentence suggesting that 

the term “non-use” is somehow meant to convey the failure to use proper techniques 

or judgment while using an AED, the appellate court noted. Id. Instead, it found 

that the sentence in question unambiguously contemplates civil liability for the 

failure to use an AED, provided that such failure is willful and wanton. Id. 

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¶ 19 The appellate court also found Fitness’s reading of section 30(d) of the AED 

Act unsupportable, noting that an “ ‘omission involving the use of’ ” an AED 

clearly encompasses the failure to use the AED in appropriate circumstances. Id. 

¶ 31. 

¶ 20 The appellate court concluded that neither statutory section at issue restricts 

liability for willful and wanton misconduct to the improper use (as opposed to nonuse) of an AED. And the court determined that Fitness’s reading would negate the 

expressed purpose of the statutes—to protect patrons of fitness facilities and to save 

their lives by encouraging the proper use of an AED—and would render the statutes 

absurd and ineffectual. Id. ¶¶ 31-32. On Fitness’s reading, a fitness facility could 

fully comply with the Facility Preparedness Act by having a functioning AED on 

site, training a staff member in its use, and developing an emergency medical plan, 

without having any obligation to implement the plan or to have the trained 

employee actually use the AED on a stricken patron under any circumstances. Id. 

¶ 32. 

¶ 21 The appellate court also found that a private right of action could be implied 

from the Facility Preparedness Act. Id. ¶ 38. The appellate court, in addition, 

conducted a traditional, common-law-duty analysis and determined that, assuming 

arguendo that the statutes do not create a duty, one should nevertheless be 

recognized under the common law that essentially tracks the duty that it had already 

found to exist under the statute. Id. ¶¶ 33-37. Finally, the appellate court reviewed 

the allegations of the complaint (which at this point must be taken as true) and 

determined that, at this early stage, it could not be ruled out that a trier of fact could 

properly determine that Fitness’s employees’ failure to render treatment amounted 

to willful and wanton conduct that breached the duty owed to Dollett, thereby 

proximately causing her injuries. Id. ¶ 44. 

¶ 22 We allowed Fitness’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 

2021). We also allowed the Illinois Trial Lawyers Association to file an 

amicus curiae brief in support of plaintiff’s position. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 

20, 2010). 

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¶ 23 ANALYSIS 

¶ 24 This case comes before us by way of the appellate court’s reversal of the circuit 

court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s third amended complaint pursuant to section 2-

619(a)(9) of the Code. That statutory subsection permits the involuntary dismissal 

of an action on the grounds that “the claim asserted against defendant is barred by 

other affirmative matter avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim.” 735 

ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2012). Thus, a motion to dismiss under section 2-

619(a)(9) admits the legal sufficiency of the plaintiff’s claim but asserts certain 

defects or defenses outside the pleadings that defeat the claim, such as an immunity 

from tort liability conferred by statute. Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 55. 

When deciding a motion based on section 2-619, a court is to accept all well-pled 

facts in the complaint as true and will grant the motion only when it appears that 

no set of facts could be proved that would allow the plaintiff to recover. Lawler v. 

University of Chicago Medical Center, 2017 IL 120745, ¶ 11. The court should 

construe the pleadings and supporting documents in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party. Czarobski v. Lata, 227 Ill. 2d 364, 369 (2008). Moreover, all 

inferences that may reasonably be drawn in the plaintiff’s favor from the well-pled 

facts must be accepted as true. Morr-Fitz, Inc. v. Blagojevich, 231 Ill. 2d 474, 488 

(2008). Our review of the matter is conducted de novo. Sandholm, 2012 IL 111443, 

¶ 55. 

¶ 25 Fitness first argues before this court that the appellate court erred in finding a 

statutory duty to refrain from the willful and wanton non-use of an AED based on 

either the Facility Preparedness Act or the AED Act. Fitness maintains that the 

appellate court, therefore, should not have reversed the section 2-619(a)(9) 

dismissal of plaintiff’s willful and wanton counts. 

¶ 26 Whether a statutory duty was created that avoids dismissal of the willful and 

wanton counts in this case presents an issue of statutory construction. When 

presented with an issue of statutory construction, we employ the familiar and wellsettled rules from our prior precedent, which are as follows. 

¶ 27 Our primary and overriding concern is to ascertain and give effect to the intent 

of the legislature. People v. Whitney, 188 Ill. 2d 91, 97 (1999). Legislative intent is 

best determined from the language of the statute itself, which if unambiguous 

should be enforced as written. Taddeo v. Board of Trustees of the Illinois Municipal 

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Retirement Fund, 216 Ill. 2d 590, 595 (2005); Comprehensive Community 

Solutions, Inc. v. Rockford School District No. 205, 216 Ill. 2d 455, 473 (2005). In 

giving effect to the statutory intent, the court should consider, in addition to the 

statutory language, the reason for the law, the problems to be remedied, and the 

objects and purposes sought. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 171-72 (2003). It 

is also true that statutes must be construed to avoid absurd results. Evans v. Cook 

County State’s Attorney, 2021 IL 125513, ¶ 27. When a proffered reading of a 

statute leads to absurd results or results that the legislature could not have intended, 

courts are not bound to that construction, and the reading leading to absurdity 

should be rejected. Id. It is also well settled that issues necessitating statutory 

interpretation are questions of law subject to de novo review. Id. (citing People v. 

Manning, 2018 IL 122081, ¶ 16). 

¶ 28 We begin our analysis with an examination of the language of the two statutes 

in question that touch upon the use of AEDs. Section 5 of the AED Act sets forth 

the clear legislative intent in enacting the AED statute by providing as follows: 

“The General Assembly finds that timely attention in medical emergencies 

saves lives, and that trained use of [AEDs] in medical emergency response can 

increase the number of lives saved. It is the intent of the General Assembly to 

encourage training in lifesaving first aid, to set standards for the use of [AEDs] 

and to encourage their use.” 410 ILCS 4/5 (West 2012). 

¶ 29 Some of the beneficial characteristics of an AED are set forth in the definitions 

section of the AED Act and include that it “is capable of determining, without 

intervention by an operator, whether defibrillation should be performed.” Id. 

§ 10(2). Further, the Act states that an AED is capable of automatic delivery of 

electrical impulse and is to be “set to operate in the automatic mode.” Id. § 10(2)-

(4). 

¶ 30 A “trained AED user” is defined as follows: 

“[A] person who has successfully completed a course of instruction in 

accordance with the standards of a nationally recognized organization such as 

the American Red Cross or the American Heart Association or a course of 

instruction in accordance with the rules adopted under this Act to use an [AED] 

***.” Id. § 10. 

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¶ 31 The Facility Preparedness Act in turn mandates that a fitness facility, like the 

one at issue here, have a functioning AED on its premises. 210 ILCS 74/15 (West 

2012). It also requires that the facility have a staff member or members properly 

trained to use an AED and to assess unconscious patrons for breathing, signs of 

pulse, and circulation to determine whether to use an AED, and it mandates that a 

staff member with such training be present at each fitness facility during business 

hours. Id. § 15(b). It also requires “each person or entity *** that operates a physical 

fitness facility must adopt and implement a written plan for responding to medical 

emergencies that occur at the facility during the time that the facility is open for 

use.” (Emphasis added.) Id. § 10(a). The Facility Preparedness Act defines 

“medical emergency” as “the occurrence of a sudden, serious, and unexpected 

sickness or injury that would lead a reasonable person, possessing an average 

knowledge of medicine and health, to believe that the sick or injured person 

requires urgent or unscheduled medical care.” Id. § 5.20. 

¶ 32 We look now to the key provisions of the statutory scheme that bear directly 

upon liability and from which the appellate court found that a duty existed. Section 

45 of the Facility Preparedness Act provides as follows: 

“Liability. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to either limit or expand the 

exemptions from civil liability in connection with the purchase or use of an 

[AED] that are provided under the [AED] Act or under any other provision of 

law. A right of action does not exist in connection with the use or non-use of an 

[AED] at a facility governed by this Act, except for willful or wanton 

misconduct, provided that the person, unit of state or local government, or 

school district operating the facility has adopted a medical emergency plan as 

required under Section 10 of this Act, has an [AED] at the facility as required 

under Section 15 of this Act, and has maintained the [AED] in accordance with 

the rules adopted by the Department.” (Emphases added.) Id. § 45. 

Similarly, section 30(d) of the AED Act, which is titled “exemption from civil 

liability,” provides in pertinent part: 

“An AED user is not liable for civil damages as a result of any act or omission 

involving the use of an [AED] in an emergency situation, except for willful or 

wanton misconduct, if the requirements of this Act are met.” (Emphases added.) 

410 ILCS 4/30(d) (West 2012). 

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¶ 33 We agree with the appellate court that, by their plain terms, neither of these 

statutes immunizes a defendant from liability arising from the failure to use an AED 

on an injured person, provided that such failure was willful and wanton. If the 

statutes do not immunize Fitness from liability for willful and wanton misconduct, 

then, there is no real “affirmative matter” that it can be relying upon that would 

support a motion to dismiss under section 2-619(a)(9). See 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) 

(West 2012). Of great importance is the fact that the italicized phrases in the above 

quotations from each statute make clear that a defendant covered by the statutes 

may not be found liable for civil damages for failure to use or not use an AED, 

except for willful or wanton misconduct. The plain and unambiguous meaning of 

this phrase is that civil liability may attach to willful and wanton failures to use an 

AED. In other words, a right of action does exist for willful and wanton misconduct 

in connection with the non-use of an AED. 

¶ 34 The Facility Preparedness Act cannot be read in any other manner. The fact that 

an exception for willful and wanton non-use of an AED was made in the second 

sentence of section 45 of the Facility Preparedness Act, while also indicating that a 

right of action does not exist for negligence, necessarily means that the “excepted” 

action does in fact exist. The Facility Preparedness Act mandates that an AED, and 

personnel trained to use it, be on the premises of the physical fitness facility. The 

statutory duty, then, was to not willfully or wantonly use, or fail to use, that 

mandatory equipment. If refusing to use an AED was completely immunized in all 

situations, any person who used an AED could be potentially liable under the 

narrow willful and wanton circumstances decreed by statute, but any person who 

refused to use the AED, and did so in a willful and wanton manner, would be 

immunized. Thus, any facility desiring maximum protection of its interests would 

instruct its staff to never use an AED. Clearly, the construction offered by Fitness 

would lead to an absurd result and would be just the opposite of the legislative 

intent in our view. 

¶ 35 Fitness argues that the legislature intended to merely encourage the use of 

AEDs but not to mandate their use. We agree that the legislature did not intend to 

mandate the use of an AED in all medical emergencies. Rather, the duty imposed 

by the statute is to assess the patron that is having an apparent cardiac emergency 

and determine whether use of the AED would be appropriate and ultimately to 

refrain from willful and wanton non-use. But we fail to see how Fitness’s 

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construction of the statute—that there is no duty or liability under the statute for 

even willful and wanton failures to use the AED—would encourage their use. 

¶ 36 Fitness essentially argues that an employee trained to use an AED cannot be 

expected to use it in an emergency. This would seem to be an argument better 

directed to the trier of fact as to whether Fitness’s conduct was in fact willful and 

wanton. We do note, however, that the statute does require that Fitness always have 

a trained AED operator on duty when it is open to the public. Moreover, there is no 

indication from the pleadings other than that AEDs are relatively simple to operate, 

that it “takes less than one minute to apply AED treatment to a person,” and that 

the machine itself prompts and advises. 

¶ 37 We also agree with the appellate court that other aspects of the statutory scheme 

clearly suggest that the Facility Preparedness Act creates a duty for fitness facility 

staff members who are properly trained in the use of an AED to refrain from the 

willful and wanton non-use of an AED under circumstances when use would be 

appropriate. Again, and as was noted by the appellate court, the legislature in 

section 5 of the AED Act articulated its findings that “timely attention in medical 

emergencies saves lives, and that trained use of [AEDs] in medical emergency 

response can increase the number of lives saved.” (Emphasis added.) 410 ILCS 4/5 

(West 2012). The legislature also noted its intent “to set standards for the use of 

[AEDs] and to encourage their use.” (Emphasis added.) Id. Crucially, the AED Act 

requires that a fitness facility “must adopt and implement a written plan for 

responding to medical emergencies that occur at the facility during the time that the 

facility is open for use.” (Emphasis added.) 210 ILCS 74/10(a) (West 2012). We 

find that it would make little sense to require a “plan for responding” to a medical 

emergency if the facility could simply refuse to respond, and do so in a willful and 

wanton manner, when the emergency it planned for indeed arises. 

¶ 38 Fitness cites three cases from other states to support its position—Trim v. YMCA 

of Central Maryland, Inc., 165 A.3d 534 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2017), Wallis v. 

Brainerd Baptist Church, 509 S.W.3d 886 (Tenn. 2016), and Miglino v. Bally Total 

Fitness, 985 N.E.2d 128 (N.Y. 2013). We do not find these decisions to be 

persuasive. 

¶ 39 Trim and Wallis are distinguishable because, unlike our Illinois statute, the 

respective Maryland and Tennessee statutes did not absolutely require that a 

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physical fitness facility have an AED on site. In Miglino, the New York statute at 

issue did require the fitness facility to have an AED on site and a person trained to 

use it on the premises. Miglino, 985 N.E.2d at 131. The intermediate appellate court 

held that the statute imposed a duty to use the AED. Id. at 132. On review of that 

decision, however, the state’s highest court disagreed and found no duty. But the 

chief justice of that court wrote a dissent, asserting that “the presence of an AED 

will be of no benefit whatsoever to a person in cardiac arrest unless, of course, it is 

actually used.” Id. at 135 (Lippman, C.J., dissenting). The dissenting chief justice 

therefore concluded that the statute should be interpreted as imposing a duty to use 

the AED. Id. For the reasons noted above in our analysis, we find the dissent in 

Miglino more persuasive than the majority opinion. 

¶ 40 Fitness’s reading of the statute would vitiate, or at least frustrate, the expressed 

purpose of the statutory scheme—which is to protect patrons of fitness facilities 

and save lives by encouraging the proper use of AEDs—and it would render the 

statutes absurd and ineffectual. On Fitness’s reading, a fitness facility could fully 

comply with the Facility Preparedness Act by having a functioning AED on site, 

training a staff member in its use, and developing an emergency medical plan, 

without having any obligation to implement the plan or to have the trained 

employee use the AED on a stricken patron under any circumstances. As the 

appellate court correctly noted, 

“[t]his interpretation flouts the plain language of the statutes, their expressed 

purposes, and common sense. As [plaintiff’s] counsel aptly stated before the 

circuit court, Fitness’s reading would allow covered facilities to be in full 

compliance with the statutes even if they used the AED only ‘as wall art.’ We 

must avoid construing a statute in a manner tha[t] would render it absurd, 

pointless, or ineffectual. Croissant v. Joliet Park District, 141 Ill. 2d 449, 455 

(1990) (‘Statutes are to be construed in a manner that avoids absurd *** 

results’); People v. Hunter, 2017 IL 121306, ¶ 28 (courts should avoid 

construing a statute in a manner that ‘would lead to real-world results that the 

legislature could not have intended’) [citation].” 2020 IL App (3d) 170702-U, 

¶ 32. 

¶ 41 Fitness argues that non-use of an AED is always simple negligence and that the 

allegations of plaintiff’s complaint show only negligence, not willful and wanton 

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misconduct. But Fitness does not explain how the argument it now makes is even 

a proper subject for consideration by this court. As noted, this case is before us on 

a section 2-619(a)(9) motion to dismiss, which asserts other affirmative matter 

outside the pleadings to defeat the claim. Fitness relied upon the statutory language 

to argue it was immune from liability and had no duty. We have found that it does 

have a statutory duty, as described above, based on willful and wanton misconduct 

in the non-use of an AED. With respect to a section 2-619(a)(9) motion to dismiss, 

the question is whether plaintiff could prove any set of facts entitling him to 

recovery. Here, from the facts and circumstances alleged in the complaint, plaintiff 

could conceivably introduce evidence establishing that Fitness’s employees’ failure 

to provide AED treatment to Dollett in a timely manner after she collapsed rose to 

the level of willful and wanton misconduct that breached the duty that Fitness owed 

to Dollett, thereby proximately causing her injuries. We agree with the appellate 

court’s assessment that, “[a]t this early stage of the litigation, such a possibility 

cannot be ruled out as a matter of law. Taking the allegations in [plaintiff’s] 

complaint as true, the complaint may not be dismissed as a matter of law.” See id. 

¶ 44. 

¶ 42 Having found the existence of a statutory duty to refrain from willful and 

wanton misconduct in the non-use of an AED, we need not consider the alternative 

arguments of the parties pertaining to whether a common-law duty applies. 

¶ 43 Finally, we agree with the appellate court’s conclusion that a private right of 

action exists under the Facility Preparedness Act. See id. ¶¶ 38-40. It is unnecessary 

for us to consider the issue further, however, because Fitness itself concedes in its 

reply brief that “[t]he [Facility Preparedness] Act contains explicit language 

permitting a private right of action for willful and wanton misconduct.” Fitness’s 

only other argument in that vein is that the language of the complaint alleges only 

negligence. But we have already rejected that contention and have ruled that the 

complaint survives Fitness’s motion to dismiss brought under section 2-619(a)(9) 

of the Code. 

¶ 44 CONCLUSION 

¶ 45 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court, which 

reversed the judgment of the circuit court of Will County and remanded the cause 

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to the circuit court for further proceedings. 

¶ 46 Appellate court judgment affirmed. 

¶ 47 Circuit court judgment reversed. 

¶ 48 Cause remanded. 

¶ 49 JUSTICE CARTER took no part in the consideration or decision of this case. 

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