RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 08a0344p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

PEARLIE TALLEY,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FAMILY DOLLAR STORES OF OHIO, INC.; JOHN

PARKER; VINCENT COWLES; and RIC SPRING,

 Defendants-Appellees.

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No. 07-3971

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Ohio at Akron.

No. 05-02421—John R. Adams, District Judge.

Argued: June 5, 2008

Decided and Filed: September 11, 2008 

Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Michael J. Wright, EDWARD L. GILBERT CO., Akron, Ohio, for Appellant. Thomas

Michael Metzger, LITTLER MENDELSON, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellees. ON BRIEF:

Michael J. Wright, Edward L. Gilbert, EDWARD L. GILBERT CO., Akron, Ohio, for Appellant.

Thomas Michael Metzger, Margaret C. Bettendorf, LITTLER MENDELSON, Columbus, Ohio, for

Appellees. 

_________________

OPINION _________________

MERRITT, Circuit Judge. The plaintiff, Pearlie Talley, appeals the district court’s grant of

summary judgment in favor of the defendants, Family Dollar Stores of Ohio (Family Dollar), John

Parker, Vincent Cowles, and Ric Spring, on her claims of discrimination in violation of the

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Ohio’s anti-discrimination statute and her claim for

intentional infliction of emotional distress. For the reasons set forth below, and because we

conclude that there is a material dispute of fact about whether Talley abandoned her job or was

discharged, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion. 

1
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 2

1

 There is no evidence of this note in the record. 

2

 We agree with the district court that Talley’s promise to provide a doctor’s note mandating the use of a stool

on September 10 calls into question her assertion that she had previously provided such a note. 

I. BACKGROUND

 Talley began working for Family Dollar as a cashier on January 17, 1996. Her position

involved operating the cash register, cleaning the store, and stocking shelves. During her eight years

with Family Dollar, Talley worked at several of the store’s locations and had several managers.

Three of the managers are the individual defendants in the plaintiff’s suit based on violations of

Ohio’s anti-discrimination law. John Parker worked for Family Dollar as a store manager before

being promoted to assistant district manager in 1999 and district manager in 2001. He resigned from

his position on approximately September 4, 2004, prior to Talley’s last day of employment. Vincent

Cowles became the store manager at the location where Talley worked in late May 2001. Cowles

supervised Talley at one other location, but did not have any supervisory role over her after May

2004. Ric Spring became the store manager at the Hawkins store where Talley was assigned to

work in August 2004. He remained her supervisor until the last day of her employment. 

Several times during the course of her employment, Talley took medical leave from her job

due to health issues. Throughout her time with Family Dollar, Talley suffered from degenerative

osteoarthritis of her cervical and lumbar spine. Talley alleges that the disease creates such pain in

her legs and back that she is unable to stand or sit for long periods of time. In October 2001, the

plaintiff tore the cruciate ligament in her knee which forced her to take medical leave for several

months. In April 2003, Talley had a heart attack and underwent quadruple bypass surgery, which

necessitated another five months of leave from work. On March 25, 2004, she slipped on recently

waxed floors while at work. After her fall, Talley continued to work but as her pain increased she

could not stand for more than fifteen minutes without experiencing severe pain. Talley contends that

while some of her supervisors allowed her to bring a stool to work to use at her cashier station,

others forbade this practice. She alleges that in March 2004, Cowles objected to her use of the stool

because other employees had complained that Talley was receiving unfair treatment. Without the

use of a stool to sit upon while working the register, she was unable to perform her position and, as

a result, she took medical leave in May 2004.

In July 2004, Talley informed Parker that she had received medical clearance and could

return to work as of August 9, 2004. According to Talley, Parker insisted that she provide a

doctor’s note that did not place any restrictions or limitations on her ability to work. She provided

a note to Parker that gave her permission to return to work with no restrictions. That note is part

of the record. J.A. at 584. Talley alleges that prior to returning to work she gave Spring, her direct

supervisor, a different return-to-work notice that required that Talley be permitted to use her stool. 1

 Talley alleges that prior to her returning to work on September 9, 2004, Spring asked her to sign

a letter that stated that she understood that she would not be permitted to use a stool at work and that

she would be limited to three five minute breaks during a six-hour shift. Instead of signing the letter,

Talley wrote a letter explaining that she could not sign the letter because it would prohibit her use

of a stool. She agreed to obtain a doctor’s note that would state that she could perform her duties

as required if she had a stool to sit upon. She promised to provide this statement on Friday,

September 10, 2004.2
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 3

On September 9, 2004, the plaintiff returned to work and did not use a stool during her shift.

Within two hours of beginning her shift on September 10, however, she complained of severe pain

and inquired whether she could have her sister deliver the stool to the store. Spring refused and

allegedly gave Talley two options; either she could finish her shift without a stool or she could get

a doctor’s note that indicated that she needed a stool to perform her job. Talley chose the latter

option and secured a note from her doctor that same day which provided:

The above named patient is under my medical care. It is my opinion that he/she will

be able to return to work with the following restrictions:

(1) Patient is to stand no longer than 60 minutes at a time. 

(2) This is to be followed by 5 -15 minutes of sitting (a stool would

be beneficial).

J.A. at 315. She returned to work with the note and gave it to Spring who allegedly refused to open

the note. He indicated that he would schedule a meeting among himself, Talley, and the district

manager to resolve the issue. Talley then left the store, without finishing her shift, and never

returned. 

After September 10, 2004, Talley alleges that she attempted to call Spring several times to

arrange the meeting but that the meeting never took place. In February 2005, Family Dollar

discharged the plaintiff citing job abandonment as the reason. 

On September 21, 2005, the plaintiff filed a complaint in the Summit County Court of

Common Pleas seeking damages relating to her termination. On October 14, 2005, the defendants

removed the case to federal court. The plaintiff filed a second amended complaint on July 24, 2006,

alleging that Family Dollar had violated the ADA, and that Defendants Family Dollar, Parker,

Cowles, and Spring were liable for violations of Ohio’s anti-discrimination statute. The plaintiff

also brought a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. On March 5, 2007, the

defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims. 

The district court granted the defendants’ motion on June 25, 2007. With regard to the

plaintiff’s ADA and state law discrimination claims, the court found that the plaintiff had failed to

make a prima facie case of discrimination under either the ADA or Ohio law because it found that

the plaintiff had not shown that she was either expressly terminated or constructively discharged

from her employment. Specifically, the court reasoned that the plaintiff’s failure to return to work

after September 10, 2004, was not the result of the employer’s intentional effort to terminate her

employment, but instead was due to the plaintiff’s failure to comply with the management’s request

for a doctor’s note and Talley’s departure from the store without resolving the issue. Because the

plaintiff failed to show evidence of an adverse employment action, the plaintiff’s ADA and state law

claims were dismissed. Additionally, the court granted summary judgment on the plaintiff’s

intentional infliction of emotional distress claim because it found that she had not demonstrated that

the defendants engaged in outrageous or extreme behavior or that she suffered severe emotional

distress. This appeal followed.
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 4

3

Under Ohio law, to make a prima facie case of disability discrimination, a plaintiff must show “(1) that he or

she was handicapped, (2) that an adverse employment action was taken by an employer, at least in part, because the

individual was handicapped, and (3) that the person, though handicapped, can safely and substantially perform the

essential functions of the job in question.” Hood v. Diamond Prods, Inc., 658 N.E.2d 738, 739 (Ohio 1996). The Ohio

Supreme Court has found that because the “federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is similar to the Ohio

handicap discrimination law. . . .[w]e can look to regulations and cases interpreting the federal Act for guidance in our

interpretation of Ohio law.” City of Columbus Civ. Serv. Comm’n v. McGlone, 697 N.E.2d 204, 206 (Ohio 1998).

Consequently, we consider the ADA and state law claims simultaneously by looking to the cases and regulations that

interpret the ADA. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Plaintiff’s ADA & Ohio-Disability Discrimination Claims

The ADA3 provides, in relevant part, that “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a

qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job

application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee

compensation, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 12112(a). Where, as here, the plaintiff seeks to establish discrimination through indirect, rather

than direct, evidence, we require the plaintiff to establish a prima facie case, followed by the familiar

McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting. Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of

discrimination, the burden shifts to the defendant “to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reason” for its actions. Gribcheck v. Runyon, 245 F.3d 547, 550 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting McDonnell

Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973)). If the defendant can satisfy its burden, the

plaintiff must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the proffered explanation is a pretext

for discrimination. Id. To establish a prima facie case of discrimination under the ADA, a plaintiff

must show “(1) that she or he is an individual with a disability, (2) who was otherwise qualified to

perform a job’s requirements, with or without reasonable accommodation; and (3) who was

discriminated against solely because of the disability. Mahon v. Crowell, 295 F.3d 585, 589 (6th

Cir. 2002). The third element requires that the plaintiff suffer an adverse employment action.

Plautz v. Potter, No. 04-6105, 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 28501, at **13 (6th Cir. Dec. 21, 2005). We

agree with the district court’s finding that the plaintiff’s implicit claim is that she was constructively

discharged from her job because of her disability. But this case is more complicated than the

traditional constructive discharge case because the plaintiff alleges that the defendants’ failure to

accommodate her disability was the impetus for her involuntary resignation. Thus, the central issue

is whether the defendants’ alleged refusal to provide Talley with a reasonable accommodation

converted her resignation into a constructive discharge.

Before we decide whether the defendants’ actions constituted an adverse employment action,

we must first address the threshold issue of whether Talley is disabled, as defined by the ADA. “An

individual is considered ‘disabled’ under the ADA if she (1) ‘has a physical or mental impairment

that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual,’ (2) ‘has a record

of such impairment,’ or (3) is regarded by her employer as having such an impairment.” Gruener

v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., 510 F.3d 661, 664 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Sullivan v. River Valley Sch.

Dist., 197 F.3d 804, 810 (6th Cir. 1999)); see also 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). The plaintiff argues that

she is both actually disabled and that she was regarded-as-disabled by her employer. With respect

to the regarded-as claim, the defendants argue that the plaintiff first raised this claim in her

memorandum in opposition to summary judgment and that we should disregard this claim as

untimely. For the purposes of this appeal, we will assume without deciding that because the statute

defining disability includes ‘regarded-as-disabled’ discrimination, the original complaint may have

implicitly encompassed a regarded-as claim. See Beery v. Assoc. Hygienic Prods., LLC., No. 06-

3687, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 19089, at **8 (6th Cir. Aug. 8, 2007). The ADA’s regarded-asdisabled provision is designed to “stamp out the stereotyping of and discrimination against persons
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 5

4

 Nowhere in the complaint or briefs does the plaintiff allege that the defendants mistakenly believed she was

physically impaired. 

5

 The defendants argue that a plaintiff cannot create an issue of fact regarding whether one is disabled simply

by submitting a doctor’s report that states that the plaintiff is disabled. But the record contains more than a single report.

It is replete with deposition testimony and doctors’ letters and evaluations that lay out the severity of Talley’s health

problems and the possible impact these issues had on her ability to perform her job.

with disabilities in all their forms.” Ross v. Campbell Soup Co., 237 F.3d 701, 706 (6th Cir. 2001).

“[A]n individual may fall into the definition of one regarded as having a disability if an employer

ascribes to that individual an inability to perform the functions of a job because of a medical

condition when, in fact, the individual is perfectly able to meet the job’s duties.” Id. The Supreme

Court has provided further guidance for courts when analyzing the regarded-as prong of the ADA:

There are two apparent ways in which individuals may fall within this statutory

definition: (1) a covered entity mistakenly believes that a person has a physical

impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, or (2) a covered

entity mistakenly believes that an actual, nonlimiting impairment substantially limits

one or more major life activities. In both cases, it is necessary that a covered entity

entertain misperceptions about the individual – it must believe either that one has a

substantially limiting impairment that one does not have or that one has a

substantially limiting impairment when, in fact, the impairment is not so limiting.

Sutton v. United Air Lines, 527 U.S. 471, 489 (1999). The plaintiff asserts that she met the regardedas prong because she was regarded as disabled by her supervisors and co-workers, many of whom

testified that they recognized her obvious discomfort when she was working at her register. That

the defendants and other co-workers recognized that Talley had severe health problems and physical

impairments does not satisfy the regarded-as prong. Rather, Talley would either have to show

(1) that the defendants mistakenly believed that she had a limiting impairment when in fact she did

not (an argument she does not make)4

 or (2) that the defendants believed she had a limiting

impairment when that impairment, in fact, was not so limiting (she does not argue that the

defendants believed she was incapable of working the register due to her impairment). There is no

indication in the record that Family Dollar ascribed to Talley an inability to perform the functions

of her job; instead, the company clearly believed that she could continue to work the register if she

was given the proper accommodation. Therefore, the plaintiff failed to show that she was ‘regardedas-disabled.’

We agree with the district court that the plaintiff created a genuine issue of material fact

regarding the plaintiff’s claim that she is actually disabled because she has a “physical or mental

impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual.” 42

U.S.C. § 12102(2). The district court found that the plaintiff created a genuine issue of material fact

with regard to this element because she had produced an expert report from her doctor that

concluded that she was disabled.5

 The plaintiff alleges that she is substantially limited in her ability

to sit, walk, stand, climb, breathe, work, and care for herself. The Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission has issued regulations that provide some guidance regarding the terms “substantially

limits” and “major life activities.” The regulations explain that “major life activities” include

functions “such as caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking,

breathing, learning, and working.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i). An impairment will be found to

substantially limit a major life activity if the individual is “[u]nable to perform a major life activity

that the average person in the general population can perform” or if the individual is “[s]ignificantly

restricted as to the condition, manner or duration under which an individual can perform a particular

major life activity as compared to the condition, manner, or duration under which the average person

in the general population can perform that same major life activity.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1).
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 6

6

A “qualified individual with a disability” is “an individual with a disability who, with or without reasonable

accommodation, can perform the essential functions of the employment position that such individual holds or desires.”

42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). 

Talley has raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether her physical impairment

substantially limits various major life activities including walking, standing, and lifting. She does

not allege that she is disabled from working: rather, Talley’s claim is that she is substantially limited

in her ability to walk, stand, and lift objects and that the defendants failed to accommodate her needs

following her various injuries. According to her testimony, the manner and duration under which

she can perform these activities is significantly restricted due to severe pain. Talley testified at

length regarding her various injuries and their impact on her ability to walk, stand, and lift as

compared to an average person in the general population. She also produced deposition testimony

from co-workers who claimed that Talley often appeared to be in severe pain when she was working

at her register. Further, at least one expert has concluded that she is disabled due to her injuries.

A reasonable jury, based upon the evidence, could find for the plaintiff and conclude that she is

disabled.

In order to make a prima facie claim of discrimination, the plaintiff must also show that she

suffered an adverse employment action due to her disability. An adverse employment action is a

“materially adverse change in the terms or conditions of . . . employment because of [the]

employer’s conduct.” Mitchell v. Vanderbilt Univ., 389 F.3d 177, 182 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting

Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., Inc., 97 F.3d 876, 885 (6th Cir. 1996)). The plaintiff alleges that she

suffered an adverse employment action when she was constructively discharged from her

employment, which occurred when she was no longer put on the schedule and she was refused a

reasonable accommodation. A constructive discharge claim “depends upon the facts of each case

and requires an inquiry into the intent of the employer and the reasonably foreseeable impact of the

employer’s conduct upon the employee.” Smith v. Henderson, 376 F.3d 529, 533 (6th Cir. 2004).

It requires a finding that “working conditions would have been so difficult or unpleasant that a

reasonable person in the employee’s shoes would have felt compelled to resign.” Held v. Gulf Oil

Co., 684 F.2d 427, 432 (6th Cir. 1982) (quoting Bourque v. Powell Elec. Mfg., 617 F.2d 61, 65 (5th

Cir. 1980)). Talley’s claim of constructive discharge is premised upon a finding that her working

conditions were made intolerable, and it was foreseeable she would resign when she was denied a

reasonable accommodation.

 The ADA prohibits discriminating “against a qualified individual with a disability,”6

 42

U.S.C. § 12112(a) (2008), and defines discrimination to include “not making reasonable

accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual

with a disability,” id. § 12112(b)(5)(A). The Act defines “reasonable accommodation” to include:

(A) making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable

by individuals with disabilities; and

(B) job restructuring, part-time or modified work schedules, reassignment to a

vacant position, acquisition or modification of equipment or devices . . . [or] other

similar accommodations for individuals with disabilities. 

Id. § 12111(9). An ADA plaintiff “bears the initial burden of proposing an accommodation and

showing that that accommodation is objectively reasonable.” Kleiber v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 485 F.3d 862, 870 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Hedrick v. W. Reserve Care Sys. & Forum Health, 355

F.3d 444, 457 (6th Cir. 2004)). “An employer, then, has the burden of persuasion to show that an

accommodation would impose an undue hardship.” Hedrick, 355 F.3d at 457. Importantly, an

employee cannot force her employer to provide a specific accommodation if the employer offers
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 7

another reasonable accommodation. Id. If an employee rejects a reasonable accommodation, the

individual is no longer considered a “qualified individual with a disability.” Id. 

Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, she proposed the use of a stool

(an accommodation that her supervisors had let her use on prior occasions), but she was told that this

was no longer acceptable, allegedly because other employees had complained about unfair

treatment. The parties dispute whether Talley was offered the chance to take breaks in lieu of using

a stool and whether those breaks would have been sufficient to allow her to work her shift without

pain. The record suggests that the use of a stool may have been a reasonable accommodation,

especially since her prior supervisors allegedly were not concerned about Talley’s productivity when

she was allowed to use the stool. There is testimony that Talley was able to adequately perform her

job at the register with the use of a stool and that she did not require unlimited breaks when she was

allowed to use the stool. While it is true that the plaintiff cannot reject a reasonable accommodation,

according to Talley, she was not offered an accommodation that would have allowed her to work

her shift without pain. Therefore, we conclude that there is a genuine issue of material fact

regarding whether the plaintiff proposed a reasonable accommodation that would have allowed her

to be “otherwise qualified” for the cashier position despite her disability. Further, if a jury were to

find that Talley’s requests, both written and oral, for a stool constituted a request for a reasonable

accommodation, there is a remaining dispute of whether that accommodation would cause an undue

hardship for the employer. The defendants have not set forth specific facts indisputably

demonstrating that the use of a stool would have presented an undue hardship for the company.

While the defendants allege that other co-workers had complained about unfair treatment, given

Talley’s and other workers’ testimony that she was able to perform her job adequately when using

the stool, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether this accommodation would have

imposed an “undue hardship” on Family Dollar and the other defendants.

Assuming that Talley was denied a reasonable accommodation that forced her to work in

excess of her medical restrictions, a reasonable jury could infer that the defendants knew that

Talley’s working conditions would become intolerable to a reasonable person suffering from her

particular disability. The plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could find

that her failure to return to work and eventual discharge was a foreseeable and intended result of the

company’s action in refusing to allow her to use a stool and refusing to hold a meeting to resolve

the issue. The district court found that “[m]anagement was evidently willing to allow her to use the

stool if she provided a note from her doctor requiring it.” Talley v. Family Dollar of Ohio, Inc., No.

5:05CV2421, 2007 WL 1831116, at *6 (N.D. Ohio June 25, 2007). But according to Talley’s

testimony, when she handed Spring a doctor’s note on September 10, he refused to read it and

indicated that the note was not necessary and that the issue would be resolved through a meeting.

While it is true that the note in question only specified that a stool would be “beneficial” as opposed

to “necessary,” since the content of the note was allegedly irrelevant to Spring, Talley could have

reasonably believed that she would not be allowed to work with a stool regardless of what any note

said. The record shows that Talley approached her supervisors on numerous occasions during her

employment to discuss her disability and possible accommodations. When Talley was told on

September 10, 2004, that she would not be allowed to use a stool, she may reasonably have believed

that she would either have to work her entire shift without a stool – conditions she alleges were

intolerable due to severe pain – or resign. The district court focused on the fact that Talley was not

formally discharged until February 2005 and it concluded that Family Dollar was still uncertain

about Talley’s intentions in September 2004 and had no intention of discharging her at that time.

We find that the plaintiff has produced sufficient evidence that may lead a jury to conclude that the

defendants intended for Talley to resign and that it was foreseeable that she would when they

(1) denied her use of the stool after years of being able to use it, (2) refused to read a doctor’s note

that she delivered upon their request, (3) failed to organize a meeting to discuss the issue, and

(4) failed to contact her regarding the status of the meeting or with other alternatives to resolve the

issue. Consequently, there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether her working
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 8

conditions would have been so difficult or unpleasant that a reasonable person in the employee’s

shoes would have felt compelled to resign. 

As our sister circuit recognized in Johnson v. Shalala, “a complete failure to accommodate,

in the face of repeated requests, might suffice as evidence to show the deliberateness necessary for

constructive discharge.” 991 F.2d 126, 132 (4th Cir. 1993). We emphasize that our holding today

does not pave the way for an employee to assert a claim for constructive discharge every time an

employer fails to accommodate her disability. But when an employee makes a repeated request for

an accommodation and that request is both denied and no other reasonable alternative is offered, a

jury may conclude that the employee’s resignation was both intended and foreseeable. 

Additionally, we note that the ADA’s regulations indicate that, “[t]o determine the

appropriate reasonable accommodation [for a given employee,] it may be necessary for the

[employer] to initiate an informal, interactive process with the [employee].” 29 C.F.R.

§ 1630.2(o)(3). “The interactive process requires communication and good-faith exploration of

possible accommodations.” Barnett v. U.S. Air, Inc., 228 F.3d 1105, 1114 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc),

vacated on other grounds by U.S. Airways v. Barnett, 535 U.S. 391 (2002). We have found that the

“interactive process is mandatory and both parties have a duty to participate in good faith.” Kleiber, 485 F.3d at 871. “When a party obstructs the process or otherwise fails to participate in good faith,

‘courts should attempt to isolate the cause of the breakdown and then assign responsibility.’” Id.

(quoting Beck. v. Univ. of Wis. Bd. of Regents, 75 F.3d 1130, 1135 (7th Cir. 1996)). 

 Talley argues that the defendants failed to engage in this process by not setting up a meeting

as promised to discuss possible resolutions to the issue. While the parties had long been seeking to

resolve whether Talley could use the stool, the record shows that the process ultimately broke down

in September 2004 when Talley alleges that the defendants made it clear to her that the next step in

the process would be a meeting. A reasonable jury could find that Talley believed that her

supervisor would set up a meeting where the parties could come to a resolution and that until that

time, she should not return to work since she would be unable to complete a shift without the use

of a stool. According to the plaintiff, she called several times to set up this meeting and her calls

were not returned and a meeting was never arranged. At this meeting, the parties might have further

discussed and resolved what accommodations could allow Talley to return to work without

presenting an undue hardship for the company. There is a genuine issue of material fact regarding

who was responsible for the breakdown in the interactive process. 

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor

of the defendants on the plaintiff’s claims alleging violations of the ADA and Ohio’s antidiscrimination statute.

B. Plaintiff’s Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim

Talley also alleges that the district court erred in granting the defendants’ motion for

summary judgment on Talley’s intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. This claim fails

as a matter of law and we affirm this portion of the district court’s judgment. In Ohio, a plaintiff

claiming intentional infliction of emotional distress must show that “(1) the defendant intended to

cause emotional distress or knew or should have known that its conduct would result in serious

emotional distress to the plaintiff; (2) defendant's conduct was outrageous and extreme and beyond

all possible bounds of decency and was such that it can be considered as utterly intolerable in a

civilized community; (3) defendant's conduct was the proximate cause of plaintiff's psychic injury;

and (4) plaintiff's emotional distress was serious and of such a nature that no reasonable person

could be expected to endure it.” Ekunsumi v. Cincinnati Restoration, Inc., 698 N.E.2d 503, 506

(Ohio Ct. App 1997); see also Yeager v. Local Union 20, 453 N.E.2d 666 (Ohio 1983).
No. 07-3971 Talley v. Family Dollar Stores, et al. Page 9

Even when viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Talley, the plaintiff fails to raise

a genuine issue of material fact regarding outrageous conduct or serious emotional distress sufficient

to survive summary judgment. Talley argues that Family Dollar’s conduct was extreme and

outrageous because its employees allegedly lied to her about meetings concerning her need for a

stool, delayed calling her back to work, threatened her with loss of benefits, and contacted other

Family Dollar stores to prevent her from using a stool at other stores. (Appellant’s Br. 28-29). Even

assuming this conduct occurred, it does not constitute the sort of extremely atrocious and outrageous

behavior that is “utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” See Ekunsumi, 698 N.E.2d at 506.

Additionally, this Court has previously held that “an employee's termination, even if based upon

discrimination, does not rise to the level of ‘extreme and outrageous conduct’ without proof of

something more.” Godfredson v. Hess & Clark, Inc., 173 F.3d 365, 376 (6th Cir. 1999) (applying

Ohio law). The essence of Talley’s intentional infliction of emotional distress claim is that the

circumstances surrounding her termination caused her to suffer serious emotional distress. But she

does not allege “something more” than those circumstances, so her claim fails to meet this

requirement.

Moreover, Talley’s claim also fails because she has not provided evidence that her emotional

distress “was serious and of such a nature that no reasonable person could be expected to endure it.”

Ekunsumi, 698 N.E.2d at 506. Talley provides no evidence of seeking expert psychological

assistance for her condition. Rather, the sum of her evidence was her assertion that she finds it

difficult to get out of bed each day and her sister’s affidavit stating that Talley “cries frequently and

otherwise appears to be depressed.” Talley v. Family Dollar of Ohio, Inc., No. 5:05CV2421, 2007

WL 1831116 at *7 (N.D. Ohio June 25, 2007). While Ohio does not require expert medical

testimony to support an intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, a plaintiff must at least

provide some evidence beyond his or her own testimony. Buckman-Peirson v. Brannon, 822

N.E.2d 830, 841 (Ohio Ct. App. 2004). Simply stated, Talley’s own assertion and her sister’s

affidavit do not provide evidence of serious emotional distress. 

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court granting summary judgment to

the defendants is AFFIRMED in part, and REVERSED in part.