NASA/TM--2001-210798

High-Speed Observer: Automated Streak

Detection in SSME Plumes

T.J. Rieckhoff

Marshall Space Flight Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama

M. Covan and J.M. O'Farrell

United Space Alliance, Huntsville, Alabama

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Marshall Space Flight Center • MSFC, Alabama 35812

February 2001
Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Robert Lighttbot, formerly at the Technology Test Bed Office,

for initially funding the High-Speed Observer (HSO) demonstrator program. We would also like to acknowledge

Jerry Ladner, Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) project manager, for first recognizing the potential significance of this

project and Chris Singer and Ron Tepool of the SSME Projects Office for their continued support. We wish to gratefully

acknowledge the efforts of Jeff Hixson for substantial contributions toward getting this project started and the first working

models operational. We also would like to thank Michael Ladner and Brent Seal for their continued help

in organizing, maintaining, and operating the HSO system at Stennis Space Center. Finally, we would like to thank

Lee Foster for his insightful editorial comments and help in putting this Technical Memorandum together.

TRADEMARKS

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endorsement, either expressed or implied, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Available from:

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

(301) 621-0390

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5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

(703) 487-4650

ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................

2. HIGH-SPEED OBSERVER SYSTEM ...................................................................................

2.1 Hardware ........................................................................................................................

2.2 High-Speed Observer Operation ....................................................................................

2.3 Development and Testing of High-Speed Observer System ..........................................

3. RESULTS ................................................................................................................................

3.1 SSMETest 901-853 .......................................................................................................

3.2 SSME Test 904-361 .......................................................................................................

3.3 SSME Test 901-932 .......................................................................................................

4. DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................................................

REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................

11

ll

13

14

15

17

111
LIST OF FIGURES

°

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

SSME plume streaks ................................................................................................................

HSO system .............................................................................................................................

HSO installation at SSC ..........................................................................................................

Overall HSO system operation ................................................................................................

Image processing procedure ....................................................................................................

HSO image elements ...............................................................................................................

Streak detection elements ........................................................................................................

Number of required columns for redline violation with 200-fps camera ................................

Test 901-853 mean plume intensity ........................................................................................

HSO analysis of first streak phenomenon for SSME test 901-853 .........................................

HSO analysis of SSME test 904-361 streak data from first 440 frames .................................

HSO analysis of engine test 901-932 ......................................................................................

2

3

3

4

4

5

7

9

tl

12

13

14

iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ATCC

CCD

fps

f-stop

GB

HSO

IRIG

LH,

lox

SSC

SSME

A-Side Test Control Center

charge-coupled device

frames per second

ratio of the focal length of a lens to the diameter of the entrance pupil

gigabytes

High-Speed Observer

interrange instrumentation group

liquid hydrogen

liquid oxygen

Stennis Space Center

Space Shuttle main engine

V
NOMENCLATURE

S

Sr

St, max

td

P

(Ymax

El, r

T

required columns

number of columns

percentage of St, max

maximum number of streaks detected over time period r

time delay

intensity threshold value

average frame rate per second

maximum number of streaks that can be detected in a frame

sum of Sf values over time period r

specified time period

vi
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

HIGH-SPEED OBSERVER: AUTOMATED STREAK DETECTION IN SSME PLUMES

1. INTRODUCTION

A high frame rate digital video camera installed on test stands at Stennis Space Center (SSC)

has been used to capture images of Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) plumes during test. These plume

images are processed in real time to detect and differentiate anomalous plume events occurring during

a time interval on the order of 5 msec. Such speed yields near instantaneous availability of information

concerning the state of the hardware. This information can be monitored by the test conductor or by

other computer systems, such as the integrated health monitoring system processors, for possible test

shutdown before a catastrophic engine failure occurs.

During SSME firing in both test and flight, visual streaking in engine plumes has been observed.

Under normal circumstances, combustion of liquid hydrogen (LH 2) and liquid oxygen (lox) yields

nearly transparent plumes. Bright, distinguishable streaks in engine plumes are possible indicators of

abnormal events.

Streaks in SSME plumes are typically generated during combustion of contaminant products in

the fuel or oxidizer, as from significant erosion of metal. These streaks originate from within the combustion chamber and are visible as the gas is ejected from the nozzle exit plane. Typical engine streaks

are shown in figure l(a)-(e).

Debris falling into the plumes also produces visible streaks. Streaks associated with debris are

generally short in duration and are initiated at the site of debris impact with the plume boundary. Such

streaks are rarely positioned near the exit plane. A large debris-induced streak occurred on mission

STS-58, as shown in figure I(f).

On January 25, 1996, at SSC, SSME test 901-853 of the block II development engine 0523

(ref. 1) was terminated at 553 sec into a 754-sec test. Posttest analysis of images recorded by high-speed

video camera revealed over 400 plume events during the test. Thirty-one of these plume events produced

streaks that encompassed the entire circumference of the plume. The first such significant plume event

was a bright white flash at T+ 130.284 sec. Termination of the test was called by a human observer due

to continuous abnormal plume coloration that indicated equipment malfunction. Earlier termination of

the test might have saved components that were consumed by the test and could have enabled evaluators

to better analyze the failure mechanisms.
In the lessons learned section of the investigation report for SSME test 901-853, it was suggested that the possibility of real-time monitoring of the SSME plumes for events that might be indicative of engine malfunction be investigated. The High-Speed Observer (HSO) demonstrator program was

initiated with the following goals: (1) Demonstrate that SSME streaks could be detected using video and

(2) automate the detection process. The program has been extended to include development of an expert

system that detects, quantifies, and reports anomalous streaks in the SSME plumes.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure i (a)-(f). SSME plume streaks.

2
2. HIGH-SPEED OBSERVER SYSTEM

The HSO system was designed with commercially available off-the-shelf hardware components.

The HSO system that is now being used at SSC monitors the SSME plume flowfield between the Mach

disc and the engine nozzle exit plane. It has an image acquisition rate of =200 frames per second (fps)

which allows the HSO system near instantaneous identification of anomalous events that may require

immediate intervention.

2.1 Hardware

The HSO system, depicted in figure 2, uses a 200-fps, 256 x 256 pixel, DALSA ® charge-coupled

device (CCD) array camera to generate 8-bit, gray-scale digital images. This camera is mounted inside a

PELCO ® EHX6-16 explosion-proof housing for protection against the rugged environment experienced

during testing. The HSO camera position at SSC is shown in figure 3. The ideal camera position on the

test stand is on or slightly above a plane, horizontal with the midpoint between the nozzle exit plane and

the Mach disc. This position provides a single line of reference at the nozzle exit plane for the region of

interest.

Test Stand Hard Core Engine Deck

DiskArray_ tT,2-G i,i ' I Mooitor 1110 Vac I

I Tape Drive I_ Computer [_ =l Camera I

Figure 2. HSO system.

Figure 3. HSO installation at SSC.
ThecurrentHSOsystemusesa DualPentium®Pro200-MHzcomputerrunningMicrosoft

Windows®NT with a BitFlow,Inc. RoadRunnerflamecaptureboardto processimagesin realtime.

Eachimageflameisencodedwith interrangeinstrumentationgroup(IRIG) timing andrecordedona

17.2-gigabyte(GB) redundantarrayof inexpensivedisksdisk system.After testing,imagesarestored

onan8-mmExabyte® tapeandshippedto MarshallSpaceFlightCenterfor posttestanalyses.

Thef-stop of the camera is set so that the high-intensity values of the image are in the midrange

of the camera CCD response band. Although this high f-stop setting makes the images of the normal

plumes in HSO imagery appear dark, the bright Mach disc and engine streaks are easily detected.

2.2 High-Speed Observer Operation

The image processing system software provides rapid data validation and plume streak detection

between each flame acquisition. The "process image" box in figure 4 is expanded in figure 5.

System ntaz H Image H 0cess Image H Image S veI

l (200 5msec fps) I

Figure 4. Overall HSO system operation.

QualityRegion

Checkfor

ValidImage H Regionof Interest H H

CalculateTileSums: CalculateColumnValues:

Checkfor Out-of- DetermineStreaks

FamilyTiles

ExpertSystem:

CheckRedline

Violations

Figure 5. Image processing procedure.

4
2.2.1 Pretest

A setup program is executed to size and position the region of interest in the plume flowfield

to be monitored during the test, set the expert system time-check intervals, and fix a quality region size

and position for data validation. This setup information is stored in an initialization file.

There are four main segments of the image processing operation, all occurring in real time:

(1) Image validation, (2) out-of-family tile detection, (3) streak detection, and (4) redline violation audit.

During program operation, image data are acquired, validated, saved, and the streaks detected are

counted. These processed streak data are then compared against redline violation criteria for several

time-check intervals by the expert system, and notification is made concerning the state of the SSME

hardware as determined by the plume status. Each segment of program operation is explained in more

detail in the following sections.

2.2.2 Image Validation

Image data validation consists of checking a quality region for a valid data signal and an

obscured field of view as shown in figure 6. The quality region currently employed by the HSO system

is a small, presently 5 x 5 pixel, fixed array acting as a reference point for validation of the image. Since

the intensity of the Mach disc is approximately the same as that of a streak, the quality region was

selected in the Mach disc. The average intensity value of the quality region is called the quality region

value. A valid data signal indicates that the hardware is functional, determined by checking for nonzero

data in the quality region.

An obscured field of view is detected by comparing the quality region value against an intensity

threshold value, ]7. The value selected for/3 is below the average intensity value for the quality region

and above the average intensity of the region of interest. A quality region value lower than/3 indicates

that the region of interest may be obscured. This may occur when vapors pass between the camera and

the plume flowfield. When this condition is observed, a flag is set in the data stream from the expert

system, indicating that data are unreliable.

Region

Nozzle Exit of Interest

Plane

Tiles

Mach

Disk

Quality

ion

Figure 6. HSO image elements.

5
2.2.3 Out-of-Family Tiles

Plume streak detection utilizes a system based on a region of interest. The region of interest

is a rectangular area extending from the nozzle exit plane to the Mach disc and bound by the width of

the plume. This area, shown in figure 6, is divided into equal-sized, rectangular groups of pixels called

tiles, figure 7(a). The number of pixels per tile varies with the size of the region of interest. In the current

configuration, each tile is 32 x 32 pixels.

Pixel intensity in each tile is represented by an unsigned integer value from 0 to 255 (0 = black

and 255 = white). A tile sum is computed by summing pixel intensity values over all pixels in a tile. If

the summation is greater than a threshold value, the tile is said to be out of family and given a value

of "1 ," otherwise, the tile value is "0." The tile threshold value is calculated using/3 multiplied by the

number of pixels in the tile. Assigning a smaller value to 13may include more reportable events and

conversely assigning a larger value to 13excludes reportable events.

2.2.4 Streak Detection

In the present configuration, a system of seven overlapping columns of tiles, extending between

the engine nozzle exit plane and the Mach disc, are used to determine whether a streak has occurred.

Figure 7(b) shows this seven-column configuration with a normal HSO recorded image in which the

Mach disc is exposed for the midrange of the camera. Four main columns of tiles cover the region of

interest, as represented by the solid lines in figure 7(b) and (c). While a plume streak may occur on the

boundary between two of these four main columns of tiles, it was empirically determined that the intensity change due to a streak along a tile boundary is not always sufficient to indicate an out-of-family tile.

However, streaks recorded in the center of a tile do yield a sufficient intensity change to indicate an outof-family tile. To avoid missing these boundary streaks, three additional columns of tiles are used--

dashed lines in figure 7(b). The centers of these three additional columns cover the intersecting boundaries of the four main tile columns.

Processing of each column begins at the nozzle exit plane, moving toward the Mach disc, as

shown in figure 7(c). Figure 7(c) is an equalized image that permits observation of the plume boundary

and nozzle exit plane. The main columns are processed first, followed by the overlapping columns. If

each tile in a column has tile value "1 ," the column is said to contain a streak. If there is at least one tile

in a column whose tile value is "0," the column is said to not have a streak. If a tile is encountered that

has a value of "0," processing stops on that column and begins on the next column. The column location,

size (number of columns), number of frames, and the duration of each streak are recorded.

6
Pixels Within Tile

/

/

(b) Normal Image

(a) SingleTile

(c) EqualizedImage

Figure 7. Streak detection elements.

7
2.2.5 Expert System: Redline Violations

The assessment system of the expert system takes input from the image analysis system and

checks for redline violations indicative of a major malfunction. The program checks for redline violations at specific times during the preceding 2 sec of frame input data. The input data to the expert system

for each video frame is the number of columns, Sf, that satisfy the plume streaking criteria.

Two constraints are imposed as part of the redline violation determination. The first constraint

is a time delay, td, a period of time before the expert system makes any assessment about plume streaking, regardless of the streaking amount. This time delay corresponds to five successive images. For a

200-fps camera, the time delay is 25 msec. If most of the columns contain all out-of-family tiles for

25 msec, the plume condition is again thought to be anomalous.

The second constraint involves the number of columns of tiles that indicate continuous streaks

over a particular time period. If only one streak appears, i.e., only one column contains all out-of-family

tiles (not necessarily the same column), and continues for the duration of a 2-sec time interval, the

condition is again thought to be anomalous.

To assess for redline violations, the expert system performs comparisons of the number of

streaks in the image analysis data with threshold values. Over a specified time period, v, with an average

frame rate per second, p, and maximum number of streaks that can be detected in a frame, (Ymax' the

maximum number of streaks over r is calculated:

Sr, max = p x O'max x T .

(])

At any instant in time, a percentage of Sr.ma x, denoted S T, is used as the threshold value to check

for an anomalous condition and is a function of observation time, r. For a full 2-sec time interval,

!0 percent of Sr, max is used; and for the time delay period, 25 msec at 200 fps, 90 percent is used. The

number of columns required for redline violation for time checkpoints between 25 msec and 2 sec is

obtained by evenly distributing percentage values from 90 percent at the time delay value to 10 percent

at the 2-sec value.

For each observation period r, S r is compared to the sum of Sfvalues for each frame during that

time period, denoted Z/,r:

St> ZLr -_ No Redline Violation

S r < ZLr ") Redline Violation .

(2)
The interpolated values for the number of columns required for redline violation versus time

period are shown in figure 8.

This methodology can identify redline violations for full or near full plume streaks over a short

period of time, small plume streaks over a long period of time, and conditions inbetween. This method

integrates streaking activity over time to assess the health of the engine. Streaks which encompass the

entire plume boundary for <25 msec will not cause redline violations on their own but may contribute

to a redline violation determined over a longer time interval. Posttest data analysis documents individual

streaking patterns, sizes, and locations.

A

f.,

E

m

o

,m

g

e_

Figure 8.

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

t 327

257__'_1.otal

Seconds Streaks

0.000 0

0.025 35

0.050 70

0.100 140

_5 8 0.250 350 9 0.500 700

1.000 1,400

32 2.000 2,800

I J I

0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25

Time (sec)

Percent Columns

90.0 32

76.7 54

63.3 89

50.0 175

36.7 257

23.3 327

10.0 280

28j

1.50 1.75 2.00

Number of required columns for redline violation with 200-fps camera.

2.3 Development and Testing of High-Speed Observer System

Development of the HSO system was accomplished in several stages:

( I ) Testing HSO streak detection software with streaks simulated on 256 × 256 pixel HSO

image format

(2) Testing the capability of the HSO system to detect streaks from standard video tapes

of SSME tests where streaks were recorded

(3) Testing the capability of the HSO expert system to detect redline violations from generated

data

(4) Testing the HSO streak detection and expert system in the test stand environment.

In order to test the HSO system capability to detect streaks, two scenarios were used. The first

method of detection used the DALSA camera and simulated streak conditions.

9
For thesecondmethod,videotapesof severaldifferentSSMEtestswereobtainedandprocessed.

In someof thevideosanalyzed,theframeratewas30fps,andthusthehigh-speedcapabilitiesof the

HSOsystemwerenotfaithfully testedin thosesequences.An examplerunusinghigh-speedvideo

(200fps) of SSMEtest901-853 is includedin section3.

Thethird steprestricteditselfto theexpertsystemalgorithms.Simulatedstreakcolumndata

wereput into theexpertsystemto determinewhetheror nottheredlineviolationalgorithmworked

properly.

The fourthstepwastheinstallationof theHSOsystematSSC.Duringtheweekof June23,

1997,theHSOhardwarewasinstalledinto theA 1teststand.Thehigh-speeddigital camerawas

mountedon levelfour to view theSSMEplume.Theimageprocessingunitwasinstalledinsidethehard

coreonlevel four.A remote-controlledcomputerwasinstalledin theA-SideTestControlCenterandthe

fiberoptic communicationlink wasestablishedbetweentheremote-controlledcomputerandtheimage

processingunit.After a systemscheckwasperformedto verify thatthehardwarewasfunctioning,the

HSObeganrecordingdataduringaseriesof SSMEtestsontheA1teststandtheweekof July 7, 1997.

Over25SSMEtestshavebeenmonitored.Examplerunsfrom theactualrecoveredtestimagedata

recordedby theHSOsystemareincludedin section3.

10
3. RESULTS

Section 3.1 includes the analyses of the video of SSME test 901-853 and the actual HSO data

from two SSME tests at SSC, tests 904-361 and 901-932.

3.1 SSME Test 901-853

This SSME test was performed on January 25, i 996, at SSC on test stand A 1. A number of large

streaks were visible during this test. The test was cut off early by a human observer and the engine

suffered damage. Videotape of this SSME test was used to develop the HSO expert system. Figure 9

shows the mean plume intensity during SSME test 901-853. Streaking induces a plume brightening

and this greater intensity is noted as plume streaks in figure 9.

w

w

a,.

300

EngineStart EngineStreaking

200 PowerLevel ! 1

Changes i

150 _

100

5O

0 1O0 200 300 400 500

Time (Seconds Relative to T-O)

600

Figure 9. Test 901-853 mean plume intensity.

11
Figure 10providesa magnifiedview of theHSOanalysisforthefirst streakoccurringat

=140sec.A redlineviolation occursandwasnotedby theHSOexpertsystem.Thenumberof columns

with streakstogetherwith thecontinuingnatureof thestreakingduringthefive framesprecedingthe

bold blackline in thecenterof figure 10produceda redlineviolationwithin 25msecat frame322.

HSOoperationalcharacteristics:

Frameacquisitionrate:200fps

Imagesize:256x 256pixels

Regionof interest:21tiles in 7 columns,3rows,3 overlappingcolumns

Size:31x 47 (1,457pixels)

Threshold:48

Quality region:

Size:5 x 5pixels

Threshold:48

m

3

E

m

o

o

E

Z

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

3O0

FirstFrameof

EngineStreak

1

320

_ Redline

ViolationFrame

305 310 315 325 330 335 340 345 350

Frames

Figure 10. HSO analysis of first streak phenomenon for SSME test 901-853.

12
3.2 SSME Test 904-361

This SSME test occurred at the B 1 test stand at SSC on September 3, 1998. Two streaks were

detected in the early startup phase, but no streaks were detected after that, as shown in figure 1I. Test

duration was 750 sec.

HSO operational characteristics:

Frame acquisition rate: 207 fps

Image size: 256 x 256 pixels

Region of interest: 21 tiles in 7 columns, 3 rows, 3 columns overlapping

Size: 31 x 46 ( 1,426 pixels)

Threshold: 16

Quality region:

Size: 5 × 5 pixels

Threshold: 16

Engine startup produces a situation where tile values indicate streaking. From the initial testing

phase at SSC, it was determined that the expert system should be engaged only after mainstage is

attained.

e,-

Cg

.D

e'-

m

E

E

z

3 4

2 ]-. Starlup 1 Streaks Normal

1 t Operation

0 , !!!!!!!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'

0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

Time(sec)

0.60

Figure 11. HSO analysis of SSME test 904-361 streak data from first 440 frames.

13
3.3 SSME Test 901-932

This SSME test occurred at the AI test stand at SSC on August 23, 1997. As shown in figure 12,

there were numerous streaks detected early in the startup phase but no anomalous streaks were detected.

The camera was in the direct path of an exterior wall nozzle leak and the data were unusable after the

camera malfunctioned due to overheating. Another problem experienced during the test was an incorrect

exposure setting for the Mach disk. This overexposure caused the CCD array in the camera to bloom,

a common phenomenon experienced in CCD array cameras when overexposed. To prevent this from

creating false streaks, the camera is turned on the camera mount in such a way that the blooming effect

is orthogonal to the direction of columns.

HSO operational characteristics:

Frame acquisition rate: 175 fps

Image size: 160 × 160 pixels

Region of interest: 21 tiles in 7 columns, 3 rows, 3 columns overlapping

Size: 48 x 90 (4,320 pixels)

Threshold: 128

Quality region:

Size: 5 x 5 pixels

Threshold: 128

tu

8

7 -

6 -

5 -

4 -

3

2

1

0

0

Startup

Streaks

/

10,000

Normal

Operation

20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000

Frame

ExteriorNozzle

WallLeak

Interference

80,000 90,000 100,000

Figure 12. HSO analysis of engine test 901-932.

14
4. DISCUSSION

The HSO system has the ability to monitor SSME tests and quickly report the occurrence of

anomalous engine streaking. The hardware and software systems are easily reconfigurable with off-theshelf hardware and software and can provide streak data for health monitoring of LH2-1ox engines.

Additionally, the HSO system can be used for posttest analysis of all plume events. Small, short-duration

streaks can be evaluated against hardware inspection results and streaks correlated with hardware

failure.

Several improvements to the current HSO system are envisioned. A remote camera interface

utilizing a fiber optic cable between the DALSA digital camera and the image processing unit would

eliminate the 40-ft restriction of cable length. This would permit the camera to be as much as 3 km from

the image processing unit and would eliminate the need for a remote computer system to operate the

image processing unit as HSO is now configured. Additionally, up to four cameras can be added to this

system in a ring arrangement. These additional cameras would add to the image processing capacity and

diminish the speed of image analysis.

The aerospike engine utilizes a ramp to guide engine exhaust as compared to a conventional

nozzle for the SSME. Because the aerospike exhaust system is fundamentally different than that of an

SSME, monitoring all aerospike engine plumes with the HSO system would require three cameras: Two

to monitor the ramp, one on each side, and one to monitor the gas generator exhaust, which exits below

the ramp. Images from earlier aerospike engine testing have revealed streaking from thrusters and have

suggested that the "tile and column" image analysis approach to streak detection is reasonable. A variant

of this approach encompassing each thruster would be employed to detect streaks. The same approach

could be used to analyze the gas generator exhaust. Alternatively, a more coarse approach could be used

where the average intensity of the plume is monitored to assess anomalies.

Upon completion of a developmental program, an operational system could be developed with

an emphasis towards miniaturization. Image processing algorithms could be programmed into computer

chips and with current state-of-the-art video camera miniaturization, a complete HSO system could be

made small and lightweight, possibly as small as a single circuit board.

The HSO system may be employed to detect and analyze events other than intensity changes.

Any event that can be recorded by an imaging device and recognized by software can be monitored.

Events such as motions of objects, or gas or fluid leaks that generate vapors or have other visible characteristics, can be detected and monitored. With the use of an infrared camera, fires and heating of areas

can be observed and monitored.

15

REFERENCE

1. "Engine 0523 Test Failure: January 25, 1996: At Stennis Space Center," Board of Investigation

Report, Marshall Space Flight Center, AL, March I, 1996.

17
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

February 2001 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

High-Speed Observer: Automated Streak Detection in SSME Plumes

6, AUTHORS

T.J. Rieckhoff, M. Covan,* and J.M. O'Farrell*

7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAMES(S) ANDADDRESS(ES)

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

M-1000

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

NAS A/TM--2001-210798

11.SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES

Prepared for Vehicle and Systems Development Department, Space Transportation Directorate

*United Space Alliance, Huntsville, AL

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Unclassified-Unlimited

Subject Category 35

Nonstandard Distribution

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

A high frame rate digital video camera installed on test stands at Stennis Space Center has been

used to capture images of Space Shuttle main engine plumes during test. These plume images are

processed in real time to detect and differentiate anomalous plume events occurring during a time

interval on the order of 5 msec. Such speed yields near instantaneous availability of information

concerning the state of the hardware. This information can be monitored by the test conductor or

by other computer systems, such as the integrated health monitoring system processors, for

possible test shutdown before occurrence of a catastrophic engine failure.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

high-speed photography, photographic analysis, SSME, engine streaks,

image processing

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