[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 15-13510

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 3:14-cr-00062-RV-EMT-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

PETER MARSHALL DENNIN,

a.k.a. Peter Descamps, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

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(May 10, 2016)

Before MARCUS, WILSON and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Peter Marshall Dennin appeals his conviction and sentence for mail fraud, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341. Dennin’s scheme involved the filing of fraudulent 

claims against British Petroleum (“BP”) following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. 

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On appeal, he argues that: (1) the district court erred by denying his motion for a 

judgment of acquittal because the evidence was insufficient to prove that he caused 

mails to be used in furtherance of a scheme to defraud; (2) the district court plainly 

erred by using the pattern jury instructions for mail fraud, which replaced the 

knowledge element of the crime with a reasonable foreseeability test; (3) the 

district court abused its discretion by denying his counsel’s motion to withdraw 

without making an adequate inquiry into the grounds for the motion; and (4) the 

district court erred in determining the intended loss for sentencing purposes, since

the representations it relied on resulted from a drafting error on his claim form that 

added two amounts included in the form that should have been considered one total 

intended loss. After careful review, we affirm.

We review the denial of a motion for a judgment of acquittal de novo. 

United States v. Evans, 473 F.3d 1115, 1118 (11th Cir. 2006). We review the 

denial of counsel’s motion to withdraw for abuse of discretion. United States v. 

Calderon, 127 F.3d 1314, 1342-43 (11th Cir. 1997). We review a district court’s 

loss calculation for clear error. United States v. Campbell, 765 F.3d 1291, 1301-02 

(11th Cir. 2014). There is no clear error in cases in which the record supports the 

district court’s findings. United States v. Rodriguez, 751 F.3d 1244, 1255 (11th 

Cir.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 310 (2014). Finally, we review issues raised for the 

first time on appeal for plain error. United States v. Bennett, 472 F.3d 825, 831 

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(11th Cir. 2006). To show plain error, the defendant must show (1) an error, (2) 

that is plain, and (3) that affected his substantial rights. United States v. Turner, 

474 F.3d 1265, 1276 (11th Cir.2007). If the defendant satisfies the three 

conditions, we may exercise our discretion to recognize the error if it “seriously 

affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id.

First, we are unpersuaded by his claim that the district court erred by 

denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal. Under the Federal Rules of 

Criminal Procedure, a defendant may move for a judgment of acquittal within 14 

days of a guilty verdict, even if he did not move for a judgment of acquittal at the 

close of evidence. Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(c). A motion for a judgment of acquittal 

under Rule 29(c) preserves issues raised therein for appellate review if they are 

properly raised on appeal. See United States v. Maxwell, 386 F.3d 1042, 1053 

n.13 (11th Cir. 2004), reversed on other grounds, 546 U.S. 801 (2005). 

When the motion raises a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we 

ask whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

prosecution, any rational trier of fact would have found all of the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Eckhardt, 466 

F.3d 938, 944 (11th Cir. 2006). We view the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the government, with all reasonable inferences and credibility choices made in 

the government’s favor. United States v. Hamaker, 455 F.3d 1316, 1332 n.17 

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(11th Cir. 2006). It is not enough for a defendant to put forth a reasonable 

hypothesis of innocence, as the issue is not whether a jury reasonably could have 

acquitted, but whether it reasonably could have found guilt beyond a reasonable 

doubt. United States v. Martin, 803 F.3d 581, 587 (11th Cir. 2015). 

To obtain a conviction for mail fraud, the government must prove that a 

person: (1) intentionally participated in a scheme to defraud another of money or 

property; and (2) used or caused the use of the mails for the purpose of executing 

the scheme. United States v. Ward, 486 F.3d 1212, 1222 (11th Cir. 2007). The 

latter element is satisfied if the scheme’s completion was dependent in some way 

upon information and documents passed through the mails and if the defendant 

acted with knowledge that the use of the mails would follow in the ordinary course

of business or could reasonably be foreseen. Id. The elements of mail fraud can 

be proved by circumstantial evidence. United States v. Robertson, 493 F.3d 1322, 

1330-31 (11th Cir. 2007).

In this case, Dennin only takes issue with the second mail-fraud element --

whether he acted with knowledge that the use of the mails would follow in the 

ordinary course of business or could reasonably be foreseen -- and he has failed 

show that insufficient evidence of this element was presented at trial. As the 

record reveals, a reasonable jury could have concluded, based on circumstantial 

evidence, that it was reasonably foreseeable to Dennin that the mails would be 

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used to pay out his fraudulent claims. Although the previous claims checks 

Dennin had received had been handwritten and handed to him in the claims office 

in Florida, evidence presented at trial showed that Dennin called the claims center 

in Louisiana to inquire about a $4,055 check -- which was the subject of his 

conviction -- after he had been asked to verify his address and submit it. A

reasonable jury could have inferred that when he called Louisiana, seeking to have 

his claim expedited, and did not visit or call his Florida insurance adjuster with 

whom he had previously worked, it was reasonably foreseeable that his check 

would be sent in the mail. Thus, we affirm the district court’s denial of his motion 

for a judgment of acquittal. 

We also reject Dennin’s claim that the district court plainly erred by using 

the pattern jury instructions for mail fraud. While we typically review issues not 

raised below for plain error, when a party agrees with the district court’s proposed 

jury instructions, the doctrine of invited error applies. United States v. Frank, 599 

F.3d 1221, 1240 (11th Cir. 2010). This means that appellate review of those 

instructions is waived even if plain error would result. Id. Invited error occurs 

when a defendant indicates to the district court that the jury instructions are 

acceptable to him. United States v. Fulford, 267 F.3d 1241, 1247 (11th Cir. 2001). 

Here, Dennin indicated that he had no problem with the jury instructions and twice 

declined to object when the district court solicited objections to the manner in 

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which the jury was instructed. Thus, he waived his right to challenge the district 

court’s instructions, and we decline to review this claim.

Next, we find no merit to Dennin’s argument that the district court abused its 

discretion by denying his counsel’s motion to withdraw without making an 

adequate inquiry into the grounds for the motion. To determine whether a district 

court abused its discretion in denying a motion for substitute counsel, we consider 

three factors: (1) the timeliness of the motion, (2) the adequacy of the court’s 

inquiry into the merits, and (3) whether the conflict was “so great that it resulted in 

a total lack of communication between the defendant and his counsel thereby 

preventing an adequate defense.” Calderon, 127 F.3d at 1343. Even if the district 

court abused its discretion, a defendant must demonstrate that he was prejudiced by 

the continuing representation. Id. In Calderon, the defendant asserted that his 

attorney “was derelict in filing proper motions, biased, inexperienced, and 

generally unenthusiastic about representing him.” Id. We held that a far more 

serious breakdown in communication was necessary to warrant reversal. Id.

The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Dennin’s motion in 

this case. For starters, the motion was timely, and the district court heard the 

reasons for Dennin’s dissatisfaction with trial counsel before denying the motion. 

Thus, the only inquiry before us is whether there was a total breakdown in 

communications between Dennin and his counsel, Randall Lockhart, id., and the 

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record indicates that there was no such breakdown. According to Lockhart, he and

Dennin communicated via e-mail and in “long and extended discussions” before 

the motion to withdraw was filed, and at times they had a “meeting of the minds” 

as to strategy. Lockhart and Dennin also testified that the dispute between them 

arose out of a disagreement over the pace of the discovery and pretrial strategy. 

There is no indication, however, that Dennin’s complaint related to anything more 

than mere dissatisfaction with Lockhart’s performance, and it was not so serious as 

to result in a total breakdown that would have prevented putting forward an 

adequate defense. As a result, the district court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying Lockhart’s motion to withdraw from representing Dennin.

Lastly, we are unconvinced by Dennin’s claim that the district court erred in 

determining the intended loss for sentencing purposes. The Sentencing Guidelines 

instruct courts to increase a defendant’s offense level based on the loss attributable 

to that defendant. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1). The 2014 Sentencing Guidelines 

provide a 10-level enhancement for an intended loss of more than $120,000 and 

less than $200,000. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(F) (2014). The guidelines define 

“loss” as the greater of actual loss or intended loss. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 comment. 

n.3(A). Under the 2014 Sentencing Guidelines, intended loss is the “pecuniary 

harm that was intended to result from the offense,” even if the harm was 

“impossible or unlikely to occur.” Id. § 2B1.1 comment. n.3(A)(ii). 

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Proper calculation of the guidelines requires consideration of all relevant 

conduct, not merely charged conduct. Rodriguez, 751 F.3d at 1256. Relevant 

conduct includes all acts and omissions that were part of the same course of 

conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction. U.S.S.G. § 

1B1.3(a)(2). We have recognized that the district court is in a unique position to 

assess the evidence and estimate the loss based upon that evidence, and its 

determination of loss, therefore, is entitled to appropriate deference. United States 

v. Willis, 560 F.3d 1246, 1251 (11th Cir. 2009). The government must prove the 

attributable loss by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Dabbs, 134 

F.3d 1071, 1081 (11th Cir. 1998). 

Here, the district court did not clearly err in determining that an intended 

loss of $142,173.70 was attributable to Dennin for purposes of the guidelines loss 

calculation. As for the $128,849.70 portion of that amount, Dennin’s claims form 

provided that he had total earnings and profits of $128,849.70 in two places. 

Although Dennin’s fraudulent tax returns appear to represent a net profit of only 

$25,368.95, it was not clearly erroneous for the district court to rely on the amount 

that Dennin claimed on his claim form that he submitted to the claims center,

instead of on the supporting tax returns. 

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As for the $13,324 portion of the total loss amount, Dennin did not preserve 

his argument;

1

we therefore review this issue for plain error, and can find none. 

The claims form and tax returns that Dennin submitted to support his claim 

properly could have been construed as though he was claiming $128,849.70 from 

the claims office, in addition to the $13,324 that he had already received from the 

BP emergency payout. Because the district court was in the best position to 

ascertain the amount of loss, we defer to its determination that Dennin’s claim of 

$128,849.70 was in addition to his previous claim for $13,324, and should, 

therefore, be added to it. Accordingly, there was no plain error in calculating a 

total $142,173.70 amount of loss, and we affirm Dennin’s conviction and sentence. 

AFFIRMED.

 1 In his sentencing memorandum, he argued that the $13,324 figure should have been subtracted 

from the $128,849.70 figure because he had “already been paid,” but did not argue that it should 

not have been added to the $128,849.70 figure because it was duplicative.

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