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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, October           1990.**

*In this age of rapid transformation of the earth's           landscape, our only hope for recovery of any major portion of this history           [that is written in the soil] is by nearly total involvement of the           public (McGimsey 1972:6).*

**Introduction**

Involvement of the public in archeology can and has           taken many forms. The quote from McGimsey above reflects the philosophy           of public archeology that he espouses, and which has led many, both           professional and avocational archeologists, into cooperative endeavors           of mutual benefit. There are pros and cons to such programs for both           sides. There are professional archeologists who condemn any archeology           done by anyone without an advanced academic degree and several years           of training. There are avocational archeologists (and I use this term           to mean people who do scientific archeology as a hobby not as a profession)           who have met with the above mentioned kind of professional and as a           consequence think all professional archeologists are mean spirited and           want all the sites and artifacts for themselves. There are also people           of all persuasions, all degrees of training and experience, who wish           to cooperate to record and preserve information from the past in a way           that will be personally satisfying and rewarding, as well as scientifically           appropriate.

Until the millennium comes, there will be pothunters           and dealers in antiquities -- those who are more interested in the artifacts           as a commodity than in the information associated with them. There also           will be, as there always have been, those interested in the past and           in the techniques of archeology who are not professionally trained but           who wish to contribute to the accumulation and the preservation of information.           Given the premise that prompted McGimsey's statements, that the land           is being transformed and sites destroyed at an accelerating rate, it           behooves all who are interested in archeological preservation to find           some satisfying and productive ways to achieve our goals of personal           satisfaction and scientific advancement. Establishment of Archaeology           Weeks (Hoffman and Lerner 1988) is one way; partnerships with landowners           is another (Henderson 1989); training programs such as the one described           in this brief are yet another.

There have been and are archeological training programs           in many States. The Field School of the Texas Archeological Society           is the largest and perhaps the oldest formal program for avocationals.           It began two years before the Arkansas program, it lasts nine days,           and it attracts 400 participants at a minimum.

The Arkansas Training Program for Avocational Archeologists           was created in 1964 with two major goals: (1) providing interested citizens           with the opportunity to gain information on how to do archeology "right,"           and (2) multiplying manyfold the eyes and ears of the few professional           archeologists in efforts to preserve the state's past. The program was           initially a joint venture between the University of Arkansas Museum           and the Arkansas Archeological Society, and then, in 1967, with the           creation of the Arkansas Archeological Survey, that agency assumed the           coordinating and supervisory efforts from the University Museum. In           1972 a formal Certification Program was created. It does not replace           the regular Field and Laboratory Training Program but rather supplements           it.

**The           Field and Laboratory Training Program**

Field sessions for the Training Program are scheduled           by the Survey to coordinate with research and other obligations of the           professional staff. From 1964 to 1971, these sessions lasted nine days           -- a full week and the weekend on each side. With the establishment           of the Certification Program in 1972, the field session was expanded           to 19 days -- two weeks and the weekend at each end -- in order to accommodate           the teaching of seminars, which are at the heart of the Certification           Program. All participants must attend a four-hour orientation program           the first day of their first time in the program. If they attend every           year, thereafter they attend a short orientation their first day at           the site.

Before describing the Training Program in more detail,           let me say that in the course of 27 years, 23 different sites have been           tested, most of which would have seen no work but for this program.           Over 600 people have registered in the Certification Program and have           attended from 1 to 18 years, about 100 are actually actively pursuing           certification goals (see below), and 1 has achieved certification as           a Field Archeologist. Attendance at the field sessions since 1972 has           ranged from a low of around 80 in the heat-record year of 1980 to a           high of 141, which is considered a maximum, in 1990. An effort is made           to keep a supervisor/trainee ratio of 1 to 6.

The Training Program provides an opportunity for avocational           archeologists to gain experience in all phases of archeological work           -- excavation, site survey, laboratory processing, and analysis, under           professional supervision. The only prerequisites are: (1) membership           in the Arkansas Archeological Society; (2) payment of an annual registration           free; and (3) agreement to abide by the rules and procedures for research           set by the Survey. Anyone can take part in the Training Program, do           field and lab work, and attend seminars provided he or she registers           ahead of time.

**The           Certification Program**

The Certification Program is an option within the Training           Program. It provides Society members with a means of: (1) obtaining           extended training, which includes formal seminars, in various aspects           of archeology; (2) having their experience and training recognized through           achieving "provisional" and then "certified" levels of performance;           and (3) keeping a running log of these achievements, which is formally           reviewed by a joint Survey/Society committee prior to awarding of certificates           of achievement.

The program is organized in a series of eight categories           on four levels (Figure 1). The basic level, Provisional, has three categories:           Crew Member, Lab Technician, and Site Surveyor. The training and experience           on this level are minimal -- one 20-hour seminar and 40 hours of supervised           experience for Provisional Crew Member and Lab Technician, and one seminar           and reporting three new sites on completed State site forms for the           Provisional Site Surveyor.
**Figure                           1.**Chart indicating the levels                           and categories of the Certification Program.LEVELSAREAS of                           SPECIALIZATIONIV. CertifiedField ArcheologistIII. CertifiedArcheological TechnicianII. CertifiedCrew MemberLab TechnicianSite SurveyorI. ProvisionalCrew MemberLab TechnicianSite Surveyor
The second level, Certified Crew Member, Lab Technician,           and Site Surveyor, provides considerably more training in the field           or lab, requires demonstrated skills in various field and laboratory           techniques, and includes satisfactory completion of a series of topical           seminars. By the time each of these six categories is completed, the           individual is expected to be able to work under loose guidance and is           also expected to be able to supervise other workers. At this level,           the individual should understand how and why decisions are made in the           field, and how these decisions influence the interpretation and analysis           of data.
 **Figure 2.** Ed Jackson, Survey archeologist, instructs David               Fuller and Jean Adams in the intricacies of identifying small pieces               of animal bone during the Identification and Analysis seminar. (All               photos in this technical brief are courtesy of Hester A. Davis.)
The third level is a single category, Certified Archeological           Technician. This is attained when all six previous categories have been           completed and a formal academic course on the archeology of eastern           North America, or its equivalent, has been taken. 

The fourth level, Certified Field Archeologist, is attained           when the individual has completed all previous categories and has designed,           carried out, and published a research project under the supervision           of a professional archeologist.

**Some           Particulars**

There are two aspects of this Certification Program           that make it unique: one is the seminars, and the other is the Log Book.           At least these were unique when the program was initiated in 1972; since           that time some other programs have adopted, and adapted, some of these           ideas.

Twelve seminars are offered, each lasting approximately           20 hours (Figure 2). During any one field training session, usually           eight or nine seminars are given, and every seminar is offered at least           once every two years. These seminars are:          Basic Site Surveying Techniques;          Basic Field Excavation Techniques;          Basic Laboratory Techniques;          Lithic Description and Analysis;          Ceramic Description and Analysis;          Identification and Analysis of Animal Bone;          Identification and Analysis of Human Bone;          Establishing Time in Prehistory;          Field and Laboratory Photography;          Mapping Techniques;          Research Design;          Arkansas Archeology.
  **Figure 3.** Marvin Jeter, Survey archeologist, instructs Joyce               Drennen in the fine points of sorting artifacts by raw material.
During the summer field session, each seminar is taught           four hours a day over a five-day period; the other half of the day is           spent in the field or in the lab (Figure 3). The Basic Excavation Techniques           seminar is considered a full day course, with half a day in the field           and half a day in lectures. Since many people have now taken all 12           seminars, often one special seminar is offered each field session, Historic           Archeology, Historic Indians in Arkansas, and Cultural Resource Management           have been offered in the past. Sometimes one of the seminars is taught           at other times during the year at one of the Arkansas Archeological           Survey Research Stations, at various locations throughout the State.

The Log Book is based on the same principle as a Navy           ship's log. On a daily basis, each individual can keep a running accounting           of experience and time devoted to different activities (Figure 4). In           the front there is a summary sheet requiring supervisors' signatures           as the various requirements for a particular category are met.
**Figure 4.** Actual page from a participant's Log Book.  
The Log Book, which is the responsibility of the individual,           and evaluation sheets prepared by each supervisor or seminar teacher,           are used by the Evaluation Committee to review a person's achievements.           The Committee then makes a recommendation to the Survey Director that           a certificate be awarded. The Evaluation Committee consists of three           Society members and two Survey staff members, with the State Archeologist           serving *ex officio*. Both the Survey director and the Society           president sign the certificates.

**The           Upside of [or Good Things About] the Program**
  **Figure 5.** Members of the Kadohadacho Chapter of the Arkansas               Archeological Society help Survey archeologist Frank Schambach test               a site to be affected by a small water supply lake.
There are, of course, two ways to look at this program,           one from the Survey staff and one from the Society participants. From           the Survey's viewpoint, the program as a whole has produced an avocational           work force with known expertise, upon which it can, and does, call for           help (Figures 5 and 6). In one emergency situation, 60 people showed           up to work on 3 consecutive weekends, from dawn until dusk, helping           rescue a landleveled prehistoric cemetery area. Another emergency involved           the discovery of a large cellar in downtown Little Rock, which had been           part of the mansion of a major figure in early 19th century Arkansas           politics.
**Figure 6.** David Jearne (left) and Herschel Kitchens (right),               two past president of the Arkansas Archeological Society, show off               mastodon bones discovered in the eroding bank of the Red River in               southwest Arkansas. More than a dozen volunteers helped Survey archeologist               Frank Schambach excavate these prehistoric remains.  
The developers allowed 10 days for excavations, and           volunteers were there every day, working under the supervision of the           Survey's historical archeologist. As members progress through the program,           the Survey has called upon individuals to help with contract projects           as well; one National Park Service contract on a data recovery mitigation           project required the use of trained volunteers. In other instances,           people advanced in the program have been hired as crew members. These           people know the Survey's record keeping system, and the Survey staff           knows who has had what kinds of experience and who can supervise the           less experienced crew people or other volunteers. All the Survey's Research           Stations use the local members for lab work all year long, and several           avocational members with computer backgrounds enter data into the Survey's           computerized cataloguing system.

An additional practical benefit of the Field Training           Program in general is that, with reduced State funding for hired crews,           the two-and-a-half week summer field program provides a concentrated           time during which one of the Survey archeologists gets a lot of field           testing done in support of his or her research. For several years this           Field Training Program and projects using trained volunteers from the           program have provided the only opportunities for field work for the           Survey staff. The Survey has calculated that its fiscal commitment,           in terms of staff time alone, is equaled by the volunteers' time, figuring           the going hourly wage for crews.

For the Society members, the advantages of the program           are probably as diverse as the individuals themselves. One Society member           has written:

For the Society's part, its members are wildly grateful for           the professional network they may draw upon, and are acutely aware that           the information and training they are getting is rarely available to           amateurs in such a comprehensive and inexpensive form ... Although most           participants come from Arkansas, there are those who travel hundreds           of miles to attend the Society dig. Frank Breunig, a retired businessman           from Atlanta, has been coming since 1972 when he spotted an article           about the program in the National Observer; bassoonist Virginia Hourigan           roars down from New York on her motorcycle; Bill Jordan of Illinois           arrives before anyone else and stays until the last tent is packed and           gone. Many are drawn because they found public archeology programs lacking           in their own states (Newell 1988).
Keeping track of time and experience in a Log Book,           and periodically earning recognition for achievement provides real satisfaction,           whether (or not) an individual intends to strive for the goal of Certified           Field Archeologist.

Finally, compared to some other training programs, this           one is relatively inexpensive. The annual registration fee for the Field           Training Program is graduated depending upon how many days an individual           stays, with a maximum charge at the present time of $25. This pays for           the large packet of information participants receive upon registration           and another packet distributed at the site with field and laboratory           procedures specific to the site. Registration for the Certification           Program is a one-time fee of $12.50, which essentially pays for the           Log Book. The Society runs a camp for members during the dig for which           there is a small nightly fee. Members must provide their own food and           usually provide their own transportation during the dig as well, This           can add up if the seminars are held at a local school 10 miles from           the site and camp. Large excavation equipment is provided by the Survey,           but each member must have his or her own trowel, tape, and similar small           equipment.

**The           Downside of [or Some Less-Than-Good Things About] the Program**

From the Survey's point of view, the commitment of time           and personnel goes far beyond that of the Training Program itself; in           terms of staff time alone, this is an expensive program. One staff member           and her secretary spend at least a quarter of their time maintaining           copies of all certification records and Log Books, preparing information           for the Evaluation Committee, and then, as registrations come in for           the summer program, assigning individuals to the seminars and other           experiences that they need to advance in the program.

The Survey archeologist, who is field director for the           summer program, spends at least a month full time prior to the field           program figuring out how to make best use of 120 to 140 people over           a 2-week period to achieve the goals of the research. At the time of           the field program, 10 to 12 staff members devote from 10 to 20 days           full time to the program, either teaching seminars or acting as supervisors           in the field or lab, or both. This takes archeologists away from their           own research, interrupting their own programs, which always need attention.
  **Figure 7.** The science classroom of the Sparkman High School               converted into an archeological processing lab, June 1987.
Finally, there has never been a field session in which           all the excavated material was processed by the end of the two-and-a-half           weeks, despite having a half dozen people assigned to the lab every           day and scheduling several evening labs. This is not unusual, of course,           and during the following months local Society members work in the Survey           archeologist's lab so that everything is at least cleaned and numbered           before the next field program. However, even when a different archeologist           is directing the program each summer, the ability to do a final analysis           and write a report on this work is often curtailed by the Survey archeologist's           normal duties during the year. Reports on several summer projects have           been published, but there are several that have not. There are few trainees           who are advanced enough in the program to provide help at this stage,           although one participant is writing up one of the excavation projects           as his final report for the category of Certified Field Archeologist.           The backlog of material to analyze and write up puts some pressure on           the Survey staff when there is a commitment to have a training program           every summer.

From the individual participant's viewpoint, the program           takes a long time to complete. Only one person has achieved the "rank"           of Certified Field Archeologist with the publication of a report on           personal research (White 1987). Two more are in the throes of completing           their final research projects.

Members want to work at sites where there are a lot           of things to find. Sometimes the site an archeologist needs help with           doesn't have lots of goodies; recording a feature isn't half as much           fun as finding artifacts. Working in the field in Arkansas in June or           July can be brutally hot, and storms can be destructively severe. Although           all registrants receive Do's and Don'ts and Guidelines for Conduct before           the program begins, some new members are disappointed that they cannot           work exactly where and when they want, that they must spend some time           in the lab, that they need to get up at 5:30 in the morning in order           to be ready for work at 6:30, and that they can't keep any of the artifacts           they find. These people generally don't return for a second year.

**Logistics**

Aside from the pros and cons, the logistics of providing           for the summer field program are complex, although no more so, perhaps,           than those of the Texas Archeological Society's Field School and not           much more so than many other field schools and certain overseas projects.

The site chosen for an excavation must be part of one           of the Survey archeologist's research programs, it must be accessible,           and there must be space for a minimum of a dozen cars and trucks. There           must be room to accommodate a maximum of 60 people at any one time,           and, preferably, it should have artifacts and features so that members           will learn how to excavate and record them. It should not be too deep           or too small. All these circumstances present the problem of accommodating           lots of people for a short period of time.

The Society makes all arrangements for a camp site for           its members, which must be close to the excavation site -- at least           within reasonable driving distance. The campsite must be able to accommodate           a maximum of 50 tents, campers, and an equivalent number of cars at           any one time; portable toilets and potable water must be available;           swimming or shower facilities must be found; ice and food supplies must           be within reasonable driving distance; also, sites with shade trees           are preferred. A local school is usually sought as the place for holding           the seminars and for setting up the lab (Figure           7), so both site and camp should be within reasonable driving distance           of a school. Sometimes this is a small rural school; sometimes a larger           modern school. This past summer the Survey was able to borrow a high           school's VCR for supplemental instruction in several of the seminars.           There must be space for two seminars and an orientation program to be           given at one time -- three classrooms at a minimum. We have made do           sometimes in abandoned houses with no electricity and with the lab set           up in a surplus army cook tent at the site.

A quirk in the State's geography and climate means that           choices are somewhat limited. There are many sites in eastern Arkansas           that need testing, but it simply is not possible to camp out in that           part of the State after about June 15, because the mosquitoes will carry           you away. In any event, there are very few places to camp in the eastern           half of the State, which is largely under cultivation.

The Survey and the Society must work closely together           in planning where the program will be held each summer and in arranging           for all the appropriate accommodations. Basic decisions on where the           program will be held and when must be made by early fall, so that all           these arrangements can be made before March, when notices go out for           registration, and so that Society members can plan their vacation time.

Several times we have held the program at the same site           for two or three years in a row. The advantages are obvious; once the           logistics are arranged for, the following year is simple, and the archeologist           is able to retrieve a much better sample of information from the site.           In addition, a multiple year commitment usually means a greater scientific           return.

On the other hand, moving the program around the State           exposes more of the public to archeology, gives the participants a wider           range of experience in different kinds of sites, and gives the field           director a break from responsibility for the program every summer.

**Summary**
  **"The Arkansas Archeologist,"** an artist's conception, based               upon detailed instructions provided to volunteers on what to expect               and what to bring to the Training program. (Drawing by the University               of Arkansas Museum's artist, 1964.)
The Training Program in general and the Certification           Program in particular, as developed in Arkansas, have taken great amounts           of time, energy, and commitment on the part of the Arkansas Archeological           Survey staff, but it has been more than worth it. There is now a trained           core of individuals, with known skills, who are ready and willing to           help at a moment's call. We can see, especially in those who return           for several years, a definite shift in perception of and attitude toward           archeological resources. The idea of ethics in archeology is evident           in work and deed. Almost all of the field and laboratory research that           Survey archeologists do involves some of these individuals to some extent.           Usually more than 6000 volunteer hours are given by Society members           to the Survey programs during the course of a year, more than half of           them during the summer field program.

We are often asked for information on the program, and           the next question is usually, "How can you do all that?" It is in the           context of the statewide, coordinated Survey program that it is possible           for 10 to 12 professional archeologists to participate in the summer           field program. No matter what their own research, or in what part of           the State the Field Training Program is located, the Survey staff is           expected to help with supervision and in teaching seminars. It is a           part of their jobs. Even for those who receive no personal research           benefit from the field program, the friendships and fellowship of the           summer excavations are worth it!

Finally, what does it mean to an individual to be a           Certified Field Archeologist? To have taken 10 years to go through all           the steps, and to have tackled a full research project and have the           report published? Certainly, such a person has as much, if not more,           field and laboratory experience as most people who go through a regular           M.A. academic program in two or three years. The concentrated work is           not there, and the depth of the theoretical background may not be the           same, but the ability to take on a research project is equal, and her           or his Log Book attests to that training and experience. In addition,           these individuals have had the advantage of working under supervision           of a dozen archeologists, each with a different approach to a site and           to ways of interpreting data. This breadth of experience is not equaled           in the usual M.A. program.

The program does not turn out "professional archeologists"           in any way that phrase is currently used. It is not designed to do that.           These individuals do not meet the Federal requirements for a professional           archeologist (National Park Service 1983) and therefore normally do           not qualify to undertake cultural resource projects on their own. But           the Survey would gladly give any one of these individuals support for           her or his own research projects. The Survey hires individuals in the           program on its projects, it asks them to check on sites that are reported           to be disturbed, and the staff is ready and willing to answer all questions,           and provide supervision for individual projects. The individual has           the satisfaction of knowing that by pursuing an enjoyable avocation,           he or she is not only helping in a truly scientific endeavor, but that           this activity is not destroying the very information and material that           is sought.

The Arkansas Archeological Society is neither as rich as its           Texas counterpart, which hires its own professional archeologists, nor           as highbrow as the Louisiana amateur group, whose recent annual meeting           featured wine, cheeses, and Ivor Noel Hume. But what the down-home Arkansans           lack in money and white tablecloths they seek to make up in skill, and           some would judge them the best trained amateurs in the country (Newell           1988:1).
**References           Cited**

Henderson, Gwynn          1989         *The Kentucky Archaeological           Registry: Landowner Participation in Site Preservation.* Archeological           Assistance Program Technical Brief No. 6, U.S. Department of the Interior,           National Park Service.

Hoffman, Teresa, and Lerner, Shereen          1988        *Arizona Archaeology           Week: Promoting the Past to the Public.* Archeological Assistance           Program Technical Brief No. 2, U.S. Department of the Interior, National           Park Service.

McGimsey, Charles R., III          1972        *Public Archeology.*           Academic Press, New York.

Newell, Leslie          1988        *Two Views of Archeology           in Arkansas: The Amateur Viewpoint.* Manuscript on file, Arkansas           Archeological Survey.

National Park Service          1983        "Archeology and Historic           Preservation; Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines."           *Federal Register:* 48(190):44716-44740.

White, Patsy          1987        The Gordon Site: A Middle           Coles Creek to Late Mississippi Period Occupation in Ashley County,           Southeast Arkansas. *The Arkansas Archeologist* 25/26:1-51.

Return to: Technical           Briefs           

**introduction**

**the                 field and laboratory training program**

**the                 certification program**

**some                 particulars**

**the                 upside of the program**

**the                 downside of the program**

**logistics**

**summary**

**references                 cited**

**print                 version  **

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