*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

APR 13 2000

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MAURICE WHITERS, aka Mo,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 99-3206

(District of Kansas)

(D.C. No. 98-CR-10113-2)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. 

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this court has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Appellant, Maurice E. Whiters, and a co-defendant, Marcus Block, were

charged in a four-count indictment with conspiracy to commit bank robbery in
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violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a),

(d); and two counts of using a firearm during the commission of a bank robbery

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Block pleaded guilty to all four counts

contained in the indictment. A jury convicted Whiters on all four counts. Block

testified against Whiters at Whiters’ trial. The district court concluded that

Whiters was an organizer or leader of the criminal activity and increased Whiters’

offense level by two levels pursuant to § 3B1.1(c) of the United States

Sentencing Guidelines. Whiters was sentenced to a term of 117 months’

incarceration. 

Whiters’ counsel has filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California , 386

U.S. 738 (1967), wherein counsel advises this court that Whiters’ appeal is

wholly frivolous. Accordingly, counsel has also filed a motion to withdraw. The

Anders brief contains a challenge to the sufficiency of the government’s evidence

against Whiters and a challenge to the imposition of the two-level sentencing

enhancement. Whiters filed a pro se response to counsel’s Anders brief in which

he again argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions on

all counts in the indictment and raises several additional claims involving both

the indictment and the jury instructions given by the district court. 

This court conducts a de novo review of the sufficiency of evidence

presented at trial. See Unites States v. Wilson , 107 F.3d 774, 778 (10th Cir.
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1997). Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if the direct and

circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, viewed

in the light most favorable to the government, would allow a reasonable jury to

find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See id. 

Having carefully reviewed the trial transcript in this case, this court

concludes there is no merit to Whiters’ argument regarding the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting his convictions. At trial, the government presented evidence

that Commerce Bank, a financial institution insured by the FDIC and located at

1250 S. Woodlawn, Wichita, Kansas, was robbed on January 5, 1998. Two bank

employees, present at the time of the robbery, testified that an African-American

male, fitting the physical description of Whiters, entered the bank wearing a ski

mask and brandishing a firearm. The robber demanded money from two tellers

who placed the money in a white plastic trash bag provided by the robber. One

teller testified that, in addition to placing money in the robber’s bag, she also

placed bait money and a dye pack which explodes when it is taken outside the

bank. The robber then left the bank.

The government also presented the testimony of a bank customer who was

entering the bank at the time of the robbery. The customer testified that he

observed one African-American male standing outside the bank and another

African-American male emerge from the bank. He testified that the individual
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who came running out of the bank was carrying a handgun. He also testified that

he observed both individuals run from the bank in a westerly direction. 

A witness who lived in the vicinity of the bank, testified that she observed

a maroon-colored vehicle parked near her residence the morning of the robbery.

She further testified that she saw the vehicle drive off immediately after one

individual jumped into the passenger side. She testified that after the vehicle

drove off, she observed papers on the ground near where the vehicle had been

parked. 

An FBI agent in charge of the investigation into the robbery of the bank

testified that a woman was caught passing dye-stained bills a few days after the

robbery. At the trial, this woman identified Whiters as the person who had given

her the stained bills. The agent then testified that carpet fibers gathered during

the search of a maroon-colored vehicle belonging to Whiters’ mother were tested

and determined to contain the stain and chemicals found in dye packs used by the

bank. The agent also testified that red-stained carpet samples were removed from

the apartment in which Whiters was residing at the time of the robbery, tested,

and also found to contain the chemicals used in the dye packs. 

Co-defendant Block testified that the robbery was planned by Whiters, that

Whiters provided him with a gun which he carried during the robbery, and that

Whiters also carried a gun during the robbery. Block also testified that Whiters
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instructed him to remain outside while Whiters robbed the bank. Block testified

that the getaway car used in the robbery belonged to Whiters’ mother and was

driven by Whiters’ sister. Block then testified that after the robbery, he and

Whiters returned to Whiters’ residence where they destroyed the bills that had

been stained by the dye pack and then divided the remaining money between

them. This court concludes that the trial transcript contains ample evidence to

support Whiters’ conviction on all four counts contained in the indictment. 

Whiters also argues that there was insufficient evidence to support the twolevel sentence enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1. This court reviews the

district court’s determination that Whiters was an organizer or leader of a

criminal activity for clear error. See United States v. Cruz Camacho , 137 F.3d

1220, 1223 (10th Cir. 1998). The district court imposed the two-level

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). That provision reads: “If the defendant

was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity other

than described in (a) or (b), increase by two levels.” The district court based the

enhancement on the following facts: the evidence established that the idea for the

robbery originated with Whiters; Whiters recruited Block to participate in the

robbery and instructed him to wait outside the bank and act as a lookout; Whiters

provided the firearms used in the robbery; Whiters played a major role in the

robbery by entering the bank and taking the money; Whiters provided the car
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used in the robbery; Whiters’ residence was used as a hideout; and it is likely that

Whiters received a greater share of the money taken during the robbery. There is

substantial support for these findings in the trial transcript. This court concludes,

therefore, that the district court’s factual findings are not clearly erroneous and

also concludes that they are sufficient to support the imposition of the two-level

enhancement. 

In his response to the Anders brief, Whiters first contests the sufficiency of

the indictment. Although Whiters failed to challenge the indictment at trial, a

challenge to a defective indictment is never waived and the sufficiency of the

indictment is reviewed de novo . See United States v. Bolton , 68 F.3d 396, 400

(10th Cir. 1996). When a defendant fails to challenge the sufficiency of the

indictment at trial, however, this court will liberally construe the indictment in

favor of validity. See id. 

 Count 1 of the indictment begins, “From on or about a date unknown to

the Grand Jury, until on or about January 5, 1998 . . . .” Whiters argues that the

indictment is insufficient because it does not specifically set forth the date on

which the conspiracy commenced. This argument is without merit. An

indictment is sufficient “if it contains the elements of the offense charged,

putting the defendant on fair notice of the charge against which he must defend,

and if it enables a defendant to assert an acquittal or conviction in order to
1Counts 2 through 4 of the indictment were expressly incorporated by

reference into Count 1.

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prevent being placed in jeopardy twice for the same offense.” United States v.

Staggs , 881 F.2d 1527, 1530 (10th Cir. 1989). The indictment in this case, read

as a whole, 1 clearly apprised Whiters of the charges against him and, thus, was

sufficient. Count 2 of the indictment charged Whiters with bank robbery; Counts

3 and 4 charged Whiters with the use of a firearm during the commission of the

bank robbery. The indictment specified the date of the alleged acts, the district

and state within which they occurred, the statutes violated, the elements of the

offense, and the name of the co-conspirator. Although the indictment did not

specify the precise date on which the conspiracy commenced, the indictment was

“sufficiently complete and precise to enable the defendant to avoid prejudicial

surprise and to bar the risk of double jeopardy.” United States v. Barbieri , 614

F.2d 715, 719 (10th Cir. 1980).

Even assuming, arguendo, that the indictment was facially insufficient

because it failed to give the precise date on when the conspiracy commenced,

there is no indication in the record that Whiters was ever unfairly surprised at

trial. Additionally, Whiters has made no showing that he was actually prejudiced

by the absence of the precise date on which the conspiracy began. See United

States v. Moore , 556 F.2d 479, 483 (10th Cir. 1977). The indictment was read to
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the jury as part of jury instruction No. 22. Whiters claims that, during his trial,

the jury heard evidence of his participation in other criminal acts and that the

absence of a beginning date to the conspiracy creates the possibility that the jury

considered this other evidence when it convicted him of the offenses charged in

the indictment. Other than Whiters’ own speculation, the record contains no

support for Whiters’ claim that the jury considered evidence of Whiters’

participation in other criminal acts in reaching its verdict. Any remote possibility

that the jury may have impermissibly considered evidence of other criminal acts

is foreclosed by jury instruction No. 17 which reads, in pertinent part,

The defendant is on trial only for the acts alleged in the indictment. 

He is not on trial for any other acts or conduct. In determining

whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty, you are therefore to

consider only whether he has or has not committed the acts charged

in this indictment. Even if you are of the opinion that he is guilty of

some offense not charged, you must find him not guilty if the

evidence does not show beyond a reasonable doubt that he

committed the specific acts charged in this indictment. 

This court concludes that the indictment was sufficient. 

Whiters also raises several challenges to the jury instructions. Because

Whiters failed to challenge the jury instructions at trial, he has waived his right

to make such a challenge absent a demonstration of plain error. See United

States v. 
2These overt acts include the bank robbery and the use of firearms during

the bank robbery.

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Allen, 129 F.3d 1159, 1162 (10th Cir. 1997). “Plain error is that which is

obvious, or which seriously affects the fairness or integrity of the trial.” United

States v. Enjady , 134 F.3d 1427, 1435 (10th Cir. 1998). 

Whiters argues that Count 1 of the indictment, read as part of jury

instruction No. 22, is insufficient because it fails to allege at least one overt act

committed in furtherance of the conspiracy of which he was convicted, i.e.,

conspiracy to commit bank robbery. Whether viewed as a challenge to the

sufficiency of the indictment or a challenge to the jury instructions, Whiters’

argument has no merit.

Count 1 of the indictment, reads:

In furtherance of the conspiracy and to achieve the objectives

thereof, the defendants committed and caused to be committed, overt

acts in the District of Kansas, among which are the acts described in

counts 2 through 4 of this Indictment which are incorporated by

reference as if fully set forth herein .

(emphasis added). Thus, contrary to Whiters’ allegation, the indictment is

sufficient because Count 1 of the indictment alleges the overt acts described in

Counts 2 through 4 of the indictment. 2

Whiters also argues that it is unclear from the jury instruction whether the

jury found him guilty of an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy or just the
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object of the conspiracy. In instruction No. 23, the district court gave clear

instructions regarding the government’s burden of proof on the conspiracy

charge, including a comprehensive definition of the term “overt act.” The

evidence presented at trial was abundantly sufficient for a jury to conclude that

Whiters knowingly committed at least one overt act in an effort to accomplish

some object of the conspiracy. 

Whiters also challenges jury instruction No. 20 which he claims was

unnecessary and “could only produce confusion and a [sic] unrelaible [sic]

verdict.” Instruction No. 20 reads,

An individual named Marcus Block is mentioned in the indictment in

this case. He is not on trial in this action and you will not be called

upon to return a verdict as to his guilt or innocence. The only

defendant on trial in this case, and upon whom you will be asked to

return a verdict, is Maurice Whiters.

Whiters’ has failed to show how the inclusion of this instruction, read in concert

with the remaining instructions, constitutes error. This is particularly true in

light of instruction No. 13 which reads, in part, “the fact that a witness has plead

guilty to the crime charged in the indictment is not evidence, in and of itself, of

the guilt of any other person.”

Whiters then argues that instruction No. 23 was defective because of the

placement of commas in the instruction. In instruction No. 23, the jury was

instructed that they could not find Whiters guilty of conspiracy unless they found
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“that the defendant Maurice Whiters, knowing the unlawful purpose and essential

objectives of the plan, willfully joined in it.” Whiters claims that because of the

placement of commas, the district court was actually instructing the jury that

Whiters had knowledge of the unlawful purpose and essential objectives of the

plan. This argument is meritless. This court has read this instruction as a whole

and concludes that no reasonable jury could ascribe it the meaning advocated by

Whiters. On appeal, Whiters has made no showing of error, let alone plain error, 

with respect to any of his challenges to the jury instructions.

Upon review of the entire proceedings, this court concludes that the record

establishes no non-frivolous ground for appeal. The district court’s judgment of

conviction and sentence are hereby affirmed and counsel’s motion to withdraw

is granted . 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT:

Michael R. Murphy

Circuit Judge