Krimmel -- PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA SET, 1957-2000, AND BATHYMETRIC MEASUREMENTS FOR COLUMBIA GLACIER, ALASKA -- WRIR 01-4089

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4089 

science for a changing world 

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA SET, 

BATHYMETRIC MEASUREMENTS 

GLACIER, ALASKA 
CONTENTS 

Abstract.................................................................................................................................................. 1


Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1


Coordinate System......................................................................................................................... 2


Aerial Photography........................................................................................................................ 2


Photogrammetric Analysis of the Photography............................................................................. 2


Data Acquired ........................................................................................................................................ 3


Terminus Positions ........................................................................................................................ 3


Altitudes ........................................................................................................................................ 4


Displacements................................................................................................................................ 4


Lake Levels ................................................................................................................................... 5


Bathymetry .................................................................................................................................... 5


Calving .......................................................................................................................................... 5


Data Files and Storage ........................................................................................................................... 6


Other Sources for These Data Types ..................................................................................................... 7


Conclusions............................................................................................................................................ 7


References.............................................................................................................................................. 8


FIGURES 

Figure 1.Map showing Columbia Glacier, Alaska ................................................................................ 9

Figure 2.Columbia Glacier as imaged by Landsat Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) 

on August 26, 1978..........................................................................................................................10

Figure 3.Columbia Glacier as imaged by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) on September 26, 1999 ... 11

Figure 4.Vertical photographic mosaic of a portion of Columbia Glacier, September 18, 2000 ..........12

Figure 5.Grid showing Columbia Glacier vertical photography flights ................................................ 13

Figure 6.Map showing selected Columbia Glacier terminus positions from 1974-2000 ......................14

Figure 7.Graph showing Columbia Glacier width-averaged length from 1976-2000........................... 15

Figure 8.Graph showing seasonal deviations in the length of Columbia Glacier.................................. 16

Figure 9.Graph showing Columbia Glacier surface altitudes at L52 on flight dates from 1983-2000.. 17

Figure 10.Graph showing seasonal height deviations at L52 on Columbia Glacier.............................. 18

Figure 11.Graph showing height change of Columbia Glacier surface along the centerline. ............... 19

Figure 12.Graph showing surface lowering in a stagnant ice area of the lower Columbia Glacier ...... 20

Figure 13.Map showing Columbia Glacier surface displacements for the interval 

August 13 to September 7, 1994 (flights 88-89) .............................................................................21

Figure 14.Graph showing speed at the L50 point on Columbia Glacier, 1977-97 ................................ 22

Figure 15.Graph showing seasonal speed deviations at L50 .................................................................23

Figure 16.Graph showing annual speed of Columbia Glacier along centerline for 

measurement years (September through the following August) 1978, 1993, and 1999.................. 24

Figure 17.Graph showing level of Kadin and Terentiev Lakes near Columbia Glacier........................ 25

Figure 18.Map showing bathymetric measurement locations and contours of water 

depth in Columbia Glacier forebay.................................................................................................. 26

Contents iii

Figure 19.Grid showing Columbia Glacier “ice-to-calved” for the epoch from 

August 13 to September 7, 1984 (flights 88-89) .............................................................................27

Figure 20.Graph showing calving rate at Columbia Glacier 1976-95...................................................28

Figure 21.Graph showing seasonal calving rate deviations for Columbia Glacier................................29

TABLES 

Table 1. Columbia Glacier vertical photography flights .......................................................................30

Table 2. An example of positions along the Columbia Glacier ice-water interface 

from the terminus file, in UTM eastings and northings, a portion of the file for 13AUG94...........35

Table 3. Columbia Glacier profile point locations from L46 to L57, and local transverse 

profiles at the L points .....................................................................................................................36

Table 4. A sampling of Columbia Glacier surface altitude points from file KMALT ..........................37

Table 5. A sampling of Columbia Glacier surface displacement between two dates 

(13AUG94 and 07SEP94) ............................................................................................................... 38

Table 6. A sampling of Columbia Glacier speed................................................................................... 39

Table 7. A sampling of Columbia Glacier “ice-to-be-calved” (File 088C)........................................... 40

Table 8. Terminus position files for Columbia Glacier.........................................................................42

Table 9. Altitude files for Columbia Glacier ........................................................................................43

Table 10. Displacement files for Columbia Glacier ..............................................................................44

Table 11. Speed files for Columbia Glacier........................................................................................... 45

Table 12. “Ice-to-be-calved” files for Columbia Glacier....................................................................... 46

iv Contents 
Photogrammetric Data Set, 1957-2000, 

and Bathymetric Measurements for 

Columbia Glacier, Alaska 

By Robert M. Krimmel 

ABSTRACT 

Major changes in the length, speed, surface 

altitude, and calving rate of Columbia Glacier, 

Alaska have been recorded with stereo vertical 

photography acquired on 119 dates from 1957 to 

2000. Photogrammetric analysis of this 

photographic record has resulted in precise 

measurement of these changes. From 1982 to 

2000 Columbia Glacier retreated 12 kilometers, 

reduced its thickness by as much as 400 meters, 

increased its speed from about 5 to 30 meters per 

day, and increased its calving rate from 3 to 

18 million cubic meters per day. All 

photogrammetric data for Columbia Glacier from 

1957 to 2000 are included in this report, as well as 

supplemental data of ice-dammed lake surface 

levels, stagnant ice ablation rate, forebay 

bathymetry, ground control, and camera 

calibrations. These data are contained in 481 files, 

all preserved on a CD-ROM included with this 

report. 

INTRODUCTION 

Columbia Glacier enters an inlet in northern 

Prince William Sound in south central Alaska about 

20 kilometers (km) west of Port Valdez, Alaska (fig. 1). 

This tidewater glacier, about 1,100 square kilometers 

(km2) in area, has changed very rapidly since 1980, 

and rapid change contines to the date of this report. 

Icebergs produced when Columbia Glacier calves 

sometimes enter shipping lanes, tourism has developed 

around the glacier, and the rapid changes have 

generated scientific interest. 

An important tool used in the studies of 

Columbia Glacier is aerial photography and associated 

photogrammetric measurements. The use of 

photogrammetry for Columbia Glacier measurements 

is described in Meier and others (1985). 

Photogrammetric results for 1957–81 are given by 

Fountain (1982), and for 1982–92 by Krimmel (1987, 

1992). The purpose of this report is to make available 

the existing photogrammetric data for Columbia 

Glacier that have not been previously published. In 

addition, data from the three earlier Columbia Glacier 

photogrammetric data reports are included in this 

report so that users of this material will have all data 

within one report. These previously published data are 

restricted to the point data only; neither the calculated 

nor gridded speed data are given. Data in this report 

require a modest level of programming resource to be 

fully utilized. 

For illustrative purposes some Landsat satellite 

imagery (figs. 2, 3) is included in this report. Landsat 

has sufficient resolution to be useful in determining the 

terminus position, and for some instances can be used 

for speed measurements, but no attempt has been made 

to comprehensively include available Landsat or 

derived terminus positions or speeds in this report. 

Ice dynamic modeling efforts, for which the 

material in this report is targeted, also require ice 

thickness data. For this reason the available water depth 

measurements in the forebay (which was ice filled 

when these data were initiated) are included. The water 

depth measurements are entirely independent of 

photogrammetry. These data are contained in 481 files, 

all preserved on a CD-ROM included with this report. 

This is the final report for the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) portion of National Science Foundation grant 

OPP-9614505 awarded to the USGS and INSTAAR 

(University of Colorado). 

Abstract 1 
Coordinate System 

The North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27), 

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection, zone 

6 is used as horizontal reference. The National 

Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 is used as vertical 

reference, and may be referred to simply as “sea level”. 

A curvilinear coordinate system along the 

approximate center of the glacier, with 0 km (zero) at 

the head of the glacier (fig. 1) is used to describe 

locations along the center of the glacier. These 

locations are referred to by an “L” (for Longitudinal), 

followed by a number that gives the distance from the 

head of the glacier. For example, “L50” indicates a 

location near the centerline of the glacier 50 km from 

the head along the centerline. 

The software associated with the analytical 

stereo plotter used to produce most of the data in this 

report calculated UTM coordinates to three decimal 

digits (millimeters). These “over-precise” numbers 

have been retained. Usually, X, Y, and Z values may be 

rounded to the nearest meter with no loss to the true 

precision. The six digit (X) and seven digit (Y) UTM 

characteristic values have been retained, but constants 

could be subtracted with no loss to the precision. 

Aerial Photography 

Photographs used for the photogrammetric 

measurements given in this report were stereo vertical 

using 9-inch film in calibrated cameras with a nominal 

focal length of 6 inches (150 mm). Flight altitude 

ranged from 2,000 m to 9,000 m, but the most frequent 

altitude was about 7,000 m. The flight altitude was 

selected to give the coverage and detail needed. This 

usually required sufficient height that one photograph 

would span the width of the glacier and include ground 

control points on each side of the glacier. For some 

purposes multiple flight altitudes were used on the 

same day, which allowed ground control from the 

smaller scale photography to control more detailed 

larger scale photography that did not show any 

permanent control points. Photography prior to 

October 1991 was black and white, after which color 

(fig. 4) was sometimes used. Original negatives are in 

archives of the GeoData Center of the Geophysical 

Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 

Alaska. 

Photogrammetric Analysis of the 

Photography 

Diapositives (first generation positive contact 

reproductions on transparent plastic material) were 

used as the working medium for all photogrammetric 

measurements. The working diapositives with ground 

control, passpoint, and feature annotation are 

preserved. All the photogrammetric measurements 

reported by Krimmel (1992) and subsequent 

measurements were made by the author or people 

under his direct supervision. The methodology used for 

the photogrammetry was similar to that described by 

Meier and others (1985) with one major difference. 

The transfer of points (ground control and ice features) 

between different dates of photography that resulted in 

data described by Fountain (1982) and by Krimmel 

(1987), which included all the data referenced by Meier 

and others (1985), was made using different dates of 

photography on the respective sides of a stereo 

comparator with a floating point used for reference, 

and then marking the points with a 30-mm drill. 

Instead, for this photogrammetry the “different date” 

points transferred using a method of superposition. The 

rotationally oriented through-lighted and magnified 

diapositives were shifted relative to each other until 

surface patterns coincided, and then the similar feature 

was marked on both diapositives using a third basal 

layer marked with a reference point (equivalent to the 

floating point). The earlier method and this method 

used the same information, but in a somewhat different 

way. In this method the diapositives were marked with 

a carefully sharpened straight pin, leaving a pit about 

100 mm in diameter. This method depended on 

diapositives of similar scale and of similar emulsion 

density, both of which could be manipulated during the 

photographic reproduction process when necessary. 

Mistakes may occur. During the process of 

following features from date to date, feature pairs are 

matched on the diapositives for each of the two dates. If 

the respective feature identification is confused, 

displacements may show errors of several hundred 

meters or more. These mistakes are usually very 

evident when displacements are converted to vectors, 

and are then corrected. A mistake may also occur when 

what is thought to be the same feature on respective 

dates, in fact is not. This type of mistake may be as 

much several hundred meters, in which case it can 

easily be seen and removed; or a few meters or less, in 

which case it would make a contribution to 

2 Photogrammetric Data Set, 1957-2000, and Bathymetric Measurements for Columbia Glacier, Alaska 
measurement errors. The results were reviewed and 

obvious mistakes removed, but some may remain. 

Vectors that do not conform to nearby vectors should be 

suspect and may be removed from the data set. 

Mistakes are not considered to be errors. 

Errors are inherent in photogrammetric 

methodology, and independently, in the identification of 

features in the sequential photography. An interior 

orientation corrects for systematic errors in lens and 

film distortion. A relative orientation corrects for earth 

curvature and refraction, and forms a 3-dimensional 

“model”. The models are joined using SIMBA (Olsen, 

1975), a photogrammetric block adjustment package, 

and then tied to ground control in an absolute 

orientation which results in residuals that can be used to 

estimate the photogrammetric accuracy of measured 

points relative to the ground. The residuals typically 

suggest a photogrammetric accuracy of 2–4 m in both 

the horizontal and vertical for well-defined points. 

Additional error is introduced during the identification 

of the same point on different dates. The features 

change between the flight dates because of ablation or 

snow accumulation and deformation, and change in sun 

angle may give features a different appearance. A 

somewhat subjective accuracy of 3 m in location was 

assigned to a well-defined point, and 4 m to the length 

of a displacement vector (which requires two location 

measurements, and the identification of the same 

point). 

The software that is used for the photogrammetry yields values to the millimeter. In many of 

the tables and associated files, insignificant digits are 

retained. 

DATA ACQUIRED 

Vertical aerial photography covering all or part of 

Columbia Glacier was obtained 119 times beginning in 

1957 (117 times since mid 1976) until late 2000 (fig. 5, 

table 1). Nearly all of this photography was subjected to 

photogrammetric analysis, and whenever possible the 

terminus position, altitudes at some systematic grid of 

points, ice displacements from some previous 

photography date, area of glacier calved from the 

previous flight date, and the surface level of two icedammed lakes was measured. 

Terminus Positions 

Numerous points are measured at the ice/water 

contact along the terminus (table 2). The connection of 

these points is a map of the terminus configuration. The 

terminus is not always definable because in some 

photographs it is difficult to determine where the ice 

has separated from the glacier. In that case, points are 

picked subjectively to make a continuous terminus 

configuration. A selection of these terminus 

configurations is shown on figure 6. The terminus 

position is reduced to a single number to represent the 

glacier length on the particular date by width averaging 

it along the active ice front. This is a subjective task 

despite attempts to be objective (Meier and others, 

1985, p. F16; Krimmel, 1992, p. 4) as the glacier has 

changed, subsequent objective width-averaging 

methods have become obsolete and new ones have been 

be devised. Since 1992 a consistent width-averaging 

method was not used, but rather a subjective 

determination of glacier length relative to the previous 

terminus position has been made, and with reference to 

the L points. The accuracy of the glacier length 

(table 1) is estimated to be 50 m, which is mainly 

because of contribution from the width-averaging 

system. Even with this large uncertainty, neither the 

long-term trend of a dramatically shortening 

(retreating) glacier nor the higher frequency length 

changes is lost (fig. 7). 

Overlying the retreat trend is a cyclic length 

change in which advance is followed by greater retreat. 

This cyclic length change is assumed to be seasonally 

driven. A hand-drawn line though the time-length plot 

(fig. 7) approximates the length trend without the 

influence of the cyclic length change. This hand-drawn 

curve can be defined by x, y points along the line, 

producing a highly segmented line that can be 

subtracted from the measured lengths. The residual 

lengths, plotted as a function of the time of year along 

the abscissa (fig. 8) show a strong trend for a long 

(advanced) glacier in early summer, and a short 

(retreated) glacier in late fall or early winter. In an 

attempt to determine any change in the timing (within 

the year) or amplitude of the seasonal length change as 

the retreat has progressed, the residual lengths were 

divided into two periods: from 1975 through 1984, and 

from 1985 through 2000. A 4th degree polynomial, 

constrained to be periodic, was fit through both 

segments of values, which suggest that the time of 

maximum length has advanced from early June to early 

August, and the amplitude of the seasonal length 

change has increased by a factor of two. 

Data Acquired 3 
Altitudes 

Surface altitude is easily measured when the 

surface is fractured with crevasses or is otherwise 

rough. The height of a “point” is never measured, but 

rather the measurement is to a surface of finite area. 

The area of the surface measured is a function of the 

photography scale, plotter magnification, surface stereo 

fusion, and the photogrammetrist. Typically, the 

surface area included in a height measurement at 

Columbia Glacier is a circle with poorly defined outer 

limits and about 15 m in diameter. The surface 

roughness is averaged within that area. The height 

measurements are ordinarily biased toward the top of 

the seracs rather than some distance into the crevasses. 

An advantage of stereo photography is that the 

determination of a complete altitude field is 

theoretically possible. A common 2-dimensional 

display of an altitude field is a contour map. No attempt 

was made to create contour maps from any of the 

Columbia Glacier photography described in this report. 

Instead, measurement of height was confined to predetermined specific X, Y locations. All measurements 

carry X, Y, and Z values, but the X, Y values always 

differ slightly from the X, Y of the nominally defined 

point locations. This variation in X, Y never exceeds 

the 15 m diameter “window”, and does not alter the 

subsequent analyses of the height data. The nominal X, 

Y locations were designed to allow the creation of a 

time series of height change in important zones, or 

along the centerline of the glacier. In an attempt to 

reduce the effect of surface roughness and 

measurement inaccuracy, clusters of nearby 

measurements were sometimes averaged. The locations 

of features used to measure displacements (discussed 

in the next section) also carry a Z value that may also 

be used to determine the altitude field. However, the 

displacement features were not at consistent X, Y 

locations; thus it complicates analysis of the changing 

altitude field, and furthermore, these Z values were not 

specifically biased toward the serac tops. 

Beginning in 1991, height measurements were 

made along transverse profiles at the L points (tables 3, 

4; fig. 9). The transverse profiles consisted of 10 points 

spaced at 100 m on a line normal to the centerline. 

From 1983 to 1991 heights were measured at 100-m 

intervals in the east-west direction along UTM 

northings at 0.5 or 1.0 km intervals (Krimmel, 1992, 

p. 21–51). The 10 points of each of the 1991–2000 

transverse profiles were averaged, and 10 points in 

nearly equivalent areas from each of the 1983–91 

measurements were averaged, and results are plotted 

for L52 on figure 9. The long-term trend is for a 

thinning glacier. But the trend is by no means 

smooth—there are fluctuations within the thinning 

trend that are much larger than the measurement 

inaccuracies. The long-term thinning trend was 

removed by assuming that these fluctuations are driven 

seasonally and applying a method similar to that used 

with that glacier length time series (fig. 10). This 

suggests, but perhaps only marginally, that the glacier 

is thicker in early spring and thinner in the fall. The 

long-term height change over the entire length of the 

glacier is shown on figure 11. Near the receding 

terminus (wherever it may be) the height decreases 

about 20 m per year. 

An area was picked where the ice had stagnated 

as the glacier retreated (shown as A on fig. 6). Within 

this area ice flow was negligible. A grid of 20 nominal 

X, Y points was established, and heights were 

measured on a series of late summer or early fall dates. 

The rate of change in the average height of all the 

points within the grid on each date represents the 

annual ice ablation (the net balance at that point) of 

about 9 m per year between 1983 and 1996 (fig. 12). 

Displacements 

In many areas the general appearance of the 

serac/crevasse patterns is preserved for several months, 

or even years, and is carried along with the flowing ice. 

Specific crevasses or seracs can be followed, date to 

date, and their locations measured on both dates. 

Depending mainly on the length of interval and region 

of the glacier, the density of displacement 

measurements may range from 1 to 20 per km2, with 

resulting vectors from a few meters to a few kilometers 

in length. An example of displacement vectors is 

shown on figure 13. The interval shown on figure 13 

(August 13, 1994, to September 7, 1994) was short 

enough that displacements of icebergs in the brash 

matrix of the forebay could also be measured. The 

location of the measurements (table 5), that is, the end 

point of either end of the vector, was not consistent 

from flight interval to interval. Instead enough 

measurements were made so that displacements for 

specific locations could be interpolated from nearby 

locations. This interpolation was normally done using 

the derived speed vectors (table 6). As an example, 

4 Photogrammetric Data Set, 1957-2000, and Bathymetric Measurements for Columbia Glacier, Alaska 
interpolated speeds at L50 from 1977 to 1997 are 

shown on figure 14, where the large increase in speed 

over the time period is obvious. As with the terminus 

and the height data, the long-term speed increase can 

be removed, leaving speed deviations, separated into 

the periods 1977 though 1984 and 1985 through 1997, 

which are assumed to be seasonally cyclic. They are 

plotted on figure 15 and suggest high speed in spring 

and low speed in fall. Seasonal speed changes have 

continued this cyclic trend throughout the retreat, but 

with an increase in amplitude as the retreat has 

progressed. The fit curves on figure 15 are 3rd degree 

polynomials, not constrained to be periodic. The longterm speed change is plotted on figure 16. 

The measurements that are used for 

displacements include a Z value, which may be useful 

for determining the vertical displacement of the ice, but 

those Z values are less reliable than those 

measurements made specifically for height. 

Lake Levels 

The water level of ice-dammed Terentiev Lake 

(adjacent to L62) and Kadin Lake (adjacent to L54) 

fluctuated during the terminus retreat through the 

forebay (see fig. 1 for locations). Few data exist prior to 

1976, but presumably the lake levels were either stable 

or had periodic outbursts followed by refill to 

approximately the previous level. During the retreat 

both lakes had numerous outbursts, followed by 

subsequent refilling. By 1992 the Terentiev Lake level 

had stabilized at 13 m and will likely remain a 

freshwater lake, and by 2000 the Kadin Lake level had 

reached a low level of 15 m, but because ice still 

covered the outlet the lowest possible level is unknown. 

The fill-outburst cycles of both lakes had a lowering 

trend during the retreat, with a lowering of about 8.5 m 

per year (fig. 17). 

Bathymetry 

During the period when most of the speed and 

surface altitude measurements were made, the ice 

thickness and fiord bottom topography were unknown, 

or at best were inferred from radar (Brown and others, 

1986) or modeling efforts (Rasmussen, 1989). 

Prevalent icebergs and compact brash ice in the forebay 

prevented the use of boat or helicopter-borne 

fathometers. In late summer or fall of 1995, 1996, and 

1997 the forebay became mostly clear of floating ice, 

and a boat-borne fathometer was used to measure water 

depth at numerous discrete places to within a few 

hundred meters of the terminus ice cliff. No 

satisfactory explanation for the relatively ice-free 

forebay during those times is known. 

A generalization of the bathymetry data is shown 

on figure 18, where contours are used to represent the 

forebay bottom. The contours were formed 

automatically using a 200-m grid formed using the 

Kriging method. Dots on figure 18 indicate the position 

of soundings. Users of these data should not rely on 

figure 18, but rather should refer to the entire 

bathymetric data set prior to any rigorous application. 

Calving 

The ice lost by calving at the terminus could 

sometimes be measured directly between flight dates. 

This required that the ice at the terminus on the second 

date be identified on the first date. This allowed the 

“ice-to-be-calved” to be surrounded by numerous 

points along the perimeter, that is, the top of the ice 

cliff at the terminus and an irregular line some distance 

up glacier from the terminus (fig. 19). This procedure 

was possible for most intervals from 1978–94. An 

example of an “ice-to-be-calved” file is shown in 

table 7. 

The thickness of the “ice-to-be-calved” was 

taken as the average Z of all the perimeter points added 

to the average of all the gridded bathymetric values that 

were under the upper surface. The calved volume was 

taken to be the thickness times the number of 200-m 

grid points times 40,000 m2. Rate of calving is plotted 

on figure 20. The rate of calving has increased by a 

factor of 6 since the retreat began. The assumed 

seasonal cycle in the rate of calving is determined in a 

fashion similar to that of seasonal cycles in glacier 

length and speed, and if anything, is greater in the fall 

and reduced in the spring (fig. 21). The seasonal 

maximum rate of calving has tended to become later in 

the fall, with an increased magnitude between 

minimum and maximum rate as the retreat has 

progressed. The pre-1985 and post-1986 curves 

(fig. 21) are both unstrained 3rd degree polynomials. 

Data Acquired 5 
DATA FILES AND STORAGE 

The fundamental data are the photographic 

negatives. Data extracted from the stereo photography 

are preserved on optically readable medium, that being 

a CD-ROM formatted for MS Windows operation 

systems, a copy of which is included with this report. 

All files, except for images and the report text, are 

space-delimited ASCII. Any software capable of 

importing an ASCII text file should be able to read 

these files. No software is included in this report or on 

the CD-ROM. 

All files are in one directory. The file names 

describe the file contents, thus it is important that files 

are not renamed without first somehow identifying the 

contents. Files were named with no systematic use of 

letter case. In the originating operating system 

(MSDOS) the letter case was ignored. Some operating 

systems may require a specific letter case, which may 

be determined by trial. The file structure, content, and 

names evolved though the period of this work and no 

attempt was made to improve upon these (other than to 

assure consistency). The stereo plotter software gave a 

line-by-line output that included four values: an integer 

identification which could be manually set, a real x, a 

real y, and a real z. The integer identification was 

retained even when it is meaningless. 

Files with names of the form nnnT, where nnn is 

the flight number, contain terminus position data. Each 

file is in the form: C1 = an integer value of no use, 

C2 = a real value of UTM X, C3 = a real value of UTM 

Y, and C4 = a real value, usually near zero, of little use. 

Table 8 lists these files. No file exists for flight 078 

because photogrammetry was never done on this flight, 

which was 2 days after flight 077, or for flight 110 

because the quality was poor. Files for flights 075 and 

earlier are identical to those of Fountain, 1982, and 

Krimmel, 1987 and 1992. 

Files with names of the form nnnP (table 9), 

where nnn is the flight number, are surface altitude data 

along profiles that also appeared in Krimmel, 1992 

(Appendix 1). Each file is in the form of: C1 = a three 

or four digit integer number. The three digits, or if a 

four digit number, then the first three digits, is the 

central three digits in the seven digit UTM northing. If 

there is a fourth digit, a “1” indicates that the point is at 

the east or west end of the profile; if the fourth digit is a 

“0”, it is a point along the profile but beyond the edge 

of the glacier. C2 = UTM X, C3 = UTM Y, and C4 = Z. 

File KMALT is a large file and includes all the 

altitude data taken at the specific profile points (table 3 

is an example of the points). In this file C1 = flight 

number, C2 = UTM X, C3 = UTM Y, and C4 = Z. 

Table 9 gives the flight numbers for which these data 

were taken, and the number of points on each of those 

flight dates. For some dates and profiles redundant data 

exist because the same profile was measured on 

adjacent stereo models. Table 4 is a sample of these 

data. 

Files with names of the form aaaV-bbb, bbbVaaa (table 10), where aaa and bbb are the flight 

numbers, contain positions of points used for 

displacements; aaa is the number of the first flight and 

bbb is the number of the second flight. A few of these 

file names carry a single letter extension that is used 

when additional flight lines (for instance, for additional 

coverage or at a different scale) are flown on the same 

day and carry the same flight number. Table 5 is a 

portion of one of these files to show a sample of the file 

contents. Each file is in the form: C1 = an integer value 

that identifies the point, the equivalent point number is 

used in the subsequent (or preceding) flight, C2 = a real 

value of UTM X, C3 = a real value of UTM Y, C4 = a 

real value of Z. These files always occur in pairs; for 

instance, file 085V-086 contains the first location of 

points used to measure displacements from flight 085 

to 086 and file 086v-085 contains the second location 

of points used to measure displacements from flight 

085 to 086. The flight numbers, are usually, but not 

always, consecutive. Files with names of the form 

Gnnn, where nnn is a flight number are of points used 

for displacement prior to flight 036 and are of the form: 

C1 = a integer giving a point identification that is 

unique to a particular point from the first date on which 

it is located until it was no longer found on subsequent 

flight dates. When a point is lost, the same number may 

be used again on later dates. C2 = a real value of UTM 

X, C3 = a real value of UTM Y, and C4 = Z. Files for 

flight 075 and earlier are identical to those of Fountain, 

1982, and Krimmel, 1987 and 1992. 

Files of the form Vaaa-bbb (table 11), where aaa 

and bbb are the flight numbers, contain velocity data 

for the indicated interval. Table 6 is a portion of one of 

these files as an example of the file content. These data 

are derived from the respective pairs of aaaV-bbb and 

bbbV-aaa files. The file columns are defined in table 6. 

A few of these file names carry a single letter extension 

which is used when additional flight lines (for instance 

for additional coverage or at a different scale) flown on 

the same day and carry the same flight number. These 

6 Photogrammetric Data Set, 1957-2000, and Bathymetric Measurements for Columbia Glacier, Alaska 
velocity data are presented to demonstrate the high ice 

speeds at Columbia Glacier. Users of these data may 

wish to derive their own velocity files, in different 

formats or with different output, from the respective 

displacement files. 

Files of the form nnnC (table 12), where nnn is 

the flight number, are “ice-to-be-calved” files. The 

flight number is the first of the pair of flight dates 

required. The interval is always to the next flight, but 

with one exception: file 077C is the “ice-to-be-calved” 

from flight 077 to flight 079. Table 7 is a portion of one 

of these files as an example of the file content. Each of 

the nnnC files is in the form: C1 = an integer value of 

no use, C2 = a real value of UTM X, C3 = a real value 

of UTM Y, and C4 = a real value of Z. These X, Y 

points form the perimeter of the “ice-to-be-calved” (see 

fig. 19). The Z values are measured to an average upper 

ice surface. 

Files KMPTS, ABLATION, LKLEV, BATH, 

BATHGRID, CONTPTS, and CAMFILES are one of a 

kind, and are described in the next paragraphs. Each of 

these files contains header information describing its 

contents. 

File KMPTS contains the nominal point 

locations for the altitude profiles used beginning in 

1991 (the locations of altitudes given in file KMALT). 

File ABLATION is the ice surface level in a 

stagnant ice area (box A on figure 6) on several dates. 

File LKLEV is the surface level of Terentiev and 

Kadin Lakes. 

File BATH contains all the bathymetric 

measurements from Columbia forebay. 

File BATHGRID contains the bathymetric 

measurements from BATH gridded to a 200-m grid 

using a Kriging method. 

File CONTPTS contains the ground control used 

in the photogrammetry. 

File CAMFILES contains all available camera 

calibration reports used for the photogrammetry 

discussed in this report. Individual calibration reports 

(table 1) may be extracted from this text file. Table 1 

references a calibration report for each flight. 

The files with an extension of .tif are similar to 

the cover photograph and figures 2–4. File TEXT.doc 

is a MS word file containing the text of the report. 

OTHER SOURCES FOR THESE DATA 

TYPES 

Terminus position may be recorded by any good 

observer with a good vantage and camera. Commercial 

air traffic routes offer pilots and passengers good views 

of the terminus of Columbia Glacier on days with clear 

weather. Charter and private aircraft are also frequently 

in the vicinity of the terminus. Certainly many 

photographs exist that would serve to help map the 

terminus between the times of the vertical photography 

described in this report. No solicitation for such 

photographs were made, nor were the USGS files 

perused for random photographs of this type. 

Space-borne radar, which has capability of 

observation when clouds prevent visible light viewing 

and during dark, often has resolution sufficient to show 

the terminus position of Columbia Glacier, but no 

effort has been made for this report to find the existing 

imagery. The Landsat series of satellites is restricted to 

observations during daylight and fair weather and also 

has sufficient resolution for useful terminus recording. 

The early Landsats were with a 80-m pixel, and of 

limited use at Columbia Glacier. With the advent of 30-

m pixel size, or 15-m with Landsat 7, the terminus can 

easily be mapped. An exhaustive search for available 

satellite data was not intended, but a portion of a 1978 

image from the short-lived Return Beam Vidicon 

Sensor (fig. 2) and one Landsat 7 image (fig. 3) were 

included. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Aerial photography and subsequent 

photogrammetric measurements have proven to be a 

very practical method to obtain extensive data 

concerning the static and dynamic geometry of 

Columbia Glacier. 

Although it is not the intent of this report to 

determine processes that cause these changes in 

Columbia Glacier, I will go beyond a presentation of 

raw and condensed data and point out possible causes 

of some of the observations. 

Changes in the terminus position (the glacier 

length) are an easy observation to make but are not an 

important consideration in the process of the changes, 

but rather, are only a consequence of speed and 

calving. The seasonal changes in glacier length are a 

result of seasonal changes in speed and calving. 

Other Sources for These Data Types 7 
Feedback from the terminus position may be important 

to the dynamics, if for instance, changing length 

resulted in changing basal drag. Likewise, changing 

height is a consequence only of changing glacier 

length—the mechanical properties of ice do not allow a 

terminal ice cliff several hundred meters high. The 

seasonal changes in height are caused by winter snow 

and summer ablation, or possibly dynamics effects. 

Feedback from the changes in ice thickness may be 

important because of resulting changes in pressure on 

the bed. The thinning of the glacier in the active areas 

(20 m or more per year) is much greater than in 

stagnant areas (9 m per year). Ice ablation rate (see 

fig. 12) and the general trend of the lowering of 

Terentiev and Kadin Lakes (see fig. 17) were all very 

similar to each other, suggesting a simple ice thickness 

control of the lake levels. Ablation area thinning from 

1957–74 was a few meters or less, which suggests that 

the glacier was in climatic equilibrium for at least 

2 decades prior to the onset of the rapid retreat: that is, 

the ice emergence term nearly matched the net balance. 

This data set is large and complex. In its purest 

form it can be reduced to the original film negatives. 

The negatives represent the condition of the glacier at 

an instant in time, and of course, the time series of 

negatives represents a time series of the glacier 

conditions. By adding photogrammetric analysis of this 

photographic record, the time series can be described 

numerically. Only a small portion of the information 

that is inherent in the photography has been extracted. 

Additional displacement data, and particularly 

additional height data, could be extracted, perhaps best 

by the automated methods that have come into use in 

the 1990’s. Interpretations made here are not intended 

to be the “last word”—new and better interpretations 

may be made and are welcomed. For example, a 

different approach to the width-averaging problem 

could result in a significantly different length-time 

function and suggest new retreat mechanisms; or by 

resegmenting the time-dependent length, height, speed, 

and calving records, different shifts in the assumed 

seasonal patterns and amplitudes may become evident. 

This photographic record is the longest and most 

detailed that exists for any tidewater glacier, and 

because we cannot revisit the past, but rather rely only 

on records from the past, will become more valuable as 

it ages. If Columbia Glacier ultimately retreats through 

its fiord completely, and the fiord bed is mapped, then 

future generations of glaciologists will have a rich data 

set of glacier geometry and dynamics to model. It is my 

hope that this photographic data set and data in this 

report, or additionally extracted data, will be the 

impetus for that use, and may play a part in answering 

major questions concerning past, present, and future 

ice sheet stability. 

REFERENCES 

Brown, C.S., Rasmussen, L.A., and Meier, M.F., 1986, Bed 

topography inferred from airborne radio-echo sounding 

of Columbia Glacier, Alaska: U.S. Geological 

Professional Paper 1258-G, 26 p. 

Flamarrion, Camille, 1880, Astronomie Populaire—revised 

by Gabrielle Camille Flammarion and Andre Danjon, 

1955-1960; translated into English by Annabel Pagel 

and Bernard Pagel: Simon and Schuster, New York, 

1964, 670 pages. 

Fountain, A.G., 1982, Columbia Glacier photogrammetric 

altitude and velocity: Data set (1957–1981): U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-756, 225 p. 

Krimmel, R.M., 1987, Columbia Glacier photogrammetric 

data set: 1981-1982 and 1984-1985: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 87-219, 104 p. 

Krimmel, R.M., 1992, Photogrammetric determination of 

surface altitude, velocity, and calving rate of Columbia 

Glacier, Alaska, 1983-91: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 92-104, 72 p. 

Meier, M.F., Rasmussen, L.A., Krimmel, R.M., Olsen, R.W., 

and Frank, David, 1985, Photogrammetric 

determination of surface altitude, terminus position, and 

ice velocity of Columbia Glacier, Alaska: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1258-F, 41 p. 

Olsen, R.W., 1975, Simultaneous block adjustment of 

models: U.S. Geological Survey Computer Program 

H-276. 

Rasmussen, L.A., 1989, Surface velocity variations of the 

lower part of Columbia Glacier, Alaska, 1977-1981: 

U.S. Geological Professional Paper 1258-H, 52 p. 

8 Photogrammetric Data Set, 1957-2000, and Bathymetric Measurements for Columbia Glacier, Alaska 
FIGURES


Figure 1. Columbia Glacier, Alaska. 

[Broad arrows show approximate direction of flow, numerals near solid circles (L points) indicate the distance from head 

of glacier along the centerline, in kilometers, dashed box indicates the lower reach area over which the aerial photography 

was concentrated.] 

9 
Figure 2. Columbia Glacier as imaged by Landsat Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) on August 26, 1978. 

10 
Figure 3. Columbia Glacier as imaged by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) on September 26, 1999. 

Vegetation appears red in this false color band combination. Note the change in the medial moraines between 

1978 (figure 2) and 1999 near the image center. 

11 
.


Figure 4. Vertical photographic mosaic of a portion of Columbia Glacier, September 18, 2000 

12

Figure 5. Columbia Glacier vertical photography flights.


The flight numbers are shown at the time within the year indicated along the abscissa.


13

Figure 6. Selected Columbia Glacier terminus positions from 1974-2000. 

Box A indicates the area used in an ablation study. Glacier outline is from 1974. 

14 
t 

Figure 7. Columbia Glacier width-averaged length from 1976-2000. 

The solid circles indicate the length and the open circles are points along the indicated hand-drawn curve. Year ticks indicate 

January 1. 

15 
Figure 8. Seasonal deviations in the length of Columbia Glacier, as measured from the hand-drawn curve shown 

on figure 7. 

The length deviation for each flight date is shown on the ordinate, the time of year for each flight date is shown on the 

abscissa. Circles are for flights from 1875-84, dashed line is the fit curve (r2=0.409). Dots are for flights after 1984, 

black line is the fit curve (r2=0.516). 

16 
.


Figure 9. Columbia Glacier surface altitudes at L52 on flight dates from 1983-2000. 

Solid circles indicate altitude on each date, open circles are points along the indicated hand-drawn curve. Year ticks 

indicate January 1. 

17 
Figure 10. Seasonal height deviations at L52 on Columbia Glacier, as measured form the hand-drawn curve shown 

on figure 9. 

The height deviation of reach flight date is shown on the ordinate, the time of year for each flight data is shown on the 

abscissa. The solid line is a 3rd degree polynomial fit through the points, and with an r

2 of 0.08 and may not be 

statistically significant. 

18 
Figure 11. Height change of Columbia Glacier surface along the centerline. 

The 1950 and 1974 profiles were nearly the same. By 1982, the surface began to depress rapidly. the bed is 

measured form L58 t0 L68, and estimated by modeling and a borehole along the remaining distance upglacier. 

19

Figure 12. Surface lowering in a stagnant ice area of the lower Columbia Glacier. 

Circles are averages of the points in a 20-point grid (A on figure 6) on each date measured. The heavy line is the linear 

trend after ice stagnation occurred. year ticks indicate January 1. 

20

Figure 13. Columbia Glacier surface displacements for the interval August 13 to September 7, 1994 

(flights 88-89). 

Arrow tail is at flight 88 position, arrow head is at flight 89 position. Arrows may show an erroneous 

direction when the movement was less than a few meters. Displacements in the forebay are that of 

the floating ice mass. 

21 
Figure 14. Speed at the L50 point on Columbia Glacier, 1977-97. 

Solid circles indicate the speed during each flight interval, open circles are points along the indicated hand-drawn curve. 

Year ticks indicate January 1. 

22

Figure 15. Seasonal speed deviations at L50, as measured from the hand-drawn curve shown on figure 14. 

The speed deviation for each flight interval is shown on the ordinate, the time of year for each flight date is shown on the 

abscissa. Circles are for intervals from 1978-84, and dots are for intervals after 1984. The dashed line is a 3rd degree 

polynomial fit through the former points with an r

2 of 0.759 and the black line is a 3rd degree polynomial fit through the 

latter points with an r2 of 0.670. 

23 
Figure 16. Annual speed of Columbia Glacier along centerline for measurement years (September through the 

following August) 1978, 1993, and 1999. 

24

Figure 17. Level of Kadin and Terentiev Lakes near Columbia Glacier (see figure 1 for locations). 

The dashed lines are the linear trend over the years spanned by the line. Year ticks indicate January 1. 

25

Figure 18. Bathymetric measurement locations and contours of water depth in Columbia 

Glacier forebay. 

Each dot is a sounding location, the contours are in meters of water depth. 

26 
Figure 19. Columbia Glacier “ice-to-calved” for the epoch from August 13 to September 7, 1984 (flights 

88-89). 

The volume of “ice-to-be-calved” is taken as the area times the average of the gridded bathymetric 

measurements included within the area plus the average height of the surface perimeter points. 

27 
Figure 20. Calving rate at Columbia Glacier 1976-95. 

Solid circles indicate the calving rate during each flight interval, open circles are points along the indicated hand-drawn curve. 

Year ticks indicate January 1. 

28

Figure 21. Seasonal calving rate deviations for Columbia Glacier, as measured from the hand drawn curve on figure 20. 

The calving rate deviation for each flight interval is shown on the ordinate, the time of year for each flight date is shown on 

the abscissa. Circles are for intervals from 1977-84, dots are for intervals after 1984. The dashed line is a 3rd degree 

polynomial fit through the former points with an r

2 of 0.158, and the black line is a 3rd degree polynomial fit through the 

latter points with an r2 of 0.585. 

29 
Table 1. Columbia Glacier vertical photography flights 

[m, meters; km, kilometers; UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator] 

number1 and quality2 (km)3 

Flight 

t D altitude(m), Glacier 

Flight Decimal day coverage, length Camera number Date year1 file4 

001 29JUL57 002 27JUL74 003 24JUL76 004 01OCT76 005 17NOV76 

006 19JAN77 

007 07MAR77 008 23APR77 009 02JUN77 

010 07JUL77 011 29AUG77 

012 08NOV77 

013 28FEB78 014 19APR78 015 11JUN78 

016 30JUL78 017 26AUG78 

018 08NOV78 

019 06JAN79 

020 12APR79 021 18AUG79 

022 20OCT79 023 29FEB80 024 12MAY80 025 22JUL80 026 02SEP80 027 30OCT80 028 07MAR81 029 16JUN81 

030 01SEP81 

1957.574 -7460 9,000 a 66.84 COL1951974.568 -1253 7,920 b 66.79 C54 1976.561 -525 5,490 c 66.75 C48 1976.750 -456 5,490 c 66.56 C48 1976.879 -409 5,490 c 66.55 C48 1977.051 -346 5,490 c 66.63 NMD13 1977.180 -299 5,490 c 66.65 C48 1977.309 -252 5,490 c 66.73 C48 1977.418 -212 5,490 d 66.78 C48 1977.514 -177 7,010 d 66.75 C48 1977.659 -124 7,010 d 66.51 C48 1977.854 -53 7,010, 8,230 d, f 66.46 C48 1978.160 59 6,400 d 66.59 NMD13 1978.297 109 7,010, 7,770 d, e, f 66.64 C48 1978.442 162 7,010, 7,770 d, e, f 66.70 C48 1978.576 211 7,010, 8,530 d, e, f 66.62 C48 1978.650 238 7,010 d 66.54 C48 1978.853 312 5,490 d 66.37 C48 1979.014 371 6,100 d 66.44 C48 1979.277 467 7,010 d 66.61 C48 1979.628 595 7,010 d 66.57 C48 1979.800 658 7,010 d 66.36 C48 1980.162 790 7,010 d 66.47 C48 1980.361 863 7,010 d 66.61 C48 1980.556 934 7,010 d 66.61 C48 1980.671 976 7,010 d 66.59 C48 1980.830 1034 7,010 d 66.50 C48 1981.180 1162 7,010 d 66.60 C49 1981.457 1263 7,010 d 66.64 C49 1981.667 1340 7,010 d 66.34 C49 

30
Table 1. Columbia Glacier vertical photography flights—Continued 

Flight 

t D altitude(m), Glacier 

Flight Decimal da

number1 

y co

and quality2 

verage, leng

(km)3 

th Camera 

number Date year1 file4 

031 26SEP81 032 15NOV81 

033 22JAN82 

034 31MAR82 035 02AUG82 

036 15OCT82 037 21JAN83 

038 07MAR83 039 07APR83 040 17JUN83 

041 19AUG83 

042 16SEP83 043 06NOV83 

044 08DEC83 045 20JAN84 

046 12MAR84 047 24APR84 048 28JUN84 

049 15AUG84 

050 04OCT84 051 14DEC84 052 18FEB85 053 18APR85 054 04AUG85 

055 13SEP85 056 07NOV85 

057 16JAN86 

058 24MAR86 059 13JUN86 

060 10SEP86 061 26JAN87 

062 22AUG87 

1981.736 1365 6,400 d 66.28 KC1B 1981.873 1415 7,010 d 66.15 C49 1982.059 1483 7,010 d 66.20 C49 1982.245 1551 7,010 d 66.32 C49 1982.585 1675 7,010 d 66.33 C49 1982.787 1749 7,010 d 66.05 C49 1983.056 1847 7,010 d 66.06 C54 1983.179 1892 7,010 d 66.16 C54 1983.264 1923 7,010 d 66.20 BLM83-2 1983.458 1994 7,010 d 66.28 C54 1983.630 2057 7,010 d 66.10 C54 1983.707 2085 7,010 d 65.94 C54 1983.847 2136 7,010 d 65.75 C54 1983.934 2168 7,010 d 65.77 C49 1984.052 2211 7,010 d 65.69 C54 1984.195 2263 7,010 d, tp 65.78 C50 1984.312 2306 7,010 d, tp 65.88 C50 1984.490 2371 7,010 d 65.81 C50 1984.622 2419 7,010 d 65.51 C50 1984.759 2469 7,010 d 65.24 C54 1984.953 2540 7,010 d 64.80 C50 1985.134 2606 7,010 d 64.95 C50 1985.295 2665 7,010 d, tp 65.11 C50 1985.591 2773 7,010 d 65.07 C50 1985.700 2813 7,010 d 64.81 C50 1985.851 2868 7,010 d 64.56 C55 1986.043 2938 7,010 d 64.79 C50 1986.226 3005 7,010 d 64.88 C50 1986.448 3086 7,010 d 65.01 C50 1986.692 3175 7,010 d 64.35 C50 1987.069 3313 7,010 d 64.01 C50 1987.639 3521 7,010 d 64.12 C53 

31
Table 1. Columbia Glacier vertical photography flights—Continued 

Flight 

t D altitude(m), Glacier 

Flight Decimal da

number1 

y co

and quality2 

verage, leng

(km)3 

th Camera 

number Date year1 file4 

063 26JAN88 

064 05APR88 065 04JUN88 

066 14SEP88 067 12MAR89 068 26JUN89 

069 22MAY90 070 07SEP90 071 21NOV90 

072 20MAR91 073 22MAY91 074 27JUL91 075 11OCT91 076 17FEB92 077 10JUN92 

078 12JUN92 

079 22SEP92 080 10JAN93 

081 16MAR93 082 10JUL93 083 10SEP93 084 15NOV93 

085 14FEB94 086 25FEB94 087 16MAY94 088 13AUG94 

089 07SEP94 090 31OCT94 091 25JAN95 

092 01MAY95 093 27SEP95 094 03DEC95 

1988.069 3678 7,010 d 63.44 C53 1988.260 3748 7,010 d 63.58 C53 1988.427 3809 7,010 d, tp 63.73 AMUSR1988.704 3910 7,010 d 63.17 APTJEN1989.194 4089 7,010 d 62.65 APTJEN1989.484 4195 7,010 d 62.85 NOS88 1990.388 4525 7,010 d 62.05 Z1381 1990.683 4633 7,010 d 61.37 C51 1990.889 4708 7,010 d 60.90 Z111697 1991.215 4827 7,010 d, g 61.10 Z111697 1991.387 4890 7,010 d 61.28 Z111697 1991.568 4956 7,010 d, tp 61.48 Z111697 1991.776 5032 7,010 d, f, h 60.70 C56 1992.129 5161 7,010 d, e 60.28 C56 1992.441 5275 7,010 d, f 60.72 C56 1992.447 5277 9,145 d, tp 60.72 np2 1992.729 5379 7,010 a 60.30 C56 1993.030 5489 7,010 a 59.28 C56 1993.208 5554 7,010 a, tp 59.47 C56 1993.525 5670 7,010 a, tp 59.64 C56 1993.695 5732 7,010 a 59.10 C56 1993.876 5798 7,010 a 58.83 C56 1994.125 5889 7,010 d 58.27 C56 1994.155 5900 7,010 d 58.33 C56 1994.374 5980 7,010 d, tp 58.30 C56 1994.618 6069 7,010 a, tp 58.21 C56 1994.686 6094 7,010 a, tp 58.07 C56 1994.834 6148 7,010 a, tp 57.97 C56 1995.070 6234 7,010 d 57.53 C56 1995.332 6330 7,010 a, tp 57.55 C56 1995.740 6479 7,010 a 57.43 C56 1995.924 6546 7,010 a 57.06 C56 

32
Table 1. Columbia Glacier vertical photography flights—Continued 

Flight 

t D altitude(m), Glacier 

Flight Decimal da

number1 

y co

and quality2 

verage, leng

(km)3 

th Camera 

number Date year1 file4 

095 17FEB96 1996.132 6622 7,010 a 57.20 C56 096 29MAY96 1996.410 6724 7,010 d, h 57.31 C62 097 02JUL96 1996.504 6758 7,010 d, o 57.33 C63 098 02SEP96 1996.674 6820 7,010 d, o 57.17 C63 099 25OCT96 1996.819 6873 7,010 d, o 56.85 C63 100 10MAR97 1997.193 7009.61 2,600, 4,700, 7,010 d 56.90 C56 101 30MAR97 1997.248 7029.62 2,600, 4,700, 7,010 d 56.94 C56 102 09APR97 1997.275 7039.6 2,600, 4,700, 7,,010 d 56.97 C56 103 19APR97 1997.303 7049.6 2,600, 4,700, 7,010 d, o 57.01 C56 104 03MAY97 1997.341 7063.6 2,600, 4,700, 7,010 d 57.01 C56 105 21MAY97 1997.390 7081.65 2,600, 4,700, 7,010 d 56.92 C56 106 20AUG97 1997.638 7172 1,830 t 56.60 C56 107 12SEP97 1997.701 7195 3,050, 4,880 d 56.35 C56 108 15SEP97 1997.709 7198 7,410 d, f 56.35 C66 109 21APR98 1998.306 7416 3,050, 4,880, 7,010 d 56.30 C56 110 27MAY98 1998.407 7452 4,800 t, g 56.25 np2 111 12AUG98 1998.615 7528 3,050, 4,880, 7,010 d, h 56.20 C67 112 02OCT98 1998.755 7579 3,050, 4,880, 7,010 d, h 55.95 C67 113 22DEC98 1998.976 7660 3,050, 4,880, 7,101 d, h 55.28 C70 114 04MAR99 1999.174 7732 4,880 d, h, tp 55.60 C70 115 21MAR99 1999.220 7749 7,010 d, h, tp 55.60 C70 116 26SEP99 1999.738 7938 3,950, 7,620 d, f, h 55.15 C71 117 23OCT99 1999.812 7965 3,950, 7,620 d, f, h 54.65 C71 118 18SEP00 2000.716 8296 3,950, 7,620 d, f, h, tp 54.78 C70 119 20OCT00 2000.803 8328 3,950, 7,620 d, f, h, tp 54.50 C72 

1The variable t is defined to be exactly 1978 at 0000 hours local civil time on 1 JAN 1978 and increases by 1 year every 365.2422 days, w

solar year, or the time between two successive vernal equinoxes. The value of t shown for each flight refers to noon local civil time on the indWhere D = 1 on 1 JAN 78, and increases by 1 for each day thereafter, then t = 1977.99863 + 0.00273791D gives the value of t at noon local corresponding to D. The cumulative effect of the annual variation of the length of the day from local true solar noon to local true solar noon) n

solar year (Flamarrion, 1880). 

33
2a = most of glacier; 

b = whole glacier; c = lowest 4 km; 

d = lower reach; e = icefall reach; f = central basin; g = very poor quality; h = color; 

o = oblique included; t = terminus only; 

np = no photogrammetry on this flight; tp = terminus poorly defined. 

3The glacier length (flights 1-62) is measured along a curvilinear centerline of the main branch as shown on figure 1 of Meier and others 

position is width averaged using a curvilinear Xi-Zeta grid as drawn by Meier (unpublished) during the early part of the USGS Columbia Glac

63-79 the length is width averaged between UTM x=496500 and UTM x=499000. Length after flight 79 was subjectively measured relative t

referenced to the L points. Error in the glacier length is estimated to be 0.04 km. 

4The camera files are give in the file CAMFILES on the CD-ROM in the pocket at the end of the report. 

34
Table 2. An example of positions along the Columbia Glacier ice-water interface from the terminus file, in UTM eastings 

and northings, a portion of the file for 13AUG94 

[UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator] 

495426 6766471 

495418 6766519 

495410 6766569 

495396 6766619 

495389 6766670 

495394 6766719 

495404 6766767 

495398 6766814 

495396 6766866 

495395 6766915 

495405 6766966 

495397 6767013 

495378 6767060 

495399 6767110 

495393 6767161 

495368 6767208 

495346 6767253 

495339 6767303 

495344 6767354 

495351 6767407 

495374 6767448 

495408 6767483 

495441 6767526 

495476 6767561 

495520 6767588 

495536 6767639 

495519 6767684 

495504 6767731 

495490 6767777 

495477 6767829 

495463 6767879 

495432 6767921 

495426 6767969 

495418 6768017 

495372 6768005 

495325 6767983 

495277 6767985 

495237 6768014 

495272 6768047 

495295 6768091 

495310 6768137 

495347 6768172 

495340 6768230 

495307 6768265 

495277 6768309 

495256 6768357 

495232 6768400 

495211 6768443 

495193 6768494 

495183 6768545 

495169 6768599 

495180 6768648 

495197 6768698 

495216 6768742 

495232 6768787 

495200 6768830 

495180 6768876 

495166 6768923 

495146 6768971 

495132 6769023 

495128 6769071 

495098 6769115 

495062 6769149 

495029 6769194 

495000 6769243 

494967 6769284 

494931 6769320 

494939 6769369 

494957 6769418 

494967 6769469 

494966 6769519 

494978 6769566 

494984 6769614 

494962 6769658 

494936 6769702 

494929 6769750 

494924 6769799 

494912 6769847 

494951 6769875 

494970 6769918 

495005 6769956 

495055 6769951 

495103 6769945 

495140 6769978 

495184 6770003 

495229 6770029 

495264 6770067 

495253 6770017 

495296 6769986 

495348 6770011 

495362 6770058 

495377 6770106 

495417 6770146 

495452 6770196 

495497 6770221 

495541 6770255 

495562 6770302 

495541 6770345 

495528 6770401 

495522 6770458 

495524 6770513 

495533 6770563 

495534 6770615 

495529 6770664 

495553 6770720 

495578 6770776 

495613 6770823 

495652 6770857 

495691 6770889 

495740 6770893 

495782 6770844 

495831 6770817 

495881 6770788 

495937 6770775 

495981 6770798 

496019 6770847 

496047 6770900 

496072 6770942 

496112 6770979 

496166 6770987 

496201 6771021 

496249 6771054 

496301 6771085 

496341 6771117 

496378 6771151 

496417 6771188 

496450 6771225 

496476 6771265 

496501 6771311 

496524 6771357 

496569 6771387 

496614 6771408 

496662 6771439 

496698 6771473 

496735 6771523 

496768 6771562 

496807 6771593 

496858 6771613 

496913 6771616 

496963 6771621 

496998 6771662 

497002 6771709 

497047 6771736 

497095 6771740 

497144 6771755 

497156 6771803 

497128 6771847 

497131 6771896 

497180 6771913 

497229 6771923 

497279 6771911 

497336 6771897 

497388 6771900 

497432 6771876 

497471 6771848 

497527 6771842 

497575 6771861 

497620 6771828 

497665 6771791 

497715 6771769 

497764 6771751 

497809 6771732 

497852 6771708 

497903 6771686 

497954 6771669 

498000 6771651 

498043 6771613 

498065 6771555 

498092 6771498 

498123 6771443 

498153 6771396 

498183 6771354 

498216 6771310 

498248 6771271 

498279 6771235 

498313 6771193 

498340 6771153 

498366 6771112 

498415 6771092 

498455 6771053 

498487 6771017 

498520 6770968 

498543 6770908 

498564 6770857 

498591 6770810 

498627 6770777 

498673 6770757 

498707 6770708 

498731 6770652 

498751 6770605 

498772 6770553 

498794 6770498 

498811 6770450 

498812 6770399 

498853 6770301 

498856 6770245 

498891 6770206 

498905 6770156 

498911 6770106 

498925 6770058 

498946 6770012 

498961 6769964 

499007 6769942 

499048 6769899 

499088 6769855 

499121 6769819 

499158 6769780 

499190 6769740 

499218 6769692 

499238 6769636 

499259 6769584 

499278 6769535 

499299 6769491 

499335 6769452 

499376 6769414 

499415 6769377 

499451 6769342 

499475 6769293 

499482 6769244 

499449 6769199 

499434 6769154 

499439 6769102 

499420 6769058 

499390 6769010 

499365 6768966 

499369 6768904 

499384 6768853 

499443 6768864 

499493 6768870 

499542 6768840 

499589 6768820 

499636 6768794 

499655 6768743 

499667 6768692 

499669 6768684 

UTM UTM UTM UTM UTM 

(meters) (meters) (meters) (meters) (meters) 

Easting Northing Easting Northing Easting Northing Easting Northing Easting Northing 

(X) (Y) (X) (Y) (X) (Y) (X) (Y) (X) (Y) 

35
01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

 07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

Table 3. Columbia Glacier profile point locations from L46 to L57, and local transverse profiles at the L points 

[UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator; B, transverse position on the profile] 

46 500619.88 6780573.0 

46 500569.19 6780659.0 

46 500518.47 6780745.5 

46 500467.78 6780831.5 

46 500417.06 6780918.0 

46 500366.38 6781004.0 

46 500315.69 6781090.0 

46 500264.97 6781176.5 

46 500214.28 6781262.5 

46 500163.56 6781349.0 

47 499766.66 6780055.5 

47 499716.09 6780142.0 

47 499665.53 6780228.0 

47 499614.97 6780314.5 

47 499564.41 6780400.5 

47 499513.84 6780487.0 

47 499463.28 6780573.5 

47 499412.72 6780659.5 

47 499362.16 6780746.0 

47 499311.59 6780832.0 

48 498948.53 6779529.0 

48 498892.47 6779612.0 

48 498836.41 6779694.5 

48 498780.38 6779777.5 

48 498724.31 6779860.0 

48 498668.25 6779943.0 

48 498612.19 6780026.0 

48 498556.13 6780108.5 

48 498500.09 6780191.5 

48 498444.03 6780274.0 

49 498217.78 6778947.0 

49 498151.81 6779022.5 

49 498085.84 6779097.5 

49 498019.91 6779172.5 

49 497953.94 6779248.0 

49 497887.97 6779323.0 

49 497822.00 6779398.0 

49 497756.03 6779473.5 

49 497690.09 6779548.5 

49 497624.13 6779623.5 

50 497566.59 6778278.0 

50 497490.88 6778343.0 

50 497415.16 6778408.5 

50 497339.41 6778474.0 

50 497263.69 6778539.0 

50 497187.97 6778604.5 

50 497112.25 6778670.0 

50 497036.53 6778735.0 

50 496960.78 6778800.5 

50 496885.06 6778866.0 

51 496968.84 6777527.0 

51 496888.53 6777586.5 

51 496808.25 6777646.0 

51 496727.94 6777706.0 

51 496647.66 6777765.5 

51 496567.34 6777825.0 

51 496487.03 6777884.5 

51 496406.75 6777944.0 

51 496326.44 6778004.0 

51 496246.16 6778063.5 

52 496519.41 6776778.5 

52 496427.22 6776817.0 

52 496335.03 6776856.0 

52 496242.81 6776894.5 

52 496150.63 6776933.5 

52 496058.44 6776972.0 

52 495966.25 6777010.5 

52 495874.06 6777049.5 

52 495781.84 6777088.0 

52 495689.66 6777127.0 

53 496379.78 6776016.5 

53 496279.94 6776011.0 

53 496180.06 6776006.0 

53 496080.22 6776000.5 

53 495980.34 6775995.5 

53 495880.50 6775990.0 

53 495780.66 6775984.5 

53 495680.78 6775979.5 

53 495580.94 6775974.0 

53 495481.06 6775969.0 

54 496543.22 6775082.5 

54 496444.28 6775068.0 

54 496345.34 6775053.5 

54 496246.41 6775039.0 

54 496147.47 6775024.5 

54 496048.53 6775010.0 

54 495949.59 6774995.5 

54 495850.66 6774981.0 

54 495751.72 6774966.5 

54 495652.78 6774952.0 

55 496526.88 6773943.5 

55 496427.78 6773956.5 

55 496328.66 6773970.0 

55 496229.56 6773983.5 

55 496130.44 6773996.5 

55 496031.34 6774010.0 

55 495932.25 6774023.5 

55 495833.13 6774036.5 

55 495734.03 6774050.0 

55 495634.91 6774063.5 

56 496410.34 6773000.0 

56 496310.41 6773003.5 

56 496210.50 6773007.5 

56 496110.56 6773011.5 

56 496010.66 6773015.5 

56 495910.72 6773019.5 

56 495810.78 6773023.5 

56 495710.88 6773027.5 

56 495610.94 6773031.5 

56 495511.03 6773035.5 

57 496524.47 6772160.0 

57 496428.00 6772134.0 

57 496331.53 6772107.5 

57 496235.06 6772081.0 

57 496138.59 6772055.0 

57 496042.13 6772028.5 

57 495945.66 6772002.0 

57 495849.19 6771976.0 

57 495752.72 6771949.5 

57 495656.25 6771923.0 

UTM UTM UTM 

(meters) (meters) (meters) 

Easting Northing Easting Northing Easting Northing 

L B (X) (Y) L B (X) (Y) L B (X) (Y) 

36
Table 4. A sampling of Columbia Glacier surface altitude 

points from file KMALT 

[UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator; The UTM’s of the 

points are significant to 1 meter; the altitude (Z) at the X, Y is 

accurate to 2–4 meters] 

UTM 

(meters) 

Flight Easting Northing Z 

number (X) (Y) (meters) 

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

70

496988.025 6768149.763 51.988 

497083.560 6768178.623 52.486 

497179.615 6768206.832 50.989 

497278.601 6768239.085 55.981 

497371.212 6768270.947 51.984 

497467.598 6768299.210 61.470 

497563.885 6768330.456 69.460 

497658.409 6768360.476 69.959 

497756.728 6768393.412 70.458 

497842.861 6768427.135 69.460 

496684.393 6769111.601 64.465 

496780.224 6769138.365 65.964 

496877.220 6769163.787 72.456 

496969.703 6769191.473 76.449 

497064.983 6769220.477 77.946 

497171.295 6769248.592 89.428 

497259.976 6769274.660 91.923 

497357.756 6769305.022 92.421 

497452.919 6769331.364 98.913 

37
Table 5. A sampling of Columbia Glacier surface displacement between two dates (13AUG94 and 07SEP94) 

[UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator] 

80 495744.384 6772640.266 120.444 

81 495633.477 6773049.993 132.127 

82 496125.488 6772956.019 130.666 

83 496286.238 6773333.968 160.841 

84 496794.273 6773575.592 172.525 

85 497264.560 6773540.156 180.798 

86 497614.155 6773354.547 139.424 

87 497497.617 6773976.405 165.708 

88 496719.131 6773876.510 179.336 

89 496311.882 6773806.672 191.993 

90 495787.301 6773580.364 173.981 

91 495172.305 6773369.512 128.715 

92 494722.119 6773099.482 121.411 

93 494254.148 6773001.185 94.152 

94 493634.989 6772260.863 134.550 

95 493073.473 6772628.117 174.949 

96 492487.326 6772879.309 207.561 

97 491883.138 6773196.737 161.321 

98 491497.667 6773524.772 123.842 

99 494473.200 6773686.843 112.645 

100 494881.511 6773881.198 110.700 

101 495349.805 6773923.707 154.506 

102 495935.333 6774200.746 194.418 

103 496380.848 6774428.555 223.136 

104 496685.691 6774664.488 193.931 

105 497171.001 6774781.934 179.816 

106 497619.174 6774510.013 160.831 

107 496717.208 6774949.843 193.441 

108 496293.126 6774928.030 216.805 

109 495868.917 6774785.593 220.699 

110 495499.662 6774546.083 186.626 

80 495879.652 6772193.148 88.694 

81 495663.039 6772620.066 101.941 

82 496206.030 6772532.313 89.638 

83 496287.070 6772960.505 82.539 

84 496786.084 6773309.165 100.993 

85 497269.102 6773446.607 161.092 

86 497615.769 6773333.489 129.857 

87 497505.019 6773965.126 150.678 

88 496687.898 6773598.246 178.596 

89 496243.398 6773470.655 171.498 

90 495716.928 6773230.422 142.630 

91 495119.986 6773063.308 127.484 

92 494714.064 6772913.899 108.080 

93 494260.647 6772985.225 91.986 

94 493641.260 6772257.463 119.432 

95 493073.043 6772622.130 161.075 

96 492487.039 6772872.841 208.399 

97 491875.742 6773192.645 143.089 

98 491498.736 6773519.560 130.783 

99 494465.095 6773671.428 100.024 

100 494809.884 6773707.764 97.657 

101 495257.537 6773650.709 141.195 

102 495864.940 6773876.472 186.149 

103 496352.690 6774100.181 187.094 

104 496714.898 6774411.595 189.459 

105 497199.397 6774688.759 167.217 

106 497618.664 6774501.973 161.534 

107 496765.664 6774699.612 175.728 

108 496318.413 6774593.824 187.558 

109 495864.058 6774469.179 181.876 

110 495460.349 6774266.959 167.678 

Flight 88 (13AUG94) Flight 89 (07SEPT94) 

UTM UTM 

(meters) (meters) 

Z 

ID Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) ID Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) 

Z 

38
Table 6. A sampling of Columbia Glacier speed


[Derived speed from point locations on 13AUG94 and 07SEP94, a 25-day interval. Directions in degrees, counter clockwise from south; ID, identification; 

Vector center 

UTM (meters) X Y Z 

Average Z difference difference difference Distance 

ID Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) (meters) (meters) (meters) (meters) 

80 495812 6772417 105 -135 448 32 468 81 495648 6772835 117 -30 430 30 431 82 496166 6772744 110 -81 424 41 431 83 496287 6773147 122 -1 374 78 374 84 496790 6773442 137 8 267 72 267 85 497267 6773493 171 -5 94 20 94 86 497615 6773344 135 -2 21 10 21 87 497501 6773971 158 -7 12 15 14 88 496704 6773737 179 31 279 1 280 89 496278 6773639 182 68 336 20 343 90 495752 6773406 158 70 350 31 357 91 495146 6773217 128 52 306 1 310 92 494718 6773007 115 8 186 13 186 93 494257 6772993 93 -7 16 2 17 94 493638 6772259 127 -6 4 15 7 95 493073 6772625 168 0 6 14 6 96 492487 6772876 208 0 7 -1 7 97 491879 6773195 152 7 4 18 8 98 491498 6773522 127 -1 6 -7 6 99 494469 6773679 106 8 16 13 17 

100 494846 6773795 104 72 173 13 187 101 495304 6773787 148 92 273 13 288 

102 495900 6774039 190 70 324 8 332 103 496367 6774264 205 28 329 36 330 

104 496700 6774538 192 -29 253 4 255 

105 497185 6774736 174 -28 93 13 97 106 497619 6774506 161 1 8 -1 8 107 496741 6774825 185 -48 251 18 255 108 496306 6774761 202 -25 334 29 335 109 495867 6774627 201 5 317 39 317 

110 495480 6774407 177 39 279 19 282 

39
Table 7. A sampling of Columbia Glacier “ice-to-be-calved” (File 088C)


[Ice was calved between 13AUG94 and 07SEP94, and the area of this ice can be delimited as a polygonal shape that is the top of the 

terminal ice cliff on the first date and a superposition of the ice very near the terminal ice cliff on the second date on the first date. UTM, 

Universal Transverse Mercator]

495125.472 6769878.677 19.269 

495112.332 6769924.986 19.268 

495139.468 6769967.608 19.268 

495163.290 6770010.358 21.291 

495178.613 6770057.370 21.291 

495194.703 6770102.615 19.775 

495225.060 6770139.465 14.720 

495254.021 6770182.306 13.203 

495285.112 6770217.842 36.456 

495306.652 6770261.717 36.455 

495324.460 6770306.124 36.455 

495353.017 6770349.815 41.004 

495379.781 6770388.706 41.004 

495384.307 6770440.420 33.421 

495389.405 6770488.360 33.420 

495391.366 6770536.408 32.410 

495389.379 6770585.056 32.410 

495401.036 6770631.079 32.409 

495409.269 6770677.702 33.926 

495424.598 6770727.205 33.926 

495437.327 6770778.192 33.926 

495449.265 6770827.581 35.947 

495460.374 6770876.902 35.947 

495461.207 6770924.129 35.948 

495459.087 6770972.677 38.475 

495466.536 6771021.022 38.474 

495460.552 6771069.528 38.474 

495468.794 6771119.702 38.474 

495465.846 6771166.900 38.474 

495470.308 6771203.860 66.276 

495482.549 6771254.451 66.277 

495493.212 6771301.397 66.277 

495505.209 6771346.875 66.277 

495520.951 6771392.453 69.310 

495558.779 6771427.217 69.309 

495595.173 6771459.905 69.310 

495637.277 6771486.227 73.858 

495681.653 6771514.591 73.858 

495722.022 6771544.861 73.860 

495768.026 6771558.329 73.858 

495815.139 6771565.531 76.387 

495864.314 6771586.292 76.387 

495908.383 6771606.005 76.386 

495955.102 6771618.432 83.463 

495997.271 6771642.897 83.464 

496013.569 6771689.564 83.463 

496032.770 6771735.897 83.465 

496042.483 6771780.940 85.483 

496064.880 6771825.545 85.484 

496085.635 6771870.494 85.484 

496112.059 6771914.213 86.495 

496135.701 6771963.336 86.495 

496156.615 6772012.368 86.495 

496185.172 6772055.457 86.495 

496209.975 6772101.049 86.495 

496226.973 6772159.703 67.287 

496244.967 6772203.659 67.287 

496270.353 6772242.254 74.365 

496308.752 6772272.718 76.388 

496350.340 6772298.256 76.893 

496396.025 6772320.700 76.893 

496443.334 6772328.225 76.893 

496492.527 6772335.502 76.894 

496543.709 6772346.333 82.959 

496591.700 6772366.186 82.959 

496646.952 6772358.828 82.959 

496696.087 6772367.582 82.959 

496746.144 6772374.695 82.959 

496794.227 6772365.867 84.983 

496851.685 6772361.382 84.983 

496898.402 6772356.579 84.982 

496943.932 6772320.418 122.388 

496987.077 6772296.781 122.388 

497033.346 6772286.894 122.388 

497070.232 6772244.591 144.630 

497125.910 6772284.399 42.016 

497172.704 6772266.778 42.015 

497213.577 6772230.984 51.619 

497258.612 6772210.659 51.619 

497301.503 6772191.947 41.004 

497346.263 6772175.611 29.882 

497394.439 6772157.409 29.882 

497439.230 6772139.635 30.389 

497487.165 6772120.807 30.388 

497531.092 6772099.852 30.388 

497576.225 6772078.442 1.029 

497624.782 6772066.039 1.524 

497667.316 6772037.426 9.662 

497712.984 6772009.875 9.662 

497751.486 6771980.971 9.663 

497790.699 6771950.299 9.662 

497821.236 6771905.343 28.873 

497848.710 6771855.942 44.037 

497876.817 6771814.926 44.037 

497894.148 6771770.098 44.037 

497911.569 6771724.604 44.543 

497924.754 6771678.568 46.059 

497880.355 6771700.544 23.816 

497832.061 6771699.961 26.850 

497790.713 6771727.997 27.356 

497754.329 6771758.194 27.357 

497710.105 6771781.745 23.313 

497666.193 6771805.333 15.731 

497619.514 6771824.728 14.720 

497572.641 6771847.705 14.720 

497523.658 6771855.483 13.709 

497474.624 6771865.872 13.709 

497427.376 6771876.968 13.709 

497383.011 6771896.329 13.710 

497342.854 6771924.487 13.709 

497294.228 6771919.931 23.821 

497251.022 6771939.166 23.819 

497199.266 6771936.465 24.325 

497151.448 6771926.152 28.370 

497103.474 6771929.225 28.370 

497056.982 6771915.421 28.876 

497009.817 6771903.371 29.380 

497027.340 6771857.071 31.910 

497075.431 6771853.613 32.921 

497124.915 6771844.055 32.921 

497172.593 6771837.165 37.977 

497219.592 6771823.574 37.975 

497192.291 6771783.675 36.967 

497147.458 6771758.295 32.923 

497110.198 6771728.670 32.922 

497085.565 6771683.324 32.922 

497043.816 6771658.239 18.771 

496999.493 6771638.254 19.276 

496952.683 6771618.796 19.781 

496905.762 6771629.182 16.748 

496857.881 6771614.156 17.759 

496813.598 6771589.316 17.760 

496768.152 6771572.098 20.287 

496747.849 6771524.201 31.914 

496708.825 6771491.583 28.881 

UTM UTM UTM 

(meters) (meters) (meters) 

Z Z Z 

Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) 

40
Table 7. A sampling of Columbia Glacier “ice-to-be-calved”(File ‘088C’)—Continued 

(meters) 

496672.728 6771459.909 28.881 

496632.103 6771431.591 29.893 

496585.885 6771404.991 29.892 

496542.250 6771379.498 48.597 

496502.383 6771334.561 49.102 

496469.349 6771293.072 49.101 

496452.882 6771246.656 54.156 

496429.024 6771211.048 37.981 

496380.187 6771179.832 52.640 

496351.100 6771136.592 56.179 

496321.655 6771094.572 56.179 

496281.296 6771064.831 56.178 

496242.506 6771023.667 68.310 

496193.367 6771003.026 68.310 

496150.596 6770981.420 45.058 

496105.928 6770965.087 45.057 

496085.365 6770921.043 45.058 

496047.619 6770891.654 45.565 

496022.304 6770846.228 45.565 

495986.743 6770809.947 48.092 

495938.627 6770809.538 49.103 

495889.335 6770792.375 49.104 

495844.876 6770774.730 37.477 

495807.061 6770805.884 37.983 

495804.675 6770854.895 37.982 

495764.185 6770876.807 44.050 

495717.387 6770889.859 44.049 

495668.943 6770893.674 44.050 

495613.625 6770898.373 45.062 

495565.271 6770894.820 42.028 

495541.461 6770851.530 42.029 

495514.803 6770811.641 42.028 

495500.027 6770765.924 42.028 

495502.838 6770717.158 42.028 

495496.901 6770665.730 48.095 

495495.061 6770616.656 48.095 

495509.207 6770567.918 48.095 

495513.179 6770525.607 8.161 

495509.327 6770478.981 

495510.527 6770429.745 

495523.926 6770387.254 

495554.079 6770349.999 

495575.114 6770303.005 

495551.554 6770251.594 

495523.339 6770209.492 

495492.757 6770164.428 

495455.486 6770131.888 

495417.107 6770096.662 

495376.474 6770057.212 

495351.145 6770014.237 

495314.030 6769972.885 

495267.828 6769962.607 

495220.423 6769952.858 

495184.967 6769921.068 

495138.712 6769902.678 

495148.319 6769902.823 

495125.472 6769878.677 

UTM UTM UTM 

(meters) (meters) (meters) 

Z Z Z 

Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) Easting (X) Northing (Y) (meters) Easting (X) Northing (Y) 

.579 

1.455 

1.554 

1.554 

1.553 

15.239 

15.239 

15.239 

15.238 

10.689 

10.688 

10.688 

17.260 

17.260 

17.260 

17.260 

17.260 

23.326 

19.269 

41
Table 8. Terminus position files for Columbia Glacier 

001T 36 

002T 17 

003T 103 

004T 14 

005T 109 

006T 117 

007T 115 

008T 108 

009T 79 

010T 19 

011T 105 

012T 100 

013T 100 

014T 84 

015T 92 

016T 90 

017T 98 

018T 140 

019T 95 

020T 81 

021T 79 

022T 80 

023T 80 

024T 76 

025T 76 

026T 76 

027T 81 

028T 86 

029T 77 

030T 80 

031T 94 

032T 81 

033T 87 

034T 94 

035T 79 

036T 73 

037T 72 

038T 70 

039T 75 

040T 72 

041T 73 

042T 73 

043T 76 

044T 72 

045T 61 

046T 75 

047T 79 

048T 73 

049T 77 

050T 68 

051T 60 

052T 65 

053T 63 

054T 59 

055T 59 

056T 69 

057T 69 

058T 66 

059T 72 

060T 75 

061T 85 

062T 79 

063T 74 

064T 74 

065T 68 

066T 76 

067T 86 

068T 82 

069T 188 

070T 183 

071T 205 

072T 91 

073T 79 

074T 104 

075T 259 

076T 425 

077T 122 

079T 117 

080T 428 

081T 254 

082T 244 

083T 139 

084T 261 

085T 131 

086T 260 

087T 294 

088T 236 

089T 279 

090T 223 

091T 324 

092T 202 

093T 208 

094T 108 

095T 283 

096T 296 

097T 122 

098T 120 

099T 134 

100T 234 

101T 227 

102T 248 

103T 270 

104T 206 

105T 148 

106T 383 

107T 296 

108T 200 

109T 846 

111T 171 

112T 566 

113T 345 

114T 201 

115T 156 

116T 219 

117T 132 

118T 180 

11 9T 185 

File Number File Number File Number File Number 

name of points name of points name of points name of points 

42
Ta

ble 9. Altitude files for Columbia Glacier 

Number of 

File name points 

037P 1,297 038P 1,302 039P 1,222 040P 1,221 041P 1,312 042P 1,273 043P 1,320 044P 1,293 045P 1,319 046P 1,325 047P 1,241 048P 1,246 049P 1,327 050P 1,319 055P 1,316 056P 1,283 057P 1,298 058P 1,291 059P 1,281 060P 1,301 061P 1,243 062P 1,285 063P 1,197 064P 1,204 065P 1,176 066P 1,138 067P 1,052 068P 1,038 069P 973 070P 1,200 071P 848 074P 1,088 075P 981 

KMALT 5,780 

43
Table 10. Displacement files for Columbia Glacier


[The single letter name extension ‘A’ indicates that additional flights (with different coverage) were flown on the same day.]

G001 266 

G002 223 

G003 137 

G004 221 

G005 73 

G006 68 

G007 64 

G008 162 

G009 196 

G010 222 

G011 227 

G012 202 

G013 202 

G014 193 

G015 272 

G016 247 

G017 193 

G018 193 

G019 169 

G020 175 

G021 151 

G022 162 

G023 146 

G024 149 

G025 134 

G026 129 

G027 127 

G028 125 

G029 123 

G030 123 

G031 216 

G032 211 

G033 205 

G034 196 

G035 198 

G036 193 

036V-037 87 

037V-036 87 

037V-038 86 

038V-037 86 

038V-039 95 

039V-038 95 

039V-040 84 

040V-039 84 

040V-041 95 

041V-040 95 

041V-042 93 

042V-041 93 

042V-043 111 

043V-042 111 

043V-044 84 

044V-043 84 

044V-045 90 

045V-044 90 

045V-046 87 

046V-045 87 

046V-047 92 

047V-046 92 

047V-048 93 

048V-047 93 

048V-049 82 

049V-048 82 

049V-050 166 

050V-049 166 

050V-051 402 

051V-050 403 

051V-052 403 

052V-051 391 

052V-053 391 

053V-052 358 

053V-054 358 

054V-053 444 

054V-055 444 

055V-054 449 

055V-056 81 

056V-055 81 

056V-057 245 

057V-056 245 

057V-058 113 

058V-057 113 

058V-059 79 

059V-058 79 

059V-060 76 

060V-059 76 

060V-061 102 

061V-060 102 

061V-062 24 

062V-061 24 

062V-063 54 

063V-062 54 

063V-064 87 

064V-063 87 

064V-065 87 

065V-064 87 

065V-066 45 

066V-065 45 

066V-067 29 

067V-066 29 

067V-068 14 

068V-067 14 

068V-069 6 

069V-068 6 

069V-070 18 

070V-069 18 

070V-071 60 

071V-070 60 

071V-072 7 

072V-071 7 

072V-073 5 

073V-072 5 

073V-074 40 

074V-073 40 

074V-075 41 

075V-074 41 

075V-076 25 

076V-075 25 

076V-077 27 

077V-076 27 

077V-079 30 

079V-077 30 

079V-080 11 

079V-080.A 19 

080V-079 11 

080V-079.A 20 

080V-081 69 

080V-081.A 29 

081V-080 69 

081V-080.A 29 

081V-082 18 

081V-082.A 31 

082V-081 18 

082V-081.A 28 

082V-083 25 

082V-083.A 35 

083V-082 25 

083V-082.A 34 

083V-084 31 

084V-083 31 

084V-085 11 

085V-084 11 

085V-086 98 

086V-085 99 

086V-087 22 

087V-086 22 

087V-088 24 

088V-087 26 

088V-089 171 

089V-088 171 

089V-090 39 

090V-089 39 

090V-091 26 

091V-090 26 

091V-092 15 

092V-091 15 

092V-093 19 

093V-092 19 

093V-094 67 

094V-093 67 

094V-095 49 

095V-094 48 

095V-096 16 

096V-095 16 

096V-097 72 

097V-096 72 

097V-098 36 

098V-097 36 

098V-099 54 

099V-098 54 

099V-100 24 

100V-099 24 

100V-101 204 

101V-100 208 

101V-102 226 

102V-101 226 

102V-103 532 

103V-102 532 

103V-104 123 

104V-103 123 

106V-107 30 

107V-106 30 

108V-109 13 

109V-108 13 

111V-112 151 

112V-111 151 

112V-113 47 

113V-112 47 

113V-115 15 

114V-115 60 

115V-113 15 

115V-114 60 

115V-116 10 

116V-115 10 

116V-117 64 

116V-117.A 145 

117V-116 64 

117V-116.A 145 

118V-119 172 

119V-118 17 

File Number File Number File Number File Number 

name of points name of points name of points name of points 

44
Ta

ble 11. Speed files for Columbia Glacier 

[The single letter name extension “A” indicates that additional 

flights (with different coverage) were flown on the same day.] 

Number of 

File name points 

V075-076 V076-077 V077-079 V079-080 V079-080.A V080-081 V080-081.A V081-082 V081-082.A V082-083 V082-083.A V083-084 V084-085 V085-086 V086-087 V087-088 V088-089 V089-090 V090-091 V091-092 V092-093 V093-094 V094-095 V095-096 V097-098 V098-099 V099-100 V100-101 V101-102 V102-103 V103-104 V106-107 V108-109 V111-112 V112-113 V113-115 V114-115 V115-116 V116-117 V116-117.A V116-118 25 

27 

30 

11 

19 

69 

29 

18 

28 

25 

34 

31 

11 

98 

22 

24 

171 

39 

26 

15 

19 

67 

48 

16 

36 

54 

24 

204 

226 

532 

123 

30 

13 

151 

47 

15 

60 

10 

64 

145 

7 

45
Table 12. “Ice-to-be-calved” files for Columbia Glacier 

014C 70 

015C 85 

016C 88 

018C 150 

019C 104 

020C 95 

021C 96 

022C 102 

023C 86 

024C 117 

025C 105 

026C 78 

027C 91 

028C 93 

029C 118 

030C 96 

031C 122 

032C 99 

033C 98 

034C 146 

035C 128 

036C 124 

037C 105 

038C 67 

039C 110 

040C 117 

041C 112 

042C 136 

043C 136 

044C 117 

045C 90 

046C 81 

047C 115 

048C 129 

049C 115 

050C 128 

051C 85 

052C 87 

053C 100 

054C 107 

055C 116 

056C 129 

057C 85 

058C 88 

059C 126 

060C 126 

061C 139 

062C 123 

063C 100 

064C 101 

065C 121 

066C 157 

067C 103 

069C 115 

070C 136 

073C 90 

074C 112 

075C 348 

076C 121 

077C 124 

080C 236 

081C 262 

082C 111 

083C 128 

085C 77 

088C 191 

100C 218 

101C 225 

102C 216 

103C 231 

104C 211 

Number Number Number 

File name of points File name of points File name of points 

46