2018 IL 122022

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 122022)

SIENNA COURT CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, Appellee, v. CHAMPION ALUMINUM 

CORPORATION et al. (BV & Associates, Inc., et al., Appellants).

Opinion filed December 28, 2018.

JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas, Garman, Theis, and Neville

concurred in the judgment and opinion.

Justice Kilbride dissented, with opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 In this case, we must determine whether the purchaser of a newly constructed 

home may assert a claim for breach of an implied warranty of habitability against a 

subcontractor who took part in the construction of the home, where the 

subcontractor had no contractual relationship with the purchaser. For the following 
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reasons, we hold that the purchaser may not.

¶ 2 Background

¶ 3 The plaintiff, Sienna Court Condominium Association, is a condominium 

association governing the Sienna Court Condominiums, a two-building, 

111-residential-unit property located in Evanston, Illinois. In 2013, plaintiff filed a 

verified complaint in the circuit court of Cook County on behalf of the individual 

unit owners in the condominium buildings. In its complaint, plaintiff alleged that 

Sienna Court Condominiums was a newly constructed property developed by TR 

Sienna Partners, LLC (TR Sienna), and that TR Sienna had marketed and sold the 

buildings’ condominium units to individual purchasers. Plaintiff further alleged 

that, at the time the units were sold by TR Sienna to their purchasers, the 

condominium buildings contained a number of latent defects that resulted in water 

infiltration and other conditions that rendered both the individual units and 

common areas of the buildings unfit for their intended purpose of habitation.

¶ 4 As ultimately amended, plaintiff’s complaint contained 10 counts. Count I of 

the complaint alleged breach of an express warranty against TR Sienna. The 

remaining nine counts of the complaint asserted claims for breach of an implied 

warranty of habitability against (1) TR Sienna; (2) the general contractor; (3) the 

architect and engineering design firms; (4) material suppliers and (5) several 

subcontractors, including the defendants in this case, Don Stoltzner Mason 

Contractor, Inc.; BV and Associates, Inc., d/b/a Clearvisions, Inc.;

Lichtenwald-Johnston Ironworks Company; and Metalmaster Roofmaster, Inc. 

Relevant to the issues in this case, the complaint alleged that each condominium 

unit and the common elements of the buildings were subject to an implied warranty 

of habitability extending from “each and every subcontractor” and that the 

subcontractors had therefore warranted that the buildings, or the portions 

constructed by them, would be suitable and fit for their intended purpose of 

habitation.

¶ 5 Prior to the filing of plaintiff’s complaint, both TR Sienna and the general 

contractor were declared bankrupt by order of the United States Bankruptcy Court 

for the Northern District of Illinois. Plaintiff sought and was granted relief from the 

automatic bankruptcy stay so that it could pursue its claims against TR Sienna and 
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the general contractor to the extent of their available insurance. See 215 ILCS 

5/388 (West 2010) (the bankruptcy or insolvency of an insured shall not relieve the 

insurer from its liabilities in case of any loss occasioned during the term of the 

policy). Subsequent discovery revealed that TR Sienna and the general contractor 

both had two separate insurance policies, each providing coverage of $1 million per 

occurrence with $2 million aggregate limits. Discovery further revealed that 

plaintiff had recovered approximately $308,000 from TR Sienna through a 

warranty escrow fund that TR Sienna had been required to establish under a City of 

Evanston ordinance.

¶ 6 Defendants and the material suppliers filed a joint motion to dismiss counts III

through VI and count IX of plaintiff’s complaint (the counts that were directed 

against them), asserting that they were not subject to an implied warranty of 

habitabililty. At subsequent hearings on this motion, the parties’ discussion 

centered largely on the appellate court’s decision in Minton v. The Richards Group 

of Chicago, 116 Ill. App. 3d 852 (1983). In Minton, the appellate court held that, 

where the purchaser of a newly constructed home “has no recourse to the 

builder-vendor and has sustained loss due to the faulty and latent defect in their new 

home caused by the subcontractor, the warranty of habitability applies to such 

subcontractor.” Id. at 855. Focusing on the word “recourse,” defendants argued that 

the plaintiff in this case had recourse from TR Sienna in the form of insurance 

policies and the warranty escrow fund and, therefore, under Minton, no implied 

warranty of habitability could exist. Plaintiff, in contrast, contended that the 

existence of potential or actual recourse from the developer-vendor was not the 

determinative factor in establishing an implied warranty of habitability with a 

subcontractor. Rather, according to plaintiff, the only relevant factor was whether 

the developer-vendor had been declared legally insolvent. Because that had 

occurred here, plaintiff maintained that an implied warranty of habitability existed 

with defendants. 

¶ 7 The circuit court denied defendants’ motion to dismiss. Thereafter, defendants 

moved for the circuit court to certify that its order denying the motion merited 

discretionary appeal under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010), 

because it involved questions of law to which there was a substantial dispute and 

the resolution of the questions would materially advance the litigation. The circuit 
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court granted that request and, as required under the rule, identified the pertinent 

questions of law as follows:

“a) Does the existence of an insolvent developer’s and/or insolvent general 

contractor’s liability insurance policy(ies) bar a property owner from 

maintaining a cause of action for breach of implied warranty of habitability 

against subcontractors and/or material suppliers, which are not in privity with 

the property owner, under Minton v. Richards, 116 Ill. App. 3d 852 (1st Dist. 

1983) or its progeny?

b) Does the potential recovery against an insolvent developer’s and/or, 

insolvent general contractor’s liability insurance policy(ies) constitute ‘any 

recourse’ under Minton v. Richards, 116 Ill. App. 3d 852 (1st Dist. 1983) or its 

progeny, thereby barring a property owner’s cause of action for breach of 

implied warranty of habitability against subcontractors and/or material 

suppliers, which are not in privity with the property owner?

c) Does the actual recovery of any proceeds from an insolvent developer’s 

‘warranty fund,’ which was funded by the now insolvent developer with a 

percentage of the sales proceeds from the sale of the property, bar a property 

owner from maintaining a cause of action for breach of implied warranty of 

habitability against subcontractors and/or material suppliers, which are not in 

privity with the property owner, under *** Minton v. Richards, 116 Ill. App. 3d 

852 (1st Dist. 1983) or its progeny?

d) Does the actual recovery of any proceeds from an insolvent developer’s 

‘warranty fund’ constitute ‘any recourse’ under Minton v. Richards, 116 Ill. 

App. 3d 852 (1st Dist. 1983) or its progeny, thereby barring a property owner’s 

cause of action for breach of implied warranty of habitability against 

subcontractors and/or material suppliers, which are not in privity with the 

property owner?”

¶ 8 The appellate court granted leave to appeal. The Rule 308 appeal was 

consolidated with two additional appeals: (1) an appeal by the plaintiff of an order 

dismissing its claims for breach of an implied warranty of habitability against the 

the architect, engineering design firms, and material suppliers and (2) an appeal 
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from the general contractor of an order dismissing its counterclaims against the 

subcontractors and material suppliers. 2017 IL App (1st) 143364.1

¶ 9 With respect to defendants’ Rule 308 appeal, the appellate court held that legal 

insolvency, rather than an inquiry into the availability of recourse, determines 

whether a claim for breach of an implied warranty of habitability may be asserted 

against a subcontractor. Id. ¶¶ 75-99. The appellate court also rejected defendants’ 

alternative argument that where a homeowner has no contractual relationship with 

a subcontractor there can be no implied warranty of habitability and, thus, Minton

was wrongly decided. Id. ¶¶ 96-98. 

¶ 10 We granted defendants’ petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Mar. 

15, 2016).

¶ 11 Analysis

¶ 12 This appeal is brought pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 

26, 2010). Rule 308 permits the discretionary appeal of an otherwise unappealable 

interlocutory order of the circuit court where the court has certified that the order 

involves a question of law to which there is a substantial dispute and that resolution 

of the question will materially advance the litigation. Id. Our review is de novo. 

Moore v. Chicago Park District, 2012 IL 112788, ¶ 9. 

¶ 13 In this case, the questions certified by the circuit court ask whether a plaintiff 

homeowner’s claims against a subcontractor for breach of an implied warranty of 

habitability are barred where either the plaintiff has potential recourse from 

insurance policies or where actual proceeds are received by the plaintiff from a 

warranty escrow account. As defendants point out, underlying these certified 

questions is the general assumption that, at least in some instances, it is appropriate 

to recognize a claim for breach of an implied warranty of habitability against the 

subcontractors of a newly constructed home, even though the subcontractors have 

no contractual relationship with the homeowner. Defendants challenge this 

 1

The appellate court concluded that the material suppliers were not subject to an implied 

warranty of habitability for reasons unrelated to Minton. The material suppliers are not part of this 

appeal.
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assumption, arguing that, where there is no contractual privity between a 

subcontractor and a homeowner, there is no implied warranty of habitability. 

Plaintiff in its brief does not dispute that we may consider this threshold argument,

and we agree. There is no point in determining whether recovery from a 

subcontractor depends on the availability of recourse from an insolvent 

developer-vendor if the implied warranty of habitability itself does not exist. See, 

e.g., Fireman’s Fund Insurance Co. v. SEC Donohue, Inc., 176 Ill. 2d 160, 164-66 

(1997) (considering underlying premise of Rule 308 questions). Accordingly, we 

modify the questions certified by the circuit court to add a threshold inquiry: May 

the purchaser of a newly constructed home assert a claim for breach of an implied 

warranty of habitability against a subcontractor who took part in the construction of 

the home, where the subcontractor had no contractual relationship with the 

purchaser? See, e.g., Hampton v. Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of 

Greater Chicago, 2016 IL 119861, ¶ 10 (modifying Rule 308 questions); De Bouse 

v. Bayer AG, 235 Ill. 2d 544, 556-57 (2009); Boyd v. Travelers Insurance Co., 166 

Ill. 2d 188, 192-93 (1995) (same). We turn now to this question.

¶ 14 The implied warranty of habitability for newly constructed homes was first 

recognized by this court in Petersen v. Hubschman Construction Co., 76 Ill. 2d 31 

(1979). In Petersen, this court held that an implied warranty of habitability protects 

the first purchaser of a new house against latent defects that would render the house 

not reasonably fit for its intended use. The court stated that it was necessary to 

recognize such a warranty due to the significant changes in the construction 

methods and marketing of new houses that had arisen in the modern era. The court 

explained that many “new houses are, in a sense, now mass produced,” that the 

buyer often purchases the house “from a model home or from predrawn plans,” and 

that the buyer of a newly constructed house “has little or no opportunity to inspect” 

the construction. Id. at 40. The court stated that the purchaser “must rely upon the 

integrity and the skill of the builder-vendor” and concluded that the “vendee has a 

right to expect to receive that for which he has bargained and that which the 

builder-vendor has agreed to construct and convey to him, that is, a house that is 

reasonably fit for use as a residence.” Id. For these reasons, the court determined 

that recognition of an implied warranty of habitability was appropriate.

¶ 15 Importantly, Petersen stressed that the implied warranty of habitability is based 

in the contract of sale. It arises, the court explained, “by virtue of the execution of 
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the agreement between the vendor and the vendee.” Id. at 41. The warranty exists 

“as an independent undertaking collateral to the covenant to convey” that relaxes 

the rule of caveat emptor and the doctrine of merger, and it should be understood as 

“an implied covenant by the builder-vendor that the house which he contracts to 

build and to convey to the vendee is reasonably suited for its intended use.” Id.

¶ 16 In addition, the Petersen court recognized that, while the implied warranty of 

habitability is a “creature of public policy,” it could nevertheless be waived by the 

purchaser. Id. at 43. While finding that any waiver provision would have to be 

conspicuous and fully disclose its consequences, the Petersen court determined that 

such a waiver would not be against public policy. Id.

¶ 17 Subsequent to Petersen, this court has never held that a homeowner may pursue 

a claim for breach of an implied warranty of habitability against a subcontractor. 

Plaintiff maintains that we should recognize such a cause of action now. Plaintiff 

acknowledges the contractual origins of the implied warranty of habitability and 

further acknowledges that neither it nor the individual condominium owners at 

issue in this case had contracts with the defendant subcontractors. Nevertheless, 

plaintiff maintains that its cause of action should proceed.

¶ 18 Plaintiff analogizes to the law of personal injury and strict products liability. 

Plaintiff points out that product liability law has its origins in the concepts of 

implied warranties and contract law, and that many of the early decisions limited 

the right to recover for personal injuries from defective products to those who were 

in contractual privity with the manufacturer. See, e.g., Winterbottom v. Wright

(1842) 152 Eng. Rep. 402; 10 M. & W. 109. Over time, however, product liability 

law evolved to the point that contractual privity was no longer required, and the 

action to recover against the manufacturer came to be recognized as a tort. See, e.g., 

Suvada v. White Motor Co., 32 Ill. 2d 612, 617 (1965) (“lack of privity is not a 

defense in a tort action against the manufacturer”).

¶ 19 Plaintiff contends that we should follow the same course here. Plaintiff 

contends that “privity should not be a factor” in determining whether its claims for 

breach of an implied warranty of habitability may go forward against defendants 

because its claims are really tort or “tort-like” causes of action. Plaintiff explains 

that, because “an implied warranty of habitability claim is not governed by 

contract, there is no reason why the implied warranty should not be similarly 
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applied against a subcontractor in the same way a tort claim is applied against a 

component supplier” in product liability law. In short, plaintiff maintains that an 

owner of a newly constructed home should be allowed to proceed directly against a 

subcontractor under a claim that is “analogous to a strict liability tort claim.” We 

disagree.

¶ 20 Plaintiff’s contention that the implied warranty of habitability should be 

considered an action in tort is refuted by the economic loss rule recognized by this 

court in Moorman Manufacturing Co. v. National Tank Co., 91 Ill. 2d 69 (1982). In 

Moorman, this court held that, in an action against a product manufacturer, a 

plaintiff “cannot recover for solely economic loss under the tort theories of strict 

liability, negligence and innocent misrepresentation.” Id. at 91. Economic loss is, in 

turn, defined as “ ‘damages for inadequate value, costs of repair and replacement of 

the defective product, or consequent loss of profits—without any claim of personal 

injury or damage to other property ***’ [citation].” Id. at 82. The Moorman court 

recognized three exceptions to the economic loss rule: (1) where the plaintiff 

sustained damage, i.e., personal injury or property damage, resulting from a sudden 

or dangerous occurrence (id. at 86); (2) where the plaintiff’s damages are 

proximately caused by a defendant’s intentional, false representation, i.e., fraud 

(id. at 91); and (3) where the plaintiff’s damages are proximately caused by a 

negligent misrepresentation by a defendant in the business of supplying 

information for the guidance of others in their business transactions (id. at 89).

¶ 21 The Moorman doctrine is intended to preserve the distinction between tort and 

contract. As this court has explained: 

“In essence, the economic loss, or commercial loss, doctrine denies a remedy in 

tort to a party whose complaint is rooted in disappointed contractual or 

commercial expectations. (See Seely v. White Motor Co. (1965), 63 Cal. 2d 9, 

18 ***; see also Miller v. United States Steel Corp. (7th Cir. 1990), 902 F.2d 

573, 574 (suggesting that the term ‘commercial loss’ rather than ‘economic 

loss’ more accurately reflects the conceptual foundations of the principle).) The 

doctrine reflects the principle that there are varying degrees of quality, all 

commercially acceptable, that parties to a commercial transaction are free to 

bargain over if they choose. For example, an architect’s selection of the 

construction materials to be used in a particular structure will depend in large 
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part on the amount of money the owner is willing to spend on the project. 

Disputes later arising from the character of the materials used should be 

determined under principles of contract law, and should be controlled by the 

requirements imposed by the parties’ own undertaking. In that instance, the 

contract itself serves best to define the parties’ respective rights and 

obligations.” Collins v. Reynard, 154 Ill. 2d 48, 54-55 (1992) (Miller, J., 

specially concurring, joined by Bilandic, Freeman, and Cunningham, JJ.). 

In general then, an action for economic loss requires the plaintiff to be in 

contractual privity with the defendant. Bernot v. Primus Corp., 278 Ill. App. 3d 

751, 754 (1996); East River Steamship Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval Inc., 476

U.S. 858, 870 (1986) (the failure of a purchaser to receive the benefit of his bargain 

is “traditionally the core concern of contract law”). In addition, the economic loss 

rule has not been limited to strict liability actions against product manufacturers

and has been frequently applied in construction cases. See, e.g., 2314 Lincoln Park 

West Condominium Ass’n v. Mann, Gin, Ebel & Frazier, Ltd., 136 Ill. 2d 302 

(1990); Morrow v. L.A. Goldschmidt Associates, Inc., 112 Ill. 2d 87 

(1986); Foxcroft Townhome Owners Ass’n v. Hoffman Rosner Corp., 96 Ill. 2d 150 

(1983); Redarowicz v. Ohlendorf, 92 Ill. 2d 171 (1982). 

¶ 22 The implied warranty of habitability allows the homeowner to recover solely 

for latent defects that interfere with the home’s intended use. Park v. Sohn, 89 Ill. 

2d 453, 461 (1982) (“That warranty, implied in the contract of sale, was that the 

house, when conveyed, would be reasonably suited for its intended use.”). This is 

the definition of pure economic loss under Moorman, i.e., when the product 

disappoints the purchaser’s commercial expectations and does not conform to its 

intended use. Accordingly, under Moorman, the implied warranty of habitability 

cannot be characterized as a tort.

¶ 23 Plaintiff stresses, however, that, unlike most contractual terms that are agreed 

to by the parties, the implied warranty of habitability exists as a matter of law and, 

thus, the warranty is in reality a duty in tort imposed by the courts. Plaintiff is 

correct that the warranty is implied by the courts as a matter of public policy. 

However, an implied term in a contract is no less contractual in nature simply 

because it is implied by the courts, and the fact that a contractual term is imposed 

by law does not automatically convert any cause of action for violating that term 
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into a tort. See, e.g., Woodward v. Chirco Construction Co., 687 P.2d 1269, 1271

(Ariz. 1984) (court’s statement that “the implied warranty of workmanlike 

performance and habitability ‘is imposed by law’ was not meant to transform the 

duty arising out of the contract into one based on tort principles alone”); Aronsohn 

v. Mandara, 484 A.2d 675, 679 (N.J. 1984) (“The implied covenants and terms of a 

contract are as effective components of the agreement as those expressed.”). And 

this point is underscored by the fact that, in Petersen, this court held that the 

implied warranty of habitability may be waived by the purchaser. Petersen, 76 Ill. 

2d at 43. A person may choose not to commence an action in tort, but he cannot 

waive a duty imposed by the courts. This court’s holding in Petersen that the 

implied warranty of habitability is a contractual term that may be waived is a 

conclusive indication that a cause of action for breach of the warranty must be 

based in contract, not tort.

¶ 24 In light of the foregoing, it is clear that to hold the implied warranty of 

habitability is a duty imposed in tort, as plaintiff contends, we would necessarily 

have to recognize a new exception to the Moorman doctrine and also eliminate the 

option of waiver of the warranty. Not only does this implicate principles of 

stare decisis, but it also raises significant practical problems, particularly for

subcontractors. Subcontractors depend upon contract law and their contracts with 

the general contractor to protect and define their risks and economic expectations. 

The subcontractors’ fees and costs are set in relation to their liability exposure,

which is controlled in turn by their contracts. To allow what is, in effect, a tort 

claim to be brought directly against subcontractors by homeowners would 

undermine and, in some instances, render pointless these contractual obligations 

and restraints. Avoiding this outcome and preserving the distinction between tort 

and contract law is the principal point of the economic loss rule. See, e.g., 

Davencourt at Pilgrims Landing Homeowners Ass’n v. Davencourt at Pilgrims 

Landing, LC, 2009 UT 65, ¶ 21, 221 P.3d 234; Ass’n of Apartment Owners of 

Newtown Meadows v. Venture 15, Inc., 167 P.3d 225, 285 (Haw. 2007); Ward

Farnsworth, The Economic Loss Rule, 50 Val. U. L. Rev. 545 (2016). 

¶ 25 As it did in the lower courts, plaintiff points to Minton in support of allowing its 

claims for breach of an implied warranty of habitability to go forward. As noted 

previously, Minton held that where the purchaser of a newly constructed home “has 

no recourse to the builder-vendor and has sustained loss due to the faulty and latent 
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defect in their new home caused by the subcontractor, the warranty of habitability 

applies to such subcontractor.” Minton, 116 Ill. App. 3d at 855. We find Minton

unpersuasive. Because there is no contractual privity between a homeowner and a 

subcontractor, Minton essentially recognized a tort action against subcontractors 

for economic loss where the builder-vendor is bankrupt. Minton said nothing about 

Moorman or why the economic loss rule would not apply, and it did not address 

what effect its holding would have on the contractual relationships between 

subcontractors and general contractors. Further, we can find no authority for the 

idea that a tort duty comes into and out of existence depending on whether another 

entity is bankrupt. For these reasons, Minton is overruled.

¶ 26 Plaintiff also relies on this court’s decision in Redarowicz v. Ohlendorf, 92 Ill. 

2d 171 (1982). In Redarowicz, this court held that the implied warranty of 

habitability could be extended to the second purchaser of a home and, in so holding, 

stated “[p]rivity of contract is not required.” Id. at 183. From this, plaintiff argues 

that this court has already effectively held that a claim for breach of an implied 

warranty of habitability is a tort claim that exists independently of all privity 

concerns. Plaintiff reads Redarowicz too broadly. Reading Redarowicz as plaintiff 

suggests would run counter to the economic loss rule, a rule that Redarowicz itself 

recognized and applied. Id. at 176-78. Instead, as this court recently explained in 

Fattah v. Bim, 2016 IL 119365, Redarowicz stands for a narrower principle.

¶ 27 Redarowicz allowed a subsequent purchaser to enforce the implied warranty of 

habitability because the builder-vendor in that situation “is held to nothing more 

than those obligations that arose from its original contract with the first purchaser.”

Id. ¶ 26. Allowing subsequent purchasers to enforce the implied warranty does 

nothing more than recognize an implied assignment of a first buyer’s warranty 

rights, with the second purchaser “merely stepping into the shoes of the first.” Id.

¶ 34. Redarowicz did not create a tort or tort-like cause of action for economic loss 

and did not expand the class of defendants to include those who were not a party to 

the underlying sales contract. 

¶ 28 Finally, plaintiff contends that denying its causes of action against defendants 

in this case would leave the owners of the condominium units without a judicial 

remedy since TR Sienna is bankrupt. We reject this argument. The fact that a 

defendant may become bankrupt is a possibility faced by every civil litigant. Upon 
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purchase of their condominium units, the homeowners in this case possessed a 

potential cause of action against TR Sienna for breach of the implied warranty of 

habitability (assuming they had not waived the warranty). The fact that TR Sienna 

subsequently became bankrupt does not mean that the homeowners in this case 

were deprived of a remedy by the courts.

¶ 29 Conclusion

¶ 30 The loss that can be recovered under the implied warranty of habitability is for 

disappointed commercial expectation, i.e., pure economic loss. As such, the 

implied warranty of habitability must be a creature of contract, not tort. 933 Van 

Buren Condominium Ass’n v. West Van Buren, LLC, 2016 IL App (1st) 143490, 

¶ 58 (the “argument that the implied warranty of habitability is a tort claim has no 

merit”). Accordingly, we answer the threshold question in this case in the negative. 

The purchaser of a newly constructed home may not pursue a claim for breach of an 

implied warranty of habitability against a subcontractor where there is no 

contractual relationship. Because of our resolution of this issue, we need not 

answer the remaining questions certified by the circuit court. We reverse the 

judgments of the appellate and circuit courts and remand the cause to the circuit 

court with directions to dismiss counts III through VI and count IX of plaintiff’s 

complaint. See, e.g., Bayer AG, 235 Ill. 2d at 558 (reversing the circuit court’s 

underlying order in a Rule 308 appeal); Heidelberger v. Jewel Cos., 57 Ill. 2d 87, 

92-94 (1974) (same).

¶ 31 Certified question answered.

¶ 32 Appellate court judgment reversed.

¶ 33 Circuit court judgment reversed.

¶ 34 Cause remanded.
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¶ 35 JUSTICE KILBRIDE, dissenting:

¶ 36 I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the implied warranty of 

habitability cannot be applied to the subcontractors in this case. In my view, 

applying the implied warranty of habitability to the circumstances here follows 

directly from our case law establishing and later extending the warranty. I would 

hold that plaintiffs may pursue a claim for breach of the warranty directly against 

the subcontractors for their defective work.

¶ 37 This court’s case law establishes that the implied warranty of habitability is 

imposed as a matter of public policy. Redarowicz v. Ohlendorf, 92 Ill. 2d 171, 183 

(1982); Petersen v. Hubschman Construction Co., 76 Ill. 2d 31, 43 (1979). This 

court first recognized the warranty in Petersen. In that case, this court stated the 

implied warranty of habitability is a “judicial innovation” used to give relief to 

purchasers of new homes who subsequently discover latent defects. Petersen, 76 

Ill. 2d at 38. The warranty is implied as a separate covenant in the contract for sale 

because of the “unusual dependent relationship” between the builder-vendor and 

the vendee. Petersen, 76 Ill. 2d at 41. This court explained that construction 

methods had changed and vendees now have little or no opportunity to inspect new 

houses prior to making, in many instances, the largest single investment of their 

lives. Vendees are usually not knowledgeable about construction practices and 

must rely to a substantial degree upon the integrity and skill of the builder-vendor. 

Based on those concerns, this court held an implied warranty of habitability is 

included in the sale of a new house by a builder-vendor. Petersen, 76 Ill. 2d at 

39-40.

¶ 38 In Redarowicz, we extended the implied warranty of habitability to subsequent 

purchasers, again recognizing that the warranty is a “judicial innovation that has 

evolved to protect purchasers of new houses upon discovery of latent defects in 

their homes.” Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 183. While the warranty has roots in the 

contract for sale, this court emphasized that it exists independently and that 

“[p]rivity of contract is not required.” Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 183. Like the initial 

purchaser, a subsequent purchaser has little opportunity to inspect construction 

methods, is usually not knowledgeable about construction practices, and must rely 

to a substantial degree upon the expertise of the builder. Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 

183. Based on those considerations, this court concluded that, “[i]f construction of 
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a new house is defective, its repair costs should be borne by the responsible 

builder-vendor who created the latent defect.” Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 183.

¶ 39 In Redarowicz, this court extended the implied warranty of habitability based 

on the “compelling public policies” recited in Petersen, despite the lack of privity 

of contract between the builder and the subsequent purchaser. Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 

2d at 183. We later explained that a second purchaser may receive the benefit of the 

implied warranty of habitability arising out of a sales contract between the first 

purchaser and the builder-vendor because “he is merely stepping into the shoes of 

the first purchaser.” Fattah v. Bim, 2016 IL 119365, ¶ 34.

¶ 40 This court has also held that the implied warranty of habitability extends to a 

subsequent purchaser seeking damages against a builder who constructed a 

significant addition to an existing residence. VonHoldt v. Barba & Barba 

Construction, Inc., 175 Ill. 2d 426, 432 (1997). The decision in VonHoldt was 

based on the same public policy concerns recited in Petersen and Redarowicz.

VonHoldt, 175 Ill. 2d at 431-32. This court has specifically stated:

“the same original policy considerations have consistently guided the growth of 

this doctrine. The policy, as explained in Petersen, applies the implied warranty 

of habitability to the sale of homes to protect today’s purchasers, who generally 

do not possess the ability to determine whether the houses they have purchased 

contain latent defects. [Citations.] The purchaser needs this protection because, 

in most cases, the purchaser is making the largest single investment of his or her

life and is usually relying upon the honesty and competence of the builder, who, 

unlike the typical purchaser, is in the business of building homes.” Board of 

Directors of Bloomfield Club Recreation Ass’n v. The Hoffman Group, Inc., 

186 Ill. 2d 419, 425 (1999).

¶ 41 Thus, it is beyond question that the implied warranty of habitability was first 

recognized and later extended by this court based on the public policy of protecting 

innocent purchasers. Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 185. The specific purpose of the 

warranty is to protect purchasers’ legitimate expectations by holding 

builder-vendors accountable. Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 185. We have extended the 

warranty to accomplish that purpose despite the lack of privity of contract between 

the parties. Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 183.
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¶ 42 In Minton v. The Richards Group of Chicago, 116 Ill. App. 3d 852, 854-55 

(1983), our appellate court held the warranty is applicable to subcontractors based 

on this court’s established rationale. The appellate court observed that, while the 

warranty is rooted in the contract for sale, it exists independently to protect 

purchasers’ reasonable expectations and privity of contract is not required to 

impose the warranty. Minton, 116 Ill. App. 3d at 854 (citing Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d 

171). Our appellate court, therefore, held that the implied warranty of habitability 

applies to a subcontractor when the purchaser has sustained loss due to a latent 

defect caused by the subcontractor and the purchaser cannot recover from the 

builder-vendor. Minton, 116 Ill. App. 3d at 855.

¶ 43 In my view, the policy considerations underlying the implied warranty of 

habitability support applying the warranty to subcontractors. Similar to the 

builder-vendor, subcontractors are in the business of construction and building 

homes, and they are knowledgeable about construction methods. The purchaser of 

a new home relies not only on the competence and integrity of the builder-vendor 

but also on the competence of the subcontractors. A subcontractor’s work on a new 

home is necessarily performed for the benefit of the purchaser. As with the 

builder-vendor, a purchaser should be able to expect the subcontractor’s work to 

contribute to “a house that is reasonably fit for use as a residence.” See Petersen, 76 

Ill. 2d at 40. The purchaser has a reasonable expectation that subcontractors will 

perform their work competently, and subcontractors should likewise expect to be 

held responsible for the cost to repair latent defects they have caused.

¶ 44 The policy considerations that have consistently guided this court’s decisions 

on whether to extend the implied warranty of habitability strongly favor applying 

the warranty to subcontractors. As we held in Redarowicz, “[i]f construction of a 

new house is defective, its repair costs should be borne by the responsible 

builder-vendor who created the latent defect.” Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 183. That 

statement may be applied equally to a subcontractor who created the latent defect. 

In those circumstances, the costs of repair should be borne by the responsible 

subcontractor, not by the innocent purchaser. See Redarowicz, 92 Ill. 2d at 183. 

¶ 45 In sum, the policy considerations relied upon by this court in first recognizing 

and later extending the implied warranty of habitability apply with equal force here. 

A new home purchaser is necessarily dependent on those constructing the home, 
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including both the builder-vendor and the subcontractors hired by the 

builder-vendor. Petersen, 76 Ill. 2d at 39-41. This court has extended the implied 

warranty based on the policy considerations underlying the warranty without 

regard to privity of contract. Based on those policy considerations, the implied 

warranty of habitability should also be extended to apply directly to subcontractors. 

Plaintiffs should be able to pursue a claim for breach of the warranty directly 

against the subcontractors for their own defective work, regardless of whether the 

builder-vendor is insolvent or whether any other recourse is available. I would 

affirm the appellate court’s decision answering the certified questions in the 

negative. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.