AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed November 18, 2014.

S

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-13-01108-CR

ROBERT LEE MENYWEATHER, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 7

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. F-1255747-Y

OPINION

Before Justices FitzGerald, Fillmore, and Stoddart

Opinion by Justice Fillmore

A jury convicted Robert Lee Menyweather of compelling prostitution of a child under the 

age of eighteen, and assessed punishment of twenty-seven years’ imprisonment and a $10,000 

fine. In four points of error, Menyweather asserts the evidence is insufficient to support the 

conviction and the trial court erred by submitting a charge to the jury in the guilt phase that failed 

to limit the definition of “knowingly” to the applicable conduct element and included a definition 

of reasonable doubt and by submitting a charge to the jury during the punishment phase that

informed the jury about good conduct time. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
–2–

Background

M.D. lived with her mother, her mother’s husband, and four siblings.

1

 M.D.’s mother 

testified she did “her best” to provide for M.D. and that M.D. had a comfortable place to live, 

food, and a safe environment. She attempted to keep M.D. in school and to discipline M.D. 

However, in 2011, M.D. began having problems in school and began running away from home. 

M.D.’s mother thought M.D. ran away from home because she wanted “to do what she want to 

do.” In early 2012, when she was fifteen years old, M.D. ran away from home.2 

Aquesha Hutchinson, who was twenty-three years old at the time of trial, testified that 

she had known Menyweather since she was nineteen years old. Hutchinson lost contact with 

Menyweather and, at some point, became a prostitute. Approximately a year later, Hutchinson 

saw Menyweather again and they agreed to work together. Menyweather’s role was to provide 

protection in case Hutchinson got “into a jam” with a customer. Hutchinson would give the 

money she earned to Menyweather, and he would use it to pay for her and her children’s needs, 

such as food and clothes. In March 2012, Octavia Williams and M.D. began working for 

Menyweather as prostitutes. Hutchinson and Williams testified that both M.D. and her mother 

told them M.D. was nineteen years old. Hutchinson did not believe that she, Menyweather, or 

Williams compelled or forced M.D. to engage in prostitution. 

Williams testified that in March 2012, she was eighteen years old and was having a 

difficult time getting a job. A friend referred her to Menyweather as someone who could “help 

[her] out a little bit.” Williams knew her friend was referring to having sex for money. Williams 

met Menyweather, who also went by “Stash,” and Hutchinson at a hotel and agreed to become a 

prostitute. Williams understood that Menyweather would be her protector and she would give 

 1 The record is not clear whether M.D.’s mother’s husband was also M.D.’s father.

2 M.D. ran away again approximately two months before trial, and her mother believed she was in California. M.D. was not available to 

testify at trial.
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the money she earned to him. Williams testified it was her decision to engage in prostitution. 

Neither Menyweather nor Hutchinson forced her to engage in prostitution, and she could have 

stopped at any time.

According to Williams, Hutchinson taught her the “rules” of prostitution. Either 

Menyweather or Hutchinson posted an advertisement for Williams on the internet that included 

pictures of her in her bra and underwear posing in different positions. Menyweather took some 

of the pictures and, using her smart phone, Williams took other pictures. Williams’s customers 

would contact her on the telephone number provided in the advertisement and meet her at a hotel 

room that was rented in either Menyweather’s or Hutchinson’s name.

The first night, Williams had one customer who came to have sex with her. Williams 

received $40 for having sex with the person and took the money home with her. Williams 

returned several days later because she found the work to be “easy money.” When she returned, 

M.D. was with Menyweather and Hutchinson. According to Williams, Menyweather and the 

three women traveled around the Dallas area in Menyweather’s car to different hotels. Once 

they were at a hotel, they would post advertisements on the internet and arrange to meet 

customers at the hotel. Over the next few weeks, Williams saw M.D. having sexual contact with 

other people. Further, they sometimes advertised for customers together, and Williams recalled 

two instances in which she and M.D. were hired by the same customer. Any money that 

Williams or M.D. earned by having sex with their customers was given to either Hutchinson or 

Menyweather. If the money was given to Hutchinson, she, in turn, gave it to Menyweather. 

According to Hutchinson, Menyweather received the money Williams and M.D. earned

from engaging in prostitution. Menyweather used the money he received from Williams and 

M.D. to provide for their needs. Hutchinson saw Menyweather buy Williams clothes. He also 

bought M.D. a cellphone, clothes, and other things. According to Williams, Menyweather used 
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the money to pay for expenses, such as food, hotel rooms, clothes, and transportation. He also 

paid for her to have her hair done.

Hutchinson testified the women had to speak to Menyweather in a certain way and be 

respectful to him. If they failed to do so, there would be consequences such as verbal or physical 

abuse. Williams testified she gave the money she earned to Menyweather because she had to 

and because she did not want him to become angry with her. Williams saw Menyweather hit or 

slap both Hutchison and M.D. when he was angry with them. Menyweather also slapped her one 

time. Williams testified that, although the slap did not hurt her, Menyweather was serious and it 

was not a “playful” slap. 

According to Hutchinson, on March 27, 2012, she, Menyweather, and M.D. were sitting 

in Menyweather’s car in the parking lot of a hotel. Dallas Police Officer Nick Earwood testified 

he was on patrol when he saw three people sitting in a car. Because the hotel had requested the 

Dallas police to “keep an eye out” for people loitering on the property, Earwood pulled over to 

investigate. After Menyweather gave Earwood permission to search the car, Earwood found a 

notebook containing the personal information of a number of people, including names, 

addresses, Social Security numbers, phone numbers, and dates of birth. Earwood testified he 

arrested Menyweather for being in possession of personal information relating to other 

individuals.

Williams and Hutchinson testified that, following Menyweather’s arrest, they, M.D., and 

Menyweather’s cousin went to Shreveport, Louisiana to raise money for Menyweather’s bond 

and for an attorney. According to Williams, Menyweather did not know the group was going to 

Louisiana. While in Louisiana, M.D. and Williams were arrested for prostitution and possession 

of marijuana. M.D. was also charged with possession of drug paraphernalia. 
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After her arrest in Louisiana, M.D. returned home. M.D.’s mother noticed that M.D. had 

the word “Stash” surrounded by stars and a dollar sign tattooed on her right thigh. M.D. did not 

have the tattoo before she ran away. M.D. was subsequently interviewed by Detective Michael 

McMurray, who was assigned to the Dallas Police Department’s High Risk Victim Unit. 

McMurray testified that M.D. appeared to come from a fairly stable home and her parents 

provided her with basically everything she needed. It was also his understanding that each time 

M.D. ran away from home, she was able to return home when she wanted to do so. From the 

interview, McMurray learned the names “Stash,” “Tae,” and “Que.”3

 McMurray began 

investigating a human trafficking and compelling prostitution of a child case. Based on 

telephone numbers that came up during his investigation, hotel rooms that M.D. identified, and 

an arrest in Louisiana, McMurray was able to develop Menyweather, Hutchinson, and Williams 

as suspects. McMurray filed charges against both Hutchinson and Williams for compelling 

prostitution of a child under the age of eighteen and trafficking persons under the age of 

eighteen. Although at the time of trial neither woman had been promised anything by the 

prosecutor if they would testify, both women testified they hoped the charges against them 

would be dismissed following their testimony.

The jury also heard testimony from Byron Fassett, a sergeant in the Dallas Police 

Department’s Child Exploitation Squad. Fassett testified he had been a police officer for thirtythree years and had specialized in cases involving child sexual abuse and exploitation for twenty 

years. According to Fassett, a prostitution enterprise has a hierarchy from a pimp as the head of 

the enterprise to the “bottom girl” to the worker. The pimp is the enforcer and will make the 

final decisions. The “bottom girl” has the most power behind the pimp. Her role is “to be a 

 3 The record reflects that “Tae” and “Que” were Williams and Hutchinson, respectively.
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mother, to be supportive, to be a recruiter, to be an educator, to collect the money.” The “bottom 

girl” is also responsible for keeping the prostitution enterprise operating if the pimp is in jail.

In Fassett’s experience, many of the young girls who are involved in prostitution are 

traumatized or victimized people. They are generally runaways and have nowhere to live. A 

pimp or “bottom girl” will meet the girl’s physiological needs of safety, food, and shelter. They 

will then seduce the girl with love, affection, and attention. They will control the girl 

emotionally and financially and then threaten the girl by withholding affection and attention. In 

Fassett’s opinion, a tattoo of the pimp’s name on a girl’s body is a control technique, and the fact 

the girl allowed the pimp’s name to be tattooed on her body is an indication of the girl’s 

psychological state.

The jury found Menyweather guilty of compelling prostitution of a child under the age of 

eighteen, sentenced him to twenty-seven years’ imprisonment, and assessed a $10,000 fine.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his first point of error, Menyweather asserts the evidence is insufficient to prove he 

caused M.D. to commit prostitution. Menyweather specifically argues the evidence did not 

establish he was a “but for” cause of M.D. engaging in prostitution because M.D. had a home to 

go to and did not fit the profile, as described by Fassett, of the typical child who was compelled 

to engage in prostitution; M.D. chose to engage in prostitution and would have done so even 

without his conduct; and Hutchinson’s and Williams’s testimony was not credible because they 

hoped the charges against them would be dismissed following their testimony.

We review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in Jackson v. 

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). 

We examine all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any 

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable 
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doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Matlock, 392 S.W.3d at 667. This standard recognizes “the 

responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the 

evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 

U.S. at 319; see also Adames v. State, 353 S.W.3d 854, 860 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). As the fact 

finder, the jury is entitled to judge the credibility of the witnesses, and can choose to believe all, 

some, or none of the testimony presented by the parties. Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 

461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); see also Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App.

2012) (“The factfinder exclusively determines the weight and credibility of the evidence.”). We 

defer to the jury’s determinations of credibility, and may not substitute our judgment for that of 

the jury. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Thornton v. State, 425 S.W.3d 289, 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2014); King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (in conducting legal 

sufficiency analysis, appellate court “may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment 

for that of the jury”). When there is conflicting evidence, we must presume the factfinder 

resolved the conflict in favor of the verdict, and defer to that resolution. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 

326; Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Evidence is sufficient if 

“the inferences necessary to establish guilt are reasonable based upon the cumulative force of all 

the evidence when considered in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Wise, 364 S.W.3d at 

903.

A person commits the offense of compelling prostitution if he knowingly causes, by any 

means, a child younger than eighteen years of age to commit prostitution, regardless of whether 

he knew the child’s age at the time of the offense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 43.05(a)(2) (West 

Supp. 2014). Prostitution is offering to engage, agreeing to engage, or engaging in sexual 

conduct for a fee, or soliciting another in a public place to engage in sexual conduct for a fee. Id.

§ 43.02(a)(1) (West Supp. 2014). “The actual commission of the offense of prostitution is not a 
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prerequisite to the commission of the offense of compelling prostitution.” Davis v. State, 635 

S.W.2d 737, 739 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982).4 Rather “‘one who provides opportunity for a willing 

minor to engage in prostitution and influences, persuades or prevails upon her to do so has . . . 

caused the prostitution . . . .’” Waggoner v. State, 897 S.W.2d 510, 512 (Tex. App.—Austin 

1995, no pet) (quoting State v. Wood, 579 P.2d 294, 296 (Or. Ct. App. 1978)).

Menyweather first contends the definition of causation in Waggoner improperly

considers factors not included in the statutory language and the “but for” test set out in section 

6.04(a) of the penal code is the only definition of causation that should be used in determining 

whether the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction.

5

 However, a person is guilty of 

compelling prostitution of a child under the age of eighteen if he knowingly caused the child to 

commit prostitution “regardless of the means used.” Tubbs v. State, 670 S.W.2d 407, 408 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas 1984, no pet.); see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 43.05(a)(2). The “means used” 

could include providing an opportunity for a child, willing or unwilling, to engage in prostitution

while influencing, persuading, or prevailing upon the child to do so.6

 Accordingly, we cannot 

 4 See also Williams v. State, Nos. 05-11-01729-CR, 05-12-00007-CR, 2013 WL 3974045, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 2, 2013, pet. 

ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

5 Section 6.04(a) of the penal code provides:

A person is criminally responsible if the result would not have occurred but for his conduct, operating either alone or 

concurrently with another cause, unless the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the conduct of 

the actor clearly insufficient.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.04(a) (West 2011).

6 See Baker v. State, Nos. 05-96-00705-CR, 05-96-00706-CR, 1998 WL 70631, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 20, 1998, pet. ref’d) (not 

designated for publication) in which the appellant, who had been convicted of compelling prostitution of a child, asserted the trial court erred by 

not charging the jury on “concurrent causation” based on evidence the child was a runaway, a drug user, and asked the defendant to allow her to

engage in prostitution. This Court noted there was no evidence the child would have begun to work as a prostitute but for her relationship with 

the appellant and that the child testified the appellant suggested she work as a prostitute, bought her provocative clothing, drove her to a specific 

place he had identified for her to work as a prostitute, told her how much to charge customers, and collected money from her that she had earned 

“doing tricks.” We concluded the appellant was not entitled to a charge on concurrent causation because there was “no evidence suggesting that 

[the appellant’s] conduct alone was clearly insufficient to cause the result of [the child] prostituting herself.” Id. ad *3; see also Williams, 2013 

WL 3974045, at *6 (evidence was sufficient to support convictions for compelling prostitution of a child because, although children testified they 

chose to prostitute, they also testified they had never prostituted before and appellant taught them “basics” of how to prostitute, provided them 

with means to prostitute, bought them things, and collected all money they earned from prostitution); Cotton v. State, No. 05-95-01070-CR, 1997 

WL 331008, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 18, 1997, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (means to compel child to engage in prostitution 

can include persuasion).
–9–

conclude Waggoner is inconsistent with the statutory definition set out in section 6.04(a) of the 

penal code.

Menyweather next argues the evidence is insufficient to support the conviction because 

only Hutchinson and Williams testified about his conduct with M.D. and their testimony was 

unreliable because they hoped the charges against them would be dismissed following their 

testimony against Menyweather.

7

 However, this fact was for the jury to consider in assessing 

Hutchison’s and Williams’s credibility and determining the weight to be given their testimony. 

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 303. We afford almost complete deference 

to the jury’s weight and credibility determinations and are not permitted to substitute our 

judgment for that of the jury. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Thornton, 425 S.W.3d at 303.

Menyweather finally asserts the evidence is insufficient to support the conviction because 

M.D. did not fit the profile, as described by Fassett, of a typical child who is compelled to 

engage in prostitution. Menyweather specifically argues that M.D. had a stable home to return

to, was allowed to return home whenever she ran away, and ran away so that she could do what 

she wanted to do, including engaging in prostitution. However, there is no evidence in the 

record that M.D. engaged in prostitution prior to March 2012. Both Hutchinson and Williams 

testified that, in March 2012, they and M.D. engaged in prostitution for Menyweather. 

Menyweather or Hutchinson posted advertisements on the internet so that customers could 

contact M.D. Menyweather provided transportation to various locations at which M.D. engaged 

in prostitution. M.D. gave the money she earned to Menyweather or to Hutchinson who, in turn, 

gave it to Menyweather. Menyweather used the money to pay for the hotel rooms in which M.D. 

 7 Menyweather also argues that Hutchinson and Williams had immunity under section 43.06(b) of the penal code and, therefore, were 

mistaken in their belief that the charges against them might not be dismissed. Section 43.06(b) provides that:

A party to an offense under this subchapter may not be prosecuted for any offense about which he is required to furnish 

evidence or testify, and the evidence and testimony may not be used against the party in any adjuciatory proceeding except 

a prosecution for aggravated perjury.

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 43.06(b) (West 2011). The record reflects that both Hutchinson and Williams voluntarily testified. 
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engaged in prostitution as well as for food, clothes, a cellphone, and other things for M.D. If 

M.D. did not treat Menyweather in the appropriate way, he could verbally or physically abuse 

her, and Williams saw Menyweather slap M.D. Finally, during the time she was a runaway in 

2012, M.D. acquired a tattoo of Menyweather’s nickname on her thigh which, according to 

Fassett, was an indication of the amount of control Menyweather exerted over M.D.

Absent Menyweather’s conduct, M.D. would not have engaged in prostitution on the 

occasions testified to by Hutchinson and Williams.8

 Viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the verdict, we conclude a rational jury could find Menyweather compelled M.D., 

who was younger than eighteen years of age, to engage in prostitution. See Waggoner, 897 

S.W.2d at 512 (evidence that defendant provided contact and meeting, gave child condom and 

cellular telephone, drove child to location, provided code to security guard to allow child to enter 

premises, and persuaded child to go through with encounter was sufficient to support conviction 

for compelling child to engage in prostitution).9

 We resolve Menyweather’s first point of error 

against him.

Jury Charge Error

In his second through fourth points of error, Menyweather contends the trial court erred 

by submitting a jury charge in the guilt phase that failed to limit the definition of “knowingly” to 

the applicable conduct element and included a definition of reasonable doubt and by submitting a 

 8 See Smith v. State, No. 05-09-01331-CR, 2011 WL 2090256, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 27, 2011, not pet.) (mem. op., not designated 

for publication) (“Furthermore, [the child’s] willingness to prostitute herself before and after her involvement with appellant does not mean he

did not cause [the child] ‘by any means’ to commit prostitution. Appellant provided [the child] with the opportunity to engage in prostitution and 

influenced or persuaded her to do so.”).

9 See also Puckett v. State, Nos. 05-04-01472-CR, 05-04-01473-CR, 2005 WL 2436426, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 4, 2005, pet. 

ref’d) (not designated for publication) (evidence that defendant told child that she had to have sex with “johns” to stay at hotel, provided child 

with cell phone and condoms, and required child to give him all money she earned from prostitution activities sufficient to support conviction for 

compelling prostitution of child under age of eighteen); Cotton, 1997 WL 331008, at *4 (evidence defendant provided child with food, clothing, 

and lodging in exchange for money she earned from engaging in prostitution, sent child to certain locations where men asked her to have sex for 

money, and told child how to prostitute herself was sufficient to support convicting for compelling prostitution of a child); Agyin v. State, Nos. 

04-12-00749-CR, 04-12-00750-CR, 04-12-00751-CR, 2013 WL 5864483, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Oct. 30, 2013, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., 

not designated for publication) (evidence that defendant transported child to several locations to find men for her to have sex with, appropriated 

money child received for performing sex acts, and planned to “protect” child “while she did what she did” was sufficient to support essential 

elements of compelling prostitution).
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jury charge in the punishment phase that instructed the jury about good conduct time when he 

was not eligible to receive it. Menyweather failed to make any of these objections in the trial 

court. 

Standard of Review

Our first duty in analyzing a jury-charge issue is to decide whether error exists. Kirsch v. 

State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). If error exists, we must determine whether 

the error caused sufficient harm to warrant reversal. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005). When, as in this case, the error was not objected to, the error must be 

“fundamental” and requires reversal “only if it was so egregious and created such harm that the 

defendant ‘has not had a fair and impartial trial.’” Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex .Crim. App. 1985) (op. 

on reh’g)). Egregious harm exists when the record shows that a defendant has suffered actual, 

rather than merely theoretical, harm from jury-charge error. Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174. Egregious harm consists of error affecting 

the very basis of the case, depriving the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affecting a 

defensive theory. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 298 (citing Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 777 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011)). We assess harm in light of “the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence

(including the contested issues and the weight of probative evidence), the arguments of counsel,

and any other relevant information revealed by the record as a whole.” Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 

298.

Definition of Knowledge

Menyweather asserts the trial court erred by failing to limit the definition of “knowingly”

in the guilt-phase jury charge to the applicable conduct element. There are three “conduct 

elements” that can be involved in an offense: (1) the nature of the conduct, (2) the result of the 
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conduct, and (3) the circumstances surrounding the conduct. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03 

(West 2011); McQueen v. State, 781 S.W.2d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim App. 1989). An offense may 

contain one or more of these “conduct elements,” which alone or in combination form the overall 

behavior that the legislature intended to criminalize, and it is those “conduct elements” to which 

a culpable mental state may apply. McQueen, 781 S.W.2d at 603. A trial court errs by failing to 

limit the definitions of the culpable mental states to the conduct element or elements of the 

offense to which they apply. Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); 

Cook v. State, 884 S.W.2d 485, 491 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Ash v. State, 930 S.W.2d 192, 194–

95 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1996, no pet.).

Here, the trial court instructed the jury that a person commits the offense of compelling 

prostitution if, “he knowingly causes by any means a person younger than 18 years to commit 

prostitution, regardless of whether the actor knows the age of the child at the time the actor 

commits the offense.” The trial further instructed the jury that:

A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his 

conduct or to the circumstances surrounding conduct when he is aware of the 

nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly, or 

with knowledge[,] with respect to the result of his conduct when he is aware that 

his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.

Menyweather argues the offense of compelling prostitution is a result-of-conduct offense and 

that the trial court erred because it did not limit the definition of “knowingly” to the result of his 

conduct. He argues the “contested issue in this case is the element of cause,” and the jury was 

required to determine whether he knowingly engaged in conduct reasonably certain to cause 

M.D. to commit prostitution. He claims he was egregiously harmed by the complained-about 

instruction because it improperly focused the jury on whether he knowingly engaged in conduct 

which created circumstances which gave M.D. the opportunity to commit prostitution. The State 
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responds that even assuming there was error in the charge, any error was harmless. We agree 

with the State.

We must begin the harm analysis by reviewing the jury charge as a whole. The jury was 

instructed that a person commits the offense of compelling prostitution if he “knowingly causes” 

by any means a person younger than eighteen years of age to commit prostitution. In the 

application paragraph of the charge, the jury was authorized to find Menyweather guilty of the 

offense only if it found beyond a reasonable doubt that he “knowingly cause[d] [M.D.], a person 

younger than 18 years of age, to commit prostitution.” Because “knowingly” was in front of the 

word “cause” in both the instruction and application paragraphs, a juror could not mistake the 

requirement that “knowingly applied directly to causing another to commit prostitution.” Hill v. 

State, 265 S.W.3d 539, 544 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). Further, the 

charge not only correctly instructed the jury on the substantive law of the case and informed the 

jury of what the State was required to prove, but it also correctly addressed the presumption of 

innocence and the State’s burden of proof. See Bazanes v. State, 310 S.W.3d 32, 37 (Tex App.—

Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d). Accordingly, the jury charge as a whole appears to have cured any 

harm. See Hill, 265 S.W.3d at 544.

10

We next consider the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and the weight 

of probative evidence. There was no dispute in this case that M.D. was younger than eighteen 

years of age and was engaged in prostitution. Rather, Menyweather contested whether he 

compelled M.D.’s conduct. In doing so, Menyweather relied on Hutchinson’s and Williams’s 

testimony that they chose to engage in prostitution and could have quit working for 

Menyweather at any time and that M.D. ran away from home to do what she wanted to do,

including engaging in prostitution, and would have engaged in prostitution even without his 

 10 See also Williams, 2013 WL 3974045, at *7.
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conduct. On the other hand, the State presented evidence that Menyweather knew the result of 

his conduct in posting advertisements, driving M.D. to hotels, and paying for hotel rooms was 

that M.D. engaged in prostitution and that Menyweather received all the proceeds from M.D. 

engaging in prostitution. The jury was, therefore, required to determine whether Menyweather 

knew that the result of his conduct was prostitution. See id.11

Third, we review the arguments of counsel. In her argument, the prosecutor conceded 

that M.D. was not a model child and had agreed to engage in prostitution. The prosecutor 

argued, however, that Menyweather caused M.D. to engage in prostitution by providing her 

protection, transportation, food, clothes, and a cellphone. Further, Menyweather took the money 

that M.D. earned from engaging in prostitution and was physically abusive to her. The 

prosecutor argued these actions by Menyweather “caused by any means [M.D.] to prostitute.” 

Menyweather’s counsel responded that both Hutchinson and Williams were willing to engage in 

prostitution, were not forced to engage in prostitution, and M.D. had not testified about whether 

she was compelled to engage in prostitution. His counsel continued by asserting that M.D. had

everything she needed at home and ran away because “she wanted to do what she wanted to do.” 

Menyweather’s counsel also attacked Hutchinson’s and Williams’s credibility and emphasized 

that their hope the charges against them would be dismissed gave them a motive to “tweak” their 

testimony. Both of these arguments urged the jury to decide whether Menyweather knowingly 

caused the resulting prostitution. Accordingly, Menyweather was not harmed by the arguments 

of counsel. See id.12

 11 See also Williams, 2013 WL 3974045, at *7.

12 See also Williams, 2013 WL 3974045, at *7.
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Finally, we must review any other relevant information, including the record as a whole. 

We find nothing in the record to show that Menyweather was harmed by the alleged error in the 

jury charge.

We conclude, based on the entire record, that, even if there was error in the definition of 

“knowingly” included in the jury charge, Menyweather was not egregiously harmed. We resolve 

Menyweather’s second point of error against him.

Definition of Reasonable Doubt

In his third point of error, Menyweather asserts the trial court erred by submitting a 

charge to the jury during the guilt phase that contained a definition of reasonable doubt. 

Menyweather specifically complains about the instruction in the jury charge that, “It is not 

required that the prosecution prove guilt beyond all possible doubt; it is required that the 

prosecution’s proof excludes all ‘reasonable doubt’ concerning the defendant’s guilt.” The court 

of criminal appeals has concluded a trial court does not abuse its discretion by giving the 

instruction. Mays v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 389 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Woods v. State, 

152 S.W.3d 105, 114–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)); see also O’Canas v. State, 140 S.W.3d 695, 

702 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. ref’d) (complained-about instruction “simply states the 

legally correct proposition that the prosecution’s burden is to establish proof beyond a reasonable 

doubt and not all possible doubt” and does not define “reasonable doubt”). Accordingly, we 

resolve Menyweather’s third point of error against him.

Instruction on Good Conduct Time

In his fourth point of error, Menyweather complains the trial court erred by instructing 

the jury in the punishment-phase charge about good conduct time. The trial court’s instruction, 

which tracked article 37.03, section 4(a) of the code of criminal procedure, reads, in part, as 

follows: “Under the law applicable in this case, the defendant, if sentenced to a term of 
–16–

imprisonment, may earn time off the period of incarceration imposed through the award of goodconduct time.” See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 4(a) (West Supp. 2013). 

Menyweather does not dispute the instruction tracked the statutory language, but argues that, 

because he was statutorily ineligible for good conduct time, see TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN.

§ 508.149(a)(18) (West Supp. 2014), the instruction was an incorrect statement of the law and 

misled the jury.

The court of criminal appeals rejected Menyweather’s argument in Luquis v. State, 72 

S.W.3d 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Although the court acknowledged a defendant could claim

the instruction might be misleading and inapplicable to him, it construed article 37.07, section 

(4) to be an absolute command that the good conduct time instruction be given to the jury. Id. at 

363; see also Sanders v. State, No. 04-13-00487-CR, 2014 WL 4257907, at *3 (Tex. App.—San 

Antonio Aug. 29, 2014, no pet. h.). We have similarly overruled this same argument based on 

Luquis. See Anderson v. State, No. 05-13-00253-CR, 2013 WL 6870013, at *4 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Dec. 31, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Coppola v. State, No. 

05-10-00704-CR, 2012 WL 29318, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 6, 2012, no pet) (not 

designated for publication). Accordingly, the trial court did not err by including the good 

conduct time instruction in the jury charge. We resolve Menyweather’s fourth point of error 

against.

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Do Not Publish

TEX. R. APP. P. 47

131108F.U05

/Robert M. Fillmore/

ROBERT M. FILLMORE

JUSTICE
–17–

Court of Appeals

S

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

ROBERT LEE MENYWEATHER, 

Appellant

No. 05-13-01108-CR V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the Criminal District Court 

No. 7, Dallas County, Texas,

Trial Court Cause No. F-1255747-Y.

Opinion delivered by Justice Fillmore, 

Justices FitzGerald and Stoddart 

participating.

Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 18th day of November, 2014.