Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads 

to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

In cooperation with the Fox Waterway Agency

U. S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4088
Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads 

to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

In cooperation with the Fox Waterway Agency

U. S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

By Robert T. Kay, Gary P. Johnson, and David L. Schrader

Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4088

De Kalb, Illinois

2000
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Charles G. Groat, Director

The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does

not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

For additional information write to:

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey

221 North Broadway Avenue

Urbana, Illinois 61801

Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey

Branch of Information Services

Box 25286

Denver, CO 80225-0286
Contents III

CONTENTS

Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Results of Previous Investigations ............................................................................................................................... 2

Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 7

Physical Setting ........................................................................................................................................................... 7

Watershed Characteristics.................................................................................................................................. 7

Lake Basin and Shoreline Characteristics ......................................................................................................... 9

Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

Hydrology.............................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Precipitation and Evaporation...................................................................................................................................... 13

Surface Water............................................................................................................................................................... 13

Trevor Creek ...................................................................................................................................................... 15

Storm Drain ....................................................................................................................................................... 17

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake..................................................................................................................... 18

Ground Water............................................................................................................................................................... 21

Lake Stage and Storage ............................................................................................................................................... 24

Hydrologic Budget ...................................................................................................................................................... 24

Water Quality......................................................................................................................................................................... 27

Precipitation................................................................................................................................................................. 27

Trevor Creek ................................................................................................................................................................ 27

Storm Drain ................................................................................................................................................................. 31

Channel Lake Opening ................................................................................................................................................ 34

Ground Water............................................................................................................................................................... 36

Lake Water................................................................................................................................................................... 38

Sediment Budget.......................................................................................................................................................... 49

Nutrient Loads ....................................................................................................................................................................... 50

External Loads............................................................................................................................................................. 51

Internal Loads .............................................................................................................................................................. 55

Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 56

References Cited.................................................................................................................................................................... 57

Appendix 1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999 .................................... 61

Appendix 2. Constituent loads for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, the storm drain at the FS gage, and the 

east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Illinois, May 1998–April 1999............................. 75

Appendix 3. Ground-water-quality data near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999 ............................................................................................................................... 111

Appendix 4. Water-quality data from Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 27, 1998 .................................................................................................................................. 115

FIGURES

1–6. Maps showing:

1. Location of Fox Chain of Lakes system in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin..................................... 3

2. Location of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill.................................................................... 4

3. Location of surface-water gages, monitoring wells, and lake-sampling sites in the vicinity of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill. ...................................................................................... 5

4. Lake Catherine and Channel Lake watershed, Illinois and Wisconsin............................................................. 8

5. Land use in the Lake Catherine and Channel Lake watershed, Illinois and Wisconsin ................................... 10

6. Bathymetry of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 22–23, 1999............................... 11
IV Contents

7–9. Graphs showing:

7. Precipitation at Antioch, Ill., May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999 ............................................................................. 14

8. Stage of Trevor Creek and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999 ........................... 16

9. Mean daily discharge of Trevor Creek at the TC gage, the storm drain at the FS gage, and the east 

opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Ill., May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999 ......................... 17

10–11. Maps showing:

10. Area of surface flow to storm drains in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near 

Antioch, Ill. ...................................................................................................................................................... 19

11. Surficial geology in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill............................... 22

12–14. Graphs showing:

12. Stage-storage relation at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill............................................... 25

13. Total nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen transport curve for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, Ill., 

May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999.......................................................................................................................... 30

14. Selected temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near 

Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 25, 1998 ..................................................................................................... 48

TABLES

1. Well and surface-water gage data, Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill....................................... 13

2. Monthly summary of precipitation and evaporation at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999 ............................................................................................................... 15

3. Volume of flow at the TC, FS, and CLE gages, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April, 1999 ................................... 18

4. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities calculated from slug-test data in wells 1–8 in the vicinity of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill.............................................................................................. 23

5. Hydrologic budget of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999.................... 25

6. Nutrient concentrations in precipitation in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near 

Antioch, Ill., May 23, 1998–April 22, 1999 ........................................................................................................... 27

7. Water-quality data for Trevor Creek at the TC gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999 ................................................................................................... 29

8. Constituent loads for Trevor Creek at the TC gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999 ............................................................................................................... 31

9. Water-quality data for the storm drain at the FS gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999 ................................................................................................... 32

10. Constituent loads for storm drainage at the FS gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999 ............................................................................................................... 33

11. Water-quality data for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Ill., 

May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999................................................................................................................................. 35

12. Constituent loads for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Ill., 

May 1998–April 1999............................................................................................................................................. 37

13. Geometric mean concentrations of nutrients in ground water in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999 ......................................................................... 38

14. Concentration of constituents in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., 

April 21–November 27, 1998 ................................................................................................................................. 39

15. Results of lake-water-quality sampling from site CL1 at a depth of 4.4–22 feet and site LC1 at a 

depth of 5.1–40 feet, Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 25, 1998 ......... 44

16. Ratios of the concentration of total nitrogen to total phosphorus in water from Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 27, 1998............................................................................ 47

17. Calculated trophic state indices for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., 

April 21–November 27, 1998 ................................................................................................................................. 47

18. Sediment budget for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999 ..................... 50

19. Nutrient budget for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999 ....................... 51

20. Estimated nutrient loads from waterfowl to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., 

May 1998–April 1999............................................................................................................................................. 53

21. Load of nutrients flowing into Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from ground water and flowing out of 

the lakes to ground water, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999 ..................................................................... 54
Contents V

CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F = (1.8 × °C) + 32

Multiply By To obtain

Length

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

foot per foot (ft/ft) 0.3048 meter per meter

Area

acre 0.4047 hectare

square foot (ft2) 0.09290 square meter

Volume

cubic foot (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter 

acre-foot (acre-ft) 1,233 cubic meter 

Flow rate

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second 

cubic foot per day (ft3/d) 0.02832 cubic meter per day

Mass

pound, avoirdupois (lb) 0.4536 kilogram 

ton 0.0011 kilogram

Hydraulic conductivity

foot per day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter per day

Velocity

foot per second (ft/s) 0.3048 meter per second

miles per hour (mph) 1.609 kilometer per hour

Application rate

ton per acre (tons/acre) 0.00056 kilogram per hectare

ton per acre per year [(ton/acre)/yr] 0.00056 kilogram per hectare per year

pound per acre per year [(lb/acre)/yr] 1.1208 kilogram per hectare per year

pound per acre per day [(lb/acre)/d] 1.1208 kilogram per hectare per day

pound per day (lb/d) 0.4536 kilogram per day

ton per day (ton/d) 0.00022 kilogram per day
VI Contents

Sea level: In this report, “sea level” refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD

of 1929)—a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both

the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above or below sea level.

Abbreviated water-quality units used in this report: Chemical concentration is given in metric

units. Chemical concentration is given in micrograms per liter (μg/L). Micrograms per liter is a unit

expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight (micrograms) of solute

per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms per liter is equivalent to one milligram

per liter (mg/L).

The following abbreviations are used in this report:

mg/m3 milligrams per cubic meter

μS/cm microSiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius

ml milliliter

L liter

(g/m2)/d grams per square meter per day

mole/L moles per liter

g/L grams per liter
Abstract 1

Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads 

to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

By Robert T. Kay, Gary P. Johnson, and David L. Schrader

Abstract

From April 21, 1998, through April 30, 

1999, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation 

with the Fox Waterway Agency, conducted an 

investigation designed to characterize the hydrology, water quality, hydrologic budget, sediment 

budget, and nutrient budget of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake, Lake County, Illinois. These lakes 

are the northernmost lakes of the Fox Chain of 

Lakes. Lake Catherine and Channel Lake are 

divided into two basins by a submerged ridge 

but are continuous at the surface. The lakes 

are marginally to moderately eutrophic. Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake have a combined 

volume of 7,098 acre-feet at a stage of about 

736.5 feet above sea level. Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake are subject to thermal stratification. 

Although most of the water in the lakes is well 

oxidized, nearly anoxic conditions were present 

at the bottom of Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake during part of the summer in 1998. Water 

enters Lake Catherine and Channel Lake as inflow 

from surface water in the watershed (61.9 percent), 

inflow through the State Highway 173 bridge 

openings (20.7 percent), direct precipitation 

(8.2 percent), inflow from storm drains (7.2 percent), and inflow of ground water (2.0 percent). 

Water exits Lake Catherine and Channel Lake as 

outflow through the State Highway 173 bridge 

openings (87.8 percent), evaporation (7.2 percent), 

and as outflow to ground water (5.0 percent).

About 5,200 pounds of phosphorus 

and 107,200 pounds of nitrogen compounds 

were added to the lakes during the period of 

investigation. Phosphorus compounds were 

derived from primarily internal regeneration 

(40.2 percent), inflow from surface water in 

the watershed (30.9 percent), inflow from storm 

drains (12.5 percent), and inflow through the 

State Highway 173 bridge openings (9.8 percent). 

Inflowing ground water, waterfowl excrement, 

precipitation, and atmospheric deposition of 

particulate matter account for 6.6 percent of 

the phosphorus load. Nitrogen was derived 

from inflow of surface water from within the 

watershed (52.9 percent), internal regeneration 

(19.5 percent), inflow through the State Highway 

173 bridge openings (10.7 percent), precipitation 

(7 percent), and inflow from storm drains (6.5 percent). Inflowing ground water, waterfowl excrement, and atmospheric deposition of particulate 

matter account for about 3.4 percent of the nitrogen load. About 2,220 pounds of phosphorus 

and 52,300 pounds of nitrogen compounds are 

removed from the lakes, primarily through the 

openings at State Highway 173.

Nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and dissolved 

phosphorus are utilized by algae and aquatic 

macrophytes. Uptake of these nutrients by aquatic 

macrophytes and algae temporarily removes them 

from the water column but not from the lake basin. 

Because the amount of nutrients entering the lake 

greatly exceeds the amount leaving, the nutrients 

are concentrated in the sediments at the lake 

bottom, where the nutrients can be used by the 

rooted aquatic macrophytes (rooted aquatic plants 

large enough to be visible to the unaided eye) and 

released to the water column during reducing conditions. The buildup of nitrogen and phosphorus 
2 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

compounds in the lakes has the potential over time 

to stimulate algal and plant growth to nuisance 

levels that have the potential to affect the fishery 

and detract from the aesthetic quality of these 

lakes.

INTRODUCTION

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake are the 

northernmost lakes in the Fox Chain of Lakes system 

in northern Illinois (fig. 1). These lakes are about 

1.5 mi west of the village of Antioch, Illinois. Although 

continuous at the surface, the lake basins are partially 

separated by a submerged ridge. Every year, Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake are used by over 

200,000 people for recreational activities, including 

swimming, boating, fishing, and water skiing (Sefton, 

1978). The lakes are not used for drinking-water supply 

and do not receive discharge from publicly owned 

wastewater-treatment works.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Fox Waterway Agency, conducted an 

investigation of the hydrology and water quality in 

and around Lake Catherine and Channel Lake in the 

northern part of Lake County, Illinois, from May 1, 

1998, through April 30, 1999. This investigation was 

designed to quantify the hydrologic, sediment, and 

nutrient budget of the lakes. This investigation was 

done as part of the Illinois Environmental Protection 

Agency’s (IEPA) Conservation 2000 Illinois Clean 

Lakes Program, which is designed to provide funding 

for investigation and remediation of lakes in Illinois. 

The investigation was designed to provide the data that 

will form the basis for future lake-management strategies to improve the quality of the environment of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake. Many of the previous 

investigations focused on the entire Chain of Lakes 

(fig. 1), extrapolating some of the conclusions about 

hydrology and water quality for Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake. Other investigations focused on specific 

aspects of the water quality of these lakes. The data 

collected for this investigation, and the resulting interpretations, provide a comprehensive understanding of 

the hydrology, water quality, and (to a lesser extent) 

biology of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake on the 

basis of data specific to these lakes (figs. 2, 3).

Results of Previous Investigations

Previous investigations of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake were done as part of an investigation of 

the Fox Chain of Lakes in the mid-1970’s and ongoing 

statewide lake monitoring efforts. Investigations of the 

Fox Chain of Lakes in 1974–75 indicated that, as a 

whole, these lakes were in an advanced state of eutrophication, experiencing problems of luxuriant algal 

blooms, periodic fish kills, excessive sedimentation, 

and offensive odors since the 1940’s (Kothandaraman 

and others, 1977). The nutrients that contributed to 

the eutrophication of the Chain of Lakes were derived 

from primarily surface-water inflow, including streams 

that receive point sources of wastewater discharge 

(Kothandaraman and Evans, 1978 a, b). Internal regeneration of nutrients also was considered to be a source 

of substantial amounts of nutrients in the deeper lakes. 

Ground-water inflow from septic fields and precipitation were not determined to be substantial components 

of the nutrient budget of the Chain of Lakes 

(Kothandaraman and Evans, 1978b).

During a 1-year period from December 1974 

through November 1975, the Fox Chain of Lakes 

retained approximately 4,070 lbs/d of nitrogen and 

630 lbs/d of phosphorus (Kothandaraman and Evans, 

1978b). This amount was determined to be greatly in 

excess of amounts that can be assimilated without 

giving rise to nuisance algal blooms (Kothandaraman 

and Evans, 1978b). Nutrients released from lakebottom sediments under reducing conditions also are 

considered to be sufficient to sustain algal growth 

of bloom proportions in the deeper lakes, including 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake. Phosphorus was 

suggested to be the limiting algal nutrient in the Chain 

of Lakes during previous investigations (Kothandaraman and Evans, 1978a).

The stage of the Chain of Lakes, including 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, is affected by 

the Stratton Lock and Dam across the Fox River at 

McHenry (fig. 1). An elevated stage is maintained by 

the dam during the summer. Stage is lowered in the 

winter by lowering the dam. Flow in the Chain of 

Lakes, including Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

typically is from north to south. However, hydraulic 

gradients are about 0.20 ft/ft between Channel Lake 

and the Stratton Lock and Dam, and occasional reversals in the direction of flow were observed on the Chain 

of Lakes, including Lake Catherine and Channel Lake. 

Some of the reversals in the direction of flow on the Fox 

Chain of Lakes have been attributed to southeasterly 
Introduction 3

Figure 1. Location of Fox Chain of Lakes system in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin.
4 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Figure 2. Location of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois.
Introduction 5

Figure 3. Location of surface-water gages, monitoring wells, and lake-sampling sites in the vicinity of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois.
6 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

winds pushing water to the north (Kothandaraman and 

others, 1977).

The altitude of the bottom of Lake Catherine 

and Channel Lake was measured at four lines of cross 

section in 1975 and compared with the altitude obtained 

in 1964 near the cross sections (Kothandaraman and 

others, 1977, p. 51). Differences in the altitude of the 

lake bottom at the lines of section indicated that a 

maximum of 2–3 ft of sediment was deposited along 

most of the southern part of Channel Lake, with slight 

erosion near the southeastern shore of the lake. Approximately 2–3 ft of erosion was measured along the entire 

transect near the center part of the lake. Sedimentation 

of 7–8 ft was measured near the northern part of Channel Lake. A cross section of the center part of Lake 

Catherine showed some deposition near the shores and 

up to 3 ft of erosion in the center of the lake. The bottom 

sediments at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake contain 

more than 93 percent silt and clay sized particles with 

large amounts of organic material derived from dead 

plants and algae (Kothandaraman and others, 1977, 

p. 9).

Previous measurements of water quality in Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake demonstrated that the 

maximum volume of the anoxic zone during the period 

of thermal stratification in 1975 was 39.9 percent of the 

total volume of Lake Catherine and 31.3 percent of the 

total volume of Channel Lake (Kothandaraman and 

Evans, 1978a). Concentrations of dissolved phosphorus 

and ammonia increased substantially with depth during 

previous investigations, indicating phosphorus and 

ammonia are produced by decomposition of organic 

matter on the lake bottom during anoxic conditions. 

Sediment oxygen demand for Lake Catherine was 

determined to be 12.98 (g/m2)/d at 25°C (Kothandaraman and others, 1977, p. 136). Blue-green algae were 

the dominant algae in both lakes, varying from an average of 55.2 to 70.9 percent of the algal density in these 

lakes. Flagellate (15.5 to 21.0 percent), diatom (8.4 to 

16.3 percent), and green algae (3.8 to 8.6 percent) also 

were detected (Kothandaraman and others, 1977, 

p. 158).

In 1977, Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

were rated in good condition with a high potential for 

exhibiting problems with eutrophication or sediment 

pollution (Sefton, 1978, p. 86). In 1978, statewide 

monitoring of these lakes by the IEPA indicated the 

lakes were considered to be of good quality with a high 

potential for degradation. Moderate problems (occasional occurrences that adversely affect lake use) with 

sediment deposition, algal blooms, and unstable water 

levels were identified for Lake Catherine (Sefton, 

1978). Severe (frequent occurrences that adversely 

affect lake use) problems with sedimentation and moderate problems with algae blooms and unstable water 

levels were identified for Channel Lake. The sources of 

the sedimentation and unstable water levels were not 

identified. The algal blooms were attributed to septic 

systems and agricultural runoff.

In May 1978, an aeration destratification system 

was installed at a depth of 26 ft in Lake Catherine to 

increase the amount of dissolved oxygen in the lake and 

reduce the potential for internal regeneration of nutrients from the bottom sediments (fig. 3). Water-quality 

monitoring was done in Lake Catherine during initial 

operation of the aeration destratification system. Concurrent water-quality monitoring was done in Channel 

Lake during 1978 and subsequent years to provide a 

reference for determining water-quality changes in 

Lake Catherine. Water-quality monitoring demonstrated that the system was able to maintain a dissolved 

oxygen concentration greater than 2.0 mg/L above a 

depth of 26 ft in Lake Catherine, whereas dissolved 

oxygen was practically depleted below 18 ft in Channel 

Lake (Kothandaraman and others, 1979). Aeration had 

no effect on the concentration of nutrients and other 

chemical parameters in Lake Catherine, presumably 

because the aeration system did not extend over the 

entire depth of the lake.

In August 1978, the algicide copper sulfate 

was applied to Lake Catherine to determine the 

effects of reducing algal growth in the lake on water 

quality. The application of copper sulfate improved 

the clarity of Lake Catherine but caused a temporary 

decline in the dissolved oxygen concentration in the 

lake as a whole. This decline in dissolved oxygen 

concentration was assumed to be caused by increased 

oxygen demand created by decomposition of the dead 

algae (Kothandaraman and others, 1979).

During the summer of 1979, the aerator in Lake 

Catherine was moved to a depth of 34 ft in an attempt 

to expand the oxygenated area of the lake. Four times 

during the summer of 1979, copper sulfate was applied 

to reduce the amount of algae in the lake and to shift the 

algal communities away from dominance by blue-green 

algae. Twice during the summer, potassium permanganate was applied to the lake to help raise dissolved 

oxygen concentrations, which may have been 

lowered by the oxygen demand from decaying algae 

(Kothandaraman and others, 1980). The aerator 
Physical Setting 7

increased the depth at which dissolved oxygen was 

detected in Lake Catherine but was not sufficient to 

aerate the entire lake. Secchi transparency was 

improved by the application of copper sulfate, but 

transparency decreased within 10 days of application, 

at least partially due to the effect of untreated water 

flowing in from Channel Lake. Aeration and algicide 

application reduced the algal density in Lake Catherine 

and decreased the dominance of blue-green algae. 

Treatment also reduced the concentrations of those 

components of water quality affected by anaerobic 

decomposition of lake-bottom sediments, including 

silica, alkalinity, dissolved and total phosphorus, and 

ammonia, in the deep parts of Lake Catherine.

Additional water-quality monitoring of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake by the Lake County 

Health Department during the summer of 1981, a 

period of aerator use and herbicide and algicide 

application, indicated the aerator improved the

amount of dissolved oxygen in Lake Catherine 

and algicide application improved the Secchi 

transparency. These treatments had little or no 

affect on nutrient concentrations, temperature, 

pH, or the plankton community in Lake Catherine 

(Moylan and others, 1983). The aerator still operates 

during the summer months.

Aquatic macrophytes (plants visible to the 

unaided eye), including coontail, elodea, and milfoil, 

were observed throughout the lakes during the summer 

of 1998 (Mark Pfister, Lake County Health Department, oral commun., 1999). In addition, dense blooms 

of filamentous algae (algal mats) were reported during 

recent summers, including the summer of 1998. The 

proliferation of aquatic macrophytes and algae detracts 

from the aesthetic quality of the lakes, impedes recreational uses, and causes changes in water chemistry that 

have the potential to affect the fishery (Engel, 1990).

Purpose and Scope

This report presents the results of an investigation 

designed to determine the sources of the nutrients and 

sediment contributing to the eutrophication of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake. In addition to a description of the surface- and ground-water hydrology of the 

area, the results of surface-water-flow measurements, 

precipitation measurements, aquifer testing, surfaceand ground-water-level measurements, water-quality 

sampling, and waterfowl counts in the vicinity of 

these lakes are presented. Water-quality samples were 

collected from precipitation, ground water, streams, 

storm drains, and near the surface and the bottom of the 

lakes. Water-quality samples were analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, and volatile and total 

suspended solids. Lake water also was analyzed for 

temperature and dissolved-oxygen content with depth. 

The report presents the hydrologic budget, sediment 

budget, and nutrient budget for the lakes. The nutrient 

limiting algal growth and the trophic state of the lakes 

also are determined. Investigation results are based on 

data collected between April 21, 1998, and April 30, 

1999, and will be used to develop remediation strategies 

for these lakes.

Physical Setting

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake are in the 

Wheaton Morainal Country of the Great Lakes 

Section of the Central Lowland Physiographic 

Province (Leighton and others, 1948). The Wheaton 

Morainal Country is characterized by knob and kettle 

topography with numerous kames. The landscape of 

the investigation area and its surroundings were shaped 

principally by the action of water and glacial ice. The 

major landforms were shaped by the last glaciers to 

cover northern Illinois, which formed in the Valparaiso 

Morainic System. The Valparaiso Morainic System is 

composed of a broad series of moraine ridges with 

interspersed undrained depressions containing small 

lakes and swamps filled with peat and muck. Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake occupy a kettle depression 

between the ridges of the Valparaiso Morainic System.

Watershed Characteristics

The boundaries of the surface-drainage basin, 

or watershed, of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

were determined from the USGS 1:24,000 topographic 

quadrangle maps of the area (figs. 2, 4). The watershed 

boundary is approximately defined by Illinois State 

Highway 173 to the south (fig. 1), the surface drainage 

to Trevor Creek to the northeast, the surface drainage 

to the unnamed creek that enters Channel Lake to the 

northwest, direct drainage to Lake Catherine to the east, 

and direct drainage to Channel Lake and the wetlands 

to the west. Trevor Creek and the unnamed creek 

received flow from, or flow into, other lakes in the 

watershed prior to entering Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake. Most of the drainage area for the 

lakes is in Wisconsin. The altitude of the land surface 
8 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Figure 4. Lake Catherine and Channel Lake watershed, Illinois and Wisconsin.
Physical Setting 9

at the watershed boundary exceeds 810 ft above sea 

level in much of the northern and eastern parts of 

the watershed, is typically less than 790 ft above sea 

level in the southeastern part of the watershed, and 

is between 790 and about 750 ft above sea level at 

the western and southern boundaries. The surface 

area of the watershed, including Lake Catherine, 

Channel Lake, and the other lakes, was calculated 

to be 12,379 acres (fig. 2).

The watershed shown in figures 2 and 4 represents the area of surface drainage to Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake during typical flow conditions when flow 

is out of the lakes to the south. During periods of flow 

reversal, when water enters Channel Lake (and Lake 

Catherine) from the south, the watershed theoretically 

includes the Fox River watershed in southern Wisconsin, including the lower part of the Chain of Lakes 

(fig. 1).

Land use in the watershed was calculated from 

land-use coverages obtained from the WISCLAND 

Land Cover (1998) and the Illinois Department of 

Natural Resources (1996). The coverage was updated 

by field surveys done by USGS personnel in 1999. 

The land use was placed in a polygon coverage and 

analyzed using ARC/INFO software (fig. 5). The landuse coverages indicate that in 1995 about 4,161 acres 

(33.6 percent) of the land use in the watershed was 

classified as cropland. About 2,992 acres (24.2 percent) 

of the land use was classified as urban and urban grassland. About 2,341 acres (18.9 percent) of the land use 

was classified as forest. About 1,372 acres (11.1 percent) of the land use was classified as wetland. About 

1,184 acres (9.5 percent) of the land use was classified 

as open water. About 329 acres (2.7 percent) of the land 

use was unclassified or classified as barren.

The surface-drainage area of the watershed 

upstream from Trevor Creek at the TC gage and the 

area served by the storm drainage at the FS gage 

also were determined from the USGS 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle maps of the area and entered into 

polygon coverages (fig. 2). Using ARC/INFO software, 

the surface-drainage area of Trevor Creek upstream 

from the TC gage was determined to be 2,272 acres, 

which is 18.34 percent of the total watershed.

Land use in the part of the watershed that 

drains to Trevor Creek at the TC gage was determined 

to be 42.6 percent cropland, 24.3 percent urban and 

urban grassland, 17.7 percent forest, 6.8 percent open 

water, 6.2 percent wetland, and 2.4 percent barren or 

unclassified land. These percentages are fairly representative of the entire watershed.

Lake Basin and Shoreline Characteristics

A bathymetric survey of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake was done by USGS personnel on 

April 22–23, 1999. On these dates, the altitude of 

the lake surface was about 737.30 ft above sea 

level, which is about 0.80 ft above the normal lake 

stage for the period of record (1939–present), 736.50 ft 

(Sefton, 1978; Kothandaraman and others, 1979). The 

bathymetric survey involved making approximately 

40 transects of the lakes at a spacing of about 100 ft 

between transects. Readings of horizontal location 

and depth to the bottom of the lake were collected at 

intervals of approximately 1 ft along each transect. 

Horizontal location was measured using a differentially 

corrected global positioning system, typically accurate 

to within 3 ft. Depth to the bottom of the lake was measured using a digital fathometer accurate to within 6 in. 

under choppy lake-surface conditions that were present 

at the time of the survey. Horizontal location and depth 

measurements were contoured using a contouring package in ARC/INFO (lattice contour) to produce a bathymetric map (fig. 6).

Based on the bathymetric survey, the maximum 

depths of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake were about 

40 and 36 ft, respectively, at a stage of 737.30 ft above 

sea level. These values indicate that the maximum 

depth of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake at their 

normal stage of 736.5 ft above sea level would be about 

39 and 35 ft, respectively.

In 1975, bathymetric surveys were done along a 

line of section in Lake Catherine and along 3 lines of 

section along Channel Lake (Kothandaraman and 

others, 1977). The stage of the lakes during these 

measurements was 736.89 ft. The maximum depths of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake measured during 

this survey were approximately 39 and 37 ft, respectively. A bathymetric survey of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake also was done in May 1989 (Austen, 

1993). The lake stage during the survey was about 

737.1 ft, and the maximum measured depths of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake were greater than 39 and 

35 ft, respectively. Adjusting for differences in stage, 

the amount of lake bottom surveyed, and the number 

of measurements made, a substantial decrease in the 

maximum depth of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

is not indicated.
10 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Figure 5. Land use in the Lake Catherine and Channel Lake watershed, Illinois and Wisconsin.
Physical Setting 11

Figure 6. Bathymetry of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, April 22–23, 1999.

A ridge at a depth of less than 8 ft is present 

between the lakes, separating the deepest parts of the 

lake basins (fig. 6). A smaller basin is in the southern 

part of each lake. The smaller basin is defined by the 

36-ft contour in the southern part of Lake Catherine 

and the 24-ft contour near the narrow part of southern 

Channel Lake.

The steepest parts of the lake basins are in the 

southwestern part of Lake Catherine and southern 

part of Channel Lake. The slope (change in depth 

divided by change in horizontal distance over which 

depth is measured) of the lake bottom from the water 

surface to the deepest part of Lake Catherine ranges 

from 1.7 × 10-2 to 5.0 × 10-2 ft/ft. The slope of the lake 
12 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

bottom from the surface to the deepest part of Channel 

Lake ranges from 6.5 × 10-3 to 2.9 × 10-2 ft/ft. The 

slopes of both lake bottoms are higher in the east-west 

direction than in the north-south direction.

Using ARC/INFO software and USGS quadrangle maps, the total surface area of Lake Catherine 

and Channel Lake was calculated to be 487 acres at a 

stage of 737.3 ft above sea level. The surface area of 

Channel Lake was calculated to be 337 acres, which 

is more than twice the surface area of Lake Catherine 

(150 acres). If the area of the watershed that drains to 

the lakes is approximately 12,379 acres, the ratio of the 

area of the surface-drainage basin to surface area of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake is approximately 

25:1.

The volume of the lakes during the bathymetric 

survey was calculated from the bathymetric data using 

the ARC/INFO software. At a stage of 737.30 ft above 

sea level, the volume of Lake Catherine was calculated 

to be 2,500 acre-ft, the volume of Channel Lake was 

calculated to be 4,895 acre-ft, resulting in a total 

volume of 7,395 acre-ft. If this volume of water were 

spread evenly over the 12,379 acres of the watershed, 

the water depth would be about 0.60 ft.

The mean depth of Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake was calculated by dividing the volume of each 

lake by its surface area. A mean depth of 16.7 and 

14.5 ft was calculated for Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake, respectively, at a stage of 737.3 ft above sea level. 

The mean depth of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

would be about 15.9 and 13.7 ft, respectively, at their 

normal stage of 736.5 ft.

Lake Catherine has about 9,715 ft of shoreline, 

an estimated 98 percent of which has been developed 

for residential use (Sefton, 1978). An estimated 2 percent of the Lake Catherine shoreline consists of park or 

woodland. Retaining walls are along most of the Lake 

Catherine shoreline where it has been developed for 

residential use. Channel Lake has about 17,793 ft of 

shoreline, an estimated 90 percent of which has been 

developed for residential use. An estimated 5 percent of 

the Channel Lake shoreline is woodland and 5 percent 

is wetland (Sefton, 1978). Retaining walls are along 

most of the Channel Lake shoreline where it has been 

developed for residential use.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their thanks to the individuals 

and associations listed below who provided assistance 

with data collection or allowed the USGS to install 

monitoring sites on their property: Mr. Bachan, 

Mr. Droegkamp, Mr. and Ms. Gance, Mr. and 

Ms. Gifford, Mr. and Ms. Martini, Mr. Mentone, 

Mr. and Ms. Schroeder, Mr. Stanek, Mr. Otter, Felters 

Subdivision Homeowners Association, and Channel 

Lake Bluffs Subdivision Homeowners Association. 

The authors also thank Ms. Ingrid Enriquez, Director 

of the Fox Waterway Agency; Mr. Gregg Goode and 

Ms. Amy Walkenbach of the Illinois Environmental 

Protection Agency; and the Lake County Health 

Department for their assistance during the investigation.

HYDROLOGY

The components to the hydrology of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake include precipitation, evaporation, stormwater runoff, inflow and outflow of surface 

water, and the interaction between ground water and the 

lakes. Each component affects the water level in the 

lakes and the amount of nutrients that enter and leave 

the lakes.

The USGS installed surface-water gages on 

Trevor Creek, Lake Catherine, a storm drain into 

Lake Catherine, and the Channel Lake openings (fig. 3, 

table 1). The gage at Trevor Creek was installed to 

determine the amount of flow in the creek at that point. 

The gage on Lake Catherine was installed to determine 

the altitude of the lake surface. The gage in the storm 

drain was installed to determine the volume of water 

flowing to the lake through that drain. The gage on the 

western opening of Channel Lake is part of the USGS 

routine monitoring network and was used to determine 

the stage of the lake. The gage on the eastern opening 

of Channel Lake was installed to determine the direction and volume of flow through the opening. Stage and 

flow data collected at the gages were combined with 

geographic information and water-quality data to quantify the amount of water, sediment, and nutrients added 

to and removed from the lakes from surface-water 

sources.

The USGS installed eight ground-watermonitoring wells to characterize the interaction 

between surface water and ground water in the area 

(fig. 3, table 1). Surface- and ground-water-level data 

were combined with the results of hydraulic testing and 

water-quality sampling to quantify the amount of water 

and nutrients added to the lake by inflow from ground 
Hydrology 13

1Depth of bottom of open interval equals depth of well.

Table 1. Well and surface-water gage data, Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill.

Ground-watermonitoring

well name

Latitude/longitude

(degrees, minutes, seconds)

Depth of

open interval

(feet below

 land surface)1

Land-surface

altitude

(feet above

sea level)

Measuring-point

altitude

(feet above

sea level)

1 42°29′26′′/88°07′35′′ 5–15 742.4 741.85

2 42°28′48′′/88°09′10′′ 5–15 758.2 760.87

3 42°28′24′′/88°08′55′′ 4–14 741.2 743.78

4 42°29′09′′/88°07′24′′ 10–20 746.0 745.74

5 42°28′55′′/88°07′32′′ 7–17 740.6 743.23

6 42°28′58′′/88°07′57′′ 9–19 746.3 748.91

7 42°29′00′′/88°08′37′′ 29–39 739.2 741.54

8 42°28′43′′/88°08′16′′ 8–18 737.8 739.76

Surface-water

gage name

Latitude/longitude

(degrees, minutes, seconds) Surface-water body monitored

TC 42°30′23′′/88°07′12′′ Trevor Creek

NA 42°29′24′′/88°07′25′′ Trevor Creek at North Avenue

CLE 42°28′44′′/88°08′16′′ Channel Lake east outlet

CLW 42°28′20′′/88°08′50′′ Channel Lake west outlet

LC 42°28′55′′/88°07′33′′ Lake Catherine

FS 42°29′06′′/88°07′30′′ Storm drainage

water and the amount of water and nutrients removed 

from the lake by outflow to ground water.

Data from USGS and National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) rain gages in 

Antioch were used to determine the amount of water 

added to the lake from precipitation. The amount of 

precipitation was combined with the results of waterquality sampling of the precipitation to quantify the 

nutrient load to the lakes from precipitation. Climate 

data were obtained from published sources to determine the amount of evaporation from the lake.

Precipitation and Evaporation

The amount of precipitation at the USGS and 

NOAA rain gages (located within 100 ft of each other) 

in the village of Antioch (fig. 1) was measured daily 

from May 1, 1998, through April 30, 1999 (fig. 7). 

Although at least one of the gages was functional 

throughout the period of investigation, neither gage 

functioned for the entire period of investigation. 

Therefore, the highest monthly total measured at 

either gage was assumed for the study (table 2).

During the investigation, the total amount of 

precipitation measured at the Antioch gages was 

34.70 in. (table 2), which was 1.07 in. less than the 

normal annual precipitation measured at this station 

from 1961 through 1990 (National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, 1998). Precipitation 

varied from a low of slightly more than 1.0 in. in 

February and March 1999 to a high of 6.80 in. in 

April 1999.

During the investigation, the amount of monthly 

evaporation from the lakes was calculated from temperature data obtained at the NOAA gage in Antioch, on 

the basis of the technique of Hamon (1961) (table 2). 

The total amount of evaporation during the period of 

investigation was calculated to be 29.69 in., which 

was 5.01 in. less than the amount of precipitation. 

Evaporation varied from less than 0.50 in. in 

January 1999 to 5.18 in. in July 1998.

Surface Water

The surface-water bodies of concern to this 

investigation are Trevor Creek, Lake Catherine, 

Channel Lake, and the storm drainage to Lake 

Catherine from the Felter’s subdivision. Data have 

been obtained from representative areas at each of 

the surface-water bodies.
14 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, IllinoisFigure 7. Precipitation at Antioch, Ill., May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999.
Hydrology 15

Table 2. Monthly summary of precipitation and evaporation at Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999

[+, precipitation exceeds evaporation; −, evaporation exceeds precipitation]

Month and year

Precipitation measured

at Antioch gage

(inches)

Calculated amount of

evaporation at

Lake Catherine

and Channel Lake

(inches)

Difference, amount

of precipitation

and evaporation

(inches)

May 1998 3.00 3.68 −0.68

June 1998 4.84 4.67 +.17

July 1998 1.63 5.18 −3.55

August 1998 2.73 4.67 −1.94

September 1998 2.78 3.07 −.29

October 1998 4.62 1.59 +3.03

November 1998 1.96 .86 +1.10

December 1998 1.90 .52 +1.38

January 1999 2.33 .43 +1.90

February 1999 1.07 .98 +.09

March 1999 1.04 1.17 −.13

April 1999 6.80 2.87 +3.93

Total 34.70 29.69 +5.01

Trevor Creek

Trevor Creek was monitored using standard 

USGS methods (Rantz and others 1982a, b). A 

stilling well was mounted to the downstream side of 

the bridge over the creek at Rock Lake Road, and a 

datalogger recorded the surface-water altitude (stage) 

every 15 minutes. The stage of Trevor Creek at the 

TC gage during the investigation ranged from 742.80 ft 

above sea level in mid-August 1998 to 745.75 ft above 

sea level on April 23, 1999 (fig. 8). The high stages 

measured periodically during most of the investigation 

reflect primarily overland runoff and stormwater discharge to the creek associated with precipitation events 

(compare figs. 7 and 8). The high stage measured in late 

January through mid-February 1999 reflects primarily 

overland runoff of water from widespread snowmelt in 

the basin. The stage of the creek typically rose quickly 

after precipitation events, cresting within 2 days then 

declined asymptotically toward the altitude of the 

streambed at about 742.5 ft above sea level.

On the basis of 15 streamflow measurements 

collected over a range of stages, a simple stagedischarge relation was computed for Trevor Creek. The 

stage-discharge relation was used to calculate the mean 

daily discharge at the TC gage from the measured stage 

values (fig. 9). Mean daily discharge ranged from 

approximately 1.0 × 10-1 ft3

/s in late July and parts 

of August 1998 to 7.3 × 101

 ft3/s on April 23, 1999, 

following a time of large amounts of precipitation.

The mean daily discharge of Trevor Creek at the 

TC gage was multiplied by the number of seconds per 

day (86,400) to obtain the volume of flow (in cubic feet) 

past the gage on a daily basis. Daily values were totaled 

to determine the volume of flow past the gage each 

month and converted from cubic feet to acre-feet 

(table 3). The total volume of water flowing past the 

TC gage was 250 acre-ft in May 1998 and declined to 

9 acre-ft during the dry part of the growing season in 

August 1998. The volume of water measured at the TC 

gage after August 1998 increased overall to nearly 

350 acre-ft during the period of snowmelt and precipitation in January and February 1999, decreased substantially in March 1999, and reached a maximum of 

more than 550 acre-ft in response to the large amount of 

precipitation during April 1999. The volume of water 

flowing through Trevor Creek at the TC gage totaled 

more than 1,940 acre-ft during the period of investigation.

The stage of Trevor Creek at the NA gage (fig. 3) 

was determined by measuring the depth to water from a 

point of known altitude at the gage on May 11, June 11, 

July 13, August 8, September 14, and September 24, 

1998, and on March 16, 1999. The stage of Trevor 

Creek at the NA gage on these dates was from 3.52 

to 6.67 ft lower than the stage measured at the TC 

gage. The distance along Trevor Creek between the TC 

and NA gages is approximately 6,700 ft (fig. 3), indicating Trevor Creek has a gradient from 5.25 × 10-4

to 9.96 × 10-4 ft/ft along this reach. On June 11 and 

July 13, 1998, attempts to measure the flow of Trevor 

Creek at the NA gage were unsuccessful because water 

velocity was too low to be detected.
16 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Figure 8. Stage of Trevor Creek and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999.
Hydrology 17

Figure 9. Mean daily discharge of Trevor Creek at the TC gage, the storm drain at the FS gage, and the east 

opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Ill., May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999.

Storm Drain

The flowmeter at the FS gage measured stage and 

water velocity through the drainage pipe from May 1, 

1998, through April 31, 1999. Stage and velocity data 

were measured at 5- or 10-minute intervals and combined with the area of the pipe through which water was 

flowing at the measured stage to determine the instantaneous discharge at the storm drain. Data are missing 

from parts of May, July, and August 1998 and part of 

January 1999. The volume of flow through the storm 

drain during the periods of missing record was estimated by comparing the measured amounts of flow 

and precipitation during the period of record in a given 

month then using the measured precipitation for that 

month to extrapolate the total volume of flow.

Prior to mid-August 1998, the storm drain 

monitored by the FS gage received all drainage 

from a subdivision along the east-central part of 

Lake Catherine (fig. 10). After mid-August, the storm 

drain was connected to a retention pond that drains a 

new subdivision that was being developed. The area 

of drainage to the FS gage was 31.65 acres prior to 

mid-August, or about 13.6 percent of the area near Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake served by storm drains 

at that time. The combined area drained by the storm 

drain at the FS gage increased to 134.57 acres after 

mid-August, or about 40.1 percent of the area near Lake 
18 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Table 3. Volume of flow at the TC (Trevor Creek), FS (storm drain), and CLE (east opening of Channel Lake) gages, near Antioch Ill., 

May 1998–April 1999

[−, denotes flow into Channel Lake through opening]

Month and year

Measured volume

of flow on

Trevor Creek

at the TC gage

(acre-feet)

Measured volume

of flow through

storm drain at FS gage

(acre-feet)

Estimated volume of

flow through storm drain

at FS gage including

low-flow estimates

(acre-feet)

Measured volume

of flow from

Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake through

Route 173 bridge opening

at the CLE gage

(acre-feet)

Measured volume

of flow into

Lake Catherine and

Channel Lake through

Route 173 bridge opening

at the CLE gage

(acre-feet)

May 1998 250 0.068 11.1 1,418 −126

June 1998 92 1.14 11.8 426 −442

July 1998 41 .066 11.1 943 −138

August 1998 9 .003 11.1 254 −309

September 1998 14 .26 10.9 359 −277

October 1998 55 1.46 12.5 911 −178

November 1998 60 .42 11.1 1,472 −580

December 1998 54 1.04 12.1 1,069 −181

January 1999 299 47.64 58.3 1,150 −486

February 1999 349 14.76 22.2 2,621 −24

March 1999 166 5.76 16.4 959 −328

April 1999 555 37.97 46.9 1,732 −151

Total 1,944 110.587 235.5 13,314 −3,220

Catherine and Channel Lake served by the storm drains. 

However, the water level in the retention basin did not 

rise to the level where water flowed into the storm drain 

until January 1999. The storm drain at the FS gage 

drained the smaller part of the basin for that part of the 

investigation from May 1 to December 31, 1998.

The measured instantaneous discharge 

through the storm drain at the FS gage ranged from 

0.0 to 26.43 ft3

/s and was highest following precipitation events and snowmelt. Discharge also was higher 

during January–April 1999, when the storm drain 

received water from a larger area, than during May–

December 1998. Flow through the storm drain was 

observed almost every time the FS gage was serviced 

or water-quality samples were taken. However, water 

velocities during most of these periods were below the 

detection limit of the flowmeter. The inability of the 

flowmeter to measure low-flow velocities indicates 

some flow through the storm drain during the entire 

period of investigation, but most of the flow could 

not be measured. Therefore, five field measurements 

of the discharge rate were made at the FS gage during 

low-flow periods. Flow rates ranged from 6.4 × 10-2 to 

4.4 × 10-1 ft3

/s, with a mean of 1.8 × 10-1 ft3/s. Nonsewage wastewater from private residences and inflow from 

shallow ground water appear to be the source of water 

moving through the storm drain during periods of no 

precipitation.

Instantaneous discharge measurements 

recorded by the flowmeter at the FS gage were 

multiplied by the number of seconds between 

measurements (either 300 or 600 seconds) and 

totaled on a daily (fig. 9) and monthly basis (table 3) 

to determine the measured volume of flow past the 

gage. Approximately 110 acre-ft of water was measured to have flowed through the storm drain during 

the investigation (table 3), excluding that flow too low 

to be detected by the flowmeter. Less than 0.1 acre-ft 

of flow was detected by the flowmeter at the FS gage 

during May, July, and August 1998. More than 

10 acre-ft of water was detected flowing past the gage 

during snowmelt periods in January and February 1999 

and during the period of large amounts of precipitation 

in April 1999. The substantial increase in the volume 

of flow through the storm drain in January–April 1999 

can be partially attributed to the increase in the acreage 

feeding into the storm drain. If the mean discharge of 

0.18 ft3

/s measured at the storm drain during periods 

of low flow is multiplied by the number of seconds 

per day when flow was not detected by the flowmeter, 

the estimated volume of water flowing through the 

storm drain during the period of investigation more 

than doubles to about 235 acre-ft (table 3).

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake

An acoustic velocity meter (Laenen, 1985) 

was used at the CLE gage to measure lake stage and 

the rate and direction of flow through the channel at the 

east opening of Channel Lake (figs. 2, 3). Stage was 
Hydrology 19

Figure 10. Area of surface flow to storm drains in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill.
20 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

measured every 15 minutes using a sonic transducer 

connected to the acoustic velocity meter. Water 

discharges for the gage were computed on the basis of 

an index-velocity rating (Rantz and others, 1982a, b) 

because of the backwater conditions periodically 

present at the gage. The water velocities at the CLE 

gage usually were less than 0.2 ft/s, making accurate 

measurements using a Price AA meter impossible; 

therefore, discharges were measured using an acoustic 

Doppler current profiler (Simpson and Oltmann, 1993) 

for calibration purposes. Doppler flowmeter surveys of 

the channel near the CLE gage were done on July 29, 

1998, September 15, 1998, and April 28, 1999. Streamflow was measured at the CLE gage on April 23, 1999.

Stage was measured every 15 minutes at the 

CLW gage. This gage is inside a stilling well and 

has been monitored by the USGS since October 1939 

(Wicker and others, 1998). Specifics of the operation 

and maintenance of the stilling well are described by 

Rantz and others (1982a, b). Backwater conditions and 

reversals in flow directions did not allow for development of a stage-discharge relation at this gage.

Measurements from the NA, LC, CLE, and CLW 

gages indicate the stage of Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake essentially was identical at any given time during 

the period of investigation. Stage readings fluctuated 

more at the CLE gage than at the CLW gage. Differences in the amount of fluctuation in stage readings 

were caused by the rapid measurement speed of the 

acoustic stage sensor at the CLE gage, which was measuring the peaks and troughs of waves in the channel. 

Waves also have some affect on the stage readings at the 

LC and NA gages. The stage sensor at the CLW gage 

was contained in a stilling well, which is designed to 

restrict the interference caused by waves. Because of 

the long period of record and the relative stability of the 

measurements, the discussion of the stage of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake will be based on the data 

collected at the CLW gage.

The stage of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

measured at the CLW gage (figs. 2, 3), from May 1, 

1998, through April 30, 1999, ranged from 735.60 ft

during a period of ice cover in January 1999 to 738.47 ft 

above sea level following a storm in late April (fig. 8). 

The mean water level of the lakes during the investigation was 736.91 ft above sea level, slightly higher 

than the mean stage of 736.5 ft reported by previous 

investigators (Sefton, 1978; Kothandaraman and 

others, 1979). The highest stage ever recorded at the 

CLW gage was 741.29 ft above sea level in April 1960 

(Wicker and others, 1998). The lowest stage ever 

recorded at this gage was 734.65 ft above sea level 

in January 1977. The lake stage measured during the 

current investigation was within the stage of record.

The stage of Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake is affected primarily by operations at the 

Stratton Lock and Dam across the Fox River at 

McHenry (fig. 1). During the period from May 1 

through late October 1998, the Stratton Lock and 

Dam was closed, and the stage of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake was greater than 737 ft above sea level 

during much of this period (fig. 8). In November 1998, 

the Stratton Lock and Dam was opened to increase the 

outflow of water, and the stage of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake dropped to about 735.8 ft above sea 

level. The dam was closed again in late February 1999, 

resulting in a gradual increase in the stage of the lakes 

to above 737 ft.

In addition to dam operations, the stage of the 

lakes also is affected by natural processes. The stage 

of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake showed several 

peaks associated with precipitation events throughout 

the period of investigation, as well as a large peak associated with snowmelt in January and February 1999 

(compare figs. 7 and 8). The elevated lake stage associated with precipitation events other than the snowmelt 

typically lasted for 5–10 days. Peaks in the hydrograph 

at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake typically lagged 

behind those peaks at Trevor Creek (fig. 8), reflecting 

the effects of flow from a larger watershed. In addition, 

a number of peaks and troughs in the lake stage were 

associated with wind action on the lake surface. Wind 

direction and velocity were measured at Grass Lake 

during the investigation (fig. 1).

During the investigation, flow through the 

east outlet of Channel Lake was both into and out of 

Channel Lake. Data from the acoustic velocity meter 

at the CLE gage indicate flow into Channel Lake at 

the east opening during about 21 percent of the period 

of investigation and flow out of Channel Lake at the 

east opening during about 79 percent of the period of 

investigation. The maximum instantaneous discharge 

measured out of Channel Lake at the CLE gage was 

463 ft3

/s on November 11, 1998. The maximum instantaneous discharge measured into Channel Lake at the 

CLE gage was −698 ft3

/s on November 10, 1998 

(negative values denote discharge into the lake, positive 

values denote discharge out of the lake). The mean daily 

discharge measured out of Channel Lake at the CLE 

gage ranged from 0.1 ft3

/s on August 28, 1998, to 
Ground Water 21

179 ft3/s on November 11, 1998 (fig. 9). The mean 

daily discharge measured into Channel Lake at the 

CLE gage ranged from −0.23 ft3

/s on April 9, 1999, 

to −235 ft3/s on November 10, 1998.

An unusual pattern in the discharges at the CLE 

gage was noted on days when more than 0.5 in. of rain 

was recorded and the stage in Channel Lake rose by 

0.5 ft. The pattern would start with the typical discharge 

out of Channel Lake (about 10 to 20 ft3

/s), water would 

eventually flow into Channel Lake at a rate of −100 to 

−300 ft3

/s, and after the lake stage peaked, water would 

flow out of Channel Lake at a rate of 100 to 200 ft3/s.

Strong winds from the southwest occasionally 

pushed water from the southern parts of the Fox Chain 

of Lakes upstream into Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake. The most dramatic occurrence of wind-induced 

inflow to Channel Lake occurred on November 10, 

1998, a period when the wind speeds were measured at 

over 30 mph at the Stratton Lock and Dam in McHenry 

(Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 1999). Discharge at the CLE gage decreased from 69 ft3

/s flowing 

out of the lake to −698 ft3

/s flowing into the lake, the 

highest instantaneous discharge measured into the lake 

during the investigation. As the wind lessened, discharge out of Channel Lake at the CLE gage rose to 

463 ft3

/s, the highest instantaneous discharge measured 

out of the lake during the investigation. The water level 

at the CLE gage increased by more than 1 ft during a 

20-hour span on November 9–10, 1998.

On April 8–9, 1998, winds from the north caused 

the water level at the CLE gage to decrease by as much 

as 0.42 ft. During this period, discharge out of the 

lake increased from about 40 ft3

/s to a maximum of 

299 ft3

/s as the wind pushed water out of the lake. 

During the evening of April 9, 1999, after the wind 

velocity decreased, as much as −263 ft3

/s of water 

flowed back into Channel Lake.

Multiplying the instantaneous discharge measurements by the appropriate time period and summing 

the resulting volumes on a daily and monthly basis 

indicates −3,220 acre-ft of water flowed into Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake through the east opening 

during the investigation and about 13,314 acre-ft of 

water flowed out of the lakes through the east opening 

during the investigation (table 3). The largest monthly 

amount of inflow to the lakes through the east opening 

(−580 acre-ft) occurred in November 1998, during high 

winds on the Chain of Lakes. The largest monthly 

amount of outflow from the lake through the east 

opening (2,621 acre-ft) occurred in February 1999, 

during a snowmelt period.

Streamflow measurements were made at 

the west opening of Channel Lake on July 29, 1998, 

September 15, 1998, and April 23, 1999. The volume 

of flow through the west opening showed no clear 

correlation with the volume of flow through the east 

opening. Doppler flowmeter surveys were attempted at 

the west opening on July 29 and September 15, 1998, 

but were unsuccessful because of the shallow water at 

the opening. Typically, flow through the west opening 

was in the same direction as flow in the east opening 

during the measurements.

Ground Water

Ground water flows through the Wadsworth Till 

Member of the Wedron Formation, the Grayslake Peat, 

the Carmi Member of the Equality Formation, and the 

Wasco and Batavia Members of the Henry Formation 

into Lake Catherine and Channel Lake (fig. 11). The 

geologic nomenclature used in this report is that of the 

Illinois State Geological Survey (Larsen, 1973) and 

does not necessarily conform to the usage of the USGS.

The Wadsworth Till is composed of a silt matrix 

with imbedded dolomite and shale pebbles. These 

deposits are as much as 100 ft thick in the investigation 

area (Larsen, 1973). The Wadsworth Till Member of the 

Wedron Formation underlies the entire investigation 

area but intercepts the sides of Lake Catherine and the 

northern part of Channel Lake. Lithologic logs obtained 

during well drilling confirm that well 7 is open to the 

Wadsworth Till below the Carmi Member of the Equality Formation (fig. 11).

The sand-and-gravel deposits of the Wasco and 

Batavia Members of the Henry Formation overlie the 

Wedron Formation. These deposits can be as much as 

100 ft thick in this area (Larsen, 1973) and are present 

at the southern part of Channel Lake. Wells 3 and 8 are 

open to the Henry Formation (fig. 11).

The silt and clay deposits that compose the Carmi 

Member of the Equality Formation tend to be less than 

15 ft thick and overlay till or sand-and-gravel deposits. 

Lithologic logs obtained during well drilling confirm 

that wells 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 are open to the Carmi 

Member of the Equality Formation (fig. 11).

The Grayslake Peat deposits are concentrated in 

topographically low areas in the northern part of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake and west of the large 

island in Channel Lake (fig. 11). These deposits are 
22 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Figure 11. Surficial geology in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill. (modified from 

Larson, 1973).
Ground Water 23

typically less than 10 ft thick and appear to overlay 

primarily till or silty-sand deposits. None of the wells 

drilled for this investigation are open to this deposit.

Slug tests were done by USGS personnel in each 

of the wells drilled for this investigation to determine 

the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the geologic 

deposits surrounding the lakes (table 4). Procedures 

used for collection and analysis of slug-test data and 

assumptions used for the analysis are presented in Kay 

(1998). Slug-test data for well 8 displayed an oscillatory water-level response and were analyzed on the 

basis of the technique developed by van der Kamp 

(1976). Slug-test data for the remaining wells displayed 

a continual decline in water levels with time and were 

analyzed on the basis of the technique of Bouwer and 

Rice (1976).

Calculated horizontal hydraulic conductivities of 

the low permeability deposits of the Wadsworth Till and 

the Carmi Member of the Equality Formation ranged 

from 7.85 × 10−3

 to 2.55 × 10−1 ft/d, with a mean value 

of 1.97 × 10−2

 ft/d (table 4 and fig. 11). Calculated 

horizontal hydraulic conductivities from the two wells 

open to the sand-and-gravel deposits of the Henry 

Formation were 7.44 × 100

 and 1.74 × 102 ft/d, with a 

mean value of 3.60 × 101

 ft/d.

Water levels were measured in each well 

approximately every week from April 29, 1998, to 

April 24, 1999, typically by volunteers using a steel 

Table 4. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities 

calculated from slug-test data in wells 1–8 

in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake, near Antioch, Ill.

Ground-watermonitoring

well name

Geologic

material

tested

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

1 Clay 1.29×10−2

2 Clay 2.55×10−1

3 Sand and gravel 7.44×100

4 Clay 7.85×10−3

5 Clay 1.37×10−2

6 Clay 1.92×10−2

7 Clay 8.53×10−3

8 Sand and gravel 1.74×102

Geometric mean of values in 

clay deposit

1.97×10−2

Geometric mean of values in 

sand-and-gravel deposit

3.60×101

tape graduated in increments of 0.01 ft. The altitude 

of the water level in each well on a given date was 

compared to the lake stage to determine the direction 

of flow between ground water and the lakes at discrete 

segments of the lakeshore (appendix 1).

 From April 29 to June 6, 1998, ground-water 

levels in the wells were higher than lake levels, except 

in well 8 where lake stage was 1.25–2.0 ft higher than 

the ground-water level (appendix 1). Overall, groundwater levels decreased from north to south during this 

period. Ground water had the potential to flow into the 

lake along most of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

except in the sand-and-gravel deposits near the southern edge of Lake Catherine where lake water had the 

potential to flow out to ground water. Ground-water levels were comparatively high during this time because of 

substantial recharge from precipitation. Ground-water 

levels in wells 1, 4, and 6 remained higher than the stage 

of the lakes during the entire investigation.

Ground-water-level measurements from June 13 

to November 14, 1998, decreased so that by June 13 

water levels in well 5 were lower than the lake stage 

(appendix 1). Water levels in well 3 decreased below 

the stage of the lakes by June 27. Water levels in well 7 

were lower than the lake stage after August 22. Water 

levels in well 8 were 2.1–3.2 ft lower than the lake stage 

during June 13–November 14, 1998. At this time, 

ground water had the potential to flow from the Carmi 

Member into the northern part of the lake. Lake water 

had the potential to flow out to ground water in the 

Carmi Member and Henry Formation along the southern part of the lake during most or all of this time 

period. These conditions reflect stable surface-water 

levels affected by the lock and dam and declining 

ground-water levels because of evapotranspiration and 

a lack of recharge from precipitation.

For most of the period from November 21, 1998, 

to April 24, 1999, ground-water levels exceeded lake 

stage in all wells except well 8, indicating the potential 

for ground water to flow into surface water along most 

of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake (appendix 1). 

Water levels in well 8 were 1.5–2.8 ft lower than the 

lake stage during this time. Water levels in well 3 were 

lower than the lake stage during periods of high lake 

stage associated with snowmelt periods in late-January 

and early-February, and late-February 1999. These 

water-level trends reflect the decrease in the lake stage 

associated with the opening of the lock and dam in 

November 1998.
24 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Surface- and ground-water level measurements 

were combined with horizontal-hydraulic-conductivity 

data, information on the configuration of the geologic 

deposits at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, and the 

depths of the lakes using procedures outlined in Kay 

(1998). This information was used to determine the 

volume of flow from ground water into the lakes, and 

into ground water from the lakes by solution of the 

Darcy Equation (appendix 1).

The Darcy Equation is

Q = KAI, (1)

where

Q is the specific discharge, into or out of the 

lakes, in cubic feet per day;

K is the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the 

geologic deposits transmitting water and is 

equal to the mean value determined from the 

slug tests (36 ft/d for the sand and gravel and 

0.0197 ft/d for the silt and clay);

A is the cross-sectional area of flow between the 

aquifer and the lakes, in square feet, and is 

equal to the length of the lakeshore along 

which water is flowing multiplied by the 

maximum depth of the lake at that time; and

I is the horizontal hydraulic gradient, the 

difference in the water levels between the 

lake and the wells divided by the distance 

between the well and the lakeshore.

The volume of water flowing from ground water into 

the lakes or from the lakes out to ground water is calculated by multiplying the specific discharge by the time 

between measurement periods. Volume, calculated in 

cubic feet, then is converted to volume in acre-feet for 

inclusion into table 5.

The total volume of flow from ground water 

into Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from May 1, 

1998, through April 30, 1999, was calculated to be 

358 acre-ft. The total volume of flow out of Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake into ground water was 

calculated to be 830 acre-ft. Almost all flow between 

ground water and Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

is through the sand-and-gravel deposits of the Henry 

Formation at the southern part of Channel Lake.

Lake Stage and Storage

The data from the bathymetric survey were 

used to determine the relation between the stage of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake and the volume of 

water in the lakes (fig. 12). The volume of water in Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake at the lowest stage ever 

recorded (734.6 ft above sea level) was calculated to be 

6,198 acre-ft. The volume of water in Lake Catherine 

and Channel Lake at the mean lake stage for the period 

of record (736.5 ft) was calculated to be 7,098 acre-ft. 

Comparison of the calculated volume of the lakes at 

0.5 ft increments between 734.5 and 737.5 ft above 

sea level indicates about 226 acre-ft of water is added to 

the volume of the lakes for each 0.5 ft increase in stage. 

The rate of increase in the volume of water is about 

5.6 acre-ft for every 0.5 ft of increase in stage from 

734.5 to 737.5 ft.

Hydrologic Budget

The hydrologic budget is the basis for understanding many of the processes in a lake and its watershed. Because determining the nutrient and sediment 

budgets depends on the hydrologic budget, the nutrient 

and sediment budgets cannot be reliably evaluated 

without an accurate hydrologic budget. If the hydrologic budget is inaccurate, propagation and magnification of error results when computing the subsequent 

nutrient and sediment budgets.

A general equation describing the hydrologic 

budget of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake consists of 

several components that are summarized as

DS = P − E + SI − SO + GI − GO + SD, (2)

where

DS is the change in volume of lake storage,

P is precipitation on the lake surface,

E is evaporation off the lake surface,

SI is streamflow into the lake,

SO is surface outflow through the lake opening,

GI is ground-water inflow to the lake,

GO is ground-water outflow from the lake, and

SD is storm drain discharge to the lake.

The volume of water added to or removed from Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake by each component of the 

lake budget was compiled monthly for the period of 

investigation (table 5).
Ground Water 25

Table 5. Hydrologic budget of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999[--, not determined; na, not applicable]

Month and year

Volume of

precipitation

added to

lake

(acre-feet)

Volume of 

inflow to

lake from

storm drains

(acre-feet)

Volume of

inflow to lake

through

Route 173

bridge openings

(acre-feet)

Volume of

inflow to

lake from

surface

water in

watershed

(acre-feet)

Volume of

inflow to

lake from

ground

water

(acre-feet)

Total volume

of water 

added

to lake

(acre-feet)

Volume of

evaporation

removed

from lake

(acre-feet)

Volume of

outflow from

lakes through

Route 173

bridge openings

(acre-feet)

Volume of

outflow to

ground water

from lake

(acre-feet)

Total volume

of water

removed

from lake

(acre-feet)

Calculated

change in

lake stage

(feet)

Measured

change in

lake stage

(feet)

May 1998 122 82 138 1,365 92 1,798 149 1,560 23 1,732 -- --June 1998 196 87 487 504 129 1,404 189 469 46 704 -- --July 1998 66 82 152 222 4 526 210 1,037 58 1,306 -- --August 1998 111 81 340 50 .11 582 190 279 118 587 -- --September 1998 113 80 305 74 .11 572 125 395 180 700 -- --October 1998 187 92 196 299 .19 775 64 1,002 166 1,233 -- --November 1998 80 81 638 328 14 1,141 35 1,619 64 1,719 -- --December 1998 77 89 200 297 26 688 21 1,176 34 1,231 -- --January 1999 95 209 534 1,634 19 2,491 18 1,265 52 1,335 -- --February 1999 43 92 26 1,909 12 2,083 40 2,884 47 2,970 -- --March 1999 42 93 361 907 38 1,441 48 1,055 20 1,122 -- --April 1999 276 160 167 3,031 24 3,657 117 1,905 22 2,043 -- --

Total 1,408 1,228 3,544 10,620 358.41 17,158 1,206 14,646 830 16,682 1.01 1.1Percent 8.2 7.2 20.7 61.9 2.0 na 7.2 87.8 5.0 na na na

Figure 12. Stage-storage relation at Lake Catherine 

and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill.
26 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

The volume of water added to, or removed from, 

the lakes by precipitation and evaporation was determined by multiplying the monthly amount of precipitation and evaporation by the surface area of the lakes. 

During the investigation, approximately 1,400 acre-ft 

of water was added to the lakes from precipitation and 

approximately 1,200 acre-ft of water evaporated off the 

lakes.

The volume of water added to the lakes by 

inflow from ground water or removed from the 

lakes by outflow to ground water was determined by 

totaling the volumes from each of the periodic measurements (appendix 1) and prorating the volumes for the 

measurement periods that cover two separate months. 

Less than 400 acre-ft of water was added to the lakes 

from recharging ground water, whereas more than 

800 acre-ft was removed from the lakes by surfacewater discharge to ground water.

Calculation of the volume of inflow to the lakes 

from the storm drains was determined by extrapolating 

the data from the FS gage during each month of the 

investigation over the total area served by storm drains 

that discharge directly to Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake. Prior to January 1999, the FS gage measured 

drainage from about 13.6 percent of the total area 

served by storm drains. The monthly discharge data 

from the FS gage (table 3) was extrapolated over the 

total area served by storm drains to estimate the volume 

of water entering the lakes through storm drains from 

May 1 through December 31, 1998. The area served by 

the FS gage was effectively increased in January 1999. 

The area served by the FS gage prior to January 1, 1999, 

was about 23.5 percent of the area served by the gage 

from January 1, 1999, through the end of the investigation. From January 1 through April 31, 1999, 23.5 percent of the flow measured at the FS gage was assumed 

to be derived from the area served by the gage prior to 

January 1, 1999. This value was extrapolated over the 

pre-January 1999 area of the lakes served by storm 

drains and the resulting value added to the 76.5 percent 

of the water measured at the FS gage, assumed to be 

derived from the newly added drainage area, to determine the total volume of inflow to the lakes from storm 

drains. The data indicate that about 1,228 acre-ft of 

water entered Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from 

storm drains between May 1, 1998, and April 30, 1999 

(table 5).

Calculation of the volume of inflow to the lakes 

from surface water in the watershed was determined 

by extrapolating the data from Trevor Creek at the 

TC gage. Trevor Creek at the point of the TC gage 

receives drainage from an area of 2,272 acres, or 

18.34 percent of the watershed. Extrapolating the 

monthly discharge data measured at the TC gage 

(table 3) over the entire area of the watershed 

indicates that 10,620 acre-ft of water entered Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake from inflow of 

surface water in the watershed from May 1, 1998, 

through April 30, 1999 (table 5). 

The cross-sectional area of the west opening of 

the outlet to Channel Lake is about 10 percent of the 

cross-sectional area of the east opening. The volume of 

water flowing through the west opening during the 

investigation was assumed to be 10 percent of the 

amount of water measured to be flowing through the 

east opening. Flow through both openings was assumed 

to be in the same direction at all times. A total of 

3,544 acre-ft of water was calculated to have entered 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake through the State 

Highway 173 bridge openings during the period of 

investigation, and 14,646 acre-ft of water was calculated to have flowed out of the lakes through these 

openings (table 5).

A total of 17,158 acre-ft of water was 

calculated to have entered Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake during the investigation. More than 

80 percent of the water entered the lakes as inflow 

from the watershed and through the bridge openings 

at State Highway 173. A total of 16,682 acre-ft of water 

was calculated to have been removed from the lakes by 

outflow through the bridge openings (87.8 percent), 

evaporation (7.2 percent), and outflow to ground water 

(5 percent) during the 1-year period of investigation. If 

a total of 16,682 acre-ft of water is removed from Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake every year and the lakes 

have a volume of about 7,395 acre-ft, the residence time 

of water in the lakes is about 0.44 years.

Verification of the hydrologic budget is accomplished by comparing the measured change in the water 

level of the lakes during the period of investigation to 

the calculated change in water level for the net amount 

of water added to, or removed from, the lake. The 

calculated change in the water level of the lakes is 

derived from the stage-storage relation. The change in 

the volume of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake was 

assumed to be a constant of 473.6 acre-ft of water for 

every 1 ft of change in stage. Over the 3-ft range in 

lake stage during the investigation, this simplification 

of the stage-storage relation will have no substantial 

effect on the hydrologic budget. If the hydrologic 
Water Quality 27

budget indicates a net addition of 476 acre-ft of water to 

the lake, the calculated change in the stage of the lakes 

over the course of the year should be 1.0 ft (table 5). 

This value is in good agreement with the measured 

difference of 1.1 ft (fig. 8), indicating the hydrologic 

budget is accurate.

WATER QUALITY

Water-quality samples were collected from precipitation in the area, Trevor Creek at the TC gage, the 

storm drain to Lake Catherine monitored by the FS 

gage, the Channel Lake opening at the CLE gage, the 

ground-water-monitoring wells, and at three sites on 

both lakes as part of this investigation (fig. 3). Profiles 

of temperature and dissolved oxygen also were collected from three sites on each lake. USGS personnel 

collected the samples from Trevor Creek, the storm 

drain, the Channel Lake opening, and the groundwater-monitoring wells. Personnel from the Fox 

Waterway Agency and the IEPA collected water-quality 

samples, and temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles 

of the lakes. All samples were collected, preserved, and 

analyzed using standard procedures outlined by the 

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (1987a, b).

Shallow samples were collected about 1.0 ft 

below the surface of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

at sites LC1S, LC2S, LC3S, CL1S, CL2S, CL3S 

(fig. 3). Deep samples were collected about 2 ft above 

the bottom of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake at sites 

LC1D and CL1D. All lake samples, as well as the 

samples from Trevor Creek, the storm drain, and the 

east opening of Channel Lake, were analyzed for total 

and dissolved phosphorus, nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen, 

total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids, 

and turbidity—the standard list of analytes for the IEPA 

Clean Lakes 2000 investigations. The IEPA laboratory 

in Champaign, Illinois, performed all analyses. A 

concentration of one-half the reported detection limit 

was assumed for all analytes present at concentrations 

below the detection limit when the mean concentration 

of the analyte was calculated. Field measurements of 

Secchi depth, conductivity, and pH also were collected 

at sites LC1, LC2, LC3, CL1, CL2, and CL3.

Chlorophyll a, b, c; pheophytin; and algae 

samples were collected at sites LC1, LC2, LC3, CL1, 

CL2, and CL3. Chlorophyll and algae samples are 

integrated samples collected from the interval from 

the lake surface to twice the Secchi depth. The photic 

zone of the lake is sampled in this interval.

Precipitation

Precipitation samples from individual rain events 

on May 23, 1998, September 14, 1998, and April 22, 

1999, were analyzed for concentrations of nitrate and 

nitrite as nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, TKN, and total 

phosphorus (table 6). Samples were collected in open 

plastic bottles placed on docks or open fields away from 

tree cover. The mean concentrations of nitrate and 

nitrite as nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were about 

0.60 mg/L, which were approximately an order of 

magnitude higher than the mean total phosphorus 

concentration (0.021 mg/L). Most of the TKN present 

is in the form of ammonia.

Trevor Creek

Water samples were collected from Trevor Creek 

at the TC gage on May 11, June 11, July 13, August 7, 

September 14 and 15, October 3 and 6, November 10 

and 18, December 7 and 13, 1998, and January 18 

and 22, February 11, March 15 and 17, and April 9, 

Table 6. Nutrient concentrations in precipitation in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 23, 1998–April 22, 1999

Constituent Date of sample collection Geometric mean

May 23, 1998 September 14, 1998 April 22, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total as nitrogen

(milligram per liter)

0.74 0.41 0.77 0.616

Nitrogen, ammonia

(milligrams per liter)

1.6 .24 .73 .654

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

2.9 .40 .74 .95

Phosphorus, total

(milligram per liter)

.041 .01 .023 .021
28 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

22, and 23, 1999. The second sample collected on 

June 11, 1998, the samples collected on September 15, 

October 6, November 10, and December 7, 1998, and 

the sample collected on January 22, February 13, 

March 17, and April 9, 22, and April 23, 1999, were 

collected following precipitation events or snowmelt 

and reflect runoff conditions of higher than normal flow 

during that time period. The samples from Trevor Creek 

not requiring filtration or a preservative were collected 

by submerging a plastic sample bottle in approximately 

the middle of the creek so that the bottle opening was 

about 0.10 ft above the streambed. Samples requiring 

filtration or a preservative were transferred from a 

separate bottle that was submerged to about 0.10 ft 

above the stream bottom near the middle of the creek 

to the sample bottle.

Nitrogen usually is present in the form of organic 

nitrogen and inorganic forms, such as ammonia, nitrate, 

and nitrite. Ammonia, a by-product of the breakdown 

of plant and animal matter, is converted to nitrate in 

aerobic water. In anoxic water, nitrate is converted to 

ammonia. Therefore, nitrate tends to be the dominant 

form of nitrogen in aerobic water, whereas ammonia 

tends to be the predominate form of nitrogen in anaerobic water.

Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen 

at the TC gage were above 2.0 mg/L during periods 

of normal flow (no recent precipitation event) in July, 

August, and September and were below 2.0 mg/L 

during periods of normal flow for the rest of the period 

of sampling (table 7). July through September 1998 

was a period of low flow in the creek, indicating much 

of the nitrate and nitrite in the creek during this period 

was derived from ground-water base flow or wastewater 

discharge. During runoff conditions, mean concentrations of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen at Trevor Creek 

were only slightly higher than concentrations during 

more normal flow (table 7).

In samples from Trevor Creek, concentrations of 

ammonia nitrogen were highly variable and showed no 

clear trends with time during the period of sampling 

(table 7). The mean concentration of ammonia nitrogen 

for all samples was 0.12 mg/L during the sampling 

period, more than an order of magnitude less than the 

mean concentration of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen 

(1.44 mg/L). Ammonia nitrogen concentrations in 

the samples collected during runoff conditions were 

slightly lower (0.04 mg/L) than concentrations in 

samples collected during more normal flow.

TKN measures chemically reduced nitrogen 

present as ammonia and organic nitrogen. Typically, 

organic nitrogen is present as algae, humic acids, and 

plant matter. The mean concentration of TKN in the 

samples from Trevor Creek at the TC gage exceed the 

mean concentration of ammonia by more than a factor 

of six, indicating that more than 80 percent of the TKN 

in Trevor Creek is present as organic nitrogen. TKN 

concentrations showed no trends with time but were 

about 0.10 mg/L higher during runoff periods than 

during more normal flow (table 7). This pattern is 

counter to the ammonia nitrogen trends observed 

during runoff conditions, indicating that small amounts 

of organic nitrogen (as opposed to ammonia nitrogen) 

were being added to the creek in runoff following precipitation events.

Total phosphorus includes particulate and 

dissolved forms of phosphorus in the water column. 

During periods of normal flow, total phosphorus 

concentrations at Trevor Creek increased consistently 

from 0.052 mg/L in May 1998 to 0.141 mg/L in 

October 1998, then showed an overall decrease to 

0.011 mg/L in March 1999 (table 7). Total phosphorus 

concentrations were less than a factor of two higher 

during runoff conditions than during more normal flow, 

indicating runoff of phosphorus bound to particulate 

matter.

Dissolved phosphorus is that part of the total 

phosphorus dissolved in water, which is considered to 

be all forms of phosphorus less than 0.45 microns in 

size. In the samples from Trevor Creek, dissolved 

phosphorus concentrations are approximately one-half 

the concentration of total phosphorus, indicating the 

phosphorus in the creek is roughly equally divided 

between the dissolved and particulate phases. During 

nonstorm sampling periods, temporal trends in the 

concentrations of dissolved phosphorus at Trevor 

Creek were similar to the trends in concentrations 

of total phosphorus, increasing from May through 

October 1998 and decreasing substantially from 

November 1998 through March 1999 (table 7). 

Concentrations of dissolved phosphorus measured 

during runoff conditions were slightly higher 

(0.009 mg/L) than concentrations detected during 

more normal flow.

TSS concentrations constitute all organic and 

inorganic particles, including sediment, algae, and 

decaying plant matter, suspended in the water column 

and often is related to the transparency of the water. 

During periods of normal flow, TSS concentrations at 
Water Quality 29

Table 7. Water-quality data for Trevor Creek at the TC gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999[Shaded cell denotes sample collected during runoff conditions; na, not analyzed; k, constituent present below detection limit; q, holding time for sample exceeded limit]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 11,

1998

June 11,

1998

June 11,

1998

July 13,

1998

August 7,

1998

September 14,

1998

September 15,

1998

October 3,

1998

October 6,

1998

November 10,

1998

November 18,

1998

December 7,

1998

December 13,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, 

total as nitrogen(milligrams per liter)

0.85 1.3 na 2.46 2.14 4.66 0.45 0.68 2.36 1.61 0.91 1.06 0.83

Nitrogen, ammonia

(milligram per liter)

.21 .14 na .16 .047 .45 .18 .01k .15 .01k .15 .01 .30

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

.60 .50 na .62 .87 4 1.7 .83 1 1.1 .33 .61 .46

Phosphorus, total

(milligram per liter)

.052 .061 na .63 .093 .10 .222 .141 .099 .121 .072 .035 .021

Phosphorus, dissolved

(milligram per liter)

.022 .033 na .032 .04 .06 .071 .099 .051 .082 .072 .03 .018

Solids, total suspended

(milligrams per liter)

6 13 22 14 35 46q 282 29q 22q 252q 13 5 3

Solids, volatile suspended

(milligrams per liter)

1k 3 4 4 13 10q 52 7q 5q 52q 3 4 1k

Turbidity

(nephelometricturbidity units)

26 4.2 84 3.9 7.5 5 19 6 5 38 8.2 11 2.8

Constituent

Date of sample collection

Geometric

mean of

all samples

Geometric

mean of

samples

collected

during normal

flow conditions

Geometric

mean of

samples

collected

during runoff

conditions

January 18,

1999

January 22,

1999

February 11,

1999

March 15,

1999

March 16,

1999

March 17,

1999

April 9,

1999

April 22,

1999

April 23,

1999

Nitrate and nitrite, 

total as nitrogen(milligrams per liter)

1.71 2.77 1.76 0.96 1.28 1.68 1.91 1.61 1.52 1.44 1.40 1.48

Nitrogen, ammonia

(milligram per liter)

.53 .5 .31 .19 .37 .45 .18 .06 .15 .12 .15 .11

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

1.4 .82 .52 .24 .70 .47 .56 1.2 .52 .734 .679 .80

Phosphorus, total

(milligram per liter)

.059 .132 .023 .011 .022 .025 .029 .057 .253 .066 .063 .07

Phosphorus, dissolved

(milligram per liter)

.014 .096 .015 .011 .021 .013 .023 .024 .06 .034 .03 .039

Solids, total suspended

(milligrams per liter)

6 12 4 40 6 7 8 23 136 18 13.1 25.1

Solids, volatile suspended

(milligrams per liter)

3 5 4 8 2 3 2 6 18 4.8 3.4 7.2

Turbidity

(nephelometricturbidity units)

7.9 8.9 2.4 2.7 20 17 17 1.5 6.1 8.3 5.4 10.6
30 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Trevor Creek increased from May through September 

1998, decreased overall from October 1998 through 

February 1999, and increased in March 1999 (table 7). 

The mean TSS concentration following a precipitation 

event was nearly twice the concentration measured 

during normal flow.

Volatile suspended solids (VSS) typically are 

organic material (algae, detritus) that decompose upon 

exposure to temperatures of 550°C. The difference 

between TSS before heating and the residue remaining 

after heating is the VSS. In Trevor Creek, TSS concentrations typically are more than three times VSS 

concentrations, indicating that inorganic particulate 

material constitutes most of the suspended solids in the 

creek (table 7). Mean VSS concentrations were twice as 

high following precipitation events as during periods of 

normal flow.

For the period of investigation the loads of total 

nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, TKN, 

dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, TSS, and VSS 

in Trevor Creek at the TC gage were calculated using 

constituent-transport rating curves (Colby, 1956). The 

first step for development of a rating curve is to determine the load of the constituent by multiplying the 

constituent concentration by the instantaneous 

discharge at the time of sample collection. The load 

then is converted to some appropriate units, typically 

tons per day. The calculated load of a constituent in 

tons per day then is plotted on a log-log scale against 

the mean daily discharge on the date of the sample 

collection, in cubic feet per second. A best-fit curve to 

the data points in the plot was drawn (fig. 13), and the 

equation describing the relation between discharge 

and constituent load was obtained using the trendline analysis available from the EXCEL spreadsheet 

program. The mean daily discharge measured at the 

TC gage is applied to the equation of the best-fit 

curve for each constituent to calculate the daily 

load at the gage (appendix 2). These daily loads then 

were summed to obtain the monthly totals (table 8). 

Constituent-transport rating curves have been widely 

used to compute loads at sites by the USGS, U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Approximately 3.5 tons of total nitrogen as 

nitrate, 1.66 tons of TKN (approximately 0.28 tons 

of which is ammonia nitrogen), 0.147 tons of total 

phosphorus, 49.3 tons of TSS, and 12.6 tons of VSS 

were calculated to have been transported past the 

TC gage from May 1, 1998, through April 30, 1999 

(table 8). Loads of all constituents decreased from 

May through August 1998, increased gradually from 

September through December 1998, increased by 

approximately a factor of four from December 1998 

to January 1999, and increased overall from January 

through April 1999.

The total nitrogen load per area, calculated by 

summing the loads of TKN and nitrate and nitrite as 

nitrogen, for Trevor Creek at the TC gage was calculated to be 2.27 × 10−3

 tons/acre for the 1-year period of 

this investigation (May 1998–April 1999). Beaulac and 

Reckhow (1982) summarize load per area for a variety 

of land uses and cropping practices. They reported 

Figure 13. Total nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen transport curve for Trevor Creek at the TC 

gage, near Antioch, Ill., May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999.
Water Quality 31

loads for nitrogen ranging from about 1.34 × 10−3 to 

1.79 × 10−2

 (tons/acre)/yr for corn and soybean row 

crops—the single largest land use in the drainage basin 

monitored by the TC gage. Forest and urban land-use 

loads are lower than loads for corn and soybean row 

crops from 5.3 × 10−3

 to 8.4 × 10−3 (tons/acre)/yr 

and from 1.0 × 10−2

 to 3.0 × 10−2 (tons/acre)/yr, 

respectively. The comparatively low nitrogen yield 

for this watershed appears to reflect the effect of the 

forest and urban land uses.

The total phosphorus load per area for 

Trevor Creek at the TC gage was calculated to be 

6.47 × 10−5

 tons/acre for the 1-year period of this investigation. This value is below the range of phosphorus 

loads from 2.34 × 10−4

 to 2.23 × 10−3 (tons/acre)/yr 

for corn and soybean row crops, from 2.64 ×10−4

to 7.92 × 10−4

 (tons/acre)/yr for forest, and from 

1.63 × 10−3

 to 7.13 × 10−3 (tons/acre)/yr for urban land 

use (Beaulac and Recknow, 1982). The low phosphorus 

yield for this part of the watershed indicates low application of phosphorus in the basin or consumption of 

phosphorus in some of the source water for Trevor 

Creek. Phosphorus consumption by algae in Voltz and 

Cross Lakes, at the headwaters of Trevor Creek, may 

explain part of the low phosphorus yield. The TSS load 

per area for Trevor Creek at the TC gage was calculated 

to be 2.16 × 10−2

 tons/acre for the period of investigation.

Storm Drain

Water samples were collected from the storm 

drain to Lake Catherine monitored by the FS gage on 

May 11, June 11, July 13, August 7, September 14 

and 15, October 3 and 6, November 10 and 18, and 

December 7 and 13, 1998, and on January 18 and 22, 

February 11, March 15, 16, and 17, and April 9, 22, 

and 23, 1999 (table 9). The second sample collected 

on June 11, the samples collected on September 15, 

October 6, November 10, and December 7, 1998, and 

on January 22, March 16 and 17, and on April 9, 22, 

and 23, 1999, were collected following precipitation 

events and reflect runoff conditions of higher than 

normal flow during that time period. Samples from 

the storm drain were collected by submerging a plastic 

sample bottle near the center of the stream so that the 

bottle opening was about 0.10 ft above the bottom of 

the streambed at the outlet.

Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen 

in samples from the storm drain showed no clear variation through time (table 9). The mean concentration 

of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen during conditions of 

higher flow was about 0.30 mg/L greater than the mean 

concentration during more normal flow conditions.

Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen at the storm 

drain showed no consistent trends through time but 

were 0.18 mg/L lower during runoff conditions than 

during more normal flow (table 9). These variations are 

similar to the variations in the TKN concentrations at 

the storm drain. Ammonia concentrations at the storm 

Table 8. Constituent loads for Trevor Creek at the TC gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999

Month and year

Load of

total nitrogen as

nitrate and nitrite

at TC gage

(tons)

Load of

ammonia

nitrogen

at TC gage

(tons)

Load of

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

at TC gage

(tons)

Load of

total

phosphorus

at TC gage

(tons)

Load of

dissolved

phosphorus

at TC gage

(tons)

Load of

total

suspended

solids

at TC gage

(tons)

Load of

volatile

suspended

solids

at TC gage

(tons)

May 1998 0.46 0.036 0.22 0.019 0.010 6.3 1.62

June 1998 .179 .014 .09 .008 .004 2.3 .61

July 1998 .082 .006 .043 .004 .002 1.0 .27

August 1998 .02 .001 .012 .001 .001 .2 .06

September 1998 .029 .002 .017 .002 .001 .32 .09

October 1998 .107 .008 .054 .005 .003 1.3 .36

November 1998 .119 .009 .061 .006 .003 1.5 .40

December 1998 .109 .008 .057 .005 .003 1.3 .36

January 1999 .527 .043 .239 .021 .011 7.7 1.92

February 1999 .631 .050 .294 .026 .013 8.9 2.26

March 1999 .316 .024 .156 .014 .007 4.1 1.09

April 1999 .952 .078 .42 .036 .018 14.4 3.54

Total 3.531 .279 1.663 .147 .076 49.32 12.58
32 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 9. Water-quality data for the storm drain at the FS gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999 [Shaded cells denote sample collected during runoff conditions; na, not analyzed; q, holding time for sample exceeded] Constituent Date of sample collection May 11, 1998 June 11, 1998 June 11, 1998 July 13, 1998 August 7, 1998 September 14, 1998 September 15, 1998 October 3, 1998 October 6, 1998 November 10, 1998 November 18, 1998 December 7, 1998 December 13, 1998 Nitrate and nitrite, total as nitrogen (milligrams per liter) 1.1 1.67 na 1.25 1.95 1.23 5.81 1.84 2.34 4.35 1.84 1.89 1.99 Nitrogen, ammonia (milligrams per liter) .38 2.6 na .87 .6 2.0 .46 .34 .2 .99 .44 .10 .62 Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (milligrams per liter) .80 na na 2.3 1.6 5.5 2.4 2.8 .87 1.5 .56 .36 .71 Phosphorus, total (milligrams per liter) .201 2.6 na .276 .281 .87 .252 .337 .196 .278 .097 .072 .11 Phosphorus, dissolved (milligram per liter) .156 .356 na .185 .192 .68 .196 .275 .139 .246 .019 .052 .082 Solids, total suspended (milligrams per liter) 32 9 37 9 249 10q 24 16q 49q 19q 6 18 16 Solids, volatile suspended (milligrams per liter) 7 3 6 4 205 5q 8 7q 10q 5q 2 4 3 Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 31 3.3 2.7 4.1 13 4.6 15 5.7 4.7 21 4.7 13 3.1 Constituent Date of sample collection Geometric mean of all samples Geometric mean of samples collected during normal flow conditions Geometric mean of samples collected during runoff conditions January 18, 1999 January 22, 1999 February 11, 1999 March 15, 1999 March 16, 1999 March 17, 1999 April 9, 1999 April 22, 1999 April 23, 1999 Nitrate and nitrite, total as nitrogen (milligrams per liter) 2 1.45 1.84 2.1 1.29 1.61 1.54 1.06 1.54 1.80 1.67 1.96 Nitrogen, ammonia (milligrams per liter) 1.2 .4 .01 .51 .38 .66 .4 .17 .25 .41 .51 .33 Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (milligrams per liter) 2.6 .98 .40 .51 .65 .74 .70 .58 .61 1.01 1.25 .82 Phosphorus, total (milligram per liter) .309 .124 .081 .108 .054 .144 .138 .124 .327 .199 .258 .149 Phosphorus, dissolved (milligram per liter) .252 .096 .065 .09 .036 .129 .103 .051 .059 .119 .149 .093 Solids, total suspended (milligrams per liter) 11 19 6 57 20 12 43 65 340 25.1 17.1 33.7 Solids, volatile suspended (milligrams per liter) 5 5 3 8 3 5 9 8 34 6.5 6.1 6.9 Turbidity

(nephelometricturbidity units)

8.2 10 2.2 2.3 24 15 37 1 5.9 7.0 5.3 9.2
Water Quality 33

drain were less than one-half of the TKN concentrations, indicating that most of the TKN in the storm 

drain was organic nitrogen.

Concentrations of total phosphorus during 

periods of normal flow were greater than 0.250 mg/L 

in most of the period from June through October and 

less than 0.250 mg/L during most of the rest of the 

investigation (table 9). Concentrations of dissolved 

phosphorus during periods of normal flow typically 

were greater than 0.18 mg/L in June through October 

and, typically, less than 0.18 mg/L during the rest of 

the investigation. The mean concentration of total and 

dissolved phosphorus in samples collected following 

precipitation events was less than the mean concentration detected in the samples collected during more 

normal periods of flow. The mean concentration of 

dissolved phosphorus was more than one-half the 

mean concentration of total phosphorus.

Measured concentrations of TSS at the storm 

drain showed no clear trends through time. However, 

if the suspect data from August 7, 1998, is excluded, 

TSS values during periods of normal flow were higher 

on May 11, 1998, and March 15, 1999, than during the 

rest of the investigation (table 9). During runoff conditions, mean TSS concentrations at the storm drain were 

almost twice the concentrations detected during more 

normal flow. During runoff conditions, VSS concentrations at the storm drain were similar to concentrations 

detected during conditions of normal flow. Mean TSS 

concentrations during normal flow were about a factor 

of three higher than the mean VSS concentrations 

during normal flow, but TSS concentrations during 

runoff conditions were about a factor of five higher 

than VSS concentrations during runoff conditions. 

This pattern indicates that most of the increase in TSS 

associated with the runoff conditions can be attributed 

to inorganic material.

The mean concentration of all constituents, 

particularly the phosphorus compounds, is higher 

at the storm drain than at Trevor Creek. The mean 

concentration of ammonia, TKN, total phosphorus, 

and dissolved phosphorus in samples collected at the 

storm drain following precipitation events was less 

than the mean concentration detected during periods 

of more normal flow. These concentrations indicate the 

nutrients are more abundant in the household water that 

appears to be the primary source of water to the storm 

drain during periods of no precipitation, and precipitation dilutes this water.

Transport curves were used to determine the load 

of total nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, TKN, dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, 

TSS, and VSS in the storm drain at the FS gage 

(table 10, appendix 2). For the May–December 1998 

and January–April 1999 periods, separate transport 

curves were developed for the FS gage. Data from 

periods when no flow was measured at the FS gage 

were not used for development of the transport curves.

Approximately 0.38 ton of nitrate and nitrite 

as nitrogen, 0.23 ton of TKN (0.08 ton of which is 

ammonia nitrogen), 0.032 ton of total phosphorus 

(approximately 0.052 ton dissolved), 5.9 tons of TSS, 

Table 10. Constituent loads for storm drainage at the FS gage in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999

Month and year

Load of

total nitrogen as

nitrate and nitrite

at FS gage

(tons)

Load of

ammonia

nitrogen

at FS gage

(tons)

Load of

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

at FS gage

(tons)

Load of

dissolved

phosphorus

at FS gage

(tons)

Load of

total

phosphorus

at FS gage

(tons)

Load of

total

suspended

solids

at FS gage

(tons)

Load of

volatile

suspended

solids

at FS gage

(tons)

May 1998 0.029 0.0074 0.022 0.0032 0.0050 0.28 0.085

June 1998 .029 .0073 .022 .0031 .005 .27 .084

July 1998 .029 .0074 .022 .0032 .005 .28 .085

August 1998 .029 .0074 .022 .0032 .005 .28 .085

September 1998 .028 .0072 .021 .0031 .0049 .27 .083

October 1998 .030 .0076 .022 .0033 .0051 .28 .087

November 1998 .028 .0072 .021 .0031 .0049 .27 .083

December 1998 .029 .0075 .022 .0032 .0051 .28 .086

January 1999 .063 .011 .028 .0032 .0048 1.27 .261

February 1999 .028 .0039 .011 .0012 .0023 .808 .148

March 1999 .026 .0035 .0095 .0011 .0022 .814 .145

April 1999 .028 .0039 .011 .0012 .0024 .831 .151

Total 0.376 0.0813 0.2295 0.0321 0.0517 5.933 1.383
34 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

and 1.4 tons of VSS were calculated to have been 

transported through the storm drain from May 1, 1998, 

through April 30, 1999 (table 10). Loads of TSS and 

VSS typically were lower during May–December 1998 

than during January–April 1999, whereas loads of 

ammonia nitrogen, TKN, total phosphorus, and 

dissolved phosphorus were higher during May–

December 1998.

During May through December 1998, prior to 

the arrival of flow from the newly connected drainage 

area, the load per unit area of nitrate and nitrite as 

nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, TKN, total phosphorus, 

dissolved phosphorus, TSS, and VSS at the storm 

drain were calculated to be 7.30 × 10−3

, 1.86 × 10−3, 

5.51 × 10−3

, 1.26 × 10−3, 8.02 × 10−4, 6.96 × 10−2, 

and 2.14 × 10−2

 tons/acre, respectively. Extrapolating 

these data for a period of 1 year results in a load per unit 

area of 1.96 × 10−2

 tons/acre for total nitrogen and 

1.92 × 10−3

 tons/acre for total phosphorus. The 

load per unit area of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, 

ammonia nitrogen, TKN, total phosphorus, and 

dissolved phosphorus at the storm drain decreased 

to 1.08 × 10−3

, 1.67 × 10−4, 4.39 × 10−4, 8.72 × 10−5, 

and 4.90 × 10−5

 tons/acre, respectively, from January 

through April 1999. The load per unit area of TSS 

and VSS, 2.76 × 10−2

 and 5.24 × 10−3 tons/acre, 

respectively, from January through April 1999, 

also decreased from the load per unit area from May 

through December 1998. Extrapolating these data 

for a period of 1 year results in a calculated load per 

unit area of 4.59 × 10−3

 tons/acre for total nitrogen 

and 2.64 × 10−4

 tons/acre for total phosphorus. A 

range from 1.02 × 10−2

 to 3.05 × 10−2 (tons/acre)/yr 

for total nitrogen and from 1.69 × 10−3

 to 7.35 × 10−3

(tons/acre)/yr for total phosphorus were reported for 

an urban land use (Beaulac and Reckhow, 1982).

Channel Lake Opening

Water samples were collected from the Channel 

Lake opening at the CLE gage on May 11, June 11, 

July 13, August 7, September 14 and 15, October 3, 

October 6, November 10, November 18, December 7, 

and December 13, 1998, and on January 18, 

February 11, March 15 and 17, April 9, April 22 and 

23, 1999 (table 11). A second sample collected on 

June 11, the samples collected on September 15, 

October 6, November 10, and December 7, 1998, 

as well as the samples collected on March 17, April 9, 

22, and 23, 1999, typically were collected following 

precipitation events (samples collected on March 17 

also are associated with increasing water levels affected 

by the raising of the Stratton Lock and Dam) and all 

reflect conditions of higher than normal flow during 

that time period. Except for the sample collected from 

a hole in the ice about 50 ft north of the east opening on 

January 18, 1999, the samples from the outlet were 

collected by lowering a sample bottle at a constant rate 

from the water surface to just above the streambed at 

three locations across the channel to produce a composite sample. Ice prevented collection of a sample at the 

CLE gage on January 22, 1999.

Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen 

in samples from the east opening of Channel Lake were 

below the detection limit (0.01 mg/L) during most of 

the period from June through early November 1998 and 

greater than 0.10 mg/L during most of the remaining 

sampling periods (table 11). At this location, nitrate 

concentrations below the detection limit during the 

summer and fall indicates uptake of nitrate and nitrite 

nitrogen by algae and aquatic macrophytes in Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake during the growing 

season. At the CLE gage, the mean concentration of 

nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen during runoff conditions 

was more than a factor of three higher than the mean 

concentration detected during more normal flow. The 

mean concentration of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen 

during runoff conditions may have been elevated 

because most of the runoff samples were collected 

during the late fall through early spring, when 

biological uptake of these nutrients would be lower.

During conditions of normal flow, concentrations 

of ammonia nitrogen at the east opening of Channel 

Lake were below 0.25 mg/L for most of the period from 

May through September 1998, increased to more than 

0.40 mg/L for much of the period from October 1998 

through February 1999, and decreased to less than 

0.25 mg/L in March 1999 (table 11). The lower 

ammonia nitrogen concentration detected during the 

May through September growing season indicates 

uptake of ammonia nitrogen by algae and aquatic 

macrophytes in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake. 

Concentrations of TKN showed no clear trends through 

time. The mean concentration of ammonia nitrogen and 

TKN was essentially identical during runoff conditions 

and more normal flow. At this site, the mean TKN concentration exceeded the mean ammonia concentration 

by more than a factor of four, indicating that most of the 

TKN at the outlet is present as organic nitrogen.
Water Quality 35

Table 11. Water-quality data for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Ill., May 11, 1998–April 23, 1999[Shading denotes sample collected during runoff conditions; na, not analyzed; k, constituent present below detection limit; q, holding time exceeded]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 11,

1998

June 11,

1998

June 11,

1998

July 13,

1998

August 7,

1998

September 14,

1998

September 15,

1998

October 3,

1998

October 6,

1998

November 10,

1998

November 18,

1998

December 7,

1998

December 13,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, 

total as nitrogen(milligram per liter)

0.11 0.01k na 0.01k 0.01k 0.01k 0.01k 0.01k 0.12 0.01k 0.06 0.83 0.15

Nitrogen, ammonia

(milligram per liter)

.27 .05 na .54 .21 .21 .17 .49 .09 .55 .53 .20 .43

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

1.00 1.10 na .54 1.70 2.20 1.80 1.10 2.20 2.60 1.10 .87 .61

Phosphorus, total

(milligram per liter)

.026 .087 na .046 .162 .067 .061 .055 .198 .166 .12 .029 .024

Phosphorus, dissolved

(milligram per liter)

.011 .009 na .009 .018 .015 .01 .009 .023 .044 .02 .012 .011

Solids, total suspended

(milligrams per liter)

6 15 7 7 43 na 5 20q 188q 166q 200 81 5

Solids, volatile suspended

(milligrams per liter)

1 5 3 5 39 na 2 7q 51q 50q 54 24 2

Turbidity

(nephelometricturbidity units)

27 150 10 3.6 14 na 7.2 5.2 6.1 19 13 10 2.4

Constituent

Date of sample collection

Geometric

mean of

all samples

Geometric

mean of

samples

collected

during normal

flow conditions

Geometric

mean of

samples

collected

during runoff

conditions

January 18,

1999

February 11,

1999

March 15,

1999

March 17,

1999

April 9,

1999

April 22,

1999

April 23,

1999

Nitrate and nitrite, 

total as nitrogen(milligram per liter)

0.5 0.8 0.36 0.98 0.63 0.28 0.28 0.07 0.04 0.14

Nitrogen, ammonia

(milligrams per liter)

.52 .91 .20 .24 1.50 .16 .29 .297 .318 .27

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

16.0 1.20 .69 1.20 1.50 .78 .85 1.33 1.32 1.34

Phosphorus, total

(milligram per liter)

.073 .036 .025 .039 .023 .045 .053 .056 .054 .058

Phosphorus, dissolved

(milligram per liter)

.014 .018 .009 .013 .007 .014 .019 .014 .012 .015

Solids, total suspended

(milligrams per liter)

19 7 67 19 17 11 7 20.8 18.6 23.5

Solids, volatile suspended

(milligrams per liter)

12 3 11 8 6 5 2 7.6 7.0 8.2

Turbidity

(nephelometricturbidity units)

9.4 2.7 2.5 22 15 1.4 4.5 8.4 8.6 8.2
36 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

During the investigation, the concentration of 

dissolved phosphorus in samples from the east opening 

of Channel Lake showed no clearly defined trends 

through time and did not vary between runoff conditions and more normal flow conditions. The concentration of total phosphorus in samples from the east 

opening of Channel Lake also showed no clear trend 

through time and did not vary substantially between 

runoff conditions and more normal flow conditions. 

Comparison of the mean concentrations indicates 

dissolved phosphorus (0.014 mg/L) is one-quarter of 

the total phosphorus (0.056 mg/L) in the water at the 

east opening of Channel Lake.

Measured concentrations of TSS and VSS at the 

east opening of Channel Lake were substantially higher 

from October 6 through December 7, 1998, than during 

most of the other sampling periods. Mean TSS and VSS 

concentrations were higher during runoff conditions 

than during periods of more normal flow (table 11). At 

this location, the mean VSS concentration was about 

one-third of the mean TSS concentration.

The mean concentration of nitrate and nitrite as 

nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, and total phosphorus 

at the east opening of Channel Lake was lower than 

the mean concentration of these constituents at Trevor 

Creek and the storm drain (tables 7, 9, 11), indicating 

these constituents are being utilized by algae and 

aquatic macrophytes in the lakes from which the flow at 

the east opening is derived. The mean concentration of 

ammonia nitrogen in the samples collected at the east 

opening to Channel Lake is higher than the mean concentration at Trevor Creek and lower than the mean 

concentration from the storm drain, whereas the mean 

concentration of TKN at the outlet is higher than the 

mean concentration at Trevor Creek and the storm 

drain. Given the relative volumes of flow from surface 

water in the watershed, storm drains, and flow through 

the Route 173 bridge openings (table 5), the presence of 

elevated concentrations of TKN and ammonia nitrogen 

at the east opening to Channel Lake indicates these 

constituents are being generated by in-lake processes.

Transport curves were used to determine the load 

of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, 

TKN, dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, TSS, 

and VSS at the east opening of Channel Lake (table 12). 

The transport curves indicate the loads of all constituents exiting the lakes through the east opening of 

Channel Lake exceeded the loads entering the lakes 

through this opening by a factor of about four. During 

the investigation, no clearly defined trends in load 

through time were indicated for any constituent except 

for the increase in TSS load flowing into the lakes from 

November 1998 through January 1999.

Ground Water

Ground-water samples were collected from all 

monitoring wells on May 27, 1998, August 8, 1998, 

November 2, 1998, and March 15, 1999 (appendix 3). 

Wells 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are open to low-permeability 

deposits. These wells were purged dry using a clean 

teflon bailer and allowed to recover for at least 1 hour 

before the sample was collected. Wells 3 and 8 are open 

to permeable deposits and were purged of a minimum 

of three times the volume of water in the well prior to 

sample collection to ensure a representative sample 

(Schuller and others, 1981).

With the exception of TKN, which was detected 

at the highest concentrations in May and November 

1998 and the lowest concentrations in March 1999, 

mean nutrient concentrations in ground water near Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake varied by less than a factor 

of three between sampling periods (table 13). Nutrient 

concentrations did vary substantially among wells.

The mean concentration of nitrate and nitrite as 

nitrogen was from a factor of three to ten higher in wells 

4 and 7 than in the other wells (table 13). Concentrations of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen in ground water 

from every well in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake were less than 2.0 mg/L and, therefore, 

probably can be attributed to natural sources (Mueller 

and Helsel, 1996). The increased concentration of 

nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen in water from wells 4 

and 7 appears to be caused by natural variability in the 

ground-water quality.

Mean concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, TKN, 

and total phosphorus were higher in wells 3 and 8 than 

in the other wells (table 13), indicating sources of nitrogen and phosphorus to water from these wells that are 

not present at the other wells. Wells 3 and 8 are the only 

wells open to sand-and-gravel deposits. Water quality in 

well 3 appears to be affected by the observed seepage 

from septic systems near the well. Water quality in well 

8 may be affected by recharge of water from Channel 

Lake.
Water Quality 37

Table 12. Constituent loads for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999

Month and year

Load of

total nitrogen as

nitrate and nitrite

flowing into lakes

at CLE gage

(ton)

Load of total

 nitrogen as

nitrate and nitrite

flowing out of

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of

ammonia

nitrogen

flowing into

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of

ammonia

nitrogen

flowing out of

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

flowing into

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

flowing out of

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of total

phosphorus

flowing into

lakes at CLE gage

(ton)

Load of total

phosphorus

flowing out of

lakes at CLE gage

(ton)

May 1998 0.03 0.18 0.048 0.55 0.168 2.17 0.007 0.098June 1998 .05 .11 .086 .17 .306 .59 .013 .023July 1998 .03 .15 .053 .36 .183 1.38 .007 .061August 1998 .07 .08 .118 .10 .408 .31 .016 .011September 1998 .05 .10 .107 .14 .399 .45 .017 .017October 1998 .03 .16 .069 .35 .278 1.28 .013 .053November 1998 .03 .17 .236 .58 1.188 2.42 .071 .120December 1998 .03 .16 .070 .41 .262 1.53 .011 .065January 1999 .03 .17 .194 .45 .875 1.78 .046 .083February 1999 .01 .23 .009 1.03 .030 4.34 .001 .212March 1999 .05 .15 .127 .37 .477 1.39 .021 .060April 1999 .03 .18 .058 .68 .213 2.79 .009 .133

Total 0.44 1.84 1.75 5.19 4.787 20.43 0.232 0.936

Month and year

Load of dissolved

phosphorus

flowing into lakes

at CLE gage

(ton)

Load of dissolved

phosphorus

flowing out of

lakes at CLE gage

(ton)

Load of total

suspended solids

flowing into

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of total

suspended solids

flowing out of

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of total

volatile

suspended solids

flowing into

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

Load of total

volatile

suspended solids

flowing out of

lakes at CLE gage

(tons)

May 1998 0.002 0.027 3.3 47.1 1.09 15.8June 1998 .004 .007 6.1 11.2 2.03 3.7July 1998 .002 .017 3.5 29.2 1.17 9.8August 1998 .005 .004 7.9 5.5 2.62 1.8September 1998 .005 .006 8.3 8.4 2.78 2.8October 1998 .004 .016 6.2 25.9 2.10 8.6November 1998 .015 .031 33.0 56.8 11.41 19.3December 1998 .003 .019 5.5 34.8 1.83 10.6January 1999 .011 .022 21.8 39.6 7.44 13.4February 1999 .000 .055 .6 100.6 .18 34.0March 1999 .006 .018 9.9 29.1 3.32 9.7April 1999 .003 .035 4.3 63.8 1.45 21.4

Total 0.060 0.257 110.4 452 37.42 150.9
38 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Lake Water

Water-quality samples were collected from Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake on April 21, May 15, 

June 15, June 17, July 13, August 11, October 26, and 

November 25–27, 1998 (appendix 4). On these dates, 

temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles also were 

measured at sites LC1, LC2, LC3, CL1, CL2, and 

CL3. Additional samples were collected from Lake 

Catherine on August 31 and from Channel Lake on 

September 15 and October 14, 1998. The laboratory 

did not analyze lake-water samples collected after 

November 1998. Algae samples were collected from 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake on April 21, July 13, 

August 11, and October 26, 1998. Algae samples also 

were collected from Lake Catherine on June 17, 1998.

Secchi depth is the depth at which the black 

and white Secchi disk (8-in. diameter) is no longer 

visible and is a measure of the clarity of the lake water. 

Mean Secchi values for the period of measurement 

were higher in Lake Catherine than in Channel Lake 

(table 14). Mean Secchi values for Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake were within 6 in. during May, June, July, 

and October 1998 (appendix 4). In August and September 1998, Secchi values on Lake Catherine were more 

than 10 in. higher than on Channel Lake. In April 1998, 

Secchi values on Channel Lake were more than 20 in. 

higher than on Lake Catherine. Mean Secchi readings 

were greater than 60 in. in April, May, and June 1998, 

below 50 in. from July through mid-October 1998, 

and increased to more than 50 in. by late October 1998 

(table 14). The photic zone, or the zone of the lake with 

sufficient sunlight penetration to allow photosynthesis 

by algae and aquatic macrophytes, is considered to be 

2–3 times the Secchi reading (Illinois Environmental 

Protection Agency, 1988). If the maximum depth 

of Lake Catherine is about 40 ft (480 in.) and the 

maximum depth of Channel Lake is about 36 ft 

(432 in.), at least one-quarter of the total depth of the 

lakes should have been within the photic zone during 

most of the period of measurement.

The geometric means of the TSS, VSS, and 

turbidity concentrations in the samples collected from 

the shallow parts of the lakes were less than a factor 

of two higher in Channel Lake than in Lake Catherine 

and less than a factor of two higher in the shallow 

samples than in the deep samples (table 14). TSS, VSS, 

and turbidity concentrations in Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake are below their respective Illinois Lake 

Assessment Criteria (Illinois Pollution Control Board, 

1989) for moderate use impairment. Typically, TSS, 

1Thirty-two samples were used for the mean calculation.2Eight samples were used for the mean calculation.3Four samples were used for the mean calculation.

Table 13. Geometric mean concentrations of nutrients in ground water in the vicinity of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

Constituent

Mean

concentration

in all samples1

Mean concentration of samples by date2 Mean concentration of samples from wells3

May 27,

1998

August 8,

1998

November 2,

1998

March 15,

1999 Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 4 Well 5 Well 6 Well 7 Well 8

Nitrate and nitrite, total as nitrogen(milligram per liter)

0.047 0.060 0.053 0.030 0.053 0.024 0.083 0.047 0.170 0.036 0.016 0.174 0.017

Nitrogen, ammonia(milligrams per liter)

.275 .32 .37 .25 .20 .143 .262 1.01 .15 .161 .15 .36 .62

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl(milligrams per liter)

.692 1.24 .68 1.08 .25 .42 .612 4.05 .33 .58 .52 .56 .92

Phosphorus, dissolved(milligram per liter)

.0189 .025 .022 .018 .013 .023 .011 .021 .017 .018 .015 .027 .025

Phosphorus, total(milligram per liter)

.0698 .115 .073 .067 .042 .038 .054 .91 .031 .04 .021 .061 .18
Water Quality 39

Table 14. Concentration of constituents in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 27, 1998[na, not analyzed; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate]

Constituent

Mean concentrations of shallow samples by date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15–17,

1998

July 13,

1998

August 11,

1998

August 31,

1998

September 15,

1998

September 30,

1998

October 14,

1998

October 26,

1998

November 27,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, 

total as nitrogen(milligram per liter)

0.316 0.116 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.0194 0.0597

Nitrogen, ammonia

(milligram per liter)

.3091 .1174 .0108 .0703 .0496 .1004 .204 .1237 .2918 .3425 .4087

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

.681 .531 .799 .627 .921 1.063 1.379 1.049 1.608 1.470 na

Phosphorus, total

(milligram per liter)

.0375 .0223 .0346 .052 .0325 .0333 .0401 .0387 .0523 .0591 .0422

Phosphorus, dissolved

(milligram per liter)

na na .012 .0086 .006 na na na na .0169 na

Solids, total suspended

(milligrams per liter)

6.3 4.4 10.2 6 9.7 2.6 4 6.5 4.6 3.2 5.6

Solids, volatile suspended

(milligrams per liter)

4.0 1.4 3 4 4 .8 1.5 2.4 1.6 1.2 3.0

Turbidity

(nephelometric turbidity units)

5.9 1.6 13 3.3 53.6 4.6 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.4 na

Conductivity, field

(microSiemens per centimeter)

607 na 586 586 594 na na na na 590 na

pH, field 8.37 na 8.65 8.63 8.49 na na na na 8.58 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein

(milligrams per liter)

na na 12.8 7 6.7 na na na na 8.5 na

Alkalinity, total

(milligrams per liter)

na na 204 207 204 na na na na 182 na

Secchi reading

(inches)

75.8 156.0 74 45.9 34.8 44.9 45.3 na 47.7 56.2 na
40 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 14. Concentration of constituents in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 27, 1998—Continued Constituent Mean concentration of deep samples by date April 21, 1998 May 15, 1998 June 15–17, 1998 July 13, 1998 August 11, 1998 August 31, 1998 September 15, 1998 September 30, 1998 October 14, 1998 October 26, 1998 November 27, 1998 Nitrate and nitrite, total as nitrogen (milligram per liter) 0.2449 0.0663 na 0.005 0.005 na na 0.005 na 0.0245 na Nitrogen, ammonia (milligrams per liter) .3447 .1342 na .839 2.60 na na .1449 na .3846 na Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (milligrams per liter) .8199 .5916 na 1.1849 na na na 1.249 na .7029 na Phosphorus, total (milligram per liter) .0354 .0225 .3286 .1568 .385 na na .0657 na .0349 na Phosphorus, dissolved (milligram per liter) na na .3175 .0729 .362 na na na na .0193 na Solids, total suspended (milligrams per liter) 5.0 1.4 na 5.0 8.0 na na na na na 9.8 Solids, volatile suspended (milligrams per liter) 2.4 na na 2.2 4.0 na na na na na 4.2 Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 5.1 1.7 na 2.9 57 na na 4.5 na 3.8 na Conductivity, field (microSiemens per centimeter) 621 na 653 614 658 na na na na 596 na pH, field 8.08 na 7.17 7.89 7.1 na na na na 8.30 na Alkalinity, phenolphthalein (milligrams per liter) na na na na na na na na na na na Alkalinity, total (milligrams per liter) na na 241 212 247 na na na na na na
Water Quality 41

Table 14. Concentration of constituents in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 27, 1998—Continued

Constituent

Mean concentrations by location

Site name Geometric

mean of

shallow

samples from

Lake Catherine

Geometric

mean of

shallow

samples from

Channel Lake

Geometric

mean of

all shallow

samples

Geometric

mean of

all deep

samples

LC1S LC1D LC2S LC3S CL1S CL1D CL2S CL3S

Nitrate and nitrite, 

total as nitrogen(milligram per liter)

0.017 0.020 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.024 0.015 0.011 0.019 0.014 0.016 0.022

Nitrogen, ammonia

(milligram per liter)

.2101 .3743 .1856 .1583 .0947 .3382 .1243 .073 .1835 .0951 .1321 .3558

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

1.0163 .8795 .8715 .8509 .9772 1.0743 .9741 1.1147 .91 1.0199 .9634 .972

Phosphorus, total

(milligram per liter)

.0386 .0765 .0352 .0341 .0404 .0779 .0493 .0402 .0359 .0431 .0393 .0772

Phosphorus, dissolved

(milligram per liter)

.0086 .0749 .0084 .0093 .0117 .132 .0106 .0099 .0088 .0107 .0097 .0995

Solids, total suspended

(milligrams per liter)

5.9 3.2 4.2 4.6 4.7 5.4 7.3 5.8 4.9 5.8 5.3 4.2

Solids, volatile suspended

(milligrams per liter)

2.1 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.8 1.7 2.8 2.2 1.8

Turbidity

(nephelometricturbidity units)

6.5 5.3 4.1 5.3 6.8 3.5 5.2 6.1 5.2 6.0 5.6 4.3

Conductivity, field

(microSiemensper centimeter)

597 626 599 599 589 614 588 589 598 588 593 620

pH, field 8.39 7.74 8.52 8.48 8.59 7.91 8.62 8.61 8.46 8.61 8.53 7.83Alkalinity, phenolphthalein

(milligrams per liter)

9.05 8.00 6.93 7.11 10.38 1.21 9.16 7.96 7.64 9.11 8.35 3.10

Alkalinity, total

(milligrams per liter)

213 228 201 206 199 238 201 204 207 201 204 233

Secchi reading

(inches)

57.3 na 65.0 58.9 52.8 na 58.2 49.9 60.3 53.5 56.8 na
42 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

VSS, and turbidity are directly related to each other and 

inversely related to Secchi values (Sefton and others, 

1980). Based on visual observation of the plots of data 

from Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, mean VSS 

values generally increased with increased TSS, but TSS 

and VSS had no clear relation to Secchi readings or 

turbidity values. The lack of a correlation at the lakes 

may be because of the comparatively small data set, 

inaccurate measurements, or may indicate that other 

factors (for example, water color and plant growth) 

are affecting the clarity of the lake water.

Conductivity, as defined in this report, is the 

capacity of a unit area of water to convey electrical 

current. Mean conductivity values showed little 

variation through time or with location, varying 

from 586 to 658 μS/cm (table 14). These variations 

are attributed to small changes in the amounts of the 

common inorganic ions dissolved in the lake water. 

The geometric mean for the values of field conductivity 

varied by 10 μS/cm in the shallow samples at Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake and was about 30 μS/cm 

higher near the bottom of the lakes than near the 

surface.

Alkalinity is an indication of the acid neutralizing capability of water and typically is related to the 

concentration of carbonate compounds dissolved in 

water. The available data indicate alkalinity concentrations do not vary between the lakes, but the alkalinity 

near the bottom of the lakes is about 30 mg/L higher 

than the alkalinity near the surface (table 14). Alkalinity 

values are directly related to conductivity values, indicating carbonate compounds are an important dissolved 

constituent in the lake water.

The pH of the lake water (the negative log of the 

concentration of hydrogen ion) ranged from 6.88 to 

8.72 pH units. The geometric mean of the pH values 

was higher at the lake surface (mean value of 8.53) than 

near the bottom of the lakes (mean value of 7.83) and 

typically was more than 0.1 pH units higher in Channel 

Lake than in Lake Catherine (table 14). In temperate 

lakes, pH values greater than 8.0 can be an indication 

that the photosynthetic activity of algae and aquatic 

macrophytes is consuming dissolved carbonate 

compounds faster than it is being replaced by plant and 

animal respiration, breakdown of organic matter, and 

atmospheric diffusion (Lampert and Sommer, 1997). 

Bicarbonate ion, formed from the dissolution of carbon 

dioxide in water, may be used for photosynthesis under 

these conditions, which has the effect of decreasing 

alkalinity of the water and increasing pH. pH was 

inversely related to alkalinity concentration in the lake 

water, as would be expected if photosynthetic uptake 

of carbonate species was the reason for the increase in 

pH. pH concentrations also were inversely related to 

conductivity.

Nitrogen in the form of nitrate and nitrite is 

readily utilized by algae as a growth nutrient. The mean 

concentration of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen did not 

vary substantially between Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake and was similar in the deep samples and in the 

shallow samples (table 14). The mean concentration of 

nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen in the lakes was greater 

than 0.25 mg/L on April 21, decreased to near or 

below the detection limit from about June 15 through 

mid-October 1998, and increased to about 0.06 mg/L 

by November 27, 1998 (table 14). The lack of detectable concentrations of nitrate and nitrite during the 

summer and early fall months indicates these constituents were being consumed by physical, chemical, and 

biological processes during this period, particularly in 

the shallow part of the lakes.

Ammonia nitrogen also is readily utilized by 

phytoplankton and algae as a growth nutrient. The 

geometric mean of the ammonia nitrogen concentration 

in the shallow samples was nearly a factor of two higher 

at Lake Catherine than at Channel Lake (table 14). The 

geometric mean of the ammonia concentration in the 

deep parts of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake were 

similar (appendix 4). Mean ammonia concentrations 

in the deep samples exceeded concentrations in the 

shallow samples by nearly a factor of three. The mean 

concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the shallow samples, collected near the surface of the lakes, decreased 

from April 21 through June 15–17, 1998, was less than 

0.11 mg/L from mid-June through August 11, 1998, 

and increased overall to about 0.40 mg/L by November 

27, 1998. Ammonia concentrations in the deep samples, 

taken near the bottom of Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake, were similar to concentrations in the shallow part 

of the lakes on April 21, 1998. Ammonia concentrations in the deep part of the lakes increased to more 

than 2.5 mg/L by August 1998, then decreased to a concentration similar to the concentration in the shallow 

part of the lakes by September 30, 1998. The temporal 

trends in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen may 

be caused by uptake of ammonia in the shallow part 

of the lake by plants and algae during the summer 

months, release of ammonia from bottom sediments to 

the bottom of the lakes during decomposition of organic 
Water Quality 43

matter in the summer months, and mixing of water from 

the lower and upper parts of the lakes during the fall.

TKN concentrations in the shallow part of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake were less than 

1.0 mg/L in April through mid-August 1998 and 

exceeded 1.0 mg/L from late August through at least 

late October, 1998 (table 14). TKN concentrations 

were about 0.10 mg/L higher in the shallow part 

of Channel Lake than in the shallow part of Lake 

Catherine. Concentrations of TKN typically were 

greater than twice the ammonia concentrations in all 

shallow samples and in the deep samples collected during the spring and fall. Most of the TKN in the shallow 

parts of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake is organic 

nitrogen, which has not been shown to be used by algae 

(Vollenweider, 1968). In July and August 1998, ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the deep samples were 

approximately equal to the TKN concentrations. 

During the summer months, most of the TKN near 

the bottom of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake is 

ammonia nitrogen and can be readily utilized as a 

growth nutrient if brought into contact with algae.

Total phosphorus concentrations were slightly 

higher in Channel Lake than concentrations in Lake 

Catherine and were about a factor of two higher in the 

deep samples than in the shallow samples (table 14). 

The mean concentration of total phosphorus in the 

shallow samples of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

decreased from April to May 1998, then showed an 

overall increase from May through October 1998. 

Total phosphorus concentrations in the deep samples 

collected in April and May 1998 and late September 

through the end of the period of sampling on 

November 27, 1998, were similar to the concentrations 

in the surface samples. Samples collected near the 

bottom of the lakes in June, July, and August 1998 

had total phosphorus concentrations that were an 

order of magnitude higher than concentrations in the 

surface samples at that time, indicating production of 

phosphorus compounds from the bottom sediments.

Dissolved phosphorus is the form most readily 

utilized for algae and macrophyte growth. Although 

dissolved-phosphorus data are limited, concentrations 

are essentially identical in the shallow parts of the 

lakes (table 14). The mean concentration of dissolved 

phosphorus near the surface of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake decreased from mid-June through 

mid-August 1998, then increased by October 26, 1998. 

The concentration of dissolved phosphorus near the 

bottom of the lakes was an order of magnitude higher 

than concentrations near the surface of the lakes from 

June through at least mid-August 1998. Concentrations 

of dissolved phosphorus near the bottom and the 

surface of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake were 

essentially identical in October 1998. Concentrations 

of dissolved phosphorus typically are less than one-half 

the concentration of total phosphorus for the nearsurface samples, indicating most phosphorus near 

the surface of the lakes is bound to particulate matter 

and, therefore, not readily utilized for plant and algae 

growth. Dissolved phosphorus is most or all of the total 

phosphorus in the deep samples at Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake during June, July, and August 1998, with 

the exception of the sample from LC1D collected on 

July 13, 1998. Dissolved phosphorus was measured to 

be about one-quarter of the total phosphorus in the deep 

part of Lake Catherine on July 13, 1998. During the 

summer months, most of the phosphorus in the deep 

part of the lakes is in the dissolved form, which can be 

readily utilized for plant and algae growth. The elevated 

concentration of dissolved phosphorus near the bottom 

of the lakes appears to be produced by release from 

bottom sediments during the decomposition of organic 

matter.

Chlorophyll a is a photosynthetic pigment that 

is necessary for photosynthesis in most plants and in 

blue-green, green, yellow-green, and yellow-brown 

algae; diatoms; euglenoids; and dinoflagellates. Bluegreen algae contain only chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b is 

an accessory photosynthetic pigment present in green 

algae and euglenoids. Chlorophyll c is an accessory 

photosynthetic pigment present in diatoms, yellowgreen and yellow-brown algae, and dinoflagellates. 

Pheophytin a is a breakdown product of chlorophyll a. 

High concentrations of pheophytin are indicative of 

a stressed algal population or a recent algae die off. 

Chlorophyll a values must be corrected for pheophytin 

to determine the amount of living biomass in the 

sample. Concentrations of chlorophyll a (corrected), 

measured at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake showed 

an overall increase between April 21 and October 26, 

1998, then decreased by a factor of about four between 

October 26 and November 9, 1998 (table 15). Chlorophyll b and chlorophyll c had similar patterns of 

increasing concentrations through the spring and 

summer of 1998. Chlorophyll b typically was at 

maximum concentration during the last sampling 

period on November 25, 1998, whereas chlorophyll c

was at maximum concentration on October 26 or 

November 25, 1998 (table 15, appendix 4). The 
44 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 15. Results of lake-water-quality sampling from site CL1 at a depth of 4.4-22 feet and site LC1 at a depth of 5.1-40 feet, Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 25, 1998 [k, constituent present below detection limit; na, not analyzed] Constituent Date of sample collection April 21, 1998 May 15, 1998 July 13, 1998 August 11, 1998 August 31, 1998 September 15, 1998 September 30, 1998 October 14, 1998 October 26, 1998 November 9, 1998 November 25, 1998 Site CL1 Chlorophyll-a (micrograms per liter) 6.41 4.27 24.0 46.1 42.7 53.4 77.4 na 118 22 30 Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (micrograms per liter) 5.88 3.81 24.3 44.7 42.1 51.4 76.2 na 113 24.1 35.2 Chlorophyll-b (micrograms per liter) .75 .86 .06 2.69 1.18 1k 4.31 na 2.36 1.33 11.3 Chlorophyll-c (micrograms per liter) .00 .58 .87 3.17 2.63 4.62 12.9 na 20.2 3.58 15.6 Pheophytin-a (micrograms per liter) .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1k 1k na 1k 2.27 8.28 Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 300 434 200 300 400 na 450 400 400 Total algal density (per milliliter) 2,541 na 8,589 21,489 na na na na 3,274 na na Depth of sample (feet) 16 22 8 5 4.4 6 6 na 9 10 10 Site LC1 Chlorophyll-a (micrograms per liter) 15.49 3.47 33.40 45.50 30.70 34.7 72.8 98.8 96.6 15.4 10.7 Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (micrograms per liter) 15.22 2.79 32.40 44.80 30.70 32 71.4 96.2 94.6 16.2 13.5 Chlorophyll-b (micrograms per liter) .97 .77 .87 2.30 1.29 1k 4.25 3.03 2.9 1k 8.57 Chlorophyll-c (micrograms per liter) .00 .46 2.88 3.63 2.09 3.11 12.1 18.4 17.3 2.17 10 Pheophytin-a (micrograms per liter) .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1k 1k 1k 1k 1k 5.21 Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 400 464 400 400 400 300 412 400 400 Total algal density (per milliliter) 7,465 na 6,592 17,244 na na na na 2,276 na na Depth of sample (feet) 10 40 8 8 8 12 8 5.1 5.6 10 10
Water Quality 45

presence of elevated concentrations of pheophytin a in 

the samples collected on November 25, 1998, indicates 

the algal population was under some stress at that time.

Results of the algae sampling in Lake Catherine 

and Channel Lake indicate that counts of the identified 

algae exceeded 2,000 per ml, and that blue-green algae 

were the most abundant algae identified in the lakes 

during most of the sampling periods (Larry O’Flaherty, 

Western Illinois University, written commun., 1999). 

Algae densities were higher in Lake Catherine than in 

Channel Lake in April 1998 but were higher in Channel 

Lake during the other sampling periods. A “bloom” of 

blue-green algae, identified by a density of 1 million or 

more algae per liter, occurred between June 17 and 

July 13, 1998. Densities of all measured algae reached 

a maximum of more than 16,000 per ml at both lakes on 

August 11, 1998, with blue-green algae being more 

than 92 percent of the algae determined to be present on 

that date. Green algae and dinoflagellates were present 

at concentrations of greater than 100 per ml during 

most of the sampling period, whereas diatoms and 

euglenoids were present at concentrations of less 

than 100 per ml. Diatoms, blue-green algae, green 

algae, and euglenoids were at their maximum density 

during the August sampling. Cyrptomonads attained 

their highest density during the April 1998 sampling 

and were the dominant phytoplankton at that time. 

Dinoflagellates were present at their highest densities 

during the October 1998 sampling.

Total densities of the identified algae were higher 

in 1998 than densities for comparable dates during 

previous sampling periods in 1979, 1987, and 1993 for 

Channel Lake and 1987 for Lake Catherine. As was the 

case during the current investigation, blue-green algae 

were the dominant algae detected in both lakes during 

previous sampling periods, varying from an average of 

55.2 to 70.9 percent of the measured algal density in 

these lakes (Kothandaraman and others, 1977, p. 158; 

Larry O’Flaherty, Western Illinois University, written 

commun., 1999). Flagellates (15.5 to 21.0 percent), 

diatoms (8.4 to 16.3 percent), and green algae (3.8 to 

8.6 percent) also were detected during previous 

investigations.

Algae require a variety of elements to grow, 

including nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and hydrogen. 

In freshwater lakes, all elements, except phosphorus or 

nitrogen, typically are available in sufficient quantity 

for algal growth. Because certain forms of algae can 

obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere, phosphorus is 

the nutrient that limits algal growth in most lakes (the 

limiting algal nutrient) (Schindler, 1977). If the concentration of dissolved phosphorus in lake water is less 

than 0.005 mg/L, a lack of biologically available phosphorus may limit algal growth (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 1989). If 

the total concentration of biologically available nitrogen (ammonia, nitrate, nitrite) in lake water is less than 

0.020 mg/L, a lack of nitrogen may limit algal growth. 

Dissolved phosphorus concentrations in the samples of 

the shallow water in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

typically were greater than 0.005 mg/L during the summer months (table 14). Nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen 

concentrations in the shallow lake water typically were 

present at concentrations near or below the detection 

limit of 0.01 mg/L. Ammonia nitrogen concentrations 

in the shallow lake water typically were present at concentrations greater than 0.020 mg/L. Whether algal 

growth is limited by the concentration of nitrogen or 

phosphorus in Lake Catherine or Channel Lake is not 

clearly indicated.

The limiting nutrient for a lake usually can be 

identified by comparing the weight ratio of total nitrogen (TKN and nitrate and nitrite nitrogen) to total phosphorus. The N:P atomic ratio in algal cell tissue is about 

16:1 (16 nitrogen atoms for every phosphorus atom) 

(United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural 

Organization, 1989). If nutrient concentrations are 

measured in milligrams per liter, the atomic ratio of 

16 moles/L of nitrogen to 1 mole/L of phosphorus converts to 224 g/L of nitrogen and 31 g/L of phosphorus, 

a mass ratio of 7.2:1 (United Nations Educational, 

Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 1989). Assuming 

the algal populations use the nutrients in this ideal ratio, 

a mass ratio of less than 5:1 indicates nitrogen is the 

limiting algal nutrient and a ratio above 10:1 indicates 

phosphorus is the limiting algal nutrient (Marsden, 

1989, p. 153). During the investigation, the mass 

ratios of the mean values of N:P for the samples 

collected near the surface of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake (table 16) were greater than 7.2:1 for 

the samples collected, indicating phosphorus is the 

nutrient limiting algal biomass. Phosphorus was 

suggested to be the limiting algal nutrient in the 

Chain of Lakes during previous investigations 

(Kothandaraman and Evans, 1978b).

The trophic state indices (TSI) devised by 

Carlson (1977) utilize Secchi depths, total phosphorus 

concentrations at the lake surface, and chlorophyll a

concentrations at the lake surface to determine the 

trophic status of lakes with nonalgal turbidity and 
46 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

minimal aquatic vegetation. The higher the TSI, the 

more eutrophic, or nutrient enriched, the lake. The 

index is based on the amount of algal biomass in the 

water on the basis of a scale of 0 to 110, with each 

major division of the index (10, 20, 30) representing a 

theoretical doubling of the algal biomass. Lakes with 

TSI values greater than 50 are classified as eutrophic 

(high algal production). Lakes with a mean TSI greater 

than 60 and less than 70 are characterized as being 

moderately to highly eutrophic (Illinois Environmental 

Protection Agency, 1990). This index is not strictly 

applicable to lakes with water coloration or suspended 

materials other than algae.

The TSI determined from the Secchi readings 

ranged from 40 to 64, with a mean value of about 54 

(table 17). The TSI determined from the total phosphorus in the surface samples ranged from 48 to 66, with a 

mean value of about 57. The TSI calculated from the 

corrected chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 43 

to 75, with a mean value of about 61. TSI values were 

similar for both lakes. All TSI values indicate the lakes 

are marginally to moderately eutrophic.

The temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles 

over the period of measurement indicate Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake are subject to thermal 

stratification (fig. 14). On April 21, 1998, the water 

temperature of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

varied by less than 3°C and dissolved oxygen concentrations exceeded 5.0 mg/L at almost all levels in the 

lakes. These conditions are representative of the wellmixed water of uniform temperature and high dissolved 

oxygen concentration associated with the spring turnover stage.

Rising air temperatures and increased inputs of 

solar radiation increased the surface temperature of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from about 12°C on 

April 21 to about 20°C by May 15 and to more than 

26°C on August 11, 1998 (fig. 14). Water at depth was 

heated more slowly. Beginning in May and probably 

continuing through early September, the upper part of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake (the epilimnion) 

typically was more than 10°C warmer than the lower 

part of the lakes (the hypolimnion). The epilimnion and 

hypolimnion are separated by the thermocline, a zone 

of water characterized by a large temperature gradient. 

These temperature patterns are characteristic of the 

summer stratification stage. Water is at its maximum 

density at about 4°C and the large temperature difference between the upper and lower parts of the lakes 

produces a difference in the density of the water in 

the epilimnion and the hypolimnion, resulting in the 

thermal stratification of the lake water. Thermal stratification prevents the warmer, less dense, oxygenated 

water near the top of the lakes (dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper part of the lakes were greater 

than 9.0 mg/L during almost all of the measurement 

period) from mixing with cooler, denser water near 

the bottom of the lakes. Oxygen consumption during 

the bacterial decomposition of organic material in the 

bottom sediments at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

exceeded oxygen replenishment by molecular diffusion 

during the stratification period. This oxygen deficit 

resulted in a decrease in the concentration of dissolved 

oxygen below about 22 ft in Channel Lake and below 

about 26 ft in Lake Catherine to less than 1.0 mg/L by 

June 17, 1998 (fig. 14). The depth at which less than 

1.0 mg/L of dissolved oxygen was detected in Channel 

Lake decreased to about 12 ft by July and varied from 

about 12–18 ft by August 1998. The depth at which less 

than 1.0 mg/L of dissolved oxygen was detected in 

Lake Catherine decreased to about 16 ft by July and 

increased to about 20 ft by August 1998. Stratification 

of the lake water can be overcome by high winds or 

storms, which can mix the water (Mortimer, 1941, 

p. 287–88). High winds may have produced the comparatively uniform temperature and dissolved oxygen 

profiles observed on June 15, 1998 (appendix 4). 

Destratification of the lake water associated with 

storms can result in the redistribution of nutrients 

from the hypolimnion to the epilimnion, producing 

algal blooms (Stauffer and Lee, 1973).

As dissolved oxygen concentrations in lake 

water above the bottom sediments decrease below 

about 2.0 mg/L, the conditions for bacterially mediated 

reduction of organic matter and chemical reduction 

of metal phosphate complexes can release ammonia 

nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus from the bottom 

sediments into the overlying water (Mortimer, 1971; 

Marsden, 1989). Release of nitrogen and phosphorus 

compounds from bottom sediments is the probable 

cause of the buildup of ammonia and phosphorus in 

the deeper parts of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, 

observed during June–August 1998 (table 14).

Bathymetric data were used to determine that the 

volume of water in Channel Lake below 12 ft of depth 

on July 15, 1998, was 2,101 acre-ft, or about 41 percent 

of the total volume of water in the lake at that time. 

Bathymetric data indicate that the volume of water 

in Lake Catherine below 16 ft of depth on July 15, 

1998, was 951 acre-ft, or about 38 percent of the total 
Water Quality 47

Table 16. Ratios of the concentration of total nitrogen to total phosphorus in water from Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 27, 1998

Constituent

Mean concentration of shallow samples by date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

July 13,

1998

August 11,

1998

August 31,

1998

September 15,

1998

September 30,

1998

October 14,

1998

October 26,

1998

November 27,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen

(milligram per liter)

0.316 0.116 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.019 0.060

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl

(milligrams per liter)

.681 .531 .799 .627 .921 1.063 1.379 1.049 1.608 1.47 .409

Nitrogen, total (TN)

(milligrams per liter)

.997 .648 .804 .632 .928 1.068 1.386 1.054 1.613 1.49 .468

Phosphorus, total (TP)

(milligram per liter)

.0375 .0223 .0346 .052 .0325 .0333 .0401 .0387 .0523 .0591 .0422

Ratio TN:TP

(rounded)

18 24 13 12 29 32 35 27 31 25 11

Table 17. Calculated trophic state indices for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 27, 1998[ns, not sampled; na, not applicable]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

August 11,

1998

August 31,

1998

September 15,

1998

September 30,

1998

October 14,

1998

October 26,

1998

November 9,

1998

November 27,

1998

Channel Lake

Secchi depth

(inches)

89 156 74 46 30 ns 37 ns 48 58 ns ns

Trophic state indice 48 40 51 58 64 na 61 na 57 54 na naPhosphorus, total

(milligrams per cubic meter)

31 21 38 73 36 na 44 39 52 53 na 44

Trophic state indice 54 48 57 66 56 na 59 57 61 61 na 59Chlorophyll-a

(milligrams per cubic meter)

6.9 4.6 ns 26.0 52.8 50.4 49.5 51.2 ns 76 19.8 27.3

Trophic state indice 50 45 na 63 69 69 69 69 na 73 60 63

Lake Catherine

Secchi depth

(inches)

65 156 75 46 41 45 56 ns ns 54 ns ns

Trophic state indice 53 40 51 58 59 58 55 na na 55 na naPhosphorus, total

(milligrams per cubic meter)

44 23 30 37 29 33 36 ns ns 66 ns 41

Trophic state indice 59 49 53 56 53 55 56 na na 65 na 58Chlorophyll-a

(milligrams per cubic meter)

9.1 3.5 na 28.8 35.6 28.7 31.7 58.7 87.8 88.7 17.7 10.2

Trophic state indice 52 43 na 64 66 63 64 71 74 75 59 53

Mean trophic state indice Channel Lake Lake Catherine

Secchi depth 54 53Shallow phosphorus data 58 56Chlorophyll-a data 62 61
48 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Figure 14. Selected temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles in Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., April 21–November 25, 1998.
Water Quality 49

volume of water in the lake at that time. These depths 

are the approximate minimum depths where less than 

1.0 mg/L was present in the lakes on July 15, 1998, and 

represent the maximum volumes of low-oxygen water 

in the lakes during the investigation.

Lower air temperatures in the fall cooled the shallow water in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from 

more than 26°C in August 1998 to about 7°C in late 

November 1998. The decrease in the temperature of 

the shallow water resulted in equilibration of the 

temperature throughout the lakes, and by October 26, 

1998, the difference in temperature between the top 

and bottom of the lakes was about 1°C. Under these 

nearly isothermal conditions the difference in water 

density between the upper and lower parts of the lakes 

decreased to a point where the lakes were unstratified 

in October and November 1998. The loss of thermal 

stratification resulted in increasingly well-mixed water, 

with a dissolved oxygen concentration above 7.5 mg/L. 

Dissolved oxygen concentrations varied by less than 

5.0 mg/L with depth on October 26 and varied by about 

1.0 mg/L with depth on November 25, 1998 (fig. 14).

Oxygenated water and uniform temperatures 

throughout the lakes is characteristic of the fall turnover 

stage. Under these conditions, water with high nutrient 

concentrations near the bottom of the lakes can be 

mixed with nutrient poor water in the upper parts of 

the lakes. The decrease in concentrations of total 

phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen near the bottom of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake between August 11 

and September 30, 1998, and the increase in the concentration of these constituents (ammonia nitrogen 

more than phosphorus) in the shallow part of the lakes 

indicate the fall turnover occurred during this period.

Although temperature and dissolved oxygen data 

are unavailable for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

after November 25, 1998, probably as air temperature 

decreased through the fall and ice covered the lakes in 

winter, the lower part of the lakes had a uniform temperature of about 3–4°C, with temperatures of 0–2°C 

present below the ice (Mortimer, 1941). The lakes may 

have stratified into an upper, less dense layer with a 

temperature below 4°C and a lower, denser layer with a 

temperature near 4°C. Assuming this temperature was 

reached, the lakes would have entered the winter stratification stage. The winter stratification stage is characterized by an overall increase in water temperature at 

depth coupled with a decrease in the concentration of 

dissolved oxygen near the bottom of the lake. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the lower parts of a lake 

during winter stratification tend to be higher than concentrations during summer stratification, and whether 

dissolved oxygen concentrations near the bottom of the 

lakes were below 2.0 mg/L from December 1998 to 

March 1999 is uncertain.

Sediment Budget

Sediment enters Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake as TSS in surface water flowing into the lakes 

from Trevor Creek, the unnamed creek in the 

northeast part of Channel Lake, the storm drains, 

and the bridge openings on the southern part of 

Channel Lake. Sediment exits Channel Lake as TSS 

in surface water flowing out of the lakes through the 

bridge openings on the southern part of Channel Lake. 

The sediment budget as TSS for the lakes was estimated 

by extrapolating the TSS load calculations developed 

from the transport curves at the TC (table 8) and FS 

(table 10) gages to the ungaged drainage area for the 

storm drains and the total watershed (table 18). Calculation of the sediment budget assumes the TSS load 

through the west opening of Channel Lake was 10 

percent of the load through the east opening (table 12). 

The VSS budget for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

was determined on the basis of the same methods as the 

TSS budget.

During the investigation, the calculated mass of 

sediment as TSS leaving Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake exceeded the calculated mass of sediment as TSS 

entering the lakes by approximately 80 tons (table 18). 

The calculated mass of VSS exiting the lakes exceeded 

the mass entering by about 50 tons (table 18). If the 

VSS load is subtracted from the TSS load, about 

31 tons more inorganic material was calculated to 

have exited than entered Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake. VSS constitute about 25 percent of the TSS load 

into the lakes from surface water in the watershed and 

from the storm drains. VSS constitute about 34 percent 

of the TSS load entering and exiting the lakes through 

the State Highway 173 bridge openings. These patterns 

indicate increased suspension of organic matter in the 

lakes.

Given the variability of the sampling methods, 

the variable amount and direction of flow at the CLE 

gage, the effects of increased VSS in the lake water 

on the TSS load exiting the lake, and the potential 

for boat traffic at the CLE gage to increase TSS 

concentrations and bias the transport curve, the 

amount of sediment as TSS leaving the lakes during 
50 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

the period of the investigation was approximately equal 

to the amount entering the lakes. This interpretation is 

consistent with the data from the bathymetric survey, 

which indicates minimal change in the maximum depth 

of the lakes during the past 10 years.

NUTRIENT LOADS

Nutrients are added to Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake from internal sources, including 

regeneration of nutrients from decomposing organic 

matter and external sources, including precipitation, 

surface- and ground-water inflow to the lake, waterfowl, and sediment from erosion. Nutrients are 

removed from the lakes by surface-water outflow, 

outflow to ground water, denitrification, and nutrient 

uptake from algae and aquatic macrophytes. Nutrients 

taken up by plants are recycled to the lake sediments 

and the water column when the plants die. Calculation 

of the amount of nutrient derived from each source and 

the amount of the nutrients entering and exiting the 

lakes will help determine the overall water quality of 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake and the most effective methods for improving the quality of the lakes.

Table 18. Sediment budget for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999

Month and year

Mass of total

suspended solids

flowing into lakes

from surface water

in watershed

(tons)

Mass of total

suspended solids

flowing into lakes

from storm drains

(tons)

Mass of total

suspended solids

flowing into lakes

through Route 173

bridge openings

(tons)

Total mass of

total suspended

solids added to

the lakes

(tons)

Mass of total

suspended solids

exiting lakes

through Route 173

bridge openings

(tons)

May 1998 34.3 2.1 3.6 39.9 51.8

June 1998 12.5 2.0 6.7 21.1 12.3

July 1998 5.4 2.1 3.9 11.3 32.1

August 1998 1.1 2.1 8.7 11.8 6.1

September 1998 1.7 2.0 9.1 12.8 9.2

October 1998 7.1 2.1 6.8 16.3 28.5

November 1998 8.2 2.0 36.3 46.3 62.5

December 1998 7.1 2.1 6.0 15.3 34.3

January 1999 41.9 3.2 24.0 69.1 43.6

February 1999 48.5 2.0 .7 51.0 110.7

March 1999 22.3 2.0 10.9 35.3 32.0

April 1999 78.4 2.1 4.7 85.6 70.2

Total 268.5 25.8 121.4 415.8 493.3

Month and year

Mass of volatile

suspended solids

flowing into lakes

from surface water

in watershed

(tons)

Mass of volatile

suspended solids

flowing into lakes

from storm drains

(tons)

Mass of volatile

suspended solids

flowing into lakes

through Route 173

bridge openings

(tons)

Total mass of

volatile

suspended solids

added to the 

lakes

(tons)

Mass of volatile

suspended solids

exiting lakes

through Route 173

bridge openings

(tons)

May 1998 8.8 0.62 1.2 10.6 17.4

June 1998 3.3 .62 2.2 6.1 4.1

July 1998 1.5 .62 1.3 3.4 10.8

August 1998 .3 .62 2.9 3.8 2.0

September 1998 .5 .61 3.1 4.2 3.1

October 1998 2.0 .64 2.3 4.9 9.5

November 1998 2.2 .61 12.6 15.3 21.2

December 1998 2.0 .63 2.0 4.6 11.7

January 1999 10.5 .65 8.2 19.4 14.7

February 1999 12.3 .37 .2 13.0 37.4

March 1999 5.9 .36 3.7 10.0 10.7

April 1999 19.3 .38 1.6 21.3 23.5

Total 68.6 6.73 41.3 116.6 166.1
Nutrient Loads 51

External Loads

Precipitation falling on the surface of the lakes 

contains nitrogen and smaller amounts of phosphorus 

derived from atmospheric gasses. Data on the concentrations of nitrate and ammonia in precipitation were 

obtained on the World Wide Web for a National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring 

station in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin for 1994–97 at 

http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/nadpdata/seasRequest.asp?site=WI99. During the 1994–98 period, an 

average of 3.36 (lbs/acre)/yr of ammonia nitrogen, and 

12.03 (lbs/acre)/yr of nitrogen as nitrate was deposited 

from precipitation at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Lake 

Geneva is about 30 mi west of the investigation area. 

This deposition rate indicates about 1,636 lbs of 

ammonia and 5,858 lbs of nitrate (for a total of 7,494 

lbs of nitrogen compounds) were added to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from precipitation directly onto 

the surface of the lakes during the investigation 

(table 19). Isopleth maps of the concentration of 

nitrogen and ammonia in precipitation (available on 

the NADP site on the World Wide Web at http://

nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/isopleths/maps1998/) indicate the 

Lake Geneva data are representative of conditions in 

the investigation area. The NADP did not measure 

phosphorus concentrations in precipitation, so the 

mean concentration of phosphorus in the precipitation 

samples collected for this investigation was used to 

calculate the phosphorus load from precipitation. Combination of the mean concentration of total phosphorus 

in precipitation with the volume of precipitation added 

to the surface of the lakes indicates about 74 lbs of total 

phosphorus was deposited on Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake directly from precipitation from 

May 1998 through April 1999.

Particulate matter in the atmosphere that settles 

on the lake (dry deposition) also is a source of nutrients 

to the lake water. The loading rates of total phosphorus 

and total nitrogen from dry deposition at Lake Catherine and Channel Lake were assumed to be 0.37 and 

5.9 (lbs/acre)/yr, respectively, on the basis of measurements of air in northeast Illinois with total suspended 

particulates at a concentration of 50 μg/L (Quon, 1977). 

Because Lake Catherine and Channel Lake have a 

combined area of 487 acres, the calculation of input to 

the lakes from dry deposition, during the 1-year period 

of the investigation, was 180 lbs of phosphorus and 

2,873 lbs of nitrogen (table 19).

Waterfowl excrement is another source of nutrients to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake. Volunteer 

observers counted the number of waterfowl in Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake approximately on a 

weekly basis during the investigation. The number of 

Table 19. Nutrient budget for Lake Catherine and Channel Lake,

near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999

[<, less than; na, not applicable]

Nutrient loads

entering/exiting lakes

Phosphorus compounds Nitrogen compounds

Load

(pounds)

Percent of

total load

to lake

Load

(pounds)

Percent of

total load

to lake

Precipitation 74 1.4 7,494 7.0

Particulate matter 180 3.5 2,873 2.7

Waterfowl 20 .4 32 <.1

Inflow of ground water 68 1.3 720 .7

Internal regeneration 2,095 40.2 20,951 19.5

Inflow from surface

water in watershed

1,603 30.9 56,641 52.9

Inflow from storm drains 646 12.5 6,970 6.5

Inflow through Route 173

bridge openings

510 9.8 11,499 10.7

Total input 5,196 100 107,180 100

Outflow to ground water 156 7.0 2,767 5.3

Outflow through Route 173

bridge openings

2,059 93.0 48,934 93.5

Denitrification na na 640 1.2

Total output 2,215 100 52,341 100

Net load to lakes 2,981 na 54,839 na
52 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

individual geese (primarily Canada geese) and ducks 

(primarily mallards) were totaled and normalized to 

obtain the number of effective user days per month 

(table 20).

The average dry weights of mallard and Canada 

goose droppings are 0.059 and 0.18 lb/d, respectively 

(Sanderson and Anderson, 1978; Terres, 1987). The 

nitrogen concentration in the droppings is assumed 

to be 3.0 percent of the dry weight (Johnson, 1989). 

The phosphorus concentration in the droppings is 

assumed to be 1.87 percent of the dry weight (Scherer 

and others, 1995). Using these values, the average 

duck excretes 0.0018 lb of nitrogen and 0.0011 lb 

of phosphorus per day, whereas the average Canada 

goose excretes 0.0054 lb of nitrogen and 0.0034 lb 

of phosphorus per day. The daily load of nitrogen and 

phosphorus in waterfowl droppings were multiplied by 

0.75 when nutrient loads to the lake were calculated 

because some of the daily droppings are not into the 

lakes. Multiplying the normalized monthly waterfowl 

count at the lake by the adjusted daily nutrient 

content of the droppings resulted in an estimate of about 

32 lbs of nitrogen and about 20 lbs of phosphorus being 

added to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from waterfowl droppings during the investigation (tables 19, 20).

The nutrient load resulting from ground-water 

recharge to the lakes was calculated by multiplying 

the total volume of ground-water inflow by the mean 

concentration of dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, TKN, and nitrate and nitrite as 

nitrogen in ground-water samples collected during the 

investigation (table 21). From May 1, 1998, to April 30, 

1999, about 46 lbs of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, 

674 lbs of TKN (about 268 lbs is ammonia), and 68 lbs 

of total phosphorus (about 18 lbs is dissolved) were 

calculated to have been added to Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake from inflowing ground water.

The nutrient loss resulting from the flow of water 

from Lake Catherine and Channel Lake to ground water 

was calculated by multiplying the volume of flow from 

the lakes to ground water by the geometric mean 

concentration of total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, 

TKN, and nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen in the lakes 

for the period from May through November 1998 

(table 21). The mean concentration of total phosphorus, 

ammonia nitrogen, TKN, and nitrate and nitrite as 

nitrogen in the samples from the east outlet of Channel 

Lake was considered representative of the lake-water 

quality during the period December 1998–April 1999. 

A calculation of 308 lbs of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, 2,459 lbs of TKN (of which about 780 lbs is 

ammonia), and 156 lbs of total phosphorus were 

removed from Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

by flowing out to ground water.

Nutrient loads to Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake from inflow of surface water within the watershed 

were calculated by extrapolating the nutrient-load 

calculations developed from the transport curves at the 

TC gage to the ungaged drainage area in the watershed 

(tables 8, 19). About 38,400 lbs of nitrate and nitrite as 

nitrogen, about 18,100 lbs of TKN, (about 3,040 lbs is 

ammonia nitrogen) and about 1,600 lbs of total phosphorus (about 828 lbs is dissolved) were calculated to 

have been added to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

by inflow of surface water from Trevor Creek and the 

unnamed creek during the period of investigation.

Nutrient loads to the lakes from inflow through 

storm drains were calculated by extrapolating the 

nutrient-load calculations developed from the transport 

curves at the FS gage to the ungaged drainage area for 

the storm drains (extrapolation factor of 7.34 for May 

through December and 2.5 for January through April) 

(tables 10, 19). About 4,116 lbs of nitrate and nitrite 

as total nitrogen, 2,854 lbs of TKN, (978 lbs is ammonia nitrogen), and about 646 lbs of total phosphorus 

(406 lbs is dissolved) were calculated to have been 

added to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake by inflow 

from storm drains during the period of investigation.

Nutrient loads to Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake from inflow through the State Highway 173 

bridge openings were calculated by taking the 

nutrient-load calculations developed from the 

transport curves at the CLE gage and adding 

10 percent to account for the load at the west 

outlet (tables 12, 19). About 970 lbs of nitrate and 

nitrite as nitrogen, about 10,500 lbs of TKN, (about 

2,580 lbs is ammonia nitrogen) and 510 lbs of total 

phosphorus (about 130 lbs is dissolved) were calculated 

to have been added to Lake Catherine and Channel 

Lake by inflow through the State Highway 173 bridge 

openings during the period of investigation.

The nutrient load exiting Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake by outflow through the State Highway 

173 bridge openings also was calculated by adding 

10 percent to the nutrient load calculated from the 

transport curves developed from the CLE gage data 

(tables 12, 19). Calculations indicate about 4,000 lbs 

of nitrate and nitrite as nitrogen, about 44,950 lbs of 

TKN, (about 11,420 lbs is ammonia nitrogen), and 

about 2,060 lbs of total phosphorus (about 565 lbs is 

dissolved) were removed from Lake Catherine and 
Nutrient Loads 53

Table 20. Estimated nutrient loads from waterfowl to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake,

near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999

[na, not applicable]

Type of waterfowl Effective

user days

Estimated daily

load of

nitrogen to 

lake from

droppings

(pound)

Estimated daily

load of

phosphorus

to lake from

droppings

(pound)

Total

nitrogen

input

(pound)

Total

phosphorus

input

(pound)

May 1998

Ducks 62 0.0013 0.00081 0.081 0.05

Geese 46 .0040 .0025 .184 .115

Monthly total 108 na na 0.265 0.165

June 1998

Ducks 12 .0013 .00081 .016 .0097

Geese 108 .004 .0025 .432 .27

Monthly total 120 na na 0.448 0.2797

July 1998

Ducks 26 .0013 .00081 .034 .0211

Geese 796 .004 .0025 3.18 1.99

Monthly total 822 na na 3.214 2.0111

August 1998

Ducks 62 .0013 .00081 .081 .0502

Geese 0 .004 .0025 .00 .00

Monthly total 62 na na 0.081 0.0502

September 1998

Ducks 30 .0013 .00081 .039 .02

Geese 885 .004 .0025 3.54 2.21

Monthly total 915 na na 3.579 2.23

October 1998

Ducks 174 .0013 .00081 .23 .14

Geese 980 .004 .0025 3.92 2.45

Monthly total 1,154 na na 4.15 2.59

November 1998

Ducks 233 .0013 .00081 .30 .19

Geese 1,530 .004 .0025 6.12 3.83

Monthly total 1,763 na na 6.42 4.02

December 1998

Ducks 101 .0013 .00081 .13 .08

Geese 3,232 .004 .0025 12.93 8.08

Monthly total 3,333 na na 13.06 8.16

January 1999

Ducks 0 .0013 .00081 .00 .00

Geese 0 .004 .0025 .00 .00

Monthly total 0 na na 0.00 0.00

February 1999

Ducks 0 .0013 .00081 .00 .00

Geese 0 .004 .0025 .00 .00

Monthly total 0 na na 0.00 0.00

March 1999

Ducks 205 .0013 .00081 .27 .17

Geese 81 .004 .0025 .32 .20

Monthly total 286 na na 0.59 0.37

April 1999

Ducks 45 .0013 .00081 .06 .04

Geese 20 .004 .0025 .08 .05

Monthly total 65 na na 0.14 0.09

Annual total

(May 1998–April 1999)

8,628 na na 31.947 19.966
54 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 21. Load of nutrients flowing into Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from ground water and flowing out of the lakes to ground water, near Antioch, Ill., May 1998–April 1999 [na, not applicable] Period of calculation Mean concentration of total nitrogen as nitrate and nitrite in ground water (milligram per liter) Mean concentration of ammonia in ground water (milligram per liter) Mean concentration of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in ground water (milligram per liter) Mean concentration of dissolved phosphorus in ground water (milligram per liter) Mean concentration of total phosphorus in ground water (milligram per liter) May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999 0.047 0.275 0.692 0.0189 0.0698 Period of calculation Volume of ground water flowing into the lake (acre-feet) Load of total nitrogen as nitrate and nitrite to lakes from ground water (pounds) Load of ammonia nitrogen to lakes from ground water (pounds) Load of total Kjeldahl nitrogen to lakes from ground water (pounds) Load of dissolved phosphorus to lakes from ground water (pounds) Load of total phosphorus to lakes from ground water (pounds) May 1, 1998–April 30, 1999 358.4 46 268 674 18 68 Period of calculation Volume of lake water flowing out to ground water (acre-feet) Mean concentration of nitrate and nitrite in lake water (milligram per liter) Load of nitrate and nitrite to gound water from lake water (pounds) Mean concentration of ammonia in lake water (milligram per liter) Load of ammonia to ground water from lake water (pounds) Mean concentration of total Kjeldahl nitrogen in lake water (milligrams per liter) Load of total Kjeldahl nitrogen to ground water from lake water (pounds) Mean concentration of total phosphorus in lake water (milligram per liter) Load of total phosphorus to ground water from lake water (pounds) May 1998 23 0.09 5 0.13 8 0.56 34 0.022 1 June 1998 46 .01 1 .01 1 .80 100 .107 13 July 1998 58 .01 1 .24 38 .86 136 .09 14 August 1998 118 .01 2 .36 116 .92 297 .112 36 September 1998 180 .01 2 .13 66 1.14 561 .05 25 October 1998 166 .02 10 .36 164 1.02 459 .045 21 November 1998 64 .06 10 .54 94 1.80 315 .14 24 December 1998 34 .50 46 .31 28 .71 65 .027 2 January 1999 52 .50 71 .52 73 1.60 226 .073 10 February 1999 47 .80 103 .91 117 1.20 154 .036 5 March 1999 20 .67 37 .90 50 .95 52 .033 2 April 1999 22 .36 21 .41 24 1.00 59 .031 2 Total 830 na 309 na 779 na 2,458 na 155
Internal Loads 55

Channel Lake by outflow through the State Highway 

173 bridge openings.

Internal Loads

If the concentration of dissolved oxygen in lake 

water above the bottom sediment falls below 2.0 mg/L, 

bacterially mediated anaerobic reduction of organic 

matter and chemical reduction of metal phosphate complexes can release dissolved phosphorus to the water 

column (Mortimer, 1971; Marsden, 1989). This process 

is called internal regeneration. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen at or below 1.0 mg/L were measured 

in the lower part of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake 

during most of the period from June 17 to August 11, 

1998. Internal regeneration probably continued through 

mid-September 1998. An order of magnitude increase 

in concentrations of total or dissolved phosphorus near 

the bottom of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake was 

measured during this period (table 14). It appears, 

therefore, that phosphorus was being produced from 

internal regeneration during the investigation.

An internal dissolved-phosphorus regeneration 

rate of 1.07 × 10−1

 lb/acre was assumed for each day 

that dissolved oxygen concentrations were less than 

0.5 mg/L at the bottom of the lakes, on the basis of 

the median value reported from investigations at other 

lakes (Nurnberg, 1984). Analysis of the bathymetric 

and dissolved-oxygen profile data using ARC/INFO 

indicates the surface area of the bottom of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, which is subject to anoxic 

conditions during the summer of 1998, averaged about 

64 and 119 acres, respectively. Assuming anoxic conditions were present from about June 1 to September 15, 

1998 (107 days), about 733 and 1,362 lbs of phosphorus are calculated to have been released to the water 

column of Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, respectively, by internal regeneration during the investigation 

for a calculated total of 2,095 lbs (table 19).

Internal regeneration of ammonia nitrogen 

from lake sediment and the decomposition of plant 

and animal matter (ammonification) also has been 

noted during periods when concentrations of dissolved 

oxygen are low (Keeney, 1973). The concentration of 

ammonia detected in samples collected near the bottom 

of Lake Catherine increased by more than an order of 

magnitude during the period of low dissolved oxygen. 

Comparison of dissolved oxygen concentrations for 

May 15 through August 11 in figure 14 to ammonia 

concentrations in the deep parts of the lakes for the 

same time period in table 14 indicates regeneration of 

nitrogen by ammonification was occurring in Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake. If an internal regeneration 

rate of 1.07 (lbs/acre)/d is assumed, a total of 7,327 and 

13,624 lbs of ammonia nitrogen was calculated to have 

been produced by internal regeneration in Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, respectively, for a calculated 

total of 20,951 lbs during the period of investigation.

Some nitrogen in the lake water is lost to the 

atmosphere by denitrification—the bacterially mediated utilization of nitrate or nitrite during the oxidation 

of organic matter. This process takes place in conditions 

of low dissolved oxygen concentrations and results in 

the formation of nitrogen gas (Goering and Dugdale, 

1966). Because most lakes are saturated or nearly 

saturated with nitrogen gas, which can diffuse in from 

the atmosphere, all nitrogen produced by denitrification 

is assumed to be lost to the atmosphere by volatilization 

from the lake. The rate of denitrification at Lake 

Catherine and Channel Lake was assumed to be 

0.033 (lb/acre)/d on the basis of values from other 

moderately eutrophic lakes reported by Seitzinger 

(1988). The amount of nitrogen gas calculated to 

have been produced by denitrification was 640 lbs 

(224 lbs for Lake Catherine and 416 lbs for Channel 

Lake) during the period of investigation (table 19).

Data obtained from this investigation indicate 

about 5,200 lbs of phosphorus and about 107,200 lbs 

of nitrogen compounds entered Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake from May 1, 1998, to April 30, 1999 

(table 19). Phosphorus compounds were derived 

primarily from internal regeneration (40.2 percent), 

inflow from surface water in the watershed (30.9 percent), inflow from storm drains (12.5 percent), and 

inflow through the State Highway 173 bridge openings 

(9.8 percent). Precipitation, inflow from ground water, 

waterfowl excrement, and particulate matter deposited 

from the atmosphere combined for 6.6 percent of the 

phosphorus load to the lakes. Nitrogen compounds 

were derived from inflow of surface water from within 

the watershed (52.9 percent), internal regeneration 

(19.5 percent), inflow through the State Highway 173 

bridge openings (10.7 percent), precipitation (7 percent), and inflow from storm drains (6.5 percent). 

Inflowing ground water, waterfowl, and atmospheric 

deposition of particulate matter account for about 

3.4 percent of the nitrogen load (table 19). About 

2,220 lbs of total phosphorus and 52,300 lbs of nitrogen compounds were removed from Lake Catherine 

and Channel Lake from May 1, 1998, to April 30, 1999, 
56 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

primarily in outflow through the State Highway 173 

bridge openings, resulting in an addition of more than 

2,900 lbs of phosphorus and 54,800 lbs of nitrogen 

compounds to the lakes during the period of investigation.

Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds that enter 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake are utilized by algae 

and aquatic macrophytes. The growth of these plants 

appears to be limited by the availability of phosphorus 

in the lake water. The amount of nutrients entering the 

lakes exceeds the amount exiting the lakes. Probably, 

some of the nutrient load is incorporated into plant 

material and attached to particulate matter. Investigations at other lakes (Barko and Smart, 1980: Smith and 

Adams, 1986) indicate nutrient-rich particulate matter 

and decaying plant material become part of the sediment at the lake bottom, where the nutrients appear to 

be recycled by rooted aquatic macrophytes, and 

released to the water column when dissolved oxygen 

concentrations are low.

The amount of phosphorus and nitrogen entering 

the lakes exceeds the amount exiting by about 2,900 

and 54,800 lbs, respectively. The net addition of nutrients to the lakes may result in the proliferation of plants 

and algae that may eventually degrade the fishery and 

detract from the aesthetic quality of Lake Catherine and 

Channel Lake and other lakes in the Fox Chain of Lakes 

system.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation 

with the Fox Waterway Agency, conducted an investigation of the hydrology and water quality in and around 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake near Antioch, in 

Lake County, Illinois, from May 1, 1998, to April 30, 

1999. These lakes are part of the Fox Chain of Lakes 

system. This investigation was done as part of the 

Illinois Environmental Protection Agency’s Conservation 2000 Clean Lakes initiative. The investigation 

was designed to provide the data that will form the 

basis for future lake-management strategies. Lake 

Catherine has a surface area of about 150 acres, a 

mean depth of about 16.7 feet (ft), and a volume of 

about 2,500 acre-feet (acre-ft). Channel Lake has a 

surface area of about 337 acres, a mean depth of 

about 14.5 ft, and a volume of about 4,895 acre-ft. 

The watershed for both lakes occupies an area of 

about 12,379 acres.

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake receive 

over 80 percent of their water by inflow from surface 

water in the watershed (almost 62 percent) and inflow 

through the State Highway 173 bridge openings (nearly 

21 percent). Precipitation and inflow from storm drains 

account for slightly more than 15 percent of the water 

added to the lakes, and inflow to the lakes from ground 

water account for 2 percent of the water added to the 

lakes. More than 85 percent of the water removed from 

the lakes was outflow through the State Highway 173 

bridge openings. Evaporation (about 7 percent) and 

outflow to ground water (5 percent) account for the 

remainder of the water removed from the lakes. The 

residence time of water in the lakes was calculated to 

be about 0.44 years. Trophic state indices indicate the 

lakes are marginally to moderately eutrophic. Phosphorus appears to be the limiting algal nutrient.

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake are subject to 

thermal stratification. During the summer stratification 

period, about 40 percent of the volume of water in the 

lakes had a dissolved oxygen concentration of less than 

1.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Thermal stratification 

also was accompanied by large increases in the concentration of phosphorus and ammonia in the lower part of 

the lakes, indicating internal regeneration of these compounds from lake sediments during conditions of low 

dissolved oxygen. About 5,200 pounds (lbs) of phosphorus and 107,200 lbs of nitrogen compounds entered 

Lake Catherine and Channel Lake from May 1, 1998, 

through April 30, 1999. About 40 percent of the 

phosphorus compounds were derived from internal 

regeneration. Inflow to the lakes from surface water 

in the watershed and through the State Highway 173 

bridge openings accounted for more than 40 percent of 

the phosphorus load. Inflow of water from storm drains 

accounted for 12.5 percent of the total phosphorus load. 

Particulate matter, precipitation, waterfowl, and inflowing ground water contribute about 6.6 percent of the 

phosphorus load to the lakes. The single largest source 

of nitrogen compounds to the lakes was inflow from 

surface water in the watershed (52.9 percent). Internal 

regeneration (19.5 percent), inflow of water through 

the State Highway 173 bridge openings (10.7 percent), 

precipitation (7.0 percent), and inflow from storm 

drains (6.5 percent) also contribute substantial quantities of nitrogen to the lakes. Particulate matter, waterfowl, and inflow of ground water combine to contribute 

about 3.4 percent of the nitrogen load to the lakes. 

About 2,220 lbs of phosphorus and 52,300 lbs of nitrogen compounds leave the lake, primarily by outflow 
References Cited 57

through the State Highway 173 bridge opening, with 

substantially smaller amounts of outflow to ground 

water. A net addition of 2,981 lbs of phosphorus and 

54,839 lbs of nitrogen was calculated entering the lake 

during the 1-year period of investigation. The net addition of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the lakes 

has the potential, over time, to stimulate algal and plant 

growth to nuisance levels that have the potential to 

affect the fishery and detract from the aesthetic quality 

of these lakes.

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APPENDIXES

Appendix 1. 61

Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999[negative sign (-) denotes flow from lake to ground water]

Line and 

direction

 of flow

(figure 2)

Ground-water

level

(feet above

sea level)

Lake stage

(feet above

sea level)

Ground-water

level-lake

stage

(feet)

Length

of flow

line

(feet)

Horizontal

hydraulic

gradient

(foot per foot)

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

Product of 

horizontal

hydraulic

gradient and

horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet squared

per day)

Length of

lakeshore

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(feet)

Depth

of lake

(feet)

Area of lake

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(square feet)

Specific

discharge

(cubic feet

per day)

Volume of

flow along

flow transect

between

measurement

periods

(cubic feet)

April 29, 1998

Well 1-Lake 741.38 737.52 3.86 230 0.0168 0.0197 0.000331 6,000 39 234,000 77 155Well 3-Lake 739.27 737.52 1.75 83 .0211 36 .759 7,925 36 285,300 216,553 433,106Well 4-Lake 745.78 737.52 8.26 300 .0275 .0197 .000542 1,500 39 58,500 32 63Well 5-Lake 739.50 737.52 1.98 149 .0133 .0197 .000262 3,700 39 144,300 38 76Well 6-Lake 745.46 737.52 7.94 133 .0597 .0197 .00118 3,200 36 115,200 135 271Well 7-Lake 741.60 737.52 4.08 210 .0194 .0197 .000383 5,100 36 183,600 70 141Lake-Well 8 736.03 737.52 -1.49 4.8 -.310 36 -11.175 75 36 2,700 -30,173 -60,345

May 3, 1998

Well 1-Lake 741.00 737.30 3.70 230 0.0161 0.0197 0.000317 6,000 39 234,000 74 222Well 3-Lake 738.31 737.30 1.01 83 .0122 36 .4381 7,925 36 285,300 124,982 374,946Well 4-Lake 745.96 737.30 8.66 300 .0289 .0197 .000569 1,500 39 58,500 33 100Well 5-Lake 739.39 737.30 2.09 149 .014 .0197 .000276 3,700 39 144,300 40 120Well 6-Lake 745.02 737.30 7.72 133 .058 .0197 .00114 3,200 36 115,200 132 395Well 7-Lake 741.11 737.30 3.81 210 .0181 .0197 .000357 5,100 36 183,600 66 197Lake-Well 8 735.96 737.30 -1.34 4.8 -.27917 36 -10.05 75 36 2,700 -27,135 -81,405.

May 9, 1998

Appendix 1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channe

Well 1-Lake 741.49 737.62 3.87 230 0.0168 0.0197 0.000331 6,000 39.4 236,400 78 470Well 3-Lake 738.47 737.62 .85 83 .0102 36 .3687 7,925 36.4 288,470 106,352 638,110Well 4-Lake 746.23 737.62 8.61 300 .0287 .0197 .0006 1,500 39.4 59,100 33 200Well 5-Lake 740.15 737.62 2.53 149 .017 .0197 .0003 3,700 39.4 145,780 49 293Well 6-Lake 744.67 737.62 7.05 133 .053 .0197 .001 3,200 36.4 116,480 122 730Well 7-Lake 741.19 737.62 3.57 210 .017 .0197 .0003 5,100 36.4 185,640 62 373Lake-Well 8 736.13 737.62 -1.49 4.8 -.3104 36 -11.175 75 36.4 2,730 -30,508 -183,047

l Lake, 

near Antioch, Illinois, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999
62 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued Line and direction of flow (figure 2) Ground-water level (feet above sea level) Lake stage (feet above sea level) Ground-water level-lake stage (feet) Length of flow line (feet) Horizontal hydraulic gradient (foot per foot) Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) Product of horizontal hydraulic gradient and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet squared per day) Length of lakeshore through which flow is occurring along flow transect (feet) Depth of lake (feet) Area of lake through which flow is occurring along flow transect (square feet) Specific discharge (cubic feet per day) Volume of flow along flow transect between measurement periods (cubic feet) May 16, 1998 Well 1-Lake 741.02 737.59 3.43 230 0.0149 0.0197 0.000294 6,000 38.8 232,800 68 479 Well 3-Lake 738.46 737.59 .87 83 .0105 36 .3773 7,925 35.8 283,715 107,060 749,418 Well 4-Lake 746.02 737.59 8.43 300 .0281 .0197 .0006 1,500 38.8 58,200 32 226 Well 5-Lake 739.19 737.59 1.60 149 .0107 .0197 .0002 3,700 38.8 143,560 30 213 Well 6-Lake 744.75 737.59 7.16 133 .0538 .0197 .0011 3,200 35.8 114,560 121 850 Well 7-Lake 741.49 737.59 3.90 210 .0186 .0197 .0004 5,100 35.8 182,580 67 468 Lake-Well 8 736.07 737.59 -1.52 4.8 -.3167 36 -11.4 75 35.8 2,685 -30,609 -214,263 May 21, 1998 Well 1-Lake 740.68 737.19 3.49 230 0.0152 0.0197 0.000299 6,000 39.5 237,000 71 354 Well 3-Lake 738.18 737.19 .99 83 .0119 36 .4294 7,925 36.5 289,263 124,209 621,043 Well 4-Lake 745.34 737.19 8.15 300 .0272 .0197 .0005 1,500 39.5 59,250 32 159 Well 5-Lake 737.90 737.19 .71 149 .0048 .0197 .0001 3,700 39.5 146,150 14 69 Well 6-Lake 743.86 737.19 6.67 133 .0502 .0197 .001 3,200 36.5 116,800 115 577 Well 7-Lake 740.83 737.19 3.64 210 .0173 .0197 .0003 5,100 36.5 186,150 64 318 Lake-Well 8 735.71 737.19 -1.48 4.8 -.3083 36 -11.1 75 36.5 2,738 -30,386 -151,931 May 30, 1998 Well 1-Lake 737.42 737.21 0.21 230 0.0009 0.0197 0.000018 6,000 38.9 233,400 4 38 Well 3-Lake 737.88 737.21 .67 83 .0081 36. .2906 7,925 35.9 284,508 82,679 744,107 Well 4-Lake 741.30 737.21 4.09 300 .0136 .0197 .0003 1,500 38.9 58,350 16 141 Lake-Well 5 737.19 737.21 -.02 149 -.0001 .0197 -.000003 3,700 38.9 143,930 -.4 -3 Well 6-Lake 744.13 737.21 6.92 133 .052 .0197 .001 3,200 35.9 114,880 118 1,060 Well 7-Lake 739.42 737.21 2.21 210 .0105 .0197 .0002 5,100 35.9 183,090 38 342 Lake-Well 8 735.54 737.21 -1.67 4.8 -.3479 36 -12.525 75 35.9 2,693 -33,724 -303,512 June 6, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.56 737.18 2.38 230 0.0103 0.0197 0.000204 6,000 39 234,000 48 334 Well 3-Lake 744.23 737.18 7.05 83 .0849 36 3.0578 7,925 36 285,300 872,399 6,106,795 Well 4-Lake 744.23 737.18 7.05 300 .0235 .0197 .0005 1,500 39 58,500 27 190 Well 5-Lake 737.20 737.18 .02 149 .0001 .0197 .0 3,700 39 144,300 0 3 Well 6-Lake 744.24 737.18 7.06 133 .0531 .0197 .001 3,200 36 115,200 120 843 Well 7-Lake 739.25 737.18 2.07 210 .0099 .0197 .0002 5,100 36 183,600 36 250 Lake-Well 8 735.36 737.18 -1.82 4.8 -.3792 36 -13.65 75 36 2,700 -36,855 -257,985
Appendix 1. 63

Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued

Line and 

direction

 of flow

(figure 2)

Ground-water

level

(feet above

sea level)

Lake stage

(feet above

sea level)

Ground-water

level-lake

stage

(feet)

Length

of flow

line

(feet)

Horizontal

hydraulic

gradient

(foot per foot)

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

Product of 

horizontal

hydraulic

gradient and

horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet squared

per day)

Length of

lakeshore

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(feet)

Depth

of lake

(feet)

Area of lake

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(square feet)

Specific

discharge

(cubic feet

per day)

Volume of

flow along

flow transect

between

measurement

periods

(cubic feet)

June 13, 1998

Well 1-Lake 739.83 737.35 2.48 230 0.0108 0.0197 0.000212 6,000 39.15 234,900 50 349Well 3-Lake 737.63 737.35 .28 83 .0034 36 .1214 7,925 36.15 286,489 34,793 243,550Well 4-Lake 744.71 737.35 7.36 300 .0245 .0197 .0005 1,500 39.15 58,725 28 199Lake-Well 5 736.69 737.35 -.66 149 -.0044 .0197 -.0001 3,700 39.15 144,855 -13 -88Well 6-Lake 745.51 737.35 8.16 133 .0614 .0197 .0012 3,200 36.15 115,680 140 979Well 7-Lake 739.05 737.35 1.70 210 .0081 .0197 .0002 5,100 36.15 184,365 29 206Lake-Well 8 735.43 737.35 -1.92 4.8 -.4 36 -14.4 75 36.15 2,711 -39,042 -273,294

June 20, 1998

Well 1-Lake 739.99 737.33 2.66 230 0.0116 0.0197 0.000228 6,000 39.15 234,900 54 375Well 3-Lake 737.52 737.33 .19 83 .0023 36 .0824 7,925 36.15 286,489 23,609 165,266Well 4-Lake 744.96 737.33 7.63 300 .0254 .0197 .0005 1,500 39.15 58,725 29 206Lake-Well 5 736.39 737.33 -.94 149 -.0063 .0197 -.0001 3,700 39.15 144,855 -18 -126Well 6-Lake 744.46 737.33 7.13 133 .0536 .0197 .0011 3,200 36.15 115,680 122 855Well 7-Lake 738.85 737.33 1.52 210 .0072 .0197 .0001 5,100 36.15 184,365 26 184Lake-Well 8 735.24 737.33 -2.09 4.8 -.4354 36 -15.675 75 36.15 2,711 -42,499 -297,492

June 27, 1998

Well 1-Lake 740.41 737.53 2.88 230 0.0125 0.0197 0.000247 6,000 39.3 235,800 58 407Lake-Well 3 737.43 737.53 -.10 83 -.0012 36 -.0434 7,925 36.3 287,678 -12,478 -87,343Well 4-Lake 745.91 737.53 8.38 300 .0279 .0197 .0006 1,500 39.3 58,950 32 227Lake-Well 5 736.46 737.53 -1.07 149 -.0072 .0197 -.0001 3,700 39.3 145,410 -21 -144Well 6-Lake 745.39 737.53 7.86 133 .0591 .0197 .0012 3,200 36.3 116,160 135 947Well 7-Lake 738.89 737.53 1.36 210 .0065 .0197 .0001 5,100 36.3 185,130 24 165Lake-Well 8 735.27 737.53 -2.26 4.8 -.4708 36 -16.95 75 36.3 2,723 -46,146 -323,025

July 5, 1998

Well 1-Lake 740.71 737.66 3.05 230 0.0133 0.0197 0.000261 6,000 39.4 236,400 62 494Lake-Well 3 737.46 737.66 -.20 83 -.0024 36 -.0867 7,925 36.4 288,470 -25,024 -200,191Well 4-Lake 745.99 737.66 8.33 300 .0278 .0197 .0005 1,500 39.4 59,100 32 259Lake-Well 5 736.77 737.66 -.89 149 -.006 .0197 -.0001 3,700 39.4 145,780 -17 -137Well 6-Lake 744.90 737.66 7.24 133 .0544 .0197 .0011 3,200 36.4 116,480 125 999Well 7-Lake 739.27 737.66 1.61 210 .0077 .0197 .0002 5,100 36.4 185,640 28 224Lake-Well 8 735.42 737.66 -2.24 4.8 -.4667 36 -16.8 75 36.4 2,730 -45,864 -366,912
64 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued Line and direction of flow (figure 2) Ground-water level (feet above sea level) Lake stage (feet above sea level) Ground-water level-lake stage (feet) Length of flow line (feet) Horizontal hydraulic gradient (foot per foot) Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) Product of horizontal hydraulic gradient and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet squared per day) Length of lakeshore through which flow is occurring along flow transect (feet) Depth of lake (feet) Area of lake through which flow is occurring along flow transect (square feet) Specific discharge (cubic feet per day) Volume of flow along flow transect between measurement periods (cubic feet) July 13, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.51 737.13 2.38 230 0.0103 0.0197 0.000204 6,000 39 234,000 48 382 Well 3-Lake 737.28 737.13 .15 83 .0018 36 .0651 7,925 36 285,300 18,562 148,493 Well 4-Lake 744.96 737.13 7.83 300 .0261 .0197 .0005 1,500 39 58,500 30 241 Lake-Well 5 736.14 737.13 -.99 149 -.0066 .0197 -.0001 3,700 39 144,300 -19 -151 Well 6-Lake 743.69 737.13 6.56 133 .0493 .0197 .001 3,200 36 115,200 112 895 Well 7-Lake 738.70 737.13 1.57 210 .0075 .0197 .0001 5,100 36 183,600 27 216 Lake-Well 8 734.96 737.13 -2.17 4.8 -.4521 36 -16.275 75 36 2,700 -43,942 -351,540 July 19, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.11 737.18 1.93 230 0.00839 0.0197 0.000165 6,000 39 234,000 39 232 Lake-Well 3 737.12 737.18 -.06 83 -.000723 36 -.026 7,925 36 285,300 -7,425 -44,548 Well 4-Lake 744.25 737.18 7.07 300 .0236 .0197 .0005 1,500 39 58,500 27 163 Lake-Well 5 735.36 737.18 -1.82 149 -.0122 .0197 -.0002 3,700 39 144,300 -35 -208 Well 6-Lake 743.15 737.18 5.97 133 .0449 .0197 .0009 3,200 36 115,200 102 611 Well 7-Lake 738.54 737.18 1.36 210 .00648 .0197 .0001 5,100 36 183,600 23 141 Lake-Well 8 734.77 737.18 -2.41 4.8 -.502 36. -18.075 75 36 2,700 -48,802 -292,815 July 25, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.04 737.20 1.84 230 0.0080 0.0197 0.000158 6,000 39 234,000 37 221 Lake-Well 3 736.90 737.20 -.30 83 -.0036 36 -.1301 7,925 36 285,300 -37,123 -222,740 Well 4-Lake 744.45 737.20 7.25 300 .0242 .0197 .0005 1,500 39 58,500 28 167 Lake-Well 5 735.08 737.20 -2.12 149 -.0142 .0197 -.0003 3,700 39 144,300 -40 -243 Well 6-Lake 742.97 737.20 5.77 133 .0434 .0197 .0009 3,200 36 115,200 98 591 Well 7-Lake 738.27 737.20 1.07 210 .0051 .0197 .0001 5,100 36 183,600 18 111 Lake-Well 8 734.70 737.20 -2.50 4.8 -.5208 36 -18.75 75 36 2,700 -50,625 -303,750 August 1, 1998 Well 1-Lake 738.79 737.05 1.74 230 0.0076 0.0197 0.000149 6,000 38.85 233,100 35 243 Lake-Well 3 736.63 737.05 -.42 83 -.0051 36 -.1822 7,925 35.85 284,111 -51,756 -362,293 Well 4-Lake 743.84 737.05 6.79 300 .0226 .0197 .0004 1,500 38.85 58,275 26 182 Lake-Well 5 734.61 737.05 -2.44 149 -.0164 .0197 -.0003 3,700 38.85 143,745 -46 -325 Well 6-Lake 742.41 737.05 5.36 133 .0403 .0197 .0008 3,200 35.85 114,720 91 638 Well 7-Lake 737.97 737.05 .92 210 .0044 .0197 .0001 5,100 35.85 182,835 16 110 Lake-Well 8 734.33 737.05 -2.72 4.8 -.5667 36 -20.4 75 35.85 2,689 -54,850 -383,953
Appendix 1. 65

Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued

Line and 

direction

 of flow

(figure 2)

Ground-water

level

(feet above

sea level)

Lake stage

(feet above

sea level)

Ground-water

level-lake

stage

(feet)

Length

of flow

line

(feet)

Horizontal

hydraulic

gradient

(foot per foot)

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

Product of 

horizontal

hydraulic

gradient and

horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet squared

per day)

Length of

lakeshore

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(feet)

Depth

of lake

(feet)

Area of lake

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(square feet)

Specific

discharge

(cubic feet

per day)

Volume of

flow along

flow transect

between

measurement

periods

(cubic feet)

August 8, 1998

Well 1-Lake 739.07 737.35 1.72 230 0.0075 0.0197 0.000147 6,000 39.15 234,900 35 242Lake-Well 3 736.49 737.35 -.86 83 -.0104 36 -.373 7,925 36.15 286,489 -106,864 -748,046Well 4-Lake 744.62 737.35 7.27 300 .0242 .0197 .000477 1,500 39.15 58,725 28 196Lake-Well 5 734.60 737.35 -2.75 149 -.0185 .0197 -.000364 3,700 39.15 144,855 -53 -369Well 6-Lake 743.72 737.35 6.37 133 .0479 .0197 .000944 3,200 36.15 115,680 109 764Well 7-Lake 737.70 737.35 .35 210 .0017 .0197 .0000328 5,100 36.15 184,365 6 42Lake-Well 8 734.46 737.35 -2.89 4.8 -.6021 36 -21.7 75 36.15 2,711 -58,766 -411,364

August 15, 1998

Well 1-Lake 738.80 737.23 1.57 230 0.0068 0.0197 0.000134 6,000 39 234,000 31 220Lake-Well 3 736.39 737.23 -.84 83 -.0101 36 -.364 7,925 36 285,300 -103,945 -727,618Well 4-Lake 743.57 737.23 6.34 300 .0211 .0197 .000416 1,500 39 58,500 24 170Lake-Well 5 733.98 737.23 -3.25 149 -.0218 .0197 -.000430 3,700 39 144,300 -62 -434Well 6-Lake 742.66 737.23 5.43 133 .0408 .0197 .000804 3,200 36 115,200 93 649Well 7-Lake 737.56 737.23 .33 210 .0016 .0197 .000031 5,100 36 183,600 6 40Lake-Well 8 734.36 737.23 -2.87 4.8 -.5979 36 -21.5 75 36 2,700 -58,118 -406,823

August 22, 1998

Well 1-Lake 738.59 737.16 1.43 230. 0.0062 0.0197 0.000122 6,000 39 234,000 29 201Lake-Well 3 736.19 737.16 -.97 83 -.0117 36 -.421 7,875 36 283,500 -119,275 -834,925Well 4-Lake 742.86 737.16 5.70 300 .019 .0197 .000374 1,500 39 58,500 22 153Lake-Well 5 733.66 737.16 -3.50 149 -.0235 .0197 -.000463 3,700 39 144,300 -67 -467Well 6-Lake 741.86 737.16 4.70 133 .0353 .0197 .000696 3,200 36 115,200 80 561Well 7-Lake 737.44 737.16 .28 210 .0013 .0197 .0000263 5,100 36 183,600 5 34Lake-Well 8 734.13 737.16 -3.03 4.8 -.6312 36 -22.7 125 36 4,500 -102,262 -715,837

August 29, 1998

Well 1-Lake 739.30 737.33 1.97 230 0.0086 0.0197 0.000169 6,000 39.1 234,600 40 277Lake-Well 3 736.15 737.33 -1.18 83 -.0142 36 -.512 7,875 36.1 284,288 -145,500 -1,018,503Well 4-Lake 744.79 737.33 7.46 300 .0249 .0197 .000490 1,500 39.1 58,650 29 201Lake-Well 5 733.80 737.33 -3.53 149 -.0237 .0197 -.000467 3,700 39.1 144,670 -68 -473Well 6-Lake 743.33 737.33 6.00 133 .0451 .0197 .000889 3,200 36.1 115,520 103 719Lake-Well 7 737.30 737.33 -.03 210 -.0001 .0197 -.00000281 5,100 36.1 184,110 -1 -4Lake-Well 8 734.32 737.33 -3.01 4.8 -.6271 36 -22.6 125 36.1 4,513 -101,870 -713,088
66 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued Line and direction of flow (figure 2) Ground-water level (feet above sea level) Lake stage (feet above sea level) Ground-water level-lake stage (feet) Length of flow line (feet) Horizontal hydraulic gradient (foot per foot) Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) Product of horizontal hydraulic gradient and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet squared per day) Length of lakeshore through which flow is occurring along flow transect (feet) Depth of lake (feet) Area of lake through which flow is occurring along flow transect (square feet) Specific discharge (cubic feet per day) Volume of flow along flow transect between measurement periods (cubic feet) September 5, 1998 Well 1-Lake 738.68 737.17 1.51 230 0.0066 0.0197 0.000129 6,000 39 234,000 30 212 Lake-Well 3 736.04 737.17 -1.13 83 -.0136 36 -.490 7,875 36 283,500 -138,949 -972,644 Well 4-Lake 743.39 737.17 6.22 300 .0207 .0197 .000408 1,500 39 58,500 24 167 Lake-Well 5 733.52 737.17 -3.65 149 -.0245 .0197 -.000483 3,700 39 144,300 -70 -487 Well 6-Lake 742.19 737.17 5.02 133 .0377 .0197 .000744 3,200 36 115,200 86 600 Lake-Well 7 737.10 737.17 -.07 210 -.0003 .0197 -.0000656 5,100 36 183,600 -12 -84 Lake-Well 8 734.09 737.17 -3.08 4.8 -.6417 36 -23.1 125 36 4,500 -103,950 -727,650 September 12, 1998 Well 1-Lake 738.60 737.12 1.48 230 0.0064 0.0197 0.000127 6,000 38.95 233,700 30 207 Lake-Well 3 735.92 737.12 -1.20 83 -.0145 36 -.520 7,875 35.95 283,106 -147,352 -1,031,462 Well 4-Lake 742.93 737.12 5.81 300 .0194 .0197 .000382 1,500 38.95 58,425 22 156 Lake-Well 5 733.53 737.12 -3.59 149 -.0241 .0197 -.000475 3,700 38.95 144,115 -68 -479 Well 6-Lake 741.79 737.12 4.67 133 .0351 .0197 .000692 3,200 35.95 115,040 80 557 Lake-Well 7 736.96 737.12 -.16 210 -.0008 .0197 -.0000150 5,100 35.95 183,345 -3 -19 Lake-Well 8 733.80 737.12 -3.32 4.8 -.6917 36 -24.9 125 35.95 4,494 -111,894 -783,261 September 19, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.76 737.26 2.50 230 0.0109 0.0197 0.000214 6,000 39.05 234,300 50 351 Lake-Well 3 735.97 737.26 -1.29 83 -.0155 36 -.560 7,875 36.05 283,894 -158,844 -1,111,906 Well 4-Lake 745.18 737.26 7.92 300 .0264 .0197 .000520 1,500 39.05 58,575 30 213 Lake-Well 5 733.98 737.26 -3.28 149 -.022 .0197 -.000434 3,700 39.05 144,485 -63 -439 Well 6-Lake 743.54 737.26 6.28 133 .0472 .0197 .000930 3,200 36.05 115,360 107 751 Lake-Well 7 736.94 737.26 -.32 210 -.0015 .0197 .00003 5,100 36.05 183,855 6 39 Lake-Well 8 734.12 737.26 -3.14 4.8 -.6542 36 -23.5 125 36.05 4,506 -106,122 -742,855 September 26, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.08 737.19 1.89 230 0.0082 0.0197 0.000162 6,000 39 234,000 38 265 Lake-Well 3 735.86 737.19 -1.33 83 -.016 36 -.577 7,875 36 283,500 -163,542 -1,144,793 Well 4-Lake 744.51 737.19 7.32 300 .0244 .0197 .000481 1,500 39 58,500 28 197 Lake-Well 5 734.08 737.19 -3.11 149 -.0209 .0197 -.000411 3,700 39 144,300 -59 -415 Well 6-Lake 742.82 737.19 5.63 133 .0423 .0197 .000834 3,200 36 115,200 96 672 Lake-Well 7 736.80 737.19 -.39 210 -.0019 .0197 -.0000366 5,100 36 183,600 -7 -47 Lake-Well 8 733.99 737.19 -3.20 4.8 -.6667 36 -24 125 36 4,500 -108,000 -756,000
Appendix 1. 67

Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued

Line and 

direction

 of flow

(figure 2)

Ground-water

level

(feet above

sea level)

Lake stage

(feet above

sea level)

Ground-water

level-lake

stage

(feet)

Length

of flow

line

(feet)

Horizontal

hydraulic

gradient

(foot per foot)

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

Product of 

horizontal

hydraulic

gradient and

horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet squared

per day)

Length of

lakeshore

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(feet)

Depth

of lake

(feet)

Area of lake

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(square feet)

Specific

discharge

(cubic feet

per day)

Volume of

flow along

flow transect

between

measurement

periods

(cubic feet)

October 4, 1998

Well 1-Lake 739.84 737.09 2.75 230 0.0120 0.0197 0.000236 6,000 38.9 233,400 55 440Lake-Well 3 735.78 737.09 -1.31 83 -.0158 36 -.568 7,875 35.9 282,713 -160,635 -1,285,082Well 4-Lake 744.87 737.09 7.78 300 .0259 .0197 .000511 1,500 38.9 58,350 30 238Lake-Well 5 734.01 737.09 -3.08 149 -.0207 .0197 -.000407 3,700 38.9 143,930 -59 -469Well 6-Lake 743.26 737.09 6.17 133 .0464 .0197 .000914 3,200 35.9 114,880 105 840Lake-Well 7 736.61 737.09 -.48 210 -.0023 .0197 -.0000450 5,100 35.9 183,090 -8 -66Lake-Well 8 733.93 737.09 -3.16 4.8 -.6583 36 -23.7 125 35.9 4,488 -106,354 -850,830

October 10, 1998

Well 1-Lake 740.91 737.19 3.72 230 0.0162 0.0197 0.000319 6,000 39 234,000 75 447Lake-Well 3 735.98 737.19 -1.21 83 -.0146 36 -.525 7,875 36 283,500 -148,786 -892,718Well 4-Lake 745.11 737.19 7.92 300 .0264 .0197 .000520 1,500 39 58,500 30 183Lake-Well 5 734.81 737.19 -2.38 149 -.016 .0197 -.000315 3,700 39 144,300 -45 -272Well 6-Lake 744.19 737.19 7.00 133 .0526 .0197 .00104 3,200 36 115,200 119 717Lake-Well 7 736.72 737.19 -.47 210 -.0022 .0197 -.0000440 5,100 36 183,600 -8 -48Lake-Well 8 734.01 737.19 -3.18 4.8 -.6625 36 -23.9 125 36 4,500 -107,325 -643,950

October 18, 1998

Well 1-Lake 741.70 737.51 4.19 230 0.0182 0.0197 0.000359 6,000 39.4 236,400 85 679Lake-Well 3 736.16 737.51 -1.35 83 -.0163 36 -.586 7,875 36.4 286,650 -167,846 -1,342,765Well 4-Lake 745.52 737.51 8.01 300 .0267 .0197 .000526 1,500 39.4 59,100 31 249Lake-Well 5 736.81 737.51 -.70 149 -.0047 .0197 -.0000922 3,700 39.4 145,780 -13 -108Well 6-Lake 745.67 737.51 8.16 133 .0614 .0197 .00121 3,200 36.4 116,480 141 1,126Lake-Well 7 736.75 737.51 -.76 210 -.0036 .0197 -.0000712 5,100 36.4 185,640 -13 -106Lake-Well 8 734.40 737.51 -3.11 4.8 -.6479 36 -23.3 125 36.4 4,550 -106,129 -849,030

October 24, 1998

Well 1-Lake 740.57 737.22 3.35 230 0.0146 0.0197 0.000287 6,000 39 234,000 67 403Lake-Well 3 736.29 737.22 -.93 83 -.0112 36 -.403 7,900 36 284,400 -114,719 -688,317Well 4-Lake 745.60 737.22 8.38 300 .0279 .0197 .000550 1,500 39 58,500 32 193Lake-Well 5 737.00 737.22 -.22 149 -.0015 .0197 -.0000291 3,700 39 144,300 -4 -25Well 6-Lake 744.39 737.22 7.17 133 .0539 .0197 .00106 3,200 36 115,200 122 734Lake-Well 7 737.02 737.22 -.20 210 -.001 .0197 -.0000187 5,100 36 183,600 -3 -21Lake-Well 8 734.26 737.22 -2.96 4.8 -.6167 36 -22.2 100 36 3,600 -79,920 -479,520
Appendix 1. 68

Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued

Line and 

direction

 of flow

(figure 2)

Ground-water

level

(feet above

sea level)

Lake stage

(feet above

sea level)

Ground-water

level-lake

stage

(feet)

Length

of flow

line

(feet)

Horizontal

hydraulic

gradient

(foot per foot)

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

Product of 

horizontal

hydraulic

gradient and

horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet squared

per day)

Length of

lakeshore

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(feet)

Depth

of lake

(feet)

Area of lake

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(square feet)

Specific

discharge

(cubic feet

per day)

Volume of

flow along

flow transect

between

measurement

periods

(cubic feet)

October 31, 1998

Well 1-Lake 740.61 737.14 3.47 230 0.0151 0.0197 0.000297 6,000 38.95 233,700 69 486Lake-Well 3 736.30 737.14 -.84 83 -.0101 36 -.364 7,900 35.95 284,005 -103,474 -724,315Well 4-Lake 745.52 737.14 8.38 300 .0279 .0197 .000550 1,500 38.95 58,425 32 225Well 5-Lake 740.76 737.14 3.62 149 .0243 .0197 .000479 3,700 38.95 144,115 69 483Well 6-Lake 744.88 737.14 7.74 133 .0582 .0197 .001146 3,200 35.95 115,040 132 923Well 7-Lake 745.67 737.14 8.53 210 .0406 .0197 .000800 5,100 35.95 183,345 147 1,027Lake-Well 8 734.25 737.14 -2.89 4.8 -.6021 36 -21.7 100 35.95 3,595 -77,922 -545,451

November 7, 1998

Well 1-Lake 739.93 736.79 3.14 230 0.0137 0.0197 0.000269 6,000 38.6 231,600 62 436Lake-Well 3 736.19 736.79 -.60 83 -.0072 36 -.260 7,900 35.6 281,240 -73,190 -512,331Well 4-Lake 744.82 736.79 8.03 300 .0268 .0197 .000527 1,500 38.6 57,900 31 214Well 5-Lake 737.08 736.79 .29 149 .0019 .0197 .0000380 3,700 38.6 142,820 5 38Well 6-Lake 744.23 736.79 7.44 133 .0559 .0197 .001102 3,200 35.6 113,920 126 879Well 7-Lake 736.78 736.79 -.01 210 -.000048 .0197 -.000000938 5,100 35.6 181,560 0 -1Lake-Well 8 734.03 736.79 -2.76 4.8 -.575 36 -20.7 100 35.6 3,560 -73,692 -515,844

November 14, 1998

Well 1-Lake 740.98 737.21 3.77 230 0.0164 0.0197 0.000323 6,000 37.8 226,800 73 513Lake-Well 3 736.46 737.21 -.75 83 -.009 36 -.325 7,900 34.8 274,920 -89,432 -626,023Well 4-Lake 745.78 737.21 8.57 300 .0286 .0197 .000563 1,500 37.8 56,700 32 223Well 5-Lake 738.64 737.21 1.43 149 .0096 .0197 .000189 3,700 37.8 139,860 26 185Well 6-Lake 745.08 737.21 7.87 133 .0592 .0197 .001166 3,200 34.8 111,360 130 909Well 7-Lake 737.40 737.21 .19 210 .0009 .0197 .0000178 5,100 34.8 177,480 3 22Lake-Well 8 734.45 737.21 -2.76 4.8 -.575 36 -20.7 100 34.8 3,480 -72,036 -504,252

November 21, 1998

Well 1-Lake 740.22 736.26 3.96 230 0.0172 0.0197 0.000339 6,000 38 228,000 77 541Well 3-Lake 736.37 736.26 .11 83 .0013 36 .0477 7,900 35 276,500 13,192 92,344Well 4-Lake 745.77 736.26 9.51 300 .0317 .0197 .000624 1,500 38 57,000 36 249Well 5-Lake 737.76 736.26 1.50 149 .0101 .0197 .000198 3,700 38 140,600 28 195Well 6-Lake 744.44 736.26 8.18 133 .0615 .0197 .00121 3,200 35 112,000 136 950Well 7-Lake 737.30 736.26 1.04 210 .005 .0197 .0000976 5,100 35 178,500 17 122Lake-Well 8 734.11 736.26 -2.15 4.8 -.4479 36 -16.1 100 35 3,500 -56,437 -395,062
69 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued Line and direction of flow (figure 2) Ground-water level (feet above sea level) Lake stage (feet above sea level) Ground-water level-lake stage (feet) Length of flow line (feet) Horizontal hydraulic gradient (foot per foot) Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) Product of horizontal hydraulic gradient and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet squared per day) Length of lakeshore through which flow is occurring along flow transect (feet) Depth of lake (feet) Area of lake through which flow is occurring along flow transect (square feet) Specific discharge (cubic feet per day) Volume of flow along flow transect between measurement periods (cubic feet) November 29, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.66 735.76 3.90 230 0.0170 0.0197 0.000334 6,000 37.6 225,600 75 603 Well 3-Lake 736.16 735.76 .40 83 .0048 36 .173 7,950 34.6 275,070 47,723 381,784 Well 4-Lake 745.66 735.76 9.90 300 .033 .0197 .000650 1,500 37.6 56,400 37 293 Well 5-Lake 737.44 735.76 1.68 149 .0113 .0197 .000222 3,700 37.6 139,120 31 247 Well 6-Lake 744.39 735.76 8.63 133 .0649 .0197 .00128 3,200 34.6 110,720 142 1,132 Well 7-Lake 737.21 735.76 1.45 210 .0069 .0197 .000136 5,100 34.6 176,460 24 192 Lake-Well 8 733.85 735.76 -1.91 4.8 -.3979 36 -14.3 50 34.6 1,730 -24,782 -198,258 December 5, 1998 Well 1-Lake 740.20 735.71 4.49 230 0.0195 0.0197 0.000385 6,000 37.5 225,000 87 519 Well 3-Lake 736.20 735.71 .49 83 .0059 36 .213 7,950 34.5 274,275 58,292 349,750 Well 4-Lake 745.68 735.71 9.97 300 .0332 .0197 .000655 1,500 37.5 56,250 37 221 Well 5-Lake 737.72 735.71 2.01 149 .0135 .0197 .000266 3,700 37.5 138,750 37 221 Well 6-Lake 744.67 735.71 8.96 133 .0674 .0197 .00133 3,200 34.5 110,400 147 879 Well 7-Lake 737.14 735.71 1.43 210 .0068 .0197 .000134 5,100 34.5 175,950 24 142 Lake-Well 8 733.81 735.71 -1.90 4.8 -.3958 36 -14.3 50 34.5 1,725 -24,581 -147,488 December 12, 1998 Well 1-Lake 740.86 736.06 4.80 230 0.0209 0.0197 0.000411 6,000 37.9 227,400 93 654 Well 3-Lake 736.29 736.06 .23 83 .0028 36 .0998 7,900 34.9 275,710 27,505 192,532 Well 4-Lake 745.83 736.06 9.77 300 .0326 .0197 .000642 1,500 37.9 56,850 36 255 Well 5-Lake 738.80 736.06 2.74 149 .0184 .0197 .000362 3,700 37.9 140,230 51 356 Well 6-Lake 744.93 736.06 8.87 133 .0667 .0197 .00131 3,200 34.9 111,680 147 1,027 Well 7-Lake 737.38 736.06 1.32 210 .0063 .0197 .000124 5,100 34.9 177,990 22 154 Lake-Well 8 734.02 736.06 -2.04 4.8 -.425 36 -15.3 100 34.9 3,490 -53,397 -373,779 December 19, 1998 Well 1-Lake 740.27 735.8 4.47 230 0.0194 0.0197 0.000383 6,000 37.6 225,600 86 605 Well 3-Lake 736.22 735.8 .42 83 .0051 36 .182 7,900 34.6 273,340 49,794 348,558 Well 4-Lake 745.78 735.8 9.98 300 .0333 .0197 .000655 1,500 37.6 56,400 37 259 Well 5-Lake 738.08 735.8 2.28 149 .0153 .0197 .000301 3,700 37.6 139,120 42 294 Well 6-Lake 744.48 735.8 8.68 133 .0653 .0197 .00129 3,200 34.6 110,720 142 996 Well 7-Lake 737.26 735.8 1.46 210 .007 .0197 .000137 5,100 34.6 176,460 24 169 Lake-Well 8 733.90 735.8 -1.90 4.8 -.3958 36 -14.25 100 34.6 3,460 -49,305 -345,135
70 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued Line and direction of flow (figure 2) Ground-water level (feet above sea level) Lake stage (feet above sea level) Ground-water level-lake stage (feet) Length of flow line (feet) Horizontal hydraulic gradient (foot per foot) Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) Product of horizontal hydraulic gradient and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet squared per day) Length of lakeshore through which flow is occurring along flow transect (feet) Depth of lake (feet) Area of lake through which flow is occurring along flow transect (square feet) Specific discharge (cubic feet per day) Volume of flow along flow transect between measurement periods (cubic feet) December 26, 1998 Well 1-Lake 739.87 735.7 4.17 230 0.0181 0.0197 0.000357 6,000 37.5 225,000 80 563 Well 3-Lake 736.04 735.7 .34 83 .0041 36 .147 7,900 34.5 272,550 40,193 281,350 Well 4-Lake 745.49 735.7 9.79 300 .0326 .0197 .000643 1,500 37.5 56,250 36 253 Well 5-Lake 737.50 735.7 1.80 149 .0121 .0197 .000238 3,700 37.5 138,750 33 231 Well 6-Lake 743.81 735.7 8.11 133 .061 .0197 .00120 3,200 34.5 110,400 133 928 Well 7-Lake 737.17 735.7 1.47 210 .007 .0197 .000138 5,100 34.5 175,950 24 170 Lake-Well 8 733.71 735.7 -1.99 4.8 -.4146 36 -14.9 100 34.5 3,450 -51,491 -360,439 January 16, 1999 Well 1-Lake 740.00 735.65 4.35 230 0.0189 0.0197 0.000373 6,000 37.4 224,400 84 1,756 Well 3-Lake 735.74 735.65 .09 83 .0011 36 .0390 7,900 34.4 271,760 10,608 222,778 Well 4-Lake 744.77 735.65 9.12 300 .0304 .0197 .000599 1,500 37.4 56,100 34 706 Well 5-Lake 736.59 735.65 .94 149 .0063 .0197 .000124 3,700 37.4 138,380 17 361 Well 6-Lake 743.73 735.65 8.08 133 .0608 .0197 .00120 3,200 34.4 110,080 132 2,767 Well 7-Lake 737.90 735.65 2.25 210 .0107 .0197 .000211 5,100 34.4 175,440 37 778 Lake-Well 8 733.45 735.65 -2.20 4.8 -.4583 36 -16.5 100 34.4 3,440 -56,760 -1,191,960 January 24, 1999 Well 1-Lake 740.00 735.62 4.38 230 0.0190 0.0197 0.000375 6,000 38.3 229,800 86 690 Well 3-Lake 736.30 735.62 .68 83 .0082 36 .295 7,950 35.3 280,635 82,770 662,163 Well 4-Lake 746.51 735.62 10.89 300 .0363 .0197 .000715 1,500 38.3 57,450 41 329 Well 5-Lake 739.17 735.62 3.55 149 .0238 .0197 .000469 3,700 38.3 141,710 67 532 Well 6-Lake 745.89 735.62 10.27 133 .0772 .0197 .00152 3,200 35.3 112,960 172 1,375 Well 7-Lake 737.64 735.62 2.02 210 .0096 .0197 .000189 5,100 35.3 180,030 34 273 Lake-Well 8 734.10 735.62 -1.52 4.8 -.3167 36 -11.4 50 35.3 1,765 -20,121 -160,968 January 30, 1999 Well 1-Lake 741.22 737.37 3.85 230 0.0167 0.0197 0.000330 6,000 39.2 235,200 78 465 Lake-Well 3 736.60 737.37 -.77 83 -.0093 36 -.334 7,900 36.2 285,980 -95,510 -573,063 Well 4-Lake 746.41 737.37 9.04 300 .0301 .0197 .000594 1,500 39.2 58,800 35 209 Well 5-Lake 739.48 737.37 2.11 149 .0142 .0197 .000279 3,700 39.2 145,040 40 243 Well 6-Lake 745.54 737.37 8.17 133 .0614 .0197 .00121 3,200 36.2 115,840 140 841 Well 7-Lake 737.97 737.37 .60 210 .0029 .0197 .0000563 5,100 36.2 184,620 10 62 Lake-Well 8 734.58 737.37 -2.79 4.8 -.5812 36 -20.9 100 36.2 3,620 -75,748 -454,491
Appendix 1. 71

Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued

Line and 

direction

 of flow

(figure 2)

Ground-water

level

(feet above

sea level)

Lake stage

(feet above

sea level)

Ground-water

level-lake

stage

(feet)

Length

of flow

line

(feet)

Horizontal

hydraulic

gradient

(foot per foot)

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

Product of 

horizontal

hydraulic

gradient and

horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet squared

per day)

Length of

lakeshore

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(feet)

Depth

of lake

(feet)

Area of lake

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(square feet)

Specific

discharge

(cubic feet

per day)

Volume of

flow along

flow transect

between

measurement

periods

(cubic feet)

February 6, 1999

Well 1-Lake 741.52 737.67 3.85 230 0.0167 0.0197 0.000330 6,000 39.4 236,400 78 546Lake-Well 3 736.94 737.67 -.73 83 -.0088 36 -.317 7,900 36.4 287,560 -91,049 -637,344Well 4-Lake 746.51 737.67 8.84 300 .0295 .0197 .000580 1,500 39.4 59,100 34 240Well 5-Lake 739.84 737.67 2.17 149 .0146 .0197 .000287 3,700 39.4 145,780 42 293Well 6-Lake 745.79 737.67 8.12 133 .0611 .0197 .00120 3,200 36.4 116,480 140 981Well 7-Lake 739.27 737.67 1.60 210 .0076 .0197 .000150 5,100 36.4 185,640 28 195Lake-Well 8 735.03 737.67 -2.64 4.8 -.55 36 -19.8 100 36.4 3,640 -72,072 -504,504

February 13, 1999

Well 1-Lake 741.33 737.37 3.96 230 0.0172 0.0197 0.000339 6,000 39.2 235,200 80 558Well 3-Lake 737.38 737.37 .01 83 .0001 36 .00434 7,900 36.2 285,980 1,240 8,683Well 4-Lake 746.46 737.37 9.09 300 .0303 .0197 .000597 1,500 39.2 58,800 35 246Well 5-Lake 739.09 737.37 1.72 149 .0115 .0197 .000227 3,700 39.2 145,040 33 231Well 6-Lake 745.33 737.37 7.96 133 .0598 .0197 .00118 3,200 36.2 115,840 137 956Well 7-Lake 739.86 737.37 2.49 210 .0119 .0197 .000234 5,100 36.2 184,620 43 302Lake-Well 8 735.16 737.37 -2.21 4.8 -.4604 36 -16.6 100 36.2 3,620 -60,002 -420,011

February 20, 1999

Well 1-Lake 740.85 736.93 3.92 230 0.0170 0.0197 0.000336 6,000 38.8 232,800 78 547Well 3-Lake 737.43 736.93 .50 83 .006 36 .217 7,950 35.8 284,610 61,723 432,059Well 4-Lake 746.32 736.93 9.39 300 .0313 .0197 .000617 1,500 38.8 58,200 36 251Well 5-Lake 739.02 736.93 2.09 149 .014 .0197 .000276 3,700 38.8 143,560 40 278Well 6-Lake 744.92 736.93 7.99 133 .0601 .0197 .00118 3,200 35.8 114,560 136 949Well 7-Lake 739.98 736.93 3.05 210 .0145 .0197 .000286 5,100 35.8 182,580 52 366Lake-Well 8 735.09 736.93 -1.84 4.8 -.3833 36 -13.8 50 35.8 1,790 -24,702 -172,914

February 27, 1999

Well 1-Lake 740.81 737.31 3.50 230 0.0152 0.0197 0.000300 6,000 38.1 228,600 69 480Lake-Well 3 737.29 737.31 -.02 83 -.0002 36 -.00867 7,900 35.1 277,290 -2,405 -16,838Well 4-Lake 746.21 737.31 8.90 300 .0297 .0197 .000584 1,500 38.1 57,150 33 234Well 5-Lake 738.64 737.31 1.33 149 .0089 .0197 .000176 3,700 38.1 140,970 25 174Well 6-Lake 745.53 737.31 8.22 133 .0618 .0197 .00122 3,200 35.1 112,320 137 957Well 7-Lake 739.60 737.31 2.29 210 .0109 .0197 .000215 5,100 35.1 179,010 38 269Lake-Well 8 734.89 737.31 -2.42 4.8 -.5042 36 -18.1 100 35.1 3,510 -63,706 -445,945
72 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued Line and direction of flow (figure 2) Ground-water level (feet above sea level) Lake stage (feet above sea level) Ground-water level-lake stage (feet) Length of flow line (feet) Horizontal hydraulic gradient (foot per foot) Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) Product of horizontal hydraulic gradient and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet squared per day) Length of lakeshore through which flow is occurring along flow transect (feet) Depth of lake (feet) Area of lake through which flow is occurring along flow transect (square feet) Specific discharge (cubic feet per day) Volume of flow along flow transect between measurement periods (cubic feet) March 14, 1999 Well 1-Lake 741.47 736.43 5.04 230 0.0219 0.0197 0.000432 6,000 38.2 229,200 99 1,484 Well 3-Lake 737.14 736.43 .71 83 .0086 36 .308 7,950 35.2 279,840 86,177 1,292,659 Well 4-Lake 746.14 736.43 9.71 300 .0324 .0197 .000638 1,500 38.2 57,300 37 548 Well 5-Lake 737.57 736.43 1.14 149 .0077 .0197 .000151 3,700 38.2 141,340 21 320 Well 6-Lake 745.34 736.43 8.91 133 .067 .0197 .00132 3,200 35.2 112,640 149 2,230 Well 7-Lake 737.68 736.43 1.25 210 .006 .0197 .000117 5,100 35.2 179,520 21 316 Lake-Well 8 734.81 736.43 -1.62 4.8 -.3375 36 -12.2 50 35.2 1,760 -21,384 -320,760 March 20, 1999 Well 1-Lake 741.00 737.10 3.90 230 0.0170 0.0197 0.000334 6,000 38.9 233,400 78 468 Well 3-Lake 737.17 737.10 .07 83 .0008 36 .0304 7,950 35.9 285,405 8,665 51,992 Well 4-Lake 745.23 737.10 8.13 300 .0271 .0197 .000534 1,500 38.9 58,350 31 187 Well 5-Lake 739.77 737.10 2.67 149 .0179 .0197 .000353 3,700 38.9 143,930 51 305 Well 6-Lake 745.24 737.10 8.14 133 .0612 .0197 .00121 3,200 35.9 114,880 139 831 Well 7-Lake 738.87 737.10 1.77 210 .0084 .0197 .000166 5,100 35.9 183,090 30 182 Lake-Well 8 735.09 737.10 -2.01 4.8 -.4187 36 -15.1 50 35.9 1,795 -27,060 -162,358 March 28, 1999 Well 1-Lake 740.42 737.06 3.36 230 0.0146 0.0197 0.000288 6,000 38.9 233,400 67 537 Well 3-Lake 737.37 737.06 .31 83 .0037 36 .134 7,950 35.9 285,405 38,375 306,999 Well 4-Lake 745.44 737.06 8.38 300 .0279 .0197 .000550 1,500 38.9 58,350 32 257 Well 5-Lake 738.88 737.06 1.82 149 .0122 .0197 .000241 3,700 38.9 143,930 35 277 Well 6-Lake 744.75 737.06 7.69 133 .0578 .0197 .00114 3,200 35.9 114,880 131 1,047 Well 7-Lake 739.20 737.06 2.14 210 .0102 .0197 .000201 5,100 35.9 183,090 37 294 Lake-Well 8 735.17 737.06 -1.89 4.8 -.3937 36 -14.2 50 35.9 1,795 -25,444 -203,553 April 3, 1999 Well 1-Lake 740.07 737.12 2.95 230 0.0128 0.0197 0.000253 6,000 38.9 233,400 59 354 Well 3-Lake 737.35 737.12 .23 83 .0028 36 .0998 7,900 35.9 283,610 28,293 169,756 Well 4-Lake 745.64 737.12 8.52 300 .0284 .0197 .000559 1,500 38.9 58,350 33 196 Well 5-Lake 738.56 737.12 1.44 149 .0097 .0197 .000190 3,700 38.9 143,930 27 164 Well 6-Lake 744.46 737.12 7.34 133 .0552 .0197 .00109 3,200 35.9 114,880 125 749 Well 7-Lake 739.12 737.12 2.00 210 .0095 .0197 .000188 5,100 35.9 183,090 34 206 Lake-Well 8 734.45 737.12 -2.67 4.8 -.5562 36 -20.0 100 35.9 3,590 -71,890 -431,338
Appendix 1. 73

Table 1–1. Calculated hydraulic properties in the geologic deposits along lines of flow transect near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, April 29, 1998–April 24, 1999—Continued

Line and 

direction

 of flow

(figure 2)

Ground-water

level

(feet above

sea level)

Lake stage

(feet above

sea level)

Ground-water

level-lake

stage

(feet)

Length

of flow

line

(feet)

Horizontal

hydraulic

gradient

(foot per foot)

Horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet per day)

Product of 

horizontal

hydraulic

gradient and

horizontal

hydraulic

conductivity

(feet squared

per day)

Length of

lakeshore

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(feet)

Depth

of lake

(feet)

Area of lake

through which

flow is

occurring

along flow

transect

(square feet)

Specific

discharge

(cubic feet

per day)

Volume of

flow along

flow transect

between

measurement

periods

(cubic feet)

April 9, 1999

Well 1-Lake 741.74 737.08 4.66 230 0.0203 0.0197 0.000399 6,000 38.9 233,400 93 559Well 3-Lake 737.44 737.08 .36 83 .0043 36 .156 7,950 35.9 285,405 44,564 267,387Well 4-Lake 745.92 737.08 8.84 300 .0295 .0197 .000580 1,500 38.9 58,350 34 203Well 5-Lake 740.56 737.08 3.48 149 .0234 .0197 .000460 3,700 38.9 143,930 66 397Well 6-Lake 745.89 737.08 8.81 133 .0662 .0197 .00130 3,200 35.9 114,880 150 899Well 7-Lake 739.10 737.08 2.02 210 .0096 .0197 .000189 5,100 35.9 183,090 35 208Lake-Well 8 735.27 737.08 -1.81 4.8 -.3771 36 -13.6 50 35.9 1,795 -24,367 -146,203

April 18, 1999

Well 1-Lake 741.29 737.32 3.97 230 0.0173 0.0197 0.000340 6,000 39.1 234,600 80 718Well 3-Lake 737.55 737.32 .23 83 .0028 36 .0998 7,950 36.1 286,995 28,630 257,673Well 4-Lake 746.04 737.32 8.72 300 .0291 .0197 .000573 1,500 39.1 58,650 34 302Well 5-Lake 739.84 737.32 2.52 149 .0169 .0197 .000333 3,700 39.1 144,670 48 434Well 6-Lake 745.75 737.32 8.43 133 .0634 .0197 .00125 3,200 36.1 115,520 144 1,298Well 7-Lake 739.42 737.32 2.10 210 .01 .0197 .000197 5,100 36.1 184,110 36 326Lake-Well 8 735.48 737.32 -1.84 4.8 -.3833 36 -13.8 50 36.1 1,805 -24,909 -224,181

April 24, 1999

Well 1-Lake 741.30 737.81 3.49 230 0.0152 0.0197 0.000299 6,000 39.6 237,600 71 426Well 3-Lake 738.05 737.81 .24 83 .0029 36 .104 7,950 36.6 290,970 30,289 212,022Well 4-Lake 746.16 737.81 8.35 300 .0278 .0197 .000548 1,500 39.6 59,400 33 228Well 5-Lake 740.16 737.81 2.35 149 .0158 .0197 .000311 3,700 39.6 146,520 46 319Well 6-Lake 745.60 737.81 7.79 133 .0586 .0197 .00115 3,200 36.6 117,120 135 946Well 7-Lake 740.67 737.81 2.86 210 .0136 .0197 .000268 5,100 36.6 186,660 50 351Lake-Well 8 735.91 737.81 -1.90 4.8 -.3958 36 -14.2 50 36.6 1,830 -26,077 -182,542
Appendix 2. 75

Appendix 2. Constituent loads for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, the storm drain at the 

FS gage, and the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, Illinois, 

May 1998–April 1999

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999

[nd, not determined]

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

5/1/98 4.4 0.0162 0.001274 0.00778 0.000355 0.000695 0.218 0.0569

5/2/98 3.7 .0138 .001076 .0067 .000306 .000601 .183 .0479

5/3/98 3.2 .0120 .000934 .0059 .00027 .000532 .157 .0415

5/4/98 3 .0113 .000877 .0055 .000256 .000504 .147 .0390

5/5/98 2.9 .0109 .000848 .0054 .000248 .00049 .142 .0377

5/6/98 2.8 .0106 .00082 .0052 .000241 .000475 .137 .0364

5/7/98 12 .0418 .003394 .0189 .000836 .001616 .610 .153

5/8/98 15 .0516 .00422 .0230 .001011 .001949 .767 .191

5/9/98 9.6 .0339 .00273 .0155 .000691 .001339 .485 .123

5/10/98 7.2 .0258 .002061 .0120 .00054 .001052 .361 .0924

5/11/98 5.8 .0210 .001669 .0099 .000449 .000877 .290 .0747

5/12/98 4.9 .0179 .001416 .0086 .000389 .000761 .244 .0632

5/13/98 7.2 .0258 .002061 .0120 .00054 .001052 .361 .0924

5/14/98 6.1 .0221 .001753 .0104 .000469 .000915 .305 .0785

5/15/98 5.2 .0190 .00150 .0090 .000409 .0008 .259 .0671

5/16/98 4.4 .0162 .001274 .0078 .000355 .000695 .218 .0569

5/17/98 3.5 .0131 .001019 .0064 .000292 .000573 .173 .0454

5/18/98 3 .0113 .000877 .0055 .000256 .000504 .147 .0390

5/19/98 2.4 .0091 .000705 .0046 .000211 .000418 .117 .0313

5/20/98 2 .0077 .00059 .0039 .000181 .000358 .097 .0261

5/21/98 1.7 .0066 .000504 .0034 .000157 .000312 .082 .0223

5/22/98 1.6 .0062 .000475 .0032 .000149 .000297 .077 .0210

5/23/98 1.6 .0062 .000475 .0032 .000149 .000297 .077 .0210

5/24/98 2.3 .0088 .000677 .0044 .000204 .000403 .112 .0300

5/25/98 2.1 .0081 .000619 .0040 .000188 .000373 .102 .0274

5/26/98 1.7 .0066 .000504 .0034 .000157 .000312 .082 .0223

5/27/98 1.5 .0059 .000446 .0030 .000141 .000281 .072 .0197

5/28/98 1.4 .0055 .000417 .0028 .000133 .000265 .067 .0184

5/29/98 1.4 .0055 .000417 .0028 .000133 .000265 .067 .0184

5/30/98 1.2 .0048 .000358 .0025 .000117 .000233 .058 .0158

5/31/98 1.2 .0048 .000358 .0025 .000117 .000233 .058 .0158 

Total nd 0.4601 0.036348 0.219 0.0100 0.0195 6.28 1.62
76 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

6/1/98 1.1 0.00438 0.000329 0.00228 0.000108 0.000217 0.0527 0.0145

6/2/98 1.0 .004 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

6/3/98 1.0 .00381 .000285 .00201 .0000957 .000192 .0454 .0125

6/4/98 .9 .00377 .000282 .00199 .0000949 .000190 .0449 .0124

6/5/98 1.0 .00396 .000297 .00208 .0000991 .000198 .0473 .0131

6/6/98 1.0 .004 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

6/7/98 .9 .00373 .000279 .00197 .0000940 .000188 .0444 .0123

6/8/98 .8 .00335 .000250 .00178 .0000853 .000171 .0395 .0110

6/9/98 .9 .00377 .000282 .00199 .0000949 .000190 .0449 .0124

6/10/98 1.0 .004 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

6/11/98 1.9 .00733 .000561 .00370 .000173 .000343 .0923 .0249

6/12/98 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .1022 .0274

6/13/98 1.9 .00733 .000561 .00370 .000173 .000343 .0923 .0249

6/14/98 1.4 .0055 .000417 .00283 .000133 .000265 .0675 .0184

6/15/98 1.1 .00438 .000329 .00228 .000108 .000217 .0527 .0145

6/16/98 .9 .00362 .000271 .00191 .0000914 .000183 .0429 .0119

6/17/98 .8 .00324 .000241 .00172 .0000826 .000166 .0380 .0106

6/18/98 1.0 .004 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

6/19/98 1.4 .0055 .000417 .00283 .000133 .000265 .0675 .0184

6/20/98 .8 .00324 .000241 .00172 .0000826 .000166 .0380 .0106

6/21/98 .6 .00259 .000191 .00140 .0000674 .000136 .0298 .00837

6/22/98 .6 .00227 .000167 .00124 .0000600 .000121 .0259 .00732

6/23/98 .5 .00212 .000155 .00116 .0000563 .000114 .0240 .00680

6/24/98 .5 .00188 .000138 .00104 .0000505 .000102 .0211 .00601

6/25/98 .9 .00343 .000256 .00182 .0000870 .000174 .0405 .0112

6/26/98 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .102 .0274

6/27/98 2.0 .0077 .000590 .00387 .000181 .000358 .0973 .0261

6/28/98 9.3 .03288 .00265 .0151 .000672 .00130 .4698 .119

6/29/98 4.3 .01586 .00125 .00762 .000348 .000682 .2131 .0556

6/30/98 2.9 .01094 .000848 .00538 .000248 .000490 .1423 .0377 

Total nd 0.17871 0.013725 0.0899 0.00420 0.00832 2.27 0.608

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 77

7/1/98 2.1 0.00806 0.000619 0.00405 0.000188 0.000373 0.102 0.0274

7/2/98 1.5 .00587 .000446 .00300 .000141 .000281 .072 .0197

7/3/98 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .102 .0274

7/4/98 2.7 .0102 .000791 .00505 .000234 .000461 .132 .0351

7/5/98 1.8 .00697 .000533 .00353 .000165 .000328 .0873 .0236

7/6/98 1.4 .00550 .000417 .00283 .000133 .000265 .0675 .0184

7/7/98 1.3 .00512 .000388 .00265 .000125 .000249 .0625 .0171

7/8/98 1.1 .00438 .000329 .00228 .000108 .000217 .0527 .0145

7/9/98 .91 .00366 .000274 .00193 .0000923 .000185 .0434 .0120

7/10/98 .76 .00309 .000229 .00165 .0000791 .000159 .0361 .0101

7/11/98 .63 .00259 .000191 .00140 .0000674 .000136 .0298 .00837

7/12/98 .51 .00212 .000155 .00116 .0000563 .000114 .0240 .00680

7/13/98 .4 .00168 .000123 .0009345 .0000457 .0000926 .0187 .00535

7/14/98 .25 .00108 .0000775 .0006168 .0000306 .0000623 .0115 .00337

7/15/98 .21 .000916 .0000654 .0005288 .0000264 .0000538 .00966 .00283

7/16/98 .17 .000750 .0000532 .0004387 .0000220 .0000451 .00778 .00230

7/17/98 .25 .00108 .0000775 .0006168 .0000306 .0000623 .0115 .00337

7/18/98 .21 .000916 .0000654 .0005288 .0000264 .0000538 .0097 .00283

7/19/98 .39 .00164 .000120 .0009138 .0000447 .0000906 .0182 .00522

7/20/98 .26 .00112 .0000805 .0006386 .0000316 .0000644 .0120 .00350

7/21/98 .25 .00108 .0000775 .0006168 .0000306 .0000623 .0115 .00337

7/22/98 .22 .000957 .0000684 .0005501 .0000274 .0000560 .0101 .00297

7/23/98 .16 .000708 .0000501 .0004158 .0000209 .0000428 .00731 .00217

7/24/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

7/25/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

7/26/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

7/27/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

7/28/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

7/29/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

7/30/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

7/31/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

Total nd 0.0819 0.00615 0.0430 0.00205 0.00410 0.984 0.271

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
78 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

8/1/98 0.12 0.000540 0.0000379 0.0003225 0.0000163 0.0000336 0.00544 0.00163

8/2/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

8/3/98 .13 .000582 .0000409 .0003461 .0000175 .0000360 .00591 .00177

8/4/98 .13 .000582 .0000409 .0003461 .0000175 .0000360 .00591 .00177

8/5/98 .13 .000582 .0000409 .0003461 .0000175 .0000360 .00591 .00177

8/6/98 .13 .000582 .0000409 .0003461 .0000175 .0000360 .00591 .00177

8/7/98 .13 .000582 .0000409 .0003461 .0000175 .0000360 .00591 .00177

8/8/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/9/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/10/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/11/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/12/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/13/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/14/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/15/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/16/98 .15 .000666 .0000471 .0003928 .0000198 .0000406 .00684 .00203

8/17/98 .15 .000666 .0000471 .0003928 .0000198 .0000406 .00684 .00203

8/18/98 .15 .000666 .0000471 .0003928 .0000198 .0000406 .00684 .00203

8/19/98 .16 .000708 .0000501 .0004158 .0000209 .0000428 .00731 .00217

8/20/98 .13 .000582 .0000409 .0003461 .0000175 .0000360 .00591 .00177

8/21/98 .10 .000454 .0000317 .0002745 .0000140 .0000289 .00451 .00136

8/22/98 .10 .000454 .0000317 .0002745 .0000140 .0000289 .00451 .00136

8/23/98 .11 .000497 .0000348 .0002986 .0000152 .0000313 .00498 .00150

8/24/98 .12 .000540 .0000379 .0003225 .0000163 .0000336 .00544 .00163

8/25/98 .38 .00160 .000117 .000893 .0000437 .0000887 .0177 .00509

8/26/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

8/27/98 .15 .000666 .0000471 .0003928 .0000198 .0000406 .00684 .00203

8/28/98 .20 .000875 .0000623 .0005065 .0000253 .0000517 .00919 .00270

8/29/98 .17 .000750 .0000532 .0004387 .0000220 .0000451 .00778 .00230

8/30/98 .18 .000792 .0000562 .0004614 .0000231 .0000473 .00825 .00243

8/31/98 .18 .000792 .0000562 .0004614 .0000231 .0000473 .00825 .00243 

Total nd 0.0203 0.00144 0.0120 0.000602 0.00124 0.209 0.0621 

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 79

9/1/98 0.18 0.000792 0.0000562 0.0004614 0.0000231 0.0000473 0.00825 0.00243

9/2/98 .18 .000792 .0000562 .0004614 .0000231 .0000473 .00825 .00243

9/3/98 .19 .000833 .0000593 .000484 .0000242 .0000495 .00872 .00257

9/4/98 .18 .000792 .0000562 .0004614 .0000231 .0000473 .00825 .00243

9/5/98 .19 .000833 .0000593 .000484 .0000242 .0000495 .00872 .00257

9/6/98 .19 .000833 .0000593 .000484 .0000242 .0000495 .00872 .00257

9/7/98 .23 .000998 .0000714 .000573 .0000285 .0000581 .01060 .00310

9/8/98 .20 .000875 .0000623 .0005065 .0000253 .0000517 .00919 .00270

9/9/98 .20 .000875 .0000623 .0005065 .0000253 .0000517 .00919 .00270

9/10/98 .20 .000875 .0000623 .0005065 .0000253 .0000517 .00919 .00270

9/11/98 .20 .000875 .0000623 .0005065 .0000253 .0000517 .00919 .00270

9/12/98 .21 .000916 .0000654 .0005288 .0000264 .0000538 .00966 .00283

9/13/98 .21 .000916 .0000654 .0005288 .0000264 .0000538 .00966 .00283

9/14/98 .52 .00216 .000158 .00118 .0000572 .000115 .0245 .00693

9/15/98 .83 .00335 .000250 .00178 .0000853 .000171 .0395 .0110

9/16/98 .23 .000998 .0000714 .000573 .0000285 .0000581 .0106 .00310

9/17/98 .23 .000998 .0000714 .000573 .0000285 .0000581 .0106 .00310

9/18/98 .23 .000998 .0000714 .000573 .0000285 .0000581 .0106 .00310

9/19/98 .23 .000998 .0000714 .000573 .0000285 .0000581 .0106 .00310

9/20/98 .24 .001039 .0000745 .000595 .0000295 .0000602 .0111 .00323

9/21/98 .23 .000998 .0000714 .000573 .0000285 .0000581 .0106 .00310

9/22/98 .24 .00104 .0000745 .000595 .0000295 .0000602 .0111 .00323

9/23/98 .24 .00104 .0000745 .000595 .0000295 .0000602 .0111 .00323

9/24/98 .21 .000916 .0000654 .0005288 .0000264 .0000538 .00966 .00283

9/25/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

9/26/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

9/27/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

9/28/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

9/29/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190

9/30/98 .14 .000624 .0000440 .000370 .0000186 .0000383 .00637 .00190 

Total nd 0.0295 0.00212 0.0168 0.000836 0.00170 0.316 0.0919

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
80 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

10/1/98 0.14 0.000624 0.0000440 0.000370 0.0000186 0.0000383 0.00637 0.00190

10/2/98 .15 .000666 .0000471 .0003928 .0000198 .0000406 .00684 .00203

10/3/98 .27 .00116 .0000836 .000660 .0000327 .0000665 .0125 .00363

10/4/98 .15 .000666 .0000471 .0003928 .0000198 .0000406 .00684 .00203

10/5/98 2.8 .0106 .000820 .00522 .0002410 .000475 .137 .0364

10/6/98 .67 .00274 .000203 .00147 .0000710 .000143 .0317 .00889

10/7/98 .55 .00227 .000167 .00124 .0000600 .000121 .0259 .00732

10/8/98 .32 .00136 .0000986 .0007672 .0000378 .0000767 .0149 .00429

10/9/98 .23 .000998 .0000714 .000573 .0000285 .0000581 .0106 .00310

10/10/98 .20 .000875 .0000623 .0005065 .0000253 .0000517 .00919 .00270

10/11/98 .18 .000792 .0000562 .0004614 .0000231 .0000473 .00825 .00243

10/12/98 .17 .000750 .0000532 .0004387 .0000220 .0000451 .00778 .00230

10/13/98 .16 .000708 .0000501 .0004158 .0000209 .0000428 .00731 .00217

10/14/98 .16 .000708 .0000501 .0004158 .0000209 .0000428 .00731 .00217

10/15/98 .16 .000708 .0000501 .0004158 .0000209 .0000428 .00731 .00217

10/16/98 .16 .000708 .0000501 .0004158 .0000209 .0000428 .00731 .00217

10/17/98 4.8 .0176 .00139 .00840 .000382 .0007479 .239 .06196

10/18/98 6.9 .0248 .001977 .0116 .000521 .00101 .346 .08862

10/19/98 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .102 .02743

10/20/98 1.1 .00438 .000329 .00228 .000108 .000217 .0527 .0145

10/21/98 .75 .00305 .000227 .00163 .0000782 .000157 .0356 .00994

10/22/98 .60 .00247 .000182 .00134 .0000646 .000130 .0283 .00798

10/23/98 .57 .00235 .000173 .00128 .0000619 .000125 .0269 .00758

10/24/98 .47 .00196 .000144 .00108 .0000525 .000106 .0220 .00627

10/25/98 .42 .00176 .000129 .0009756 .0000477 .0000964 .0196 .00561

10/26/98 .37 .00156 .000114 .0008722 .0000428 .0000867 .0173 .00495

10/27/98 .41 .00172 .000126 .0009551 .0000467 .0000945 .0192 .00548

10/28/98 .52 .00216 .000158 .00118 .0000572 .000115 .0245 .00693

10/29/98 .53 .00220 .000161 .00120 .0000581 .000117 .0249 .00706

10/30/98 .92 .00370 .000277 .00195 .0000931 .000186 .0439 .0122

10/31/98 .71 .00289 .000215 .00155 .0000746 .000150 .0337 .00942

Total nd 0.107 0.00817 0.0545 0.00256 0.00509 1.34 0.36 

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 81

11/1/98 0.57 0.00235 0.000173 0.00128 0.0000619 0.000125 0.0269 0.00758

11/2/98 .46 .00192 .000141 .00106 .0000515 .000104 .0216 .00614

11/3/98 .43 .00180 .000132 .00100 .0000486 .0000984 .0201 .00574

11/4/98 .43 .00180 .000132 .00100 .0000486 .0000984 .0201 .00574

11/5/98 .39 .00164 .000120 .00091 .0000447 .0000906 .0182 .00522

11/6/98 .49 .00204 .000150 .00112 .0000544 .000110 .0230 .00653

11/7/98 .29 .00124 .0000896 .00070 .0000347 .0000706 .0134 .00390

11/8/98 .25 .00108 .0000775 .00062 .0000306 .0000623 .0115 .00337

11/9/98 .25 .00108 .0000775 .00062 .0000306 .0000623 .0115 .00337

11/10/98 6.2 .0224 .001781 .01053 .000475 .000927 .310 .0797

11/11/98 2.7 .0102 .000791 .00505 .000234 .000461 .132 .0351

11/12/98 1.8 .00697 .000533 .00353 .000165 .000328 .0873 .0236

11/13/98 1.5 .00587 .000446 .00300 .000141 .000281 .0724 .0197

11/14/98 1.2 .00475 .000358 .00247 .000117 .000233 .0576 .0158

11/15/98 1.2 .00475 .000358 .00247 .000117 .000233 .0576 .0158

11/16/98 1.0 .00400 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

11/17/98 1.0 .00400 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

11/18/98 .96 .00385 .000288 .00203 .0000966 .000193 .0458 .0127

11/19/98 .96 .00385 .000288 .00203 .0000966 .000193 .0458 .0127

11/20/98 1.0 .00400 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

11/21/98 .90 .00362 .000271 .00191 .0000914 .000183 .0429 .0119

11/22/98 .85 .00343 .000256 .00182 .0000870 .000174 .0405 .0112

11/23/98 .77 .00312 .000232 .00167 .0000800 .000161 .0366 .0102

11/24/98 .70 .00286 .000212 .00153 .0000737 .000148 .0332 .00929

11/25/98 .68 .00278 .000206 .00149 .0000719 .000145 .0322 .00903

11/26/98 .65 .00266 .000197 .00144 .0000692 .000139 .0307 .00863

11/27/98 .62 .00255 .000188 .00138 .0000665 .000134 .0293 .00824

11/28/98 .58 .00239 .000176 .00130 .0000628 .000127 .0274 .00772

11/29/98 .62 .00255 .000188 .00138 .0000665 .000134 .0293 .00824

11/30/98 .83 .00335 .000250 .00178 .0000853 .000171 .0395 .0110 

Total nd 0.119 0.00901 0.0614 0.00290 0.00579 1.46 0.398 

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
82 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

12/1/98 0.90 0.00362 0.000271 0.00191 0.0000914 0.000183 0.0429 0.0119

12/2/98 .77 .00312 .000232 .00167 .0000800 .000161 .0366 .0102

12/3/98 .75 .00305 .000227 .00163 .0000782 .000157 .0356 .00994

12/4/98 .74 .00301 .000224 .00161 .0000773 .000155 .0351 .00981

12/5/98 .76 .00309 .000229 .00165 .0000791 .000159 .0361 .0101

12/6/98 1.6 .00624 .000475 .00318 .000149 .000297 .0774 .0210

12/7/98 3.0 .0113 .000877 .00554 .000256 .000504 .147 .0390

12/8/98 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .102 .0274

12/9/98 1.8 .00697 .000533 .00353 .000165 .000328 .0873 .0236

12/10/98 1.6 .00624 .000475 .00318 .000149 .000297 .0774 .0210

12/11/98 1.4 .00550 .000417 .00283 .000133 .000265 .0675 .0184

12/12/98 1.3 .00512 .000388 .00265 .000125 .000249 .0625 .0171

12/13/98 1.2 .00475 .000358 .00247 .000117 .000233 .0576 .0158

12/14/98 1.1 .00438 .000329 .00228 .000108 .000217 .0527 .0145

12/15/98 1.0 .00400 .000300 .00210 .000100 .000200 .0478 .0132

12/16/98 .90 .00362 .000271 .00191 .0000914 .000183 .0429 .0119

12/17/98 .80 .00324 .000241 .00172 .0000826 .000166 .0380 .0106

12/18/98 .60 .00247 .000182 .00134 .0000646 .000130 .0283 .00798

12/19/98 .52 .00216 .000158 .00118 .0000572 .000115 .0245 .00693

12/20/98 .48 .00200 .000147 .00110 .0000534 .000108 .0225 .00640

12/21/98 .43 .00180 .000132 .00100 .0000486 .0000984 .0201 .00574

12/22/98 .39 .00164 .000120 .000914 .0000447 .0000906 .0182 .00522

12/23/98 .36 .00152 .000111 .000851 .0000418 .0000847 .0168 .00482

12/24/98 .33 .00140 .000102 .000788 .0000388 .0000787 .0153 .00443

12/25/98 .33 .00140 .000102 .000788 .0000388 .0000787 .0153 .00443

12/26/98 .45 .00188 .000138 .00104 .0000505 .000102 .0211 .00601

12/27/98 .54 .00224 .000164 .00122 .0000591 .000119 .0254 .00719

12/28/98 .35 .00148 .000108 .000830 .0000408 .0000827 .0163 .00469

12/29/98 .31 .00132 .0000956 .000746 .0000368 .0000747 .0144 .00416

12/30/98 .31 .00132 .0000956 .000746 .0000368 .0000747 .0144 .00416

12/31/98 .30 .00128 .0000926 .0007247 .0000357 .0000727 .0139 .00403 

Total nd 0.109 0.00821 0.0572 0.00272 0.00544 1.31 0.362

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 83

1/1/99 0.32 0.00136 0.0000986 0.0007672 0.0000378 0.0000767 0.0149 0.00429

1/2/99 .32 .00136 .0000986 .0007672 .0000378 .0000767 .0149 .00429

1/3/99 .30 .00128 .0000926 .0007247 .0000357 .0000727 .0139 .00403

1/4/99 .29 .00124 .0000896 .0007033 .0000347 .0000706 .0134 .00390

1/5/99 .29 .00124 .0000896 .0007033 .0000347 .0000706 .0134 .00390

1/6/99 .27 .00116 .0000836 .000660 .0000327 .0000665 .0125 .00363

1/7/99 .28 .00120 .0000866 .0006818 .0000337 .0000686 .0130 .00376

1/8/99 .29 .00124 .0000896 .0007033 .0000347 .0000706 .0134 .00390

1/9/99 .29 .00124 .0000896 .0007033 .0000347 .0000706 .0134 .00390

1/10/99 .28 .00120 .0000866 .0006818 .0000337 .0000686 .0130 .00376

1/11/99 .27 .00116 .0000836 .000660 .0000327 .0000665 .0125 .00363

1/12/99 .26 .00112 .0000805 .0006386 .0000316 .0000644 .0120 .00350

1/13/99 .26 .00112 .0000805 .0006386 .0000316 .0000644 .0120 .00350

1/14/99 .3 .00128 .0000926 .0007247 .0000357 .0000727 .0139 .00403

1/15/99 .35 .00148 .000108 .000830 .0000408 .0000827 .0163 .00469

1/16/99 .60 .00247 .000182 .00134 .0000646 .000130 .0283 .00798

1/17/99 1.1 .00438 .000329 .00228 .000108 .000217 .0527 .0145

1/18/99 2.0 .00770 .000590 .00387 .000181 .000358 .0973 .0261

1/19/99 1.7 .00660 .000504 .00336 .000157 .000312 .0823 .0223

1/20/99 1.4 .00550 .000417 .00283 .000133 .000265 .0675 .0184

1/21/99 2.5 .00951 .000734 .00472 .000219 .000432 .122 .0326

1/22/99 15 .0516 .00422 .0230 .00101 .00195 .767 .191

1/23/99 26 .0868 .00722 .0374 .00162 .00310 1.35 .328

1/24/99 25 .0837 .00695 .0361 .00156 .00300 1.29 .315

1/25/99 16 .0549 .00449 .0243 .00107 .00206 .819 .203

1/26/99 13 .0451 .00367 .0203 .000895 .00173 .662 .165

1/27/99 10 .0352 .00284 .0161 .000715 .00139 .506 .128

1/28/99 9.3 .0329 .00265 .0151 .000672 .00130 .470 .119

1/29/99 8.2 .0292 .00234 .0135 .000604 .00117 .413 .105

1/30/99 7.4 .0265 .00212 .0123 .000553 .00108 .372 .0949

1/31/99 7.2 .0258 .00206 .0120 .000540 .00105 .361 .0924

Total nd 0.527 0.0427 0.239 0.0106 0.0206 7.66 1.92 

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
84 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

2/1/99 6.8 0.0245 0.00195 0.0114 0.000514 0.00100 0.341 0.0873

2/2/99 8.4 .0299 .00240 .0138 .000616 .00120 .423 .108

2/3/99 8.8 .0312 .00251 .0144 .000641 .00124 .444 .113

2/4/99 8.2 .0292 .00234 .0135 .000604 .00117 .413 .105

2/5/99 7.6 .0272 .00217 .0126 .000566 .00110 .382 .0975

2/6/99 7.5 .0268 .00215 .0125 .000559 .00109 .377 .0962

2/7/99 6.9 .0248 .00198 .0116 .000521 .00101 .346 .0886

2/8/99 5.7 .0207 .00164 .00978 .000442 .000864 .284 .0734

2/9/99 6.0 .0217 .00173 .0102 .000462 .000902 .300 .0772

2/10/99 5.8 .0210 .00167 .00993 .000449 .000877 .290 .0747

2/11/99 11 .0385 .00312 .0175 .000776 .00150 .558 .140

2/12/99 18 .0613 .00504 .0270 .00118 .00227 .924 .228

2/13/99 11 .0385 .00312 .0175 .000776 .00150 .558 .140

2/14/99 9.2 .0325 .00262 .0149 .000666 .00129 .465 .118

2/15/99 8.6 .0305 .00245 .0141 .000629 .00122 .434 .110

2/16/99 7.9 .0282 .00226 .0130 .000585 .00114 .397 .101

2/17/99 6.8 .0245 .00195 .0114 .000514 .00100 .341 .0873

2/18/99 5.3 .0193 .00153 .00917 .000416 .000813 .264 .0683

2/19/99 4.6 .0169 .00133 .00809 .000368 .000722 .228 .0594

2/20/99 3.6 .0134 .00105 .00651 .000299 .000587 .178 .0467

2/21/99 3.2 .0120 .000934 .0058698 .000270 .000532 .157 .0415

2/22/99 2.4 .00915 .000705 .00455 .000211 .000418 .117 .0313

2/23/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

2/24/99 1.9 .00733 .000561 .00370 .000173 .000343 .092 .0249

2/25/99 1.9 .00733 .000561 .00370 .000173 .000343 .092 .0249

2/26/99 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .102 .0274

2/27/99 2.4 .00915 .000705 .00455 .000211 .000418 .117 .0313

2/28/99 2.4 .00915 .000705 .00455 .000211 .000418 .117 .0313

Total nd 0.631 0.0504 0.294 0.0132 0.0257 8.85 2.26

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 85

3/1/99 2.3 0.00879 0.000677 0.00438 0.000204 0.000403 0.112 0.0300

3/2/99 2.4 .00915 .000705 .00455 .000211 .000418 .117 .0313

3/3/99 2.5 .00951 .000734 .00472 .000219 .000432 .122 .0326

3/4/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

3/5/99 2.0 .00770 .000590 .00387 .000181 .000358 .0973 .0261

3/6/99 1.8 .00697 .000533 .00353 .000165 .000328 .0873 .0236

3/7/99 1.8 .00697 .000533 .00353 .000165 .000328 .0873 .0236

3/8/99 1.7 .00660 .000504 .00336 .000157 .000312 .0823 .0223

3/9/99 1.7 .00660 .000504 .00336 .000157 .000312 .0823 .0223

3/10/99 1.8 .00697 .000533 .00353 .000165 .000328 .0873 .0236

3/11/99 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .102 .0274

3/12/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

3/13/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

3/14/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

3/15/99 2.4 .00915 .000705 .00455 .000211 .000418 .117 .0313

3/16/99 3.2 .0120 .000934 .00587 .000270 .000532 .157 .0415

3/17/99 5.3 .0193 .00153 .00917 .000416 .000813 .264 .0683

3/18/99 5.5 .0200 .00158 .00947 .000429 .000839 .274 .0709

3/19/99 4.3 .0159 .00125 .00762 .000348 .000682 .213 .0556

3/20/99 4.0 .0148 .00116 .00715 .000327 .000642 .198 .0518

3/21/99 3.9 .0145 .00113 .00699 .000320 .000628 .193 .0505

3/22/99 3.6 .0134 .00105 .00651 .000299 .000587 .178 .0467

3/23/99 3.3 .0124 .000962 .00603 .000277 .000546 .162 .0428

3/24/99 2.9 .0109 .000848 .00538 .000248 .000490 .142 .0377

3/25/99 2.5 .00951 .000734 .00472 .000219 .000432 .122 .0326

3/26/99 2.3 .00879 .000677 .00438 .000204 .000403 .112 .0300

3/27/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

3/28/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

3/29/99 2.5 .00951 .000734 .00472 .000219 .000432 .122 .0326

3/30/99 2.5 .00951 .000734 .00472 .000219 .000432 .122 .0326

3/31/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

Total nd 0.316 0.0245 0.156 0.00719 0.0142 4.107 1.09

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
86 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

4/1/99 2.2 0.00842 0.000648 0.00422 0.000196 0.000388 0.107 0.0287

4/2/99 2.2 .00842 .000648 .00422 .000196 .000388 .107 .0287

4/3/99 1.9 .00733 .000561 .00370 .000173 .000343 .092 .0249

4/4/99 2.1 .00806 .000619 .00405 .000188 .000373 .102 .0274

4/5/99 1.9 .00733 .000561 .00370 .000173 .000343 .092 .0249

4/6/99 1.7 .00660 .000504 .00336 .000157 .000312 .082 .0223

4/7/99 1.6 .00624 .000475 .00318 .000149 .000297 .077 .0210

4/8/99 1.6 .00624 .000475 .00318 .000149 .000297 .077 .0210

4/9/99 4.4 .0162 .00127 .00778 .000355 .000695 .218 .0569

4/10/99 4.3 .0159 .00125 .00762 .000348 .000682 .213 .0556

4/11/99 3.5 .0131 .00102 .00635 .000292 .000573 .173 .0454

4/12/99 2.8 .0106 .000820 .00522 .000241 .000475 .137 .0364

4/13/99 2.3 .00879 .000677 .00438 .000204 .000403 .112 .0300

4/14/99 2.0 .00770 .000590 .00387 .000181 .000358 .0973 .0261

4/15/99 1.9 .00733 .000561 .00370 .000173 .000343 .0923 .0249

4/16/99 4.8 .0176 .00139 .00840 .000382 .000748 .239 .0620

4/17/99 4.6 .0169 .00133 .00809 .000368 .000722 .228 .0594

4/18/99 3.7 .0138 .00108 .00667 .000306 .000601 .183 .0479

4/19/99 3.3 .0124 .000962 .00603 .000277 .000546 .162 .0428

4/20/99 3.0 .0113 .000877 .00554 .000256 .000504 .147 .0390

4/21/99 3.4 .0127 .000991 .00619 .000285 .000560 .168 .0441

4/22/99 15 .0516 .00422 .0230 .00101 .00195 .767 .191

4/23/99 73 .230 .0198 .0931 .00391 .00737 3.88 .907

4/24/99 40 .130 .0110 .0547 .00234 .00445 2.10 .501

4/25/99 27 .0900 .00749 .0386 .00167 .00320 1.40 .340

4/26/99 19 .0646 .00532 .0283 .00124 .00238 .977 .241

4/27/99 15 .0516 .00422 .0230 .00101 .00195 .767 .191

4/28/99 14 .0484 .00395 .0216 .000953 .00184 .714 .178

4/29/99 10 .0352 .00284 .0161 .000715 .00139 .506 .128

4/30/99 7.5 .0268 .00215 .0125 .000559 .00109 .377 .0962

Total nd 0.952 0.0783 0.420 0.0185 0.0356 14.4 3.54

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–1. Constituent load for Trevor Creek at the TC gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 87

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999

[nd, not determined]

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

5/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

5/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/6/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/7/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/17/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/18/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/25/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/27/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/28/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

5/31/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.2905 0.00741 0.02192 0.003193 0.00503 0.2774 0.08526
88 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

6/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

6/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/6/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/7/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/17/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/18/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/25/98 .2 .00104 .00027 .00079 .000115 .00018 .00970 .00300

6/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/27/98 .19 .00099 .00026 .00075 .000109 .00017 .00933 .00288

6/28/98 .24 .00124 .00034 .00095 .000138 .00022 .01114 .00349

6/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

6/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.02856 0.00732 0.02158 0.003143 0.00496 0.27178 0.08363

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 89

7/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

7/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/6/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/7/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/17/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/18/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/25/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/27/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/28/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

7/31/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.02905 0.00741 0.02192 0.003193 0.00503 0.2774 0.08526

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
90 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

8/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

8/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/6/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/7/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/17/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/18/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/25/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/27/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/28/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

8/31/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.02905 0.00741 0.02192 0.003193 0.00503 0.2774 0.08526

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 91

9/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

9/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/6/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/7/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/17/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/18/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/25/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/27/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/28/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

9/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.02811 0.00717 0.02121 0.00309 0.00487 0.26845 0.08251

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
92 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

10/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

10/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/6/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/7/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/17/98 .26 .00134 .00037 .00104 .000150 .00024 .01185 .00373

10/18/98 .21 .00109 .00029 .00083 .000121 .00019 .01007 .00313

10/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/25/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/27/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/28/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

10/31/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.0296 0.00759 0.02237 0.003258 0.00514 0.28142 0.08661

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 93

11/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

11/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/6/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/7/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/17/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/18/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/25/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/27/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/28/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

11/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.02811 0.00717 0.02121 0.00309 0.00487 0.26845 0.08251

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
94 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

12/1/98 0.18 0.00094 0.00024 0.00071 0.000103 0.00016 0.00895 0.00275

12/2/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/3/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/4/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/5/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/6/98 .21 .00109 .00029 .00083 .000121 .00019 .01007 .00313

12/7/98 .22 .00114 .00030 .00087 .000127 .00020 .01043 .00325

12/8/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/9/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/10/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/11/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/12/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/13/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/14/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/15/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/16/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/17/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/18/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/19/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/20/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/21/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/22/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/23/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/24/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/25/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/26/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/27/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/28/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/29/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/30/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

12/31/98 .18 .00094 .00024 .00071 .000103 .00016 .00895 .00275

Total nd 0.0294 0.00752 0.0222 0.003234 0.0051 0.280 0.08613

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 95

1/1/99 0.18 0.000795 0.000107 0.000291 0.0000327 0.0000688 0.0256 0.00453

1/2/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/3/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/4/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/5/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/6/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/7/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/8/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/9/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/10/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/11/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/12/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/13/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/14/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/15/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/16/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/17/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/18/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/19/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/20/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/21/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .00007 .02561 .00453

1/22/99 .9 .003622 .000624 .00161 .0001789 .00027 .0666 .01446

1/23/99 1.58 .006156 .001155 .002925 .0003242 .00044 .09303 .0217

1/24/99 2.81 .010592 .002171 .005391 .0005955 .00073 .13094 .03288

1/25/99 2.93 .011017 .002273 .005636 .0006224 .00075 .13424 .03389

1/26/99 1.48 .005788 .001076 .002729 .0003026 .00042 .08948 .0207

1/27/99 .81 .003279 .000556 .001439 .0001601 .00025 .06256 .0134

1/28/99 .78 .003165 .000533 .001383 .0001538 .00024 .06117 .01304

1/29/99 .25 .001083 .000153 .000413 .0000463 .00009 .03113 .00574

1/30/99 .22 .00096 .000133 .000361 .0000404 .00008 .02885 .00523

1/31/99 .23 .001001 .00014 .000378 .0000424 .00008 .02962 .0054 

Total nd 0.06335 0.01106 0.028385 0.0031533 0.00482 1.26546 0.26147

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
96 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

2/1/99 0.21 0.000919 0.000127 0.000343 0.0000385 0.0000786 0.0281 0.00506

2/2/99 .59 .002433 .000393 .001028 .0001146 .0001907 .05183 .01066

2/3/99 .38 .001607 .000243 .000644 .000072 .0001307 .03991 .00776

2/4/99 .27 .001164 .000167 .000448 .0000502 .0000975 .03258 .00606

2/5/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/6/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/7/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/8/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/9/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/10/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/11/99 .41 .001726 .000264 .000698 .000078 .0001396 .04176 .0082

2/12/99 .57 .002355 .000378 .000991 .0001105 .0001852 .05078 .0104

2/13/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/14/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/15/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/16/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/17/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/18/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/19/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/20/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/21/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/22/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/23/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/24/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/25/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/26/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/27/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

2/28/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .02561 .00453

Total nd 0.027686 0.003924 0.010566 0.0011832 0.0023368 0.80837 0.14769

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 97

3/1/99 0.18 0.000795 0.000107 0.000291 0.0000327 0.0000688 0.0256 0.00453

3/2/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/3/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/4/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/5/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/6/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/7/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/8/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/9/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/10/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/11/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/12/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/13/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/14/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/15/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/16/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/17/99 .42 .001766 .000271 .000717 .00008 .0001425 .0424 .00834

3/18/99 .22 .00096 .000133 .000361 .00004 .0000818 .0289 .00523

3/19/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/20/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/21/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/22/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/23/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/24/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/25/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/26/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/27/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/28/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/29/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/30/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

3/31/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .000033 .0000688 .0256 .00453

Total nd 0.02577 0.003506 0.00953 0.001069 0.0022206 0.8139 0.14481

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
98 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

4/1/99 0.18 0.000795 0.000107 0.000291 0.0000327 0.0000688 0.0256 0.00453

4/2/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/3/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/4/99 .99 .003962 .000692 .001781 .0001979 .0002974 .0705 .01549

4/5/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/6/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/7/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/8/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/9/99 .31 .001326 .000194 .000519 .0000581 .0001098 .0354 .0067

4/10/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/11/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/12/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/13/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/14/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/15/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/16/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/17/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/18/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/19/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/20/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/21/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/22/99 .28 .001205 .000174 .000466 .0000521 .0001006 .0333 .00622

4/23/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/24/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/25/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/26/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/27/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/28/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/29/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

4/30/99 .18 .000795 .000107 .000291 .0000327 .0000688 .0256 .00453

Total nd 0.027948 0.003948 0.010636 0.0011911 0.0023665 0.8306 0.1506

Date

(month/day/year)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen

as nitrate

and nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Load, volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–2. Constituent load for the storm drain at the FS gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 99

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999

[m, month; d, day; y, year; -, denotes discharge into the lake; nd, not determined]

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

5/1/98 39 39 0.00802 0.0302159 0.121 0.00152 0.00558 2.67 0.899

5/2/98 39 39 .00802 .0302 .121 .00152 .00558 2.67 .899

5/3/98 35 35 .00775 .027 .107 .00134 .00483 2.31 .777

5/4/98 42 42 .0082 .0326 .132 .00166 .00617 2.95 .993

5/5/98 36 36 .00782 .0278 .110 .00139 .00501 2.4 .807

5/6/98 36 36 .00782 .0278 .110 .00139 .00501 2.4 .807

5/7/98 30 30 .00739 .0231 .089 .00112 .00392 1.89 .632

5/8/98 3.3 3.3 .00375 .0024 .007 .00008 .0002 .1 .032

5/9/98 -17 17 .00621 .0129 .045 .00057 .00182 .89 .294

5/10/98 1.1 1.1 .00268 .0008 .002 .00002 .00005 .02 .007

5/11/98 38 38 .00795 .0294 .117 .00148 .00539 2.58 .868

5/12/98 39 39 .00802 .0302 .121 .00152 .00558 2.67 .899

5/13/98 49 49 .0086 .0382 .159 .002.0076 3.62 1.222

5/14/98 46 46 .00843 .0358 .147 .00185 .00698 3.33 1.122

5/15/98 -10 10 .00528 .0075 .024 .0003 .00089 .44 .144

5/16/98 56 56 .00896 .0438 .186 .00234 .00909 4.32 1.463

5/17/98 33 33 .00761 .0254 .099 .00125 .00446 2.14 .718

5/18/98 20 20 .00653 .0152 .055 .00069 .00227 1.1 .366

5/19/98 52 52 .00876 .0406 .170 .00214 .00823 3.91 1.324

5/20/98 13 13 .00572 .0098 .033 .00042 .00127 .62 .205

5/21/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .036 .00045 .0014 .69 .226

5/22/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .036 .00045 .0014 .69 .226

5/23/98 26 26 .00708 .0199 .075 .00094 .00323 1.56 .521

5/24/98 12 12 .00558 .009 .030 .00038 .00114 .56 .184

5/25/98 8.2 8.2 .00496 .0061 .019 .00024 .00068 .34 .110

5/26/98 6.7 6.7 .00466 .0049 .015 .00019 .00052 .26 .084

5/27/98 - 1.8 1.8 .00311 .0013 .003 .00004 .00009 .04 .014

5/28/98 -26 26 .00708 .0199 .075 .00094 .00323 1.56 .521

5/29/98 10 10 .00528 .0075 .024 .0003 .00089 .44 .144

5/30/98 - 8.6 8.6 .00504 .0064 .020 .00026 .00073 .36 .118

5/31/98 17 17 .00621 .0129 .045 .00057 .00182 .89 .294

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.17749 0.5518 2.168 0.02729 0.09833 47.12 15.830

Total into

lake nd nd 0.02671 0.0479 0.168 0.00211 0.00676 3.29 1.091
100 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

6/1/98 -9.6 9.6 0.00521 0.00715 0.0231 0.000290 0.000844 0.415 0.136

6/2/98 -10 10 .00528 .00746 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

6/3/98 -.52 .52 .00213 .000357 .0007 .000009 .0000166 .00864 .00270

6/4/98 15 15 .00598 .0113179 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

6/5/98 7.3 7.3 .00479 .00540 .0167 .000210 .000583 .289 .0943

6/6/98 11 11 .00543 .0082288 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

6/7/98 6.1 6.1 .00453 .0044893 .0135 .000170 .000458 .227 .0741

6/8/98 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

6/9/98 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

6/10/98 4.8 4.8 .00421 .0035092 .0102 .000128 .000331 .165 .0536

6/11/98 -35 35 .00775 .0270 .107 .00134 .00483 2.31 .777

6/12/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

6/13/98 -12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

6/14/98 4.4 4.4 .00410 .003209 .00921 .000115 .000295 .147 .0477

6/15/98 6.7 6.7 .00466 .0049437 .0151 .000190 .000520 .258 .0840

6/16/98 4.9 4.9 .00424 .0035844 .0105 .000131 .000341 .170 .0552

6/17/98 4.6 4.6 .00416 .003359 .00970 .000122 .000313 .156 .0507

6/18/98 -27 27 .00716 .0207 .0785 .000987 .00340 1.64 .548

6/19/98 7.4 7.4 .00481 .0054753 .0170 .000213 .000594 .294 .0960

6/20/98 -37 37 .00789 .0286 .114 .00143 .00520 2.49 .837

6/21/98 6.7 6.7 .00466 .0049437 .0151 .000190 .000520 .258 .084

6/22/98 15 15 .00598 .0113 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

6/23/98 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

6/24/98 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

6/25/98 -29 29 .00732 .0223 .0854 .00107 .00375 1.80 .603

6/26/98 -43 43 .00826 .0334 .136 .00171 .00637 3.04 1.03

6/27/98 -6 6 .00451 .0044137 .0133 .000167 .000448 .222 .0724

6/28/98 -14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

6/29/98 7 7 .00473 .0051714 .0159 .000200 .000551 .273 .0891

6/30/98 34 34 .00768 .0262 .103 .00130 .00464 2.227 .747

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.110 0.174 0.591 0.00743 0.0230 11.2 3.72 

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0482 0.0859 0.306 0.00385 0.0126 6.11 2.03

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 101

7/1/98 50 50 0.00865 0.0390 0.162 0.00205 0.00781 3.72 1.26

7/2/98 45 45 .00838 .0350 .143 .00181 .00677 3.23 1.09

7/3/98 39 39 .00802 .0302 .121 .00152 .00558 2.67 .899

7/4/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .036 .00045 .00140 .685 .226

7/5/98 16 16 .00610 .0121 .042 .00053 .00168 .818 .271

7/6/98 27 27 .00716 .0207 .0785 .00099 .00340 1.64 .548

7/7/98 33 33 .00761 .0254 .0995 .00125 .00446 2.14 .718

7/8/98 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .00069 .00227 1.10 .366

7/9/98 44 44 .00832 .0342038 .140 .00176 .00657 3.14 1.06

7/10/98 31 31 .00747 .0239 .0924 .00116 .00410 1.97 .660

7/11/98 45 45 .00838 .0350 .143 .00181 .00677 3.23 1.09

7/12/98 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

7/13/98 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

7/14/98 1 1 .00260 .000700 .00160 .000020 .0000400 .021 .00650

7/15/98 -9 9 .00511 .00670 .0214 .000269 .000774 .381 .125

7/16/98 6 6 .00451 .0044137 .0133 .000167 .000448 .222 .0724

7/17/98 -3 3 .00364 .0021649 .00586 .000073 .000176 .089 .0285

7/18/98 10 10 .00528 .007461 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

7/19/98 2 2 .00322 .0014271 .00363 .000045 .000102 .0517 .0165

7/20/98 -14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

7/21/98 -25 25 .00699 .0191 .0717 .000901 .00307 1.48 .494

7/22/98 5 5 .00426 .0036596 .0107 .000134 .00035 .175 .0567

7/23/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

7/24/98 -2.8 2.8 .00357 .0020167 .00540 .000068 .000160 .0809 .0260

7/25/98 2.1 2.1 .00327 .00150 .00384 .000048 .000109 .0552 .0176

7/26/98 -16 16 .00610 .0121 .0423 .000532 .00168 .818 .271

7/27/98 9.7 9.7 .00523 .0072311 .0234 .000294 .000856 .421 .138

7/28/98 6.1 6.1 .00453 .0044893 .0135 .000170 .000458 .227 .0741

7/29/98 6.2 6.2 .00455 .004565 .0138 .000173 .000468 .232 .0757

7/30/98 13 13 .00572 .0097701 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

7/31/98 7.4 7.4 .00481 .0054753 .0170 .000213 .000594 .294 .0960

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.148 0.364 1.38 0.0174 0.0608 29.2 9.79

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0313 0.0526 0.183 0.00230 0.00726 3.53 1.17

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
102 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

8/1/98 -7.6 7.6 0.00485 0.0056274 0.0176 0.000220 0.000616 0.305 0.0996

8/2/98 -7 7 .00473 .0051714 .0159 .000200 .000551 .273 .0891

8/3/98 11 11 .00543 .0082288 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

8/4/98 8.8 8.8 .00507 .0065425 .0209 .000262 .000750 .370 .121

8/5/98 -3.1 3.1 .00368 .0022391 .00609 .0000763 .000184 .0926 .0298

8/6/98 -38 38 .00795 .0294 .117 .00148 .00539 2.58 .868

8/7/98 -10 10 .00528 .007461 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

8/8/98 2.1 2.1 .00327 .00150 .00384 .0000481 .000109 .0552 .0176

8/9/98 3.7 3.7 .00389 .0026856 .00750 .0000940 .000233 .117 .0378

8/10/98 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

8/11/98 13 13 .00572 .0097701 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

8/12/98 .65 .65 .00228 .000450 .000962 .0000120 .0000224 .0116 .00364

8/13/98 -5.3 5.3 .00434 .0038854 .0115 .000144 .000379 .189 .0613

8/14/98 -16 16 .00610 .0121 .0423 .000532 .00168 .818 .271

8/15/98 8.5 8.5 .00502 .0063134 .0200 .000251 .000716 .353 .116

8/16/98 -15 15 .00598 .0113 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

8/17/98 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

8/18/98 6.4 6.4 .00460 .0047164 .0143 .000180 .000489 .242 .0790

8/19/98 7.1 7.1 .00475 .0052473 .0162 .000203 .000562 .278 .0908

8/20/98 2.9 2.9 .00361 .0020908 .00563 .0000705 .000168 .0847 .0272

8/21/98 8.6 8.6 .00504 .0063897 .0203 .000255 .000728 .359 .118

8/22/98 -16 16 .00610 .0121 .0423 .000532 .00168 .818 .271

8/23/98 -12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

8/24/98 15 15 .00598 .0113 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

8/25/98 -10 10 .00528 .007461 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

8/26/98 -11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

8/27/98 -.8 .8 .00243 .000557 .00123 .0000154 .0000296 .0153 .00481

8/28/98 .1 .1 .00128 .000066 .000105 .00000131 .0000018 .00097 .000293

8/29/98 7.7 7.7 .00487 .00570 .0178 .000224 .000627 .310 .101

8/30/98 -4.2 4.2 .00404 .00306 .00871 .000109 .000277 .139 .0448

8/31/98 8.4 8.4 .00500 .00624 .0198 .000248 .000705 .348 .114

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.0769 0.0953 0.307 0.00385 0.0112 5.52 1.81

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0717 0.118 0.408 0.00513 0.0163 7.91 2.62

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 103

9/1/98 5 5 0.00426 0.0036596 0.0107 0.000134 0.000350 0.175 0.0567

9/2/98 9.7 9.7 .00523 .00723 .0234 .000294 .000856 .421 .138

9/3/98 13 13 .00572 .0097701 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

9/4/98 5.8 5.8 .00446 .00426 .0128 .000160 .000428 .213 .0692

9/5/98 -4.1 4.1 .00401 .00298 .00847 .000106 .000268 .134 .0434

9/6/98 -6.6 6.6 .00464 .00487 .0149 .000186 .000509 .252 .0823

9/7/98 3.2 3.2 .00372 .00231 .00632 .0000792 .000192 .097 .0311

9/8/98 -13 13 .00572 .00977 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

9/9/98 1 1 .00260 .000700 .00160 .0000200 .0000400 .0206 .00650

9/10/98 -10 10 .00528 .00746 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

9/11/98 8 8 .00493 .00593 .0187 .000234 .000660 .326 .107

9/12/98 15 15 .00598 .0113 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

9/13/98 -11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

9/14/98 -35 35 .00775 .0270 .107 .00134 .00483 2.31 .777

9/15/98 -13 13 .00572 .0097701 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

9/16/98 .29 .29 .00178 .0001962 .000371 .00000462 .0000075 .00398 .00123

9/17/98 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

9/18/98 7.2 7.2 .00477 .00532 .0165 .000207 .000573 .283 .0926

9/19/98 3.8 3.8 .00392 .0027602 .00774 .0000970 .000242 .121 .0392

9/20/98 6.8 6.8 .00469 .0050196 .0154 .000193 .000530 .263 .0857

9/21/98 19 19 .00643 .0144 .0518 .000651 .00212 1.03 .342

9/22/98 2.6 2.6 .00349 .00187 .00495 .0000619 .000145 .073 .0235

9/23/98 4 4 .00398 .0029096 .00823 .000103 .000259 .130 .0420

9/24/98 13 13 .00572 .0097701 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

9/25/98 3.4 3.4 .00379 .00246 .00679 .0000851 .000208 .105 .0337

9/26/98 -47 47 .00849 .0366 .151 .00190 .00718 3.42 1.16

9/27/98 28 28 .00724 .0215 .0819 .00103 .00357 1.72 .576

9/28/98 2.5 2.5 .00345 .00179 .00472 .0000591 .000138 .0696 .0223

9/29/98 8.2 8.2 .00496 .00608 .0192 .000241 .000682 .337 .110

9/30/98 9.7 9.7 .00523 .00723 .0234 .000294 .000856 .421 .138

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.102 0.136 0.450 0.00565 0.0171 8.36 2.76 

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0470 0.107 0.399 0.00501 0.0172 8.30 2.78

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
104 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

10/1/98 2.8 2.8 0.00357 0.00202 0.00540 0.0000676 0.000160 0.0809 0.0260

10/2/98 21 21 .00663 .0160 .0583 .000733 .00242 1.17 .391

10/3/98 24 24 .00690 .0183 .0683 .000859 .00290 1.40 .468

10/4/98 8.8 8.8 .00507 .00654 .0209 .000262 .000750 .370 .121

10/5/98 33 33 .00761 .0254 .0995 .00125 .00446 2.14 .718

10/6/98 -4 4 .00398 .00291 .00823 .000103 .000259 .130 .0420

10/7/98 23 23 .00681 .0176 .0649 .000816 .00274 1.33 .442

10/8/98 10 10 .00528 .00746 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

10/9/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

10/10/98 19 19 .00643 .0144 .0518 .000651 .00212 1.03 .342

10/11/98 13 13 .00572 .00977 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

10/12/98 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

10/13/98 11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

10/14/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

10/15/98 5.2 5.2 .00432 .00381 .0112 .000141 .000369 .184 .0597

10/16/98 -19 19 .00643 .0144 .0518 .000651 .00212 1.03 .342

10/17/98 -62 62 .00924 .0487 .209 .00264 .01043 4.94 1.68

10/18/98 32 32 .00754 .0247 .0959 .00121 .00428 2.05 .689

10/19/98 -2.3 2.3 .00336 .00165 .00428 .0000536 .000123 .0623 .0199

10/20/98 26 26 .00708 .0199 .0750 .000944 .00323 1.56 .521

10/21/98 26 26 .00708 .0199 .0750 .000944 .00323 1.56 .521

10/22/98 42 42 .00820 .0326 .132 .00166 .00617 2.95 .993

10/23/98 31 31 .00747 .0239 .0924 .00116 .00410 1.97 .660

10/24/98 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

10/25/98 19 19 .00643 .0144 .0518 .000651 .00212 1.03 .342

10/26/98 6 6 .00451 .00441 .0133 .000167 .000448 .222 .0724

10/27/98 -2.4 2.4 .00340 .00172 .00450 .0000563 .000130 .0659 .0211

10/28/98 3.8 3.8 .00392 .00276 .00774 .0000970 .000242 .121 .0392

10/29/98 15 15 .00598 .0113 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

10/30/98 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

10/31/98 9.8 9.8 .00524 .00731 .0237 .000298 .000868 .427 .140

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.157 0.350 1.28 0.0161 0.0535 25.9 8.62

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0264 0.0694 0.278 0.00350 0.0131 6.23 2.10

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 105

11/1/98 22 22 0.00672 0.0168 0.0616 0.000775 0.00258 1.25 0.416

11/2/98 31 31 .00747 .0239 .0924 .00116 .00410 1.97 .660

11/3/98 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

11/4/98 2.3 2.3 .00336 .00165 .0043 .0000536 .000123 .0623 .0199

11/5/98 5.2 5.2 .00432 .00381 .0112 .000141 .000369 .184 .0597

11/6/98 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

11/7/98 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

11/8/98 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

11/9/98 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

11/10/98 -235 235 .0139 .191 1.0106 .0128 .0629 29.0 10.1

11/11/98 179 179 .0128 .145 .7328 .00925 .0436 20.2 6.98

11/12/98 -3 3 .00364 .00216 .0059 .0000734 .000176 .0886 .0285

11/13/98 .44 .44 .00202 .000301 .0006 .00000757 .0000132 .00692 .00215

11/14/98 27 27 .00716 .0207 .0785 .000987 .00340 1.64 .548

11/15/98 9.4 9.4 .00518 .00700 .0226 .000283 .000820 .404 .133

11/16/98 29 29 .00732 .0223 .0854 .00107 .00375 1.80 .603

11/17/98 30 30 .00739 .0231 .0889 .00112 .00392 1.89 .632

11/18/98 -4.5 4.5 .00413 .00328 .0095 .000119 .000304 .152 .049

11/19/98 72 72 .00968 .0567 .2499 .00315 .0128 6.03 2.05

11/20/98 68 68 .00951 .0535 .2336 .00294 .0118 5.59 1.90

11/21/98 8.2 8.2 .00496 .00608 .0192 .000241 .000682 .337 .110

11/22/98 6 6 .00451 .00441 .0133 .000167 .000448 .222 .0724

11/23/98 47 47 .00849 .0366 .1510 .00190 .00718 3.42 1.16

11/24/98 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

11/25/98 16 16 .00610 .0121 .0423 .000532 .00168 .818 .271

11/26/98 21 21 .00663 .0160 .0583 .000733 .00242 1.17 .391

11/27/98 6.7 6.7 .00466 .00494 .0151 .000190 .000520 .258 .084

11/28/98 8.2 8.2 .00496 .00608 .0192 .000241 .000682 .337 .110

11/29/98 -50 50 .00865 .0390 .1625 .00205 .00781 3.72 1.26

11/30/98 49 49 .00860 .0382 .1586 .00200 .00760 3.62 1.22

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.169 0.578 2.42 0.0305 0.120 56.8 19.3

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0303 0.236 1.19 0.0150 0.0712 33.0 11.4

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
106 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

12/1/98 -45 45 0.00838 0.0350 0.143 0.00181 0.00677 3.23 1.09

12/2/98 38 38 .00795 .0294 .117 .00148 .00539 2.58 .868

12/3/98 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

12/4/98 10 10 .00528 .0075 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

12/5/98 -17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

12/6/98 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

12/7/98 -13 13 .00572 .00977 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

12/8/98 -1.3 1.3 .00282 .000917 .00218 .000027 .0000570 .0292 .00925

12/9/98 -1.2 1.2 .00275 .000844 .00198 .000025 .0000511 .0262 .00831

12/10/98 22 22 .00672 .0168 .0616 .000775 .00258 1.25 .416

12/11/98 8.1 8.1 .00494 .00601 .0189 .000238 .000671 .331 .108

12/12/98 26 26 .00708 .0199 .0750 .000944 .00323 1.56 .521

12/13/98 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

12/14/98 -14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

12/15/98 40 40 .00808 .0310 .125 .001571 .00578 2.76 .930

12/16/98 31 31 .00747 .0239 .0924 .001162 .00410 1.97 .660

12/17/98 23 23 .00681 .0176 .0649 .000816 .00274 1.33 .442

12/18/98 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

12/19/98 40 40 .00808 .0310 .125 .001571 .00578 2.76 .930

12/20/98 36 36 .00782 .0278 .110 .001387 .00501 2.40 .807

12/21/98 29 29 .00732 .0223 .0854 .001074 .00375 1.80 .603

12/22/98 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

12/23/98 16 16 .00610 .0121 .0423 .000532 .00168 .818 .271

12/24/98 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

12/25/98 11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

12/26/98 24 24 .00690 .0183 .0683 .000859 .00290 1.40 .468

12/27/98 13 13 .00572 .00977 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

12/28/98 11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

12/29/98 23 23 .00681 .0176 .0649 .000816 .00274 1.33 .442

12/30/98 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

12/31/98 15 15 .00598 .0113 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.164 0.412 1.53 0.0193 0.0655 31.6 10.6

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0317 0.0699 0.262 0.00330 0.0114 5.48 1.83

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 107

1/1/99 20 20 0.00653 0.0152 0.0551 0.000692 0.00227 1.10 0.366

1/2/99 7 7 .00473 .00517 .0159 .000200 .000551 .273 .089

1/3/99 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

1/4/99 11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

1/5/99 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

1/6/99 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

1/7/99 8 8 .00493 .00593 .0187 .000234 .000660 .326 .107

1/8/99 9 9 .00511 .00670 .0214 .000269 .000774 .381 .125

1/9/99 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

1/10/99 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

1/11/99 13 13 .00572 .00977 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

1/12/99 11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

1/13/99 10 10 .00528 .00746 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

1/14/99 9 9 .00511 .00670 .0214 .000269 .000774 .381 .125

1/15/99 7 7 .00473 .00517 .0159 .000200 .000551 .273 .0891

1/16/99 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

1/17/99 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

1/18/99 16 16 .00610 .0121 .0423 .000532 .00168 .818 .271

1/19/99 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

1/20/99 9 9 .00511 .00670 .0214 .000269 .000774 .381 .125

1/21/99 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .000454 .00140 .685 .226

1/22/99 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

1/23/99 16 16 .00610 .0121 .0423 .000532 .00168 .818 .271

1/24/99 12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .558 .184

1/25/99 -35 35 .00775 .0270 .1066 .00134 .0048 2.31 .777

1/26/99 -130 130 .0116 .1041 .5022 .00634 .0283 13.2 4.54

1/27/99 -70 70 .00959 .0551 .2417 .00305 .0123 5.81 1.97

1/28/99 -10 10 .00528 .00746 .0243 .000305 .000892 .438 .144

1/29/99 110 110 .0110 .0877 .412 .00520 .0226 10.6 3.63

1/30/99 95 95 .0105 .0754 .347 .00437 .0185 8.72 2.98

1/31/99 65 65 .00938 .0511 .221 .00279 .0111 5.27 1.79

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.167 0.447 1.78 0.0224 0.0831 39.6 13.4

Total into

lakev nd nd 0.0342 0.194 0.875 0.0110 0.0463 21.8 7.44

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
108 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

2/1/99 40 40 0.00808 0.0310 0.125 0.00157 0.00578 2.76 0.930

2/2/99 60 60 .00915 .0470 .202 .00254 .00998 4.73 1.60

2/3/99 70 70 .00959 .0551 .242 .00305 .0123 5.81 1.97

2/4/99 55 55 .00891 .0430 .182 .00229 .00888 4.22 1.43

2/5/99 31 31 .00747 .0239 .092 .00116 .00410 1.97 .660

2/6/99 50 50 .00865 .0390 .162 .00205 .00781 3.72 1.26

2/7/99 54 54 .00886 .0422 .178 .00224 .00866 4.12 1.39

2/8/99 47 47 .00849 .0366 .151 .00190 .00718 3.42 1.16

2/9/99 61 61 .00920 .0478 .205 .00259 .0102 4.84 1.64

2/10/99 59 59 .00910 .0462 .198 .00249 .00976 4.63 1.57

2/11/99 -12 12 .00558 .00900 .0301 .000378 .00114 .56 .184

2/12/99 109 109 .0110 .0869 .408 .00514 .0223 10.5 3.58

2/13/99 43 43 .00826 .0334 .136 .00171 .00637 3.04 1.03

2/14/99 25 25 .00699 .0191 .0717 .000901 .00307 1.48 .494

2/15/99 50 50 .00865 .0390 .162 .00205 .00781 3.72 1.26

2/16/99 78 78 .00992 .0616 .275 .00346 .0142 6.71 2.28

2/17/99 78 78 .00992 .0616 .275 .00346 .0142 6.71 2.28

2/18/99 49 49 .00860 .0382 .159 .00200 .00760 3.62 1.22

2/19/99 50 50 .00865 .0390 .162 .00205 .00781 3.72 1.26

2/20/99 48 48 .00854 .0374 .155 .00195 .00739 3.52 1.19

2/21/99 46 46 .00843 .0358 .147 .00185 .00698 3.33 1.12

2/22/99 44 44 .00832 .0342 .140 .00176 .00657 3.14 1.06

2/23/99 30 30 .00739 .0231 .0889 .00112 .00392 1.89 .632

2/24/99 27 27 .00716 .0207 .0785 .000987 .00340 1.64 .548

2/25/99 30 30 .00739 .0231 .0889 .00112 .00392 1.89 .632

2/26/99 26 26 .00708 .0199 .0750 .00094 .00323 1.56 .521

2/27/99 30 30 .00739 .0231 .0889 .00112 .00392 1.89 .632

2/28/99 32 32 .00754 .0247 .0959 .00121 .00428 2.05 .689

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.2287 1.033 4.34 0.0547 0.212 101 34.0

Total into

lake nd nd 0.00558 0.00900 0.0301 0.000378 0.00114 0.558 0.184

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 2. 109

3/1/99 40 40 0.00808 0.0310 0.125 0.00157 0.00578 2.76 0.930

3/2/99 15 15 .00598 .0113 .0392 .000492 .00154 .751 .249

3/3/99 45 45 .00838 .0350 .143 .00181 .00677 3.23 1.09

3/4/99 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

3/5/99 30 30 .00739 .0231 .0889 .00112 .00392 1.89 .632

3/6/99 -6 6 .00451 .00441 .0133 .000167 .000448 .222 .0724

3/7/99 -20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

3/8/99 5 5 .00426 .00366 .0107 .000134 .000350 .175 .0567

3/9/99 -20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

3/10/99 45 45 .00838 .0350 .143 .00181 .00677 3.23 1.09

3/11/99 42 42 .00820 .0326 .132 .00166 .00617 2.95 .993

3/12/99 31 31 .00747 .0239 .0924 .00116 .00410 1.97 .660

3/13/99 25 25 .00699 .0191 .0717 .000901 .00307 1.48 .494

3/14/99 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

3/15/99 21 21 .00663 .0160 .0583 .000733 .00242 1.17 .391

3/16/99 17 17 .00621 .0129 .0454 .000571 .00182 .887 .294

3/17/99 -26 26 .00708 .0199 .0750 .000944 .00323 1.56 .521

3/18/99 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

3/19/99 -23 23 .00681 .0176 .0649 .000816 .00274 1.33 .442

3/20/99 5 5 .00426 .00366 .0107 .000134 .000350 .175 .0567

3/21/99 1.5 1.5 .00295 .00106 .00258 .0000323 .0000691 .0353 .0112

3/22/99 -.45 .45 .00203 .000308 .000623 .00000778 .0000136 .00713 .00222

3/23/99 11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

3/24/99 13 13 .00572 .00977 .0331 .000416 .00127 .621 .205

3/25/99 18 18 .00632 .0137 .0486 .000611 .00197 .957 .318

3/26/99 20 20 .00653 .0152 .0551 .000692 .00227 1.10 .366

3/27/99 11 11 .00543 .00823 .0272 .000341 .00101 .498 .164

3/28/99 7 7 .00473 .00517 .0159 .000200 .000551 .273 .0891

3/29/99 21 21 .00663 .0160 .0583 .000733 .00242 1.17 .391

3/30/99 -33 33 .00761 .0254 .0995 .00125 .00446 2.14 .718

3/31/99 -37 37 .00789 .0286 .114 .00143 .00520 2.49 .837

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.146 0.370 1.39 0.0175 0.0605 29.1 9.74

Total into

lake nd nd 0.0490 0.127 0.477 0.00600 0.0206 9.95 3.32

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
110 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

4/1/99 24 24 0.00690 0.0183 0.0683 0.000859 0.00290 1.4 0.468

4/2/99 - 5.9 5.9 .00449 .0043 .0130 .00016 .00044 .22 .071

4/3/99 10 10 .00528 .0075 .0243 .0003 .00089 .44 .144

4/4/99 23 23 .00681 .0176 .0649 .00082 .00274 1.33 .442

4/5/99 - .31 .31 .00181 .0002 .0004 .00001 .00001 .004 .001

4/6/99 -25 25 .00699 .0191 .0717 .0009 .00307 1.48 .494

4/7/99 - 8 8 .00493 .0059 .0187 .00023 .00066 .33 .107

4/8/99 66 66 .00942 .0519 .2255 .00284 .01135 5.37 1.824

4/9/99 - .23 .23 .00166 .0002 .0003 .000004 .00001 .003 .001

4/10/99 12 12 .00558 .0090 .0301 .00038 .00114 .56 .184

4/11/99 14 14 .00585 .0105 .0361 .00045 .0014 .69 .226

4/12/99 8.7 8.7 .00505 .0065 .0206 .00026 .00074 .36 .119

4/13/99 29 29 .00732 .0223 .0854 .00107 .00375 1.8 .603

4/14/99 40 40 .00808 .0310 .1248 .00157 .00578 2.76 .930

4/15/99 43 43 .00826 .0334 .1360 .00171 .00637 3.04 1.025

4/16/99 5.6 5.6 .00441 .0041 .0122 .00015 .00041 .2 .066

4/17/99 32 32 .00754 .0247 .0959 .00121 .00428 2.05 .689

4/18/99 41 41 .00814 .0318 .1285 .00162 .00597 2.86 .961

4/19/99 47 47 .00849 .0366 .1510 .0019 .00718 3.42 1.155

4/20/99 33 33 .00761 .0254 .0995 .00125 .00446 2.14 .718

4/21/99 47 47 .00849 .0366 .1510 .0019 .00718 3.42 1.155

4/22/99 58 58 .00905 .0454 .1936 .00244 .00954 4.53 1.533

4/23/99 61 61 .00920 .0478 .2055 .00259 .01021 4.84 1.641

4/24/99 - 2.9 2.9 .00361 .0021 .0056 .00007 .00017 .08 .027

4/25/99 -34 34 .00768 .0262 .1030 .0013 .00464 2.23 .747

4/26/99 23 23 .00681 .0176 .0649 .00082 .00274 1.33 .442

4/27/99 55 55 .00891 .0430 .1818 .00229 .00888 4.22 1.427

4/28/99 67 67 .00947 .0527 .2296 .00289 .01158 5.48 1.862

4/29/99 52 52 .00876 .0406 .1702 .00214 .00823 3.91 1.324

4/30/99 82 82 .01007 .0649 .2914 .00367 .01521 7.68 2.443

Total out

of lake nd nd 0.17551 0.6792 2.7912 0.03515 0.13292 63.84 21.383

Total into

lake nd nd 0.03116 0.0581 0.2127 0.00267 0.00899 4.34 1.448

Date

(m/d/y)

Mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Absolute

value of

mean daily

discharge

(cubic feet

per second)

Load, total

nitrogen as

nitrate and

nitrite

(ton per day)

Load,

ammonia

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load, total

Kjeldahl

nitrogen

(ton per day)

Load,

dissolved

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

phosphorus

(ton per day)

Load, total

suspended

solids

(tons per day)

Load,

volatile

suspended

solids

(ton per day)

Table 2–3. Constituent load for the east opening of Channel Lake at the CLE gage, near Antioch, May 1998–April 1999—Continued
Appendix 3. 111

Appendix 3. Ground-water-quality data near Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near 

Antioch, Illinois, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

Table 3–1. Water-quality data for well 1 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; *, accuracy of value uncertain; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.03 0.07 0.01K 0.03

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .16 .22 .12 .1

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) 1.2 .59 .39 .11

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .053* .018 .02 .015

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .053* .055 .05 .015

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 45 11 na na

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 4 5 na na

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 23 6.9 na na

Table 3–2. Water-quality data for well 2 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; *, accuracy of value uncertain; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.12 1.58 0.01K 0.05

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .31 .4 .21 .18

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) 1.2 .65 1 .1K

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .016 .029* .01 .003

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .455 .029* .03 .022

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 1,191 6 na na

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 58 4 na na

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 92 19 na na

Table 3–3. Water-quality data for well 3 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; *, accuracy of value uncertain; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.12 0.01K 0.17 0.05

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) 1.2 1.5 1.2 .48

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) 4 2.7 40* .62

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .146 .008 .021 .008

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .968 2.43 1.79 .163

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 244 4 na na

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 28 1K na na

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 370 15 na na
112 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Table 3–4. Water-quality data for well 4 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.04 0.23 0.2 0.45

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .16 .23 .13 .12

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .5 .3 .62 .12

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .013 .015 .018 .021

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .018 .024 .073 .03

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 8 37 na na

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 2 15 na na

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 7.9 5 na na

Table 3–5. Water-quality data for well 5 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.02

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .18 .31 .1 .12

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) 1.2 .65 .44 .34

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .021 .021 .021 .011

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .068 .071 .026 .021

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 34 20 na na

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 5 4 na na

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 14 5.1 na na

Table 3–6. Water-quality data for well 6 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.01 0.01K 0.06 0.02

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .16 .19 .17 .11

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .81 .54 .82 .2

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .018 .017 .014 .013

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .029 .02 .015 .023

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 37 12 na na

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 4 5 na na

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 5.5 3.9 na na
Appendix 3. 113

Table 3–7. Water-quality data for well 7 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.38 0.25 0.12 0.08

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .46 .3 .35 .34

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .89 .59 .55 .34

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .024 .022 .022 .047

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .106 .051 .054 .047

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 384 42 na na

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 22 5 na na

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 38 3.3 na na

Table 3–8. Water-quality data for well 8 near Lake Catherine and Channel Lakes, May 27, 1998–March 15, 1999

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; *, accuracy of value uncertain; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

May 27, 1998 August 8, 1998 November 2, 1998 March 15, 1999

Nitrate and nitrite, total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.05 0.01K 0.01K 0.06

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .77 .73 .59 .45

Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) 2.2 .75 .98 .45*

Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) .011 .127 .02 .015

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .34 .127 .102 .259

Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 582 210 na 900*

Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 32 24 na 46*

Turbidity (nephelometric turbidity units) 33 3.7 na 3.1
Appendix 4. 115

Table 4–1. Water-quality data trom site CL1 at a depth of 1 foot, Channel Lake, April 21–November 23, 1998[mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, consituent below detection limit; na, not analyzed; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 23,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.27 na 0.01K na 0.01K 0.01 na 0.01K na 0.01K 0.03 0.09

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .27 na .01K na .08 .01 na .22 na .24 .27 .42Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .75 na .76 na .67 1.1 na 1.5 na .9 1.5 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na na 0 .01 .01 .009 na na na na .021 naPhosphorus, total (mg/L) .036 na .031 .03 .026 .032 na .038 na .076 .058 .047Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 4 na 5 na 6 14 na 2q na 5q 2q 7.0Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 3 na 3 na 5 8 na 1Kq na 2q 1Kq 4.0Turbidity (NTU) 4.2 na 14 na 3 50 na 3.9 na na 3 naConductivity, field (μS/cm) 607 na na 581 579 586 na na na na 591 napH, field 8.46 na na 8.7 8.62 8.59 na na na na 8.6 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 16 7 10 na na na na na naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 200 204 194 na na na na na naSecchi reading (inches) 96 na na 91 49 32 na 36 na 42 55 na

Appendix 4. Water-quality data from Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, April 21–November 27, 1998

Table 4–2. Water-quality data from site CL1 at a depth of 4.4–22 feet, Channel Lake, April 21–November 25, 1998[μg/L, micrograms per liter; na, not analyzed; K, constituent below detection limit; ml, milliliter]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 9,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Chlorophyll-a (μg/L) 6.41 4.27 24.0 46.1 42.7 53.4 77.4 na 118 22 30Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (μg/L) 5.88 3.81 24.3 44.7 42.1 51.4 76.2 na 113 24.1 35.2Chlorophyll-b (μg/L) .75 .86 .06 2.69 1.18 1K 4.31 na 2.36 1.33 11.3Chlorophyll-c (μg/L) .00 .58 .87 3.17 2.63 4.62 12.9 na 20.2 3.58 15.6Pheophytin-a (μg/L) .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1K 1K na 1K 2.27 8.28Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 300 434 200 300 400 na 450 400 400Total algal density (per ml) 2,541 na 8,589 21,489 na na na na 3,274 na naDepth of sample (feet) 16 22 8 5 4.4 6 6 na 9 10 10
116 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 4–3. Water-quality data from site CL1 at a depth of 28–35 feet, Channel Lake, April 21–November 25, 1998 [mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; na, not analyzed; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; 

μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.25 0.04 na na 0.01K na na na 0.01K na 0.03 naNitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .33 .15 na na 2.2 na na na .14 na .29 naNitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .83 .7 na na 2.7 na na na 1.2 na .76 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na na .28 .483 na na na na na .017 naPhosphorus, total (mg/L) .038 .022 na .3 .512 na na na .06 na .029 naSolids, total suspended (mg/L) 5 2 na na 5 na na na 6q na 5q 16Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 2 1K na na 5 na na na 3q na 5q 16Turbidity (NTU) 8 1.5 na na 3.1 na na na 4.4 na 3.2 naConductivity, field (

μS/cm) 613 na na 650 579 630 na na na na 598 na

pH, field 8.36 na na 7.17 8.62 7.24 na na na na 8.3 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 0 7 0 na na na na na naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 246 204 268 na na na na na naDepth of sample (feet) 31 35 na 35 35 35 na na 39 na 28 33
Appendix 4. 117

Table 4–4. Water-quality data from site CL2 at a depth of 1 foot, Channel Lake, April 21–November 27, 1998[mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; na, not analyzed; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 27,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.26 0.07 0.01K na 0.01K 0.01K na 0.01K 0.01K 0.01K 0.03 0.09Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .26 .12 .01K na .10 .22 na .13 .09 .23 .29 .33Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .72 .50 na na .67 1 na 1.6 1 1.4 1.5 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na na .01 .01 .008 na na na na .016 naPhosphorus, total (mg/L) .033 .021 .033 .04 .36 .036 na .039 .05 .046 .059 .045Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 21 4 na na 8 10 na 6q 7q 5q 5q 8Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 15 2 na na 5 3 na 2q 2q 2q 3q 4Turbidity (NTU) 12 1.8 na na 3.3 55 na 4.1 2.9 4.1 2.9 naConductivity, field (μS/cm) 605 na na 579 578 586 na na na na 591 napH, field 8.54 na na 8.72 8.62 8.62 na na na na 8.6 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 12 8 8 na na na na na naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 196 200 206 na na na na na naSecchi reading (inches) 83 156 60 70 47 30 na 36 na 54 53 na

Table 4–5. Water-quality data from site CL2 at a depth of 4.5–26 feet, Channel Lake, April 21–November 25, 1998[μg/L, micrograms per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; ml, milliliter; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 9,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Chlorophyll-a (μg/L) 7.48 3.20 22.30 54.80 49.80 47.2 54.1 71 8.01 26.7Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (μg/L) 7.24 2.67 21.70 54.20 48.90 45 53.3 69.8 9.23 35.5

Chlorophyll-b (μg/L) .94 .82 .01 2.32 .98 1K 3.69 9.5 1K 19.5Chlorophyll-c (μg/L) .00 .48 .94 4.19 4.44 2.74 6.92 23.3 1.34 28.2Pheophytin-a (μg/L) .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1K 1K 1K 1.57 15.8Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 300 390 300 300 400 440 800 400Total algal density (per ml) 3,638 na 7,459 23,939 na na na 4,345 na naDepth of sample (feet) 14 26 8 5 4.5 6 5 9 6.25 12
118 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 4–6. Water-quality data from site CL3 at a depth of 1 foot, Channel Lake, April 21–November 27, 1998 [mg/L, milligrams per liter; na, not analyzed; K, constituent below detection limit; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; 

μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 27,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.26 na 0.01K na 0.01K 0.01 na 0.01K 0.01K 0.01K 0.01K 0.07

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .33 na .01K na .01K .01K na .18 .17 .45 .28 .37Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .54 na na na .62 1 na 1.6 1.1 3.3 1.1 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na na .01 .008 .008 na na na na .015 naPhosphorus, total (mg/L) .027 na .046 .03 .042 .042 na .06 .03 .041 .043 .039Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 3 na na na 8 12 na 6q 6q 4q 4q 8Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 2 na na na 5 8 na 4q 3q 1q 1q 4Turbidity (NTU) 7.9 na na na 5.1 52 na 4.5 3.1 3.3 3.1 naConductivity, field (

μS/cm) 605 na na 586 578 586 na na na na 590 na

pH, field 8.52 na na 8.68 8.63 8.61 na na na na 8.6 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 14 6 6 na na na na na naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 222 200 192 na na na na na naSecchi reading (inches) 87 na 60 73 43 27 na 39 na 48 68 na

Table 4–7. Water-quality data from site CL3 at a depth of 4–17 feet, Channel Lake, April 21–November 25, 1998[μg/L, micrograms per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; ml, milliliter; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 9,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Chlorophyll-a (

μg/L) 6.94 6.94 32.9 58.1 60.1 48.1 32 52.4 44.1 25.4

Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (

μg/L) 7.03 6.06 33.8 54.8 61.4 46.1 32.9 51.5 43.7 26.4

Chlorophyll-b (

μg/L) .57 1.14 .52 3.14 1.4 1K 2.57 1K 1.94 1.88

Chlorophyll-c (

μg/L) .00 .69 3.17 5.27 5.79 2.32 3.26 9 6.52 2.06

Pheophytin-a (

μg/L) .00 .00 .00 0 0 1K 1K 1K 1K 1K

Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 300 354 200 300 400 632 400 400Total algal density (per ml) 2,047 na 6,593 23,674 na na na 5,071 na naDepth of sample (feet) 13 17 7 4.5 4.5 6.5 4 13.5 6.25 10
Appendix 4. 119

Table 4–8. Water-quality data from site LC1 at a depth of 1 foot, Lake Catherine, April 21–November 27, 1998[mg/L, milligrams per liter; na, not analyzed; K, constituent below detection limit; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 27,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.38 na 0.01K na 0.01K 0.01 0.01K 0.02 na na 0.02 0.04Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .27 na .23 na .21 .09 .11 .29 na na .29 .35Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .69 na .84 na .78 .88 1.2 1.38 na na 1.7 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na na 0.01K .009 .007 na na na na .017 naPhosphorus, total (mg/L) .039 na .03 .03 .041 .027 .034 .038 na na .072 .041Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 6 na 21 na 6 9 3 6q na na 2q 6.0Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 3 na 3 na 2 5 1 3q na na 1Kq 3.0Turbidity (NTU) 8.4 na 12 na 3 52 3.6 1.7 na na 5 naConductivity, field (μS/cm) 605 na na 597 595 599 na na na na 589 napH, field 8.1 na na 8.45 8.61 8.31 na na na na 8.5 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 10 7 8 na na na na 12 naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 230 218 228 na na na na 180 naSecchi reading (inches) 59 na 84 79 45 48 48 72 na na 58 na

Table 4–9. Water-quality data from site LC1 at a depth of 5.1–40 feet, Lake Catherine, April 21–November 25, 1998[μg/L, micrograms per liter; na, not analyzed; K, constituent below detection limit; ml, milliliter]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 9,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Chlorophyll-a (μg/L) 15.49 3.47 na 33.40 45.50 30.70 34.7 72.8 98.8 96.6 15.4 10.7Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (μg/L) 15.22 2.79 na 32.40 44.80 30.70 32 71.4 96.2 94.6 16.2 13.5

Chlorophyll-b (μg/L) .97 .77 na .87 2.30 1.29 1k 4.25 3.03 2.9 1K 8.57Chlorophyll-c (μg/L) .00 .46 na 2.88 3.63 2.09 3.11 12.1 18.4 17.3 2.17 10Pheophytin-a (μg/L) .00 .00 na .00 .00 .00 1K 1K 1K 1K 1K 5.21Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 na 400 464 400 400 400 300 412 400 400Total algal density (per ml) 7,465 na 3,095 6,592 17,244 na na na na 2,276 na naDepth of sample (feet) 10 40 na 8 8 8 12 8 5.1 5.6 10 10
120 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 4–10. Water-quality data from site LC1 at a depth of 31–38 feet, Lake Catherine, April 21–November 25, 1998 [mg/L, milligrams per liter; na, not analyzed; K, constituent below detection limit; J, estimated concentration; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; 

μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.24 0.11 na na 0.01K 0.01K na na 0.01K na 0.02 naNitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .36 .12 na na .32 2.6 na na .15 na .51 naNitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .81 .5 na na .52 2.6J na na 1.3 na .65 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na na .36 .011 .362 na na na na .022 naPhosphorus, total (mg/L) .033 .023 na .36 .048 .385 na na .072 na .042 naSolids, total suspended (mg/L) 5 1 na na 5 8 na na 6q na 1Kq 6Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 3 1K na na 1 4 na na 5q na 1Kq 3Turbidity (NTU) 3.3 1.9 na na 2.8 57 na na 4.7 na 4.6 naConductivity, field (

μS/cm) 630 na na 657 652 687 na na na na 594 na

pH, field 7.8 na na 7.17 7.22 6.97 na na na na 8.3 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 0 0 8 na na na na na naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 236 220 228 na na na na na naDepth of sample (feet) na na na na 35 na na 38 31 na 33 na
Appendix 4. 121

Table 4–11. Water-quality data from site LC2 at a depth of 1 foot, Lake Catherine, April 21–November 27, 1998[mg/L, milligrams per liter; na, not analyzed; K, constituent below detection limit; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 27,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.38 0.14 na na 0.01K 0.01K 0.01K 0.01K na na 0.02 0.05

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .45 .09 na na .12 .15 .04 .21 na na .47 .49Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .68 .5 na na .54 1 1 1.3 na na 1.6 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na na .01 .007 .004 na na na na .018 naPhosphorus, total (mg/L) .033 .023 na .03 .036 .03 .032 .036 na na .068 .043Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 6 7 na na 4 7 2 3q na na 4.7 3.0Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 4 3 na na 4 1 1K 1q na na 4q 2.0Turbidity (NTU) 3.7 1.6 na na 2.5 61 2.7 2 na na 2q naConductivity, field (μS/cm) 610 na na 599 594 602 na na na na 588 napH, field 8.3 na na 8.53 8.71 8.45 na na na na 8.6 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 12 8 4 na na na na 6.0 naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 214 200 208 na na na na 184 naSecchi reading (inches) 68 156 na 73 49 41 57 72 na na 50 na

Table 4–12. Water-quality data from site LC2 at a depth of 7–26 feet, Lake Catherine, April 21–November 25, 1998[μg/L, micrograms per liter; na, not analyzed; K, constituent below detection limit; ml, milliliter]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 9,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Chlorophyll-a (μg/L) na na na 27.60 38.40 28.70 32 68.1 90.1 107 26.7 6.68Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (μg/L) na na na 27.30 36.20 29.30 30.9 66.1 89.3 101 27 11.6

Chlorophyll-b (μg/L) na na na 1.15 1.87 1.05 1K 3.49 1.08 2.59 1K 7.55Chlorophyll-c (μg/L) na na na 1.86 3.39 1.46 3.04 11.2 17 17.2 3.4 9.86Pheophytin-a (μg/L) na na na .00 .00 .00 1K 1K 1K 1K 1K 8.74Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 na 300 452 400 400 400 400 440 400 400Total algal density (per ml) 6,409 na 3,601 5,898 17,616 na na na na 308 na naDepth of sample (feet) 11.5 26 na 8 7 9.5 12 10 8 9 10 12
122 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois Table 4–13. Water-quality data sampling from site LC3 at a depth of 1 foot, Lake Catherine, April 21–November 27, 1998 [mg/L, milligrams per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; na, not analyzed; q, holding time exceeded; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; 

μS/cm, microSiemens per centimeter; alkalinity expressed as milligrams per liter of CaCO3]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 27,

1998

Nitrate and nitrite, as total nitrogen (mg/L) 0.38 0.16 0.01K na 0.01K 0.01K 0.01K 0.01K na na 0.03 0.04

Nitrogen, ammonia (mg/L) .31 .15 .01K na .12 .1 .23 .34 na na .54 .53Nitrogen, total Kjeldahl (mg/L) .73 .6 na na .52 .63 1.0 1.5 na na 1.5 naPhosphorus, dissolved (mg/L) na na .021 0.01K .008 .003 na na na na .015 na

Phosphorus, total (mg/L) .067 .023 na .03 .034 .03 .034 .017 na na .059 .039Solids, total suspended (mg/L) 7 3 na na 5 8 3 7q na na 3q 4.0Solids, volatile suspended (mg/L) 4 1K na na 4 4 1 2q na na 1q 2.0Turbidity (NTU) 3.5 1.3 na na na 52 9.8 1.8 na na 5.5 naConductivity, field (

μS/cm) 613 na na 597 595 603 na na na na 589 na

pH, field 8.31 na na 8.5 8.61 8.39 na na na na 8.6 naAlkalinity, phenolphthalein (mg/L) na na na 10 6 6 na na na na na naAlkalinity, total (mg/L) na na na 200 220 198 na na na na na naSecchi reading (inches) 68 156 48 69 43 35 33 72 na na 55 na

Table 4–14. Water-quality data from site LC3 at a depth of 5.5–28 feet, Lake Catherine, April 21–November 25, 1998[μg/L, micrograms per liter; K, constituent below detection limit; ml, milliliter; na, not analyzed]

Constituent

Date of sample collection

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

July 13,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Aug. 31,

1998

Sept. 15,

1998

Sept. 30,

1998

Oct. 14,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 9,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

Chlorophyll-a (

μg/L) 5.34 3.47 25.80 35.50 26.70 28.7 40.7 76.1 67.6 13.4 14.7

Chlorophyll-a-uncorrected (

μg/L) 5.44 2.79 25.50 33.80 25.40 27.1 40.2 74.2 67 13.6 18.7

Chlorophyll-b (

μg/L) .60 .80 .22 2.06 .83 1K 2.51 1K 1.35 1K 13.9

Chlorophyll-c (

μg/L) .00 .22 .44 1.93 1.01 2.93 7.4 13.7 12.4 1.89 19.3

Pheophytin-a (

μg/L) .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 1K 1K 1K 1K 1K 7.74

Chlorophyll filtered 500 1,000 300 436 300 400 400 400 446 400 400Total algal density (per ml) 4,622 na 6,296 16,250 na na na na 2,529 na naDepth of sample (feet) 11.5 28 7 6 5.5 12 12 10 9 10 12
Appendix 4. 123

Table 4–15. Temperature profiles for site CL1, Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all temperatures are in degrees Celsius; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 11.9 22.5 23.0 24.4 26.3 27.5 26.4 14.5 6.8

1 11.9 21.1 20.8 24.4 26.1 27.5 26.4 14.4 6.7

3 11.9 21.2 20.7 24.0 26.0 27.5 26.4 14.3 6.6

5 11.8 21.1 20.7 23.6 26.7 27.5 26.4 13.9 6.0

7 11.8 21.1 20.7 22.3 26.6 27.4 26.4 13.6 6.0

9 11.8 18.5 20.6 21.5 26.5 27.2 26.3 13.5 6.0

11 11.7 17.5 20.4 20.6 25.9 27.0 25.7 13.5 5.9

13 11.4 16.8 19.5 20.1 24.2 26.1 25.0 13.5 5.9

15 11.3 16.4 19.2 19.4 23.1 25.1 24.4 13.5 5.9

17 11.1 15.9 19.0 18.6 21.2 24.0 23.5 13.4 5.9

19 10.9 15.5 18.8 17.3 19.8 21.7 22.0 13.4 5.9

21 10.7 14.8 18.6 16.7 17.0 20.0 19.1 13.4 5.9

23 10.5 13.6 18.5 16.0 15.9 17.6 17.0 13.4 5.9

25 10.5 12.7 18.6 14.7 14.8 15.5 15.8 13.4 5.9

27 10.4 - - 12.5 13.5 - 14.3 13.4 5.9

29 10.4 - - 11.4 12.5 - 12.8 13.3 5.9

31 10.3 - - 11.2 12.2 - - - 5.9

33 - - - 11.0 11.9 - - - 5.8

34 - - - 10.9 11.9 - - - -

Table 4–16. Dissolved-oxygen profiles for site CL1, Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all concentrations of dissolved oxygen are in milligrams per liter; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 10.7 9.8 18.0 12.0 9.8 6.0 9.6 13.2 12.0

1 10.8 9.9 15.5 12.0 9.8 6.7 9.6 13.2 12.0

3 10.4 9.9 11.4 12.1 9.7 9.6 9.6 13.2 12.1

5 10.4 9.8 14.2 11.9 9.8 14.0 9.5 12.3 12.0

7 10.4 9.9 12.8 10.6 9.8 12.4 9.3 11.0 11.9

9 10.2 9.5 12.5 8.5 9.6 10.5 8.8 10.2 11.6

11 10.1 9.0 10.3 7.0 4.9 9.5 2.7 10.0 11.5

13 9.6 8.6 7.1 6.7 .1 14.2 .2 9.9 11.5

15 9.4 8.2 5.9 5.7 .1 15.4 .1 10.1 11.5

17 9.3 7.7 5.2 5.0 .1 16.6 .1 9.7 11.5

19 9.2 7.2 4.6 3.4 .1 16.6 .1 9.7 11.5

21 8.8 6.3 4.4 1.0 .1 17.5 .1 9.8 11.5

23 8.5 5.4 4.4 .1 .1 18.5 .1 9.6 11.4

25 8.3 4.1 4.3 .1 .1 24.6 .1 9.4 11.4

27 8.1 - - .1 .1 - .1 9.3 11.4

29 8.1 - - .1 .1 - .1 8.3 11.4

31 7.8 - - .1 .1 - - - 11.4

33 - - - .1 .1 - - - 11.3

35 - - - .1 .1 - - - -
124 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Table 4–17. Temperature profiles for site CL2, Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all temperatures are in degrees Celsius; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 12.3 21.5 22.0 24.5 27.1 27.1 26.8 14.3 6.4

1 12.3 21.5 20.9 24.4 27.1 27.1 26.8 14.3 6.3

3 12.3 21.5 20.9 23.9 26.8 27.1 26.8 14.2 6.2

5 12.3 21.3 20.7 22.6 26.3 27 26.8 13.8 6.2

7 12.3 19.5 20.6 21.7 26 26.9 26.6 13.4 6.0

9 12.3 18.1 20.5 21.5 25.9 26.4 26.6 13.4 5.9

11 12.2 17.1 20.5 20.9 24.9 25.7 26.6 13.3 5.9

13 12.1 16.8 20.4 20.1 24.5 25.1 26.6 13.3 5.9

15 11.9 16.1 20.3 19.2 24.0 23.3 26.4 13.3 5.9

17 11.7 15.5 19.2 18.7 22.4 22.5 23.3 13.2 5.9

19 11.7 14.7 18.7 18.4 19.3 21.1 21.9 13.2 5.9

21 11.7 14.4 18.4 17.5 - 19.3 20.0 13.2 -

23 - 13.0 17.5 14.8 - 18 16.4 13.2 -

25 - 12.2 16.0 13.8 - 15.9 15.2 13.2 -

Table 4–18. Dissolved-oxygen profiles for site CL2, Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all concentrations of dissolved oxygen are in milligrams per liter; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 10.7 10.2 16.9 12.6 9.5 4.0 9.9 13.7 12.4

1 10.4 10.1 11.9 12.6 9.4 4.7 9.9 13.8 12.4

3 10.0 10.1 12.2 12.5 9.4 5.9 9.9 13.4 12.5

5 10.1 9.9 12.3 11.9 9.8 5.7 9.9 11.2 12.4

7 10.1 10.4 8.0 9.6 9.6 4.9 9.8 9.8 12.3

9 10.1 10.0 5.1 9.1 8.7 3.5 9.7 9.5 12.0

11 9.8 9.0 3.3 8.1 2.4 2.3 9.7 9.3 11.8

13 9.8 8.6 3.2 5.9 .2 1.7 9.6 9.1 11.8

15 10.0 8.0 3.3 5.3 .1 1.1 7.5 9.0 11.7

17 10.0 7.4 2.6 4.8 .1 1.0 .3 8.9 11.7

19 9.9 5.8 2.6 3.5 .1 .9 .2 8.9 11.7

21 9.9 5.1 2.4 2.8 - .8 .1 8.9 -

23 - 4.5 2.4 .1 - .7 .1 8.8 -

25 - 4.0 2.6 .1 - .7 .1 8.9 -
Appendix 4. 125

Table 4–19. Temperature profiles for site CL3, Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all temperatures are in degrees Celsius; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 12.2 21.8 24.6 24.6 27.4 26.9 26.8 14.1 6.3

1 12.2 21.7 20.9 24.5 27.3 26.9 26.8 14.1 6.3

3 12.2 21.7 20.9 23.4 26.5 26.9 26.8 14.0 6.3

5 12.2 20.0 20.8 21.7 26.1 26.8 26.8 13.6 5.9

7 11.8 19.1 20.8 21.4 25.8 26.3 26.8 13.3 5.9

9 11.5 18.2 20.7 21.3 25.6 26.0 26.8 13.2 5.8

11 - 17.7 20.7 21.0 25.3 25.2 26.8 13.2 5.8

13 - 17.5 20.7 19.8 24.7 24.2 26.8 13.2 5.8

15 - 17.0 21.7 19.3 24.0 23.4 26.8 13.2 5.8

17 - 16.3 20.6 18.5 23.3 22.0 26.7 13.2 5.8

19 - - 20.6 18.4 20.2 20.2 22.4 13.2 5.8

21 - - - - - 17.0 18.1 - -

Table 4–20. Dissolved-oxygen profiles for site CL3, Channel Lake, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all concentrations of dissolved oxygen are in milligrams per liter; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 10.8 11.1 1.9 12.2 9.6 8.3 9.9 12.3 12.3

1 10.7 11.0 3.9 12.2 9.8 6.6 9.7 12.2 12.4

3 10.6 10.9 8.8 13.1 9.4 5.4 9.7 12.2 12.5

5 10.6 10.9 13.6 10.2 9.1 4.5 9.7 11.3 12.1

7 10.4 12.3 16.4 9.3 8.4 3.9 9.6 10.4 11.9

9 10.3 12.0 13.3 9.0 5.5 2.5 9.6 10.4 11.6

11 - 10.1 9.9 8.2 1.7 1.7 9.6 10.4 11.5

13 - 10.1 6.9 6.2 .2 1.2 9.5 9.8 11.5

15 - 9.9 6.7 5.5 .2 1.0 9.4 9.7 11.5

17 - 7.8 9.4 4.3 .1 .9 9.2 9.7 11.0

19 - - 9.0 4.1 .1 .8 .3 9.7 11.0

21 - - - - - .8 .1 - -
126 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Table 4–21. Temperature profiles for site LC1, Lake Catherine, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all temperatures are in degrees Celsius; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 12.0 20.9 23.1 23.3 26.4 27.6 26.7 14.5 7.2

1 12.0 20.8 21.2 23.3 26.6 27.6 26.5 14.4 7.0

3 12.0 20.8 21.0 23.0 26.5 27.6 26.5 14.4 6.7

5 12.0 20.8 20.9 22.9 26.4 27.6 26.4 13.8 6.3

7 11.9 20.8 20.7 21.2 26.4 27.6 26.4 13.7 6.3

9 11.9 20.7 20.5 21.0 26.1 27.5 26.4 13.7 6.3

11 11.6 19.4 20.5 20.9 25.7 27.4 26.0 13.7 6.2

13 11.1 18.5 20.3 20.7 25.6 27.0 26.0 13.7 6.2

15 10.9 17.4 20.2 20.4 25.3 26.4 25.8 13.7 6.2

17 10.8 16.9 20.1 20.1 25.0 26.0 25.6 13.6 6.2

19 10.7 16.6 19.8 19.6 24.9 25.9 25.5 13.6 6.2

21 10.6 16.4 19.4 19.1 24.5 25.4 25.4 13.5 6.2

23 10.6 15.7 19.1 18.4 23.5 24.6 24.6 13.5 6.2

25 10.3 15.3 19.0 17.6 21.2 23.0 22.8 13.5 6.2

27 9.9 - - 15.8 17.2 - 20.4 13.5 6.2

29 9.7 - - 14.1 15.3 - 16.9 13.5 6.2

31 9.5 - - 12.1 14.1 - 15.5 13.5 6.1

33 - - - 11.0 13.5 - 14.4 - 6.1

35 - - - 10.8 13.0 - - - -

Table 4–22. Dissolved-oxygen profiles for site LC1, Lake Catherine, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all concentrations of dissolved oxygen are in milligrams per liter; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 11.8 9.4 19.5 11.3 10.4 7.2 9.5 12.4 11.1

1 11.7 9.8 12.3 11.3 9.5 8.0 9.3 12.3 11.3

3 11.6 9.9 9.0 11.3 10.1 11.9 9.2 12.3 11.1

5 11.2 10.0 10.1 10.9 10.1 19.6 9.0 10.4 11.1

7 11.4 9.9 8.5 9.3 10.1 16.3 8.8 10.0 11.0

9 11.1 9.9 3.6 8.6 9.5 10.7 7.5 9.6 10.9

11 11.0 10.1 2.7 8.4 5.9 9.4 4.8 9.5 10.9

13 10.6 9.9 2.6 8.6 5.1 8.6 4.0 9.4 10.8

15 10.1 9.8 2.6 8.0 2.7 8.2 3.5 8.9 10.8

17 10.2 9.6 2.1 7.6 .3 9.2 2.9 8.6 10.8

19 10.0 9.3 1.9 7.0 .2 9.2 2.1 8.5 10.8

21 9.7 9.1 1.9 6.5 .1 9.2 .8 8.5 10.7

23 9.3 8.8 1.9 5.8 .1 8.4 .1 8.6 10.7

25 9.0 8.5 1.7 3.1 .1 6.5 .1 8.5 10.7

27 8.0 - .2 .1 - .1 8.5 10.6

29 6.7 - - .1 .1 - .1 8.4 10.6

31 4.6 - - .1 .1 - .1 8.3 10.6

33 - - - .1 .1 - .1 - 10.6

35 - - - .1 .1 - - - -
Appendix 4. 127

Table 4–23. Temperature profiles for site LC2, Lake Catherine, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all temperatures are in degrees Celsius; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 11.7 19.3 21.3 24.2 23.0 27.2 26.4 14.5 6.8

1 11.7 19.2 21.0 24.1 26.8 27.2 26.5 14.5 6.8

3 11.6 19.1 20.8 23.7 26.8 27.2 26.5 14.4 6.6

5 11.6 18.1 20.6 22.2 26.4 27.1 26.4 13.9 6.6

7 11.6 18.2 20.5 21.7 26.0 26.7 26.4 13.8 6.5

9 11.6 17.6 20.5 21.2 25.8 26.3 26.4 13.7 6.5

11 11.5 17.3 20.4 20.9 25.7 26.1 26.4 13.7 6.3

13 11.4 17.1 20.4 20.7 25.5 25.9 26.3 13.7 6.3

15 11.1 16.8 20.4 20.5 25.4 25.7 26.0 13.7 6.2

17 10.8 16.3 20.4 20.1 25.1 25.6 25.9 13.7 6.2

19 10.7 16.0 20.5 19.7 24.9 25.3 25.5 13.7 6.2

21 10.5 15.8 20.4 19.4 24.3 25.0 25.3 13.6 6.2

23 10.3 15.7 20.2 18.6 23.1 24.6 24.8 13.6 6.2

25 10.1 15.9 19.8 17.5 19.6 23.1 23.0 13.5 6.2

27 9.8 - - 15.8 18.4 - 20.0 13.5 6.2

29 9.7 - - 14.2 - - 17.4 13.5 6.2

31 9.6 - - 12.1 - - 15.5 13.5 6.2

33 9.6 - - 11.1 - - 14.2 13.5 6.2

34 9.4 - - - - - 13.1 13.5 -

36 - - - - - - 12.8 13.5 -

Table 4–24. Dissolved-oxygen profiles for site LC2, Lake Catherine, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all concentrations of dissolved oxygen are in milligrams per liter; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 11.2 9.0 19.8 10.9 10.0 12.5 8.7 12.9 10.8

1 11.1 9.8 13.5 10.9 9.9 12.5 8.7 12.8 10.8

3 11.0 9.8 11.8 11.2 9.9 2.8 8.6 12.8 10.9

5 10.9 9.7 8.2 10.6 9.3 2.9 8.6 11.5 10.9

7 10.9 9.8 5.0 9.6 9.2 2.0 8.5 10.3 10.9

9 10.9 9.7 3.4 8.9 7.1 1.4 8.2 10.1 10.8

11 10.8 9.6 2.6 8.5 7.1 1.1 8.0 9.7 10.7

13 10.5 9.5 1.9 8.2 5.6 1.0 7.6 9.6 10.6

15 10.4 9.4 1.8 7.9 4.9 .8 4.5 9.5 10.6

17 10.0 9.0 3.8 7.5 1.1 .8 3.9 9.5 10.7

19 9.5 8.7 2.5 7.2 .1 .8 2.2 9.5 10.8

21 9.3 8.4 5 6.6 .1 .8 .2 8.9 10.8

23 9.2 8.3 2.2 5.7 .1 .8 .1 8.6 10.7

25 8.7 8.5 2.3 2.7 .1 .7 .1 8.5 10.8

27 8.3 - - .2 .1 - .1 8.4 10.8

29 7.3 - - .1 - - .1 8.4 10.8

31 7.1 - - .1 - - .1 8.4 10.7

33 6.8 - - .1 - - .1 8.3 10.7

35 6.1 - - - - - .1 8.1 -

37 - - - - - - .1 7.7 -
128 Hydrology, Water Quality, and Nutrient Loads to Lake Catherine and Channel Lake, near Antioch, Lake County, Illinois

Table 4–25. Temperature profiles for site LC3, Lake Catherine, near Antioch, Illinois,

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all temperatures are in degrees Celsius; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 11.1 16.5 21.1 23.7 26.7 26.4 26.7 14.5 6.8

1 10.9 16.0 20.9 23.8 26.8 26.3 26.5 14.6 6.8

3 11.1 16.1 21.0 23.3 26.6 25.9 26.5 13.9 6.7

5 11.2 17.2 20.9 22.2 26.3 25.9 26.4 13.7 6.4

7 11.4 18.0 20.8 21.6 26.1 26.0 26.4 13.7 6.3

9 11.4 17.3 20.8 20.9 25.9 25.9 26.4 13.7 6.3

11 11.5 17.0 20.7 20.8 25.6 25.8 26.0 13.6 6.3

13 11.5 16.8 20.7 20.5 25.3 25.7 26.0 13.6 6.3

15 11.5 16.5 20.7 20.4 25.2 25.5 25.8 13.6 6.3

17 10.9 16.2 20.6 20.4 25.0 25.5 25.6 13.6 6.3

19 10.5 15.9 20.5 19.3 24.8 25.3 25.5 13.6 6.3

21 10.4 15.6 20.2 19.0 24.7 24.8 25.4 13.5 6.3

23 10.3 15.3 20.0 18.5 23.6 24.4 24.6 13.5 -

25 - 14.1 - 16.6 20.3 - 22.8 13.5 -

27 - - - 16.0 16.5 - 20.4 - -

29 - - - - - - 16.9 - -

31 - - - - - - 15.5 -

33 - - - - - - 14.4 - -

Table 4–26. Dissolved-oxygen profiles for site LC3, Lake Catherine, near Antioch, Illinois, 

April 21–November 25, 1998

[all concentrations of dissolved oxygen are in milligrams per liter; -, data unavailable]

Depth

(feet)

Date

April 21,

1998

May 15,

1998

June 15,

1998

June 17,

1998

July 13,

1998

July 15,

1998

Aug. 11,

1998

Oct. 26,

1998

Nov. 25,

1998

0 10.3 9.3 19.3 10.6 9.3 3.0 9.5 12.4 11.0

1 10.2 8.8 13.3 10.5 9.5 2.5 9.3 12.4 11.0

3 10.2 8.6 9.3 10.3 9.4 2.4 9.2 10.7 11.0

5 10.3 9.2 9.5 9.3 8.7 2.1 9.0 10.1 11.0

7 10.4 9.5 8.0 9.2 8.9 1.5 8.8 9.9 10.9

9 10.4 9.4 6.5 8.4 8.5 1.0 7.5 9.2 10.9

11 10.6 9.2 5.4 8.3 6.7 .8 4.8 9.1 10.8

13 10.6 9.1 4.1 8.0 4.1 .8 4.0 9.0 10.7

15 10.3 9.0 8.5 7.8 3.7 .7 3.5 9.0 10.7

17 9.9 8.8 4.2 7.8 .4 .7 2.9 9.0 10.7

19 9.4 8.7 3.3 6.7 .3 .7 2.1 8.9 10.6

21 9.1 8.5 3.0 6.1 .1 .7 .8 8.6 10.7

23 9.0 8.2 3.0 5.3 .1 .7 .1 8.4 -

25 - 6.5 - .7 .1 - .1 7.9 -

27 - - - .2 .1 - .1 - -

29 - - - - - - .1 - -

31 - - - - - - .1 - -

33 - - - - - - .1 - -
U.S. Geological Survey, WRD

221 N. Broadway Ave.

Urbana, Illinois 61801

 LAKE COUNTY, ILLINOIS—U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00–4088Kay and others—HYDROLOGY, WATER QUALITY, AND NUTRIENT LOADS TO LAKE CATHERINE AND CHANNEL LAKE, NEAR ANTIOCH,