Water co-produced with coalbed methane in

the Powder River Basin, Wyoming:

preliminary compositional data

by Rice, C.A.1, Ellis, M.S.1, and Bullock, J.H., Jr.1

______________________________________________________

Open-File Report 00-372

2000

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with the U.S. Geological Survey

editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade names is for

descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

1Denver, Colorado
i

Table of Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1

Geologic Setting................................................................................................................... 2

Methods................................................................................................................................ 3

Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 4

Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ 5

References............................................................................................................................ 5

List of Figures

Figure 1. Generalized geologic map of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana

showing the basin axis, counties, major cities, location of cross section (Fig. 2),

and approximate extent of the study area (modified from Flores and Bader,

1999).................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2. Cross section showing an example of the complex stratigraphic relationship of

coal beds in part of the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation.

This cross section is in the central part of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming

near the city of Gillette. (Modified from Flores and others, 1999). .................. 8

Figure 3. Composite stratigraphic column showing the Upper Cretaceous Lance

Formation (part) and Tertiary Fort Union and Wasatch Formations in the

Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana. Major coal beds and zones in

the Fort Union Formation are identified. Coal zones or beds targeted for

coalbed methane are bold. (Modified from Flores and Bader, 1999). .............. 9

Figure 4. Map showing the Powder River Basin, counties, and location of well sites

sampled for this study. ......................................................................................10

Figure 5. Collecting filtered samples for analysis............................................................11

Figure 6. Distribution of total dissolved solids in water co-produced with coalbed

methane from the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone. Composition of selected

samples indicated by Stiff diagrams. ................................................................12

List of Tables

Table 1. Information on wells sampled. Information is from Wyoming Oil and Gas

Conservation Commission well files and completion reports..........................13

Table 2. Measured parameters and major and minor element concentrations in waters

produced with coalbed methane from wells in the Powder River Basin,

Wyoming. ..........................................................................................................15

Table 3. Trace element concentrations in water produced with coalbed methane from

wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming.....................................................17
1

Water co-produced with coalbed methane in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming:

preliminary compositional data

C. A. Rice, M. S. Ellis, and J. H. Bullock, Jr.

INTRODUCTION

Production of water and natural gas from coal beds (coalbed methane, CBM) has

increased dramatically over the past ten years and the gas currently accounts for about

6% of the total produced in the United States. The Powder River Basin (PRB) in

Wyoming and Montana (Fig. 1) has emerged as one of the most active new areas of CBM

production since 1997. Gas and water are being produced from thick coals in the

Paleocene age Fort Union Formation primarily in the eastern part of the basin, although

development is expanding to the northwest in the basin at the time of this report. The

number of producing wells has increased from 270 in March, 1997 to 2,469 as of March,

2000 (Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (WOGCC)). CBM production

in the same period has increased from 34,529 thousand cubic feet per day (mcf/day) to

over 333,000 mcf/day (WOGCC, 2000). Estimates from State and federal officials and

industry representatives of the total number of wells expected in the basin over the next

20-30 years vary from 15,000-70,000.

Water is also brought to the surface during production of coalbed methane. The

water in coal beds contributes to pressure in the coal beds that keeps methane gas

adsorbed to the coal. During production, this water is pumped to the ground surface to

lower the pressure in the reservoir and stimulate desorption of methane from the coal. As

with gas production, water production in the PRB has also increased in the three-year

period between 1997 and 2000 from about 130,000 barrels per day to over 1.28 million

barrels per day (WOGCC, 2000), a ten-fold increase. As the number of CBM wells

increases, the amount of water produced will also increase. Water production from a

CBM well typically declines over the life of the well, and declining water production is

anticipated and has been observed in CBM wells that have produced for several years.

Decline in water production in developing areas of the basin and the basin as a whole is

not expected to occur until most of the CBM wells have been developed and produced for

a number of years.

 Reliable data on the composition of the water produced from the CBM wells are

needed so that State and federal land use managers can make informed decisions on

handling, disposal, and possible beneficial use of water produced with CBM. Previous

studies of water associated with coal beds in the PRB have focused on small areas near

surface coal mines (Drever and others, 1977; Larson, 1988). Composition data on

groundwater in the Fort Union Formation presented previously (Larson and Daddow,

1984) and other data acquired by the State of Wyoming Department of Environmental

Quality through the discharge permit process are not coal bed specific. The data may

represent co-mingled water from multiple coal beds and/or surface water or water from

strata in the Fort Union Formation distinctly different from water produced from coal bed

methane wells. Compositional data for CBM water can provide information on the
2

heterogeneity of the CBM reservoirs, the potential flow paths in the Fort Union

Formation, and the source and compositional evolution of the water. 

In an effort to provide a better understanding of CBM resources and associated

water, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Land

Management and coalbed methane production companies in the PRB is conducting

multidisciplinary studies in the Powder River Basin. These studies are investigating

regional geology and hydrology, coal composition, gas composition, methane desorption,

and water composition. This report provides preliminary compositional data on water

from 47 CBM wells sampled between June, 1999 and May, 2000 in the Powder River

Basin, Wyoming. Data on major, minor, and trace elements are included. Other

analyses on these samples, including deuterium, oxygen, and carbon stable isotopes, and

dissolved organic carbon are not yet available. Additional sampling in the basin is

planned over the next year to include other areas brought into development.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING

Powder River Basin geology is described by Ellis and others (1998), Flores and

Bader (1999), and Flores and others (1999) and summarized below. The Powder River

Basin includes over 12,000 square miles (Fig. 1). It is an asymmetrical structural and

sedimentary basin with an axis that trends northwest to southeast on the western side.

Coalbed methane is currently produced from coal reservoirs in the Paleocene Tongue

River and Lebo Shale Members of the Fort Union Formation. The Fort Union Formation

crops out along the margin of the Powder River Basin and, in much of the study area, is

overlain by the Eocene Wasatch Formation (Fig. 1). Fort Union rocks dip an average of

20 to 25 degrees to the east along the western margin of the basin, and have an average

dip of 2 to 5 degrees to the west on the eastern margin of the basin. The formation

reaches a maximum of over 6,000 ft in thickness in the deepest part (along the axis) of

the basin.

The Fort Union Formation contains conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and

mudstone, with minor amounts of limestone, coal, and carbonaceous shale. Coal in the

formation ranges from a few inches to over 200 ft thick, with an average thickness of 25

ft. The Fort Union was deposited in fluvial environments that consisted of braided,

meandering, and anastomosed streams in the center of the basin, and alluvial plains along

the basin margins (Flores and others, 1999). Coal developed from peat that accumulated

in low-lying swamps and in raised or domed mires, in fluvial floodplains, abandoned

fluvial channels, and interchannel environments. The thickest coal beds developed from

peat that accumulated in raised mires, which formed above drainage level (Flores and

others, 1999). The coal beds either split laterally or pinch out in areas where the peat was

incised by fluvial channels, now represented by sandstone; or was inundated with

overbank, floodplain, or floodplain-lake deposits, now represented by mudstone (Fig. 2).

The stratigraphic relationship of coal beds in the Fort Union Formation is very

complex. The beds merge, split, and pinch out within short distances. Therefore,

targeted coalbed methane beds vary across the basin (Figs. 2 and 3). Much of the CBM

development is concentrated in the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone, although other beds and

zones are locally being targeted as well (Fig. 3). Because of the complex stratigraphy,

correlation and nomenclature problems have arisen in the basin. According to operator

completion reports filed with the WOGCC, the Tongue River Member coal beds
3

producing coalbed methane in the sampled wells include the Wyodak, Anderson,

Canyon, Cook, Big George, Wall, and Pawnee. Two of the reservoirs, identified as the

Cache and Moyer, are in the Lebo Shale Member. Also, in the operator completion

reports, if the name of the coal bed was not known, the operator designated the producing

unit as Fort Union. In an effort to clarify some of the correlation and nomenclature

problems, the U.S. Geological Survey is currently working with the U.S. Bureau of Land

Management and the WOGCC to standardize coalbed nomenclature (Flores, R.M.,

personal communication).

METHODS

Wells were selected for water sampling according to the distribution and the age

of the wells. Sufficient time (minimum 1-2 weeks) past completion or workover is

needed to ensure that formation water uncontaminated by drilling and completion fluids

is sampled. Two wells per township were sampled to represent each producing coal

seam. From June, 1999 through May, 2000, 47 wells were sampled for water (Fig. 4).

Wells sampled, the date of sampling, and other pertinent information is listed in Table 1

and was obtained from the WOGCC well files and drilling completion reports. The

producing coal listed in Table 1 for each sample is the well operator’s designation (from

well completion reports) and identification of coal seams or coal seam names may neither

be consistent among operators nor consistent with nomenclature used by others.

Water samples were collected following guidelines of Lico and others (1988).

Wells were allowed to flow through the tubing and fittings prior to collection of water

samples to ensure flushing of the sample ports and collection of a representative sample.

Most wells were pumping nearly continuously so water in the well bore was constantly

being replaced. Water was collected directly from the wellhead by attaching tygon

tubing to a port on the wellhead tee. The pressure on the port was generally less than 60

psi. Both gas and water were expelled from the well, but the amount of gas expelled was

generally small relative to the amount of water. The water was allowed to collect in 5

gallon buckets while flushing the well and into a clean, rinsed polyethylene carboy with

spigot or directly to the filter setup during sampling. Clean sample bottles were rinsed

with well water at least twice prior to collection of a sample. For those analyses that did

not require filtering (total inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and conductivity) samples were

taken directly from the tygon tubing.

Water in the carboy was immediately filtered through a 0.1 m polyethersulfone

membrane filter utilizing a peristaltic pump, tygon tubing, and an acrylic filter holder

(Fig. 5). Polyethylene bottles for major, minor, and trace cation analyses were prewashed

with a mixture of 1.6 N nitric and 3.6 N sulfuric acid followed by a rinse with deionized

water. Polyethylene bottles used for anions were prewashed with deionized water.

Samples for major, minor, and trace cations, deuterium, oxygen, and carbon stable

isotopes, and anions were collected from filtered water. The major, minor, and trace

cation samples, except for mercury, were acidified with Ultrex nitric acid to a pH <2.

Samples analyzed for mercury were collected in 30 mL glass bottles containing 1.5 mL

of a sodium dichromate-ultrapure nitric acid mixture.

Temperature and pH were measured while the well flowed prior to collection of

samples. The pH meter and electrode were calibrated using standard buffers before each

measurement. Conductivity of the water was measured at the well, but measurements
4

proved to be unreliable because of gas bubbles affecting the conductivity probe.

Conductivity reported in this paper is the measured conductivity in the laboratory at 20o

C. Total alkalinity for samples was determined by titration with standard sulfuric acid as

soon as possible after sample collection, generally within 8 hours of collection. Samples

for alkalinity, anions, dissolved organic carbon, ammonia, and 13C of bicarbonate were

placed on ice in an ice chest in the field and transferred to a refrigerator on return to the

laboratory.

Analytical methods used in this study are described in detail in Arbogast, 1996.

Major and minor cations were determined by inductively-coupled plasma atomic

emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) with duplicate samples having a mean deviation

generally within 6 percent. Trace cations except for mercury and selenium were

determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Samples

analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS were analyzed using both prepared multi-element

standards and standard water samples obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey National

Water Quality Laboratory. Mercury was determined by two methods. Sixteen samples

were analyzed using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy having a detection

limit of 0.005 g/L (Crock, J., USGS, personal communication) and the remainder of the

samples were analyzed utilizing cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy with a

detection limit of 0.1 g/L. Selenium was determined by hydride generation atomic

absorption spectroscopy. Values of detection limits for each element are shown in Tables

2 and 3. Concentrations of anions in the samples were determined by ion

chromatography using a Dionex 500 chromatography system equipped with an AS-14

anion exchange column and using a sodium bicarbonate-sodium carbonate eluent. The

estimated precision for the anion analyses is +/- 5 percent except for bromide whose

concentrations are near the detection limit. Estimated precision for bromide is +/- 11

percent.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Parameters measured at the wellhead such as temperature and pH and the major

and minor element composition of the 47 samples are presented in Table 2. The

temperature ranges from 13.8 to 28.7o C with a mean of 19.6o C and the pH of the water

has a mean of 7.3 and a range of 6.8 to 7. 7. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranges from

370 to 1,940 mg/L with a mean of 840 mg/L. For comparison, the national drinking

water standards recommendation for potable water is 500 mg/L and seawater is about

35,000 mg/L. These samples suggest that TDS in waters in the Wyodak-Anderson coal

zone increases from south to north and from east to west (Fig. 6). This trend may be a

result of increased water-rock interaction along a flowpath, an increase or change in

composition of the ash content of the coal, or other factors not yet recognized. The

increase in TDS is generally a result of an increase in the sodium and bicarbonate content

of the water. The preliminary data may support other basin-wide trends in constituents.

Powder River Basin CBM water has sodium as the dominant cation and

bicarbonate as the major anion with the remaining cations and anions contributing less

than 16 percent of the TDS (Table 2, Fig. 6). The major element composition of water in

this study is in close agreement with water sampled from Tongue River Member coals in

June, 1999 by the Water Resources Division of the USGS (Bartos, T., USGS, personal
5

communication; Swanson and others, 1999). The data differ significantly from values

reported in Larson and Daddow, 1984 for waters from the Fort Union Formation in

Campbell County. In particular, many of the water analyses in Larson and Daddow have

sulfate concentrations in the hundreds to thousands of mg/L, whereas sulfate

concentrations in waters from Tongue River Member coals collected in this study range

from <0.01 to 12 mg/L with a mean of 2.4 mg/L. As mentioned earlier, data from Larson

and Daddow may not represent water from specific coal beds or zones in the Fort Union

Formation.

 Low values of sulfate in the CBM waters analyzed in this report are consistent

with water in contact with a coal reservoir that has undergone or is undergoing

methanogenesis. Sulfate concentrations in the CBM water have a direct influence on the

amount of barium found in the water because barite (barium sulfate) generally controls

the solubility of barium in most natural waters (Hem, 1992). Barium concentrations in

the water analyzed in this study are relatively high compared to most groundwater

because of the low sulfate concentrations. During coalification and methanogenesis,

water in contact with the coals is anoxic and reducing. Elements such as iron and

manganese, which are soluble as reduced species (Fe2+ and Mn2+), have concentrations

that are relatively high compared to surface water values as a result of the reducing

environment. On contact with oxygen in the atmosphere at the surface, the dissolved

concentrations of these elements may be expected to decrease significantly.

Trace element concentrations in water from the 47 CBM wells sampled in this

study are given in Table 3. Concentrations for most of the elements are at or below

detection limits. All of the concentrations for elements in Table 3 are below the

maximum contaminant level (MCL) given by the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) in the Drinking Water Standards (EPA, 1996). No noticeable trends in trace

element concentrations are apparent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study would not be possible without the cooperation of many of the

companies and operators in the Powder River Basin who kindly gave permission to

sample their coalbed methane wells and provided support in locating well sites and

sometimes replumbing wellhead configurations. Thanks to Ocean Energy, Barrett

Resources, Pennaco Energy, CMS Energy, Hi-Pro Production, Western Gas Resources,

and Big Basin Petroleum. Jim Crock of the U. S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources

Team kindly provided analyses of mercury in water samples by fluorescence

spectroscopy. 

REFERENCES

Arbogast, B. F., ed.,1996, Analytical methods manual for the Mineral Resources Surveys

Program, U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-525, 248 p.

Drever, J. I., Murphy, J. W., and Surdam, R. C., 1977, The distribution of As, Be, Cd, Cu,

Hg, Mo, Pb, and U associated with the Wyodak coal seam, Powder River Basin,

Wyoming: Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Vol. 15, pp. 93-

101.
6

Ellis, M.S., Stricker, G.D., Flores, R.M., and Bader, L.R., 1998, Sulfur and ash in

Paleocene Wyodak-Anderson coal in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and

Montana: A non-sequitur to externalities beyond 2000: Proceedings of the 23rd

International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization, Clearwater, FL, March 9-

13, 1998.

Flores, R.M. and Bader, L.R., 1999, Fort Union coal in the Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana: A synthesis: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper

1625-A, Chapter PS, 49 p., on CD-ROM.

Flores, R.M., Ochs, A.M., Bader, L.R., Johnson, R.C., and Vogler, Daniel, 1999,

Framework geology of the Fort Union coal in the Powder River Basin: U.S.

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625-A, Chapter PF, 17 p., on CD-ROM.

Hem, J. D., 1992, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural

water: U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

Larson, L. R., 1988, Coal-spoil and ground-water chemical data from two coal mines;

Hanna Basin and Powder River Basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Openfile report 88-481, 18 p.

Larson, L. R. and Daddow, R. L., 1984, Ground-water-quality data from the Powder

River structural basin and adjacent areas, northeastern Wyoming: U.S.

Geological Survey Open-file report 83-939, 56 p.

Lico, M. S., Kharaka, Y. K., Carothers, W. W., and Wright, V. A., 1988, Methods for

collection and analysis of geopressured geothermal and oil field waters:

Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2194, 21 p.

Swanson, R. B., Mason, J. P., and Miller, D. T., eds., 1999, Water Resources Data,

Wyoming, Water Year 1999, Volume 2, Groundwater: U. S. Geological Survey

Water-Data Report WY-99-2, 125 p.

Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (WOGCC), 2000, On-line database

accessible at http://wogcc.state.wy.us.
43

Powder 

River

Basin

o

44o

46o

45o

106 o

108 o 104 o

Sheridan

Johnson

Campbell

Converse

Big Horn MT

WY

Cook

Washaki

Niobrara

Natrona

Powder River

Rosebud

Weston

Custer

Carter

Fallon

Musselshell

Treasure

Miles

Tftl

Tft

Tft

Tftr

Tfu

Tw

Tw

Qal

Twr

0 20 Miles

Tertiary Wasatch 

Formation

Tertiary Tongue River 

Member of the Fort Union 

Formation

Tertiary Tongue River and 

Lebo Shale Members of 

the Fort Union Formation

undifferentiated

Tertiary Tullock Member

of the Fort Union 

Formation

Undifferentiated

Fort Union Formation

Twr 

Tftl

Tft

Tftr

Tfu

Tw

Quaternary alluvium

Tertiary White River 

Formation

Qal

Approximate extent of the 

study area

Basin axis 

Cross section location 

Glenrock

Sheridan

Buffalo

Kaycee

Gillette

Figure 1. Generalized geologic map of the Powder River Basin,Wyoming and Montana showing the basin axis, counties, major cities, location of cross section (fig. 2), and approximate extent of the 

study area (modified from Flores and Bader, 1999).

7
Coal

Sandstone

Mudstone

Undifferentiated sandstone, siltstone,

mudstone and limestone

No record

est East 52.60 Miles

ion

t)

Elevati

(feet

490

430

370

310

250

190

130

m = Sea Level

e 2. Cross section showing an example of the complex stratigraphic relationship of coal beds in part of the Ton

 Member of the Fort Union Formation. This cross section is in the central part of the Powder River Basin,Wyom

the city of Gillette. (Modified from Flores and others, 1999).
Conglomerate

Sandstone

Sandstone, siltstone,

mudstone, and limestone

Coal and carbonaceous

shale

0 0

1000

feet

300

meters

Eocene

Wasatch

Formation

Pale

o

c

ene

Fort Union Formatio

n

T

ongue

Rive

r

M

e

m

b

e

r

Lebo Shale

M

e

m

b

e

r

Tullock

M

e

m

b

e

r

Upper Cretaceous 

Lance Formation

(part)

Wyodak-Anderson

coal zone

Knobloch

coal zone

Sawyer coal

Wall coal

Pawnee coal

Terret coal

Broadus coal

Rosebud coal zone

Brewster-Arnold coal

Burley coal

Smith (Swartz) coal

Anderson (Dietz 1, 2, & 3,

Big George, Sussex) coal

Canyon (Monarch) coal

Werner (Cook) coal

Knobloch coal

Calvert coal

Nance coal

Flowers-Goodale coal

Sawyer coal

Lay Creek coal

King coal

Moyer coal

Cache coal

}

} }

- OR -

Figure 3. Composite stratigraphic column showing the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation 

(part), and Tertiary Fort Union and Wasatch Formations in the Powder River Basin,Wyoming

and Montana. Major coal beds and zones in the Fort Union Formation are identified. Coal 

zones or beds targeted for coalbed methane are bold. (Modified from Flores and Bader, 1999) 

9
43

44

46

45

108 106 104

0 20 Miles

Figure 4. Map showing the Powder River Basin, counties, and location of

well sites sampled for this study.

Powder 

River 

Basin

MT

WY

Well sample location 

Johnson

Campbell

Converse

Sheridan

Powder River

Custer

Rosebud

Big 

Horn

10

Figure 6. Distribution of total dissolved solids in water co-produced with coalbed methane from the

 Wyodak-Anderson coal zone. Composition of selected samples indicated by Stiff diagrams. 

Johnson

0 50

Miles

Total Dissolved

 Solids

MT

WY

Campbell

Converse

Sheridan

Powder River

Custer

Rosebud

Big 

Horn

mg/L

370-500

501-1000

1001-1500

1501-2010

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Cations

meq/L

Anions

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Na + K

Ca

Mg

40 20 0 20 40

Cl

HCO3 SO4

Cations

meq/L

Anions

Sample 2

Sample 10

Sample 16

Sample 17

Sample 27

Sample 39 Sample 45

Sample 21

12
Table 1. Information on wells sampled. Information is from Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission well files and completion reports.

Sample Sampling API Well Name Township Range Section Latitude Longitude Total Producing Operato

# Date # Depth Interval Prod

(feet) (feet) C

1 6/24/1999 4900534171 Schlautmann 16-10-45-74C 45 74 10 43.88351105.73106 1432 1386-1432 Ca

2 6/25/1999 4900534172 Schlautman 16-10-45-74A 45 74 10 43.88351105.73129 1175 1112-1175 And

3 6/25/1999 4900534175 Schlautmann 15-10-45-74C 45 74 10 43.88350105.73602 1417 1377-1417 Ca

4 6/25/1999 4900534176 Schlautmann 15-10-45-74A 45 74 10 43.88350105.73625 1146 1082-1146 And

5 8/21/1999 4900534174 Schlautmann 9-10-45-74A 45 74 10 43.88731105.73128 1225 1160-1225 And

6 8/17/1999 4900532910 Lange 14-14 48 73 14 44.13226105.60496 901 828-894 Fort 

7 8/18/1999 4900533975 Moser 14-35 48 73 35 44.08870105.60644 1014 917-1008 Wy

8 8/18/1999 4900534118 Persson-12-33 47 73 33 44.00868105.64655 1315 1213-1281 Wy

9 8/18/1999 4900534083 Heiland 42-3-4773 47 73 3 44.08138105.61156 992 918-992 Wy

10 8/19/1999 4900530949 Mankin 14-23 47 72 14 44.04820105.47708 612 512-612 Wy

11 8/19/1999 4900531919 State 616-22 46 72 22 43.96485105.51628 915 818-906 Fort 

12 8/20/1999 4900532860 W. Fork Flocchini 43-12 44 72 12 43.80146105.44485 879 798-860 Wy

13 8/20/1999 4900531561 Durham Ranch 1-21-24 44 72 24 43.77962105.45448 832 711-829 Wy

14 8/20/1999 4900532517 Arch 22-26 43 71 26 43.67377105.35406 465 386-444 Wy

15 8/21/1999 4900531900 MM 24-7 47 72 7 44.05850105.55986 853 758-846 Fort 

16* 8/21/1999 4900533187 Thunder Edwards 21-7 43 71 7 43.72163105.43550 606 537-583 Wy

17 9/22/1999 4900533446 Iberlin 31-36 48 77 36 44.09563106.05625 1335 1208-1342 Big G

18 9/22/1999 4900535416 Floyd 10-28-51-74 51 74 28 44.36711105.75997 812 715-762 And

19 9/24/1999 4900533031 Swanson 13-14-49-72 49 72 14 44.21950105.48659 531 437-514 And

20 9/25/1999 4900533964 Hemala 9-19-49-71 49 71 19 44.20856105.43045 450 369-434 And

21 9/24/1999 4900530031 Echo 15-19 51 72 19 44.37943105.55658 562 446-514 Wy

22 9/24/1999 4900529839 Walls Fee 74-7 51 72 30 44.36825105.55089 480 375-480 Wy

23 9/23/1999 4900534205 Parks Longhorn 6-14-55-73W 55 73 14 44.74927105.59760 545 493-532 Paw

24 9/23/1999 4900535136 Sorenson 15-28-54-74 54 74 28 44.62670105.76550 1245 1200-1243 W

25 5/4/2000 4900531234 Durham Ranch 3-31-20-4571 45 71 20 43.86696105.41218 4837 411-450 Wy

26 5/4/2000 4900533115 Durham Ranch 13-36 45 72 36 43.83005105.46381 4795 662-746 Wy

27 5/4/2000 4900531760 Durham State 34-16 45 72 16 43.86996105.51315 4808 643-715 And

28 5/4/2000 4900531494 Durham Ranch 8-42-11 45 72 11 43.89283105.46752 4813 514-561 And

29 5/4/2000 4900539435 Durham Ranch 23-26-4573 45 73 26 43.84389105.60111 4870 938-1040 Wy

30 5/6/2000 4900532105 Haight 22-25 47 72 25 44.02273105.45669 4687 1272-1411 Pawne

31 5/6/2000 4900534735 Rourke 8-18-48-71 48 71 18 44.13940105.42654 4671 414-482 And

32 5/6/2000 4900535392 McCreery 3-2-48-72 48 72 2 44.17195105.47718 4645 551-624 And

33 5/3/2000 4900535985 Steinhoefel 5-7-49-71 49 71 7 44.24217105.44584 4571 264-310 And

34 5/3/2000 4900538024 Steinhoefel 5-7-49-71D 49 71 7 44.24185105.44585 4572 1016-1044 (Moyer

13
Table 1. Continued.

Sample Sampling API Well Name Township Range Section Latitude Longitude Total Producing Operato

# Date # Depth Interval Prod

(feet) (feet) C

35 5/5/2000 4900537482 Milne 15-30-49-72 49 72 30 44.18918105.55771 4888 849-902 And

36 5/6/2000 4900536125 Meserve 5-3-49-72 49 72 3 44.25615105.50685 4553 446-490 And

37 5/5/2000 4900536827 Swansong 15-14-49-73 49 73 14 44.21788 105.5994 4816 841-900 And

38 5/2/2000 4900531229 Miller 5-32-15 50 72 15 44.31513105.49627 4443 192-253 And

39 5/10/2000 4903320335 Floyd 9-29A 54 76 29 44.62621106.02277 3811 612-656 And

40 5/10/2000 4900534475 West 12-28CA 56 75 28 44.80021105.90096 4077 665-688 Ca

41 5/9/2000 4900534466 West 6-28CO 56 75 28 44.80393105.89547 4036 837-896 Co

42 5/0900 4900536006 West 6-28WP 56 75 28 44.80351105.89423 4038 Wall/P

43 5/9/2000 4900535352 West 16-13CO 56 76 13 44.82480105.94563 4157 976-1020 Co

44 5/8/2000 4900534690 LX-State-1-36C 56 75 36 44.79349105.82354 3961 645-687 Ca

45 5/8/2000 4900535333 LX-State-1-36A 56 75 36 44.79362105.82395 3956 365-390 And

46 5/8/2000 4900534425 LX Fee 14-35A 56 75 35 44.78226105.85366 4030 764-805 And

47 5/8/2000 4900534424 LX Fee 6-2C 55 75 2 44.77510105.85416 4044 531-?? Ca

* The API number for sample 16 indicates that the well is in Campbell County. However, the Latitude and Longitude place the sample in Johnso

in Figures 4 and 6.

14
Table 2. Measured parameters and major and minor element concentrations in waters produced with coalbed methane from wells in

the Powder River Basin, WY. Alkalinity is reported as mg/L HCO3

-

. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is calculated assuming approximate

half of the bicarbonate is lost on evaporation (Hem, 1992). Conductivity measured in lab at 20.0 

oC. Temp=temperature; Cond=Condu

ND=not determined; SAR=Sodium Adsorption Ratio; S/cm=microsiemens per centimeter; mg/L=milligram per liter; <=detection lim

Sample Temp Cond TDS F Cl SO4 Br Alkalinity NH4

+ Ca K Mg Na Ba Fe 

# pH

oC S/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L m

1 7.3 25.3 1280 900 0.77 9.2 12 0.14 1000 1.5 52 6.9 16 300 0.59 0.75 

2 7.3 22.1 1640 1050 0.55 64 8.4 0.80 1100 2.0 49 5.9 18 350 0.79 0.52 

3 7.3 25.7 1130 730 0.63 7.8 3.4 0.07 840 1.5 39 4.7 9.0 240 0.42 1.0 

4 7.3 23.0 1640 1120 0.50 60 1.5 0.85 1170 1.9 56 5.9 18 390 0.80 1.1 

5 7.4 21.7 1480 970 0.61 48 5.1 0.68 1020 2.0 38 6.1 18 340 0.80 1.2 

6 7.0 21.2 1280 840 0.80 9.5 <0.01 0.08 950 3.1 42 14 25 270 1.3 0.79 

7 7.0 21.9 1040 660 0.68 8.6 <0.01 0.09 760 3.2 34 12 18 210 0.67 4.9 

8 7.1 24.8 1080 700 1.0 9.4 0.89 0.08 800 2.3 41 9.2 15 230 0.62 3.8 

9 7.2 23.6 1090 710 1.3 14 1.9 0.08 800 2.9 37 12 24 220 0.83 0.66 

10 7.2 18.8 840 530 1.1 12 <0.01 0.09 600 1.9 26 7.2 12 170 0.45 0.29 

11 6.9 21.2 860 550 1.7 11 <0.01 0.10 610 2.0 26 10 16 170 0.55 0.55 

12 7.1 19.4 770 480 0.99 10 0.75 0.17 550 2.1 27 7.0 11 150 0.52 1.7 

13 7.0 19.8 650 400 1.3 9.9 <0.01 0.08 460 1.8 20 5.8 8.2 130 0.32 0.70 

14 7.1 15.9 640 390 1.6 6.3 0.73 0.04 440 2.4 19 7.3 9.8 130 0.37 2.4 

15 6.9 21.4 990 620 1.1 9.0 0.73 0.07 680 2.5 33 11 19 200 0.71 0.42 

16 7.1 17.7 770 470 1.6 10 17 0.09 490 2.4 32 5.9 13 150 0.23 0.58 

17 7.6 11.7 3020 2010 ND 16 <0.01 0.11 2320 4.8 9.1 18 28 780 0.69 2.8 

18 7.5 24.8 860 540 0.77 12 0.78 0.10 580 1.1 14 3.9 4.9 220 0.24 0.02 

19 7.4 15.3 1090 780 1.2 8.9 8.6 0.08 890 2.5 44 8.6 21 240 0.62 0.12 

20 7.2 17.1 1010 620 1.1 10 4.0 0.08 690 2.1 36 6.3 14 200 0.55 0.15 

21 7.0 17.8 1660 1260 0.60 8.9 0.81 0.07 1520 5.3 69 15 46 360 1.4 0.82 

22 6.8 16.1 1540 990 1.0 8.9 0.81 0.08 1130 4.0 57 13 36 300 0.95 0.71 

23 7.6 15.6 1250 800 0.71 10 3.0 0.08 880 2.3 30 8.1 14 290 0.47 0.42 

24 7.3 26.5 1610 1060 0.50 12 1.3 0.07 1220 3.4 50 14 22 350 1.6 0.55 

25 7.3 14.9 1060 660 0.83 12 <0.01 0.04 720 2.0 50 9.6 18 200 0.97 0.63 

26 7.1 18.6 650 390 1.2 9.2 0.82 0.05 420 1.7 19 7.3 9.5 130 0.38 0.26 

27 7.2 19.3 780 510 0.67 17 0.03 0.09 570 1.4 23 6.3 11 170 0.47 0.30 

28 7.3 16.4 630 410 1.1 12 0.01 0.09 450 1.1 17 6.1 8.7 140 0.34 0.17 
Table 2. Continued.

Sample Temp Cond TDS F Cl SO4 Br Alkalinity NH4

+ Ca K Mg Na Ba Fe 

# pH

oC mS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L m

29 7.0 22.1 1200 810 0.88 7.1 1.8 0.02 930 2.5 59 8.0 19 250 0.77 0.84 

30 7.4 28.7 470 270 1.4 5.4 0.04 0.03 290 1.1 5.9 3.8 1.6 110 0.14 0.30 

31 7.2 15.8 660 420 1.2 9.4 2.9 0.05 460 1.4 18 5.9 7.8 150 0.33 0.28 

32 7.1 15.9 750 460 1.0 7.9 1.1 0.03 500 1.3 18 5.1 8.2 170 0.26 0.36 

33 7.3 13.8 1230 850 0.91 9.8 2.4 0.08 980 2.7 45 9.0 21 270 0.76 0.39 

34 7.5 21.7 570 370 0.98 5.2 0.22 0.02 430 1.2 10 5.1 4.0 130 0.19 0.91 

35 7.1 18.2 1300 800 0.79 9.0 0.06 0.04 900 2.5 46 11 22 260 0.86 0.79 

36 7.3 14.5 1080 770 0.96 11 0.07 0.05 850 2.7 44 9.7 24 250 0.66 0.36 

37 7.2 22.4 1430 940 0.80 11 0.83 0.05 1090 2.6 43 14 25 300 0.87 0.34 

38 7.4 13.9 1070 720 0.99 9.5 0.08 0.06 810 2.1 32 8.4 18 240 0.52 0.27 

39 7.7 18.4 1850 1240 0.51 11 0.12 0.06 1380 2.0 19 6.6 8.6 500 0.35 0.20 

40 7.6 19.3 2320 1550 0.47 7.7 0.92 <0.02 1760 2.3 27 7.0 18 610 0.59 0.81 

41 7.6 20.1 1860 1270 0.48 13 8.1 0.07 1410 2.6 20 7.3 12 510 0.47 0.80 

42 7.5 23.7 2260 1550 1.4 18 0.07 0.09 1740 2.9 15 8.4 8.7 630 0.58 0.26 

43 7.5 20.4 2810 2000 1.0 14 0.16 0.07 2260 3.4 24 11 15 800 0.75 0.55 

44 7.4 18.7 1580 1050 0.64 11 0.16 0.06 1160 2.3 15 6.2 8.2 430 0.37 0.28 

45 7.6 15.7 2050 1390 0.42 6.4 1.9 <0.02 1570 2.4 35 7.5 19 530 0.62 0.32 

46 7.4 20.5 2380 1600 0.85 6.7 1.6 <0.02 1810 2.4 26 7.7 19 640 0.73 0.19 

47 7.6 21.0 2080 1320 0.56 13 1.2 0.05 1440 3.1 19 8.3 14 540 0.54 0.03 

Mean 7.3 19.6 1300 850 0.92 13 2.4 0.12 950 2.4 32 8.4 16 300 0.62 0.8 
Table 3. Trace element concentrations in water produced with coalbed methane from wells in the Powder River Basin, WY. μg/L=microgram per liter.

Sample Ag Al As B Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Hg La Li Mn Ni 

# μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L

1 < 1 <50 0.40 110 < 0.1 28 < 0.1 <10 0.24 < 1 < 0.1 5.2 <0.005 <10 31 71 7.0

2 < 1 <50 0.42 110 < 0.1 23 < 0.1 <10 0.14 < 1 < 0.1 7.3 <0.005 <10 35 59 5.4

3 < 1 <50 < 0.2 100 < 0.1 24 < 0.1 <10 0.22 < 1 < 0.1 5.0 <0.005 <10 24 93 9.8

4 < 1 <50 0.39 100 < 0.1 29 < 0.1 <10 0.18 < 1 0.11 7.6 <0.005 <10 39 79 9.0

5 < 1 <50 0.23 <100 < 0.1 22 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 6.3 <0.005 <10 40 42 9.8

6 < 1 <50 0.67 <100 < 0.1 32 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 0.12 4.2 <0.005 <10 67 50 5.7

7 < 1 <50 0.48 <100 < 0.1 23 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 0.11 5.1 <0.005 <10 53 74 35.4

8 < 1 <50 0.29 <100 < 0.1 27 < 0.1 <10 0.10 < 1 < 0.1 5.5 <0.005 <10 37 90 27.3

9 < 1 <50 0.47 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 0.11 4.0 <0.005 <10 59 12 5.0

10 < 1 <50 0.24 <100 < 0.1 19 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 3.2 <0.005 <10 44 10 2.2

11 < 1 <50 0.30 <100 < 0.1 27 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 3.4 <0.005 <10 63 8.0 4.7

12 < 1 <50 0.92 <100 < 0.1 27 < 0.1 <10 0.10 < 1 < 0.1 2.9 <0.005 <10 38 33 13.9

13 < 1 <50 2.6 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 2.6 <0.005 <10 36 13 5.8

14 < 1 <50 0.63 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 2.3 <0.005 <10 35 31 18.8

15 < 1 <50 0.27 <100 < 0.1 21 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 3.6 <0.005 <10 47 12 3.3

16 < 1 <50 1.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 2.8 <0.005 <10 42 16 4.7

17 < 1 <50 0.21 110 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.16 < 1 0.78 28.6 <0.1 <10 208 20 20.6

18 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 3.7 <0.1 <10 23 16 < 0.5

19 < 1 <50 0.34 <100 < 0.1 22 < 0.1 <10 0.12 < 1 < 0.1 4.5 <0.1 <10 55 7.0 5.4

20 < 1 <50 0.19 <100 < 0.1 21 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 3.7 <0.1 <10 35 12 0.77

21 < 1 <50 0.49 <100 < 0.1 28 < 0.1 <10 0.13 < 1 0.20 7.4 <0.1 <10 70 20 8.6

22 < 1 <50 0.37 <100 < 0.1 25 < 0.1 <10 0.12 < 1 0.19 5.8 <0.1 <10 65 20 7.7

23 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 22 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 5.0 <0.1 <10 54 47 3.1

24 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 26 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 0.13 6.1 <0.1 <10 105 101 4.6

25 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 2.8 <0.1 <10 49 51 4.1

26 < 1 <50 0.88 105 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 1.9 <0.1 <10 34 7.0 1.4

27 < 1 <50 0.25 111 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 2.4 <0.1 <10 32 14 1.6

28 < 1 <50 < 0.2 112 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 1.9 <0.1 <10 34 1.8 0.87

29 < 1 <50 1.3 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.13 < 1 < 0.1 3.3 <0.1 <10 36 42 7.1

30 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 1.5 <0.1 <10 18 20 2.0

31 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 2.0 <0.1 <10 31 5.3 1.8

32 < 1 <50 0.48 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 2.3 <0.1 <10 28 29 3.9

33 < 1 <50 0.20 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 3.7 <0.1 <10 44 9.8 3.2

34 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 1.8 <0.1 <10 22 37 6.9

35 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 23 < 0.1 <10 0.10 < 1 < 0.1 3.8 <0.1 <10 58 39 6.6

36 < 1 <50 0.23 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.10 < 1 0.11 3.4 <0.1 <10 50 24 3.3

37 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 0.10 4.2 <0.1 <10 80 38 3.2

38 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 3.3 <0.1 <10 47 7.2 2.5

39 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.13 < 1 < 0.1 7.4 <0.1 <10 77 45 2.6

40 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 1.2 < 0.1 9.2 0.25 <10 84 30 7.8

41 < 1 <50 0.57 114 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.10 1.0 < 0.1 7.6 <0.1 <10 88 30 6.9

42 < 1 <50 < 0.2 217 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.13 < 1 0.12 9.4 <0.1 <10 122 6.8 2.8

43 < 1 <50 < 0.2 201 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.17 < 1 0.10 12.2 <0.1 <10 150 12 5.0

44 < 1 <50 < 0.2 104 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 6.3 <0.1 <10 64 22 3.0

45 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 8.2 <0.1 <10 72 82 3.0

46 < 1 <50 < 0.2 <100 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 < 0.1 < 1 < 0.1 9.7 <0.1 <10 99 9.6 2.2

47 < 1 <50 < 0.2 120 < 0.1 <20 < 0.1 <10 0.10 < 1 < 0.1 8.4 <0.1 <10 114 18 5.3

17
Table 3. Continued.

Sample P Pb Rb Sb Sc Se Sn Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr 

# μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L

1 <50 0.43 9.0 < 2 2.0 <2 0.1 <20 <50 0.34 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 80.4 <50

2 <50 0.19 8.8 < 2 2.0 <2 1.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 11.7 <50

3 <50 < 0.1 6.4 < 2 3.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 6.7 <50

4 <50 0.23 9.0 < 2 3.0 <2 5.5 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 4.8 <50

5 <50 < 0.1 9.6 < 2 3.0 <2 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 2.5 <50

6 <50 < 0.1 20.8 < 2 2.0 <2 0.2 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 2.3 <50

7 <50 < 0.1 19.2 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 2.5 <50

8 <50 < 0.1 15.7 < 2 1.0 <2 1.3 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.8 <50

9 <50 < 0.1 21.2 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.3 <50

10 <50 < 0.1 10.1 < 2 1.0 <2 0.8 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

11 <50 < 0.1 19.0 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

12 <50 < 0.1 11.6 < 2 2.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

13 <50 < 0.1 9.7 < 2 2.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 4.6 <50

14 <50 < 0.1 11.6 < 2 2.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

15 <50 < 0.1 19.8 < 2 2.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

16 <50 < 0.1 9.5 < 2 3.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.6 <50

17 <50 < 0.1 38.2 < 2 2.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 9.8 <50

18 <50 < 0.1 5.2 < 2 < 0.1 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 2.7 <50

19 <50 < 0.1 10.7 < 2 < 0.1 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 5.6 <50

20 <50 < 0.1 7.6 < 2 < 0.1 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.1 <50

21 <50 < 0.1 19.3 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 4.1 <50

22 <50 < 0.1 17.9 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 3.8 <50

23 <50 < 0.1 8.8 < 2 < 0.1 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 4.7 <50

24 <50 < 0.1 18.7 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 3.6 <50

25 <50 < 0.1 11.9 < 2 0.4 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.2 <50

26 <50 < 0.1 11.1 < 2 0.5 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

27 <50 < 0.1 8.1 < 2 0.5 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

28 <50 < 0.1 6.7 < 2 0.4 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

29 <50 0.12 11.3 < 2 0.7 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

30 <50 < 0.1 4.1 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

31 <50 < 0.1 6.3 < 2 0.6 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.1 <50

32 <50 < 0.1 5.5 < 2 0.6 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.8 <50

33 <50 < 0.1 9.6 < 2 0.4 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.2 <50

34 <50 < 0.1 5.2 < 2 0.7 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

35 <50 < 0.1 13.8 < 2 0.6 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 2.8 <50

36 <50 < 0.1 10.0 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 2.7 <50

37 <50 < 0.1 18.2 < 2 1.1 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.7 <50

38 <50 < 0.1 9.2 < 2 1.0 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.2 <50

39 <50 < 0.1 8.0 < 2 1.4 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.0 <50

40 94 < 0.1 9.0 < 2 1.5 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.6 <50

41 83 < 0.1 9.1 < 2 1.5 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 0.19 <20 <10 1.0 <50

42 71 < 0.1 10.6 < 2 1.5 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

43 88 < 0.1 13.8 < 2 1.4 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.6 <50

44 <50 < 0.1 7.4 < 2 1.2 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

45 <50 < 0.1 8.0 < 2 1.2 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

46 <50 < 0.1 9.6 < 2 1.2 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 < 1 <50

47 <50 < 0.1 10.2 < 2 1.3 <2 < 0.1 <20 <50 < 0.2 < 0.1 < 0.2 <20 <10 1.4 <50

18