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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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| **Published by the DOI Departmental Consulting Archeologist/NPS Archeology Program, National Park Service, Washington, DC, February,           1992.**

*This Technical Brief outlines the Federal procurement           process in archeology by emphasizing the utility and importance of the           Request for Proposal (RFP) type of competitive procurement. While centering           attention on Section C, the Scope of Work (SOW), important considerations           in Sections F, H, L, and M are discussed also. Since one of the principal           current issues in archeological contracting involves identifying and           evaluating archeological properties according to criteria for eligibility           to the National Register of Historic Places, it is important to determine           what is "signficant" in prehistory and history. It is shown that the           RFP type of competitive procurement process can assist efforts to resolve           the "significance" issue by providing or facilitating better and more           innovative archeological investigations and reports. The proposal evaluation           process is shown to be fundamental, requiring qualified evaluators and           careful development and weighting of proposal evaluation criteria. The           Technical Brief concludes with a short statement on the importance of           the key aspects of archeological contracting following contract award,           including monitoring and peer review.*

**Introduction**

This Technical Brief presents the Federal competitive           procurement process as a guide for archeological contracting and (1)           provides information on what needs to be in a competitive Request for           Proposal (RFP) for archeological services; (2) describes what roles           the various players have; and (3) outlines how contracts should be procured,           evaluated, and administered so that the resultant product is understandable           and useful. The overall objective for such guidance in contracting is           to improve public benefit from governmental archeological activities,           as stated in the Secretary of the Interior's report on the National           Historic Preservation Act (Department of the Interior 1986). It           has been recognized that benefits from improvements in archeological           contracting will include any of the following: the long-term preservation           of significant data or properties through listing in the National           Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and other State-level registers;           the interpretation of results through publications and public education           activities during projects; the synthesis of project results with previous           knowledge about the cultural past; and the provision of opportunities           for public participation, enrichment, and education (Irwin-Williams           and Fowler 1986:7-10, 29, 41-43, 51, 56, 61-64, 73-75, 88-91, 105-107).           The following discussions can be viewed as a complement to, and to a           limited extent, an update of the apropos presentations on the RFP contracting           process contained in two U.S. Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service           (HCRS) publications of the late 1970s: *Scholars as Managers* and           *Scholars as Contractors*; and, in particular, the discussions           in Butler (1979), IAS-Denver (1979), and Mayer-Oakes (1978; 1979). 

Although these guidelines are directly applicable to           the normal workloads, job elements, and concerns of agency staff archeologists           responsible for archeological work as part of construction or development           projects, *they also should be useful to non-archeologists whose duties           encompass, or commonly include, archeological or historical resource           management, compliance, and contracting*. 

It is important to remember that additional and alternative           procurement procedures such as Invitation for Bid (IFB) and Request           for Quotes (RFQ) result in simple purchase orders and are also available           to Federal agencies for cultural resource management work (Butler 1978;           1979). These alternative procedures have particular advantages and disadvantages,           depending on an agency's situational needs and time constraints. However,           there are certain benefits and advantages inherent in the Request for           Proposal (RFP) competitive proposal process, which will be highlighted           throughout this Technical Brief. 

**The Problem**

Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act           of 1966, as amended (16 USC 470 et seq.), requires Federal agency heads           to locate all sites, buildings, districts, objects, and properties under           their jurisdictions and to nominate to the National Register of Historic           Places (NRHP) all those appearing to meet the criteria for listing.           Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC 470f)           requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their           undertakings on properties listed, or eligible for listing, in the NRHP.           The regulations that define the criteria for eligibility for listing           in the NRHP are found in 36 CFR Part 60.4. 

In the attempt to follow these legal mandates, many           Federal agencies rely on the contracting/procurement process to provide           the information needed for project planning and decision making. However,           for the most part, they continue to struggle for an effective recipe           for success in the arena of archeological contracting and procurement.           

One of the principal problems in archeological contracting           involves the generation of information necessary to determine which           archeological sites appear to meet NRHP criteria. Criterion (d) in 36           CFR Part 60.4 recognizes "...sites...that have yielded, or may be likely           to yield, information important in prehistory or history," and must           be addressed in evaluating archeological properties. It is the lead           Federal agency's responsibility to obtain and manage this information.           However, the task of actually acquiring and utilizing this information           is often assigned to an archeologist or cultural resource specialist           who may or may not be a part of the agency's planning or project review           network. 

Too many archeological reports do not provide cultural           resource managers and officials with the kinds of information they require           to fulfill compliance responsibilities. Central to this point is that           many archeologists do not understand the criteria of eligibility for           the NRHP. Criterion (d), as it often has been applied, becomes so broad           as to be all encompassing; and there are archeologists who want to protect           and preserve everything without consideration of relative value or significance.           These misunderstandings too often result in archeological reports and           recommendations that are of little or no use to an agency trying to           determine whether or not it has properties eligible for the NRHP to           manage. Given these situations, it is perhaps not surprising that the           misunderstanding of what is important and therefore "significant" in           prehistory and history has been cited as one of the prime sources of           problems for Federal agencies and State Historic Preservation Officers           (SHPOS) in planning cultural resource work (Butler 1987). 

Site significance and how it relates to the management/compliance           process can be understood as a function of the NRHP criteria. "The key           word in Criterion (d) is 'important.' Importance is based on the theoretical           and substantive knowledge of the discipline-nothing more, nothing less;           i.e., what we know and what we do not know" (Butler 1987: 820-821).           In the application of Criterion (d) for a site to be recommended as           eligible for the NRHP, it must be able to contribute to the theoretical           and substantive knowledge of archeology. A justification for a recommendation           of NRHP eligibility should state precisely what research issues can           be addressed by investigation of the site, especially through reference           to existing historic context documents; and it should outline the most           pertinent and potentially fruitful avenues for analysis, comparison,           synthesis, and contextual discussion of archeological materials. This           should be a central concern or focus of the RFP in archeological contracting.           

**The Competitive Proposal           Process**

With some exceptions, procurements based on competitive           proposals are essential in order to provide the Federal government with           the best assurances of obtaining legally and professionally acceptable           reports of archeological investigations. Proposals provide the Federal           archeologist with an opportunity to ascertain whether an offeror (1)           understands the project and its purposes; (2) is able to plan and organize           a program to meet these purposes; and (3) can integrate the program           with a realistic research design that is based on a thorough knowledge           of relevant research. 

The competitive proposal is a fertile ground for innovation           and creativity in all facets of a project, particularly the research           aspects. In public archeology it is necessary to find more efficient,           practical, and economical ways to conduct surveys, evaluations, and           data recoveries. Competitive proposals provide an opportunity to evaluate           differing ideas, plans, and approaches for conducting an archeological           investigation, rather than merely responding to a rigid work description           or statement of work with a bottom line cost. With competitive procurement,           there are greater opportunities for better and more innovative field           techniques, strategies, and approaches. 
 **Figure 1.	                    Uniform Contract Format***(Federal Acquisition Regulation;                     see **48CFR15.204-2**)*.**PART                     I - THE SCHEDULE**       Section         Title                    A   Solicitation/contract form                    B   Supplies or services and prices/costs                    C   Description/specifications/ work statement                    D   Packaging and marking                    E   Inspection and acceptance                    F   Deliveries or performance                    G   Contract administration data                    H   Special contract requirements**PART                     II - CONTRACT CLAUSES**I   Contract Clauses**PART                     III - LIST OF DOCUMENTS, EXHIBITS, AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS** J   List of attachments**PART                     IV - REPRESENTATIONS AND INSTRUCTIONS** K   Representations, certifications,                     and other statements of offerors or quoters                    L   Instructions, conditions, and notices to offerors                     or quoters                    M   Evaluation factors for award
In the following discussion, it is shown how procurements           are conducted on the basis of competitive proposals within the purview           of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), "Contracting by Negotiation"           (48 CFR Part 1). The solicitation for this type of contracting is the           RFP. All phases of competitive contracting are important to the successful           completion of a project, including the post-contract award monitoring           of the field, laboratory, and report preparation phases. However, it           is the procurement process itself, and preparation of the RFP in particular,           that is critical to the eventual receipt of a final report of investigations           that satisfies all legal requirements and is acceptable to the professional           archeological community. 

The FAR (48 CFR Part 1) requires the use of a uniform           contract format for the solicitation or RFP in contracting by negotiation.           An RFP is composed of 13 sections, A through M, in four parts (Figure           1). Many of the sections consist mainly of standard contract clauses,           certifications, and instructions. Information may be added to these           sections, some of which are mainly administrative and instructional           in nature. However, five sections (C, F, H, L, and M) are very important.           Section C, the "Description/specifications/work statement" or Scope           of Work (SOW), stands out as the most crucial part of the RFP.

**Section C: The Scope           of Work**

In almost every RFP, the descriptions presented in Section           C are most critical for the successful completion of a project. *Because           Section C details the SOW, it is the "heart and soul" of the solicitation           document*. The careful and detailed preparation of the SOW is the           best guarantee that a cultural resource project will satisfy legal requirements           and meet professional standards. Development of this section places           a great amount of responsibility on the agency archeologist or cultural           resource specialist because the SOW will: 
- define the project;
- specify what is required; and
- state the conditions under which the project will             be conducted.

Although the uniform contract format (Figure           1) must be followed in assembling the RFP, there is no required           arrangement for Section C. The precise nature of the project, its complexity,           and any unusual circumstances surrounding the undertaking, should guide           selection of the format used. 

With time and the accumulated experience of agency archeologists           and contracting officers, an agency's SOW can exhibit continual improvement,           taking advantage of lessons learned from previous procurements. For           instance, newly written RFP scopes of work should reflect recent advances           in archeological method and theory, up-to-date archeological knowledge           of the region, and current professional standards. 

The following discussion presents recommendations and           suggestions for topics that should be addressed in Section C of the           RFP. 

**Background Descriptions** An agency cannot expect to receive what it does not           ask for, and neither can it expect to receive what it does not pay for.           The agency archeologist or cultural resource specialist who prepares           an RFP must have a thorough knowledge of that project's area and what           is required to fulfill legal and regulatory responsibilities. Thus,           the agency archeologist must conduct a background search that involves:           

(1) consulting existing planning documents, including           State Historic Preservation Plans, Federal agency plans, and historic           context documents developed for managerial purposes by States, counties,           municipalities, transportation departments, private utility companies,           and certified local governments (for an example, see Anderson, et al.           1989); 

(2) determining if the area has been subjected to survey           in the past, and whether the previous work meets current professional           standards; and 

(3) identifying the locations of any archeological sites           or historic properties previously recorded. 

Unless the agency archeologist is *thoroughly*           familiar with the project area, an on-the-ground inspection will be           necessary.
**Figure 2.**               A 1920s aerial view of Casa Grande National Monument, AZ. The importance,               in the public interest, of long-term preservation for significant               archeological sites was recognized more than 100 years ago when               Casa Grande Ruin became the first national archeological preserve.               The demand for both interpretation and protection resulted in Federal               laws and programs to systematize access for research purposes as               well as prevent looting and vandalism at such sites. This rare 1920s               aerial view of Casa Grande shows the principal village site and               visitors' autos (All photos are from the NPS collection at the Graphics               Research Branch, Harpers Ferry Center, WV.)
 This inspection will serve to reveal any areas that           may not require intensive survey, such is disturbed and developed locations,           e.g., airport runways and ramps, roads, and buildings. If previously           unrecorded sites are discovered during inspection of the project area,           the archeologist should, if possible, record and evaluate these sites.           In any event, the archeologist must obtain sufficient information to           determine: 

(1) the minimum amount of investigation that will be           required to satisfy legal responsibilities and meet professional standards;           

(2) a project strategy sufficient to accomplish the           work; and 

(3) how much it will cost. 

Section C of the RFP should present introductory material           including which legal and regulatory authorities the project is designed           to satisfy. It should alert offerors to the nature of the investigation           and the kinds of information that the agency must have to address the           pertinent laws and regulations. The "Introduction" or "Background Statement"           should briefly summarize the major goals of the investigation and cite           the source of funding, informing prospective offerors of the administrative           structure of the project. 

Section C also should contain detailed directional information           to guide offerors to the project area. The boundaries of the project           area should be specified, especially if the project is located within           a larger organizational unit such as a military installation. The directional           information presented should be sufficient to inform offerors of any           unusual circumstances or difficulties in reaching and/or conducting           a project. The directional information in Section C is supplemental           to the directional information provided by a location map in Section           J (Figure 1). For example, access to           the project area may require unusual amounts of travel by various modes           to isolated areas, which will consume large amounts of time. Unless           such situations are presented clearly with sufficient detail, offerors           will be unable to calculate time and travel costs accurately. A discerning           offeror may, in fact, object to an insufficiently detailed RFP, which           can result in issuance of a new or revised solicitation with consequent           delays in implementing the project. At worst, protests could result,           with consequent increases in project costs and innumerable time delays.           

Section C should contain a summary of the principal           goals of a project. For example, the main objectives of a survey usually           would be to discover all cultural resources in a project area, evaluate           the discovered sites and properties for NRHP eligibility, and provide           recommendations for evaluative testing of selected sites should additional           information be needed. These goals would be expressed in greater detail           in other sections of the RFP, but their early introduction "sets the           stage" for a project and reinforces any introductory statements on legal           authorities and project purposes and requirements. 

Frequently, the project area addressed in an RFP will           have been the subject of one or more previous cultural resource investigations           involving previous procurements. The new project might be the evaluative           testing of archeological sites discovered during the initial survey           of the project area. All or a portion of the project lands may have           been surveyed previously. Whatever the circumstances, all previous investigations           on the property should be summarized in the RFP, and the resulting reports           must be made readily available to offerors for preparation of their           proposals, particularly if the new work is based directly upon earlier           investigations. 

Whenever possible, relevant reports should be included           in the RFP as exhibits. If this is not practical, the information should           be provided by other means. If reports of earlier investigations have           been distributed widely to libraries, a bibliographic citation may be           sufficient. Copies of relevant reports can be made available for inspection           at the contracting agency and other offices. Caution should be exercised,           however, in not unduly restricting competition by limiting access to           information. Quality competitive proposals are the goal of the procurement,           and information made available to the widest possible audience is essential           to this goal. 

**The Research Design** Following presentation of the archeological and historical           background of a project, an RFP must address research design. Work oriented           toward expressly stated research goals is exactly what must be done           in order to provide Federal agencies with the information they need           to discharge cultural resource compliance responsibilities. An RFP should           include every requirement necessary to place an agency in full compliance           and describe how these requirements are to be satisfied (McGimsey and           Davis 1977:72-73; Mayer-Oakes 1978:72-93; Butler 1979:2734). 

The topic of "Research Design" also has direct bearing           on the problems surrounding the misunderstanding of the meaning of significance           and NRHP eligibility evaluations. In order to effect NRHP eligibility           evaluations, a SOW must require that a project be conducted within the           framework of a relevant, professionally acceptable research design.           A SOW may suggest or require specific research topics to be addressed           by a project. However, offerors should be required to provide additional           research topics relevant to past and ongoing research in the area that           are realistic in terms of the type and scope of that project, including           those topics that accurately reflect the potential of archeological           information and material to be recovered. This provides an agency an           opportunity to judge how well offerors have familiarized themselves           with relevant background and research information and their abilities           to develop appropriate research topics from the existing database. 

Notwithstanding the above discussion, archeologists           and cultural resource specialists should be careful to avoid placing           undue restrictions on research design and field methods. Allowance should           be made for the necessity to change or evolve the research design or           field methods in response to new data and conditions. To this end, a           contractor should be afforded as much flexibility as possible within           the practical limits of project goals and objectives. 

It is strongly recommended that the proposed research           design and work plan be submitted in draft to the appropriate SHPO for           review and concurrence: 

The role of the SHPO is *to consult           with and assist* the Agency Official when identifying historic properties,           assessing effects upon them, and considering alternatives to avoid or           reduce those effects (emphasis added) (36 CFR Part 00.1. [c] [1] [ii]).

While SHPOs do not enter into agency cost estimating           or cost discussions, their comments on the adequacy of proposed investigations           may reveal deficiencies or omissions in research strategies or methods.           A fully informed and cooperating SHPO can provide constructive criticism,           aid in the identification of local and regional issues or concerns,           and administrative and political support for a project and can help           to head off or prevent misunderstandings. 

**Public Education           Activities**With all larger projects, and on many lesser projects,           RFPs require public education activities as part of the work plan. Such           activities might include public displays, lectures, brochures, tours,           school programs, and/or volunteer opportunities as supplements to the           archeological investigation. 

**Requirements and           Standards for Survey and Identification**
**Figure 3.**The spectacular               cliff dwellings at Wetherill Mesa in Mesa Verde National Park, CO,               were internationally known discoveries by 1893. By the time the               Antiquities Act was passed in 1906 a force of federal forest supervisors,               rangers, and special agents, Indian school superintendents and teachers,               Indian agents, farmers, police, and Indians themselves had been               mobilized to protect important Southwest archeological sites. By               1910 several of these sites were added to the inventory of national               cultural preserves, including Mesa Verde, El Morro, Chaco Canyon,               and Tumacocori. 
A properly directed survey will identify all the archeological           resources in the project area and determine which may require additional           investigation to evaluate NRHP eligibility. When possible, this kind           of identification should be completed during the survey phase of a project.           Evaluative testing beyond the survey phase should establish the significance,           i.e., NRHP eligibility, or lack of significance, for all sites not previously           evaluated during the course of the survey or during subsequent investigations.           

It is essential that the Section C Scope of Work be           written to insure that the survey phase of a project provides all information           required by managers and planners in making decisions that could affect           significant resources. Guidance on the standard elements of effective           preservation planning is contained in the *Secretary of the Interior's           Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation*           (Department of the Interior 1983:44716-44720). Managers' and planners'           decisions should be based upon information that contributes to understanding           the historic contexts of significant archeological resources. Also to           achieving systematically defined priorities for identification, evaluation,           and treatment; and to integration of results into the agency's broader           planning processes. Structuring appropriate levels of survey to effectively           collect this information is the goal of properly designed identification           activities (Department of the Interior 1983:44720-44723). 

**Site Evaluation Standards           and Procedures**
 **Figure 4.** By the early               1900s, Federal managers, particularly in the General Land Office,               were pressing for authority to apply scientific management of archeological               preserves as to other kinds of resources within their jurisdictions.               The enormous mound excavations made during the 1930s, such as those               at 0cmulgee National Monument, had economic aspects as well as scientific               goals. Between 1962 and 1984 at least 12 more projects were conducted               to analyze these earlier data. Some of this work was completed under               contract to regional universities.
Site evaluation can and should be initiated during the           survey phase of a project. In the course of on-the-ground survey work,           some sites can be evaluated as significant and some can be evaluated           as not significant as these discovered properties are recorded. The           record of properties discovered becomes an inventory for evaluation           as site boundaries are defined and the range of property types and variety           of archeological features are established (Department of the Interior           1983:44723-44726). Recording is accomplished through mapping, shovel           testing, augering, excavation of one or more 50-centimeter to 1-meter           square, or larger, test units, or a combination of these or similar           sampling procedures. 

Survey procedures may produce sufficient information           to evaluate the recorded resources, particularly those that readily           appear to lack NRHP qualities. Conversely, where shovel tests or other           sampling procedures have established clear-cut evidence or supporting           data for meeting NRHP criteria, sites can be evaluated as eligible properties.           

The remainder, those sites or properties not evaluated           during the survey recording phase, will require evaluative testing.           For larger projects, and in cases where high site densities are discovered,           often the most economical way to accomplish this is through a separate           procurement following site discovery and recording. 

In either case, with site survey and recording or evaluative           testing, clearly stated recommendations about NRHP eligibility are required.           These recommendations must be supported by evidence that demonstrates           why a site can or cannot contribute to the theoretical and substantive           knowledge of archeology (NRHP Criterion d) (Butler 1987). The SOW for           any survey or site testing project must clearly state these evaluation           requirements and limitations to the offeror so that there will be no           misunderstanding as to what work is needed and how it is to be presented.           

Recommendations for further investigations beyond a           site evaluation program, such as impact assessment, must be *fully*           justified, otherwise they are inappropriate. In these cases, a phased           program of deliverables, tied to specific contractual milestones and           a phased payment system, is a good approach that allows for progress           monitoring and quality control. 

**NRHP Recommendations**Although a well written SOW will require a relevant,           professionally acceptable research design, one cannot assume that all           offerors will relate this requirement to site evaluation procedures,           NRHP eligibility recommendations, and the "ability" of a site to contribute           or not contribute to knowledge. Therefore, the SOW also must state clearly           and simply how recommendations about NRHP eligibility are to be developed           and justified in terms of research potential such that those recommendations           may be judged against an offeror's research design. It is suggested           that SOWs cite Butler's (1987) definition of significance and its application           to NRHP eligibility criteria and require any recommendations to concur           with that definition. It also is recommended that reference to and use           be made of the evaluation criteria and cultural contexts that have been           developed and stated in relevant State Historic Preservation Plans or           other State sanctioned documents that contain up-to-date regional research           designs. 

The determination of which sites may meet the criteria           for eligibility to the NRHP requires the analysis of all material and           data accumulated during a project, including comparative analysis and           the synthesizing of findings based upon previous investigations in the           region. Without these professionally acceptable procedures it may not           be possible to determine the research values of a site, and the report,           the contract product, may not meet professional standards. 

Consequently, the final report on the project will be           of little use or value to the Federal manager, the SHPO, and the professional           community. Limited research dollars will have been wasted, and the timely           reporting of results will have been hampered. 

**Curation Standards**Section C also should contain instructions on the curation           of artifacts and materials and should reference the curation standards           outlined in 36 CFR Part 79 and other agency specific curation guidelines.           

**Cost Estimates** Following the SHPO's concurrence with a proposed project           research design and other aspects of the SOW, the agency archeologist           can take direct steps to eliminate another of the common criticisms           concerning federally sponsored archeological projects and reports: the           estimation of project costs. 

Estimated costs should be an accurate reflection of           the required levels of labor, equipment, per diem, and travel necessary           to provide sufficient information and products to meet the goals of           a project. This would include not only the cost of conducting the on-the-ground           survey, but also the costs of materials analyses, data recovery, and           curation of collections. Estimated costs must also include elements           of work associated with comparison and syntheses of the investigation           results, as well as report preparation. 

**Section M and the           Proposal Evaluation Process**
**Figure 5.** Public interpretation               of ongoing archeological excavations was part of the research program               at Jamestown in the Colonial National Park, VA, during the 1930s.               Here it was shown how close collaboration between historical and               archeological studies provided new understanding about the past. Section M is a critical element of the RFP because it contains         detailed descriptions of the criteria that have been developed and will         be used to evaluate the submitted proposals. As a major participant in         the development and application of the proposal evaluation criteria, the         agency archeologist has yet another opportunity or mechanism to insure         that a project will satisfy legal and regulatory requirements and meet         professional standards. 
Proposal evaluation is an important process that requires           qualified evaluators who must exercise strict impartiality in the review           and scoring of proposals. Complete objectivity is an absolute necessity           in proposal evaluation, and each proposal must be judged on its own           merits, with no consideration of outside influences, such as evaluator           preferences or prejudices. To do otherwise defeats the goals of competitive           proposal procurement and may result in protests against an award. 

Careful development of proposal evaluation criteria           is important because the preparer must very thoughtfully select and           weight those aspects of a project that are critical to its successful           completion. The criteria selected must be based strictly on the requirements           and conditions presented in the RFP, as revealed primarily in the Section           C Scope of Work. Offerors should not be penalized for deficiencies in           the solicitation. 

The evaluation factors selected and listed in Section           M and the weights applied will depend principally on the type of project           to be conducted, the results desired, and the nature of the pool of           potential offerors. For some projects, field and laboratory aspects           of a project are most important and are assigned a greater weight and           require a stronger emphasis on personnel qualifications. Depending on           the nature of the project, greater attention or weight can be placed           on the evaluation criteria for research design, site evaluations, or           comparative analyses of material and data. In these cases, offerors           should be advised of the relative weight assigned to each evaluation           criterion because this enables each offeror to concentrate energy toward           the main objective(s) sought by the agency. 

Cost is usually not as important as technical factors           when procuring archeological services, but it is a factor that must           be evaluated and may be the determining factor in selecting the successful           offeror. Cost will normally not be the determining factor unless proposals           are essentially equal (Butler 1979:32). This does not mean that the           proposals in question must have the same technical score, but rather           that either proposal would fulfill the agency's minimum needs. Each           case must be judged on its own merits. A higher cost must be justified           by a product offering sufficient additional value to the agency to warrant           its additional cost. 

Evaluation of a project proposal is accomplished by           a Technical Evaluation Panel or TEP, formerly termed a Technical Proposal           Evaluation Committee or TPEC. The TEP members and the Panel Chair are           formally appointed by the Contracting Officer based on their particular           knowledge and skills (IAS-Denver 1979:24-25; Butler 1979:30-32). Prior           to proposal evaluation, the TEP members meet to review the Scope of           Work and proposal evaluation criteria. At this time, the Panel Chair           must inform the TEP of any other requirements and impress on the members           the absolute necessity of comparing in detail the contents of proposals           with the Section C Scope of Work and providing comments or questions           for all points of concern. 

Each TEP member must submit to the Contracting Officer,           through the Panel Chair, a signed non-disclosure agreement affirming           that he or she has no conflicts of interest regarding any offeror, and           that he or she will not divulge data or information within any offeror's           proposal to any other offeror or to any unauthorized person. 

The Panel Chair must prepare a memorandum of negotiations           prior to contract award, and to do so he or she must have sufficient           information concerning proposal evaluations. Thus, it is essential that           each TEP member complete each proposal evaluation in detail, providing           a written narrative that addresses each evaluation factor or element.           Positive as well as negative information must be supplied. It is not           sufficient for reviewers to leave questions blank or filled with "yes"           or "no" answers. To do so is a failure of the evaluator to provide the           required information. This could necessitate the reevaluation of proposals,           which could delay award of the contract and cause serious repercussions.           

**Other           Important Sections of the RFP**
 **Figure 6.** By the early               1970s, archeological preservation projects were extraordinarily               complex, not only in terms of research objectives but also with               regard to social impacts. At Fort Stanwix National Monument historical               archeology was conducted in an urban setting. The Urban Renewal               Agency of Rome, NY, completed archeological survey work, the City               of Rome and the National Park Service developed a Master Plan, and               the reconstruction project goal required integration of architectural,               documentary, and archeological information.
**Section F: Deliverables**Section F of the RFP, "Deliveries or Performance," provides           an opportunity to reinforce, but not repeat, the requirements presented           in Section C. Among other things, Section F enumerates the items to           be delivered to the Contracting Officer, including progress reports,           archeological site forms, maps, and the draft and final reports of investigations.           

Unless already specified in Section C, solicitations           should include in the list of deliverables a *minimum content outline*           for the draft final report. Offerors should be instructed to address           all topics listed in the outline in the draft report, along with any           additional topics the offeror wishes to propose. The required topics           should include a discussion and an accompanying assessment of the proposed           research design and field methods. This reiteration of the           research requirement should emphasize the importance of this aspect           of a project. 

If not covered in Section C, Section F should contain           instructions on minimum content of the technical proposal, including           an annotated outline of required or suggested headings, such as Cover           Page, Table of Contents, General Plan of Work, Management/Personnel,           Performance and Delivery Schedules, or other headings deemed appropriate           for the project. 

**Section H: Special           Contract Requirements** Section H contains publication limitations and standards,           what information is available within the Federal government for use           by the contractor, and any special requirements of a contract. 

**Section L: Instructions,           Conditions, and Notices to Offerors**This section of the RFP is important because it contains           specific instructions to offerors for the preparation of proposals.           It should contain general information and guidelines on the agency's           method for evaluating or rating of proposals, including technical requirements           and pricing. In order to emphasize their importance, specific reference           should be made in Section L to the technical evaluation criteria listed           in Section M, as discussed above. 

**Contract Award and           Monitoring**

After a contract is awarded, a meeting with the contractor           is highly recommended in order to facilitate a mutual understanding           of contract requirements and conditions. At this meeting the services           to be performed should be reviewed and any remaining questions and clarifications           resolved. Among other things, the Contracting Officer may discuss contract           conditions, security, and other administrative matters. The Contracting           Officer may want to discuss special safety measures, especially if a           military base is involved. For the agency archeologist, this meeting           presents an excellent opportunity to impress upon the contractor the           importance of research and its relationship to the evaluation of sites           according to NRHP criteria. 

After work has been started, contractor performance           must be monitored to insure conformity with the terms and conditions           of the contract and to insure that sufficient progress is being made           toward completion of the project (Butler 1979:31; IAS-Denver 1979:26).           Preparers of RFPs should insure that provisions for monitoring are included           in Section C or Section H. 

Field and laboratory monitoring provides yet another           opportunity to insure the professional acceptability of a report of           investigations. If an RFP is prepared properly and the successful proposal           addresses all requirements, the foundation has been laid for a successful           contract. However, to guarantee successful completion periodic monitoring           must be conducted throughout the life of the contract. Visits to the           field *are necessary* to determine if work is quantitatively and           qualitatively adequate. Similarly, laboratory monitoring will assure           that all required analyses and procedures are being performed and that           all data and information essential to execution of the research design           and preparation of a report are assembled. Proper monitoring should           reveal any deficiencies or other problems that can be corrected before           they become threats to the achievement of project goals. 

Monitoring during the report preparation phase may or           may not be as critical. If there were problems during preceding project           stages, the agency archeologist may elect to review various sections           of the draft report as they are prepared, particularly those pertaining           to the research and resource management aspects of the project. Any           omissions, deficiencies or other shortcomings can be corrected before           they impact the project schedule. 

**Report Review and           Acceptance**

Review of the draft report of investigations is a final           opportunity to remedy any remaining deficiencies, which should be minor           if individual sections have been previously reviewed. The draft report           should be submitted for peer review and provided to the SHPO for review           and comment. Communication with the SHPO is necessary to insure State           concurrence with project findings, conclusions, and recommendations           concerning legal and regulatory requirements. 

Archeologists may argue the finer points of interpretation,           but unless the legal aspects of a report fulfill the needs of those           who are required to make management decisions, dire consequences can           result, not the least of which may be the delay of critically needed           facilities and the loss of valuable time and money. Agency archeologists           must be careful, however, not to allow professional, i.e., interpretive,           disagreements to adversely affect contract performance and the ultimate           success of a project. 

**Conclusion**

This Technical Brief has been a discussion, with certain           observations and criticisms, on the Federal competitive procurement           process as a model that can be used in archeological contracting. It           has emphasized project-oriented archeological work and the development           and utilization of relevant criteria for the National Register of Historic           Places, especially with regard to the determination of what is important           and therefore "significant" in prehistory and history. Improved use           of the RFP competitive procurement process is a valuable way to provide           better and more innovative archeological investigations, evaluations,           and reports. Competitive proposals provide an opportunity to evaluate           differing ideas, plans, and approaches for conducting an archeological           investigation rather than merely responding to a rigid work description           or Scope of Work with a bottom line cost. 

**Acknowledgments**

The authors would like to thank all colleagues who supplied           review comments and constructive suggestions on earlier drafts of this           paper. In this regard, we are particularly grateful to Ted Birkedal,           Lloyd Chapman, and especially Bill Butler. We also express our sincere           thanks to Susan Cleveland and Fay Evans of the Contracting and Property           Management Branch, Southeast Regional Office, National Park Service,           who provided comments and suggestions on the draft and final manuscripts.           

*Editor's Note: Some program-oriented activities and           scenarios may involve inventory contracts where formal NRHP evaluations           are not immediately required. Alternative strategies for contracting           to meet these situations are topics for future discussion.*

**References Cited**

Anderson, David G., L. Janice Campbell, James E. Cobb,           John E. Ehrenhard, and Prentice M. Thomas, Jr.          1989       Historic Preservation Planning on           Military Bases: an Example from Fort Polk, Louisiana. Interaction, Special           Publication Number 3, Interagency Archeological Services Division, National           Park Service, Atlanta, GA. 

Butler, William B.          1978       Some Comments on Contracting within           the Federal Government: Types of Contracts. American Antiquity 43(4):741-746.           

1979       IAS Contracting           and the Contract Archeology Process. In *Scholars as Contractors*,           William J. Mayer-Oakes and Alice W. Portnoy, editors. Interagency Archeological           Services Division, National Park Service, Washington, DC. 

1987       Significance and           Other Frustrations in the CRM Process. *American Antiquity* 52(4):820-829.           

Department of the Interior          1983       The Secretary of the Interior's           Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. *Federal           Register* 48(190):44716-44740. 

1986       The Secretary of           the Interior's 20th Anniversary Report on the National Historic Preservation           Act. Report produced pursuant to requirements in Section 504 of the           Act, Washington, DC. 

AIS-Denver          1979       Interagency Archeological Services           Proposal Response Guidelines. In *Scholars as Contractors*, William           J. Mayer-Oakes and Alice W. Portnoy, editors. Interagency Archeological           Services Division, National Park Service, Washington, DC. 

Irwin-Williams, Cynthia, and Don D. Fowler          1986       *Regional Conferences, Summary           Report*. Society for American Archaeology Special Publication, Washington,           DC. 

Mayer-Oakes, William J.          1978       Research Design-Theoretical Uniformity,           Clarification or Stagnation? In *Scholars as Managers*, Alice W.           Portnoy, editor. Interagency Archeological Services, National Park Service,           Washington, DC. 

Mayer-Oakes, William J., and Alice W. Portnoy, editors          1979       *Scholars as Contractors*.           Interagency Archeological Services, National Park Service, Washington,           DC. 

McGimsey, Charles R. III, and Hester A. Davis, editors          1977       The Management of Archeological           Resources, The Airlie House Report. Special publication of the Society           for American Archaeology for the Interagency Archeological Services           Division, National Park Service, Washington, DC. 

Return to: Technical           Briefs            | **introduction**

**the                 problem**

**the                 competitive proposal process**

**section                 c: the scope of work**

**section                 m and the proposal evaluation process**

**other                 important sections of                 the rfp**

**contract                 award and monitoring**

**report                 review and acceptance**

**references                 cited**

**print                 version  **

**technical briefs                 index** |
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               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