IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-12-00271-CR

RICHARD BLAKE RAY,

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

From the 54th District Court

McLennan County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2011-2087-C2

O P I N I O N

Richard Blake Ray was charged and tried for attempted capital murder. TEX.

PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.03(a)(7)(A) (West Supp. 2012). He asserts on appeal that he was 

deprived of his main theory of defense by the trial court’s refusal to include an 

instruction in the charge on the defense of necessity. We affirm.

Ray confronted Andrew Hobbs and Bobby Stephens, his former employer and a 

coworker, respectively, on their job site about difficulties he was having at home as a 

result of having lost his job. The nature of the business owned by Hobbs required them 
Ray v. State Page 2

to go to the customer’s premises and the encounter with Ray occurred on a customer’s 

property. It is undisputed that Ray armed himself with a pistol and entered the job site 

with the pistol already in his hand and holding it down by his side. The evidence 

presented by the State and Ray then diverges on who said what to whom and the level 

of aggression displayed by either Hobbs or Stephens on the one hand and Ray on the 

other. What is not in dispute is that during the argument caused when Ray confronted 

them at their job-site, where Ray had no authority to be, Ray shot both Hobbs and 

Stephens.

Ray’s version of the event is that Hobbs and Stephens approached him in a 

fashion that caused him to become concerned that they were going to take the pistol 

from him and possibly use it to cause harm to him. Thus, he argues that based on his 

testimony he was entitled to an instruction on necessity. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.22 

(West 2011). 

Necessity is a defense where conduct is justified if:

(1) the actor reasonably believes the conduct is immediately necessary 

to avoid imminent harm;

(2) the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm clearly outweigh, 

according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm 

sought to be prevented by the law proscribing the conduct; and

(3) a legislative purpose to exclude the justification claimed for the 

conduct does not otherwise plainly appear.

Id. 
Ray v. State Page 3

The State argues that Ray is not entitled to a necessity instruction because Ray 

“provoked the difficulty.” The State relies on Leach v. State where the Fourteenth Court 

of Appeals held as follows: “<we hold that one who provokes the difficulty, or is 

responsible for having placed himself in the position from which he attempts to 

extricate himself by committing a criminal offense, is not entitled to a charge 

authorizing his acquittal of that offense based upon necessity.” Leach v. State, 726 

S.W.2d 598, 600 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no pet.). We note that at least 

five other courts of appeals have followed the holding in Leach. Ford v. State, 112 S.W.3d 

788, 794 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.); Rangel v. State, Nos. 04-01-

00451-CR, 04-01-00452-CR, 04-01-00453-CR, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 5177, *10 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio July 24, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication); Singleton v. 

State, No. 03-01-00057-CR, 2002 Tex. App. LEXIS 1875, *16 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 14, 

2002, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication); Miller v. State, 940 S.W.2d 810, 815 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref’d); Shafer v. State, 919 S.W.2d 885, 887 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 1996, pet. ref’d); McFarland v. State, 784 S.W.2d 52, 54 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no pet.); Goodin v. State, 750 S.W.2d 857, 862 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 1988, pet. ref’d). We disagree with the State’s position.

The year before Leach was issued, the Court of Criminal Appeals had already 

determined that necessity was available as a defense to the offense of escape although 

the State presented several cogent arguments as to why an attempt to surrender should 
Ray v. State Page 4

be a prerequisite to applying the defense. Spakes v. State, 913 S.W.2d 597, 598 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1996). The Court held that the plain language codifying the necessity 

defense evinced a legislative intent that the defense apply to all offenses unless the 

legislature specifically excluded it from the offense Id. Neither Leach nor its progeny

evaluated the availability of the necessity defense in light of Spakes. See Leach v. State,

726 S.W.2d 598, 600 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no pet.). 

Later, in 2005, and well after Leach and its progeny had been decided, the Court 

of Criminal Appeals reaffirmed Spakes and noted that section 9.22's plain language 

indicated that the defense of necessity may be applicable in every case unless 

specifically excluded by the legislature. Bowen v. State, 162 S.W.3d 226, 228-229 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2005); Spakes, 913 S.W.2d at 598. To determine whether a legislative 

purpose existed to exclude the defense, the Court focused on the statute defining the 

charged offense; in the Bowen case, resisting arrest. Bowen, 162 S.W.3d at 229. Because a 

legislative purpose to exclude the necessity defense did not plainly appear in the text of 

the charged offense, the Court could not “glean” any clear legislative purpose 

indicating that the defense was not available. Id.

We agree that the proposition by Leach appears reasonable. However, as the 

Amarillo Court stated in Spakes, it would be an “impermissible addendum” to section 

9.22 if we held that the availability of the necessity defense to the offense of attempted 

capital murder was conditioned on not provoking the difficulty. See Spakes v. State, 891 
Ray v. State Page 5

S.W.2d 7, 10 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1994), aff’d, 913 S.W.2d 597 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). 

Thus, to determine whether a legislative purpose exists to exclude the defense, we focus 

on the statutes defining the charged offense; in this case, attempted capital murder. 

Bowen, 162 S.W.3d at 229. 

A person commits an attempted offense if, with specific intent to commit an 

offense, he does an act amounting to more than mere preparation that tends but fails to 

effect the commission of the offense intended. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 15.01(a) (West 

2011). A person commits the offense of murder if he intentionally or knowingly causes 

the death of an individual. Id. § 19.02 (b)(1). Finally, a person commits the offense of 

capital murder if the person commits murder as defined under section 19.02(b)(1) and 

the person murders more than one person during the same criminal transaction. Id. § 

19.03(a)(7)(A) (West Supp. 2012). 

A legislative purpose to exclude the defense does not plainly appear in the texts 

of these statutes. See Bowen, 162 S.W.3d at 229. Thus, on the face of these sections, we 

cannot identify any clear legislative purpose indicating that necessity is not an available 

defense of attempted capital murder. See id.

But in determining whether the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury 

on necessity, our inquiry does not end here. The Court of Criminal Appeals has 

interpreted the necessity defense to embrace the confession and avoidance doctrine. 

Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The doctrine requires an 
Ray v. State Page 6

admission to the conduct, which includes both the act or omission and the requisite 

mental state. Id. Even though the doctrine's requirement that a defendant admit to the 

conduct conflicts with section 2.03(c)'s general rule that a defense is supported by the 

evidence if there is evidence from any source on each element of the defense, the Court 

held that this conflict does not disturb the determination that section 9.22 embraces the 

confession and avoidance doctrine. Id. at 405. The Court concluded that section 9.22's 

admission requirement governs the specific defensive issue of necessity and therefore 

trumps section 2.03(c)'s general rule. Id. Thus, we must review the record to determine 

whether Ray admitted to the act and requisite mental state.

Ray testified that he went looking for Hobbs. When he arrived at Hobbs’s 

warehouse location in Waco, he saw Hobbs’s vehicle and Stephens’s work truck. He 

entered the warehouse with his fully loaded 9mm handgun. However, Ray repeatedly 

denied shooting Hobbs or Stephens. He also repeatedly stated he did not remember 

pulling the trigger.

The State charged Ray with attempting to intentionally kill both Hobbs and 

Stephens in the same transaction by shooting Hobbs and Stephens with a firearm 

“which amounted to more than mere preparation that tended but failed to effect the 

commission of the offense intended.” Ray never admitted to intending to kill Hobbs or 

Stephens or to shooting them with a firearm. Thus, Ray never admitted to committing 

the conduct which would then permit a necessity instruction.
Ray v. State Page 7

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying the requested instruction, and 

we overrule Ray’s sole issue. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

TOM GRAY

Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Davis, and

Justice Scoggins

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed April 18, 2013 

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